RUDIMENTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE : 
 
 ARRANGED FOR 
 
 t Stoents of fopiii £s]lqt, |altimm. 
 
 UPON THE BASIS OF WETTEXHAIL, 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 PUBLISHED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO. 
 
 No. 178 MARKET STBEKT. 
 
 PITTSBURO....GEORGE QUIGLEY. 
 
 Sold by Bool sellers ffmcralJi/, 
 
 18 55 
 

 x-^- 
 
 Ertered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by 
 
 JOHN MURPHY- & Co. 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 
 Eastern District of Maryland. 
 
 ^. 
 
 fjtr 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is not intended by this publication to present a 
 new Greek Grammar to the classical student ; after 
 the elaborate volumes of Matthiae, Buttman, Kuhner, 
 Gail, Burnouf, and other scholars of Germany and 
 France, it would be altogether vain to expect any 
 new discovery in that language. The most that we 
 can do is to avail ourselves of their labours in order 
 to smoothe the difficulties which are usually met in its 
 study. The greatest of these we have learned from a 
 long experience in teaching, is the large size of the 
 grammars which are put in the student's hands when 
 he commences. Excellent as these may be for the 
 professor or more advanced scholar, they only tend 
 to deter the beginner from approaching it. We trust 
 that this will be obviated by the present compendium, 
 in which we have endeavoured to comprise within as 
 short a compass as possible all that is of absolute 
 necessity to the learner. If it induce him to apply 
 with more alacrity to study a language second to 
 none in the literary beauties and treasures which it 
 contains, our intentions will have been amply fulfilled. 
 
THE LETTERS 
 
 THE GREEK ALPHABET 
 
 TWENTY-FOUR IN NUMBER, viz:— 
 
 NAME. 
 
 FORM. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 r 
 Caps. 
 
 Sm. Let. 
 
 In sound. In 
 
 number. 
 
 Alpha 
 
 ^ AX<pa 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Beta 
 
 Brja 
 
 B 
 
 ^6 
 
 b 
 
 2 
 
 Gamma 
 
 rd/x/ia 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 g hard 
 
 3 
 
 Delta 
 
 AUra 
 
 A 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 4 
 
 Epsilon 
 
 "E4>dov 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 e short 
 
 5* 
 
 Zeta 
 
 Zyjra 
 
 z 
 
 c 
 
 z 
 
 7 
 
 Eta 
 
 ^Hra 
 
 H 
 
 >? 
 
 e long 
 
 • 8 
 
 Theta 
 
 O'T^ra 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 th 
 
 9 
 
 Iota 
 
 V(5ra 
 
 I 
 
 (, 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 Kappa 
 
 Kdizna 
 
 K 
 
 X 
 
 k 
 
 20 
 
 Lambda 
 
 Adfi^da 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Mu 
 
 Mo 
 
 M 
 
 p- 
 
 m 
 
 40 
 
 Nu 
 
 m 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 50 
 
 Xi 
 
 Ex 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 X 
 
 60 
 
 Omicron 
 
 W/iixpop 
 
 
 
 
 
 short 
 
 70 
 
 Pi 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 P 
 
 80 
 
 Rho 
 
 'Pw 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 100 
 
 Sigma 
 
 liyiia 
 
 I 
 
 (T <; final 
 
 s 
 
 200 
 
 Tau 
 
 Too 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 t 
 
 300 
 
 Up^^ilon 
 
 'Tc/'i.ldv 
 
 Y 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 400 
 
 Phi 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 <P 
 
 ph 
 
 500 
 
 Chi 
 
 J2 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ch 
 
 600 
 
 Psi 
 
 ¥l 
 
 W 
 
 <P 
 
 ps 
 
 70G 
 
 Omega 
 
 'Qfiiya 
 
 a 
 
 OJ 
 
 long 
 
 800 
 
 1* 
 
6 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. 
 
 There are seven Vowels; two long, ^, w — two short, e, o 
 — three doubtful, a, t, o. 
 
 From Vowels are formed Diphthongs : of these there are 
 twelve ; six proper, at, ao, et, eo, ot, ou \ and six improper^ 
 r^o^ ot^ woj a, 7^, w, t being subscribed. 
 
 0/ Breathings. 
 
 The Breathing is of two kinds, smooth (') and rough ('). 
 
 1. Every Vowel or Diphthong at the beginning of a word, 
 is marked with either a smooth or rough Breathing : as, 
 opoq, a mountain; opo^j a boundary. T is always marked 
 with a rough, as utto, under : so also the semi-vowel p ; but 
 if it be doubled in the middle, the first is marked with a 
 smooth, and the second with a rough Breathing, as eppeov. 
 
 Of Accents. 
 
 There are three Accents : the Grave ('), falling on the 
 last syllable only; the Acute ('), on any of the last three; 
 the Circumflex ("), on the last, or last but one. 
 
 The Grave is understood on every syllable where there is 
 BO accent, and is therefore called the Syllabic tone. 
 
 The Apostrophe shews, that a, e, t, 0, at^ or ot, is cut off 
 on account of a Vowel or Diphthong following any of them 
 at the end of a word : as xar abrbv, for xara aurov ; dX?J kyco, 
 for dXXd tfd). 
 
 A word, accented on the last syllable, is called Oxytone. 
 
 A word not accented on the last syllable, is called Bary- 
 tone. 
 
 Of Consonants. 
 
 There are seventeen Consonants, which are divided into 
 Semi-vowels and Mutes. 
 
 The Semi-vowels are divided into double letters, C, f; ^; 
 and liquids, A, //, v, /? ; <; is an independent letter. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Mutes are nine : 
 
 3 smooth 
 
 TT 
 
 X 
 
 T 
 
 
 3 middle 
 
 /5 
 
 r 
 
 d 
 
 
 3 aspirates 
 
 9 
 
 X 
 
 e 
 
 
 A smooth Mute is changed into its corresponding Aspi- 
 rate whenever the following Vowel or Diphthong is aspi- 
 rated : TTT, xTy are changed into <p6, -/^d : as vir/^ff (for voxra) 
 oXr^Vj ri(pd^ (for rinore) oorco. 
 
 r before another y, x, ;^, or f , is pronounced like v : as, 
 ayyeAoq, pronounced a^^yeloq. 
 
 The Double Letters are formed from the Mutes, by add- 
 ing (7 ] thus, ip is equivalent to -<y, /5<t, or <pa ; and so also f , 
 to x(7, ya, or ^^ ; and C, to t(T, 3(7, or Off, 
 
 Of Pii 1 1 ctuation . 
 There are four Points or Stops : the Comma, marked 
 thus (,) ; the Colon, at the top of the line : as abroq- ; the 
 Period or Full Stop (.); the Note of Interrogation (;). 
 
 The Parts of Speech are Eight: 
 
 Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Con- 
 junction, Preposition. 
 
 There are three Numbers : Singular, Dual, Plural. 
 
 There are five Cases, viz. : Nominative, Genitive, Dative, 
 Accusative, Vocative. 
 
 There are three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and 
 Neuter. 
 
 The Article is two-fold ; Prepositive or Demonstrative, o, 
 
8 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 7j, TO (this or the) ; Subjunctive or Relative, oq, ^, o (who 
 or what).* 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. G. D. A. 
 
 MaSC. 6y TOO J TO) J TOVj 
 
 Fem. ^, rr}^, T^, rryv, 
 
 Neut. TO^ TOUy TOJy TO. 
 
 Masc. dq^ 00, w, oWj 
 
 Fem. 7], riq, ^, Tjv, 
 
 Neut. o, ooj w, 0. 
 
 Dual. 
 N.A. G.D. 
 
 TOJ, TOV^j 
 TO). Tolv. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. G. D. A. 
 
 o[, TcDv, ToT^, Tooq, 
 
 aly ToJv, Tolq, Tag, 
 
 TO.. TWV. To7q, TO.. 
 
 a, 
 
 o 
 0), 
 
 OIV, 
 
 ah, 
 
 oh. 
 
 oiq, 
 
 acq, 
 oJq, 
 
 ooq, 
 a. 
 
 In like manner are declined oar^ep, r^Tzep, oTzep] and the 
 oq of o(7Ttq, which see elsewhere. 
 
 OF' NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 There are six Declensions, — three of Simples, and three 
 of Contracts : the first two of Simples do not increase in the 
 Genitive case ; the third increases in the Genitive. 
 
 ^,\ The First Declension 
 
 Contains Nouns of two Genders, and four terminations in 
 aq and rjq of the Masculine, and in a and ij of the Feminine; 
 the declining of Masculines and Feminines varies a little in 
 the Singular, but is the same in the Dual and Plural. 
 
 Masculine. 
 Sing. N. (1) 6 T(Afu-aq, G. -ot», D. -a, A. 
 
 ., V. 
 
 Dual N. A. V. Tib Tatii-a, G. D. -a^v. 
 
 Plur. N. 6i Tafxi-at, G. a>v, D. atq, A. -aq, V. at. 
 
 •^ The Article has no Vocative, but the Adverb of Calling (c5) supplies 
 the defect. 
 (1) A butler. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 9 
 
 Sing. N. (1) 6 TeXm-rjq, Gr. -ouj D. -yj^ A. 'Tjv, V. 'Tj. The 
 rest as if in ag. 
 
 Sing. N. (2) 5y Mou(T-aj Gr. -75^, D. -jj, A. av, V. -a, &c. 
 
 Sing. N. (3) :^ Tc/i-i], G. -rjq, D. -)f, A. -ryv, V. -^'. The 
 rest as if in a. 
 
 The Dative Singular, in the first and second Declensions, 
 has t subscribed to the final letters, a, rj, w. 
 
 Iota is subscribed, either for distinction of Cases, as rafiia 
 in Dat. Sing., or on account of contraction : as xipdi^ xipa ; 
 i is written under the syllable from which it has been re- 
 moved. 
 
 Nouns in 7ny^, ttj^, and Gentiles in dTj^y and also the com- 
 pounds from TTwXiwy to sell, fierpiwy to measure, and rpij^Wj 
 to ruh, form the Voc. Sing, in a short : as w (rarpdna, InKj- 
 rdraj IxvOa. But those in arriq have )y and a : as Xrjtrrijqy 
 a robber; Voc. Xy]<7T7], and XrjffTd. 
 
 Words ending in da, 6a, pa, and a pure, make the Gen. 
 Sing, in a^, and the Dat. in a : as Ari^a, -aq, -a; "AxavOa, 
 -aq, -a] '^Hfxepa, -paq, -a) ^dia, -aq, a. 
 
 A letter or syllable is called pure, when it follows a Vowel 
 or Diphthong. 
 
 The Second Declension 
 
 Comprehends Nouns of two terminations in oq, of the 
 Masculine and Feminine, and in ov, of the Neuter. 
 
 Masculine, 
 
 Sing. N. (4) 6 A6 yoq, G. -yoo, D. -yoj, A. -you, V. -ye. 
 
 Dual N. A. V. TO) Aoyo), G. D. roXv Xoyovj. 
 
 Plur. N. ol Aoyotj G. -^^v, D. -yotq, A. -youq, V. -yoc. 
 
 (1) A publican. (2) A song. 
 
 (3) Honour. (4) A word. 
 
10 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Neuter. 
 Sing. N. (1) TO Mirp'OVy G. -oo, D. -a>, A. -ov, V. -ov. 
 Dual N. A. V. Tcb Mirpcoj Gr. D. roTv jmirpoo. 
 Plur. N. ra Mirp-a^ Gen. -c/jv, D. -o{<r, A. -a, V. -a. 
 
 Some Nouns of this Declension produce new forms, pro- 
 perly Attic^ by changing o pure into to^ and the penultimate 
 ay or at, into e: as, Xaoq^ Xeajq^y w^wyaiovy a\)(hytii),f ) and are 
 declined in the following manner : — 
 
 Masculine. 
 Sing. D. (2) 6 lU-cbq, G. -a», D. -cD, A. -(l>v, V. -(hq. 
 Dual N. A. y. roj Ae-iOy G. D. roTv Ae-ojy. 
 Plur. N. of Ae-(jj, G. -c2>v, D. -w<r, A. -wq, V. -a). 
 
 Sing. N. (3) TO 'Avw-ysojVy G. -y^co, D. -/'eco, A. yewv, V. 
 
 Dual. N. A. V. TO) 'A'^(6-y£iOj G. D. rolv dxo-yeo)'^. 
 
 Plur. N. ra ^Avco-yecu, G. -yewvj D. ^'^c'^?, A. -^£<^, Y. -^'sw. 
 
 Some Nouns, which have not the last Vowel pure, follow 
 this form, except that their accusative singular terminates 
 in o) : as, aXwg, laycbq] " Ewq, the morning ^ makes "Eco in the 
 Accusative: "Ar.oXXajqy Ace. ^^ AtzoXXoj ] "Adwq, Ace. ''Adcu, 
 
 N. B. The Nom., Ace, and Voc. of Neuter Nouns, are 
 the same in the Singular Number; and in the Plural (ex- 
 cept among the Attics), they all end in a. 
 
 The Third Declension 
 
 Has nine terminations; three Vowels, a, «, 6>, of the 
 Neuter, (o of the Feminine, and five Consonants, v, f, ^, ^, 
 <pj of any Gender, and increases in the Genitive. 
 
 (1) A measure. (2) The people. (3) An upper room. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 11 
 
 Masculine. 
 Sing. N. (1) 6 Tiva-v^ Gr. -voq, D. -vf, A. -va, V. nrdv. 
 Dual N. A. y. TO) Ttrd-vSj Gr. and D. to?v Tfra-yo«y. 
 Plur. N. ol Tira-veq, G. -vtt>v, D. -atj A. -va^, V. -v£^. 
 
 Neute7\ 
 Sing. N. (2) TO Soj-fxa^ Gr. -ixaroq^ D. -//arr, A. -/jta, V. -;tia. 
 Dual N. A. Y. ra> Iwji-arej Gr. and D. ao)[x-dToiv, 
 Plur. N. ra Sw-p.ara, Gr. -/xdraj'^j D. -/-tacrr, A. -p^aTa, 
 V. -fiara. 
 
 RULES BELONGING TO THIS DECLENSION. 
 
 TAe Accusative Singular 
 
 Of the Masculine and Feminine ends in a. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in <;, after t or Oj (except 
 suq,) if they form the Genitive in oq pure, change q in the 
 Accusative into v : as, r^ oiq, oioq^ oiv ; ^ ypaoq^ ypaoq^ ypaov. 
 But J^?-, Jupiter J makes J}a; and laaq, a stone, makes Xaav. 
 
 2. Barytons in iq and uq, declined with oq impure, have 
 the Accusative both in a and v : as, eptq, strife, eptdoq. Ace. 
 epcda and epcv ', xopuq, a hehnet, xopudoq, Ace. xopuda and 
 y.opov. In like manner, zAsT^, a hey, Ace. x^.e'tda and x/edv; 
 and the compounds from izodq, a foot: as^ Oldi-izooq, Ace. 
 'Tzddaj -TToDv. 
 
 J'Ae Fbca^iVe Singular 
 
 Is like the Nominative. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in q, after i or o, cast away 
 <? in the Vocative : as, Ildptq, l^ouq, Yoc. Udpt, ^oo ; ^a^debq^ 
 a king, Voc. ^aadeb, except oxytones in tq and oq : as, 5 
 i^;r}(;', ^Xaphq ; also 5 ttoD^, Sdooq. 
 
 2. Nouns declined with -vroq form the Vocative from the 
 Genitive, by casting away -roq : as, 6 yipujv, yipovroq, o) yipov ] 
 
 (1) Titan. (2) The body. 
 
12 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 but those in -ecg, e^^To<;^ form the Vocative in ec and ev : as, 
 TzXaxo-ec^j -evro^j Voc. w 7:Xax6-£i and TzXd/.o-ev. 
 
 3. Barytones in aq -avoq^ r^v -evoq, cd'^ -o>ogj -top -opoq, &c., 
 form the Vocative from the Genitive, by casting away, oq : 
 as, prJTOjpj prJTopoq, o) pTJrop : except IloffeidoJVj -cjvoq^ 116- 
 ffetdovy (twttjPj 'T/po^j trwrep, which shorten the last syllable : 
 as UcoxpdzTjqj 'So^j oj I(I)xpareq. 
 
 The Dative Plural 
 Is formed from the Dative Singular, by omitting <5, dy 
 Vj Tj and assuming (T before c : as, rcrd^Cj nraai ; oibixaTi^ 
 
 If, after this omission, o remains, u is taken for a diph- 
 thong : as, Uovrtj Xioofft ; in Nouns ending in r^p, which 
 suffer Syncope, ac; is inserted before t : as, Tzariipj T.aTp\y 
 Ttarpdffi ] but yaaTTip^ -i^pai. 
 
 Nouns ending in f, ^, or q^ after a Diphthong, form the 
 Dative Plural from the Nominative Singular, by adding i : 
 as, xopa^j (1) xbpaqty i3d(n?.ehq, ^aaiXeoai. Except xreiqj (2) 
 xriffi] Tiouq, izbcn) ooq, (3) axrc, and a few others. 
 
 Of Syncope. 
 
 Syncope takes away a letter or Syllable from the middle 
 of a word : as, irdpocq for iraLpocq. 
 
 Some Nouns in -/jp, -epoq, are Syncopated in the Genitive 
 and Dative Singular: as, Trarijpy naripoq, izarpoq] so also 
 IxfiTTjp and yaarrip : in like manner, dvijp, (4) unless that for 
 the omitted e, it assumes d : as, dvipoq^ d)^dp6q : and similarly 
 
 dpvbqy and xbiovy xovoq^ &C. 
 
 *- The Declension of Contracts. 
 
 Nouns are called Contracts in which two syllables are 
 contracted into one. 
 
 (1) A raven. (2) A comb. (3) The ear. (4) A man. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 13 
 
 A Contraction occurs either in every Case whose final 
 syllable is pure, as in the first and second Declension of 
 Contracts, or in a fewer number of Cases, viz. : — in the 
 Dative Singular, in the Nominative, Accusative, and Voca- 
 tive Plural, as in the third Declension of Contracts. 
 
 ET J J followed by <?, are contracted into el. 
 1 not followed by ^, into ^. 
 
 There is no difficulty in Contract Nouns of the First and 
 Second Declensions, as they are declined like the simples : 
 as, /jLva«, fjLud • voog^ vod<;. 
 
 The Third Decleiision of Contracts. 
 
 Nouns in -7)q are of the Masculine and Feminine Genders; 
 in -eq and -oq of the Neuter ; and are declined thus : — 
 
 Sing. Fern. 
 
 N. ij Tptyjp-fjqj (1) the galley. 
 
 Gr. r^c Tpiijp-eoqj -ooq, of the galley. 
 
 D. TTi Tpiy]p-e'i, -ecj to the galley. 
 
 A. rijv TpcTJp-sa^ -7] the galley. 
 
 Y. w Tptijp-eq^ galley! 
 
 Dual Fern. 
 N. A. V. rd Tptijp-eey -r). 
 Gr. D. rav^ TptTJp-iotu, -olv. 
 
 Plural Fern. 
 N. at Tp:yjp-z:aq, -acq. 
 G. r(5v TptTJp-iwv.^ -ojv. 
 D. raiq Tpcijp-eac. 
 A. rdq TpcTJp-eaqj -ecq, 
 V. o) Tpiyjp-eeq, -etq. 
 
 (1) A three-oared galley. 
 2 
 
14 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Sing. Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 Td TelX'O^, (1) 
 
 the wall. 
 
 G. 
 
 TOO Tei^-eoqj '0U(;. 
 
 of the wall. 
 
 D. 
 
 Tw Teix-et, -ec, 
 
 to the wall. 
 
 A. 
 
 TO TeJ^'O^, 
 
 the wall. 
 
 V. 
 
 w Tely-o^j 
 
 Dual Neut. 
 
 wall ! , 
 
 N. 
 
 A. V. Toj Teiy-eej -rj. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 D. roTv Tety-ioiVj -olv. 
 Plural Neut, 
 
 
 N. 
 
 Ta Teiy-ea, -rj. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 Twv Teiy-iiDv, -mv. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Tolq Teiy-eGi. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 TO. Teiy-sa^ -tj. 
 
 
 y. 
 
 w Tscy-sa^ -rj. 
 
 
 Nouns in tq are of the Masculine and Feminine Gender ; 
 in eog and og of the Masculine only ; and c and u of the 
 Neuter; and are declined thus : — 
 
 Smg. 3Iasc. Smg. Neut. 
 
 N. 6 "Ocp-iq. (2) N. rd Iv^ri-T.f. (3) 
 
 G. Too^' Ocp-Lo^j -eu)q. G. too UiWjrz-coq. 
 
 D. TW ''0<p-U\ -C, -eC. D. TO) Zv^lJTZ-tij -i. 
 
 A. rov ^' Ocp-iv. A. TO Zv>ri7Z-L. 
 
 Dual Neut. Dual Neut. 
 
 N. A. TO) ^'Oip'tej -ee. N. A. tuj Zr^rjn-cs. 
 
 G. D. To'i\' ^Ow-ioLVj -eiov. G. D. Toh IcvtjTZ- 
 
 cocv. 
 
 (1) A wall. (2) A serpent. (3) Mustard-seed. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 15 
 
 Plural Masc. 
 
 N. ol "Oip-ieq, -cq, -£iq, 
 G. Twv ^0(p'\wVy -eojv. 
 D. ToTq ^'0(p-t(Jty -eat. 
 A. TOoq"0(p-iaqj 'igj -etq. 
 V. w "O'ff-ieqj -iq, -ecq. 
 
 Plural Neut. 
 
 N. ra Icv7J7V-caj -c. 
 
 A. TO. ZcVlJTT-iaj 't. 
 
 y. 0) Zi^TJn-caj 'C. 
 
 Nouns in eog, oq, and Oj making the Genitive in eoq, have 
 four contractions : el' into et^ ee into tj, eeq and eaq into etq : 
 as^ l3a(Tdehq, a king ; npetT^hq, an old man; aaruj a city. 
 
 Sing. Masc. 
 N. ^aad-euq. 
 G. TOO ^a(TtX-ioq. 
 D. Tw ^aad-i'iy -iJ. 
 A. Tov ^aad'ia. 
 V. o) ^a<Td-eu. 
 
 Dual Masc. 
 N. A. TO) ^a<jd' 
 
 ee, -^. 
 G. D. roh ^aat- 
 
 Xi-otv. 
 
 Plur. Masc. 
 
 N. oi jSaffd-ieq, -elq. 
 G. roiv ^affd'iiov. 
 D. Tolq ^aad-ev<Ji. 
 A. Touq i3a<7d-eaqj -elq. 
 V. a> ^a<jd-ieq, -elq. 
 
 Nouns in oq, uoq, contract only oeq and uaq into l><? : as. 
 Sing. N. ixOuq, G. IxOooq) PI. N. i^(?6£c^ D^; Ace. Ix- 
 duaq. vq. 
 
 For the Genitive termination eoq, the Attics write ewq] 
 the Ionics, r^oq. : as, ^aadioq] Att. iSaadicoq ] lonice, ^aai- 
 Xr,pq. The Ionic ^ is preserved throughout, and no contrac- 
 tion takes place. 
 
 Neuters of the Third Declension, ending in aq pure, and 
 paq, are both syncopated and contracted : as. 
 
 Singular. 
 N. TO xip-aq. 
 G. TOO, -aroq, 
 
 -aoq, -coq. 
 D. Tw -art, -al) -a. 
 A. TO -aq. 
 V. ib -aq. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Ta> xep-aTe, 
 
 -ae, -a. 
 Tor> -aTOV^j 
 'dov^. -cDv. 
 
 Plural. 
 N. TO. xep-aTOj -aa^ -a. 
 G. TcDv, -ara»v, -dajv, 
 
 D. role, -aat. 
 
 A. ra -ara, -a«, -a 
 
 V. a> -ara. -aa. -a. 
 
16 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Irregular Nouns. 
 
 SwfjLdgj and others of the First Declension, make the 
 Gen. in a. 
 
 'Irjffovg makes Gen. Dat. and Voc. 'Irjaod, and Ace. ' Ir^- 
 60VV. Zehq^ Gen. ZrjuoCj or ^tdg^ Dat. Zt^v)^ or Ail^ Ace. 
 Ztjvolj or Acaj Voc. Zed. We also meet Zebq and J^c, and 
 Ace. Zebv. 
 
 Fovr}^ YUV2ixd<;^ Voc. yo'^acj Dat. Plur. yuuat^)j as if from 
 
 The Genders of Nouns 
 Are distinguished by the signification or Declension. 
 
 Irregular, or Heteroclite Nouns, 
 
 Are those which vary from the common forms of de- 
 clining : some vary in Gender, others in Declension ; some 
 are defective in Cases, others redundant; and some are 
 defective in Number. 
 
 Patronymics 
 
 Are names of persons, derived generally from their an- 
 cestors or fathers: as, 'AcaxcdTjq, the grandson of JEacus ; 
 Aaepriddrjqj the son of Laertes. 
 
 ^/ ADJECTIVES 
 
 Follow the analogy and irregularity of Substantives. 
 
 There are three Declensions of Adjectives, having one, 
 two, or three terminations. The first two are declined with 
 three Articles. 
 
 1. Adjectives of three terminations end 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 17 
 
 oq, -7], 'ov, according to the form of the first and second 
 
 of Simples, 
 in ^ ^^> '0.<ya^ -av, | according to the form of the third and 
 etq, -t(7<sa, -ev, j first of Simples. 
 oq, -€iaj -u, of the form of the third of Contracts and 
 
 first of Simples. 
 
 In 'Oq : aS; N. xaX-dq^ (1) -rj, d>, G. xaX-od, -Tjq, oo, &C. 
 But Adjectives in oq pure, and poq, form the Feminine 
 in a : as, oLycoq, (2) aycaj ayiov \ d-vO-qpoq, (3) avdripa^ dvOi^poVy 
 &c. Except Nouns signifying the properties of substances, 
 in '£oq : as, ^pbaeoq, irjy -eov, golden; and Numerals in -ooq : 
 as, oydooqj orj, the eighth. But drrAoo^, aTzkodq^ aTzXoTjj ^, 
 though not belonging to these classes. 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 KaX-o^, 
 
 'Vj 
 
 -6v. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 xaX'6\j 
 
 "5 
 
 -a. 
 
 .G. 
 
 -OUy 
 
 -?^, 
 
 -00. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 -CJVj 
 
 -a>v, 
 
 -a)v. 
 
 D. 
 
 ■<?, 
 
 -.^j 
 
 •w. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -oJq, 
 
 -aiq, 
 
 -oTc. 
 
 A. 
 
 -d., 
 
 -^^; 
 
 '6v. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 'ohq, 
 
 -aq, 
 
 -a. 
 
 V. 
 
 -^, 
 
 -rj, 
 
 -6^^. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 'Oh 
 
 -a}. 
 
 -a. 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 "Ayi-oq, 
 
 -«; 
 
 -ov 
 
 A. 
 
 >- xaX-Wj 
 
 ■«; 
 
 '6. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 '-OOj 
 
 ^-ac. 
 
 '-06>. 
 
 V. 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 ''^J 
 
 '-«j 
 
 >• 
 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 } .'""''' 
 
 -a?v, 
 
 -olv. 
 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 -ov. 
 
 -av, 
 
 -ov. 
 -ov. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Dual and Plural like 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KaXdq. 
 
 
 
 (1) Fair. 
 
 
 (2) 
 
 Sac 
 
 red. 
 
 (3) Flowery. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
18 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 Singul 
 
 ar. 
 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 Maxp-bqj 
 
 -«; 
 
 -ov. 
 
 The Dual and Plural like 
 
 G. 
 
 -dby 
 
 -a^; 
 
 '00. 
 
 KaXoq. 
 
 D. 
 
 -^5; 
 
 -?; 
 
 .a. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -ov, 
 
 -av^ 
 
 -w. 
 
 
 Y. 
 
 
 -«, 
 
 -ov. 
 
 
 NoTE^ — ^' AXkoqy TfjXtxooToqy rotooroq^ and TOdooroqj make 
 in the Neuter both o and ov ; dq, ovroq^ abrbc, and ixeivoqy 
 make only o. 
 
 
 
 In aq : as, 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 775?, (1) 
 
 '^d(7a^ 
 
 Ttdv. 
 
 G. 
 
 Ttavrbq^ 
 
 7:d(TTjqy 
 
 :ravToc 
 
 D. 
 
 Tzavrij 
 
 7:d(77)j 
 
 7:avTi, 
 
 A. 
 
 Tzdvzaj 
 
 -^dffavj 
 
 Tzdv. 
 
 V. 
 
 TcaCy 
 
 izdaa. 
 
 Tidv. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 N. A. V. Ttdvre, 
 
 
 '^d(Taf 
 
 
 Trdvre. 
 
 G. D. TzdvTOlVj 
 
 
 T,d(TaiVj 
 
 
 7:dvT0t> 
 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 N. 7rawT£C, 
 
 
 
 ndaatj 
 
 
 Tcavza. 
 
 G. TtdvTWVj 
 
 
 
 Tzaffw^j 
 
 
 7:duTw>. 
 
 D. 7ra^;, 
 
 
 
 Tcdaatz^ 
 
 
 Tf7(Tr. 
 
 A. Travra?, 
 
 
 
 Tzdffaq, 
 
 
 Trdvra. 
 
 V. Trdvre^j 
 
 
 
 Ttdffaij 
 
 
 ndvra. 
 
 but fiiX-aq (2) and rdA 
 
 ■ac, 
 
 (3) Sing. N. 
 
 -aq, 
 
 -acva, -av. 
 
 (1) AH. 
 
 
 (2) 
 
 Black. 
 
 (3) 
 
 Wretched. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 19 
 
 Gr. -avo^y 'ahrjq^ -a^^oqy &C. 
 N. fiiyaq, (1) fj^eydlrij yiya. 
 A. [liyaVy fxeydXrjVy p.eya. 
 
 A. -ata^ -aivo^y -av. 
 Gr. -dloo, -dX-qq^ -dXou. 
 
 Yoc. as Norn. 
 
 The rest as if from fxiyaXog. 
 
 Singular. 
 N. Xapi-etq^ -eaaa^ -ev. (2) 
 
 D. ^api-evTty -^(Tffrjy -evri. 
 A. ^api-euraj -effcrav, -ev. 
 Y. ^apc-eu and -et^ -£(T(Ta, -sv. 
 
 Dual. 
 N. A. V. /a^c'-evrl^ -^(r<7a, 
 
 Gr. D. ^apt-ivTotu, -iaaaiVy 
 -ivTocv. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. ^api-evre^j -eaaat^ -evra. 
 
 G. y^apL-ivTw^y -eaaaJVy -ivrajv. 
 
 T>. '/api-eKTty 'i(T(7acq, -eiai. 
 
 A. ^j^api-evraq^ -iaGaq^ -evra 
 
 y. yapi-evreq^ -eaaat^ -evra. 
 
 In oq : as^ oJ^C; (3) -eTa, -6 ; but -KoXh^y (4) ttoXXtj^ noXO, 
 'O^hqj sharp. 
 
 Singular. Dual. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 N. 'O^-hq^ -elaj -o. 
 
 Gr. -^0^, -eca^, -^o^. 
 
 D. -icj el, -eia, -ii, eJ. 
 
 A. -hv, -elavj -u. 
 
 V. -0. -eTa. -6. 
 
 iorv^ -eiaiV) -iotv. 
 
 (1) Great. (2) Gracious. (3) Sharp. (4) Much. 
 
20 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Finn:!. 
 
 
 
 M. F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 N. '0^-ieq, etq, -eiat, 
 
 •ia. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 'iio'^y -eiwv^ 
 
 'iwv. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -icij -eiaiq^ 
 
 'i(Tt. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 'iaq, eJqj -eiaq, 
 
 'ia. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 [JoXoqj much. 
 Singular. 
 
 'ia. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 IloXhqj 
 
 7:oXX7)j 
 
 7:0X6. 
 
 G. 
 
 7:oXXodj 
 
 TzoXXr^qj 
 
 TzoXXod 
 
 D. 
 
 TToX.XWj 
 
 TiOXX^j 
 
 TzoXXu). 
 
 A. 
 
 TioXhUf 
 
 7:oXX7jVj 
 
 TToXo. 
 
 V. 
 
 TzoXhj 
 
 TToXXij^ 
 
 TToXu. 
 
 The Dual and Plural (as if from -oXXaq) like x doq. 
 
 2. Adjectives of three Articles and two terminations, end 
 
 M.F. 
 
 N. 
 
 ' aq, 
 
 av, 
 
 oq, 
 
 OVy 
 
 ojq, 
 
 wv, 
 
 ^^j 
 
 h 
 
 ^^; 
 
 ^^; 
 
 oq, 
 
 ^; 
 
 ouqj 
 
 oov, 
 
 OJVy 
 
 ov, 
 
 wp, 
 
 op, 
 
 ,^^, 
 
 ^^, 
 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 
 " dscuaq, -av. 
 
 
 hdo^oq, -ov. 
 
 
 evyeajq^ -tov. 
 
 
 el>xapiq, -c. 
 
 > as, 6 xa\ 57, < 
 
 „ xai TOj 
 aoaxpuqj -'J. 
 
 
 d}xouqf 'Ouv 
 
 
 eudatfiajv^ -ov. 
 
 
 {leyaXrjTcopj -op. 
 
 
 dX.rjdijq, -iq. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 21 
 
 Singular, 
 G. deb-avToq, 
 A. deiv-avra^ -av. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 N. } _ 
 A. j 
 
 Plural. 
 N. acfV-avT£<r^ -avTa. 
 Gr. d£«v-avr66>v 
 D. dziv-aai. 
 A. deev-avrac, -avra. 
 V. detv-avreCj -avra» 
 
 "Evdo^oq, glorious. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. '^ xa) ^ evdo^oq'j xai rb evdo^ov. 
 G, roD y.al r^g xa: ro{5 hdo^oo, 
 D. Tw xad r^ xa^ zip ivdo^w. 
 A. Tov xa) T^^v xa) ro evdo^ov. 
 Y. w hdo^e^ Neuter evdo^ov. 
 
 Dual. » 
 
 N. A. V. TO) xai rd xai toj hdo^o). 
 G. D. rotv xai ralv xai rolv b^do^otv. 
 
 Plural, 
 
 N. ol xa\ 0.1 evdo^ot xat rd evdo^a. 
 
 G. Twu xai raJi^ xa\ rwv ivdo^cuv. 
 
 D, To7<; xdX raXq xdi ToTg hdo^oiq. 
 
 A. Tohq xa\ rdq hdo^ooq^ xa\ rd evdo^a, 
 
 V. S) evdo^oij Neuter evdo^a. 
 
 
 
 Euysijjqy fertile 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. Dual 
 
 
 Plural, 
 
 
 
 M. & F. N. M. F. N. 
 
 
 M. <fcF. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 Eoye-wq^ -wv. 
 
 ^•1 
 
 N. 
 
 -^; 
 
 -m 
 
 G. 
 
 'W. 
 
 A. ^-^• 
 
 G. 
 
 'lt)V. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -OJ. 
 
 V.3 
 
 D. 
 
 'Wq. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -cov. 
 
 ^•j-^v. 
 
 A. 
 
 'loq, 
 
 -0) 
 
 V. 
 
 -ojq^ -ojv. 
 
 D. j 
 
 V. 
 
 -H>^ 
 
 'W 
 
22 
 
 GRREK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Ev)^apiqy grateful J acceptable. 
 
 
 Singular, 
 
 
 Dual, 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N, 
 
 N. 
 
 Evxap-tq, 
 
 -:. 
 
 N-l 
 
 N. 
 
 1-., 
 
 -fra 
 
 G. 
 
 'iToq. 
 
 
 A. [-re. 
 
 V. 
 
 i ' 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -LTi. 
 
 
 vJ 
 
 G. 
 
 -iVwv. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 'tTaj -t>, 
 
 't. 
 
 ^- X.iro.. 
 
 D. 
 
 'i(ji. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 't. 
 
 
 D.i 
 
 A. 
 
 'tragj 
 
 -(ra 
 
 "'AppTjVj masculine. 
 
 
 Singular, 
 
 
 Dual 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 K 
 
 N. 
 
 "J/3^'-^v, 
 
 '£y. 
 
 N.-) 
 
 N. '£y£g, 
 
 -£va. 
 
 a. 
 
 -£V0^. 
 
 
 A. ^-^>- 
 
 G. 'iviov. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -£VJ. 
 
 
 VJ 
 
 D. -£(7:. 
 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 
 -£V. 
 
 D.j 
 
 A. -sva^^ 
 V. -ev£C, . 
 
 -£va 
 -£i^a 
 
 "Adaxpoq, tearless. 
 
 
 
 Singuli 
 
 ir. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 & F. . 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 "Adaxp-oq, 
 
 'VOq. 
 
 '0. 
 
 A. [-OS. 
 
 
 N. 
 V. 
 
 j- -U£?, -0?, 
 
 -ya 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -o'i. 
 
 
 Y.) 
 
 
 G. 
 
 -y<uv. 
 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 
 '0. 
 
 'U. 
 
 ^- ] .00.. 
 
 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 -oat. 
 
 -oa 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 23 
 
 AiTzouqj two-footed. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 M. & F. 
 ^. Aiiz-ooq^ 
 G. 'oSoq. 
 
 D. -ode. 
 
 A. -oday -ouvj -GOV. 
 
 Y . 'Ooq, 'OUy -oov. 
 
 N. 
 
 'Oda. 
 
 Ebdatfiaj'^y happy. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plural, 
 
 
 
 M. &r. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 
 U. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 Ebdaifi-aj'^y 
 
 -oy. 
 
 N.^ 
 
 N. 
 
 'Ove^j 
 
 -ova 
 
 G. 
 
 -ovoq. 
 
 
 A. [ -«^^- 
 
 G. 
 
 -0\>U)\). 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -OVi. 
 
 
 V.) 
 
 D. 
 
 'oai. 
 
 
 A. 
 Y. 
 
 -ov. 
 
 -ov. 
 
 "■ t -OVOiV. 
 
 D.i 
 
 A. 
 
 -ov£<r, 
 
 -ova 
 -ova 
 
 MeyaXrJTwpj magnanimous. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Dual, 
 
 . Plural, 
 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 M. <fe F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 Miya/.rjr-wp, -op. 
 
 N.- 
 
 ) 
 
 N. -opeq^ 'Opa 
 
 G. 
 
 -op<)<;. 
 
 A. 
 
 I -op^. 
 
 G. 'Opa)v, 
 
 D. 
 
 ■opt. 
 
 V. 
 
 ) 
 
 D. -o^<r:. 
 
 A. 
 
 -opa, -op. 
 
 G. 
 
 y -opov^. 
 
 A. 'Opaq, 'Opa 
 
 V. 
 
 -op. 
 
 D. 
 
 ) 
 
 y. -o/?£<r; -o/?a 
 
24 
 
 Singular. 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 Gr. 'ioi^j 'Ouq. 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 ^AkrjOrjq, true. 
 Dual. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 Plural. 
 M. k F. 
 
 N. 
 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 
 
 ^:}- 
 
 £<r, -£r<r^ -ia^-rj. 
 
 Gr. -ia>v, -(3i^. 
 
 Some Adjectives are of one Termination and one Gender 
 only : as, N. 6 Tpaofiaziaqj oo. wounded, declined as a 
 Substantive of the First Declension. To this class may 
 be referred, N. 6 Ooopoqj oo ; and N. ^ Ooupiq, tdoc;^ 
 impetuous. 
 
 3. Adjectives of three Articles and one termination, end 
 in Lv, p, <;, c, or (l> : as, 6 /.at i] y.oX to, TpiyXchy^iv, pAxap, ap- 
 Tzaq, alOwil'. 
 
 Numeral Adjectives 
 Are divided into Cardinals and Ordinals. 
 
 The Cardinals are^ 
 
 el^, one. 
 duo, two. 
 rpsTg, three. 
 ri(j(Tapeq, four, &c. 
 
 Sing. N. elq, [xia, h, Gr. hoq, jULidg, ivoq, D. &A, /x:a, m, 
 A. eva, fitav, ev : it wants the rest In like manner are 
 declined its compounds, ouSe^q and /ir^dscq, but they have no 
 Plural. 
 
 Sing, wanting. Dual, N. A. duo, (Att. duco,) D. SuoTi^, 
 Fem. dusTv, D. du(Tc. 
 
 Dual, N. A. a/Kpoj, Gr. and D. atKfoi^^ : it wants the rest. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 25 
 
 Singular and Dual wanting. Plural, N. ot xal al rpeX^y 
 xai TO. Tpia. G. rptcbv. D. rptai. A. roix; xat rag rpeTg, 
 xal rd rpia. 
 
 So also, Plural, N. ol xal al Ti(T(Tapeqj xa\ rd riaaapa, 
 G. re(T(jdp(Dv. D. riaaapat, A. robq xal rag riaaapaq^ xai 
 xd riff (Tap a. 
 
 The Cardinals from five to a hundred, inclusive, are 
 indeclinable : as, nivrsy five^ ixarovy a hundred ; but those 
 which follow are declinable and regular : as, dtaxoffcoc, -at, 
 -a, two hundred. 
 
 iTzprnro^y first, 
 deorepoq, second. 
 Tpiroq, third. 
 
 All Ordinals under twenty, except deorepoq, second, 
 i^dofio^j seventh, and oydooq, eighth, end in roq) from 
 thence upwards they end in o(tto<; : as, e'Uoffroq, twen- 
 tieth, &c. 
 
 The letters of the Alphabet are used to denote the 
 natural numbers. 
 
 Degrees of Comparison. 
 
 There are three degrees of Comparison : the Positive, 
 Comparative, and Superlative. 
 
 Adjectives ending in oq, having a long Penult, form the 
 Comparative by changing q into repoq, and the Superlative 
 into raroq : as, ffifivoq, (1) -orepoq, -ovaroq. Having a 
 short Penult, they change o into oj : as, ff6<poq, (2) -corepoq, 
 -wraroq. Having a doubtful Vowel in the Penult, they 
 either retain or change the o : as, "xavoq, (3) -orepoq, 
 'dvaroq, and -(hrspoq, -(ozaToq, 
 
 (1) Venerable. (2) Wise. (8) Fit. 
 
 3 
 
26 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 {[xax-apy -dpzepoqj -dpTaro^. 
 ^apc-ec^j 'i(TT£poqy -ifjTaroqy dropping i 
 yaar-plq^ -((jzepoqy -iffravoq. ' 
 aTzX-ooqj 'Ovarspoq, -oixTraTo^, 
 £ r ripri^j -£V£^, 'evicrrepo^j iffraroq. 
 g ( (jd)(ppioVy 'Ove^j -i(TT£poCj -scFTavog. 
 
 ' r fxeXaqj -aw, -avzepoq^ -avraroq. 
 ^ < eoffslSij^j 'kq^ -earepoqy -iffzaroq. 
 y^eopoqj 'Oj -ozepoq, -ozazoq. 
 
 But oq is often changed into iw^^ and tfrzoq : as, ebphq, (1) 
 -c'wv, 'C(Tzoq. And Nouns in f change eg Plural into -«<7r£- 
 ^0^ : as, apitaqj (2) dpizay-zq^ -ictzepoq^ -{(Tzazoq. 
 
 Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 1. In oq : as, pdd:oq, eas^, P^-^'^'j pd(Tzoq ] SXiyoqj feWj 
 dXc^ww, 6Xiyt(7zuq. Some Adjectives form the Comparative 
 and Superlative in various ways : as, 
 
 a/) " 
 
 -S 
 
 
 -M 
 
 siq 
 
 O 
 
 
 -M 
 
 tq 
 
 2 t 
 
 ooq 
 
 « .^ 
 
 
 ^» ^j 
 
 < f]V 
 
 ^-g J^ 
 
 wv 
 
 cd S 
 
 
 ly. O 
 
 aq 
 
 S fl 
 
 Q, 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 oq 
 
 n3 
 
 c3 
 
 dyaOoqj 
 good. 
 
 dpeiiDVj 
 ^ekziaj'^j 
 
 j3iXzepoq, 
 y.pei(7(jii)v^ 
 y.peizzoj'/, 
 xdppujVy 
 
 XojlDV. 
 
 Kfipzepoq, 
 
 dyadwzazoq. 
 
 apiazoqj from "Apr^q^ Mars. 
 
 ^iXzLffzoq^ from ^iXoq, a dart. 
 y.pdzKTzoq^ from xpeiuuv^ a king. 
 
 Xwiffzoqj from AoJ, to loish. 
 Xa)(Jzoq. 
 
 (pipzazoqy from (piptjj to hear. 
 (fipKTZoq. 
 _ (fipzLffzoq. 
 
 (1) Broad. 
 
 (2) Rapacious. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 »r 
 
 xaxo<;, 
 bad. 
 
 xaxcDTepoq. 
 xaxtcoy 
 
 Xtptiwv^ 
 
 i 
 
 xaxt(TToq. 
 
 \ X^^t 
 
 fiaxpoq, ( [xaxpoTSpoqj 
 long. \ /id<T(TWi^y 
 
 fxixpoq, 
 small. 
 
 /jLtxporepogj 
 fieidrepoqy 
 
 kXdcFaiDVf 
 
 X^tpctrro^. 
 
 fiaxporaro^. 
 
 /jLTJxitTToqy from pi^xoq^ length. 
 
 ^.txporaroq, 
 
 p.eT(7Toq, 
 
 iXdxt(TTo<;f from iXa^b^, small. 
 rjxKjToq, from 7}<T(Ta)f to sit low. 
 
 Some Nouns in oq throw away o, others oj^ in the Com- 
 parative and Superlative : as, <f{?.oqj ^Urepoq^ fiXraToq. 
 The Attics form many in oq^ by iarepoq and i<JTaToq) 
 others by airepoq and aiTaroq) a few in iarepoq and ((TTaroq. 
 
 2. In a<r : as, p^iyo-^y great ^ ptiZ^v, and paffatov^ piyiCToq. 
 
 3. In oq : as, TzoXhqy muchy nXiwvj and nXecw\^, -KXelaroq. 
 
 Irregular Comparatives in wv are contracted in the Ac- 
 cusative Singular, and in the Nominative, Accusative, and 
 Vocative Plural : as. Ace. Sing, rov xat ttj^^ TtXecova, -oa, 
 nXeto). N. PI. ol xat al nXet ov£<r; -oe^j -oug^ xal rd nXecovaj 
 'Oaj -o). Ace. rohq xai rdq TcXetouagj 'Oaq^ -oo^y x«:, ra, &c. 
 Voc. as Nom. 
 
 Many Comparatives in wv and icov produce other Com- 
 paratives, by changing wv into orepoq : as, x^ipiavy (from 
 xaxQ(;^ Xetpdrepoq] iojv changes t and the preceding Con- 
 sonant into <7<7: as, raxioiVy dd(T(jcjv'y so xpdroqy xps:i(T(jojv for 
 xpazicDv. 
 
 Many other parts of Speech, besides Adjectives, are com- 
 pared in Greek. 
 
 1. Verbs, generally by changing o) into repoq and raroq : 
 as, deoojy dsorepo^y deuraroq] or oq into iarepoq and iara- 
 Toq : as, ippwpivoqy eppa)pevi<TT£poqy k^pajpeviararoq. 
 
28; GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 2. Pronouns : as, aurdgy aordTaToq. 
 
 3. Adverbs : as, ava;, dvwTepoq, d'^wraTog. To this add, 
 
 /xdXaj fxaAXoVj fiaXlffra. 
 
 xaXdy xdXXtoVj xaXXicra. 
 
 Ta^a^ rd^tovy rd^taTa. 
 
 4. Prepositions : as, vrpdj Tzportpoqy nporaroq^ Trpdaroqj 
 npwToq. '^Tnepj Ortiprepo^j onipTaro^j by Syncope Snarog, 
 
 ^^ PRONOUNS 
 
 Are of two kinds : Simple and Compound. 
 
 The Simple are either Primitive : as, ^ywj (jv, oh ; or 
 Indefinite : as, delva ; and these have peculiar forms of 
 declining. 
 
 Sing. N. hyd), (1) G. ifioo or /xou, D. ifioL or [xo\ A. Ifxh 
 
 or [xi. 
 Dual N. A. vaj'ij vwy G. D. va>l"v, vww. 
 PI. N. TJ/xeTq, Gr. ^/xa>v, D. ^/xTv, A. 7}/J.dg. 
 
 Sing. N. (TUj (2) G. <7oD, D. <ror, A. pe, V. (Tw. 
 Dual N. A. V. (T^m, (T^tpj G. D. (T^wli^j (r^tDv. 
 PL N. VfJ.eXqy G. u/jtcDv, D. ^/xTv, A. Vfidq^ V. vjieTq. 
 
 Sing N. wanting; G. o5, (3) D. oH, A. e'. 
 Dual N. A. cF(pwky (j(pk, G. D. acpmv^ <j(ph. 
 PI. N. (Scptlq^ G. (T^cSv, D. (Jipidi, A. <r^a<?. 
 
 Sing. Nom. o xal ^ xa) to ^eTva (4). G. rob xal rr^q xai 
 zoo dslvo^y and Masc. deivaroq. D. rw deivarty de7va, xai ttj 
 xai Tuj de7vi. A. rov xa^i Ti^v xa) to deTva : it wants the rest. 
 
 3 Demonstrative : as, o5to<7, this ; exetvo^j he. 
 
 4. Relative : as, abrd^j himself ^ o<r, who. 
 
 5. Possessive: as, i/JLog, mine; abq, thine; og, rj, ov, his 
 own; viotrepogj our; (jcpwtrepoq, your; -rjp.irepoq^ our; 
 
 (l)L (2) Thou. (3) Of himself. (4) Some one. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 29 
 
 vixirepoqy your; (T^irepoq, their; which are all declined 
 
 like Adjectives in oq: as, i/io^, mine; iaijj i/wv, but 
 
 ixsTvoq, kxeivfj, txsXvo ) Aorbq^ avrrjj aurb] and ouroq^ nearly 
 in the same manner. 
 
 Sing. N. ooToq, this; aorrj, tooto'j Gr. robroo^ rabr-qq, 
 Tobroo] D. robra}y rabrrj, robro)) A. toutoVj TabzTjVf touto. 
 
 Dual N. A. V. TobTiOj rabraj robro) ) G. D. robrotVy rab- 
 ratVj robroLv, 
 
 Plural N. obrot, aurat, ravra] G. robriov] D. robrotq, 
 rabrai^y robroiq] A. Tobzooq, rabraqj raora. 
 
 Note. — raora, these thing s, should be carefully distin- 
 guished from rabra (for ra aurdi), the same things, 
 
 ''OiTrtc; 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Dual 
 
 N. 
 
 Saw;, ^Tcq, 
 
 S, Tl. 
 
 N.- 
 
 K ., . 
 
 G. 
 
 ooTtvo^, ij<TTtvo<;y 
 
 OUTtVO?. 
 
 A. 
 
 >- (jurtvsj arive, wrtve 
 
 D. 
 
 wTcvt, ■^rtft, 
 
 WTtVt. 
 
 V. - 
 
 ) 
 
 A. 
 
 ovTtva, ijVTtva, 
 
 0, T!. 
 
 a.- 
 
 \ ohrcvoiu^ ahrtvotUy 
 
 V. 
 
 Sari^, ijTiq, 
 
 8, r(. 
 
 D.. 
 
 1 o}vrtvocv. 
 
 And so on through the Plural, og and r)<; being distinctly 
 declined, as the Latin respuhlica. 
 
 Note. — For ovnvoq and Sjrivt, the Attic writers used oroo 
 and orip] and arra for anva. 
 
 Defective Pronouns. 
 
 i^EfjL-aurody A -aurrjqj -aoroo. 
 Ze-aorov,^ > D. -aurajj -aorTjy -aorw. 
 ^E-aoroo, J A. -auroVj-auriju, -auro. 
 
 The first two want both the Dual and Plural; but iaoroZ 
 has the same three cases in the Plural. 
 
 * For aeavTov and lavrov, we meet, by the figure Crasia, aavrov and 
 avrov, &c., throughout. 
 
 3* 
 
80 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are either Personal, Impersonal, Transitive, or 
 Intransitive. 
 
 There are three Voices : Active, Passive, and Middle. 
 
 The signification of the Active and Passive Voices is the 
 same as in Latin or English. The Middle Voice (which is 
 «o called because it has a middle signification between Ac- 
 tive and Passive) implies an action reflected on the agent 
 himself, and signifies what we do, first, to ourselves, secondly, 
 for ourselves. 
 
 There are eight Tenses in the Active Voice, and nine in 
 the Passive : Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First 
 and Second Futures, First and Second Indefinites, or Aor- 
 ists; to which is added, in the Passive Voice, the Paulo- 
 post Future. 
 
 The tenses are, first, either Principal, viz.. Present, Fu- 
 ture, and Preterperfect, (but in the Passive Voice, Present, 
 Pre terper feet, and Second Indefinite ;) or secondly, Cog- 
 nates, which are known from the formation. 
 
 There are five Moods : the Indicative, Imperative, Opta- 
 tive, Subjunctive, and Infinitive. 
 
 There are four Conjugations of Barytons, to which the 
 others can be easily reduced. 
 
 A Conjugation is distinguished by the formative letter or 
 characteristic: the characteristic of the Present Tense is the 
 lotter preceding w or o/jtaj, iit or iiat] the characteristic of 
 the Future and Perfect is the letter before the final vowel 
 of the Active Form. 
 
 The characteristic of the Future distinguishes the Conju- 
 gations of Barytons; the others, only their own and the 
 Cognate Tenses. 
 
 Note. — Verbs might be conveniently divided into two 
 classes, viz., in w and in ixi] and those in (o subdivided into 
 uncontr acted, commonly called Barytons, and contracted. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 31 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 Of the Pres. Of the Fut. Of the Perf 
 
 1st Conj. 
 
 <p Ypd(pa)y 
 
 TIT TUTTTO), 
 
 ( Tip(pa), 
 rpdipit)^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 TiTep(pa. 
 XiXet(pa. 
 yiypacpa, 
 rixoipa. 
 
 2d Conj. 
 
 y Xiyojy 
 a<j dpoaau)^ 
 
 TT OpOTTCOy 
 
 TzXiSiOj 
 
 Xi^oj, 
 ^piSco, 
 
 opfj^ojj 
 
 rx 
 
 TziTzXe'/a. 
 
 XiXe^a, 
 
 ^i^pt^a. 
 
 wpuj(^a. 
 
 d (TTzeuSojj 
 3d Conj. ^ nXvjdoj, 
 C (fpdZoj, 
 CO pure Ttojj 
 
 >(5 -^ 7:XTJ(j(jjy 
 (fpdaujj 
 Ti(jii). 
 
 eaizeoxa. 
 X -j ninXrjxa, 
 I Tziippaxa, 
 \ TiTixa. 
 
 4th Conj. 
 
 X ipdXXo)^ 
 fj. vifiu)^ 
 
 p (JTzeipwj 
 
 fJ.V Tifl'^CO^ 
 
 ipaXaJj 
 
 (TTCepWj 
 
 Teaw, 
 
 e(paXxa. 
 
 y^ { Tiicpayxa. 
 etj-Kapxa. 
 TiT/iTjxa, 
 
32 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 te 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 
 te 
 
 3 
 
 to 
 
 2 
 
 
 :> 
 
 :v 
 
 r> 
 
 3k 
 
 :\ 
 
 i^ 
 
 1- 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 C5 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 V 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 No 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Ut 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 '^ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 a 
 
 ,b 
 
 ^ 
 
 K 
 
 fo 
 
 CO 
 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 <u 
 
 u> 
 
 to 
 
 V 
 
 (o 
 
 ^ ^ ?< c<i 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 <*» (o . 
 
 0) CO U» <t» <u 
 
 S- ?- S- S- 3- 
 
 Ci O C> O « 
 
 O 
 
 
 3- 3- eg 
 
 •* -* «i* 
 U> (U ^ 
 
 
 »- t- *^ 4:^ b 
 
 ca ^jU (u v5 v5 
 
 
 
 Ut CO 
 
 55 02 o 
 
 ^ fa 
 
 « rH 
 
 O 
 
 b £ ? "g 
 
 I I I rH 
 
 O 
 I— ( 
 
 o 
 ;> 
 
 ?^ 
 >^ 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 CU <1> (u (u (o 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ Ji^ if 
 
 ^ <u (u Oi O C 
 
 >^ 
 
 ^ ^ f f 3^ 
 
 (U (U CO Vx) VjiJ c *%o 
 
 
 • CO 
 
 
 U) Ui ^ <*i ^ ^ 
 
 I 1 I I I I I I 
 Lr iP ^f U^ iT "i^ -N j;^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 S" S- S- ? ^ 
 J s « ^>s 
 
 K, ^s ^. Nu K. ^, o "CJ (u "C) ^O ^:r) ^s ^^ (o :s 
 
 ^^I' ? ^2^ .- ^ 
 
 2 ? ^ 
 
 !>• t- I- 
 
 
 C3 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 - t^ 
 
 
 >— I r^ 1-H Ph 
 
 C2 c^ 5 o ^ :=s 9 o ; 
 g:^^<^ ^fa<1^P 
 
 P^ CM CM HH Ph — ^ ^" 
 
 d, 
 
 a 
 
 hH 
 : r^ 
 
 . :-! 
 
 :Ph 
 
 
 o t-l 
 
 <D 
 
 ?H O CQ 
 
 _C3 9 o js t3 9 
 
 P <:^ o 
 
 03 ^ V" 
 
 M 
 
 'MO'-ii-hPhGnICOi-hhh 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 33 
 
 Infinit. Pres. and Imp. Tunr-eiv. 1st Fut. rvip-et'^. 1st 
 Aor. rbtp-ai. Perf. and Pluperf. reTu<p'ivai. 2d Fut. and 
 2d Aor. TOTz-ih, 
 
 PaRTICIP. Pres. TOTzr-wVy 'OOfjaj -ov. G. -ovroc, -ovariqy 
 'Ovroq, 1st Fut. roipwv. 2d Fut. roTiwv, G. owTo<;y o6(rqqy 
 
 'OOUTOq^ &c. 
 
 1st Aor. roip-aqj -aaa^ -av. G. -avTOC; -dirriq^ -avroq, 
 Perf. Part. Tsro<p'U>q. 
 
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Singular. Dual. 
 
 N. TOTZT-oJVj 'OU<Tay -ov. 
 
 G. TUnT'OVTOqj -0U(T7)(;f -OVTOg. 
 
 A. TUTZT-ovray -oixravy -ov. 
 
 V. T^TTT-OJV, 'OOCa. -ov. 
 
 _^. ^ Tt>7rT-ovT£, 'Ooaaj ovre. 
 
 V. 
 
 Tt>7rT-(5vTorv, 'OixraOp 
 
 G.y 
 
 N. TL)7rT-0VT£^^ 
 
 G. rUTlT-O^TWUy 
 
 D. roTZT'Ooatj 
 
 A. T^TTT-ovra^^ 
 
 V. T^Trr-ovrs?"^ 
 
 Plural. 
 
 -obaaiqy 
 -ou(Taqj 
 
 'Ooaat. 
 
 -ovra. 
 
 'OVTWV. 
 
 -ooat. 
 'Ovra. 
 -ovra. 
 
 In like manner decline totzojv, the 2d Aor. Participle. 
 
 PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. reruip-cbqj -ola, -oq. 
 G. rezo^-OToqj 'Oiaqy -droq. 
 
 D. 
 
 rerocp'Ortj 
 
 -Uia, 
 
 -art. 
 
 A. 
 
 TeTO(p-oray 
 
 -oiavy 
 
 -6q. 
 
 V. 
 
 TeTU(p-wq^ 
 
 'Olaj 
 
 '6q. 
 
 Dual, 
 
 J^_ > Ts-o<p-oTs, -uia, -ore. 
 
 a.} 
 
 D. 3 
 
34 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 Plural, 
 
 
 N. 
 
 rerucp-ors^j 
 
 -ulatj 
 
 -ora. 
 
 G. 
 
 rerucp-OTcoVj 
 
 -0'.a>Vj 
 
 -OTO)'^ 
 
 D. 
 
 TSTOCp-OdCj 
 
 -oiaiq^ 
 
 -oai. 
 
 A. 
 
 Tero^-oragj 
 
 'Oiaq, 
 
 -67a. 
 
 V. 
 
 reTUcp-OTsq^ 
 
 'OJai, 
 
 'oza. 
 
 Second Fut. Part. N. Tunwv, obaa^ oDv; Gr. owroq^ ob(Trjq, 
 
 OVVTOq, &C. 
 
 The Vocative of a Participle is the same as the 
 Nominative. 
 
 CONJUGATION THROUGH THE MoODS AND TeNSES. 
 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imp. 
 
 TVTZTO) 1 
 
 'iroTZToy j 
 
 TUTzre 
 
 rbTZTOifii 
 
 zbTZTCO 
 
 rbizzeiv 
 
 zb7zza)\^ 
 
 Fut.l. 
 
 rbipio 
 
 
 rbtpoifxi 
 
 
 zbipeiv 
 
 zbif'wv 
 
 Aor.l. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Plusq. 
 
 £TU(pa 
 
 rirocpa | 
 
 izeTucpeiv ] 
 
 rizixpe 
 
 zbipatiM 
 rerbipoifxi 
 
 rbipoj 
 Terbwoj 
 
 zb(pai 
 zezo(pivat 
 
 zb(^a^ 
 zszLxpcbq 
 
 Ind.2. 
 
 eruTZOv 
 
 rune 
 
 rbnoiixt 
 
 roTzo) 
 
 ZOT.elv 
 
 ZUTZlbv 
 
 Put. 2. 
 
 TUTlOJ 
 
 TUnolfJLC j 
 
 ZUTTSTW 
 
 ZUTZOJV 
 
 The First Future of the Fourth Conjugation is varied as 
 the Second Future zorzw. Ex. (jT^epaJ, (TTzepoT/iCj (jTzspe'.Vj 
 {n:£pa)v. 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 The Present is the root. 
 
 The Imperfect is formed from the Present, by changing 
 0) into ovj and prefixing the Augment : as, kzuTrzo from 
 
 ZUTlZO). 
 
 The Augment is twofold : Syllabic and Temporal. It is 
 prefixed to the Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Paulo-post 
 Future, and to the First and Second Aorists in the Indica- 
 tive Mood; in the other 3Ioods, only to the Perfect and 
 Paulo-post Future. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 35 
 
 The Syllabic Augment is e prefixed to a Verb, when it 
 begins with a Consonant : as, tuktio, stutztou. 
 
 If a Verb begin with />, it is doubled after e in all the 
 Tenses which increase : as, piTzro), eppir.rov. 
 
 The Temporal Augment is >^ or co prefixed to a Verb in- 
 . stead of the initial Mutable Vowel. 
 
 The Mutable Vowels are «, e, o, a:, ao, oc ; a and e are 
 changed into t], o into w^ c of the Diphthongs being sub- 
 scribed : as, dxouojj r^xooov y epztdojj rjpecdov • dhiZa^, rjXtZov ^ 
 
 Some Verbs beginning with e, take c after e for the Aug- 
 ment : as, £/tt», el/^>v ; errcoj Htzov and elra, which preserves 
 the Augment through all the Moods. 
 
 If a Verb begin with an Immutable Vowel, it has no 
 Augment ; the Immutable Vowels are )y, «, t», (jJj £«, et>, oo : 
 as, fixiOy rjxov y oord^cDy owrajov, &c. 
 
 ""Aoj, d7)6i(T(Ta)j derivatives of oho^, as, oivocuj and a few 
 others, take no Augment. Eu is sometimes changed to rju : 
 as, eu^ofiaCf iju^ofxr^v. 
 
 Augments of Compounds. 
 Compound Verbs have the Augment in the middle, if 
 they begin with a Preposition, or dbq, or so before a Mutable 
 Vowel : as, xazaytvaxyxiOj xareyivojffxov • diXTapeariojj duffTjpiff- 
 reov ; ebspyeriiOy ebrjpyireov ] with a few exceptions : as, 
 d[x<piff^7jriwj r^fi(pt(T^7JT£0Vj &c. 
 
 ^ Prepositions in Composition. 
 Prepositions ending with a Vowel, except tt^oo, tts^), and 
 ^jjL^Cj lose their final Vowel before another Vowel : as, 
 
 Note. — The o of Tzpd before e, generally coalesces with it, 
 and produces ou r as, Tzpooroil^av. 
 
 The Verb d'^ocycu (compounded of dv« and o^yw) has the 
 
36 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Augment sometimes at the beginning : as, 1st Aor. rj^oc^a, 
 John ix. 26 ; and sometimes between the Preposition and 
 the Verb (with the Attic e inserted): aS; d^iw^a. John 
 ix. 30. 
 
 f Y before a Guttural: as, irypdcpa). 
 w in composition , ^ t i- i , ^ ^. 
 
 , 1 . . < M beiore a Labial, or fx : as, ktiSd/lo). 
 
 is changed into ) , , ^ ,, \ /. ' 
 
 / beiore another / : as, aoXkaiipdvo) , 
 
 and it is omitted before C : as, (Tu^rjreco. 
 
 The V is resumed, however, before the Augment : as, i/i* 
 
 'Ex becomes s? before a Vowel : as, t^cpepov. 
 P is doubled after a Vowel : as, dvappiw. 
 
 Is formed from 
 the Present, by 
 changing the last^ 
 Syllable in each 
 Conjugation : — 
 
 The First Future 
 ^ in the 1st, into (pa) : as, totztcdj rOcpio. 
 in the 2d, into f ^ : as, Xiywj Xi^w. 
 in the 3d, into (tu) : as, adcjy a<ja). 
 In the 4th, 5 is circumflexed, and the 
 penult made short : as, xpiva>^ xptvo). 
 
 The penult of the First Future of the Fourth Conjuga- 
 tion is made short, either by omitting a second Consonant : 
 as, rifjLva)^ tsjulw ; or the second Vowel of a Diphthong : as, 
 (paii'ojj <pavo) 'j or by shortening a doubtful Vowel : as, xp{vw, 
 xptvoj. 
 
 Many Verbs in C^, take f in the Future and correspond- 
 ing tenses : as, (jT-qpi^o), -^cu. 
 
 Some in (Tcrajf take (tw : as, itpd^ffo) (to sell)^ 7tpd(T(v, &c. 
 
 When the characteristic of the Present is an Aspirate, 
 and that Aspirate is afterward lost, compensation is made 
 (when possible) by aspirating the initial of the tense where 
 the loss occurs : as, e/w, i^u) ; '^P^X^i Opi^to^ &c. This com- 
 pensation is possible in two cases, viz. when the Verb begins 
 with a smooth Mute, and when with an unaspirated Vowel. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 37 
 
 The First Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the First Future, by changing o) into a, 
 and prefixing the Augment : as, TU(l>a)j erucpa. 
 
 These five first Aorists do not assume the characteristic 
 of the First Future : edrjxaj edojxa, rjxaj eliza^ and rjveyy.a. 
 
 " Edr^xa^ edwxa, and Yjxa are formed from the Perfect In- 
 dicative; eliza and T^)^£Yxa from the Present. 
 
 The penult of the 1st Aorist in the Fourth Conjugation, 
 is always long; hence, a is changed into ^, e into £«, and t 
 or o lengthened : as, (pdkXwj ^WcS, eil'Tjla ; iiivujy ixtvojy 
 l/jtciva; xpivojj xpivcb^ expTva. 
 
 Some drop (t : as, /^^, ysuffoj^ 1st Aorist e/ea in place of 
 
 €y£0(Ta. 
 
 The Perfect 
 Is formed from the First Future, by prefixing the Redu- 
 plication, if the Verb begin with a single simple Consonant, 
 except /?, and changing in the 
 
 1st Conjugation, ^w into (pa\ 
 
 2d ?tt> into /a ; 
 
 3d au) into xa; 
 
 4th w into xa; and w into r^xa. 
 
 Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation change e of the 
 Future into a: as, azekoij taraXxa. But e of the Future in 
 /jttti is retained: as, vefiw^ wAifrr.xa. 
 
 Dissyllables in zbin^ ivoj^ ivMo, omit v of the Future in the 
 Preterperfect : as, xptvokj xixpr/.i) the rest change v into yx 
 as, (favojy T.iwayxa. 
 
 Reduplication takes plnre in the Perfect, when the Verb 
 begins with a single simple Coii sonant (except p) : as, ri- 
 Tixpa] with a 3Iute before a Liquid (except yv)\ as, yiypa(pa 
 from ypd(paj ; or with /xv : as, ixvdo>iaij ixifivriixai. 
 
 Note. — The Smooth Mute is used instead of the Aspi- 
 rate, as, (ppd^oj, (ppd(TWy Tzi^paxa^ to prevent two syllables 
 
 4: 
 
88 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 coming together, commencing with Aspirates. There will 
 be no reduplication when a Verb begins with p, or with two 
 Consonants, not a Mute before a Liquid (except fiv) : as, 
 (TTzeudo) ; or a double -Consonant : as, ^dco ; in which cases 
 the Syllabic Augment merely is prefixed : as, etTTzeuxa, eXrjxa. 
 
 K is sometimes cast away and the penult shortened : as, 
 
 yiy-qxa, yiyaa. 
 
 The Pluperfect 
 
 Is formed from the Perfect, by changing a into etv^ and 
 prefixing the Syllabic Augment, if there be a Eeduplica- 
 
 tion : as, xiroipa^ hs^rixpeLv. 
 
 The Second A ovist 
 
 Is sometimes the same as the Imperfect: as, lypaipov) 
 but when the penult of the Present is long, that penult 
 must be shortened to form the 2d Aorist : as, rbizTw^ eronov. 
 
 The penult is shortened in Consonants, generally by the 
 omission of the latter Consonant: as, totztco^ £r6»7rov; 4'dXkii}, 
 
 eil>akov : 
 
 c 
 
 in Vowels by 
 
 changing 1 «^ 
 
 ^into a: as, 
 
 f IrjOio^ eXaOov. 
 J rpmyojj krpayov. 
 
 ei into t : as, Xsitzw, eXcTzov. 
 I £6» into d^ : as, (peuyio^ e^oyou. 
 
 El in Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation, is changed 
 into a: as, (jr.dpiOj effr.apov] in Trissyllables into e: as, 
 6<petlo)j wcpeXov. 
 
 The penult is changed into a: as, rpir.o}, erpar.ov) except 
 I'/e^-oy, e(phyoVj £;3X-7:o>^ erexov. 
 
 Verbs in ^oj, (rao), and rrw, if they have the First Future 
 in ?w, have the 2d Aorist in yov : as, rdrToj or Td(7(T(Oj rd^oj, 
 ezayov ) but those having the Future in ffio, have the 2d 
 Aorist in dov : as, (fpa^(j^, <ppdffo)j ecppaSov. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 aft 
 
 The 2d Aorist affords an additional illustration of the 
 Aspirate being changed into the Smooth Mute, when an- 
 other Aspirate commences the following syllable ; as, OdnTWj 
 eraipovj not Idacpov. 
 
 Some, instead of tt, the smooth Consonant of the Theme, 
 assume, first, the middle /S: as, e^Xa^ov^ expv^ov) from 
 ^XdizTit)^ xpvxTo) : secondly, the Aspirate <p : as, ^^ov, e^a<pov] 
 from aTtzojj ^dnro). 
 
 Verbs ending in cu pure, generally want the^ 2d Aorist and 
 Future, and also the Perfect Middle. 
 
 The Second Future 
 
 Is formed from the 2d Aorist, by changing ov into w cir- 
 cumflexed, and omitting the Augment : as, eroTrov, tutzoj. 
 
 The second and third Persons Singular in the Subjunctive 
 Mood of every Verb Active, and the second Person Singular 
 of Tenses in [xat^ have i subscribed to the final letters, «, ?y, a>. 
 
 S. eliii 
 D. — 
 
 The Verb dixi, to he 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 ek or el, 
 
 P. iffixiv, 
 
 S. ^%, 
 D. — 
 
 S. ecTOfxaij 
 D. iffOfieOoVy 
 P. i(T6iJ.e6aj 
 
 kark, 
 
 Imperfect, 
 fjq or rj<7da, 
 
 Future. 
 
 £(T£(TO£y 
 
 i(jTi. 
 el(Ti. 
 
 7] or 7}v. 
 rj(jav. 
 
 e(Te<j6ov. 
 
40^ GRREK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 S. wn^, 
 
 ^<J0, 
 
 D. TjixeOoVy 
 
 ^adov, 
 
 P. rjfxeda^ 
 
 ^(Tde, 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect. 
 S. ^iadi^ effdtj or eVo^ eaTO), 
 
 P. eVre^ eaToxsav or etrrwv, 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect. 
 
 D. el'TjTOU^ eiTJTTjV. 
 
 P. etfjixev, drjre, eirjffav or eTew* 
 
 S. i(Toc/J.rjVj eaotOy ecoiro, 
 
 D. l(Joiixedo\>j effotadoVj iffoiadrjv. 
 
 P. ^(joifiedaj e60t<jdey effoivro. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect. 
 S. &, ^?, I 
 
 D. ^Tov^ ^rov. 
 
 P. <LlJ.£Vj TjTej W<71, 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect, 
 elvdt. 
 
 Future. 
 eaeaOat. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 <w, 
 
 oUxja^ 
 
 &. 
 
 G. 
 
 ovTO<;f 
 
 Future, 
 
 > ovroq. 
 
 N. 
 
 icdixsvoq^ 
 
 kconivTjy 
 
 Udfisvov, 
 
 G. 
 
 i<TOfxivoOy 
 
 icofxiyqq. 
 
 i^onevoo. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imper. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Particip. 
 
 Pres. eifxi 
 Imp. ^v 
 
 Fut. £(TOfXat 
 Plup. TJ/XTjV 
 
 f ttrdty £(76t, 
 
 \ or €(70, 
 
 i(T0lJJL7jV 
 
 (5 
 
 elvat 
 e<Te(Tdai 
 
 ^(Tdfievo^, 
 
 S. cf/x«, 
 
 D. 
 
 P. ffxev, 
 
 S. e7v, 
 
 D. 
 
 P. /Vv, 
 
 i^/jtc, to go, 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eh or el, 
 
 hoiff 
 
 Imperfect, 
 
 ?TOV, 
 
 4* 
 
 elciy ?(rt, or ?a<r«. 
 
 eT. 
 
42- 
 
 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 g.e<v, 
 
 -eiq, 
 
 -e«. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -etrovj 
 
 -SiTTjV 
 
 P. 
 
 rj-etixtvy 
 
 -eire, 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 '£l(TaV 
 
 S. 
 
 tOVf 
 
 '^?, 
 
 h. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 ferov, 
 
 Mtjjv, 
 
 p. fofiSV, 
 
 ten, 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 lOi or e], 
 
 ITO). 
 
 Trov, 
 
 ha)v. 
 
 he, 
 
 hwrrav. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 r^, 
 
 iirco. 
 
 ferovj ;>. . 
 
 ; liriov. 
 
 tere. 
 
 Uraxrav 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 liOifXiy ; 
 
 
 i^^^) 
 
 ?ot. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 tOCTOVy . , : 
 
 lloivrjv 
 
 P. 
 
 fotfl?)/, 
 
 
 ^«f^^; . .-•> 
 
 ^otey. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 43 
 
 S. fw, 
 
 D. 
 
 P. iiuixev 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 h,<;, if). 
 
 ir^TOVf ?1JT0V. 
 
 ^TjTS, YuXTt, 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 slvat. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 IwV) louaa, lov. 
 
 S. ila, 
 D. 
 
 ' Y 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 P. efa/iev, 
 
 S. Itiv, 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Perfect, 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 ele. 
 efafft. 
 
 7jii<TaVj or 
 
44 
 
 GKEEK EUDIMENTS. 
 
 *- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 § § 
 g s " a > 
 
 "J?* O (O O S -^3 
 
 • 1 j^ 1 1 ^ 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 (•1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ ^ '^ to 
 
 o <0 
 ^• 1 te 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 sj>^ V 
 
 ?-r 
 
 ?^ ^ '^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 cl 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 >i « « ^^ 
 
 :v Ph 
 
 
 
 eg -3 
 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ w ^ ^ 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 3 - a =^ S 
 
 iiJ ::; ?t 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 f 1 
 
 — -S — 
 
 A te 3 
 FT1 
 
 
 
 ? ~Y ? ¥ M 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 tifl 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 lIlflllH 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 *5 ^ ^ 5 
 
 Tg-Y 
 
 ?-T 
 
 T ? -^ ^? Y 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 =^ ^ >> A N 
 
 
 o 
 
 1— 1 
 
 '^.^ 
 
 1 
 
 <o 
 
 ^ ^ g " 
 
 
 IB 
 
 3- P- 
 
 HUM 
 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 s 
 
 •^ 
 
 1 
 
 (O 
 
 =K r< ^ :v 
 
 <5i ^ *^ ^ 
 
 (O (o (O (o 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ nd 
 
 ii< =) ^ a 
 
 • ' ' >. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p» 
 
 
 
 •J 
 
 e H e g 
 
 ^ - 
 
 1-3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 ^ <«- 
 
 
 
 tli 
 
 w tji N tj 
 
 R* . -5 
 
 ^^s- 
 
 K* O (o O CO S* 
 
 s- *<i^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 o « $ 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 4-^ 
 
 s- o ^ ^ V • 
 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :v *^ :^ "S 
 
 „^3 =§ 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 nil 
 
 
 
 
 ? ^ '? I.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 R- 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 JK^ 
 
 
 
 
 :d V^ to t^ 
 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 =1 . s- 
 
 u M g g §^ 1^ 
 
 5- 
 
 -:5 (o p ^ 
 
 
 
 ^S 
 
 K. vu K. (o 
 
 ^. ^ -s 
 
 Nu -::) 
 
 -S C5 to <*i O ^ 
 t- I- ^. t- K" P 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
 '><*» I- '<0 h» 
 
 ^•Ui . ^. 
 
 t- 
 
 I- 
 
 t- V- t- g 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 : : 
 
 tIt 
 
 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 * 03 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 O 
 
 
 .22 oPh 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 ^jl 
 
 Sub. Pres. . 
 
 Perfect 
 
 1st Aorist.. 
 So 2d Aor 
 
 
 
 M 
 P 
 
 »— 1 
 
 'St 
 
 
 O p. 
 rH 1— 1 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 r^^ O ;^ Ph T-H 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 45 
 
 Infinitive Pres. TbnT^adai) Perfect, ztzvcpdat.. 
 Paulo-post Fut. rezbip-efrOat. 
 1st Aor. ro(pd I _^^^^ I 1st Fut. zucpO j 
 2d Aor. Ton I '''''"^^ 1 2d Fut. roiz j 
 
 TJ<T£(T6at. 
 
 Tezoipdixe- 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 Pres. zonzo/xe- 
 Perf. zezoiitxi- 
 Paulo-post Fut. 
 1st Fut. zo(pdri(T6ixe- 
 2d Fut. zonr^aoixt- 
 1st Aor. zv(pd- ") Norn, -sk, -tl^a^ -iv. 
 2d Aor. zoa- ) Gen. -i'^zoq, -eidfjqy -ivzog, &c. 
 
 Nom. -vo^j ->7]j ->ov. 
 Gren. -vot>, -vTjg, -uouj &c 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Imper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 zuTZZ-o/xat ") 
 IzoTZz-otxrj'^ J 
 
 -00 
 
 -oi:riy^ 
 
 •cofxai 
 
 -e(TOai 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 zizo-fxp^ai 1 
 kz£zu-(xfxri'> ) 
 
 •C^'O 
 
 ( -fx/xivoq 
 
 1 £i7JV 
 
 -/x/xivoc 0) 
 
 '(fOat 
 
 Paulo-p. F. 
 
 zezuip-oixai 
 
 
 -Oifxryj 
 
 
 'Sffdat 
 
 1st Aor. 
 
 iz{j(p-Or^v 
 
 -dr^zt 
 
 'Oeir^v 
 
 -Oo) 
 
 -Ory^ac 
 
 1st Fut. 
 
 zo(p-drj(Joixai 
 
 
 'drjaoiixri'^ 
 
 
 -dy]<je(jdat 
 
 2d Aor. 
 
 kzbr.-rf> 
 
 'TlOi 
 
 -eiry^ 
 
 -aj 
 
 -^va: 
 
 2d Fut. 
 
 zon-Tjaofxat 
 
 
 --qaoiix'ti'j 
 
 
 -ri(7e<jOat 
 
 ezofxixivoq. Paulo-post 
 
 Part. Pres. zonzofxevoq. Perf. 
 Fut. zezoipofxe'^oq. 1st Aor. zo<p0e{g. 1st Fut. zoipOrjcro- 
 • fxevoq. 2d Aor. zoTzsiq. 2d Fut. zonrjcro/xe^oc. 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 The Present 
 Is formed from the Present Active, by changing to into 
 ofxat : as, zonzw^ zonzo/xai. 
 
46 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Imperfect 
 Is formed from the Imperfect Active, by changing v into 
 ixfjvx as, eruTZTov^ iroTrro/jiTjv. 
 
 The Perfect 
 
 Is formed from the Perfect Active, by changing in the 
 1 f P * i pure into jmpLat : as, rirocpa^ rerofiiiat. 
 
 1 impure into fxai : as, rirepcpay Tirep/xat, 
 2d Conj. /a into ^^/lat: as, ^Me^a, kikeyixat. 
 3d Conj. xa into trixat: as, -Kinetxay TzineKJiiat. 
 4th Conj. xa into p.at\ as, eipaXxa^ eipaXfxat. 
 
 Verbs of the 3d Conjugation, in (o pure, change xa into 
 jxaty if the penult of the Active Perfect be long : as, XiXooxa^ 
 XiXoupLac. 
 
 Some Verbs in w pure form the Perfect — 
 
 First, in (r/iaty when the penultimate is long: as, Tjxouxa^ 
 TJxouff/iai J so also, xeXeoojj xpooojy Ttatajj aeiiOj &c. 
 
 Secondly, in ixat, when the penultimate is short or doubt- 
 ful : as, Tjpoxa, iqpoixai ; so also dbw^ Xbcoy opdoj^ Tztipdo)^ &c. 
 
 Thirdly, in aixai and ixai : as, xixXtixa^ xixXuaiiai^ and 
 xixXtip.ai. 
 
 Dissyllables, whose first syllables include r/?£, change e 
 into a: as, axpicpo)^ ^iarptcpa^ e(jTpaixp.at. But they resume 
 it in the 1st Aorist : as, IdTpiipdrjv, 
 
 Verbs in aivo) and uvoj often form the Perfect in <Tiiat ; as, 
 p.iaiviOj ix^iiiaaiiai : pA)Xbvio^ fxeixoXixjtxat. 
 
 Of the Persons of the Perfect. 
 
 The Second Person Singular is formed from the first, by 
 changing the Consonants before ac into the characteristic ol 
 the First Future Active : as, riru/xjiai, zhuil'ai. In the ^i\ 
 Conjugation, [x is sometimes changed into a : as, l^izapixai 
 taizapaai. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 47 
 
 The Third Person Singular is formed from the second, 
 by changing a into r: as, e<y7:ap<jai, e^Tzaorat) riroipatj 
 
 The Second and Third Persons Dual, and the Second 
 Person Plural, are formed from the Third Person Singular, 
 by changing the smooth Mutes into their Aspirates: as, 
 rirunraCj riru^doVj riroifde. 
 
 In the Imperative Mood, the Second Person Singular is 
 formed from the Second Person Singular of the Indicative, 
 by changing at into o : as, TiTO(l'ac, zirixpo. The Third 
 Person is formed from the Second Person Plural of the In- 
 dicative, by changing e into oj : as, ziTo<pO-ej reTixpO-cj. 
 
 The Optative and Subjunctive are most frequently formed 
 from the Participle, and efTjy, w. But if the Perfect Indica- 
 tive ends in jiat pure, it is changed into/^>jv in the Optative; 
 and in the Subjunctive [xat, with the preceding Vowel, into 
 w[xai : as, rerttxirjixatj TSTifxrjiirjv^ rertiiwiiat. 
 
 The Third Person Plural is formed from the Third Person 
 Singular, ending in rat pure, by placing v before rat : as, 
 xixptratj xixpcvrac. But if the Third Person Singular ends 
 in rac impure, the Third Person Plural is formed from the 
 Participle and the Third Person Plural of the Verb el/xi : 
 as, riroTcraty ^eTOfx/iivoc elai. 
 
 The Infinitive is formed by changing e of the Second Per- 
 son Plural Indicative into at : as, ziroipd-t^ zizo(pd-ai, 
 
 "^ The Pluperfect, 
 
 Is formed from the First Person Singular of the Perfect, 
 by changing ixai into /i?yv, and prefixing e, if the Verb begin 
 with a Consonant : as, zizoixfiatj izszo/xjuirjv. 
 
 The Paulo-post Future 
 
 Is formed from the Second Person Singular of the Perfect, 
 by inserting oij. before at : as, zizu(J'ac^ zezo(po/iat. 
 
48 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Paulo-post Future may also be formed from the First 
 Future Middle, by prefixing the Reduplication, if the Verb 
 admit it : as, roipofiaij rerbipoiiat. 
 
 This Tense is never found in Verbs of the Fourth Conju- 
 gation, or which have the Temporal Augment. 
 
 ^ The First Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Third Person Singular of the Perfect, 
 by dropping the Consonant of the Reduplication, changing 
 rat into OrjVj and the preceding smooth Mute into its Aspi- 
 rate : as, riruTZTaij irixpdrjv. 
 
 Three Verbs assume ff : as, eppiorai, tppclxjO-^v ; iiitiv-qrai^ 
 ep.i^rj(T07j'> ) T.i-JzXriTatj iTzX-qGdrjv. But <yi<ju)<jTai drops the a : 
 as, i(7d)drfV. 
 
 The First Future 
 
 Is formed from the First Aorist by changing v into Goiiat^ 
 and dropping the Augment : as, ho(pdrjVj TO(pdy](TO[xat. 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing 
 ov into y}\> : as, eroTzoVj ironr^M. 
 
 No Second Aorist occurs in dr^v, dr^v^ r-qv. or from Verbs 
 in w pure, except ^xa>jv, iddr^Vj k^pb-^v, i(phr]v. 
 
 The Second Future 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist, by changing v into 
 cofxaiy and dropping the Augment : as, hbzjjVy T07:yj(xofxai. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 49 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 ruTtr-oiiai l 
 iroTZT-ofUjv J 
 
 -00 
 
 'Oifxr^v 
 
 'iiJIiat 
 
 -eadai 
 
 -o'levoq 
 
 1 Fut. 
 
 TU(p-oixa(, 
 
 
 -0i{X7IV 
 
 
 -effOai 
 
 'Ofxevoq 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 iroip-dfiTiv 
 
 -at 
 
 -aifir^v 
 
 -wfiai 
 
 -aaOat 
 
 'dfievoq 
 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 
 zirun-a | 
 ireruTr-etv j 
 
 -e 
 
 -oiixt 
 
 -CD 
 
 -ivai 
 
 'Cbq 
 
 2 Aor. 
 
 iroTZ-opLTjv 
 
 '00 
 
 'OllX-1]V 
 
 -wfiai 
 
 -eaOat 
 
 -o/jLevoq 
 
 2 Fut. 
 
 roTZ-ooiiat 
 
 
 -otiiiqv 
 
 
 -elffdat 
 
 -oofievoq 
 
 The Tenses of the Middle Voice are varied after the forms 
 of the Active and Passive Voices, according to their re- 
 spective terminations. 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 The Present and Imperfect 
 Are the same as the Passive. 
 
 The Perfect 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by prefixing 
 the Reduplication, and changing ov into a: as, stotzou, 
 riroTza. 
 
 In Dissyllables, if the Second Aorist has a in the pe- 
 nultimate, when the Present has e or ec, the a is changed 
 into o in the Perfect Middle: as, TzXixoj^ erzkaxov^ r.i-Xoxa) 
 aneipujj ea^apov^ eaizopai but when the penultimate of the 
 Present is t) or ae, it is changed into t^: as, XijOo), eXaOoVy 
 XiXrjda) <pai)f(i}j icpavov, iziipr^ya. SdXXojy edaXoVj makes r^- 
 drjXa) and xXd^io^ exXayoVy makes xixXrjya. 
 
 5 
 
50 
 
 GREEK RUDIiMENTS. 
 
 If the Second Aorist has c in the penultimate, when the 
 Present has etj t is changed into oi in the Perfect Middle : 
 as, eldwj I'doVj old a. 
 
 The Pluperfect 
 
 Is formed from the Perfect, by prefixing e, and changing 
 a into eiv : rirunay irerumiv. 
 
 The First Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the First Aorist Active, by adding /x>yv : 
 as, erocl'af iTU(pdfjL7jVj which is varied through its Persons, as 
 follows : — 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 s. 
 
 STUil'-d/irjVj 
 
 -OJ, 
 
 -aro. 
 
 D. 
 
 'dfieOoVj 
 
 -aaOo'^j 
 
 -dfjOfjv. 
 
 P. 
 
 -d/jLzOaj 
 
 -affOsj 
 
 -avTo. 
 
 s. 
 
 P. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 TOip-atj 
 
 'dad(jD. 
 
 -aadoVj 
 
 'dffOa)v» 
 
 -aade^ 
 
 'dadu)6o,v. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 s. 
 
 TOip'aiixrjVj 
 
 -aiOj 
 
 -acTo. 
 
 D. 
 
 -aifxeOoVj 
 
 -acffdovj 
 
 -aL(707j> 
 
 P. 
 
 -aifxedaj 
 
 'ai(TOsj 
 
 -aivTo 
 
 The First Future 
 
 Is formed from the First Future Active, by changing a> 
 into ofiai: as, TOil'io^ rbil^oiiai) but in the Fourth Conjuga- 
 tion into ifbiJ/a : as, (TTZ-pQ^ (TTzepoo'tat. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 51 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by chaDging v 
 into firjV : as, eroizo-v^ ho7:-6firju. 
 
 The Second Future 
 
 Is formed from the Second Future Active, by changing a 
 into odjiat: as, tottcD, Tonod/iac. 
 
 s. 
 
 Tunov/iatj 
 
 TO-ri, 
 
 Tunelrac. 
 
 D. 
 
 TVnobiiedoVy 
 
 ruTre'iffOovj 
 
 ToneXtjdoM, 
 
 P. 
 
 fUTiOO/iedaj 
 
 roTvelddej 
 
 TOTiOovrai. 
 
 Deponent Verbs 
 
 May be properly called Defective Verbs, whose Active is 
 obsolete, and which want also some Tenses of the Passive 
 and Middle Voices. 
 
 Synopsis or the form of a Deponent Verb. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 
 Indie. Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 
 dix-oo 
 
 -oLlir^v 
 
 'lofxat 
 
 -ecrdaL 
 
 'dfievoq 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 dideyfiat | 
 
 dide^^o 
 
 
 
 -XOai 
 
 'Yfiivoq 
 
 P.-p.Fut. 
 
 dedi^o/iac 
 
 
 -oiirt]v 
 
 
 -eadai 
 
 -ofxevoq 
 
 1 Aor. M. 
 
 id£SdiJ.rjv 
 
 di^^ai 
 
 -aifi-qv 
 
 -wfiat 
 
 -aaOai 
 
 -a/ievoq 
 
 1 Put. M. 
 
 di^-ofxat 
 
 
 'Ot/JLTjV 
 
 
 -eaOai 
 
 -ojjLevoq 
 
 1 Aor. P. 
 
 idixBr^v 
 
 dixO'TiTL 
 
 -e\rjv 
 
 -w 
 
 -Tjvat 
 
 -ek 
 
 1 Put. P. 
 
 dexOrj(T-oiJ.at 
 
 
 'OCJULTjV 
 
 
 -eaOai 
 
 -ojaevoc; 
 
 Some Deponent Verbs have a Second Aorist Middle. 
 
52 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Conjugation of a Verb, in each Voice; is as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Act. rbr.To). 
 Pass. TOTZTOfxai. 
 Mid. TUTcTOfiat. 
 Dep. dk^oixat. 
 
 Fut. 1. TUipOJ. 
 
 Perf. riTOfifxat. 
 Fut. 1. ru(l'Ofiac, 
 Fut. 1. di'^oiiai. 
 
 Perf. thixpa. 
 Aor. 2. iTU7:7)v. 
 Perf. riruna, 
 Perf didey^at. 
 
 Of Contracted Verbs. 
 
 Verbs of the Third Conjugation in -aoj^ -eoj^ -ooj^ are con- 
 tracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses only. 
 
 characteristics. 
 
 If a be followed by o or id^ the contraction is made in w : 
 as, Tifxdcoj 'W'j otherwise in a : as, Tiixdeiq, -^q. 
 
 If £ be followed by another e, the contraction is made in 
 ei : as, <piXeej -ei] if by o, in oo: as, (pdiofiev, -oo/isv', if by 
 any long quantity, the e is omitted ; as, (ptXieq^ -XsTq. 
 
 If the be followed by a short Vowel, the contraction k 
 made in oo : as, ^pu(7oe, -oo] if by a long Vowel, in lo : as, 
 ^pi)66a)j -(TWj if by a diphthong, drop the first Vowel of the 
 diphthong: as, ^poffdet^y -(Tolq', except in the Present In- 
 finitive Active, where, in place of oi, we meet ou : as, 
 ^pu(T6eiVj '(Touif. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 53 
 
 Prt.P.N. i-hSub. Pr. 
 
 s> s> s^ 
 
 ^ 8j Sj Sj 
 
 I I I r^ 
 
 «- ^ fix O 
 
 O C O 15 • I • 
 
 § ft § g^'o ^ -^ 
 
 ft ft ^ ^ A • A 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 O ^ C Nj I I I 
 
 •o •o o^ -^ 2- ^ ft. 
 
 c <s -^ *s 
 
 c^ c? ^; , s^^^ ft? 
 
 H H 2 
 
 o c ^ 
 «o «n '^ 
 
 C? ft 
 
 • I 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 8 ^d ^ 
 ^ '^ j^ 
 
 c? c? ^' 
 
 1 a 3 
 
 C> ^ ft. 
 
 S S S 
 S^ S? S? 
 
 (lev 
 
 C^x ">^ ft, 
 
 4^^? ft? 
 
 cs f»>N a, 
 £ S S 
 
 s> s? e> 
 
 ^ 
 
 Opt. Pr. 
 
 S,'S^ 
 
 -Sj 
 
 TTjV 
 
 ^ ft. 
 
 aev 
 
 Ir^x 
 
 Ox <^ ft. 
 
 c ^ c 
 
 s, s,'^' 
 
 Ijip. Pr. 
 
 Imp. Ind. Pres. 
 
 
 3 t^N -^^ 
 
 «5 ft o^ fOx ft, 
 I I S S £ 
 
 § § I Sj Si Sj 
 
 
 ft o> ^ ft. 
 
 n> O) "^ O) 
 •^ Jl <rj Ji 
 
 
 s 
 
 o S J^ ^ S^ ft* 
 
 P) <^ O) 0> ^ O) 
 
 c J5 ft. 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 2 
 
 §. 
 
 
 i. 
 
 1 
 
 
 o 
 
 T7JW 
 
 jOL£V 
 
 /X£V 
 
 0> f^jN ft. 
 
 o S o 
 c c c 
 
 > * i 
 
 CJ CJ ^* 
 
 6* 
 
54 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 TtfJL-d(0, 'W 
 
 iriii-aov^ -ov 
 
 TtfJL'TJiTa) 
 
 TETlfX'TjXa 
 iT£TtfJL'TJxetV 
 STCfX-OV 
 TtfJL'ib 
 
 Imp. 
 
 ae, -a 
 Tjxe 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 dotfXtf (pfJLt 
 
 dwy -d) 
 
 7J(70tfJLC 
 
 
 7J (Tat fit 
 
 7J(TiO 
 
 rjxotfxt 
 
 rjxcj 
 
 Otflt 
 
 iO 
 
 Olflt 
 
 
 Infin. 
 
 dttv, av 
 
 'lj(7£tV 
 
 rj(Tat 
 Tjxivat 
 
 eTv 
 
 Part. Pres. rtii-dwvj -wv. Fut. 1. Ttfi-7J<Twv. Aor. 1. Tiii-T^ffaq. 
 Perf. Tertfx-Tjxwq. Aor. 2. Tt/x-wv. Fut. 2. Ttfi-wv. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 <ptX-iw, -c5 
 
 k<pil'tov^ -ouv 
 
 (ptX-'-fjffa) 
 
 i(fiA-rj(Ta 
 
 7:e(pt?^-7jxa 
 
 k7Z£(pik-rjxeiv 
 
 ecptl-ov 
 
 <ptk-(jj 
 
 Imp. 
 
 7]<J0V 
 
 7]xe 
 
 Optat. 
 
 iotfitf -olfit 
 
 7J(T0t/JLt 
 
 rjtjaiiit 
 
 TJXOt/JLt 
 OtfJLt 
 
 oX[xt 
 
 Sub. 
 
 ill), -cD 
 rj(Tio 
 
 TJXIO 
 
 Infin. 
 
 rj<Tstv 
 r^crat 
 
 Tjxivat 
 
 Part. Pres. (ptXiiov^-wv, Fut. 1. (ptk-ijawv. Aor. 1. (ptX-ijaac;, 
 Perf. 7:£<ptk-rjxmq. Aor. 2. (ptk-wv. Fut. 2. (ptX-wv. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Xpoa-ou)^ .a) 1 
 
 0£, -Ot> 
 
 6otp,t, '07iit\6a), -cD 
 
 6£tV, GOV 
 
 Imper. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 ypo(j-(0(Tw 
 
 
 (OffOtfXl 
 
 
 m(T£tV 
 
 Aor 1. 
 
 hypba-ioaa 
 
 axTov 
 
 (Offatfit 
 
 axju) 
 
 ijjaat 
 
 Perf 
 Pluper. 
 
 K£y^pO(T-a)xa | 
 ix^ypfj(T-d)y£tv J 
 
 (i)X£ 
 
 WXOtflt 
 
 WXOJ 
 
 ioxivat 
 
 Part. Pres. xp^^-^^^^f -^^- F^^- !• XP^^'^^^^ 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 [ 
 
 yj)U(T-dj(7a<;. Perf x£ypU(T-atx(oq. 
 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 55 
 
56 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 I 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Pres. rt/j.-dO'W'fxai 
 
 Imper. iriii-ad'W-iirjv 
 
 Perf. \Tert/jL-7jfiat 
 
 Pluper. trzrifX'TJfJLTjv 
 
 P.-p. F. rertji'ijffofxat 
 
 rj(TOi/irjV 
 Aor. 1. eTtfx-rjdTjv r^O-qzi fjOti-qv 
 
 Put. 1. ri/JL-rj07J(TOfiat 7)07](To{ixr)v 
 
 Aor. 2. irifjL-rjv tjOi etr^u 
 
 Put. 2. Tl/JL'lj(TO/iat 7)(T()lfl7}V 
 
 Part Pros. Tifx-ad-w-fxtvoq. Perf. Terifx- 
 riTtii-Tjddfitvoq. Aor. 1. rt/JL-r^detq. Put. 
 Aor. 2. ri/i etq. Put. 2. Ti/i-TjtTOfxevoq. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 flfo6> -cy 
 
 >y<ro 
 
 Optat. 
 
 (iof 
 
 •w -^lyv 
 
 Tjf^'^J^ 
 
 Sub. Infin. 
 
 o^c^^ -a) 
 
 (Ojiai 
 
 Oq) ■qdTJvat 
 
 ijvat, [Oat 
 
 7J(T£(T0ai 
 
 Tjixivot;. P.-p. P. 
 1. ripL-7]6r^(T6fjL£yo<;. 
 
 de -a 
 
 Pres. 
 liijper. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 P.-p. P. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Put. 1. 
 Aor. 2. 
 Put. 2. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 ipiX-io'dv-fiat I 
 iipU-eO'Ou-jirjv j 
 ne<pik-7j[xai | 
 cTcsipiX'rjiirjv ) 
 
 7:£<pt?<.'TJ<T0/Xat 
 
 lipiX-TjOrjv 
 <piX-t]Ori(joiJ.ai 
 
 ipiX'-qaofxai 
 
 iou-ou 
 
 7j(70 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 ioi -Ot -JJLTJV 
 
 ??'"'? ^ 
 
 7j(Tl)i/irf^ 7J(T£<Tdat 
 
 ijdrjTt r^O£irjv if]0<h rjOrjvat 
 
 TjOriffoiixTjv 7j6rjff£<T- 
 
 rjdc £trjv (b rjvat [Oat 
 
 Tjijoiixriv 7J(T£(r0ai 
 
 Part. Pres. <pd'io'OU'fx£voq. Perf. 'K£(pil-rjidvoq. P.-p. F. 
 7:£<pd-ria6ii£voq. KoY.\.<fiX-rjO£iq. ¥\xt. 1. (pd-rj67]<T6uL£vo<;. 
 Aor. 2. (pd-£i<;. Put. 2. <pd-7]<T6jj.£vo(;. 
 
 ojixai 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 :£ re? 
 
 I'ffdai 
 7J(T0ai 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 P.-p. P. 
 Aor 1. 
 Put. 1. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 ^pO(T-oo-ou-fxat-. 
 xzypoc-ioixai | 
 
 ix£ypU(T-(Oll7jV ) 
 XzypU(TC0(70fXai 
 
 •/pu(7-(60rjv 
 ypU(noOrj(Ti)ixai 
 
 Imp. 
 
 6 00 -01) 
 
 (oOtjTI 
 
 Optat. I Sub. 
 
 'Ot -JULTjV OiOy -cD 
 
 [-/xat 
 
 OJ/XYjV 
 OKTOtfXTj'^ 
 
 wO£trjy 
 
 'coOTjfTOtfXTj'^ 
 
 (o/xat 
 
 wOa> 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. Pres. ypU(j-o6~ohix£voq. Perf. xtypod-wfUvoq 
 X£ypu(T-iO(76ix£voq. Aor, 1. ypi)(7-o)0£iq. Put. 
 ioOrirrSixtvoq. 
 
 0£ -oo 
 
 I'fTOat 
 axrOat 
 
 (I)i7E(70at 
 
 cijOr^vat 
 -e(jOat 
 
 p.-p. F. 
 
 1. XpO(T' 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 57 
 
 middlp: voice. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 (The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 
 
 1 Fut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 rcfi-rj(To/iai 
 
 
 rjdoiiifjv 
 
 
 7J(Te<70ac 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 irtfjL-rjfTdfirj'^ 
 
 Tfaat 
 
 Tiaaiixrjv 
 
 y]<jioiiai 
 
 TJ(Ta(TOat 
 
 Perf. 
 
 ririfi-a 
 
 irert/x-eo . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 £ 
 
 -Ot'U 
 
 (I) 
 
 ivai 
 
 2 Aor. 
 
 htii-6[irf> 
 
 00 
 
 -oiiiTiV 
 
 -wfiai 
 
 iaQai 
 
 2 Fut. 
 
 Tifj.-ou[iai 
 
 
 oqir^v 
 
 
 eXadat 
 
 Part. Fut. 1. TL[x-r^(j6[xevoq. Aor. 1. riix-r^(Tdiievoq. Perf. 
 
 T£Ttfx-c6<;. Aor. 2. Tifi'Ofxe^^oq, Fut. 2. TipL-ov/j.eyoq. 
 
 IFut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 (fd'rjffoixai 
 
 
 rj(joiixrf^ 
 
 
 y] dead at 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 icpd'T^adyxiv 
 
 7J(Tat 
 
 rj<Taifxriv 
 
 lj(7(OJJLat 
 
 riaaadai 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Tzifd-a 1 
 
 STzeipd-eLu j 
 
 
 
 
 hat 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 e 
 
 OCfJLt 
 
 0) 
 
 2 Aor. 
 
 i<pd-6/i7)v 
 
 00 
 
 Ol/XYjV 
 
 ijj/xac 
 
 iaOai 
 
 2 Fut. 
 
 (pd-ou/idc 
 
 
 OlfJLTjV 
 
 
 eXadat 
 
 Part. Fut. 1. <pd'7j(T6/i£vo<;. Aor. 1. <pd-rj<TdpLevo(;. Perf. 
 
 Tteifik-mq. Aor. 2. (pd-ofxevoq. Fut. 2. ^d-oofX£>o^. 
 
 1 Fut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 XP0(7- (bffofiat 
 
 
 wffOifirjv 
 
 
 W(j£(rdai 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 ^ypU(T'WadfJLrjv 
 
 axrai 
 
 axTaifiriv 
 
 (0(70) fxat 
 
 d)ffa<Tdat 
 
 Part. Fut. 1. ^poff-axTOfxevoq. Aor. 1. ^pocr-wadfievoq. 
 
 Formation of the Tenses 
 
 In all the Voices, is the same as that of the Barytons ; 
 but the First Future requires a long Vowel before <Ta> : — 
 
 1. Except Verbs in acoy which have e or ij also X or p 
 pure, before aio^ form the Future in aao^ and the Perfect in 
 axa\ as, idejj ^d<Ta)j etaxa. 
 
68 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Some have the Future in aaoj and riffu) (poetically). 
 
 2. Some Verbs in eoj form the Future in eauj^ and the 
 Perfect in exa : as^ reXico. 
 
 Some have both terminations (poetically). 
 Some Dissyllables form the Future in toacoy and the Per- 
 fect in eoxa : as, Oicoy TzXicOj &c. 
 
 3. Some in ooj have, in the Future and Preterperfect, a 
 penultimate o : as, apow^ opMoj. 
 
 The 2d Aorist is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting 
 the Vowel before ov : as, hcfiaoy erifxo> ; Icpthovy ewt/.ov. 
 
 Of Verbs in ju. 
 Verbs in jii are formed from Verbs of the 3d Conjugation 
 of BarytonS; in aojj eco, oco, and uwj — 
 
 First, by prefixing the Reduplication with t. 
 Second, by changing the oj into //:. 
 Third, by lengthening the penultimate. 
 Thus, from (rrdoj is formed 'laTT^fit. 
 
 did) riOrjiii. 
 
 dooj dtdcofjLt. 
 
 The Reduplication occurs only in the Present and Im- 
 perfect. 
 
 When the first Consonant is repeated with :, it is called 
 the proper Reduplication : as, S6(0y didcofxi. 
 
 If the Verb begin with a Vowel, with tzt or <rT, Aspirated 
 i only is prefixed : as, ^lo, "irjixi ; TZTdo), "nTTj/u, &c. This is 
 called the improper Reduplication. 
 
 Some Verbs are without a Reduplication : as, (p-^fu, &c. 
 
 The Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist alone, are peculiar 
 to Verbs in /xj; the other Tenses are regularly formed (with 
 some shades of exception) from Verbs in w pure : as, ddxrwy 
 Sidojxa, as if from ddcu. 
 
 Verbs in fu have no 2d Future, Perfect Middle, or 2d 
 Aorist Passive. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 59 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 -Tjq -7) 
 -Ojq -O) 
 
 -■qq -Tj 
 
 • TO) 
 
 il. lar -1)111 -Tjq 'T^ai 
 2. rid-rj!U -rjq -yjfTc 
 3. did-iotj.i -a>q -co(Ti 
 {1. 'ifTT-rjU -7)q -7) 
 2. hiO-TiV 
 3. idid-wv 
 ^ r 1. eVrryv 
 ^ -] 2. e'^-r^v 
 
 ci r 1. l(TT-a9t -d 
 
 M J 2. rj'^-err -£ 
 p; (3. did-oOi -6 
 2 Aor. az-rfii -rJTWj &c. 
 
 2 Aor. 1. (JT-airf^ -ai'qq. 2. ^enyv -£6y<r. 3. docTjv-ocrjqj &G. 
 
 £; r 1. l(jT-a>-aq-a I -a 
 
 P5 ■< 2. TiO-dJ-Tjq-r, -rj 
 
 M (^3. dcd-w-wq-aj \ -aj ^ 
 
 2 Aor. 1. <rr-a> -^(T, &c. 2. -^ft) -fj^y &c. 3. ^tt> -cD<^, &c. 
 
 Infin. Pres. 1. 1(tt -duat. 2. rid -iwat. 3. Scd -ovat. 
 
 Aor. 2. <jT-r^vatj OeXvaty doo'mt. 
 
 Present Participle. 
 
 1. IffT'dq^ -aaa^ -dv. Gr. dwoq^ -dar^qy -dvToq. So Aor. 2.ffTdq. 
 
 2. TtO-eiqj -el(Ta, -iv. Gr. ^vro<r, -d(Jr}<;y -ivroq. So Aor. 2. Oeiq. 
 
 3. did'oh^j-oofTay'dv. Gr. <$vro^, -06><r)y?,-ovTO<?. So Aor. 2. ^ot>c. 
 
 9 ff.eq 'iriDj &C. 3. d-oq^ -OTOi 
 
 7) y fx^v -re -<3"av and ■< -"ev 
 7y) (--^ev 
 
 r^Tov -r^TTfj 
 
 -a 
 -ojtxev -rj 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 The Imperfect 
 Is formed from the Present, bj prefixing the Augment 
 (if the Verb begin with a simple Consonant), and changing 
 p.t into V : as, rcdrj/iCj irtOrjv ; but larrjfu makes "(Tttjv. 
 
 The Persons of the Imperfect are seldom used ; these 3d 
 Persons Singular, Ictttj and irtOrjy however, are met with. 
 The Singular Number, and the 3d Person Plural, are fre- 
 quently formed as if from the Contracts IdrdiOy rtOciOj dcdda). 
 
60 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 1. 
 
 KTTiov -a^ -a 'wv. 
 
 2. iridouv -etg -si 
 'OOq -00 II -oov. 
 
 -oov. B. kdidoov 
 
 So also the 2d Person Sing, of the Imperative : as, Ura^ 
 
 ridetj did 00. 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
 cation : as, iridrjWj edr^v, "itiv, rjv ; or by changing the improper 
 Reduplication i into the Augment : as, "(ttt^Vj eavqv. 
 
 If the Verb have no Reduplication, the Second Aorist is 
 the same as the Imperfect : as, (priixi^ Icpr^v. * 
 
 The other Tenses are formed from the Present of the 
 Barytons, regularly: as, (rrdu), anj^Wj effrvjxa. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 't(TT-7]fM -) 
 (7T-7J(TOJ 
 
 e(TT-7jxa 1 
 
 kar-7]xetv J 
 e(7T-riV 
 
 aOi 
 
 7J(T0V 
 
 Tjxe 
 
 aiTjv 
 
 rj(TOiJ!lC 
 lj(TaCJJLC 
 
 yjxotpLt 
 aifjv 
 
 7J(7W 
 TJXO) 
 W 
 
 dvai 
 
 7] a at 
 
 rjxivai 
 
 Tjvat 
 
 TJffOJV 
 
 Tjffaq 
 rjxibq 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Tid-7jflC 
 
 eO-7jxa 
 riO'Stxa 
 heOeixsiv . 
 
 eix£ 
 
 eifjv 
 
 TJffOt/li 
 
 ecxoi/xi 
 
 eifjv 
 
 CO 
 
 eixo) 
 
 0) 
 
 ivai 
 
 7J(T£IV 
 
 ecxivat 
 eJvat 
 
 ijffOJV 
 
 eixcbq 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 did(6/xc 
 edtd-wv 
 
 d(0-(7C0 
 
 edoj-xa 
 did-(oxa 1 
 idsd&xeiv 
 'id-ojv 
 
 Odi 
 
 ajx£ 
 
 oifjv 
 (baoifxi 
 
 (hxoiixi 
 oirjv 
 
 w 
 (hxu) 
 
 (JD 
 
 oval 
 (I)(jeiv 
 
 loxivai 
 oovai 
 
 oh^ 
 0)60)V 
 
 o)X(bq 
 obq. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 61 
 
 Ul 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 hH 
 
 HH 
 
 
 
 Q3 B O tri 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 B 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 
 O H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 . Pres. 
 
 Perfec 
 fin. 1. 
 irt. Prei 
 
 
 5^ t? 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 CD 
 
 M 
 02 
 
 
 
 to r^a cf : 
 
 
 c^ . 
 
 
 pa 
 
 
 
 
 
 • c> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 •^ 1— I 
 
 
 t"',^^^^^^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 J^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 r— >^ 
 
 
 
 ^ fo-, 0» -i 
 
 f^^ 
 
 f*)-. 0» "S ^ 
 
 o* 
 
 H 
 
 J^^ 
 
 a>^ frv, ♦^ 
 
 0» H !;5 
 
 
 
 ^ » ^ ?- ^ 
 
 C| 
 
 H ?» ^ ? 
 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 '^C ♦>> c^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S; 
 
 Qi 
 
 H 
 
 o. r<. r4 
 
 Ta ■? 
 
 
 
 1 toft S S 
 
 o * ^ 
 
 1' 
 
 ft 
 
 ft =:> 2 ft 
 
 J" 111' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 "0 ;i -are*^^ 
 
 -ft« 
 
 55 O J^ ft 
 
 ^S o c 5 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 § i § 
 
 s <=> s 
 
 Hi 
 
 5§ 
 
 
 t*S t 
 
 
 ?r 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o o o 
 
 o o 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 H f 
 
 
 9 
 
 •-< 
 
 •-J 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 •-S »-< •-< 
 
 S s s 
 
 •1 •-< 
 
 
 ^ • fcO 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c c 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 O o> ft 
 
 ^333 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 2 ft 
 
 2 3 2 
 
 H a 5 
 a s a 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 •?' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ul 
 
 1- 
 
 ^ <^ J5 ft 
 
 ci> <^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 C»> O O) 
 
 <55 S:> «5i 
 
 o 2 o 
 
 xc ^ x: 
 
 Iff 
 
 
 
 •R S" 
 
 
 o. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <l 
 
 5 o. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 p, ^ o o> ft 
 
 lf III 
 
 
 01 
 
 ft 
 
 O O) ft 
 
 ^ ^ (^ 
 
 O ^ :i 
 
 § S § 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 •" % § 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 x: O o O 
 • v: >^ xc 
 
 \; 
 
 >c 
 
 M 
 
 x: 'c $ 
 
 x: x: \c 
 
 
 
 ft' 
 
 §' 
 
 O «>» ft 
 
 ^" 9l 5' 
 
 v: ^ « 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 x: 
 
 ft. 
 
 1 
 
 C. ox ft, 
 i:i> <^ c;^ 
 
 O 0) ft 
 
 ?> ^ ^ 
 
 o o o 
 
 xr x: ^ 
 
 
 
 i-i- 
 
 ? 
 
 O (t, ft 
 
 •s^ -^^ -s^ 
 
 
 
 
 0) <*) o> 
 
 fft 
 
 ft ft 
 
 
 O) O) o> 
 
 C^ -^i <5> 
 ft ft ft 
 
 
 
 
 <^ s> ^ 
 ft ft ft 
 
 ?§^? 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ftl 
 
 C 0) ft 
 
 ;^ 
 
 O) 
 
 ft 
 
 5 !!:^ ^ 
 
 O «*) ft 
 
 S' 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 '^ 5 
 
 ^ s^ ^ 
 
 fi) 0) O) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 <=^ 2k c\ 
 
 ^ ^ <^ 
 
 f») Oi p) 
 
 ^ Ci Ci 
 
 i. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 2 
 
 ^ O) ft 
 
 ^ ? V 
 
 -1 -1 '1 
 
 C (5 O 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 1 
 
 1 5 § 
 3 2 3 
 
 ! ^ - 
 
 ;} 'i H 
 
 ft ft ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
62 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 f 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Imper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 l(jT-diirjv j 
 
 aao 
 
 aifx-qv 
 
 dtxat 
 
 affdat 
 
 diievoq 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 tdT-dllTiV J 
 
 aao 
 
 aiiirjv 
 
 ajfiai 
 
 daOai 
 
 atiivoq 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 t(jrd(T-ofiai 
 
 
 oiixr^'j 
 
 
 taOai 
 
 6/ieyoq 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 i(TT'd67]y 
 
 dOrin 
 
 aOeir^'^ 
 
 add) 
 
 adr^jai 
 
 adeiq 
 
 Put. 1. 
 
 (TTadrj(T-(>fj.at 
 
 
 oiixTiv 
 
 
 effdat 
 
 6riv>oq 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 
 Tid-e/iac 
 ircO-efjLTjv 
 
 ctTO 
 
 eiiiTiv 
 
 ajfxaL 
 
 effdat 
 
 i[xe'Mtq\ 
 
 Perf. 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 tKTO 
 
 eifj.ri>> 
 
 ajfiai 
 
 elffOat 
 
 £C/j.ivoq 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 Zz:dzi(7-oiicU 
 
 
 oi'irjV 
 
 
 £(7dai 
 
 Oflt'-XK^ 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 h-iOrf^ 
 
 eOr)Tc 
 
 eOeir^v 
 
 edo) 
 
 eOrjvat 
 
 eOeiq 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 TzOrjfT-otj.ac 
 
 
 oiflTiV 
 
 
 EaOai 
 
 o/isi^oq 
 
 Pres. 
 
 did-ofiac ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imper. 
 
 edtd-6!j.rf> J 
 
 0(70 
 
 oiixrf>> 
 
 wiiai 
 
 oadai 
 
 ofievoq 
 
 Perf. 
 
 did-otiat 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 , 
 
 ^ 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 0(70 
 
 oifirf^f 
 
 d)[iai 
 
 oaOai 
 
 6tie>itq 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 deS6(T-ofj.ai 
 
 
 oiiJ.riv 
 
 
 eaOai 
 
 6/j.S>o:; 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 kd-oOriv 
 
 oOr^Ti 
 
 oOeiriV 
 
 oOa> 
 
 oOTf^ai 
 
 oOe]^ 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 dodyj(T-ofiaL 
 
 
 oiiiTiV 
 
 
 e(TOai 
 
 6fis-^o' 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 The Present 
 
 Is formed from the Present Active, by changing [it into 
 fiai, and the long penultimate Yowel into its correspondent 
 short one : 2iS,l(TTrjfxc/i(TTafxaCj riO-qtxt^Tidejxai] except «i;,aa«, 
 and some others. 
 
 Tlie Imj^erfect 
 
 Is formed from the Present, by changing ixai into /x^j^, and 
 prefixing the x\ugment : as, riOeiiaij htOijxrjv. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 63 
 
 The other Tenses are formed after the manner of the 
 Barytons : the Perfect has the penultimate short, except 
 rideifxaty poetically ; which, however, is made short in the 
 Ist Aorist, hiOrjv, 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 Ind. Aor. 2. — 1. i(TT'dfx7jv, -atro or -a>, &c., as l(ndfX7jv. 
 2. i6-iji7jVf '£(To or -ouj &c., as izidifirjv. 3. id-SfiTjUy -offo or 
 '00 y as i.dcd6/j.rjv. 
 
 Imperat. Aor. 2. — 1. (TTdcro, as UTaao. 2. di<To or Ooiby 
 as TtOeiTo. 3. SoiTo or douy as didoao. 
 
 Opt. Aor. 2. — 1. (JTaiiirjv, as {(naifxrjv. 2. dsifxrjVy as TC- 
 Oet/JLTjv. 3. doi[xr}Vy as didoifxrjv. 
 
 So in Sub. Aor. 2. — 1. (Trwjiat. 2. Owpiac. 3. dw/xaij &c. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 (The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 (JT'TjffOliai 
 
 iffT'YjffdfXTjV 
 
 i(TT-dfJL7j\^ 
 
 Imp. 
 
 d(TO 
 
 Optat. 
 
 rj(ToijirjW 
 
 Sub. 
 
 rjawfxai 
 wfiat 
 
 Infin. 
 
 dadai 
 
 Part. 
 
 TjCOfitvoq 
 fjffdiievoq 
 djievoq 
 
 Put. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 0'TJ(TOfJLat I 7)(T0tlJ.7jV 
 
 i6-r)xdixrjWy not used farther. 
 id'i/jLTjv \i(TO \etfjL7jv \a)fiai 
 
 rj(Te(T0at 
 
 -qaofxtvoq 
 
 i(T0at ifxevoq 
 
 Put. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 d'(6(To/j.at 1 \oj(To{fj.rjv \ 
 
 ed'WxdfjLrjVf not used farther. 
 
 (ixTtaOai (jj(j6iie\>0(; 
 
 6(70 at 
 
 dfievoq 
 
 ^The Second Aor ist 
 Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
 cation: as, hi6ifX7]Vy iOifirjv, 
 
H 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Verbs in u/xt 
 
 Are formed from Verbs in uco, by changing w into fit : aS; 
 deixvoiit from Seix^uoj • f^ibyvoixi from ^euyuuw. 
 
 Verbs in ufxt have neither Reduplication, nor Optative, 
 or Subjunctive Mood; and when they have a 2d Aorist, 
 it is the same as the Imperfect. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. (^eoyv-o/xt, -t>^, 
 
 D. -OTOV; 
 
 P. Z^uyV'Ofxsv^ -L»Te, 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 S. ^Zeoyi^'Uy, -uq, 
 
 D. -UTOV, 
 
 P. iZeu/V'Ofxev^ -yre, 
 
 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present 
 
 ^euyV'Udi) -6r«u. 
 
 ^tuyV'UToVy ^urwv 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present, 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present 
 N. ZevyV'hqy -uca^ -bv. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 65 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. Ce6;^v- 
 
 jfxat, 
 
 -o<Tat, 
 
 -oral. 
 
 D. ^euyv- 
 
 ufisdoVj 
 
 -ucrOoi^, 
 
 -vadov. 
 
 P. ^euyu-ufjieOaj 
 
 -o(TOe, 
 
 'Vvrai, 
 
 
 
 Imjperfect. 
 
 
 S. i^euyv 
 
 -d/lYjV, 
 
 '0(70 J 
 
 'VTO, 
 
 D. i^eoyv 
 
 'bjieOoVj 
 
 'OffdoVy 
 
 '0(T6rj\f. 
 
 P. iZeoy, 
 
 'bfieday 
 
 -0(t6£, 
 
 'UVTO. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 
 ^£UyV-U(TOj 
 
 'V(70w. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Zebyv-Offdovj 
 
 'Oada)\>, 
 
 P. 
 [NFINITIV 
 
 E. 
 
 (^euyv'ucds^ 
 
 -vadioaav, 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 ^euyv-uffOat. 
 
 
 
 ZeuyV'Ufxeu-o^y -7)^ -ov 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 ^''- jimp. 
 ( Imp. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 ^euyv'Ufxt 1 
 i^euyv-uw J 
 ^euyv-ufiat 1 
 i!^£uyv-ujjLr)v j 
 
 'U0C 
 -U<TO 
 
 -uvat 
 'OaOai 
 
 'blxBVoq. 
 
 Of Irregular Verbs in [it. ""^ 
 
 There are three Conjugations of Irregular Verbs in fii, 
 each of which contains three Verbs. 
 
b GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 From eo) are derived, 
 
 1. eifiij to he; elfit and fy}fj.t, to go. 
 
 2. liyjfJLtj to send ; ijfiatj to sit; elfiai, to clothe one^s self. 
 
 3. xeTifxatj to lie down ; '{(rrjfxtj to know ; (prifxij to say. 
 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 Elii\ to he J and elfxi, to go^ have been conjugated before^ 
 -pages, 39 and 41. 
 
 
 
 ''Irjfxt, to go. 
 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 JPresent. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 "IrifA, 
 
 CT]^, 
 
 trjfft. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 hrovj 
 
 ferov. 
 
 P. 
 
 hfxev, 
 
 hTe, 
 Imperfect. 
 
 lelfTi. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 h<Tay. 
 
 S. 
 
 
 
 lecTj. 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE, 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 Present 
 
 ievat. 
 
 " 
 
 ie\<;y hvToq. 
 

 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. h-[iai, 
 
 '(Taiy 
 
 
 -Tat. 
 
 D. lifiedov, 
 
 -(tOovj 
 
 
 '(Tdov. 
 
 P. iifieda, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 
 'vrai. 
 
 S. li'fxrjVj 
 
 '(TOj 
 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. li-iiedo^^, 
 
 -adovj 
 
 
 '(Tdrjv. 
 
 P. li-iieda, 
 
 -£(T0ej 
 
 
 -VTO. 
 
 MPERATIVE 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 h(To, Had CO. 
 
 
 ii/iev-ogj -7y, -ov. 
 
 67 
 
 D. 
 
 P. hfiev, 
 
 "IfjiJLij to send. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 s. ?,., 
 
 "irj<;y 
 
 D. 
 
 "terovj 
 
 P. 7efiev, 
 
 "sTSj 
 
 
 First Future, 
 
 S. {^a-to, 
 
 -et<;, 
 
 D. 
 
 -erov, 
 
 P. ^<r-o/ctev^ 
 
 -ere, 
 
 hov. 
 
 "e<jav. 
 
 -e(. 
 
 -erov. 
 
 -otxre. 
 
First Aortst. 
 
 S. r>, 
 D. — 
 
 P. £/^£V, 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Perfect. 
 elxa. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 rt 
 
 ere, 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 First Aorist, 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 ire. 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 elxetv, - 
 
 
 lerio. 
 
 HeTwv. 
 
 Perfect. 
 elxe. 
 
 
 S. hi-riv, 
 D. 
 
 P. Ut-TjflSVj 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 -TjTOV, 
 
 First Future. 
 
 S. €(-9JV, 
 
 D. 
 
 P. t^fxevy 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 Perfect 
 eUxotjuLi. 
 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 69t 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 Pres67i^ 
 
 
 
 S. la, 
 
 ^»^, 
 
 
 fs- 
 
 D. 
 
 IrjTOVj 
 
 
 l^rov. 
 
 P. iw/JLev, 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 IdtJt. 
 
 S. eh-<o, 
 
 'V^i 
 
 
 -3?- 
 
 D. 
 
 '7JT0V, 
 
 
 'TjTOV, 
 
 P. s7x-lOfl€Vf 
 
 .^re, 
 
 
 'W(Tt, 
 
 
 Second Aorist, 
 
 
 S. 5, 
 
 h^. 
 
 
 I 
 
 D. 
 
 JJTOV, 
 
 
 flTOV, 
 
 P. WfXTjV^ 
 
 fjre, 
 
 
 w<ri. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 First Future, 
 
 Fevac. 
 
 
 
 7J(TeiV, 
 
 Perfect, 
 
 
 Second Aorist 
 
 tlxiuat. 
 
 
 
 ehat. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 
 Present, 
 
 
 First Future, 
 
 fefe, hXffay Uv, 
 
 
 rj(T(DV, 
 
 ijffooffay fj<rov. 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 Second Aorist 
 
 h<;) elxula^ elxdg. 
 
 
 ICE. 
 
 , €T<ra, iv. 
 
 
 PASSIVE VO 
 
 
 INDICATIVE ] 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present, 
 
 
 
 S. 7e'fiatf 
 
 -(Tat, 
 
 
 -rat. 
 
 D. -fitdovy 
 
 -<r6oVy 
 
 
 "(tOov, 
 
 P. ./X£^«; 
 
 -<r^e, 
 
 
 'Vrat, 
 
70 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 S. li-ix-^v, 
 
 '(TO, 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. 'fxedovj 
 
 'CdoVy 
 
 -(T07JV, 
 
 P. 'fxeda, 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 -VTO. 
 
 S. eH'jiat, 
 
 -aaiy 
 
 -rat. 
 
 D. 'fX£0OV, 
 
 -aOoVy 
 
 -ffdov. 
 
 P. -fxeOa, 
 
 '(Tde, 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 'Vrat. 
 
 S. et-pL7JVj 
 
 '(TOj 
 
 'TO. 
 
 D. -fisdou. 
 
 -adovy 
 
 '(Tdrjy. 
 
 p. 'fieOa, 
 
 '(Tdej 
 
 -VTO. 
 
 P.-p. Future. 
 
 First Aorist 
 
 First Future. 
 
 ehofxat. 
 
 i6rjv and e"^w. 
 
 idijffofxat. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 Present and Imperfect are like the Passive. 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 -aro. 
 
 'Oyro. 
 
 -erat. 
 
 '£<t6ov. 
 
 'Oyrat. 
 
 S. TjX'dfJLTjV, 
 
 -Ol, 
 
 D. 'dfitOoVy 
 
 -acOoVy 
 
 P. 'dfi^day 
 
 -acOey 
 
 
 First Future. 
 
 S. ij<T'0/xaiy 
 
 -riy 
 
 J). 'OfieOoVy 
 
 '£<Tdoyj 
 
 P. '0 lied a, 
 
 -eaOsj 
 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 S. ^/x^v, 
 
 'i<TO, 
 
 D. ^fl^OV, 
 
 'icOoVy 
 
 P. 'iixtOay 
 
 'idOe, 
 
 'iro. 
 hro. 
 
s. 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Second Aorist, 
 
 £(70, 
 
 eaOoVj . 
 i(76e, 
 
 i(70W(7aV, 
 
 71 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 First Future. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 ^<rot-fx7jVf 
 
 '0, 
 
 'TO, 
 
 D. 
 
 'fxeOoVj 
 
 -ffdov, 
 
 -aO-qv. 
 
 P. 
 
 -IxeOa, 
 
 Second Aorist, 
 
 "Vro. 
 
 S. 
 
 el-fi7)Vj 
 
 '0, 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. 
 
 -fieOoVj 
 
 -(t6ou, 
 
 -ffdrjv. 
 
 P. 
 
 'fxeOa, 
 
 'ffOSy 
 
 'VTO. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 S. wfxat, §, 
 
 D. (otxedovj ^ffdov, 
 
 P. &fxeOaj ij(T0e, 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 f^ffOov, 
 
 First Future. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 iffdat. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 First Future. Second Aorist, 
 
 i)<T6fxevo<;, '7jy 'Ov. ifxev'O^y -7), -ou. 
 
72 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 ^Hfxatj to sit. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. 'H^ai, 
 
 ^(Tai. 
 
 
 ^rai. 
 
 D. TjixeOoVy 
 
 ^ffdOVy 
 
 
 ^(tOov, 
 
 P. ^fxeOa, 
 
 ij(T0Sy 
 
 Imperfect, 
 
 
 ^vrai 
 
 S. r^firiv, 
 
 ^(TO, 
 
 
 ^TO. 
 
 D. riij.e6ov, 
 
 ^ffOo'^f 
 
 
 ^(TdTjV. 
 
 P. ^ixeda, 
 
 ^(T0£, 
 
 
 ^VTO, 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present, 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 ri(To, 
 
 
 r^ffdo). 
 
 D. 
 
 riaOoVj 
 
 
 fiadwv. 
 
 P. 
 
 i](T6e, 
 
 
 riaOwaav, 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present, 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 ^(Tdai. 
 
 
 y][xev'0q, -7), 'Ov. 
 
 Elfiat, to clothe one's self, 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Perfect. 
 S. E\-fxai» -(jaij -rat and -arat. 
 
 P. ^hzat. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 P. dixriVy elffo and ^<ro, elroy e\(TTOj hffzo and i(rro. 
 
 KJ. 
 
 Ptrst Aorist. 
 
 ClVl u» 
 
 s. 
 
 el(T-i(T(7-& ist(T-dfji7jVy 'Wy 
 
 -avo. 
 
 D. 
 
 -d[i£:OoVy -aaOoVy 
 
 'dadrjv. 
 
 P. 
 
 'dixeOay -affOe^ 
 
 -ayro. 
 
GEEEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 T8 
 
 Present and Perfect 
 
 
 First Aorist 
 
 slfxivoq. 
 
 
 iff(TdfjLewo<;, 
 
 Kelfxat, to lie down. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present, 
 
 
 S. Kel'fxaij 
 
 '(jaiy 
 
 'Tat, 
 
 D. 'fisdov, 
 
 -aOoVy 
 
 -(tOov. 
 
 P. .//e^a, 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 'Vrat. 
 
 S. ixe{-fi7jVj 
 
 -COj 
 
 'TO. 
 
 D. -fiedovj 
 
 -adov, 
 
 '(tOt^v, 
 
 P. -fieda, 
 
 First Future, 
 
 'VTO. 
 
 S. xetiT'Oiiaty 
 
 'Dj 
 
 'BTat. 
 
 D. '6fisOo\>j 
 
 '£(T0O)/f 
 
 'e(j6ov. 
 
 P. 'dfxtda, 
 
 -effOey 
 
 'OWTat: 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 S. 
 
 xeJtTOf 
 
 X£ 1(76 Of, 
 
 D. 
 
 xsTffdoVf 
 
 xsiffOwu. 
 
 P. 
 
 xeT(T0e, 
 
 xeiffOioaav, 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 - 
 
 Prese7it. 
 
 
 S. XeOl'fJLTJVf 
 
 '0, 
 
 'TO, 
 
 D. 'fxtOoVj 
 
 -ffdoVj 
 
 -adiiv. 
 
 p. ^fxeda, 
 
 -ffde, 
 
 'VTO, 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 Present. pi^t Aorist. 
 
 r 
 
74 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present, 
 xeX<TOat» 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 ''1(77) fit J to know. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. ^'I(7-7jfIlj 
 
 D. 
 
 -^<^; 
 
 P. -oc/>t£i^ and fie'^j -are and ts. 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 -afievj 
 
 Imperfect, 
 -are, - 
 
 'r)<n. 
 -aro 
 •aai. 
 
 -drrjv. 
 
 -aawj and av. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present, 
 ladvat. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 -la-aOi and -Oi^ -dra) and rco. 
 -arov and -rov, -drajv and -rtz^v. 
 -6CT£ and re J -draxjavj nixjav^ and rov. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. Xaa-ixaiy -aatj -rat. 
 
 D. -[xzdovj '(Tdou, -(jQov. 
 
 P. 'fiedaj -ffdsj -vrai. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 75 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 S. i(Td-fJLrjVy 
 
 -(70, 
 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. -fxeOoVf 
 
 -<r^ov, 
 
 
 '(tOtjv. 
 
 P. 'fieda, 
 
 -<r(?e, 
 
 
 'VTO, 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 t(Ta(Tdat, 
 
 
 i(Tdfj 
 
 Lev-0<r, "7]) -ov 
 
 
 ^rjfi)^ to say. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present, 
 
 
 
 S. ^yjfx)j 
 
 <P^'^j 
 
 
 <pri<TL 
 
 D. 
 
 (farbv^ 
 
 
 ^parov. 
 
 P. (pafxhy 
 
 Imperfect, 
 
 
 (faai. 
 
 S. eV^v, 
 
 ■^^; 
 
 
 -'?• 
 
 D. 
 
 -arovy 
 
 
 -c^tTyv. 
 
 P. -afievy 
 
 .«Te, 
 
 
 -acwif and -av. 
 
 
 First Future. 
 
 
 
 S. <pT](J-Wy 
 
 '^^?y 
 
 
 -ef. 
 
 D. 
 
 •erov, 
 
 
 -erov. 
 
 P. -o/ioyv, 
 
 -ere, 
 First Aorist, 
 
 
 -OOCl, 
 
 S. €^7}<T-ay 
 
 -«c, 
 
 
 -e. 
 
 D. 
 
 -CtTOV, 
 
 
 -fl^Tiyv. 
 
 p. -afievj 
 
 -are, 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 -av. 
 
 S. e^-iyv, 
 
 ''^^j 
 
 
 -'?• 
 
 D. 
 
 'TjTOVj 
 
 
 -^'njv. 
 
 P. -35/xev, 
 
 •7)Te, 
 
 
 -7?<rav. 
 
n 
 
 GRREK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. ipai-^Vy 
 D. 
 
 \ '/lev, 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 JPresent 
 
 (fdrovy 
 (pdre, 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present 
 ''^^) 
 
 '7JT0V, 
 
 'Tire, 
 
 S. ^7J<7-aifii, 
 D. 
 
 p. -aifxeVf 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 ipdro), 
 
 (paTiov, 
 
 (pdraxrav. 
 
 
 -at. 
 
 -atTTjV, 
 
 -aiev. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present 
 
 S. ^Wf 
 
 D. 
 
 P. ^wfxev, 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present. 
 ipdvai. 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 Second Aorist 
 tpr^vat. 
 
 n^^ 
 
 n- 
 
 ^r^TOVj 
 
 fprjTOV, 
 
 ^TJTCj 
 
 <pw(n. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 <pd.qy<pa<Taj tpdv. 
 
 \ 
 
 First Future, 
 
 
 ^TJ(T(OV. 
 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 
 ^ij(Ta(;. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 77 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Perfect. 
 -Kicpazat. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Perfect. 
 Tztipdadio, 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Titipaaiiiv-oZy rjy ov. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. (pa-pMUj 
 
 -aatj 
 
 -rat. 
 
 D. 'p.edov, 
 
 -adov^ 
 
 '(T6o\f. 
 
 P. 'fxeda, 
 
 -ade, 
 
 'Vrat. 
 
 Irtiperfect and Second Aorist. 
 
 S. i(p6.-llt]'>j '(TOy -TO. 
 
 D. -fieOo'^y 'GOoVj 'COriv. 
 
 P. 'fxeda, -dffOsj 'Vto. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 Present, 
 ipd<s-Oy 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Present, 
 
 -^e. 
 
 '6(0, 
 
 'dit)v. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present, 
 ^dfxevogj -tj, -ov. 
 
 7* 
 
78 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Of Verbs in gaid. 
 
 Verbs in a-AU) resemble Verbs in /xi, and, like them, are 
 derived from Verbs in aw^ ew^ oco, and ucu^ by placing <rx 
 before cuj which they preserve only in the Present and Im- 
 perfect. 
 
 The other Tenses are formed from their Primitives. 
 
 ry]pd(T'Aw, yepdaiVj yeyyjpaxa, to grow old; from yripdio. 
 
 ^Api(Txa)j dpiffiOy rjpexa, to please ; from dpioj. 
 
 B6(jAU)^ ^6(ja), l^i(^o'Aaj to feed ; from /9oa>. 
 
 Medoff'AO), p.ed6(TcOj fie/iiOoxa, to make drunk ; from fieObw, 
 
 Many Verbs in (jxco, like Verbs in fit, prefix a Eeduplica- 
 tion : as, dcdpdffxoj, to ruriy from dpdw, dtdofrxwy to dress, 
 from duw ) Tuizpdaxo), to sell, from Tipdn). 
 
 Verbs in axo), which have a Second Aorist, borrow it 
 from the kindred Verbs in ixi\ as, dliaxo), Aor. 2. r\Xo)v) 
 l^pojaxu), Aor. 2. l^poyv) ytvaxyxa), Aor. 2. eyvojv, as if from 
 dXcb/uLCj jSpw/ic, yvojfxt. 
 
 Of Impersonal Verbs. 
 
 Impersonal Verbs have only the Third Person Singular 
 of each Tense, and, in Participles, only the Neuter Gen- 
 der : they have commonly the sign it, before them in Eng- 
 lish : as, 
 
 JeT, it hehooveth; Imperf. idet: 1st Aor. idi7j(Te^, 1st Fut. 
 ^£7J(Tec'^ Optat. Pres. diot; Infin. SeTv, derjaelv, der^aat) Part. 
 diov, Se-qcTov, dsTjffdv. 
 
 JoxsT, it seemeth; Imperf. iddxec ; 1st Fut. do^et ; 1st Aor. 
 edo^e j Part, doxodv. 
 
 Ilpiizei, it becometh; Imperf. inpiTcet; Infin. np^neXv, 
 Part. 7:pi7zov. 
 
 ^AvTJxei, it is proper; Imperf. dvrjxe'. Part. dvTJxov. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 79 
 
 Tlpoaijxetj it is convenient ; Imperf. nporri^xe ; Part. 
 
 7rpO(T7JXO'>. 
 
 MiXeCj it is minded; Imperf. £fjLe?.£ ; 1st Aor. i/iiXi^ae ; 
 1st Fut. iieX7]<jei. 
 
 Xpyjj for XP^i^h ^^ hehooveth; Imperf. i^P^t^ ^^ XP^i^) 
 1st Fut. XP^^^^ } Infin. XPV'^^^ or XP^^- 
 
 Many Verbs^ in the Passive Voice; are taken imper- 
 sonally : as^ Xiyeratj it is reported ; dp.apTai^ it is decreed ; 
 e'lpfjraiy it has been saidj &c. 
 
 Irregular Verbs. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aipiojy to take; alp'/jtrajj fjprjxa'^ (£7<^) elXov^ sUo/jltjVj iXw^ 
 iXoufiatj eUdfiTj'^. 
 
 AlaOdvoiiat^ to perceive; (al(jOiu)) alaOridoiiai^ f^aOrnxatj 
 ■^(rOoiiTfj. 
 
 ^AXicFxojj to take; (aXoco) aXdjau)^ -aoiiai^ y\Xu)aa^ fjXwxa and 
 idXcoxay rp^ojfxatj fjXojUy and idkwv. 
 
 ^AfiapTdvo)^ to sin ; (afiaprioj) d/iaprijdafj -<7o/.ta:, rjiidprrjcay 
 -xaj -ixatj rjjLtapro^y poet. rjfxiSporvv. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bai/w^ to go; (^^daj) ^ijcFO/JiaCj e^rj(jaj i(^riadixr^Vy ^il^rjxay 
 'fiat ) {^Yiiii) e^7)v. 
 
 BdXXiOj to cast ; ^aXaJj e^aXov ; (^^Xico) ^Xij^cUj ^ijSXrjxaj -fxaty 
 i^XijOrjPy ^Xrj67J(jOiJ.at. 
 
 r. 
 
 Fivo/xai, ytyyofjLatj to he; (jeviai) yev7J(T0/j.at, iyevTjffdjirjv, ye- 
 yivrjiiaiy iye'^rjOrjv, i:yeu6/j.rjv, yiyoua. 
 
 Fivoxyxa)^ yiyvwaxcj^ to know ; {jvoio) yvwffo)^ -ofiat^ eyvcoxa^ 
 '(TfJLat, tyi^dxrdrjVj yvwad-jaoiiai ) (jv(i)[it) eyywv. 
 
 J. 
 
 AdxviOy to bite; (dijxw^ ^tJ^oj, -o/iatj edrj^aj diSrjxaj -yixat^ 
 ^dijXOrjVy edaxow. 
 
80 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 E. 
 
 ^' Epxofiat^ to come; (J^Xeodai) kXebaofiat^ r}Xeo(Taj ijXoOovj by 
 Sync. Tjldov^ ^Xoda, and iXTjXuOa, 
 
 Ebpi(jxa)^ to find] (^eupeo)^ e6prjffa)ye6pi^(Tdp.rjVy£up7}xa,'pLaty 
 evpiOrjv, eiopeO-qtrofiai^ evpov^ eopSiirjv. 
 
 ^''E)(a)j to have; 'i^o)^ {(^X^^^ (Txyj(Tojj -o/iaij ed^ri^oLy -fiaij 
 iaxiO'ijV^ (7yedy)(joiiatj efT^oVj iaxop^r^'^] ((ryrffit) 2 Aor. Imp. 
 
 6 
 ST/jGxajy to die; dvij^aj ^ (Ovduj) ridvfjxa^ TiOvaa, ridv^txay 
 and riOveta.y reOvecogj -(baa^ -wxoq) (dyjvu)) edavov^ davov^xai. 
 
 I. 
 
 ' Ix^Aofiaty to come; (^Uw) -^ofxaij t^dfj.rjVj lyfiat^ ixofiTjvy 
 
 A. 
 
 Aayxdvo)^ to ohtai.n hy lot; (Xrjyco) XijS(Oj -o/xatj XiXrjyaj 
 Att. efXrjya, -yjiaCj eXayoVj XiXoyya. 
 
 Aa/il3dya>y to receive; (XtjiSw) X.ri(po(j.ai^ XiXricpaj Att. ^LXr^cpa^ 
 XiXfjiiimtj Att. ziXyip.imi^ ^Xrjcpdriv^ Att. dXy](f6riVj Xrj(pOijc>ofxaty 
 eXajSoVy eXa/So/jLTjv. 
 
 AavOdvojy to lie hid ; (XyjOai) Xyjaoj^ -ofxaty XiXr^aixaiy and Xi- 
 Xafffxaiy iXijffOTjVy eXaOoVy iXaOofrqVy XiX-qOa. 
 
 M. 
 
 MavddviDy to learn ; (^fiadioi) fiadrjaofiaiy tiiaOfjadixr^Vy fxeiia- 
 Oi^xay tfxadov. 
 
 Mt/j.vrj(Txajy to rememher ; (^(xvdu)) [i\>ij<To)j -ofiaiy eixv'q(Tay 
 ifxvTjffdfjLTjVy fxifivr^fxat, jute /j.y7J(T0 fiat y ifivijffOTjv, {ivr^cOijffOfiat. 
 
 0. 
 
 ^^OXXup.1 or SXXuiOy to destroy ; (^dXiw) 3Xi(r(Oj SXe^ay SXexa^ 
 Att. dXwXexay wXe/iaiy ihXiaOr^Vy atXoVy SXaJy (bXd/ir^Vy dXavfiaty 
 wXay Ait. oXwXa. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 81 
 
 U. 
 
 IId(j)^(Dj to suffer ; (TirjOai) TzrjffojLLai, Boeot. TztiffOfiat, l-r^Ga^ 
 enadov, Ttinrjda'j (jzadio)) Tradrjffojj inddrjffay Tze-Kddrjxa) (jzi'^Ooj) 
 Tzinovda, 
 
 Iliva) and -Kwiitj to drink ; (noai) -koxtw, Tziizoixa^ -fJ-f^h and 
 Tzinoiiatj l-Kodfjv] (ntcu') Ttco/iaij 7:i<To/xatj enioVj Tzioujiatj (jzXiit) 
 
 niTzrojj to fall; (jtroo)) TZTOXTio^ ninTioxaj nenTew^j TrenTTjw^j 
 
 T. 
 
 TixTiOy to bring forth; (rixai) Ti^o), -o/iatj hi^^TjV) eVexov, 
 hexofiTjVj Tiroxa. 
 
 Tpi;(a), to run; dpi^Wj (dpafiiai) dedpdfxrjxa^ -J^^^p (Spi/iaj^ 
 edpapLO'^, dpafjLOv/Jiaij didpofiat. 
 
 Tuy/dvco, to Jiajppen; (jo/iio) to^tj^to), ho^r^ffa^ T£Tu^r]xa'y 
 (reu^w^ reu^ofiaty ziTeu^aj riroy/j.aCj zeTO^OfxaCj irv^^Or^Vy 
 ezo^ov, 
 
 (^ipcoj to hear; (olai) offfco, of(TOfxatj oftrOrjVj of(70r](TOfxat } 
 (kviyxoj) rjveyxaj rjveyxdiiriVy TJvd^^Or^Vj ijveyxovj 7J^eyx6/j.rjv • 
 (^^vixo)^ rjvetxaj rj\^£txdfjL7]Vj rjveixov ] (^ivi^oj) ivTJvo^a'^ ((fopiai) 
 (popy^ao)^ k<p6pr^(jaj izecpoprjiim, 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Those which require particular notice, as distinguished 
 from the Latin, are the following : signifying 
 
 In a placey ending in 6a, 0c, xTIj X^^j ^h ^^^ ^^ • ^s, ^v- 
 raddaj obpavoOt, Tzavra^rj, and TzdvTa^oo, nedol, oixol. 
 
 Motion from a place, in Oe and ^ev : as, oupavoOe and ob- 
 pavSOev. 
 
 Motion to a place, in de, Ce, ae, and <n : as, obpavovde and 
 obpavoce, ^a/xd^e. 
 
82 greek rudiments. 
 
 Adverbial Particles, 
 Used only in composition, a or av, signifying 
 
 Privation^ from aWt>, without: as, w^odpoq^ without water. 
 Increase, from ayav, much: as, a^oXoq, much wooded. 
 Union, from aixa, fx)gether : as, aXo^oq, a consort. 
 
 The following signify increase: 
 
 ape J from apw, to furnish. 
 ^00, from ^ouqj an ox. 
 ^piy from ^piOhq, strong, 
 da, from datrhq, thick, 
 eptj from el'puj, to connect. 
 Ca, JEolice, for ^a. 
 iia, from ^cav, much. 
 Xi, the same. 
 
 Aoq signifies dificulty : as, $o(jTuxi<o, to he unhappy. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 There are eighteen Prepositions : six Monosyllables : dq, 
 h or i^, iv, Tzpd, Tzpoq, and <tuv : twelve Dissyllables : o/z^), 
 iyd^ dyri, dnd, did, in), xard, fxerd, napd, nep), bnep, and ond. 
 
 General Signification of Prepositions in 
 Composition. 
 
 ^AfjL(p\, 1. about, around. 2. douht. 
 'Avd, 1. again, hack. 2. upwards. 
 'Avt), 1. opposition. 2. return, instead. 
 And, 1. separation. 2. privation, away. 3. much. 
 Aid, 1. through. 2. division. 
 Eiq, in, to. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 83 
 
 ^Ex or e|, from, out of. 
 
 'Evj in. 
 
 ^En\y 1. addition. 2. upon. 3. attack. 
 
 Kara, 1. compUtion. 2. downwards. 3. opposition* 
 
 Merdf 1. participation. 2. change. 
 
 Uapdy 1. wear. 2. beyond. 3. comparison. 
 
 Ileplj 1. about. 2. superiority. 
 
 Ilpd, 1. before. 2. forwards. 
 
 npdq, 1. motion towards. 2. conjunction, relation. 
 
 Zov, together, with, 
 
 '^Tirep, 1. ouer. 2. beyond. 3. ybr. 
 
 Ttto, 1. under, from below. 2. diminution, 3. secretly. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 THE NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 
 
 A Neuter Plural is generally joined to a Verb Singular : 
 as, actzpa (pavjtTo.i. 
 
 A Dual Nominative is often found with a Verb Plural : 
 avS, afiipoi Xiyooai) but not a Plural Nominative with a 
 Dual Verb. 
 
 the substantive and adjective. 
 
 An Adjective of the Masculine Gender is sometimes 
 construed with a Feminine Substantive : as, rb) yovalxs. 
 This construction would appear intended to dignify the 
 female sex : we meet in Euripides, in reference to Al- 
 cestis, ol TzpoOvTJffxovreq 'j where she is introduced, using 
 not only the Masculine Gender, but the Plural Number. 
 The Masculine Article appears to be limited to the Dual 
 Number. 
 
 A Substantive is sometimes used as an Adjective: as, 
 yXwaffavy EXXdda kdida^e. Thus in English, ^^sea water,'' &c. 
 
 The Substantive is often changed into a Genitive Plural, 
 preceded by a Pronoun or Article : as, of ayaOoi zwv dydpo)- 
 
 TZIOV. 
 
 THE RELATIVE AND ARTICLE. 
 
 The Relative often agrees with its antecedent in case by 
 attraction: as, kv raiq iopral^j alq rjyofirjv. The Relative, 
 in this construction, sometimes precedes the Substantive : 
 as, GOV fj e^ecq dovd/iet ; something like our English ^^ with 
 
 what force you ha ve . ^ ' 
 
 84 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 85 
 
 The Article is poetically used for the Relative : as, Tzarijpy 
 o d^ eTp^(pe, 
 
 The Article and the Participle, used for the Relative and 
 Verb, is a common idiom in Greek : as, 6 (puXdrrwvj he wJio 
 guards; and should invariably be so translated. 
 
 The Article is often used elliptically without a Substan- 
 tive. First, in the Neuter Gender, signifying possession or 
 relation: as, 6 Oeoq ra raiv avOpcbrzajv dioixeT ) God directs 
 the affairs of meri. Secondly, in the Masculine, followed 
 by d/i^). or 7:ep)j with a proper name, and signifying attend- 
 antSj or the party : as, ol dii(p\ Upiafiov. Thirdly, in a pe- 
 culiar mode of construction, before an Accusative and an 
 Infinitive : as, to yaipeLv zolg p.t/i7Jfj.a(TC rrdwaqj GbtupOTov toT(; 
 dvOpcoTiOLq l(TT\-y the circumstance, that all should delight in 
 imitations^ is natural to men. So we have it repeatedly in 
 the New Testament: as, b> rG) ehat aordv '^ i. e. h zw ypoy(p 
 or T.pdyp.aTi^ and maybe translated, '^ while or when he icas.^' 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 The matter of which a thing is made, is put in the Geni- 
 tive : as, Tov di<ppow enocy^ffev (ic) c(7yopaj'^ ^uXcov. Cost or 
 vahie, crime or punishment, difference or eminence, are put 
 in the Genitive : as, do^ abrdv ijprv^ (avrC) dpayjxriq' — ypdcpo- 
 jiai ae (j^^p^C) xXotttj^, 
 
 Part of time is expressed by the Genitive : as, (^int) 
 dipouq re xal yet/icuvo^. 
 
 Note. — The Prepositions, within the parentheses in the 
 preceding examples, mean to signify what may be the latent 
 government; this will be so understood in cases of future 
 occurrence. 
 
 Grief 2ind surprise require the Genitive: as, rijc; ficopCa^) 
 what folly ! 
 
 Comparatives are followed by a Genitive, when the 
 8 
 
8G GREEK RUDIMENT8. 
 
 Greek for than is suppressed : as, dvap^/^iaq fieVCov obx sarc 
 xaxov. 
 
 Verbs expressive of the actions of the senses^ except that 
 of sightj require a Genitive : as, rwu fiaprupiov dxTjxoare. 
 
 Words signifying plenty or want^ take the Genitive : as, 
 TiXoufftog xaxcbv. 
 
 The Latin Ablative Absolute is exprebsed in Greek by 
 the Genitive : as, y^/uou ziXXovroq. 
 
 These are phrases of peculiar construction : tzu'lv (^/lipoq) 
 odaroq 'j to drlnh some ivater; analogous to the French 
 ^'bolre dc Veaii'^ itaxdpioq (^evexa) ry^q '^^X'O^y liappy hi 
 fortune: (idpil-'aq (cx) jzodoq v^v • having seized him h}j the 
 foot. Note the words presumed to be the latent govern- 
 ment. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 The instrument and manner of an action are put in the 
 Dative : as, dpyupiatq XoyyaKn pA'/^ou. 
 
 Verbs signifying to accompany or follow^ to hlame^ con- 
 verse ivith, pray to, and to use^ require the Dative : as, rw 
 '^TJeq £7:ovTo. — Tohq rolq diiapravopivoiq eTztripaJvraq. 
 
 Verbal Adjectives govern the Person in the Dative^ and 
 the THING in the case proper to the kindred Verb : a^, 
 vpXv rojjra izpaxriov. Thus, in Latin, we meet ^^ setaie 
 utendum est.'' 
 
 Y/ aoTogy the same^ requires the Dative : as, r^c adzTJc 
 el(}i ^Tjfuaq aqun ol (TOYxpuTzrovreq roTq kqapaprdvoudi j those 
 iiho concealy are deserving of the same punishment as those 
 who commit a Jaxdt. So in Latin '' idem facit occidenti.'' 
 
 HOR. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 Tlie Accusative is of universal use, with xard understood : 
 as, deivbq pdyrjv. 
 
 Verbs signifying to do or speaJc well or ill of to give or 
 take aicayj to admonish^ to clothe j govern an Accusative of 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 87 
 
 the person^ and another of the thing : as, tloXXo. ayada T-qv 
 r.ohv Ir.oir^de. For the Accusative of the thing is frequently 
 substituted the Adverbs eo^ xaxajq, xaXax;. 
 
 Distance and space are put in the Accusative ; as^ "E(pe<joq 
 OLTziyeL cltzo ^apdicDv Tpccu> ijiiepwv 6d6'^. 
 
 VERBS PASSIVE. 
 
 Verbs of a passive signification are followed by a Geni- 
 tive, governed by {3-0, cltzo ^ ^x, napdy or irpoq : as, 6 vovq 
 UTZo o^voo diafdeiperat. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 The Infinitive is used to express the cause or end of an 
 action : as, riq Gcpioh ^o'^iy]xt iidye(jdai. 
 
 When the subject of the Infinitive is the same as that of 
 the governing Finite Verb, it is also in ihQ Nominative : as, 
 EofoxXr^q ecfYj abroq iih^ owoq del, di^dpcojcouq nour^j Ebpi7cidri<; 
 dsj dloi dfft J Sophocles saidj that he (Sophocles) made men 
 such as they ought to he; Euripides^ such as they are. 
 This Syntax we find imitated in Virgil : '^ sensit medios de- 
 lapsus in hostesJ' 
 
 Jhe Infinitive is used after the manner of Latin Gerunds 
 and Supines, sometimes with, sometimes without, a Preposi- 
 tion : as, xdXkiara IdeXv ] pidcherrima visu : h rw [laOeX'^ ) 
 in discendo. This we find imitated in Latin : as, tempus 
 equUm solvere colla; niveus videri, &c. 
 
 Expressions of the form of ^' moriturus sum^' are exhi- 
 bited in Greek by [liXXoj : as, fiiXXaj redvd^ac. Similar to 
 this is the French '^Je dois mourirJ^ 
 
 The Infinitive is often used in an Imperative sense, some 
 such Verb as opa or fiifivr^ao being understood : as, fxrj avy' 
 dOavdzoKn (idyedOat. 
 
 The Infinitive appears in a somewhat absolute form in 
 these expressions : wq dTzXchq slaatv ; to speak plainly ^ — an 
 
0» GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 idiom evidently familiar to our own language : as also^ 
 wg etTzelv 'j so to speakj — a common English phrase; — ^oxeTv 
 /io)j as it appears to me; where, perhaps, xard to may be 
 supplied; — [xtxpoo or oXiyoo ^eTv; almost, nearly; literally^ 
 so as to want little, axTze being understood. Sometimes, 
 even the Infinitive Selw is omitted. 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The Participle is often elegantly preceded by the Verbs 
 eifiij ytvo/iat, <paivop.at, VTzdpy^o), e^oj, xupoj : as, oux i/Opog 
 i)7r^/?/£v a)v ; he was not an enemy, 
 
 Toyxdvw, joined with a Participle, may be translated, hy 
 chance; Xavddvu), privately or ignorantly ) ipdw^oj , preciously ; 
 in which phrases the Participle is to be translated as a Verb : 
 thus, eTu;(ov iu rcD oixai a>v ; I teas in the house by chance ; 
 literally, I happened being (or to be) in the house: kkdOofiev 
 d(,a(pipovTeq) we unwittingly differed ; literally, we loere not 
 aware differing, or that we differed. 
 
 Ariloq, (favepdq, dcpavr^q, &c., are also used Adverbially 
 with Participles : as, ambq robzo izoiibv (pavepoq ^v; he mani- 
 festly did this. 
 
 The Participle is used, instead of an Infinitive, after 
 Verbs signifying to desist, persevere, perceive, show; or ex- 
 pressing an affection of the mind: as, rijv dpyjvrjv ayovzeq 
 diareXouat ; they continue to preserve peace : Oedv ou X-jj^o} 
 7rpo(TTdT7)v %wv; I shall 7iot cease to have God for my de- 
 fender: jj.ifjLV7](To a\^0pio7:o<; a>v; remember that you are a man. 
 
 ADVERBS 
 
 Are followed by the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative; 
 either because they are originally Nouns, or because those 
 cases are governed by a Preposition understood. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 89 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE FORMER. 
 
 IIXr)\f ] rejection : ttXtjv ipLod ; excepting me. 
 XdpLv] for the sahe: x^P^^ ''Exropoq] for the sake of 
 Hector. 
 
 Xa)p\q'y separation: x^P^^'^ '^^^ d^^SpaJ'^j without the men. 
 Tod Jtoq ha)7ZLov] in the sight of Jupiter. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE LATTER. 
 
 A'^eo (ano) ovo/uLdrwWy without names. 
 
 '' Afia {cihv) Xath) with the people. 
 
 NaX fid (^-i) zode (jyS^Tzrpov] I swear hy this sceptre. 
 
 Note. — Md general!}^ denies^ except joined with va); v^ 
 affirms^ unless joined with a Negative. 
 
 Adverbs of time are sometimes changed into Adjectives : 
 as, 0^ ypr^ Tza'^vbx^-ov eodeiv ^ooXri(p6pov avdpa. 
 
 Adverbs of quality are elegantly joined with the Verbs 
 iyoy^ Tzdffx^^j Tzoieojj (pipco^ <pufitj xP^^f^^h ^^- • ^^; 
 
 \Hdia)^ £^/e (^(Teaurov) Tzpoq aTzavraq ', he pleasant to all. 
 Eo T.d(7x^v^y eo TTouTvj to receive a favour; to confer a 
 favour. 
 
 Two or more Negatives strengthen the negation ; as, 
 
 Obx £(Tr:v ovdh ; there is nothing. 
 
 OodiTTore ouoev ou fiij yivrjTat rwv deovrajv ) nothing WHAT- 
 EVER, that is necessary, will he done, 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 'Jvt), dr.d, ix or iS, and Tvpd, govern only the Genitive ; 
 lif and (Tuv, only the Dative; and eiq or ^C; only the Ac- , 
 cusative. 
 
 8* 
 
90 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Through ; Gen. and Ace, as, dca x^tfxwvoq — did ttovtov. 
 
 After j as, dtd fiaxpod ^po^ou. 
 
 On account of; Ace. as, Sid ai. 
 
 Under; 
 Through ; 
 Against ; 
 According to; 
 In; 
 
 Kara, 
 Gen. as, ddvat xazd r^c y^q. 
 
 as, xard arparoo. 
 
 as, xard TTjq Tzoleioq. 
 
 yov C^v. 
 
 as, iZ,i(jdr^'^ xard xXtafxobq, 
 
 Ace. as, xard Xoy 
 
 Tnip. 
 Above; Gen. as, vTtkp yr^q etyri. 
 
 For; as, dv7J<Txaj br.kp (ridev. 
 
 Over; Ace. as, vr^kp zbv doiiov. 
 Beyond ; as, dvvafuq b-nkp w^dpcj-Kov. 
 
 'Avd. 
 Upon ; Dat. as, eudet dm (TxrjTirpo) Aloq ahroq. 
 
 Through ; Ace. as, dvd 6prj. 
 
 ^AiKfi. 
 
 On account of; Gen. as, rudaxoq afupi fid-)^e<rOov. 
 
 About; Gen., Dat., and Ace. as, dii(p\ iidhoq olxooat. — dii<p\ 
 
 awfiart. — dij.<fi Tpoiav. 
 Concerning; Gen. as, <pdfx£u dixipi daqioMoyv xaXd. 
 
 On account of; Dat. as, dfi(pi yuvatx), -izda^/etv. 
 
 'Era. 
 
 Upon; Gen. as, iizi dpdvoo ixaOi^ero. 
 
 On account of; Dat, as, oux tan (70(poh i-ri roTq 7:poy6\fotq 
 tiiya (fpovr^ffat. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 91 
 
 Upon; 
 Near; 
 To; 
 On; 
 
 With; 
 Among ; 
 To; 
 After ; 
 
 From; 
 
 At; 
 Near; 
 To; 
 
 Above ; 
 Against; 
 
 Dat. as, t(p Ir^TZiD, 
 
 as, iiz'i (TTOfiaTi too noTa/JLou, 
 
 Ace. as, ep^£<jO^ im dslnvov. 
 as, i:7z] yaiau. 
 
 Merd. 
 
 Gen. as, fxerd zi^vvjq. 
 
 Dat. as, auTog fierd Tzpmxoiai TzoveTzo. 
 
 Acc» as, Z£b(; e^rj /j.erd daXra. 
 
 as, 01 vo/ioc fierd rov 8edv awZooai ttjv 
 
 Tlapd. 
 Gen. as, ov izapd fdapyvpoo ^dpiv deX 
 
 Dat as, Tcap^ oy^daiq. 
 
 Ace. as, /5^ T^apd Olva Oakdaarjq. 
 
 as, Tzapd (T£ ep^ofiat. 
 as, Tcapd rd aXXa ^wa. 
 as, rcapd cpixnv. 
 
 About; Gen., Dat., and Ace. as, ri izep\ ipoxr,q iXiyo/xev. — 
 
 6(6paxa 7:ep\ roXq (Tripvotq. — cpoXaxTj izepX to (jojfia. 
 For; Gen. as, dfiuveadat nep} naTpr^q. 
 
 By; 
 
 For; 
 
 Upoq. 
 
 Gen. as, npoq twv decbv. 
 
 as, npoq aovj odds i/jLody (ppdffo). 
 
 From ; ^prjaTOO npoq dvdpdq [xrjdkv V7:o\>6et xaxbv. 
 
 Towards"; Dat. as, Tzpdq tCj TiXei too ^colk 
 
 To ; Ace, as, d $" uv fiddrj ttocTc, TaoTa adxraffdat iptXeX Tzpoq 
 
 npaq. 
 Against ; Ace. as, npoq xivTpa fiij XdxTt^e. 
 
92 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Under; Gen.j Datj and Ace. as, ond voffoo dnoOay^eh. u^^ 
 
 ijXco). — dnayaywv uno (foivixaq. 
 By; Gen. as^ utzq ^prjOTiov ayofxai. 
 
 ' Hvixa^ 
 Oh, 
 
 RESPONDENT PARTICLES. 
 
 when. 
 
 where. 
 
 where 
 
 Tore, ^^en, 
 
 7'' 
 
 as far y 
 just, 
 
 Kdddr^tpj I 
 
 as, 
 
 'Q>q, asy 
 
 Mkv, indeed, 
 
 Mkv, both, 
 
 l^''^'^'''"' 1 like • 
 
 ^Ofiolax;^ J ' 
 
 Ildpoq, 
 
 Hph, 
 
 npdrepov, 
 
 before, 
 
 W(javra)q, 
 
 c ware, ^ 
 
 1 ^<^^^p, j 
 
 oe, 
 
 ware, 
 waizep, 
 
 iip\v, 
 
 Ttph, 
 
 -p\v, 
 
 so. 
 thus, 
 but. 
 and. 
 
 that 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 93 
 
 "Offffaxt, as ofterij 
 OoTwqj SO J 
 
 wcnepj aSj 
 
 TOffffaxtj 
 
 so often. 
 
 w<;, 
 
 as. 
 
 
 so. 
 
 so. 
 
 thus. 
 
 Note. — The above order of the Respondent Particles 
 may be found reversed. 
 
PROSODY. 
 
 A syllable in which a short or doubtful Vowel precedes 
 two Consonants or a double letter^ is long : as, ylayyyj. If 
 in different words, it is sometimes short : as, ixolpa xparatrj-j 
 Trrepdevra izpodr^udaj &c. 
 
 A short syllable is often made long before a digammated 
 Vowel: o<^ olj for Fol j — iiilw^dq or^owj for Foivoto. 
 
 "When three short syllables come together, it is necessary, 
 for the sake of the metre in Heroic Measure, that one should 
 be made long : as, aOdvaraqj dOiaroc, llplaixidriq. 
 
 ONE VOWEL BEFORE ANOTHER. 
 
 A Vowel before another does not suffer elision, as in 
 Latin, at the end of a word, unless an apostrophe is sub- 
 stituted. 
 
 A long Vowel or Diphthong is generally shortened at 
 the end of a word (and even sometimes at the beginning), 
 before a Vowel : as, ojxclj h. 
 
 CONTRACTION. 
 
 A contracted syllable is always long : as, ocpteqy ocplq. 
 
 Two successive Vowels, naturally forming two Syllables, 
 frequently coalesce in poetry : as, xpofjioj^ pronounced as if 
 ^poaoj. 
 
 COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Compounds and Derivatives follow the law of their sim- 
 ples : as, rlfirij azifioq J ecpvyov^ (fvyrj. 
 94 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 95 
 
 A privative is short : slSj arcpLoq. 
 
 BpCy du^j and C«, are short : as, ^adeoq 
 
 INCREASE OF NOUNS. 
 
 A is short : as, awixaroq. Except Nouns in «v, avo^ : as, 
 Ttrdvj TiTWM)q J and the Doric Genitive: as, ^Arpeidao, (lou- 
 <Tdo)'^ for p.oo(jaFiov. Except, also, xipaq (in Euripides and 
 Anacreon), xpdqy (pap^ Ocopaq, Upa^y xopSaq^ via^, /5df, 
 aop(paqy 0a{aqj <piuaq. 
 
 I is short : as, eptq. epldoq. Except words of two termi- 
 natioi^s : ^s, dek<p\\^ on deXcpiq^ Xvoq ) and Monosyllables : as, 
 diq, dlvoq y but A\q, Aibq ; dp\qy rptydq ; <Trif , (TTi^oq J r^^, 
 Tivoq, are short. Except from the general rule, Nouns 
 making cOoq : as, opvtq, opvlOoq) and those making tdoq, if 
 the penult of the Nominative be long : as, x\>r^iiiqy xvrjixTdoq. 
 So also Nouns in ^f, tyoq^ or txoq : as, pMfTrcq, -^yoq", <poivtqy 
 Zxoq'y and Monosyllables in tcpy cTzoq : as, OXi(/^, -inoq. 
 
 T is short : as, ndpy Tzvpdq. Except words of two termi- 
 nations : as, ipopxuvy and <p6pxuqy -vvoq : as, also, xijpuqj 
 'vxoq. rpbc/fy 'OTzoq'y yhcpy -oizoq] fii/^poSy -oxaq^ are commou. 
 
 PENULTIMA OF THE TENSES OF VERBS. 
 
 The quantity of all Tenses generally remain the same as 
 in the Tense from which they are formed : as, from xpivio 
 are formed expZvovy xpZ\)oiiaiy h.pZv6p.rjV'y from xpi\>a} are formed 
 xixpXx.ay xixpifiatj IxpXdr^v. 
 
 The Perfect follows the quantity of the First Future : as, 
 xTi^Wy XTiacOy exTvxa'y (pbiD^ ipvavDy izicpvxa. 
 
 If the penult of the FirU Future be long by position, 
 and not by nature, that of the Perfect is short : as, ypdipiDy 
 yiypo^cpa. 
 
 The Perfect Middle follows the quantity of the Second 
 Aorist: as, ervTzoVj rirvrza. Except /9i/?^>t^a, ejd^Zya^ xixpdya^ 
 xixpZya, [lifivxa^ Tziirpdyay TziippZxa^ rirpZydy &c. 
 
96 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The doubtful Vowels are long before (n : as, Ttrlxpa^ai^ 
 
 In the First Aorist Participle^ the penult of the termina- 
 tion atra is long. 
 
 In the Imperative of Verbs in //«, o is short in Polysylla- 
 bles : diS>,xixXvd(,'y but long in Dissyllables: as, xXodt. 
 
 In the First Future, «, t, and o, followed by (Jcd, are 
 short ] as, Oao/id^Wj Oaup.a(Taj ; vofxiZw, voiu<yio • xXo^co, 
 
 xXvfJO). 
 
 But Verbs in ao) pure, or pao), have the a of aao) long : 
 as, 6ed(jo, 6ea(Ta) ] dpdco, dpaffw. lao) and 0(70) are long from 
 Verbs in o) pure : as, riio, rZaa) ; laibu), lay^vaoj. 
 
 QUANTITY or THE LAST SYLLABLE. 
 
 A Vowel at the End of a Word. 
 
 Final a, t, and o, are short. Except Nouns in da, Oa, pa, 
 ea, ta^ and Polysyllables in aca: as, xepaca', with eoXdxa, 
 XdOpa, and Tripa. Except also the following : 
 
 Duals of the First Declension : as, pLou^a. 
 Adjectives in a pure, and pa from Masculines in oc : as, 
 Stxaca, Tj/xeripa. 
 
 Nouns in eta, from eou) ; as, dooXeia^ from dooXeoco. 
 Oxytons of the First Declension : as, y^apd. 
 Vocatives of Proper Names in a<r : as, Alveia. 
 The Doric a : as, d izayd^ for ^ izriyri. 
 
 Final i is long in the names of letters : as, ?i ; with xpl. 
 In the paragoge of Pronouns and Adverbs : as, obroai, \>ovt. 
 Except the Dative Plural : as, (jinat. The Attic j, for, a, e, 
 or o, is also long : as, raorl for rabra', 63} for o^e; tout} for 
 
 Final t> is long in the Imperfect and Second Aorist of 
 Verbs in u/u: as, i^ebyvu] — in the names of letters: as, p^b] 
 with Ypb ] b is common. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 97 
 
 Final «v, tv, and 6»v are short. But av is long in words 
 <3ircumflexed : as, Uav. 
 
 Oxytons masculine : as, Ttrdv 
 
 These Adverbs : ayw^^ evav, Xiav^ r.ipoy. 
 
 The Accusative of the First Declension, whose Nomina- 
 tive is long: as, Alveiav^ ipiUav. ^ 
 
 h is long in words of two terminations : as, deXcplv and 
 deX(p\q ] in ijij.lv and viilvj when circumflexed ; r)y, Dor. for 
 <jo\ ; and x^v^v. Uph is sometimes long in Homer. 
 
 Nouns in tv, tvog^ are long : as, prijiuv. 
 
 W is long in words of two terminations : as, cpSpy.ov and 
 
 Kfop'/.oq. 
 
 In Accusatives from oq long : as, ocppov ; with vov. 
 
 In the Imperfect and Second Aorist of Verbs in oju : as, 
 
 Ap and vp final, are short. But yap and abrdp are some- 
 times long in Homer ; and izop is long. 
 
 Jc, tqj and oq final, are short. But aq is long in the 
 Nominativ^es of Participles: as, rbipaq] and in all cases of 
 the First Declension : as, ratuaq^ (ptXiaq, iwbaaq) it is long 
 in the Accusatives Plural in aq^ from the long a in the Ac- 
 cusative Singular of Nouns in eoq ; and finally Nouns in a<r, 
 w^Toq '. as, Aiaq'j with rdXaq. 
 
 Iq is long in Nouns of two terminations : as, heA(p\q and 
 ds:X(p).v) and in Nouns increasing long: di^^xvrjpAq^ opviq] and 
 y^q, Aioq. 
 
 Tq is long in words of two terminations : as, (popxoq and 
 ipopxuv ) in Monosyllables : as, fmq ; with x6p.oq. Oxytons 
 making the Genitive in oq pure, have the uq of the Nomina- 
 tive long: as, T.Aridhq) l/Ohq is common. We find uq long 
 also in Verbs in oru : as, kdeixvuq. 
 
98 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 The Acute (') is used on the last syllable, the penultima, 
 or the autepenultima. 
 
 The Grave Q is used on the last syllable only; but when 
 that syllable is the last of a sentence, or followed by an en- 
 clitic, the Acute is used. 
 
 The Circum/lex (") is used on the last or the penultima. 
 
 The Acute and the Grave are put either on long or short 
 syllables ; the Circumflex on syllables long by nature, and 
 never on the penultima, unless the last syllable is short. 
 No word has more than one Accent, unless an Enclitic 
 follows. 
 
 Enclitics throw their accent on the preceding word, when 
 the antepenult is acuted, or the penult circumflexed : as, 
 
 Ten words are without Accents, called Atonies: 6j y), oly 
 
 alj eij ei^j iv, i^ (or ix), oOj (obx. or ^^/,) ^;'. 
 
 RULES OF ACCENTS. 
 
 Monosyllahles, if not contracted, are acuted: as, 6q, Tzohq, 
 Xdp. 
 
 Monosyllables of the Third Declension accent the last 
 syllable of the Genitives and Datives, but the penultima of 
 other cases : as, S. /^V? X^^P^^i X^^P^^y x^Tpa. D. yj^ps, 
 X^ipiHv. P. /£r^s<r, y^^por^, y^p(y\ y^Xpaq. 
 
 Dissyllables, if the first be long, and the last short, cir- 
 cumflex the former; as, iioTxja] in other cases, they acute 
 the former : as, p.obcrrjq, loyoq, koyoo. 
 
 Folyaijllahles, if the last syllable be short, acute the 
 autepenultima: as, a\fdpa)7zo(; ] if long, the penultima: as, 
 dvOpwjzou. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 99 
 
 EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE SHORT. 
 
 1. Participles Perfect Passive : as, zerufiiiivoq. 
 
 2. Verbals in eoq and eov : as, ypaizrioq^ ypanriov. 
 
 3. The increasing cases of Oxytons : as, XafjL7:d<;, Xafind- 
 ^oq] Tvneiq^ TUTTivroq] as the Accent of the Nominative is 
 generally preserved in all the cases, on the corresponding 
 syllable. 
 
 4. Many Derivatives : as, Tzatdtov, havrioq. 
 
 5. Compounds of jSdUoj, r.oXia), y^iu)^ if not with a Prepo- 
 sition : as, h.fj^oXoq. 
 
 6. Compounds of rixrw^ xreivaj, rpiipu)^ and diyoiiaCj with 
 a Noun, if they have an Active signification : as, Trpajrozd' 
 xoq ; she v:ho produces her first child : ^tcpoxrovoq ; he who 
 kills with a sword : fxr^rpoxTovoq ' a matricide : Xaorpocpoqy 
 he who feeds the people. If they have a Passive significa- 
 tion, they follow the general rule: as, npojroToxoq) the first- 
 horn child: ^t<p6xzo\'oq'y he who is hilled with a sword: 
 lx7)Tp6xTovoq] he loho is killed hy his mother: Xa6Tpo<poq'^ 
 he who is fed hy the people, 
 
 7. Compounds of Perfects Middle with Nouns and Adjec- 
 tives : as, d.(JTpoX6Yoq^ olxovdfxoqj TzaiKfdyoq. 
 
 8. Many other Compounds retain the Accents which they 
 had in their simple state : as, avrdcpt^ oupavodevj xazeTyov^ 
 aovrjXdov. 
 
 So also, Prepositions which preserve their final Vowel in 
 composition : as, dL-odoq, ^-{(T^eq. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE LONG. 
 
 The Attic mode of keeping the Accent on the antepe- 
 nultima in MeviXewq for MeviXaoq] Xiqeojq for Xiqeoq] or 
 the Ionic Genitive: as, nrjXrjl'ddsaj -^ or the Compounds of , 
 yiXwq : as, tptXoyeXajq^ can scarcely be called exceptions^ as 
 
100 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 the last two syllables were, in pronunciation^ contracted 
 into one. 
 
 At and oi final^ are considered as short in Accentuation : 
 as, pMU(TaCj a>dpw7:oi. Except Optatives : as, cpilr^aai^ raru- 
 <foi ; Infinitives of the Perfect in all Voices, of the Second 
 Aorist Middle, and of the Present of Verbs in [it : as, rezu- 
 (fivaiy rezDcpdatj T£TU7:ivat ; rordadai ] la-cdvai. 
 
 The Genitive Plural of the First Declension circum- 
 flexes the last syllable : as, p-ooawv. Except Adjectives of 
 the First Declension, whose Masculine is of the second; 
 as, ay.ozj dyio)'^^ dyia^ dyiwv j with krrjtriwvj yXovvwv^ and 
 Xpy](JTOJv. 
 
 Oxytons of the First and Second Declension, circum« 
 flex the Genitives and Dcitives : as, 
 
 Sing. Tiflij^ 'Z"^/^-^<r, Ttllfjj TtflijV^ TqXTi. 
 
 Dual. Ttiidj ziixoLv. 
 
 Plural, zt/xaij zi/iaj'^, rcfialq, zcpA^j z trial. 
 
 Vocatives Singular in eo and ot are circumflexed : as, 
 ^aatXeby al^oT. 
 
 Pronouns are Oxytons, except ooroq, iyMvocy deha^ and 
 those in repo^ : as, rjiiirepuq. 
 
 The Imj^eratrceSj ikOk, sink, eope^ Idk, and Xa^k, are ac« 
 cented on the last, to be distinguished from the Second 
 Aorist Indicative. 
 
 The Prepodtions, placed after their case, throw back 
 their Accent : as, dead ilrzo. Except dud and otd, to distin- 
 guish them from «vot, the Vocative of aVaf : and from Ata^ 
 the Accusative of Zeh<; or At<;. Oxytons, undeclined, lose 
 their Accents when the final Vowel suifers Elision : as^ 
 dW aye^ Tap' i/iou. Those that are declined, throw an 
 Acute on the penult : as, tto/^J' e-), dsO/ e-aOov. 
 
 Contractions are circumflexed, if the former of the 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 101 
 
 two syllables to be contracted is acuted : as^ y6o<;, voD<r; 
 ^di()p.evj (fdovfiev ; otherwise they retain the Acute : as^ 
 
 ENCLITICS. 
 
 The oblique cases of the Pronouns : ri<;j rt^ indefinite, in 
 all its cases. 
 
 Verbs, ei/ii and ^r}p-\ in the Present Indicative, except 
 the Second Person Singular. 
 
 Adverbsj Tr^y, 7:00, moy TTw^y TtoOev, r^orej when not used 
 interrogatively. 
 
 Conjunctions, yk^ ts, xk, xev, Oijv, vb, vbv, nepj f^dj to]j and 
 Ssj after Accusatives of motion : as, oixdvde. 
 
 Enclitics lose their Accent in the beginning of a clause^ 
 and when they are emphatical, or followed by another 
 Enclitic. 
 
 Enclitic Monosyllables lose their Accent after a word 
 acuted on the penultima : as, X6yo(; fioo) but Dissyllables 
 retain it : as, Xdyoq l(jTi ] else the Accent would be on the 
 praeantepenultima. So ovv rtvoq. 
 
 The Pronouns preserve their Accent after Prepositions, 
 and after hexa or ^ : as, did aL ^E(TTi accents its first syl- 
 lable, if it begins a sentence, is emphatical, or follows dXX% 
 £Ly xal, obxy wq^ or toot] as, obx eart. 
 
 Difierence in Accentuation serves to mark difference in 
 signification, and has on some occasions given precision to 
 the language, and even determined the ambiguous mea]i~ 
 ing of a law. Of this distinction a few instances may be 
 given :— 
 
 dyojv, leading, dywvj a contest. 
 
 akr^Otq^ truly, dXiqdkq, true. 
 
 aXXa, other things. dXXd, but. 
 
 aizkooq, unnavigable. dnXodq^ simple, 
 
 9* 
 
102 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 apay then. 
 l3ioq, life, 
 didoiiev, we give, 
 doxoc, opinion. 
 elfTiy he goes. 
 evCy he ts in. 
 e^Opa^ enmity, 
 ^wovj an animal, 
 ^ia, a sight, 
 ^iwvy running. 
 Tov, a violet. 
 xdXwq^ a cable. 
 Xdo^y a stone. 
 XebxTjy a poplar, 
 fj.6i^7)j alone. 
 juLoptoc, ten thousand, 
 vio^y new. 
 vofioq^ a laio. 
 ofiioq, yet. 
 TceiOcDy I advise. 
 TTovTjpoq, laborious. 
 Tpd^oq, a course. 
 SfMO^y a shoulder. 
 
 apajan inter rog .particle — d.pdy 
 
 iScog, a bow, [a prayer. 
 
 dcdofiewj to give. 
 
 doxo^y a beam. 
 
 ei(T\j they are. 
 
 tA, in. 
 
 ^X^pd, hostile. 
 
 Ziobvy living. 
 
 ^edj a goddess. 
 
 -^ewvy of gods. 
 
 Idvj going. 
 
 xakwqj well. 
 
 Xadq, a people. 
 
 XeoxTjy white. 
 
 fMovTjj a mansion. 
 
 flop tot J innumerable. 
 
 v£dq, a field. 
 
 \fO[ib(;y a pasture. 
 
 6p.(u<;, together. 
 
 TTstdo), persuasion. 
 
 TTov-qpoq, wicked, 
 
 rpoyo^y ^ wheel. 
 
 wfioq, cruel. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 103 
 
 DIALECTS. 
 
 THE ATTIC 
 
 Loves Contractions : as^ (pdo) for <pdia)^ f^detv for elldeiv. 
 
 Its favourite letter is w, which it uses for o. 
 
 It changes Long into Short, and Short into Long Sylla- 
 bles : as, Xe(i)q for Xaoq. 
 
 In Nouns, it changes o, ot, and ou, of the Second De- 
 clension into CD : as, N. V. Xeojq. G, Xsw. D. hw. A. 
 Xewvj &c. 
 
 It changes et(T into rjq : as, Innfjq for Innelq. 
 
 It makes the Vocative like the Nominative : as, (b Tzdrrjp, 
 S) <pUog. — Soph. 
 
 In some Nouns it makes the Accusative in w, instead of 
 wv, wa^ or a)va : as, kaydjy Mhio, Ilo<Teidwj for XayaJv, Mivwa^ 
 Uoffetdwva, 
 
 It changes the Genitive eoq into ewq : as, fiaffdiwq for 
 
 In Vei'hs, it changes the Augment e into t), in rj^ookdfiriVy 
 TJduvdfiTjVj TJfieXkov. 
 
 It changes et into rj : as, rjdetv for eideiv. 
 
 It adds a syllable to the Temporal Augment : as, opdaoy 
 iwpaovy for wpao'^] eho), eotxa, for olxa. 
 
 It adds ^a to the Second Person in ff : as, ^(j6a for ^^ ; 
 oUaaOa^ by Syncope, oT<r<9a for oldaq. 
 
 It changes /^£ and jj.e of the Perfect into eL : as, etXrj<pa 
 for UXri<pa] etfxapfiat for p.ifjLapfiac } elhyfiat for XiXeyfiai. 
 
 It drops the Reduplication in Verbs beginning with two 
 Consonants : as, ijSXdfTryjxa for ^e^Xdffrrjxa. 
 
 It repeats the first two letters of the Present before the 
 Augment of Verbs beginning with a, e, o : as, dXicj^ wXexa^ 
 dXwXsxa. 
 
104 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 It forms the First Future aud Perfect of Verbs in w : as^ 
 from eoj • thus, -^ilcoj -^eXyjaoj, reOiXrjxa^ as if from ■deXiw. 
 
 It drops (T in the First Future : as, >o/j.caJj circumflexed. 
 for vo;ii(Tco ) xopeel for xopiaet. 
 
 It changes £, in the penultima of the Perfect Active, into 
 o : as, earpoffa from arpiipuj) e'lkoya for XiXeya. 
 
 It forms the Pluperfect Singular in t), -qq^ rj. 
 
 It changes truxyav and azwaa^^^ in the Third Person Plural 
 Imperative, into oj^ro^v and a>ra;v : as, T6>7rTovrwv for roTtri- 
 Tioffav ] roipdvTijjv for Tu4'dT<jD(Tav ) and adioaav into gOojv : as, 
 Tor^TiadiDv -for roTzriadoxyay. 
 
 It makes the Optative of Contracts in r^v ; as, <pdo(rf\> for 
 
 (fiXiHlU. 
 
 It changes /x before (lai in the Perfect Passive of the 
 Fourth Conjugation into (t : as, T.iipa<7iiai for -i(paiip.ai, 
 
 THE IONIC 
 
 Loves a concourse of Vowels : as, roTzredt for roTiTrj ; <7£- 
 XTjvatTj for (Te?.7Jvrj. 
 
 Its favourite letter is >^, which it uses for a and e. 
 
 It puts soft Mutes for aspirate, and aspirate for soft : as, 
 kvdavza for ivrauOa ^ xiOwv for yizdtv. 
 
 It prefixes and inserts e: as, iwv for a>v; TrotrjTiwv for 
 7:oL7jTwv ] decFTZoTsac for j£(77rora<;'. 
 
 It inserts :: as, />£«a for pia-^ and, instead of subscribing, 
 adds it : as, Oprjixeq for 0paxeq J fhjtdioq for padwq. 
 
 In JVot(?«.s^f the First Declension, it changes the Genitive 
 o6> into ea> : as, TzocT^Tio) for Tzoi-qzoo. 
 
 It changes the Dative Plural into 3jc and -^(Jt : as, (^e^v^c, 
 xecpaXrjcFtj for -aT;;', -aT^^ 
 
 In the Second Declension it adds t to the Dative Plural : 
 as, ToT<7( epyoifft for Tor<;' ipyoiq. 
 
 In the third, it changes e into 9? : as, ^aatXijoq for 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 105 
 
 It terminates the Accusative of Contracts in w and ojg^ in 
 oov : as, aid GOV for aid 6a. 
 
 In VerhSf it omits the Augment : as, /9'^ for sI^tj. 
 
 It prefixes an unusual Reduplication : as, xixa/iov for 
 £xa/j.ov ; keXaOi<ydii) for ladiadio. 
 
 It terminates the Imperfect and Aorists in axov ; as, totz- 
 re(TX0Vj TU(pa(TX0Vj for k'ruTzroVj eruipa. 
 
 It adds (Tc to the Third Person Subjunctive : as, TbnTrj(jt 
 
 for TUTZTTj. 
 
 It changes e^v, e^C; ^« of the Pluperfect, into ea, ea^, ee, 
 &c. ; as, irerbcpea, aq, &c. • 
 
 It forms the Third Person Plural of the Passive in arat 
 and aro : as, ToizriaTai for r^Trrovraj; indiaro for ^rc'^evro; 
 earo for ^vto. 
 
 It resumes in the Perfect, the Consonant of the Active : 
 as, Terviparai for rer u/x/iivoi dai. 
 
 It changes <t into the Consonant of the Second Aorist : 
 as, Tztippddazai for 7zt<ppaGy.i\f0i tlai. 
 
 THE DORIC 
 
 Loves a broad pronunciation ; its favourite letter is a, 
 which it uses for £, >^; o, w, and ot>. 
 
 It changes C into <r^ : as, oadu) for oC^. 
 
 In Nouns^ in the First Declension, it changes ou of the 
 Genitive into a\ as, aida for at'^ot;. 
 
 In the Second Declension, it changes oo of the Geni- 
 tive into io : as, Ozw for dzou ; and otx;*, of the Accusative 
 Plural, into oq and a>? : as, i?£o<r for ?^eo^c; dydpibizmq for 
 
 In the Third Declension, it changes ^oq of the Genitive 
 into toq : as, yjikeuq for yeiXeoq. 
 
 In Fer5s, it forms the Second Person Sringular of the 
 Present in eq : as, ruTzreq for ruTTTetq. 
 
 It changes o^ew of the First, and oocrt of the Third, 
 
106 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Person Plural^ into ojieq and ovn : as^ Uyofieq, Xiyovrtj for 
 Xiyofiev, Xiyoocn. 
 
 It forms the Infinitive in fiev and ixe^^at : as, ru-ri/Asv and 
 TU7zrifj.e>aCj for ruTZTstv. 
 
 It forms the Feminine of Participles in oc(7a^ eoaa, and 
 ojfTa] aS; TOTZTotaa^ ruirreodaj and ronziDaa^ for roTzrouaa. 
 
 It forms the First Aorist Participle in aiq^ aiaa^ atv : as, 
 roil'-aiq^ -aiaa^ -aiv^ for roi^'aq^ -a^a^ -av. 
 
 In the Passive, it forms the First Person Dual in eadov^ 
 and Plural in e(Tda : as, zo-rotx-eado^^^ -eada^ for T07TT6p.edovj 
 -eda. 
 
 It changes ou of the Second Person into so : as, ronreo 
 
 fOl iOT.TOU. 
 
 In the Middle, it circumflexes the First Future : as, 
 ru(l'oo/iai for Ti)(po[iatj as in the Active, roil'dj for rbil'u). 
 
 It forms the First Person Singular of the Future in 
 eoiiat, and the Third Plural in eovrat: as, ruipeoiiaty roip- 
 
 THE ^OLIC 
 
 Changes the aspirate into the soft breathing : as, i^fiipa 
 for ijixipa. 
 
 It draws back the Accent : as, eyo) for kyw] ip%ij.i for ^^//t; 
 ayadoq for ayadbq ; and circumflexes acuted Monosyllables : 
 as, Zevq for Z^l*^. 
 
 It changes -q into sj : as, tlOsi/h for riOrj/jLt. 
 
 It puts <9a for l9£v : as, or.Ksda for oruaOev. 
 
 It resolves Diphthongs : as, Tiaiq for 7raT<^. 
 
 In Nouns of the First Declension, it changes ou into «o : 
 as, dl'dao for didoo. 
 
 It changes a>v of the Genitive Plural into aa>v, and a<r, of 
 the Accusative, into acq : as, fxou<jdajv^ ixobaatq^ for pMuacbv^ 
 ixobaaq. 
 
 In the Third Declension, it changes the Accusative of 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 107 
 
 Contracts, in w and ax;^ into cov : as, aidwv for alSoa ; and 
 the Grenitive oug into wq. 
 
 It forms the Third Person Plural of the Imperfect and 
 Aorists of the Indicative and Optative in (Ta> : as, ironroffav 
 for iroTZTov. 
 
 It changes the Infinitive in av and oov into atq and ot(; : 
 as, yeXaTq for y^^q-'^ ] XpixroTq for ^pucroui^. 
 
 It changes e^v of the Infinitive into tjv : as, Tonrrjv for 
 
 In the Passive, it changes ^asOa into /lede and ^e^ev : as, 
 roTZTOfieOs and TUKTOfj.edev^ for Tonroixeda. 
 
 THE POETS 
 
 Have several peculiarities of Inflection. 
 
 They use all Dialects; but not indiscriminately, as will be 
 seen in the perusal of the best models in each species of 
 Poetry. In general, they adopt the most ancient forms, as 
 remote from the common Dialect. 
 
 They lengthen short Syllables, by doubling the Conso- 
 nants : as, e(T(TeTac for e^erat ; by changing a short Vowel 
 into a Diphthong : as, eb for h] p.od\>oq for fio'^oq) dXrjXoud- 
 fie\f for iXrjXbdaiiev ] or by v final : as, i(TT\v <piXov. 
 
 They add Syllables; as, <p6uj<; for (pojq) SpdcLv for 6 pav } 
 ffacoffifjLSvai for (jdxjet)^. 
 
 They drop short Vowels in Pronunciation, to diminish 
 the number of Syllables : as, d[j.du) for daiidco ; eyevro for 
 kyivero. 
 
 They drop Syllables : as, aX^t for aX^crov ; xpT for 
 xpifivov ; Xiiza for Xiizapov ; bwa for bmaaat ) ado) for kad- 
 ^<r£, &c. 
 
 In Noims, the'y form the Genitive and Dative in (pc : as, 
 xe^aXij^c from xecpaXi^ '^ azpaTOfi from aTpaxbg) o-^tatpi from 
 o^og) 'mocpi for 'johat. So abrocpt for aoralg. 
 
 In the Second Declension, they change^ the Genitive ou 
 
108 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 into oco : as, noXi/xoto xaxoTo for TzoXi/iou xaxoo (HoM.), and 
 otv in the Dual, into ouv : as, k6You\f for Xoyoiv. 
 
 In the Third Declension they form the Dative Plural by 
 adding : or at to the Nominative Plural : as^ rcaiqj 7:alde<;^ 
 Tzatdsffiy or TcaideffffL. 
 
 They form several Yerbs of a peculiar termination, in Ow, 
 
 XU). pat, (Ty^Oy (jOu), (TTZiDj (^X^ J ^^J ^^^7 £iVi<i, YjOJy OCaWy OOCOy 
 
 and 0)0) ] as, ^eppwOo)^ 'i^o), &c. So o'laoj from o}o) ; op(Ta} 
 from opoj^ &c. 
 
 They have Particles peculiar to themselves : as, dputy 
 Syjda, exrjTtj ^{lo^j ixiaipa^ vipdej o^cl, xk^ ^d.j &c. 
 
DIGAMMA. - 
 
 The old Dialects of Greece admitted few or no Aspirates. 
 The Digamma was calculated to prevent the hiatus which 
 the concurrence of Yowels would produce. Aspirates were 
 afterwards introduced into all the Dialects, except the 
 ^olic, which adhered to the Digamma; hence, it has pre- 
 served the name of the j^olic. It has also, with great pro- 
 priety, been called the Homeric Digamma : that great poet 
 adopted the original forms of the ^olic and Ionic Dialects, 
 which threw a majestic air of antiquity on his poetry. 
 This ancient form Homer dignifies by the appellation of the 
 language of the Gods. Virgil, and among the moderns, 
 Tasso and Milton, successfully imitated that practice, by 
 the introduction of antiquated expressions, which removed 
 their language from the common idiom, and cast a venerable 
 gloom of solemnity on their style. To that principle may, 
 in a great measure, be attributed the use of the Digamma 
 by Homer. 
 
 The use of the Digf^nima having been insensibly abolished 
 by the introduction ui' Aspirates, the transcribers of the works 
 of Homer neglected to mark it; and a-t length the vestiges 
 of its existence were confined to a few ancient inscriptions. 
 The harmonious ear of the Poet has led him sedulously to 
 avoid every hiatus of Vowels ; but the absence of the Di- 
 gamma made him inharmonious and defective. To remove 
 
 10 ' 109 
 
110 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 in some degree this difficulty, his Commentators interposed 
 the final v, or the Particles, y\ d\ r ) but these could be 
 only partially adopted, and were far from exhibiting the 
 Poet in all the charms of his original style. Numberless 
 passages remained in their naked deformity, and exercised 
 the conjectural sagacity of Grammarians and Commentators. 
 Thus, in the Yerse in the opening of the Iliad, 'Hpcowv 
 uoTohq de ikwpta rsoy^e xmtaav^ — aware of the inharmonious 
 effect of the concurrence of the two £, they cut off the for- 
 mer. The quantity of the latter created another difficulty. 
 Some doubled the A, and others asserted that c was length- 
 ened before the liquid : but there were passages to which 
 even these and similar expedients were inapplicable. A 
 successful effort was made by the great Bentley to remove 
 these embarrassments. The restoration of the Digamma 
 has at length vindicated the Poet, and displayed the har- 
 monious beauties of his original versification. To give the 
 learner some clue to guide him through these intricacies, an 
 alphabetical table is added of the words in Homer, which, 
 either constantly or generally admit the Digamma in the 
 initial Yowel. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 
 ayoj 
 
 aXiDfxi. 
 
 aprj. 
 
 ayvujuLC. 
 
 avdS. 
 
 apC(TTOU. 
 
 adio. 
 
 dvddwo). 
 
 apveq. 
 
 akfjfii. 
 
 dpawq. 
 
 aaro. 
 
 dXtq. 
 
 apdoj. 
 
 E, 
 
 
 e. 
 
 edvoq. 
 
 £ho(TC. 
 
 eap. 
 
 eldioj. 
 
 eho). 
 
 edvoi^. 
 
 s'cSo). 
 
 elXap. 
 
 edecpa. 
 
 e'ldioXov. 
 
 eiXio). 
 
 edev. 
 
 er/.e)jtq. 
 
 elXoo). 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 elXu(pdw, 
 
 iktxwTreq. 
 
 epyov. 
 
 elko). 
 
 kXiffao). 
 
 epyo). 
 
 elfxa. 
 
 'iXoq. 
 
 epdco. 
 
 eipyio. 
 
 IXniq. 
 
 iptTJprjq. 
 
 efpo). 
 
 eXnw. 
 
 eppii). 
 
 kt(Txaj. 
 
 eXco, 
 
 ipvoj. 
 
 hade^A 
 
 eXiop. 
 
 iddvjq. 
 
 ixdg. 
 
 iXcopiov. 
 
 effOoq. 
 
 exaffzoq 
 
 everot. 
 
 effTzepoq. 
 
 'dxaroq. 
 
 evvujULt. 
 
 iaria. 
 
 exTjXoq. 
 
 eoixa. 
 
 erapoq. 
 
 ix7)TC. 
 
 idq. 
 
 irrjq. 
 
 ixupoq. 
 
 enoq. 
 
 £Toq. 
 
 kxm. 
 
 eizo). 
 
 iTW(Ttoq, 
 
 kXedq. 
 
 epYiia. 
 
 'iw. 
 
 Uixeq. 
 
 ipyvOo). 
 
 
 ijduq. 
 
 ^xa. 
 
 ''Hprj. 
 
 Tjdoj. 
 
 rj\>Oip. 
 
 ■fjpiov. 
 
 ^Ooq. 
 
 ^>. 
 
 ^XV- 
 
 ¥jioq. 
 
 ^pa. 
 
 
 laxri. 
 
 IVLOV. 
 
 KTTWp 
 
 Idy^uj 
 
 fov. 
 
 laxoq. 
 
 cdptq. 
 
 iovddq. 
 
 hia. 
 
 'Up.ai. 
 
 'Ipiq. 
 
 huq. 
 
 rxeXoq. 
 
 h. 
 
 1ft, 
 
 Ixfidq. 
 
 [(T7jp.t. 
 
 ffcoq. 
 
 ''IXioq. 
 
 l(TOq. 
 
 i(07J. 
 
 Iveq. 
 
 iffxio. 
 
 IffTLTj, 
 
 iwxTJ. 
 
112 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 oapeq. 
 
 
 ohoq. 
 
 
 obkoq. 
 
 oldfia. 
 
 
 8?. 
 
 
 oZpov. 
 
 olxoq. 
 
 J)Xt 
 
 oh. 
 ohXaixd^. 
 
 0)?. 
 
 S4>. 
 
 The Latin Dialects naturally adopted the jEolic Digamma^ 
 which it expressed generally by V; as will be seen in the 
 following list : — 
 
 ayofxaij vagor. 
 alwv, devum. 
 dXcoTTTj^y vulpes. 
 "Aop\>oqj Avernus. 
 Ay^aioq^ Achivus. 
 au)j aveo. 
 ^toiD, vivo, 
 ^oe^j hoves. 
 dToq, divus. 
 eldico, video. 
 ehart, viginti. 
 ^iXo), volvo. 
 £fia)j vomo. 
 ivdrxcoj vindico. 
 heroLy veneti. 
 evrepoqy venter. 
 ^PX^i vergo, 
 epoq, servus. 
 epwj verto. 
 eadfjq^ vestis. 
 kcTiipa^ Vetera, 
 
 "EcFrta^ Vesta, 
 ezoq, vet US. 
 '^p, ver. 
 I'^oq, viscus, 
 I'ovj viola. 
 Iq. vis, 
 fojj ivi. 
 y.dojj cava, 
 xepadqy cervus. 
 xleTqy clavis. 
 x&poq, corvus. 
 }.acdqj Isevus. 
 Xaprjj larva. 
 Xeloq^ levis. 
 kobtOj lavo. 
 Xowj solvo. 
 fjLdXrjj malva. 
 [idopoq^ Mavors. 
 p.da)y moveo. 
 vacoqj neevus, 
 vavq, navis. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 113 
 
 vioq, novus. Tzaupoq, parvus, 
 
 ytxajj vinco. Trpco), privo. 
 
 olxo^j vicus. ptcOy rivus. 
 
 olvo<;y vinum. (Txato^j saevus. 
 
 o'iq, ovis. rawq, pavo. 
 
 ok(i)y volvo. oXrjj si/lva. 
 
 o^^o^y vulgus. oojj uvesco. 
 
 owj voveo. (hovj ovum. 
 
 Sometimes the Digamma is represented by other letters, 
 among which we meet B : as, ^ooj, duhhim ; pwcu^ rohur ; 
 8(0 y uher. 
 
 C : as, erspa, cetera. 
 
 ¥ : as, dyopdj /oriim ; o/juXaq^ famulus '^ allbq, fells; htq^ 
 /lines; ocoj Jiuo. 
 
 E, : as, /5r>^, Boreas; eooj, uro; Uaog, hilaris ; fxba^j 
 murex ; fioo(ydu)Vy musarum ; voo^, niirus, &c. 
 
 In English, the Digamma has become W : as, vioq, neio ; 
 vinumy wine; fistula^ whistle; vespa, wasp; via, way. It 
 is pronounced without being written in the word one. 
 
 Y : as, vaoc, nave, &c. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 10* 
 
STAKDAB.B SCKOOZi BOOKS, 
 
 Published hy MuRPHY & Co., 178 Market St., Baltimore. 
 KERNEY'S POPULAR SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 In calling public attention to the following works by Mr. Kerxey, the publishers deem it 
 unnecessary to enlarge on their respective merits. The author's experience as a teacher for a 
 number of years, enabled him to acquire a practical knowledge of the wants of pupils in pur- 
 suing the different branches of learning. The very liberal patronage extended to them, and 
 the favor with which they have been received, especially by many practical Teachers, and their 
 immediate introduction into several of the principal institutions of learning in the country, 
 is the best evidence of their practical utility, 
 
 A liberal discount to Booksellers, Teachers, &c., when purchased in quantities. 
 
 A Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, -with Questions, 
 
 adapted to the use of Schools and Academies ; also an Appendix, containing the De- 
 claration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, a Biographical 
 Sketch of Eminent Personages, with a Chronological Table of Remarkable Events, 
 Discoveries, Improvements, etc., from the Creation to the year 1850. By M. J. 
 Kerney, a. M. Tenth revised Edition 12mo, hf. arabesque 75 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 The Compendium of History, by M. J. Kerney, has been in my possession several months, and, 
 after a careful reading, I believe it to be a very useful book in ihe department of study to which it 
 belongs. I take pleasure in recommending it to teachers. 
 
 J. N. MJILTON, Chairman Central High School of Baltimore. 
 
 I have carefully examined " Kerney' s Compendium of History," and ^' Kerney' s Abridgment of 
 Murray's English Grammar." I have the pleasure to inform you that they have both been intro- 
 duced into the Public Schools in our citv. I take great pleasure in recommending them to the atten- 
 tion of Teachers. J. F. CALLAN, Trustee Public School 2d.,Arashington, D.C. 
 
 '' Kerney' s Compendium of History" condenses much matter in a small compass ; and. as a school 
 book, is calculated to interest and please the student; while it makes him master of the principal 
 and most important facts of Ancient and Modern History. To speak of its merits comparatively, I 
 think it equal, if not superior, to any of its kind within my knowledge. JOS. H. CLARK, A. M. 
 
 Having carefully perused the " Compendium of Ancient and Modern History " by M. J. Kerney, 
 1 feel no hesitation in stating it to be, in my opinion, one of the best arranged works for the use of 
 schools and academies that I have seen. JAilES SHANLEY, 59 Conway street, Bait. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OP THE PRESS. 
 
 " Our leisure has not served us to enter into a very critical examination of Mr. Kerney's volume ; 
 we have looked thi-ough it wuh some attention, and' must confess that we have been favorably im- 
 pressed with its merits. In the History, more especially, where it is impossible to avoid the relation 
 of facts touching various religious creeds, the compiler' seems to have scrupulously refrained from 
 any remark that could arouse sectarian prejudice — a fault in which too many of those who have 
 given their labors to the compilation of school histories have been prone to indulge." 
 
 National Intelligencer. 
 
 " This very useful vvork was compiled for the use of schools and academies, and fully meets the 
 wants it was intended to supply ; we therefore shall not only adopt it in the schools under our own 
 care, but recommend it as much as we can to others." I'ittsbnrg Catholic. 
 
 " We confess ourselves well pleased with this volume, and believe it is destined to find favor in the 
 sphere for which the author has designed it. Its style is didactic and terse, and while agreeable to 
 the cultivated intellect, is adapted to the humblest coinpreheusion. There is one characteristic of 
 the work which pleases us above all others, and that is the studied care with which the author 
 avoids all allusions and comments that might be in the slightest degree wounding to the religious 
 sensibilities of members of any creed. This is a great desideratum in books designed for schools, a.s 
 the evil of sectarianism, so manifest in most of our elementary class books, has been long and 
 loudly complained of. We cannot but hone that this work will be acceptable to our citizens, because 
 ef its fitness for the objects for which the author designed it, because of its impartial character, and 
 because it is the production of a worthy and iutelUgeut member of our own community." 
 
 U. S. Catholic Magazine. 
 
 " It is a work containing much useful information, and, as a school book, and for general historical 
 r«!fereuce, it will be found invaluable." Baltimore American. 
 
 " A cursory examination of this volume has led us to form a very favorable opinion of its merits as 
 a school book." Catholic Herald. 
 
 '■ Are noticed some months ago the first edition of this work, and are much gratified to find, from 
 the speedy appearance of the second, that our anticipations of its complete success were not vain. 
 VTfi not only cheerfully, but earnestly recommend it to the favorable notice of tutors and directors of 
 schools and academies'." St. Louis News -Letter. 
 
 " As an elementary treatise, this work will, we should suppose, be, and deservedly so, a favorite in 
 •ur schools. The appendix of biographical notices of prominent individuals is an original and de- 
 sirable addition to the book." Lutheran Observer. 
 
 " It fills a place long vacant in our school books. Its style is good, plain, and easy ; it is well con 
 densed, and the narrative correct and justly sustained." Fred. Exam. 
 
 " Mr. Kerney has done good service to the cause of education and general intelligence in preparinj; 
 iMs valuable work." Odd Fellows' Mirror. 
 
 23 . 
 
Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 
 The First Class Book of History, designed for pupils commencing 
 
 the Study of History ; with Questions, adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. 
 
 By Al. J. Kerney, A. M. Eighth revised edition 25 
 
 At the earnest request of many who used the author's Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, 
 he compiled the above work. It is chiefly designed for pupils about to enter upon a course of his- 
 torical study. In the arrangement of the work, and in the general matter of contents, the author 
 has pursued that course which his long experience in teaching has pointed out as the best to facili- 
 tate the progress of the pupil in acquiring a knowledge of history. 
 
 As the history of our own country possesses peculiar attractions, he has placed the history of the 
 United States first in the order of arrangement, so that it may first claim the attention of the 
 young. This is suceeeded by an interesting account of the most important events in the history of 
 England, France, Ireland, and Italy, together with an interesting view of the Middle Ages, the 
 Crusades, and Monastic Institutions. 
 
 The work is embellished with a number of Engravings, and has questions at the bottom of each 
 page to facilitate the labor both of the teacher and pupils. 
 
 Catechism of the History of the United States; with a Chronological 
 
 Table of American History, from its Discovery in 1492, to the year 1854. Illustrated 
 with Engravings. Revised and enlarged Edition. By M. J. Kerney, A. M. 24mo, paper 13 
 The peculiar merits of this little History are to be found in the accuracy of its details, and in the 
 adaptation of its style and arrangement to the capacity of that class of learners for which it was 
 designed. The favor it has been received with, and its extensive circulation, are the best comments 
 on its merit? — nearly 15,000 copies having been disposed of within two years. The present edition 
 has been carefully revised and enlarged ; and in order to render the work more attractive, a num- 
 ber of appropriate and instructive engravings have been introduced. These improvements add 
 much to its merits, and render it far superior to any work of the kind now before the public. 
 
 " This is likely to prove a popular book for primary history classes in our schools. It is well ar- 
 ranged, compact, and comprehensive, and cannot be too highly praised." Detroit Vindicator. 
 
 '« This little work is well calculated to give the learner a succinct knowledge of the leading events in 
 the history of the American Republic, from its first discovery down to the present year. It is admi- 
 rably adapted for the use of schools." Halifax Catholic. 
 
 A Catechism of Scripture History, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy 
 
 for the use of the children attending their schools. Revised and corrected by M. J. 
 
 Kerney, A. M. Second American, from the last London Edition .... ISmo, h'f. cloth .50 
 
 " The preface to this work informs us that it was originally compiled for the use of the pupils 
 attending the schools of the Sisters of Mercy in the city of Limerick, Ireland. It has been revised 
 by Mr. M. J. Kerney, and a valuable appendix added, containing some pages of extracts from the 
 prophets, with the evidence from the New Testament of the fulfilment of the predictions given, 
 placed in juxtaposition with the prophetic sentences. It is an admirable book for schools, and cal- 
 culated to give a far more vivid and lasting knowledge of sacred history than could be obtained from 
 years of desultory and mechanical ' Bible-reading.' " Detroit Vindicator. 
 
 " This excellent work is now used in nearly all Catholic institutions throughout England and Ire- 
 land, and has also acquired an extensive circulation throughout the neighboring republic. 
 
 " The object of the Catechism, according to the preface 'is to render children early acquainted 
 with the truthful and interesting events receded in the sacred Scriptures; to familiarize them 
 with the prophecies relating to the coming of the Messiah, and lead them to regard the Old Testa- 
 ment as a figure and a foreshadowing of the New.' 
 
 " The present edition has been much improved, the questions to the answers being made more 
 concise, so as to admit of their being easily committed to memory. An appendix has also been 
 added, containing extracts from ihe Prophet?, Scripture texts, and short sketches of the lives of 
 the Apostles and Evangelists. The Chronological Table, which has been carefully revised and con- 
 siderably enlarged, fixes the dates of the most remarkable events recorded in the Sacred Writings. 
 
 " We hope soon to see the work introduced into all Catholic Schools in the British Provinces, and 
 were its merits fully known we are pretty certain it would meet with a circulation similar to that 
 which it has acquired in England and the United States." Halifax Catholic. 
 
 "This little school-book, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy, and revised by M. J. Kerney, fills a 
 want which has existed too long. The importance of an exact history of the principal events related 
 in the Bible, is one which all will acknowledge, and the friends of Catholic education are under spe- 
 cial obligations to the compilers, as also to the reviser and publisher of this work," South. Journal. 
 
 " Of the merits of the book itself, it would be superfluous to speak, but we may observe that the 
 labors of the American editor have added very considerably to its value." Metropolitan. 
 
 OH/^ The foregoing works, which form a complete series of School Hirtoriee, the publishers are 
 happy to state, have met with very liberal patronage. 
 
 24 
 
Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 
 FREDET'S UNIVERSAL HISTORIES, &c. 
 
 The distinguished and wide-spread reputation of the author as an historian and Professor of 
 ffistory in St. Mary's College for the last twenty years;— the universal favor with which these works 
 have been received, and their immediate introduction into many of the principal literary institu- 
 tions in the United States, precludes" the necessity of giving many of the numerous complimentary 
 and flattering testimonials that have been so freely extended to them, both in this country, and in 
 England, where they are extensively used. 
 
 (XT^ Prof. Frede^'s Histories have been adopted as Text-Books in the Irish University. 
 Ancient History: from the dispersion of the Sons of Noe. to the Battle of Ac- 
 tium, and the change of the Roman Republic into an Empire. By Peter Fredet, 
 D. D., Professor of History in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Fourth edition, care- 
 fully revised and enlarged 12mo 83 
 
 Modern Hi dory : from the coming of Christ, and the change of the Koman Re- 
 public into an Empire, to the year of our Lord, 1854. By Peter Fredet, D. D., 
 Professor of History in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Tenth enlarged and improved 
 
 edition 12mo. 88 
 
 Kew and Improved Editions, carefully revised and corrected by the Author. 
 These two volumes for a Complete Course of History, or a continuous chain of 
 Historical Events, from the Creation of the World to the Year 1854. 
 
 The publishers are happy to announce that they have just issued new, enlarged, and improved 
 editions of the above works, in uniform style. Each volume contains upwards of five hundred pages, 
 and may justly be considered the cheapest, most authentic, and reliable histories published. 
 
 The London Catholic Standard says: " These two excellent manuals of history have a wide and 
 increasing circulation in America, and are everywhere held in the highest esteem. The compiler, 
 Dr. Fredet, has achieved a task of no ordinary difficulty, in compressing so much recondite matter in- 
 to so small a space ; in leaving untold nothing that was of note of the immense and varied annals 
 of the world. No college, school, or library ought to be without these excellent works." 
 
 The Dnhlin Telegraph says: " Fredet's Histories have been adopted, as a class-book, by the Irish 
 Catholic University; and we entertain no doubt, that they will soon supersede, even in other estab- 
 lishments, those miserable compilations which wilful perverters of truth have long palmed upon the 
 public— both Catholic and Protestant— as histories and abridgments of histories," 
 
 The Duhlin Tahlet says : " These two volumes are plain, copious, and useful summaries of history, 
 and the number of editions through which they have passed attest their popularity." 
 
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 The Catholic Sentinel says : " These beautiful treatises are quite deserving of the patronage which 
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 astonished that Dr. Fredet has his name taken up by the Irish University, proud that America has 
 made therein such an inroad upon the abridged histories heretofore existing." 
 
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 his subject which the reverend author constantly displays. It is the language of a talented and suc- 
 cessful teacher, who relates to his class the great events of time, succinctly but graphically, without 
 bombast, yet in a lively and picturesque manner. It is thus that history should be written for youth." 
 
 Liiugard's England Abridged, for the Use of Schools. 
 
 An Abridgment of the History of England. By John Lingaru, D.D. With a con- 
 tinuation from 1688 to the reign of Queen Victoria, by James Burke, Esq., A.B. 
 With Marginal Notes, adapted to the use of schools in the United States, by M. J. 
 
 Ker>"EY, a. M 12mo, half arabesque 1 00 
 
 An abridgment of Dr. Liugard's great work, adapted to the use of schools, has been long and 
 anxiously looked for in this country. The publishers take great pleasure in inviting the earnes*-. at- 
 tention of the conductors of schools, and others interested in the cause of education, to this edition. 
 Although Lingard's England has been nearly half a century before the public, not one fact stated 
 by him has been proved to be erroneous, while the critics of all creeds have joined in expressing 
 their approbation of his great work. In style without a superior, in truthfulness without an equal, 
 Lingard stands before the historic student as the model of what an historian should be. Having thus 
 spoken of the style of Lingard, it is right to add that the student will find that the ipsissima verba of 
 the great Catholic historian of England have been religiously preserved in the Abridgment. Of the 
 continuation we shall merely say that it has been written by an author who has been long and fa- 
 vorably known in literature. The publishers therefore feel confident that Mr. Burke will be found 
 to have written in strict accordance with the spirit which dictated the great work of the historian 
 ■whose pages he has followed. The sketch of the British Constitution, the abstract of the geography 
 of England in Saxon times, the list of eminent natives, and the marginal notes, wiU add much to 
 the interest of the work, and will be found useful by way of reference. 
 
 McSherry''s Histoj-y of Maryland, with Questions, &c 7-5 
 
 This work is used in the Public Schools of Baltimore, and is strongly recommended by the Com- 
 missioners. 
 
 27 
 
Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 IRVING'S SERIES OF SCHOOL CATECHISMS, IN TWEL\^ PARTS. 
 
 Revised by M. J. Kerney, A. M. 
 
 The long-established reputation of Irving's Catechisms, and the very extensive circula- 
 tion which they have had, not only in England, but also in this country, is the best proof of their 
 utility. The plan of his works is the very best that could be adopted. The catechetical form 
 of instruction is now admitted by the most experienced teachers, to be the best adapted to 
 the nature and capacity of youth;— a system by which children will acquire a knowledge of 
 a science in less time than by any other. 
 
 Murphy & Co., having become the publishers of this standard and highly popular series of Gate 
 chisms, wish to inform the public that they have issued entirely new editions, -with all new disco- 
 veries and modern improvements in each branch, under the careful supervision of M. J. KERNEY, 
 Esq., who has prepared for the series a CATECHISM OF THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED 
 STATES— an entirely new work. 
 
 Tlie folloicing constitute the Series : 
 Adronomy : containing the Motions, Magnitude, Periods, Distances, and other 
 Phenomena of the Heavenly Bodies, founded on the laws of Gravitation. With en- 
 graved Illustrations 13 
 
 This little volume possesses the peculiar merit of reducing to the comprehension of children the 
 principles of a difficult, but, at the same time, a most interesting science. It explains the solar 
 system, the courses and the revolutions of the planets, eclipses, the theory of tides, and many other 
 interesting astronomical principles. - 
 
 Botany: containin;| a Description of the most familiar and interesting Plants, 
 arranged according to the T.innajan System, with an Appendix on the formation of 
 
 an Herbarium. With engraved Illustrations 13 
 
 This popular little work is intended for children who are about to enter on the study of the in- 
 teresting science of Botany. The plan of the work is admirably adapted to that class of learners 
 for which it is designed. It presents to the mind of the pupil, in an easy and attractive style, the 
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 Practical Chemistry : being a Familiar Introduction to thr.t interesting Science 
 — with an Appendix, containing many safe, easy, and pleasing Experiments. With 
 
 engraved Illustrations 13 
 
 This little treatise is admirably adapted for those who are about to enter on the study of Chemis- 
 
 ixj, being a familiar introduction to that science. The grand and leading principles of chemical 
 
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 Mythology : being a Compendious History of the Heathen Gods, Goddesses, and 
 Heroes; designed chiefly as an Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Classics. 
 
 With engraved Illustrations 13 
 
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 preferable to other works of the same kind which are of much greater dimensions. 
 
 Classical Biography : containing an Account of the Lives of the most Celebrated 
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 History of the United Statp.s: with a Chronological Table of American History, 
 
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 The arrangement and style are admirably adapted to the capacity of children about to commence 
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 Grecian Hishrry : from the Earliest Times to the Period when Greece became a 
 Roman Province. With engraved Illustrations 13 
 
 Roman History : containing a concise Account of the most Striking Events, from 
 the Foundation of the City to the Fall of the Western Empire. With engraved 
 
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 These two works contain all the most important and interesting events in the history of 
 
 Greece and Rome. As introductory works, to be placed in the hands of children, they will be found 
 
 to possess peculiar merits. The arrangement and style are happily adapted to that class of learners 
 
 for which they are designed. 
 
 Oatecliism of Sacred History : Abridged for the use of Schools, translated from the 
 French, by a Friend of Youth : designed to accompany Irving's Series of Catechisms 13 
 
 2S 
 
Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 
 Histoi-y of E)igland : containing the most Striking Events from the Earliest Pe- 
 riod to the Present Time 13 
 
 This work comprises, in a few pages, the most important events in the history of England, from 
 a period prior to the invasion of the Romans to the present time. The present edition has been 
 carefullj- revised and corrected ; every thing reflecting on the American character has been erased, 
 and every thing of a sectarian nature has been removed. 
 Jewish Antiquities: containing an Account of the Classes, Institutions, Bites, 
 
 Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, &c., of the Ancient Jews. With engraved Illustrations 13 
 Grecian Antiquities : being an Account of the Beligion. Government, Judicial 
 Proceedings, Military and "Naval Affairs, Dress, Food, Baths, Exercises, Marriages, 
 Funerals, Coins, Weights, Measures, &c., of the Greeks— to which is prefixed a De- 
 scription of the Cities of Athens and Sparta. With engraved Illustrations 13 
 
 Roman Antiny.ities ; or, An Account of the Religion, Civil Government, Military 
 and Naval Affairs, Games, Names, Coins, Weights and Measures, Dress, Food, Exer- 
 cises, Baths, Domestic Emploj^ments, Marriages, Funerals, and other Customs and 
 Ceremonies of the Roman People ; with a Description of the Public Buildings of the 
 
 city of Rome. With engraved Illustrations 13 
 
 Tlie above works are highly interesting in themselves, and may be read with pleasure and profit 
 by every member of the community. But for the classical student they possess particular attrac- 
 tions. For his benefit they were chiefly intended, and years of experience prove that they are pe- 
 culiarly adapted to the end for which they were desig^ned. A familiarity vvitn the laws, manners, 
 and customs of the ancient nations will often render clear and explicit the most obscure passages, 
 so frequently met with in the authors of antiquity. 
 
 CLASSICAL BOOKS, &c. 
 
 IxV calling attention to the foilov.ing Works, it is deemed it sufficient to state, that the pre- 
 sent editions have been issued under the careful supervision of the eminent Professors of 
 ^t. Mary's College, Baltimore, and may justly be considered the best and cheapest editions 
 published. 
 
 Epitome Hidorioi Sdo-a; Auctore, L'homond, edito JSova Prosodice, signes vo- 
 cumque interpretatione adornata 30 
 
 As an elementary work, Historii^ Sacras is beyond exceptions. The easy arrangements of its 
 style in the beginning, and the gradual introduction of the Latin construction, relieve the pupil of 
 much embarrassment and labor, and tend in a material degree to facilitate his advancement. 
 
 This possesses advantages over any previous edition. The vocabulary has been carefully revised, 
 and the work has received such improvements as greatly enhance its merits. 
 
 Phcedri Augusti Liherti Fabularum .<3Esopium. LibriQuinque 30 
 
 A new edition, carefully revised and greatly improved. 
 
 This little work has long been held in high estimation in our colleges and schools. The many 
 moral and interesting lessons it contains render it a text-book peculiarly adapted to the young; and, 
 indeed, no work could be better designed to initiate the pupil into the study of Latin poetry. 
 
 De Viris lllustribus Urhis JRomce,, A Romulo ad Augustum, Auctore L'homond, 
 
 in Universitate, Parisiensi Professore Emerito 38 
 
 This work possesses the rare quality of being admirably adapted to the capacity of those com- 
 mencing the study of the Latin lang'^uage, without deviating from the purity of the Latin style. 
 The materials of which it is compiled are most interesting and instructive in their nature, tlius 
 affording the pupil the double advantage of acquiring a knov.ledge of the Latin tongue, and, at the 
 same time, of storing his mind with historical facts. 
 
 This edition has been lately revised, and put into a neat, convenient form. These improvements, 
 it is believed, will add to its merits, and will tend to advance the pupil in his study. 
 
 FahUs Choisies de la Fontaine, Nouvelle tdition 63 
 
 Few works have elicited more general admiration, or have been more generally used in schools, 
 tlian the Fables of La Fontaine. For the pupil engaged in the study of the French language they 
 possess peculiar advantages. Many beautiful and moral lessons are inculcated in a style at onoe 
 easy and attractive, while, at the same time, a taste for poetical composition is cultivated. 
 This edition has been carefully revised, and contain.s luuch desirable improvement. 
 
 Ruddimnn''s Fudiments of the Latin Tongue; or a Plain and Easy Introduction 
 to Latin Grammar : wherein the principles of the langu;ige are methodically digested, 
 both in the English and Latin. With useful Notes and Observations. Thirtieth Edi- 
 tion, Corrected and Improved. By Wm. Mann, M. A 12mo, half arab. 33 
 
 The cheapest and best Latin grammar published. 
 
 Elementos de Sicolcgio, Elements of Pyschology 75 
 
 Pizarro^s Dialogues. Select Original Dialogues, or Spanish and English Conver- 
 sations: followed by a collection of pieces in prose and verse — adapted to the 
 use of Spanish classes in schools and academies. Hy J. A. Pizarko Professor 
 of the Spanish Language in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Third edition, im- 
 proved and enlarged by the author 12mo 75 
 
 This new edition of a very popular work, by one of the most distinguished instructors in the 
 
 eountry, is greatly improved, and particularly adapted to the present style of teaching audself-im- 
 rovement. The prior editions have become established as standard in some of the best inatitution^ 
 the United States, and the present doul)les its advantages, 
 
 .S* 29 
 
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Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 
 SESTINI'S ALGEBRA. 
 
 Elementary Algebra. By B. Sestini, S. J., author of Analytical 
 Geometry, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Georgetown 
 
 College 12mo 50 
 
 The main object of this treatise is to render the science of Algebra intelligible to pupils whose 
 minds are yet unaccustomed to such studies. The beginner will here be furnished with such proofs 
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 gation, complete his studj- of Algebra. 
 
 BRIEF EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 
 " This work recommends itself to favor by the admirable order of its parts, and the conciseness and 
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 SESTINI'S ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
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 author of Elementary Algebra, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astro- 
 nomy in Georgetown College 8vo. paper 1 25 
 
 " This treatise of Prof. Sestini discusses the various topics under consideration by a purely 
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 tion for the lovers of the exact sciences, taught in the most exact manner ; it introduces some new 
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 30