Class __oii41 
 Book___J±l._; 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
THE 
 
 Complete Angler 
 
 AND 
 
 HUNTSMAN 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS HUBERT HUTTON 
 
 AND 
 
 STANLEY BLAKE 
 
 BERRY, KENTUCKY 
 1919 
 
■v.PT^ 
 
 ^■;.? 
 
 \^" 
 
 Copyright, 1919, 
 
 By 
 
 Thomas Hubert Ilutton and Stanley Blake. 
 
 (g)CU'f)15912 
 JUN 19 Itiid 
 
INTRODUCTORY 
 
 PART ONE 
 
 The author of Part One of this book was born and 
 reared among the hills of Old Kentuck}^, and has always 
 been a close student of nature — a lover of the outdoors, 
 and, above all, an ardent angler — a true disciple of "Ike" 
 Walton. 
 
 Thomas Hubert Hutton was born in the year 1892 at 
 the country town of Berr3% County of Harrison, State of 
 Kentucky, where he still resides. 
 
 He has written for the leading outdoor magazines for 
 many years, having X3euned over 500 magazine articles on 
 various subjects, both of angling and hunting. 
 
 For several years he was associated with the Blue 
 Grass Farm Kennels, of which Mr. Stanley Blake, author 
 of Part Two of this book, is Manager, and enjoyed always 
 the most pleasant relations with that gentleman. Mr. 
 Hutton, at the time this book was published, held the posi- 
 tion of Postmaster, at the town wherein he is a resident. 
 
 While his principal recreative sport is angling for the 
 battling black bass, he also finds time occasionally to ac- 
 company his friends on a hunt. 
 
I!y lourtesj r. S. Dtparlnivnt <>f tli.> liU'iior. 
 
 CRATER IjAKE AND MT. SCOTT FROM TRAIL. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 NATURE'S CALL: 
 
 There is instilled within each one of us a persistent 
 something that Ave call ''desire." There are various 
 things to be desired — some desire one thing, some another; 
 some have many and numerous desires, while others ma}^ 
 have but few. It is a safe bet, however, that all of us 
 experience one desire that we cannot get awa}^ from — 
 namely the desire to respond to nature's persistent call. 
 
 This call cannot be evaded. It may be postponed, but it 
 ever keeps on tugging at our heartstrings, and must be fi- 
 nally answered. For a time, nature's call may be neglect- 
 ed, forgotten in the busy struggle along life's tempestuous 
 way, but the call will return again and again, and must be 
 responded to. 
 
 There is a something within each of us — a desire — to 
 commune with nature ; no matter where Ave live, or what our 
 calling. The city-bred man especially has a constant yearn- 
 ing to get out and away from all the noise and bustle and 
 strife for a cjuiet vacation-time among the hills and along 
 the cool streams, there to try his skill and pit his knowl- 
 edge and resourcefulness against nature's own, while 
 those living in the smaller centers of population and in 
 the rural districts experience and answer the same call. 
 All of us have this great desire, and fortunate indeed is the 
 man who is able to answer the call promptly. A great ar- 
 my of would-be sportsmen, however, on account of their 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 business ties aud for various other reasons, cannot explore 
 the wonders of nature as soon as they would like to. They 
 are none the less sportsmen, however, and keenly ardent 
 ones at that, for their heart's in the right place and if they 
 had their way about things their longing would soon be 
 gratified, but ol'ttimes obstacles l)cset one's pathway and 
 delay the realization of one's fondest hopes. 
 
 To this great army of sportsmen, as well as to the ini- 
 tiated, we have faith that this ])ook will appeal; that it 
 will open the doors which bar their vision of nature's sub- 
 lime beauty; that it will in a small measure, at least, al- 
 leviate the suffering of those who would and cannot an- 
 swer the call at the present time ; and we hope — very hum- 
 bly hope — it will be found both instructive and entertain- 
 ing to all. 
 
 There are many kinds of sport, l)ut in this book we 
 have to do but with two classes, the angler and the hunter. 
 
PART ONE 
 
 Angling. 
 
 To angle successfully is a fine art. It requires not 
 only skill, but a great amount of patience. Without 
 these prime requisites you are doomed to failure. Ang- 
 ling comes naturally to some fishermen, to others it must 
 be taught, and, alas, to still others it cannot be taught. 
 
 So to be a successful angler, you must possess skill 
 and patience. The student-fisherman who is most obser- 
 vant is by far most apt to speedily acquire the art. Study 
 nature. Learn the habits of the finny tribe. Find out 
 what they thrive upon — what insects they devour in cer- 
 tain seasons of the year, and imitate these insects in con- 
 structing your artificial lures, if it is not practicable to 
 use natural ones. If you purchase your lures, use all the 
 jadgment you possess in selecting them. 
 
 The successful hunter knows the habits of the animal 
 he is striving to bring to bag, and so must the successful 
 fisherman know the habits of the particular specie of fish 
 he is angling for. 
 
 No given set of rules may be set down for the guid- 
 ance of the angler. Conditions vary in such great degree 
 in different localities as to make given rules and regula- 
 tions seem foolish. We must adjust ourselves and our 
 tackle to conditions as we find them — this is the method 
 that spells success. Hence, in this book the author shall 
 not aim to write down any given set of rules in the art of 
 angling, but merely to write of conditions as he has found 
 them in his particular field of action. 
 
8 
 
 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 AVhilc WO liavc before us the subject of angling, per- 
 haps it would not be amiss to offer a few general sugges- 
 tions as to tackle. 
 
 Tackle is a most important item. Poor and indiffer- 
 ent tackle means, in most cases, failure. Of course, we, 
 as a boy, caught our full share of fish on a crooked stick 
 for a pole and a bent pin, but that is not our idea of art in 
 
 This Photograiih 1. 
 
 I'unaclian Pacific l;:iil\v; 
 
 "FISHING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA — A SCENE THAT WILL BRING BACK 
 FOND RECOLLECTIONS OK OUR BOYHOOD DAYS. 
 
 the angling game. Most of that Avas pure blind luck, or 
 else the fish were awfully hungry in those days. We are 
 fully convinced that to really become an accomplished 
 fisherman, wise to all the tricks of the finny tribe, one must 
 have good, dependable tackle. Now% Ave don't mean by 
 this that one should liaA^e extra heaA\A" or very strong line 
 and stout reel. No! No I Rather, we mean very light 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 9 
 
 tackle, but something a jot better than the crooked pole 
 and the bent pin. In a word, tackle of light but good 
 quality, that may be relied upon in a close place. We 
 have in the angling world advocates of both light and 
 heavy tackle. Recognizing the respective merits of both 
 in given instances and under varied conditions, we prefer 
 to use our judgment in our selection of tackle to meet 
 these conditions as we find them, and recommend this 
 course to fellow-fishermen. 
 
 The weight and length of rod is largely a matter of 
 preference of the individual. However, a medium weight 
 and a medium length rod will be found suitable for nearly 
 all ordinary occasions, and, therefore, is most acceptable. 
 The two extremes are necessary in some cases, but as a 
 general thing the medium is to be desired. 
 
 The author uses a 5 1-2 foot rod, made of selected split 
 bamboo, and constructed in two sections, having agate top 
 and butt guide, between which it has high German Silver 
 guides, and is an outfit that will suit the average fisher- 
 man. Some anglers, who hanker more for convenience in 
 carrying a rod than for service to be obtained from it, pre- 
 fer a three- jointed affair. Speaking about reels — the reel 
 should be of good quality, an Anti-Back-Lash of the Heddon 
 t}^e, a Milam, a Meek, or Blue Grrass; it should be free 
 running and quadruple multiplying, with a narrow spool. 
 The reels mentioned are fairly high in price, but in buying 
 a I'eel, remember that qualit}^ counts most in this item of 
 tackle, and that no matter how magnificent is the rod, the 
 guides, the line, if you have not a good, free-running de- 
 pendable reel, the outfit is "null and void" so far as service 
 is to be obtained. There are many medium and low priced 
 reels on the market, some few of which possess merit com- 
 mensurate with their reasonable prices, but it takes real 
 money to buy a quality reel that will last long and be a joy 
 to your heart. 
 
 Then comes the subject of fishing lines. The writer 
 
10 
 
 THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 likes a braided silk Hue fifty yards long, for bait casting, 
 ^'arious and many are tlie lures to be found on the market 
 today, and there is a lure for every clime and for every oc- 
 casion, for all seasons and all places. Such being the case, 
 the angler should purchase a set of lures that are adaptable 
 to local conditions. The idea is to study the particular in- 
 sect-life of the locality in which the angler resides — see 
 what insects are common along the rivers and lakes in that 
 
 Courtesy Canadian Pacific Railway Co. 
 
 FISHING IX OXTARIO. 
 
 particular region — and then liuy lures as nearly in conform- 
 ity to them as possi])le. Imitate nature. By observation 
 along the waters of your locality, you will, no doubt, be able 
 to see what insects fly a])ove the water, or float upon its 
 surface, and l)y close attention you will l)e able to note what 
 the fish leap after most frequently. Get flies that are as 
 nearly like these real ones as you can. This course will 
 bring success if wisely carried out. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 11 
 
 As to dry-fly fishing, while it has been an art long 
 practiced in Europe it is a sad commentary on onr angling 
 progress when we say that until recently dry-fly fishing 
 in this country had not found popular favor. This is said 
 to have been due to the fact that wet-fly fishing in our tur- 
 bulent streams had met with so much success that new 
 methods and new tackle were not needed or desired. Tie 
 your dry-fly in exact imitation of the winged insects. 
 
 A Day With The Wily Black Bass: 
 
 Memory harks back to a day in early springtime 
 when we journeyed forth in quest of the sport royal. With 
 well-filled fly-book, as well as a few nice live minnows in 
 our minnow-bucket, we stealthily crept to the old mill-dam 
 before the rising sun had dared show golden rays over the 
 eastern hilltoxDS. 
 
 Oh, how bracing was the early morning air on the liv- 
 er! Put new life into a fellow. Made one's blood fairly 
 tingle. 
 
 Soon, we were casting right and left, first trying the 
 minnows. After thirty minutes casting with live bait with- 
 out a strike, we decided to get out our brand-new fly-book 
 and make an offering of choice specimens thereof to the old 
 wily fighter of the mill-pond. Perhaps, if he was not real- 
 ly Jaungry, he would strike at an attractive lure through 
 pure viciousness, for which he is noted in the realm of 
 things aquatic. 
 
 Our surmise did not work out, at least not at first. The 
 old stand-by, "Jock Scott," utterly failed in its mission; 
 "Lord Baltimore" was also completely ignored by the sulk- 
 ing bass. We then tied on a "Royal Coachman" and 
 awaited anxiously for results. Nothing doing. We were 
 dismayed, but still determined — so w^e tried a "Grizzly 
 King", and, casting well out, let it light gently upon the 
 water with a slight jerk, reeling in rather hurriedly and 
 
12 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 impatiently, (we had about lost all the patience we ever 
 possessed), but it was just then we got a strike, a strike 
 that indicated to us, as we gripped the rod, that the bass 
 was trying (in baseball vernacular) to knock a "home- 
 run." It was a regular Hans Wagner strike! Zip! went 
 the line, or maybe it was the reel, maybe both — first thing 
 we knew Mr. Bass was heading for midstream and he was 
 one of those headstrong fellows that are not so easily turn- 
 ed. Presently, however, we did manage to start him on 
 the return trip, and then he came on so fast it was a perfect 
 job for us to keep him from getting slack line, which would 
 have been fatal and would have assured his escape. On 
 he came! Wind as hard as we could he did manage to get 
 a little slack — he then came to the top and leaped clear of 
 the water, shaking with all his might, trying to dislodge the 
 hook. With a sharp jerk we took up the slack and brought 
 him back into the Avater, reeling like mad. The moment 
 lie slid back into his element, he took another spell, this 
 time going straight to bottom and there sulking. Noth- 
 ing could seem to dislodge him. Seemed certain he had 
 gone under a rock TO STAY. We felt our hopes sink. 
 We were going to lose our prize-beauty. Not only that, 
 but we'd probably lose our fly and a good leader, not to 
 mention our temper. 
 
 After a lapse of several minutes, that seemed to 
 lengthen into weeks of anguish, he came to life with a sad- 
 deness that fairly startled us. With a mighty suro'e he 
 made for the bank on which we stood, and again we be- 
 came intensely occupied with the reel. It seemed not to 
 work nearly fast enough. That bass was sure speedy. 
 
 Approaching the bank, he must have spied his arch- 
 enemy — man — for he gave a haughty swish of his tail and 
 was gone again — to deep water. 
 
 We struggled again to turn him and for a time it seem- 
 ed uncertain who would be the vanquished and victor. At 
 last, we brought him to a halt and after a painful inter- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 13 
 
 val his halt was turned into a retreat — once more he came 
 toward land. 
 
 But he came leisurely. No slashing and slathering 
 v/aters were kicked up by terrific swishes of his tail. Boys, 
 he was tired out. He had fought the good fight — and 
 lost. 
 
 Lures for The Black Bass: 
 
 It has become a proven fact that no one lure or set of 
 lures can be depended upon to catch fish at any time in all 
 weathers. Especially is this true of the wily black bass, 
 which is a fish of moods. At certain times of the 
 day a j^articular lure will prove to be a bass getter, and at 
 the very same time on other days that particular lure will 
 be of no avail ; on certain days one lure will appeal, where- 
 as on other days that lure will fail to attract. In cloudy 
 weather a certain lure may be used to advantage, whereas 
 on a sunshiny day it would not draw fish. So again at 
 certain seasons of the year a particular lure gets bass, be- 
 ing no good at other times. Hence, it is but a short step 
 to the conclusion that the bass is a fish of moods. Some 
 days the black bass will feed right under your lure, while 
 on other occasions he will savagely strike at anything you 
 have to offer. We come to the conclusion, after giving the 
 matter much thought, that there are several elements that 
 enter into the problem. They are : The seasons, weather, 
 (which controls the mood of the bass); the time of day; 
 and the lure. This accounts for having good luck on a 
 certain day with a certain lure, while the same lure the 
 next day proves entirely inefficient. 
 
 A good many anglers object to the use of the treble 
 hooks on baits, their opinion being that their use is inhu- 
 mane and unsportsmanlike, while others prefer to fish with 
 the fly, which has but one single hook. In some states the 
 law prohibits the use of more than three hooks on one bait 
 or one treble hook. 
 
14 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 When one pauses to consider the cruelty of angling 
 with live bait, the angler will then look with some degree 
 of disfavor toward the method of casting or using live bait. 
 On the other hand, live bait casting has charms all its own, 
 and a great army of anglers swear by their live bait. 
 
 For those, however, that do not prefer live bait, there 
 is to be found on the market lures of all kinds. 
 
 One writer remarks that the best thing about top w^a- 
 Iter lures, especially the ones modelled after the minnows, 
 is that they will not sink. If the angler or uninitiated fish- 
 erman gets a snarl or back lash he ma}^ take his own time 
 in undoing it without fear of his bait sinking and finding 
 a permanent (perhaps) resting place in a weed bed or 
 among deep crevices or rocks. These lures (undoubted- 
 ly) that are classed as top water lures save the angler 
 ''gobs" of money in this respect. 
 
 With sinking baits it is the reverse. They are adapt- 
 ed to deep water trolling, but are cast also. 
 
 The best results are obtained by trolling in deep wa- 
 ter. Slow trolling allows the bait a chance to sink deep 
 besides giving the bass a better chance to strike at it. 
 
 Another favorite bait with the average angler is the 
 plug. However, it is condemned by many men because of 
 its nine hooks (three sets of trebles), but for those that 
 are after results (bother the method) the plug is right 
 there with the goods. It is best to troll it. 
 
 Finally, in fishing with artificial baits, one must realize 
 that he is only using imitations of the real thing, and 
 accordingly not place too great confidence in them, as their 
 successful use depends largely on season, w^eather, the 
 mood of the fish, skill of the angler, and the waters he is 
 fishing. 
 
 Hints on Fly-Fishing for Trout: 
 
 First, secure a rod that "fits" you, that is, one that you 
 can handle conveniently, either steel or split bamboo, as 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 15 
 
 you prefer, one not too supple and with plenty of power 
 and resiliency. You don't have to have the highest-priced 
 rod on the market, neither is it advisable to buy the cheap- 
 est. Buy one commensurate with your ability. Of course 
 generalh^ the higher priced rods are of better material and, 
 therefore, last longer and give better service. It pays to 
 buy good stuff, when it can be afforded. Try out the rod 
 before you purchase it; see if you like it in every particu- 
 lar. 
 
 Next comes the reel. The same doctrine applies to 
 the purchase of this important item as applies to the rod. 
 Get as good quality as your purse permits. A cheap one 
 will maybe be all right for a while but in the long run it pays 
 to purchase good tackle. 
 
 Then comes the line, which should be silk, of sufficient 
 weight to cast well in the wind and to fit the rod, one that 
 will not strain the rod and yet not so light that it will fail 
 to get the action out of the rod required. For a rod 9 1-2 
 feet long, weight 5 to 6 ounces, size E line is commonly 
 used. , 
 
 The selection of the leaders is of next importance. For 
 rough streams use a heavy 3-foot leader, but on calm, shal- 
 low streams this will not do. A fine gut is an important 
 part of the tackle, and the leader should be at least six feet 
 in length if obtainable. Fine gut is sometimes hard to ob- 
 tain, but should be used whenever procurable. 
 
 The kind of fly you use, while important, is not nearly 
 so important as the manner of fishing it. 
 
 Sometimes, when trout are real hungry they will take 
 most anything in the lure of dry flies, but at other times 
 they appear to sulk and will bite at nothing, while some- 
 times a particularly fascinating lure will get their goat, 
 and at still other times a dull drabby color will appeal to 
 their taste. They seem to have moods, as well as fixed 
 habits, and we have to study their moods as well as their 
 set characteristics. 
 
16 THE AXOLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 Lastly, when you get a rise, don't jerk the poor fish's 
 head oft'; a simple turn of the wrist is sufficient, if you are 
 expert at the game. You must learn to pull gently and 
 at the same time firmly and quickly. This is acknowledg- 
 ed to he difficult and no suggestions that I can think of 
 will teach you how to do it; it's an art that has to be ac- 
 quired by actual practice. 
 
 Fishing Through The Ice: 
 
 Perhaps no wintertime sport affords any more plea- 
 sure to the angling brotherhood than the sport of ice-fish- 
 ing. 
 
 An ice chisel and an axe, will serve the purpose of mak- 
 ing a hole in the ice through which to fish. 
 
 Winter fishing has the advantage over fishing at oth- 
 er seasons in that it does not take so extensive or costly 
 an outfit. Any simple rig-up will do. 
 
 On such trips it is well to take along a coffee-pot, or 
 receptacle in which soup may be boiled, for there is noth- 
 ing that makes an outer feel better and enjoy himself more 
 on a cold winter day than a hot cup of coffee or a bowl of 
 hot soup. The frying pan should also find a place in your 
 outfit, for you will want to try some of the fish you will 
 catch, and there is a sense of enjoyment in partaking of 
 your catch "right on the spot" that is not found elsewhere. 
 
 This is a time of year when nature has clothed the 
 landscape all about you with the snowy-whiteness of the 
 beautiful snow, and if you loved to wander through these 
 favorite haunts in the glad summertime when everything 
 was green and growing, you will no less be enthralled now 
 in mid-winter with the scene of beauty as it unfolds before 
 you. Strange indeed, but true it is that tho' most all liv- 
 ing things are asleep (some, alas! dead) at this season, there 
 is presented to view a scene equally if not more beautiful 
 flian that presented in spring and sununer and fall wlien 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 17 
 
 all nature is dressed in gala array in response to the glad 
 sunshine and growing rains. 
 
 I have in mind a little outing spent with a friend one 
 winter's day in which we fished for pike through the ice. 
 Through 15 inches of solid ice we hewed a hole. The 
 rougher part was accomplished with the axe, but as soon as 
 the axe got through to the water beneath, I took the chisel 
 and shaped up the opening as best I could. 
 
 Putting on a minnow, while my partner cut himself 
 another hole not far distant, I lowered it about ten or fif- 
 teen feet beneath the surface and held it there. The end 
 of my line, of course, was tied securely to a stick, but in all 
 other ways it was nothing more than a hand-line, and real- 
 ly a hand-line it was indeed. 
 
 I now busied myself in gathering some wood for a fire, 
 and soon had a cheerful blaze on the bank nearby, where it 
 would be convenient to go and warm when we got chilled. 
 A fire is an important item in ice-fishing, for usually along 
 lakes the wind comes in pretty brisk and cold. Of course, 
 if you are fishing far out from shore, the fire may be built 
 on the ice at a respectable distance from where you are 
 fishing. Some claim the warmth of the fire goes through 
 to the water below and draws fish to that neighborhood. 
 These preliminaries over, we cut other holes until we had 
 six or eight cut and lines set. 
 
 In this manner we caught several good-sized pike. 
 While this sort of fishing does not give one the opportuni- 
 ty to display his skill to any great degree it is, at least, a 
 form of winter sport that helps to while away those long 
 winter days when the angler feels that spring will never 
 arrive, so that he may again rig up his favorite rod and 
 reel and go forth to battle with a big muskie, a trout, a 
 black bass, a pike or whatever species opportunity and lo- 
 cation presents. 
 
 We returned home that night feeling greatly invig- 
 orated by the day's outing in the brisk winter air, and 
 
18 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 many a time thereafter we repeated the operation, which 
 made the w^hole year a fishing season — a condition we al- 
 Avays thought should be evolved some way or other. 
 
 If live bait is nnobtainable, we suggest using red flan- 
 nel lures, which prove verv effective for most species of 
 fish. 
 
 No doubt, other artificial baits and lures may be em- 
 ployed with good success in ice-fishing, such as the dry fly, 
 the fluted spoon, the wet fly, and other fancy artificial 
 baits and lures. 
 
 ISAAK WALTON, BELOVED ANGLER AND 
 PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 Isaak Walton, whose memory every knight of the rod 
 and reel holds dear, was born at Stafford, County Stafford, 
 in England, in August 1593. At the tender age of nine- 
 teen summers we find him in London engaged in retail 
 shop-keeping. He was variously called a ''linen-draper," 
 "sempster," and "milliner." This business appeairs to 
 have prospered. 
 
 However, it was not as a business man that Walton 
 holds a claim to immortality, but as a writer of carefully 
 worded literature both of an ecclesiastical and nature-lov- 
 ing flavor. Most important, as to the latter, was his book 
 "The Compleat Angler," which he wrote after his retire- 
 ment from business in 1643. He purchased a place near 
 his "native heath" in the vicinity of good fishing. Walton 
 was twice married — once in 1626 and again in 1646, losing 
 both wives by death. His book, to which possibly he owes 
 the major portion of his immortal fame, "The Compleat 
 Angler," was published in 1653. Successive editions were 
 put out in 1655, 1661, 1668 and in 1676 — the latter being the 
 last edition put out during the lifetime of the author. 
 
 While the book belies its name of being really "com- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 19 
 
 plete" for our day and age, it Avas probably "complete" for 
 the needs of the troublous tinies of Oliver Cromwell, in 
 which Walton lived. This book was written in the form 
 of a dialogue between Piscator and Venator, the former 
 representing the master angler and philosopher, the latter 
 his apt and willing scholar or pupil. 
 
 In order to convey to the reader the full measure of 
 Walton's matchless art in his description of things natural, 
 it is best that we include excerpts from his book, "The 
 Compleat Angler," as follows: 
 
 Piscator — O sir, doubt not that angling is an art; is it 
 not an art to deceive a trout with an artificial fly? A 
 trout that is more sharp-sighted than an}^ hawk you have 
 named, and more watchful and timorous than 3^our high- 
 mettled merlin is bold ; and yet I doubt not to catch a brace 
 or two tomorrow for a friend's breakfast. Doubt not, 
 therefore, sir, but that angling is an art, and an art worth 
 your learning. The question is, rather, whether you be cap- 
 able of learning it? For angling is somewhat like poetry — 
 men are to be born so ; I mean, with inclinations to it, though 
 both may be heightened by discourse and practice; but he 
 that hopes to be a good angler must not only bring an in- 
 quiring, searching, observing wit, but he must bring a large 
 measure of hope and patience, and a love and propensity to 
 the art itself; but having once got and practiced it, then 
 doubt not but angling will prove to be so pleasant that it 
 will prove to be like virtue, a reward to itself. 
 
 Venator — Sir, I am now become so full of expectation, 
 that I long much to have you proceed, and in the order you 
 propose. 
 
 Piscator — Then first, for the antiquity of angling, of 
 which I shall not say much, but only this : some say it is as 
 ancient as Deucalion's flood; others that Belus, who was 
 the first inventor of godly and virtuous recreations, was 
 the first inventor of angling; and some others say — for 
 former times have had their disquisitions about the an- 
 
20 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 tiquity of it — that Setli, one of the sons of Adam, taught 
 it to his sons, and that hy them it was derived to posterity; 
 others say that he left it engraven on those pillars which 
 he erected, and trusted to preserve the knowledge of the 
 mathematics, music, and the rest of that precious knowl- 
 edge and those useful arts, which by God's appointment 
 or allowance and his noble industry were thereby preserv- 
 ed from perishing in Noah's flood. 
 
 These, sir, have been the opinions of several men that 
 have possibly endeavored to make angling more ancient 
 than is needful or may well be warranted; but for my pare, 
 I shall content myself in telling you that angling is much 
 more ancient than the Incarnation of our Savior; for in the 
 prophet Amos, mention is made of fish-hooks; and in the 
 book of Job, which was long before the days of Amos, — 
 for tliat book is said to be writ by Moses, — mention is made 
 also of fish-hooks, which must imply anglers in those times. 
 
 But my worthy friend, as I would rather prove m\'self 
 a gentleman by being learned and humble, valiant and in- 
 offensive, virtuous and communicable, than by any fond 
 ostentation of riches; or, wanting those virtues myself, 
 boast that these were in my ancestors (and yet I grant 
 that w^here a noble and ancient descent and such mer- 
 it meet in any man, it is a double dignification of that per- 
 son) : — so if this antiquity of angling, which for my part I 
 have not forced, shall, like an ancient family, be either an 
 honor or an ornament to this virtuous art which I profess 
 to love and practice, I shall be the gladder that I made an 
 accidental mention of the antiquity of it, of which I shall 
 say no more, but proceed to that just commendation which 
 I think it deserves. And for that, I shall tell you that in 
 ancient times a debate hath arisen, and it remains yet un- 
 resolved ; whether the happiness of man in this world doth 
 consist more in contemplation or action? 
 
 Concerning which, some have endeavored to maintain 
 their opinion of the first, by saying that the nearer we 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 21 
 
 mortals come to God by way of imitation, the more happy 
 we are. And they say that God enjoys himself only by a 
 contemplation of his own infiniteness, eternity, power, 
 and goodness, and the like. And upon this ground, many 
 cloisteral men of great learning and devotion prefer con- 
 templation before action. And many of the fathers seem 
 to aDprove this opinion, as ma}' appear in their commen- 
 taries upon the words of our Savior to Martha (Luke x. 
 41, 42). 
 
 Aiid on the contrary, there want not men of equal au- 
 thority and credit, that prefer action to be the more excel- 
 lent; as namely, experiments in physic, and the application 
 of it, both for the ease and prolongation of man's life; by 
 which each man is enabled to act and do good to others, 
 either to serve his country or do good to particular per- 
 sons. And they say also that action is doctrinal, and 
 teaches both art and virtue, and is a maintainer of human 
 society, and for these, and other like reasons, to be pre- 
 ferred before contemplation. 
 
 Concerning which two opinions, I shall forbear to add 
 a third by declaring my own; and rest myself contented in 
 telling you, my very worthy friend, that both these meet 
 together, and do most properly belong to the most honest, 
 ingenious, quiet and harmless art of angling. 
 
 And first I shall tell you what some have observed, and 
 I have found it to be a real truth — that the very sitting by 
 the river's side is not only the quietest and fittest place 
 for contemplation, but will invite an angler to it; and this 
 seems to be maintained by the learned Peter Du Moulin, 
 who in his discourse of the fulfilling of prophecies, ob- 
 serves what when God intended to reveal any future events 
 or high notions to his prophets, he then carried them eith- 
 er to the deserts or the seashore, that having so separated 
 them from amidst the press of people and business, and 
 the cares of the w^orld, he might settle their mind in a quiet 
 repose, and there make them fit for revelation. 
 
22 ~ THK AXGLER AND HUXTSMAN 
 
 And this seems also to be intimated by the Children of 
 Israel (Psalm cxxxvii.), who having in a sad condition 
 banished all mirth and music from their pensive hearts, 
 and having hung up their then mute harps upon the willow - 
 trees growing by the rivers of Babylon, sat down upon these 
 banks, bemoaning the ruins of Sion, and contemplating 
 their own sad condition. 
 
 And an ingenious Spaniard says that "rivers and the 
 inhabitants of the watery element were made for wise men 
 to contemplate, and fools to pass by without considera- 
 tion." And though I will not rank myself in the number 
 of the first, yet give me leave to free myself from the last, 
 by offering to you a short contemplation, first of rivers and 
 then of fish ; concerning which I doubt not but to give you 
 many observations that will appear very considerable; I 
 am sure they have appeared so to me, and made manv an 
 hour to pass away more pleasantly, as I have sat quietly on 
 a flowery bank by a calm river. 
 
 Piscator — And now you shall see me try my skill to 
 catch a trout and at my next walking, either this evening 
 or tomorrow morning, I will give you direction how you 
 yourself shall fish for him. 
 
 Venator — Trust me, master, I see now it is a harder 
 matter to catch a trout than a chub, for I have put on pa- 
 tience and followed you these two hours, and not seen a 
 fish stir, neither at your minnow nor your worm. 
 
 Piscator — Well, scholar, you must endure worse luck 
 some time, or you will never make a good angler. But 
 what say you now? There is a trout now, and a good one 
 too, if I can but hold him, and two or three turns more will 
 tire him. Now you see he lies still, and the sleight is to 
 land him. Reach me that landing net; — so, sir, now he is 
 mine own. What say you now? is not this worth all my 
 labor and your patience? 
 
 Venator — On my word. Master, this is a gallant trout; 
 what shall we do with him? 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 23 
 
 Piscator — Marry, e'en eat him to supper; we'll go to 
 my hostess from whence we came; she told me as I was 
 going out of door, that my brother Peter, a good angler and 
 a cheerful companion, had sent word that he would lodge 
 there tonight, and bring a friend with him. My hostess 
 has two beds, and I know you and I may have the best; 
 we'll rejoice with my brother Peter and his friend, tell 
 tales or sing ballads, or make a catch, or find some harmless 
 sport to content us and pass away a little time, without of- 
 fense to God or man. 
 
 Venator — A match, good master; let's go to that 
 house; for the linen looks white and smells of lavender, 
 and I long to lie in a pair of sheets that smells so. Let's 
 be going, good master, for I am hungry again with fishing. 
 
 Piscator — Nay, stay a little, good scholar. I caught 
 my last trout with a worm; now I will put on a minnow, 
 and try a quarter of an hour about yonder trees for anoth- 
 er; and so walk towards our lodging. Look you, scholar, 
 thereabout we shall have a bite presently or not at all. 
 Have with you sir ! o ' my word I have hold of him. Oh, it is a 
 great loggerheaded chub; come hang him upon that wil- 
 low twig, and let's be going. But turn out of the way a 
 little, good scholar, towards yonder high honeysuckle 
 hedge; there we'll sit and sing whilst this shower falls 
 so gently upon the teeming earth, and gives yet a sweeter 
 smell to the lovely flowers that adorn these verdant mead- 
 ows. 
 
 Look, under that broad beech-tree I sat down, when I 
 was last this way a-fishing. And the birds in the adjoin- 
 ing grove seemed to have a friendly contention with an 
 echo, whose dead voice seemed to live in a hollow tree, near 
 to the brow of that primrose hill. There I sat viewing the 
 silver streams glide silently towards their centre, the tem- 
 pestuous sea; yet sometimes opposed by rugged roots and 
 pebble-stones, which broke their waves and turned them 
 into foam. And sometimes I beguiled time by viewing the 
 
24 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 harmless lambs; some leaping- securely in the cool shade, 
 whilst others sported themselves in the cheerful sun; and 
 saw others craving comfort from the swollen udders of 
 their bleating dams. As I thus sat, these and other sights 
 had so fully possessed my soul with content, that I thought 
 as the poet hath happily expressed it, 
 
 ''I Avas for that time lifted above earth. 
 
 And possessed joys not promised in my birth." 
 
 As I left this place and entered into the next field, a 
 second pleasure entertained me: 'twas a handsome milk- 
 maid, that had not yet attained so much age and wdsdom as 
 to load her mind with any fears of many things that will 
 never be, as too many men too often do ; but she cast away 
 all care, and sang like a nightingale; her voice was good, 
 and the ditty fitted for it; it was that smooth song which 
 was made by Kit Marlowe, now at least fifty years ago, and 
 the milkmaid's mother sang an answer to it, which was 
 made by Sir Walter Ealeigh in his younger days. 
 
 They were old-fashioned poetry, but choicely good; I 
 think much better than the strong lines that are now in 
 fashion in this critical age. Look yonder T on my word, 
 yonder they both be a-milking again. I will give her the 
 chub, and persuade them to sing those two songs to us. 
 
 God speed you, good woman! I have been a-fishing, 
 and am going to Bleak Hall to my bed ; and having caught 
 more fish than will sup myself and friend, I will bestow 
 this upon you and your daughter, for I use to sell none. 
 
 Milk Woman — Marry, God requite you sir, and we'll 
 eat it cheerfulh^; and if you come this way a-fishing two 
 months hence, a grace of God, I'll give you a syllabub of 
 new verjuice in a new-made haycock for it, and m}^ Maud- 
 lin shall sing you one of her best ballads; for she and I both 
 love all anglers, they be such honest, civil, quiet men; in 
 the mean time will you drink a draught of red cow's milk? 
 You shall have it freelv. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 25 
 
 Piscator — No, I thank you; but I pray, do us a cour- 
 tesy that shall stand you and your daughter in nothing, 
 and yet we will think ourselves still something in your debt ; 
 it is but to sing us a song that was sung by your daughter 
 when I last passed over this meadow, about eight or nine 
 days since. 
 
 Milk Woman — What song was it, I pray? Was it 
 ''Come Shepherds, deck your heads," or "As at noon Dul- 
 cina rested," or "Phillida flouts me," or "Chevy Chace." 
 or "Johnny Armstrong," or "Troy Town"? 
 
 Piscator — No, it is none of those ; it is a song that your 
 daughter sang the first part, and vou sang the answer to 
 it. 
 
 Milk Woman — Oh, I know it now. I learned the first 
 part in my golden age, when I was about the age of my poor 
 daughter; and the latter part, which indeed fits me best 
 now, but two or three years ago, when the cares of the 
 world began to take hold of me; but you shall, God willing, 
 hear them both, and sung as well as we can, for we both 
 love anglers. 
 
 From even these brief excerpts of Walton's writings 
 it is easily seen what a nobility of character and what a 
 gentle, loving spirit he possessed. We surmise that if he 
 was half as artful with his angling rod as he was with his 
 pencil, he deserves even greater fame as an angler than he 
 is renowned to have been. 
 
 FISHING REEL LORE: 
 
 More than three-quarters of a century back, viz : in the 
 year 1839, the makers of the "Milam" fishing reel recog- 
 nized the field awaiting to be occupied by a reel in which 
 material and construction should be so combined as to pro- 
 
26 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 cluce an instrumeut absolutely reliable under any and all 
 conditions of use and abuse. There was wanting a reel 
 that should be light and compact in form, simple but pow- 
 erful in its makeup and above all, one not easily deranged 
 by the constant "wear and tear" inseparable from its use. 
 With a full recognition of these exacting conditions they 
 started in to make the reel that since has made the State 
 of Kentucky famous. In all the years that have passed 
 by since 1839 they have never deviated from the course 
 originally laid down for its production, namely : the invar- 
 iable use of the best obtainable material and upon such 
 material the bestowment of every resource of ingenuity and 
 painstaking workmanship. As a practical endorsement 
 of this policy it is of record that the first Milam Reel, 
 turned out by them in the year 1839, is still in perfect work- 
 ing order, and still giving a good account of itself on the 
 bass streams of that state. 
 
 The following letters from two illustrious personages, 
 addressed to the maker of this .reel, attest its quality and a 
 right to a place in angling history equaled by no other 
 American multipl.ying and click fishing reel: 
 
 "Executive Mansion, Washington. 
 "B. C. Milam, Esq: 
 
 "My Dear Sir: — I have received, through Messrs. 
 Blackburn and Breckinridge, the beautiful reel which you 
 have sent to me, and I beg you to accept any sincere 
 thanks for the same. I think it is the finest piece of 
 work in that line I have ever seen and the sight and hand- 
 ling of it makes me long for the time when I can put it to 
 use. 
 
 I have no doubt that it will be the means of affording 
 me much pleasure, and I hope that m}' performances may 
 do your liandiwork no discredit. 
 
 Yours verv trulv, 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 27 
 
 "Dear Sir: — In reply to your note, I beg to say that 
 I have used one of your reels for 18 years and it is yet in ex- 
 cellent order. The make and fashion of your work is quite 
 unsurpassed. 
 
 " Faithfully Yours, 
 "JOSEPH .JEFFERSON." 
 
 The "Milam" is a combined multiplying and click reel, 
 and is therefore equally available for fly or bait fishing. 
 It multiplies four-fold and so light is the friction of its mov- 
 ing parts that a single smart stroke of the handle produces 
 hundreds of revolutions of the spool. In bait casting the 
 reel is used "clear," i. e. without either alarm or ruT3ber, 
 and with a little practice, the bait may be dropped with ease 
 and precision on any desired spot within 50 or 60 yards. 
 For fly fishing it is customary to use the drag, and when 
 desired (as is usually the case), the alarm or "click," but 
 any of these features can be utilized singly, or all of them 
 collectively at will. Thus, by their use, the reel may be 
 transfoiTQed progressively into a multiplying, click, or a 
 free running reel at your pleasure. These changes are 
 produced by sliding disks on the side of the reel and do not 
 complicate its operation. Pinions and i^ivots are of tool 
 steel carefully tempered and fitted with greatest accuracy. 
 No castings are used in this reel; nothing but wrought met- 
 als. Plates, caps, handles, etc., are all cut from hard-roll- 
 ed sheet metals. The reels are still made by hand, with pains- 
 taking care, now, as always since the industry was start- 
 ed about eighty years ago, and they are made in the same 
 jittle Main street shop in the city of Frankfort, which 
 IS located on the Kentucky river, near the Elkhom junc- 
 tion, both streams long noted for the black bass found 
 therein. 
 
 Interesting History: 
 
 Judge Shackelford Miller, of Louisville, Ky., rendered 
 an opinion in the suit of B. C. Milam & Son, asking for an 
 
28 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 injunction to prevent the corporation, "B. F. Meek & 
 Sons (J. H. Sutcliffe and others)," from using the words 
 "Frankfort," "Kentucky" or either of said words in de- 
 scribing a fishing reel, and, further, that the defendant be 
 compelled to disclose profits and that plaintiffs be given 
 judgment for all profits made by defendant on reels 
 so manufactured and sold. Judge Miller granted the relief 
 sought. The facts as brought out in the case will prove of 
 interest to fishermen, as they show a concise history of this 
 famous reel and give credit to the real institutors of this 
 commodity. The product put out by Meek today may be 
 all that is claimed for it, but the angler must bear in mind, 
 after reading the following facts brought out in the trial, 
 that Milam and not Meek invented the reel, and should be 
 given credit accordingly: 
 
 The evidence shows that crude reels were made in 
 Kentucky before 1830 (investigation has shown that as 
 early as 1810 a reel was made in Paris, Ky.) Mr. Theo- 
 dore Noel, a watchmaker, made a reel in Frankfort about 
 1830. B. C. Milam w^as an apprentice under Mr. Noel's 
 brother. Noel quitting the business, Milam w^ent to work 
 with Jonathan Meek. Not liking watchmaking, he (Mi- 
 lam) took up the reel business and developed the multiply- 
 ing reel to its present state of perfection. He has devoted 
 his whole life to it. For over sixty years he did nothing 
 else. The first reels he produced were stamped: "J. F. 
 & B. F. Meek," then "Meek & Milam" then "The Frank- 
 fort, Kentucky Reel, B. C. Milam & Son. " By constant ap- 
 plication he has built up a great reputation for his reel, 
 built it under different names, but the same reel all the 
 time. At last he was forced to go to the courts to ask 
 protection for what he had been so many years honestly 
 acquiring, and the courts sustained him. 
 
 In 1835, Jonathan F. Meek moved to Frankfort from 
 Danville, Ky., and engaged in the jewelry business. His 
 younger brother, B. F. Meek, and B. C. Milam went to work 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 29 
 
 as apprentices. In 1839 he and his brother formed a part- 
 nership under the firm name of J. F. and B. F. Meek, B. C. 
 Mihim still being associated with them. A few reels were 
 made between this time and 1848, when B. C. Milam was 
 taken into the firm, and the name became J. F. Meek and 
 Company, B. C. Milam being the company and doing the 
 work on the reels and stamping them "J. F. & B. F. Meek." 
 as before. In 1852 this firm failed and Jonathan F. Meek 
 moved to Louisville, where he worked until his death at his 
 trade, watchmaking, for Wm. Kendrick. 
 
 January 1, 1853, B. F. Meek and B. C. Milam formed a 
 new firm under the name of Meek and Milam, to continue 
 the business of jewelers and reel making at the old stand 
 on Main Street. B. F. Meek attended entirely to watch- 
 making and jewelry on the lower floor and B. C. Milam had 
 entire charge of and did all the reel work on the second 
 floor of the same house. The partnership agreement was 
 in writing, and shows that upon dissolution Meek was to 
 have the watchmaking tools and Milam was to own the 
 reel-making outfit. This partnership was dissolved in 
 1885 by mutual agreement, and, according to contract, 
 Meek took the watchmaking business and Milam took 
 the reel making, both remaining in the old stand 
 on Main street, Frankfort, Ky., Meek on the lower floor 
 and Milam on the upper floor. During this partnership 
 Milam stamped the reels ''Meek and Milam" and after the 
 separation he continued to stamp them "Meek and Milam," 
 although Meek had no interest in the reel business, and so 
 stamped them from 1853 until about 1880, twenty-seven 
 years. During this long period the reel known as the 
 "Meek & Milam" reel, and made exclusively by B. C. Mi- 
 lam, had become famous, not only throughout the United 
 States, but was known to the anglers of Europe. 
 
 In 1882 B. F. Meek moved to Louisville and began to 
 make a reel. 
 
 In 1898 B. F. Meek, having sold out to J. H. Sutcliffe 
 
30 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 and others, who formed a corporation to continue the man- 
 ufacture of reels, returned to Frankfort, where he lived un- 
 til his death. 
 
 To quote Judge Shackelford Miller, further: 
 
 "The plaintiffs, B. C. Milam & Son, now complain that 
 the defendant corporation, 'B. F. Meek & Sons,' with the 
 design and purpose to get plaintiff's trade and to deceive 
 the public, is now and has since its purchase from Ben F. 
 Meek in 1898, been manufacturing reels in Louisville 
 which it puts on the market advertised as the original 
 'Frankfort, Kentucky Reel,' by reason whereof, it is claim- 
 ed, the public are deceived into buying defendant's reels 
 as the reels of the plaintiff's make. 
 
 "No one of the Meeks is interested in or employed by 
 the defendant corporation, "B. F. Meek & Sons." 
 
 "Prior to 1882 the 'Meek & Milam Reel,' made in 
 Frankfort by B. C. Milam, had become generally known in 
 Kentucky as the 'Frankfort Reel,' and outside of the State 
 as the 'Kentucky Reel,' or the 'Frankfort, Kentucky 
 Reel' and was so advertised by Milam in 1882, and was so 
 stamped by him in 1896. The descriptive term or jDhrase, 
 'Frankfort, Kentucky, Reel' was first used by Milam, 
 Furthermore, B. F. Meek was never engaged in the manu- 
 facture of fishing reels in Frankfort after 1855, while Mi- 
 lam had been continuously in that business at the old 
 stand, 318 Main Street, in Frankfort, from 1848 to the pres- 
 ent time, a period of more than fifty years. Under this 
 state of facts, will the defendant be allowed to use the de- 
 scriptive words, 'Frankfort, Kentucky,' in describing its 
 reels ? 
 
 "The plaintiff's reels have become famous during a 
 period of nearly fifty years of exclusive manufacture at 
 Frankfort, Kentucky — in fact, they became so popular as 
 to be generally known and subsequently advertised as the 
 'Frankfort, Kentucky Reel!' To allow the defendant 
 corporation to reap the benefit of the plaintiff's long and 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 31 
 
 honorable course in business by indirectly naming or call- 
 ing its reel, made in Louisville, as the 'Frankfort Reel,' 
 or the 'Frankfort, Kentucky Reel' — something that Ben 
 F. Meek, its assignor, never attempted or claimed 
 — would be in violation of the broad and equitable rule of 
 fair trade laid down in the man,y authorities above cited. 
 
 "I am of the opinion that the plaintiffs are entitled to 
 the relief they ask. 
 
 "SHACKELFORD MILLER, Judge." 
 
 B. C. Milam's son (John W. Milam) still conducts the 
 business at the old stand under the old firm name (B. C. 
 Milam & Son), he having been taught to make these reels 
 by his father, beginning his life work in the old shop at 
 318 Main street in 1877, since which time he has made 
 enough reels to become a veteran himself and a worth}^ 
 successor to his famous father, whose name had for so long 
 been familiar to myriads of anglers in this and more dis- 
 tant lands. 
 
 In the accompanying illustrations, which are repro- 
 ductions from photographs made in the old shop at Frank- 
 fort from which so many superb reels have been sent out 
 broadcast to anglers ever,y where, it will be noted that there 
 is a marked absence of machinery and what is used is of the 
 simplest designs. But no explanation of this seems neces- 
 sary further than to say that "Milam" reels are hand-made; 
 hence there is nothing old-fashioned or any obsolete uten- 
 sils in the factory, which makes no pretensions of turning 
 out reels rapidly and in large numbers by machinery. Just 
 the reverse method is applied and each reel represents so 
 much time, care and skill under deft fingers trained by a 
 lifetime devoted to the business, as well as watchful eyes, 
 that one who has been fortunate enough to witness the mak- 
 ing of a reel can only marA^el that it can be made at a prof- 
 it though the selling price is high, as prices are reckoned 
 today. But one has only to be sho^^Ti a reel made a half 
 
32 
 
 THE AX(;r.i:H and htnts^^fax 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 33 
 
 I 
 
 century ago in this old shop and still in perfect working- 
 order to understand that neither age nor usage can destroy 
 these superb reels — the products of the Milams. 
 
 In the first illustration will be seen the material from 
 Avhich Milam reels are made — German silver sheet and rod 
 
 made for this concern and solid, so that the reels are alike 
 all the way through and neither require or receive any 
 nickel or other plating. This metal, according to our 
 friend, Jno: W. Milam, is so hard that a sheet of it would 
 
34 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 make a very excellent saw if teeth were e\it in the edge. 
 All parts of the reel are either cut from the sheet or the rod 
 German silver, and after being buffed are as handsome as 
 the finest watch, with which they will also bear compari- 
 son for adjustment. Each steel part that goes into these 
 reels, when it reaches that stage, is carefully tempered and 
 separately in the manner indicated in the second picture. 
 
 No. 3 shows the next step — the manner in which the 
 steel pivots and pinions are tested. These are the ends on 
 which the strain comes and they must be of material to* 
 withstand the hard blows of the hannner or be rejected. 
 
 The fourth illustration shows the manner in which the 
 reels are made ready for assemblage. After all tlie parts are 
 gotten out six complete sets are selected and placed in read- 
 iness for that part of the work w^hich so few men can do 
 well, assembling. This is the most particular part of reel 
 making, for no matter how excellent the individual parts 
 if they are not properly adjusted and put together the 
 reel will not be a success. Therefore he who assembles the 
 reel must be an expert, which are only produced by long 
 experience and careful training. 
 
 Illustration No. 5 hardly needs comment. It, too, 
 was made in the old Milam Shop. The reel that is being 
 examined so carefully by the angler is one that had been in 
 use for 60 years and still in perfect working order. Think 
 of it — sixty years — longer than the average angler lives, 
 although, if any human being is entitled to long life it is 
 the angler, the sport being conducive to longevit}" beyond 
 the average span allotted to man. 
 
 The 6th illustration shows a comer in the office of B. 
 C. Milam & Son, and three diplomas given with medals of 
 first awards at three of the great international exhibi- 
 tions. The framed diploma at the left was awarded the 
 firm at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1894. 
 The central diploma w^as given wdth a gold medal at the 
 International Fisheries Exposition held in Bergen, Nor- 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 35 
 
 way, in 1898, while the one shown on the right is the diplo- 
 ma won at the Paris Exposition in 1900. 
 
 I know from experience the great love that attaches 
 the angler to his favorite reel. He will not part with it 
 for anything, so great is his attachment to it, growing as 
 the reel does in favor with him with each succeeding year of 
 its use. Finally, it becomes a veritable heirloom, to be hand- 
 ed down to the next generation as a precious gift, to be 
 treasured by his offspring as few things earthly may be 
 treasured. If the reel possesses all the good points desired 
 by the angler, he ceases to look for something new from 
 time to time that will be better. He is quite satisfied. The 
 idea that other reels may surpass it in any respect is to 
 him the height of absurdity, and he would not exchange it 
 for a new and higher grade reel of the same make, lest it 
 should be found lacking in some important respect. Hence 
 it is that reels should be built up to the Milam standard, 
 even tho' the maker forfeits the chance for a second sale 
 to the same customer for a good half century. A reel that 
 is clung to and treasured by an angler for fifty years, or 
 even for half that time, is a A^ery effective advertisement for 
 the factory from which it came; the missionary work that 
 it performs is worth the profits from a dozen sales, and 
 probably brings the maker thrice that many. Even if com- 
 mon honesty did not dictate the use of the very best avail- 
 able material and the most perfect workmanship, this 
 course is prompted by business polic3^ The appearance of 
 goods may attract customers, but it takes quality to hold 
 them. 
 
 The "Milam" reel itself has been its best advertise- 
 ment and continues so today, as thousands of anglers will 
 aver. If the Milam people used the same effective ad- 
 vertising policy as do their competitors, no doubt the 
 ''Milam reel" and not the "Meek reel" would today stand 
 out pre-eminently in this line. 
 
36 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 Points in Choosing a Canoe: 
 
 Over haste iu buying a boat is pretty sure to bring re- 
 i>]'et. Tlie ])r<)s})eetive purchaser should know where he is 
 going and what he is going to carry. Some sportsmen, who 
 carefully consider ever,y other detail of equipment, seem 
 to figure that a "canoe is a canoe," and let it go at that. 
 
 Mr. L. E. Eubanks, a specialist on this subject, writing 
 in the Sportsmen 's Review, says : 
 
 "The birch bark, because it is the original Indian 
 craft, is commonly regarded as the best canoe. But this is 
 not true ; the birch has many excellent qualities, the chief 
 being its unequaled ability to weather a gale; but it is slow- 
 er than a wooden or a canvas canoe. A new birch bark is 
 very satisfactory, but as it is used it gets a bit loggy from 
 soaking, and springs leaks easily. Also, it warps and 
 twists — you seldom see a straight birch. If you decide to 
 buy one of these canoes, try to procure one that an Indian 
 has made for himself; the ordered one may prove a disap- 
 pointment, bark full of tiny holes, and sewed with inferior 
 stuff instead of jackpine or cedar roots. But the Indian- 
 made craft will always be too high at bow and stem; it is 
 fine for running rapids, Init a poor all round boat. 
 
 "The wooden canoe, the favorite in Canada, is smart 
 in appearance and satisfactory for most ordinary purposes, 
 while it is new. Like the birch, it absorbs water and be- 
 comes frightfully heavy for a portage. Of the two woods 
 generally used, cedar and basswood, the latter is the 
 tougher, but it more than loses this advantage by its over- 
 susceptibility to heat. It must be left in water all the time ; 
 exposure on a sunny shore will open it up and unfit it for 
 use. The typical Canadian wooden canoe is built without 
 seats, the paddler resting hips on the thwart, but the 
 makers will put in a seat if so desired. 
 
 "The canvas canoe is the master craft in the paddle 
 breed. It has thr 2jrace of a birch without the weight, the 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 37 
 
 smartness of a wooden canoe without the latter's extreme 
 rigidit}'. The canvas canoe is a thing of life, pliant yet 
 strong, buoyant, yet stable. It has most of the virtues of 
 the other two, plus distinctive ones of its own; it is decided- 
 ly faster, being of the general model of the birch but with a 
 smooth surface instead of rough bark to glide through the 
 water. Secondly, it is delightfully light for portaging. 
 Thirdly, it is easily and dependabl}^ mended when it suf- 
 fers a tear. It will cost j^ou more than a birch bought from 
 an Indian, but less than any of the rib canoes. 
 
 ''Whatever material you prefer, there are other con- 
 siderations ; you would not attempt to carry a ton in a lit- 
 tle 13-foot canoe built for one man and his pack. You 
 would require for this a freighter w^eighing four times as 
 much as the little boat and some twenty feet long. Canoes 
 weigh all the way from 50 pounds and less to 200 pounds; 
 and sometimes two canoes of the same size will differ sur- 
 prisingly in weight. Between these extremes, a man 
 can get nearly anything he wants, and it pays to insist on 
 suitability of your boat to the prospective use. For three 
 men and equipment to start out on a rough lake voyage in 
 a 14 or even a 15-foot canoe is apt to end in disappointment, 
 if not disaster. Their craft ought to be 18 feet long, 36 in- 
 ches wide and 13 inches deep. Two men could use a 17- 
 foot canoe and yet have good capacity by selecting one with 
 good width and depth, but as a rule three men require a 
 long boat for satisfactory paddling. 
 
 ''Sixteen feet is a good all-purpose length for a canoe. 
 The width may be from 31 to 36 inches, depending on the 
 degree of stability required in its use; the corresponding 
 depth from 11 to 14 inches. 
 
 "Shape is another vital factor. Even the uninitiated 
 can readily understand that a flat-bottomed canoe has more 
 stability in the water. And it is equally obvious that, 
 ordinarily, it would be slower. What the "will-be" sea- 
 man does not always know is the important part played by 
 
38 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 the load in this comparison. Even some men of experience 
 use a round-bottomed boat, in spite of their intention to 
 load heavih% rather than sacrifice speed. As a matter of 
 fact, loading up a flat l)ottomed canoe brings out its vir- 
 tues — and speed. 
 
 "You can't have all the good qualities of canoes in one 
 boat, and it requires careful consideration to determine the 
 best combination — just how much speed you want to sac- 
 rifice for stability and capacity, just how much style for 
 service, etc. The best river canoe will not be as good on a 
 lake, and vice versa. But if you are headed for the North, 
 the Hudson Bay country, say, you must have an all-round 
 boat, not the best for any one place, but able to navigate 
 rivers and lakes, fairly easy of portage, fairly swift, yet 
 capacious enough for several months' stores. Such an all- 
 purpose canoe must not be too long nor too short, we will 
 select a 16-footer. The ends must be high enough for run- 
 ning rapids, so the current does not grip them; yet low 
 enough to give us enough "wet keel" for safety on wind- 
 swept lakes. (You'll encounter every old style of going in 
 the North Country.) An experienced canoemau on this trip 
 usually leans a bit to the straight keel, depending on his 
 skill to get through the fast water. This boat, 35 or 36 
 inches wide and 14 inches deep, if well made, will weigh 70 
 pounds and be heavy enough on some of the long portages, 
 but you won't dare take anything much lighter for such a 
 voyage. 
 
 "Not all canoeists contemplate a long rough trip. The 
 sport is a winner in all its forms, and the man — or woman 
 — ^who must be content with a paddle in the placid park 
 lake will have a lot of pleasure at that. For such a pur- 
 pose we select a rather showy canoe, brilliant coat and gun- 
 wales, high, gracefully curved ends, Indian style. Need- 
 ing no capacity for supplies and no particular stability, 
 we can have a narrow, tapering boat that Avill cut through 
 the water with great speed. Assuming that it will be Tised 
 
40 THE AXGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 by two persons most of the time, it should be about l(i 
 feet long. A width of 31 inches, a depth of 10 or 11 inches, 
 and a rounded bottom Avill make the craft very light and 
 easily paddled. 
 
 ''Canoes are alike in one thing, they all require care. 
 Repair even a slight injury promptly; neglect permits it to 
 grow Avorse, and you can not tell when an extra strain on 
 the craft will cause an apparently trivial weakness to 
 prove serious. In the case of canvas canoes, there is no 
 excuse for neglect; adequate repair outfits are procurable 
 from the manufacturers, and the work is very simple. 
 Quoting an autliorit.y on the 'wounds' of canvas canoes: 
 '' 'Melt the (canoe) glue until it is about the consistency 
 of thick paint. Turn back the edges of the cut and paint 
 the glue on the wood about an inch back all around the cut, 
 then lay the canvas back over the glue and iron with a hot 
 flat-iron. If the edges are badly frayed or far apart, and 
 if it is a bad tear, paint on another coat of glue and lay over 
 this a piece of canvas, cotton or silk about an inch larger 
 than the tear, then iron again w^ith a hot flat-iron. After 
 this is done give it a heavy coat of shellac and paint any de- 
 sired color.' 
 
 "But if a canoe is to be much left in the sun, marine 
 glue will not do as a finish : it melts too readily. All consid- 
 ered, white lead paste is the best thing. Eub this well 
 in and put on your varnish, and the wound is 0. K. 
 
 "About as many canoes are injured in the housing as 
 in use. Leaving a delicate, perhaps, expensive canoe on a 
 boathouse floor among scores of others, to be kicked and 
 jammed about every day, or turning it over on the beach 
 to stay indefinitely, is poor business. The best course is 
 to elevate it into the roof of some shed or garage. Canvas 
 bands of double thickness make good slings." 
 
 As pointed out in the practical suggestions given 
 above, it is a very wise policy when selecting a canoe to se- 
 lect one that meets your own individual requirements. This 
 
THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 41 
 
 is governed by whether you desire a boat for an extended 
 water trip, or merely one to use but a little in waters near 
 at hand. 
 
 There is on the market anything to be had in this line 
 from a birch to folding, telescopic, canvas and all the way up 
 to steel, not to mention wood and the more modem alu- 
 minum. 
 
 In picking a canoe for a long trip one should remem- 
 ber there is not only the canoe to wearily drag from one 
 portage to another, but the ''duffle" must go as well. So, 
 
 "THE EVENRUDE MOTOR." 
 
 better get one as light as is consistent with your absolute 
 requirements. Some anglers, and some waterfowl hunt- 
 ers, hold the canoe or boat of some shape as indispensable 
 to the pursuit of the fish and the waterfowl, respectively. 
 Indeed it does add a great deal of pleasure to the already ex- 
 liilirating sports (I mean both fishing and waterfowl shoot- 
 ing), and canoeing has every right to its lofty place in our 
 literature and in our hearts. 
 
 A fairly good boat can be purchased for about $15. a 
 better one for $25 and an extra good one for from $25 to 
 $50. For a long trip, you will need the best quality, and, in 
 most cases, it pays to buy the best for any usej This rule 
 not only applies to canoes, but to everything else. It takes 
 money to obtain quality, and quality is what counts. 
 
42 THE AXGLEK AXD HUNTSMAX 
 
 The Evinrudc Detachable Motor is a great boon to the 
 angler and the hunter. It is easily adjusted, is portable, 
 and is indispensable to the outdoorsnian in every particu- 
 lar. It enjoys a fame that it richly deserves, and I hearti- 
 ly recommend its use by all anglers and hunters. 
 
 The Fisherman and The Outdoor Motor: 
 
 To the disciples of Izaak Walton, the Evinrude makes 
 a mighty appeal. The long trip up to the "holes" where 
 the "big fellows" lurk, among the weeds and grasses, is 
 turned into an enjoyable ride, and what's more, you can 
 troll all the way if you like. 
 
 When the wind or the shadows shift and the lure no 
 longer tempts, give the fly-wheel a pull, "mote" over to 
 the other side of the island, or across the lake, and try your 
 luck at another spot. Plow right through the weeds or 
 shallows, if you want to — the Evinrude is built for it. With 
 the "cut-out" closed, there's no chance of scaring the fish, 
 or disturbing your fellow fishermen. 
 
 If you find the lake "fished out," the water roily or too 
 high, take your Evinrude — it's portable, you know — and 
 try another lake or stream. Thousands of city sportsmen 
 ship their Evinrudes to tlu^ Northern woods and fish the 
 lakes for miles around the camp. 
 
 If you have ever pulled at the oars in the gray dawn, 
 before the warmth of Old Sol has dispelled the damp mists, 
 or with darkness coming on, labored painfully homeward, 
 fighting a head wind, you have felt the need of an Evinrude 
 — the motor that lengthens the day. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE 
 FINNY TRIBE: 
 
 The Salmons of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 The author is indebted to Mr. John J. Brice, United 
 States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, and others, for 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 43 
 
 the following data concerning the various important game 
 
 fishes. 
 
 On the Pacific Coast are found five species of salmon 
 belonging to the genus Oncorhynchus, namely, the Chinook 
 or quinnat salmon, the Red or Blue-back salmon, the 
 Humpback salmon, the Silver salmon, and the Dog salmon. 
 The Pacific salmon differ very slightly from the Atlantic 
 salmon, the former possessing a larger number of rays in 
 the anal fin, and more branchiostegals, gillrakers, and py- 
 loric coeca. 
 
 The Quinnat Salmon: 
 
 The scientific name is Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, be- 
 ing commonly called by several other names, including 
 Chinook salmon, king salmon, Columbia salmon, Sacramen- 
 to salmon, tyee salmon, and saw-qui. This is by far the 
 most important of all the salmons, being not only superior 
 as to food qualities, but attains a greater size, has a wider 
 distribution, and thus has greater commercial value than 
 all others. In size there is no other salmon in all the world 
 to compare with it. In the Yukon River of Alaska It 
 reaches a weight of well over 100 pounds, and in the Colum- 
 bia River it sometimes attains a growth of 80 pounds. To 
 the southward, it gets smaller; however, in the Sacramento 
 river specimens of 50 to 60 pounds have been taken. The 
 average weight is about half the figures cited above. It 
 ranges from Monterey Bay to the Yukon, as far as experts 
 have been able to determine. 
 
 The Blueback Salmon: 
 
 The blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is called 
 in different parts of its range as blueback, reef fish, red sal- 
 mon, Fraser River salmon, and sock eye or saw-qui. This 
 fish is next to the smallest of all the salmons, the maximum 
 weight being about fifteen pounds, the average 5 pounds. 
 
44 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 In many lakes it weighs only a half pound when mature, 
 and is known as The little redfish. ' 
 
 The Humpback Salmon: 
 
 This salmon (Oneorhynchus gorbuscha) is the smallest 
 of the Pacific salmons; average weight being only 5 
 pounds, rarely weighing as much as 10 pounds. It ranges 
 from San Francisco probably as far north as the Mackenzie 
 River. 
 
 The Silver Salmon: 
 
 The Silver salmon (Oneorhynchus kisutch) is various- 
 ly called silver salmon, silversides, skowitz, kisutch, hoopid 
 salmon, and coho salmon. It is a beautiful fish, having a 
 very graceful form and a bright silvery skin. 
 
 The Dog Salmon: 
 
 This is the least valuable of the Pacific salmons, al- 
 though it is dried by the natives of Alaska for winter use. 
 Its average weight is twelve pounds, the maximum being 
 about 20 pounds. The range of this fish is from San Fran- 
 cisco, to Kamchatka, and it is especially abundant in Alas- 
 ka. 
 
 The Steelhead: 
 
 This salmon (Salmo gairdneri) is also known as Gaird- 
 ner's trout, hardhead, winter salmon, square-tailed trout, 
 and salmon trout. In general appearance and size it re- 
 sembles the salmon of the Atlantic coast, being distinguish- 
 ed from other Pacific coast salmon by its square tail in the 
 spawning season, the small head, round snout, compara- 
 tively slender form, its light-colored flesh, and its habit of 
 spawning in the spring. Its average weight in the Colum- 
 bia is about 10 pounds, but it sometimes reaches a weight 
 <»F 30 pounds. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 45 
 
 Its range reaches from Santa Barbara on the southern 
 coast of California to the Alaskan Peninsula, and possibly 
 to the Arctic Ocean, and it is found in practically all of the 
 streams of the Pacific Coast States which empty into the 
 ocean. 
 
 SALMON FISHING: 
 
 If you hanker after thrills, hie yourself to the salmon 
 waters. This is a most reckles warrior, is the salmon, and 
 sure to give you a run for your money. 
 
 A rod of 14 feet is the longest you should get, and even 
 an eleven foot rod will be found long enough for the care- 
 ful handler, except in very swift water. 
 
 In the matter of flies, Jock Scott, Fairies, or Silver 
 Doctor are three good patterns, while there are many oth- 
 ers perhaps equally as good. Black Dose and Durham 
 Ranger are also excellent flies for salmon fishing. 
 
 The Atlantic Salmon: 
 
 This fish (Salmo salar) is moderately elongate and but 
 slightly compressed in shape; the greatest depth being 
 about one-fourth the total length minus the caudal fin. 
 
 Its range, originally, in America seems to have been 
 from Labrador or Hudson Bay on the north to the vicinity 
 of New York on the south, but in many of the lakes and riv- 
 ers which they entered, the species has been well-nigh ex- 
 terminated by civilized man, and in the remaining inland 
 parts of its range its numbers are apparently greatly de- 
 creased. 
 
 In certain lakes of Maine and northward the Atlantic 
 Salmon is completely landlocked, and has somewhat differ- 
 ent habits and coloration, but no distinct specific char- 
 acteristics. 
 
 The angler will find this species a game fighter worthy 
 his best equipment and best efforts. Newfoundland is 
 said to be the best salmon fishing region extant in the east. 
 
4t) THE ANGLi:R AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 The Landlocked Salmon: 
 
 This is only a variation of the seagoing form, and is 
 found in Sebago Lake and numerous localities of the Unit- 
 ed States and Canada. In our country it is known as Sal- 
 mo salar sebago, while in Canada it is called scientifically 
 Salmo salar ouananiche. 
 
 As far as is known to science, landlocked salmon exist 
 only in some of the lakes in Sweden, besides the lakes of 
 eastern North America. 
 
 This salmon is smaller and slenderer than the anad- 
 romous salmon, but the flesh is fat and rich and has a very 
 delicate flavor, being held in high esteem for its food qual- 
 ities. 
 
 La game qualities it is, for its size, the equal of any of 
 the larger salmon, and it affords keen sport to the fly fish- 
 erman. It is much sought after, and ranks in public fa- 
 vor among the foremost of fresh water species. For 
 thrilling action we recommend the landlocked salmon, and, 
 no matter how much it costs you to take a trip to its haunts, 
 we believe you will be well repaid. 
 
 The Rainbow Trout: 
 
 Sakno irideus, or rainbow trout has been the subject 
 of many a fishing narrative, and right well does it deserve 
 the honor and attention it has received at the hands of the 
 sporting public, for it is one of the grandest of all our 
 fishes. 
 
 Its original habitat Avas the Pacific Coast of the Unit- 
 ed States, being especially abundant in the mountain 
 streams of California. It is now distributed in its various 
 forms in many parts of the country. Ichthyologists have 
 recognized the following forms : The brook trout, the Mc- 
 Cloud river trout, the Kern river trout, the nashee or nis- 
 suee tr(>ut, tlie golden trout. In the wide section of the 
 West in which the fish abounds it has various names in the 
 
48 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 (lifforeiit l(K^a]ities, such as "red sides," "mouutain trout," 
 •'brook trout", and "golden trout", also "rainbow trout," 
 while in the states east of the Mississippi River it is gen- 
 erally known as "rainbow trout" or "California trout." 
 
 The Brook Trout: 
 
 Salvelinus fontinalis, or brook trout is counted among 
 the most beautiful, active, and widely distributed of the 
 American trouts, preferring clear, cold, rapid streams, and 
 belongs to that group of trout known as charrs, but it may 
 be distinguished from the other charrs by the dark-brown 
 or black marblings on the back and the general absence of 
 spots on the back. 
 
 The brook trout is highly esteemed for its table quali- 
 ties, having a fine flavor. This trout is a dead game fel- 
 low and consequently is much sought after by the follow- 
 ers of Ike Walton. It has a voracious appetite and takes 
 advantage of every opportunity to satisfy it except 
 during the spawning season, at which time it will partake 
 of no food at all. Being strictly a carnivorous fish, its food 
 consists of Crustacea, mollusca, and various forms of in- 
 sects and Avorms, but when pressed for hunger it will un- 
 hesitatingly devour its own kind. 
 
 The Lake Trout: 
 
 Cristivomor namaycush, or lake trout is the largest of 
 the trouts and is classed with the charrs. This species is 
 found throughout the chain of the Great Lakes, and in the 
 inland lakes of northern New York, New Hampshire, and 
 Elaine; the headwaters of Columbia and Eraser Rivers, 
 streams of Vancouver Island, and even waters within the 
 Arctic Circle. Excepting the whitefishes, it is possibly 
 ■the most numerous food-fish of the Great Lakes, and for- 
 merly none exceeded it in weight except the sturgeon. Some 
 fishermen cite instances of lake trout weighing as much as 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 49 
 
 125 pounds, but the average weight will run probably from 
 20 to 30 pounds, perhaps less. 
 
 The Whitefish: 
 
 Coregonus clupeiformis, or whitefish, is essentially a 
 lake fish, existing throughout the Great Lakes region, and 
 being especially abundant in lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, 
 and Superior, while the eastern limit of its range is Lake 
 Champlain, and it is found in Lake Winnipeg, and possi- 
 bly farther west. 
 
 THE BLACK BASSES, CRAPPIES, AND ROCK BASS: 
 
 These fishes are members of the family known as 
 " Centrarchidae, " or fresh-water sunfishes, namely, the 
 large-mouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides), the 
 small-mouthed black bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the 
 rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), the crappie (Pomoxis 
 annularis), and the calico bass (Poxomis sparoides). 
 
 Many fishermen find it hard to distinguish between 
 the large-mouth black bass and the small-mouth black 
 bass. The most reliable way to tell one from the other is by 
 the number of rows of scales on the cheeks. The colors of 
 each species vary with age and the size of the mouth varies 
 with the size of the fish, but the scales are constant under 
 all conditions. The following table will guide you: 
 
 Large-mouth. 
 
 Ten rows of scales on the cheeks; body scales large^ 
 about 68 in the lateral line, 7 above and 16 below the line. 
 
 Small -mouth. 
 
 About 17 rows of small scales on the cheeks; body 
 scales small, 11-74-17. 
 
 The large-mouth black bass is variously known as 
 Oswego bass, lake bass, green bass, yellow bass, moss bass, 
 
50 THE ANtiLEK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 bayou bass, trout, jumper, cbub, and Avelehman. In tbe 
 North it is called black bass generally, and in Virginia and 
 North Carolina it is usually designated as the chub, while in 
 Florida and tbe southern states it is frequently called trout. 
 
 The small-mouth black bass has been given in various 
 regions the names: brown bass, lake bass, hog bass, ninny 
 bass, black perch (used in tlie mountains of Virginia, 
 Tennessee, and North Carolina) trout perch, brown trout, 
 jumper, mountain trout, and other names of purely local 
 use. 
 
 Rock bass are knoAvn in different parts of their range 
 as red-eye, red-eye perch, goggle-eye. 
 
 The calico bass has been given the names of strawber- 
 ry bass, grass bass, bitter-head, barfish, lamplighter, gog- 
 gle-eye, goggle-eye perch, speckled perch, and speckled 
 trout, while the crappie is known in its native waters as 
 crappie, new light, campbellite, sac-a-lait, l)achelor, crop- 
 pie, cropet, and chinquapin perch. 
 
 Rock bass have a habit of settling down in dense, com- 
 pact masses, like a swarm of bees, and when once the ang- 
 ler gets a rock bass to creel he can count on there being 
 plenty others in the same spot. This fish will pugnacious- 
 ly strike at the lure, and apparently take the hook on that 
 account more than from a desire for food. 
 
 The calico bass is' also a fairh^ game fighter, and will 
 give the angler many a sportful moment. 
 
 In Kentucky, the black bass has acquired a common 
 name which perhaps suits it better than any other applied 
 to it, namely '^ jumper." Both the large-mouth and the 
 small-mouth are famous for their jumping ability, to which 
 every angler can testify. Especially are they active and 
 have an inclination to show their jumping ability when 
 they have temperate or cool water for a habitat. In warm- 
 er water they are a bit sluggish, ])ut the l)lack bass of the 
 colder northern waters puts up a fight worthy of the 
 salmon. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 51 
 
 Large-mouth bass have been known to weigh as high 
 as 23 pounds. Not infrequently, we are told, they are tak- 
 en from the San Marcos Biver, Texas, weighing 12 to 15 
 pounds, while six and eight pound bass in the southern 
 tributaries of the Mississippi and in the inland lakes of 
 Florida excite no surprise. 
 
 The small-mouth only attains a weight of 5 or 6 pounds 
 at a maximum, 2 1-2 pounds perhaps exceeding the average 
 size. 
 
 Rock bass usually weigh only from a half pound to 
 three-quarters of a pound, but some attain one pound, and 
 exceptions to the rule weigh as high as 3 pounds. 
 
 The crappie and the strawberry bass will, generally, 
 not exceed one pound in weight, but some have been 
 caught that weighed as much as three pounds. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FRESH WATER FISHES: 
 
 In addition to the fresh-water and anadromous fishes 
 described in the foregoing pages, there are a number of 
 others, including some species Avhich have been introduced 
 into this country from Europe. 
 
 Minor Trouts and the Grayling: 
 
 Salmo mykiss, or black-spotted trout is somewhat 
 similar to the European sea trout or salmon trout (Salmo 
 trutta) and in various parts of its range possesses the same 
 half-migratory habits. This species is widely distributed, 
 quite abundant and varies greatly in color and structure. 
 Its range extends from Alaska to Mexico, being abundant 
 in the streams of the Coast Range, Sierra Nevada, and 
 Rocky Mountains, and also in some of the lakes in the same 
 regions. It attains a weight of 30 pounds, with an average 
 much less. 
 
 Then there is the Lake Tahoe or Truckee trout (Salmo 
 mykiss henshawi) ; the Colorado River trout (Salmon mykiss 
 
52 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 pleuriticus), and. the yellow-fin trout (Salmo mykiss mac- 
 donaldi), all of which are handsome game fishes of great 
 food value. 
 
 The Scotch lake trout, or Loch Leven trout (Salmo 
 trutta levenensis), and the European brown trout or brook 
 trout, or Von Behr trout (Salmo fario), were introduced 
 into this country a few years ago by the U. S. Fish com- 
 mission, and they have since become widely distributed in 
 this country. 
 
 European sea trout in small numbers, also called sal- 
 mon trout (Salmo trutta), have been introduced, while the 
 species called the Swiss lake trout, European charr, or sai- 
 bling (Salvelinus alpinus), has been propagated, on a small 
 scale. 
 
 Tlie Michigan grayling (Thymallus ontariensis) is nat- 
 urally found in some of the streams of Michigan, although 
 it is caught in limited numbers from other waters. It is 
 one of the most attractive of fresh-water fishes, and is a 
 game fighter from start to finish. The Montana gray- 
 ling (Thymallus ontariensis montanus) inhabits a limited 
 region in the headwaters of the Missouri river, and is quite 
 abundant in some streams. The Artie grayling (Thymal- 
 lus signifer) ranges from the Mackenzie River westward 
 through Alaska and northward to the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 The Muskellunge: 
 
 "The "Muskie," as this, the largest member of the pike 
 family, is familiarly called, is one of our best game fish, 
 ranking right up in the front rank as a fighter, and there- 
 fore is a great favorite with the average angler. It's 
 scientific name is "Lucius masquinongy." It reaches a 
 maximum weight of about 80 pounds, but the average 
 weight is something like 25 or 30 j^omids. It ranges thru 
 the Great Lakes, IJpper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley, 
 and lakes in Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Ontario 
 and elsewhere. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 53 
 
 The ^'muskie" is provided by nature with a formidable 
 weapon in the shape of a very large mouth and strong 
 teeth, enabling it to capture with comparative ease living 
 fish, which forms its principal diet. In order to effect 
 their capture, it lies in ambush for them among the water- 
 plants that carpet the lake or river bed, springing sudden- 
 ly upon its prey with lightning-like quickness. From its 
 very nature it is a hard and fast striker, hence much 
 sought after by anglers. 
 
 The Yellow Perch: 
 
 This fish (Perca flavescens), besides being known as 
 yellow perch, is called ring perch, striped perch and rac- 
 coon perch. It is very strikingly marked and is one of the 
 best known fresh-water fishes of the Atlantic and North 
 Central States. It is classified as of the spinj^-rayed type 
 and by some scientists is given first place among fishes. 
 Its range extends from Nova Scotia to North Carolina in 
 coastwise waters, throughout the Great Lakes, and the 
 Upper Mississippi Valley, being abundant almost wherever 
 found. It bites readily at the baited hook and is caught 
 in large quantities by anglers. 
 
 The Striped Bass and the White Perch: 
 
 This fish, sometimes called the rockfish (Roccus line- 
 atus), ranges from New Brunswick to western Florida, and 
 is especially abundant from New York to North Carolina. 
 It is readily caught by anglers on the coast and in the bays, 
 soimds, and streams. 
 
 The white perch (Morone americana) is of the 
 same family as the striped bass, closely resembling it in 
 range, habits, etc., but it grows much smaller than the lat- 
 ter. At that, it is one of our choicest pan fishes. 
 
 The Sturgeons: 
 We have half a dozen species of sturgeon in the waters 
 of the United States, as follows: The common and the 
 
54 ■ THE AXULEK AXD HUNTtSMAX 
 
 short-nosed sturgeons (Acipenser sturio and A. breviros- 
 tris), which are found only on the Atlantic Coast, ascend- 
 ing rivers to spawn; the white sturgeon and green stur- 
 geon (A. transmontanus and A. niedirostris) are found on- 
 ly in the waters of the Pacific Coast; the lake or rock stur- 
 geon (A. rubicundus) is found in the Great Lakes, Upper 
 Mississipi^i Valley, and other northern interior waters, and 
 the shovel-nose sturgeon or white sturgeon (Scaphirhyn- 
 chus platyrhynchus) is found in the Mississippi and va- 
 rious other streams of the South and West. 
 
 The common sturgeon of the Atlantic Coast grows as 
 large as 500 pounds, or over, but the average is probably 
 about 150 pounds. The lake sturgeon reaches a weight 
 of approximately 200 pounds, but the average is only 60 
 pounds. The Pacific white sturgeon attains a weight of 
 848 pounds, and those weighing as much as 500 pounds 
 were not scarce a few years ago in the Columbia river, the 
 average being 150 pounds, but now it is much less. 
 
 The Flatfish, or Winter Flounder: 
 
 This fish is known scientifically by the terrific and 
 lengthy term "Pseudophnironectes americanus," and the" 
 body is regularly elliptical, The evv'S and color are on the 
 right side, the upper side of the head being covered with 
 imbricated ctenoid scales similar to those of the body, 
 while the blind side of the head is nearly naked. Having 
 a small mouth, this species feeds chiefly on small shells, 
 crabs, and other bottom animals. It is found on sand}^ mud- 
 dy, and rocky bottoms, seeming to prefer sheltered coves 
 and bays. This fish is one of the most abundant flounders of 
 the Atlantic coast, and is especially numerous in southern 
 New England and New York. Its range extends as far 
 north as Labrador and as far south as the Carolinas, but is 
 not plentiful south of New Jersey. The average weight is 
 about a pound and one-half. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN DD 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MARINE FISHES: 
 
 Among- marine fishes are several worttiy of spe- 
 cial mention, such as the tautog, Spanish mackerel, pollock, 
 and haddock; also sea herring, scup, sea bass, squeteague, 
 cunner, sheepshead, and several flounders. 
 
 The Tautog:. 
 
 This fish (Tantoga onitis) is a strongly marked spe- 
 cies and belongs to a family (Labridae, or the wrasses) 
 characterized in part by one dorsal fin, thoracic ventral 
 fins, double nostrils, thick lips, and strong teeth in the 
 jaws. The eye is small and placed high on the side of the 
 head. This fish is found from Maine to South Carolina, 
 being most abundant in the waters of Massachusetts, 
 Rhode Island, and New York. Its strong and sharp teeth 
 enable it to consume mollusks and crustaceans, which con- 
 stitute its chief food, and it also eats sand-dollars, worms, 
 and other animals. It bites quite readily and is a great fa- 
 vorite with anglers. Its average weight ranges from 2 to 3 
 pounds, however tautog weighing 6 to 15 pounds are by no* 
 means rare. 
 
 The Spanish Mackerel: 
 
 This fish (Scomberomorus maculatus) is widely dis- 
 tributed, being found on both coasts of North America. 
 On the west coast it does not enter United States waters, 
 but on the Atlantic seaboard it ranges from Texas to Mas- 
 sachusetts, and is especially abundant in the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, among the Florida Keys, in Chesapeake Bay, and on 
 the coast of the Middle Atlantic States. It is one of our 
 most important food fishes. 
 
 Haddock, Pollock and Other Gadidae: 
 
 These are important food fishes. The pollock is found 
 from New Jersey northward, while the haddock ranges 
 
56 THE AXGLEK AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 from Delaware northward, and is, or has been, quite nu- 
 merous on the "banks" lying off the New England shore. 
 It is similar to the cod in habits, being found in the same 
 places and at the same time as the latter. There is a fish 
 called the tomcod or f rostfish (Microgadus tomcod), which 
 has been extensively propagated by the New York Fish 
 Commission. It is a small, but dandy food fish, and ranges 
 from New York to the Bay of Fundy. It is especially ex- 
 cellent in early winter, at which season it ascends the 
 streams for the purpose of spawning. It seldom exceeds 10 
 or 12 inches in length. 
 
 The Gunner: 
 
 This fish (Ctenolabrus adspersus) is a close relation 
 of the tautog, but on account of its small size, great abun- 
 dance, and comparatively little commercial value, the pro- 
 pagation of the cunner has not been seriously undertaken. 
 
 The Scup: 
 
 This is a rather important small food fish found along 
 'the Atlantic coast, scientifically called "Stenotomus chry- 
 sops." Its range extends from Cape Ann to South Caro- 
 lina, being most abundant in New England. It is a favor- 
 ite with some anglers. 
 
 The Sea Bass: 
 
 The sea bass (Centropristes striatus) is another im- 
 portant food fish, found from Massachusetts to Florida, 
 and is taken in large numbers especially from New Jersey 
 northward with both lines and other devices. It grows 
 to five pounds in weight, the average being, however, only 
 1 or 1 and 1-2 pounds. 
 
 The Squeteague: 
 
 The Squeteague or weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) is 
 one of the important food fishes of the Atlantic and Gulf 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 57 
 
 coasts, ranging- northward as far as Cape Cod. It varies 
 greatly in size, but the average weight is under 5 pounds. 
 The weakfish, as it is commonly called, however, has been 
 known to attain a weight of 30 pounds. 
 
 The spotted squeteague or "sea trout" (Cynoscion 
 nebulosum) is also a valuable food-fish, and ranges from 
 Chesapeake Bay southward, being taken in largest num- 
 bers in Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, and the Culf 
 States. It reaches a maximum weight of 10 pounds, the 
 average weight being about 2 pounds. 
 
 The Sheepshead: 
 
 This fish (Archosargus probatocephalus) is generally 
 accounted one of the best food-fishes of American waters. 
 It has a deep body, of a grayish color, marked by 9 trans- 
 verse black bands, and a peculiarly shaped head, with 
 mouth armed with prominent incisor teeth, which make it 
 easily recognizable. Its range extends from Cape Cod to 
 Texas, being found in greater abundance from Chesapeake 
 Bay southward. It reaches a weight of more than 20 
 pounds, the average on the Atlantic coast, however, being 
 not more than 7 or 8 pounds, and in the Gulf of Mexico it 
 seldom exceeds 3 pounds. In southern waters this fish is 
 a permanent resident, but in the northern portion of its 
 range it is found only during spring, summer and autumn. 
 
 The Sea Herring: 
 
 This fish is scientifically denominated ''Clupea haren- 
 gus," and exists in great abundance on both shores of the 
 Atlantic Ocean north of the latitude of about 37 degrees 
 north. On the coast of North America it is not regularly 
 abundant south of Cape Cod, but is occasionally found as 
 far south as Chesapeake Bay. In numbers this species is 
 said to be exceeded by no other fish. It is also found 
 abundantly on the Pacific Coast, but is there known as a 
 
58 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 scientifically different species, being called "Clupea pal- 
 la sii." 
 
 The herring thrives upon minute invertebrates, prin- 
 cipally copepods, larval worms, and larval mollusks. It is 
 in turn eaten in great numbers by its enenues the cod, the 
 haddock, sharks and many other fishes. 
 
 The Sand-Dab and Four-Spotted Flounder: 
 
 Besides the flatfish or winter flounder, two other 
 flounders have been propagated artificially, namely, the 
 Sand-Dab and Four-Spotted Flounder. 
 
 Tarpon, or Silver King: (Megalops Thrissoides.) 
 
 This great game fish is common on the gulf coast. It 
 is a huge creature often weighing several hundred pounds, 
 and takes a great amount of skill, endurance, and patience 
 to land one. The tarpon angler ofttimes has a life-and- 
 death grapple with his fish lasting over a period of many 
 hours, before he is able to land his prize. It is a very 
 thrilling feature of deep-sea angling, and nowadays light 
 tackle, or comparatively light tackle, is used with consider- 
 able success. Lightness of tackle must l)e offset by one's 
 skill. Mullet is the bait commonly used for this class of 
 fishing. 
 
 Blue Fish: (Pomatomus Saltatrix.) 
 
 This fish ranges along our coast from Central Brazil, 
 Guianas, the Gulf of Mexico, north to Nova Scotia. They 
 are generally abundant and a species that prey upon other 
 fishes, which form their sole diet. 
 
 These fish are usually captured by trolling, and furnish 
 excellent sport. 
 
 The Pike: (Esox Lucius.) 
 
 Every angler who resides within their range, or who 
 has journeyed to the region wherein they have their habi- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 59 
 
 tat, will agree with us when we say that here is one of 
 America's finest game fishes — a good fighter and a thor- 
 oughly game denizen of our inland waters. There are six 
 or probably seven species of this genus. Their princi- 
 pal range is throughout the lakes and rivers of the North- 
 west. This fish often attains a size of from eighteen to 
 twenty pounds, measuring up to three feet in length. It 
 is one of the gamest and most vicious fighters that ever 
 tied on to an angler's lure, and will make you think you've 
 got a whale hooked instead of a mere inland game fish be- 
 fore you have finally landed him. A good rod to use for 
 this kind of fishing is a rod about nine feet in length made 
 of choice lancewood or bethabara, and it is well to use a 
 good strong (but not too heavy) line that can stand the 
 strain. The amateur will need heavier tackle for all fish- 
 ing until he gets to be a thorough -going angler, at which 
 time he can discard his heavy outfit and use regular sports- 
 man's light weight tackle. • 
 
 Wall-Eyed Pike: (Stizostedium vitreum.) 
 
 In the Northwest these fish are sometimes called 
 salmon, which is not a correct name. They readily take 
 the lure and are generally found in rather large numbers 
 within their range, which is most all Northern waters. 
 They are especially plentiful in the lake region of Northern 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Pickerel: (Esox Genus.) 
 
 This is one of the members of the genus "Esox" hav- 
 ing several species, including the common Eastern Pick- 
 eral, or Green Pike, the Vulgate Humpbacked Pickerel, of 
 the Western States; the Banded Pickerel or Trout Pick- 
 erel, of the Atlantic streams; and the Little Pickerel, or 
 Western Trout Pickerel. 
 
 The pickerel is very pugnacious as a fighter and will 
 put up a stiff resistence for several long moments. 
 
60 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 White Perch: (Roccus Americanus. ) 
 
 White perch are i»aine fighters and offer great sport 
 to anglers throughont their range. While not as i3romi- 
 nently mentioned as some game fishes, they are an impor- 
 tant species, and deserve greater notice from the angling 
 Ijiiblic. 
 
 Deep -Sea Fishing: 
 
 A\^iile the foregoing list of fishes includes our most im- 
 portant inland game fishes, there are found in the ocean's 
 briny deep large and small game fish beyond the power of 
 our enumeration. In the ocean are found not only the larg- 
 est fish, but the largest of all living creatures, greatly 
 larger than any shore animal recorded in histor}^ and 
 while the land surface of this old mundane sphere has 
 been pretty thoroughly examined from pole to pole, there 
 are depths of the seas yet unexplored and monsters of the 
 deep yet unrecorded mi the page of science. 
 
 Man feels overawed on gazing upon for the first time 
 the stupendous elephant; but what is the elephant com- 
 pared to the whale, measuring from sixty to a hundred 
 feet in length, and corresi)ondingly thick? This animal, 
 although it outwardly resembles a fish, is, nevertheless, 
 not classed as such, because it gives birth to live young 
 ones, whilst fish lay eggs, from which the young come 
 forth after some time. Fish breathe under the water 
 through their gills, whilst the whale has real honest-to- 
 goodness lungs, and so must from time to time come to the 
 surface to breathe; if it did not it would suffocate like other 
 animals which are accustomed to live in the open air. 
 
 Consider the mighty tuna, the swordfish, the sailfish! 
 Three might}^ warriors are these, and many a sportsman 
 will tell you what game qualities each possesses. Some of 
 the most thrilling experiences the man with the rod and reel 
 ever had were had with one or more of these fishes. Some- 
 times the battle lasted for hours with the issue of the con- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 61 
 
 flict imcertain up to the last minute, yes, u^^ to the very 
 last second that life existed in the member of the finny 
 tribe. Noted \yriters haye described deep-sea fishing in 
 all its entrancing, exhilarating qualities. Yet the subject 
 has only been lightly touched. Much of mystery and charm 
 remains to be learned of the sea and its denizens. 
 
 It has been proyen by a scientist (to whom I am indebt- 
 ed for this data. Prof. J. B. Martens, of St. Nikolas, Bel- 
 gium) that the sea is more densely populated than the land. 
 Think of the herring and codfish, which for centuries haye 
 been caught by hundreds of millions without any apparent 
 decrease in their numbers. 
 
 The farther north you go on land the fewer is the 
 number of liying l:)eings on land you will find; the faculty 
 of growth seems to diminish, the plants shrink, and gradu- 
 aUy animals become scarcer and scarcer. Not so in the 
 sea, which is full of life always and eyerywhere, and in lat- 
 itudes where the soil, frozen nearly the whole year round, 
 does not yield any haryest to man, he finds ample compen- 
 sation for this in the fisheries, for the water which washes 
 these northern shores contains such an abundance of pro- 
 yisions that it can neyer be exhausted. 
 
 The large carniyorous animals, like the lion, tiger, &c., 
 seldom eyer liye in herds ; as a general rule only a couple of 
 them occupy the same giyen extent of territory. But in the 
 sea we find still greater carniyorous animals than the lion 
 and the tiger; among these are the yarious kinds of dolphins, 
 which, from a scientific point of yiew, must be classed with 
 the whales, because they also haye lungs, and come to the 
 surface to breathe. Altho' not as large as the whale, the 
 dolphin must neyertheless be classed among the larger sea 
 animals, for its length yaries from eight to twenty and eyen 
 as higli as forty feet. In olden times this animal was con- 
 sidered a friend to man, it eyen being said that the dolphins 
 could show affection, but to tell the truth, its only loye is 
 for prey, and the dolphins are really nothing less than bar- 
 
G2 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 barons gluttons, which make great havoc among the in- 
 habitants of the sea. This bloodthirsty animal does not 
 live in couples like the carnivorous land animals, but are 
 found in large herds or schools. Could this be possible, the 
 scientist asks, if those animals on which these pirates of 
 the sea live did not increase in extraordinarily large 
 numbers ? 
 
 The whale also lives on live animals. It can well be imag- 
 ined what a vast quantity of sea life it would have to de- 
 vour to satiate its appetite. 
 
 But, passing from the whales and dolphins to the real 
 fish, we find that they also, with very few exceptions, are 
 carnivorous. It has been said by a noted scientist that the 
 water is an enormous battle-field, where life is only main- 
 tained by constant slaughter. It is easy to observe the 
 cruel and gluttonous character of the fish. Put some of the 
 little fish — say sticklebacks, in a large glass full of water. 
 As they are quite lively little fellows, they will, in the be- 
 ginning, afford more pleasure than gold fish, which please 
 the eye by their beautiful red color, but which are so slow 
 in their movements that one might well think they are 
 pining away or else sick. If a little worm unfortunately 
 should attract the attention of the sticklebacks, it is made 
 the object of very violent attacks, and is soon devoured. 
 
 If you should pnt in the glass small fish, just a few 
 days old, and not any larger than tiny worms, not a single 
 one of them will escape these greedy gluttons. So greedy 
 are they after flesh that if properly fed they can be easily 
 trained. As soon as some small pieces of flesh are thrown 
 into the water they will approach rapidly, and by repeating 
 this experiment four or five times, they can be taught to 
 come to the surface as soon as they see the hand stretched 
 out over the water. This spectacle, however, is soon fol- 
 lowed by another pitiable one. The sticklebacks, confined 
 within the narrow confines of the glass, do not find food 
 enough, and thereupon begin to attack each other, and soon 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 63 
 
 a desperate civil war is being waged in the glass. The 
 stronger pursue the weaker, and although they are not able 
 to swallow them entire, they nevertheless inflict terrible 
 wounds on them. Soon some of the fish maj^ be seen to be 
 hindered in their movements, having had their tails bitten 
 off entirely or in part. The wound soon grows worse, and 
 the poor little animal finally ceases to live; but even in its 
 death agonies it is assailed by its cruel enemies. The fish 
 continue this war until only two are left, which retire each 
 to a different corner of the glass, like fistic champions in a 
 boxing arena, and here they sit and watch each other with 
 eyes full of hatred and envy; and if one of -them is bold 
 enough to enter the domain of his antagonist the result is 
 a combat to the finish. 
 
 Now, if this is the way the little sticklebacks act, what 
 can we expect from the greed}^ pike, which scientists call 
 the scourge of fresh water, or the dangerous shark, which 
 reaches the size of the large dolphins and is constantly 
 roaming the seven seas, devouring everything that comes 
 its way? Woe to the unfortunate sailor who falls over- 
 board in shark-infested waters. 
 
 If we consider that nearly all fish are carnivorous and 
 live by robbing and murdering, we must confess that the 
 population of the sea must be infinitely larger than that of 
 the land, for in any other case fish w^ould not find food 
 enough. 
 
 ''If such is the case," the close reader will ask, "why 
 is it that fish are still so plentiful?" It would doubtless 
 appear to many that if these barbarous methods are pur- 
 sued, water life must soon die out and become extinct. 
 "How can any race of animals exist when such a continu- 
 ous slaughter is transpiring?" "How is it that the larg- 
 er of these insatiable animals have not long since entirely 
 destroyed the smaller ones, finally to die themselves of star- 
 vation, leaving nothing but their skeletons in the waters 
 of the ocean which has by that time become a howling wild- 
 
64 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 eriiess?" These are some of the questions the observant 
 person will ask, and these questions are very readily an- 
 swered. 
 
 In the first place, those animals which are intended 
 to serve as a prey to others are endowed with greater fe- 
 cundity; they produce more young ones than those ani- 
 mals which live on them; nature lias provided this balance; 
 so the carnivorous animals are therefore never in want of 
 food, which consists of weaker animals, and still the races 
 of the latter do not die out. 
 
 It will readily be seen how life in the water does not 
 become extinct, in spite of all the scenes of murderous car- 
 nage which are enacted, if we remember that, as a general 
 rule, the water animals increase much more than land ani- 
 mals. There are animals destroyed in innumerable quan- 
 tities, both by their natural enemies and by man. Such 
 are the herring and the codfish whose numbers do not 
 seem to have materially decreased in the course of centu- 
 ries. This will easily be understood when we state that a 
 single herring produces 60,000 eggs, Avhile the codfish ma- 
 tures as many as 2,000,000. It must also be remembered 
 that the young fry hatched from these eggs grows up with- 
 out any great difficulty. Young fish know how to care 
 for themselves the moment they emerge from the egs^, and 
 father and mother need not look after them. The work of 
 the codfish would be overwhelming if, like the birds, it 
 had to feed its innumerable young. 
 
 The sea is not only rich in fish, but also in other ani- 
 mals. In its depths live all sorts of strange and unre- 
 corded monsters. Science has barely touched the subject. 
 Man}' revelations remain to be unfolded by future genera- 
 tions. 
 
 Only recently scientists were confronted with a baf- 
 fling specimen of the deep, caught by Captain Charles H. 
 Thompson off the Florida Keys. Leading scientists say 
 it is the world's largest fish, yet some say it is only a mere 
 babv of its tribe. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 65. 
 
 The strange monster was on exhibition recently in all 
 the leading cities approachable by the yacht, on board 
 which the monster was taken from place to place. The 
 following is the newspaper account of it published at the 
 time it was being shown in the principal lake, river, and 
 coastal cities: 
 
 ''What is declared by scientists to be the largest fish 
 known in history or ever captured in the history of the 
 world, will be on exhibition in this cit}^ on board the yacht 
 Tamiami. It is so big, in fact, it could have swallowed 
 twent}^ Jonahs witliout suffering the slightest pangs of in- 
 digestion. 
 
 "Of course it is harmless now, but before it suc- 
 cumbed to the effects of five harpoon thrusts and 151 
 good-sized bullets in a battle which lasted thirty-nine 
 hours its animal instincts were so fierce that a blackfish 
 weighing 1,500 pounds, an octopus weighing 400 pounds 
 and 500 pounds of coral only served it as an appetizer of 
 the mildest sort. 
 
 "This is a big fish story, but it is a true one, and is 
 vouched for in every detail b}^ the highest scientific au- 
 thorities. 
 
 "The strange and mysterious monster, which, as 
 stated above, will be on exhibition in this city, on board 
 the yacht Tamiami, anchored at river front, foot of Vine 
 Street, from 9 a. m. to 10:30 p. m., is 45 feet in length and 
 measures 23 feet, 9 inches in circumference. It weighed 
 when captured 15 tons, or 30,000 pounds, and its liver 
 alone Aveighed 1,700 pounds. 
 
 "Think of harpooning such a monster as this and be- 
 ing dragged through the water at express train speed for 
 hundreds of miles over the ocean for two days and nights 
 before the game was up and the capture safely landed. 
 Think of catching a fish with a mouth big enough to hold 
 three men of ordinary size and of such strange and pe- 
 culiar shape that men of science stood astounded. Sounds 
 
66 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 like a Jonah stoiy, doesn't it? And for all one knows to 
 the contraiy, it may be and unquestionably is the sequel 
 to that story in the Bible that for ages has proved the 
 stumbling block of men of science and made ministers of 
 every creed use their wit and ingenuity to logically ex- 
 plain the story of the big fish that swallowed the Hebrew 
 prophet some thousands of years ago." 
 
 Captain Thompson Proves Story: 
 
 It remains for Captain Charles H. Thompson, of Mi- 
 ami, Fla., to end the controversy, as to him belongs the 
 credit of capturing the monster that could have swallowed 
 Jonah with the greatest ease, had it been in the neighbor- 
 hood when the prophet fell overboard from the ship that 
 he was traveling on. 
 
 Nobody is better known in the world of sports than 
 Captain Thompson. For years he has been and still is the 
 favored patron of the Vanderbilts, and Whitneys and 
 other millionaire sportsmen who frequent the lower east 
 coast and who invariably engage him to accompany them 
 on their trips through the Everglades and through the 
 magic waters of the Florida Keys after big game fish, for 
 Avhich this section is noted. 
 
 Captain Thompson encountered this strange fish 
 while cruising off the lower Florida Keys in that stretch 
 of water that for more than a century was the scene of 
 countless thrilling adventures and romantic exploits alike 
 of Spanish explorers and bloodthirsty pirates. 
 
 Long the home of romance and mystery, it seems only 
 natural that this strangest and most mysterious of mon- 
 sters should have been discovered lurking in these magical 
 waters. Capt. Thompson had captured many a wonderful 
 inhabitant of these teeming waters, ranging all the way 
 from predatory sharks to terrible devil fish, but nothing 
 so strange, so weird, so luiaccountable as this extraordinary 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 67 
 
 creature, this puzzle to the scientific world, which has be- 
 come known as the Deep Sea Mystery, ever came out of the 
 sea before. 
 
 With the first announcement in the papers of the re- 
 markable capture, Captain Thompson was flooded with 
 letters and telegrams from all over the country asking for 
 descriptions and particulars of the Avonder, and the interest 
 became so widespread and insistent that after having the 
 imique specimen preserved at great expense by Prof. J. S. 
 Warmbeth, who was recommended by the Smithsonian In- 
 stitution at Washington, he decided to exhibit the wonder 
 throughout the coimtry, and this he did. 
 
 He had a large sea-going yacht constructed, the entire 
 lower deck being especially designed to accommodate the 
 monster fish, and was made sufficiently large for as many 
 as 500 spectators to view the fish from every side. This 
 palatial yacht was built at a cost of over $30,000. 
 
 The mouth of the Deep Sea Mystery is an enormous 
 cavitv 30 inches wide and 54 inches deep, situated right at 
 the end of the snout, and resembles that of a monstrous 
 catfish more than anything else. Inside the mouth is a 
 tongue 40 inches long, and gullet large enough to swallow 
 a giant octopus weighing 400 pounds. It has numerous 
 other characteristics of the true fish, which it undoubtedly 
 is. There are no ribs and in place of a backbone its spinal 
 column consisted of cartilaginous vertebrae, some of which 
 were 13 1-2 inches wide and showing signs of ossification. 
 This was proof beyond doubt that the creature was still un- 
 developed — it was a baby of its tribe in fact. 
 
 Naturalists are of the opinion that a full grown speci- 
 men w^ould be two and one-half times as large as the baby 
 captured by Capt. Thompson, and that had this animal liv- 
 ed out its allotted time it would have attained the stupen- 
 dous proportions of 115 feet in length and 20 or 25 feet 
 broad. 
 
 The tail of this creature measures ten feet from tip to 
 
6S THK AXGLKK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 ti]); tlic ix'ctoral fin is five feet long, and three feet wide, 
 wiiile the dorsal fin is three feet long and two feet nine 
 inches wide. With this huge muscular tail as motive pow- 
 er the creature was able to hurl itself through the waters 
 for hours witli almost the speed of an ex^jress train, and. 
 dragging Capt. Thompson's boat behind it, not even the 
 swiftest motor boat could have kept pace with it. 
 
 In appearance, the huge monster resembles a great 
 fish, but scientists are dvmil3founded as to its place among 
 the species. It is beyond doubt a true fish, possessing all 
 the well-known characteristics of a fish, including the gills, 
 which are four feet long and by means of wdiich it breathes. 
 Yet it does not resemble any certain species recorded by 
 science. 
 
 Here are some of the facts about the Deep Sea Monster: 
 Measures 45 feet in length; w^eighs 15 tons, or nearly 
 thirty thousand pounds; its liver alone weighed 1,700 
 pounds, or more than ten full-grown men put together; it 
 is twenty-three feet around the body, and its tail measures 
 ten feet from tip to tip; it has swallowed an octopus weigh- 
 ing 400 pounds, a blackfish weighing fifteen hundred 
 pounds, and five hundred pounds of coral was also found 
 in its stomach; it could have swallowed twenty Jonahs 
 without suffering the slightest pangs of indigestion; it 
 smashed a boat into thousands of pieces and crushed the 
 rudder and propeller of a thirty-one-ton yacht with a single 
 swish of its mighty tail ; five harpoon thrusts and one hun- 
 dred and fifty large caliber rifle bullets only served to in- 
 crease its fury, and it took five days to finally kill it; the 
 battle lasted thirty-nine hours — two days and a night in 
 o[)en water, with the monster dragging a small boat at ex- 
 press train speed for hundreds of miles; scientific authori- 
 ties believe that the creature was an inhabitant of depths 
 more than fifteen hundred feet below the surface, and that 
 it was blown up hy some subterranean or volcanic upheaval 
 which injured its diving apparatus so that it was unable to 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 69 
 
 return to its native depths; its hide is three inches thick, 
 enabling it to withstand the most enormous water pres- 
 sure, a pressure ahnost inconceivable to man; its eyes, 
 Avhich were small, have no lids and were never closed, indi- 
 cating- that it lived at a de^jth where eyes were of no avail; 
 the creature is not classified in natural history, the genus 
 or species is unknown, and it is not only the most remark- 
 able zoological specimen, but the largest specimen of the 
 fish tribe known in history; every undertaking establish- 
 ment on the Florida East Coast from Jacksonville to Key 
 West gave up their entire supply of formaldehyde to pre- 
 serve the monster, and over nineteen barrels were used. 
 
 This is the greatest deep-sea fishing story in existence, 
 and this sport, while dangerous, is indulged in by an ever 
 growing army of ardent fishermen, who like to match their 
 wits and energy against these great fishes of the sea. 
 
 Many a page has been filled by the daring acts of the 
 deep-sea fisherman, and much still remains to be written 
 upon the subject. Capt. Thomx3Son has contributed one 
 of the most daring feats yet recorded, but who knows but 
 that some day, sooner or later, one of these FULL-GROAVN 
 Deep Sea Mysteries will be forced to the surface by some 
 mishap and that some sportsman may tie on to him as 
 Capt. Thompson did. Then will the Avorld be astounded as 
 never before. 
 
 Tackle makers had better begin preparing for that 
 fateful day, and Ixmd their wits to devising methods of 
 capture and tackle that will hold the monsters of the sea yet 
 undiscovered. 
 
 Scientists had always claimed that the depths of the 
 sea was nothing but a dark desert, without inhabitants or 
 vegetation, but this theory has since been exploded. In 
 those days they only reasoned from speculations, to engage 
 in which they need not leave their comfortable studies, but 
 in our time it has been shown how deceptive such specula- 
 tions mav be, and how necessarv it is to examine nature 
 
70 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 herself, and, so to speak, to eatch lier in the very act, if you 
 wish to learn her mysteries. Because we know that the 
 animals of the upper world live under such and such con- 
 ditions, we have no right to conclude therefore that the 
 depths of the sea remain uninhabitable, and so this huge 
 monster recently captured will cause some of the scientists 
 to re-shape their oi)inions along this line. 
 
 LAKE AND STREAM FISHING: 
 
 This class of fishing is the most important kind of 
 fishing to be had in America for the reason that the great- 
 er part of our anglers find it more convenient to fish in 
 nearby lakes and streams than to visit the distant sea. 
 
 Of course, large numbers of sportsmen living in close 
 j)roximity to the ocean may indulge in the luxury and pleas- 
 ure of sea-fishing, but the great mass of anglers find this 
 inconvenient and in some cases next to impossible. There- 
 fore, they must be content to enjoy the equally as pleasur- 
 able (if slightly less exciting) form of inland game fishing. 
 
 The inland fisherman is blessed with a variety of fish- 
 ing in America quite beyond compare, for here we find in 
 our lakes, rivers, and streams everything desired in the 
 way of game fish. Show me a species of the finny tribe 
 that can outfight the battling black bass, the mighty sal- 
 mon, the lake trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, the mighty 
 "muskie," and our other inland game fish! I do not thinlv 
 the inland game fish of any other country can offer so 
 much fighting ability in so many species as can America. 
 Then there's the Great Northern Pike, one of the most 
 brilliant fighters that ever tied on to an angler's line! 
 
 Indeed, what necessity is there for our inland anglers 
 to be jealous of their brethren along the sea-coast? None 
 whatever. If there is any jealousy to spare on either side, 
 we think it's coming quite the other way, maintaining that 
 the sportsman who has yet to land his first pike, his first 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 71 
 
 black bass, or his first trout, has missed a great deal of 
 the joys of fishing. These are joys never forgotten. In 
 his old age, the angler will recall those pleasant memories, 
 memories that never die while life remains. The writer 
 can recall fishing trip after fishing trip just as vividly as 
 tho' it happened yesterday. I distinctly remember one 
 outing in particular that I shall never forget. 
 
 Leisurely we i>addled the small boat up the silently 
 flowing Licking River, notliing intervening to mar our 
 pleasure or peace of mind on the way. 
 
 ''Gosh, this is a darned sight better 'n pining away back 
 there in town, isn't it?" chimes Doc. 
 
 "Those are exactly my sentiments, old top," I an- 
 swered. 
 
 So we paddled on, finally reaching the mouth of Raven 
 Creek, fishing waters long noted in local history. 
 
 With a few deft strokes of the oars. Doc had the craft 
 in a good position in the center of the creek where it emptied 
 its crystal flow into the broad waters of the Licking; 
 then we fished down stream, the current carrying our 
 floats, or corks, swiftly toward the river. 
 
 This is the season when artificial bait is used in this 
 region. Earlier it would have been useless to use flies, or 
 spinners, as the waters that flow through the level portion 
 of the State are very muddy during the rainy season. 
 Nothing less than live minnows, crawfish, angleworms, or 
 "devils" would attract a denizen of the deep during that 
 period. 
 
 Now, however, late in summer, the rains abated and 
 the water was clear as that of a mountain torrent, and so 
 flies and spinners were in order. 
 
 I distinctly remember every detail of the trip. It 
 comes back to me as a vivid dream, only more real, of 
 course. Doc was the first to land his quarry. It was a 
 whopping black bass of the species "Micropterus dolo- 
 mieu," a small-mouth. Submarines weren't in the running 
 
/-: THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 at all in comparison Avitli that bass. It sure was some 
 sprinter. Doe finally bronglit it to creel, however, after a 
 lengthy argmnent during ^^'hich it was uncertain Avho would 
 win the joint debate. 
 
 The next one tied on to my line. And it was one of 
 those fellows with a head full of fish sense. He struck 
 right out toward the boat, accumulating the necessary slack 
 line, then, with a mighty "flop, skip, and a jump" leaped 
 clear of the water and l)egan shaking himself, trying to all 
 intent and ijurposes to shake the dratted hook out of his 
 mouth, but I saw what was up and gathered in the slack, 
 forestalling his bold attempt to escape. The effort of the 
 fish, tho' vain, was oft repeated, and more than once be- 
 fore 1 Finally plunked him safe aboard boat it looked like 
 he had things "all his own way with a down-hill pull." 
 Gee! but it was a plumb beauty, too. Tipped the scales 
 evenly at four pounds, one ounce. kSouic fish for these 
 Avaters, and every inch a fighter. 
 
 But there was a comic role to be played that eventful 
 day. and as fate would have it, Doc was the "goat." Jle 
 had been watching me land the prize with a jealousy ill 
 concealed, and when finally he got another strike he bent 
 all his energies to landing the fish that he hoped Avould 
 outAveigh and outdo mine. 
 
 He grasped the rod Avith both hands, thumb firmly in 
 place against the reel, all ready to snag Mr. Fish. 
 
 WhoAv-Avhizz ! AAdi-r-rrr! sang the reel, as the big fish 
 Avent on his Avay liberty-bound. Finally, after successiA^e 
 efforts, Doc turned him and then began the reeling in pro- 
 cess, CA^er Avatchful lest the fish should suddenly buck- 
 jiunp, or create slack line by running toward the boat. 
 
 When the specimen Avas finally got on board ship, after 
 much effort and time, Avhat do you reckon it proved to be? 
 
 I looked at Doc and Doc looked at me. I Avas giggling, 
 he was froAvning. Boys, he had caught a bloomin' Avater- 
 dog! J shall never forget the look of gloom and utter dis- 
 
74 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 j.;iist on his face. Of course, this was my queue to accord 
 him the "horse-laugh," which I forthwith did. 
 
 But I had yet to learn the truth of that time-worn adage 
 tl?,at, "he who lauojhs last laughs best." It w^as my turn 
 next to land something, which I was most certain was a 
 member of the finny tribe of the black bass species. But 
 it was not. What I landed was a dum-goozled old hard- 
 shell turtle. 
 
 This was Doc's time to laugh, and he laughed so hard 
 tears stood out on his cheeks. It was me that was the 
 "goat," after all. 
 
 Memories of outings on the rivers and lakes come back 
 to each of us, as does this memory of that fishing trip up 
 the Licking River with my friend Doc. Nothing can 
 erase such pleasures from the human memory. They will 
 be recalled, perhaps, in days of stress and worry, and serve 
 as a tonic, mayhap, to many an old man that has commenced 
 the journey down the western slope of life. He will find 
 new strength to buoy him up in his declining years as he 
 remembers the glowing days of his youth and manhood, 
 when with rod and reel and tackle-box he wended his way 
 joyfully down by the old mill-stream, or to the meadow- 
 brook, or beside the lake, there to while away pleasant 
 hours, enticing choice specimens of the cool depths there- 
 from by the employment of his angling art. 
 
 Art it is indeed! It takes pure, unadulterated art to 
 make a successful fisherman, whether your tackle be sim- 
 ple in construction, or magnificently modern. Here is 
 another thought: "It is not clothes that make the man," 
 so neither is it tackle that makes the angler. It is his art 
 and his ability to apply that art that counts most. Good 
 tackle, of course, is indispensable, but of itself it avails 
 nothing. Placed in the hands of one not accustomed to 
 the ways of the wily trout, the mighty salmon, the battling 
 black bass, tackle is nil, but placed in the hands of the nat- 
 iiral-born sportsman, educated to the ways of the craft, 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 75 
 
 good tackle avails much — it spells success in the angling 
 game. 
 
 The Anti-Back Lash Reel: 
 
 The back-lash, which occurs so persistently when us- 
 ing an ordinary reel, has done more to discourage the sport 
 of bait casting than even that oft mooted question: "Why 
 don't they bite?" After the beginner has wrestled with a 
 good old fashioned back-lash for a dozen minutes, more or 
 less, right at a time when he knows his bait should be work- 
 ing and finally does get it untangled only to have it occur 
 again on the next cast, it's not strange that he becomes dis- 
 couraged. In fact there is not a bit of doubt but what the 
 back-lash has kept many promising candidates from be- 
 coming disciples of Isaak Walton. 
 
 Those who have not the time, nor patience, to attain 
 the necessary skill required to manage an ordinary reel 
 will find an easy solution for the problem in the South Bend 
 Anti-Back-Lash Reel. 
 
 This reel obviates entirely the necessity of thumbing 
 the spool in casting. The caster has only to learn to 
 throw the bait properly; the carrying out of the line and 
 the speed of the spool factors are taken care of automati- 
 cally by the reel itself. In other words, the reel thimibs it- 
 self with a greater precision and accuracy than can be done 
 by the most expert seasoned angler. 
 
 Tliink what an invention of this kind means! It 
 means that the city man, who longs for the joys and thrills 
 of casting for big fish, does not have to cast for years and 
 years to learn to do it successfully. It means that any 
 man, woman or child who can hold a fishing rod may enjoy 
 all the pleasures experienced by the seasoned angler, the 
 very moment this reel is made part of the equipment. 
 
 Aside from furnishing a solution for the beginner's 
 greatest problem, this reel has advantages which appeal 
 
16 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 to the skillful angler — advantages that the best caster that 
 ever "thninl)ed" a spool cannot well afford to overlook. 
 
 The nse of the reel for night fishing work is an im- 
 portant feature for the angler who, though he may be ever 
 so expert, is handicapped by his inabilit}^ to see the bait 
 for the South Bend Keel thumbs itself and makes night 
 fishing a continuous enjoyment. 
 
 The Anti-Back-Lash feature of this reel, however, is 
 not its only advantageous factor, nor is its use a necessity. 
 The reel is made so that the Anti-Back-Lash device may, 
 or may not be utilized. Simply turn the adjusting screw 
 a half-turn and you have a reel of the ordinary type, an 
 exceptionally high grade one; a masterpiece for free-run* 
 ning and wearing qualities and ease of operation; equal in 
 every way to any high grade reel on the market. 
 
 Many skillful anglers, owners of various makes of high 
 grade reels, prefer to use their South Bend Anti-Back-Lash 
 reels for all around work in preference to others. — Fron) 
 "Days of Real Sport.'' 
 
 THE CASTING ROD: 
 
 Tn successful casting the rod plays a very important 
 part, as is learned very quickly b,v the arigler who takes up 
 the sport with the intention of getting all there is to be had 
 in the way of i3leasure, genuine thrills, invigorating excite- 
 ment, and true health-giving recreation. 
 
 Therefore, extreme care shovdd be exercised in select- 
 ing the type of rod which embodies those factors which will 
 serve one best in his pursuit of angling pleasures. 
 
 You will find rods constructed of various materials, in 
 many different lengths, weights and degrees of resiliency. 
 
 As mentioned under "The Art of Casting," the type 
 of rod, its Aveight, whippiness and material from whicli it 
 is constructed, will vary with the class of work that the 
 caster wishes to do. For general work, hoAvever, the split 
 
THE ANGLEE AND HUXTSMAN 77 
 
 bamboo rod of a length about the same as the caster's 
 height, will prove to be most satisfactory from the view 
 points of action, ease of casting, accuracy and general 
 adaptability to all around work, and in the long run prove 
 to be the most serviceable rod. 
 
 A proj)erly balanced bamboo rod supplies the correct 
 resiliency or whip, which is so necessary to the easy, skill- 
 ful, graceful cast, better than any other material yet used 
 for making rods suitable for general work. 
 
 There are other advantages embodied in the Heddon 
 type of rod which makes these rods most desirable, namely : 
 tile patented Locking Reel Band, the large diameter cork 
 grip in the peculiar shape that permits the angler to grasp 
 it more firmly, the short butt and long tip features, which 
 insures greater resilient action so necessary to good cast- 
 ing, and the modified size of the guides — these are all 
 characteristic features which make these rods, grade for 
 grade, superior to ordinary bamboo rods. 
 
 If you want a rod that is easy to work; a rod that is 
 rigid, responsive, alive; a rod that will supply you with 
 power, j)oise and delicacy, with an action that is graceful 
 and almost effortless in its work, then you want the Hed- 
 don type because it will fill the bill. 
 
 The South Bend Special Rod is manufactured by 
 James Heddon 's Sons and we are glad to recommend it as 
 a rod built for service, long and dependable, without any 
 frills or fancy trappings of any nature ; a rod that will give 
 you everything that can be had as far as good work is con- 
 cerned, without the style and pretty decorations that us- 
 ually go with more expensive creations. 
 
 These people feature this rod in three different lengths 
 and in two different weights in each length. The one is 
 designed for casting heavier lures such as minnows, frogs, 
 pork rind, etc. This is the Standard type. The other, 
 known as the ''Special Light," is of lighter construction 
 
78 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 and designed especially for use with lighter lures such as 
 spinner hooks, Buck-tails, flies and all other light lures. 
 
 The beginner will make no mistake in selecting this 
 type of rod because it is a rod that is built to stand the wear 
 and tear and give real, genuine service ; a rod that you can 
 trust implicitly. — From ' ' Days of Real Sport. ' ' 
 
 Description of the South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel: 
 
 The reel is of beautiful yet plain design, and possesses 
 a simple elegance all its own. The working parts of the 
 Anti-Back-Lash device are few and very simple. It is strong, 
 well made and designed to withstand successfully the wear 
 and tear of long and continuous bait casting. The frame 
 and all its component parts are made of 8 per cent solid 
 German Silver; very light, strong and rigid. Dimensions: 
 Capacity, measured by standard 16 or 20 pound test silk 
 line is 100 yards; Diameter of end plates 2 inches; length 
 of spool 1 7-8 inches; diameter of spool ends 1 1-2 inches. 
 Bearings: The spool and gear journals are of high grade 
 tool steel, accurately turned, ground, lapped and burnish- 
 ed to a mirror-like surface and rim in phosphor bronze. 
 The end thrust is supported by adjustable jeweled ''spool 
 journal" caps of screw-off pattern with spring tension grip. 
 Gearing: The gear consists of a special hunting tooth 
 train, the gear of which is made of solid Tobin bronze and 
 the pinion from special steel which produces a powerful, 
 yet absolutely quiet, smooth, free-rvmnning reel. The gear- 
 ing is quadruple multiplying. Crank and Click: The 
 crank is of pleasing, artistic design; correct in shape and 
 accurately counterbalanced; the grip is white Ivoroid. 
 The click consists of a pawl and rachet made of hardened 
 tool steel; it is operated by a thumb button on the tail plate 
 and actuated by a phosphor bronze spring. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 79 
 
 Style No. 1131A, South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel. 
 These reels may be had now at $10.00 each. 
 
 The Famous Bass-Oreno Bait: 
 
 The body of this bait is 3 1-2 inches long, weighs ap- 
 proximately 5-8 ounce. It is supplied in six standard high 
 g]'ade enamel finishes — guaranteed not to crack. (Style 
 No. 973RH.) Bait here shown has a red head and white 
 bodv. 
 
 South Bend Midget Surf-Oreno: 
 
 This bait is made of special light wood, the body is 2 
 3-4 inches long. It weighs, approximately 1-2 ounce. Sup- 
 plied in red head, white bodv, and in several other finishes. 
 Stvle No. 962RH. 
 
 South Bend Babe-Oreno: 
 
 The body of this bait is 2 3-4 inches long, weighs ap- 
 proximately 1-2 ounce. Equipped with one belly and one 
 
80 
 
 THi: AXGLKK AND HL'XT«MAX 
 
 tail No. 1 treble hook. Supplied with red liead, wliilc 
 body, as well as in other colors. Style No. 972KI1. 
 
 South Bend Standard Surf-Oreno: 
 
 Made of special light wood, body is :> 8-4 inches Ions'. 
 Supplied in many standard finishes of enamel. Style here 
 shown has red head and w^hite body. Style No. 96oRH. 
 
 The South Bend Weedless S])inner Buck-l\iil, a won- 
 derful lure, absolutely weedless, of size and weight easy to 
 cast. A remarkable "game-fish getter than can be used in 
 the thickest of weeds. Complete with the pork-rind it 
 has an irresistible appearance in water. Furnished in red, 
 wdiite, natural or yelloAv. Style No. 565W. 
 
 South Bend Weedless Buck-tail Spoon, particularly 
 suitable for casting in pursuit of those vicious fighting 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 81 
 
 small mouth bass in rivers or lakes. Also holds the record 
 of landing some big muskies. Hook is 3-0 Sproaf. Used 
 with a pork-rind, it makes a very attractive lure. Furnish- 
 ed in red, white, natural or vellow. Style No. 1563AL. 
 
 South Bend Weedless Buck-tail Bass Spoon, a clean 
 sportsmanlike bait of just the right size and w^eight for 
 casting in the lily pads, docks, etc. With pork-rind at- 
 tached it makes a very effective combination. Stvle No. 
 1545AL. 
 
 Single Hook Minnow. The demand for minnows 
 equipped with single hooks, instead of trebles, has been 
 
^2 THE AXGLEK AND HLNTSMAN 
 
 (.'oustantly; ineroasiiij>-. This is probably due to a desire to 
 get away from tlie inultiplicit\^ of hooks and brought about 
 also, by the requirements of laws in certain States which 
 limit the number of hooks that mav be used bv the angler. 
 Cut here shown is Style No. 904W-SD. Several of the 
 other baits these people put out are made with the single 
 hooks, as here shown, in various finishes. 
 
 South Bend Flies are furnished tied on straight eye 
 ringed Spi'oat hooks, not snelled, thus j^ermitting attaching 
 a spoon or sj)inner. Supplied in twelve colors, various siz- 
 ed hooks. ' 
 Casting For Game Fish: 
 
 The step from boyhood fishing days to that perfec- 
 tion in angling science knoAvn as casting, is one that can be 
 measured only in years. Generally it stretches over 
 about a dozen. It may vary more or less but in the main 
 the boy must have grown into a full, mature manhood, be- 
 fore he takes up casting and attempts to pit his prowess 
 against such worthy foes as the Bass, the Muskie, the Trout 
 and- others of the gamy tribe. 
 
 With a free-running reel, a light silk line, a Iii;ht. 
 flexible rod and suitable lures, the lad who at one time was 
 fully satisfied with the small fry finds that hooking a lively 
 bass is an entirely different sensati(^»n and that he has 
 encountered a foe worthy of all the prowess his advanced 
 years have giA^en him. 
 
 Just imagine a mighty l)lack bass striking your lure 
 at the end of a well-made line — imagine him going down 
 through the cool, weedy depths, making the line fairly sing 
 
THE ANGLER AND HVNTSMAN 83 
 
 ill tiic way it cuts the water — imagine how this plunging, 
 jerking, spirited fighter makes your frail-looking, slim, 
 six-ounce rod l)end to the danger point. Ah! no wonder 
 you give away to hiin, fearing to attempt to hold by main 
 force. 
 
 Splash, and he darts to the surface and in a seeming 
 frenzy throws himself into the air a shining silveiy, quiv- 
 ering mass, filled with fight and anger. Splash ! again — 
 and he dives down to the bottom; you feel the bum of the 
 silk line as it slides through your almost trembling fingers. 
 
 B}^ now he has you sweating; you start to get up, you 
 sit down, you are on the anxious seat every one of the sec- 
 onds which seem minutes. 
 
 Now, what do you think? Is he equal to your skill, 
 your presence of mind, your craftiness or are you equal to 
 his cunning, his ciuickness, and his strength ? 
 
 Then slowly, oh, so slowly, you lead him to the boat. 
 Your hand slips into the water — you disdain to use a net 
 or a gaff on a prize like this — and then — 
 
 Swish! and he goes again — not conquered yet, you 
 must let him have this final fling. Again you slowly bring 
 liim to the boat and then — vour fingers slip down into his 
 gills or jaws, you s^^ing him into the boat. He is yours 
 tlien. 
 
 That's casting for game fish — that's why men look 
 forward to every holida}"; why they steal away from their 
 daily work as often as possible and use their Sundays as 
 frequently as convenient for fishing trips. 
 
 That's why men leave luxurious homes and rough it 
 — at a camp, put up with fares far inferior to what they 
 get at home, leave nice soft beds and sleep even in a barn, 
 rise at daybreak, when at home to rise at eight would be a 
 hardship, row a boat mile after mile without tiring or com- 
 plaining — all these and a lot more trials of like nature will 
 men stand — 
 
 And for whv? We know of but one answer. It's for 
 
84 THl-: AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 the pleasure and satisfaction that is secured in fighting the 
 gamy, battling king of the waters on his home ground in a 
 good square way — that's the compensation. 
 
 There is another angle from which we may view this 
 question — it's the health-lniilding factor that goes with 
 angling. 
 
 Of all sports, we can't think of a single one that pro- 
 vides the latitude for healthful recreation that can be had 
 in the practice of angling. A man with a surj^lus of vigor 
 and energy can work as hard as he likes and enjoy himself 
 accordingly, while his anaemic brother can take the sport in 
 lighter degrees, work slower and get suitable recreation — 
 both equally benefited l)y the outdoor exercise obtained. 
 
 To be a caster, you must go out-of-doors. You must 
 go where the air is pure, where there is plenty of sunlight, 
 breezes, scenery, trees, shrubs, etc. You get close to na- 
 ture, away from your daily environments; you live a differ- 
 ent life, eat different food, breathe different air — every 
 thing is different and your well-being is improved in con- 
 sequence. 
 
 This probably accounts for the reason that many of us 
 make fishing our hobby and, truly, it is a hobby with many 
 Individuals. 
 
 Nowadays, a hobby is a necessity with a business man 
 — it provides a means which enables him to forget his busi- 
 ness, to employ his mind outside of business hours and at 
 the same time it is an excellent aA-enue of amusement. 
 
 Every red-blooded man should have a hobby. He 
 owes it to himself, to his family and to his country — becaus*.^ 
 it makes him a better, broader, wiser and more even-tem- 
 pered man. 
 
 Now, what coidd be a more commendable hobby — one 
 that is more enjoyable, more entertaining and more worthy 
 the effort required to further it than that which brings you 
 into the closest possible touch with nature; in t(^ueh with 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 85 
 
 her streams, her rivers, lier lakes, her shrubs, trees, bushes 
 and her acquatic peoples? 
 
 Think it over — what single sport offers a greater op- 
 poi'tunity for personal action, recreation, pleasure, health 
 and excitement; what other s^^ort destroys as little and yet 
 provides so much? 
 
 The originator of the buck-tail bait was an ardent fish- 
 erman. So ardent in fact, that his business never grew in 
 proportion to the genuine merit which the baits possess. 
 The inventor of the South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel still 
 uses the grandmother's funeral excuse very frequently in 
 order to go fishing. 
 
 The Origin of Artificial Minnows for Casting: 
 
 The legend has it that many years ago, after a lot of 
 hard work with nothing to show for it, a disgusted and very 
 much disgruntled fisherman sat in his boat wrestling with 
 that old theorem, namel}" : ' ' Why don 't they bite ? ' ' After 
 divers remarks about fish, fishing luck and every thing- 
 connected with the fishing sport, he punctuated his final 
 decision by throwing an empty cigarette box into the water 
 with no little show of temper. As the box lit there was a 
 slight riffle on the surface, then something happened — 
 
 It looked as if an unseen hand liad reached out of the 
 depths and punched the empty box a vigorous jab; it went 
 into the air some four feet. The angler was astonished. 
 He watched the colored box float away, suddenly something 
 rose and lunged at it again. This time he saw it all. It 
 was a big, black bass that had smashed up through the sur- 
 face and hit the vari-colored box with such vigor. This 
 gave him an idea, from which originated the use of artifi- 
 cial minnows as a bait for game fish. 
 
 This incident shoAved that a Cjuest for food was not the 
 only incentive that impelled game fish to bite; but the lust 
 for play or fight was an inlierent instinct in the fish, the 
 
86 THK AX(}LKH AND HTNTSINIAX 
 
 same as is known to he the ease with other creatures in the 
 animal king(h)m. 
 
 From this simple beginning the cigarette box soon as- 
 sumed a beautiful, graceful, minnow-like form in divers 
 sizes, colors, shapes — all designed to more quickly excite 
 this propensity on the part of game fish. The develop- 
 ment, of coui-se, was gradual and many years passed from 
 the time the first crude ])lock of wmxxI covered with its 
 coat of house jjaint with the hooks suspended in any way, 
 to the real wM)rk of art evidenced in the minno\ts now^ be- 
 ing mamifactured. 
 
 The Art of Casting: 
 
 And, when we say art, w^e say it with a full apprecia- 
 tion of what the term implies. Being able to cast a lure, 
 light and fluffy as the Buck-Tail Fly, a bait heavy and un- 
 wieldy as is the case with most forms of live bait, or to cast 
 a compact, non-resisting bait such as an artificial minnow; 
 to cast any of these lures against the Avind, with the wind, or 
 diagonally into the wind and to cast 30, 40, 80, or 100 feet, 
 and to do all this with a precision that verges nigh on to 
 bulls-eye accuracy, is, in a word, art. It should be under- 
 stood, however, that the skill of the expert is not necessary 
 for ordinary practical fishing. We have seen beginners 
 catch nice strings of fish under favorable conditions, but 
 naturally everycme w^ants to get ont of the "beginners'' 
 class as soon as possible. 
 
 Therefore, if perchance, one may have had trouble at- 
 taining the proficiency in casting that he thought would be 
 his after a few trials, the caster can well console himself 
 wdth the fact that casting is, in truth, an art and the at- 
 taimnent of perfection no trifle. We believe that perfec- 
 tion in casting can be summed up and stated in the use of 
 four P's — 
 
 Patience, Practice, Precision and Perseverance. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 87 
 
 Endless pages have been written on what to do and not 
 to do in bait casting, ])nt here we will try to boil it down to 
 a few practical hints and in reading these remember that 
 perfection in casting is simply a matter of how well you re- 
 member and how intensely you apply the four P's — Pa- 
 tience, Practice, Precision, and Perseverance. 
 
 The Creator gave you a wrist, supple, quick and active; 
 a forearm, with 'its power to grip and an u]3per-arm, with 
 its muscles for pushing and pulling. The Avrist and fore- 
 arm were given you for casting; the upper arm for holding 
 the fish — remember that, always. 
 
 Casting, practically speaking, should be accomplished 
 from the elbow down ; this is really the only part of the arm 
 tliat should l)e brought into ])lay. Many authorities even 
 go so far as to advocate strapping the beginner's upper-arm 
 to the body in order to confine all the action to the fore-arm 
 and wrist. 
 
 Casting consists of five distinct operations — the back- 
 ward stroke, the forward stroke, a short period of waiting 
 for the bait to carry out, shifting the rod to the other hand 
 and, finally, retrieving. 
 
 One's success, of course, depends a great deal on the 
 tackle — the reel, the rod, the line and the lure. To a large 
 extent the t^^^es in these five factors vary according to the 
 style of work the caster is attempting to do. 
 
 A heavy lure can be worked successfully with a slow- 
 acting, heavy rod and a stiff -running reel with heavy line. 
 On the other hand a light lure necessitates a free-running 
 reel, a light line and a quick-acting rod — by quick acting we 
 mean what anglers usually term "whip" or resiliency. All 
 factors dove-tail in, one with another, so that the caster 
 must adapt his tackle to fit the class of work he wants 
 
 This is why so many seasoned anglers always carry 
 two complete outfits with them in the boat. One consists 
 usually of a rather long, light rod and a soft braid line for 
 casting light lures, such as Buck-tails, spinner hooks, flies 
 
88 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 aiul pork strips; the other a shorter, heavier rod and strong- 
 er liue for heavier baits such as wooden minnows, frogs, and 
 snrfaee plugs. 
 
 With your outfit all rigged up you get into your boat, 
 then seat yourself Avith an idea of being just as comfortable 
 as you can. You must not think casting is hard work, so 
 settle yourself as if you intended to take it eas}' and fully 
 enjov a most pleasant recreation. 
 
 Xote that we lay stress on SITTING DOWN; in cast- 
 ing from a boat a caster should never attempt to stand — it 
 is, above all, bad form; it is awkward; it' is tiring and it is 
 dangerous because the general run of fishing boats were 
 not built for promenading. Anyway, there is no excuse for 
 one's standing up; so sit down and enjov vourself more for 
 it. 
 
 Now you are ready to cast. Wind your bait up to 
 within three or four inches from the tip of 3'Our rod. Be- 
 ware of winding it up so closely that the metal part of the 
 bait strikes the agate tip — it may mean a broken agate, a 
 cut line and a lost fish. 
 
 Aside from this a fcAV inches of line between the tip 
 and the lure is necessary to get sufficient whip action in 
 the end of the rod when making a back stroke. 
 
 Here now you should exercise caution in the other di- 
 rection — do not leave too much line between the tip and 
 the lure, as too much may permit of your bait looping the 
 end of the rod. AVatch this and it may save you the em- 
 barrassment of throwing your rod in the lake. 
 
 Therefore, reemmber this — watch it always; let the 
 question of winding your bait with caution become a mat- 
 ter of "second nature" with you. 
 
 Now, ready for the back stroke, let us say that the only 
 reason nature provided you with a shoulder for casting 
 w^ork was that you could use it as a guide for the path 
 through which your rod must travel in making the back 
 stroke correctly. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 89 
 
 Go straight back with the rod over the shoulder, the 
 haud at the shoulder, elbow down close to the body. lier 
 this be your "form" at all times, to be changed only when 
 conditions such as casting under over-hanging limbs and the 
 like necessitates variation. 
 
 By bringing the rod back over the shoulder and again 
 forward in the same path" you at once eliminate all uncer- 
 tainty ais to accuracy, side-wise or laterally, forgetting of 
 course, for the time being, the calculations that must be 
 made for wind, etc. Let the rod go straight back over 
 your shoulder and then bring it forward with both Avrist 
 and forearm movement, pointing straight toward, but a 
 little above, the spot you wish to hit ; your bait will fly just 
 as true as it is natural for you to point straight. 
 
 Now analyze this action— you will see that during both 
 forward and backward strokes it keeps your bait in a per- 
 pendicular plane with your arms and rod acting as a sweep- 
 ing radius. This is your casting territory and by staying 
 in it, in this manner, you will not imperil the eyes, ears, 
 and other parts of your companion's anatomy. You can 
 cast to either side of the boat from your original position; 
 your territorial efficiency is nearly double that which it 
 would be should you cast in any manner, other than over the 
 shoulder. Therefore, does it not seem best to learn the over- 
 the-shoulder swing? We are of the opinion that this 
 oA^erhead cast is easier to learn first than the side cast any- 
 wa}^ 
 
 Try to make your movements smooth and easy, avoid 
 jerkiness and straining. Make your rod do the throwing 
 rather than your arm, and, lastly, don't try so much for dis- 
 tance, but to get accuracy. Distance will come gradually 
 without any effort and when you find a need to cast far you 
 will do it without actually giving the distance a thought. 
 
 In starting the back stroke, one's thumb should be 
 placed firmly on the spool of the reel — you must hold it so 
 that vour bait will not start until vou are readv it should. 
 
90 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 [)'-iiii>- tlie rod back as describod al)()V(' with a (iuick motion, 
 hinging- at the elbow and bending the wrist freely. This 
 back stroke shonld be made with just enough snap to cre- 
 ate a bend or "whip" in the rod and remember the greater 
 part of the mention of the rod is secured by the action of the 
 wrist. 
 
 Tile forward stroke is accomplished by l)ringing the 
 hand forward through the same arc you make on the back 
 stroke. Most of the action should be accomplished in the 
 wrist, "flip-like" seems to describe it best. The thumb is 
 then released from the spool and the bait is started out to- 
 ward the spot at which you are aiming. The fore-arm is 
 then brought forward and the top of the rod held, point 
 fairly well up, while the line is allowed to run out until the 
 bait strikes the water or until the caster stops it by 
 thumbing the reel. As the line travels out and "settles'-' 
 toward the surface the rod tip should be lowered and allow- 
 ed to follow the line. It is well to turn the palm of the hand 
 down a little at the finish of the stroke so that the reel 
 handle grip is pointed almost, but not quite, straight up in 
 the air. This permits a freer action of the wrist and also 
 tends to make the line run more freely through the guides. 
 
 From the instant the caster releases his thumb from 
 The reel spool at the beginning of the forward stroke, he 
 must carefully "thumb" his line, with a constantly 
 changing pressure. This is done so as to regulate the speed 
 at which the bait is traveling. If this is not done properly 
 the reel, due to the excessive impetus caused by starting the 
 bait, will travel faster than the line is being carried out and 
 result in the angler's abomination, the back-lash. This in- 
 struction applies to ordinary reels. With the South Bend 
 Aiiti-Back-Lash Reel the "thumbing" care is unnecessary 
 as the reel is constructed so as to save the caster this atten- 
 tion, and for this reason it is used even by experts for night 
 casting when the largest fish are often caught. 
 
 Some time between the starting of the bait, at the be- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 91 
 
 giiming of the forward stroke, and the time when the bait 
 strikes the water, the caster must shift the rod from his 
 easting- hand to the other hand, ready for retrieving. Now 
 let this sink in deeply: The caster should have made this 
 shift and be ready to have the bait moving back toward him 
 the very instant it touches the water — here lies much of the 
 secret of success, the secret of making them strike. It all 
 lunges on one's ability to make the bait look "live" and 
 full of action the very instant it touches the water. More 
 strikes are "coaxed" in this little instant of correct bait 
 action than are ever created by yards and yards of the most 
 careful reeling. 
 
 In retrieving, hold the rod in the hand which has been 
 idle up to this point — gripping it a little above the reel with 
 the thumb and index finger on the line so it can be "spool- 
 ed" evenly. 
 
 As the barefoot boy was inclined to jerk vigorously at 
 the slightest indication of a nibble, so the caster by in- 
 stinct, probably, will be prompted to jerk immediately he 
 feels a fish strike. However, it must be remembered that 
 striking a fish is not so much a matter of force and strength 
 as it is of dexterity and quickness. So the angler must 
 learn to res^^ond quickly and snappily in answer to the 
 slightest signal that his quarry is ready to fight. Care 
 should be taken in this respect if you wish to "kill" a max- 
 imum number of hits and still keep your outfit intact. 
 
 All these factors mentioned may seem small each in 
 itself, but remember it is trifles that make perfection and 
 perfection is no trifle. So, be patient, practice; be precise 
 and persevere, and in a surprisingly short time you will 
 be known as belonging in the expert class in the art of Bait 
 Casting. 
 
 Special Baits for Muskellunge : 
 
 "King of the waters," this game fish is called, and 
 rightly does he deserve this honorary nickname. No bet- 
 ter fighter ever rose to the angler's lure. He rushes 
 
J)2 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 through the water like a shadowy streak and when lie 
 strikes! — Oh boy! Mr. Muskie goes right after your l)ait 
 just like he was bent upon swallowing not only the lure, 
 but the rod and reel as well and you too if he should be able 
 to drag you in. And he eertainly tries to drag one in. He 
 fights with a vengeance every inch of the way and is not 
 your fish until absolutely in the boat, and even then he may 
 spring a surprise on you and get away. 
 
 The writer knows of no better Muskie Trolling ^lin- 
 now than those put out by the 8outh Bend people, which 
 have given general satisfaction so far as we can learn. 
 
 Their Muskie Trolling Min-Buck is also a well made 
 and reliable bait for trolling, and the Buck-tail spoons are 
 especially adapted for trolling purposes in the larger sizes, 
 while the smaller ones may be used for casting. They are 
 well-proportioned and designed so that 3^ou need have no 
 fear of any part breaking at the critical moment. This re- 
 assurance is worth a good deal to the angler. 
 
 There are other more or less dependable lures on the 
 market for Muskie fishing and some of them are very 
 good, but the above are given prominence because of their 
 known reliability. Lack of space forbids us describing all 
 the many lures on the market, hence we have endeavored 
 to describe only representative baits in each class of fish- 
 ing. This is not intended to detract in any way from the 
 merits the other baits possess. 
 
 Dependable Lures: 
 
 A dandy surface bait, the proportions of the body, 
 weight, trimmings, etc., of which are exactly right, is the 
 South Bend Surf-Oreno, and is a lure that has met with 
 great success wdierever used. It floats at all times, rides 
 high in the w^ater and the commotion and churning of the 
 water, caused by the revolving spinners, is a great game- 
 fish attraction. 
 
 I 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 93 
 
 Another South Bend product is their splendid Surface 
 Minnows, designed especially for surface work. It has 
 proven to be a very good bait. The tail treble and under- 
 hung gang meet the strike in a very effective manner. This 
 feature, and the attractive colors combine to make a very 
 efficient fish-getter. 
 
 The South Bend Weedless Surface Minnows are de- 
 pendable to bring results, as well as are their other designs 
 of Aveedless baits. 
 
 Probably the best bait, at least the most popular bait, 
 they produce is the famous South Bend Bass-Oreno, many 
 anglers claiming it is the greatest fish-getter ever made. 
 It is a wobbler tyi^e of bait that dives, dashes, darts and 
 wiggles, in the same manner an injured fish would act. It 
 has an erratic motion, which is probably the reason it is so 
 successful. It is unexcelled for Pike, Muskie, Bass and 
 Pickerel. 
 
 Their under-water baits are equally as effective. The 
 Under-AYater Minnows Three Treble being a perfect min- 
 now for casting or trolling. They are equipped with a 
 spinner in both front and rear. Treble hooks are attached 
 with coimtersunk screw-eye. The trebles are removable 
 by simply unscrewing them. Then they make a bait call- 
 ed Weedless Under-Water Minnows, and one called Under- 
 Water Minnows — Five Treble, which also deliver the 
 goods. Their combination Minnow with buck tail, having 
 one treble hook, is good for use in comparatively weedy 
 water. It is an excellent river bait. The buck-tail masks 
 the hook. 
 
 Then in the matter of Buck-tail and Trout Flies these 
 people put out as good stuff as can be obtained anywhere. 
 Their spinners, Buck-tail single hooks, etc, etc., are all of 
 the very best workmanship and best of all they produce 
 the desired results. . That is the best we could say for any- 
 body's tackle. — From Days of Real Sport. 
 
94 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 CULTURE OF RAINBOW TROUT AND BROOK 
 TROUT IN PONDS: 
 
 Tho U. S. Dcpai-tniciit of ('oiniiicrcc. Bureau of Fisli- 
 eries, lias furuisiied us tlic foUowiuj>- data in regard to the 
 culture of Rainbow and Brook trout in ponds. This data 
 was prepared l)y Glen 0. Leach, Assistant in charge of Di- 
 vision of Fish Culture, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries: 
 
 "The information herein given has been prepared for 
 the use of persons wlio may be in a position to propagate 
 trout under the more or less natural conditions existing in 
 farm ponds or other waters of a somewhat similar charac- 
 ter. To this has. been added a chapter on intensive pond 
 culture for the benefit of those whose operations must nec- 
 essarily be confined to a limited area. 
 
 "The fact is recognized that individuals engaged in the 
 business of farming or stock raising have not the necessary 
 time to devote to intensive fisli culture. At the same time 
 there are, doubtless, many who would find it possible, at 
 trifling expense, to convert into trout ponds land areas 
 Avhich are at present unproductive, either by the damming 
 of a ravine or the diversion of water from some neighbor- 
 ing stream into a suitable inclosure. 
 
 Water Supply — Volume, Quality and Temperature: 
 
 "Tile first and most important requisite in such an un- 
 dertaking is the water supph^ It should be derived from 
 springs or a spring-fed brook; it must be of suitable vol- 
 ume and temperatui'e, and its source must be so located 
 that a constant gravity flow into the proposed i^ond is as- 
 sured. Ponds used for the watering of farm animals should 
 not be stocked with trout, unless the stock can be confined 
 to a certain portion of the pond by a fence, preferably near 
 the outlet, as successful results can not be expected where 
 the water is liable to become roiled or contaminated. How- 
 ever, trout ponds can safely be used as a source of supply 
 for ice. The best results may be expected if the source of 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 95 
 
 water is a spring or lake, and if from the latter the water 
 should be taken from below the surface in order to afford 
 a more even temperature Alkali water and water from 
 forests showing discoloration and traces of tannin are not 
 suitable. 
 
 "The flow of water requisite in a fishpond Avill vary 
 with the nature of the soil, the species propagated, and the 
 water temj^erature. Soils containing a good deal of sand 
 will lose water through seepage, making it essential to pro- 
 vide for a larger inflow in order to maintain the pond level. 
 
 "Under ordinary conditions the rainbow trout, because 
 of its ability to withstand a higher temperature and a more 
 sluggish water circulation, will yield better results in ponds 
 than the brook trout. The brook trout thrives best in a 
 swift current fed by cold springs, and attains its maximum 
 excellence in streams. Plowever, an exception is found in 
 certain lakes in Colorado, where the introduced brook 
 trout attains its hn'gest size. Assuming that it is desired 
 to carry 1,000 yearling trout in a 1-acre pond fed from a 
 spring or brook, a flow of from 150 to 200 gallons per min- 
 ute will be sufficient, provided the temperature of the wa- 
 ter at the point where it enters the pond does not exceed 
 60 degrees F. during the summer months. Trout confin- 
 ed in small streams with a strong flow will withstand a 
 temperature of 70 degrees without harm. 
 
 "If the water supply to the proposed pond is from a 
 spring, it should first flow into a reservoir and thence 
 through an open raceway into the pond. This will permit 
 it to throw off injurious gases and acquire the normal 
 amount of oxygen. Logs placed across this open conduit 
 at frequent intervals will provide the riffles necessary for 
 A^arying the flow, thus approaching natural conditions. The 
 water is allowed to pass over them, although no harm will 
 result if it occasionally flows imderneath. Eocks also may 
 be used to accomplish the desired end. 
 
 If a stream is to be the source of supply, a screen, so 
 
9() THK AXCiLKR Axu Hrx'rs:srAX 
 
 constructed that it can not bo washed out during freshets, 
 should l)e inserted in the intake to keei:^ undesirable fishes 
 out of the pond. For the diversion of the water from the 
 stream to the pond it Avill be found necessary in many cases 
 to construct a small dam which should l)e located from 10 to 
 20 feet downstream from the point of intake. It should 
 be the exact height required to accomplish the desired ob- 
 ject and strong enough to withstand flood waters. Make the 
 intake sufficiently wide and deep to accommodate the flow 
 to the pond, and for its protection install below its mouth 
 a slat rack placed at an angle of approximately 60 de- 
 grees and facing downstream. In this position the water 
 will flow past the outside edge and return to the rack, caus- 
 ing most of the floating debris and ice to pass instead of 
 lodging against it. 
 
 - "For the interception of floating particles a galvaniz- 
 ed iron screen with 3 to 4 meshes to tlie inch, is installed on 
 a frame set from 18 to 21 inches back of the rack. The gate 
 is i3laced 12 to 18 inches below the screen and is used to 
 regulate the flow of water. 
 
 Selection of The Pond Site: 
 
 "Care should ])e taken to choose a location that Avill be 
 free from inundation and surface drainage. If possible, 
 sandy, or porous soil should l)e avoided; but, if there is no 
 alternativ(% the l)ott()m of the pond may be covered to a 
 depth of from 4 to 5 inches with clay, which should be 
 spread evenly over the bottom with a garden rake. Water 
 is then turned on and the clay is tamped and puddled until 
 it is impervious to water. If the trout are to be held under 
 natural conditions, gravel and sand should be placed on top 
 of the clay near the intake and around the shores of the 
 pond to a depth of 18 to 36 inches below the water surface. 
 
 "If the ])ond can be located a few hundred feet below 
 the intake, making practicable a supply ditch several 
 feet wide and 6 to 18 inches deep, a most excellent spawning 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 97 
 
 place for the fisli may be provided by varying the depth 
 of the conduit at frequent int-ervals, so that the current will 
 form eddies and ripples, and by covering the l)ottom to a 
 depth of several inches with sand and gravel. At the ap- 
 proach of the spawning season the fish will ascend this 
 passage and lay their eggs among the hollows formed, and, 
 as tliey prefer swift water for spawning, no harm will I'c- 
 sult if there is a current of 3 to 4 miles an hour. A race- 
 way so constructed will afford a better control of the fish 
 and prove very convenient as a storage place when it is 
 necessary to handle them or to clean the pond. 
 
 •'Ponds are usually drawn for the purpose of assorting 
 or reducing the stock, cleaning, removing objectionable 
 fishes, and for the elimination of surplus vegetation. They 
 sliould never be completely drained unless the fish can first 
 be transferred to some suitable reservoir where they will 
 jiave an abundant supply of good water. 
 
 Construction of Pond: 
 
 "The mode of procedure in l)uilding a trout pond will 
 vary with the physical characteristics of the site,. and the 
 amount of money to l)e expended in the project,, A trout 
 pond should be rather broad and deep at one .end, tapering 
 toward a long narrow neck at the supply, with the view 
 of providing for a decided current throughout a portion of 
 its extent. This form of construction will apply to the av- 
 erage pond made by placing a dam across a small ravine 
 or gully. Its size will of course, be governed in the major- 
 ity of instances by the contour of the site, its location with 
 reference to the source of water supply, and the amount oi 
 water available. It should be no larger than will ndmit of 
 its complete control in drawing off the water and handling 
 the fish. The size under most conditions will probahly be 
 l^etween 1 and 2 acres. On the other hand, it should- not 
 be too small. A pond of less than an acre in area is apt to 
 l:)ecome overstocked in a few years, especially where the 
 
98 THK AXGLEK AND HrXTS:\rAX 
 
 larger fish arc not removed, and tlie resnlting shortage of 
 natnral food will necessitate artificial feeding, an impor- 
 tant factor for consideration. 
 
 ''A pond may be located in a ravine, necessitating only 
 the erection of a dam. If the I'avine is s\d)ject to heavy 
 freshets, it will l)e best to constrnct the dam of masonry or 
 heavy tinil)ers, at least at its crest, and a spillway nmst be 
 l)r(>vided and screened to prevent the escape of the fish, 
 in this latter })articular great pi'ecaution imist be exercis- 
 ed, because if the screening is improperly done there will 
 be great danger of its clogging with ice and debris during 
 flood periods, resulting in damage to the pond. 
 
 "Ponds that are wholly or partly surrounded ])y trees 
 are desirable in many respects. If possible, the ponds 
 should be shaded during the summer months; but this does 
 not mean that they must be entirely void of sunlight, as 
 that is an important factor in the production of small aqua- 
 tic animal life. If surface water is strongly discolored by 
 decayed vegetation or contains other deleterious matter, it 
 should not be permitted to enter the pond. Small trenches 
 cut around the sides of the pond will usually be found val- 
 uable in carrying surface water to a Avaste ditch. In the 
 fall of the year care should be taken to keep the pond free 
 of leaves as far as possible, as they will cause considerable' 
 trouble on the inlet and outlet screens. 
 
 "Ponds should be so constructed that the overflow may 
 be conducted to a similar pond at a lower level. The water 
 may T)e used over a numl:>er of times by giving it a fall of 
 at least 12 inches, so that it will Ix'come aerated before 
 entering another pond. 
 
 "If the pond is slightly lower than the source of the 
 water, the natural surface of the ground may form the bot- 
 tom of the pond. In that case the embankment may be of 
 earth, but in order to provide for a firm foundation an exca- 
 vation of at least one foot lower than the pond bottom 
 sihould be made Avhere the embankment is to extend. In a 
 
THE ANGLER AND HrNTSMAN 99 
 
 region where muskrats occur it is advisable to place wire 
 screening in the embankment, extending it about 1 foot 
 above and 2 feet below the water level, and burying it in a 
 bank to a depth of 6 inches. For this purpose extra-heavy 
 poultry wire or close mesh stock-fence wire will answer. Ex- 
 cavating is not to be reconnnended if the earth required for 
 the embankment can be otherwise obtained. 
 
 "The inside slope of an earth embankment shoidd be 
 approximately 18 inches horizontal to 1 foot vertical, the 
 exact proportion varying somewhat with the nature of the 
 soil. The outside slopes may be 1 to 1, and after settling, 
 they should be sodded. The thickness of an eml)ankment 
 at the water level should never be less than the depth of 
 the water. For small ponds the top should be at least 8 
 feet across, and not less than 6 feet where the pond is large 
 enough to admit of considerable wave action. No under- 
 brush, logs, or other materials subject to decay should en-, 
 ter into an embankment, but imperishable substances, such 
 as rocks, may ]:>e used. The filling should not l)e undertak- 
 en in sections, but should progress by layers over the full 
 width of the embankment. If acquatic vegetation cannot 
 be obtained for planting, near the water edge, that portion 
 may be rip-rapped with rocks to prevent washing by waves. 
 
 "The depth of the pond must depend on the climate. 
 In regions Avhere little or no frost is encountered, a water 
 depth of 5 feet is sufficient, but in northern latitudes it 
 should be from 10 to 12 feet. The outlet may be of lumber 
 or of cement. 
 
 "If spring water is the main source of supply, it may 
 freeze sufficiently to harm the fish. Under this condition 
 ithe deepest 23art of the pond need not be more than 5 feet. 
 If the pond has a good su^iply of water, no harm will re- 
 sult from surface freezing so long as the outlet is kept 
 open. The extreme depths given are for such ponds as 
 have a very limited supply and are apt to freeze to a con- 
 siderable depth. 
 
100 THE AXGLER AXD HUXTHMAX 
 
 "The outlet is a three-sided box extending- into the 
 l)nnk. In this position it can he reached easil_y from the 
 shore by means of a lK)ard walk laid fi'oin the top of the 
 bank to the top of the overflow box. The size of the box 
 will 1)e determined by the fh)w of water. For a pond dis- 
 charging from 200 to 500 gaUons per minute it should be 
 24 inches square, its depth being, of course, conditional on 
 the water level and the height of the embankment. Thc^ 
 bottom of the l)<)x should extend to the. deepest part of the 
 Ijond, and its top should be flush with th(^ top of the em- 
 baidvment. At the bottom a terra-cotta pipe is laid with 
 cement joints extending through the eartli embankment, 
 and a slotted groove or frame of 2-inch material is fastened 
 12 inches frrmi the rear of the box to hold the dam boards, 
 the latter to be 1 1-2 or 2 inch lumber from 6 to 8 inches 
 Avide, each provided with two holes from three-fourths to 
 one inch in diameter and three-fourths of an inch deep on 
 one side to facilitate removal by inserting therein a hook or 
 the teeth of a garden rake. 
 
 "Inserted in front of the dam boards on the outer edge 
 of the box is a screen in either one or tw^o sections. It is 
 made to work u]) and down in a groove, and, in order that its 
 lower edge may closely fit the bottom of the box, the latter 
 is provided with a floor, and sheet piling is driven down in 
 front of it to prevent undermining. In front of the drain 
 box, and with its bottom sloping toward it, is the "kettle" 
 or ])asin, made by excavating in front of the drain box, so 
 that in drawing down the pond all the water will flow to 
 this low point. The upper end of the "kettle" should be 
 a foot lower than the bottom of the pond ])roper. A kettle 
 for a 1-acre ])oud should be about 75 feet long and 15 or 20 
 feet wide. It is preferable to have its bottom and sides of 
 cement or Inmber, but if one does not care to go to that ex- 
 ])euse the uulined pond l)ottom will suffice. 
 
 "If natural conditions will permit, the water supply 
 should enter the pond through an open ditch or raceway, 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 101 
 
 the length and breadth of which will depend npou the size 
 of the pond, the amount of water passing through, and the 
 lay of the land. For a pond of 1 acre it may be from 75 to 
 100 feet long, but if twice as long no harm will result, as 
 more spawning room will be afforded. Generally speak- 
 ing, the raceway for such a pond should average from 4 to 
 5 feet wide, but the width must necessarily be governed by 
 the flow of water which should not be more than a foot deep 
 throughout its length. It is immaterial whether the race- 
 way is straight or crooked, but it should have a gravel bot- 
 tom over its entire length. The water level of the raceway 
 and that of the pond may be the same c)r different. If the 
 pond level happens to be somewhat lower, a small dam 
 should be inserted in the raceway at the point where it dis- 
 charges into the jDond. The dam may be a plank 6 inches 
 high, which will insure a sufficient water depth in the race- 
 way so that fish jumping the dam will not be frightened. 
 The point where the water falls into the pond should be 
 protected by stone, to prevent washing, and there should 
 be an approach from the pond to the raceway entrance, so 
 that the fish may ascend and jump the falls, which they 
 will readily do during the spawning season. The height of 
 the dam should be so regulated that the fish will not be re- 
 quired to jump more than 7 inches in passing from the pond 
 to the raceway. 
 
 "Commencing at the intake, the floor of the pond 
 should start from a featheredge and incline gently toward 
 the kettle in such a way that one-fourth of the bottom area 
 will range in depth from almost nothing, to 2 feet. From 
 here the slope downward to the outlet nmst be gradual and 
 even, abrupt pockets or holes being avoided. In order to 
 facilitate drainage and to assist in collecting the fish in the 
 kettle, there should radiate from it to all parts of the pond 
 three or four shallow channels, Avhich, for a 1-acre pond, 
 should l)e from 8 to 10 inches deep and from 12 to 16 
 inches wide. 
 
102 THK AXGLKR AND H CXTSMAX 
 
 Aquatic Vegetation: 
 
 "In all pond flKsh-cultural operations aquatic vegeta- 
 tion is a prime necessity. Aside from its extremely im- 
 l)ortant funetion of purifying the water by taking u^) the 
 carbonic gas liberated by decomposition and releasing the 
 oxygen so essential to all living organisms, it constitutes a 
 nursery for the develoijmeut of a most accepta])le and nec- 
 essary fish food in the form of minute organisms, both ani- 
 mals and ])lauts. It furnishes the young fish a means of 
 escape from their enemies, shades them from the sun's rays 
 in warm weather, and the binding of the bottom soil by its 
 roots tends to 'keep the water clear. Its one objec- 
 tionable feature is that if allowed to grow too luxuriantly it 
 impedes the movements of the fish and is lial^le to smoth- 
 er the younger and weaker individuals. 
 
 "As soon as the pond is completed and before the fish 
 are introduced therein, it will be advisable to start in it a 
 growth of some of the finer-leaved aquatic plants native 
 to the neighboring streams and lakes. Plants having 
 small foliage are preferable to those with large, regular 
 leaves, because they offer a greater surface expanse for 
 the exchange of gases. On account of their tendency to 
 drive out other forms of plant life, pond lilies are not rec- 
 onnuended for fishponds. Cat-tails, grasses, and weeds 
 generally are to some extent beneficial, but it is very es- 
 sential that they he prevented from spreading over the en- 
 tire pond. 
 
 Desirable Species of Aquatic Plants for Fishponds: 
 
 "Such of the plants herein figured or mentioned as are 
 indigenous to local waters may advantageously be utilized 
 by the trout culturist, but, if none of these can be secured, 
 such other native forms as are available may be substituted. 
 Most forms of acquatic vegetation will readily grow from 
 cuttings. Hence the plants may be raked or pulled from 
 
THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 their native waters and niereh' pressed into the soft 
 soil in the shallow sections of the new j)ond. Dnring 
 the planting process the bottom of the pond should be cov- 
 ered with water to a depth of 6 inches. Plants may be 
 started in the deep-water sections of a pond by attaching 
 them to a weight and sinking them at the desired spot. 
 
 "In many parts of the country the aquatic vegetation 
 in a pond forms such a dense growth in the summer months 
 that the removal of a portion of it once or twice during the 
 season becomes imperative. If the pond is drained for 
 this purpose, the water should be drawn down slowly and 
 the A'egetation carefully raked into i^iles with a garden rake 
 as it appears above the surface, the operator wading out to 
 it in rubber boots. In the event that the pond is drawn 
 late in the fall for seining, not more of the vegetation should 
 be removed than is absolutely necessary to permit the work 
 in hand, as the growth serves to protect the fish during the 
 winter months. 
 
 Stocking the Pond: 
 
 "AYhen handling fish for stocking a pond, no time is 
 to be lost in making the transfer. Immediately on re- 
 ceipt of the consignment, compare the water temperature 
 in the shipping cans with that of the pond, and if there is 
 a difference of as much as five degrees proceed gradually 
 to ecpialize the two, by pouring water from the pond into 
 the cans, being careful not to subject the fish to a sudden 
 change in temperature. 
 
 "Unless the pond is several acres in area it will not be 
 necessary to scatter the fish at different points, as they 
 will soon scatter throughout its extent. When the intro- 
 duced stock consists of, say 10,000 small fish from 2 to 5 
 inches in length, they should be able, in a pond an acre in 
 area and properly stocked with aquatic A-egetation, to find 
 sufficient natural food for their sustenance until they have 
 attained the yearling stage, thus obviating artificial feed- 
 ing; but the natural food in ponds varies so greatly that 
 
104 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 nu liard-aiid-fast rule can govern the number of fish it 
 should or may contain. 
 
 "After young trout are placed in the pond not nmch 
 will be seen of them until the warm days of early spring, 
 when they will be observed around the edges and near the 
 outlet. 
 
 Feeding The Fish: 
 
 "If the natural food resources of the pond appear to be 
 inadequate, the fish may be artificially fed, once a day be- 
 in2' sufficient under ordinarv conditions. The food mav 
 consist of almost any kind of fresh, wholesome meat, mix- 
 ed with shorts or a low grade flour. At the Federal trout 
 hatcheries in this country livers of beef, sheep, or hogs, and 
 also the lungs of these animals, are used. The meat is run 
 through a choppei' and reduced to pieces small enough for 
 the size of the trout to be fed, being cut very fine and all 
 gristle carefully removed when intended for fish not over 
 2 or 3 inches long. As before stated, however, trout held 
 in suitable ponds seldom require artificial feeding until 
 they have attained the yearling stage. 
 
 "A favorite mush is made by stirring wheat shorts or 
 middlings in boiling water until it thickens, adding about 
 the same amount of salt as if seasoning for table use. Just 
 prior to feeding, chopped meat is stirred into the cold nuish 
 in such quantities as may be desired up to four-fifths of the 
 whole, the smaller fish requiring a larger proportion of meat 
 than the older ones. It is best not to x)rei3are the meat 
 more than a day or two in advance, and it should be mixed 
 with the mush only as required for inunediate use. The 
 mush should always be fed cold, and, as it keeps well even 
 in Avarm weather in a cool place, enough of it may be made 
 at one time to last for several days. Xo foul or putrid 
 meat or moldy mush should ever be used. 
 
 "In feeding, an attendant throws out a small portion 
 of the food, preferably near the pond outlet, and as he walks 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HrNTSMAN 105 
 
 along- the banks toward the other end of the pond he scat- 
 ters the food Avith his hand or a large spoon, strewing it ov- 
 er as wid-e a water surface as he can. The fish soon learn 
 to follow him, and are thus prevented from rushing togeth- 
 er in a small space and injuring themselves. 
 
 ''The proper amount of food for a daily ration will de- 
 pend upon the size of the fish and the prevailing water 
 temperature. A lot of 1,000 rainbow trout ranging from 5 
 to 6 inches in length, in a water temperature of about 50 to 
 60 degrees F., will require approximately 4 pounds a day, 
 while an equal number of 8-inch to 12-inch fish, under the 
 same temperature conditions, should have about 12 
 pounds. As the fish increase in size the food supply must 
 be increased accordingly, but in cold weather the amount 
 consumed will not be as large as during the summer months. 
 The feeding should be done in the late afternoon, so that 
 the fish will acquire the habit of searching for natural food 
 in the pond in the early part of the day. 
 
 Pond Capacity: 
 
 "On account of the diversity of local conditions, it is 
 very difficult to estimate with any certainty how man}^ 
 fish a pond will maintain. The general statement may be 
 made, however, that a 1-acre pond having a flow of 200 
 gallons of water per minute at a temperature ranging from 
 50 to 60 degrees F., should carry from 8,000 to 10,000 year- 
 ling trout, provided it is well stocked with aquatic vegeta- 
 tion and the fish are regularly fed. A pond of this capac- 
 ity possessing the requisites stated, and Avith the addition 
 of minnows or other small aquatic animal life, should sup- 
 port 1,000 yearlings without the aid of any artificial food. 
 
 ''Such a pond should support 25,000 fish 3 inches long. 
 and would rear them to the yearling age, although 10,000 
 3-inch fish w^ould probably produce better results at tlie 
 end of a year. Stocking a pond with fish is similar to 
 stocking a pasture with stock, and the same care must be 
 
106 THE AX(iLKI{ AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 fXiTcised tu guard agaiiLst depleting" the natural food. 
 Where there is a shortage in the food supply, the larger 
 trout will prey upon the smaller ones. Owing to their 
 canniljalistic tendency, exceptionally large fish should not 
 be allowed to remain in an inclosure with those of the av- 
 erage size. 
 
 Natural Enemies: 
 
 ''Fish inhabiting a pond, especially the smaller ones, are 
 subject to the depredations of numerous enemies. Many 
 kinds of aquatic birds prey upon them, and eggs and 
 young are consumed by snakes and turtles. Among birds, 
 kingfishers, herons, ducks, and fish hawks are the most 
 persistent poachers. Muskrats do not destroy fish, but 
 make burrows in the pond banks. Galvanized-iron wire 
 screens placed in the pond embankments will prevent the 
 burrowing of muskrats. They may be caught with ordinary 
 steel traps. 
 
 Spawning of Trout: 
 
 "Under ordinary conditions neither the rainbow 
 trout nor the brook trout will mature earlier than the 
 third year, although where they have the advantage of good 
 ponds and an adequate and suitable food supply it is not 
 exceptional for them to deposit eggs at the end of their 
 second year. Experience at the hatcheries of the Bureau 
 of Fisheries has shown that from 15 to 25 per cent of the 
 female trout in a i^oncl may be ex^Dected to spawn during 
 their second year, 60 per cent in the third year, and from 
 85 to 90 per cent, during each year thereafter up to the 
 seventh, after which it is inadvisable to rely upon them as 
 a source of egg supply. Eggs of the best quality are ob- 
 tained from fish that are from 8 to 5 years old. 
 
 "Two-year old rainbow trout yield from 500 to 800 
 eggs; at 3 vears old and thereafter the average is from 
 1,000 to 1,200 per fish. Brook trout >'ield fronV 150 to 250 
 eggs at 1 year old, o50 to 600 at 2 years old, and the older 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 107 
 
 fish produce from 500 to 2,500. At Manchester, Iowa, the 
 eggs hatch in from 30 to 35 days in a water temperature of 
 50 degrees F., and brook trout in from 35 to 40 da^^s in a 
 temperature of 50 degrees F. 
 
 "As a rule, r^iiiTjow-trout eggs measure from 225 to 
 250 per fluid oimce, being considerably larger than those 
 of the brook trout, which range from 325 to 600 per ounce. 
 
 "Experience has shown that the fish hatched from a 
 single lot of eggs frequently show such a wide variation in 
 size that at the age of 1 year some individuals will be only 
 four inches long while others will run from 6 to 8 inches. 
 This seems to be an inherent condition and is not easily 
 overcome, but the tendency may be counteracted to a cer- 
 tain extent by sorting the fish as to size from time to time 
 and giving the smaller ones extra food and attention. 
 
 "The spawning period of the rainbow trout is affected 
 by geographical location. In the eastern States this fish 
 reproduces between early November and January; in the 
 middle western sections of the United States its s^^awning 
 season begins late in Deceml)er and lasts for about three 
 months; Avhile in the Rocky Mountain region and farther 
 west it spawns during a period of about six weeks, com- 
 mencing in April. Under natural conditions the fish make 
 a kind of nest by throwing up a mound of gravel in the bed 
 of the stream when the current is swift. The eggs float 
 into the gravel mound and lie in its crevices until hatchec^. 
 The fry remain concealed in the gravel about a month, 
 until the yoke sac is absorbed; they then l^egin to swim and 
 search for food. 
 
 "Bearing these facts in mind, the trout culturist should 
 imitate natural conditions in the arrangement of his pond, 
 providing a raceway with a swift current of water and a 
 gravel bottom and allowing the fish access to it, so that they 
 may deposit their eggs at the proper time of the year. The 
 inlet to the raceway should be at least 4 feet wide and 
 from 75 to 100 feet long, both dimensions to be increas- 
 
108 THE ANGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 ed over those specified where it is x^ossible. With the ap- 
 liroach ot the spawning season the; removal of a birge por- 
 tion of the vegetation in the raceway should be effected. 
 
 "What has been said regarding the requirements and 
 care of the rainbow trout v/ill appl}' with equal force to the 
 brook trout, except that the latter being native to swift 
 mountain streams of the north, Avitli occasional deep pools, 
 will require colder water and a more rapid current. This 
 species grows more slowly than the rainbow trout and 
 does not attain so large a size. It spawns in fall, the sea- 
 son usually beginning in September or October and con- 
 tinuing to the middle of December. Under ordinary con- 
 ditions the rainbow trout will be found to give greater sat- 
 isfaction, and the pond culturist who contemplates opera- 
 tions on a small scale is advised to select that species.'' 
 
 Assignment of Fish to Applicants: 
 
 The Bureau of Fisheries is prepared to furnish trout 
 to parties who may desire to stock public or private wa- 
 ters, and blanks upon which to make application therefor 
 will be sent to you upon request. Delivery of the trout 
 will be made by the government free of charge t(^ your 
 nearest station as soon as your order is reached. 
 
 Winter Camping: 
 
 The foremost consideration in planning a winter camp- 
 ing trip is the selection of w^earing apparel and camp neces- 
 sities. 
 
 In buying clothing it is of prime imp(;>rtance to select 
 something not so much for its attractiveness as for its 
 warmth-giving qualities. Apparel that will successfully 
 kee}^ off the chill rigoi's of winter. 
 
 It is unnecessary to reconunend any particular ])rand 
 of clothing. There are many good kinds of winter cloth- 
 ing adaptable for camping. The climate in your section, 
 of course, will dictate the Aveight of it. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 109 
 
 To be warm, however, clothing does not necessarily 
 have to be exceedingly heavy. The lighter (if it is the 
 right kind of stuff), the better, for a pound or so off the 
 weight of it makes a great deal of difference to you on long 
 hikes. You will not be burdened down, which is a vital 
 point in a close place. For instance, if you get into a rum- 
 pus Avith a wounded bear, or moose, if your clothing does 
 not impede your movements you will have a much better 
 chance to out-maneuver the animal, and so light clothing 
 may mean in such instances a matter of life and death. 
 
 But here is where the best of quality counts. If the 
 apparel is light, the quality must offset the Aveight. It 
 must be stuff that will Avithstand the elements in every 
 sense. To this end, it is aatII to avoid, as far as possible, ail 
 cotton clothing. Woolen goods of medium Aveight is de- 
 sirable, supplemented by flannel shirts or avooI shirts, AAdth 
 turn-doAvn collars. If the climate is especially severe, the 
 shirts should be double-breasted, or double all OA^er, but 
 for a medium cold climate single thickness is sufficient. 
 Flannel underclothing is essential for severe climates. Over 
 this, it is AA'ell to wear a medium AA^eight Avoolen SAveater or 
 knitted coat. Buckskin leggings, and moosehide mocca- 
 sins make good footwear; especially are moccasins desir- 
 al)le if y<»u Avish to still-hunt. For the pastime knoAvn as 
 still-hunting, you Avant to select clothing that Avill not make 
 noises in the Avoods. Duck and corduroy are of a texture 
 that make these noises Avhen moAing about, therefore not 
 practical)le for this i^urpose. Clothing of soft texture is 
 best, then, for limiting in the Avoods, AAdiere the slightest 
 sound serves notice on the quarry that an enemy is ap- 
 proaching and gives the creature timely Avarning that 
 makes escape easy, much to the dismay and chagrin of the 
 trophy and meat hunter. • 
 
 Good, AA-arm Avoolen socks, or stockings, are essential 
 to keep the feet Avarni. Keeping the extremities AA^arm is a 
 most Aital thing. If the moccasins are soft and thin, it is 
 
110 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 better to have a specialist in this line pnt on a double sole 
 for yon. '^Pliis will add to their warmth, durability, and 
 water-proofness. 
 
 A soft felt hat, or cap lined inside with fur and having 
 earflaps is good. The head must be kept warm at any 
 cost. 
 
 If you wear- a felt liat in preference to a cap, don't for- 
 get those ears. They are one of your most sensitive or- 
 gans and if injured by frost-bite you may have lasting 
 cause to regret yoTir carelessness. They niaj^ be protect- 
 ed by ear-muffs, which, though a little old-fashioned, are 
 extremely comfortable in severe cold Avcather Personal- 
 ly, we prefer the hood-cap, which is a cap with attached ear 
 and neck-flap, coming well down under the neck and un- 
 der the chin. It completely protects the back of the head, 
 the spine at the base of the brain, the ears, etc., which is 
 absolutely necessar}^ to your comfort and health. 
 
 The more experienced outdoorsmen do not take along 
 an overcoat, as it is likely to be more in the way than use- 
 ful. Generally, it impedes walking and free, easy move- 
 ment, so essential to hunting. The overcoat is quite an un- 
 necessary adjiuict, if proper attention has hQen paid to the 
 other garments. 
 
 Mittens are not desirable for obvious reasons. A fin- 
 gered glove is absolutely necessarj^ A glove is plenty clum- 
 sy at its best, and a mitten is an abomination to a hunter. 
 
 Snowshoes come next and are indispensable for camp- 
 ing in the northern wilds of Alaska and Canada, where in 
 winter snow covers the ground the entire season to a depth 
 of many feet. 
 
 A sewing kit, containing needles, thread, etc., is a val- 
 uable ally to have along. You never know when you're go- 
 ing to rip your trousers, on snag or l)arb, so be prepared. 
 
 If you only contemplate a short trip, say a week, it is 
 not necessary to take aUuig a shaving outfit, as a week's 
 growth of whiskers will do more good than harm in protect- 
 
THE AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 111 
 
 ing your face from the icy blasts apt to prevail in winter. 
 For more open hunting, where you have a great deal 
 of walking to do, some prefer a sportsman's boot or shoe 
 to the moccasin. This is a matter of taste, and a matter 
 local conditions should dictate. 
 
 We come now to the camp outfit proper. First in im- 
 portance, of course, comes the bed on which during the 
 long winter nights we shall rest our tired and weary 
 "bones." Comfort and warmth are the essentials that go 
 hand-in-hand. If ^ve attain these two requisites, we have 
 succeeded in obtaining a bed admirably suited to our 
 needs. On the market in large outfitters' stores, may be 
 found a varied selection of beds, both simple and combina- 
 tion. The combination bed constitutes also a hammock, 
 shelter tent, and roll-up pack, in which may be carried all 
 the nick-nacks that are needed on the trip. In this w^ay, 
 carrjdng them does not take up extra space. 
 
 Of course, the camp mattress must be waterproof. It 
 is like a bag without ends, in which may be stuffed dry 
 leaves; twigs, moss, etc., making an ideal bed. It has side 
 flaps, made of heavy material that will resist water, the 
 inside lining of which should be of wool, or other very 
 warmth-giving stuff. If properly made, this forms an 
 ideal covering, ecpial to three or four blankets. Aided by 
 the camp fire, with this outfit the camper should exper- 
 ience none of the cold chills of winter. The fire will not 
 only keep one warm, but is essential in frightening awa}^ 
 prowling Avolves and other animals, and is proof against 
 these night marauders, for fire is their deadly fear and 
 strikes terror to their hearts. The fiercest animal of the 
 jungle will not venture very near a big brisk camp fire. They 
 have perhaps had this fear instilled into them by some 
 terrible experience in a great forest fire; it is a fear that 
 seems even to have been handed down to them by heredity, 
 and perhaps is. So much for the camp fire. Now let us 
 get back to a discussion of camp equipment. 
 
112 THK AXGLER AND HIXTSMAX 
 
 If you have facilities for takiiij;- an extensive outfit, 
 including camp cot, camp stove, etc., of course the roll- 
 pack combination bed would not suffice, unless j^ou prefer 
 to ''rough it" instead of trying to purchase every article a 
 luxurious outing would demand. I am offering sugges- 
 tions for the average outer, recognizing that the average 
 outer is not a millionaire. However, even some million- 
 aires prefer as simple outfits as possible, which do not en- 
 tail the worry and l)other a lot of surplus parapher- 
 nalia causes. Hence, it is not only useless to de- 
 scribe the more elaborate things that may be taken 
 on a winter camping trip, but it is unnecessary 
 because the average outer does not wish to be burdened 
 down with the manifold "household duties" such outfits 
 incur. Their wives (if they are married men) have per- 
 haps given them an iidvling of the manifold domestic duties 
 to be performed about the home, and they have no further 
 inclinations along this line. What they are after is life 
 as near the primitive as possible to attain, which is the 
 woi'd 'simplicity" itself. 
 
 ''The greatest care must be used in picking out the es- 
 sentials, and in eliminating the non-essentials. If the 
 camp is only to be a temporary affair, a sort of wigwam, or 
 tent, and the camper intends moving from place to place, 
 depending upon game signs, etc., then it is inexx)edient to 
 take with one more than is absolutely and positively nec- 
 essary. When this rule is disobeyed, it results in the loss 
 of the greater part of the surplus luggage, for sooner or 
 later the camper will have to sacrifice a part of a too bur- 
 densome pack on some long portage or moimtain trail, and 
 a little foresight will save him dollars as well as lost energy 
 and much aggravation. If these suggestions are carried 
 out, you will be benefited. 
 
 The "Grub": 
 
 The word "grub," as here applied, is i)rol)ably slang, 
 as it really means "to dig," and in another sense means 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 113 
 
 ''the larva of an insect," but it is a term widely used and 
 widely understood to denote food. I have never heard how 
 it came to be called "grub," but believe food was so desig- 
 ]iated by some wit because we have to "dig" or "work" 
 for what we eat. At any rate, it is a word common to out- 
 doorsmen, and hence here applied in its slang sense, mean- 
 ing food. 
 
 As far as possi])le avoid canned goods put up in tin. 
 If it is a reliable, commonly used brand it is perhaps safe, 
 but the best canned grub is put up in glass cans or glass jars. 
 Anything put up in glass is said to be safe from contami- 
 nation, which is not true of tin canned goods in every case. 
 Most anything desired can be obtained in glass jars, for 
 instance, choice bacon, dried be.ef, sliced ham, olives, 
 pickles, preserves of all kinds, milk, etc., etc. If you pitch 
 camp near a farm-house, butter, eggs, milk, etc., can be 
 readilv obtained fresh. 
 
INTRODUCTORY TO PART TWO— 
 
 Stanley Blake, the author of Part Two of this voliime, 
 was bom in Ohio, removing to Cincinnati to engage in a 
 profession when but a young man. Since his early youth 
 he has been a hunter of note, having hunted in all parts of 
 the United States, both large and small game of all kinds. 
 Always very fond of dogs, it was natural that he should 
 own and breed some of the best dogs America has produced. 
 In his early career, he owned and operated the High- 
 land Kennels, at Newport, Kentucky, later removing to 
 Berry, Kentucky, Avhere he now operates the largest hunt- 
 ing-dog kennels in the world, shipping more dogs than all 
 other kennels in this countrv combined, THE BLUE 
 GEASS FARM KENNELS, OF BERRY, KY. 
 
 He served in the Spanish-American war, and has widely 
 traveled in our island possessions and Mexico. He has 
 been all over the United States and knows hunting condi- 
 tions, as a whole, probably better than any other American. 
 
 He takes a keen interest in everything pertaining to 
 the outdoors, and aside from running the largest kennels 
 in the world, engages in scientific farming and stock-raising. 
 Starting in business on practically nothing, he has made a 
 phenomenal success. 
 
 114 
 
PART TWO 
 
 BY STANLEY BLAKE 
 
 THE INVENTION OF ARMS AND AMMUNITION: 
 
 History tells us that arms and aimnimition were in- 
 vented by a naked savage in the dim ages of the past. The 
 invention, we are told, was made quite by accident. The 
 naked savage was out hunting one day, when suddenly he 
 was confronted by a huge wild beast, that, looking the sav- 
 age in the eye, licked its great chops in a manner denoting 
 extreme hunger, and started to attack the man. What 
 was the savage to do? An insurmountable cliff cut off 
 any possible avenue of escape. He must face the beast. 
 He had no time to even think what he should do. Instinc- 
 tively he knew, without weapons of any kind whatsoever, 
 that the beast could easily overpower and make a meal off 
 of him. This was in the dim ages before even the most 
 primitive weapons were in use; nothing had as yet been 
 thought of for defense except human strength unaided by 
 anything else. 
 
 Then, as now, the law of self-preservation asserted it- 
 self, and m the twinkling of an e^^e he reached down and 
 grasped a jagged piece of stone and with all his might hurl- 
 ed it straight at the beast's head. His aim was true. The 
 great force with which the savage had hurled the stone 
 sent it crashing against the animal's skull with a noisy im- 
 pact that sent the beast to his knees in a senseless stupor, 
 giving the naked savage a chance to escape, which he lost 
 no time in taking advantage of. As he sped on his way to 
 
 115 
 
116 THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 
 
 liberty he paused just long enough to congratulate him- 
 self upon saving his own life. He knew he had done this. 
 But he had done something else, the magnitude and impor- 
 tance of Avhicli his savage brain had absolutelv no concep- 
 tion. HE HAD INVENTED ARMS AND AMMUNI- 
 TION! 
 
 After the savage had escaped an untimely death by 
 hurling the stone with mighty force at tlie brute-beast, he 
 straightway went to the head tribesman and communicat- 
 ed his discovery. No doubt the chief was greatly amazed 
 and much pleased that one of his subjects had dared face 
 the great forest animal and actually knock him to his 
 knees in a dazed condition. No doubt he highly commend- 
 ed the bravery and skill of the naked man. Very likely 
 he called the whole tribe together and publicly acclaimed 
 the gallantry of this daring creature who had so success- 
 fully dared to face the great lord of the wilderness, mighty 
 beast. 
 
 Of course, once man had really begun to think, after 
 having realized by chance the possilnlities of defending 
 oneself, it was but a comparatively short time until he had 
 begun to devise improvements on the ancient method of 
 heaving a stone by main strength of the body-muscles. 
 
 Came a time when greater force was desired. A way 
 must be found to cast a stone farther and with greater ve- 
 locity. How should it be done? That, no doubt, was the 
 burning question of the da}^ discussed in many a council 
 of war in many a chieftain's Avigwam as they were planning- 
 to swoop down vipon their neighbors in a Avar of conquest, 
 or a war engendered by natural jealousy and hatred. 
 
 One day a great invention was heralded far and wide 
 by excited couriers. A tribesman had invented a weapon 
 whereby a stone could be thrown not only farther and with 
 greater force, but straighter than had been possible be- 
 fore. This came to be known as the sling, and all the tribes- 
 men soon learned to be expert at sling-throwing. This 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 117 
 
 was the second step in the evolution of modern firearms. To 
 this day slings are used in certain countries, and are in 
 vogue by young boj^s here in our own countr}^ 
 
 The third great step was the invention of the bow and 
 arrow, and the early settlers of America know what a 
 deadly weapon it proved to be in the hands of the blood- 
 thirsty Indians who roamed this country in colonial days. 
 
 The bow and arrow made man lord over every beast 
 that roamed the jungle or galloped over the prairies. As 
 time went on it was improved until it could be depended 
 upon to stop the most savage animal. Not only was it 
 employed against dangerous animals, but ag^ainst the 
 members of other tribes, who vied with each other to see 
 who could invent the most deadly and fearful weapon. 
 This spirit, we regret to add, still thrives, as recently 
 shown in the great world war where every means was em- 
 ployed by the bloody Huns to gain their ends — liquid fire, 
 poison gas, shrapnel, big guns of wonderful range, etc., be- 
 ing freely used in an inhumane and unthought-of barbarous 
 fashion. 
 
 The mechanical age at last appeared and the cross-bow 
 was evolved. Every student of history knows the impor- 
 tant role the cross-bow has played on down through the 
 ages in many a bloody strife between tribes and between 
 nations. 
 
 The cross-bow was developed until it had the appear- 
 ance of our modern gun. This weapon was perfected in the 
 war between China and Japan. 
 
 It was by accident that the first primitive weapon of 
 defense was conceived, and so it was by accident also that 
 another powerful agency was found — an agency whose po- 
 tent qualities man little knew in those early days. 
 
 The age of chemistry was at hand. Two monks con- 
 ducted experiments in their monastery in an effort to 
 (iiscover a mixture suitable for use to make fire, which was 
 to be thrown on enemy buildings, composed of such ma- 
 
].18 I' hi: AXtJLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 terial as piteli, suli)lnir, rosin, saltpeter, and naptlia. From 
 tliis "Greek fire" was evolved. There is dispute as to who 
 first invented gunpowder, some claiming it was the Chi- 
 nese, but as China was entirely cut off and remote from the 
 balance of the world, it remained for the other countries 
 to solve the great problem for themselves. 
 
 One of the monks, Roger Bacon by name, was lal)or- 
 ing one night in his constant endeavors to make a satis- 
 factory "fire" for uses stated above, and on this particu- 
 lar night he used pure instead (rf impure saltpeter, endeav- 
 oring, ^\■e can suppose, to get a most violent and longer 
 burning flame. He was busy at his work, watching the 
 progress of the experiments, when suddenly a terrific ex- 
 plosion rent the building. He narrowly escaped death. 
 The investigation proved that pure saltpeter could not be 
 used in the mixture for the purpose of making "fire." 
 Little did he realize that he had really discovered gunpow- 
 der. Thus in the thirteenth century Roger Bacon gave 
 to the world that potent agency of destruction now famil- 
 iarly known throughout the civilized world. 
 
 In the opinion of the ^vriter Bacon died not knowing 
 the great importance of his discovery. In later years, a 
 man named Schwartz studied Bacon's works and carried 
 on dangerous investigations of his own, and he was the 
 first man to give to Euror>e and the world the fruits of 
 the discovery of gunpowder. 
 
 Needless to say, it was but a short time imtil the cross- 
 bow and gun-powder had been so improved until the 
 matchlock was produced. Successive generations saw the 
 flint-lock, the early Persian gun, the Scotch wheel-lock, 
 the early Swiss pistols, the Dutch wheel-lock or double- 
 barreled pistol, the wheel-lock rifle, and various other 
 freaks and fancy guns, until the present time when our 
 modern high-power rifles, our perfect shotguns and mod- 
 ern implements of war and peace have attained to a state of 
 perfection never dreamed of by our forefathers. 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUXTSMAX 119 
 
 The sportsmen of tliis da}^ can thank their luck}^ stars 
 that they live in a progressive age like this, in peace, se- 
 cnrity, and contentment, and by the same token they can 
 thank high Heaven they did not live in those early times 
 when "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" was of- 
 ten not attainable — why? Because the weapons of that 
 day had faults that were more than likely to prove the undo- 
 ing of the hunter and the fighter and could not, therefore, 
 be fully depended upon at all times as can modern arms and 
 ammunition be depended upon in this age. 
 
 What a del^t of gratitude we owe our forefathers who 
 l)attled against great odds and finally overcame them, 
 Ininging civilization to the New World with all its conse- 
 quent blessings. 
 
 The progress of nations is indeed closely linked with 
 the improvement and efficiency of its firearms. 
 
 GUNS AND AMMUNITION: 
 
 In the first place, the author desires to state that the 
 following article does not pretend to set itself up as an ab- 
 solute authority on the difficult question of arms and am- 
 munition for hunting different varieties of game. The 
 choice of arms and ammunition, like taste in neckties, is a 
 question of "many men, niau}^ minds." We only wish to 
 point out the more commonly accepted standards and tastes 
 in both arms and annnunition. Even this constitutes prob- 
 lems that the individual must solve for himself to meet his 
 own particular needs and his own peculiar desires. Hence, 
 our remarks on the subject must be purely general in char- 
 acter. 
 
 The writer has consulted several experts of national 
 reputation in regard to these matters, and briefly summa- 
 rizes their opinions below, withholding their names at 
 their request. 
 
 The first expert consulted has this to say on the 
 subject: 
 
120 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 ''Taking first the question of small game; in recent 
 years the use of small gauges such as the 16 and 20 has been 
 constantly increasing, and. under certain circumstances they 
 are very suitable and satisfactory. However, sportsmen 
 throughout the world have pinned their faith to 12 gauge 
 Winchester Repeating Shotguns, as the best all-aroimd 
 game guns in the world, as they are suitable not only for 
 wild fowl, but for rabbits, hares, foxes, and all small game. 
 
 "The question of suitable loads for water fowl is an 
 open one, due to the difference in the size of the game. 
 They range from the little blue wing teal, which is slightly 
 larger than a quail, up to the big sea duck, or sea coot, 
 weighing from four to five pounds, and protected by a 
 thatch of feathers about an inch thick. For teal, sports- 
 men have found ordinary number 8 shot satisfactor}^ This 
 size of shot, naturally, would have very little effect on an 
 armored cruiser of the coast like the sea coot. The goose, 
 duck and such large birds as the swan, require a heavy 
 charge of powder and large shot. For quail and grouse a 
 medium to fairly heavy load of powder, and shot sizes six 
 to eight, has been found effective. 
 
 "The wild turkey comes in a class b}^ himself. In 
 certain sections of the South, BB shot is used so universally 
 for this bird that it is known to hunter and storekeeper 
 alike as 'turkey shot.' 
 
 "It would be better to eliminate the coon and opossum 
 from the list of small game animals, as they are nocturnal, 
 and are usually killed with a club in any case. The skunk 
 is also nocturnal, and for other and 'strong' reasons it 
 would be wisest to hunt skunk with a high-power, long 
 range rifle. 
 
 "The fox is also a special case. In the South he is 
 hunted on horseback with dogs during certain seasons, the 
 good old institution of the hunt still flourishing, and the 
 English sportsman's horror of shooting a fox being a very 
 real thing. In the North, however, the fox is a commer- 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 121 
 
 cial fur-bearing proposition (when he isn't a chicken 
 thief), and is ruthlessly hunted and trapped. A 12 gauge 
 gun with big shot and a heavy load of powder is preferable 
 when on the trail of Br'er Fox, as his vitality is great and 
 he has an incouA-enient habit of crawling into a hole to re- 
 cover, if his wound is not absolutely fatal. 
 
 "The Winchester Model 95 is a famous big game gun, 
 having been used by such eminent hunters as the late Ex- 
 President Roosevelt, with a success that is known to the 
 world. Admiral Peary on his trip to the North Pole, Sir 
 Ernest Shackleton in his explorations in the South, depend- 
 ed upon the Winchester gun to keep their outfits supplied 
 with bear, seal and walrus meat and hides. The ammuni- 
 tion used by the Model 95 is most powerful, especially the 
 .405 W. C. F. and the .30 Government M-06 cartridges, 
 which have exceptional range and remarkable shocking 
 effect. 
 
 ''A light weight rifle handling very powerful cart- 
 ridges is the Winchester M-94. This gun is of the tubular 
 magazine t}^e, and is operated by a finger lever under 
 the receiver. It is quite powerful enough for such game 
 as mountain lion, wild cat and deer, although it is not quite 
 as effective at long range as the M-95. But when every 
 ounce counts, as in difficult and wearying journeys and 
 moimtain climbing, the M-94 has given great satisfaction. 
 
 ''However good an arm may be on leaving the fac- 
 tory, the only way to keep it in working condition is to 
 clean it after every using. Never allow your gun to go 
 over night without being cleaned. If you take care of it 
 carefully it will never fail j^ou in one of those crucial mo- 
 ments when failure may mean great disappointment or 
 even life itself to the hunter. 
 
 "Some men never clean their guns properly and get 
 away with it, but they are taking a big chance and never 
 have the satisfaction of being absolutely safe. Especially 
 is this true in the matter of oiling. You may neglect some 
 
122 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 (^ther process and be saved by your rabbit's foot, but forget 
 to oil 3^our gun and sooner or later you will be thoroughly 
 punished for your neglect, and moreover you will have to 
 buy a new gun. 
 
 "A gun is apt to be just as good as the care that is taken 
 of it ; the Winchester Company, realizing this, have special- 
 ized on a line of metal cleaning and preserving prepara- 
 tions especially adapted to their own arms." 
 
 Another expert, when asked for his opinions concern- 
 ing arms and ammunition for the various game animals and 
 birds, had this to say: 
 
 ' ' The best gun for all small game shooting is the modern 
 12 gauge and the most popular models are the autoloading 
 and pump action. For shooting quail, grouse, and other 
 upland game birds a gun bored modified choke is the most 
 satisfactory. For shooting ducks and geese, and also for 
 shooting turkeys, the gun should be bored full choke. 
 
 ''For shooting rabbits, including the varying hare, 
 likewise for shooting various kinds of vermin, such as 
 hawks, the modified choke bore is most satisfactory. For 
 shooting foxes, a full choke gun should be used and shells 
 loaded with No. 3 or No. 2 buckshot. No. 3 shot is the 
 right size for turkeys. The latter load is also satisfactory 
 for shooting coons, skunks, 'possums, and other small ani- 
 mals, including wild cats. 
 
 "For shooting big game, the Remington autoloading 
 rifle is a favorite, but the Remington slide-action model is 
 also very popular. These rifles are made in the following 
 calibers — .25 Remington, .30 Remington, .32 Remington, 
 .35 Remington. The latter cartridge is the most power- 
 ful and the best adapted for the larger game animals such 
 as Alaskan brown and grizzly bears and for moose. The oth- 
 er cartridges are popular for shooting moose, caribou, deer, 
 goats, and sheep, depending u]}on the individual prefer- 
 ence of the shooter. We find the .30 caliber to be the most 
 popular all around cartridge." 
 
THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 123 
 
 iStill another expert offers the following information 
 on the subject: 
 
 "It would be imj)Ossible for me to lay down any defi- 
 nite rules along this line because there is a wide difference 
 in opinion among sportsmen and what one man considers 
 just the proper load for a given purpose, other shooters re- 
 gard as by no means the best. It all depends upon condi- 
 tions and individual preference. Of course the 12 gauge 
 shotgun is still more largely used than any other, although 
 the 20 gauge, 28 gauge and .110 are growing rapidly in 
 popular favor for shooting small birds and animals." 
 
 The Care of Firearms: 
 
 Several authorities were consulted on the care of fire- 
 arms, and replied as follows : 
 
 "In the early days of gun-making, firearms were very 
 crude affairs. The barrels were smooth bore, or approxi- 
 mately so, because in those days gun making machinery 
 was also very crude and the interiors of the barrels of the 
 gims made for many years were not even as smooth as in the 
 poorest and cheapest shotguns made today. There was no 
 way of looking through the barrel, for there was no open- 
 ing at the breech, except a small passage from the flash 
 pan vv^here the priming charge was placed. These guns 
 were inaccurate as compared with modern firearms and it 
 really did not make much difference whether the barrel 
 w^as carefully cleaned or not since they would not shoot 
 straight anyway. 
 
 "Modern firearms, such as Remington U M C shot- 
 guns and rifles, are splendid examples of present day me- 
 chanical genius. While efficient in the highest degree, 
 when judged as pieces of machinery, they are yet extremely 
 simple in construction. 
 
 "The possession of a Remington gun or rifle inspires 
 its owner with a desire to keep it in the perfect mechanical 
 
124 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 condition in which he received it from the factory. Too 
 many men, because they are not familiar with the proper 
 methods of cleaning their guns, finall}' discard them because 
 vi rust and corrosion. 
 
 "A rifle or shotgun will last the shooter a lifetime and 
 always give as good results as when first used if it be a 
 good one and is cared for properly. 
 
 "It is absolutely necessary to clean a firearm as soon 
 after shooting as possible, to keep it in perfect condition. 
 Aside from the fact that the sooner you clean out the foul- 
 ing the less time it has to act on the steel of the l^arrel, it is 
 well knoT^ro that the fouling, after any considerable length 
 of time, becomes sticky and hard and requires more woi'k 
 to remove than if the cleaning is done within, say, a half- 
 hour after the last shot is fired. 
 
 "Always clean the barrel from the breech; if cleaned 
 from the muzzle the dirt is pushed back into the action, and 
 the cleaning rod is apt to wear or burr the muzzle of the 
 barrel and spoil its accuracy. Eemington U M C firearms 
 are all made so that they can be cleaned from the breech. 
 
 "Never use emery in a rifle barrel. It will destroy 
 the rifling, enlarge the bore and ruin its accuracy. 
 
 Shotgun Barrels: 
 
 "It seems as though the tendency of any rifle or shot- 
 gun barrel to rust and corrode depends to some extent upon 
 the breech pressure and the temperature generated by 
 the explosion of the powder. Shotgun barrels, owing to 
 the comparativeh" low breech pressures which they produce, 
 are not so sensitive to rust or corrosion as rifle or revolver 
 barrels. Care in cleaning however, is well worth while for 
 there is a vast difference in evenness of pattern and uni- 
 form shooting qualities of a barrel in perfect condition and 
 a rusty foul one. 
 
 "As all shotgun barrels will lead more or less, depend- 
 ing on the rapidity with which they are shot and weather 
 
THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAX 125 
 
 conditions, we strongly recommend the use of a soft brass 
 cleaner, either the bristle t^^e, or the woven wire type. Do 
 not use the iron wire brushes usually furnished with jointed, 
 wooden cleaning rods as the continued use of these iron 
 brushes for ordinary cleaning will spoil the polished sur- 
 face of the bore. Such brushes are useful only for cases 
 of severe rust. 
 
 "The following procedure will keep your barrel in 
 perfect condition, provided, of course, it was not rusty be- 
 fore you started shooting: 
 
 "Scrub the barrel thoroughly with a brass cleaner 
 which has been oiled with Rem Oil. Allow^ it to stand for 
 a few minutes, then run through several dry cloth patches 
 and finish up with one which has been saturated with 
 Eem Oil. You may now safely lay away your shotgun 
 with the assurance that it will stay in perfect condition 
 unless you leave it where it is exposed to moisture. 
 
 .22 Caliber Rifle Barrels: 
 
 "To clean .22 caliber rifle barrels and other low power 
 sizes, scrub with a soft brass bristle brush soaked with Rem 
 Oil. Follow with four or five pieces of cloth, every other one 
 saturated Avith Rem Oil. Have the last one fit a bit loos- 
 er than the others, and have as much Rem Oil on it as pos- 
 sible so as to leave a good coating on the inside of the 
 barrel. Smokeless powder used in .22 caliber rifles is 
 more liable to cause rust than less smoke. To get the best 
 results when smokeless powder is used, clean immediately 
 or just as soon as possible after firing the last shot. 
 
 "If the rifle barrel becomes leaded and a brass bristle 
 brush fails to remove the lead, it may be cleaned by running- 
 quicksilver through it. The lead will amalgamate with 
 the quicksilver. Plug one end of the barrel and put in 
 the quicksilver, the other end to be held with the finger 
 and the barrel turned end to end, rolling occasionally so 
 that all the surface will be reached by the quicksilver. Tf 
 
126 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 this treatment does not remove the leading, the barrel 
 should be returned to our factory where we can remove 
 it, unless the interior of tlic barrel is too badly pitted or 
 rusted, in which case a noAv barrel Avill he required. 
 
 High Power Rifle Barrels: 
 
 ''Procedure for high power rifle barrels using metal 
 jacketed bullets is the same as for .22 caliber rifle barrels 
 except that a second cleaning one day later is necessary. 
 
 "Sometimes parts of the metal jacket of the bullet will 
 adhere to the lands or grooves of the high power rifle bar- 
 rel. This condition is known as metal fouling and if pres- 
 ent only in small quantities can easily be removed hy a vig- 
 orous rubbing with a cloth patch moistened with a concen- 
 trated solution of Ammonium Hydrate. 
 
 "If metal fouling is present the patch Avill come out 
 a deep blue color. Patches with ammonia on th^'ui 
 should be run through until one comes out practically col- 
 orless. The ammonium hydrate treatment will remove 
 light deposits of metal, but when the fouling is very heavy 
 as is sometimes the case when the barrel has been shot 
 a number of times in rapid succession, we have found the 
 following preparation the best to remove it: 
 
 Ammonium Carbonate 200 grains 
 
 Ammonium Hydrate 6 ounces 
 
 Ammonium Persulphate . 1 ounce 
 
 Distilled water 4 ounces 
 
 "The method of applying is to cork up the breech of 
 the rifle and fit a short section of tu])ing over the muzzle. 
 The solution is then poured in until it fills the barrel and 
 part of the rubber tube so that the muzzle will be com- 
 pletely covered. The liquid should remain for thirty 
 minutes or an hour, then pour out. This preparation de- 
 teriorates with age and is most effective when fresh. 
 
 "Care must be taken, if either of the above methods 
 
-THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 127 
 
 are used, to thoroughly clean out the inside of the barrel 
 and any metal part which has been wet with the solutions, 
 as if they dry on the steel, they are liable to cause rust. 
 Be careful also not to let the ammonium hydrate solution 
 or the preparation mentioned above touch the wooden 
 stock or forearm as they will remove the finish. The 
 danger from metal fouling arises from the fact that clean- 
 ing cdl is excluded from barrel surfaces covered by it and 
 rusting is very apt to follow. 
 
 Actions and Moving Parts: 
 
 '^The mechanism of all firearms should be cleaned and 
 lubi'icated with oil and a thin film rubbed on the outside 
 metal ])iirts to preserve them from rust." The above in- 
 formation on "how to take care of firearms" was taken 
 from the Remington U M C catalogue and incorporated 
 here on account of the intrinsic value of the suggestions, 
 and because the makers of guns are naturally best fitted 
 to know just how they should be taken care of. 
 
 ORIGIN OF HUNTING DOGS: 
 
 Nothing is definitely known as to the origin of the 
 English Setter, but there is also a lack of trustworthy in- 
 formation regarding the origin of all the other old breeds 
 of dogs. 
 
 Some writers of note claim that the English Setter 
 originated in a Sijaniel ancestry. To 23rove their claims, 
 they quote early writers on the subject, of which the fol- 
 lowing excerpts will show the foundation on which their 
 claims are based: 
 
 The author, Stonehenge, writing on the subject of 
 "The Dogs of the British Islands" in the year 1867, says: 
 
 As some difference of opinion appears to exist with 
 regard to Setters, we have determined thoroughly to sat- 
 isfy ourselves as to their origin and best form, and we 
 have called all the best authorities to our assistance. We 
 
128 
 
 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 propose to place the result of our labors before the public, 
 aud to add our owu couclusions. 
 
 There is uo doubt that the sport of hawking was known 
 and practiced by the ancient Britons, and that the Roman 
 was totally ii>-noraut of the science; but the iuA^ader at once 
 came to the conclusion that the system might be improved, 
 and introduced the Land Spaniel, if not the Water Dog, also, 
 into this country. 
 
 These dogs roused tlie game, aud this was all that tlie 
 hawker required of them in those early days; but in after 
 
 ■PERFECT POINTERS.' 
 
 years, as we shall see, dogs were required to point, or, in the 
 language of the quaint old writer, "sodainely stop and fall 
 down upon their bellies," and having so done, when within 
 two or three yards, "then shall your Setter stick, and by no 
 persuasion go further till yourself come in and use your 
 pleasure." 
 
thp: angler and huntsman 129 
 
 At first, then, witliout doubt, the Spaniel was merely 
 used as a springer for the lunvk, which was subsequently 
 neglected for the net; and the propensity of the dog to pause 
 before making his dash at game was cultivated and cher- 
 ished, by breeding and selection, until, at last, gratified by 
 observing the action of the net, he yielded his natural im- 
 pulse of springing at all, and set, or lay dowm, to permit the 
 net to be drawn over him. After this, the hawker trained 
 his Spaniel to set ; then he cast off his hawks, which ascend- 
 ed in circles, and "waited on" until his master roused the 
 quarry from its concealment, when he pounced upon it like 
 a pistol shot. 
 
 When used either w^ith hawks or for the net (especially 
 in the latter case), a far heavier dog answered the purpose 
 than Avhat we call a "Highranging Setter." The net en- 
 veloped a whole covey in its meshes, and few manors would 
 allow of many coveys being taken in a day ; whilst the dis- 
 entangling the birds, and securing them, allowed time for 
 the heavy dog to rest and regain his wind. 
 
 Richard Surflet, who wrote in 1600, gives us the follow- 
 ing information. Writing of the Field or Land Spaniel, ' ' of 
 which sith before no author hath fully intreated," he de- 
 scribes him as "gentle, loving, and courteous to man, more 
 than any other sort of dog whatsoever"; and as ''loving to 
 hunt the wing of any bird, especially partridge, pheasant, 
 quails, rails, coots, and such like." He tells us we are "to 
 choose him by his shape, beaut}^, metal, and cunning hunt- 
 ing; his shape being discerned in the good composition of his 
 l)ody, as when he hath a round, thick head, a short nose, a 
 long, well-compast, and hairie eare, broad ajid syde lips, a 
 cleere red eie, a thick neck, broad breast, short and well-knit 
 joints, round feete, strong cleys (high dew-cley'd), good 
 round ribs, a gaunt bellie, a short, broad backe, a thicke, 
 bushie and long-haired taile, and all his bodie generally long 
 and well-haired. His beautie is discerned in his colour, of 
 which the motleys or piede are the l)est; whether they be 
 
130 THE AXGLKK AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 ])laek-aiid-white, red-and-wliite, or liver-hned-and- white; 
 for, to be all of one colour, as all white, or all l)laeke, or all 
 red, or all liver-hued, without any other spot, is not so 
 comely in the field, although the dog's, notwithstanding, 
 may be of excellent cunning. His mettall is discerned 
 in his free and untired laboursome ranging, beating a 
 field over and over, and not leaving a furrow luitrod- 
 den, or one unsearched, where any haunt is likely to 
 be hidden; and when he doth it, most coragiously and 
 swiftly, with a wanton playing taile, and a busie la- 
 bouring nose, neither desisting nor showing less delight in 
 his labour at night than he did in the morning and his 
 cunning hunting is discerned by his casting about heedfully, 
 and nmning into the wind .of the prey he seeketh; by 
 his stillnesse and quietnesse in hunting, without bablding or 
 barking; but when he is upon an assured and certain haunt, 
 by the manner of his ranging, and when he compasseth a 
 whole field about at the first, and after lesneth and lesneth 
 the circumference, till he have trodden every path, and 
 brought the whole circuit to one point; and l)y his more tem- 
 perate and leisurely hunting, when he comes to the first 
 scent of the game, sticking upon it, and pricking it out by 
 degrees;. not opening or questing by any means, but whimp- 
 ering and whining to give his master a warning of what he 
 scenteth, and to prepare himself and his hawke for the 
 pleasure he seeketh; and when he is assured of his game, 
 then to quest out loudly and freely." 
 
 After describing Spaniels which ''delight in plains or 
 the oj^en fields," and otliers more adapted for covert, he 
 goes on to say: "There is another sort of Land Spannyels 
 which are called Setters, and they differ nothing from the 
 former, but in instruction and obedience, for these must 
 neither hunt, range, nor retaine, more or less, than as the 
 master appointeth, taking the whole limit of whatsoever 
 they do from the eie or hand of theii' instructor. They nmst 
 never quest at any time, what occasion soever may hai>]>(')i. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HINTSMAN 131 
 
 but as being dogs without voices, so they must hunt close 
 and mute. And when they come upon the haunt of that 
 they hunt, they shall sodainely stop and fall down upon 
 their bellies, and so leisurely creep by degrees to the game 
 till they come within two or three yards thereof, or so neare 
 that they can not press nearer witliout danger of retriev- 
 ing. Then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go 
 further till yourself come in and use your pleasure. Now 
 the dogs which are to be made for this pleasure should be 
 the most principall, best, and iTistiest Spannyel you can get, 
 both of good scent and good courage, yet young, and as lit- 
 tle as may be made acquainteed with much hunting." 
 
 There is no doubt that the Setter is a Spaniel, brought 
 by a variety of crosses (or rather, let us say, of careful selec- 
 Itions) to tile size and form in which we now find him. He 
 is the most national of all our shooting dogs, and certainly 
 has existed for four centuries. His form probably has im- 
 proved. 
 
 Stonelienge, in another part of his works, says that 
 "About the year 1555, a duke of Northumberland trained 
 one (he was writing on the Sussex Spaniel) 'to set birds 
 for the net;' and soon afterward the Setter was produced, 
 either by selection or l)y crossing the Talbot Hoimd and 
 Spaniel." 
 
 Another noted writer of his day was Laverack, who, 
 writing on "The Setter," states: 
 
 "I am of the opinion that all Setters have more or less 
 originally sprung from our various strains of Spaniels, and 
 I believe most breeders of any note agree that the Setter is 
 nothing more than a setting Spaniel. How^ the Setter at- 
 tained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for, 
 and I leave that question to wiser heads than mine to deter- 
 mine. ^Fdie Setter is said and acknowledged, by authorities 
 of long standing, to be of greater antiquity than the Point- 
 er. If this is true, and I believe it is, the Setter can not at 
 first haA^e been crossed with tlie Pointer to render him 
 what he is." 
 
132 THK AXliLKK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 If Fucli nuni as Lavcrack could not fathom tlic doi)ths of 
 the mystery siiiToimding the origin of the Setter dog, the 
 reader will pardon us for eandidly admitting our inability 
 to do so. Therefore, let us leave off as we began — there is 
 nothing definitely known as to the origin of the English 
 Setter, which is also true of all the otlier older l)reeds of 
 dogs. 
 
 We could (juote the writings of early authors on the 
 possible origin of all the (jther old breeds of hunting dogs, 
 but this would be imposing upon your time and patience, in- 
 as much as we would have established notliing for a surety 
 at the end, so we will allow our remarks and quotations on 
 the English Setter to answer for the other older breeds of 
 hunting dogs. 
 
 Big G-ame Hunting: 
 
 This is a fascinating subject — one upon which we like 
 to write — but we must admit there is intermingled with our 
 feelings a sense of regret, of sadness, because the big game 
 of the United States is really and truly well-nigh a passing- 
 memory, an episode in the evolution of our progress as a na- 
 tion that is almost dead and gone — forever. 
 
 But a ray of sunshine and hope gleams through the dark 
 clouds of despair — for there is (Janada and Alaska yet- -big 
 game's last retreat in North America. We turn, then, hope- 
 fully to the North, to the gK^at virgin forests and waste- 
 places as yet i)ractical]y untouched and untrod by man. 
 
 When our forefathers came across the seas to this 
 country there was not only game of all kinds in abundance, 
 but there existed an actual over-supply. Subsequentlv, the 
 different colonies (and later the various States) found it 
 necessary to offer bounties for the pelts of the different 
 species of game animals that proved a source of annoyance 
 to the early settlers in their pursuit of life and liberty. 
 
 AVith the steady encroachments of civilization on our 
 wild, each year th(\v l:ave be(M)me less plentiful in many 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 166 
 
 States, and in the great majority have been utterly exterini- 
 natecL In a few remaining States some species are fomid 
 in limited numbers. 
 
 Wild animals of the larger species have been forced to 
 take up their abode in retreats that man has not yet pene- 
 trated to any marked degree because these regions have 
 
 '.htii l';;Lifir llail\\a\ I'd. 
 
 "A PARTY OF CANADIAN DEER HUNTERS." 
 
 been unsuited to man from a climatic standpoint, being 
 either too dry or too cold. Therefore, Canada and Alaska 
 by reason of their geographical positions are the logical 
 modern homes for game that has been driven steadil}^ north- 
 ward and westward by man with his potent agency of de- 
 struction — modern firearms. 
 
134 THK AXliLKl; AXi) HIXTSMAX 
 
 So it is tliat the fri^'id i'o,c,'ioiis of tlie Xorth offer the 
 last haven of safety for our l)ii;- game animals. The climate 
 in years past has proven a tolerably safe barrier of security 
 for them, but even there they are not safe. Hardy si)orts- 
 inen and nativ(\s annually take a heavy toll from their num- 
 bers and it oidy I'emains a mere matter of time until they 
 will be extinguished if the strong arm of the law, armed with 
 effective conservation legislation, does not intervene and 
 stay their execution. 
 
 AVe, and our neighljor to the North of us, have already 
 enacted some very humane and essential game laws, in fact 
 we have more laws than we have game left to protect, and 
 what we most need at the present moment is not more gaine 
 hiws, but more rigid enforcement of those already on our 
 statute books. This is the crying need of the hour. I say. 
 down with the game hog and market hunter, and all hail 
 to the true sportsmen, whom these protective measures, 
 properly enforced, will really benefit, as is apparent on the 
 face of the proposition. We claim to be living in a pro- 
 gressive age. Then, let's do something that is really pro- 
 gressive. Suppose we make each sportsman a committee of 
 one to see that no game hogs and pot hunters stay around 
 his "neck of the woods" unpunished by law. "In imion 
 there is strength," and "United we stand. Divided we fall," 
 are two good mottoes for us to go by, for if all we sportsmen 
 "pull together" and introduce a little "team work" into our 
 efforts, the result will be amazing and gratifying. 
 
 As the situation now stands, the sportsman of to-day 
 needs must travel afar to these northern or western abodes 
 of big game if he would not court failure. No longer is it 
 possible for those living in a thickly populated community 
 to go out and l^ag a bear, a moose, a sheep, a caribou, or a 
 deer, as in days of old, without investing a yoimg fortune in 
 equipuK^nt and railroad fare. They must hie away to some 
 remote spot whence the larger game has fled. This inctm- 
 venience and expense caused the modern sportsman is di- 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HrXTSMAN 135 
 
 reetly the result of the great slaughter encompassed by the 
 damnable and unspeakable game hog and market hunter. 
 But sooner or later the sportsman will not even be able to 
 locate the game he desires by these long trips taken at so 
 nmch time and expense, for the game hog and market hunt- 
 er are right on the job all the time, slaughtering and trap- 
 ping the noble wild creatures in their distant haunts and 
 robbing you of your share of nature's stores. It is easily 
 seen what condition this will eventually bring about. 
 It doesn 't take a pessimist to see the end of the beginning 
 in this case. The hand-Avriting appears on the wall, and it 
 spells nothing less than total extinction in a few more years, 
 if this needless and cruel slaughter is not brought to a halt. 
 I have already pointed out my idea of how to effect this halt 
 — not by enacting more game laws, but by rigidly and dili- 
 gently enforcing those we already have enacted. That is 
 the only ]3ractical solution to the problem, so far as I am 
 able to see. 
 
 As to the bear, some folks make the claim he does not 
 deserve protection, accusing him of pilfering the farmer's 
 pigsties, and placing numberless other misdemeanors at his 
 door. 
 
 If those making these accusations against bruin will 
 but take the trouble to thoroughly investigate each instance 
 of this kind, they will find that it is not the bear who is to 
 blame for these thefts but the more sly and cunning thief, 
 the sneaking mountain lion. The latter will probably effect 
 the slaughter, devour all he wants of the kill, which, let us 
 presume is a pig, and then bruin will come along, get a scent 
 of fresh meat, go and finish what the lion left, and then Mr. 
 Farmer will come out next morning, see the huge bear 
 tracks, cuss the innocent bear, and perhaps organize a posse 
 of neighbors to help find and kill him for a crime for which 
 the mountain lion, and not he, is res]3onsible. Every stu- 
 dent of. nature knows a bear will not ordinarily molest any 
 animal, with the exception of small rodents and insects, uu- 
 
136 THE ANGLER AND HliNTSMAN 
 
 less liimself attacked first. In this ease the bear puts up a 
 pretty stiff fight and a convincing argument. I distinctly 
 remember one bear, in particular, that came near getting a 
 close friend of mine. 
 
 It was in British Columbia. My pal had gone there to 
 recuperate his health and rouse his drooping spirits in the 
 toxic air of the Canadian Eockies, and he did not let an op- 
 portunity slip to accompany anybody on a big game hinit, 
 as there were sportsmen from everywhere stopping there at 
 the big mountain hotel, where my friend was staying. 
 
 Now, evei'vbodv knows these Canadian bears are dead 
 game fellows and very ferocious ^^'hen cornered or wounded. 
 Any experienced spoi'tsman who has fought a bear in these 
 northern wilds will tell you that. 
 
 Hunting in Canada is indeed a delight to the outer. 
 The scenic beauty of the mountains is enthralling, and the 
 natives have not been idle, but have taken stock of their 
 boundless scenic wealth, and got busy. They have studied 
 Swiss methods and improved upon them; they put business 
 men in charge of affairs and gave them power to do things 
 in a big way. Having railroad prosperity and local busi- 
 ness for their object, they planned carefull}^ and executed 
 boldly. Picking out the Lake Louise region as their 2>oint 
 of first concentration, they began the establishment of its 
 trademark. They began advertising extensively and thor- 
 oughly. 
 
 Besult? These countries, Switzerland and Canada, 
 to-day share the scenic reputation of the world. It has been 
 estimated that in peace times the Alps draw a hundred mil- 
 lion of American dollars a year. Abroad, the Canadinu 
 Hockies are supposed to furnish the only scenic beauty in 
 North America woi'tli looking at, and until quite recently it 
 was the fixed belief of most Americans that they excelled 
 anything in the United States. Thousands of citizens of 
 the United States go yearh^ to the Canadian Rockies for the 
 particular purpose of viewing what they think the most 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 137 
 
 stupendous tliiug in the way of scenery in the Western Hem- 
 isphere. And of course they think they have seen it, and 
 naturally they come home and spread its fame. British 
 colonies are active, even in these post-war days when the 
 Avorld-at-large has not yet reached a definite peace footing. 
 Quite recently, for instance, an American motion picture 
 bureau received a gift of 25,000 feet of film, largely scenic, 
 from South Africa. But while Canadian mountain scenery 
 is all that is claimed for it, we want to pause to say right 
 here that it is not any more beautiful than our own Rocky 
 Mountain scenery. Even the Swiss Alps may be offset by 
 our Glacier National Park alone. Point for point, Glacier 
 will compete and usually score a triumph. There are 
 many other beautiful national parks and reserves in the 
 United States and in Alaska, but I will not follow this vem 
 of thought further. 
 
 I started out to tell 3'ou about the experience with the 
 bear my friend related to me, and so here goes. He had no 
 dogs with him, neither had his hunting mate. So they de- 
 cided to hunt not far distant from each other, for the sake 
 (►f safety, and for fear of my friend, who was unaccustomed 
 to these game fields, getting lost. 
 
 They had scouted around fVtr perhaps an hour among 
 the foothills, but could discern no signs of game, so they 
 decided to go higher. Two hours later found them well up 
 among the smaller trees, and presently my friend John 
 discovered a bear track in the thin layer of snow. Unques- 
 tionably the easiest and best way to hunt bears is with thor- 
 oughly trained hounds, or Airedale terriors, or better still — 
 both. Without them, it is an excellent idea to have a com- 
 panion, for you never know what's in store for you, as this 
 exj^lanation will show. Either way you hunt you appar- 
 ently have the bear at a great disadvantage. One of the 
 chief reasons for fearing them is that such hugely exag- 
 gerated stories are sometimes told as a joke and circulated 
 for the truth about them that some hunters hesitate on this 
 
138 THE AXGLER AND HrXTS:NrAX 
 
 aecoiiiit to liiiiit tlieso fiercely fig'htiiip,' iiortliorn bears; yet 
 those who ha\'e phick enough to go after them once usually 
 ^yelcome the second opportunity, and this same rule applies 
 to any other wild animal. There are some few hunters who 
 will positively refuse to risk a shot at anything bigger than 
 a titmouse, or where there is the least element of danger 
 from the animal's defense of itself. These fellows are not 
 real sportsmen in the true sense of the word. They are 
 chicken-hearted, and thej^ do not get out of the hunt the 
 siDort that they should get. It is the element of danger and 
 excitement that really appeals to the true sportsman; a 
 fighting chance is all he asks on a ''give and take" basis. 
 Without the element of danger, excitement or chance, there 
 can be no real sport and no true sportsman. 
 
 In half an hour they had crept up on Mr. Bear, who I'e- 
 mained quite unaware of their presence, they having ap- 
 proached him up wind. The hunters decided to attack him 
 on two sides, John making a detour to the opposite side of 
 him. The bear was beginning to get suspicious by this time 
 and had evidently scented John. But his natural powers of 
 smell served him too late. Turning away from the direction 
 in which the man scent came to him, he started down wind, 
 unconsciously going right into the vicinity of another man 
 enemy, John's partner. John whistled a w^arning signal 
 to the other fellow, and himself follow^ed close on the bear's 
 heels. The cordon was slowly being drawn tighter, bruin 
 was surrounded, escape cut off. But bruin was not yet 
 taken, and didn't intend to be, if a stiff fight would accom- 
 plish anything. He was cornered, and a cornered bear will 
 fight, and nobody but silly fools would blame him for fight- 
 ing. 
 
 Presently, a rifle shot rang out on the crisp, mountain 
 air, rapidly followed by several other shots. Both rifles 
 were speaking ; sending forth their challenge to the lord of 
 tlie wilderness. 
 
 The bear was not louG,- in answering the challenge. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 139 
 
 AVitli a great voav of anguish caused by the immense pain 
 the bullet-wounds produced, the huge grizzl^y bear reared up 
 on its haunches, snapping and biting frantically and 
 viciously; then he charged directly at John, his teeth bared 
 and giving forth ugly snarls as only a really mad bear knows 
 how. Seeing John's imminent danger, his pal came to the 
 I'cscue, putting in a good shot on his side, but still the bear 
 proceeded to charge John, who was backing up degree by 
 degree, fearing to turn and run, lest the bear would follow 
 suit and catch him before he could reach a tree, for the bear, 
 tho' clumsy in appearance, is really very agile and active, 
 esjDecially when riled up, as was this fellow. The next shot, 
 however, caused the bear to turn on John's friend and 
 charge him. This, of course, was my friend's queue to go 
 to the assistance of his mate, which he did without delay, 
 opening fire from his side. John 's object was to break both 
 shoulders of the bear, thus rendering him comparatively 
 harmless. A ball aimed at the head is seldom effective, un- 
 less placed just behind the ear, and shots through the ribs or 
 stomach serve only to make him intensely savage with pain, 
 and a ])ear thus wounded, I know, is all every writer ever 
 clamied and perhaps then some, often 10 or 12 hits being re- 
 quired to finish the job, unless a lucky ball be planted in a 
 vital si3ot. It is important to maintain as much distance 
 as possible between one and the bear while he is in his angry 
 mood, and a good plan is to keep backing steadily, firing 
 alternately with as much precision as you can possibly sum- 
 mon. Precision in aiming is a vital point, neglecting which 
 you run great risk of eventually getting badly hurt or killed. 
 Suddenly the bear broke into a run and turned and 
 came at John on a dead run, thinking apparently to put an 
 end to one adversary at a time and do it quickly. John was 
 stampeded with fear. He said afterward he lost his rea- 
 soning power by the suddenness and violence of the attack. 
 He thought he was a goner. He ])roke and ran; seemingly 
 there was nothing else to do, tlio' he had always known this 
 
140 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 was a very bad idea. Tlic In^ar sure was camping on his 
 trail, and the first law of nature (that of self-preservation) 
 told him if he; would preserve a whole hide and a healthy 
 look he had better beat it for the tall and uncut, and that's 
 exactly what he did. He admitted to me that he sure broke 
 all speed records there that day, and opined the fact there 
 was no stop-watch ai'tist there to time him. 
 
 But just wdien he was beginning to think it was only a 
 matter of seconds for him before the bear would have him in 
 his powerful and death-dealing embrace, Fate came to his 
 rescue. He suddenly became aware of the fact that he was 
 no longer being pursued. Presently, sunnnoning sufficient 
 courage to glance back over his shoulder, he made sure of it. 
 The great bear had fallen to rise no more. A little time and 
 loss of blood proved his undoing. 
 
 It was dark wdien they got back to their hotel wdth the 
 .bear skin, and they were good and tired, tho' supremely 
 happy. 
 
 SMALL GAME HUNTING: 
 
 (Note: Scientific descriptions of the various game 
 aimals, birds, and waterfowl were Avritten from data fur- 
 nished by U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 
 
 Huntng methods differ in many localities, for instance, 
 in nearly all of onr Northern States and in Canada the fox 
 is lumted with a pack of dogs, and the hunters are each 
 armed with shotguns or rifles, the method being to shoot the 
 fox at the first opportunity, while in the Southern States, 
 notably in Kentucky, the foxhnnters let the fox run ahead 
 of the hounds as long as he is able to elude capture, and do 
 not carry any firearms w^hatever. The Sonthern sportsmen 
 hunt mounted on spirited horses, while the Northern f(^lk go 
 forth afoot. 
 
 The same rule applies to coon hunting, (excei)t it is 
 hnnted afoot universally). In the Soutli, the coonhunter 
 fares forth at night with his lantern and perhaps also car- 
 
THE ANGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 141 
 
 ries an axe with wliicli to chop down the tree wherem his 
 ring-tailed Majesty lias taken refuge, but he does not need a 
 gun, for the, coon is never shot. The usual procedure is to 
 get the coon out of the tree, or den, and let the dogs and the 
 coon fight it out to the satisfaction of all concerned. On 
 such occasions, not infrequently the coon gets the best of the 
 dogs and makes good his escape. It is a method, the writer 
 believes, worthy the traditions of sportsmanship, wherein 
 the hunter gives the quarry a fighting chance. 
 
 As to quail shooting, duck and geese shooting, wild tur- 
 key hunting, and other land and waterfowl hunting, the 
 methods all over our country appear to be much more 
 similar. 
 
 In the following pages we shall describe hunting- 
 methods as applied to all sections of the country and which, 
 therefore, may be of benefit to sportsmen in every part of 
 North America. 
 
 These reflections and stories are the result of a lifetime 
 spent close to Nature's Fount. If they prove an inspira- 
 tion to brother sportsmen and to those not as yet fully ini- 
 tiated into the secrets of Nature's realm, they will abun- 
 dantly have achieved the author's aim in writing- them 
 do^^ 11. He can hope for no greater reward than that some 
 suggestion offered herein may help a fellow craftsman. 
 
 To aid another is really the creed of every true sports- 
 man, and if we have failed to aid you, either in lightening 
 3'our l^urden or l)y offering timely and instructive sugges- 
 tions, we have failed in our mission. 
 
 FOX HUNTING: 
 
 The fox hunter is held hy many to be the most demo- 
 cratic of all outdoorsmen, for is not fox hunting the most 
 democratic of all sports ? 
 
 When fox hunters assemble for the royal chase, all 
 caste and social distinction is thrown aside, and each man 
 is judged by his fellows solely on his merits as a sportsman. 
 
142 
 
 THE AXGLEK .AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 Tims, tiic "fox liuiitiii.^" fraternity," as they like best 
 to be called, is in reality nothing less than the brotlierhood 
 of universal fellowship, bronght about by the democratic 
 sport — fox hunting. 
 
 The sontliern ])oi'ti(ni of the United States claims credit 
 for introducing this grand sport into America. They claim 
 
 ■\ 
 
 TAREV." No. 270L'8 B. G. S. B. (BY TOBE-LADY), THE MOST SEN- 
 SATIONAL WINNING FOX HOUND, WINNING EVERY TIME 
 ENTERED IN THREE YEARS, 1916-17-lS. 
 
 that for a long time it was strictly a southern sport, having 
 been introduced into this country from England about the 
 year 1650, when the English colonists l)rought foxhounds 
 to Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 We have read somewhere that in England a pack (^f 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 143 
 
 foxhounds, consisting of from twenty-f i^^e to forty pairs, is 
 maintained either by the neighborhood or else by rich indi- 
 viduals. In this country, as a usual thing, each hunter owns 
 his own pack of hounds. 
 
 Before the Civil A^^ar, we are told, fox hunting in the 
 South was much more popular than now, but this is not 
 meant to convey the idea that the royal chase is not still 
 much in vogue, for there are many more hunters now than 
 then, due to the increase in population, as well as to the 
 world war, which has learned men to live the simple outdoor 
 life and returned them to America, from which they sailed 
 to whip the Hun, full-fledged, unadulterated Sportsmen. 
 When we speak of the popularity of the chase prior to the 
 Civil War, therefore, wt speak merely in terms of com- 
 ])arison. • 
 
 Prior to the Civil War, the hounds in use Avere the old 
 black and tan descendants of the ancient Talbot hounds, 
 whose pedigreed record ma}' be traced back into the ages for 
 more than two thousand years. These hounds had the fa- 
 cility to trace a cold trail with perfect ease, and, possessing 
 enormous muzzles, they bellowed forth a voluminous cry 
 when in pursuit of their quarry. Again, they had very re- 
 markable endurance and staying qualities, two requisites 
 that must be present in the make-up of the ideal foxhound. 
 These dogs, we are told, were accustomed to chases of great 
 length after the fleet gray fox, a fox found commonly 
 throughout the South. In Maryland the English foxhound 
 was crossed with the Irish stag hound, producing hounds of 
 greater speed and more excellent quality than those used up 
 to that time. This cross was made because of the difficult 
 conditions in that State, a dog being desired that would 
 make a catch in quicker time and not require 6 or 8 hours as 
 did the Talbot descendants. Thus the first step in the im- 
 provement of the American foxhound took place, and sub- 
 sequent crosses and improvements has produced the great- 
 est foxhound the world has ever known. 
 
144 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 In the year 1738, the English eoh)nists became dissat- 
 isfied with the common gray fox, and so they imported the 
 red fox from the mother country — England, li1)erating it 
 along- th(^ shores of Chesapeake Bay. The red fox has a 
 habit of making- great circles when being pursued, wdiile the 
 gray fox seeks to elude capture by dodges and doubles. 
 
 JVIany sportsmen have taken it upon themselves to im- 
 prove the breed from time to time, hence we have various 
 strains throughout the United States, but all are directly 
 traceable to the hounds brought to this country b}^ the early 
 settlers. 
 
 To enumerate them, the July dogs, which w^ere origi- 
 nated in Georgia, is a very popular strain ; 
 
 The Birdsong hounds were introduced by George L. F. 
 Birdsong, also a resident of Georgia, who was a noted fox 
 hunter of his day; 
 
 Col. Hay den C. Trigg, and the Walkers, by judicious 
 crossing and careful breeding, gave to the fox-hunting 
 brotherhood the strains of fox hounds bearing their respec- 
 tive names. 
 
 To-day, each strain of the American foxhound has its 
 ardent admirers, and it would be suicidal for me to attempt 
 to state wdiicli strain is superior, even did I possess that 
 knowledge, which I think no man does really possess, for all 
 have their merits and are the result of generations of pains- 
 taking breeding, and none of them appear to have any faults 
 worth mentioning, no more than any species of dog, as a 
 whole, is faulty. Of course, we recognize the fact that there 
 are good, bad, and indifferent individuals in nearly all 
 breeds, with the possible exception of the Airedale, a breiMl 
 wdiich some say possess uniform quality and merit. We will 
 not attempt to dispute that claim, for we have never seen a 
 bad Airedale terrier. 
 
 The modern American foxhound undeniably possesses 
 more skill, speed, endurance, staying qualities, and individ- 
 ual merit than any other strain of fox hound yet produced. 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 145 
 
 That is taking in quite a lot of territory, but it is quite the 
 truth. To these pioneer breeders belongs the glory and 
 thanks of every fox-hunting enthusiast for all time. Let 
 us keep fragrant their undying memory, for they have done 
 moie f(tr the uplift of the sport within a short span of years 
 than all their forebears accomplished throughout history. 
 
 ••THK }'ERFE("T WALKER" FOX HOUNDS. 
 DOLLY AND SHERMAN. 
 
 Winners of the Georgia State Meet of 1918. Now the property of T. S. Cobb, bred 
 and sold bv Blue Grass Farm Kennel-s, Berry, Ky. 
 
 The Chase: 
 
 The chase was instituted in the old country, where even 
 Royalty was wont to ride to the baying hounds in pursuit of 
 the wily fox. It was essentially a sport in the mother coun- 
 try in which the well-to-do classes and the nobility partici- 
 pated. To be an ardent lover of the chase — a meml)er of the 
 fox-hunting fraternity — was to tell the world that you were 
 
146 THE AX(iLKH AND H T^NTSMAN 
 
 a man of lionor and lii^li standing" anions men. It was a 
 si.iiii of nol)l(', or hii;li l)r('('dini>'. Sncli was the opinion of 
 tlic chase across the sea. 
 
 But in denioeratie, free America, when tlie chase was 
 instituted In* the early coh)nists, they saw U) it tliat no race, 
 no creed, and no caste sliould claim superiority over their 
 common fellowman, for of all thin,i>s the o})i)ressed emi- 
 grants from England detested it was these things they hated 
 most, and which they had braved the stormy deep to escape. 
 So it was, that the fox hunting sport in America got a demo- 
 cratic start, and it has remained such on down to this time, 
 we are indeed thankful to say. 
 
 Perhaps the uninitiated would like for me to describe 
 a typical fox hunt. As nothing would give me more pleas- 
 ure, being an ardent lover of this sport, I will do so. Those 
 .ilready members of the craft may also find some pleasure 
 and some food for thought in the brief description of the 
 chase given below: 
 
 As this is to be a southern chase, the assembled fox 
 hunters, riding their favorite mounts, carry no weapons. 
 Nothing more harmful than a riding whi^j is in evidence. 
 
 A sudden wind from the North the previous night 
 brought a light fall of snow, for snow is quite common in 
 winter in thr^ Blue Grass region of Kentucky. Indeed, quite 
 f'requtaitly during the winter months they have snows there 
 as deep as three feet, but more frequently the snowfall is 
 much lighter than that, prol)al)ly a half-foot l)eing the cus- 
 tomary depth. 
 
 But this was the first snow of the season, early in De- 
 ceml)er, and, as I have said l)efore, it was a light snow. 
 Still, it was a rather moist one, as most snows are this far 
 South, and during the night had ])acked down well, so that 
 when a bright day da\\'ne(l Old Sol looked down upon a 
 world covered by the dazzling white sheen precipitated from 
 the clouds at the Master's bidding. It was indeed a scene of 
 beaut v! Nature had fairlv outdone herself in thus setting 
 
THK AX(JLK1{ AND HIXTSMAN 147 
 
 the scene for one of the greatest fox hunts that had taken 
 place in the annals of local history. 
 
 The ]\I aster of Honnds quickly called the sportsmen 
 about him to explain to them what was expected of each, for 
 to play the fox hunting game as it should l^e played they 
 must have rules and regulations to go by, the violation of 
 which would ])e placed against the record of the hunter or 
 his hounds, depending only upon whom was at fault. And 
 thus when the scores of the different dogs were totaled up, 
 demerits slimdd be credited to those who, unluckily, had 
 earned them, while the merits, of course, were placed to the 
 credit of hounds or hunter acting within the prescribed fra- 
 ternal law. 
 
 ^IUK:)Tl^•^; rocket Xo. siooe b. g. 
 
 F :-i A >: K - A X X IE W" A I> K K R . 
 
 And so, with fox hunting, it is much the same in technic 
 as the rules laid down for other outdoor games ; for instance, 
 baseball, Avliich has what they call "ground rules." Of 
 course, it takes a radically different set of rules for fox 
 hunting, but they are i-ules just the same. But here is the 
 greatest difference. In baseball, there often arises con- 
 
148 THK AX(iLKH AND HL'NTSMAX 
 
 t(^nti(ius arguiiieiit witli tlic umpiros over the rules, and fre- 
 ((ueiitly we hear of an umpire l)eini>' run off the field, the 
 playeis of one side or the other having rebelled against his 
 (leeision and refused to abide by it. Not so in the rules of 
 fox huntiug. KuU's in this game are but a matter of form, 
 for all obey the law — a law born and bred in the natural ])orn 
 fox hunter, a law emlxxlying tlie essence of true sportsman- 
 ship, without whieh there eould ])e no denioerac}' for man, 
 and without that thcu'e could be no government for, by, and 
 of the people. Hence this spirit of sportsmanship ])er- 
 meates the ver}^ structure of our great Nation. Without it 
 we could not be a free people. A King or a Kaiser would 
 rule oxev us and we would be but mere shwes. 
 
 The Master of Hounds at length gave the signal that 
 opened the chase. Each hunter unleashed his eager dogs, 
 and, with glad cries, that rang out shrill and clear on the 
 frosty morning air, the entire pack jjounded off together in 
 search of the spoor of the fox. 
 
 A thirty minutes hunt brought the desired results. 
 ''Bugle Boy," announcing in a bell-toned voice the fact that 
 he had found the scent or spoor of the fox. Presently, the 
 balance of the pack, one by one, took up the trail until they 
 had all found it and were mouthing a happy chorus all to- 
 gether as the}^ disappeared from the view of the hunters over 
 the brow of the hill. 
 
 Swift horses are needed iov this work, and swift liorses 
 did these hunters possess. So, with whip and spur geiitly 
 apx)lied, soon they again came in sight of the chase when 
 the_y reached the hilltop. 
 
 The Master of Hounds reined in his (4iarger, hastily 
 took from his satchel that was strapped over one shoulder 
 his field-glass, quickly adjusted it to his optics and scanned 
 all the surrouncling coujitry from his point of vantage, try- 
 ing to locate the whereabouts of Br'er Fox. 
 
 He watched the dogs as they noisily sped across the 
 wide vallev toward the distant hills, and he surmised that 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 149 
 
 the fox was very wisely leading them to higher, dryer 
 ground. It was an old head ; a fox with a head full of ca- 
 pricious pranks and cute tricks. Locjked like it Avas going 
 to be a hard run, and he thus confided his view to his fel- 
 lows, who by this time had all drawn I'ein and were viewing 
 tlie chase through their own glasses. Must be one of those 
 old reds, they all concluded, and, replacing field glasses in 
 their receptacles, spur and whip were simultaneously ap- 
 plied and with a ''Giddap," shouted in unison, the eager 
 party of hunters were again on their way, whither they knew 
 or cared not, nor for how long they would require to bring 
 Mr. Fox to bay or capture. 
 
 The frisky Kentucky saddle-horses seemed quite as ea- 
 ger for the chase as did either the Inuiters or the dogs. 
 Some of them were "feeling their oats" it seemed, for they 
 were buck- jumping and doing all sorts of fancy stunts, but 
 when they came to a rail-fence, which is the usual kind of 
 fence encountered in the Blue Grass State, they always 
 hurdled same neatly and gracefully, without touching the 
 top rail in every case, no matter how high, and when sternly 
 rebuked by the rider they settled doAvn like a bird-dog on 
 point, only kept moA^ng. And AAdien I say moAdng, it is the 
 intention to suggest sjDeed, for these horses have speed to 
 burn. Fact is, as not a fcAv of my readers, I trust, already 
 know, the Kentucky saddle horse is a marvel for speed, en- 
 durance, and staying qualities, just like the foxhounds 
 many of you noAV OAvn and take pride in exhibiting before 
 your friends on any and all occasions that present them- 
 selves. 
 
 On and on Avent the dogs, giA^ing tongue at CA^ery leap 
 and bound. On the still, cold morning air rang out the 
 lung-drawn, deep, lieaAw A'oice of old "Sailor," that old bat- 
 tle-scarred hound that had proA^en his Avorth many a time in 
 a fight to the finish Avith a big fox at the end of a day 's 
 chase. It Avas oft the anticipation of such a finish with old 
 "Sailor" in at the Avindup of the chase that goaded and en- 
 
150 THE AXGLKH AND HTX'I'SMAX 
 
 C'oiiraged the riders on, and on, and still on — oxer wcarx' 
 miles, after Reynard had run elear out of the couuti-y, \n{- 
 ting his endurance against that of the dogs and the hunters. 
 In such cases, the sportsmen knew that if they stayed on to 
 the finish they would he amply rewarded hy witnessing the 
 mighty couil)at hetween the wily fox and Sailor. So this 
 old champion of the chase was a favorite^ hero. But not all 
 the h(morshelonged to him, tV)r there was the strident, shrill, 
 high-pitched voice of "Lady Gay," than which there Avas no 
 dog with more fox sense or with four fleeter legs. It was 
 her we distinctly made out, and others, too, could easily be 
 recognized. Old "Tohe'"' could he heard mouthing in a 
 squalling voice; "Barney" Avas giving vent to his feelings 
 by quick, short howls; Old "Bally," was tongueing on track 
 with a voice delightful to the ear of the fox-hunter, and al- 
 together, — the high staccatos, and deep heavy bassos — the 
 chorus was blended into perfect haruK^ny, just as though a 
 nmsical director was there and guiding them, so harmouious 
 and beautiful did the melody sound that morning. 
 
 Presently, the dogs entered the hills to the east, and, 
 galloping swiftly across the open valley, the huntsmen were 
 ■soon entering the hills also. 
 
 The fox was, sure enough, leading them to higher 
 ground . Once on the ridge, he began playing tricks on his 
 pursuers by doubling back on his trail, then scampering off 
 in a new direction. But those veteran dogs were not to be 
 fooled. Of course, for a little while, a prank would bother 
 them somewhat, l)ut soon they'd pick up the scent spoor 
 again and contiime the pursuit. With our glasses, once we 
 had gained the ridg(% the dircn-tion the fox Avas heading was 
 discovered, and all hands knew whither he was traveling — 
 lie Avas making for the den, the location of which every mem- 
 ber of the party was aware of, so, in order to kee}) Heynard 
 from attaining his o])ject, the blaster of Hounds connuandcd 
 all to ride innnediately to the den and there await the fox's 
 api)roach, which wctuld luwe the effect of kee|)ing him goiuu' 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 151 
 
 Oil to a more distant refuse, as this was the only den in the 
 vicinity, thus giving the eager dogs a chance, well deserved, 
 to capture their wily quarry in the meantime before he could 
 attain a second haven of safety. 
 
 We Avere assured by his actions now that he was about 
 all in, as otherwise he would not wish to take to earth, but 
 would keep on running, for the fox usually seems to enjoy 
 a race equally as much as the hunters and hounds, if not too 
 eloseh^ pressed. 
 
 ■ASTRONOMB-R' No. 2S:il B. G. S. B.. By FRANK-ANNIE 
 
 WALKER, IS THE SENSATIONAL WINNING 
 
 FOX HOUND OF 191G-17-1.S. 
 
 In twenty minutes the baying of the dogs came faintly 
 to us, and in a few short minutes Reynard was seen ap- 
 proaching the den where we stood guard to bar his entrance. 
 His tongue was hanging out and he was casting fearful, 
 furtive glances behind him. The dogs were indeed giving 
 him a run for his money, as the saying goes. Presently, 
 he discovered the party of hunters, and, with a look of hate 
 on his face, he veered his course sharply to the left in order 
 to avoid them, but this was a fatal step — Old "Sailor" 
 caught him as he turned and together they rolled over and 
 (»ver on the 2,round, the momentum at which })oth were go- 
 
152 , THE ANGLEK AXl) HUNTSMAN 
 
 iiig causing tliom to bowl over; tlio fox regained liis feet, 
 paused for one breathless moment, tlien rushed headlong 
 into the whole pack, facing death with a courage unexcelled 
 by man or beast. 
 
 Thus ended the day's sport, each hunter lamenting that 
 a fox so braA'e, so courageous, so fleet as this old red, had 
 but one life to live for the enjo,yment of the fox hunting 
 fraternity. 
 
 We could doubtless record many and varied hunts, and 
 probably another writer could record better ones, but the one 
 given above, we think, embodies the typical southern fox 
 hunt, than which there is no more entrancing and soul-lift- 
 ing sport this side of Eternity and High Heaven. 
 
 In the North, they have fox hunts too, and they are in 
 nearly all respects just like those had in the KSouth, only in 
 the North the hunters ver_y frequently take along a gun and 
 shoot the fox Avhenever the dogs bring him within range. 
 
 The Coon Hound: 
 
 The coon hound is not a recognized breed, but should be. 
 Are all the years and generations of patient breeding 
 by coon hound enthusiasts to amount to nought ? We sor- 
 rowfully admit the truth — the coon hound 1)reeder 's efforts 
 have, so far, been in vain. We mean in vain, so far as glory 
 and honor are concerned; in vain, if these veteran coon 
 hound breeders are looking for mere applause and nothing 
 else. But happily, they are not looking for these empty 
 honors ; they did not start out to establish a breed of dogs, 
 but to adapt already existing breeds to coon-chasing; this 
 they have gloriously accomplished, and the only reward 
 they expected or asked is that they be allowed to hunt coons 
 witii the dogs they have ])roduced after years of toil by care- 
 ful crossing and careful handling. 
 
 There is a widespread difference of opinion among dog 
 men as to the origin of the coon hound, some maintaining 
 even that the coon hoimd constitutes a distinct breed, while 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 158 
 
 others swear hy the great horn spoon that the coon honnd is 
 nothing more than a fox hound trained on coons, and cite 
 us to the fact that it was the fox hound (and not the coon 
 hound) that was hrought over to this country from across 
 the seas to chase Br'er Fox, intimating that some of those 
 brought over were found no account for that sly animal and 
 just naturally were used for coon as a last resort. This is 
 probably the truth, for it is a matter of record that the fox 
 hound was introduced into this country, whereas there is no 
 I'ecord of the coon hound ever having been introduced. 
 Therefore, as the fox hoiuid and the coon hound vary but lit- 
 tle in general appearance (the fox hound only possessing 
 more racey and graceful lines), it is natural to suppose that 
 the coon hound as constituted to-day is nothing more or less 
 than a fox hound, trained on coon. I cannot see any reason 
 in this fact whv coon hound fanciers should object, as the 
 fox hound is as worthy a forbear as any dog on earth should 
 wish to have. 
 
 It would be just as reasonable to say that the rabbit 
 hound is a distinct breed of dogs, as it would to say that the 
 coon hound is a distinct breed of dogs. In the opinion of 
 the writer, neither w^ould be stating the fact, for even as the 
 rabbit hound comes from the fox hound stock, so does the 
 coon hound come from the fox hound stock, and we defy all 
 dog fanciers and others to show us our mistake. Of course, 
 in a certain sense the coon hound is a distinct breed, for it 
 will chase nothing but coon, even as the thoroughly trained 
 ]'abbit dog will chase nothing but rabbit. Of course a coon 
 hound may chase an opossum, but this little nocturnal fellow 
 is so much like the coon, we judge the scent is almost iden- 
 tical. Some coon hounds will chase any kind of varmint; 
 they usually call these varmint dogs. Others, more thor- 
 oughly trained, will run nothing but coon or opossum. On 
 the other hand, a fox hound will sometimes run a rabbit, but 
 a thoroughly trained fox hound is supposed to run nothing 
 but a fox. 
 
154 
 
 THK AXGLKK AND HTXTSMAX 
 
 T\\v doii,', no inattci' wliat his In'eed or strain may chaiifc 
 to be, is nothing more than' a creature of enAir(mment, as are 
 all other creatures, whether they be animal or human beings. 
 The nature of the country in which they live and the nature 
 (»f the food they must necessarily live upon dictate their 
 charact(^ristics. If the hound lives in a country wherein 
 rabbits are plentiful and there is an absence of i)ractically 
 all other game for food, the hound Avill take naturally to 
 running rabbits; if the hound lives in a couiitry infested by 
 
 THE PERFECT COoX H(_)L"XD. 
 
 foxes, other game being practically absent, that hound will 
 certainly chase foxes; if that hound lived in a land whei'ein 
 only coon furnished a means of satisfying his hunger, Ave do 
 not doubt that he would rmi coon. This is environment. 
 
 We belieA^e that if a setter or pointer lived in a land un- 
 inhabitated by Inrds or fowl of any description, that dog 
 would eventually take to stalking or chasing the particular 
 kind. of game to be found there, whether it be c(K)n, fox, 
 S(|uirrel, rabbit or whatnot. The first law of nature— the 
 
TriE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 155 
 
 law of self-preservation — would dictate to that dog the idea 
 that if he would sustain life he must satisfy his hun^-er ])V 
 chasnig- or stalking whatever game he could find, no matter 
 what kind of game it chanced to ])e. And so the dog is 
 strictly a creature of environment, as is every other living 
 creature. We do not doubt that if away l)ack there in the 
 ages of long ago the setter or pointer had lived in a country 
 VN'lK^re there were no birds, he would have become whatever 
 kind of dog the game in the region compelled him to be, and 
 we think it is just a matter of accident that the hound will 
 chase the fox, that the setter and pointer will just x^oint a 
 covey of birds, or that a pit bull will not hunt at all, but just 
 fight. Why is it that the pit bull will not hunt? Simply 
 because he has never had occasion to lumt game for food. 
 Usually he is the pet — the house dog — or watch-dog, and liis 
 mission (and he fulfills it well) is n(>t to leave the yard, but 
 to bar the approach of all starngers and undesirables. 
 
 COON HUNTING: 
 
 Gang around, boys ! For here is a sport Worthy your 
 attention. The scent of the coon is identical to that of his 
 big brother — the heav — hence a good coon dog works well on 
 bear, and a good bear dog, likewise, works efficiently on 
 coon. 
 
 The coon is a masterful fisherman, hence he is usually 
 found living in close j^roximity to streams. 
 
 For trailing his ring-tailed majesty, give me a mixed 
 pack, part still-trailers (Airedale terriers preferred) and 
 some good old-fashioned coon-hounds. The reason I sug- 
 gest Airedales to run with hounds is because they are great- 
 er fighters, while the hound possesses the coldest nose, that 
 is, the most ability to track a cold trail. Together, this 
 sort of a pack is invincible and will put any old coon up a 
 tree in short order. 
 
 In the North, most hunters hunt the coon hy day and 
 witli a shotgun, with which the raccoon is shot from the tree 
 tlie minute the doa"s tree it. 
 
156 THE AXGLEK AND HUNTSMAX 
 
 111 the South, the usual practice is to hinit by night, witli 
 a lanteru aud an axe, and, of course, a good pack of (h)gs. 
 Tlie lantern is used to "shine" the coon's eyes. That is, at- 
 tract his attention, and when he turns his face toward the 
 hunter his eyes may l:>e seen, as they look like balls of fire 
 after dark. Thus one is able to find out if the coon is in the 
 tree, already indicated by the dogs l^arking at bay. The axe 
 of course, is used to hew the tree down, if other means fail to 
 induce the coon to come down and introduce himself to the 
 waiting dogs. 
 
 Sometimes a venturesome hunter deigns to climb the 
 tree wherein his majesty sits. Sometimes the luuiter suc- 
 cessfully performs the job, and sometimes the coon resents 
 the intrusion into his leafy domain, and a ])attle between 
 man and mammal follows, in which the man usually receives 
 enough scratches, cuts and gashes from the claws and teeth 
 of his adversary to make him ever after respect the raccoon. 
 If, perchance, the man succeeds in ejecting the ring-tailed 
 "monster" to the ground, the waiting dogs will find to their 
 sorrow that they have something in the nature of a fight-to- 
 the-f inish on their hands not altogether to be desired. Usu- 
 ally, however, the dogs are present in such overwhelming 
 numbers as to make the battle unequal and unfair. If the 
 coon had only one dop to whip, we will not venture to pre- 
 dict the outcome, but we have a sneaking notion that such a 
 dog would remember ever afterward that encounter, provid- 
 ing the coon was a full-gro\\n one and in go<xl fighting trim. 
 
 RABBIT HUNTING: 
 
 The little l)unch of animated fur, as some call the cot- 
 tontail, or "Sylvilagus floridanus,'' is one of our most 
 widely distributed and most unportant small game mam- 
 mals. Perhaps every American is familiar with this f<>rm 
 of rabbit, because they are so numerous within our l)orders. 
 If not familiar with this form, then you are acquainted with 
 some of the cottontairs relatives, since in one species or 
 
THE ANGLER AND HI XTSMAX 157 
 
 aiiotlier they range from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast 
 and from the southern l:)order of Canada south through our 
 country on down through Central and South America to 
 Argentina. They are not at all particular ahout the kind of 
 country they inhahit, being found in all sorts of localities 
 and in the different climes. 
 
 The juni(n' hunter, especially, delights to go out and 
 enjoy a rabbit chase with his favorite dog, be it hound, non- 
 descript, or Airedale terrier. Or, having no dog, he loves to 
 track the cottontail in the snow, which, while having the dis- 
 advantage of being somewhat tedious, is a very exhilarating- 
 form of outdoor exercise and sport. I don't think, how- 
 ever, that the average junior is half so anxious for the exer- 
 cise as he 'is for the sport. 
 
 The ideal hunting dog for this game is a foxhound trained 
 on rabbits, thus you get the speed necessary to bring the rab- 
 bit around to you (they nearly always run in a circle when 
 pursued by hounds) and within giuirange, and not only do 
 you get speed, but you get a dog with a head full of sense, up 
 to all the tricks, hereditarily, that the average foxhound 
 i:)ossesses. 
 
 The' Airedale terrier may be trained specially for this 
 work with more or less success, but for me, giA^e me the fox- 
 hound trained on this game, for ])est results. The beagle 
 hoimd is also a good rabbit dog. 
 
 In habits, the rabbit family is mainly nocturnal, sleep- 
 ing l)v day and doing most of their traveling by night. This 
 characteristic makes it essential to have a good dog to hunt 
 them out of their retreats in thickets, tall grasses, and brush 
 in which they make ' ' forms ' ' wherein they sleep. 
 
 "Br'er Rabbit," is one of our game animals that con- 
 stitutes almost an institution (in a sense), because of the 
 interest and place they have in our folklore and literature. 
 
 Wherever shelter is absent in the form of a thin growth 
 of vegetation or wherever brushy bushes are lacking, the cot- 
 tontail usually occupy burrows in the ground. Sometimes 
 
158 ' THE ANGLKH AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 tlicy utilize (Icscrtcd badger or prairie-dog dens, but fre- 
 quently they dig tliem for tlieniselves under rocks and other 
 objects. Ofttinies they also make their lionie in the crevices 
 of rock walls and rock fences. In fact upon occasion they 
 will make their nests most anywhere a likely spot may be 
 found. They have to do this to maintain preservation of 
 life, which is the first law of all nature. Increased culti- 
 vation of farm lands is the most serious stuml)ling-l)lock to 
 their rapid increase, and, as it is, they seem to be holding 
 iheir own in most every conununity, and in quite a few lo- 
 calities they have even become so numerous as to be termed a 
 imisance by a certain class of folks, who, while well-meanirig, 
 are not exactly nature-lovers. 
 
 Granting that it is true they do some damage to growing 
 gardens, this fact does not justify their extermination, since 
 their meat forms one of the important meat su])])lies 
 whereby the human family subsist. The annual kill of rab- 
 bits mounts up in value into thousands of dollars, ]»er- 
 haps even into the millions, while the damage they do, com- 
 paratively s])eaking, amounts to hardly anything. A^'e are 
 for the ra))bits, first, last and all the time. 
 
 The cottontail forms a target worthy the quick eye of 
 the trained gunner, as it bobs up and down, leap by leap, and 
 swift as a fleeting shadow. One must be ready to pull 
 trigger the instant Br'er Rabbit is jumped by the dogs, or 
 without dogs, as some hunters hunt them. If you are afraid 
 of shooting the dog when the rabbit is first jumped, or if the 
 rabbit gets up too far ahead and not within gun-shot, you 
 will be free to take your time and aAvait the time when tli*' 
 labbit circles, as he assuredly will. 
 
 As a game animal tlie cottontail furnishes some of the 
 most enjoyable and interesting s])ort to be had by American 
 hunters. The zigzag, headlong rush of a cottontail for the 
 nearest cover is replete Avith so much energetic action that it 
 excites a pleasant thrill in the onlooker, and even the ''])ot- 
 hunter'' must experience some (jualnis of the heart in kill- 
 ing them. 
 
THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 159 
 
 They are also snared and trapped, but the true sports- 
 uian abhors tlie often prolonged suffering of the annual 
 kingdom necessitated by their use, desiring to use the most 
 humane manner of dispatching them possible, that of fire- 
 arms. 
 
 OTHER SPECIES OF RABBITS AND HARES: 
 
 Antelope Jack Rabbit (Lepus alleni) : 
 
 This jack rabbit, sometimes called the Allen jack rab- 
 bit, is larger than the common western jack rabbit, and has 
 very large ears, long, slender legs, and short tail. They are 
 found in limited areas on the southern border of the United 
 States, particularly in southwestern New Mexico, and in 
 southwestern Arizona. The rabbits of each area, however, 
 differ someAvhat. 
 
 California Jack Rabbit (Lepus calif ornicus) : 
 
 This species is one of the best known species among the 
 jack rabbits of the Western States. It has long ears, tipped 
 with black, a long, thin neck, long legs, and has grayish sides. 
 
 The Varying Hares (Lepus americanus) : 
 
 These hares are better known, perhaps, as snowshoe or 
 white rabbits. They become white in winter and change to 
 dusky or brownish in summer. Nature indeed sees that 
 they are clothed in harmony with their surroundings, thus 
 making them invisible, well-nigh, both in the snowy winter 
 season and in the early sunnner and autumn. 
 
 The Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) : 
 
 This species is about the size of the large jack rabbits, 
 but have heavier bodies, with much shorter ears, and short, 
 sturdy legs. In the southern part of their range they have 
 a dull iron gray color in summer, but in the northernmost 
 part of their range their coat remains white throughout the 
 vear. 
 
160 THE AXCJEKK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 The Marsh Eabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) : 
 
 This species is «-i close relation to the cottontail, but is 
 more heavily pr(f])()i'ti<)iie(l, has smaller ears, sliorter and 
 more slender legs and feet, and shorter tail. The marsh 
 rabbit and swamp raljbits have aquatic habits, and both live 
 mainly in swamps, marslies, and alone;" streams. 
 
 The swamp rabbit is a larger relative of the marsh ra])- 
 bit and they are very numerous in certain wooded coastal 
 regions of the South. 
 
 SQUIRREL SHOOTING: 
 
 Sportsmen have found this is an art that requires lots 
 of vigilance, stealthy movement (where ino\'einent is re- 
 quired), and a super-abundance of patience. 
 
 To become a crack squirrel hunter, one must haunt the 
 wooded places a great deal, become fully acquainted with 
 and accustomed to the ways of the forest people: he must 
 learn to walk easily on the dr,y leaves; learn to stalk your 
 game, even as the great carnivores stalk their prey; in short 
 3"ou must become a thoroughly trained woodsman. 
 
 Woodcraft is a most entertaining and interesting sul)- 
 ject — an entire book could not hope to cover the theme ade- 
 quately — and it is a craft that the successful hunter ac- 
 quires early in his career. Without the knowledge of wood- 
 craft the huntsman confronts failure. We can think of no 
 l^etter way of acquiring this art than 1)y friction — contact 
 with nature. Go into the great forest, study, observe. Our 
 forebears were masters at the art. Why? Because a liv- 
 lihood depended upon their efforts to secure game for food. 
 But now, necessity no longer urges us to ])econie acquainted 
 with nature's storehouse, and it makes us none the better 
 woodsmen. We are too prone nowndays, it seems, to take 
 other people's advice — follow other men's directions — in- 
 
THE AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 161 
 
 stead of delving into -the matter for ourselves to our best in- 
 terests. 
 
 Squirrel hunting was engaged in by our forefathers, 
 and many of us still possess the old squirrel rifle that was 
 the crowning climax in firearms in those early days. Even 
 as I write I see standing in the corner nearby the rifle my 
 folks used, and tho' it has no notches carved on it for "dead 
 Indians," I'm quite sure if it could talk it could relate some 
 interesting and thrilling tales. 
 
 Some hunters use a twenty-two rifle for this work, but 
 the majority prefer the shotgun. 
 
 It takes a quick eye and a quick trigger finger to get 
 one of these "streaks of greased lightning," as some call 
 them. They are great jumpers, and if the hunter is not 
 careful, they will leap to the ground, or from tree to tree 
 and make good their escape. 
 
 Still others himt squirrels with a dog and gun. Local 
 conditions vary in different sections of the country in this, 
 as in all other sports, therefore we must use our own judg- 
 ment in these matters and adjust ourselves to these condi- 
 tions as we find them. 
 
 Not a few sportsmen prefer to hunt without dogs, as 
 this method gives them an opportunity to stalk the game 
 themselves, which they enjoy doing, while others would 
 rather use dogs for the mere joy of seeing them perform, 
 and no doubt there is still another class who think better 
 results may be obtained by using one or more dogs. 
 
 Whether the hunter walks great distances through the 
 big woods, or sits nearby a big, towering tree, waiting the 
 appearance of Mr. Squirrel, who he has good reason to sus- 
 pect inhabits said tree, the sport is one that should commend 
 itself to a larger percentage of our sportsmen, inasmuch as 
 it offers splendid returns both in physical exercise and en- 
 joyment, as well as a deeper knowledge in that all-absorbing- 
 subject — woodcraft. 
 
162 THK AXCJLER AX!) HI'NTSMAX 
 
 The Red Squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus) : 
 
 This little gent is best known to those who have visited 
 the great woodland conntry of Canada and northeastern 
 United States, and who have listened to their rollicking, 
 (often impudent), chatter. This fellow is also known as 
 the pine squirrel and chickaree, its chief characteristic be- 
 ing its lack of shyness, which is present in all other species 
 of the squirrel family. 
 
 It builds nests of twigs, leaves, etc., lined inside with 
 fibrous bark and other velvety material. 
 
 Red squirrels do not hibernate, but are busy the entire 
 year, excepting in the coldest weather. They provide for 
 the cold dreary days, however, by laying in ample stores of 
 nuts and cones, having been known to put away as many as 
 ten bushels in one heap. Beechnuts also form one of their 
 articles of diet. 
 
 The worst trait the red squirrel possesses is his tlior- 
 oughly proven habit of devouring the eggs and young of 
 small birds. During the breeding season he spends much 
 time in nest himting and no one can calculate the hami he 
 does. 
 
 The Douglas Squirrel (Sciurus douglasi): 
 
 This squirrel is said to come from the same stock as the 
 common red squirrel, which we have already described. Like 
 the red squirrel, it likes best to reside amid the grat coni- 
 ferous forests, and it is found from the Cascades and Sierra 
 Nevada to the Pacific, and from British Columl)ia south to 
 the San Pedro Martir Mountains of Lower California. 
 
 In nearly all ways the}" are like the red squirrel. 
 
 The Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) : 
 
 This fellow is so well known to nearly all sportsmen as 
 to hardly need an introduction or description, nevertheless, 
 we don't want to slight him, as he is well worthy our atten- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HrNTSMAN 163 
 
 tion, being one of the best game mammals that roams the 
 forest. 
 
 This is a North American species, having no near rela- 
 tion in the Old World ; on the Pacific Coast, in the mountains 
 of the Sonthwest, and also in Mexico there are other squir- 
 rels with the same gray-colorecl bodies, but really are not 
 closely related to. this species. 
 
 Their barking and chattering noise and their graceful 
 antics among the trees lend animation and color to our 
 woodlands. 
 
 Most if not all States have a closed season on squirrel, 
 their niunbers having been so reduced as to make them no 
 longer a menace. 
 
 Gray and Pox squirrels (the latter of the species Sciu- 
 rus niger) were favorite targets for our forefathers, and 
 these mammals have much in common with our folklore and 
 literature. Records show the shooting ability of these pio- 
 neer marksmen, among them Daniel Boone, to "bark" a 
 squirrel, which meant so to cut the bark of the branch on 
 which the squirrel sat as to precipitate it to the ground stun- 
 ned without hitting the animal. 
 
 The gray squirrel is noted for its grace of movement, 
 ])eing able to move along the ground by curving leaps and 
 bounds, and run through the tree-tops, leaping from branch 
 to branch with an ease and assuredness beautiful to behold. 
 
 Rusty Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger rufiventer) : 
 
 Three species of tree squirrels are found in the varied 
 forests of eastern North America. 
 
 In hunting fox squirrels it is imperative to have along a 
 dog, as otherwise they will discover your presence and run 
 away before you can get within range, while a good dog will 
 put them up a tree and hold them there until you approach. 
 
 The right thing to do would be to abolish squirrel hunt- 
 ing for a term of years and give them time to replenish their 
 nimibers. 
 
164 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAX 
 
 Other species are the Abert Squirrel (Sciurus aberti) ; 
 the Kaibab Squirrel (Sciurus kaibabensis), Flying Squirrel, 
 (Glaucomys volaus), etc. 
 
 QUAIL SHOOTING: 
 
 Perhaps (piail sliootiu*;- coustitutes our most popular 
 form of sport, for the quail certainly is one of our best game 
 birds, and its wide range makes it a favorite with a large 
 part of our population. 
 
 On account of their interesting habits and marvelous 
 diversity of form and color, the quails of the United States 
 are a very attractive group of game birds. They are all 
 very handsome, but the most striking and l)eautiful species 
 live on the Pacific Coast and in the Southwest. 
 
 Within Columbia's gates we find seven species, only 
 one of which is found in the eastern States, the remaining 
 species being widely scattered from Texas to California and 
 Oregon. Their range Avas, and is yet, continuous along the 
 entire southern border of the country from ocean to ocean; 
 but there is an irregular belt along the northern border and 
 a large area in the interior, comprising the Gieat Plains, 
 the northern three-fourths of the Great Basin, and the 
 Eocky Mountains, in which they appear to have been orig- 
 inally wanting. 
 
 The quail's cheerful habits, their beauty, and their val- 
 ue as food, has made them welcome, generally, on the farms 
 throughout the country, but their real value to agriculture 
 is not even yet fully appreciated. The Bob White species, 
 especially, deserves some recognition for the great work 
 they do annually in the interest of the farmer, as they de- 
 stroy injurious insects and feed on injurious weeds to a 
 great extent. 
 
 This latter species — the Bol) White — is the greatest 
 game bird of all seven varieties. Tliis is the only quail in- 
 digenous to the eastern United States, where it ranges from 
 
I 
 
 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 165 
 
 soutlierii NeAv England to Florida and Texas; but owing to 
 climatic- influences the birds of Florida and Texas differ 
 enough to be distinguished as geographic races. However, 
 the Bob White, wherever it occurs has the same call and va- 
 ries but little as to habits. A closely related bird, the mask- 
 ed Bob White, inhabited southern Arizona until a few years 
 ago. Owing to dry seasons and the overstocking of its home 
 with cattle, this bird is now supposed to be extinct within 
 our confines; but some probably exist in parts of Sonora, 
 Mexico. 
 
 The Bob White, although a very handsome bird indeed, 
 is the plainest looker of the quail family, excepting the 
 ' ' cotton top ' ' or scaled quail of the deserts of southern Tex- 
 as and Arizona, the latter being a slaty bluish color on its 
 ujDper parts, wiiich are ornamented with large scale-like 
 markings and has a whitish crest. 
 
 The most bizarre and curious of all is the Mearns quail 
 of the high broken plains and mountain slopes of southwes- 
 tern Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona. It has a 
 short, round body, like a little giiinea hen, and this superfi- 
 cial likeness is heightened by brilliant round white spots or- 
 namenting the dark sides. This bird is the gentlest of all 
 the c[uails and is said to be so unsuspicious that when it en- 
 counters one it often walks imconcernedly about or stands 
 looking curiously at the newcomer, at which times it is not 
 infrequently killed with a stick or stone, a characteristic 
 which, among the people where it is found, has earned for 
 it the name of "Fool Quail." 
 
 Out in the southwestern desert is also found the Gambel 
 Quail, ranging throughout the brushy foothills and the val- 
 leys along watercourses. This is a beautiful member of the 
 quail family, its head being handsomely marked and adorn- 
 ed with a jet black recurving crest, the flanks being bright 
 chestnut in color, brilliantly streaked with white. This 
 quail forms one of the most pleasant and conspicuous varie- 
 ties of desert life and is numerous wherever it can find suffi- 
 
166 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 cieiit food and water. Its presence contributes a touch of 
 color and animation to the dreary monotony of many a lone- 
 ly desert ranch. 
 
 The California valley quail b(4on^s entirely to the Pa- 
 cific Coast, and this is said to be tlie most beautiful of the 
 smaller gallinacous birds of the entire world. In appear- 
 ance it resembles the Gambel quail slightly, especially in its 
 recurving black crest, and general appearance, but exceeds 
 that bird in the richness of its colors and markings. 
 
 Then there's the California mountain quail, which is the 
 largest and one of the handsomest of this group, inha])iting 
 the wooded moimtains of the Pacific Coast. In appearance 
 it bears a superficial resemblance to the red-legged part- 
 ridge of Europe, and like the Mearns quail, its haunts are 
 usually more remote from cultivated lands than are those of 
 the other species. 
 
 The health and pleasure derived from the pursuit of 
 quail has resulted in the investment of millions of dollars, 
 both in hunting equipment and in the establishment of quail 
 preserves in different parts of the countr}^ 
 
 And so, it is with real pleasure that we write of the quail 
 family and quail shooting, for no other class of hunting out- 
 ranks this sport. 
 
 When a covey of quail is flushed, they rise from the 
 earth with an explosion so sudden and startling as to shock 
 one unaccustomed to hunting them and even the old- 
 timers experience some of the sudden thrill. 
 
 Let us go afield! The crisp November air and the 
 morning sun comlnnes in exhilarating effect upon the e-oul 
 of the outer. The dogs are straining eagerly at leash for the 
 sport ahead. The}^ know quite well what is in store for 
 them — a day's hunt — and thus they impatiently tug and 
 pull at their leads to get there. 
 
 At length, we reach the hunting grounds, wdiich for 
 miles in every direction consists of stubble-field and uncut 
 clover, favorite Bob White haunts. 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HUXT8MAX 167 
 
 We adjust our guus, the dogs are loosed, and everything 
 is made ready to begin the hunt. 
 
 The four dogs are experts — two of them being pointers 
 and two setters. They have hunted these fields before — 
 last season — hence we term them old veterans, which they 
 are indeed, not only because of much service, but because of 
 their tried and proven ability as bird dogs. We can depend 
 upon their efforts to produce results, if there are any birds 
 in the stubble-fields or clover-fields hereabout at all. 
 
 They are slow and cautious workers, which are to be 
 preferred by most hunters to the swift and harum-scariun 
 sort that are liable to burst right into a covey of quail head- 
 long and flush them all before the sjDortsmen can get within 
 shooting distance. It is a strange commentary, however, 
 that not a few hunters like just such dogs. Grenerally ner- 
 vous men are tliese, who have not the patience to hunt slow- 
 ly behind slow and painstaking dogs. 
 
 Presently, the dogs make a stand. Blake's Sportzell, 
 a setter of noble breeding, is on ]3oint — as steady and true 
 as Gibralter's Rock — Topsy, a pointer of high standing, is 
 backing. It is a picture fit for a king to gaze upon. We 
 sigh for our kodak, unfortunately left behind. It is ever 
 thus — just at the precise moment when the dogs are pulling 
 off a stand that would look well in a frame hung on the wall 
 of one's den, the camera was left at home. Cruel fate! 
 
 My partner slowly approaches the dogs, commanding, 
 "Steady!" This command w^as only a matter of form; no 
 command of any kind was needed, for these dogs were 
 thoroughly trained and knew their business quite as well as 
 anybody. 
 
 At the opportune moment, after we had taken up ad- 
 vantageous positions for shooting, the birds were flushed, 
 and, exploding like a trench mortar, or a Russian bomb, 
 they left the earth for parts unknown. 
 
 Bang! bang! bang! spoke our repeating shotguns, and 
 six of the flock fell to rise no more. 
 
168 THE AXGLEK AND HL'NTSMAN 
 
 Sportzell and Beauty broke into a race to get the birds, 
 whieli they retrieved tenderly and eagerly. Thus we 
 brought down our first birds of the season. 
 
 The remaining portion of the covey had been seen to 
 scatter, and we knew it would be of no avail to try to follow 
 them. Birds of a scattered bevy are hard to find. Good 
 authorities say that when they alight after they have been 
 frightened, they remain quiet and compress their feathers to 
 the body, which results in withholding the scent, and so it is 
 wise before attempting to hunt them to give the covey time 
 to reassemble and get over their fright, so the}^ won't lay so 
 close to earth and withhold scent. 
 
 Volumes have been written about birds, but the Bob 
 White member of the bird family cannot receive too much 
 attention. He is a worthy subject. I would that I were 
 able to adequately portray the kindly feelings I have in 
 writing to the credit and glory of the Bob White, the king of 
 his race, and who is, in the opinion of many, the best bird 
 tliat flies. He has brought more rest and recreation to the 
 tired business man, more new life and vim to impatient and 
 nervous humanity, than any other single agenc}^ of nature, 
 and that is saying a great deal indeed, for Nature abounds 
 in game worthy our attention and appreciation, to say the 
 least. 
 
 CALL NOTES OF THE QUAIL: 
 
 The nuptial call note in the field of the cockbird is an in- 
 fallible guide to its identity, but this familiar challenge, 
 which sounds to the sportsman like "Bob White," ''Bob- 
 Bob-White," and to the farmer like "more wet," or "no 
 more wet," is by no means the only note of the species dur- 
 ing the breeding season. 
 
 The observer will probably hear the cock whistling 
 "Bob White!" and as he still calls, approaches the nest. 
 When within perhaps fifty yards of his mate he utters the 
 ralh' note, so tlirilling to the sportsman's ear, "ka-loi-kee," 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 169 
 
 which the hen often answers with a single clear whistle. 
 Then perhaps follows a series of queer responsive caterwan- 
 lings, more unbirdlike than those of the yellow-breasted 
 chat, suggesting the call of a cat to its kittens, or the scold- 
 ing of a caged gray squirrel, or, again, the alarm notes of a 
 mother grouse blended with the strident call like that of a 
 guinea hen. Sometimes, as a finale, comes loud rasping- 
 noises, not unlike the effort of a poor broken-voiced whip- 
 poorwill. Their favorite calling stations seem to be rail 
 fences at a height of from five to ten feet, and the limbs of 
 trees along fence rows. They have been known to whistle 
 from trees, thirty-five feet from the ground. After the 
 breeding season the quail quits using this characteristic 
 call. At other times the hen will answer thusly: ''Whoil- 
 kee," but this note is usually only used when a bevy has 
 been scattered, and is sounded, generally, in the late after- 
 noon as a get-together-for-the-night signal. 
 
 We cannot refrain, before closing this chapter describ- 
 ing the quail family and quail shooting, to implore better 
 care of our fast-declining quail supply, and particularly the 
 Bob A^^iite supply. In man}^ places they are suffering ruth- 
 less extermination by law-breakers, and also by reason of 
 severe winter weather. 
 
 The least the sportsmen of America should do is to hale 
 these ^'poachers" before a Court, and as to the weather, why 
 not put out a little grain for the starAdng birds to eat after 
 heavy sleets and snows'? It would be not only humane, but 
 for the good of the sport. 
 
 OTHER GAME BIRDS: 
 
 Woodcock Shooting: 
 
 This form of sport has hitherto been a favorite with a 
 great many gunners, for be it known among all men that 
 "Philohela minor" is a game target that, in their fast and 
 erratic flight, requires a quick eye and a clear head. 
 
170 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 They bre(3d tlirougliout tlie eastern part of the United 
 States, as well as in the neighboring Canadian Provinces, 
 and spend the winter principally in the southeast of this 
 country. This upland game l)ird is nocturnal in habit, 
 feeding at night in swamps, along small streams, and ponds, 
 where the long bill they possess comes in handy in their 
 search for food. 
 
 Of late years, their numbers have rapidly decreased, 
 necessitating strict conservation laws. It would indeed be 
 a pity to see them utterly exterminated, as they are a game 
 bird held in high esteem by all sp<n*tsmen. 
 
 Wilson Snipe: 
 
 The Wilson Snipe is found over nearly the whole of 
 North America, and, being a dweller of thickets and 
 marshes, its pursuit readily appeals to the true sportsman, 
 and so sudden, rapid, and irregular is its flight that it re- 
 quires the highest skill of the marksman to bring one down. 
 
 Upland Plover: 
 
 This is another of our fine game birds. Its scientific 
 designation is "Bartramia longicauda." Like the wood- 
 cock, the plover is another of our best game birds that within 
 recent years have had their numbers dangerously depleted, 
 largely due to spring shooting. The protective measures 
 and closed seasons came too late, it is feared, to save them 
 from total extinction. 
 
 King Rail (Rallus elegans) : 
 
 These birds inhabit fresh-water marshes, generally 
 speaking, throughout the eastern part of North America. 
 In habits, they are very timid, keeping well under cover in 
 the tall grasses of the marsh, doing most of their feeding 
 by night. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 171 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to flush them without the 
 aid of a dog, which, therefore, is an asset in their pursuit 
 the hunter cannot afford to be without. 
 
 Once flushed, the rail family are dead easy targets, be- 
 ing very slow of wing, and able to fly only a short distance. 
 The worst shot in the world should have no trouble in get- 
 ting his share of them. 
 
 There are several kinds of lesser rails, including Clap- 
 per Rails, California Clapper Rails, Carolina Rails, Vir- 
 ginia Rails, Yellow Rails and Black Rails. 
 
 Ruffed Grouse: (Bonasa umbellus umbellus). 
 
 This splendid game bird is classed hy a great many 
 sportsmen as America's most popular game target that 
 flies. The family embraces several strains, but the ruffed 
 grouse is the recognized leader of them all. They are found 
 in wooded country, usually, and it requires a quick eye and 
 a steady nerve to bring them down, as they rise with a thun- 
 derous roar and rush that often "gets the goat" of the nov- 
 ice. These birds are found throughout tlie northern half 
 of the United States and in the southern half of Canada, in 
 wooded cover. 
 
 Who has not heard Mr. Grouse drumming on a log in 
 springtime, which is a sure sign the warm days of spring are 
 with us once again '? This remarkable bird is beloved of all 
 sportsmen, and we regret to see their numbers decimated as 
 they have douljtless been in recent years. It is a game bird 
 that adds a touch of spirited life to many a lonely glade 
 and glen. 
 
 in hunting grouse a good dog — Setter or Pointer — is in- 
 dispensable. A careful, slow-working, steady dog, staunch 
 on point, is required. 
 
 Prairie Chicken, "Tympanuchus americanus": 
 
 Prairie chickens lie well to the dog, and are usually 
 found in open, easily traveled country. It is useless to try 
 
.172 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 to hunt them without having along one or more good, thor- 
 oughly trained dogs, either Setter or Pointer. While there 
 is a deal of sport in their pursuit and capture, they are not 
 as diffieult to Aving as the ruffled grouse. 
 
 Sage Hen, (Centrocerus urophasianus) : 
 
 This is the largest member of the American grous(% 
 weighing as high as eight pounds, and is found in the west- 
 ern jiortion of North America. They inhabit the Grreat Ba- 
 sin and arid planes of the region wherein found. Their name 
 itself suggests the nature of their cover — the sage l)rush. 
 They not only use this sage as cover, but feed upon its leaves, 
 which lends to their flesh a disagreeable taste. Owing to 
 the fact that they are easy marks, on account of their large 
 size, for the gunner, they are becoming scarcer and scarcer, 
 and are retreating to places not yet habited by man, whom 
 they try to shun. 
 
 Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) : 
 
 The wild turkey is not only the largest American game 
 bird, but it is a bird that claims attention from a great army 
 of sportsmen. In by-gone days wild turkey hunting was 
 one of the chief pursuits afield engaged in by a large num- 
 ber of hunters, but now, owing to its size, which made it a 
 comparatively easy mark for the gunner, its numbers have 
 been greatly decimated. 
 
 The method usually employed in their capture consists 
 in trailing or calling them. They have keen optics, and are 
 fleet both on land and in the .air. 
 
 If not molested by man for a few years, and if their 
 natural cover was not usurped by agriculture entireh% they 
 would probably again become a common and profitable 
 game bird. 
 
 The turkey has many champions Avho assert that it 
 should replace the eagle as our national bird. Truly it has 
 all the virtues and none of the vices that the terrible eagle 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 173 
 
 does possess, aud there is, therefore, not a little sound com- 
 mon sense in this argument. 
 
 At Thanksgiving dinner the repast would hardly be 
 complete without the big roasted turkey occupying the cen- 
 ter of the table, and drawing to its delicious carcass the con- 
 centrated attention of all eyes. While the domesticated 
 cousin of the wild turkey is delicious, it has not the gamey 
 taste that distinguishes all wild fowl. 
 
 DUCK AND GOOSE SHOOTING: 
 
 This sport is a favorite with a large and ever-increas- 
 ing mnnber of American hunters. In the art of duck and 
 goose shooting patience is as much a virtue as it is to the 
 angler, for it takes great patience indeed to lie and wait 
 for returning ducks or geese in a l^lind on a cold, raw day. 
 But there is pleasure to be had in this sport more than off- 
 setting any minor inconveniences, say duck and goose 
 enthusiasts. 
 
 The lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and marshes of 
 America offer water-fowl a veritable paradise for a home, 
 and they seemingly realize the excellent quality of the food 
 and the cover our wild celery and wild rice marshes afford 
 them, for they continue annually to visit our shores in great 
 lunnbers. 
 
 Wild waterfoAvl are distributed practically all over 
 the entire world, and from time immemorial ducks and 
 geese have been held in high esteem by mankind, everywhere 
 being eagerly sought after for sport and for food. 
 
 Their food value needs no mention. They are noted 
 for the fine flavor and richness of their flesh — most species 
 — ^and are an article of diet to grace a king's table. Neither 
 does their beauty need emphasis, other than the opportunity 
 to look admiringly upon them as they soar majestically in 
 great flocks toward or from their breeding grounds, or to 
 and from their feeding places. They lend a charm of life 
 and animation to the otherwise desolate x^ouds and lakes, 
 
174 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 and they doubtless are of great value to agriculture, as most 
 seed-eating birds are. But great tliough all the other rea- 
 sons for desiring their presence may be, there is the crown- 
 ing reason in the fact that tired and worn-out humanity 
 can, by the exhilarating sport they afford, aUeviate, or at 
 least offset some of the nervous strain to wliich tlie a\'erage 
 business man of this age is subject. 
 
 The flesh of wild fowl constituted an important item of 
 diet in the larder of the aborigines of this country, who, by 
 means of the bow and arrow we have already described, and 
 also by the use of numerous other devices, nets and traps, 
 succeeded in obtaining them in considerable numbers, es- 
 13ecially when they were young and unable to elude capture 
 by flight. The Eskimo and northern Indians, in fact, would 
 fare badly but for the great numbers of waterfowl that visit 
 their country annually to breed, and their eggs are also 
 sought by the natives with avidity. The first settlers also 
 found waterfowl a necessary addition to their larders, and, 
 insofar as game was concerned, the fowling piece early be- 
 came a more important part of the settler's equipment than 
 his rifle. 
 
 However, neither the natives or the settlers ap})reciably 
 reduced the numbers of ducks and geese that at given per- 
 iods covered the lakes, ponds, rivers and marshes of this fa- 
 vored land. The fact is, it was not until the perfection of 
 that potent engine c>f destruction, the breech-loading shot- 
 gun, that waterfowl began to decrease at an alarming rate. 
 This was due, not alone to the breech-loader, but to the ever 
 increasing population with a consequent increase both in 
 number of sportsmen and market gunners. 
 
 So rapidly are some species decreasing in certain States 
 that the supply is already threatened, and stringent laws 
 have been found necessary. The migratory bird law, a 
 widely discussed and often criticised measure, has already 
 proven its worth, and within a few years, with the abolish- 
 ment of spring shooting, the supply of ducks and geese will 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 175 
 
 again be replenished. It seems that the wood duck, one of 
 the handsomest of onr native birds, and one whose breeding 
 I'ange lies almost entirely within our own borders, is the 
 species that has suffered most. In some sections, in fact, in 
 not a few sections, it has been entirely exterminated. It is 
 a question whether the Wood duck will ever again be 
 plentiful. 
 
 Other species, however, since the enactment of the 
 spring shooting law, are showing an increase, and in due 
 time, let us hope, once more the sun may be darkened b}^ the 
 flights of ducks and geese as they joyfully wing their way 
 through space, as in days of yore. 
 
 The successful duck and goose hunter must possess the 
 instinct of stealth. Silent movement, where movement is 
 required, is an art much needed to acquire skill both in hunt- 
 ing and in fishing. Not only silence, hoAvever, is required 
 in the matter of hunting waterfowl, but one must have the 
 proper talent to camouflage one's movements and conceal 
 one's presence from the duck or the goose that is ever watch- 
 ful for his mortal enemy — man. They have the eye of an 
 eagle and will surely spot you, if you are not dressed in har- 
 mony with your surroundings. If your surroundings are 
 brown, such as dead horseweeds, or dead vegetation of any 
 sort, then assuredly you should have on a brown or tan out- 
 fit. Pay strict attention to every detail, such as your neck- 
 tie, if you wear one on your hunting trips, or your hat. 
 Don 't make the mistake of wearing a gaudy neck-piece or a 
 loud cap or hat. The waterfowl will certainly sp3^ you out, 
 and won't land near where you are. How often have you 
 been waiting for ducks or geese, and when a flock would ap- 
 pear they'd circle over you, and then, after the leader gave 
 a warning "Honk, Honk, Plonk!" they would again spread 
 wide their wings and soar away to parts unknown, much to 
 }our discomfiture and angry regret? The reason was, of 
 course, that you were discovered, due, probably, to some 
 showy garment on your person. 
 
176 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 There are 64 species and sub-species of ducks, geese, and 
 swans which are found in North America north of Mexico, 
 24 breeds of this nvunber occurring in the United States. 
 The species commonly recognized as most important to us 
 are the wood duck, nialhird, black duck, teal, canvasback, 
 redhead, and Canada goose. Several of these breed only 
 in our Northern States; but the cinnamon teal and ruddy 
 duck nest as far south as southern California, and the wood 
 duck breeds nearly anywhere in the United States in which 
 it receives any measure of protection, and the great bulk of 
 this species winters within our boundaries. 
 
 As we write, recollections of bygone days come flitting 
 back to us, of happy excursions to the marshes and ponds 
 after the elusive mallard, and many and pheasant memories 
 dance before our vision, of how we hid in a fodder-shock, or 
 among the tall dead grasses and weeds that had grow^n rank 
 in the fertile marshes. 
 
 Bucking is practiced by different methods in various 
 l)arts of the country. The commonest method being "point 
 shooting" and this is the way they do it in the great Middle 
 A¥est", a region in which mallards, pintails, teal and wid- 
 geon are plentiful along the numerous watercourses, and on 
 the lakes, ponds and marshes. In some of the southei*n 
 States a floating blind is used, consisting usually of an open 
 box, fitted with brush camouflage so as to screen the gunner 
 from view. While "out west" they like to "pass hunt," 
 that is, the gunner takes up a position between two marshes, 
 and tries his luck as the fowls fly from one feeding place to 
 another, and along the coast where the red heads, broad bills 
 and a few canvasbacks are found, the hunter prefers what 
 is known as "the battery" in places where this device is per- 
 mitted by law. This C(msists of what is called commonly a 
 "coffin box" that has a platform extending around it to 
 ward off the waves. When weighted properly it is sub- 
 merged just so as to keep it a trifle above water and insure 
 it against capsizing and makes it practically invisible a few 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 177 
 
 yards away; the gunner is compelled, however, to lay flat, 
 which is necessary to effectively hide his presence from the 
 ducks. Decoys are Tisually anchored nearhy, which attracts 
 real ducks to the vicinity and within gunshot. 
 
 But to get back to "point shooting," as practiced in the 
 Middle West, the hunter generally puts out 25 or 30 decoys 
 near a spot where ducks are in the habit of passing, draws 
 his canoe or boat into the reeds and awaits the approach of 
 the next flock. 
 
 One of the most essential items in duck hunting is in 
 the matter of warm wearing apparel; something not only 
 warm but w^aterproof is desirable. 
 
 In the matter of guns for this pur^^ose, give me a 12 
 gauge choke boi'ed double-l)arrel gun, which is the generally 
 accepted gun for duck hunting. 
 
 As to shells, these should be loaded with 31/4 drams of 
 powder and 1^4 ounces of No. 4 shot. 
 
 Some hunters prefer the old ten gauge, because it makes 
 a better pattern with large shot, up to about size BB, but it 
 has nothing on the 12 gauge for range and in addition is 
 heavy to carry and handle properly. 
 
 In picking up a duck or goose from the water, pick it 
 up l)y the head, as this will cause the water to run right off ; 
 if you pick it up by the feet, that method fluffs the feathers 
 and the waterfowl ])ec()mes water-soaked and heavy to carry. 
 
 The ducks and geese are a very interesting family, and 
 a whole book could well be written on that subject. I wish 
 we had space to deal more at length herein on duck and goose 
 shooting, but it is imi^racticable and also unnecessary, for 
 those who have hunted waterfowl full well know how and 
 where and when to hunt, and those who haven 't yet indulged 
 in this thrilling sport must do so before they possibly appre- 
 ciate an article on this sul)ject. 
 
 One of the most interesting meml^ers of the goose family 
 is the Canada goose, scientifically known as Branta cana- 
 densis. Its summer home, principally, is the interior of 
 
178 THE AX(iLKK AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 Canada, from Haskatcliewan and Al])erta north to the limit 
 of trees. Eastward it breeds in the interior of Ungava and 
 casually as far north as Okak and Ungava Bay. It also 
 breeds quite commonly in Newfoundland, and is fairly com- 
 mon on the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and then 
 west through Quebec and northern Ontario to the south end 
 of James Bay. 
 
 In the interior, the breeding range extends somewhat 
 farther south. 
 
 The principal winter home is the southern half of the 
 Mississippi Valley west of the Mississippi River, but it is 
 not rare in the eastern United States from Florida to Mary- 
 land, occasionally to Massachusetts, and is recorded during 
 the winter in Maine, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and even in New- 
 foundland. Its normal winter range in the interior extends 
 as far as southern Indiana and southern Illinois, l)ut a few 
 specimens have also been noted in Ohio, southern Ontario, 
 southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska, southern 
 Colorado, and southern Utah, according to government in- 
 ^'estigators. The winter home also includes all of the Pa- 
 cific coast region as far north as British Columbia. 
 
 WINTER RANGE OF DUCKS: 
 
 American Merganser: 
 
 ''Merganser americanus," as this duck is called by 
 scientists, ranges on the Atlantic coast from Maine to South 
 Carolina, rarely to Georgia and Florida, and in mild winters 
 it occui's as far north as Prince Edward Island, while in the 
 interior it winters from the Gulf of Mexico to southern On- 
 tario, Lake Michigan, Kansas, northern Colorado, Idaho, 
 British Columbia, and rarely to Unalaska Island and the 
 Pribilof Islands. In winter it reaches northern ^lexico and 
 northern Lower California, and also occurs occasionally 
 in the Bermudas. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HITNTSMAN 179 
 
 Red-breasted Merganser: 
 
 This duck, ''Merganser serrator," has been known to 
 reach to the vicinity of Havana, Cuba, but rarely does it go 
 south of the eastern United States. It is not a rare visitor 
 in winter to Florida and along the gulf coast to Texas, but 
 it is quite rare in New ^lexico and Arizona, and is common 
 throughout the whole of California and south to Lower Cali- 
 fornia. In winter it is common on the Atlantic coast as far 
 as Maine, and remains around the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 until the bays freeze up. It is said also not to be uncommon 
 even in Greenland during the winter. In the interior it 
 braves the winter weather on the Great Lakes and north to 
 AVisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado, and Utah ; north on the Pa- 
 cific coast to southern British Columbia, and is also a casual 
 visitor to the Hawaiian Islands and the Bermudas. 
 
 Hooded Merganser: 
 
 "Lophodytes cucullatus" is the Hooded Merganser's 
 official title. This duck remains during the winter as far 
 north as ^Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Lake Michigan, Ne- 
 braska, Colorado, L^tah, and southern British Columbia. 
 In the central districts and Gulf States it is more plentiful 
 than elsewhere, while a few migrate to Cuba, Central Mex- 
 ico, and southern Lower California. 
 
 Mallard: 
 
 The mallard, "Anas boschas," is a fresh-water duck, 
 and in general it winters as far north as open water can be 
 found. The greater number, however, spend the winter in 
 the southern half of the Mississippi Valley, and during past 
 years this region was the source of a large part of the market 
 supply. The numbers killed were almost incredible. I 
 have iieard of instances where a single gunner killed and 
 sold as many as 8,000 mallards. Fortunately market shoot- 
 
180 THE AXGLKH AXI> H IXTSMAX 
 
 iiig is now for])i(l(l('ii and tliis deplorablo slaughter has 
 ceased, or has been materially lessened. 
 
 The malhu'd winters casually in eastern Massachusetts 
 and central New York, accidentally in Nova Scotia, and 
 regularly from A^irginia to northern Florida. It is less 
 common in Central Florida, and has been recorded in the 
 Bermudas, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Grenada, Carriacou, 
 Panama, and Costa Eica. Most of these localities have had 
 but one or two I'ecords each, showing that the mallard is only 
 a straggler to the southeast of the United States. It has 
 never been known, or at least, is not recorded from Central 
 America from Costa Rica to Mexico. The species is a com- 
 mon w^inter resident of northern Mexico and ranges south 
 to Jalapa, the valley of Mexico, Colima, and southern end of 
 Lower California. 
 
 The northern winter limit of the mallard in the interior 
 is in Ohio, northern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska, 
 AVyoming, and central Alontana. It is also a common win- 
 ter resident along the whole Pacific coast as far north as the 
 Aleutian Islands. 
 
 Black Duck: 
 
 The group of "Anas obscura'' or ''black and dusky" 
 ducks comprises several species which resemble each other 
 closely and which have only in late years been distinguish- 
 ed intelligently. The black duck is the common breeding 
 duck of New England and northern New York. 
 
 This species spends the winter rarely in the West In- 
 dies, Bermudas, in central Florida and also in Alabama. 
 From Georgia northward it is more common, and from 
 North Carolina to New Jersey it is one of the most numerous 
 winter ducks. Both the .'-pecics ''A. ()1)S('ura" and ''A. 
 rubripes" are common at this season in the vicinity of Long 
 Island and on the shores of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, 
 but the latter appear to winter to a greater degree in Massa- 
 chusetts than the former. AVest of the mountain.s there is 
 
THE AXGLER AND HVNTSMAN 181 
 
 an uncertainty as to which form predominates dnring win- 
 ter. ''A. obscnra" is a pretty common winter resident in 
 Lonisiana, while "A. rnbripes" reaches Arkansas, and one 
 form or the other ranges in winter as far north as southern 
 Ohio, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois. 
 
 Florida Duck: 
 
 ''Anas fulvigula," or Florida duck, is a non-migratory 
 species, breeding commonly in the southern half of Flor- 
 ida, and less commonly in the northern part of the State. 
 ]t appears to be absent entirely from northeastern Florida, 
 but occurs along the northwestern coast. 
 
 Mottled Duck: 
 
 This bird, "Anas fulvigula maculosa," is a resident of 
 Texas and southern Louisiana. In the State of the "Lone 
 Star" it occurs from the mouth of the Rio Grar^de north- 
 ward and west to about the central part of the State. It is 
 also accidental in Kansas. 
 
 Abert Duck: 
 
 This species is known oidy from the type specimen 
 taken at Mazatlan, Mexico, designated "Anas aberti." 
 
 Diaz Black Duck: 
 
 This duck, "Anas diazi," is a form of "black duck" re- 
 sembling very much "Anas fulvigula." It is non-migra- 
 tory and occurs in central ]\Iexico. 
 
 G-adwell: 
 
 The principal winter home of the gadwell, "Chaulel- 
 asmus streperus," is in the lower Mississippi Valley, es- 
 
182 TilE ANGLER AXD HUXTSMAX • 
 
 pecially in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Infrequently 
 it winters as far north as Illinois, and is more connnon to 
 the eastward in North Carolina and Florida. The winter 
 range extends to the southern end of Lower California, to 
 Mazatlan, and the City of Mexico. In the northern part of 
 Mexico this species is common throughout the winter, and 
 birds have been found paired in May, the late date being an 
 indication that they intended to remain there and breed. Its 
 winter I'ange extends commonly to Utah and Oregon ; seldom 
 to Washington and British Columbia. 
 
 European Widgeon: 
 
 This species '']\[areca penelope" is a member of the Old 
 World family of ducks, but it occurs as a straggler on the 
 Atlantic coast in Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Mary- 
 land, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, 
 Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and in Greenland, while in the 
 interior it has been discovered in Illinois, Indiana, Michi- 
 gan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Nebraska, and even on the Pa- 
 cific coast in California, British Columbia, and Alaska, but 
 it is not known to breed anywhere in the AVesteru Hem- 
 isphere. 
 
 Baldpate, or American Widgeon: 
 
 "Mareca americana" is connnon on the Chesapeake 
 during the winter, but is rare directly northward at all 
 times of the year, and, therefore, it is evident that the mi- 
 gration is from the northwest. This species is quite com- 
 mon in wintertime in the Carolinas, less common in Florida 
 and Cuba, and rare in the Bermudas, the Bahamas, Jamaica, 
 Porto Rico, St. Thomas and Trinidad. Its winter home in 
 the Mississippi Valley extends as far north as Illinois, and 
 in the west to New Mexico, Arizona, probably Utah, and t«:» 
 southern British Columl)ia. It is most connnon, very likely, 
 along the Pacific coast during the winter. 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 183 
 
 European Teal: 
 
 "Xettion crecca/' or European Teal, is a species that is 
 widely distributed in the Old World, and is accidental in 
 the AYestern Hemisphere. It has been recorded in Green- 
 land, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut, Long Island, in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, 
 California, and Alaska. 
 
 Green- winged Teal: 
 
 This duck, "Xettion carolinense," is common south of 
 the United States in Mexico, at least as far as Jalapa, the 
 City of Mexico, Michoacan, and Jalisco. It is also common 
 in the Bahamas, but is rare in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hondur- 
 as. This species is one of the most abundant ducks through- 
 out the southwestern United States during winter. It is very 
 hardy, and in general remains as far north as open water 
 may be found. It winters in western Montana, up to cen- 
 tral Utah, southern Nebraska, southern Iowa, central Illi- 
 nois, central Indiana, western New York, and Rhode Is- 
 land. Its principal winter home, however, lies in the ^lis- 
 sissippi Valley south of latitude 37 degrees. 
 
 Blue- winged Teal: 
 
 "Querquedula discors," or Blue-winged Teal, migrate 
 over a vast territory, and are found throughout northern 
 South America, south to Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, 
 during Avinter. In Central America they are plentiful, as 
 well as in Mexico and the West Indies, and they are equal- 
 ly common during the winter in the Gulf States and north 
 as far as North Carolina. They do not range much north 
 of the Gulf States in the Mississipj)i valley, though a few 
 scatter widely as far as southern Indiana, and southern Il- 
 linois ; while a few winter in Arizona, California and north 
 to southern British Columbia. This species is not com- 
 
184 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 iiioii, ill the strict sense of the Avord, much north of North 
 Carolina, though it is not rare on Chesapeake Bay and win- 
 ters as far north, even, as Delaware. It is not a hardy 
 species, and tiierefore, few individuals remain where there 
 is cold weather and ice. 
 
 Cinnamon Teal: 
 
 This species, "Querquedula cyanoptera," does not re- 
 tire bnt slightly south of its breeding range for the winter. 
 It is found at this season as far north as Brownsville, 
 Texas, central New Mexico, sonthern Arizona, and around 
 Tulare Lake, California. South of ^lexico the only record 
 is of accidental occurrence in Costa Rica. 
 
 Shoveler: 
 
 A few "Spatula clypeata,'' or shovelers, pass south in 
 winter to Cohunijia, Souih America, Panama, Costa Rica, 
 and throngh the West Indies. This species is accounted 
 rare in Florida, and seems not to have been noted in the 
 Bahamas. 
 
 The Carolinas are the only states on the Atlantic coast 
 where they are conunon, but it is not rare in Maryland, and 
 there are a few winter records for New Jersey; however, 
 the greater part of this species winters in the southern Mis- 
 sissippi Valley, north rarely to southern Illinois, and as far 
 south as central Guatemala, through Mexico. Many hun- 
 dred thousands are reputed to winter near Lake Chapala, 
 Jalisco. During Avinter this duck is also found in New 
 Mexico, Arizona, the Avhole of California, and a few are 
 found as far north as southern British Columbia. (Ireat 
 numbers Avinter in the HaAvaiian Islands. During the flight 
 between their Avinter and summer home they pass through 
 the northeastern LTnited States, frequently through Pemi- 
 syhania and NeAv York, and formerly it Avas not rare in 
 Massachusetts; hoAvever, for the past fifteen years, only in- 
 
THE AXGLER AND HVNTSMAN 185 
 
 (lividuals of a small numl:)er have been recorded for the 
 whole of Xew England. 
 
 Pintail: 
 
 ''Dafila acuta," or Pintail, are quite common on the 
 coast of North Carolina, and as far south as Florida, while 
 many spend the winter in Cuba, a few pdss on to Jamaica, 
 and individuals have been recorded in Porto Rico. This 
 species is known as one of the common winter ducks that 
 are found from Mexico to Costa Rica, and a few winter as 
 far north as Pennsylvania and New Jerse3\ Only a few 
 winter in the Mississippi Valley north of southern Illinois, 
 and from there the winter home extends through Texas, 
 New Mexico, Arizona, and on to the Pacific coast, where it 
 is abundant at this season as far north as British Columbia. 
 The species also is known to winter in southern Ohio, and 
 southern Indiana, also in southern Wisconsin. 
 
 Wood Duck: " 
 
 This duck is one of the most popular of American wat- 
 erfowl, though greatly diminished in numbers from its for- 
 mer abundance, and is scientifically called "Aix sponsa." 
 It migrates north tolerably early, after spending the win- 
 ter in North Carolina, occasionally in Maryland and Penn- 
 sylvania, and in the interior as far north as southern In- 
 diana, southern Illinois aiid Kansas. 
 
 Redhead: 
 
 "Aythya americana," or redheads, have their winter 
 home not far from Texas, along the Gulf and Atlantic 
 coasts, to Chesapeake Bay, and a few winter near Long 
 Island, Cape Cod and Lakes Ontario and Erie; the Missis- 
 sippi Valley noi'th to Illinois and Kansas, and in the west 
 to New Mexico, Arizona, sometimes Utah, Nevada, and 
 southern British Cohunbia, almost as far north as it breeds. 
 
186 THE axglp:r and huntsman 
 
 Canvasback: 
 
 "Aytli.ya vallisneria,"" or canvasljack liave for a siim- 
 iiier home an area which begins over a thousand miles west 
 of Chesapeake Bay, which, until recently, was also a favor- 
 ite winter home for this species. The line of the Great 
 Lakes appears to be the general route traversed in this 
 southeastward migration, and a few ducks stop for the win- 
 ter as far north as Lake Erie and western New York. The 
 large flocks that hitherto covered Chesapeake Bay are no 
 more ; however, a few winter on the coast of the Carolinas. 
 
 The winter range extends from the Valley of Mexico 
 north to southern Illinois, Colorado, Nevada, and southern 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Broadbill: Scaup Duck: Blackhead: Bluebill: 
 
 This is one of the most important game birds of the At- 
 lantic coast region from Massachusetts to Chesapeake Bay, 
 being jDrobably more -common here during the winter than 
 it is in any other part of its range, while most of the lesser 
 scaups winter south of that district, being most common 
 from North Carolina to Florida. 
 
 The greater scaup also ranges nearly to the southwes- 
 tern boundary of the United States in southern Texas, 
 southern New Mexico, central Arizona, and to the vicinity 
 of San Diego, California, while a few winter in southern 
 Colorado, southern Utah, and m'ore commonly in Nevada, 
 and on the Pacific Coast north to the Aleutian Islands. It 
 also winters throughout the Mississippi Valley north as far 
 as southern Wisconsin, but is hardly more than a straggler 
 in winter north of the Ohio river. Its scientific designa- 
 tion is "Aythya marila." 
 
 Ring-necked Duck: 
 
 The principal winter home of this duck, "Aythya col- 
 laris," is the Gulf Coast, from Florida to Texas, and it is 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 187 
 
 locally the most al)uiidant duck at this season in this region. 
 It is also a common winter resident of the Bahamas, of Cu- 
 ba, sometimes Jamaica, while on the mainland it is a rare 
 visitant to California and Lower California, but is common 
 in Mexico and ranges all the ^\^J to central Gruatemala. Its 
 northward range extends to the Carolinas and on to Mary- 
 land and New Jersey, however being rare in the latter two 
 States; thence it ranges westward to southern Illinois, 
 northern Texas, New Mexico, and north on the Pacific coast 
 to southern British Columbia. 
 
 American Golden-eye. 
 
 The American golden-eye is accounted one of the hard- 
 iest of ducks, its northern distribution in winter being gov- 
 erned only by the presence of open water, a necessity to 
 nearly all species of the duck family. Its scientific name is 
 "Clangula clangula americana." It is somewhat common 
 on Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, and during mild op- 
 en winters it has been known to remain north to Prince Ed- 
 ward Island. All winter it is quite common along the New 
 England coast, continuing to be common all the way down 
 the coast to North Carolina, but gets less common south of 
 that State. In the interior it remains during the winter 
 north as far as Iowa, Nebraska, and Utah, while on the Pa- 
 cific coast it is found at this time north as far as the Aleu- 
 tian Islands. 
 
 Barrow Golden-eye: 
 
 The great majority of the breeding birds of eastern 
 Canada stay through the winter around the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, however, a few straggle southward, being record- 
 ed in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, 
 and Virginia. Scientifically it is known as "Clangula is- 
 landica." 
 
188 THK ANGLER AND H rN'rs:\lAN 
 
 Buffle-head: 
 
 "Cliaritonctta al])eola," or Jiufflc-liead, does not range 
 in winter, generally speaking, south of southeastern or east- 
 eiTi United States. To the westward a few enter Mexico 
 to the Valley of Mexico and Lower California to San Quen- 
 tin. This duck is a common winter resident of the southern 
 half of the United States, north to Massachusetts: Lakes 
 Ontaria, Michigan, and Huron; Utah, Idaho, British Cohuii- 
 bia, Unalaska Island, and the Near Islands. 
 
 Old Squaw: 
 
 These birds are conunon south to CJiesapeake Bay, and 
 as far south as the Xorth Carolina coast region are not rare. 
 In mild winters they have been known to winter in the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, while some stay in southern Greenland. 
 They are an al)undant winter resident on the Great Lakes; 
 on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands southward, 
 being quite common to the coast of Washington and not rare 
 to northern California. Its scientific designation is 
 "Harelda hyemalis." 
 
 Harlequin Duck: 
 
 During the winter season, the harlequin, or ''histrion- 
 icus histrionicus," is not rare in the southern part of the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, is less common south to Long Island 
 Sound, and accidental on the coast of New Jersey. It is a 
 frequent winter resident on Lake ]Michigan, winters in Col- 
 orado, which is the southern limit of its breeding range but 
 at several thousand feet lower altitiide. It is abundant in 
 the Aleutians and the Pribilof Islands, west to the Near Is- 
 lands, the Commander Islands, and sometimes as far as Ja- 
 pan. 
 
 Labrador Duck: 
 
 "Camptolaimus labradorius," is an extinct species, 
 which within the last centurv nested from Labrador north- 
 
 J 
 
THE ANGLEB AND HCXTSMAN 189 
 
 ward, and during" winter it visited the coast of New Eng- 
 land; as far south also as Long Island and New Jersey. 
 
 Steller Eider: 
 
 "Polysticta stelleri," winters abundantly on the Near 
 Islands and as far north as Unalaska, the Shumagins, and 
 the Kenai Peninsula. 
 
 Spectacled Eider: 
 
 Winter records are few for this species, "Arctonetta 
 fischeri," but it is pro])able that the Aleutian chain consti- 
 tutes the main winter residence. 
 
 Northern Eider: 
 
 "Somateria mollissima borealis," or northern eider, 
 ranges in winter from southern Greenland and northern 
 Hudson Bay south on the Atlantic coast as far as Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 American Eider: 
 
 '^Somateria dresseri," or American Eider, winters as 
 far north as Newfoundland; is common in the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, and not uncommon as far south as the coast of 
 Massachusetts, while in the interior it occurs on the Great 
 Lakes and neighboring regions. 
 
 Pacific Eider: 
 
 "Somateria v-nigra," or Pacific eider, appears to 
 spend the winter, generally speaking in the vicinity of the 
 Aleutians. 
 
 King Eider: 
 
 This duck breeds in the Arctic regions, and winters as 
 far north as open water may be found, at least north to 
 southern Greenland, liein^- common in the Gulf of St. Law- 
 
190 THK AXGLKK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 rence; the species lias also been noted occasionally in the in- 
 terior on Lakes Caynga, Oneida, Ontario, Michigan, and 
 Erie. The Pacific members of this species winter freely in 
 the Alentians; south to the Shumagin and Kadiak islands. 
 Scientifically it is called "Somateria spectabilis." 
 
 American Scoter: 
 
 "Oidemia americana," is the scientific tenn l)y which 
 this duck is called, and it remains in winter around New- 
 foundland, except when driven away by drift ice. South- 
 ward it is not rare to Long Island Sound and the coast of 
 NcAv Jersey. Inland, it is not uncommon on the Great 
 Lakes, and has been recorded at various places in neighbor- 
 ing states. The Pacific birds winter from the Aleutian Is- 
 lands south to Santa Barbara Islands, California, and also 
 west to Japan on the Asiatic side. 
 
 White- winged Scoter: 
 
 "Oidemia deglandi" range in winter through the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, south along the Atlantic coast to South 
 Carolina, while in the interior it ranges south regularly and 
 commonly to the Great Lakes, and less commonly in adjoin- 
 ing small bodies of water in the neighboring states. On the 
 Pacific coast it winters from LTnalaska Island to San Quen- 
 tin Ba\% Lower California. 
 
 Surf Scoter: 
 
 "Oidemia perspicillata," or Surf Scoter stays during 
 the winter around the Gulf of St. Lawrence until forced 
 away by ice, and passes the balance of the winter from about 
 the Bay of Fundy south to Florida. It is exceedingly abmi- 
 dant from JMassacluisetts to New Jersey, and .^till ccmmon 
 to Nortli Carolina. On the Pacific coast it extends from 
 the Aleutians south to San Quentin Bay, Lower California. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 191 
 
 Ruddy Duck: 
 
 "Erismatura janiaicensis," or Eviddy Duck, has a Avide 
 winter range, some retiring in winter to the southern part of 
 the range, to southern Lower California, Tepic, Valley of 
 Mexico, Oaxaca, and Central Guatemala, while others re- 
 main as far north as southern British Columbia. It is also 
 found in winter in Southern Illinois, Pennsylvania, the 
 coast of Massachusetts, and even to Maine. Also from the 
 Chesapeake Bay to Florida it is quite a common winter 
 resident, though rapidly being diminished in numbers. 
 
 Mallards Best for Wild Duck Farms: 
 
 Raising mallard ducks is an industry that should par- 
 ticularly apjjeal to the average sportsman, an industry cal- 
 culated to supplement the decreasing natural supply of 
 game. 
 
 The ease with which the mallard can be bred makes it 
 the best species for wild duck farming, and its beaut)'^ popu- 
 larity, hardiness, adaptability and fecundity fit it as no 
 other duck is fitted to Ijecome the game duck of the future. 
 
 When it is realized that only one-tenth of the food of 
 the mallard is derived from the animal kingdom and about 
 nine-tenths from the vegetable, it will be seen how easy the 
 problem of propagating these ducks would be. They feed 
 mostly on aquatic plants, such as the sedges, water grass, 
 smartweeds, pondweeds, duckweeds, coontail and other 
 semi-aquatic plants. A government expert recently found 
 in the stomach of one mallard 102,400 seeds of primrose wil- 
 low. It is also known that they feed on water beetles, bugs, 
 and dragonflies. 
 
 If you own ponds, lakes, or can improve such bodies of 
 water, it would be possible to breed and raise mallards in a 
 semi-domesticated state at little cost. 
 
 For the sportsmen who desire to engage in this worthy 
 enterprise, the writer has compiled information relative to 
 
192 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 suitable aquatic ])lauts for the attraction of waterfowl from 
 trustwoi'tliy sources. 
 
 Information concerning the propagation of valuable 
 wild-duck foods is constantly requested by State game com- 
 missions, game protective associations, and sportsmen's 
 clul)s, and also hy individuals interested in the protection 
 and propogation of waterfoAvl. The U. S. Biological Sur- 
 vey has endeavored to meet the demand by issuing this in- 
 formation in bulletin form, under the direction of W. L. Mc- 
 Afee, Assistant Biologist, to whom I am indebted for this 
 data. The widest dissemination of this knowledge among 
 the American people is in line with the policy of the De- 
 partment of Agriculture. 
 
 Wild Rice and its Value as Duck Food: 
 
 Wild rice (Zizania palustris and Z. aquatica) in all 
 stages of its growth is eaten by one or another of North 
 American ducks and geese, and practically all of them feed 
 on its ripened grain. It is the staple fall food of many 
 ducks in the numberless rice marshes of the eastern United 
 States. The seeds are obtained mainly from the bottom in 
 shallow water, where they have fallen into a bed of soft muck 
 to await germination. This is often so delayed that grain 
 ma}^ sprout at any time up to at least 18 months after ripen- 
 ing. This accounts for the fact that 3^oung shoots and ger- 
 minating seeds of wild rice are found in ducks' stomachs at 
 nearly all seasons. The shoots are devoured by many spe- 
 cies, the flowers have been found in the wood duck's st(mi- 
 ach, and the stems and leaves of the mature plants are eaten 
 by geese. 
 
 The government expert says that of the food of 209 mal- 
 lards examined, more than 17 ^r was wild rice, 12 ^c of that 
 of 51 black ducks, and more than 11 ^o of that of 75 w(^od 
 ducks. The Canada goose, snow goose, pintail, widgeon, 
 lesser and greater scauj)s or bhu^bills, canvas back, redhead. 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 193 
 
 gTeen-winged and l)lue-winged tocil, buffle-head, and ruddy 
 duck are also known to feed considerably upon this plant. 
 
 Description of Wild Rice: 
 
 Wild rice is a tall, round-stemmed grass with long, flat, 
 pointed leaves. The stem, which ma}^ be as much as 2 
 inches in diameter, is hollow, but is furnished with trans- 
 verse partitions between as well as at the joints. These par- 
 titions may be seen when the stem is cut lengthwise. The 
 base of the stem is in the form of a stout hook, and from it 
 arise the numerous fibrous roots which serve mainh^ to an- 
 chor the plant to the bottom. The flowers of wild rice usu- 
 ally appear during the latter part of July, but may be found 
 as late as November. The appearance of the flower head is 
 very characteristic; the lower branches w^hich bear the 
 staminate or male flowers, are widely separated and stand 
 out from the stem, while the upper branches of pistillate 
 flowers are erect and more compactly grouped. The grain of 
 wild rice is from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in 
 length, slender, of uniform diameter, and with rounded or 
 pointed ends. A low rib runs along the whole length of one 
 side and a shallow groove along the other. The husk of 
 the seed has six longitudinal grooves and a long, pointed 
 beak, the whole being an inch and a half or sometimes even 
 more in length. The appearance of the flower head or of 
 the grain distinguishes wild rice from all other aquatic grass 
 in its range. 
 
 Distribution of Wild Rice: 
 
 Natural growths of wild rice occur from the northern 
 end of Lake Winnipeg eastward along the northern shores 
 of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River to New" 
 Brunswick; from the central Dakotas, western Nebraska, 
 and eastern Texas to the Atlantic coast; and as far south 
 along that coast as central Florida. The plant is somewhat 
 
194 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 ](K-ii] and of course is confined to the lowlands, the center of 
 its abundance being in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. 
 
 Propagation of Wild Rice: 
 
 Although wild i*ice does not grow naturally in every 
 suitable place within its range, in most cases it can be made 
 to do so, says the bulletin, by transplanting. Formerly 
 wild rice was often transplanted by various tribes of In- 
 dians, and investigations by the Bureau of Plant Industry 
 have shown that with proper treatment of the seed the plant 
 may be propagated in any favorable waters in this country. 
 J t has also been successfully grown in European countries. 
 However, experimenters should be prepared for occasional 
 failure, for the plant sometimes refuses to grow in localities 
 which appear to have ever}^ requisite for its successful prop- 
 agation. The usual cause of failure has been improper 
 treatment of the seed between time of harvesting and time 
 of sowing, resulting in loss of vitality. When growing nat- 
 urally, the ripe seeds fall directl}^ into the water, where they 
 sink, and, being equipped with barbed beaks, penetrate 
 deeper into the muck surrounding the roots of the parent 
 plant. There they lie through the winter. They may 
 germinate in spring, or they may lie practically dormant 
 through still another cold season. The seeds therefore re- 
 main wet until ready to sprout ; they are exposed to currents 
 of water ; are not in close contact with each other, and are not 
 subjected to very high temperatures. As in everything else, 
 to succeed, one must imitate nature's methods. To keep 
 large quantities of the seed in close contact often causes fer- 
 mentation, but this may be prevented by cold storage. 
 
 So far as propagation depends on the preservation of 
 the vitalit}^ of the seed, the methods so carefully worked out 
 by the Bureau of Plant Industry insure success. Several 
 seed firms handle wild rice properly and will deliver it 
 either in spring or fall as desired. Notable among these is 
 
THE 'ANGLEE and HUNTSMAN 195 
 
 Clyde B. Terrell, of Oslikosh, AVisconsin, who lias done a 
 great deal for the scientific propagation of wild rice and 
 wild celery. It is a pity that more sportsmen do not engage 
 in this field, as nothing is more beneficial for the increase 
 of wild water fowl, now so greatly decimated for lack of at- 
 tention and protection in years passed by. 
 
 Where to Plant Wild Rice: 
 
 Wild rice thrives best on a mud bottom, though it has 
 been kno^\Ti to grow in sand. This may be underlain by 
 various soils, but there should be a layer of mud from at 
 least 2 to 4 inches deep, 2)referably even deeper. Wild rice 
 usually does not do well where there is much current or 
 cliange in the level of the water, although it grows abund- 
 antly (in tic\^ Hats, it is n(ft adapted to entire] v stagnant 
 wate]'. 
 
 Fiom 4 inches to 6 feet of water are about the limits of 
 its usual occurrence, and it does best in from 1 to 3 feet. In 
 shallow water it may be killed by heat in summer, so it is 
 best, in southern localities especially, to sow the seed in not 
 less than 2 feet of water. 
 
 How to Plant Wild Rice: 
 
 The least possible time should intervene between re- 
 moval from cold storage and sowing. Broadcast sowing an- 
 swers every purpose, and seed should be sown thickly, as, 
 when near together the plants support each other, the root 
 anchorage is protected, and a good stand is more likely to re- 
 sult than if the seed is more widely scattered. 
 
 When to Plant Wild Rice: 
 
 The most desirable time for sowing is usually said to 
 be in the fall, but it has been proven that spring sowing will 
 bring a full crop, and for several reasons spring sowing is 
 
lJj() THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 usually advisable. AVliore seed has 1)(h»u sown in fall, the 
 l.^uttoni may freeze and the seed will be carried off with the 
 ice floes of spring. Ducks and other water-fowl, as well as 
 some fishes, eat the seed, and the less it is exposed to their 
 depredations the better, Seed is likely also to be buried by 
 deposits of mud, or swept aw^ay by currents, especially in 
 freshets. These dangers may be avoided by sowing late 
 enough in spring to avoid the worst spring floods, but in 
 time to get the benefit of the first good growing weather; 
 that is, when the temperature of the water approaches 60 
 degrees F. 
 
 Wild Celery and its Value as Duck Food: 
 
 When we think of wild celery, we also think of the can- 
 vas-back duck, for the two are closely associated in the an- 
 nals of American sport. It is a well know^n fact that the 
 canvas-back is very fond of the subterranean propagating 
 buds of this plant, yet the assertion that the flavor of the 
 canvas-back is superior to that of any other duck and that 
 this depends on a diet of wild celery is not proven, according 
 to Mr. McAtee, to say the least. 
 
 The scaups, or bluebills, and the redhead are also very 
 fond of wild celery, and are fully as capable of getting the 
 delicious buds as is the canvas-back. Several other species 
 get more or less of this food. ]\Ir. AlcAtee finds that even 
 tlie scoters on a Wisconsin lake in fall lived almost exclu- 
 sively on it for the time. All parts of the plant are eaten by 
 ducks, but the tender winter buds and rootstocks are most 
 relished. Wild celery buds can usually be obtained only by 
 the diving ducks, such as the l)luel)ill, red head, canvas- 
 back, and scoters. The nondiving species, like the mallard, 
 black duck, baldpate, and the geese, get an occasional bud, 
 but they more frequently feed upon the leaves. Wild fowl 
 not thus far specifically mentioned which also feed upon 
 wild celery include the wood duck, pintail, ruddy duck, buf- 
 
THE ANGLER AXD HITNT8MAN 197 
 
 fle-liead, whistler, green-winged teal, greater and lesser 
 scani)s or bluebills, white-winged and surf scoters, and 
 \Yhistling swan. 
 
 Description of Wild Celery Plant: 
 
 Wild celery is a wholly submerged plant with long, 
 flexi])le, ribbonlike leaves of light translucent green and of 
 l)ractically uniform width (anywhere from 14 to % inches; 
 from root to tip. Of course the leaves are narrowed near 
 tlie tip and may be somewhat serrate or wavy-margined 
 tliere, but they are never expanded and the venation is pecu- 
 liar, according to McAtee. A leaf held up to the light dis- 
 plays munerous fine straight parallel veins running the 
 whole length. There are, besides, one median and two lat- 
 ( ral prominent veins connected at intervals by irregular 
 cross veinlets. Wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis) may be 
 distinguished from eel grass (Zostera marina), Avhich lives 
 in brackish or salt water, by the fact that its leaves grow in 
 bundles from the rootstocks, Avhile those of eelgrass arise 
 singly and alternate on opposite sides of the stem. The 
 leaves of wild celery generally are more than a fourth of an 
 inch wide, while those of eelgrass are about that width or 
 nari'ower. Pipewort (Eriocaulon), a fresh-water plant, 
 frequently having ribbonlike leaves, may be recognized by 
 the reticulation of the entire leaf into small cells by veins of 
 nearly uniform size. 
 
 In certain stages some of the arrowheads (Sagittaria) 
 are difficult to distinguish from wild celery, though they 
 usually have the end of the leaf expanded into a proper leaf 
 blade or else quite pointed, neither of which characteristics 
 will be found in Vallisneria. Investigation of the subtej- 
 ranean o^'gans will decide the matter, however. 
 
 The flowers of wild celery are usually to be seen in 
 July and are jDeculiar in appearance. The staminate 
 flowers, at first attached at the base of the plants, later float 
 
198 THE ANGLEIi AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 on the surface of the water and fertilize the i^istilh^te 
 flower. The latter is attached to a long, slender, round 
 stem, which contracts into a spiral, drawing the flower 
 Tinder the water after fertilization. This S])iral stem, 
 bearing the flower or pod, distinguishes wild celery from 
 the other plants mentioned. The seed pod into which the 
 pollenized flower develops is straight or curved, a little 
 slenderer than a common lead pencil, and from 3 to 6 inches 
 in length; it contains, embedded in a clear jelly, small dark 
 seeds, in number about 50 to the inch. Mr. McAtee states 
 no such pod is borne by any other fresh-water plant. 
 
 Distribution of Wild Celery: 
 
 Wild celery is found naturally from central Minnesota 
 through the Great Lake region to northern X ova Scotia, and 
 from eastern Kansas and eastern Texas east to the Atlantic 
 coast. Like wild rice it is more or less local in distribution, 
 and consequently may be absent from large areas within 
 its general range. 
 
 Propagation of Wild Celery: 
 
 Wild celery is comparatively easy to transplant. It 
 can be propagated both by seeds and Ijy Avinter ))uds, and 
 the plant itself may be taken up and set out at almost any 
 time. Floating fragments of the plant with a little of the 
 rootstock attached, picked up in midsummer hy Mi'. .McAtee, 
 rooted and grew successfully. He states the prime requi- 
 sites in propagating celer}^ are the same as in the case of 
 rice ; the buds, plants, or seeds must not be allowed to dry 
 or to ferment l)etween gathering and planting. The seed 
 pods ripen from September to November and fall to the 
 bottom. They are best collected (by net or rake) on days 
 Avhen the water is least ruffled during the latter ])art of Oc- 
 tober and early November. The winter buds may be col- 
 lected at the same season, before the leaves have disap- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 199 
 
 pearecl, by following the latter down and digging iij) tlie 
 rootstocks and buds ; or the young plants may be taken u]) 
 in spring just as they sprout. They should be kept moist 
 and cool until wanted for planting. It, as well as wild rice 
 seed, may be stored in partly filled burlap bags, among 
 which blocks of ice are placed and the whole covered with 
 sawdust and kept wet. In cold climates seed may some- 
 times be perfectly preserved by keeping the seed in water 
 \yhich is changed daily, and kept out of doors during the 
 ^vinter, except when frozen, germinating very satisfactorily. 
 This also applies equally to wild rice. 
 
 Where to Plant Wild Celery: 
 
 Wild celery, Mr. McAtee found, grows best on mudd}^ 
 ])ottonis in from Si/o to 614 i'eet of fresh water, though it will 
 grow also in sand and in both deeper and shallower water. 
 A sluggish current suits it better than either stagnant or 
 rapid water. 
 
 How to Plant Wild Celery: 
 
 For sowing, the pods should be broken up (in water) 
 into pieces about I/2 i^^ch in length, which can be sown broad- 
 cast — not too thickly, as the plants spread rapidly by root- 
 stocks and will soon make a dense growth. The winter buds 
 or pieces of roots with tufts of leaves must be weighted to 
 hold them to the bottom and enable them to take root. This 
 may be accomplished by loosely threading several plants 
 together and tying stones to them, or ])y eml^edding them in 
 balls of clay. The broken seed pods also may be put into 
 clay and dropped into the water. 
 
 When to Plant Wild Celery: 
 
 If not likely to l)e covered by mud, the best time to sow 
 the seed pods is in the fall. Winter buds collected in fall 
 should be kept in cold storage, and these, as well as young 
 plants gathered in the spring, should be set out in May or 
 June. 
 
200 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 As Avild rice and wild celery constitute the principal 
 aquatic plants suitable for the attraction of wild waterfowl, 
 we deem it unnecessary to take up tlie consideration of the 
 less important ones. 
 
 THE AIREDALE TERRIER: 
 
 Although not imported into this country from Eng- 
 land until about the years 1897-98, the Airedale terrier has 
 become immensely popular in the New AVorld in this short 
 span of years. This is attributed to the fact that this dog, 
 because of his keen scenting powers, gameness, and general 
 hardihood, is much esteemed by all men who rejoice in a 
 good, strong, sensible and faithful companion, whether it be 
 within the confined quarters of a city life or in the more 
 ojDen and workaday surroundings of the forest and river. 
 Strictly speaking, the Airedale is a waterside dog. He 
 takes his name from the valley or dale of the river Aire in 
 Yorkshire, England; and it was in the early "seventies" 
 that he was recognized as a distinct and separate breed on 
 the British benches. It was in the ''eighties" that the first 
 of these dogs were imported for exhibition jDurposes ; they 
 were placed in the miscellaneous classes at shows. Today 
 they are peculiarly representative in the United States and 
 (■anada. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that America 
 noAV possesses as good Airedales, perhaps as a body, better 
 than are owned an^^where else iu'tlie world. The foresight, 
 acumen, inclination and liberality of certain owners on this 
 continent, who have in their kennels only the best dogs and 
 bitches of the breed the}^ could obtain anywhere, are the 
 things that have aided the ascendency of the Airedale to his 
 present state of popularity. 
 
 The Airedale terrier, like man}' other useful domestic 
 animals, was originated from two, three or more breeds. 
 The foresight of fanciers of fifty or more years ago was 
 responsible for what we have today in the make and shape 
 of the beautiful black or blue grizzle and tan Airedale of the 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 201 
 
 moment. Tlie finesse of the intelligent breeder is seen 
 in every limb and mnscle of the dog's body; his high breed- 
 ing and faultless outline, combined with his apparent utility, 
 is patent to any man or woman who cares to take in his gen- 
 eral appearance and reason out the whys and the where- 
 fores of his existence. From the old-fashioned rough Scot- 
 tish terrier, or maybe the rough black and tan kennel ter- 
 rier of other days, crossed with the hardbitten bull and ter- 
 rier, we are said to have obtained the first progeny that was 
 the one root of the now deservedly popular Airedale. But 
 our workingmen friends, fond of a bit of hunting on the 
 small river and brook sides of the dale of the Aire, wanted a 
 dog with more nose — one that could wind a rat or a moor 
 lien across the stream, or pick up the drag of a chance otter 
 wh(.»se presence they might discover through the track of his 
 peculiar hind-toeless '^seal" on some silted sand or landing 
 X)laee on the side or middle of a creek. This trail, perhaps 
 already six and thirty hours old, the Scottish fighting-dog 
 cross would fail to recognize, and, naturally, the lone hunt- 
 ing fellow would cast about for some dog possessed of suffi- 
 ciently acute olfactory organs to be able to recognize this 
 scent aiid carry it on to where the otter was surveying the 
 liver from a point of vantage in the fork of an old willow 
 tree, on tlie bank, safe below in his hole, the opening of 
 which he would dive to reach, or the snug surroundings of an 
 oozier bed, hassocks of moorgrass or the dry and warm bed 
 on top of a hedge or bank. In a jiffy our sportsman knew 
 he must have something else in his already cross-bred dog ; 
 his mind at once went out to the Otter hound or AVelsh 
 hound, for well he knew that both of these had a rightful 
 reputation for wonderful noses, handed down to them in 
 turn from the mighty old Talbot hound, the Adam of all, or 
 nearly all, hounds and dogs that depend upon their scenting 
 powers to provide their masters with the sports of the chase 
 and the benefits of the well-filled larder. Again, the Otter 
 and Welsh hounds were rough and wiry in coat; they were 
 
202 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 good water dogs, and tlieir r-oiistitntioii was siicli tliat they 
 could witlistaiid all weathers and the wear and tear of work 
 in a foreign element that is particvilarly trying to humans and 
 nearly all quadrupeds. Out, then, of the rough terrier, bull 
 terrier and hound cross there arose the dog that we know 
 today as the Airedale terrier ; and a better creature does not 
 stand on four legs, when we consider him from the i)oints of 
 elegance, unison of build, thoroughness in dash and inten- 
 sity of purpose; in the contour of his breedy appearance, 
 and his known adaptability to all climates and under any 
 and all conditions where he is called upon to act as a real 
 companion to man. This is, assuredly, a great character, 
 but no phrase or set of phrases can be found that adequately 
 describes this great strain of the canine family. The Aire- 
 dale is in a class all to himself and deservedly so. Today tliL 
 Airedale enjoys wide popularity. He is everywhere. I 
 have seen him at the hardest of the most devilish work, midst 
 the extremely severe winters of ice-clad Canada and the swel- 
 tering forests and bush looking out onto the Indian Ocean 
 and the blue waters of the South Pacific. For the large 
 carnivore, he is in considerable use in this country, espe- 
 cially in the regions of the Great Divide — the backbone of 
 the continent, the mighty and always alluring Rockies. As 
 a tracker of wounded deer he is at your service, while it 
 doesn 't take you long to make him an ideal coon dog. Rats 
 in his mouth are as straAvlierries in yours, while as a duck 
 dog he will retrieve with the best of them. He is, indeed, 
 something more than the poor Sunday-hunting workingman, 
 operative or mill hand, watersider or ''manufacturer" 
 dreamed he w^as. For the local Aire dog has become a 
 world-wdde celebrity, used by the human being of ability for 
 almost everything; hunting large and small game; as a 
 • trained policeman's dog; the pick of all dogs for army am- 
 bulance service. The Airedale is truly a jack of all the 
 dog trades. The many thousands that \vatched the public 
 work of the New York City police dogs at Madison Square 
 
THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 203 
 
 Cfarclen, New York, in February, 1908, were satisfied that 
 the most satisfactory performance given was by an Aire- 
 dale, although there were several of another breed (Belgian 
 sheep dogs) that had been trained abroad. The muzzled 
 Airedale rushing in between the supposed felon's legs, soon 
 had him on the ground and at the mercy of the representa- 
 tive of law and order. 
 
 AVitli all the go-aheadness and sprightliness of the Aire- 
 dale, it cannot be said he is quarrelsome. The hound blood 
 that is within him appears to have wiped out, for the nonce, 
 the sheer wickednss of the bull and terrier. We know that 
 a hound will rather run than fight, any day. Alone he is a 
 bit of a coward ; in a pack he becomes brave as a villain in a 
 mob. It is the other way with a bull and terrier. And so 
 it was with the old cut-eared Scotch dog, another such with 
 the arguments of his teeth. But the Airedale is, broadly 
 speaking, all right, until he is set on to his ow^n kind or any- 
 thing else that Ijreathes. With the rising of his hackles 
 something's going to suffer, even if he dies in the battle. 
 And that must be the reason for the imiversal popularity of 
 the dog now under notice. 
 
 There has been a steady upward value in Airedales 
 ever since 1890. A fancy price to put on a dog, a champion, 
 a,t a show in England, at that time would* have ])een a hun- 
 dred pounds sterling (about $500). He could probably 
 have been obtained at half that figure, or less. A good or- 
 dinary dog would have cost about $50, and this dog could 
 have won with the leading champions of the day out of his 
 way. Now, matters have changed, and $1,000 has been paid 
 for dogs now in America. 
 
 The Airedale is essentially a general purpose, and can 
 be taught to do anything a dog can learn. As a hunter he 
 has no superior, and his wonderful popularity in the West 
 is due to his aid to the huntsman of big game, being possessed 
 of a marvelous nose, a powerful physique, and the agility of 
 a cat, which, coupled with the grit equal to a pit Bull dog. 
 
204 THE ANGLER AND HUXTSMAX 
 
 without the quarrelsome disposition, has won him friends 
 innumerahle in every clime. The Airedale takes to water 
 like a muskrat, having been crossed in his early ancestry 
 with the Otter hound, and being used in England to hunt 
 the streams as well as the thickets. As a duck dog he is con- 
 sidered superior to the Chesapeake or S]3aniel. His coat 
 dries quickly, being wiry and not shaggy. As a watch dog 
 and companion for children he is unexcelled, guards the 
 home faithfully, is affectionate, kind and very intelligent, 
 but is not everybody's dog and does not fall in love with 
 Tom, Dick and Harry just because they pat him on the head. 
 
 The Airedales, when born, are black and grow lighter 
 as they grow older. 
 
 The head is long with a flat skull, not too broad l)etween 
 the ears, and narrowing slightly to the eyes, free from wrin- 
 kle; stop hardly visible, and their cheeks are free from full- 
 ness. The jaw is deep and jiowerful ; well filled up mider 
 the eyes, lips tight; ear "V" shaped, with a side carriage, 
 small but not out of proportion to the size of the dog; the 
 nose black, the eyes small, dark in color and full of tciTier 
 expression. 
 
 The teeth are strong and level. 
 
 The neck should be of moderate length and thickness, 
 gradually widening towards the shoulders and free from 
 throatiness. 
 
 The shoulders should be long and sloping well into the 
 back, shoulder blades flat. 
 
 Chest is deep l)ut not broad; back short, strong and 
 straight. 
 
 The hips are Avell sprung. 
 
 Hind-quarters should be strong and muscular, with no 
 .droop ; hocks Avell let doAvn. 
 
 The tail is docked and set on high and carried gaily, 
 but not curled over back. 
 
 The legs must be perfectly straight, with plenty of bone. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 205 
 
 The feet should be small and roimd, with a good depth 
 of pad. 
 
 The coat should be hard and wiry, and not so long as to 
 appear ragged, lying straight and close, covering the dog 
 well all over the body and legs. 
 
 The color of the Airedale is as follows : The head and 
 ears, Avith the exception of dark shadings on each side of the 
 skull, should be tan, the ears being of a darker shade than 
 the rest, the legs up to the thighs and elbows being also tan, 
 the body black or dark grizzle. 
 
 Size of the Airedale should be — dogs, ^0 to 45 lbs., 
 bitches, slightly less. 
 
 (Xote: The following news items were taken from 
 Ledger & Blade, of Chicago.) 
 
 Dogs of St. Bernard: 
 
 All but a pitiful half-dozen of the famous St. Bernard 
 dogs kept by the monks of that ancient monastery in the 
 Alps were killed during the world war, according to a re- 
 port from Paris. Meat shortage was the stated cause of 
 this blind act. 
 
 The St. Bernard pass is of historical interest, as it con- 
 nects the valleys of the Rhone and the Dora Baltes. It was 
 traversed by Roman legions many centuries ago, and in me- 
 diaeval times this pass served the armies of conquerors and 
 the bands of mercenaries. Napoleon crossed the Alps at 
 this point in 1800. 
 
 The great monastery w^as built in the middle of the 16th 
 century. It was maintained for the relief of travelers who 
 were surprised and overtaken by snow-storms while cross- 
 ing the Alps. The St. Bernard dogs were used to find the 
 frozen victims of the storms in the snowdrifts. They were 
 especially trained for this work of relief and carried first 
 aid to the injured in a little basket attached to their collars. 
 These dogs rescued thousands of human beings, many of 
 
206 THE AXtiLKli AND HrXTSMAX 
 
 whom were of historic prominence. And for the first time 
 in the history of this famous monastei-y the dogs liad to ])e 
 shuightered for ap])arent h\ck of food. 
 
 At less critical times a report of this sort would create 
 widespread indignation, but at the present time the human 
 race is thinking so much of its own dilemma that it has no 
 symapthy to spare for dog heroes living more than 8,100 feet 
 above the surface of the sea. 
 
 Trees From Which Many Medicines Are Made: 
 
 Any physician will tell you that the most useful and 
 most used stimulant to the heart and for the nervous system 
 is "Strychnia." This is an alkaloid found originally in tlie 
 seed of the strychnos nux-vomica, the poison-nut tree, found 
 in India, Burma, and Siam, and growing also in Cochin 
 China and Australia. It is of moderate size and has a fruit 
 the size of a small orange, with a hard shell and a bitter pulp 
 enclosing one to five seeds, less than one inch in diameter 
 and one-fourth inch thick and shaped like disks. It is the 
 bitterest substance known, and when one has heart failure, 
 or nervous exhaustion, or is run down or needs a tonic, some 
 doctor is sure to give him the alkaloid from one of these 
 peculiar Indian trees. 
 
 Textbooks on medicine frequently refer to "emergency 
 heart stimulants," meaning by this drugs used by hypoder- 
 mic injection to produce prompt stimulation of a weakened 
 heart. Some of the most valuable heart stimulants require 
 a good deal of time after being taken to produce their ef- 
 fects, hence the need of emergency heart stimulants. 
 Strychnine, we know, is a splendid emergency heart stim- 
 ulant. 
 
 A tree which has various species throughout the world 
 and is of some medical interest, is the acacia. The acacia 
 Senegal is the type of tree which furnishes gum acacia, or 
 gum arable. AVhile acacia is not possessed of any marked 
 curative properties of itself, it is a constituent of many im- 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 207 
 
 Ijortant prt^pa rations in pharmacy, as, for instance, in the 
 making of emulsions, where its heavy mucilaginous quali- 
 ties make it a valuable vehicle for oily and resinous sub- 
 stances. It is also widely used in the preparation of pills 
 and troches. 
 
 Gum catechu, a substance containing tannic acid and 
 used in dj^eing, which was at one time extensivel}^ used as a 
 remedy in colitis and dysentery, comes from the acacia 
 catechu and acacia sunmis, both native to India. 
 
 The Holy Land — A Paradise For Birds: 
 
 Swarms of European birds Adsit Palestine in winter, 
 and many breed there. The cranes, for instance, pass 
 through in winter and in spring the voice of the turtle-dove 
 is commonly heard. 
 
 The Holy Land is appropriately a stronghold of the 
 pigeon family: turtle-doves are found, the wood-pigeon 
 comes in myriads in winter, and the common pigeon, the true 
 Scriptural doA^e, is still abundant, both Avild and tame, 
 throughout the country. Contrasted to these is foiind the 
 crow tribe of several species, and birds of prey from the 
 great griffon culture, the ''eagle" of Scripture, to the spar- 
 row-hawk. 
 
 In the deep tropical Jordan valley Ave find a sort of 
 aviary of real trojDical birds, Avhich found there a refuge 
 from the last glacial epoch — the lovely little sunbird, or 
 "Jericho humming-bird," the land-feeding AAdiite-breasted 
 kingfisher, and a species of gregarious thrush. 
 
 On the coast is found the great Indian fishing owl, and 
 among the rocks of Marsaba the monks have half-tamed the 
 orange-winged blackbird, which is really a starling of Afri- 
 can type, as much out of his latitude as the hyrax. One of 
 the birds peculiar to Palestine is the pretty little pigmy Mo- 
 abite sparroAv, which lives in the reed-beds and is one of the 
 rarest birds in the Avorld. 
 
208 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 Roptiles are ahiiiidaiit, and even the Nile crocodile, the 
 leviathan of the Bil)le, lingered long enough to give Tris- 
 tram the chance of obtaining a specimen nearly 12 feet long, 
 while, in addition to the African cobra, we find the grass- 
 snake among the harmless species, and the wicked little 
 horned viper lies in Avait, as in olden times, to bite the heels 
 of the horses. 
 
 As for the fish, they are as abundant and varied as ever, 
 and it is interesting to note that the Sea of Galilee is still 
 full of them, and that the commonest kinds are of an African 
 family, an interesting illustration of the scientific interest 
 which unites with the religious to make Palestine among 
 the most interesting of all countries. 
 
 Six-Foot Lizards That Furnish Delicious Steaks: 
 
 Most persons are averse to the idea of eating the flesh 
 of a reptile, yet when we eat turtle soup or terrapin we are 
 doing just that. Prof. A. M. Reese, of the University of 
 West Virginia, in a magazine statement, admits that no 
 American would knowingly eat a snake, but he thinks that 
 lizards are among our possibilities, and he especially recom- 
 mends some of the larger ones. Alligators, too, he says 
 make fine eating, and but for silly prejudices would make a 
 voluminous contribution to the supply of flesh food. He 
 goes on to say, writing in the Scientific Monthly : 
 
 "Lizards are important to mankind chiefly as insect 
 destroyers, but a few of them are used as food in tropical and 
 semi-tropical lands. Of these the giant iguanas, reaching a 
 length of six feet or more, are the most important. The 
 flesh of these lizards is said to be of a delicious flavor, resem- 
 bling chicken. In the Bahamas the lizards were formerly 
 one of the most important articles of food ; they were hunted 
 with dogs, and kept in captivity until wanted. 
 
 "The eggs of the larger lizards are also used as food in 
 some countries. 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUXTHMAX 209 
 
 ''Thoiigli snakes are esteemed as food in many lands, 
 it is not likely they will ever be an important article of diet 
 in this conntry, both because of the almost universal repug- 
 nance with which they are regarded and because of the com- 
 parative scarcity of large serpents within our borders. Our 
 larger black snakes, though reaching a considerable length, 
 are so slender that the amount of flesh in their bodies is not 
 great, and there is probably not one person in ten thousand 
 who would knowingly eat a snake. 
 
 With the crocodilia the matter of size cannot be raised 
 as an objection, since the largest members of this family 
 may reach a length of 30 feet and a weight of many hur.- 
 dreds of pounds. Of course, neither an alligator nor a croc- 
 (►dile is a very attractive looking animal, but when skinned 
 and dismembered the body looks no more repulsive than any 
 other carcass that may be seen in any butcher's shop, and 
 the flesh is as white and attractive looking as the l^est beef 
 or pork. 
 
 ''The eggs of the crocodilia, which are usually about as 
 large as those of a goose, are often eaten by the natives in 
 the tropics. Never having eaten an alligator egg, I cannot 
 speak from personal experience of its flavor; but it has al- 
 ways seemed strange to me that more use is not made of the 
 flesh of the alligator. This flesh is often said to have too 
 strong a flavor to ]:>e palatable ; I have eaten it, and it had no 
 such rank taste, but was decidedly agreeable, being as might 
 l>e expected of so amphibious an animal, somewhat like both 
 fish and flesh, yet not exactly either. 
 
 "Perhaps greater care should be taken in skinning an 
 animal that is to l)e used for food in order that the flesh be 
 , not tainted with the musk. It may be a lack of care in prep- 
 aration that has given rise to the impression that alligator 
 meat is too strong to be pleasant. 
 
 "Tn many parts of tropical America the various species 
 of crocodiles and caymans are said to be very abundant, so 
 that if a means could be devised to preserve the flesh near 
 
210 THE axot;i-:k and htxtsmax 
 
 the plare wlicic the animals are killed a large supply of 
 meat might be obtained.'' 
 
 Wild Burro Steak, a la Shashlik: 
 
 The little wild burro has become a pest in certain parts 
 of Arizona. These long-eared brethren are not exactly 
 wild, for the very good reason that they do not possess 
 enough energy and sj)irit to be inclined that way. The 
 mountain valleys of not only Arizona, but of New Mexico 
 and northern Mexico are overflowing with droves of bur- 
 ros. They infest the mining camps and ranches and are 
 pronounced by those who should know as a nuisance. Hun- 
 dreds of them are annually killed for their hides and grease, 
 and for the sport the}' afford in running them or stalking 
 them. 
 
 A famous Russian traveler, Dr. 0. C. Young, who has 
 lived in the southwest for some few years, suggests that their 
 meat be used for food. Dr. Young states he has eaten the 
 flesh of camels and various breeds of shee]) and that these 
 do not compare favorably with burro meat. 
 
 ' ' So far as the meat of the young burro is concerned T 
 can only state that I have eaten it for months and like it," he 
 said. 
 
 ''A fat burro about 1 year old furnishes a steak that 
 will satisfy the taste of the most fastidious, esj^ecially if pre- 
 pared in 'shashlik' fashion, which means that after the 
 steak has been cut into short pieces and properly seasoned 
 it is put on a spear and placed into the low flame of bui'nin<^i: 
 saksaul until done. 
 
 ''Burro shashlik is not as delicious as shashlik made of 
 Karakul mutton, but it is good enough for anybody, and for 
 that reason I cannot understand why there exists so much 
 a^-ersion to burro meat in this southwestern country, es- 
 pecially when one bears in mind that there is no cleaner do- 
 mestic animal in existence than the burro. 
 
THE AXGLEE AND HUXTSMAN 211 
 
 '^ Smoked burro meat, called 'bastrama,' is very nice 
 and is eaten raw like Westplialian ham, and is especially 
 adapted on long journeys and in hard countries. 
 
 ''Dried burro meat, resembling the well known Mexican 
 carne seca, is not bad, providing the burro is killed while 
 yoimg, otherwise the meat is very tough, but free from the 
 odor of an old goat." 
 
 Jungle Can Furnish Food: 
 
 During the war period when food conservation was be- 
 ing discussed pro and con as to ways and means, Randolph 
 L. Summerfield, of Singapore, who has lived for forty 
 years in the Malay States, arrived at Seattle on a govern- 
 ment mission, and made the statement that ".the world's live 
 stock market has been decimated, but if worst comes to worst 
 and there's a real meat famine, the jungles of the Malay 
 States can supply vast quantities of meats and fats. Our 
 forests are full of monke^^s of all kinds. Our streams teem 
 with crocodiles. The huge anaconda snake is numerous and 
 prolific. Monke}^ meat, cooked French or Spanish style, 
 billed on the menu as veal, would make an epicure yearn for 
 more. There's no disagreeable sentiment about killing a 
 crocodile or the boa constrictor. Portions of the 'croco's' 
 tail are extraordinarily good, and the boa constrictor is a 
 culinary favorite in India. Fried in butter, or certain oils, 
 the boa constrictor is considered a delicacy." 
 
 Risk Lives to Catch Fish: 
 
 Lads of the tender age of nine to twelve years at the old 
 Indian settlement of La Push, nestling behind the pinnacle 
 rocks that rise out of the Pacific Ocean off the mouth of 
 the Quillayute river in Washington, nobly did their share 
 toward winning the war involving nearh^ all the world. 
 These lads, scantily clad, are wont to dash across the beach 
 to meet the incoming tide, wade into the water and wait for 
 
212 THE an(;lkk and iirxTs:^iAX 
 
 tlie waves to ])r('ak witli fisli. As tlio coml>ers l^rcak tiie 
 lads dash into the boiling surf and rake the ocean for fish. 
 Frequently the waves dash over the boys' heads, but they 
 never lose their footing and the danger of the work does not 
 excite more than ])assing attention from the old women 
 vreaving })askets. 
 
 During the day the Indians a^ La Push village average 
 fully a ton of fish caught with dip nets. The older men 
 help with the curing when their day's work is done, but it 
 is the boys' task to ca]>ture the fish. 
 
 With each tide thousands of smelt are driven ashore. 
 Each lift of the dip nets from the surf generally brings a 
 basketful of fish. 
 
 There are now 250 men, women and children in the lit- 
 tle settlement, and each did his or her share with fishing, 
 war gardens and other activities to he\p win the war. 
 
 HISTORY OF HUNTING LICENSES: 
 
 How many sportsmen, 1 wonder, are familiar with the 
 early history and development of the hunting license, its 
 objects and limitations? There are some sportsmen, no 
 doubt, who even think the hunting license that has to be pur- 
 chased before the_v are allowed to hunt is unnecessary and 
 unjust ; others, perhaps, think licensing game-hunting is O. 
 K., but they are of the opinion the hunting license is a mod- 
 ern device, and so to set all these gentlemen right in their va- 
 rious opinions and beliefs, let us briefly consider the facts 
 as gleaned from trustworthy sources. 
 
 First, it is a fact that although most of the present laws 
 have been enacted during the last ten or twenty years, even 
 a hurried review of the subject will suffice to show that the 
 system originated at a very early date in the United States, 
 and was really an outgrowth of a discriminating attitude to- 
 ward nonresidents. Hiuiting licenses were required in 
 some of th(^ colonies, particularly Virginia, more than two 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 213 
 
 hniuli'cd years ago, thouo-h their object was a little different 
 from those of our time. 1 quote below one of the early 
 statutes entitled "An Act for a Free Trade with Indians," 
 passed in Virginia in 1691, its object detailed as follows: 
 
 "And for the future prevention of such mischiefs as 
 have frequently happened at huntings, commonly called 
 fire huntings and other huntings remote from the planta- 
 tions. Bee it enacted by the authority aforesaid, and it is 
 hereby enacted, That no person or persons whatsoever shall 
 hereafter presume to goe an hunting remote from the Eng- 
 lish plantations without first having obtained the lycense 
 and permission of their Majesties leiutenant governour or 
 commander in chief for the time being and the councell of 
 state under such restrictions, limitations and conditions as 
 at the time of giveing such permission shall be by them 
 thought fit to be enjoyned and appointed." 
 
 In 1719 nonresidents in New Jersey were prohibited 
 from taking oysters or jDutting them on Ijoard a vessel not 
 wholly owned by a resident. 
 
 North Carolina enacted a game law in 1715 providing 
 tliat all persons not possessed of a settled habitation in that 
 province were required to certify that they had planted and 
 tended 5,000 hills of corn and have said certificate in their 
 possession before they were allowed to hunt deer. 
 
 Section 4 of this Act reads as follows : 
 
 ''That every person who shall hunt and kill deer in the 
 King's waste within this Province, and who is not possessed 
 of asettled habitation in the same shall be obliged to pro- 
 duce a certificate when required of his having planted and 
 tended five thousand ' corn-hills, at five feet distance each 
 lull, the preceding year, or season, in the county where he 
 shall hunt, under the hand of at least two Justices of the 
 Peace of the said county and the hand of at least one of 
 the churchwardens of the Parish where such person planted 
 and tended such corn, as aforesaid.'' 
 
214 THE AXGLER AND HUXTSMAX 
 
 This and similar laws from which has spruiij>- tlic mod- 
 ern hunting license, plainly reveals the discrimination in 
 those early days against the nonresident, which still con- 
 tinues as important sections of our later laws. The law 
 quoted above was amended 28 years later so as to deny per- 
 sons the privilege of hunting deer who did not possess a free- 
 hold of 100 acres of land in the province, or who had not 
 tended 10,000 corn-hills during the previous year. If these 
 laws had progressed in the same direction on dow^n to this 
 day, only the very wealthy would now be able to enjoy the 
 pursuit of game in localities wherein they w^ere nonresident. 
 
 Virginia, it is recorded, in the year 1840 prohibited 
 nonresidents from hunting wild fowl on beaches and 
 marshes below the head of tide water, retaining this re- 
 striction until as late as 1903. New Jersey, in 1846, made 
 nonresidents punishable by a fine of $15 and forfeiture of 
 their guns to the informer for trespassing with a gun, while 
 residents guilty of the same offense were liable merely to 
 a fine of $5 and costs, or less than a third of the penalty im- 
 posed on nonresidents. In 1854, North Carolina passed 
 the bill preventing nonresidents from hunting wild fowl in 
 Currituck count}^ the preamble of which reads as follows: 
 
 ''Whereas, large numbers of wild fowl collect during 
 the fall and winter, in the waters of Currituck county, 
 which are a source of great profit to the inhabitants thereof; 
 and whereas, persons from other States, not residents of 
 this State, shoot and kill, decoy and frighten the same, to the 
 great annoyance and detriment of the citizens of our own 
 State: Now Be it enacted, etc." 
 
 Under this law all persons who did not reside in the 
 State for at least one year were prohibited from lumting or 
 killing wild fowl in the waters of the county above men- 
 tioned. Quite recently in North Carolina and Virginia 
 nonresidents hunting wild fowl in certain counties were 
 prohil)ited from shooting from sink boxes or boats, in order 
 that this privilege might be reserved for residents alone. 
 
 I 
 
THE ANGL1:E and HUNT8MAX 215 
 
 In 1858 Georgia passed an act preventing nonresidents 
 from hunting or fishing within the limits of that State, in 
 order, as stated, to prevent strangers and others from hold- 
 ing conversation with slaves. 
 
 Delaware in 1863, following the example of Virginia, 
 made it a misdemeanor for the nonresident to kill wild 
 ducks, geese, or other water-fowl on any of the marshes or 
 waters of that State, the penalty for so doing being fixed 
 at $50 to $100. In 1866, Florida got busy and prohibited 
 nonresidents from camping or fire hunting, with or with- 
 out dogs or guns, in the counties of Taylor and LaFayette. 
 In 1880 we are told that IVIaryland prohibited nonresidents 
 of the five counties bordering the Patuzent from shooting- 
 snipe, rail, and wdld fowl on the waters and marshes of the 
 river, and also tabooed the use of sink boxes in Queen Anne 
 county by others than residents of the county. Later laws 
 in the different States went further, but space does not per- 
 mit the enumeration here of any more instances of discrimi- 
 nation against the unhappy nonresident. Sportsmen of to- 
 day, even, get a taste of it when they go to some distant game 
 field, and so they will know how to sympathize to some ex- 
 tent with their less fortunate Colonial fathers. 
 
 Mr. T. S. Palmer, who has studied this subject exhaus- 
 tively for the U. S. Government, and to whom I am indebted 
 for this data on the history of hunting licenses, tells us that 
 the local license had its rise in the Eastern States, the first 
 law containing a nonresident-license provision being ap- 
 parently that passed in 1873 in New Jersey, under the title, 
 "An act to incorporate the West Jersey Game Protective 
 Association." Section 7 of this act of incorporation last- 
 ing for fifteen years reads as follows : 
 
 "That if any person or persons nonresidents of this 
 State, shall kill, destroy, hunt, or take any doe, buck, fawn, 
 partridge, moor fowl, grouse, quail, or woodcock, at any 
 time within the counties of Camden, Gloucester, Atlantic, 
 Salem, Cumberland and Cape May in this state without com- 
 
21(J THK AXGLKH AXD HrXTs:\rAX 
 
 plying with the bylaws of this Game Protective Society then 
 the person or persons so offending shall forfeit and pay the 
 sum of $50 each, for each and every offense.. .jDrovided 
 nothing in this Act shall prevent residents of this state from 
 taking game or fish, su])ject to the existing laws of this 
 state." 
 
 The membershij) fee being $5 for the first year and $2 
 for every year thereafter, and nonresidents being re(|uired 
 1o procnj-e membership certificates before hunting in the 
 six counties above named. These certificates became in 
 • effect nonresident Imntiiig licenses. In lcS78 a broader and 
 general act was passed, appljdng to other associations of 
 that State. Other States later adopted the same plan, and 
 thus the hunting license that we have today, though 
 changed from time to. time, came into being. 
 
 The second phase of licensing the hunter is called the 
 enactment of market-hunting licenses, the effect in some 
 of the southern States being to restrict market hunting and 
 to prevent export of game from the State for connnercial 
 purposes, Avhich brought about this legislntion. This is the 
 blow that w^as needed to control the unlawful activities of 
 the market-hunter, what is now called in outdoor parlance, 
 ''the pot-hunter". Much good legislation has been enacted 
 with a view to counteracting his evil practices, but lie is still 
 very much at liberty in not a few localities, no doubt. 
 
 The resident hunting license had its origination in 
 the system of special licenses as developed in some of the 
 counties of Maryland in the early seventies and eighties. 
 Shooting wild fowl from sink boxes, sneak l)oats, or in some 
 cases from blinds was prohibited except under license, and 
 these licenses, the record sa^^s, were issued only to residents. 
 Hence they constitute the beginning of the resident 1 mut- 
 ing license. The first of these laws was i)assed in 1ST2 for 
 the protection of wild fowl on the Susquehanna Flats, at the 
 head of Oiiesapeake Bay. Section 7 of the act ])rovides: 
 
 "Noowner, master, hirer, l)orroAver, eni])loyee of any 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 217 
 
 owner, or other person, shall use or employ any sink box, 
 or sneak boat of any description whatever, for the purpose 
 of shooting at wild watei'-fowl therefrom, northward of the 
 line named and described in section 380. . .without first ob- 
 taining- a license to so use and employ the same as is herein- 
 after provided." 
 
 The license fee for a sink box was $20, and for a sneak 
 boat $5. Section 11 of the same act requires that they make 
 oath that they are bona fide residents of the State, and a fine 
 of $50 to $100 was ])rovid('d for violating any of the license 
 ju'ovisions, one-half of which was to be paid to the informer 
 and one-half to the school commissioners of the county. 
 
 Tn 1876, the use of sink boxes in the waters of Anne 
 Arundel county with certain exceptions, or on Chesapeake 
 Bay within the limits of the comity, was restricted to li- 
 censed residents of the county, these costing $30 each. In 
 1882 licenses at $2 each (and a clerk's fee of 50 cents) Avere 
 required for the use of ''booby or bush" blinds on the Mago- 
 thy, Severn, and South rivers. It is noticed, hoAvever, that 
 the issue of licenses for blinds Avas not restricted to residents, 
 and that the owner could extend to any person the priAdlege 
 of shooting from his blind during the open season. 
 
 In 1878 residents of Cecil county were required to get 
 licenses, costing $10, to use sink boxes on the AA^aters of the 
 Elk and Bohemia riA^ers; and in 1880 similar $10 licenses 
 had to be obtained in Queen Anne county, and in Cecil and 
 Kent counties for the use of sink boxes on the Sassul'ras 
 riA'er. 
 
 In Canada, a sijecial $5 license came into use in the 
 Pr<^^•ince of Quebec in 1887. This license Avas different 
 from ordinarA^ licenses in being issued only for killing fi\"e 
 deer and fiA^e caribou in excess of the limit prescribed by 
 laAv. - The system of general resident licenses apparenth^ 
 originated in Michigan in 1895 as a measure to restrict the 
 slaughter of deer, Init AA'as being adA^ocated in Illinois at 
 about the same time. 
 
218 THE AXCiLKlJ AXD KFX'I'SMAN 
 
 THE LAW BREAKER: 
 
 All s])()rtsiiK'ii realize the great benefits that accrue to 
 them ill those states where game and fish laws have been 
 properly enforced, because all true si)ortsmen believe in the 
 ])]'inciple of conservation of the natural resources of the 
 country. 
 
 The various states having game and fish commissions 
 a])preciate the Ivindly interest shown by the advocates of 
 conservation, 1 am sure, and it is (or should be) the aim of 
 the State Commission to render direct and personal service 
 to every hunter, every farmer, every angler, ever}^ lover of 
 Avild life, and to inform the public of the work they intend 
 to do for the common good. 
 
 Sometimes the charge is made that the Game and Fish 
 Laws were designed for a few city sportsmen. It is ad- 
 mitted that about 90 per centum of the hunters' licenses are 
 issued to persons living within corporate limits of cities and 
 towns (in States where a landowner is permitted to hunt on 
 his own land in season without license), and improved con- 
 ditions will add much to his pleasure, but the real benefit is 
 to the landowner in the protection he is getting because of 
 fewer numbers of trespassers and gangs of irresponsible 
 and careless persons that formerly trailed across his farm 
 in season and out. Under old conditions in most States, to 
 protect his property, it was necessary to personally swear 
 out a warrant and prosecute for trespass; now he has the 
 added service of a Game Warden in all, or nearly all States 
 who when the offender is hunting without license or out of 
 season, will relieve him of a disagreeable job, and prosecute 
 offenders in the name of the State, which is one good and 
 sufficient reason for the maintenance of a State Fish and 
 Game Commission and Game Warden in every State in the 
 Union. 
 
 The sport of pursuing game and fish is delightful, 
 every sportsman knows, but if this pleasure was eliminated, 
 the economic value of our game and fish alone, makes it 
 
THE AXGLER AND HFNTSMAX 219 
 
 ^^■o^th our while to surround them with every law and safe- 
 guard necessary for their protection and conservation. In 
 order to protect them, effective laws not only must be en- 
 acted, but ENFORCED with fairness to all and injustice to 
 none. If this is not done promptly our remaining fish and 
 game stands face to face with utter extermination ; our game 
 birds may suffer the same fate of the Carrier Pigeon and 
 the historic Auk. 
 
 It is the aim of the several States, or should be, to en- 
 deavoi' to increase the supply of game and fish for the bene- 
 fit and enjoyment of our home people who can not take long 
 and expensive journeys to distant game fields where they 
 are abundant. If all the people who hunt will take out their 
 license, this would give each State sufficient funds to look 
 after the protection and conservation of the game and fish 
 in a businesslike way. 
 
 Every S]3ortsman will agree that the man who hunts 
 without his license, or who hunts out of season, is a cheater 
 and is robbing you — each brother — who are complying with 
 the law ; he should be made to obey the mandates of the law. 
 Statistics show that when the law is known 85 per centum of 
 the people obey it ; of the other 15 per centum, 10 per centum 
 will behave themselves when once corrected; the other 5 per 
 centum must be continually watched and made to realize that 
 the strong hand of the law^ will punish them whenever 
 ])ossible. 
 
 It is recognized by State officials that before any law 
 can be properly enforced it is necessary to have public 
 opinion in favor of such enforcement, and they ask for your 
 assistance in placing clearly before the public the justice 
 and reason for enforcing the Game and Fish Laws. They 
 need your co-operation and the value of your influence. 
 
 These facts are put before the angling and hunting fra- 
 ternity in the hope that they will call your attention to the 
 fact that co-operation is a necessity, and will work to your 
 own individual advancement. 
 
220 THE AX(iLKH AND HUNTSMAX 
 
 Hel]) your State to prove to the people the vahie and 
 economic reason for strict enforcement of the law. The 
 great majority of these laws are just and reasonaljle, and 
 much more liberal than is really consistent Avitli absolutely 
 effective conservation of our swiftly diminishing wild life. 
 Help them to get the facts before the people ; uphold the law 
 in your own (M)mnuuiity; be a good exami^le to your fellow- 
 man in abiding l)y the law yourself, and be jealous of its vio- 
 lation by others. 
 
 It is easy to criticize, and hard to ])erform. (rive the 
 designatcnl authorities your kindly assistance in return for 
 the great good they are rendering the cause you, as Avell as 
 they, have deeply at heart. 
 
 One farmer, who was either aiming to be exceedingly 
 generous or else very sarcastic, posted a notice on his farm 
 which reads as follows: 
 
 "Hunters, Take Notice : Hunt all you durn please and 
 when you hear the horn blow, come to the house for dimier. 
 If you accidentally kill a cow, skin her and hang the hide in 
 the barn. Jf the quail are scarce, kill a chicken or two, and 
 if you can't get any squirrels kill a hog." 
 
 Game Refuges and Live Stock: 
 
 Forest Examiner Ward Sheppard, of Bernalillo 
 (jounty. New jNIexico, writing in the Breedei's' Gazette, has 
 this to say on the subject — a subject of most timely interest 
 to the sportsman : 
 
 "A step of great im])ortance to the conservation (»f tlie 
 remnant of wild game in the western United States was 
 taken at the late meetings of the two national live stock asso- 
 ciations at Salt Lake City. E('S(>lutions were passed ex- 
 pressing the interest of the stockmen in this problem, and 
 urging u])on the Government the creation of Federal game 
 refuges within the National F< ►rests, A great body of }>rac- 
 tical men who, through intimate contact Avith the question 
 know the ])resent status and future value of <nir game ani- 
 
 I 
 I 
 
THE AXGLEK AN!) HI'XTSMAX 221 
 
 mals, have eoiniiiitted th(nuselves to tlic .^ame refuge idea 
 as tlie means of savino- from extinction the beasts and l)irds 
 that liave formed so picturesque an element of western 
 American life. 
 
 "Admitting' the principle of game refuges — a step that 
 gives hope to every game conservationist — the stockmen 
 have qualified their endorsement with a restriction which, 
 if put into effect, would ])lace enormous difficulties in the 
 Avay of reaping the fruits of this rational method of game 
 conservation and i:)ropagation. They wish to have these 
 refuges restricted to areas where the grazing of live stock 
 will not be interfered with in any way. Presu.mably this 
 means areas unsuitable for the grazing of cattle or sheep. 
 Briefly, the Federal game refuge plan ])rovides for the set- 
 ting aside, through Act of Congress and Presidential procla- 
 mation, of certain areas of National Forest land whereon 
 hunting would ])e forbidden. These areas, so far from ])eing 
 co-extensive with the National Forests, would be compara- 
 tively small, but in sufficient numbers to form reservoirs of 
 gauK^ animals which could breed in safety from molestation, 
 and which would overflow^ into the surrounding country. 
 The principle is alialogous to the principle in forestry, of 
 saving seed-trees from the axe to assure a future crop of 
 trees, or to the principle in stockraising of preserving an 
 unimijaired breeding stock. 
 
 "The stock associations apparently desire to have these 
 ])reeding grounds restricted to regions which, by the rough- 
 ness of their topography or the nature of their vegetation or 
 from other causes, are unsuital)le to the grazing of range 
 stock. This restriction is apparently based uj^on the mis- 
 taken assumption that stock grazing will be excluded from 
 the refuges, as in Yellowstone Park grazing is not allowed. 
 This assumption is erroneous. There is no intention, in 
 any responsible quarter, of making such an exclusion. The 
 game refuge plan will permit a relatively small number of 
 game animals — particularly deer — to live unharmed either 
 (^n Avaste land or on ranges chiefly devoted to stock grazing. 
 
222 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 That wild ^aiiie will flourish where domestic stock can not 
 earn a living" is well known to an^yone conversant with wild 
 life. Nevertheless, the restriction suggested would, if 
 adopted, seriously interfere with the game refuge plan; and 
 there are other remedies which would i'ully protect the in- 
 terests of stockmen. 
 
 ''The areas of western mountain range unsuitable to 
 the grazing of domestic stock are comparativeh^ small and 
 scattered. The term 'unsuitable' is in itself a relative one. 
 Suitability is largeh^ controlled by the factors of accessi- 
 Idlity, Avater and type of vegetation; and the first two fac- 
 tors are frequent! 3^ subject to human control. Areas which 
 are unsuitable for stock, owing to difficulty of access and 
 lack of Avater, and which may nevertheless be adaptable to 
 the propagation of wild game, are frequently made acces- 
 sible by trails and bridges and usable through the develop- 
 ment of watering places. 
 
 ' ' It is safe to sa}^ that most wild animals do not inhabit 
 the most rugged and inaccessible regions tlM'ough choice, 
 but from necessity. They are driven thither by their ene- 
 mies — above all, by their arch-enem}^ man. Elk and deer 
 once were abundant in the plains and foothill region east 
 of the Rockies. Rough topography is unquestionably a 
 strong factor in the protection of game animals from ex- 
 tinction; but the very things which render it unfavorable 
 for stockraising — lack of water, lack of feed, difficulty of 
 travel — likewise render it unfavorable for the propagation 
 of game, though less so than in case of domestic animals. It 
 then follows that if the question at issue is the preservation 
 of a breeding stock of game, and the propagation of a supply 
 for hunting, favorable conditions must be afforded for 
 these purposes. If the stockmen are really concerned about 
 game conservation they must apply to game breeding the 
 same line of reasoning they apply to stock breeding, allow- 
 ing of course for the difference in habits between the two 
 classes of animals. They must recognize the necessity ol 
 providing the three essentials of feed, water and practicable 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 223 
 
 country. Recognizing tins necessity, they will then realize 
 that they have several forms of protection against any undue 
 competition for range by wild game. The most important 
 of these safeguards are (1) difference in habits between 
 Avild and domestic animals, (2) limitation in size of refuges, 
 (3) control of refuges through flexible administrative regu- 
 lations analogous to the grazing regulations of the United 
 States Forest Service, (4) control of amount of game 
 through the hunting of the surplus stock. 
 
 '^It is well known that such animals as deer and moun- 
 tain sheep can do well where domestic stock can not. Of the 
 western game animals it can safely be asserted that the wild 
 sheep and the Rocky Mountain goat will never compete 
 with live stock, since, b}^ preference, they inhabit the most 
 inhospitable fastnesses. The elk, it must be admitted, does 
 compete with live stock ; but the elk will never come back. 
 In the case of the deer, we are concerned with a browsing 
 animal which will never offer any serious competition with 
 domestic herds. jSTo one can point out an authentic in- 
 stance of deer hampering the live stock industry, and there 
 are no conditions in the West under which they can conceiv- 
 ably do so. As for turkey and other game birds, the ques- 
 tion of competition does not enter at all ; they are an invalu- 
 able by-product which in no wise interferes with stockrais- 
 ing. The difference in habits must ])e taken full advantage 
 of, and game refuges should where possible be limited to 
 the areas that are least suitable for stock grazing. 
 
 ''A cardinal factor of a successful game refuge policy, 
 however, lies in geographical location. The refuges must be 
 in sufficient numbers and so situated as to assure a supply 
 of game in every region where it is desirable. There ma}^ or 
 may not be Avaste range unsuitable for stockraising. Where 
 there is no waste range this fact should not bar the creation 
 of a needed refuge, for the refuge will not exclude stock 
 grazing or interfere with it. In some cases the refuges will 
 embrace lands both suitable and unsuitable for domestic 
 animals, but in any event, with the single exception of the 
 
2-!4 'I'HK AX(iLKl{ AND Krx'rs:siAX 
 
 oik, tlic coinpctitioii Ix'twcen ,i>'ani(^ and live stock will he 
 ii(\i'lij;il)le; and so far as the elk is conc'crncd there is little 
 probability that any attempt will l)e made to brin^- him 
 hack in large nnnil)ers on the Xational Forests. Like the 
 bnffalo, he was doomed to go as a free-ranging game animal. 
 and henceforth he will necessarily be localized. 
 
 "Another imx)ortant safeguard to stockraising interests 
 lies in the limited size of the ])rop()sed refnges. None of the 
 proponents of refnges ex])ects or desires the creation of 
 game preserves coextensive with the National Forests. 
 Even if an}^ did so desire, the.y wonld be faced by insnr- 
 monntable obstables. The Tocking np of resources is alien 
 to the spirit of the Forest Service; all it insists upon is the 
 ]n'udent use and protection which will assure a permaneiit 
 supply of these resources. The locking up of gamc^ re- 
 sources in i)articTdar is foreign to the democratic ideal of 
 American sportsmanship, which would never tolerate any- 
 thing that remotely a])])roached the European system of 
 special privileges in the chase. What is desired is a com- 
 paratively large numl^er of small refugees which would have 
 to be located geographically as to assure an overflow of 
 game to the suri'ounding regions ada])ted to it, in sufficient 
 immbers to satisfy the legitimate demands of sportsmen. 
 In the location of these refuges there is no reason why the 
 stockmen should not have an imi:>ortant influence. 
 
 "Game refuges within the National Forests would l)e 
 undei- the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of 
 Agriculture, as are the forests themselves. The National 
 Forests were and are created under a general enabling stat- 
 ute by Congress, which authorizes the Secretary of Agri- 
 culture to ])romulgate rules and regidations for their gov- 
 ernance. These regulations have the force of law. Ad- 
 ]ninistrative regulations of this kind are the most flexible 
 system of laws yet devised. Everyone is acquainted with 
 tiie enormous difficvdty of changing statutory laws; it is 
 much easier to secure changes in administrative regulations. 
 Here then is a safeguard whose value can not be overesti- 
 
THE AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 225 
 
 mated. The stockmeu, being funclameutally interested in 
 game, can, through their local and national advisory boards, 
 secure the protection of their vital interests in helping to 
 shape the whole policy of game refuges. 
 
 "The interest of stockgrowers in Avild game is not a 
 mere sentimental one. There is a privately-owned fenced 
 i'ange in a ew ^Mexico containing one of the largest herds of 
 antelope remaining in the Southwest. They are carefully 
 protected, and their presence on that range adds materially 
 to the selling price of the outfit. Sportsmen and stockmen 
 have at least one vital interest in common: the extermina- 
 tion of predatory animals, which prey indiscriminately on 
 wild game and domestic stock. In New Mexico the State 
 game protective association, with a membership of ],2(i0 
 sportsmen, is actively engaged in the campaign against pre- 
 datory animals. Wherever there is any game sportsmen 
 and stoclonen will unite in a relentless warfare against these 
 enemies of valuable animals. The exclusion of himting 
 from certain areas of range will in itself be a benefit to 
 stock interests. 
 
 ' ' Game conservationists do not wish or expect to have 
 the National Forests overrun with great herds of mid game. 
 They do wish and hope to assure its ]3i"eservation and to gi^^e 
 -a reasonable amoiuit of wholesome sport to the avv-^rage 
 xA.merican citizen. Any surplus of game animals is easily re- 
 ]n()vable. The killing of game can be regulated on a vohune 
 ])asis, as the amount of stock on a given range is now regu- 
 lated on a volume basis. There will always be a hundred 
 guns to every deer; if a surplus of game on game refuges 
 should ever menace the live stock industry (a menace now 
 inconceivable) the remedy would lie in permitting the sur- 
 plus to be killed. 
 
 "Any man interested in the preservation of the magnif- 
 icent game animals of our western mountains will admit 
 that the present protective system is a failure. The game 
 is going. Much of it is near the vanishing point. Long- 
 closed seasons are difficult to obtain, and are far less de- 
 
226 THE AXGLEir AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 sirable from the stoeknian's viewpoint than game refuges, 
 for the reason that they are inflexible. The game refuge is 
 the last hope. Unless it comes, America will be a gameloss 
 continent. What rider of the rang'e is willing, for the sake 
 of a paltry mouthful of browse, to forego the thrill of seeing 
 the supple form of a white-tail buck vanish into the fringing 
 timber of a mountain park?- What man 'blooded to the 
 open and the sky, ' wishes to see the far-flung, ample moun- 
 tain ranges of the West stripped of every vestige of animal 
 life that can not be converted into dollars and cents? The 
 sportsman of the West calls upon the stockgrowers of the 
 West to dismiss imaginar}^ fears, and to say the word that 
 will give impetus to the one remaining chance of preserving 
 from annihilation the wild life of western America. ' ' 
 
 The foregoing presents the case fairly and accurately. 
 The stockgrowers, the farmers, of this great country have it 
 in their own hands to materially aid in conserving the fast 
 fading game supply. I considered this such an excellent 
 exposition of the basic facts in the case that I desired to have 
 ever}' reader of this book study it, hence its incorporation 
 herein. It is high time the farmers and the sportsmen got 
 together and worked together for the common good. \ 
 
 Things To Remember: 
 
 The sportsman in the field or mountains without match- 
 es can start his campfire b}^ the aid of his shotgun. It has 
 been successfull,y experimented upon and is both simple and 
 feasible. First, make ^^reparations to start your fire from 
 the flame b}^ building up your wood ready to light, standing 
 kindlings up on end against the larger sticks wigwam fash- 
 ion, leaving an opening at the bottom for the tinder, shred- 
 ded bark, dry pine slivers or any dry splinter pounded be- 
 tween two rocks, any of which make good tinder. After re- 
 moving the shot from the cartridge, sprinkle the most of the 
 powder on the tinder, leaving only a few grains in the shell. 
 
 NOTE: — We are indebted to the Sportsman's Review for "Things to Remember." 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 227 
 
 Then tear a bit of dry cotton cloth with fluffy edges (a bit 
 of lining from your clothes if nothing else is available), fill 
 this loosely into your emptied cartridge. Put the shell 
 into your gun and fire straight into the air. The cloth will 
 drop close to you and either be aflame, or at least smoulder- 
 ing, so that you can easily blow it into a blaze. Drop this 
 quickly into your tinder and your fire is made. 
 
 Accidents from the handling of firearms, much are they 
 to be regretted, are bound to occur so long as there remain 
 so many careless handlers of the gun. If you have a boy, 
 make him a present of a gun early in life, but instruct him 
 carefully how to handle it, and he will have no trouble all 
 through life. It' s just a matter of getting started out right. 
 One of the highest accomplishments of a man's life is to 
 know how to shoot w^ell, and this is another argument to be- 
 gin early. 
 
 The California Fish and Game Commission tells what 
 to do with a deer : 
 
 To transport a deer on a saddle horse throw a rope 
 across the saddle, pulling a loop of it forward through each 
 cinch ring. 
 
 Place the buck across the saddle and i)^^ "t^® head 
 through one loop and the haunches through the other. 
 
 Draw the ends of the rope tight, make a loop in one, 
 reeve the other through it and make fast. 
 
 To skin a deer head for mounting, cut the skin around 
 the neck well down on the shoulder and breast. 
 
 Then cut along the upper side of the neck to the top of 
 the head. Thence make diagonal cuts, one to each horn. 
 
 Cut off the ears close to^he skull, turn them inside out, 
 and cut away the meat, leaving the cartilage. Skin care- 
 fully around the eyes. Cut the lips close to {ho skull, leav- 
 ing them attached to the skin. Split them trniii tiie inside 
 and fill the cut with salt. 
 
 Rub plenty of salt into the flesh-side of all parts of the 
 skin and let it dry slowly in the shade or roll it up hair side 
 in and ship at once to a taxidermist. 
 
228 I'HK AX(i!j:i; and h lxtsmax 
 
 To butcher a deer, hang it up ])y the hind legs, slit the 
 skin along- the middle breast and belly and to the end of 
 the tail; then along the inside of each leg. 
 
 Cut off the feet at the joints and peel off the skin. Cut 
 through the wall of the abdomen without piercing the in- 
 testines; loosen the diaphragm at the back and sides; cut 
 away the lower intestine close to the bone and empty out 
 the entire contents of the carcass. Split the breastbone with 
 a hatchet. 
 
 The best cuts of venison are the saddle and haunch. 
 
 To make jerked venison or "jerky" use lean meat cut 
 into strips about one-half inch wide. Lay these side by side 
 on a frame made of slats or poles supported about four feet 
 from the ground and keep a small smoky fire going under- 
 neath until the meat is thoroughly dry. 
 
 Fresh meat should be hung up and protected from 
 flies by cheesecloth. 
 
 America for the first time in liistory now leads the 
 world in all breeds of dogs. This was brought about by the 
 world war, during which most of the famous kennels of Eu- 
 rope were practically wiped out and the cream of breeds 
 scattered broadcast . As a result lovers of the different 
 breeds are expected to come to this country in quest of the 
 fine blood which is concentrated here. " The Shepherds 
 (formerly the German Sheepdog), Belgians, Airedales, Fox 
 Terriers and Brussels Griffons are almost a rarity abroad 
 now. At the beginning of hostilities entire kennels of these 
 war dogs were turned over to the various governments, and 
 few are left to be returned to their former owners. Man>' 
 of them were killed in action and others died from various 
 causes in the trenches. They did yeoman work for human- 
 ity. Hundreds of fanciers will now endeavor to replenish 
 their kennels and America is th(^ only country which will 
 be able to help carry out their plans. A golden opportunity 
 now presents itself to the American dog fanciers. 
 
 CaiH^fullv extinguish your camp-fire when hviving. To 
 
THE AXGLEE AND HUXTSMAX 229 
 
 show YOU how disastrous forest fires have become in late 
 years, the President in 1918 had to authorize a loan of one 
 million dollars to the Forest Service for fire-fighting ex- 
 penses, to meet the serious emergency conditions in the 
 National Forests of the Xorthwest and the Pacific Coast 
 States. The loan was made from the special defense fund 
 of fifty million dollars placed at the disposal of the Presi- 
 dent by Congress. While only a small, percentage of blame 
 can be placed at the door of the outer, it behooves each 
 sportsman to carefully extinguish camp-fires. If w^e would 
 guard the wild life that remains, we should use every means 
 to prevent forest fires at our disposal. 
 
 The hunter has indeed arrived! Each returned soldier 
 is intensely imbued with the spirit of sportsmanship caused 
 by living and camping out as did our primitive fore- 
 bears, and the brotherhood of man is now more fully 
 apparent than ever before. 
 
 Fox-hunters of the old school believe that a fat fox 
 caught in the fall denotes a hard winter. 
 
 If all hunters would Avear red coats when hunting, this 
 would doubtless reduce the number of fatalities greatly 
 from accidental shooting. 
 
 The United States Department of Agriculture suggests 
 the folloTving ways of more largely utilizing the deer kill: 
 
 ''Do not kill a spike buck or doe when you can obtain 
 a f ull-grow^n buck. 
 
 ''Do not kill a deer when weather conditions or diffi- 
 culties of transportation prevent saving the meat. 
 
 "Save every poimd of meat. 
 
 "Save the skin and the head also if the antlers are in 
 good condition. 
 
 "Do not shoot deer at night, or in the water, or un- 
 less you can clearly see the animal aimed at is a full-grown 
 buck. Failure to observe this rule usually results in a vio- 
 lation of the game laws, and often in the loss of human life." 
 
2)^0 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 To Soften Boots and Shoes: 
 
 Kerosene is good to soften boots or shoes that liavo 
 been hardened b}^ water. 
 
 To Destroy Cockroaches: 
 
 Sprinkle liellebore on the camp floor at night. The 
 cockroaches will eat it and get poisoned. 
 
 To Preserve Soap: 
 
 Cnt the bars of soap into small pieces, which will be- 
 come hard and last longer. This is the economical way. 
 
 To Prevent Lamp Wicks From Smoking. 
 
 Soak the wicks, in vinegar, after which dry them tlior- 
 oughly. • 
 
 Insect Stings and Bites: 
 
 Hartshorn should be applied to the affected part. This 
 will stop the pain and prevent further swelling. Oil of sas- 
 safras is also good, especially for bee stings. 
 
 To keep matches dry, cork them in a tight bottle. 
 
 You can easily catch frogs with a hook and line baited 
 with a bit of red flannel, which is also a good lure for fish 
 in certain Avaters at given times. 
 
 Take one part rosin, two parts beeswax, three parts 
 tallow, if 5^ou want a good waterproof oil for boots and 
 shoes. 
 
 It is generally understood among hunters that a dis- 
 tress signal consists of three shots in rapid succession, fol- 
 lowed a moment later by another shot. 
 
 What to do when you get lost: Don't lose your head, 
 but sit right down and think. Don't w^ander on and on, 
 thinking you'll eventually find your way out; usually you 
 won't; you'll only get farther <tff the track. Camp right 
 where you are until aid can reach you, or you can take time 
 to study out where you are and how t(^ get back Avhere you 
 started from. 
 
 I 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 231 
 
 Use This Match-Box to Light Your Cigar in the Strongest 
 
 Wind: 
 
 Now comes an invention, patented, by George Frank 
 Wangh, a private in the U. S. Army, which seems to solve 
 the difficulty of lighting a match in the wind. It is con- 
 tained in Popular Science Monthly, as follows: The de- 
 vice is simple. A small, round hole is made near one end 
 of the cover of an ordinary match-box. Some abrasive ma- 
 terial is pasted on the corresponding end of the tray itself. 
 In order to light your" cigar, slide open the cover of the box 
 until the hole is free, insert your match in the hole and strike 
 it on the abrasive material on the end of the box. The re- 
 leased end of the cover provides a small walled-in space, in 
 the shelter of which the cigar can be quickly and conven- 
 ientl.y lit. 
 
 Sure you must carry your hunting license Avith you, as 
 this has been the law for years. If it was not there you 
 might go back home and get a permit after the warden had 
 caught you. Practice safety first by always toting your 
 license along. 
 
 The wife of a Methodist minister in West Virginia has 
 been married three times. Her maiden name was Partridge, 
 her first husband Avas named Robins, her second Sparrow, 
 the present Quale. There are now tw^o ^'^oung robins, one 
 sparrow and three little quales in the family. 
 
 One grandfather was a Swan and another a Jay, but 
 he's dead now and a bird of Paradise. They live on Hawk 
 ave., Eagleville, Canary Island, and we'll bet the fellow we 
 borrowed this item from is a Lyre and a relative of the 
 family. 
 
 Backwoods Lights: 
 
 During the 'flightless nights" enforced during the late 
 war, even city folks learned to use backwoods lights, such 
 as blazing tallow dips, fir cones and pine knots. All these 
 appeared in the city of Philadelphia during the war. 
 
232 THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 
 
 In the Bustletoii district, on tlie small truck farms, blaz- 
 ing pine knots took the place of coal oil, being used for out- 
 door pur]wses also. Fastened to the tops of posts, first 
 made fireproof by being covered with turf, they blazed 
 aAA^ay, throwing out a brilliant light (if a bit fitful), and 
 filling the air with the fragrance of burning pitch. 
 
 Incidentally, it was discovered that the smoke and 
 fumes of the blazing knots proved an effective mosquito ex- 
 terminator. At least, where they were used to any extent 
 few mosquitoes lingered 'roimd to torment one in the early 
 evening, it Avas found; 
 
 In the same section of Pennsyh'ania pine or fir cones, 
 first dipped in a solution made by putting fats in coal oil and 
 turpentine, Avere also found good for oiTtdoor illumination. 
 Those AAdio liaA^e tried both say that the cone does not last as 
 long, although, while burning, it produces a brighter and 
 steadier light. 
 
 Quite a novel use is being made of pine knot illimiina- 
 tion by canoeists, and this is an item that may interest the 
 |)ros]3ectiA'e outer, who does not care to burden himself down 
 with lanterns, or other lighting apparatus. 
 
 Putting AAvay The Tackle: 
 
 When the season for fishing is OA'er, anglers who pos- 
 sess first-class tackle will be ready to store it away for the 
 Avinter. The artificial flies aa^II be gone OATr carefully one 
 by one, the fly-book sterilized and AA^hen the flies are placed 
 therein sprinkled with camphor to keep out moths and silver 
 fish. All snooked hooks will be inspected, placed in pack- 
 ages, and laid with tested leaders in the taclde-box. The 
 lines will be carefully gone OA^er, dried, perhaps oiled, and 
 rewound carefully on the reels. The rods also will be given 
 attention and either sent to the tackle store to be overhauled, 
 straightened, rcAvrapped and reshellaced, or this will be done 
 at home during the Avinter months. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 233 
 
 How to Repair Shot Chargers: 
 
 In the repairing of shot chargers of a gun, the usual 
 method is to remove the lever and put the stud back in place. 
 Wet the joint inside the charger with soldering acid. After 
 holding it with the stud downwards, apply a bit of soft solder 
 upon the joint, liolding it until it melts over an alcohol 
 lamp. In case the lever spring slips out, take any kind of 
 cartridge primer which has had the priming removed and 
 put inside it a drop of soldering acid with a bit of solder. 
 After warming it up till the solder fuses, and after it has 
 cooled the charger should be wet with a bit of the acid where 
 the spring's bend comes, placing the primer with the solder 
 directly in contact with the wet place. After holding over 
 the lamp until the solder is melted, replace the spring. 
 
 Keep Within The Law: 
 
 AVhen the sportsman goes hunting, he goes with the in- 
 tention of keeping within the law. He buys a license. He 
 knows the money realized from the sale of these licenses is 
 used by his State Game and Fish Department to protect 
 game and fish. He understands that this ]3rotection is his 
 benefit, as it increases the amount of game and fish in his 
 State. 
 
 Another law the true sportsman ahvays obeys when out 
 hunting is the "bag limit." By carefully complying with 
 this law he knows he is co-operating with the designated au- 
 thorities to increase the game and fish. 
 
 The Case Against The Crow: 
 
 The crow is generalh^ known to be one of the greatest 
 destroyers of bird life on the American continent. It is an 
 arch-enemy of game birds and crops. The Pennsylvania 
 Game Commission has estimated that each crow destroys 
 more wild life annually than any fox, weasel, wildcat, mink 
 or human hunter. 
 
2:>4 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAX 
 
 During the first several weeks of their life, the young of 
 game birds and of perching birds are fed on animal food, 
 chiefly in the form of insects, and each will consume daily 
 an amount cMjual to its own weight. 
 
 A young crow while on the nest will consume an amount 
 of food equal to three or four times its own weight, and only 
 a small part of this food consists of insects. Most of it is 
 made up of eggs or the young of other birds which, if left 
 alive,' would be of benefit in the protection of crops. 
 
 In addition to the harm done in destroying useful birds, 
 crows spread contagious and infectiA^e disease. 
 
 Crow shooting forms a fascinating and useful sport, 
 and is one we can engage in without the danger of being 
 called a "game hog," for the more of them we kill, the 
 greater our service to other game life. 
 
 What can be accomplished when the sport is properly 
 organized is illustrated by the activities of the "Crow Shoot- 
 ers and Would-be Crow Shooters" of Canton, South Dakota. 
 Each year they hold a crow hunt. In the last two hunts a 
 total of 158 shooters participated and a total of 516 crows 
 were killed. 
 
 The Flight of Game Birds: 
 
 While there is a good deal of variation in the speed ct 
 flight of game birds, the table given below may ])e taken as 
 a most accurate approximation of the comparative speed at 
 which the better known wild birds fly. 
 
 The crow may be taken as an example of the slower fly- 
 ing birds, which travel at a rate of 35 to 55 feet per second, 
 with an average speed of 45 miles per hour, while many 
 species of hawks attain a remarkable speed, some going as 
 fast as 200 feet a second. 
 
THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 235 
 
 The table follows : 
 
 Bird. Feet per 
 
 second. Average. 
 
 Quail 65 to 85 75 
 
 Ruffed Grouse 60 to 90 75 
 
 Snipe 50 to 70 65 
 
 Wood Duck 70 to 90 80 
 
 Canada Geese 100 to 120 110 
 
 Red Head 110 to 130 120 
 
 Canvas-back 130 to 160 145 
 
 Mallard 55 to 90 75 
 
 Teal 120 to 110 130 
 
 It may be said that if ducks are frightened they can 
 reach maximum speed at will, and this sprinting flight is 
 usually what the gunner has to make allowance for. On 
 the other hand, many wildfowl are jumped and killed while 
 hovering over decoys and moving slowly, and birds like 
 snipe and quail are often killed before they have attained 
 full speed. Upland birds are not often shot while passing 
 the gun at right angles, but going straight away, quartering 
 or twisting. 
 
 Pigmy People Lazy, But Great Hunters: 
 
 High up on the slopes of Mount Mariveles, in the Phil- 
 ippine Islands, dwell the last remnants of an ancient and 
 mysterious race — the negritos, or "little negroes." 
 
 Scientists differ hopelessly as to their origin and his- 
 tory, but the visitor who is fortunate enough to penetrate 
 into their carefully hidden villages finds the quaint little 
 people extremely interesting. 
 
 Tho' they are disinclined to work, the negrito is inde- 
 fatigable in the chase, and will hunt all day without any- 
 thing to eat but the mango, or banana, that he may seize as 
 he rushes by. If the dogs are scarce for any reason, women 
 
236 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 are pressed into service, and these go loping- through the 
 brush, ye]|)ing in Imitation of the canines for whom they 
 are snbstitnted. 
 
 Sometimes a beater will emerge from the brush carry- 
 ing a pig he has encountered and killed or, mor6 important 
 still, bringing news of the sighting of a python. In such a 
 case th(* whole hunt is called in and its energies directed to 
 the capture of the big snake, which, when killed, is carried 
 in triumphal jjrocession to the village, where it furnishes a 
 feast for all who can be gathered for the festive occasion. 
 
 The Calling of Ducks: 
 
 No matter whether one shoots ducks over decoys, on the 
 pass, jumping or wading, the call is very essential. Yet of 
 the great number of men who shoot, comparatively few are 
 able to call well or with judgment. Nor is it necessary to 
 cultivate many different calls. Two or three are quite 
 enough. 
 
 For the inland water-fowl, mallard, widgeon, teal, gray- 
 duck, spoon-bill, wood-duck, black-duck and all non-diving 
 ducks, the mallard and teal call is sufficient. In fact, the 
 mallard call alone is usually enough for the attraction of all 
 non-diving ducks. 
 
 For diving or deep-water ducks, the blue-bill call will 
 answer, although if one has also at command the purring call 
 (^f the redhead, it will greatly help in the day's sport. In 
 shooting over ordinary waters where sport is to be had at 
 redlieads, blue-bills, broad-bills, whistlers, butter-balls and 
 others of this class, most of the ducks will respond readily 
 to the blue-bill or the broad-bill call. Blue-bills are great 
 callers, and on calm days can be heard hailing every passing 
 flock. Sometimes the blue-bill calls the ker-r-r once, then 
 twice and three times, and occasionally even four times. 
 When they are feeding they often sound a contented kind of 
 chuckle which is similar to that of the mud-hen when un- 
 disturbed. 
 
THE AXULER AND HUNTSMAN 237 
 
 Sound travels a long way in a still marsh. When the 
 call is loud the mallard, black-duck and widgeon detect 
 easily the fraud in calls; therefore, it is well to modulate 
 the voice in a marsh. Of ttimes these wary birds, after com- 
 ing into a marsh in response to your call, will settle among 
 your decoys; or they might alight outside of gun-range and 
 study the decoys to satisfy themselves of their being all 
 right. If not disturbed they will then slowly move toward 
 the decoys, feeding and chuckling as they swim. 
 
 Do not call too loud or too often. 
 
 Call to attract the bird's attention to decoys, then modu- 
 late your call. In a marsh remember the birds .can detect 
 the imitation much more readily in a loud than in a muffled 
 voice. 
 
 For deep-water birds call louder, or else give a low 
 chuckle that they can just hear. 
 
 If birds start to circle away, a few low calls will often 
 bring them back. 
 
 When in open water, the birds will often go entirely 
 around you to discover what the suspicious bunch of weeds 
 contains, and at such a time lie low and do not try to keep 
 them in sight all the while. Your moving will scare them 
 away quicker than anything else. Lie low, and stay low, 
 and if the birds come in do not jump up if you happen to be 
 on shore. Rest just high enough to clear your blind when 
 you shoot. Be assured the ducks' eyes are on the shore side, 
 for there is where they watch for danger, and any movement 
 sends -them scattering. 
 
 Are Fish Color-Blind? 
 
 Ever and anon this question bobs up somewhere in 
 print. It is, has been, and apparently always will be, a 
 much mooted question for a lot of fellows who do not stop 
 a moment and do a little common-sense thinking. 
 
 All anglers know that a trout will bite at a certain color 
 fly at a certain season. No other color will appeal to the 
 
2o8 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 ti'out during that period. To our mind this is all the ])ro<)f 
 required to convince even a candidate tor the feeble-minded 
 institute that a fish can and does distinguish between colors. 
 
 Have Fishes Memory? 
 
 Experts in fish culture and piscatorial experiments are 
 convinced that at least some of the fishes of the sea are en- 
 dowed with memory, as well as other brain faculties that are 
 often surprising. 
 
 Capt. John Patton, former commander of a whaling 
 vessel, upon his return from Alaska, is authority for the in- 
 formation that the most astonishing results have been ob- 
 tained, especially as regards the gray perch, which lives 
 principally on small silvery hued sardine. 
 
 He took some of these and colored them red, and they 
 were then placed in the tank where the perch was, with sev- 
 eral silvery sardines. 
 
 Of course, the normal sardines were at once seized and 
 devoured, but it was not until hungry that the perch made a 
 tentative meal of one of the red colored victims. On recog- 
 nizing the sardine flavor, however, he promptly demolished 
 the remainder. 
 
 Later the perch devoured the sardines irrespective of 
 color, thus showing not only traces of a memory, but also 
 the power to differentiate color. 
 
 Subsequently sardines colored red and blue were jDlaced 
 in the tank together with the silver ones. The same scene 
 Avas repeated, the blue sardines not being attacked until the 
 others were eaten and hunger compelled investigation of 
 the newcomers. 
 
 Where Birds Are Actually Used as Lamps: 
 
 The price of coal-oil is not an item of interest to the 
 inhabitants of the Island of St. Kilda, which is a favorite 
 haunt of that animated oil-can, the fulmar. So rich is this 
 sea bird in oil that the natives simply pass a wick through 
 
 1 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 239 
 
 its body and use it as a lamp. This oil is also one of the 
 principal articles exported from the island. It is found 
 in the birds' stomachs, is amber-colored, and has a peculiar- 
 ly nauseous odor. The old birds are said to feed the yoimg 
 with it, and when they are caught or attacked they lighten 
 themselves by disgorging it. 
 
 In St. Kilda it is legal to kill the fulmars only during 
 one week of the year ; but during that week from eighteen 
 to twenty thousand birds are slaughtered. 
 
 The mutton-bird of the Antartic also carries its oil in 
 the stomach and can eject this oil through the nostrils as a 
 means of defense against enemies. Quantities of mutton- 
 birds are slaughtered every year for their oil on the coasts 
 of Tasmania and Xew Zealand. In its composition and 
 properties this oil resembles very greatly tha oil of the 
 sperm-whale. 
 
 Tackle For Tarpon: 
 
 A tarpon pole should be about seven feet long and made 
 of carefully selected pieces of bamboo, greenheart, or some- 
 thing similar. The guides should be very smooth and all 
 precaution must be taken to prevent the wearing of the line. 
 The reel must be carefully examined, and big enough to 
 carry six hundred feet of line. A reel of inferior quality is 
 apt to jam as soon as subjected to a great strain, and no one 
 should ever try to economize in purchasing this part of the 
 outfit. Hooks, too, must be of the best workmanship, as 
 the mouth of the tarpon consists of almost solid bone, and it 
 takes a good hook, indeed, to find lodgment in one 's mouth 
 and hold fast. For trolling, piano wire leaders are used, 
 vvhich seldom break under the heaviest strain, to which 
 should be attached the best hooks you can buy. The leaders 
 should be six feet in length. 
 
 Besides the nuts used in confectioner}^ the Indian 
 cashew tree yields an insect-repelling gum, a juice that 
 makes indelible ink and three kinds of oil, one edible, the 
 others used to tan fishing nets and preserve wood. 
 
240 J' HI-: AXULER AXD HUNTSMAN 
 
 In Tasinaiiia all snakes are venomous, though only five 
 are really deadly, and these are rarely encountered. 
 
 The Australian continent is abundantly supplied with 
 lizards, there being three hundred and ninety species re- 
 corded, and they may be seen not only in woods and j)rairies 
 and deserts, in the water, among rocks and in trees, but also 
 in the less frequented city streets. 
 
 The smallest known bird is a Central American hum- 
 ming bird that is about the size of a bluebottle fly. 
 
 The bill pouch of the pelican will hold from three to 
 eight pounds of fish. 
 
 Overcooked fish is dry and tasteless, while undercooked 
 fish is not safe. 
 
 The deepest place in the ocean yet found is off ^lin- 
 danao, PhiMppine Islands — 32,088 feet. 
 
 The most jjrimitive mammals, the monotremes, are con- 
 fined to Australia. There is the platypus, a strange beast 
 which lays eggs like a turtle, has horny pads for teeth and a 
 bill like the duck ; its front feet are webbed and both back 
 and front feet have claws. 
 
 A good remedy for insect bites is to rub the skin with 
 a little vinegar and water. Scented verbena leaves are said 
 to have the same effect. 
 
 Don't kill snakes unless you know that they are poison- 
 ous. They keep down the rodents so injurious to agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 Goat's milk is much purer than cow's milk because the 
 goat is immune to most of the infectious diseases that the 
 cow is sub ject to. 
 
 RECIPES FOR CAMP COOKING: 
 
 Venison: 
 
 The hunter should be familiar with the different parts 
 of the deer and should know what each portion is best suited 
 for. The shoulder is used for roasting. The fore-loin may 
 be used for roasts and steaks ; the haunch or loin for roasts, 
 
THE ANGLER AND HT^NTSMAN 241 
 
 steaks, and stews. Cut the ribs close and use for soup. 
 This part is also good smoked. The breast may be baked 
 or stewed. The scrag or neck for soup. The ideal deer for 
 meat is the flesh of a female about four years old. Buck 
 venison is also excellent, ])ut either male or female deer re- 
 quires skill in dressing for preservation. 
 
 Broiled Venison Steak: 
 
 Venison steaks are best when broiled over a clear f ii*e, 
 and they should be turned often. When done, season with 
 salt and pepper to taste, pour over two tablespoonfuls (^f 
 currant jelly melted with butter, if handy, and serve hot. 
 Excellent steaks may be cut from the loin. 
 
 Venison Hashed: 
 
 Cut into small pieces, or slices, and place the trimmings 
 and bones in a saucepan with just sufficient water to cover 
 them. Stew thus for one hour. Then strain the liquid 
 into a stewpan, add some small pieces of l)utter, rolled in 
 flour, and the gravy left from the venison from the pre- 
 vious meal. Add the meat, keeping it over the fire just a 
 time sufficient to warm thoroughh% but not allowing it to 
 come to a boil again. 
 
 Fried Venison Steak: 
 
 Cut a breast of venison into steaks. Take a fourth of 
 a pound of butter and let it get hot in a pan. Rub the 
 steaks with a mixture of a little salt and ]>epper ; dip them 
 in flour, or if this is not handy, rolled craokers or bread 
 crumbs will do, and fry to a rich ])rown. Take the meat up. 
 Place a heaping teaspoonful of flour in the butter in the 
 jjan and stir well until it browns, being careful not to ])urn 
 it. Add a cup of boiling water with some currant jelly dis- 
 solved into it if obtainable. Stir a little while and then 
 strain it over the meat and serve at once. 
 
242 THE AXGLEE AXD H TNTSMAX 
 
 Rabbit Fricassee: 
 
 Brttwii some butter in a hot iron skillet. Then f I'v the 
 hare, previously cut up, brown on both sides. Then cover 
 the meat with hot water and stew until it is thoroughly 
 tender, seasoning it to suit taste. When stewing is finished, 
 let the meat again fry brown. 
 
 To Roast or Bake Geese or Ducks: 
 
 Wash in soda water, wipe dry. Stuff with a highly- 
 seasoned dressing, using more onion than is commonly used 
 for turkey or chicken, also a little sage. Dredge the fowl 
 vrith salt, pepper and flour. Put a little water in the pan 
 and baste often. Bake until tender, allowing twenty or 
 twenty-five minutes to the pound. Serve with sauce. 
 
 To Broil Squabs, Pigeons, Partridges: 
 
 Here are two good ways, either of which may be used 
 with success: 
 
 Wash in soda water, wipe dry and put in a baking pan 
 heated very hot. Put the skin side down and press it flat 
 on the back inside of a hot oven. Cook about fifteen min- 
 utes, turn the bird and cook until a nice brown. This 
 usually requires thirty minutes. When done, season with 
 salt and pepper and. pour melted butter over it. SerA-e with 
 pastr}^ crullers. You can broil the bird on top of the stove 
 on a hot griddle, or on a wire broiler over hot coals. 
 
 Another way: Split bird down the back. Sprinkle 
 with pepper and salt, dredge with flour and put in a piece 
 of breakfast bacon under each wing and leg. Put three or 
 four pieces of bacon in the broiler, or in the pan, and lay bird 
 on it. Broil in the oven or over coals. If in the oven, l)aste 
 with drippings from the bacon, and if there is not enough, 
 use a little butter and water mixed. 
 
 (Note : These are all tested . recipes furnished by 
 brother sportsmen.) 
 
THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 243 
 
 To Fry Fish, Game, Etc: 
 
 Clean well, season, drop in hot fat and fry brown. Be 
 sure the fat is hot, as this sears the outside, or surface, and 
 retains the juices and game flavor. If fried in cold fat, this 
 fries all the juice out and flavor as well, and makes the meat 
 tough. Salt the meat after it is placed in the pan, when al- 
 most done. 
 
 Camp Coffee: 
 
 To each cup of water put in one tablespoon of ground 
 coffee, then add one for good measure. Put on in cold 
 Avater and place on embers to boil. Just allow it to boil up 
 once and remove pot from fire. Use just a little water, 
 about one-fourth cup, to settle grounds, and serve steaming 
 hot. 
 
 Camp Tea: 
 
 Allow one teaspoonful to each person, and one for good 
 measure. Pour over fresh boiling water and set aside for 
 few minutes to steep, then serve. 
 
 Fish: 
 
 To fry fish, dredge the pieces with flou.r or cornmeal, 
 have ready hot lard or drippings sufficient to cover the 
 pieces. When brown on one side, turn over in the fat and 
 brown other, remove from frying pan, and serve w^ith to- 
 mato sauce. 
 
 To Fry Pan Fish: 
 
 Select small fish. When they are fried quite brown 
 ready to turn place cover over them, drain off fat, invert pan 
 and they will be left unbroken on the plate. Put hot fat 
 back in pan, place fish in pan as before and fry on other 
 side. Drain and slip them on a Avarm platter and serA^e hot. 
 
 Fried Eels: 
 
 Clean eels Avell, cut in small pieces, wash and wipe them 
 dry, roll in wheat flour, and fry as directed for fish, in hot 
 
244 THE angtj:r axd htxtsmax 
 
 lard or other lard substitute. They should be cooked thor- 
 ouiihlY done. 
 
 Fried Halibut: 
 
 Fry a few thin slices of salt pork in an iron frying pan : 
 then take u]) but keep warm until the halil)ut is fried. 
 Wash and dry the sliced halibut, season with salt and pe])- 
 per, dredge with flour, and place the strips in the hot pork 
 drippings and fry brown on both sides ; then serve the fish 
 and the pork together. 
 
 Fried Brook Trout: 
 
 Clean, wash and dry the fish, split them to the tail, sea- 
 son with salt and pepper, and roll in flour. Lard or the fat 
 of fried salt ])ork may be used to fry them with. If lard is 
 used, add a piece of butter to prevent sticking, and which 
 also aids in browning them properly. Have your fat very 
 hot; quick frying is essential. Serve hot. Usually fried 
 with heads on. 
 
 Fried Smelts: 
 
 Fry with heads on, same as brook trout. 
 
 Fried Frogs: 
 
 This is the usual way to ]U'epare frogs. The hind legs 
 and quarters are all that is used. Clean well, season, nnd 
 fry in egg-batter, or if eggs are not available fry them in 
 fat. 
 
 Baked Pickerel: 
 
 Clean and wipe the fish carefully, place it in the pan 
 ^vith just sufficient hot water to prevent scorching. Bake 
 slowly, basting frequently with butter and water. When 
 done, stir in two large spoons of melted butter, and season 
 to taste. 
 
 Fresh Salmon Fried: 
 
 The slices should be cut about thi-ee-fourths inch thick. 
 Dredge with flour, or dip in egg and roll in cracker crumbs. 
 
 I 
 
THE AXGLEK AN!) HUNTSMAN 245 
 
 Fry until a light broAvii. This method will answer for all 
 large fish that has to be cut into steaks. Season to taste 
 with salt and pepper. 
 
 Boiled Bass: 
 
 Thoroughly clean and place in a pan with enough water 
 to cover; add two tablespoonfuls of salt; place pan over fire 
 and allow it to boil about five minutes. Test, and if found 
 done, take up and serve with tomato or some other sauce 
 easily carried to camp with you. 
 
 Boiled Fresh Cod: 
 
 Sew up the portion of fish to. be cooked in a thin cloth, 
 or if this is im])racticable tie it up as best yo,u can. Boil in 
 salted water, allowing the water to be boiling when the fish 
 is put in the pot; boil for about fifteen minutes to each 
 pound. Unwrap and serve with any sauce you like or have 
 with you. 
 
 Game Soup: 
 
 Take two grouse or two iDartridges ; three medimn- 
 sized onions ; one can of dried beef ; some fried bread ; pep- 
 per and salt and celery salt ; three quarts of water. 
 
 Prepare and cut up the game, also cut the onions into 
 small pieces, place in soup pot, add the beef, pour on the 
 water, heat slowly and cook gently two houis. 
 
 Fr^^ some bread in Ijutter and serve with the sou]). 
 
 If the grouse or partridge is not at hand, a couple of 
 rabbits will make a good substitute. 
 
 to' 
 
 Squirrel Soup: 
 
 Prepare the squirrel for soup; add one teaspoonful 
 salt ; one gallon water ; cover the soup pot close, place on back 
 of cami3 oven to boil gently; add corn and other vegetables 
 if obtainable. When meat has boiled tender, strain soup; 
 then return soup to oven and boil gently 15 minutes. 
 
2M) THE AXGLKR AXD HUNTHMAX 
 
 Thicken with flour and fJmoi' with celery salt; ser\(' with 
 toasted bread. 
 
 Green Turtle Soup: 
 
 One turtle, seasoned with onions, juice of one lemon, 
 four quarts of water. 
 
 After removing entrails, cut meat into small pieces, add 
 water and stew slowly until meat is tender, then add onions, 
 pepper and salt, stew very slowly and do not let it cease boil- 
 in,i>- during this time. Add additional water, if necessary; 
 thicken with bi'own flour, sinmier a few minutes longeT. 
 If there are eggs in the turtle cook separately, throw them 
 in the soup when done before taking up soup. 
 
 Roast Goose: 
 
 A wild goese something less than one year old is best 
 and the fatter the better. Stuff with bread crumbs and a 
 goodly portion of butter, or salt pork if no butter is obtain- 
 able. Bake two hours or longer. 
 
 Roast Wild Duck: 
 
 It is better, if the weather is cold, to keep a wild duck a 
 few days before cooking. Before roasting, they should ))e 
 parboiled, which will remove the fishy taste, that most ducks 
 have. Place an onion inside the boiling duck. Carrot is 
 good if you prefer. Season to taste with salt and ])e])]ier. 
 Roast young ducks from twenty-five to thirt}^ minutes, 
 grown ducks an hour or longer. Baste frequently. 
 
 Canvas-Back Duck: 
 
 This bird requires no seasoning, having a perfect fla- 
 vor of its own. It feeds largely on wild celery, which ac- 
 counts for its good flavor. Roast quickly over a hot fire. 
 Dress the duck in the customary Avay by plucking, singeing, 
 and drawing, then wipe with a wet towel or cloth, after 
 which place in a pau, put in oven and roast, basting often. 
 Roast for al^out thirty minutes. Most sportsmen prefer it 
 a little rare. Serve hot. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 247 
 
 Roast Pigeons: 
 
 Pigeons slioiild be roasted same day killed, as they 
 otherwise lose their flavor. They may be roasted iu the 
 usual manner. Generally it requires from twenty to thirty 
 minutes ' time. 
 
 Woodcock Roasted: 
 
 Pluck feathers, skin head and neck of bird, and when 
 prepared place in pan, baste with butter, dredge with flour, 
 and roast from fifteen to twenty minutes over a hot fire. 
 
 Roasted Snipe : 
 
 Prepare and roast same as woodcock, only not quite 
 as long. 
 
 Reed Birds: 
 
 Prepare carefully, salt and dredge with flour, and roast 
 over a quick fire about fifteen minutes. Serve on toast, and 
 season to taste. 
 
 Roast Quail: 
 
 Steam them until they are quite tender, dredge with 
 fiour, and dip well in butter, season with pepper and salt 
 and roast about fifteen minutes. Roast Partridge, Roast 
 Pheasants, and Roast Grouse prepared same as Roast Quail. 
 
 Fried Rabbit: 
 
 Thoroughly clean, w^asli, and j^lace in boiling water ; al- 
 low it to boil ten minutes, then drain, and when cooled cut 
 up, dip in egg and bread crumbs, season with salt and pep- 
 per, and fry in butter or lard. Fry to a rich ])rown on both 
 sides. To make ra])bit gravy, add a spoonful of flour and 
 a cup of milk (canned if none other is obtainable) , and allow 
 to boil once. 
 
 Squirrel Fried: 
 
 Cook this same as you cook fried rabbit. They may be 
 also broiled or stewed. 
 
248 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN: 
 
 To Keep Meat Away From Flies: 
 
 Tic u]) in sacks of muslin, after ])r('viously wrappinsj 
 in paper. Hang it up in a cool, dry i>lace, out of reach of 
 carniverous animals. The muslin allows the air to enter 
 and it is really ]x4ter not to use paper, if the sack can be 
 padded with straw, or something, so that tlie flies cannot 
 i-eacli through. 
 
 To Rid the Camp of Insects and Vermin: 
 
 Take two pounds of alum and dissolve in three-fourths 
 gallon of water. In order to thoroughly dissolve the alum 
 allow it to stand over night. Apply with a brush, or rag, 
 while boiling hot to cracks, holes, or wherever the insects 
 and vermin are located. This is usually quite effective. 
 
 To Make Tough Meat Tender: 
 
 Tough meat may be made tender by laying it for a few 
 moments in strong vinegar water. 
 
 To Keep Ants Away From the Sugar Box: 
 
 A heavy chalk mark laid all aroimd the sugar l)ox is 
 said to be a safeguard against ants, as they will not cross 
 the mark. 
 
 To Keep Out Mosquitoes: 
 
 Leave a bottle 'of the oil of pennyroyal uncorked in your 
 tent, or camp hut, at night, which is effective in keeping out 
 mosquitoes. 
 
 To Keep Knives From Rusting: 
 
 Steel knives not in constant use may be prevented from 
 rusting if dipped in a strong solution of socla, made of one 
 X»art water to four of soda. Then wipe dry, roll in flanm.'l, 
 and keep in a dr}^ place. 
 
 I 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 249 
 
 Never Boil Tea: 
 
 It dissolves from the tea tannin, which is not l^eiief icial 
 to the digestion. 
 
 How to Make Tea: 
 
 Let the Avater 1)oi] hard. Take one teaspoonful of tea 
 for each cup to be made, and add the boiling water. Let the 
 water stand upon the tea leaves for five minutes, then serve. 
 Tea should be made in an earthen pot, wdiich has previously 
 been warmed by having hot water put into it before the tea 
 is made. If you do not prefer the tea rather strong, let it 
 only steep three or four minutes. 
 
 How to Make Baking Powder Biscuits: 
 
 2 cups flour ; 2 tablespoons lard ; 
 
 1 teaspoon salt ; 1 cup sweet milk ; 
 
 2 teaspoons baking powder; 
 (Use water if you have no milk) . 
 
 Sift fJour into a pan and with a large spoon measu^'e 
 two cups, putting the flour into the cups gently, and not 
 mashing it down. Put the flour that is measured back in 
 the sifter and add to it two teaspoons of baking powder and 
 one teaspoon of salt. Sift it all into the crock or a large 
 bowl and add two tablespoons of lard. Rub the lard into 
 the flour (" Crisco " is a good substitute if you have no lard) . 
 Rub lard into the flour, using tips of fingers, or a spoon, 
 until this is well mixed. Add the cup of sweet milk (or 
 water) slowly, working the dough all the time with the fin- 
 gers or spoon until it is as soft as it can be handled. Take 
 the dough out of the crock and place it on a board sprinkled 
 with flour. Work it with the hand just a little, then roll it 
 out with a rolling pin to about one inch thick. (The empty 
 olive bottle makes an ideal rolling pin). Cut with a small 
 biscuit cutter, which may be the baking powder can, and put 
 in a shallow pan. Bake in a hot oven for about fifteen min- 
 utes until thoroughly done. 
 
250 THE AXGLER AND HIXTSMAX 
 
 How to Make Soda Biscuits: 
 
 2 cups flour 1 cup buttermilk 
 
 1/^ teaspoou soda 2 tablespoons lard 
 
 1 teaspoon salt 
 
 Sift some flour into a pan, and with a large spoon meas- 
 ure two cups, putting the flour into cup gently, and not 
 mashing down. Put the flour that is measured back into 
 ihe sifter and add to it one teaspoon of salt and one-half tea- 
 spoon of soda. Rub the lard into the flour using tips of 
 fingers, until it is mixed well. Add the cup of buttermilk 
 slowly, working the dough all the time with the tips of the 
 fingers, until it is soft as can be handled. Take the dough 
 out of the crock and put on a board sprinkled with flour, 
 T^^orking it with the hands or kneading it just a little, then 
 roll it out with the rolling pin to about one inch thickness. 
 Cut with a small biscuit cutter and put in a shallow pan. 
 Bake in a hot oven for about fifteen minutes. (This recipe 
 was tciken from U. S. Extension Circular Xo. 35). 
 
 Magic Yeast Bread: 
 
 1/4 cake magic yeast 1/4 teaspoon sugar 
 
 1 tea cup warm water 14 teaspoon salt 
 
 2 medium size potatoes 
 
 Thoroughly cook and mash very fine the two potatoes 
 in water in which they were cooked, add salt and sugar, add 
 flour enough to make thick batter, then dissolve yeast (Vo 
 cake in warm water) and place the bowl in which the batter 
 ]s mixed in another bowl of warm water and let stand for 
 ten to fifteen minutes; allow to rise, twenty-four hours be- 
 ing usually required in cold weather. (This recipe was 
 taken from U. S. Extension Circular No. 35). 
 
 Dandelion or Beet Greens: 
 
 Remove the roots, pick over the leaves, throwing away 
 all the wilted ones and wash several times to get clean. 
 
THE ANGLEE AXD HUNTSMAX 251 
 
 Cook in boiling" salted water, with not quite half as much 
 water as greens. Cook one hour, drain, and add a little l)ut- 
 ter and salt. Eaten with hard boiled eggs and vinegar they 
 are good. (This recipe was taken from U. S. Extensir;n 
 Circular No. 35). 
 
 Boiled Hominy: 
 
 AVash one cup of white hominy and after draining, 
 place in a saucepan down in a big kettle over the fire. Add 
 one teaspoonful salt and one quart boiling water. Keep it 
 boiling till tender but do not boil hard. (U. S. Extension 
 Circular No. 35). 
 
 Boiled Onions: 
 
 Peel off the entire outer skin. Put them in a saucepan 
 and pour boiling water over them. Put as much as for boil- 
 ing potatoes (enough to cover them) and let them boil until 
 soft when stuck with a fork, which takes about one hour. 
 Drain off the water and add a little salt and pepper and a 
 very little butter. (U. S. Extension Circular No. 35). 
 
 Beans: 
 
 Wash the beans and cook in boiling water about an 
 hour or an hour and a half, putting in a little salt the last 
 half of the time they are on the stove. Have just enough 
 Avater to keep them from sticking to the pan, but not enough 
 to have to drain off the water, after thej^ are cooked. Serve 
 adding more salt if necessarv. (U. S. Extension Circular 
 No. 35). 
 
 How to Fry Ham: 
 
 Cut the slices about half an inch thick, or to suit your 
 fancy. Cut off rind, and place in the frying pan which has 
 been previously heated. (It should be an iron frying pan) . 
 Fry the ham from ten to fifteen minutes, according to heat 
 of fire. Do not allow to become too done ; it is better cooked 
 well done, but what I mean is that the fat should not be al- 
 lowed to fry all out. It is much better ' 'juicy 
 
 „ jy 
 
252 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 Bouillon Cubes: 
 
 Bouillon can be pnrchased nnywlici'c in cnlx's, and tliis 
 is a handy article of diet to have along, for nothing is nioi'e 
 beneficial than a cup of steaming hot bouillon on a cold raw 
 winter's day. The following varieties of canned son] is are 
 also recommended to the camper: 
 
 Vegetable soup, split pea soup, navy bean soup, Inock 
 turtle soup, black l)ean soup, cream of corn, beef l)<)uillon, 
 mulligatawny soup, beef soup, oxtail soup, tomato soup, to- 
 mato bouillon, tomato rice with curry, cream of tomato, con- 
 somme, beef stew, and chicken soup. 
 
 These soups are already prepared in cans, boiling water 
 being all that it is necessary to add to complete them. Truly 
 a nice innovation for the outdoorsman. They may l)e ob- 
 tained at any grocery store. 
 
 The First Aid Kit: 
 
 Every camper should take with hmi on his trip a medi- 
 cal kit, containing such necessary drugs and medicines as 
 thought necessary, as well as solutions with which to wash 
 the throat and mouth, a disinfecting solution, etc., the con- 
 tents of the kit having been recommended to you by your 
 physician or druggist. 
 
 Cuts: 
 
 Any camper is liable to receive cuts, and something 
 must be taken along as a first aid treatment. The follow- 
 ing, taken from "Health and Sanitation," by Dr. W. L. 
 Heizer, who is Executive Secretary of the Kentucky Board 
 of Tuberculosis Commissioners, in collaboration with Mrs. 
 Y. O. Gilbert, is considered authoritative medical advice on 
 the subjects ''cuts," "punctures," "bruises," "bites of ani- 
 mals," "stings of insects," "foreign bodies in the eye," 
 "snake bites," "breaks and dislocations of bones." 
 
 "This is one of the most common accidents to those wdio 
 are careless in the handling of knives, etc. The cut may be 
 
thp: axgler and huxtsmax 253 
 
 so serious as to require the attention of a physician. This 
 will be indicated by a cut lon^- enoug'h to gape open, deep 
 enough to cut a blood vessel, which would be indicated by 
 a free flow of blood. If the cut is upon the face, the atten- 
 tion of the physician should at once be directed to it in order 
 that an u.nbecoming scar may not result. If there is a con- 
 tinuous flow of blood in considerable quantities, either in a 
 continual stream or in squirts, a tightly folded handkerchief 
 pressed over the site of bleeding will usually stop the flow 
 of blood in five minutes. If the flow of blood is continuous, 
 in an even stream, the Ijleeding is mostly from a vein, and a 
 handkerchief folded lengthwise and tied firmly aromid the 
 bleeding member on the side of the wound farthest from 
 the heart, will easily control the bleeding. If the bleeding 
 comes in spurts, an artery has been cut and such a handker- 
 chief should be tied around the member on the side nearest 
 the heart. The handkerchief may be tied loosely, and then 
 a small stick rim through it and twisted or turned around 
 until the handkerchief becomes tight enough to stop the 
 flow of blood. A physician or surgeon should then be called 
 to dress the wound properly and to prevent furtlier 
 bleeding. 
 
 ''For small cuts, the treatment is very simi^le — clean 
 water and a clean piece of cloth, or absorbent cotton, should 
 be used to wash the dirt from around the wound. The 
 operator's hand should be thoroughly cleaned before at- 
 tempting this. A bit of absorbent cotton wrapped around 
 a toothpick and dipped in tincture of iodine ( which should 
 be kept on hand for such purposes) should be thoroughly 
 rubbed over the cut and into its de])ths. A small piece of 
 clean gauze, or linen, a little longer than the cut and about 
 half as wide as long may be placed across the cut. A strip 
 of adhesive plaster, which should be kept (in camp) for such 
 emergencies, might be placed across the cut- over the gauze, 
 care being used to pinch the edges of the cut together, and 
 the adhesive plaster then placed so that the edges of the cut 
 will not gape open, but be brought closely together, as they 
 
254 THK AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 oiiiilit to heal without a scar. Unless 'there is an aecnmuhi- 
 tion of pns, or a free discharge, or an angry looking swell- 
 ing shown by redness and inflammation and pain, this dress- 
 ing ought to remain on three or four davs until the cut is 
 healed." 
 
 Punctures: 
 
 ''This is a commcm condition, especially among childrc^n 
 who go barefoot. The offending agent is usually a nail, 
 and oftentimes it is about a barn-lot, which makes accidents 
 more serious because of the danger of tetanus, or lockjaw, 
 following. (Note: While this advice was written evi- 
 dently for children, it is equally applicable in its essentials 
 to the older ones, to the outdoorsman). Lockjaw germs, or 
 seed, grow only in deep wounds to Avhich the air cannot enter. 
 For this reason it is necessary to give a special kind of treat- 
 ment to these deep pimctures, or penetrating wounds. It 
 is probably best, when convenient, to go to a competent phy- 
 sician, who might find it necessary to enlarge the mouth of 
 the wound. At any rate, such wounds should be thoroughly 
 cleansed and disinfected. A simple method of doing this 
 IS by the use of a bit of absorbent cotton wrapped around 
 the end of a toothpick, saturating it with pure tincture of 
 iodine, and then inserting it boldly down to the very bottom 
 of the wound and allowing it to remain there two or three 
 minutes. It is better to repeat this in order that the iodine 
 may be« certain to reach the bottom of the wound. If the 
 wound be very deep, and a physician cannot be secured, it 
 is probably best to make a little wick of gauze or linen satu- 
 rated with tincture of iodine, and after having used the 
 iodine as above described, this wick should be left in the 
 wound for a day or two and should reach about half way to 
 the bottom of the wound. ' ' 
 
 Bruises: 
 
 "These may result in various ways, either by falls, or 
 being struck with a club or some other 1)1 unt instrument, or 
 
 1 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 255 
 
 by the falling of objects upon one. There is sometimes con- 
 siderable SAvelling and pain, and the bruised portion may 
 turn dark. If severe, the child should be kept at rest, and 
 cold or hot compresses may be used over the site of the 
 bruise. This may be done by wringing out of as cold or as 
 hot water as can be borne, folded bath towels or flannels, 
 and having them placed for five or ten minutes over this 
 bruise, and repeated often enough to relieve the pain. The 
 hot and cold compresses can both be used alternately. If the 
 skin is broken, the wound should be painted over thoroughly 
 with tincture of iodine to kill any germs of blood poison." 
 
 Bites of Animals: 
 
 "This is a condition that is causing health officials a 
 great deal of worry on account of the increasing number of 
 cases of hydrophobia from the bite of 'mad dogs' or other 
 animals. Many times the pet of the household has been 
 found to become suddenly vicious and his manner changed ; 
 he has a disposition to run away from home, or by his ac- 
 tions, is shown to be peculiar. For this reason, the bite of 
 an animal should be regarded with suspicion, and the dog, 
 or whatever animal causes the wound, should be confined 
 for two or three weeks, feeding and watering it carefully, in 
 order to see whether or not it really had hydrophobia. If 
 so, the victim should be given the Pasteur treatment imme- 
 diatel}^ This treatment is furnished free by the State 
 Board of Health, and requires twenty-one days to adminis- 
 ter. The only expense necessary is the pa3niient of the 
 patient's l^oard while the treatment is being given (in most 
 States). Under favorable conditions, the treatment may 
 be administered l^y the physician at home, provided fresh 
 anti-toxin can be secured. When bitten, the wound should 
 be thoroughly washed and mopped with tincture of iodine, 
 as in the case of cuts ; or if the wound is deep, it had best be 
 taken to a physician for it to be cauterized." 
 
256 THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAX 
 
 Stings of Insects: 
 
 "This is a painful, tlioiigli not serious condition, and the 
 ])ain may usually be relieved by the application of cold coin- 
 ]>i'('sses placed over the site of the sting. The swelling usu- 
 ally disappears in a day or two and usually no harm results. 
 The pain of the sting is caused by the acid of the poison of 
 the insec^t, and it is a faA'orite household remedy to make a 
 little poultice of common cooking soda and apply over the 
 site of the sting, or to wet a bit of cotton with ammonia 
 water in an effort to neutralize the acidity." 
 
 Foreign Bodies in the Eye: 
 
 "This causes a great deal of pain and such an offending 
 ].>ody should be removed at once if possible. Do not permit 
 the patient to rub the eye, as this rasps the surface of the eye 
 and may cause serious damage. If the body has not im- 
 bedded itself in the lining of the eyelid or eyeball, frequently 
 the tears will wash it out if the eyelashes are caught be- 
 tween the thumb and finger, and the eyelid held awa}^ from 
 the eyeball for a few minutes. 
 
 "If this does not succeed, a bit of absorbent cotton, 
 wrap]3ed about a toothpick and soaked in warm salt water, 
 made by adding a teaspoonful of salt to a pint of water, may 
 be used to brush lightly over the lid or the eyeball, and if 
 the offending body can be seen, it may be entangled in the 
 cotton and removed. This is especially true of cinders nnd 
 particles of dust. 
 
 "Frequently the offending body can be seen if the 
 upper eyelid is turned backwards over a small lead pencil. 
 This can be done by grasping the eyelashes between the 
 thumb and finger of one hand, ])lacing the point of the pencil 
 over the upper eyelid l)ehind the thumb or finger, and 
 pointing in a downward direction 'gently with the pencil 
 while pulling and lifting the edge of the lid forward and up- 
 ward. The lid will be found to turn out, and if the offending 
 particle is in reach it may be brushed off with cotton 
 wrapped on the toothpick." 
 
THE AXGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 257 
 
 Snake Bites: 
 
 "Ooiiti-ary to the general belief, the spreading bead 
 '\'ipei; is not a poisonous snake. Tbe poisons from poisonous 
 reptiles kill the victim by getting into the blood stream ; con- 
 sequently, the very first thing to do is to shut off the blood 
 in the part of the body that has been bitten, from the rest 
 of the bod}^ This can be done, if the bite is upon an arm or 
 a leg, by tying a handkerchief loosely around the member 
 between the Avound and the heart and putting a stick under 
 the bandage, turning or twisting it until it is tight enough 
 to stop the flow of blood in that pai*t of the body. This 
 procedure, if done early, will probably save the life of the 
 individual. The next thing to do is to enlarge the openings 
 of the wound where the fangs of the reptile entered by 
 means of a thoroughly clean knife blade. This is done for 
 the purpose of permitting the poison to find its way out of 
 the flesh. If there are no cuts or wounds upon the mouth of 
 a healthy individual, the wound may be sucked vigorously 
 in an effort to draw out the poison. A toothpick wrapped 
 with cotton and soaked with pure carbolic acid may be in- 
 serted freely into the wound. The best thing to use, if it is 
 available, is a strong solution of permanganate of potash. 
 This is made by taking the crystals of potash and dissolving 
 a teaspoonful into a half glass of water. This solution should 
 be used freely in the wound repeatedly, and if one lives in 
 a district exposed to such reptiles, it is well to have this 
 remedy in the house (or camp) for such purpose. A com- 
 petent physician should be called, of course, who will assist 
 in the further treatment of the patient, and by gradu.ally 
 admitting the blood from the j^art l)itten to the rest of the 
 body, the patient can be made to resist the poison that may 
 not have been removed or rendered harmless. The wound, 
 after this, should be treated according to the directions given 
 for cuts, or it should be treated according to the directions of 
 the attending physician. 
 
 It is a common error that has been responsible for 
 
 a 
 
258 THE AXGI.KK AND HUNTSMAN 
 
 iiiiicli liariii, that whiskey or ah-hohol in hirge quantities is 
 the best thing to use for snake bites; and many times the 
 l)atient has been found to be in a drunken condition — much 
 worse as a result of the alcohol than could have l^een as a 
 result of the snake bite." 
 
 Breaks and Dislocations of Bones: 
 
 "These are serious accidents, and call for the attention 
 of a physician. Until the doctor arrives, the patient should 
 be kei)t entirel}" at rest. The broken limb should be gently 
 straightened, if possible, in order to relieve the pain and ten- 
 sion upon the blood vessels ; and in case of either a disloca- 
 tion or a break cold or hot compresses can be used over tlie 
 injnry to rednce the inflammation or pain. The physician, 
 upon arriving, will reduce the dislocation, that is, the bones 
 will be put back together in proper position, and his direc- 
 tions as to rest and other management should be carefully 
 followed. 
 
 "In the case of fracture, or the breaking of a bone, it 
 may be necessary to apply some sort of splint, either of wood 
 or plaster of Paris, or some sort of an extension device so 
 that there will be a constant pull npon the bone, especially if 
 it be a long one, in order that it may not become shortened 
 while healing. The directions of the physician or surgeon 
 should be followed carefully, and should not be changed un- 
 less there is a plain indication that something is seriously 
 wrong, in which case, the physician shonld again be called 
 for advice and new instructions. 
 
 "If a splint has been applied, and it slips down out of 
 place, or is cansing serious damage to the skin, or too nnich 
 suffering after twenty-four hours, the physician shonld be 
 notified at once so that the trouble may be corrected." 
 
 What the First Aid Kit Should Contain: 
 
 Every sportsman doubtless prefers a special kind of an- 
 tidote or remedy for a given accident or illness, hence it 
 would be impracticable to give a list of medicines for the 
 first aid kit that would please everybody. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 259 
 
 Perhaps a few general suggestions will suffice : 
 
 Liver pills for a torpid liver; (not many sportsmen 
 have a bad liver). 
 
 Pepper and ginger in hot water for cramps and chills; 
 
 Quinine tablets for fevers, aided by a laxative, if 
 needed ; Quinine also for colds ; 
 
 Antiseptic solution for mouth-w^ash, sore-throat, and 
 disinfectant ; 
 
 Cold cream for chapped face and hands; 
 
 Iodine for cuts, stings, etc. ; 
 
 A quantity of sanitary gauze and absorbent cotton ; 
 
 Ammonia, camphor, valuable for mosquito bites; 
 
 Carbolic acid solution; 
 
 And other articles to be suggested by your physician. 
 
 Man}^ remedies can be made from common things that 
 are included generally in the camp outfit. For instance: 
 
 Sore throat is often cured b_y using a piece of pork or 
 bacon tied around neck by a dry sock or stocking; 
 
 Burns will be relieved by the application of common 
 l)aking soda, fat or oil ; 
 
 Scalds may also be relieved with common baking soda 
 applied on a wet rag ; 
 
 Toothache can frequently be stopped with warm vine- 
 gar and salt by holding in the mouth ; 
 
 For poisoning, warm water often acts as an emetic if 
 mustard and salt are put in it. Tobacco will cause vomiting 
 if swallowed, providing you have no better remedy. 
 
 Poultices may be made from potato, rice, flaxseed, 
 onion, mustard, bread, etc. 
 
 The Manifold Value of Common Salt: 
 
 Salt i^laced on the fingers when cleaning game birds 
 a.nd animals, as well as fish, will prevent slipping. 
 
 Salt dashed on a coal fire when lu'oiling steak will pre- 
 vent blazing from the dripping fat. 
 
 Salt thrown into a coal fire which has burned low will 
 revive it. 
 
260 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN" 
 
 Salt tlii'(tAM! OH bnriiiii.i;- fat will sto]) the smoke aiul 
 odor. 
 
 All vegetables that grow above ground should be cooked 
 in salted water, while those that grow under ground must 
 be cooked in fresh water. 
 
 Either sugar or salt will preserve meat, as either ab- 
 sorbs the moisture in it, which prevents decomposition. 
 
 For stings and bites of insects, applj^ dampened salt. 
 Bind it tightly over the affected part. It will usually bring 
 relief and a cure quickly. 
 
 Salt, dissolved in alchohol, is good to remove grease 
 spots on clotliing. 
 
 A jjinch of salt added to each gallon of drinking Avater 
 boiled for drinking use, will relieve tliat flat taste common 
 to boiled water. 
 
 A tiny pinch of salt added to the coffee before the boil- 
 ing water is poured in will add to the delicious flavor and 
 aroma. 
 
 Various Uses of the Lemon: 
 
 Lemon juice put in milk and allowed to curdle, which 
 is then bound upon the parts of the body swollen with rheu- 
 matism will ofttimes bring relief and reduce swelling. 
 
 Lemon juice applied to insect bites allays the iri'itation. 
 
 A dash of lemon juice in water makes a cleansing tooth 
 lotion that will remo^-e the tartar and sweeten the breath. 
 
 Two or three slices of lemon added to a cup of strong 
 tea usually cures a nervous headache. 
 
 Half a lemon dipped in salt is good to clean articles of 
 copper and brass. 
 
 A few drops of lemon juice added to scrambled eggs 
 while they are cooking improves them wonderfully. 
 
 A teaspoonful of lemon juice added to a quart of water 
 will make rice whiter and keep the grains separated when 
 boiled. 
 
 Lemon juice and sugar Avill relieve a tickling sensation 
 in the throat and an irritating cough. 
 
THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 261 
 
 Lemon juice in black coffee,unsweetened, will cure sick 
 headache. 
 
 Strong, unsweetened lemonade, taken l)efore break- 
 fast, will cure a sick headache. 
 
 Lemon juice applied on soft cloth to a corn for several 
 nights can then be j^ared off. 
 
 Lemon juice ap])lied to a wound on a cloth over night 
 is good to stop bleeding. 
 
 Gargle a scA'ere sore throat with strong solution of 
 lemon juice and water. 
 
 A little lemon juice added to the shampoo aids in cut- 
 ting the oil on excessively greasy hair. 
 
 Hot lemonade is invaluable in colds and influenza. 
 
 Lemon juice and salt will remove iron rust. 
 
 Kerosene: 
 
 Kerosene is not only good to remove dirt, fresh paint, 
 rust, etc., but is fine used as a disinfectant and insect ex- 
 terminator, which often bother the camper. Ants, cock- 
 roaches, bed bugs, etc., leave ''for parts unknown" when 
 kerosene is applied in appropriate places. 
 
 Uses of Vinegar: 
 
 When cooking a tough fowl or other meat, if you will 
 place one tables])oonful of vinegar in the water, it will save 
 from one to two hours' boiling. 
 
 Vinegar and meal, used on hands when chapped by cold 
 weather will be softened by their use. 
 
 Vinegar added to stewed prunes while they are stewing 
 imi^roves their flavor. 
 
 Vinegar, one teaspoonful, added to boiling whitefish 
 improves the flavor of them wonderfully. 
 
 A vinegar stew, made of honey and vinegar, is fine for 
 a severe cold. 
 
2()2 THE AXGLER AXI) HLTXTSMAX 
 
 GOOD POINTS: 
 
 Food from the Forest: 
 
 ''Guard against waste of wild meat" should be the slo- 
 gan of every hunter. All edible loortions of the animal 
 killed should be utilized. 
 
 Do not let wild game be an added luxury ; let it take the 
 place of your market meat. No more game than can be 
 eaten should be killed. Do not let your desire to tell a big 
 story when you reach home lead you to shoot everything in 
 sight. Good sportsmen will observe these conservation sug- 
 gestions in addition to the game laws. 
 
 Point Duck Shooting: 
 
 Point shooting is the favorite method of the duck gun- 
 ner. The decoys float in the water a short gunshot from the 
 blind, and the ducks flying by see the decoys and come in to 
 them. This kind of shooting is done on A^arious waters all 
 over the country, conditions varying in different localities. 
 On the shores of some northern lakes and broad rivers the 
 blind is built of stones laid up in the form of a wall, or in 
 Avinter, of blocks of ice. In the marshes of the South At- 
 lantic ducking grounds, stems of cane form the blind, or 
 branches of trees or bushes are used. 
 
 Dynamiting the Pothunter: 
 
 The newspapei'S of the country have almost everA^vhere 
 been a powerful force in crystalizing the sentiment of the 
 protection b}^ proper laws of fish and game as important 
 resources of the commonwealth. 
 
 A New Jersey editor, a thorough sportsman, says AVild 
 Life, recently received from a reader Avho desired to take 
 a fish by questionable means a letter that contained this 
 request : 
 
 "Please advise me how to dvnamite a stream." 
 
 'Note: Good Points were taken from Mosby's Missouri Message. 
 
THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 263 
 
 The iieAA'spai3er man sent the following advice : 
 ''Four sticks of d^aiamite are sufficient. Tie them se- 
 curel}^ around your neck, attach fuse, light it and run as 
 fast as you can away from the water to avoid injuring the 
 other snakes and reptiles." 
 
 Camp Hints: 
 
 Going very light, most campers carry soap ; 3^et it seems 
 that for one reason or another, it is rarely if ever mentioned. 
 There is a word to be said about it, however. 
 
 AYhite soap is easy to be seen at night and, as most of 
 the white soaps float, they are to be preferred to other kinds 
 for camp use. Often the cake of soap is thrown into the 
 canoe, where it runs riot at large, gumming up everything 
 in sight. The added drops of water from a passing shower 
 produce slippery footing and assorted expletives. 
 
 The celluloid or hard rubber soap box is not suited to 
 campers, not only because it has to be handled like an egg, 
 but because it is ahvays larger than the soap. The metal 
 box, though less easily smashed, is made to fit special toilet 
 soaps, which is a great disadvantage. 
 
 A soap bag is easily made from a piece of canvas of 
 suitable length and sides sewed up, after which this small 
 bag, or envelope, was turned right side out. A metal sus- 
 pender 1:>utton was sewed on the front and a button hole 
 made in tlie flap. 
 
 In use this soap container has proved its worth over 
 and over again. It will take the largest size cake of soap 
 and is never larger than the soap happens to be. Its cost 
 is but a few cents and you can sit on it and walk on it with 
 pleasure. When you have used the soap you place it on 
 the flap of the bag, not on the sand, and, after rinsing, it is 
 not necessary to touch the soap. Just pick up the bag by 
 the flap and the button, dump in the soap and throw the 
 bag anywhere among your duffle. Again, should the soap 
 bag be forgotten and left out in the rain all night, there will 
 be some soap left and no mess of it over the ground. 
 
264 THE AXGLKR AND HT^NTSMAX 
 
 As wild cats arc known to be ^I'cat game destroyers, it 
 is pei'inissible to ])ul)lisli tlie following suggestion for their 
 captuj-e by trapping: 
 
 A Pen for Wild Cats: 
 
 The wild cat is a shy, slinking night prowler, found 
 alike in hilly regions and thick swamps. It has no great 
 degree of cmming, but can not be attracted to a trap from 
 much of a distance, for the reason that it does not have a 
 ver}^ keen nose. Scents hel]) considerably in bringing this 
 animal to the trap. 
 
 A wild cat has little appetite for decayed meat, so the 
 meat must be fresh. Rabbits and partridges are good. It 
 is best to build a pen by driving stakes into the ground, with 
 an opening for the animal to enter. Set the trajj in this 
 opening and cover lightl}^ with suitable material. Then 
 hang the bait inside. A few evergreen boughs thrown o^-er 
 the pen will keep the snow out and make it look more hid- 
 den. Rabbits and squirrels are often a great bother to this 
 set, by getting into the trap. It will help to keep the ral)- 
 bits out if some dead brush is dropped in front of the pen. 
 They do not like to jump through dead brush. A little 
 springy stick under the pan of the trap will often prevent 
 small animals from snapping, and so keep it ready for the 
 heavier game when it comes along. 
 
 At butchering time a wild cat or two may be caught if 
 the offal is taken to a likely place in the woods, and tra])s 
 are set around it. The writer tc^ok three one winter in traps 
 set around a dead horse. 
 
 When small game is plentiful, wild cats do not take 
 bait very well. A set that may be used then, is prepared by 
 making a long, narrow pen, or passage, that the animal can 
 walk through, and hanging a ])iece of red cloth in it, with 
 some scent on the cloth. 
 
 Along the edges of lakes, when they are frozen over, is 
 a good place to set traijs for wild cats. Here, or any place 
 for that matter, it helps to hang a rabbit skin from a string 
 
THE AXGLER AXD H['XTSMAX 265 
 
 near the trap. On the ice, the annnal may travel too far out 
 to scent the bait, and its eyes are always keener than its nose. 
 
 THE CARE OF DOGS: 
 
 Do not allo^^' other dogs or strangers to disturb the fe- 
 male until the puppies are at least three weeks old. Never 
 feed grown dogs and puppies together ; start to feed puppies 
 at three week's old, ])uttermilk twice a day, morning and 
 evening; this will clean their stomachs of worms. Leave 
 the mother with them until they are at least five weeks old ; 
 then, for her own health, as well as for the health of the 
 puppies, allow her to stay with them one hour a day for one 
 more week, then feed twice a day, ])uttermilk or beef broth 
 with bread crumJ^s (corn bread is best), little strips of raw 
 lean meat is good twice a week, but very little until they are 
 past four months old, at which time they will get their sec- 
 ond teeth and can masticate more substantial food and will 
 grow strong. Avoid sweet stuff, fresh milk or meat, as it 
 has a tendency to produce worms. 
 
 Be sure to see that your kennels are well ventilated; 
 if possible, have rmming water, at any rate a goodly supply 
 of fresh water at all times. Disinfect thoroughly at least 
 once a week. If nature does not ])rovide it, have a good a]'- 
 tificial shade and a perfectly dry kennel in damp and cool 
 weather. Feed grown dogs not more than once a day, corn- 
 bread and table-scraps as a mixed diet. Best of all, corn 
 meal and middlings with well cooked meat and soup, baked 
 to a pone or mush. Dogs will eat this substance readily and 
 it keeps them in perfect health. Exercise or work on game, 
 if possible, at least once a day. To prevent fleas, and for 
 mange and for all forms of skin diseases, use one part creo- 
 line to 100 parts of water, and dip dog, head and all. For 
 cankered ear, saturated solution of boracic acid. Massage 
 or rub thoroughly. For distemper, allow the dog his liberty 
 and give him all the raw eggs and fresh milk he will eat. 
 Give him a good dose of castor oil about twice a week. 
 
The Red Ranger 
 
 The Red Ranger, published at Rush- 
 ville, Mo,, by L. F, Gingery 
 
 f i 
 
 I in the interests of luuinds and hunting is the | 
 
 I only periodical in America which tearless] v i 
 
 i 
 
 i and independently stands up at all times for 
 
 i the dog. Every dog lover sliould lend his or i 
 
 ^ her influence to The Eed Ranger by sul)- I 
 
 I scribing to this fearless champion of the dog - f 
 
 I for the great good that this magazine is ac- i 
 
 I complishing. The Red Ranger, published I 
 
 I monthly, sells at $1.00 per year. The Red | 
 
 i Ranger Publishing Co. also pul^lishes an- | 
 
 I nually the American Foxhound Breeders' i 
 
 I Stud Book, in which are recorded thousands | 
 
 I of the prominent American foxhounds. | 
 
 I Price of recording foxhounds, $1.00. Price | 
 
 p of Stud Books, $2.00 each vohmie. | 
 
 4 Address all communications to ^ 
 
 $ i 
 
 i 77ie Red Ranger, Rushville, Mo, I 
 
 I 
 
MOSBY'S Missouri MESSAGE 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 The most widely quoted journal in ^Missouri, and 
 the favorite of the ^Missouri home. The only Missouri 
 weekly carrying a regular department for sportsmen 
 and lovers of the great out-doors. 
 
 A ]\Iissouri city is now the leading fur market of 
 the world, and Missouri is one of the leading game 
 States of the Union. The advertiser who would reach 
 the Missouri sportsman at home must do so through 
 the columns of MOSBY'S MISSOURI MESSAGE. 
 
 Advertising rate. lo cents per agate line. Sub- 
 scription price, $2.00 per year. 
 
 THE MESSAGE PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 615 Central Trust Building Jefferson City, Mo. 
 
 
 0) 
 Co 
 
 O 
 
Have you seen it? 
 
 P 
 
 I We mean the current number of SpO) ts A field. 
 
 i 
 
 It's the best bargam m the way of Sportsman 
 
 i Literature that ever blew m out of the West. 
 
 I Pubhshed monthly, in Chicago, the Metrop- 
 
 i olis of the World, this fine, virile Western ^ 
 
 I magazine grows more forceful with passing ^ 
 
 I time. Each number bulges with the latest | 
 
 j news from the Big Game Fields. Besides, 4 
 
 I it's chock full of interesting articles about | 
 
 I Hunting, Fishing, Camping, Trapping, House- fl 
 
 I boating, the activities of the Boy Scouts, and ^ 
 
 i other things with the tang of the West in 
 
 I . 
 
 ^ every line. Twelve handsome numbers for 
 
 I , only $2.00 I 
 
 I AS A STARTER— Why not send 50 cents for ^ 
 
 J three big numbers; stamps will do. d 
 
 I I 
 
 I Sports Afield Publishing Co. | 
 
 I 542 So. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ills. | 
 
AIREDALE PUPS 
 
 From 
 Morning: View 
 Farm Kennels 
 arc the win- 
 ning type and 
 correct color 
 — our big Free 
 Catalog gives 
 many views 
 of oitr win- 
 ners. 
 
 Below is pic- 
 turi- of 
 
 GREAT SCOTT 
 
 From 
 ilorning View 
 Farm Kennels 
 grow into use- 
 ful dogs — be- 
 cause their 
 parents are 
 the working 
 kind as well 
 as excellent 
 Bench speci- 
 mens. 
 
 My Airedales 
 are trained 
 trailers and 
 jame fighters. 
 
 THE MORNING VIEW 
 FARM KENNELS 
 
 Box 321 Havelock, Nebr. "^ 
 
 Produce some of the 
 best Airedales in 
 America — because we 
 make it an exclusive 
 business and know 
 our business. 
 
 ( )ur entire farm is de- 
 voted to the raising of 
 
 better Airedale dogs — 
 
 our entire time also is 
 
 devoted to producing 
 
 the zcorking Airedale 
 
 as well as Winners at 
 
 Ben eh Shozus — Write 
 for our complete illustrated catalog — giving many views of Airedales on 
 our farm — Xot a backyard city raised Airedale, but one raised on a farm 
 in open air- — whose parents are hunters and dogs who have achieved 
 honors in the show rings as well as doing credit to their name as trailers 
 and game fighters — LoAvest Priced Airedales in America — qualitv con- 
 sidered. 
 
 "TINTEKX DESIRE'S" 
 
 Greatest living son — Write for 
 descriptive circular. 
 
 MY .VIREDALES 
 
 Bring Home the Rabbits- 
 for illustrated circular. 
 
 -Send 
 
 SEND FOR OUR FREE PRICE LIST — many photos of Airedales and list of many 
 satisfied customers. 
 
 Mention "THE COMPLETE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN" 
 
'The Blue Grass 
 
 Stock Farms of Berry, Ky. — 
 
 the largest breeders and shippers of all 
 breeds of thoroughbred live-stock in the 
 world, offer for sale thoroughbred and 
 registered hogs, sheep, cattle, horses, 
 mules and jacks, shipped for approval, 
 fully guaranteed, money refunded if 
 we fail to please. Send ten cents in 
 stamps or coin for fifty-page, highly 
 illustrated, instructive, and interesting 
 catalogue." 
 
 STANLEY BLAKE, Pres. and Gen. Mgr. 
 
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirirriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriJiiiiniiiiiriiriiiiiiriiiiiiriHiiiiiiiriiiiiiriiiiririi 
 
 Blue Grass parnns 
 por Sale 
 
 Do you want a home in the famous lUue Grass 
 Region of Kentucky — the heart of the world — where 
 the winters are mild, the average temperature heing 58 
 degrees ? 
 
 Xo matter whether you have in mind tobacco- 
 raising, stock-farming, a game preserve, or want to 
 establish a country estate, or gun club, we can furnish 
 what you desire at very reasonable prices. 
 
 We have farms of various sizes availai)le and suit- 
 able for the above purpose. We should be glad to 
 show prospective purchasers over these farms anv 
 time you visit us. The latch-string always hangs out. 
 We'll make yott welcome in true Southern st}le. 
 
 Game is plentiful. Licking River affords fine 
 fishing. 
 
 This is the ideal country for the hunter and the 
 angler — a Sportsman's paradise. 
 
 Address : 
 
 Blue Grass l^eal Estate Co. 
 
 Berry, K^entucky 
 
 STANLEY BLAKE, President THOMAS HUBERT HUTTON. Sales Mgr. 
 
 iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMniiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiMiiiiMiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirijiiiiiiiiiMiiiinniiiiiri iiiiiMinifiiiiMMiiiiiiiniriiiMiiiii 
 
THE MICHIGAN 
 SPORTSMAN 
 
 lilillilillilillillllllllllilllllil^ 
 
 The Livest, Most Readable and Fascinating Magazine 
 for the Sportsman Published in the Middle West 
 
 Filled with outdoor st(;riis from tho real "old-tinifrs" of the north woods — the 
 fellows who have been there. A real, live, entertaining, profusely illustrated 
 outdoor monthly magazine dealing with the great outdoors everywhere, and in 
 particular with Michigan and it.'; I.IJOO miles of Great l^ake shore line. 5,000 
 inland lakes and summer n sorts, ten million acres of hunting woods, and its 
 endless number of fishing and ImatinK streams. 
 
 The Michigan Sportsman covers the State thoroughly. It is a magazine for every 
 man, woman and child. Short stories of actual experience in hunting and fishing 
 feature every issue. It advocates the propagation and conservation of all wild 
 
 animal life. An Audubon Department, Trap Shooting and Game Warden De- 
 partment are permanent features of the publication. The Query Department 
 
 takes particular interest in answering questions on fishing, hunting, trappings, etc., 
 directed to it. Send in any ciuestion puzzling you. 
 
 The present sulisrriiitien price of The Michigan Sportsman is $1.50 a year. If you 
 care to take advantage of this, do so immediately by using the blank at the bot- 
 tom of this page and secure the next twelve Issues regularly. If you are interested 
 in sports, you should be interested in The Jlichigan Sportsman. AVhy not get to- 
 gether? Use the coupon today. 
 
 THE MICHIGAN SPORTSM.VN, 
 
 707 Empire Biiilding, 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 (ientlemcn: — 
 
 Herewith is .S for my subscription to The Michigan Sportsman 
 
 for one year beginning with issue. 
 
 1 Year 
 •SI. 50 
 
 Nanit 
 
 .\<l«lress 
 
 ( ity State. 
 
FISHERMEN! 
 
 YOUR A TTENTION, please, to the fact that there is a special magazine exclusively devoted to your 
 special hobby. It is four years old; a strong, healthy youngster, ably managed by a little coterie of real sports- 
 men who know the business from A to Z. You should see it! 
 
 The American Angler 
 
 THE ONLY ALL-ANGLING MAGAZINE 
 
 Covers every phase of angling. Contains well-written, beautifully illustrated stories by and for anglers: how 
 to gel the most sport near home; stories of famous angling waters by noted anglers who have "been every- 
 where" and who know how to write; daring original and timely opinions on all matters piscatorial; amateur 
 tackle making; fly, bait and surf tournament. Salt water angling is generously treated and angling humor is de- 
 lightfully illustrated. Published monthly. Sold only on subscription; not on news-stands. 
 
 $1 
 
 THE 
 
 SPECIAL TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION 
 Six Splendid Numbers 
 
 Regular Yearly Subscription $2; Canada, $2.35; 
 Foreign, $2.60 
 
 Send Check or Postal Money Order to 
 
 AMERICAN ANGLER 1408 
 
 BROADWAY 
 NEW YORK 
 
 HUNTCR 
 
 Trader 
 
 >P£R 
 
 •''•V/A 
 
 HUNTER-TRADER-TRAPPER 
 
 Twelve big numbers each year, filled U]) with clo.se-to- 
 nature rearling. The be.st coon and fox hunting storie.s 
 you ever read. The latest up-to-date trapping methods 
 from the boys who have had life-long experience. Send 
 for your copy today. The price is 20 cents. A yearly 
 subscription only $1.50. After you read the first copy 
 you will eagerly look for .succeeding issues. Ask Stanley 
 Blake. EVERY ISSUE FUI.IA" ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 HUNTER TRADER TRAPPER 
 
 >!) K. M.MN ST. 
 
 ( OI.r.MBl S, OHIO 
 
 GAME BREEDING a New and Profitable Industry 
 
 The breeding of Game and Game Fish is profitable and interi-sting. The 
 Game Breeders' Magazine is devoted to the interests of tho.=e engaged in this 
 new American Industry. It contains practical articles written by breeders and 
 notes from The Game Farms and Preserves. 
 
 Many people now make an excellent living breeding Game and Fish. 
 
 Many sportsmen now have excellent Shooting under the new laws, encourag- 
 ing Game breeding. 
 
 Subscription price $1.00 per year. Sample copies Ten Cents. 
 
 THK (i.\ME BKEEDKK 
 
 1.50 Na.ssaii Street, 
 
 New York 
 
When, Where and How to Go 
 and What to Find — 
 That is the Problem 
 
 Yes, sir, it's Your problem, too. 
 
 And it took us years to get this "dope" together for YOU. 
 
 Real information, gathered by real Outdoorsmen. 
 
 The "good places" in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois 
 
 and Indiana — the "worth while" streams and lakes. 
 
 Game and Fish Laws, too, and lots of good, sound, practical hints 
 
 for real sportsmen. 
 
 That's what you will find in the 
 
 j AMERICAN 
 
 >^UTERS'GUIDE 
 
 ^MIDAVCSTCRK^4i^lOH 
 
 
 ms^ 
 
 % r.v.i'^'^vip^^sf^-^ 
 
 ^■')^Ci 
 
 ^"2k^1 
 
 1919 
 
 liW>^S 
 
 
 A 
 
 ii? 
 
 
 HANDBOOK 
 
 FOB 
 ANGLERS 
 HUNTEOS 
 
 i ■ '•<-.. ',-t 
 
 
 cAMP£it& n^M^n 
 
 ^^?^w '**"' WF\ ^~~ Ji 
 
 lti\i9^iH"«'B'S0HW p/iXilti 
 
 SETM^^OT oa« oKioooD \\/MCmJA 
 
 ^yiBSi3B larmvTt joHM liff^u^^^fll 
 
 J^^^^^SS^^^fc^^^^^^P^r^^ 
 
 ^M%zJtea 
 
 160 pages, illustrated, bound in handsome green cloth cover stamped 
 
 in Gold 
 
 O N 
 
 DOLLAR 
 
 will bring this book to you prepaid. 
 Send order today to 
 
 Ravenswood Press Publishing Co. 
 
 4610 Ravenswood Ave. Dpt. K Chicago, 111. 
 
 274 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 •4 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 "Is Your Thoroughbred Stock 
 Registered? IfNot,WhyNot?" 
 
 The get produced from registered stock 
 
 is always marketable at about twice the 
 
 prices of fattened stock for slaughter- 
 
 mg purposes. 
 
 Register your stock with the 
 
 BLUE GRASS BREEDERS' 
 NATIONAL GAZETTE 
 
 Fee $1,00, including certified pedi- 
 gree for three generations and registra- 
 tion certificate. $1. 00 additional for 
 fourth generation. 
 
 BLUE GRASS BREEDERS' NATIONAL GAZETTt 
 
 STANLEY BLAKE, Keeper 
 
 275 
 
Pedigrees and Registrations 
 
 "ASTRONOMER." No. 28.321 B. G. S. B. 
 
 By Frank— Annie Walker, is the Sensational V^'inninK Fox Hound of 1917-'18 
 
 Astronomer ^vinne^ at the Fifth Annual Lynn F. H. A. Meet 
 
 All cloii's offered for sale are Registered or Pedi- 
 greed Specimens, eligible fc^r Registration. Registra- 
 tion fee is one ( i ) dollar, including Certified Pedigree 
 for Three Cienerations. If Fourth (feneration is de- 
 sired one ( I ) dollar additional is required. Any dog 
 having a Pedigree for Three (fenerations is eligible 
 to Register, with the necessary Certificates for such. 
 We can furnish you with the best Pdood to be found, 
 as every dog we breed is well intermingled with Field 
 Trial and P)ench Show Winning Blood predominating. 
 We guarantee P.lood lines unexcelled. 
 
 STANLEY BLAKE, Manager 
 
 Blue Grass Farm Kennels Also Keeper Blue Grass Stud Book 
 
 BERRY, KENTUCKY- 
 
 276 
 
Book on Dog Diseases and 
 How to Feed 
 
 Mailed FREE on 
 Application to 
 
 H. CLAY GLOVER, V. S. 
 
 118 W. 31st Street 
 New York 
 
 The Magazine 
 of The West 
 
 ery i^sut- is cram full of thf things which interest 
 every true sportsman- — stories of delightful fishing, 
 hunting and camping trips, splendid photographs, 
 helpful gun talk — in fact, everything that is of interest 
 to the outdoor man. 
 
 OUTDOOR I,1FE is published in Denver, Colorado, 
 right at the door of the Rockies, where the big game of 
 this country has its last stand. Our editor, J. A. McGuire, 
 has had over 25 yeart:' actual experience in hunting, and 
 liunted in all the big game field.'; of this continent, and is able 
 give to our readers authentic advice on game conditions in various 
 localities, and all the information of interest to our readers, 
 through the columns of Ol'TDOOK LIFK. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION PRICE-.-$2.00 PER YEAR 
 
 This insures our subscribers of t\\e]\i' issues ot good reading matter. 
 
 THE OUTDOOR LIFE PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 I«.»6 CIKTIS STKKKT, DKNVKK. COLO. 
 
Tr 
 
 wTr' DUCKS 
 
 and other birds, ganio 
 and fish. It's easy if 
 you plant the food ihey 
 love. 
 
 We specialize in foods 
 for wild-fowl and other 
 game birds. Plantings 
 planned, seeds fur- 
 nished, natural feeding 
 grounds and game pre- 
 serves developed. Wild 
 Rice, Wild Celery, Duck 
 Potato and other seeds 
 for sale. 
 
 My years of sturly 
 and practical e.xper- 
 ience have developed a 
 fund of information on 
 the habits of wild-fowl 
 and game and their nat- 
 ural feed. This is at 
 your service. 
 
 Write for free book- 
 let and other literature 
 (LYDE B. TERRELL, 
 Naturalist, 
 
 Oshkosh, Wi.s. 
 
 Dept. lOU. 
 
 ARE YOU IXTERESTED in BEAGLES and GOOD BEAGLE 
 LITERATL^RE? If so, why not subscribe to the only paper devoted 
 to Beagles, namely, 
 
 HOUNDS AND HUNTING 
 
 PUBLISHED AT DECATUR, ILLINOIS. 
 
 BEAGLE NEWS, HINTS AND HELPS 
 
 Monthly— $L50 Per Year 
 
 Canadian Subs. $1.75 — Foreign Subs. $2.00. 
 SAMPLE COPIES 15c, SENT TO ANY ADDRESS. 
 
 DOG WORLD 
 
 Devoted to Dogs, Dog Breeders aud Fanciers 
 Fearless, Forceful and Independent 
 Subscription in U.S. $1.00 a year In Canada $1.2.S a year and in Foreign Countries $1.50 
 
 a year Sample copies on request. 
 DOG WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1333 South California Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 
 
Every Red-blooded Man 
 
 Should Read This Book 
 
 A STORY of "fishing in boyhood clays" 
 illustrated by Briggs, famous car- 
 toonist. A story that will take you 
 back to the times when "you and 
 dad" hiked off for a days fishing. 
 In addition it contains many prac- 
 tical talks and hints on the "ang- 
 ling sport today." 
 
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 In this book is shown a 
 complete line of cjual 
 ity tackle and baits— 
 the kind that Ian 
 the "big ones" — al 
 the South Bei 
 Anti - Back - Lash 
 Reel, the re 
 that needs 
 thumbing. 
 
 Fill out coupon and mail today. 
 
 SOUTH BEND BAIT CO., 
 
 530 C «lf:ix Ave., South Bend, Ind. 
 
 .'nd me 4th revised edition of 
 "The Days of Real Sport." 
 
 Perfection Dog Food 
 
 READY TO EAT NO WASTE 
 
 PERFECTION FOODS COMPANY 
 
 is a wonderful combination of grains and 
 beef. Used and endorsed by the most im- 
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 country. 
 
 Battle Creek, Michigan 
 
AFIELD 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
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 and 
 
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 The 
 
 Leading 
 
 Pure-bred 
 
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 An annual subscription to twelve numbers, includes 1,200 pages illustrated with 
 2,500 photographic engravings. 
 
 The philosophy, achievements and experiences of men truly seasoned in the 
 arts of breeding and farm management, supported by a complete service of 
 news, covering the scientific, fraternal and business activities among breeders. 
 
 Photographic illustrations of the winners in beef, dairy, horse, sheep and 
 swine classes at every important show. No other American monthly or weekly 
 can stand comparison with THE FIELD service along these lines. 
 
 Four-color covers; compelling Typographical and 
 Illustrative Beauty that attracts the whole family; every 
 copy will adorn the Library table, just as the finest 
 general or class Periodicals do, long after it serves 
 its Primary Purpose. 
 
 Timeliness, accuracy and brevity are the watchwords 
 of our editors. 
 
 A four months' trial subscription for $1.00 «'i7/ mean 
 much more to you than anything wc could state in an 
 advertisement. Money Back if yon are disappointed. 
 
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 2-S West Forty-fifth Street New York, N. Y. 
 
 The ONLY MAGAZINE of its kind devoted to constructive work for 
 
 COXSKKV.ATION OF WILD LIFK .AND HrNTIN<;, FISHINO, CAMriXti, AND 
 SANE OrX-DOOK KE( KFATION. IS 
 
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 OFFICI.VIv OKG.AN OF "THE WILD LIFE LEA<iFE." AND ALL CONSEKV.A- 
 
 TION .ASSOCIATIONS OF rENXSYLA ANIA, AAEST MK<iINIA .AND 
 
 OTHEK STATES. 
 
 AND THE AMATEUR FIELD TRIAL CLUBS 
 Issued Monthly- -$1.50 Per Year 
 
 by IN THE OPEN PUBLISHING COMPANY, Commercial Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
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 AMERICAS LEADING MONTHLY DOG 
 MAGAZINEZZ 
 
 Canadian and Foreign $L80 Sample Copy Free 
 
 E. Bechmann, Publisher, Battle Creek, Michigan 
 
Sportsmen of the World! 
 
 Keep in Touch with Western Canada 
 —It will Pay You 
 
 . Littlebury^s Magazine . 
 
 Published at Calgary, Alberta, eosts 3-011 but a Dollar a Year; 
 
 mailed reg'ularly every month. Circulates 
 
 through the U. wS. and Canada. 
 
 FORTY PACES 
 
 Interesting to Everybody Kennel News a Big Feature 
 All For a Dollar Bill DO IT NO W 
 
Carey, winner of the V. H. C. at the Fifth Annual Lynn F. H. A Meet. Bred by Stanley Blake 
 * Blue Grass Farms, Berry, Kentucky 
 
 THE BLUE GRASS FARM KENNELS k^Sy 
 
 Offer For Sale Setters and Pointers, Fox and Cat Hounds, Wolf and Deer Hounds 
 
 Coon and Opossum Hounds, Varmint and Rabbit Hounds 
 
 Bear and Lion Hounds, also Airedale Terriers 
 
 All dogs shipped on trial, purchaser to judge the quality; satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. 
 
 Sixty-eight page, highly illustrated, instructive and interesting catalogue for ten cents in stamps or coin. 
 WE DID NOT RAISE OUR PRICES DURING THE WAR