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 48 
 
 Kansas 
 
 f (Thirteenth Edition. 
 
 October 1st, 1S99. 
 
THE FAST MAIL ROUTE 
 
 ...TO... 
 
 
 JQ Daily Trains J Q 
 
 BE^TWEEN 
 
 St. Louis s Kansas City. 
 
 EQUIPMENT: 
 
 PULLMAN COMPARTMENT SLEEPING CARS, 
 PULLMAN BUFFET SLEEPING CARS, 
 PULLMAN BUFFET PARLOR CARS, 
 RECLINING CHAIR CARS (seats free), 
 
 DAY COACHES (With ComforUbk High Back Seats) 
 REACH, WITHOUT CHANGE, 
 
 ALL POINTS IN KANSAS. 
 
^ FACTS ABOUT 
 
 A BOOK FOR 
 
 Home-Seekers and Home-Builders. 
 
 statistics from State and Natior^al I^eports. 
 
 FARM LANDS, 
 
 GRAZING LANDS, 
 
 FRUIT LANDS 
 
 THE UNSURPASSED AND LIMITLESS RESOURCES 
 
 OF THE GREAT CORN AND WHEAT 
 
 PRODUCING STATE. 
 
 WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF THE 
 
 GENERAL PASSENGER DEPARTMENT 
 
 ~-OF THE— 
 
 MISSOUR; PACtFlO RAILWAY. 
 
 ^\ 
 

 A COMPREHENSIVE 
 
 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 THE STATE OF KANSAS, COMPILED 
 
 FROM OFFICIAL REPORTS. 
 
 Woodward & TvskV-'^Js' 1*kin*ing Col, ?r. Louis, Mo. 
 Oct. 1, 1899. 
 
 ■ \5%V 
 
/ //.2_ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. ''^ 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 BY HON. JOHN J. INQALLS. 
 
 x" 
 
 V Kansas is the navel of the nation. 
 A Diagonals drawn from Duluth to Galveston; from Washington to 
 
 "? San Francisco; from Tallahasse to Olympia; from Sacramento to 
 
 v) 
 
 Augusta, intersect at its center. 
 
 ^ / Kansas is the nucleus of our political system, around which its forces 
 
 C^ assemble ; to which its energies converge ; and from which its energies 
 
 radiate to the remotest circumference. 
 
 Kansas is the focus of freedom, where the rays of heat and light 
 concentrated into a flame that melted the manacles of the slave, and 
 cauterized the heresies of State Sovereignty and disunion. 
 
 Kansas is the core and kernel of the country, containing the germs 
 of its growth, and the quickening ideas essential to its perpetuity. 
 
 The history of Kansas is written in capitals. It is punctuated with 
 exclamation-points. Its verbs are imperative. Its adjectives are 
 superlative. The commonplace and the prosaic are not defined in its 
 lexicon. Its statistics cai. be stated only in the language of hyperbole. 
 
 The aspiration of Kansas i j to reach the unattainable ; its dream is 
 the realization of the impossible. Alexander wept because there were 
 no more worlds to conquer. Kansas, having vanquished all competi- 
 tors, smiles complacently as she surpasses from year to year her own 
 triumphs in growth and glory. Other States could be spared without 
 irreparable bereavement, but Kansas is indispensable to the joy, the 
 inspiration, and the improvement of the world. 
 
4 KANSAS. 
 
 It seems incredible that there was a time when Kansas did not exist; 
 when its name was not written on the map of the United States ; when 
 the Kansas cyclone, the Kansas grasshopper, the Kansas boom, and 
 the Kansas Utopia were unknown. 
 
 I was a student in the junior class at Williams College, when 
 President Pierce, forgotten but for that signature, approved the act 
 establishing the Territory of Kansas, May 30, 1854. I recall the 
 inconceivable agitation that preceded, accompanied, and followed the 
 event. It was an epoch. Destiny closed one volume of our annals, 
 and opening another, traced with shadowy finger upon its pages a 
 million epitaphs, ending with "Appomattox." 
 
 Kansas was the prologue to a tragedy whose epilogue has not yet 
 been pronounced ; the prelude to a fugue of battles whose reverbera- 
 tions have not yet died away. 
 
 Floating one summer night upon a moonlit sea, I heard far over 
 the still waters a high, clear voice singing: 
 
 "To the West ! To the West ! To the land of the free. 
 Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea; 
 Where a man is a man if he's willing to toil. 
 And the humblest may gather the fruits of the soil." 
 
 A few days later, my studies being completed, I joined the uninter- 
 rupted and resistless column of volunteers that marched to the land of 
 the free. St. Louis was a squalid border town, the outpost of civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 The railroad ended at Jefferson City. Trans-continental trains, with 
 sleepers and dining cars, annihilating space and time, were the vague 
 dream of a future century. 
 
 Overtaking at Hermann a fragile steamer that had left her levee the 
 day before, we embarked upon a monotonous voyage of four days 
 along the treacherous and tortuous channel that crawled between 
 forests of cottonwood and barren bars of tawny sand, to the frontier of 
 the American Desert. 
 
 It was the mission of the pioneer with his plough to abolish the 
 frontier, and to subjugate the desert. One has become a boundary, 
 and the other an oasis. But with so much acquisition, something has 
 been lost for which there is no compensation or equivalent. He is 
 unfortunate who has never felt the fascination of the frontier; the 
 temptation of unknown and mysterious solitudes; the exultation of 
 
6 KANSAS. 
 
 helping to build a State ; of forming its institutions and giving direction 
 to its career. 
 
 Kansas, in its rudimentary stage, extended westward six hundred 
 and fifty-eight miles to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern 
 boundary of Utah. By subsequent amputation and curtailment, it was 
 shorn to its present narrow limits of fifty -two million acres; three 
 thousand square miles in excess of the entire area of New England. 
 Denver, Manitou, Pueblo, Pike's Peak, and Cripple Creek are among 
 the treasures which the State-makers of 1859, like the base Indian, 
 threw unconsciously away, though richer than all his tribe. 
 
 Thirty years ago, along the eastern margin of the grassy quadrangle 
 which geographers called Kansas, the rude forefathers of Atchison, 
 Leavenworth, Wyandotte, Lawrence, and Topeka slept in the intervals 
 of their strife with the petty tyrants of their fields, and beyond their 
 western horizon, the rest was silence, solitude, and the wilderness, to 
 the E,io Grande ; to the Yellowstone ; to the Sierra Nevada ; like the 
 lonely steppes of Turkestan and Tartary; inhabited by wandering 
 tribes, whose occupation was war; whose pastime was the chase; 
 pastured for untold centuries by roaming herds that followed the 
 seasons in their recurring migrations from the arctic circle to the 
 Gulf. 
 
 It has been sometimes obscurely intimated that the typical Kansan 
 lacks in reserve, and occasionally exhibits a tendency to exaggeration 
 in dwelling upon the development of the State, and the benefits and 
 burdens of its citizenship. 
 
 Censorious scoffers, actuated by envy, jealousy, malignity and other 
 evil passions, have hinted that he unduly vaunteth himself; that he 
 brags and becomes vainglorious; that he is given to bounce, tall talk, 
 and magniloquence. 
 
 There have not been wanting those who afiirm that he magnifies his 
 calamities as well as his blessings, and desires nothing so much as to 
 have the name of Kansas, in any capacity, always in the ears and 
 mouths of men. 
 
 Such accusations are well calculated to make the judicious grieve. 
 They result from a misconception of the man and his environment. 
 
 The normal condition of the genuine Kansan is that of shy and 
 sensitive difiidence. He suffers from excess of modesty. He blushes 
 too easily. There is nothing he dislikes so much as to hear himself 
 
KANSAS. 7 
 
 talk. He hides his light under a bushel. He keeps as near the tail 
 end of the procession as possible. He never advertises. He bloweth 
 not his own horn, and is indifferent to the band wagon. 
 
 He is oppressed by the vast responsibility of being an inhabitant of 
 a commonwealth so immeasurably superior, in all the elements of 
 present glory, in all the prophecies of future renown, to its inferior 
 companions. 
 
 To be a denizen of a State that surpasses all other communities, as 
 Niagara excels all other cataracts, as the sun transcends all other 
 luminaries, imposes obligations that render levity impossible. 
 
 The every-day events of Kansas would be marvels elsewhere ; our 
 platitudes would be panegyrics ; the trite and commonplace are un- 
 known. It is impossible to over-estimate the value of citizenship in a 
 State that sent more soldiers into the Union armies than it had voters 
 when Sumter fell ; that exceeded all quotas without draft or bounty ; 
 that had the highest rate of mortality upon the field of battle. That a 
 State so begotten and nurtured should be as indomitable in peace as it 
 was invincible in war, was inevitable. Its gestation was heroic. It 
 represented ideas and principles; conscience, patriotism, duty; the 
 ''unconquerable mind and freedom's holy flame." 
 
 No other State encountered such formidable obstacles of nature and 
 fortune. Our disasters and catastrophes have been monumental. 
 Swarms of locusts eclipsing the sun in their flight, whose incredible 
 voracity left the forests, and the orchards, and the fields of June as 
 naked as December ; drouths changing the sky to brass and the earth 
 to iron; siroccos that in a day devastated provinces and reduced 
 thousands from comfort to penury — these and the other destructive 
 agencies of the atmosphere have been met by a courage that no danger 
 could daunt, and by a constancy unshaken by adversity. 
 
 The statistics of the census tables are more eloquent than the tropes 
 and phrases of the rhetorician. The story of Kansas needs no re- 
 inforcement from the imagination. Its arithmetic is more dazzling and 
 bewildering than poetry, and the historian is compelled to be econom- 
 ical of truth and parsimonious in his recital of facts, in order not to 
 impose too great a strain upon the capacity of human credulity. 
 
 Notwithstanding the mishaps of husbandry and the fatalities of 
 nature, it is a moderate and conservative statement that no community 
 ever increased so rapidly in population, wealth and civilization, nor 
 
8 KANSAS. 
 
 gained so great an aggregate in so brief a time, as the State of Kansas. 
 There is no other State where the rewards of industry have been so 
 ample, and the conditions of prosperity so abundant, so stable and so 
 secure as here. 
 
 It is a distinctly American State, with a trivial fraction of illiteracy, 
 the largest school population, and but one detected criminal to two 
 thousand of its inhabitants. 
 
 In popular estimation, Kansas is classified as an exclusively agri- 
 cultural and pastoral region. It has harvested the largest wheat crop 
 ever gathered in any State, and will strive this year to break its own 
 record. In corn, fruit and small grains computation and measurement 
 have been abandoned as superfluous and impracticable. But these are 
 only fragments of its material resources. 
 
 Its fields of natural gas rival those of Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Its mines supply one-fourth of the zinc and much of the lead of the 
 world. 
 
 Its deposits of bituminous coal are inexhaustible. 
 
 Vast areas are underlaid with petroleum. 
 
 Its salt mines are richer than those of New York and Michigan. 
 
 Its treeless and unwatered plains sent the biggest walnut log to the 
 World's Fair, and have a subterranean flow that is capable of irrigating 
 an area more fertile and extensive than the Valley of the Nile. The 
 indescribable splendor of the palaces of the Exposition, with their 
 white domes and pinnacles, and statues, and colonnades, and terraces, 
 and towers, came from the cement quarries of the Saline and the 
 Smoky Hill. 
 
 And this is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple. 
 Much less than one-half the surface of the State has been broken by 
 the plough. Its resources have been imperfectly explored. It has 
 developed at random. Science will hereafter reinforce the energies of 
 nature, and the achievements of the past will pale into insignificance 
 before the completed glory of the century to come. 
 
 Atchison, May 10, 1896. 
 
 [From "A Kansas Souvenir," published by the Kansas 
 Immigration and Information Association.] 
 
I^flflSAS. 
 
 ITS LOCATION IN THE AMERICAN UNION. 
 
 GENTLY undulating plain, 210 miles in width from north to 
 
 j^ south, and 400 miles long from east to west ; this is the first thing 
 to be said about the great agricultural State which lies in the very 
 heart of the American Continent. The plain slopes from west to 
 east at an average of about seven feet to the mile ; there is also an incli- 
 nation from north to south, as indicated by the water courses which bear 
 generally in a southeasterly direction. The mouth of the Kansas river, 
 on the eastern boundary, is 750 feet above the sea level; the average 
 altitude of the western boundary is about 3,500 feet. 
 
 The StatalieS' between 37° and 40° north latitude, and between 94°, 
 38^ and 102° west longitude. 
 
 Kansas is distinctively a prairie State ; its broad surface is diversified 
 by an endless succession of valleys and woodlands. The Great Central 
 valley is traversed by the Kansas, or Kaw, river, which, inclusive of the 
 Smoky Hill branch, extends the entire length of the State. Another 
 broad valley is formed in the southern half of the State by the Arkansas 
 river, while numerous lateral valleys on the north are formed by minor 
 streams. In the southeastern portion lies the important Neosho valley 
 and the smaller valleys of the Osage and Verdigris. In the extreme 
 southwest and along the southern boundary are the valley of the Cimar- 
 ron and a network of the southern tributaries of the Arkansas. The 
 northeastern quarter is enriched by numerous small afliuents of the Mis- 
 souri. The streams of Kansas are generally fed by perennial springs, 
 and, as a rule, the eastern and middle portions of the State are well 
 watered. The western part is more elevated and water is less abundant. 
 
 The surface and so' 1 characteristics, elevations, and variations in cli- 
 mate divide the Stat< naturally into three distinct zones or belts, dignified 
 
10 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 as Eastern, Central and Western Kansas. Eastern Kansas, in part bor- 
 dering on the Missouri river, is generally high, rolling prairie, hilly and 
 broken in places, but traversed by wide and beautiful valleys, through 
 which timber-fringed streams find their way eastward and southeast- 
 ward. Near the western edge of the eastern belt, the limestone formation 
 extending north and south through the State marks the line between the 
 high rolling prairies of Eastern Kansas and the gently rolling and almost 
 unbroken surface of the great prairies of Central Kansas, so noted for the 
 great depth, uniformity and richness of its soil, and the small percentage 
 of waste land. 
 
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 DROVE OF JERSEY CATTLE. 
 
 The State contains 82,000 square miles ; a little less than Great Britain ; 
 larger than New England; twice as large as Kentucky, or Ohio, or 
 Indiana, and larger than Indiana and New York combined. 
 
 The exact geographical center of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, 
 lies near Manhattan, in Riley county, Kansas. 
 
 The whole surface is a continuation of "the plains" which stretch from 
 the Rocky Mountains eastward through Colorado. The north line, 
 along the State of Nebraska is considerably higiier than its southern 
 boundary on the line of the Indian Territory. Hence, in traveling 
 westward we ascend continually. At the Kaw river, at Kansas City, we 
 
KANSAS. 11 
 
 are only 760 feet above the sea level. On the western boundary of the 
 State, where we cross into Colorado, we are 4,000 feet above the sea, so 
 that in a journey of a little over four hundred miles, we have climbed a 
 hill 3,240 feet in height. And yet there are no mountains in all the 
 broad State of Kansas. It is a prairie State, an agricultural State. 
 
 Here, then, at the very outset, Kansas lays claim for -priority in the 
 sisterhood of States. The ordinary observer, possessing only a super- 
 ficial knowledge of the economic conditions which govern the settlement 
 and industrial development of the country, will see at a glance, that a 
 State so advantageously situated, must, if soil, climate, or other factors 
 prove favorable, draw to itself a large quota of the constantly increasing 
 immigration which is rapidly flowing into the country. The value of 
 
 Wonderful Rock Formation Formed from Overflow of Waconda 
 Springs, Cawker, Kas. 
 
 land depends entirely upon the number of people who want land. 
 
 There are now less than twenty persons to the square mile in Kansas, 
 
 including the rural and urban population. As population increases, 
 
 land values rise ; we all know this to be a fact, and we also know that 
 
 in the western half of the United States, the free Government land 
 
 which has heretofore been at the disposal of new settlers, is rapidly 
 
 diminishing in quantity. Further on, it will be seen that Kansas soil 
 
 and climate fulfill every requirement — that in this respect at least, 
 
 nothing more could be desired by the farmer, the stock raiser or the 
 
 fruit grower, and as population is steadily flowing westward, and as the 
 
 cities, towns and villages of Kansas are rapidly filling up, and farm 
 
 lands are being brought under cultivation, it follows that the State of 
 
12 KANSAS. 
 
 Kansas now offers to the settler who finds the conditions which 
 surround him in the older States growing each year more and more 
 undesirable, the best possible opportunitj'' for bettering his condition. 
 
 The Government no longer has first-class agricultural lands to offer 
 to the homesteader, the free lands are, speaking generally, exhausted, 
 for if one now desires to take a homestead, he must go so far away from 
 markets, from churches, schools and civilization that the land is prac- 
 tically w^orthless. He will find, too, that much if not all of the land now 
 nominally open to the homesteader and pre-emptor lies within the arid 
 districts where expensive irrigation canals must be constructed before 
 the settler can raise a crop. Kansas then, offers that which no other 
 Western State can offer in greater abundance or under freer conditions — 
 a large, area of first-class lands to be had at nominal prices. Climate, 
 soil and moisture, assure the husbandman of success, while the location 
 of the State and the comparatively sparse population which now finds 
 a home within its borders, makes "assurance doubly sure," that land 
 values there will steadily rise to the enrichment of those owners who 
 secure homes or farms for themselves at once. 
 
 For the investor or the actual settler, the best lands for the least 
 money are to be found in Kansas. No other Western State can begin to 
 compare with Kansas in this particular, as the reader will discover as 
 he considers the figures which ho will find further on, telling of the 
 capabilities of the State as an agricultural and industrial factor of the 
 Union. 
 
 The natural resources of the State are wonderful ; it is underlaid with 
 limestone of a superior quality which is used for all classes of building 
 at home, and is shipped abroad, and used for the erection of buildings 
 in the cities of the neighboring States. 
 
 A large area of the State is underlaid with an excellent quality of 
 bituminous coal. 
 
 The State is central, it is "on the road to California" and the Orient ; 
 it is crossed by several of the greatest railroad systems on the continent, 
 and is destined to be the broad highway for numerous trans-continental 
 lines. 
 
 The growth of the State has been phenomenal ; twenty-five years ago 
 there was comparatively nothing west of the Missouri, and very little west 
 of the Mississippi. Where now fair farms and beautiful groves of shade and 
 fruit trees stand to gladden the eye, and tell of comfortable and happy 
 
KANSAS. 13 
 
 homes, the Indian and the buffalo held full possession of the soil. There 
 are now busy, bustling, thriving cities in Kansas; churches, schools, 
 electric street car lines, factories, mills and commercial exchanges ; mart.« 
 of trade whose transactions run into the millions— and yet twenty-five or 
 thirty years ago the first footfall of civilization had not been heard, 
 where now tower the imposing walls of the warehouse, the grain elevator 
 and the mill. 
 
 And yet there are only a million and a half of people in all of Kansas. 
 The ground has scarcely been touched by the hand of man — only about 
 twenty people to the square mile, and this includes both the dwellers in 
 cities and the dwellers on farms — there is 
 
 "Room for millions more." 
 
 And opportunity for millions more. Where now there are only broad 
 stretches of prairie grass and sunshine, countless homes will rise ; count- 
 less villages and towns, with schools and churches, factories and markets 
 will be built. 
 
 It is the destiny of Kansas to be a great State. 
 
 Her geographical position. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 History. 
 
 The character and energy of her people. 
 
 Everything combines to make her great in the nation, and worthy of 
 the love of her children who have rescued her fruitful soil from the 
 savage and the wild beast, and caused her valleys to blossom as the rose. 
 
 THRASHING 8CENB. 
 
KANSAS' PLACE IN HISTORY. 
 
 This is not a history. This book is intended to serve as a suggestion 
 for homeseekers, a pointer for njen who are seeking greener fields and 
 newer pastures, in which they may build homes and rear families under 
 the protecting shield of a free government. And because Kansas has in 
 its history much that proves its founders to have been men who loved 
 home, and peace, and liberty dearly enough to be willing to sacrifice even 
 the very things which they loved most, in order that their children 
 might enjoy in peace that which they fought for, a brief outline of this 
 history will not be out of place here. But it is only an outline ; just 
 enough to give a hint to the reader of what manner of men they were 
 who laid the foundation stones, and began to lay the walls upon which 
 the great edifice, called the Commonwealth of Kansas, now stands dis- 
 closed. 
 
 The name Kansas is of Indian origin and means " smoky water." The 
 State is a part of that great tract of country purchased by the United 
 States from France in 1803, known as the Louisiana Purchase. Prior to 
 1854 it was held by various Indian tribes, some native, and others which 
 had been removed from the older States. It was organized and opened 
 for settlement as a terrritory, by act of Congress in May, 1854, in the 
 midst of a heated contest on the slavery question, in which each side 
 vigorously contested for the control of the new territory ; and thus it was 
 that Kansas became the scene of the premonitory outbreaks which pre- 
 ceded the Civil War. Before the formal opening of that war, societies 
 were organized by the rival settlers and their friends in the States on 
 both sides of the great questions at issue, and even rival legislatures were 
 elected and convened. The discussion frequently resulted in personal 
 violence, and the greatest excitement prevailed till the breaking out of 
 the Civil War. Kansas came into the Union as a State in January, 1861. 
 In August, 1863, the city of Lawrence was sacked and burned. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The geographical position of Kansas is an unanswerable argument in 
 favor of its healthfulness. The enterprise and vigorous advancement 
 ghown in the years of settlement contribute another promise to the logic 
 
KANSAS. 15 
 
 whose conclusion is that Kansas is all that can be desired for health, and 
 vigorous, pushing health at that. 
 
 Prof. Frank H. Snow, of the State University, at Lawrence, Kan., has 
 kept a correct weather record since 1868. He publishes the tables of his 
 observations in the large volume of the Report of the State Board of 
 Agriculture. From them it appears that the mean temperature for the 
 Spring months is 54 degrees, for Summer 76.39 degrees, for Autumn 52.89 
 degrees, and for winter 30.08 degrees; the mean temperature for the year 
 is 53.34 degrees. This places Kansas in line with the States of Missouri, 
 Southern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Southern Ohio, Kentucky, the Vir- 
 ginias, and Maryland. 
 
 The temperature of the western half of the State, a thousand and 
 more feet higher than Lawrence (875 feet above sea level), is slightly 
 lower, but no such accurate observations for a long period are at hand 
 from that portion of the State. 
 
 The winters of Kansas are generally open ; the fall of snow is com- 
 paratively light, rarely exceeding six inches in depth for a single sto • . 
 There is great variety in the cold of our winters. In 1869, 1874 anu iSSO, 
 the temperature fell below zero only twice in each year. In 1872 the zero 
 point was passed on sixteen days. In the winter of 1867-68 farmers were 
 plowing during the whole of December, until the 5th of January, when 
 winter began. Uninterrupted cold weather then lasted until the 12th of 
 February, when the winter was at an end. The winter of 1871-72, on the 
 other hand, extended from the 18th of November to the 15th of 
 February. 
 
 The average number of days when the mercury reached ninety degrees 
 at Lawrence, during the thirteen summers, was thirty-nine. But, though 
 the thermometer indicates a higher temperature on a greater number of 
 days than in Eastern States of the same latitude, the heat is, on the 
 whole, much easier borne than there. First, the nights are invariably 
 cool. Second, the air is in almost constant circulation — rarely becomes 
 calm. Third, the most important modifier of heat is the dryness of 
 Kansas atmosphere, which cools the body by rapid evaporation, and 
 makes the high temperature of midsummer easy to endure. The greater 
 the amount of moisture in the air, the more oppressive becomes the heat; 
 so that eighty degrees in Philadelphia or Boston is far more intolerable 
 than ninety degrees in Lawrence, or in Hays City. 
 
 The average date of the last light frost of spring is April 22di that of 
 
16 KANSAS. 
 
 the first light frost in autumn is September 25th, giving an average inter- 
 val of 157 days entirely without frost. The period of freedom from 
 severe frosts is considerably longer ; averaging 200 days, from about the 
 4th of April to the 18th of October. The April frosts are seldom severe 
 enough to materially injure fruit buds. 
 
 SOIL. 
 
 In nearly every portion of the State the soil is a dark, rich loam, com- 
 posed of the accumulated mold of the vegetation of ages, mixed with 
 fine, silicious grains of sand and lime. There is no "hard pan," except in 
 a few counties on the Missouri border; there is no "gumbo," and conse- 
 quently no " craw-fish " prairies. The surface soil is so porous that the 
 heaviest rains are almost completely absorbed. " More rain, more rest," 
 does not hold good in Kansas. The morning after a night's rain the 
 farmer can plow or cultivate his corn field without fear of packing and 
 baking the ground. The rain is stored in the soil, and is accessible to 
 iLx^ roots of the crops during long weeks of cloudless, sunny weather. 
 That is one of the secrets of the peculiar success of crop-raising in the 
 State, and the intelligent farmer assists nature by plowing a little deeper 
 every year and loosening the subsoil. 
 
 The ground is very easily plowed, as it turns nicely ; the three-horse 
 riding plow, cutting a sixteen-inch furrow, is coming into quite general 
 use, and is doing quick, thorough work. So easily is the soil worked and 
 planted that not a few shiftless people will scatter oats, for instance, in a 
 corn-stubble field, and then run a harrow through it, expecting to raise a 
 crop in such a sluggish manner, and frequently succeeding, too. 
 
 " The soil of both valley and high prairie is the same fine, black, rich 
 loam so common in AVestern States. The predominating limestones, by 
 this disintegration, aid in its fertility, but the extreme fineness of all the 
 ingredients acts most efiectively in producing its richness. * * * A few 
 exceptions to this general rule exist in the extreme southwestern coun- 
 ties, but they contain only a small portion of the whole. * * * A very 
 common opinion prevails, that the land lying near the Colorado line con- 
 tains numerous alkali springs, and that the surface is sometimes covered 
 with white alkali deposits. This is not so. During fifteen years' 
 acquaintance with that portion of the State, I have seen but two springs 
 appearing to contain that substance, and never found ten acres of land in 
 
KANSAS. 17 
 
 one place, where the vegetation had been injured by it." — Prof, B. F. 
 Mudge, State Geologist. 
 
 The soil on the high, rolling prairies is several feet deep, resting fre- 
 quently on gravel, and under that is found the magnesian limestone, 
 which rock formation underlies the whole State. 
 
 The bottoms along the river valleys and in the creek courses frequently 
 have a depth of from eight to fifteen feet of coal-black humus that has 
 been gradually deposited from the upper lands through thousands of 
 years, and now producing, under good cultivation, enormous crops of 
 
 HARVEST SCENK. 
 
 corn; from 50 to 90 bushels have been cribbed. And all this the 
 splendid soil will do without manure, even without rational rotation of 
 crops, though farmers who are wise enough to apply both, before the 
 prodigious fertility of their farms show signs of exhaustion, reap an 
 abundant reward. 
 
 On mounds, and on the declivities of the bluffs, the soil is thin, some- 
 times making, when sufficiently smooth and free from projecting 
 stones, good "mowing lands," where the stock-raiser is cutting and put- 
 ting up his hay ; sometimes only fit for sheep pasture. 
 
 Fifteen per cent of the whole State is in bottom and valley lands as 
 rich as the famous Connecticut, Mohawk, Genessee or Mississippi val- 
 
18 ' KANSAS. 
 
 leys, but in this genial climate, vastly more productive and healthy. 
 Seventy-five per cent of the uplands is rolling prairie, susceptible in the 
 eastern and central portions of easy and high cultivation, and in the 
 north half of the western part, clothed in the thick carpet of buSalo 
 grass. The other ten per cent is rough, broken bluffs, in the middle of 
 the southeastern part even flinty pasture lands. On the whole, very 
 little waste land, that would not bear at least some bunch grass for sheep 
 pasture is found in the State. 
 
 There are no swamps, no natural lakes ; artificial ponds are frequently 
 made by the provident farmer for his cattle. 
 
 RAINFALL. 
 
 There has been a change for the better in this respect of late years, 
 though it has probably not been caused by an increase in the rainfall. 
 
 The original wild grass which covered all the vast prairies of the West, 
 the buffalo grass, forms a sward perfectly impervious to rain ; water is 
 shed by it as by a sheep pelt. Its presence always indicates a deep and 
 strong soil. As it is plowed up, the soil is uncovered, and drinks in all 
 the rain that falls upon it. 
 
 Formerly, the creeks and streams would rise rapidly and swell up to 
 overflowing in a few hours after every shower. Now, they rise slowly, 
 and fall as slowly, even after heavy rains. The buffalo grass is being 
 crowded out, even on the unbroken pastures, by a long-stemmed variety, 
 the "blue stem," equally good for grazing as for hay-making. We regard 
 all these changes as sure indications that, with increased cultivation of 
 the surface, more moisture becomes available. 
 
 The records of rainfall, kept at Fort Leavenworth (in longitude 94° 54^ 
 west), in the Missouri valley, and on the extreme east line of Kansas, date 
 from 1836. In periods of ten years the average rainfall observed was : — 
 
 From 1837 to 1846 (ten years) 30.4 inches. 
 
 " 1847 " 1856 " " 32.3 
 
 " 1857 " 1865 (nine years) 33.7 
 
 " 1867 " 1876 (ten years) 32.2 
 
 " 1877 " 1883 (seven years) 32.9 
 
 " 1884 " 1893 (ten years) 35.9 
 
TCANSAS. 
 
 19 
 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 
 THE LEAST AMOUNTS FELL IN 
 
 . 24.21 inches. I 1882 22.07 inches. 
 
 .25.51 " I 
 
 THE LARGEST AMOUNTS FELL IN 
 
 1872 44.21 inches. I 1870 41.70 inches. 
 
 1877 44.01 " I 
 
 In 1888 it amounted to 41.84 inches. 
 
 In 1889 " " 32.49 " 
 
 In 1893 '* ** 34.21 '* 
 
 About one hundred and forty miles west from the eastern State Hne 
 (in longitude 96° 35^ and 1,300 feet above sea level) is Fort Riley, where 
 similar observations have been made and recorded since 1853. In 
 periods of ten years the average annual rainfall observed was : 
 
 From 1854 to 1863 (ten years) 23.68 inches. 
 
 " 1864^1873 '' " '. 24.22 " 
 
 '' 1874^1883 *• " 26.26 '' 
 
 " 1884^1888 (five years) 22.09 *' 
 
 '* 1889 '' 1893 " '' 36.45 ** 
 
 This point is located so that it may be taken as a fair representative 
 for all Central Kansas, nearly up to the 100th meridian, in Trego county. 
 
 THE LEAST AMOUNTS FELL IN 
 
 1854 16.93 inches. 
 
 1860 15.36 " 
 
 1874 15.14 inches. 
 
 1886 18.01 " 
 
 1876 37.38 inches 
 
 1877 32.68 " 
 
 THE LARGEST AMOUNTS FELL IN 
 
 1879 38.06 inches. 
 
 The annual average from 1854 to 1893 is 33.17 inches, of which April, 
 May and June have 13.05 inches, and July and August, 11.19 inches. 
 The winter months have from 0.50 to 1.95 inches. 
 
20 KANSAS. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 As Kansas has been settled by an intelligent, an industrious, law-abid- 
 ing people, from nearly every State in the Union, the means for public 
 worship have been carefully cared for. It is always the best and the 
 bravest of an Anglo-Saxon community who leave their homes, and fol- 
 low an instinct which has made the race the most potent factor in the 
 civilization of new countries and the subjugation of wild lands. As 
 " God sifted three nations " to find material strong enough and brave 
 enough in mind and body for the first settlements in America, so ever 
 since that day the sifting process has been going on. As New England 
 was settled by brave spirits from the older world across the sea, so has 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kansas been settled by the stronger and mor^ 
 adventurous of the descendants of those men. " Freedom to worship 
 God " was the keynote, the battle cry, the great overshadowing influence 
 which nerved our fathers to their work on the " rock-bound shores " of 
 New England. And, as the years have come and gone since then, until 
 the epoch of the tenth generation of the Mayflower's emigrants has rolled 
 around, we find that the influences which made that hazardous voyage 
 possible in the seventeenth century were so strongly woven into the 
 warp and woof of the human texture of the fathers, that their sons, in the 
 tenth generation, are still moved and controlled by the same influences. 
 
 The commonwealths of Massachusetts and Connecticut were built upon 
 a religious idea. In Ohio, Illinois, and, finally, in Kansas, we find that 
 this enduring and ever present thought in the hearts of a freedom-loving 
 people has blossomed into a flower which guarantees to all men who live 
 beneath the protecting shields of the constitutions of those States, a 
 larger, broader, more perfect religious liberty than the fathers dreamed of. 
 
 As soon as a new county was organized in Kansas, and the civil 
 authority established, the people with one accord turned their attention 
 to the organization of churches and schools. Wiser than their fathers, 
 they separated church and State, and wiser still than this, they ordained 
 that the State should not teach religion in the public schools, leaving 
 that duty to the parents, and so securing absolute fairness in the expen- 
 diture of public moneys as between the adherents of diflerent religious 
 bodies. The wisdom of this action soon became apparent. Everywhere 
 the school and the church flourished side by side ; the one serving as the 
 complement of the other. 
 
KANSAS. 21 
 
 Kansas has all, or nearly all, of the religious denominations within 
 her borders, as will be seen from the following alphabetical list, taken 
 from the latest official report obtainable — the State publication for 1890. 
 
 Advent Christian, African Methodist Episcopal, Associate Presby- 
 terian, Baptist, Brethren in Christ, Christian, Christian Reformed, 
 Church of God, Congregational, Cumberland Presbyterian, English 
 Lutheran, Episcopal, Evangelical Association, Free Methodist, Friends, 
 German Baptist (Dunkard), German Lutheran, Hebrew, Methodist 
 Episcopal, New Jerusalem Church, Presbyterian, Reformed Church, 
 Reformed Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, Sev- 
 enth Day Baptist, Spiritualist, Swedish Lutheran, Unitarian, United 
 Brethren, United Presbyterian, Universalist, and Wesleyan Methodist. 
 
 Here are thirty-three different denominations firmly entrenched in the 
 State, owning property amounting in the aggregate to 18,801,870. There 
 are 4,539 different church organizations owning 2,566 churches with a 
 membership of 326,938. The larger denominations are as follows : 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal comes first with 1,332 organizations, 86,664 
 members, 774 churches, and 13,108,295 worth of property. 
 
 The Baptists have 558 organizations, 32,698 members, 263 churches 
 and $930,016 worth of property. 
 
 The Christians have 354 organizations, 25,200 members, 196 churches 
 and $468,975 worth of property. 
 
 The Presbyterians have 370 organizations, 24,050 members, 267 
 churches and $1,078,860 worth of property. 
 
 The Congregationalists have 202 organizations, 12,053 members, 155 
 churches and $666,100 worth of property. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have 367 organizations, 87,454 members, 271 
 churches and $625,561 worth of property. 
 
 The number of churches in Kansas increased from 1,936 in 1888 to 
 4,539 in 1892, a gain of 403, or 17 per cent, and the value of church 
 property increased from $6,415,937 in 1888 to $8,801,870, a gain of 
 $2,385,933, or 37 per cent. 
 
 DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Before treating of the public school system of the State, something 
 more than a passing mention is due to the remarkable development of 
 the denominational schools, fostered and supported by the churches. 
 That so new a State as Kansas should have developed church schools to 
 
22 KANSAS. 
 
 the extent shown by the following figures is certainly remarkable, and 
 speaks eloquently of the esteem in which moral and intellectual culture 
 is held by the people who have given freely of their money, time and 
 thought, that these schools might be established, where the religious 
 tenets held by the parents could be transmitted to the children. 
 
 There are no less than thirty-five denominational schools in the State. 
 These schools have an average yearly attendance of 5,000, and own 
 property amounting to $2,831,000. 
 
 Denominational schools are very dear to the hearts of many parents, 
 and it is presumed that the ability to send one's children to a church 
 school would be an important factor in enabling the head of a family, 
 who was looking about him with the idea of changing his residence, in 
 deciding as to where he would locate. With this idea in view, the fol- 
 lowing information as to the location of denominational schools in Kan- 
 sas is here given : 
 
 Baker University, at Baldwin, was founded in 1858. There are 
 twenty -three instructors, and the enrollment of students is over 500 ; the 
 graduates number 413. The library contains 5,000 volumes. This 
 school is under the control of tbe Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Bethany College, located at Lindsborg, is under the supervision of the 
 Lutheran Church. Rev. C. A. Swenson, Ph. D., is President. There 
 are twenty-five instructors and 500 students enrolled. The college was 
 organized in 1881, and has graduated 195 students. 
 
 At Enterprise is located the Central College of the United Brethren 
 Church. This school, organized in 1891, has ten instructors, an 
 enrollment of 170, and a library of 1,000 volumes. Although the school 
 is in its beginning, it has an income, from all sources, of $32,000. 
 
 The College of Emporia, at Emporia, was organized in 1882, under the 
 auspices of the Presbyterian Church, and has thirteen instructors, an 
 enrollment of 120 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes. 
 
 At Highland is also another Presbyterian college. Highland Univer- 
 sity, organized in 1870, which now has a force of seven teachers, 
 seventy-five pupils enrolled, and an annual income of $3,700. 
 
 The Kansas Wesleyan University, at Salina, was established in 1886, 
 under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There is a 
 teaching force of nineteen instructors; the enrollment is about 400. 
 Since its organization it has graduated twenty-one students. 
 
KANSAS. 23 
 
 Midland College, Atchison, is under the control of the Evangelical 
 Lutheran Church. It has twelve instructors, 120 enrollment, and a 
 library of more than 5,000 volumes. Thirty-two students have been 
 graduated. 
 
 Ottawa University, of Ottawa, belonging to the Baptist Church, was 
 founded in 1860. Fifteen instructors are employed, and the enrollment 
 is about 450. The graduates number eighty-two. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL SCENERY. 
 
 The Southwest Kansas was established at Winfield in 1881, under the 
 auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There are 130 students in 
 attendance. The school has graduated eighty-five students. 
 
 St. Benedict's College, at Atchison, was founded by the Roman 
 Catholic Church in 1858. The school has twenty-four instructors, 170 
 students, and a library of 12,000 volumes. 
 
 St. Mary's College, at St. Mary's, was organized in 1869. The institu- 
 tion has a corps of thirty-two teachers, an enrollment of about 250, and 
 
24 KANSAS. 
 
 a large library of 15,000 volumes. One hundred and seventy-two 
 students have been graduated by the school. 
 
 Washburn College, at Topeka, was founded in 1865, under the manage- 
 ment of the Congregational Church. It has graduated 150 persons. 
 There are fourteen instructors, and an enrollment of over 200. 
 
 McPherson College, at McPherson, is under the direction of the 
 Dunkard Church. It is one of the most important institutions of learn- 
 ing, and enjoys a wide popularity. 
 
 Bethel College, at Newton, is owned and controlled by the Mennonite 
 Church. It is the only school of its kind in the State. It is free from 
 debt, and, therefore, on a safe financial basis. 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. 
 
 Kansas is a State which has the right to boast of its public school system. 
 The general government by a wise provision of law set aside the 16th 
 and 36th section in each township for the benefitof the school fund. 
 The fines collected from law breakers are in many instances placed to 
 the credit of this fiind. Whenever there are fifteen children between 
 the ages of five and twenty-one years, a school district may be estab- 
 lished, and thereafter the length of term in such district, if it has "a good 
 and suflacient" school house, must be four months and may be twelve ; 
 the law making it the duty of the county superintendent, in conjunction 
 with the county commissioners, to levy a tax sufficient to sustain the 
 school for at least four months. 
 
 CITY SCHOOLS. 
 
 In Kansas there are three classes of cities : first, second and third ; 
 the cities of the first class have at least 15,000 inhabitants, and cities of 
 the second class have at least 2,000 inhabitants. In cities of the first 
 class the board of education has the power to elect a superintendent of 
 schools, and to establish a high school. Every city of the first class and 
 nearly every city of the second class has a superintendent and high 
 schools. In a city of the second class the board of education consists of 
 two members from each ward. Cities of the third class are subject to 
 the laws governing county districts, and are, for school purposes, under 
 the jurisdiction of the county superintendent 
 
KANSAS. 25 
 
 GRADED COUNTRY SCHOOLS. 
 
 In nearly every county in the State a uniform course of study is 
 followed, periodical examinations are held, and common-school diplomas 
 are granted to pupils who finish with credit the prescribed course. The 
 diploma granted by the county superintendent is usually taken at its 
 face value in the high school at the county seat, and will always be 
 honored in the county high school, when such a school has been estab- 
 lished. In Dickinson county, for instance, the common-school diploma 
 admits the holder into the county high school at Chapman, and the 
 diploma granted to the pupil there, on finishing the course, admits him 
 to the State University, State Normal School, or State Agricultural 
 College. Thus from the first year of his school life, in the primary 
 grade of the district school, the pupil has kept before him, as a constant 
 incentive to study, the common-school diploma, graduation from the 
 high school, and at last graduation from whichever of the higher 
 colleges he may choose to enter. 
 
 TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Meetings of Teachers' Associations are held annually in diflerent parts 
 of the State and are largely attended. The Association is not simply a 
 tumultuous gathering without definite aim, for the work at each session 
 is outlined with systematic wisdom. The college and high school 
 section has its separate meeting to discuss questions relating solely to 
 secondary and higher education ; likewise, the common and graded 
 section meets to consider subjects pertaining exclusively to the common 
 schools. Each morning or afternoon, as may be determined, there is a 
 union meeting composed of all the sections. The resolutions of the 
 Association always receive respectful treatment from the Legislature, 
 and it can be said that, as a general rule, changes not approved by the 
 teachers of the State, as represented in the State Association, are seldom 
 made. 
 
 THE INSTITUTE LAW. 
 
 In 1877, the State Legislature, guided by eminent teachers, enacted the 
 institute law. It is a notable fact that nearly every school law on the 
 Kansas statute book was placed there on the prompting or leading of 
 some teacher. 
 
26 KANSAS. 
 
 It is provided in this law, that every county superintendent shall hold 
 annually in his county, for a term of not less than four weeks, a Normal 
 Institute for the instruction of teachers, and those desiring to teach. It 
 is provided that in sparsely settled portions of the State, two or more 
 counties may unite in holding one Normal Institute. Yet such is the 
 spirit of superintendents and teachers, that this privilege is seldom 
 exercised. In 1890, each county in Kansas had its own Normal Institute. 
 The revenue for the support of the institute is derived from fees paid by 
 applicants for teachers' certificates, and from fees paid by students at the 
 institute. The examination fee is one dollar ; the institute registration 
 fee, one dollar. Thus it will be seen that the total cost of tuition to 
 each student for four weeks' instruction is at the most but two, and if the 
 student has a two or three years' certificate, the cost is but one dollar. 
 Board is, of course, not considered in this estimate. There is no expense 
 for books. The State grants annually to every institute in which fifty or 
 more students are enrolled, fifty dollars, and the county commissioners 
 may pay into the Normal Institute fund of the county a sum not to ex- 
 ceed one hundred dollars. The county superintendent manages the 
 institute, and employs the conductors and such additional instructors as 
 may be needed. These selections must be approved by the State Super- 
 intendent. A course of study prepared by the State Board of Education 
 is required to be followed in every institute. The course is now graded, 
 and it is expected that the Legislature will soon amend the law so that 
 long-time certificates can be granted to teachers who finish the course, 
 and have had experience in teaching. Instruction in normal institutes 
 is given in orthography, reading, penmanship, grammar, arithmetic, 
 United States history, physiology, constitution of the United States, 
 natural philosophy, book-keeping, drawing, botany, mental philosophy, 
 methods of instruction, school organization and management and calis- 
 thenics. The study of didactics, school management and organization is 
 made prominent, and in all the classes the instructors are expected to 
 make the acquisition of facts incidental to the important work of a 
 training in methods, and in mental science as related to teaching. 
 These normal institutes have done a vast deal of good during the four- 
 teen years which have passed since the law was adopted. 
 
KANSAS. 27 
 
 TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 
 
 The State Board of Education holds an examination for State certifi- 
 cates once a year, in the month of August. For the convenience of 
 candidates, the examination is held at each of four or five central points. 
 For instance, in 1890 examinations were held at Topeka, Lawrence, 
 Manhattan, Emporia, Norton and Dodge City. State certificates are 
 issued to candidates who pass the required examination, and who have 
 taught school for one year. 
 
 A State diploma is issued to successful candidates who have taught for 
 five years, two of which must have been in the State of Kansas. 
 Students who complete the course at the State Normal School are granted 
 a life diploma, which authorizes the holder to teach in any part of the 
 State. A one-year State certificate is also granted to students who com- 
 plete the first two years' work. 
 
 COUNTY CERTIFICATES. 
 
 In every county there are held four examinations each year — one on 
 the last Saturday in January, in April, in October, and at the close of the 
 annual Normal Institute. The questions are prepared by the State Board 
 of Education, and are sent to the County Superintendent of each county 
 a few days before the examination. The questions arfe in a sealed pack- 
 age, which must not be opened until the hour for beginning the examina- 
 tion has arrived. The county examining Board consists of the County 
 Superintendent and two associates, each of whom must hold a first-grade 
 county certificate, and each of whom is appointed by the County Com- 
 missioners, on the nomination of the County Superintendent. County 
 certificates are of three grades — first, second and third. Certificates of 
 the first grade are issued to persons who make a general average of 90 
 per cent in the following named studies: Orthography, reading, Avriting, 
 English • grammar, composition, geography, arithmetic. United States 
 history, constitution of the United States, book-keeping, physiology and 
 hygiene, the theory and practice of teaching, the elements of natural 
 philosophy. Seventy is the lowest percentage allowed in any branch for 
 
28 KANSAS. 
 
 the grade. The applicant must be at least eighteen years of age, and 
 must have taught, successfully, twelve school months. 
 
 The second-grade certificate is granted to persons who average 80 per 
 cent in all the branches prescribed for first-grade certificates, except 
 book-keeping and natural philosophy. The applicants for second-grade 
 certificates must not fall below 60 per cent in any one branch. Persons 
 who receive this grade must be not less than seventeen years of age, and 
 must have taught successfully at least three months. The qualifications 
 for certificates of the third grade may be prescribed by the County 
 Examining Board, though the custom throughout the State is to require 
 applicants for that grade to be examined in all the branches required for 
 the first grade except book-keeping, natural philosophy and constitution 
 of the United States. The average generally required is 70 per cent. 
 
 The first-grade certificate continues in force three years, the second 
 two years, the third one year. The first-grade county certificate has, to 
 a limited extent, the value of a State certificate, for, on the endorsement 
 of the County Superintendent, an unexpired first grade can be made 
 valid in any county in the State. 
 
 TEMPORARY CERTIFICATES. 
 
 The County Superintendent is authorized to issue temporary certifi- 
 cates, valid only until the next regular examination, and in the school 
 district designated in the certificate. The certificate can be issued only 
 on the request of the District Board of the district in which the certificate 
 is to be used. Under the old system, and it is that which is still in force 
 in nearly every other State, each County Board made its own questions 
 and fixed its own standard. Hence it is not surprising that there w^ere 
 varying standards, which made life somewhat burdensome to the teacher 
 who, in the pursuit of his calling, moved from county to county. 
 
 The diploma issued by the State Normal School authorizes the holder 
 to teach in the schools of any district or city in the State. Detailed 
 information concerning the diploma can be found in the section relating 
 to the Normal School, 
 
30 KANSAS 
 
 HIGH SCHOOLS, 
 
 Nearly every city in the State has an excellent high school, usually 
 furnished with all needed apparatus and a well-selected library. But 
 until 1886 the State had made no provision for high schools outside of 
 incorporated cities. The county high school act passed in 1886 provides 
 that, for the purpose of affording better educational facilities for pupils 
 more advanced than those attending district schools, and for persons 
 who desire to fit themselves for teaching, in each county having a 
 population of six thousand or more, a county high school may be 
 established by a vote of the people. A county high school election is 
 called by the County Commissioners on the petition of one-third the 
 legal voters in the county. If the majority vote in favor of the school, 
 the County Commissioners appoint six persons who, with the County 
 Superintendent, shall constitute a board of trustees for the school. The 
 appointments hold only until the next general election, and provision is 
 made that two trustees shall be elected every year. It is provided that 
 in no case shall the total tax for building, teachers' wages, and incidental 
 expenses exceed six mills on the dollar, and for teachers' wages and 
 incidental expenses alone, the., tax must not exceed three mills on the 
 dollar. The law requires that there shall be three courses of instruction — 
 a general course, a normal course, and a collegiate course — each requir- 
 ing three years' study. Tuition is free to all pupils residing in the 
 county in which the school is situated. No person shall be admitted to 
 the county high school who has not passed a satisfactory examination in 
 all the branches required to be taught in district schools. Non-resident 
 pupils may be admitted on the payment of tuition fees. Those graduat- 
 ing from the normal course shall be entitled to a teacher's second-grade 
 certificate and are admitted to the first year of professional work at the 
 State Normal School without further examination. And those graduating 
 from the collegiate course are admitted to the Freshman class of the 
 State University and of the State Agricultural College without further 
 examination. 
 
 The county high school act has been in force about four years, and 
 already two counties have availed themselves of its liberal provisions. 
 In Chapman, Dickinson county, there is one of the best high schools in 
 the State. The building itself is a beautiful structure, and liberal pro- 
 
KANSAS. 31 
 
 vision has been made for the work to be done within its walls. The 
 school was opened in 1888. It was asserted by many that the school 
 would be simply local in its character, and that no pupils could be 
 expected from remote parts of the county. But the register for this and 
 last year shows that every township in the county is well represented, 
 and there are a number of students from places fifteen to twenty miles 
 distant from Chapman. The enrollment the first year was 137. The 
 people of Dickinson county, without regard to location or to party, have 
 taken a great interest in the school, and those who are remote from 
 Chapman have been as cordial in their support as those living in the 
 immediate neighborhood. The school itself is educating the people, for 
 it is a perpetual stimulus to all the pupils in the district schools to press 
 forward to graduation. In the county high school we have found the 
 link which connects the country district schools with our higher institu- 
 tions of learning. The professors at this school are graduates of the 
 University of Kansas, the Illinois Normal School, the Kansas Normal 
 College, Iowa College, and other recognized seats of learning. 
 
 In the foregoing condensed view of the Kansas public school system, 
 the reader will see what ample educational facilities have been placed 
 within the easy reach of every child in the State, poor and rich. Per- 
 fection in the machinery is not claimed, but advancement is discernible 
 in every section of the school laws. The people of Kansas are constantly 
 pressing forward to higher ground, and inequalities and imperfections of 
 all sorts will gradually but surely disappear. 
 
 The following resume of statistical tables relating to common schools 
 for the year 1896, tells, in the most concise form, what the people of 
 Kansas are doing to educate the children of the commonwealth : 
 
 The statistical tables for 1896 give these totals : At the Normal Insti- 
 tutes, in all counties, the total number of days in session was 2,169. The 
 average daily attendance was 9,949. The enrollment was 12,868 : 
 
 The number of organized school districts in the State was 9,284. 
 
 The number of district clerks reporting was 8,975. 
 
 Number of male teachers, 4,424. 
 
 Number of female teachers, 7,484. 
 
 School population between the ages of 5 and 21 years : 
 
 Males 250,385 
 
 Females -245,368 
 
 Total 495,771 
 
 Average length of the school year in weeks, 25.1. 
 
32 KANSAS. 
 
 RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 From County Treasurers from district taxes $3,481,447 46 
 
 From State and county funds, apportioned to districts 484,066 25 
 
 Total amount received during the year from all sources for 
 
 school purposes 4,718,367 41 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 For teachers' wages and supervision $2,976,973 45 
 
 For rent, repairs, fuel and incidentals 632,666 25 
 
 Total disbursements during year for school purposes 4,158,999 59 
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION. 
 
 The school system outlined by the pioneers in the State Constitution 
 was complete from turret to foundation stone, from the prairie school 
 house to the university. Section 2, of the Constitution, reads as follows: 
 " The Legislature shall encourage the promotion of moral, scientific and 
 agricultural improvement, by establishing a uniform system of common 
 schools and schools of higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, col- 
 legiate and university departments." Carrying out the spirit and letter of 
 this section, the Kansas people have established three great schools. 
 
 The University of Kansas, situated at Lawrence. 
 
 The State Normal School, at Emporia. 
 
 The State Agricultural College, at Manhattan. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. 
 
 In the act admitting Kansas into the Union, it is provided that seventy- 
 two sections of land shall be set apart and reserved for the use and sup- 
 port of a State University, to be selected by the Governor of said State, 
 subject to the approval of the general land office, and to be appropriated 
 and applied in such manner as the Legislature of said State may pre- 
 scribe for the purpose aforesaid, but for no other purpose. The Univer- 
 sity buildings occupy the summit of Mt. Oread, concerning which the 
 words of the Psalmist could be fittingly used, " Mount Zion stands most 
 
KANSAS 
 
 33 
 
34 KANSAS. 
 
 beautiful, the joy of all the land." From the doors of the main build- 
 ing can be obtained one of the loveliest and most significant views in the 
 land. For there, spread out before one, are hill and dale, fields and 
 orchards, streams and woods, church spires and schoolhouse turrets. 
 In brief, all the evidences of a Christian civilization, and all wrested 
 from the wilderness of Nature and the savagery of man during the last 
 thirty-five years. 
 
 The University first occupied the building now known as "North 
 College," and at present given up to the School of Fine Arts. This 
 building was erected in 1866. In 1874 the main building was dedicated. 
 Since that time one building after another has been erected, until now 
 seven buildings are in constant use, and one more is in course of erec- 
 tion. The latter, the Fowler Machine Shops, will be completed and 
 ready for occupancy by January 1st, 1899. The equipment is complete 
 in all departments. The Library now numbers over 30,000 volumes. 
 In the Natural History collection there are over 175,000 specimens. 
 Snow Hall is the home of the Dyche collection of North American 
 Mammals, which attracted so much attention in the Kansas Building 
 at the World's Fair. This collection, restored to the Museum and 
 remounted, is an object of much interest. 
 
 The University is divided into six schools, Art, Pharmacy, Law, 
 Music, Fine Arts and Graduate schools. These are the six heads, but 
 under each are many departments and subdivisions ; there are courses 
 in civil and electrical engineering; special courses in law ; a prepara- 
 tory medical course, which is given due credit by Eastern medical 
 schools of high rank ; and special work in music, painting and oratory 
 is offered. Nearly two hundred optional studies are offered the student 
 of the School of Arts, from which to select the studies of his junior and 
 senior years. In the School of Law, thorough instruction is given in 
 all the principles of law known in our State or Federal courts. 
 
 There have been in attendance at the University during the past 
 year (1898), 1,064 regularly enrolled students. One hundred and forty- 
 five schools and academies prepare students directly for this insti- 
 tution. 
 
 The University of Kansas draws its students from all parts of the 
 State, more especially from the homes of the farmers, mechanics and 
 
KANSAS. 35 
 
 laborers, as the following table, giving the occupations of the parents of 
 the students, conclusively shows : 
 
 Farmers 36 percent. 
 
 Laborers and artisans 14J4 " 
 
 Merchants and tradesmen 31 '^ 
 
 Professional men (doctors, lawyers, 
 
 ministers, teachers, etc.) 14 " 
 
 Bankers and capitalists 3>^ '* 
 
 Politicians 1 " 
 
 100 per cent. 
 
 BOARD OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Francis Huntington Snow, Ph. D. (Williams), LL. D. (Princeton), 
 President, Professor of Botany and Entomology, and Director of the 
 Museum of Natural History. 
 
 Ephraim Miller, Ph. D. (Allegheny), Dean of School of Arts, and 
 Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. 
 
 James Woods Green, A. M. (Williams), Dean of School of Law, and 
 Professor of Constitutional Law, Contracts, Commercial Paper, Insur- 
 ance, and Corporations. 
 
 Frank Wilson Blackmar, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), Dean of Graduate 
 School, and Professor of History and Sociology. 
 
 William Herbert Carruth, A. M. (Kansas University), Ph. D. (Har- 
 vard), Professor of German Language and Literature. 
 
 Frank Olin Marvin, A. M. (Allegheny), Dean of School of Engineer- 
 ing, and Professor of Civil Engineering. 
 
 Edgar Henry Summerfield Bailey, Ph. B. (Yale), Ph. D. (Illinois 
 Wesleyan), Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy. 
 
 James Willis Gleed, A.M. (Kansas University), Professor of Law of 
 Real Property. 
 
 Alexander Martin Wilcox, Ph. D. (Yale), Professor of Greek Language 
 and Literature. 
 
36 KANSAS. 
 
 Lucius Elmer Sayre, Ph. M. (Philadelphia), B. S. (Michigan Univer- 
 sity), Dean of School of Pharmacy, and Professor of Pharmacy. 
 
 Arthur Graves Canfield, A. M. (Williams), Professor of French 
 Language and Literature. 
 
 Lucien Ira Blake, Ph. D. (Berlin), Professor of Physics and 
 Electrical Engineering. 
 
 Lewis Lindsay Dyche, A. M,, M. S. (Kansas University), Professor 
 of Zoology, Taxidermist, and Curator of Mammals and Birds. 
 
 Charles Graham Dunlap, A. B. (Ohio Wesleyan), Litt. D. (Princeton), 
 Professor of English Literature. 
 
 George Barlow Penny, B. S. (Cornell), Dean of School of Fine Arts, 
 and Professor of Harmony, Musical Composition, and Organ. 
 
 Samuel Wendell Williston, A. M. (Kansas Agricultural College), 
 M. D., Ph. D. (Yale), Professor of Historical Geology, Vertebrate 
 Anatomy, and Physiology. 
 
 Carl Adolph Preyer (Vienna), Professor of Piano. 
 
 Olin Templin, A. M., M. S. (Kansas University), Professor of 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Frank Heywood Hodder, Ph. M. (Michigan University), Professor of 
 American History and Administration. 
 
 Edwin Mortimer Hopkins, Ph. D. (Princeton), Professor of Rhetoric 
 and English Language. 
 
 Joseph Augustus Farrell (Leipsic and Florence), Professor of Voice 
 Culture, Singing and Violin. 
 
 Alfred Houghton Clark (Boston Museum of Fine Arts), Professor of 
 Drawing and Painting. 
 
 Erasmus Haworth, M. S. (Kansas University), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), 
 Professor of Physical Geology, Mineralogy, and Petrography. 
 
 Arthur Tappan Walker, Ph. D. (Univ. of Chicago), Professor of 
 Latin Language and Literature. 
 
 Henry Byron Newson, Ph. D. (Ohio Wesleyan), Associate Professor 
 of Mathematics. 
 
 William Chase Stevens, M. S. (Kansas University), Associate Professor 
 of Botany. 
 
 Ephraim Douglass Adams, Ph. D. (Michigan University), Associate 
 Professor of History and Sociology. 
 
KANSAS. 37 
 
 Arvin Solomon Olin, A. B. (Ottawa), A. M. (Kansas University), 
 Associate Professor of Pedagogy. 
 
 James Naismith, A. B. (Toronto), Associate Professor of Physical 
 Training, and Chapel Director. 
 
 Edward Curtis Franklin, M. S. (Kansas University), Ph. D. (Johns 
 Hopkins), Associate Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 "William Baldwin Brownell, A. B. (Hamilton), LL. B. (Kansas Univer- 
 sity), Associate Professor of Criminal Law, Domestic Relations, Partner- 
 ships, Sales, Agency, and Bailments. 
 
 Miles Wilson Sterling, A. M. (Kansas University), Assistant Professor 
 of Greek. 
 
 Edward Charles Murphy, M. S., C. E. (Cornell), Assistant Professor of 
 Civil Engineering. 
 
 Frank E. Ward, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering Shops. 
 
 Hannah Oliver, A. M. (Kansas University), Assistant Professor of 
 Latin. 
 
 H. Foster Jones, A. B. (Amherst), Assistant Professor of English. 
 
 Elmer Franklin Engel, A. B. (Kansas University), Assistant Professor 
 of German, and Registrar. 
 
 Eugenie Galloo, B. L. (Michigan University and University of France), 
 A. M. (Kansas University), Assistant Professor of French and Spanish. 
 
 Arthur St. Charles Dunstan, C. E. (Alabama Polytechnic Institute), 
 * Assistant Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. 
 
 Martin Everett Rice, M. S. (Kansas University), Assistant Professor of 
 Physics and Mathematics. 
 
 Marshall Albert Barber, A. B. (Kansas University), A. M. (Harvard), 
 Assistant Professor of Botany. 
 
 Mary McCallum Smith, Assistant Professor of Elocution and Oratory, 
 and Physical Training. 
 
 George Wagner, Ph. C. (Michigan University), Assistant Professor 
 of Pharmacy. 
 
 Clarence Irwin McClung, A. B. (Kansas University), Assistant 
 Professor of Zoology. 
 
 Raphael Dorman O'Leary, A. B. (Kansas University and Harvard), 
 Assistant Professor of English. 
 
 Florence Emma Parrott, A. B. (Kansas University), Assistant 
 Professor of French and German. 
 
38 KANSAS. 
 
 Samuel John Hunter, A. M. (Kansas University), Assistant Professor 
 of Entomology. 
 
 Walter Keifer Palmer, M. E. (Ohio University), Assistant Professor 
 of Graphics. 
 
 Charles Vickery, A. B. (Kansas Normal), Assistant Professor of 
 Elocution and Oratory. 
 
 Hugo Kahl (Upsala University), Systematic Entomologist and 
 Curator of Entomological Collections. 
 
 E. Geneve Lichten waiter, Mus. B. (Kansas University), Instructor 
 in Piano. 
 
 Edward Barton, Ph. D. (Gottengen), Instructor in Chemistry. 
 
 Alfred Washburn Benson, Lecturer on Pleading and Practice. 
 
 Samuel Agnew Riggs, A. M. (Washington and Jefferson), Lecturer on 
 Torts and Law of Railways. 
 
 D. M. Valentine, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court, Lecturer on Wills 
 and Successions, including Probate Practice. 
 
 C. L. Dobson, Judge of the Circuit Court of Missouri, Lecturer on 
 Corporations. 
 
 David Martin, ex-Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Kansas, Lecturer 
 on Evidence. 
 
 Ralph R. Price (Kansas University), Student Instructor in European 
 History. 
 
 Carrie M. Watson, A. B. (Kansas University), Librarian. 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT EMPORIA. 
 
 There is but one State Normal School in Kansas, but that has been 
 sustained so liberally, and is so convenient of access, that it attracts to 
 itself students from all parts of Kansas. Beginning on the 15th of 
 February, 1865, with eighteen pupils, it has now on its rolls nearly 
 two thousand pupils annually, a greater enrollment than can be found 
 in any other State Normal School in the United States. During the 
 year 1898, 1760 were enrolled in the normal department, and 197 in the 
 
40 KANSAS. 
 
 model school. Ninety-three of the 105 counties in Kansas are repre- 
 sented in the school, and there are students from nineteen other 
 States and Territories. 
 
 The building, recently enlarged, is a stately and beautiful edifice, 
 admirably adapted to the purposes of the school. The main corrider is 
 nearly 300 feet long, and the entire building contains 75 rooms, exclu- 
 sive of closets and wardrobes, especially adapted to the wants of the 
 school — making it one of the most complete and convenient buildings 
 of the kind in this country. The new assembly room is said to be the 
 finest auditorium in the State. It is supplied with water from the city 
 waterworks, with gas, electric bells, has telephonic connection with the 
 city exchange, and is heated by steam. The laboratories for the 
 Departments of the Natural Sciences are liberally furnished with the 
 latest and best appliances for illustration and experimentation. The 
 Natural History collection is growing rapidly, and is a valuable aid 
 to class work. 
 
 The library and reading room occupy a handsome suite of four rooms 
 on the second floor. 
 
 The Music Department occupies four fine rooms on the third floor. 
 The school possesses seven pianos and an organ, thus supplying a 
 sufiicient number of instruments to accommodate all who may wish to 
 use them for practice. The Department of Drawing is well equipped 
 with a full line of casts, reliefs, models, typical historical ornaments, 
 illustrations of the various schools of architecture, photographs, etch- 
 ings, engravings, stereopticon views, etc. Every year valuable 
 additions are made to this collection. It is conceded that no other 
 Normal School west of New York possesses completer facilities for 
 instruction in art. The department occupies two rooms on the third 
 floor. 
 
 A room in the basement is furnished with tables and tools, including 
 turning lathe, scroll saw, etc., for work in manual training. The work 
 in this room comprehends a variety of simple exercises in wood — slip 
 work, joinery work, wood carving, etc. This addition to the appliances 
 of the school is becoming a very popular feature, both as giving an 
 acquaintance with the work in manual training which can be done in 
 the public schools, and as furnishing opportunity for practice in the 
 making of a variety of simple apparatus for illustration. 
 
KANSAS, 41 
 
 The new gymnasium is well supplied with apparatus for physical 
 exercise. Besides rings, wands, clubs, bean bags, dumb-bells and chest 
 weights for light gymnastics, there are walking rings, ladders, and such 
 other material for heavy gymnastics as the space will allow ; also, a 
 complete set of apparatus for making physical measurements. 
 
 What has been said of the facilities in a few of the departments is 
 equally true of all. 
 
 As stated in another place, the library is located in a handsome suite 
 of rooms on the second floor. It contains about 13,000 volumes of choice 
 books, most of them selected with special reference to the needs of the 
 school. The list embraces a fine line of cyclopedias, lexicons, gazetteers, 
 and educational reports ; works on the them-y, the art and the history 
 of education; and standard works on history, literature, science, 
 philosophy, etc. The Plumb collection of public documents, now in 
 place, will prove a valuable feature for historical students. Students 
 have free access to all of the books, under such restrictions as will 
 insure proper care. No one thing is more imperative in the education 
 of teachers than a good professional library. In selecting a school in 
 which to secure an education, young men and women should not forget 
 this feature of the State Normal School. 
 
 THE STATE NORMAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 THE BOARD OF REGENTS. 
 
 Hon. M. F. Knappenberger, President, Jewell City. 
 Hon. J. S. McGrath, Vice-President, Saltville. 
 Hon. John Madden, Secretary, Emporia. 
 Hon. S. H. Dodge, Treasurer, Beloit. 
 Hon. J. H. Ritchie, Cherryvale. 
 Hon. J. S. Winans, Manchester. 
 
 THE FACULTY. 
 
 Albert R. Taylor, Ph. D., President, Psychology and Philosophy of 
 Education. 
 
42 KANSAS. 
 
 Jasper N. Wilkinson, Secretary, Director in Training. 
 
 Middlesex A. Bailey, A. M., Mathematics. 
 
 Joseph H. Hill, A. M., Latin. 
 
 M'Lonise Jones, A. M., English. 
 
 "William C. Stevenson, Bookkeeping and Penmanship. 
 
 Emma L. Gridley, Drawing. 
 
 Charles A. Boyle, B. M., Voice, Piano and Harmony. 
 
 Cora Marsland, 0. M., Elocution. 
 
 Mary A. Whitney, History United States. 
 
 Achsah M. Harris, Critic Teacher, Model Intermediate. 
 
 Oscar Chrisman, Ph. D., History of Education, and Economics. 
 
 Daniel A. Ellsworth, Geography. 
 
 L. C. Wooster, Natural History. 
 
 T. M. Iden, Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Maudie L. Stone, S. B., Physical Training. 
 
 Eva M'Nally, Associate Professor, English. 
 
 Eli L. Payne, B. P., Associate Professor, Mathematics. 
 
 Mrs. Hattie E. Boyle, B. M., Associate Professor, Piano and Theory 
 
 Anna L. Carll, Assistant Teacher, Model Grammar. 
 
 Hattie E. Bassett, Assistant Teacher, Elocution. 
 
 Elva E. Clarke, Librarian. 
 
 Martha J. Worcester, Assistant Teacher, English. 
 
 Maud Hamilton, Assistant Teacher, Latin and Pedagogics. 
 
 Mary S. Taylor, Assistant Teacher, Mathematics. 
 
 Lottie E. Crary, Assistant, Natural History. 
 
 William A. Van Voris, Assistant, Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Isabel Milligan, Assistant Critic Teacher, Model Intermediate. 
 
 Jennie Whitbeck, B. P., Assistant, Model Department. 
 
 Hattie Cochran, Manuscript Assistant, English. 
 
 E. E. Salser, Assistant, Bookkeeping and Penmansuip. 
 
 Charline P. Morgan, Model Primary and Kindergarten. 
 
 William S. Picken, Assistant Teacher, History. 
 
KANSAS. 43 
 
 Frederick B. Abbott, Ph. D., Manual Training. 
 
 William G. Butler, Violin, Mandolin, Guitar and Banjo. 
 
 E. Anna Stone, Second Assistant in Piano. 
 
 Edward Elias, Assistant Teacher, German and French. 
 
 Allen S. Newman, Office Secretary. 
 
 Pearl Stuckey, Stenographer. 
 
 Nellie Stanley, Assistant, Library and Office. 
 
 Bessie Knappenberger, Assistant, Library. 
 
 STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AT MANHATTAN. 
 
 On July 2d, 1862, Congress passed an act granting to each State public 
 lands to the amount of 30,000 acres, for each of the Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress, according to the census of 18fi0, for the * 'endow- 
 ment, support and maintenance of at least one college, where the 
 leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical 
 studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of 
 learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, . . . 
 in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial 
 classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The fund 
 arising from the sale of the lands thus acquired amounted to $502,927.35, 
 and the interest on this amount forms the main income of the college. 
 
 The college receives from the United States Government each year 
 115,000 for the maintenance of an experiment station; this, in the 
 language of the act making the appropriation, is "to aid in acquiring 
 and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical 
 information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote 
 scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and 
 applications of agricultural science." 
 
 In 1890 an act was passed by Congress, providing that each State 
 should receive for the benefit of its agricultural colleges $15,000 for the 
 year ending June 30th, 1890, the amount to be increased by $1,000 for 
 ten years, at the expiration of which time the amount will be $25,000 
 per annum. The payment for 1898 is $23,000. 
 
44 KANSAS. 
 
 The total annual income of the college at present for college and 
 experimental purposes is $65,000. The State makes appropriations for 
 building and other permanent improvements. The government is 
 vested in a board of Regents, seven in number. 
 
 The college was established in 1863, on a site about two miles from 
 Manhattan. In 1873, the present site, about one mile from the city, 
 was selected. From the buildings and grounds there can be obtained a 
 magnificent view of the Kansas Valley, one of the most fertile valleys 
 in the world. 
 
 The course of study is among the best in the country for scientific and 
 practical training. Its shops and general equipment are admirable. 
 
 Graduates of the country schools can pass directly into the college 
 without examination. 
 
 The figures in the following table show how the college has prospered 
 during the sixteen years ending June 30, 1896 : 
 
 1880. 1896. 
 
 Members of faculty 12 23 
 
 Assistants 7 
 
 Students' assistants 1 28 
 
 Students 276 647 
 
 Post-graduates 2 32 
 
 Graduates 7 38 
 
 Total Graduates 56 647 
 
 Age of students, years 18.86 20.89 
 
 Productive endowment $220,329 36 $501,000 00 
 
 Value of buildings and grounds 60,345 00 240,000 00 
 
 Value of apparatus, etc 25,664 76 135,000 00 
 
 Total inventory College and Station... 86,008 76 397,438 00 
 
 Annual income 19,320 49 70,000 00 
 
 Library, bound volumes 2,500 15,000 
 
 The following list gives the names and titles of all the professors and 
 other instructors in the College : 
 
 BOARD OF REGENTS. 
 
 Hon. Harrison Kelley (1901),* President, Burlington, Coffey County. 
 Mrs. Susan J. St. John (1901), Vice-President, Olathe, Johnson 
 County. 
 Hon. C. B. Hoffman (1901), Treasurer, Enterprise, Dickinson County. 
 
 * Term expires. 
 
KANSAS. 45 
 
 Hon. T. J. Hudson (1899), Loan Commissioner, Fredonia, Wilson 
 County. 
 Hon. C. R. Noe (1898), Leon, Butler County. 
 Hon. C. B. Daughters (1898), Lincoln, Lincoln County. 
 Hon. J. N. Limbocker (1901), Manhattan, Riley County. 
 Pres. Thos. E. Will (ex officio), Secretary, Manhattan. 
 I. D. Graham, Assistant Secretary, Manhattan. 
 
 BOARD OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 Thomas Elmer Will, A. M. (Harvard), President, Professor of 
 Economics and Philosophy. 
 
 Henry M. Cottrell,M. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Professor 
 of Agriculture, Superintendent of Farm. 
 
 Albert S. Hitchcock, M. S. (Iowa State Agricultural College), Professor 
 of Botany. 
 
 Julius T. Willard, M. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Professor 
 of Applied Chemistry. 
 
 George F. Weida, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), Professor of Pure 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Edward W. Bemis, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), Professor of Economic 
 Science. 
 
 Oscar Eugene Olin, A. M. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Pro- 
 lessor of English Language and Literature. 
 
 Frank Parsons (Cornell University), Professor of History and Political 
 Science. 
 
 E. E. Faville, B. S. (Iowa State Agricultural College), Professor of 
 Horticulture and Entomology, Superintendent of Orchards and Gardens. 
 
 Mrs. Helen Campbell, Professor of Household Economics, Superin- 
 tendent of Domestic Science Departments. 
 
 John D. Walters, M. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Professor 
 of Industrial Art and Designing. 
 
 Miss Mary F. Winston, Ph. D. (Goettingen), Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Ozni P. Hood, M. S. (Rose Polytechnic), Professor of Mechanics and 
 Engineering, Superintendent of Workshops. 
 
46 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Ralph Harrison, First Lieutenant 2d U. S. Cavalry (West Point), 
 Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 
 
 Alexander B. Brown (Boston Music School), A. M. (Olivet), Professor 
 of Music. 
 
 Fredric Augustus Metcalf, O. M. (Emerson College of Oratory), Pro- 
 fessor of Oratory. 
 
 Ernest R. Nichols, D. B. (Iowa State Normal), B. S., A. M. (State 
 University of Iowa) , Professor of Physics. 
 
 DAIRY FAR 
 
 Paul Fischer, B. Agr., M. V. D. (Ohio State University), Professor of 
 Veterinary Science. 
 
 Ira D. Graham, A. M. (Eureka), Secretary, Professor of Bookkeeping, 
 Commercial Law, and Accounts. 
 
 Charles S. Davis (Kansas State Normal School), Superintendent of 
 Printing. 
 
 Miss Alice Rupp, Instructor in English. 
 
 Miss Josephine C. Harper, Instructor in Mathematics. 
 
 Miss Julia R. Pearce, B. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), 
 Librarian. 
 
KANSAS. 47 
 
 ASSISTANTS AND FOREMEN. 
 
 William L. House, Foreman of Carpenter Shop. 
 
 George Sexton, Foreman of Farm. 
 
 Con Morrison Buck, B. S., Assistant in Graphics. 
 
 William Baxter, Foreman of Greenhouse. 
 
 Charlotte J. Short, M. S., Assistant in Household Economics. 
 
 Enos Harrold, Foreman of Iron Shop. 
 
 Helen H. High, Assistant in Sewing. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 About nine hundred newspapers and periodicals are published in 
 Kansas. The State contains a population which may be truthfully set 
 down as a reading people. In the early days a high standard of jour- 
 nalistic excellence was set up, and this quality still remains in the State 
 press. 
 
 POPULATION AND WEALTH. 
 
 Not until after the war of the rebellion was the development of the 
 West thought of. The western border of civilization had been at the 
 Missouri river, but the Pacific railways completed, opening up communi- 
 cation with the Southwest, caused the thousands of young men in the 
 over-crow^ded East, and the volunteer soldiers mustered out from service 
 to seek new fields. Kansas had been the pivotal point in the strife, and 
 was the natural haven of the soldier and his younger friends coming to 
 maturity, and besides almost every quarter section of land in the State 
 had been placed within easy access of the railways. The growth of 
 Kansas was phenomenal. In 1860 the population of Kansas was 107,000, 
 nearly half of whom were driven from the State by threatened famine 
 or joined the Union forces then mustering. In 1870 over 250,000 had 
 been added to the rolls, while ten years later a million souls had made 
 Kansas their home, and since that time the number has again nearly 
 doubled. In 1871 there were under cultivation but 93,000,000 acres in 
 the whole of the United States. In 1885 the acreage had increased to 
 197,000,000, thus in fourteen years more than doubling the entire area 
 placed under cultivation from the discovery of America until 1871. 
 Kansas' quota in 1871 was 551,000 acres ; in 1885 Kansas planted ten 
 
48 KANSAS. 
 
 times that area in corn alone, four times that acreage in winter wheat, 
 twice that in both oats and rye, as much to each in tame grasses, barley 
 and millet, half that to flax, and cut hay from eight times that area of 
 prairie grass under fence. 
 
 The population of Kansas in 1888, as returned by the assessors of the 
 State, was 1,518,552. In 1890 the population, as returned by the National 
 census, was 1,427,096, showing a loss during two years of 91,456, or 
 about six per cent. In commenting on these figures, the State Board of 
 Agriculture says, in its Seventh Biennial report : 
 
 " That the State should sustain such a loss in population, and yet, 
 during the same time, increase in productive wealth, and show progress 
 in nearly every interest or industry of the State, may be surprising, yet 
 it is true. Statistics oflicially furnished this oflBce show the progress 
 made by the State during the biennial period covered by this report. 
 
 " The total number of acres devoted to field crops in the year 1888 was 
 13,945,772. In the year 1890 it was 15,929,654 ; a gain in two years of 
 1,983,882 acres, or 14.22 per cent." 
 
 These figures from the Seventh Biennial report are, in themselves, 
 suflQciently suggestive, but when we add to them the figures furnished 
 by the same Board, in their annual report for the year ending December 
 31, 1891, which has just appeared, the argument showing the actual 
 advance of Kansas in material prosperity, notwithstanding the apparent 
 loss in population, becomes irresistible. 
 
 In 1892 the total number of acres devoted to field crops was 
 
 18,360,240, 
 
 a gain in one year of 842,222 acres, or within a fraction of eight per cent. 
 
 In 1888 the acreage in field crops was 13,945,772. 
 
 In 1890 ** " " " 15,929,654. 
 
 In 1891 " " " " 17,518,018. 
 
 In 1892 " " " '* 18,360,240. 
 
 Keeping these figures in mind, read what the State officials had to say 
 in regard to the falling off in population in 1890, with only the crop and 
 acreage returns for that year before them : 
 
 ' The above statistics seem to indicate that, while there has been a 
 falling off in population, that portion of our people which creates wealth 
 has sustained no loss. For, as stated above, we see there has been an 
 increase in area in field crops * * * of 15.10 per cent, also, we see that 
 
KANSAS. 49 
 
 the combined value of farm products for the years 1889-90 exceeds the 
 combined value of farm products for 1887 and 1888 by $8,179,351, or 
 about three per cent. * * *" 
 
 (And we are now able to add, in further support of the argument, 
 that the combined yield for 1891 and 1892 exceeded the combined yield 
 for 1889-90 by about $50,000,000.) 
 
 "A careful analysis of the population of our State reveals to us the 
 reason why this is so. In sixteen cities and towns ol* the eastern half of 
 Kansas there has been a loss of 45,643 in population, or half of the entire 
 loss of the State. This surplus population, which added nothing to the 
 permanent wealth of the State, came here on a tidal wave. They were 
 boomers and speculators, and mechanics and laborers' who always follow 
 in the wake of a boom, * * * In 1887 the balloon was punctured ; the 
 gas escaped, but the effect of the collapse was not fully realized until 
 after March 1st, 1888, at which time the assessor's returns show that the 
 climax of city population was reached. * * * The city population, 
 which, after the collapse, were obliged to leave, were largely non-pro- 
 ducers. * * * The speculators in Western Kansas were also non- 
 producers. * * * We therefore see that the productive force, or the 
 agricultural wealth-producing portion of the State remains, and that the 
 State, in an agricultural way, makes a good showing." 
 
 THE CLAIM HOLDER. 
 
 One other fact should be mentioned, which, taken in connection with 
 the above, effectually disposes of the assertion that anything like a per- 
 manent decrease in the desirable population of Kansas exists. 
 
 During the hegira to the West — 1884-87— there developed a species of 
 genus homo known as the claim holder. Unlike the bounty jumper, both 
 sexes were represented. As an "easy job" for the summer, the claim 
 holder would leave the desk or counter, the school-room or the farm, the 
 work-bench or the anvil, the wash-tub or the doctor's care, and repair to 
 Western Kansas, locate a claim, " hold it down" for six months, while 
 they breathed the fresh air, wrote glowing letters to their friends, and 
 awaited the end of the six months, when they might " prove up " their 
 claim and mortgage it ! Well, the " claim holding " industry no longer 
 thrives in Kansas. 
 
50 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 CANCELING MORTGAGES. 
 
 The records of Kansas show a decrease of farm mortgages of over 
 $30,000,000 in the last 12 months. It is safe to say that the farm mortgage 
 indebtedness is being paid off at a rate of over $1,000,000 a month. 
 
 Owing to the high prices of farm products, and favorable indications 
 of an enormous crop, many a Kansas farm will pay for itself this year. 
 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 The staple crop of Eastern Kansas is corn ; tame hay, fruit and potatoes 
 give especially large yields, and breeding of high grade and thorough- 
 bred live stock is one of the chief industries. Wheat is the staple of 
 Central Kansas, although corn and mixed crops, stock-raising and fruit- 
 growing are fast becoming quite as important, especially in the eastern 
 portion of the belt. Western Kansas is but scantily developed into an 
 agricultural region, and it is not yet clearly demonstrated that success 
 will attend outside irrigation. The wondrously rich soil gives a double 
 portion when the seasons favor. A number of irrigation canals have 
 been taken from the Arkansas river, and others are being constructed 
 leading from the Solomon. When irrigation is applied the products are 
 far superior and the yield far in excess of farms in other portions of the 
 State. The western portion of Kansas is best adapted to the stock- 
 grower, as his cattle will thrive pasturing on the nutritious buffalo grass 
 during the open winter, provision being made necessary only for the 
 more stormy weather, when shelter is as needful as forage. Fodder, 
 such as sorghum, wild maize and millet, are successfully grown, giving 
 good yields without irrigation, while winter wheat, sown early in the 
 fall, affords excellent pasturage, serving as a condiment to the drier feed, 
 and not harmed by the winter cropping, but, in favorable years, gives 
 good yields of grain and straw, while the pasturing pays for seed and 
 
 planting in any event. 
 
 CORN. 
 
 Only about one-fourth of the area of Kansas is under cultivation. In the 
 central and eastern portions of the State the uncultivated land, which now 
 awaits the quickening hand of labor, is as productive as that now in use. 
 
 Corn and wheat are kings in Kansas, as well as in some other agricul- 
 tural States. Kansas has astonished the world by her wonderful corn 
 crops. She leads all the rest with a crop that has never been equaled, as 
 the following comparison will show : 
 
KANSAS. 51 
 
 Year. Bushels. Year. Bushels. 
 
 1878 80,314,971 1886 139,569,132 
 
 1879 108,704,929 1887 75,791,454 
 
 1880 101,421,718 1888 168,754,087 
 
 1881 180,760,542 1889 273,888,321 
 
 1882 157,005,722 1890 51,090,229 
 
 1883 182,080,526 1891 139,363,991 
 
 1884 190,370,686 1892 138,658,621 
 
 1885 171,350,703 1893 118,624,369 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 If "Corn is King," wheat must be "Queen," in Kansas. The wheat crop 
 of 1891 was very large and of good quality. Yet the average per acre 
 will be more, and the total yield larger, each year. 
 
 The following is the production of wheat for the past fifteen years : 
 
 Year. Bushels. Year. Bushels. 
 
 1874 9,881,383 1884 48,050,032 
 
 1875 13,209,403 1885 10,772,181 
 
 1876 14,620,255 1886 14,579,093 
 
 1877 14,316,706 1887 9,218,501 
 
 1878 32,315,358 1888 16,724,717 
 
 1879 20,550,936 1889 35,030,048 
 
 1880 25,279,886 1890 28,801,214 
 
 1881 20,479,089 1891 58,550,653 
 
 1882 35,734,866 1892 74,538,906 
 
 1883 30,924,936 1893 24,827,525 
 
 Appended is a comparison of the wheat and corn crops in Illinois and 
 Kansas for the last seven years, and is shown here, since Illinois is gen- 
 erally considered the marvel of agricultural States. These statistics are 
 taken from the report of the Commissioner of Agriculture at Washington, 
 D. C, and are as follows : 
 
 Wheat, general average bushels per acre in Kansas, 1882 to 1888, both 
 inclusive, 14.3 bushels. General average in Illinois, same period, 12.8 
 bushels. 
 
 Corn, general average, bushels per acre in Kansas, 1882 to 1888, both 
 inclusive, 29 bushels. General average in Illinois, same period. 27 
 bushels. 
 
 Oats, general average, bushels per acre in Kansas, 1882 to 1888, both 
 inclusive, 30 bushels. General average in Illinois, same period, 34.3 
 bushels. 
 
52 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 From this it will be seen that Kansas leads Illinois in the average 
 number of bushels per acre for corn and wheat, the principal cereals, 
 and falls below only in oats. 
 
 THREE GREAT STAPLES. 
 
 Corn, Wheat and Oats are the three great staples which the soil of 
 Kansas yields up most generously in return for the farmers' labor. The 
 following table will give the reader a general idea of the yield of the 
 State in five-year periods. Later on the crop yield will be treated more 
 in detail: 
 
 Products of wheat (winter and spring) corn and oats, with the acreage 
 and valuation in five-year periods: 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 Periods. Acres. Bnshels. Valuation. 
 
 1866 to 1870 507,532 8,190,465 $ 9,099,418 
 
 1871 to 1875 2,123,905 32,269,786 29,426,366 
 
 1876 to 1880 8,235,220 107,083,108 82,524,357 
 
 1881 to 1885 8,872,848 145,061,083 95,377,823 
 
 1886 to 1890 8,167,825 104,703,376 69,668,017 
 
 CORN. 
 
 Periods. Acres. Bushels. Valuation. 
 
 1866 to 1870 1,774,709 62,358,358 $ 35,479,115 
 
 1871 to 1875 6,047,289 197,822,847 59,385,912 
 
 1876 to 1880 13,362,514 485,257,623 107,931,240 
 
 1881 to 1885 23,078,502 788,072,179 224,132,054 
 
 1886 to 1890 31,922,001 709,093,223 190,340,240 
 
 OATS. 
 
 Periods. Acres. Bushels. Valuation. 
 
 1866 to 1870 174,279 5,871,316 $ 2,380,778 
 
 1871 to 1875 1,202,846 36,994,637 11,168,762 
 
 1876 to 1880 2,197,981 67,376,610 14,011,744 
 
 1881 to 1885 3,248,143 123,483,700 27,884,744 
 
 1886 to 1890 7,332,869 214,383,929 50,392,968 
 
 This is what the whole State has done, and can do again. In 1891, the 
 State, as a whole, did a great deal better than in any year included in 
 the foregoing table. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL CASES. 
 
 The following records show what individual farmers have done. 
 There are thousands of Michigan and Indiana farmers who can do 
 the same thing if they will get a Central or Southern Kansas farm. 
 
KANSAS. 53 
 
 Net profit in raising 155 acres of wheat ; by A. Buckman, of Medicine 
 Lodge : 
 
 The ground was prepared by being plowed and harrowed twice. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $232 50 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing 46 50 
 
 Cost of seed 145 OO 
 
 Cost of cutting and stacking (binder used in cutting) 301 50 
 
 Cost of threshing 209 00 
 
 Cost of hauling to market 143 00 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $1,127 50 
 
 Total product by weight, 3,700 bushels. 
 
 Price per bushel now offered, 85 cents. 
 
 Total value of product $3,145 00 
 
 Total cost of growing crop 1,127 50 
 
 Net profit on crop $2,017 50 
 
 Value of land per acre on which crop was grown, $15. 
 
 Net profit in growing 600 acres of wheat ; by Reuben Lake, Lake City : 
 
 The ground was prepared by plowing. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $ 600 00 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing 300 00 
 
 Cost of seed 480 00 
 
 Cost of cutting and stacking (header used in cutting) 750 00 
 
 Cost of threshing 714 00 
 
 Cost of hauling to market 510 00 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $3,354 00 
 
 Total product by weight, 10,200 bushels. 
 
 Price per bushel now offered, 70 cents. 
 
 Total value of product $7,140 00 
 
 Total cost of growing crop 3,354 00 
 
 Net profit on crop $3,786 00 
 
 Value of land per acre on which crop was grown, $10. 
 
 Net profit in growing thirty acres of wheat ; by J. W. Pates, Kiowa : 
 
 Ground prepared by being plowed and harrowed. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $ 45 00 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing 10 50 
 
 Cost of seed 18 00 
 
 Cost of cutting and stacking (binder used in cutting) 67 50 
 
 Cost of threshing 42 00 
 
 Cost of hauling to market 12 00 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $ 195 00 
 
 Total product by weight, 600 bushels. 
 
 Price per bushel now ofiered, 83 cents. 
 
 Total value of product $ 498 00 
 
 Total cost of growing crop 195 00 
 
 Net profit on crop $ 303 00 
 
 Value of land per acre on which the crop was grown, $12. 
 
54 KANSAS. 
 
 Net profit in growing twenty acres of wheat ; by C. H. Landes, 
 Brenham : 
 
 Ground prepared with a disk harrow. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $ 10 00 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing fi 00 
 
 Costof seed 18 00 
 
 Cost of cutting and stacking (header used in cutting) 20 00 
 
 Cost of threshing 24 00 
 
 Cost of hauling to market . 8 00 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $ 86 00 
 
 Total product by weight, 400 bushels. 
 
 Price per bushel now offered, 80 cents. 
 
 Total value of product $ 320 00 
 
 Total cost of growing crop 86 00 
 
 Net profit on crop I 234 00 
 
 Net profit in growing 320 acres of wheat ; by Thos. J. Ross, Greensburg: 
 
 Drilled in corn. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $ 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing 69 00 
 
 Costof seed 115 00 
 
 Cost of cutting and shocking (header used in cutting) 230 00 
 
 Costof threshing , 289 80 
 
 Cost of hauling to market 193 20 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $ 897 00 
 
 Total product by weight, 4,831 bushels. 
 
 Price per busliel now offered, 76 cents. 
 
 Total value of product |3,671 56 
 
 Total cost of growing crop — 897 00 
 
 Net profit on crop $2,774 56 
 
 Net profit in growing 25 acres of wheat; by C. P. Fullington, Belvi- 
 dere : 
 
 The ground was millet stubble and prepared with a disk harrow or 
 sod-cutter. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $ 7 50 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing 5 00 
 
 Costof seed 12 50 
 
 Cost of cutting and stacking (binder used in cutting) 37 50 
 
 Cost of threshing 30 60 
 
 Cost of hauling to market 5 10 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $ 98 20 
 
 Total product by weight, 510 bushels. 
 
 Price per bushel now offered, 83 cents. 
 
 Total value of product $ 423 30 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop 98 20 
 
 Net profit on crop $ 325 10 
 
KANSAS. 55 
 
 Net profit in growing 100 acres of wheat; by G. H. Mustoe, New 
 
 Murdock : 
 
 The ground was prepared by plowing. 
 
 Cost of preparing the ground $ 100 00 
 
 Cost of drilling or sowing 25 00 
 
 Costof seed 85 00 
 
 Cost of cutting and stacking (binder used in cutting) 125 00 
 
 Cost of threshing 132 00 
 
 Cost of hauling to market 22 00 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop $ 489 00 
 
 Total product by weight, 2,200 bushels. 
 
 Price per bushel now offered, 80 cents. 
 
 Total value of product $1,760 00 
 
 Total cost of growing and marketing crop 489 00 
 
 Net profit on crop |1,271 00 
 
 Value of land on which crop was grown, $12. 
 
 SOME INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES. 
 
 Mr. M. K. Kreider, near Rozel, Pawnee county, Kansas, put in 450 
 acres of wheat in the fall of 1896, doing all the work himself. He har- 
 vested therefrom 9,000 bushels of wheat. He has sold it at an average 
 price of 72 cents per bushel. 
 
 Mr. Louis Artz, a farmer living on upland five miles north of Lamed, 
 last spring offered his place for sale. His wheat crop last year brought 
 him more clear money than he offered to take for his farm. Mr. Artz 
 was deeply in debt before harvest. He has now paid off his indebted- 
 ness, and is on his feet once more ; all done through last year's wheat 
 crop. 
 
 Seeman Brothers, living northeast of Larned, had 1,000 acres in wheat, 
 from which they threshed 23,000 bushels of wheat, making an average 
 of twenty-three bushels per acre, for which they received an average 
 price of 75 cents per bushel. 
 
 Mr. Frank Frorer, owner of a flour mill at Lincoln, 111., bought, 
 several years ago, several thousand acres of land in Pawnee county, a 
 portion of which he has put under cultivation, and in the fall of 1896 
 put 4,000 acres thereof in wheat. It yielded about 80,000 bushels last 
 year, which he has shipped to his Lincoln mill from which to make his 
 best grade of flour. Mr. Frorer, recognizing the splendid advantages of 
 
56 KANSAS. 
 
 Western Kansas as a stock region, has about 1,000 head of cattle upon 
 his land, and raised last year 300 calves, and is preparing to extend his 
 live stock operations quite largely this season. 
 
 Mr. C. A. Milton, of Ford county, harvested last year 3,700 bushels of 
 wheat from 160 acres of ground, which netted him, after paying all 
 expenses of production and harvest, $900. 
 
 Messrs. Sprier Brothers, of Pawnee county, rented 120 acres of land in 
 that county, which they put into wheat in the fall of 1896. Last spring 
 the owner of the land offered to sell it for $1,200. The Sprier Bros, 
 harvested from it, last summer, $2,535 worth of wheat. 
 
 In Rush county, Phillip Moore harvested 1,100 bushels of wheat last 
 year from forty acres of ground, selling the wheat for $909, which was 
 about three times as much as the land would have sold for last spring. 
 
 Mr. L. Munyon, of Timken, Rush county, bought a farm near that 
 place about a year ago for $1,350. His wheat crop, harvested from a 
 portion of the farm, sold for $1,750. 
 
 Mr. W. D. Kennedy, of Reno county, had last season 160 acres in 
 wheat, which yielded an average of forty-five bushels per acre. 
 
 TEN YEARS OF KANSAS FARMING. 
 
 So much has been said in the press of the country of the extraordinary 
 crops and prosperity of Kansas in the last six months, that Secretary 
 Coburn has prepared a statement of the yields and values of crops, live- 
 stock, etc., for the last ten years, in detail, and at the end a summary 
 aggregating the total values for the decade. Believing that this tabu- 
 lated statement will be not only interesting, but valuable, it is printed 
 in full, together with the Secretary's statement of the dairying business 
 during the same period. 
 
 There are several significant figures in this report, indicating the won- 
 derful wealth-producing capacities of this favored State, and among them 
 we call attention to the fact that the high values this last year were not 
 at all due to extraordinary crops, but to good prices ; and furthermore, 
 that the prices were not extraordinary, excepting as compared with the 
 last three or four years. 
 
KANSAS 
 
 57 
 
 Without going into detailed comparisons to emphasize this point, it is 
 enough to note what will surprise many of the eastern friends of the 
 State, that while the value of the wheat crop last year was nearly 50 per 
 cent above the average of the last ten years, it was 25 per cent less than 
 that of the '91 crop, and 12)4 per cent less than the '92 crop ; and that 
 while the year, as a whole, justifies all the favorable things being said 
 
 HAULING GRAIN TO MARKET. 
 
 about Kansas in the newspapers of the country, yet, as a matter of fact, 
 it was only an average year, after all. ' 
 
 Taking all the agricultural crops of the State, and the live-stock pro- 
 duced during the year, the total value is reported at 136J million dollars. 
 For the entire ten years, the aggregate values were 1,363 millions, or 
 136^ millions a year — in other words, 1897 was exactly an average crop 
 for the entire period since 1887. 
 
 The phenomenal event of the year was the payment of mortgage debt; 
 and it was assumed that this was due to the fact that Kansas had at last 
 harvested a good yield of crops. But the truth is that it is due to the 
 harvesting of a big wheat crop in the section of the State west of the 
 center, that has been most heavily mortgaged and has been least able, 
 
58 KANSAS. 
 
 up to this time, to make any material reduction at any one time in its 
 debts. The State east of the middle line always harvests a good crop, 
 and has always taken care of its indebtedness. The great harvests of 
 1897 were nothing unusual or sensational, so far as the eastern half of 
 Kansas is concerned. They were just a trifle under the average. 
 
 Eastern creditors of the State, who have gained the impression that it 
 is likely to be another decade before Kansas repeats the achievements 
 of 1897, might profitably examine this detailed report of the last ten 
 years' productions in quantities and values. If 1897 has enabled Kansas 
 farmers to pay off from 25 to 30 millions of mortgage debt, being but an 
 average year all told, it is clear that this State is abundantly able to take 
 care of herself, and of her obligations, under almost any conceivable 
 circumstances. 
 
 Dividing the last ten years into two five-year periods, a remarkable 
 contrast appears between the capacities of the farmers in years of ordi- 
 nary business prosperity, with a normal American market and normal 
 prices, and years of industrial depression. Kansas, in this period, has 
 never suffered a failure of any two principal crops in any one year. 
 When her wheat has been poor, either her corn has been good, or her 
 live stock has made up the deficiency. Whatever wide discrepancy may 
 appear in comparing one year or one series of years with another, is not 
 due to failure of her soil, but to the condition of the industries of the 
 country, and of the markets and prices. Taking the first five of the last 
 ten years, 1888 to 1892 inclusive, the average aggregate values of agricul- 
 tural products and live-stock in this State amounted to $150,000,000 per 
 annum ; while for the last five years, including 1897, the average values 
 were but $123,000,000. The excess of the first five over the last five 
 years was $130,000,000, or nearly a full average year's returns. The 
 yearly excess was $26,000,000, which exceeds the average value of a 
 year's wheat crop, wheat having averaged, in the last ten years 
 $21,000,000. 
 
 Secretary Coburn's summary of these ten years will tend to correct 
 the impression that 1897 was one year in a century, or in a decade, for 
 Kansas. It was, in fact, a good year for Western Kansas, a rather poor 
 year for Eastern Kansas, and an average year for the State as a whole. 
 It is more than likely that Kansas will do better in 1898 than in 1897. 
 
 <• — Topeka Daily Capital, January 8, 1898. 
 
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KANSAS 
 
 61 
 
 Wheat. 
 Winter and spring. 
 Bushels. 
 
 1888 16,724,717 
 
 1889 35,319,851 
 
 1890 28,801,214 
 
 1891 58,550,653 
 
 1892 74,538,906 
 
 1893 24,827,523 
 
 1894 28,205,700 
 
 1895 16,001,060 
 
 1896 27,754,888 
 
 1897 51,026,604 
 
 Totals 361,751,116 
 
 Yearly averages 36,175,111 
 
 -Yields of- 
 
 Corn. 
 Bushels. 
 
 168,754,087 
 273,888,321 
 
 51,090,229 
 139,363,991 
 138,658,621 
 118,624,369 
 
 66,952,833 
 201,457,396 
 221,419,414 
 152,140,993 
 
 Oats. 
 Bushels. 
 
 54,665,055 
 47,922,889 
 29,175,582 
 39,904,443 
 43,722,484 
 28,194,717 
 18,385,469 
 31,664,748 
 19,314,772 
 23,431,273 
 
 1,532,350,254 336,381,432 
 153,235,025 33,638,143 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 3,199,110 
 5,850,080 
 2,274,879 
 5,443,030 
 4,042,613 
 1,063,019 
 
 978,658 
 1,6.55,713 
 
 998,897 
 1,661,662 
 
 27,167,661 
 2,716,766 
 
 DAIRY PRODUCTS. 
 
 Table showing values of butter, cheese and milk sold (milk other than 
 for butter and cheese) for a term of 10 years — 1888-1897: 
 
 Years. Values. Years. Values. 
 
 1888 $ 5,094,674 1895 $ 4,510,631 
 
 1889 4,451,927 1896 4,937 885 
 
 1890 4,145,555 1897 6,259,752 
 
 1891 4,958,961 
 
 1892 4,665,497 
 
 1893 4,846,738 
 
 1894 4,870,480 
 
 Total $47,742,100 
 
 Annual average value.. $4,774,210 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 This interest is the principal source of wealth in the State, through 
 which is marketed millions of bushels of corn and oats, thousands of 
 tons of hay, sorghum and millet. It was this industry that first brought 
 Kansas to the front as early as 1880, and it is this, to-day, which is build- 
 ing up the great city of Wichita, and making within the borders of 
 Kansas a large commercial center and packing point. The acceptance 
 of the principle, that the packing establishments must be near the source 
 of supply, has brought to Wichita, from Kansas City, Jacob Dold & Sons, 
 and from St. Louis, Francis Whittaker & Son, two of the largest packing 
 firms in the United States, who have erected plants in this city with a 
 combined capacity of 10,000 hogs and 5,000 head of cattle and sheep per 
 day. The same reason compelled Armour, Swift and others to branch 
 out from Chicago and eastern points to Kansas City and Omaha. They 
 must now press farther west into Kansas and Texas, whence come the 
 vast supply of cattle and hogs, and their objective point must necessarily 
 
62 KANSAS. 
 
 be Wichita, the city that controls the entire territory between the 
 Missouri river and the Rocky Mountains. The larger portion of the 
 packing products of Wichita find their market in the south and west of 
 this point. One of the leading meat packers recently said that Kansas 
 was to be the great feeding pens for all the Western and Southern 
 pastures. 
 
 The following abstract of the live stock interests of the State shows 
 the gradual progress to its present enormous proportion : 
 
 Year. ^ame. C^ws. «--' ^heep. Horses. ^uleS; 
 
 1870 250,527 122,000 206,587 109,088 117,786 11,786 
 
 1882 971,116 443,381 1,228,683 978,077 398,678 56,654 
 
 1883 1,113,154 471,548 1,393,968 1,154,196 423,425 59,262 
 
 1884 1,328,021 530,904 1,953,144 1,205,267 461,136 64,809 
 
 1885 1,002,920 575,928 2,461,522 875,193 513,830 75,177 
 
 1886 1,462,736 627,481 1,965,149 652,144 572,059 83,642 
 
 1887 1,568,628 692,858 1,847,394 538,767 648,037 89,957 
 
 1888 1,619,849 742,639 1,433,245 492,744 700,723 92,445 
 
 1889 2,000,000 825,000 2,500,000 300,000 750,000 100,000 
 
 1890 1,696,081 674,705 2,192,231 281,654 716,459 78,346 
 
 1891 1,770,591 690,611 2,085,875 260,558 776,533 77,170 
 
 1892 1,708,368 631,836 1,605,098 240,568 804,923 88,585 
 
 To illustrate the magnitude of this interest, the following table is given^ 
 showing the value of live stock and live stock products : 
 
 Value of Value of Live- 
 
 Year. Live-stock. Stock Products. 
 
 1885 $118,071,808 00 137,130,647 06 
 
 1886 129,559,527 00 35,350,525 62 
 
 1887 126,558,042 00 37,545,263 74 
 
 1888 131,830,778 00 37,284,447 67 
 
 1889 116,191,465 00 40,762,488 62 
 
 1890 113,533,342 00 39,998,285 04 
 
 1891 117,674,961 00 45,724,709 21 
 
 1892 109,024,141 00 42,853,835 68 
 
 1893 98,266,668 00 51,225,617 55 
 
 1894 78,738,754 00 50,708,714 08 
 
 1895 72,939,258 00 48,591.362 97 
 
 1896 73,565,900 00 45,210,214 63 
 
 1897 94,074,885 00 46,983,922 86 
 
 From which it may readily be seen that Kansas is specially fitted for 
 the stockman ; with its good pasture, lasting the year round, and its open 
 climate, the industry is fostered as in no other State. The development 
 of home markets and the growing of large crops have made it the 
 profitable occupation of to-day. 
 
KANSAS 
 
 63 
 
 TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 Consider this list of trees and shrubs indigenous to Kansas soil. It 
 has been prepared by Professor Kellerman, of the State Agricultural 
 College, and is believed to be very full and correct. The common and 
 not the botanical names are given as being more readily recognized : 
 
 Papaw. 
 
 Prickly ash. 
 
 Basswood. 
 
 Water ash. 
 
 Holly. 
 
 Burning bush. 
 
 Indian cherry 
 
 Buckeye — foetid, sweet. 
 
 Soapberry. 
 
 Maple — sugar, soft, red. 
 
 Box elder. 
 
 Sumach— dwarf, poison. 
 
 Black locust. 
 
 Red bud. 
 
 Plum or cherry — wild or Canada 
 
 plum, hog plum, wild black 
 
 cherry. 
 American crab apple. 
 Thorn — cockspur, red haw, black, 
 
 gray, service berry. 
 Bemuld — gum elastic. Southern 
 
 blackthorn. 
 Persimmon. 
 
 Ash — red, white, green and blue. 
 
 Catalpa — bean tree, Western. 
 
 Sassafras. 
 
 Elm — red, white- winged. 
 
 Hackberry. 
 
 Red mulberry. 
 
 Osage orange. 
 
 Sycamore. 
 
 Walnut — white, black. 
 
 Hickory— shellbark, big shellbark, 
 
 black, pignut, swamp, bitter 
 
 pecan. 
 Oak— white, burr, swamp, black, 
 
 yellow, jack pin, laurel. 
 Iron wood. 
 Water beech. 
 Birch. 
 Willow — black, long-leafed, gla- 
 
 cous, heart-leafed. 
 Poplar. 
 Cottonwood. 
 Juniper. 
 Yellow pine. 
 
 WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 First among the flowers comes the Tncca Fllamentasa, with its strong 
 stalk, with thick, clustering, large white blossoms. It is growing rare 
 with advancing civilization, but it still blooms in Kansas, and sheds its 
 delightful fragrance. White Poppy, Golden Evening Primrose, Spring 
 Cactus, Canterbury Bells, blue and white. Monk's Hood, Acacia, Wild 
 Roses, St. John's Wort, Golden Rod, Dark Purple Asters, and the " daisy 
 of the prairies, which blooms in red, white and blue," form only a 
 partial list of the indigenous wild flowers found in this favored State. 
 
64 KANSAS. 
 
 TAME GRASSES. 
 
 The native grasses of Kansas number more than one hundred varieties. 
 No part of America is more richly blessed in this respect. When 
 Corcnado, the Spaniard, first set foot on the plains of Kansas, leading his 
 band of adventurers in search of the country of Quivera and its fabled 
 cities of gold, he found the plains covered with buffalo, tranquilly graz- 
 ing on the rich grasses. The buffalo, mesquite and gamma grasses, the 
 products of a dry climate, have gradually disappeared from the eastern 
 portion of the State, where advancing civilization, or some other cause, 
 beyond the ken of mortals, has brought a steadily increasing rainfall. 
 The coarser " blue stem " is now the dominant grass for a distance of 20C 
 miles west from the Missouri river. It is a strong, vigorous growth, and, 
 in the bottoms, grows very tall — higher than a man's head. Cattle 
 graze upon it eagerly, and it yields from one to three tons of hay per 
 acre. In the center of the State the buffalo and the mesquite still com- 
 pete for supremacy with the blue stem, but the wild grasses are steadily 
 giving way. In the western portion of the State, the short grasses pre- 
 dominate, and furnish the very best pasturage known in the grazing 
 world. They spring into life in March or April and grow until the suns 
 of July and August dry them on the ground. They are the only grasses 
 which furnish perpetual pasturage. In the old days the buffalo lived 
 and throve on them, and, to-day, cattle, sheep, horses, mules, deer, and 
 antelope subsist upon them all the year round. 
 
 Western Kansas is the heart and center of the old buffalo range, and 
 it is, to-day, the finest grazing and herding ground on earth. 
 
 ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 
 
 Fruit culture generally comes a little late in the development of a new 
 State, but in Kansas the climate and soil were so especially adapted to 
 the growth of fruits that no time has been lost, and the extent of fruit 
 culture in Eastern and Central Kansas is a matter of surprise to 
 strangers. No section of country, from the Atlantic to the mountains, 
 gives more prolific crops of fine fruits than Kansas. Here is the list of 
 successfully grown fruits : Apples, peaches, grapes, apricots, raspberries, 
 pears, cherries, plums, nectarines, blackberries, strawberries. 
 
 The quality of Kansas fruits also deserves comment, for they are 
 admittedly of fine flavor and beautiful appearance. Note this partial 
 list of medals and awards won by Kansas fruit exhibits : 
 
 Great golden medal of National Pomological Society "for a collection 
 of fruitB, unsurpassed for size, perfection and flavor." Philadelphia, 1869. 
 
KANSAS. 65 
 
 Highest premium, American Pomological Society for ** largest and 
 best display of fruit, unequaled in size, beauty and elegance." 
 Richmond, Va., 1871. 
 
 Medals and diplomas from Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, St. 
 Louis Fair, New York State Fair (Albany), New Hampshire Agricul- 
 tural Society, New England Fair (Lowell, Mass.), Illinois State Fair, 
 Minnesota State Fair, and many others. 
 
 The following table gives the total number of fruit trees in bearing for 
 the years 1890 and 1893 : 
 
 1890. 1893. 
 
 Apple 5,111,501 7,056,820 
 
 Peach 4,562,716 4,401,013 
 
 Pear 124,170 149,067 
 
 Plum 616,702 729,953 
 
 Cherry 1,172,143 1,353,641 
 
 NUESERIES, GARDENS, VINEYARDS AND SMALL FRUITS. 
 
 1890. 1893. 
 
 Acres in nurseries 13,936 20,289 
 
 Value of horticultural products marketed $682,828 $609,192 
 
 Acres in raspberries 3,420 3,264 
 
 Acres in blackberries 4,852 3,244 
 
 Acres in strawberries 2,364 2,512 
 
 Value of garden products marketed $743,979 $808,487 
 
 Acres in vineyards 8,672 6,902 
 
 Gallons of wine made in year ending March Jst 149,963 225,796 
 
 Value of wine $149,963 $225,796 
 
 In this connection it is proper to remark that Kansas is a Prohibition 
 State. The grape vine thrives in Kansas; and the grape grower of 
 other States will be interested iu knowing that no grape rot comes in 
 June to blight his hopes, as in States of lower elevation than Kansas. 
 The market for fruit is growing larger every year. 
 
 BEES AND HONEY. 
 
 The following table, from the report of the State Board of Agriculture, 
 shows the condition of apiculture : 
 
 1890. 1891. 1892. 
 
 Number of stands of bees 39,120 46,238 52,959 
 
 Pounds of honey produced 454,382 352,962 463,615 
 
 Pounds of wax produced 5,638 5,259 5,328 
 
 Value— honey and wax $92,004 00 $73,944 20 $84,782 70 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. 
 By legislative enactment, a bounty of three-quarters of a cent per 
 pound is paid upon all sugar manufactured in the State. During the 
 
 year 1891, three sugar factories were operated in Kansas — one at Medi- 
 cine Lodge, one at Fort Scott and one at Topeka. Four thousand 
 
KANSAS. 67 
 
 acres of land were planted in sorghum for the use of these factories, 
 and 1 ,078,245 pounds of sugar were manufactured. The results obtained 
 at Fort Scott warrant State Sugar Inspector Kellogg in declaring that 
 the business can be successfully conducted when the required con- 
 ditions are fully complied with. 
 
 COTTON AND SILK. 
 
 The cultivation of cotton in Kansas is as yet experimental ; the 
 report for 1891 shows 1,782 acres in cotton, producing 445,500 pounds, 
 valued at $35,640. 
 
 The parties engaged in silk culture report favorable progress. 
 
 THE DAIRY INDUSTRY IN KANSAS. 
 
 Not so many years ago, it was thought that the Eastern States, New 
 England and New York, with the great dairy portion of Ohio added, 
 could supply the entire American demand for dairy products. The 
 conditions of the West and the South were considered unsuited to this 
 industry. 
 
 When the development of the manufacturing and commercial 
 interests of the East became such that that section could no longer 
 supply the demand, it was found that the AVest could afford as good 
 natural pasturage as any part of the United States, and the "dairy 
 belt" was extended to take in the country west of the Mississippi 
 river. Many ideas about what were the necessaries of correct dairying 
 have been overthrown, and the result is that it is generally admitted 
 that the modern fast freight has overcome all difficulties of distance 
 from market, that water from wells and cisterns, raised to the surface 
 by windmill power, fulfils all requirements formerly thought to be met 
 only by running springs, that power or hand separators on the farm 
 obviate the necessity for a farm ice supply, and last, that far more cow 
 feed can be grown on an acre in corn, sorghum, millet, or cow-peas, 
 than can be produced in pasture grass, and that winter dairying under 
 these conditions is more profitable than summer dairying. 
 
 The world has learned that in the State of Kansas can be produced a 
 large part of its supply of butter, of a quality, and at a price, that 
 defies competition. The geographical position of the State is 
 
68 KANSAS. 
 
 unexcelled for a dairy region, as the rigors of the Northern winter, and 
 the ill effects of the heat farther south are both avoided. And a fur- 
 ther advantage, and a great one, is found in the fact that good markets 
 for the products are found in all directions. As a matter of fact, the 
 ■ home market is never fully supplied. The city of St. Louis alone uses 
 hundreds of tons of butter shipped in from Eastern and other States. 
 Also, the great mills of this latter city, working up the flax and cotton 
 of the adjacent States, gives the farmer the benefit of the oil meals for 
 stock at the lowest possible prices. 
 
 The creameries of Kansas are to be found for the most part in the 
 eastern and the central-eastern part of the State, but are being 
 rapidly established farther westward. In a few years the whole State 
 will be dotted with creameries. 
 
 Statistics in regard to the dairy products of the State will be found 
 in the back part of this pamphlet, to which the reader is referred for a 
 detailed statement of the amount of the interests here. 
 
 The eastern part of Kansas undoubtedly offers superior advantages 
 to the dairyman from the East, who will find here all conditions 
 necessary for the successful carrying on of the business. 
 
 KANSAS SALT. 
 
 The Kansas salt beds are of importance, not to the State of Kansas 
 alone, but to the entire country. When Kansas salt first entered the 
 market, in 1888, it was worth $1.22 a barrel at the factory; in 1897, the 
 average price for the same salt, at the Kansas factories, was but little 
 more than thirty cents a barrel. This reduction in the price, since 
 1888, has been gradual, though somewhat irregular. The citizens of 
 the State, and of the surrounding territory, reap the benefit of the 
 reduction. 
 
 The United States, at the present time, uses about 15,000,000 barrels 
 of salt per annum, and of this quantity, the Kansas salt fields produce 
 eight and one-half per cent. So large a production in one locality, 
 which only a few years ago produced nothing, has materially affected 
 the salt trade over the entire country. It has supplied salt, not only 
 
KANSAS. 69 
 
 to the State of Kansas, but to the surrounding States, thereby prevent- 
 ing shipment from the Eastern mines into a large territory formerly 
 supplied entirely from without. It has in this way not only reduced 
 the price of salt in Kansas, Iowa, Missouri and Texas, but has been, 
 at the same time, an important factor in reducing the price of salt 
 everywhere else in America. The subjoined tables show this more 
 clearly than can be given here. 
 
 The Salt Mining Area. — The exact limits of the Kansas salt 
 deposits are not known. At the present writing, the only factories 
 in operation are located in the vicinity of Hutchinson, and at Lyons 
 and at Kanopolis. 
 
 The first discovery was made at Wellington, where the beds were 
 reached at a depth of 250 feet. Although the eastern limit of these 
 particular deposits is probably not far from Wellington, the northern 
 limit is not known, salt having been found as far north as any deep 
 wells have been sunk in prospecting for it, and from the geologic 
 conditions, it is evident that salt exists under vast areas westward 
 from the places at which it is now mined. A conservative estimate 
 places the total area underlaid by salt at not less than 15,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 In addition to this, the coal measure shales, farther to the east, 
 furnish a strong brine, sufficient to manufacture unlimited quantities 
 of salt. Such a factory was started at El Dorado a few years ago, the 
 operator pumping water from a deep well, which brought the brine 
 from the coal measure shales. With the price of salt as high as it was 
 in 1888, and had been for many years previous, such manufacturing 
 could be conducted at a profit. 
 
 Geology of the Salt Mining Area.— The salt beds of Hutchinson, 
 Kanopolis and Lyons, are located in the Permian formation. The 
 wells pass through the surface material, differing in thickness and 
 character in different places, and then enter the Permian shales. At 
 Lyons, at a depth of about 650 feet, the rock salt is first reached, from 
 which point it is interbedded with shale for about 400 feet. Some of 
 the salt layers are from 20 to 30 feet in thickness, while others are very 
 thin, some not being more than an inch in thickness. Througiiout 
 this 400 feet, two-thirds of the thickness is salt. 
 
KANSAS. 71 
 
 At Lyons, the company is working on the thickest layer they have 
 yet found, which is 26 feet, lying at a depth of 1,000 feet, and though 
 there are here and there a few splashes of shale impurities, the salt is 
 almost chemically pure, having shown, on analysis, as high as 99.97 per 
 cent pure salt. The conditions at Kanopolis, Little Eiver, Kingman, 
 and elsewhere, are similar to those at Lyons. 
 
 In the vicinity of Hutchinson, where the salt is dissolved under- 
 ground, it is somewhat more difficult to determine the exact under- 
 ground conditions, our knowledge of the subject being obtained from 
 the records of the various wells which have been drilled into the salt 
 beds. 
 
 There is abundant evidence that, during Permian time, large bodies 
 of ocean water were cut off from the main ocean, and were evaporated 
 almost to dryness, so that salt was precipitated from the concentrated 
 ocean brines. Throughout the same period, during the rainy seasons, 
 various drainage channels carried earthy sediments down into the 
 water, so that the sediments were spread out over the bottom, and 
 mixed with the salt. 
 
 Manufacturing Processes. — Two kinds of salt are sent into the 
 market from the Kansas salt fields, rock salt, and evaporated salt. 
 Rock salt was formerly mined at three places, Kingman, Lyons and 
 Kanopolis. The Kingman mine has been abandoned for some years, 
 as the demand for rock salt was not sufficient to justify the operation 
 of so many producing shafts. 
 
 The shafts for mining rock salt are similar to the shafts used for 
 coal, or shafts in other mining localities. When the particular layer of 
 salt that is desired is reached, it is quarried out in the same general 
 manner as coal. The salt is undercut, and wedged or blasted down, 
 great rooms being opened, with occasional pillars left to support the 
 roof. The masses of rock salt are then hoisted to the surface, graded 
 and crushed to whatever degree of fineness is desired for the market 
 to which it is to be sent. 
 
 In the manufacture of evaporated salt, a hole is drilled to the salt 
 beds, and two pipes inserted. The outer pipe fits the opening of the 
 well snugly, so that water does not pass on the outside of the pipe. The 
 
72 KANSAS. 
 
 inner pipe is smaller, and allows water to pass between it and the outer 
 pipe. One of these pipes passes down to the particular part of the salt 
 beds to be dissolved, and the other one to near the bottom of the mine. 
 Water is now forced down the shorter pipe, and allowed to stand for 
 some hours, until it has dissolved enough salt to saturate it. The 
 strong brine, being stronger than the fresh water, settles to the bottom 
 of the opening made by the dissolving out of the salt. When pumps 
 are applied to the shorter pipe, the extra pressure causes the strong 
 brine from the bottom of the mine to be forced up through the longer 
 pipe. The strong brine is placed in pans or vats, and evaporated by- 
 artificial heat. Different companies make specialties of the different 
 grades of this evaporated salt. 
 
 Kansas Salt Commercially. — The Territory reached by Kansas salt 
 is as extensive as the United States. The domestic consumption in 
 Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri and Iowa, is supplied almost exclusively 
 from the Kansan fields, while the higher grades of Kansan table-salt 
 has become noted for its great purity and non-caking qualities through- 
 out the entire United States. 
 
 The following table embodies the total output of the Kansas mines, 
 stated by years, during the whole period since their operations began : 
 
 Value. 
 
 1189,000 00 
 202,500 00 
 397,199 00 
 304,775 00 
 773,989 00 
 471,543 00 
 529,392 00 
 483,701 00 
 519,475 00 
 417,626 94 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Year. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Price. 
 
 1888 
 
 155,000 
 
 $1,219 
 
 1889 
 
 450,000 
 
 .45 
 
 1890 
 
 882,666 
 
 .45 
 
 1891 
 
 855,536 
 
 .357 
 
 1892 
 
 1,480,100 
 
 .523 
 
 1893 
 
 1,277,180 
 
 .369 
 
 1894 
 
 1,382,409 
 
 .383 
 
 1895 
 
 1,341,617 
 
 .36 
 
 1896 
 
 1,347,793 
 
 .31 
 
 1898 
 
 1,224,980 
 
 .34 
 
 Totals 
 
 10,497,281 
 
 
 $4,289,200 94 
 
 Cooperage in 1897 is reported at about 25 cents a barrel, and in 
 other years at proportionate rates, which should be added to the fore- 
 going figures to give a correct idea of the magnitude of the Kansas 
 salt industry. 
 
KANSAS. 73 
 
 LEAD AND ZINC. 
 
 The development of vast deposits of valuable lead and zinc ores in 
 Southeast Kansas, succeeding the discovery of inexhaustible fields of 
 coal in close proximity, has proven one of the most potent agencies in 
 bringing Kansas before the scientific and commercial world, in that it 
 opened up a new field for the expenditure of energy, and a safe investment 
 to capital ; placed Kansas in the category of mineral and metal-produc- 
 ing States of the Union, and added another jewel to Uncle Sam's crown 
 by building up, in the midst of these great stores of nature, one of the 
 largest zinc-producing cities in the world — Pittsburgh, Kansas. Early in 
 the development of these mineral deposits it was discovered that only 
 the richest ores could be handled, owing to the cost of transportation ; 
 in fact, notwithstanding the care and labor expended in concentrating 
 the ores, it dawned upon the mine owners that their " dumps" of low 
 grade ore were growing to enormous proportions, and finally became a 
 burden. It was then they cast about to secure a nearer market, and, 
 with the inducement of cheap fuel at their very doors to oflfer, capitalists 
 were persuaded to erect smelters to reduce their product to spelter, or 
 commercial pig zinc. At first it was no less than an experiment, but the 
 obstacles were overcome in time, and, in consequence, there are now in 
 the district nine immense zinc-smelting plants, operating in the aggregate 
 fifty-eight furnaces, which have a daily capacity of handling and reducing 
 400,000 pounds of ore, which yield a product of 135,000 pounds of 
 spelter. Of these smelters six are in Pittsburgh and one each in Weir 
 City, Scammonville and Girard, the latter two with capacities of six and 
 two furnaces respectively, while the Weir City plant is the largest zinc 
 smelter in the United States, operating as it does six blocks, or twelve 
 furnaces, and turning out 50,000 pounds of zinc spelter daily. Weir City 
 and Pittsburgh are in the center of this rich coal and mineral bearing 
 area. 
 
 Pittsburgh has become a railway center second to few in the West, 
 through these agencies, and the additional advantages held out by an 
 inexhaustible supply of cheap fuel, which has brought numerous manu- 
 facturing industries within her gates, with others continuously knocking 
 for admission ; for with these lines of railway ramifying in every direc- 
 tion, bringing raw material from, and distributing manufactured articles 
 throughout Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Indian Territory and the great 
 
74 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 West, a field is drained of its staples, and a market created for the 
 products of the factories exceeding in value any possessed by a new 
 State. 
 
 A decade ago Pittsburgh was struggling for an existence, to-day she 
 has a population of 10,000. The product of the coal mines surrounding 
 her, until a few years ago, was nominal, while the mines adjoining the 
 coal belt on the south were in their infancy, to-day three thousand men 
 are employed in the Pittsburgh coal mines, several hundred in the 
 vicinity of Weir City, over a thousand in the zinc mines, and as many 
 in the smelters of Pittsburgh and Weir City alone ; yet neither the coal 
 fields nor mineral deposits are fully developed, in many places hardly 
 prospected. 
 
 The need for additional smelters is becoming more apparent daily ; 
 indeed, so apparent has it become that the Weir City Smelting Company 
 is arranging to double the capacity of their Pittsburgh plant as soon as 
 practicable. Mr. A. W. Gifibrd, one of the best authorities on mining, 
 and smelting in the West, has prepared some interesting figures regarding 
 the earnings of the smelting plants of Pittsburgh and illustrative of what 
 the investment of capital in this field would bring. Taking as a basis 
 a capital of $100,000, he demonstrates the fact that, by using one-half the 
 sum to construct a plant of eight furnaces, and reserving the balance 
 for operating expenses, it would yield a thirty per cent dividend 
 annually on the investment. Thus he reasons : Daily expenses, twenty- 
 five tons ore at $23 per ton, $575; twenty-five tons fuel at fifty cents per 
 ton, $37.50 ; repairs, supplies, and office expenses, $35 ; pay roll, $170 ; 
 total, $817.50. Output, 20,000 pounds spelter at 4 J cents, $900. Net daily 
 profit, $82.50, or for 365 days, $30,112.50. These figures are based on 
 actual earnings of other plants. Mr. Gifibrd stakes his reputation upon 
 the correctness of these calculations, and as his reputation as a careful 
 and conservative man and an expert is beyond question, the estimate is 
 worthy of notice. Mr. Gifibrd has made very thorough investigations 
 of these subjects and would be glad to give the benefit of his researches 
 to all inquiring. 
 
 That the business is safe and profitable is evidenced by the fact of the 
 Pittsburgh and St. Louis works adding six furnaces to their plant, the 
 Granby adding two, and the Weir City Company planning to add four 
 to their Pittsburgh plant, while no less than three companies have been 
 organized for the purpose of each erecting eight furnace plants in 
 
76 KANSAS. 
 
 Pittsburgh. In addition to these new movements it is proposed to put in 
 one of the largest zinc rolUng mills in the country here, in order to more 
 cheaply handle the products of the smelters. Already over 30 per cent 
 of the zinc ores of the United States are smelted in this district, and, 
 with the construction of this proposed rolling mill, additional smelting 
 works will be put in at Pittsburgh with sufficient capacity to handle every 
 pound of zinc ore produced in Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas, where 
 over 60 per cent of the entire output of the United States is secured. 
 
 Pittsburgh has recently added another star to her escutcheon, by 
 securing the first plant of the Chick short-method process of smelting 
 gold and silver ores ever put into active operation. The secret of profit- 
 ably handling base clay and other refractory ores has been sought 
 since scientific research was begun, but it was left for Mr. George H. 
 Chick, one of the most practical and best informed chemists and mining 
 men in the United States, to discover the secret, and it i§ the application 
 of this secret that is working a revolution in the mining world of to-day. 
 To Mr. Frank Playter, who has large coal interests near Pittsburgh, 
 and Mr. Gifibrd, who is largely interested in mines in the republic of 
 Mexico, is due much of the credit of securing to Pittsburgh this plant. 
 True, Mr. Playter has fuel to sell, and Mr. Gifford, ore that must be worked 
 by this process ; while they may be benefited, hundreds of others will 
 also. That the plant has proven a grand success will be understood, 
 when it is explained that it has been in operation but four months, and, 
 although it has but twelve furnaces, it has paid a monthly dividend of 
 5 per cent to its stockholders. So successful has been the plant that it 
 has been determined by the directory to immediately increase the 
 capacity of the works by adding fifty furnaces to the twelve now in 
 operation, thus securing a capacity for handling 100 tons of ore daily. It 
 is needless to say that the stockholders of this enterprise are more than 
 gratified with the success attained, for the directory is receiving urgent 
 propositions from difierent parts of the United States and from foreign 
 countries, toward securing plants to treat their refractory ores by this 
 process. 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 77 
 
 SHOWING AMOUNT AND VALUE OF METALLIC ZINC PRODUCED AT KANSAS 
 SMELTERS, 1882 TO 1897, INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 Totals for 16 years. 268,755 
 
 Estimate of zinc smelted previous to 1882. 
 
 Total 
 
 Amount 
 
 Price 
 
 
 in short tons 
 
 per ton in 
 
 Total value. 
 
 (2,000 lbs.) 
 
 New York. 
 
 
 7,366 
 
 $110 60 
 
 $ 814,679 60 
 
 9,010 
 
 90 60 
 
 816,306 00 
 
 7,859 
 
 89 60 
 
 704,466 40 
 
 8,502 
 
 86 80 
 
 737,973 60 
 
 8,932 
 
 88 00 
 
 786,016 00 
 
 11,955 
 
 92 40 
 
 1,104,642 00 
 
 10,432 
 
 97 80 
 
 1,020,269 60 
 
 13,658 
 
 100 00 
 
 1,365,800 00 
 
 15,199 
 
 108 60 
 
 1,650,611 40 
 
 22,747 
 
 100 40 
 
 2,283,798 80 
 
 24,715 
 
 92 20 
 
 2,278,723 00 
 
 22,815 
 
 80 00 
 
 1,725,200 00 
 
 25,588 
 
 70 20 
 
 1,896,277 60 
 
 25,775 
 
 72 00 
 
 1,855,800 00 
 
 20,759 
 
 79 88 
 
 1 657,328 82 
 
 33,443 
 
 82 40 
 
 2,755,703 20 
 
 $23,453,596 12 
 2,575,000 00 
 
 $26,028,596 12 
 
 SHOWING OUTPUT OF LEAD AND ZINC ORES, GALENA DISTRICT, CHEROKEE 
 COUNTY, KANSAS. 
 
 From January 1, 1886, to December 31, 1897. 
 
 
 Zinc Ore. 
 
 Lead Ore. 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Tons, 
 2000 lbs. 
 
 Average 
 
 price 
 per ton. 
 
 Yalue. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Average 
 price per 
 1000 lbs. 
 
 $29 50 
 
 Value. 
 $174,766 38 
 
 Total value 
 of output. 
 
 1886 
 
 31,768 
 
 $18 50 
 
 $587,708 00 
 
 5,924,284 
 
 $762,474 38 
 
 1887 
 
 ^2'795 
 
 19 00 
 
 623,105 00 
 
 6,152,380 
 
 26 25 
 
 161,499 98 
 
 784,604 98 
 
 1888 
 
 33,391 
 
 21 00 
 
 701,211 00 
 
 5,248,000 
 
 15 50 
 
 81,344 00 
 
 782,555 00 
 
 1889 
 
 32,950 
 
 24 00 
 
 790,800 00 
 
 7,985,000 
 
 23 00 
 
 183,655 00 
 
 974,455 00 
 
 1890 
 
 21,675 
 
 23 00 
 
 498,525 00 
 
 8,347,927 
 
 21 14 
 
 176,176 28 
 
 674,701 28 
 
 1891 
 
 20,641 
 
 21 51 
 
 454.102 00 
 
 7,204,420 
 
 25 16 
 
 182,271 83 
 
 636,373 83 
 
 1892 
 
 23,811 
 
 20 00 
 
 476,237 78 
 
 14,376,840 
 
 21 00 
 
 301,903 14 
 
 778,140 92 
 
 1893 
 
 25,028 
 
 18 85 
 
 471,789 00 
 
 10,279,180 
 
 19 00 
 
 195,314 42 
 
 667,103 42 
 
 1894 
 
 28,670 
 
 17 10 
 
 490,257 00 
 
 11,634,980 
 
 16 82 
 
 195,794 66 
 
 686,051 66 
 
 1895 
 
 41,23.". 
 
 19 68 
 
 812,792 00 
 
 25,075,290 
 
 19 28 
 
 482.548 75 
 
 1,295,340 75 
 
 1896 
 
 62,232 
 
 22 51 
 
 1.401,307 83 
 
 28,123,170 
 
 16 02 
 
 450,529 90 
 
 1,851,837 73 
 
 1897 
 
 59,451 
 
 25 17 
 
 1,492,663 04 
 
 30,369.360 
 
 25 10 
 
 762,469 96 
 
 2,255,133 00 
 
 Totals . 
 
 413,644 
 3d value 
 
 
 88,800,497 65 
 
 160,720,331 
 
 
 
 $3,348,274 30 
 
 812,148,771 95 
 
 Estimat 
 
 of metal 
 
 from 
 
 same.... 
 
 
 $16,073,035 00 
 
 
 
 4,017,829 00 
 
 20,090,864 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Estimated total production of ore from 1876 to 1897, inclusive, $25,000,000. 
 Producing metallic zinc and lead with value of $35,000,000. 
 
78 KANSAS. 
 
 STONE, BRICK AND LIME. 
 
 Stone suitable for building purposes is found in abundance in nearly 
 all parts of the State. The varieties include magnesian limestone, blue 
 and gray limestone, and great quantities of sandstone, and of flagging 
 stone. Stone from the Kansas quarries is used in some of the finest 
 buildings in the country. For churches, court houses, State and 
 municipal buildings, nothing can be found superior to the product of 
 the various quarries of the State. 
 
 Material suitable for the manufacture of ordinary brick exists every- 
 where. The bars along the water courses furnish sand. The limestone 
 affords abundant supply of low-priced quicklime. Indeed, all the 
 requisites of building exist in abundance, and are consequently 
 remarkably cheap in all parts of the State. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Coal has been mined, in Kansag, to a limited extent, for over thirty 
 years. Immediately after the war, settlers came to Kansas by the 
 thousands, and it was these early settlers, who, in Cherokee and in 
 Crawford Counties, began mining coal, in 1866. These veins of coal' 
 were on the surface, and a good deal of the mining was done with a 
 plow and a team. This supplied the local demand, and also furnished 
 some to the adjoining territory in Missouri, where it was conveyed in 
 wagons. It was some years later, when the heavy veins of coal, now 
 so extensively mined, were discovered, and work was begun upon 
 them. 
 
 At the present time, coal is mined in about twenty counties, with 
 slight variations in number, from year to year. These eoal-producing 
 counties are as follows: Atchison, Bourbon, Brown, Chautauqua, 
 Cherokee, Cloud, Coffey, Crawford, Douglas, Elk, Franklin, Labette, 
 Leavenworth, Linn, Lyon, Montgomery, Neosho, Osage, Shawnee and 
 Wilson. 
 
 The counties named in the western part of the State, produce a 
 brown coal, which is somewhat inferior, in quality, to that mined in 
 the eastern counties, but it has a special value on account of the price 
 of coal in the western portion of the State. 
 
80 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 The coals of Kansas are all bituminous, or soft coals. Those in the 
 southeast are the most valuable, a ton, for all purposes. Space does 
 not permit a detailed description of the different qualities of Kansas 
 coal. 
 
 Coal is Kansas' greatest mining output. The value has reached 
 many millions. For years it has been about $4,000,000 per annum. 
 As the price has reduced, the output at the mines has steadily increased, 
 with the result that the total value has remained surprisingly constant. 
 
 The coal mines of Kansas have been of inestimable value to the 
 State, as without them the industries of zinc and lead smelting could 
 not have been developed to their present high standing. 
 
 The following table of the coal production of the State, from 1880 to 
 1897, inclusive, with price per ton, and the value of the yearly product, 
 will give some idea of the magnitude of the industry. 
 
 SHOWING COAL PRODUCTION IN SHORT TONS, FROM 1880 TO 1897, 
 INCLUSIVE. 
 
 With price per ton, and value of yearly product. 
 
 Production in Value of 
 
 short tons Price yearly 
 
 Year. (2,000 pounds) . per ton. product. 
 
 1880* 550,000 $1 30 $ 715,000 
 
 1881* 750,000 1 35 1,012,300 
 
 1882* 750,000 1 30 975,000 
 
 1883*.. 900,000 1 28 1,152,000 
 
 1884* 1,100,000 1 25 1,375,000 
 
 1885 1,440,057 1 23 1,770,270 
 
 1886 1,350,000 1 20 1,620,000 
 
 1887 1,570,079 1 40 2,198,110 
 
 1888 1,700,000 1 50 2,550,000 
 
 1889 2,112,166 1 48 3,126,005 
 
 1890 2,516,054 1 30 3,170,870 
 
 1891 2,753,722 131 3,607,375 
 
 1892* 3,007,276 1 31>^ 3,954,568 
 
 1893 2,881,931 -137)^ 3,960,331 
 
 1894 3,611,214 1 35^ 4,899,774 
 
 1895 3,190,843 1 12>^ 3,590,141 
 
 1896 3,191,748 1 OIK 3,227,357 
 
 1897 3,672,195 1 07 3,931,707 
 
 Totals 37,047,285 $46,835,808 
 
 Output previous to 1880. 3,000,000 $150 4,500,000 
 
 Grand totals, 40,047,285 $51,335,808 
 
 ♦Figures for 1880 to 1884, inclusive, and for 1892, taken from United States Geological 
 Sxxrvey Reports. All others taken from Reports of State Inspector of Coal Mines. 
 
82 KANSAS. 
 
 OIL AND GAS. 
 
 Kansas is fast becoming an important factor in the production of oil, 
 and has achieved no small distinction as a producer of natural gas. 
 The history of the discovery and development of gas and oil in the 
 State is a long and interesting one, but can only be hinted at here. 
 The following matter on this topic is taken from the work on the 
 "Mineral Resources of Kansas," by Prof. Erasmus Haworth, of the 
 State University : 
 
 "In a number of different places in the State, the earlier settlers 
 learned from the Indians that oil springs existed, were accounted of 
 wonderful efficacy by the Indians, and they frequently visited them 
 for the purpose of obtaining material to be used by their medicine men 
 in their various ceremonies. As this was at the time when the de- 
 velopment of the Pennsylvania oil fields was attracting such wide 
 attention, the discovery excited much interest. Wells drilled in the 
 neighborhood of Wyandotte furnished considerable quantities of gas, 
 which was something almost unknown at that time in this country. 
 As early as 1860, prospecting for oil was undertaken in the vicinity of 
 Paola, but discontinued on account of the political difficulties that 
 arose at that time. 
 
 From the earliest days of Kansas history there has been great faith 
 in the possibilities of the development of a great oil and gas industry 
 in the Eastern part of Kansas. 
 
 In 1882, prospecting was renewed in Miami County, and gas was 
 found in the wells which were drilled about seven miles northeast of 
 Paola, and in sufficient quantities to be piped to the city of Paola, and 
 there used as an illuminant and fuel in the residence and business 
 portions of the city. In 1873 a well w a? bored at lola, which produced 
 sufficient gas to attract considerable attention, and to encourage the 
 prospecting in other localities. 
 
 This prospecting was continued throughout the entire southeastern 
 part of the State, and with the encouraging result that before 1890 no 
 fewer than a dozen large towns and cities were lighted and heated by 
 the use of natural gas for all domestic purposes. 
 
Univ. Geol. Surv. of Kansas. 
 
 THE OLIVER OIL WELL, NEODESHA. 
 
84 KANSAS. 
 
 After the success of the local companies, it was a comparatively easy 
 matter to induce parties of means and experience to come to Kansas, 
 and engage in the development of the oil and gas fields. The area 
 through which gas and oil have been found is about 8,500 square miles 
 in extent, and is located entirely in the southeastern part of the State, 
 as far as known at present. To the northwest, a few wells have been 
 drilled that yielded gas and oil, but the prospecting has not been 
 carried far enough to determine the extent of producing region out- 
 side of the territory indicated. The most productive region has Neo- 
 desha and Thayer as its center. 
 
 Until recently there has been but little information concerning the 
 physical properties of the Kansas gases and oils. The lubricating oils 
 sold from Paola have been tested, and found to be superior lubricants, 
 and the gas, from all wells alike, have been shown to be of the highest 
 quality, and surpassed by the natural gas in no locality. 
 
 GYPSUM. 
 
 Fifteen years ago, the use of plaster of paris in the plastering of 
 ordinary buildings, was almost entirely unknown. The white plaster 
 of paris has been used, for years, as an outer covering, but it is now 
 becoming more and more used in the place of the common lime plaster, 
 and in time will probably supplant it for use in the higher grades of 
 work, and where quick drying is an essential. Walls plastered with 
 this material are in every way more serviceable, look better, and can 
 be papered immediately after the plaster dries, where the lime plaster 
 will discolor paper. As modern improvements have overcome the 
 difficulty experienced at first, from the too rapid setting of the plaster 
 of paris, the demand for it has steadily grown for use in ordinary 
 plastering. 
 
 Kansas has a large amount of gypsum from which the best hard 
 cement plaster can be made. The gypsum occurs in two somewhat 
 different forms, one in the form of a rock, so that it is quarried in the 
 same manner as other stones, and another in the form of small crys- 
 talline grains that produce a mass looking much like sand. This latter 
 
KANSAS. 85 
 
 form is generally spoken of as " gypsum dirt," although in the greater 
 number of places the quality of the material is of such purity that the 
 term "dirt" is a misnomer. 
 
 The localities in Kansas where gypsum exists may be briefly summed 
 up as follows : First, the northern area, in the vicinity of Blue Rapids, 
 where the rock form occurs in great abundance, to the southwest of 
 Blue Rapids gypsum is found, though not in quantities sufficient to 
 repay mining until Solomon City is reached, where the material is found 
 some distance below the surface of the ground. The Crown Plaster 
 Co., of Solomon City, has recently been consolidated with the Kansas 
 Cement Plaster Co., which mines gypsum at Hope, at a depth of about 
 eighty feet below the surface. While the gypsum is not so prominent 
 here as it is in the vicinity of Blue Rapids, the output is amply equal 
 to any calls that are made upon it. South and southwest from Hope, 
 gypsum is found in the neighborhood of Peabody, and of Newton, and 
 for many miles to the south of these points. Farther west, in Barber 
 County it is found in great quantities. The rough hill country to the 
 southwest of Medicine Lodge is covered with gypsum which covers the 
 hill-tops here, as do limestone and sandstone elsewhere. In some 
 places the thickness is from twenty to thirty feet, occupies an area of 
 many miles square, and is sufficient to supply the world with hard 
 plaster for many years. 
 
 The Salina Cement Company has a large plant at Dillon, on the 
 Missouri Pacific Railway, in the southern part of Dickinson County, 
 and manufactures the "Agatite" brand. It would occasion no surprise 
 should other deposits be found, equaling or surpassing in value, those 
 already found, as gypsum is known to exist in nearly all the valleys of 
 the little streams throughout the Permian area of Central Kansas, and 
 these deposits are but awaiting the investment of capital and proper 
 enterprise for their development. 
 
 Space will not permit a detailed statement of the various processes 
 made use of by the Kansas factories in the manufacture of plaster from 
 the gypsum dirt, or the rock variety, but a few words on the commerce 
 of Kansas plasters will not be out of place 
 
 Kansas cement plasters have made their way into almost all the 
 markets of America. They have traveled eastward to New York and to 
 
86 KANSAS. 
 
 Boston, and westward to San Francisco. Occasionally sales are made 
 to points as far north as Minneapolis, and as far south as New Orleans, 
 but by far the greater part of the Kansan product is disposed of to 
 points west of the Ohio. In the face of all difficulties, the superior 
 quality of the Kansas product has enabled it to compete, and suc- 
 cessfully to compete, in some of the Eastern markets with materials 
 manufactured much nearer the point of consumption. 
 
 The following table gives the output and value of hard plaster from 
 the Kansas mines for the year 1897, and for preceding years: 
 
 Year. 
 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 
 Output. 
 
 in tons 
 
 (2,000 pounds). 
 
 17,332 
 20,250 
 40,217 
 41,016 
 43,631 
 64,889 
 72,947 
 49,335 
 50,045 
 
 Average 
 
 Price 
 per ton. 
 
 15 44 
 3 58 
 
 399,762 
 
 Value 
 
 of 
 
 Output. 
 
 $ 94,235 
 72,457 
 161,322 
 195,197 
 181,599 
 301,884 
 272,531 
 148,371 
 262,811 
 
 $1,680,407 
 
 Figures for the years 1889 to 1896, inclusive, are taken from the 
 report of the United States Geological Survey. 
 
 HYDRAULIC CEMENT. 
 
 Hydraulic cement rock was first discovered at Fort Scott, in 1867, 
 and small works were established the following year. In the two years 
 succeeding, these works were increased till they produced ten barrels a 
 day. Two factories are now in successful operation, producing a very 
 high grade of cement at the rate of 160,000 barrels per annum. 
 
 The first full car-load of Fort Scott cement was shipped in 1870, and 
 was used in the construction of the Arkansas River bridge. In 1874 
 the cement was used in the Kansas City, Mo., water works, where the 
 reservoirs built in that year are still in excellent condition, after 
 twenty-four years of constant use. 
 
88 KANSAS. 
 
 Owing to improved machinery, the cost of the cement has been re- 
 duced, in the last few years, till it is now about seventy-five cents a 
 barrel, free on board cars, at the factory. The product of the mills is 
 used by nearly all the railroads throughout the State, and the ship- 
 ments to other markets are very large. 
 
 The attached table shows the value of the output: 
 
 SHOWING AMOUNT AND VALUE OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT PRODUCED IN KANSAS. 
 
 The figures from 1888 to 1896, inclusive, arc based upon the reports given by the 
 U. S. Gcol .igical Survej-. 
 
 Price Value 
 
 Year. Barrels. barrel. of output, 
 
 1888 40,000 75cts. $30,000 
 
 1889 150,000 70 '* 105.000 
 
 1890 150,000 70 *' 105,000 
 
 1891 140,000 69 " 97,440 
 
 1892* 110,000 69 " 77,000 
 
 1893 60,000 35 " 21,000 
 
 1894 50,009 50 *' 25,000 
 
 1895 140,000 40 " 56,000 
 
 1896 125,567 40 '« 50,226 
 
 1897 160,000 40 " 64,000 
 
 Totals 1,125,567 $600,666 
 
 ♦Includes Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 KAFIR CORN. 
 
 . In recent years, Kafir corn has attracted considerable attention from 
 the farmers of the West, and as considerable ignorance has been 
 exhibited in regard to the nature, the use, and the manner of culti- 
 vation of Kafir corn, the following condensation from the United 
 States Farmers' Bulletin, No. 37, prepared by Prof. C. C. Georgeson, 
 of the Kansas State Agricultural College, is given, in the hope that it 
 may give to those who know nothing of the Kafir corn some idea of 
 its great usefulness, and explain the popularity which it at present 
 enjoys in the West: 
 
 "Kafir corn is a native of South Africa, and the name is derived 
 from that African tribe known as Kafirs. It belongs to the same 
 group of plants as broom corn, and other non-saccharine sorghums. 
 It w^s introduced by the Department of Agriculture about ten years 
 ago, and sent all over the country. It was first tried in the Southern 
 States, where it did remarkably well, and the year following it was 
 
KANSAS. 89 
 
 sent to the Northern and Western States. The reports of the trials of 
 the corn were almost uniformly favorable. In California, it was 
 highly appreciated, and soon took high rank as a food for chickens. 
 The farmers of Kansas and Oklahoma have given it much attention 
 during the last three or four years, and, finding it a valuable stock 
 food, are cultivating it on a large and ever-increasing scale. Its 
 drought-resisting qualities render it particularly well-adapted to culti- 
 vation in regions where the dryness militates against the proper 
 development of corn, and in all places makes it a valuable additional 
 crop, to guard against possible failures. 
 
 "At present, there are at least three of the varieties of non-saccharine 
 sorghums that are called Kafir corn, and they may be described as 
 follows: 
 
 " Red Kafir Corn. — The plant is from four to six feet tall, according 
 to soil, season and culture. The stalk is close jointed, producing from 
 nine to fourteen leaves. Leaves are thick, somewhat rough, and are 
 ,stiffer than corn leaves. The plant rarely suckers, but it will occa- 
 sionally throw out branches from the upper joints. The sheaths are 
 generally covered red, or purple, in patches or spots, due to a blight. 
 The seed is red, or light brown, small, almost round, brittle, starchy, 
 and packed so closely in the head that the stems and hulls are hardly 
 visible. The hulls are small, thin, and brown, covering less than half 
 of each seed. 
 
 "White Kafir Corn. — Like the red variety, the plant is short- 
 jointed, and has an abundance of foliage, but does not grow so tall. 
 The seed is white, slightly flattened sidewise, starchy, and pleasant to 
 the taste. The hulls are gray, or greenish-white, somewhat larger and 
 more conspicuous than those of the red variety. The ripe seed shells 
 out readily in handling. 
 
 "Black-Hulled White Kafir Corn (African Millet).— The plant 
 is like the variety just described. The head is somewhat shorter, 
 broader, and looser than that of the red variety ; sometimes narrow 
 below and broad above— club-shaped. Seed is white, many grains 
 having a reddish or a brown spot; somewhat larger than the red. 
 The head shoots clear of the enveloping sheath. It goes by the three 
 names of 'black-hulled white Kafir corn,' 'white Kafir corn,' and 
 'African millet.' 
 
90 KANSAS. 
 
 "The red and the white varieties have been grown at the Kansas 
 Experiment Station for some years, with the following result: 
 
 ''Under the same conditions, the red variety has invariably out- 
 yielded the white, both in grain and in fodder; it grows some six to 
 nine inches taller; it matures the seed a little earlier, and the head 
 always pushes clear of the upper sheath, and further, does not shell in 
 handling. On the other hand, the white variety has a pleaaanter taste, 
 and produces grain that is not at all astringent, and on that account is 
 better relished by stock. 
 
 "The black-hulled white Kafir corn has been grown here only in the 
 last season (1896), but it appears to have all the good qualities of the 
 red variety, and to have, in addition, the white seed. If further tests 
 establish that the black-hulled white variety yields as well as the red, 
 it will undoubtedly become the most popular of the three. 
 
 "Although Kafir corn will grow where other grains will die out, it, 
 in common with all crops, does better on rich land, and responds well 
 to generous treatment. Its culture is not limited, however, to soils of 
 certain classes and qualities. It may be grown on stiff clays and on 
 light sand, in river bottoms and on poor uplands, and it will yield 
 profitable returns on soil too poor for the successful cultivation of corn. 
 
 "The strongest recommendation for Kafir corn is that it will produce 
 a crop on less rain than is required for corn, and better resists the 
 action of hot winds. It is, therefore, especially well-adapted to culti- 
 vation in the semi-arid West, where corn is injured by the hot winds 
 and the drought. 
 
 "When corn has once been stunted by hot winds, it never recovers, 
 but not so with Kafir corn. It may be stationary and curled for days, 
 and even weeks, but when the rain comes and the hot winds cease, it 
 will revive, and if not too late in the season, will still produce a crop- 
 
 "While it can be grown to perfection in southern and middle lati- 
 tudes, the northern limit of its successful culture is not well defined. 
 
 "The soil should be prepared as for corn. If the surface is rough, it 
 should be reduced with a pulverizer till even, as such a surface facili- 
 tates cultivation. 
 
 "Seeding takes place about the middle of March in the South, to 
 about June in the North. In the experiments, at the Kansas station, 
 the seed is usually put in the ground about the middle of May. 
 
KANSAS. 91 
 
 "The Kafir corn can be grown either in hills or in drills, but the 
 latter is considered preferable. Kafir corn is sometimes sown for hay, 
 and is sown thick, either with a drill or broadcast, and the crop, when 
 headed, cut with a mower, and treated as a hay crop. If cut early, it 
 may produce two crops. 
 
 For the best methods of harvesting, and of handling the grain after, 
 and the method of thrashing, the reader is referred to the various 
 publications of the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 "The yield an acre of grain and of fodder must, of course, vary with 
 the season. The red variety, as grown at the Kansas station, has 
 invariably outyielded both the White Kafir corn and Indian corn. 
 The average yields an acre for the years 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892, of 
 these three, were as follows : 
 
 Grain, Fodder, 
 
 Variety. bushels. tons. 
 
 Red Kafir corn 58.25 6.05 
 
 White Kafir corn 32.55 5.33 
 
 Indian corn 45.50 3.07 
 
 "The grain refers to the clean seed, 56 pounds to the bushel, and the 
 fodder yields to the field-cured weight. 
 
 "While Kafir corn may not be quite equal to Indian corn as a food 
 for stock, in some particulars, it is demonstrated beyond a shadow of a 
 doubt that Kafir corn has remarkable value as food stuff, and has the 
 additional value of being reliable in the semi-arid regions, where Indian 
 corn can not be relied upon, even with irrigation, in some cases, on 
 account of hot winds. 
 
 HUNTING AND FISHING. 
 
 Once upon a time, and not so very long ago either, the shaggy-fronted 
 buflfalo roamed in countless herds over the Kansas plains. That day is 
 past, of course. Deer and antelope, once plentiful all over the State, are 
 not found now in the eastern portion, but in the western section they are 
 still seen, and furnish the hunter with all the pleasurable excitement of 
 big game shooting. 
 
 There is plenty of small game in Kansas, and in season the markets 
 are well stocked with quail, ducks, prairie chickens, plover, curlew, 
 snipe, geese, rabbits, etc. By legislative enactment prairie chickens and 
 
92 KANSAS. 
 
 quail are protected until well grown, and are shot only in October, 
 November and December. Netting and trapping game birds are prohib- 
 ited, and, as the shelter of hedge and timber increases, quail are multi- 
 plying all over the State. 
 
 From October to April wild geese and ducks abound, feeding on the 
 wheat fields in day time and seeking the rivers and ponds at night. 
 
 We have known a single sportsman to bring down from fifty to one 
 hundred geese and ducks in one day, all conditions being favorable. 
 
 The ducks, which are of all varieties, from the delicate teal to the far- 
 famed canvas back, Mallard, sprigtail, butter ball, spoonbill, red head, 
 etc., abound — a few nesting in the State and staying through the year, 
 though the great majority migrate. 
 
 In April several varieties of plover appear, and the smaller kinds 
 afford good sport all during the spring and fall. The large brown plover 
 and curlew are plenty in April and May, but go north for the summer. 
 
 While Kansas sportsmen ought to be satisfied with such a goodly 
 array of game, they sometimes lay for heavier prey, and consequently 
 will frequently be found silently folding their tents and quietly stealing 
 over the border into Uncle Sam's great game preserve of the Indian Ter- 
 ritory, There the wild turkeys still exist in great numbers. Deer are 
 abundant, and occasionally a black bear may be seen in the canons of the 
 Medicine river. 
 
 Kansas does not claim to be a great State for fishing, still all the streams 
 with rock bottom abound in the gamey black bass, and favored sports- 
 men have caught specimens weighing over seven pounds. In the streams 
 and ponds of sandy or muddy bottom, are found catfish, buffalo, eels? 
 sunfish, perch, and occasionally a wall-eyed pike. The German carp is 
 being cultivated, and thrives in Kansas waters. 
 
 It is emphatically true, as shown by the post office returns, that the 
 citizens of Kansas are a reading people. As a rule, the press of Kansas 
 is able and public spirited, and it has had its full share in achieving for 
 the State its wonderful progress at home, and in winning for it its honor- 
 able reputation abroad. From the peculiar circumstances connected 
 with its early history the newspaper press of Kansas has always drawn 
 superior men to the ranks of its editors. Among them are men who, in 
 point of knowledge of books and the world, of wit and humor, of clear 
 and forcible style, of fearless and chivalric courage, are easily the equals 
 of the most distinguished editors this country has produced. 
 
KANSAS. 93 
 
 THE GRASSHOPPERS THAT HOP IN KANSAS. 
 
 Some people imagine that the principal product of the western States 
 is grasshoppers. 
 
 Many Easterners fear to emigrate to the West, having a great dread 
 that they'll be eaten by the grasshoppers, and leave their bones on the 
 dry and unproductive " Great American Desert." 
 
 The "American Desert," by the way, is fast becoming a fiction of the 
 past. Time was when the majority of folk east of the Mississippi Valley 
 shuddered when they thought of this desert ; the horrors had been 
 pictured in the glowing words of the space-writer of the press, whose 
 "imagination bodies forth the form of things unknown, and gives to 
 airy nothings a local habitation and a name." 
 
 The name has lingered in the minds of men, but the location has 
 become a matter of uncertainty. 
 
 The boundaries have been crowded closer together by the push of 
 civilization, and as the area of this supposed desert has been taken up 
 and cultivated, it has been found that some of the best, the richest, and 
 the moat productive of the farming lands of America had been neglected. 
 The winds and wild animals held undisputed possession of millions of 
 acres where are now fertile farms and richly productive orchards. 
 
 There have been times in the past when swarms of locusts devastated 
 the entire country there, devoured everything that could be eaten, and 
 left it completely stripped of vegetation. 
 
 Other insect enemies may inflict a damage equal to that done by the 
 locusts, during the year, but as it is not done in so short a space of time, 
 nor in so plain sight, it is, comparatively, unnoticed. 
 
 Various causes combine in permitting these insects to increase beyond 
 the normal number. During a succession of abnormally dry years, most 
 locusts increase because they are then less liable to the attacks of diseases 
 that are prevalent in moist seasons, as many parasitic insects die off, thus 
 removing several influences restrictive of the undue increase of locusts. 
 
 Man, with his numerous devices for the extermination of insect pests, 
 has done much to prevent the increase of the locusts ; but the greater 
 good is accomplished by the natural enemies of these insects, the birds 
 that spend the greater part of their lives in the assiduous pursuit of 
 these same insects, and devour them as eggs, young, or old. 
 
94 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 It is of paramount importance that the native birds of the State receive 
 the protection to which they are entitled. When prairie chickens and 
 grouse were numerous no harm whatever was reported as being done 
 by " native grasshoppers." Qaail, plover, blackbirds, sparrows, hawks, 
 and even ducks are known to feed largely upon these insects. A single 
 bird of any of these species will destroy thousands of insects during the 
 spring, summer, and fall months. When the birds are destroyed, these 
 extra thousands of insects increase beyond the normal, and injury to 
 
 GRANT MONUMENT, FT. LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS. 
 
 crops follows. Year after year the gap is wider and the possibilities of 
 harm increase. 
 
 In the absence of the birds, and of any fungus disease that is efficient 
 in destroying the grasshoppers (the fungus disease attacking them is 
 unlike the one that attacks chinch-bugs, being much slower in its action) > 
 artificial remedies must be resorted to to protect the farmer. 
 
 If careful observation is made to see where eggs are deposited in large 
 numbers, they can be destroyed by harrowing the ground and exposing 
 them to the action of the sun, and to the forays of hungry birds. Deep 
 plowing during fall and early in the spring, will bury the locust eggs so 
 deeply that the young hopper cannot reach the surface. 
 
 The best way of destroying the insects, however, is by the use of the 
 kerosene pan, in common parlance the " hopper dozer." 
 
KANSAS. 96 
 
 This is made of stove-pipe iron, by turning up the sides and ends 
 about four inches, so as to make a long flat pan, about four inches in 
 depth. This is then mounted on runners, varying in height from two to 
 eight or ten inches, according to requirements of the crop to be protected, 
 and the age of the insects to be captured. For use the pan is filled with 
 water and then coal oil is added. If the ground is level no cross-pieces 
 are needed, but if the pan is to be used on sloping ground, there must 
 be cross-pieces to prevent the oil and water from running to one end of 
 the " hopper dozer." The machine may be made any length desired up 
 to sixteen and eighteen feet. If small, it can be drawn by hand, but 
 when large a horse or two is preferable. 
 
 When the kerosene pan is full the grasshoppers are removed, a little 
 more oil added, and the machine started again. 
 
 The cost of this remedy is trifling, and it is most eflicient. 
 
 In a garden chickens are valuable, and turkeys are of even greater 
 service. 
 
 THE VALUE OF CORN AS FUEL. 
 
 The present abundance of corn and its low price has occasioned 
 much speculation as to its fuel value. There is such a diversity of 
 opinion and so little actual knowledge regarding the profitableness of 
 buying corn instead of coal, that it seemed desirable to conduct a com- 
 parative test that would show the relative heating power of the two 
 materials. 
 
 Whether it would pay to raise corn for fuel is a question not contem- 
 plated in this investigation, but the interests of the large number of 
 people living in the region of cheap corn call for the determination of its 
 most profitable use after it is upon the market. 
 
 To make the test, a good grade of yellow dent corn, on the ear, of this 
 year's crop, and not thoroughly dry, wag burned under the boiler used 
 to supply power for the department of practical mechanics, and the 
 amount of water evaporated by burning a known quantity of corn was 
 noted. The test lasted nine and one-half hours, and 5,232 pounds of 
 corn and cob were consumed. The next day the same boiler was heated 
 with screened Rock Springs nut coal for five hours, burning 1,888 pounds 
 of coal, and the amount of water evaporated was recorded. 
 
96 KANSAS. 
 
 The data thus obtained showed that one pound of coal evaporated one 
 and nine-tenths as much water as one pound of corn ; that is, one and 
 one-tenth times as much heat was liberated in burning one pound of 
 coal as in one pound of corn. 
 
 Several calorimeter tests were made which agreed very closely with 
 these results. 
 
 The coal used cost at Lincoln $6.65 a ton. "With coal selling at this 
 price, and worth one and nine-tenths times as much for fuel as an equal 
 weight of corn, the fuel value of the latter would be $3.50 a ton or 12.25 
 cents a bushel. 
 
 The following table shows how much coal is worth a ton, when its 
 heating power is the same as that used in the experiment, and when 
 corn is selling at a certain price per bushel : 
 
 Corn, per bushel. Coal, per ton. 
 
 9 cents $4 87 
 
 • 10 cents 5.41 
 
 11 cents 595 
 
 12 cents 6 49 
 
 13 cents 7.11 
 
 14 cents 7.57 
 
 15 cents 8 11 
 
 It will thus be seen that if this quality of coal were selling at $6.50, 
 and corn were bringing ten cents, it would not pay to burn corn ; while 
 coal must sell as low as $5.41 per ton to be as cheap fuel as corn at 
 ten cents per bushel. 
 
 A very complete and thorough investigation of this subject is being 
 
 conducted at the university. It was thought desirable, however, to 
 
 publish the results already obtained, although they were based upon the 
 
 performance of but one quality of coal. This coal is well known and 
 
 largely used in the State. 
 
 [Press Bulletin Number 8, Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 University of Nebraska.] 
 
KANSAS. 97 
 
 IN CONCLUSION. 
 
 WESTERN KANSAS. 
 
 Southeastern Colorado, near the Kansas line, is making a great agri- 
 cultural development, and attracting a large volume of immigration, 
 which comes largely through Kansas and will aid in bringing settlers to 
 this State. 
 
 There is now being constructed, just north of Lamar, in eastern Colo- 
 rado, the most extensive storage reservoir system for irrigation purposes 
 in that State, and this for the purpose of furnishing an immense supply 
 of water for the Amity canal, which extends over into Kansas about 
 forty miles and is being extended still further across Hamilton and into 
 Kearney county. These reservoirs will have an area of about 12,000 
 acres, and an irrigation capacity for 200,000 acres. This system, which is 
 known as "The Great Plains Water Storage System," will cost in the 
 neighborhood of half a million dollars, and will be completed this year 
 (1898). Its eflfect upon the settlement and development of the extreme 
 western part of Kansas will be very great. The enterprise is in strong 
 hands, with almost a limitless amount of capital back of it, and cannot 
 fail of successful completion and operation. 
 
 These favoring conditions in neighboring territory are supplemented 
 by the manifest increasing desire of people in the west-central and 
 eastern States to move west. The enormous prices of lands, and high 
 rents, in the great States east of the Mississippi river, are forcing farmers, 
 particularly the younger ones, to the West, and the last year's agricul- 
 tural results have emphasized so strongly the superlative farming advan- 
 tages offered here, that they are certain to attract large numbers of these 
 classes to the State, who will quickly take up the lands which can now 
 be had so cheaply. Lands which on a basis of $10 to $20 per acre pay 
 for themselves in one crop, cannot long go begging at $5. 
 
 LASTING PROSPERITY. 
 
 Supplementing the favorable local conditions is the great revival and 
 improvement in the general business conditions of the country. We 
 
ys KANSAS. 
 
 have evidently entered upon a continuing period of higher prices for 
 agricultural products. We shall not again in this century, and probably 
 not in many years, if ever, see such a period of excessively low prices 
 for all farm products as we passed through in 1895 and 1896. Prosperity 
 is here. The bank clearings of the country for the last week of the old 
 year showed an increase of 42 per cent over the corresponding week of 
 1896. The balance of trade with the Old World is largely in our favor. 
 The number of business failures and accompanying liabilities during 
 
 PLOWING IN KANSAS. 
 
 1897 were much less than in 1896. Railroad earnings show a large 
 increase. Our foreign commerce is increasing. Our exports for 1897 are 
 reported to be the largest in our history, and excess of merchandise 
 exports over imports is estimated at $350,000,000. Prosperity has come 
 to stay ; the outlook for Kansas is most promising. 
 
 Although during the year 1897 the people of Kansas have paid off 
 $30,000,000 of indebtedness, the deposits in Kansas banks show an 
 increase of 50 per cent at this time over those of one year ago, now 
 aggregating about $50,000,000, and are heavier than at any time in the 
 
KANSAS. 99 
 
 last ten years, and what is more important, they belong almost wholly 
 to individual depositors, Kansas people, rather than, as during the boom, 
 largely to loan companies and Eastern people, who sent their money out 
 here for investment, to be withdrawn later on. 
 
 The foregoing figures and facts revealed by this retrospect, furnish the 
 causes from which to predict effects, a foundation upon which to rest a 
 judgment of the present prospects of Kansas. 
 
 OUR MINING OUTPUT. 
 
 In 1890, the amount of coal mined in the State was 2,260,000 tons ; in 
 1897, it reached an estimated total of 3,200,000 tons, an increase of 40 
 per cent. 
 
 In 1888, the total amount of lead ore mined was only five and a 
 quarter million pounds, value $81,000; in 1897, it reached an estimated 
 total of 45,000,000 pounds, worth $1,000,000. 
 
 In 1890, the first year of which we have an accurate record, there were 
 15,000 tons of zinc spelter manufactured. In 1897, this product is esti- 
 mated at over 30,000 tons. 
 
 In 1890, the value of gypsum cement manufactured was $72,000. In 
 1897, it is estimated at $325,000, an increase of 350 per cent. In 1894, the 
 first year when the United States report gives the hydraulic cement out- 
 put of the State, the value of this product was but $25,000. In 1897, it is 
 estimated at $125,000, an increase of 500 per cent. 
 
 The production of petroleum in this State has just commenced. It is 
 certain that there is a vast supply of it, and its production from now on 
 will cut an important figure in swelling our revenue, and in our conse- 
 quent prosperity. 
 
 The total value of the mineral output of the State for 1897 approxi- 
 mates $9,000,000, and shows a good increase in all its lines over the 
 previous year, with almost a certainty of a greater increase in 1898. 
 Thus is seen every internal evidence of growth, great present prosperity 
 and still greater at hand. The external conditions are equally favorable. 
 Oklahoma, which for several years made such heavy drafts upon Kansas, 
 has become a well-settled, prosperous region, with its great fields of corn, 
 wheat and cotton, and no longer draws upon Kansas resources, but is a 
 helpful neighbor. 
 
100 KANSAS. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 There are eight cities in Kansas with populations ranging from 10,000 
 to 50,000. Twenty-eight cities with 2,500 and upwards, and sixty-five 
 cities containing 1,000 and upwards. 
 
 It may, perhaps, be well to speak briefly of some of these more 
 important cities. As our space is limited, an eflort w^ll be made 
 under this head to give facts without elaboration ; to furnish the 
 reader with information he will most need in regard to the cities of 
 Kansas. It is presumed that this book will be largely used by farmers, 
 mechanics, artisans and laborers. The interest of this class of readers in 
 the cities of the State lies along the line of markets and opportunities 
 for employment. Here, then, are the facts and figures carefully con- 
 densed. 
 
 TOPEKA. 
 
 Capital of the State and County seat of Shawnee county. 
 
 Population, 35,000. 
 
 its public schools employ 117 teachers. 
 
 Four great railroad systems enter the city, where official headquarters, 
 workshops, etc., give employment to at least 3,000 men. 
 
 It is the most important milling center west of St. Louis; there being 
 nine mills with a capacity of 8,500 barrels per day. 
 
 The principal streets are from eighty to one hundred and thirty feet 
 in width, and the residence streets are beautifully parked and shaded. 
 Ten miles of street are paved with asphalt, stone, cedar blocks, and 
 vitrified brick, costing over $1,100,000. 
 
 The United States Court House, Pension Office and Post Office Build- 
 ing, erected in 1882, at a cost of $300,000, occupies a prominent corner in 
 the business center of the city. 
 
 The State Asylum for the Insane is located west of the city, on spacious 
 grounds, and occupies five immense buildings, recently erected, with all 
 modern improvements. 
 
 The State Reform School is located on a fine farm of one hundred and 
 sixty acres, north of the city, and has four large buildings with accommo- 
 dations for two hundred boys. 
 
KANSAS. 101 
 
 There are over one hundred church organizations in the city, occupy- 
 ing forty-eight church edifices. Many of these are magnificent struc- 
 tures, and the church property is valued at $622,000. The bishops of 
 the Methodist Episcopal and Episcopal churches reside here, and 
 preparations are made for the construction of an Episcopal Cathedral 
 to cost 1250,000. 
 
 The Topeka Free Public Library occupies a beautiful building on the 
 State House grounds, erected for its special use at a cost of $50,000. It 
 contains over 10,000 volumes. 
 
 State Library, owned by the State of Kansas, is one of the largest 
 and best in the country, and is open to all during business hours. 
 
 Library of the State Historical Society is also kept in the State House. 
 It contains 35,000 volumes, and is particularly rich in historical works. 
 
 There are fourteen banks in Topeka, with a combined capital of 
 $3,000,000. 
 
 The city is lighted with electric lights, and has a telephone system. 
 
 The State Printing House employs 420 hands and pays out $261,000 in 
 wages annually. 
 
 Packing houses employ a large number of men, and do a business of 
 $350,000 per annum. 
 
 Two sash and door factories, with a business of over $200,000. 
 
 Starch works, paying in wages $1,000 monthly. 
 
 Boiler works, brick yards, feed mills, linseed oil mills, preserving 
 works, cracker factory, furniture factory, cornice works, and establish- 
 ments producing stoves, vinegar, shirts, overalls, cigars, confectionery, 
 mattresses, harness, clothing, artificial limbs, etc. 
 
 The actual valuation of all real, personal and railroad property in the 
 city is over $40,000,000. 
 
 Topeka is clean, well drained ^ and a healthy city. The climate is 
 salubrious, and with the natural location and splendid sewer system, 
 perfect drainage is obtained. 
 
 Topeka is well supplied with good hotels, sufficient to accommodate 
 the largest gatherings and conventions. 
 
 There are thirty-six daily and weekly newspapers in Topeka. 
 
 There is an excellent electric street railway system covering the entire 
 city and operating 32 miles of track. 
 
 A woolen mill, completed in 1897, is now in full operation, employing 
 150 men a month. 
 
102 KANSa-S. 
 
 WICHITA. 
 
 The county seat of Sedgwick county ; population 25,000. 
 
 Twenty -three miles of electric street car lines. 
 
 Wichita is one of the best railroad points in Kansas. She has no fewer 
 than ten lines running to all points of the compass. The Missouri 
 Pacific system gives her direct connection to Kansas City, thence east 
 and north ; also with Denver, Colo. It has likewise a line running into 
 the southwestern part of the State. 
 
 The stock yards are now doing a fine, steady business. These yards 
 were first opened in 1887. They had hardly got started when they were 
 burned out on the 18th day of October. On the 1st day of November, 
 1888, they were again opened. They cover sixty acres of ground — 
 fourteen acres under shedding. They have a capacity for 5,000 cattle 
 and 10,000 hogs. They have 125 hydrants. The capital stock, $600,000, 
 is all owned in Wichita. 
 
 Wichita has every advantage of location. She is situated on the east 
 bank of the Arkansas river, near the junction of that stream with the 
 Little Arkansas, in the finest valley west of the Mississippi. 
 
 There are eighteen public schools, including a high school. 
 
 Wichita is located in the bosom of the great Arkansas valley, better 
 known as the Happy valley, fifty miles north of the Indian Territory 
 line and two hundred miles west of any other city. By her fortunate 
 location she holds the key to the trade of the great Southwest. 
 
 Wichita is the wonder of America and the metropolis of the Southwest. 
 
 She is a great receiving and distributing point. 
 
 She is the only packing center in Kansas, the combined capacity of 
 the two packing houses being 5,000 hogs and 1,000 head of cattle daily. 
 
 She is the center of the finest hog and cattle region in the world. 
 
 She is a large wholesale and manufacturing city. 
 
 She has absolute control of a country 400 miles square. 
 
 Wichita is a city of magnificent buildings, which have cost millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 She has an extensive system of water works. 
 
 A splendid sewerage system. 
 
 An excellent gas and electric light plant. 
 
 The finest equipped and most efficient fire department in the West. 
 
 Good telephone service. 
 
KANSAS. 103 
 
 LEAVENWORTH. 
 
 The oldest city in the State, population, 23,560. 
 
 Leavenworth's strong point is coal. In 1860, coal cost sixty-five cents 
 per bushel ; in 1870, the first coal shaft had been sunk, and a twenty-four 
 inch vein struck. Since then, four workable veins have been discovered, 
 the first, at 713 feet, twenty -two inches in thickness ; the second, at 738 
 feet, twenty-four inches in thickness ; the third, at 998 feet, twenty-six 
 inches in thickness ; and the fourth, at 1,030 feet, twenty-eight inches 
 thick. From actual tests it is known that the coal veins cover 200 
 square miles, and contain 1,940,000 tons of coal. The best coal is sold at 
 $2.25 per ton, and slack, suitable for factory purposes, at $1.00 per ton 
 Two million dollars are invested in coal mines, and $20,000 per week are 
 paid in wages. 
 
 There is no better corn market in the West, about 7,000 bushels per 
 day being the capacity of the various mills. 
 
 Fort Leavenworth, the Soldiers' Home, and a large part of the city are 
 built with bricks made from clay found near the city ; and bricks are 
 shipped to Kansas City and other markets. Clay suitable for making 
 vitrified bricks for street paving has been discovered, and large works 
 have been erected near the Soldiers' Home grounds, at a cost of $30,000, 
 and another factory has been established in the city at a similar cost, so 
 that 60,000 paving brick a day are now being made. 
 
 This is the great stove center of the West. The Great Western Stove 
 Company is the largest but two in the world ; they make 60,000 stoves 
 in a year. They give employment to 200 men. The stoves are sold in 
 every State in the Union. 
 
 The largest bridge works west of the Mississippi river are at Leaven- 
 worth, and give employment to a large number of men. The furniture 
 factories, planing mills and cooperage works are the very best of their 
 kind, as are also the packing-houses, printing establishments, cold 
 storage and ice plants. 
 
 Leavenworth can fairly be called the manufacturing center of the 
 West, for it has factories of almost every kind. They nearly all com- 
 menced in a small way, and have grown up to their present dimensions. 
 
 The Great Western Manufacturing Company, makers of mill machin- 
 ery of all kinds, employ 100 men, and send their products over the 
 entire West and Southwest. 
 
KANSAS. 105 
 
 Leavenworth county is not only a rich farming county, but it is rich 
 in fruit. More apples are shipped from this county every year than 
 from any other county in America. Farmers are prosperous ; having a 
 good cash market for all they grow, they have an advantage over other 
 counties. 
 
 South of the city 2,500 veterans find comfortable quarters in the Sol- 
 diers' Home, maintained by the Federal Government. 
 
 The State Penitentiary and the United States Fort are located near the 
 city. This most important military post has charge of issuing all neces- 
 sary stores for the department of the Missouri. 
 
 ATCHISON. 
 
 Atchison was settled in 1854, and has a population of 26,758. 
 
 Atchison lies in a sort of amphitheatre, its business center being in 
 the valley of a creek, locally known as White Clay creek, and its resi- 
 dences occupy the hills which rise on either side. 
 
 It is within 100 miles of the geographical center of the United States, 
 and is 900 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 The territory included in the city proper is about two and one-half 
 miles north and south, by about two miles east and west. Its surface is 
 irregular, rising from the low, level bottom ground of the creek, to the 
 bluffs and hills nearly 200 feet high. The natural drainage is unsur- 
 passed, and the high elevations furnish beautiful and healthful sites for 
 residences. 
 
 The Missouri river is here spanned by a steel railroad and highway 
 bridge, by which six lines of railroads reach the city from the east. 
 Seven railroads run west from Atchison, making thirteen in all. 
 
 We can claim for Atchison, at the present time, that she has more 
 miles of paved streets than any other city of equal size in the United 
 States ; has one of the best electric street railway plants to be found 
 operating anywhere, eight miles of track, fifteen cars, entire plant cost- 
 ing $150,000 ; it has two electric light plants and one gas plant ; has a 
 first-class water service ; has three colleges, Midland, St. Benedict's and 
 the Atchison Business College ; has seven public schools (two of which 
 are for colored residents), with a corps of 44 teachers, a high school, and 
 a number of private schools; churches of every denomination, creed 
 and color ; a modern Union Station, built of pressed brick, at a cost of 
 $50,000. 
 
106 KANSAS. 
 
 Atchison has three large elevators in operation, several of the largest 
 wholesale grocers, drug, hardware, dry goods and seed houses doing 
 business in the West, four flour mills, two foundries, two planing mills, 
 overall and shirt factory, vitrified brick plant, ice plant, five banks, two 
 newspapers, canning factory, three candy factories, a coal mine, and one 
 of the finest equipped opera houses in the West, the latter erected at a 
 cost of $50,000 ; an elegant government postoffice building, erected at a 
 cost of $80,000 ; a new county court house, erected at a cost of $93,000 ; 
 a Soldiers' Orphans' Home, erected by the State at a cost of $175,000, 
 and a Public Library. 
 
 Every line of business and profession is represented in the city by 
 men with whom it is a pleasure to transact business. 
 
 FORT SCOTT. 
 
 The county seat of Bourbon county ; has a population of 11,946. 
 
 Fort Scott presents considerable attraction to manufacturers. It is the 
 center of a country where nature has provided plenty of raw materials 
 for factories, such as limestone for building and smelting purposes, 
 cement rock equal to the Louisville, clay for all kinds of heavy pottery, 
 fire clay, timber of all kinds in great profusion, sandstone flagging, flax, 
 sugar cane, straw for coarser class of paper, the best of brick clay, broom 
 corn. An inexhaustible supply of coal underlies the entire city ; also 
 natural gas wells abound in the neighborhood. The mines to the south 
 yield abundantly lead and zinc. 
 
 This city is now one of the important railroad centers to the South- 
 west, being situated at the intersection of three great trunk lines, the 
 Missouri Pacific, the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis, and the M., K. 
 & T. Eight lines in all center here. The Missouri Pacific has recently 
 completed two more, and a belt line around the city. 
 
 It is an important jobbing center, being the source of supply for the 
 mining and agricultural towns of the surrounding region. Its public 
 improvements are complete, consisting of water works, sewerage, electric 
 light plant, illuminating and fuel gas plant, telephone exchange, and 
 every metropolitan convenience ; several costly hotels, U. S. court house, 
 normal school, seven public school buildings, four strong banks, aggre- 
 gating $1,000,000 capital, seven newspapers, two journals, seven miles of 
 street railway, soon to be increased and operated by electric power. 
 Natural gas is found in considerable quantities at a depth of from 300 to 
 
KANSAS. 107 
 
 800 feet, and fael and lighting are obtained at very small cost. The town 
 is built in the valley of the Marmaton River, which furnishes ample 
 waterpower for all purposes. Good drainage and pure drinking water 
 render it exceptionally healthy, the death rate being among the lowest 
 in the United States. 
 
 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 Situated on the north bank of the Arkansas River, with the fertile 
 Arkansas Valley finding a market for its products there, and four trunk 
 lines intersecting within its limits, Hutchinson is one of the most prom- 
 ising cities in Kansas. It is the county seat of Reno county, which has 
 an area of 1,260 square miles of fertile land, with an abundance of timber 
 and water. 
 
 The discovery of a vein of pure rock salt, over 300 feet in thickness, 
 has made this industry one of the greatest of its kind in the United 
 States, and will greatly add to the population and wealth of the city. 
 The output of salt at present is from sixty to eighty carloads a day, 
 representing a cash value of from $3,000 to $5,000 daily, which in round 
 numbers means that over $1,000,000 worth of salt is sold from Hutch- 
 inson in a year. The population of the city is now a little over 10,000, 
 and rapidly increasing. 
 
 In the county there are 128 schools, twenty churches of various 
 denominations, and twelve newspapers, one of which is an eight-page 
 Associate Press daily. The State Reformatory is located here. 
 
 Large hotels, solid and handsome business blocks, electric light and 
 power, gas, water works and street cars, give evidence that Hutchinson 
 is a thriving and prosperous city. There are three banks, doing a daily 
 business of more than $1,000,000, one of which has deposits of a half a 
 million, and among the banks of Kansas stands fourth in the amount of 
 business done. This town offers exceptional opportunities. 
 
 Hutchinson also figures largely in the wholesale grocery trade, and 
 a branch house of the Onondaga Broom Works has been established 
 here, engaged in the manufacture of whisk brooms, with a capacity 
 equal to the task of supplying the entire West with whisk brooms. 
 
 The State Reformatory has now been completed, after large additions, 
 and has now about 200 inmates. 
 
KANSAS. 109 
 
 The Shady Grove Creamery has skimming stations in various parts 
 of Kansas, within a radius of 100 miles from Hutchinson, and, with a 
 capacity of 25,000 pounds daily, ships, in car lots, to Boston and other 
 Eastern points. 
 
 As an apple and grape shipping point, the city is rapidly pushing to 
 the front. Hundreds of thousands of fruit trees have been planted, 
 and vineyards set out, and the fruft business is now one of the most 
 important industries. 
 
 LAWRENCE. 
 
 Population, 9,997. Founded in 1854. 
 
 Its numerours schools, colleges, churches and literary «ocieties, have 
 given it a celebrity enjoyed by few places anywhere in the great West. 
 
 Around these varied interests has gathered a population of refined, 
 educated people whose influence and association are particularly favorable 
 to the student's work. It would be difficult to find a place in which 
 young men and women can pursue a course of studies under more favor- 
 able circumstances, with greater chances of success or with less expense. 
 First among the attractions of the City of Lawrence, is the State Univer- 
 sity. Situated upon the lofty brow of Mount Oread, it overlooks the city 
 at its base, the Kansas River, winding around the Delaware bluffs, the 
 timber-lined Wakarusa, and a line of hills beyond. 
 
 Another attractive feature of Lawrence is Bismarck Grove, one of the 
 grandest natural parks in the country. Art has added to its beauties, 
 and now there are three beautiful lakes in it, fed by water works, on 
 which are kept several row boats for the use of the visitor. Bismarck 
 Grove has become famous for its fine herd of buffalo and deer, and 
 hundreds of people visit the park to see the last remnant of the "Monarch 
 of the Plains." 
 
 The United States Indian School, better known as the Haskell Insti- 
 tute, is located just outside the city limits. There are four very large 
 buildings constructed so as to form a half circle, and here are being 
 educated some four hundred Indian girls and boys, from about forty 
 different tribes. It is an industrial school, and all must work at some 
 trade a half day and go to school the other half. The boys are uniformed 
 and the six companies form the Haskell Institute Battalion, which, 
 headed by their band of Indian boys, makes an imposing appearance 
 Many visitors g^ Qut to the school to witness their weekly drills. 
 
110 KANSAS. 
 
 The rare advantages offered to manufacturers by the almost unlimited 
 water power; the numerous railroads, directly connecting it wdth all 
 points of the country ; the facilities for securing either a classical or com- 
 mercial education — all combine in bringing hundreds of people to the 
 city. 
 
 SALINA. 
 
 Population, 7,000. Salina is in the very center of the wheat belt, 
 with inexhaustible agricultural resources surrounding it. It has become 
 a great shipping point, and its large elevators and mills do an enormous 
 business. In like proportion its other business interests have developed — 
 wholesale and retail houses, manufactories, packing establisliments, gas 
 works, electric lights, street railways, book binderies, in fact, everything 
 that goes to make a large and prosperous city. 
 
 Salina is proud of her schools and colleges. Its five large public school 
 buildings accommadate about one thousand scholars, and its advanced 
 institutions of learning have already acquired more than a State reputa- 
 tion. The Normal University, erected at a cost of $40,000, attracts scores 
 of students every year ; the Kansas Wesleyan, controlled by the Metho- 
 dist denomination, has exceeded the expectations of its founders, and 
 the St. John Military Institute offers special courses that the young men 
 are rapidly taking advantage of. Believing that the prosperity of a city 
 depends upon the intelligence of its people, active and untiring efforts 
 were made to secure these institutions. As is to be expected in a city of 
 schools, Salina has many churches, and the local organizations are pro- 
 gressive and prosperous. 
 
 ARKANSAS CITY. 
 
 Population, 8,347. With the opening of the Cherokee Strip, Arkansas 
 City became at once a most important point. It is a thriving, busy 
 place already, and the impetus which will be given it by the settle- 
 ment of the new lands, will unquestionably increase its commercial 
 importance. 
 
 A canal five miles long, running through the city, from the Arkansas 
 to the Walnut rivers, affords 15,000 - horsepower, that can easily be 
 increased by enlarging this canal, which already places the city at 
 the front as a manufacturing center. The factories which depend on the 
 
KANSAS. Ill 
 
 canal for their power are the City Roller Mills, with a capacity of 1,000 
 barrels a day ; the Plummer Chair Factory, Kirk wood Windmill Fac- 
 tory, mattress factory, Canal Planing Mills and electric light works. 
 
 The city also contains a foundry and machine shops, two wholesale 
 groceries, and one wholesale dry goods store, one hotel build- 
 ing which cost $125,000, another $45,000, and an opera house building 
 worth $75,000. This gives an idea of the business buildings of the city 
 and it must be inferred that other business buildings, which are numer- 
 ous, coinpare favorably with those named. All the best buildings are 
 built of cut stone, which is quarried a few miles from town. 
 
 NEWTON. 
 
 Population, 7,000; county seat of Harvey county. It is also a junction 
 point of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and the Missouri 
 Pacific Railway. 
 
 Among the prominent industries of the city are the roller mills, the 
 cornice works, and the carriage and wagon factories, whose products are 
 extensively used over the entire West. 
 
 Newton is well supplied with papers, there being two daily, one semi- 
 weekly and three weekly newspapers. 
 
 There are three banks, two national and one State, where a large 
 annual business is transacted. 
 
 Thirteen churches are established here, of all the leading denomina- 
 tions, and Bethel College, the only Mennonite college in North America, 
 is located here. 
 
 Newton is a large grain market, and is one of the largest live-stock 
 markets in the State. Its creameries in the season of 1897 paid over 
 $50,000 to the farmers of Harvey county. The city owns the water 
 works system and has one of the finest water supplies in the State. The 
 improvements made in the last year exceed $250,000. The county is free 
 from debt, and all is good, tillable land. 
 
 OSAWATOMIE. 
 The population of Osawatomie is at present about three thousand 
 and it is a steady, growing community. Natural gas has been devel- 
 oped by the Pennsylvania Gas and Mining Company, which has an 
 extensive plant in operation, and furnishes light and fuel to the entire 
 city. 
 
112 KANSAS. 
 
 The Kansas State Insane Asylum is located here, and is an imposing 
 structure, comprising three handsome buildings, with large and beau- 
 tiful grounds. About two hundred persons are employed here, includ- 
 ing officers, attendants and other employes. 
 
 Osawatomie is a historic place, as it was the home of John Brown, 
 and is the place where the now famous "Battle of Osawatomie" was 
 fought. A monument to the memory of John Brown has been erected 
 within two blocks of the depot, and is visited by many tourists. 
 Among other historic items concerning Osawatomie, the first Repub- 
 lican convention in Kansas was held here. 
 
 The Missouri Pacific Railway Company has extensive machine and 
 car shops here ; yards, and superintendent's headquarters, employing 
 several hundred men. 
 
 OTTAWA. 
 
 Population, 8,006. The railway repair shops are located here, with 
 large and commodious buildings, roundhouses, etc., employing 200 men ; 
 three grain elevators, three banks, three mills, four weekly newspapers, 
 two daily newspapers, two extensive nurseries, an excellent creamery, 
 one foundry, one planing mill, one furniture factory, one soap factory, 
 one cob pipe factory, two wire fence factories, and no saloons. 
 Recently there has been organized a natural gas and development 
 company, which has, so far, put down five wells, three of which have 
 proved to be profitable. The company will develop further, and every 
 one concerned is confident that natural gas, in abundant quantities, 
 is in sight, and will be obtained in a short time. The railway hospital 
 has a capacity for sixty patients. '* Forest Park " is the pride of the 
 city. It is splendidly improved and fitted up with buildings of various 
 kinds, wherein are held the county fair and widely known Chautauqua 
 Assembly. There are four graded schools, with commodious buildings, 
 also a commercial college, with a full business course, and a Baptist 
 university, with a full college course. Ottawa is literally a " city of 
 churches," there being eighteen church buildings. The First Baptist 
 Church is one of the finest in the state. "The Rohrbaugh " is con- 
 sidered the largest and finest opera house in Kansas. 
 
114 KANSAS. 
 
 WINFIELD. 
 
 Winfield is the county seat of Cowley county, which is famed through- 
 out the State for the fine quality of magnesium limestone found within 
 its limits, and used extensively for building purposes, the postoffice at 
 Topeka being built of it. Winfield was founded in 1871, and now has a 
 good and solid population of 6,500. While its interests are largely 
 agricultural, and it is noted as a fruit center, manufacturing and mercan- 
 tile enterprises have not been neglected. There is a complete system of 
 gas and water works, electric lights and street railroads. There are three 
 railroads, four first-class hotels, two theatres, two colleges, four banks, 
 and the same number of newspapers, three flour mills and two elevators, 
 an ice plant and one large packing house, which, in addition to other 
 industries, contribute to the general prosperity of the city. 
 
 GARNETT. 
 
 Garnett is the county seat of Anderson county, and has three rail- 
 roads, two large public school buildings, eleven churches, a canning 
 factory employing 150 hands during the packing season, a large furniture 
 factory, good hotels, two banks and many good dry goods, grocery and 
 implement stores. The population is about 2,500. There are about 150 
 miles of railway in the county, and all farms are within a short distance 
 of some railway station. The surrounding country is excellent farming 
 land, with plenty of good building stone and a good supply of water. 
 
 ANTHONY. 
 
 Population, 1,806. County seat of Harper county. 
 
 It is situated at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Hutchin- 
 son & Southern, and at the western termination of the 'Frisco railroad, 
 thus securing outlets to points north, northeast, east and southeast. The 
 Hutchinson & Southern Eailroad is a feeder for the Union Pacific, and 
 its southern prospective point is Galveston, Texas. The district adjacent 
 to the ground on which the city is built is an open, gently undulating 
 prairie, with a fertile soil, suitable for the cultivation of all cereals, but 
 producing chiefly at present good crops of wheat, oats and corn. The 
 succulent grasses, along with the plentiful supply of water, render this one 
 of the finest cattle raising districts in the State. 
 
 The salt industry, one of the natural resources of Anthony, is treated 
 elsewhere in this volume. 
 
KANSAS. 115 
 
 INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Is the county seat of Montgomery County, Kansas, in the Southeastern 
 part of the State, and is located on the Verdigris River. All industries 
 common to a thriving Western city are to be found here. The popula- 
 tion, with a rapid but steady increase, is now 4,000. The United States 
 land office is located here. Independence is an important railroad 
 point, and has great advantages, recommending it to both home-seekers 
 and investors. A county high school is now building, designed to cost 
 $25,000. Coal is extensively mined in this vicinity ; an excellent lime- 
 stone is plentiful, and good building stone is found in large quantities 
 in the river bluffs. A brick plant and creamery are located here, and 
 natural gas affords fuel and light. 
 
 There are two weekly newspapers and one daily, fourteen churches, 
 three banks and seven hotels. The surrounding country is an undula- 
 ting prairie, and about 25 per cent of it is bottom land. Timber is 
 abundant. 
 
 Mcpherson. 
 
 McPherson, the county seat of McPherson County, has a steadily 
 increasing population of about 3,100. The city has electric lights, 
 waterworks, churches, and fine school buildings. The Dunkard College 
 here has recently been enlarged. There are four railroads intersecting 
 at this point. An ice plant has been erected in the last year, and two 
 large flour mills. McPherson County is one of the banner wheat-pro- 
 ducing counties of the State ; the value of the farming lands in the 
 county is over $12,000,000. Throughout the entire county are found 
 evidences of the flourishing condition of the country. 
 
 As it is situated near the center of the State, surrounded by fine 
 farming lands, McPherson is destined to be one of the most prosperous 
 towns in Kansas. 
 
 COFFEYVILLE. 
 
 To the title of a clean residence place, a veritable housekeeper's 
 paradise, Coffey ville has strong claims. There is no soot, no coal; 
 natural gas is the natural fuel of the town. There are sixteen gas wells 
 
KANSAS. 117 
 
 in operation, furnishing light and fuel to about 1,000 residences, stores, 
 churches, factories, supplying light and power to all industries that 
 require fuel. To all such, in which the item of fuel is important, the 
 City of Coffey ville offers remarkable inducements. The railroad con- 
 nections and shipping facilities are the most complete of any town in 
 Southern Kansas, and it is the second largest grain distributing point 
 in the State, being surpassed in this only by Kansas City. Among the 
 leading industries of Coffeyville may be mentioned a vitrified brick 
 factory, manufacturing brick from bluff shale and burning same with 
 natural gas; large flouring mills and mammoth elevators, sash and 
 door factories and planing mills, ice plants and cold storage ware- 
 houses, railroad repair shops (four division termini of the Missouri 
 Pacific are located here), and all lines of business are well represented. 
 Coffeyville also has a recently erected pottery plant, a paper mill, and 
 an egg-case filler factory. There are four large three-story brick school 
 houses, and eleven churches of various denominations. An electric 
 light and power plant is also to be erected here shortly. The popula- 
 tion of Coffeyville is rapidly and steadily increasing, being now over 
 5,500. This city will repay investigation. 
 
 PITTSBUEG. 
 
 Pittsburg has made remarkable gains in the last few years, the 
 percentage of gain in population (which is now 13,000) exceeding that 
 of any other city in the State, and raising its rank among the cities of 
 the State from ninth to sixth in the last year. To this large number is 
 practically added the population of the adjacent mining camps, making 
 in all nearly 20,000. 
 
 Pittsburg is situated in the center of the great Kansas coal fields, and 
 the annual tonnage of Pittsburg coal product exceeds that of the com- 
 bined wheat and corn crop of Kansas. 
 
 There are five large zinc smelting works, railroad machine shops, the 
 largest vitrified brickworks in the State, wood-working manufacturing 
 mills, and further, excellent opportunities for the exercise of business 
 ability in all lines. 
 
 There is also a packing house, ten big wholesale houses, a foundry 
 and machine shop of considerable extent, which is now being doubled 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 119 
 
 in capacity, flour mill, and a paid fire department. The hotel accom- 
 modations are as fine as any in the State. 
 
 Five railroad systems pass through Pittsburg, and fifteen passeng-er 
 trains arrive daily. The city has all first-class improvements, such as 
 paved streets, gas and electric light, waterworks, and electric street 
 car lines extending to the neighboring mining camps. 
 
 The public school system is unexcelled, churches of all denomina- 
 tions are to be found, and the social and other features of the city are 
 all that can be desired. 
 
 KANSAS CATTLE. 
 
 The cheapest and best fuel ever known is found here in unlimited 
 quantities. Pine and manufacturing timber is easily obtainable a short 
 distance from here, and is readily accessible by railroad. 
 
 The untold millions of natural resources surrounding the city makes 
 its growth rapid, substantial and inevitable. 
 
 NEODESHA. 
 
 The "Oil City of the West" is the name now most frequently applied 
 to Neodesha. This city is situated in the Southeastern part of the State, 
 in the valley between the Verdigris and Fall Rivers, and surrounded by 
 
120 KANSAS. 
 
 a most fertile and resourceful country. Few cities have a more promis- 
 ing outlook. There are fifty-five producing oil wells and three gas wells, 
 which supply the town with fuel and light. The oil industries are being 
 rapidly developed. A large refinery has just been erected by the Stand- 
 ard Oil Company. The products are two grades of illuminating oil, 
 gasoline, naphtha, benzine, gas oil and fuel oil, this last being much 
 used in the smelters of Kansas and Nebraska. The refineries at Neo 
 desha are connected by pipe line with the large storage tanks at Thayer, 
 fifteen miles distant. 
 
 The production of oil exceeds the capacity of the refineries. Large 
 supply stores for oil well machinery are located here and doing a rush- 
 ing business. Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries 
 of the county, and of that section of the State, and Neodesha is the 
 natural marketing place for the agricultural products of the section 
 tributary to Neodesha ; 75 per cent of the wheat was marketed there, 
 and 80 per cent of the corn crop was sold to local stock feeders. 
 
 There are now twelve living gas wells, and about one hundred 
 producing oil wells in the territory immediately adjacent to the town. 
 The municipal gas and water works are the property of the city. 
 There are five churches, with good buildings, good schools, and the 
 population is in the neighborhood of 2,500. 
 
 The large brick school building, with a competent force of teachers, 
 provides ample educational facilities. Neodeshathas two daily papers 
 and two banks. 
 
 lOLA. 
 
 Allen county is in the southeastern part of the State, and is a pros- 
 perous and well-settled section. The general surface of the country is 
 rolling ; the Neosho river and its numerous tributaries provide an abun- 
 dance of water, and the land is well timbered. 
 
 The county seat is lola, a city of magnificent resources in the way of 
 natural gas, of which there is a practically unlimited supply. In 1893, 
 a large well was uncovered, having a capacity of more than 3,000,000 
 cubic feet a day. The discovery of the first great well made it certain 
 that other investors would enter the field, and at the present time the 
 daily output ranges from 3,000,000 to 12,000,000 cubic<^feet each. The 
 town is lighted by natural gas. 
 
KANSAS. 121 
 
 An important feature of thia gas is its freedom from sulphur and 
 phosphorus, which renders it particularly well adapted to use in the 
 working of iron and steel. 
 
 As a direct result of the discovery of natural gas, Tola is rapidly 
 becoming a manufacturing city. Already two immense zinc smelting 
 plants are in operation, and three more are under construction. A 
 large building and vitrified brick plant, and an extensive iron foundry 
 and manufacturing plant are already located here, and a large number 
 of other industries are assured. The investments, by careful and 
 conservative business men, of hundreds of thousands of dollars in 
 these manufacturing plants is the best evidence that could be given of 
 the extent, permanence, and value of the lola gas fields. 
 
 During the last two years, lola has increased from 1,700 to over 5,000 in 
 population, and there is every indication that the same ratio of increase 
 will continue for many years to come. Capital seeking investment in 
 manufacturing industries will meet with a cordial welcome, and with 
 very substantial inducements in the way of sites and fuel. 
 
 To the manufacturer in lines where fuel is an important item, lola 
 offers unparalleled advantages. Gas is a superior fuel, and is to be had 
 here at an almost nominal figure. 
 
 WACONDA SPEING. 
 
 Among the prominent mineral springs of the West, the celebrated 
 Waconda, or ''Spring of the Great Spirit," takes high rank. Situated 
 in a beautiful valley of the Solomon River, on the Central Branch of 
 the Missouri Pacific Railway, is this, one of the most remarkable 
 mineral springs in the world. 
 
 For long ages before the white man disputed with the red the 
 possession of the West, was this spring known among all the tribes as a 
 manifest action of the Great Spirit's beneficence, a mark of divine 
 favor to the race. From far places the Indians came to this spring to 
 obtain relief from their ills, and to propitiate the supernatural powers 
 by offerings and ceremonies. 
 
 The character of the spring did not change, its health-giving 
 properties did not depart, upon the advent of the Caucasian. The 
 water was, and still is, a marvelous tonic to the entire system. It 
 upbuilds mentally no less than physically, and the results obtained by 
 
I 
 
 4%^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^■ 
 
 I 
 
 # 
 
 
KANSAS. 123 
 
 its use, in all forms of nervous affections especially, are truly 
 remarkable. 
 
 Time was when the Indian made weary and arduous journeys to this 
 haven for the ailing, but now the journey thither is one of pleasure, a 
 recollection to be treasured through succeeding years. 
 
 To reach the Waconda Spring, you simply take the Missouri Pacific 
 Railway, and it takes you to the front door of the commodious and 
 substantial hotel at Waconda. It is no trouble at all to get there. 
 
 CHETOPA. 
 
 The City of Chetopa is situated in Labette County, on the banks of 
 the Neosho River, with a population, which has gained rapidly during 
 the last year, of about 4,000. The business buildings are of brick, and 
 one, the " Bush Building," just completed, is of white limestone, from 
 Carthage, Mo., and adds greatly to the attractiveness of the city. 
 The streets are well made, lighted with electric light, and have vitrified 
 brick sidewalks. Chetopa being situated in the "Gas Belt" does not 
 want for manufactCiring industries, the wells being but one mile from 
 the city. On the 24th of October the gas was brought to the city by 
 pipeline, and before the close of the present year, 1898, all residences, 
 stores and so forth will be enhanced in attractiveness by the use of this 
 cheap, and at the same time thorough, illuminant and fuel. A water 
 works system has just been completed; and pipes have been laid for 
 the city water service. A complete telephone system has been placed in 
 operation. Her public school system is the pride of Chetopa, scholars 
 from the Chetopa high school passing direct to the State University. A 
 $12,000 opera house affords opportunity for theatrical entertainments, 
 and good companies frequently appear in the standard dramas. As to 
 hunting and fiLshing, Chetopa is in the middle of an unusually rich field, 
 black bass, crappie, jack salmon, snipe, plover, prairie chicken, quail, 
 jack rabbits, and so forth, being found within short distance of the 
 town. Parties seeking healthful and pleasant location for business 
 enterprises should give Chetopa close inspection. 
 
 KIOWA, 
 Among the good towns of Kansas may be mentioned Kiowa, a pros- 
 perous city of 1,000 population, in the southern part of the State. The 
 stores of Kiowa do an immense wholesale and retail trade with the 
 surrounding country, the leading towns of Oklahoma, and the Indian 
 
124 KANSAS. 
 
 Territory doing business there. Among the numerous other industries 
 of Kiowa, the large flour mill takes a high position. The city is the 
 headquarters for the cattlemen of Southern Kansas and of Oklahoma, 
 who graze an enormous number of cattle in the vicinity of Kiowa every 
 year. The public schools are up to the high standard of all the schools 
 of Kansas, and in public buildings, churches, and so forth, Kiowa is 
 surpassed by no city of its size in the State. 
 
 CHEROKEE 
 Is a prosperous town of about 1,500 population, situated in the southern 
 part of Crawford County, in a rich agricultural and mining region, 
 whose railroads furnish excellent shipping facilities for the large out- 
 put of stock, grain and coal. Four blocks of smelters near the city 
 employ a large number of men, and the coal mines, which are on all 
 sides of the town, afford employment for a still larger number of men. 
 Oil has been found within a short distance of the town, and will, in all 
 probability, be developed in the near future, and add to the city's 
 already prosperous condition. The city owns a good system of water 
 works. The public schools are excellent, and the buildings commo- 
 dious and comfortable. There are four churches, and all the leading 
 lodges are well represented — Masons, Odd Fellows, and others. The 
 city has large business houses, and a flour mill of great capacity. 
 
 HIAWATHA 
 Is called the prettiest miniature city in Kansas. And the reason? It 
 has everything that the larger cities have, the municipality owning an 
 electric light plant for street lighting, and a private company supplying 
 incandescent or arc lights for residences or stores. The telephone 
 service is complete, and unsurpassed, as connection may be had with 
 every town in three States, and with every town in Brown County, of 
 which Hiawatha is the county seat. But the pride of Hiawatha is her 
 Academy and her Public Library. Educationally, and in a social way, 
 the jewel city of Brown County ranks with the highest. The popula- 
 tion is 5,000, and all are well-to-do. 
 
 The manufacturing interests of Hiawatha are not large, the city 
 depending upon the support of the rich and progressive farmers of the 
 surrounding country, and the support is never-failing. Crop failures 
 are entirely unknown. Farms to rent are scarce, and fewer are for 
 sale. Land is worth from |40 to $500 an acre, and is very fertile. 
 
KANSAS. 125 
 
 Hiawatha is a great distributing point, and this affords employment 
 for a large number of people. 
 
 QUENEMO. 
 
 Among the smaller of the prosperous cities of Kansas may be ranked 
 Quenemo, an active and progressive point on the banks of the Marais 
 de Cygnes River, forty miles south of the State Capitol. 
 
 The soil of the surrounding country is most fertile ; productive coal 
 mines lie almost within the city limits ; a large flour mill, with the 
 latest machinery, two elevators, and two broom factories are located 
 here. The population is now about 1,000, and is steadily increasing, 
 with trade in all lines good, and steadily growing better. Four lines 
 of railway center here, and the city bids fair to become one of the 
 "good towns " of eastern Kansas. 
 
 GREAT BEND. 
 
 Great Bend is the gate- way city of the famed Arkansas Valley, and 
 is located on the great Northern Bend of the Arkansas River, at an 
 altitude of 1,700 feet, which places the city beyond all malarial 
 influences, and secures it from the climatic fevers of the farther west 
 mountainous country. The healthfulness of the climate is surpassed 
 by that of no other locality. Pure air, pure water, and a mild climate 
 conspire to render life pleasant and enjoyable. 
 
 Great Bend has twelve Christian denominations, and eight churches. 
 There are four public school buildings, and a Central Normal College, 
 which draws a large number of students from the rest of the State. 
 
 Among the industries of Great Bend may be mentioned: Three 
 solid banks, two large flouring mills, four elevators, one foundry, two 
 opera houses, four hotels, bottling works, butter and cheese factories, 
 and the other general businesses common to prosperous Western towns. 
 
 The city has an excellent system of waterworks, one daily, and four 
 weekly newspapers, and a complete electric lighting system. There 
 are also three railroads. 
 
 Barton County is one of the great dairy counties of the State, paying 
 out about 1120,000 per annum for milk. 
 
 The diversified farming, stock, and dairy interests of the county, the 
 fruit raising, the easy and cheap irrigation, (when needed,) makes 
 this section of Kansas much sought after. 
 
126 KANSAS. 
 
 IRRIGATION. 
 
 A great deal has been said and written lately about the possibilities 
 of irrigation in Western Kansas. After carefully examining a number 
 of articles on this subject in Federal and State reports the following from 
 the pen of Eobert Hay, chief geologist of the United States artesian and 
 underflow investigation, has been selected as furnishing the best infor- 
 mation available for a work of this character: 
 
 " Finney, Gray, Ford and Hamilton counties are usually referred to as 
 containing the irrigation region of Kansas. This is correct ; and Garden 
 City may be considered the irrigation center. And yet, there was irri- 
 gation in Kansas before the three more western of these counties were 
 organized, nearly a decade before Garden City was born. In 1873 George 
 Allman settled on the south bank of the Smoky Hill, a mile or two above 
 Fort Wallace. One of the first improvements he made was to construct 
 a ditch about a mile long, and, by the aid of a small dam, tap the first 
 permanent water of that river. In proving up his claim, the dam, ditch 
 and laterals were among the improvements he described. He grew cab- 
 bages, potatoes, onions, and other garden stuff, which he sold at the fort, 
 and wheat, alfalfa, and fruit have also received and repaid his attention. 
 Mr. Allman has always done well on his farm, but last year a neighbor 
 across the river made a larger dam higher up and took his water. As 
 Kansas law on the subject is meager, and there is no local official to 
 enforce it, Mr. Allman was in great diflficulty when I saw him in June. 
 What the outcome was I have not heard. Professors from more than 
 one of our State institutions have camped on the Smoky river in this 
 neighborhood during their summer explorations, but none have thought 
 this ditch, now eighteen years old, worthy of any report. A change has 
 taken place. Not only Western Kansas, but the middle and eastern sec- 
 tions of the State, are talking about irrigation now. Not only is the 
 Arkansas valley being irrigated in the counties mentioned above, but 
 streams like the Republican, Sappa, the Prairie Dog, and the Cimarron 
 are being utilized for this purpose. A small stream like Brush creek, in 
 Graham county, has been dammed so as to irrigate twenty-five acres 
 
128 KANSAS. 
 
 directly, by Mr. Nathan Krank, and about as much more is benefited by 
 sub-irrigation from the pool above the dam. A small stream known as 
 Spring creek, in Meade county, has been used to water four hundred 
 acres on the Crooked L ranch, and in the same county, and in Hamilton, 
 some irrigation has been done by artesian wells, on an aggregate of about 
 one hundred acres. 
 
 " This meeting of the State Board of Agriculture devoting this time to 
 the subject of irrigation is another proof of the changed tendency of pub- 
 lic opinion on this subject, and the fact that the National Congress 
 intrusted an investigation of this matter to the Secretary of Agriculture 
 last spring, which is being continued [through this winter, shows the 
 extent to which national interest in the development of the region of the 
 Great Plains has extended. (The report of the summer work is now 
 printed as a Senate document of the Fifty-first Congress, No. 222.) 
 
 " We wish to contribute a little now to the store of facts, a knowledge of 
 which will help to solve the question of the possibility of saving Western 
 Kansas to settlement by the use of irrigation. By Western Kansas we 
 mean particularly all that part lying between the 99th and 102d merid- 
 ians ; that is, about 32,000 square miles. But, though this region is desig- 
 nated, yet much of what will be said is true of the region adjoining for 
 sixty or eighty miles further east, and of neighboring parts of Nebraska, 
 Colorado and No Man's Land. 
 
 "If the question be asked, is irrigation possible in Western Kansas? the 
 answer, that the large ditches of the Garden City district and the smaller 
 ones above mentioned exist, is an affirmative answer, but it is not a suf- 
 ficient one. The area in question is over twenty million acres ; the area 
 irrigated by all existing means is not more than a tenth of one million. 
 The real question is, can irrigation agencies be extended fifty fold or even 
 twenty fold ? If yes, then Western Kansas as a whole may become an 
 agricultural region. If no, then the bulk of it must be relegated to pas- 
 toral occupations. Perhaps when we are through, agriculturists and the 
 holders of Western mortgages may take a hopeful view. 
 
 " All the region indicated forms part of the great plains. There are no 
 mountains, and the hills of erosion are comparatively few. But there are 
 numerous valleys — valleys of erosion — cut out of the body of the plains. 
 We have, then, two diverse topographic features which characterize the 
 region, viz. : the valleys and the flat or rolling table lands which separate 
 the valleys. At the eastern part of the region the valleys have their 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 129 
 
 greatest size. They are broad and deep, while the plateaus are elongated 
 easterly, with decreasing width. To the west the valleys are less deep 
 and have less running water, while the divides merge into widely 
 extended plains. 
 
 "With one exception, all the rivers that make and flow through these 
 valleys have their origin in the plains. They are not mountain streams. 
 
 The one exception is the Arkansas. Its head waters are mountain tor- 
 rents, which gather their waters from melting snows of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. There is always water in the Arkansas in spring and early sum- 
 mer. We shall not discuss here whether the amount in the visible 
 stream is enough for the irrigation of all the acres already under ditch 
 
130 KANSAS. 
 
 and the ditches yet to be constructed. This year the Sangre de Christo 
 range, and the high mountains around the Royal Gorge, and those 
 about the torrents that form the Fountain, are white with snow, and 
 there is reason to expect this coming season all the ditches dependent on 
 the Arkansas and its mountain-fed affluents will be filled for the fertili- 
 zation of the land. We shall leave the Arkansas valley out of this dis- 
 cussion, except that we may incidentally refer to it in connection with 
 the question of subterranean waters. 
 
 " The other rivers, then, are all rivers of the plains. They have their 
 source and course there. 
 
 " We narrow down our inquiry, therefore, and state it thus : Is there 
 water within reach, available for the irrigation of the valleys of these 
 rivers of the plains, and the high prairie, the plateaus between them ? 
 
 " First, with regard to the valleys. Let us name them, using for them 
 the names of the rivers which run through them. The Arickaree, or 
 Middle Fork of the Republican, the South Fork of the Republican, the 
 two Beavers, the Sappa, the Prairie Dog, the two Solomons, the Saline, 
 the Smoky Hill, the Walnut, the Whitewoman, the Cimarron, and the 
 Medicine. The visible water in these streams is not enough to irrigate 
 any large part of the first and second bottom lands of the valleys of more 
 than three of them, viz. : the South Fork of the Republican, the Smoky 
 and the Cimarron. It is only the first and last of these three which have 
 visible water available at the State line. The Smoky has no visible 
 water till more than a dozen miles within the State. One or two of its 
 affluents show water a little further Avest. The Saline has no water fur- 
 ther west than the east line <^f Thomas county. The Solomons about the 
 same longitude. The Sappa and the Prairie Dog have only water in two 
 counties. The Whitewoman rarely shows any water at all. The Walnut 
 and Sawlog not much west of the lOOtli meridian, and the Medicine very 
 little west of the 99th, 
 
 " In many places these valleys are narrow and with steep banks, and 
 the visible w^ater could only with difficulty be led out to irrigate bottom 
 lands. Still, many areas of from fifty to five hundred acres on these 
 streams can be irrigated with the visible water, and more can be used 
 for the irrigation of smaller areas from five to fifteen acres each. In 
 places where it would be expensive to lead out the water to the land, it 
 can be made to serve considerable areas by making an inexpensive dam 
 that will back the water up for from half a mile to two miles, and so, by 
 
METHOD OF IRRIGATING GRAIN FIELD IN KANSAS. 
 
132 KANSAS. 
 
 percolation, sub-irrigate the bottom land adjacent. A series of three such 
 dams on the Prairie Dog, in Decatur county, in this way is making sure 
 crops on about 100 acres of that valley. A similar dam above Oberlin, in 
 the same county, is utilizing in the same way the waters of the Sappa. 
 The dam at Norton Mill, Norton county, has also made fruitful a large 
 field in the same way, and a similar case is seen on the North Solomon, 
 near Edmund. This method is available not only on these streams, but 
 in the valleys of small creeks, and in short ravines supplied by springs. 
 - " The largest of these streams would undoubtedly irrigate thousands of 
 acres by ordinary ditches, if proper conservation of waters by local 
 reservoirs were properly attended to. 
 
 "These river-beds, above the points we have named as having first 
 water, are almost altogether beds of sand or gravel which swallow up at 
 once all the rainfall and only show wetness after the heaviest storms. 
 Digging in the sand and gravel shows water at small depths in the dryest 
 seasons. This water can be led out in ditches or pumped up and so lised 
 for irrigation. For these valleys this water may be called the underflow. 
 It probably also exists under the river bottoms lower down the streams, 
 and may there also be utilized for irrigation as well as the surface-flow. 
 How much of this underflow there is in these valleys is at present 
 unknown. It depends on the width of the valley, the quantity (depth) 
 of the sand or gravel that contains it, or in other words, the depth to 
 bed-rock, the chalk or the shale which bounds it. There is certainly a 
 quantity which in every valley would irrigate hundreds of acres in each 
 county in which these valleys are. In the valley of the Arkansas the 
 underflow has been tested and utilized at Dodge City and at Hartland. 
 With the slope of that valley it appears to yield fifteen T;ubic feet of water 
 per second in a sub-flow ditch a mile long reaching to six feet below the 
 water-level. It also appears to draw the water from five hundred feet on 
 each side the ditch. In the valley of the Platte in Nebraska similar 
 results are obtained with the underflow. In the valley of the Fountain 
 river, eighteen miles above Pueblo, a good stream is brought to the sur- 
 face in less distance because of the greater slope of the valley. Without 
 a long, costly underground ditch it is doubtful whether the underflow can 
 be tapped, even in the larger valleys of Kansas, in sufficient volume to 
 flow into extended ditches that would reach the high prairie outside the 
 valleys. On the other hand, there is no doubt that, even in the smaller 
 valleys, much water may be obtained and used to irrigate a large propor- 
 
KANSAS. 133 
 
 tion of the valley slopes. Some of the long ditches supplied from the 
 surface-waters of the mountain-fed Arkansas lead waters out of the valley 
 to irrigate the upland plateau. It is doubtful whether the surface-waters 
 or these with the waters of the underflow of any other river in Kansas 
 can be led out to the neighboring plateaus. 
 
 " The question then recurs, How can the plains proper — the plateaus 
 between the rivers — be irrigated ? 
 
 " Many thousands of settlers have taken land on these prairies. Many 
 hundreds of wells have been dug, or bored, for water. It has been 
 observed that the wells on a particular divide or plateau have about the 
 same depth. Thus, the wells between the Sappa and the Prairie Dog, on 
 the high prairie, reach water at about a depth of eighty feet. On the 
 divide between the two Cimarrons, in the southwest, the depth is also 
 about eighty feet for wells, over an extent of sixty miles. On the plain 
 of Western Meade county, wells are from 150 to 165 feet deep. This 
 uniform depth over a given area justifies the use of the term sheet-water. 
 That is, water is found in a layer or sheet of porous material, sand, 
 gravel, or conglomerate. The similarity of depth on the same plateau 
 shows the same water-bearing stratum, but there are irregularities in 
 depth and in the quantity of water, that show that the stratum is not 
 absolutely uniform, and though, in nine cases out of ten, water will be 
 found as expected, yet the tenth well sometimes is a failure. The causes 
 of these phenomena, after a study of them for more than seven years, 
 have become sufficiently plain to the writer. They cannot here be fully 
 expounded. They have been referred to in other articles published by 
 the State Board in several reports. 
 
 " We note one important fact. Notwithstanding the occasional failure 
 of a well, the existence of a large body of water under each plateau is 
 andoubted. Of the vast number of wells on the prairies, there are very 
 few that under the heaviest strain show signs of exhaustion. Some rail- 
 way wells are unexhausted by horse or steam pumps. Is, then, this 
 water sufiicient to be used for irrigation ? We believe it is. Let it be 
 understood that a man and his family can not farm 160 acres under irri- 
 gation. And also let it be understood, that if he can irrigate five acres 
 he can live, and if he can irrigate twenty acres he can grow rich. If, 
 then, water to irrigate five acres and upwards on every quarter-sectiov 
 can be obtained on the quarter-section, the farmer can live through the 
 driest years, and in wet years the rest of his farm will produce, as we 
 
IRRIGATION LAKE, GREAT BEND. KAN. 
 
 HEAD GATES OF GRAND LAKE RESERVOIR CANAL 
 
KANSAS. 135 
 
 know, abundantly. Powerful windmills attached to these high-prairie 
 wells, would fill reservoirs that could be scraped out on the highest part 
 of the farm, which would enable a few acres of alfalfa, sorghum, orchard, 
 or cabbages to be watered at the critical time in June? or July, and so save 
 the livelihood of the family. 
 
 " The source of this water— the sheet- water under the plains, and the 
 surface and sub-flow of the valleys, excluding the Arkansas— is the same. 
 "The formation holding the water of the well, is one which, while 
 having certain variations, is remarkably uniform over wide areas. 
 Specimens, that seem as if they were parts of the same lump, come from 
 localities as widely separated as the Republican valley in Nebraska, the 
 Panhandle of Texas, and Canon City, Colorado. The formation is a 
 limy grit, with many pebbles. When the pebbles predominate it is a con- 
 glomeration ; when lime and sand are plentiful it resembles chunks* of 
 mortar from an old wall, and we call it the " mortar-beds." When lime 
 is the prevalent material, with little or no grit, it is in Kansas known 
 as native lime ; in New Mexico and Texas it has the Spanish name 
 of Tierra blanca, or white earth. This last form is comparatively 
 rare, though locally abundant, and the gritty forms are well known in 
 the plains region. We may call it the plains grit, or, referring to its 
 geological age, the tertiary grit. Seen a few times it is always easily 
 recognized. It crops on the Cimarron, in Morton county, on the Arkan- 
 sas, at Dodge City, on the Prairie Dog, Sappa, and Solomon, in Norton, 
 Decatur and Graham counties, on the Whitewoman, in Greeley county, 
 and in numerous other localities. On the high prairies it is buried under 
 from twenty-five to one hundred and fifty feet of the plains marl (the 
 smooth, uniform, fawn-colored subsoil of the plains), but on the edges of 
 the valleys it often indicates its presence where its outcrop is not con- 
 spicuous. The gravels of the valleys and slopes are the weathered 
 remains— the debris of the grit. It varies from forty to one hundred 
 and fifty feet in thickness. Where it is well covered there is water all 
 through it. Near the outcrop the water is near the bottom. Nearly all 
 the springs of the regions come out of it or from under it off the lime- 
 stones or shales which form the bed-rock just below it. Where the river 
 valleys have cut through it they begin to have permanent water. There 
 is no river of the plains which has constant running water till it has cut 
 through the grit. Above that level the beds are the dry arroyos before 
 described. 
 
136 
 
 K AN S A S . 
 
 "This plains grit, then, is the immediate source of the waters of the 
 region, the sheet-waters of the high prairie, the visible streams, springs 
 and sub-flow of the valleys. 
 
 "We believe it is sufficiently abundant to irrigate from five to twenty 
 acres on every quarter-section, and that is enough to make Western 
 Kansas constantly prosperous. 
 
 "All subterranean waters have their origin in the atmosphere. The 
 rains and snows of the plains region, which are not evaporated, find 
 their way, by slow percolation, to the grit below, and are stored in its 
 porous beds. It is for man to have the grit to raise them and use them 
 on the land. Some beds of grit reach to the foothills of the Rocky 
 Mountains ; but it is not thence that the waters of the plains descend. 
 The rainfall of western Kansas is forty to fifty per cent greater than that 
 of the foothills region, and it is this rainfall that supplies the subter- 
 ranean reservoirs of the West. Properly used, this subterranean supply 
 will make the sub-arid region become the home of a numerous and 
 prosperous people. So be it." 
 
 For the benefit of those who contemplate irrigation, the following 
 tables are given. They are based on the standard units of measure 
 commonly used in this country, the cubic foot of 1,728 inches, the United 
 States standard gallon of 231 cubic inches, the California miner's inch 
 of 34.6 cubic inches per second or 1.2 cubic feet per minute; the Colo- 
 rado miner's inch of 45 cubic inches per second, or 1.56 cubic feet per 
 minute; the acre inch of- 3,630 cubic feet, the acre foot of 43,560 cubic 
 feet, the square mile foot of 640 acre feet, and the ton of 2,000 pounds. 
 The weight of a cubic foot of water is taken as being 6} pounds. Tables 
 are taken from the Irrigation Annual for 1897. 
 
KANSAS. 
 
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138 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 PROSPERITY IN KANSAS. 
 
 We doubt if there is another State in the Union where there is less 
 want, where legitimate industry is more amply rewarded, or where men 
 are making more money. We know there is none where the value of 
 lands is advancing more rapidly, and as they have not yet reached even 
 an approximation of their actual value, it may be safely said they will 
 continue to advance for several years more, and that the population is 
 keeping pace with the increase of land values, the following table of 
 population by counties will testify. These figures are taken from the 
 official compilation by the Superintendent of Census, and show the 
 population of each county according to the census of 1880 and 1890, with 
 the increase in number during the decade. Of the 106 counties, only six 
 show a decrease. 
 
 SUMMARY BY COUNTIES. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Inge. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 
 1890. 1880. 
 
 No. 1 
 
 1890. 1 1880. 
 
 No. 
 
 Allen 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Barber 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bourbon 
 
 Brown 
 
 Butler 
 
 Chase 
 
 Chautauqua- 
 Cherokee 
 
 Chevenne 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Cloud 
 
 Coffey 
 
 Comanche 
 
 Cowley 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Dickinson 
 
 Doniphan 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Elk 
 
 Ellis 
 
 Ellsworth 
 
 Finney 
 
 Ford 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Geary 
 
 Gove 
 
 Graham 
 
 Grant 
 
 Gray 
 
 Greeley 
 
 Greenwood... 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Harper 
 
 Harvev 
 
 Haskell 
 
 Hodgeman . . 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Jewell 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Kearney 
 
 Kingman 
 
 Kiowa 
 
 Labette 
 
 Lane 
 
 Leavenworth. 
 Lincoln 
 
 13,509 
 
 11,303 
 
 2,206 
 
 14,203 
 
 9,057 
 
 5.146 
 
 26,758 
 
 26,668 
 
 90 
 
 7,978 
 
 2,661 
 
 5,312 
 
 13,172 
 
 10,318 
 
 2,854 
 
 28,575 
 
 19,591 
 
 8,984 
 
 20,319 
 
 12,817 
 
 7,502 
 
 24.055 
 
 18.586 
 
 5,469 
 
 8,233 
 
 6,081 
 
 2,152 
 
 12,297 
 
 11,072 
 
 1.225 
 
 27,770 
 
 21,905 
 
 5,865 
 
 4,401 
 
 37 
 
 4,364 
 
 2,357 
 
 163 
 
 2,194 
 
 16.146 
 
 12,320 
 
 3,826 
 
 19,295 
 
 15,343 
 
 3,952 
 
 15,856 
 
 11,438 
 
 4,418 
 
 2,549 
 
 372 
 
 2,177 
 
 34,478 
 
 21,538 
 
 12,940 
 
 30,286 
 
 16,851 
 
 13,435 
 
 8,414 
 
 4,180 
 
 4,234 
 
 22,273 
 
 15,251 
 
 7,022 
 
 13,535 
 
 14,257 
 
 * 722 
 
 23,961 
 
 21,700 
 
 2,261 
 
 3,600 
 
 2,409 
 
 1,191 
 
 12,216 
 
 10,623 
 
 1,593 
 
 7,942 
 
 6,179 
 
 1,763 
 
 9,272 
 
 8,494 
 
 778 
 
 4,231 
 5,308 
 
 
 4,231 
 2.186 
 
 3,122 
 
 20,279 
 
 16,797 
 
 3.482 
 
 10,423 
 
 6,994 
 
 3.429 
 
 2,994 
 
 1,196 
 
 1.998 
 
 5,029 
 
 4,258 
 
 771 
 
 1,308 
 
 9 
 
 1,299 
 
 2 415 
 
 
 2 415 
 
 1,'264 
 
 3 
 
 i;26i 
 
 16,309 
 
 10,584 
 
 5,725 
 
 2,027 
 
 16^ 
 
 1.8.59 
 
 13,266 
 
 4,133 
 
 9.133 
 
 17,601 
 
 11,451 
 
 6,150 
 
 1,077 
 2,395 
 
 
 1.077 
 691 
 
 1,704 
 
 14,626 
 
 10,718 
 
 3,908 
 
 16,620 
 
 15,563 
 
 1.057 
 
 19.349 
 
 17,475 
 
 1.874 
 
 17,385 
 
 16,853 
 
 532 
 
 1,571 
 
 159 
 
 1,412 
 
 11,823 
 
 3,713 
 
 8,110 
 
 2,873 
 27,586 
 
 
 2,873 
 4,851 
 
 22,735 
 
 2,060 
 
 601 
 
 1.459 
 
 38,485 
 
 32,355 
 
 6,130 
 
 9,709 
 
 8,582 
 
 1.127 
 
 Linn 
 
 Logan 
 
 Lyon 
 
 jMcPherson 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 'Meade 
 
 IMiami 
 
 iMitchell 
 
 [Montgomery .. 
 
 Morris 
 
 Morton 
 
 Nemaha 
 
 Neosho 
 
 Ness 
 
 Norton 
 
 Osage 
 
 I Osborne •• 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pawnee 
 
 Phillips 
 
 Pottawatomie. 
 
 Pratt 
 
 Rawlins 
 
 Reno 
 
 Republic 
 
 Rice 
 
 Riley 
 
 Rooks 
 
 Rush 
 
 Russell 
 
 Saline 
 
 Scott 
 
 Sedgwick 
 
 Seward 
 
 Shawnee 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sherman 
 
 Smith 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Stanton 
 
 Stevens 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Thomas 
 
 Trego 
 
 Wabaunsee •■•. 
 
 Wallace 
 
 Washington.... 
 
 Wichita 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Woodson 
 
 Wyandotte 
 
 *Decrease. 
 
 The State. 
 
 1 17.215 
 
 15,298 
 
 3,384 
 
 
 23,196 
 
 17,326 
 
 21,614 
 
 17.143 
 
 20,539 
 
 12.453 
 
 23,912 
 
 16.136 
 
 2,542 
 
 296 
 
 19,614 
 
 17,802 
 
 15,037 
 
 14.911 
 
 23,104 
 
 18.213 
 
 11,381 
 
 9,265 
 
 724 
 
 9 
 
 19,249 
 
 12,462 
 
 18,561 
 
 15,121 
 
 4,944 
 
 3,722 
 
 10,617 
 
 6,998 
 
 25,062 
 
 19,612 
 
 12,083 
 
 12,517 
 
 12,581 
 
 10.307 
 
 5,204 
 
 0,396 
 
 13,661 
 
 12.014 
 
 17,722 
 
 16,350 
 
 8,118 
 
 1,890 
 
 6.756 
 
 1,623 
 
 27,079 
 
 12,826 
 
 19.002 
 
 14,913 
 
 14.451 
 
 9,292 
 
 13,183 
 
 10,430 
 
 8,018 
 
 8,112 
 
 5,204 
 
 5,490 
 
 7,333 
 
 7,351 
 
 17.442 
 
 13.808 
 
 1,262 
 
 43 
 
 43,626 
 
 18,753 
 
 1,503 
 
 5 
 
 49,172 
 
 29,093 
 
 3,733 
 
 1.567 
 
 5,261 
 
 13 
 
 15.613 
 
 13.883 
 
 8.520 
 
 4.755 
 
 1.031 
 
 5 
 
 1.418 
 
 12 
 
 30,271 
 
 20.812 
 
 5.538 
 
 161 
 
 2.535 
 
 2.535 
 
 11.720 
 
 8.756 
 
 2.468 
 
 686 
 
 22.894 
 
 14.910 
 
 1,827 
 
 14 
 
 15,286 
 
 13.775 
 
 9,021 
 
 6,535 
 
 54.407 
 
 19.143 
 
 1,427,096 
 
 994.919 
 
 1.917 
 3.384 
 5.870 
 4,471 
 8,086 
 7,776 
 2.246 
 1.812 
 126 
 4.891 
 2.116 
 715 
 6.787 
 3,440 
 1,222 
 3.619 
 5.450 
 
 •= 434 
 2.274 
 
 •= 192 
 1.647 
 1,372 
 6,228 
 5.133 
 
 14,253 
 4,089 
 5,159 
 2,753 
 
 ^ 94 
 
 ^ 286 
 
 ^ 18 
 3,634 
 1,219 
 
 24,873 
 1,498 
 
 20,079 
 2,166 
 5,248 
 1,730 
 3,765 
 1,026 
 1,406 
 9,459 
 5,377 
 
 "2.964 
 1,782 
 
 ,7,984 
 1,813 
 1,511 
 2.486 
 
 35,264 
 
 432.177 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 139 
 
 CROP REPORTS. 
 
 The following table shows the yield of bushels of the various grains 
 harvested in the year 1897 by counties. The figures contained therein 
 are taken from the official report of the Secretary of the State Board of 
 Agriculture of the State of Kansas : 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Allen 
 
 Anderson .... 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Barber 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bourbon 
 
 Brown 
 
 Butler 
 
 Chase 
 
 Chautauqua. 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Chevenne ..•• 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Cloud 
 
 Coffey 
 
 Comanche •• 
 
 Cowley 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Dickinson... 
 Doniphan.... 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Elk 
 
 Ellis 
 
 Ellsworth .... 
 
 Finney 
 
 Ford 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Geary 
 
 Gove 
 
 Graham 
 
 Grant 
 
 Gray 
 
 Greeley 
 
 Greenwood . 
 Hamilton .... 
 
 Harper 
 
 Harvey 
 
 Haskell 
 
 Hodgeman . 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Jewell 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Kearney 
 
 Kingman 
 
 Kiowa 
 
 Labette 
 
 Lane 
 
 57,152 
 
 32,944 
 
 216,230 
 
 144,040 
 
 2,944,688 
 
 58,290 
 
 560,672 
 
 122,434 
 
 51,426 
 
 246,340 
 
 807,350 
 
 15,264 
 
 25,207 
 
 463,488 
 
 513,080 
 
 130,777 
 
 32,292 
 
 1,278,732 
 
 349,661 
 
 228,652 
 
 1,186,178 
 
 430,512 
 
 236,166 
 
 444,624 
 
 107,916 
 
 1,707,015 
 
 1,812,-543 
 
 24,585 
 
 290,808 
 
 85,080 
 
 185,796 
 
 254,016 
 
 144,183 
 
 170 
 
 33,348 
 
 17,555 
 
 22,722 
 
 13,310 
 
 1,121,456 
 
 1,137,980 
 
 35,410 
 
 159,174 
 
 15,360 
 
 69,950 
 
 379,449 
 
 245,235 
 
 18,718 
 
 578,746 
 
 70,192 
 
 631,070 
 
 244,5.59 
 
 1,498,499 
 
 1,379,120 
 
 1,618,027 
 
 447,538 
 
 403,314 
 
 1,719,414 
 
 3,648,150 
 
 1,878,730 
 
 505,180 
 
 1,496,396 
 
 1,345,431 
 
 354,297 
 
 56,574 
 
 3,577,121 
 
 2,973,600 
 
 1,520,232 
 
 40,892 
 
 2,832,160 
 
 1,327,720 
 
 2,452,200 
 
 2,202,120 
 
 2,421,144 
 
 1,6.55,676 
 
 235,950 
 
 1,704,822 
 
 292,281 
 
 695,472 
 
 10,512 
 
 184,280 
 
 1,607,367 
 
 1,014,438 
 
 132,905 
 
 766,998 
 
 2,128 
 
 15,048 
 
 8,418 
 
 2,939,078 
 
 7,740 
 
 608,-544 
 
 660,807 
 
 16,875 
 
 43,848 
 
 3,110,457 
 
 1,956,278 
 
 7,279,058 
 
 1,420,520 
 
 10,428 
 
 491,564 
 
 77,056 
 
 1,339,861 
 
 17,864 
 
 195,744 
 195,514 
 334,460 
 
 17,537 
 
 47,536 
 277,933 
 704,.323 
 524,0.56 
 
 54,306 
 149,056 
 415,978 
 
 40,716 
 2,260 
 719,716 
 562,443 
 193,908 
 
 '613,725 
 
 588,248 
 
 66,838 
 
 582,616 
 
 551,397 
 
 230,568 
 
 110,619 
 
 30,968 
 
 41,216 
 
 11.886 
 
 10,968 
 
 175,656 
 
 208,164 
 
 191,250 
 
 17,250 
 
 31,170 
 
 1,638 
 
 11,150 
 
 1,144 
 
 50,670 
 
 8,210 
 
 181,194 
 
 476,000 
 
 5,616 
 
 20,075 
 
 219,020 
 
 301,640 
 
 560,294 
 
 374,601 
 
 3,205 
 
 51,808 
 
 8,060 
 
 754,850 
 
 7,630 
 
 2,769 
 1,288 
 3,880 
 
 48,576 
 3,420 
 7,248 
 3,330 
 2,624 
 1.640 
 420 
 
 10,180 
 5,8.35 
 
 18,496 
 9,252 
 5,940 
 4,928 
 
 17,328 
 1,485 
 
 94,448 
 
 49,392 
 
 11,120 
 5,775 
 
 21,008 
 120 
 
 16,492 
 
 10,778 
 84 
 
 28,406 
 1,394 
 7,440 
 
 15,600 
 
 54,614 
 
 ""3,426 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 730 
 
 15,782 
 
 34,935 
 
 2,480 
 
 20,328 
 
 2,432 
 
 4,709 
 
 32,.509 
 
 3,712 
 
 744 
 
 8,268 
 
 17,800 
 
 1,664 
 
 3,444 
 
 16 
 
 9,392 
 
 560 
 
 30,362 
 
 160 
 
 3,936 
 
 528 
 
 * " 240 
 
 "'41,688 
 
 9,126 
 
 96 
 
 2,304 
 
 250 
 128 
 
 14,805 
 7,968 
 
 25,008 
 320 
 
 26,575 
 
 '60,'264 
 
 144 
 
 18,566 
 
 61,226 
 
 '112 
 
 71,088 
 69,270 
 527 
 28,611 
 12,978 
 
 ""2,624 
 
 6,820 
 
 16 
 
 26,828 
 
 68,520 
 
 144 
 
 3,708 
 
 552 
 
 30,760 
 
 '81,'738 
 
140 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 CROP EEPORTS— Continued. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Leavenworth . 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Linn 
 
 Logan 
 
 Lyon 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 McPherson 
 
 Meade 
 
 Miami 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Montgomery .. 
 
 Morris 
 
 Morton 
 
 Nemaha 
 
 Neosho 
 
 Ness 
 
 Norton 
 
 Osage 
 
 Osborne 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pawnee 
 
 Phillips 
 
 Pottawatomie- 
 
 Pratt 
 
 Rawlins 
 
 Reno 
 
 Republic 
 
 Rice 
 
 Riley 
 
 Rooks 
 
 Rush 
 
 Russell 
 
 Saline 
 
 Scott 
 
 Sedgwick 
 
 Seward 
 
 Shawnee 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sherman 
 
 Smith 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Stanton 
 
 Stevens 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Thomas 
 
 Trego 
 
 Wabaunsee 
 
 Wallace 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wichita 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Woodson 
 
 Wyandotte 
 
 241,575 
 
 1,053,072 
 
 89,424 
 
 211,941 
 
 53,889 
 
 1,302,066 
 
 419,860 
 
 2,525,879 
 
 39.756 
 
 97,185 
 
 907,018 
 
 706,095 
 
 18,824 
 
 3,060 
 
 176,662 
 
 393,754 
 
 603 081 
 
 155,056 
 
 47,520 
 
 6<i2,592 
 
 1,014,426 
 
 1,399,128 
 
 195,687 
 
 89,440 
 
 368,676 
 
 309,904 
 
 1,005,280 
 
 141,520 
 
 1,581,344 
 
 79,452 
 
 458,184 
 
 1,630,296 
 
 1,190,604 
 
 1,613,106 
 
 105,495 
 
 1,493,712 
 
 6,500 
 
 24,548 
 
 316,140 
 
 68,337 
 
 386,568 
 
 857,436 
 
 220 
 
 2,508 
 
 4,585,060 
 
 615,032 
 
 413,462 
 
 88,224 
 
 10,428 
 
 324,786 
 
 162,575 
 
 159,300 
 
 85,600 
 
 96,482 
 
 Totals 50,040,374 
 
 1,545,720 
 
 706.590 
 
 1,913,256 
 
 52,644 
 
 1,947,060 
 
 1,524,444 
 
 6,882,330 
 
 l.,875,360 
 
 22,800 
 
 1,883,277 
 
 1,842.386 
 
 1,564,420 
 
 1,535,256 
 
 2,528 
 
 6,320,927 
 
 1,783,580 
 
 129,852 
 
 2,097,424 
 
 2,275,705 
 
 1,864,896 
 
 1,549,984 
 
 121,494 
 
 4,453,358 
 
 3,972,164 
 
 310,832 
 
 735,318 
 
 1,658,304 
 
 7,739,156 
 
 804,167 
 
 2,231.450 
 
 1,166,732 
 
 172.470 
 
 716,573 
 
 633,663 
 
 4,707 
 
 1,267,506 
 
 3,610 
 
 1,784,286 
 
 573,867 
 
 274,278 
 
 5,155,650 
 
 662,109 
 
 1,561 
 
 8,424 
 
 2,229,968 
 
 382,092 
 
 120,000 
 
 1,769,836 
 
 33,722 
 
 6,812,855 
 
 15,760 
 
 1,838,340 
 
 722,2.50 
 
 490,420 
 
 152,140,993 
 
 313,710 
 
 35,416 
 
 231,616 
 
 25,305 
 
 109,763 
 
 1,217,238 
 
 818,510 
 
 624,240 
 
 4,144 
 
 397,803 
 
 141,627 
 
 384,192 
 
 119,030 
 
 2,355 
 
 621.225 
 
 476,014 
 
 27,705 
 
 126,040 
 
 164,703 
 
 54,800 
 
 122,440 
 
 138,358 
 
 183,222 
 
 318,552 
 
 21,000 
 
 43,040 
 
 281,520 
 
 974,640 
 
 125,853 
 
 429,468 
 
 92,720 
 
 64,862 
 
 35,700 
 
 132,124 
 
 9.390 
 
 768,339 
 
 1,620 
 
 143,946 
 
 65,642 
 
 27,0,54 
 
 279,403 
 
 35,2.58 
 
 960 
 
 3,318 
 
 779,518 
 
 78,400 
 
 32,946 
 
 87,192 
 
 6,304 
 
 1,002,-537 
 
 14,280 
 
 130,675 
 
 100,000 
 
 76,726 
 
 23,421,273 
 
 6,128 
 
 3,528 
 
 4.607 
 
 4,904 
 
 180 
 
 19,725 
 
 22,590 
 
 59,364 
 
 5,328 
 
 2,702 
 
 17,904 
 
 5,292 
 
 3,458 
 
 513 
 
 13,344 
 
 5,544 
 
 15,660 
 
 78,144 
 
 468 
 
 28,224 
 
 13,440 
 
 20,730 
 
 77,346 
 
 6,464 
 
 2,922 
 
 90,104 
 
 44.448 
 
 43,180 
 
 23,024 
 
 5,920 
 
 40,164 
 
 15,492 
 
 18.005 
 
 27,660 
 
 882 
 
 30,456 
 
 970 
 
 2,016 
 
 33,648 
 
 23,611 
 
 67,580 
 
 16,608 
 
 680 
 
 60 
 
 39,700 
 
 44,480 
 
 32,608 
 
 2,970 
 
 1,584 
 
 13,856 
 
 1,496 
 
 5,076 
 
 2,793 
 
 640 
 
 1,661,662 
 
 1,392 
 
 55,622 
 
 1,960 
 
 1,260 
 
 640 
 
 34,980 
 
 2,320 
 80 
 
 1,254 
 492 
 345 
 
 "'l57,785 
 3,928 
 
 14,880 
 
 144 
 
 75,456 
 
 22,180 
 
 80 
 
 28,951 
 
 88,256 
 
 1,056 
 
 512 
 
 2,896 
 
 "'83,088 
 
 67,606 
 
 18,360 
 
 2,768 
 
 30,562 
 
 704 
 
 4,064 
 
 112 
 
 97,.560 
 
 37,926 
 
 4,600 
 
 1,232 
 
 432 
 
 2,544 
 
 1,320 
 
 106,016 
 
 65,032 
 
 ,390 
 
 832 
 ,600 
 
 1,772,426 
 
KANSAS 
 
 141 
 
 LIVE STOCK IN KANSAS. 
 
 The State Board of Agriculture of the State of Kansas gives out the 
 following report by counties, on the number of live stock for the year 
 1897: 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Mules 
 
 and 
 
 Asses. 
 
 Milch Qv, „ ^ 
 Cows. ^^eeP- 
 
 Number. Number. Number.! Number. 
 
 Swine. 
 
 Number, 
 
 Allen 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Barber 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bourbon 
 
 Brown 
 
 Butler 
 
 Chase 
 
 Chautauqua : 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Cheyenne 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Cloud 
 
 Coffey 
 
 Comanche .... 
 
 Cowley 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Dickinson 
 
 Doniphan 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Elk 
 
 Ellis 
 
 Ellsworth 
 
 Finney 
 
 Ford 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Geary 
 
 Gove 
 
 Graham 
 
 Grant 
 
 Gray 
 
 Greeley 
 
 Greenwood .. 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Harper 
 
 Harvey 
 
 Haskell 
 
 Hodgeman... 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Jewell 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Kearney 
 
 Kingman 
 
 Kiowa 
 
 Labette 
 
 Lane 
 
 Leavenworth 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Linn 
 
 Logan 
 
 8,691 
 
 8,851 
 
 5,501 
 
 6.547 
 
 10,327 
 
 11,089 
 
 11,810 
 
 14,546 
 
 5,144 
 
 7,351 
 
 10,257 
 
 3,332 
 
 2,060 
 
 10,230 
 
 11,765 
 
 11,956 
 
 1,743 
 
 14,393 
 
 7,538 
 
 6,369 
 
 11,994 
 
 5,877 
 
 11,488 
 
 3,022 
 
 8,479 
 
 6,418 
 
 6,297 
 
 3,337 
 
 3,742 
 
 11,485 
 
 4,960 
 
 2,910 
 
 4,185 
 
 887 
 
 1,550 
 
 726 
 
 11,245 
 
 1,503 
 
 6,867 
 
 9,240 
 
 527 
 
 2,642 
 
 10,614 
 
 10,945 
 
 15,976 
 
 7,954 
 
 1,375 
 
 8,323 
 
 2,646 
 
 11,551 
 
 2,101 
 
 9,660 
 
 8,034 
 
 10,389 
 
 2,487 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,293 
 
 936 
 
 1,042 
 
 1,313 
 
 1,325 
 
 1,930 
 
 1,526 
 
 579 
 
 960 
 
 1,714 
 
 150 
 
 146 
 
 742 
 
 792 
 
 1,274 
 
 203 
 
 1,352 
 
 1,163 
 
 637 
 
 705 
 
 1,939 
 
 1,147 
 
 267 
 
 1,260 
 
 421 
 
 705 
 
 173 
 
 231 
 
 1,064 
 
 232 
 
 137 
 
 282 
 
 54 
 
 83 
 
 39 
 
 1,568 
 
 96 
 
 1,107 
 
 793 
 
 55 
 
 131 
 
 1,186 
 
 1,635 
 
 1,892 
 
 1,426 
 
 107 
 
 1,126 
 
 401 
 
 1,403 
 
 196 
 
 1,646 
 
 849 
 
 1,374 
 
 231 
 
 6,516 
 7,295 
 5,641 
 3,256 
 7,076 
 8,152 
 7,533 
 10,578 
 2,242 
 6,388 
 6,631 
 1,783 
 
 909 
 7,637 
 8,161 
 8,718 
 
 862 
 9,815 
 5,006 
 3,373 
 12,736 
 3,978 
 8,811 
 2,358 
 7,441 
 2,693 
 3,715 
 1,838 
 2,579 
 7,795 
 3,290 
 1,319 
 2,498 
 
 471 
 1,036 
 
 601 
 8,406 
 
 938 
 3,755 
 8,010 
 
 319 
 1,896 
 8.316 
 8,910 
 8.581 
 6,579 
 
 640 
 5,108 
 1.262 
 7,504 
 
 988 
 7,711 
 5,235 
 6,376 
 1,127 
 
 610 
 
 756 
 
 70 
 
 4,600 
 
 48 
 
 576 
 
 3,880 
 
 15,069 
 
 144 
 
 88 
 
 847 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 1,237 
 
 227 
 
 1,214 
 
 2,987 
 
 913 
 
 1,619 
 
 27 
 
 8,706 
 
 98 
 
 1,053 
 
 103 
 
 1,105 
 
 86 
 
 411 
 
 3,305 
 
 39 
 
 816 
 
 2,467 
 
 1,610 
 
 2,007 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 1,412 
 
 2,827 
 
 437 
 
 90 
 
 1,461 
 
 4 
 
 8,279 
 
 35 
 
 628 
 
 41 
 
 3,635 
 
 2,418 
 
 1,573 
 
 3 
 
 777 
 
 425 
 
 1,445 
 
 13 
 
 820 
 
 4,634 
 
 30,284 
 31,473 
 16,912 
 12,831 
 11,069 
 30,436 
 33,359 
 74,078 
 17,154 
 22,780 
 17,.526 
 
 2,143 
 
 757 
 
 44,415 
 
 37,154 
 
 35.582 
 
 1..326 
 37,603 
 20,664 
 22,120 
 37,903 
 32,t)08 
 43,117 
 
 3,084 
 26,397 
 
 3,473 
 11,870 
 
 1,711 
 
 2,017 
 39,893 
 15,294 
 
 1,113 
 
 9,724 
 
 191 
 
 509 
 
 152 
 
 41,863 
 
 319 
 
 16,876 
 
 31,312 
 
 192 
 
 799 
 
 36,355 
 
 40,700 
 
 82,704 
 
 36.646 
 
 1,225 
 24,592 
 
 2,609 
 18,609 
 867 
 30,316 
 18,947 
 35,923 
 712 
 
142 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 LIVE STOCK IN KANSAS— Continued. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Mules 
 and 
 
 Asses. 
 
 Milch 
 Cows. 
 
 Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Swine. 
 
 Other 
 Cattle. 
 
 Lyon 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 McPherson .... 
 
 Meade . 
 
 Miami 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 Morris 
 
 Morton 
 
 Nemaha 
 
 Neosho 
 
 Ness 
 
 Norton 
 
 Osage 
 
 Osborne 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pawnee 
 
 Phillips 
 
 Pottawatomie- 
 Pratt 
 
 Rawlins 
 
 Reno 
 
 Republic 
 
 Rice 
 
 Riley 
 
 Rooks : 
 
 Rush 
 
 Russell 
 
 Saline 
 
 Scott 
 
 Sedgwick 
 
 Seward 
 
 Shawnee 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sherman 
 
 Smith 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Stanton 
 
 Stevens 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Thomas 
 
 Trego 
 
 Wabaunsee .-•• 
 
 Wallace 
 
 Washington.... 
 
 Wichita 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Woodson 
 
 Wyandotte 
 
 12,395 
 
 12,269 
 
 13,517 
 
 14,498 
 
 2,269 
 
 11, .560 
 
 10,807 
 
 8,127 
 
 7,175 
 
 597 
 
 12,270 
 
 10,745 
 
 5,758 
 
 8,534 
 
 13,748 
 
 9,836 
 
 8,529 
 
 4,626 
 
 10,499 
 
 12,838 
 
 5,304 
 
 4,875 
 
 17,471 
 
 13,054 
 
 11,327 
 
 8,688 
 
 7,754 
 
 5,762 
 
 6,657 
 
 9,670 
 
 2,198 
 
 19,283 
 
 470 
 
 14,328 
 
 3,601 
 
 3,474 
 
 11,937 
 
 7,017 
 
 608 
 
 672 
 
 16,949 
 
 3,964 
 
 2,942 
 
 9,355 
 
 1.426 
 
 12,353 
 
 1,732 
 
 8,439 
 
 6,155 
 
 Totals i 801,427 
 
 1,281 
 488 
 
 1,411 
 984 
 116 
 
 1,127 
 919 
 
 1,319 
 
 599 
 
 73 
 
 1,457 
 
 1,188 
 404 
 697 
 981 
 889 
 856 
 351 
 
 1,081 
 831 
 775 
 375 
 
 2,300 
 
 1,467 
 
 1,581 
 558 
 545 
 440 
 506 
 694 
 74 
 
 2,015 
 56 
 
 2,038 
 2.51 
 224 
 
 1,246 
 
 1,435 
 
 31 
 
 86 
 
 21,061 
 
 394 
 
 164 
 
 614 
 
 66 
 
 1,048 
 98 
 
 1,338 
 624 
 
 86,919 
 
 9,232 
 
 11,105 
 
 11,715 
 
 9,752 
 
 876 
 
 7,636 
 
 6,975 
 
 553 
 
 5,056 
 
 255 
 
 8,304 
 
 7,.301 
 
 3,135 
 
 4,295 
 
 10,664 
 6,878 
 5,747 
 2,630 
 5.946 
 
 10,705 
 2,657 
 2,794 
 
 11,614 
 7,752 
 6,756 
 7,575 
 4,271 
 3,360 
 4,338 
 5,868 
 1,206 
 
 12,093 
 
 406 
 
 9,966 
 
 1,857 
 
 1,987 
 
 6,885 
 
 4,279 
 
 387 
 
 760 
 
 8,696 
 
 2,208 
 
 1,498 
 
 8,655 
 
 747 
 
 12,.368 
 660 
 7,004 
 5,200 
 2,538 
 
 552,538 
 
 1,681 
 
 1,065 
 
 668 
 
 530 
 
 3,220 
 
 990 
 
 5,156 
 
 391 
 
 17 
 
 360 
 
 362 
 
 948 
 
 8 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,120 
 
 5 
 
 5,411 
 
 684 
 
 48 
 
 1,705 
 
 17 
 
 524 
 
 24,448 
 
 60 
 
 94 
 
 1,643 
 
 3,504 
 
 212 
 
 802 
 
 14,353 
 
 1,791 
 
 10,227 
 
 14 
 
 3,810 
 
 3,663 
 
 325 
 
 3,285 
 
 17,641 
 
 850 
 
 70 
 
 660 
 
 111 
 
 2,667 
 
 9,051 
 
 2,202 
 
 1,450 
 
 511 
 
 235 
 
 2,325 
 
 1,980 
 
 222,703 
 
 39,408 
 35,367 
 50,966 
 38,817 
 551 
 47,399 
 38,673 
 22,244 
 24,980 
 128 
 45,782 
 27,466 
 
 2,832 
 31,618 
 47,569 
 39,775 
 20,160 
 
 1,956 
 40,401 
 50,351 
 10,395 
 
 7,906 
 67,600 
 48,069 
 30,183 
 35,376 
 20,636 
 
 3,548 
 
 9,653 
 22,285 
 
 1,035 
 
 68,301 
 
 226 
 
 30,522 
 
 5,601 
 
 1,551 
 
 56,345 
 
 11,615 
 
 158 
 
 321 
 
 45,391 
 
 3,620 
 
 1,615 
 41,028 
 296 
 64,001 
 673 
 26,750 
 17,690 
 10,973 
 
 31,615 
 
 25,339 
 
 26,451 
 
 11,407 
 
 22,211 
 
 18,007 
 
 11,257 
 
 29,874 
 
 3.257 
 
 22,139 
 
 13,256 
 
 5,366 
 
 9,.509 
 
 32,140 
 
 27,148 
 
 32,076 
 
 7,113 
 
 11,884 
 
 38,725 
 
 4,202 
 
 5,025 
 
 36,425 
 
 13,285 
 
 16,102 
 
 25,834 
 
 9,367 
 
 6,074 
 
 16,255 
 
 19,226 
 
 1,930 
 
 25,873 
 
 3,745 
 
 20,162 
 
 5,312 
 
 2,849 
 
 13,590 
 
 9,614 
 
 1,979 
 
 2,211 
 
 19,169 
 
 4,088 
 
 6,.597 
 
 33,703 
 
 2,423 
 
 20,512 
 
 1,387 
 
 14,751 
 
 13,095 
 
 3,805 
 
 3,399,494 ,1,603,943 
 
A FEW OF THE PROSPEROUS CITIES OF KANSAS. 
 
 POPULATION TAKEN FROM U. S. CENSUS, 1890. 
 
 Atchison 15,500 
 
 Great Bend 2,700 
 
 Fort Scott 11,946 
 
 Hiawatha 5,000 
 
 Horton 3,316 
 
 Eldorado 3,339 
 
 Columbus 2,160 
 
 Galena 2,496 
 
 Weir City 2,138 
 
 Clay Center 2,802 
 
 Concordia 3,184 
 
 Burlington 2,239 
 
 Arkansas City 7,500 
 
 Winfield 6,500 
 
 Girard 2,541 
 
 Pittsburg 12,200 
 
 Abilene 3,547 
 
 Lawrence 9,997 
 
 Ellsworth 1,620 
 
 Garden City 1,490 
 
 Dodge City 1,763 
 
 Ottawa 8,500 
 
 Junction City 4,502 
 
 Eureka 2,259 
 
 Anthony 1,806 
 
 Harper 1,579 
 
 Newton 7,000 
 
 Holton 2,727 
 
 Olathe 3,294 
 
 Kingman 2,390 
 
 Chetopa 2,265 
 
 Oswego 2,574 
 
 Parsons 6,736 
 
 Lansing 1,468 
 
 Leavenworth 21,636 
 
 Emporia 7,551 
 
 McPherson 3,172 
 
 Marion 2,047 
 
 Peabody 1,474 
 
 Marysville 1,913 
 
 Paola 4,000 
 
 Beloit 2,455 
 
 Cherryvale 2,104 
 
 Coffeyville 5,000 
 
 Independence 3,900 
 
 Council Grove 2,211 
 
 Seneca 2,032 
 
 Chanute 2,826 
 
 Burlingame 1,472 
 
 Osage City 3,469 
 
 Scranton 1,572 
 
 Larned 1,566 
 
 Wamego 1,473 
 
 Nickerson 1,662 
 
 Hutchinson 10,000 
 
 Belleville 1,868 
 
 Lyons 1,754 
 
 Sterling 1,641 
 
 Manhattan 3,004 
 
 Salina 6,300 
 
 Wichita 25,000 
 
 Topeka 35,000 
 
 Caldwell 1,642 
 
 Wellington 4,391 
 
 Washington 1,613 
 
 Fredonia 1,515 
 
 Neodesha 1,528 
 
 Kansas City 48,000 
 
 Argentine 4,732 
 
 Osawatomie 3,000 
 
 Z-P^ 
 
Jhe Colorado 
 Short Line 
 
 VIA PUEBLO. 
 
 ■SOLID TRAINS 
 
 -EQUIPPED WITH- 
 
 Reclininq Chaik Gars (Seats Free,) 
 
 Pullman Buffet Sleefinq Cars, 
 ASS Eleqant Day Goaqhes, 
 
 LEAVING ST. LOUIS DAILY 
 
 AND RUN 
 
 THROUGH VIA KANSIIS CITY 
 
 TO 
 
 PUEBLO, COLORADO SPRINGS AND DENVER, 
 Witln Direct Connections for 
 
 OGDEN, SALT LAKE CITY AND 
 PACIFIC COAST POINTS. 
 
 CHOICE OF TWO ROUTES.- 
 
 APR27a49 
 
YALUAB Li} ASS iSTA^L.r.-. 
 
 The following Traveling and Passenger Agents of '" MISSOURI PACIFIC RAIL- 
 WAY and IRON MOUNTAIN ROUTE are constantly k'/ing after the interests ot 1 1 1.> 
 Line, and will call upoJi parties contemplating a trip u. .1 cheerfnllv furnish theii. 
 lowest Rates of Fare, Land Pamphlets, Maps, Guides, Timt- Tables, etc. 
 Or they may be addressed as follows : 
 
 ATCHISON, KAN.— C. E. Styles Passenirer and Ticket Agent. 
 
 AUSTIN, TEX.— J. C. Lewis Traveling Pa.ssenger Agent. 
 
 BOSTON. MASS.— Louis W. Ewald New England Pass'r Agent, 192 Washington St. • 
 
 CAIRO, ILL.-T. F.Brown Ticket Agent. Union Depot 
 
 C. G. Miller City Ticket Agent, 309 Ohio Levee. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA, TENN.— I. E. Rehlander Traveling Pass'r Agent, 108 Read House. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL.— Bissell Wilson District Passenger Agent, 111 Adams St. 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO— A. A. Gallagher, District Pass'r Agt., 408 Vine St, bet. Fourth, 
 and Fifth Sts. 
 T. A. Wilkinson, Trav. Pass'r and Land Agt., 408 Vine St., bet. 
 Fourth and Fifth Streets. 
 DENVER, COLO.— C. A. TRiPP..Gen'l Western Frt. and Pass'r Agt., cor. 17th & Stout Sts. 
 
 E. E. Hoffman Traveling Passenger Agent. 
 
 DETROIT, MICH.— H. D. Armstrong Traveling Passenger Agt., No. 7 Fort St., West. 
 
 FT. SCOTT, KAN.— J. A. Hollinger Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 HOT SPRINGS, ARK.— R. M. Smith Depot Ticket Agent. 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, IND.— G. A. A. Deane, Jr Traveling Pass'r Agent, 231 McCrea St. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO.— E. S. Jewett Passenger and Ticket Agent, 901 Main St. 
 
 J.H. Lyon Western Passenger Agent, 901 Main St. 
 
 Geo. E. Ritchie Assistant Ticket Agent., 10o2 Union Ave. 
 
 J. F. Etter Passenger and Assistant Ticket Agt., 901 Main St. 
 
 P. C. Lyon Traveling Passenger Agent. 
 
 Tom Hughes City Passenger Agent, 1032 Union Ave. 
 
 LEAVENWORTH, KAN.— J. N. Joerger Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 LINCOLN, NEB.— F. D. Cornell City Passenger and Ticket Aeent, 1039 O St. 
 
 R. P. R. Millar Freight and Ticket Agent. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK.— August Sundholm Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KY.— R. T. G. Matthews Trtive ling Passenger Agent, 304 West Main St. 
 
 MEMPHIS, TENN.— H. D. Wilson Pass'r and Ticket Agt., 314 Main St., (cor. Monroe). 
 
 Ellis Farnsworth, Trav. Pass'r Agent, 314 Main St., (cor. Monroe). 
 
 MEXICO CITY, MEX.— H. C. Dinkins General Agent, Gante No. IL 
 
 NEW YORK CITY— W. E. Hoyt General Eastern Passenger Agent, 391 Broadwav. 
 
 J. P. McCann Traveling Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway. 
 
 OMAHA, NEB.— Thos. F. GoDFREY-.Pass'r and Tkt. Agt., S. E. cor. 14th and Douglas Sts. 
 
 W. C. Barnes Trav. Pass'r Agent, S. E. cor. 14th and Douglas Sis. 
 
 PITTSBURG, PA.— John R. JAMES..Acting Central Pass'r Agt., Room 905 Park Building, 
 
 Fifth Ave. and Smithfield Street. 
 
 PUEBLO, COLO.— Wm. Hogg Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO.— Benton Quick... Passenger and Ticket Agent, German- American 
 
 Bank Building, cor. Seventh and Felix Sts. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO.— B. H. Payne Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 H. F. BERKLEY...Pass'r&Tkt. Agent, N.W. cor. Broadwav and Olive St. 
 M. Griffin ...City Passenger Agent, N.W. cor. Broadway and OliveSt. 
 
 W. H. Morton Pas.senger Agent, Room 402, Union Station. 
 
 A. V. Brigham Traveling Passenger Agent for Arkansas. 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH— H. B. KoosER Com, Freight & Passenger Agt. , 
 
 Nos. 105 and 107 West Second St. (Soiitl' . 
 
 E. J. Flynn Traveling Freight and Passenger Alt iil. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— L. M. Fletcher Pacific Coast Agent, 212 California St. 
 
 Malone Joyce Trav. Pass'r Agent, 212 California St. 
 
 SEDALIA, MO.— J. W. McClain Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 TEXARKANA, ARK.— C. E. Swindell Ticket Agent. 
 
 WICHITA, KAN.— E. E. Bleckley Passenger and Ticket Ayent, 114 N. Main St. 
 
 G. WARNER, W. B. DODDRIDGE, 
 
 Vice-President, General Man 
 
 H. C.TOWNSEND. 
 
 General Passenger and Ticket Agent, 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
Mountain 
 Route, 
 
 Xr^E GREAT SOUTHWEST SYSTEM. 
 
 CONNECTING THE COMMERCIAL CENTRES AND RICH FARMS OF 
 
 MISSOURI, 
 
 THE BROAD CORN AND WHEAT FIELDS AND THRIVING TOWNS OF 
 
 KKNSKS, 
 
 THE FERTILE RIVER VALLEYS AND TRADE CENTRES OP 
 
 NEBRHSKK, 
 
 THE GRAND. PICTURESQUE AND ENCHANTING SCENERY. AND 
 THE FAMOUS MINING DISTRICTS OF 
 
 COLORHDO. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL. FRUIT. MINERAL AND TIMBER LANDS. AND 
 FAMOUS HOT SPRINGS OF 
 
 HRKHNSHS, 
 
 THE BEAUTIFUL ROLLING PRAIRIES AND WOODLANDS OF THE 
 
 INDIHN TERRITORY, 
 
 THE SUGAR. COTTON AND TIMBER PLANTATIONS OP 
 
 LOUISIKNH, 
 
 THE COTTON AND GRAIN FIELDS. THE CATTLE RANGES ANP 
 WINTER RESORTS OF 
 
 TEXKS, 
 
 HISTORICAL AND SCENIT 
 
 OLD HND NEM MEXICO. 
 
 AND FORMS WITH ITS CONNECTIONS THE POPULAR ROUTE TO 
 
 HRIZONH HND CHLIFORNm. 
 
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