# LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.! 
 
 ~~~ -^ — :■ i 
 
 #1% |opHrr9W-|o. :, ^ 
 
 : UNITED STATES CfFAMElflCA. t 
 
gr- ' /f '' 
 
 PBACTICAL SUGGESTIOIS ^ 
 
 ON THE 
 
 SALE OF PATENTS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 FORMS OF ASSIGNMENT, LICENSE, CON- 
 TRACT, POWER OF ATTORNEY TO SELL 
 RIGHTS, &c. MANY OF THEM ORIGINAL, 
 
 AND 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE THERETO, 
 
 WITH 
 
 HINTS UPON INVENTION, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 UNITED STATES CENSUS. 
 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, SOLICITOR OF PATENTS. 
 
 ""^^NcSf^^/ 
 
 8 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
 1871. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 
 
 WILLIAM EDGAR SIMONDS, 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 
 
 
 Standard Association, Pkinters, 
 Bridgeport, Conn. 
 
I^REFACE. 
 
 Having bad occasion, during some years of Patent prac- 
 tice, to observe tbe blind wa}^ in wbich the large majority of 
 inventors grope about, in the vain endeavor to sell their patents, 
 and also having had the opportunity of observing the methods fol- 
 lowed by business men, in dealing with the same inventions, it has 
 occurred to the writer that he could, possibly, render a service 
 to a large class of men, with whose interests his own work has 
 been, and is to be identified, by collecting together the results of 
 these various observations, and giving them form and sequence on 
 a printed page. 
 
 It is certain to the mind of the writer, that inventions which 
 are really improvements, have a financial value, just as surely as 
 any article of trade, and that the main difllculty in disposing of 
 them arises from the fact that, generally, the men who have them 
 for sale do not know just how to make a clear statement of the 
 value of their inventions, nor to whom to present such statement, 
 when made. 
 
 This little work is an attempt to point out, in a simple way. 
 the methods to achieve such results. 
 
 With respect to the forms for assignment, license and con- 
 tract, and the advice given with reference thereto, the writer feels 
 sure they will be of value to inventors and owners of patents, for 
 he has found them reliable and convenient in practice. 
 
 The " Hints upon Invention" ma}-- possibly help some, 
 inventors, who are misdirecting their energies, to a clearer view as 
 to how they may make their endeavors profitable. 
 
 If this little volume shall serve, in any measure, the purposes 
 for which it is intended, the author's ambition with reference 
 thereto will be satisfied. W. E. S. 
 
PRELIMINARY. 
 
 Having made a really meritorious invention, and having 
 secured a patent thereupon, the battle of the inventor, who would 
 sell his patent, is but just begun. Heretofore he may have done 
 some good skirmishing, but now he must face the music of solid 
 battle. 
 
 All along till now, from the first crude conception of tlie 
 invention, on through its various stages of trial and experiment, till 
 the device stands forth completed, and yet on through the ordeal of 
 the Patent Office, till its parchment, ribbon and seal assure the 
 inventor of its protection, he is usually sustained by an enthusiasm 
 which suffuses his whole being with its rosy flush. In a sort of 
 vague w^ay, it has, all along, seemed to him that when his patent 
 should issue, his labors would be done, and he would thenceforth 
 rest on his well earned laurels. Not that the situation has thus stood 
 forth in his mind, clearly and sharply defined, for it rarely occurs 
 to an inventor to seriously consider upon what will be the state of 
 affairs at this juncture, till the progress of events brings him to it, 
 but the cloud which hovered over this bit of proiiised land roughly 
 assumed this shape. 
 
 When the inventor has finally received his patent, and read 
 and re-read it some dozens of times, it begins to occur to him that 
 he will just thrust in his sickle and reap a little of the golden har- 
 vest, w^hich imagination has, all along, been sowing for him. 
 Plainly, he looks around for a purchaser, and with a kind of aston- 
 ishment, waking up, as it were, from a dream, he finds that pur- 
 chasers do not stand around ready to exchange their filthy lucre for 
 
ills invention. Generally unaccustomed to the ways of business and 
 of business men, he finds himself, in a short time, as helpless in his 
 endeavors as can well be imagined. He does not know what class 
 of men will be most likely to take an interest in his invention, nor 
 how to i*each them, nor what to say to them. Not rarely, after a 
 year or so of this blind groping, disgust with the whole thing sets 
 in, and the inventor renounces this and all other inventicms forever. 
 This has been the experience, over and over again, of thou- 
 sands upon thousands of inventors, and in multitudes of cases 
 where a purchaser has been found, the invention has been sold to 
 him for a song, and the buyer, applying business principles to the 
 management of the invention, lias realized the lion's share of the 
 money from it. 
 
 The Patent Oflice Rei)orts are full of useful devices, which 
 have never been introduced into the markets of trade, and which, it 
 is easy to say, would have netted their inventors considerable sums 
 of money, if they had been properly brought out in their time. 
 
 It is partly with the purpose of indicating to this class of 
 inventors to whom they should present their patents for sale, and 
 how to present them, that this work has been projected. 
 
 It must not be supposed that all inventions are salable, or 
 that the directions hereinafter contained are infallible I Some 
 inventions are very far from being improvements, for though they 
 may be very ingenious, yet they are neither simpler, more efficient 
 or cheaper than the common devices in use for the same purpose, 
 and consequently there is no money in them. Such inventions may 
 sometimes be sold to men with more mone}'^ than good judgment, 
 yet the cases \vhere this can occur are so few, that it is not worth 
 while to place any dependence upon them. 
 
 It is, however, believed that a person will rarely fail to dis- 
 pose of an invention of an^' merit, if he lakes the pains to under- 
 stand and intelligently act upon the suggestions hereinafter con- 
 tained. 
 
PATENT BROKERS. 
 
 Almost, if not quite, evory issue of various scientific and 
 meclianical periodicals are adorned with the advertisements of par- 
 ties who hold themselves out as makini; a business of buyiug and 
 selling patents, almost always strictly " on commission." The fol- 
 lowing, omitting names and localivies, is the actual advertisement 
 of such a party, as it appeared from week to week : 
 
 " PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION, 
 
 And Valuable Inventions introduced by the most experienced Pat- 
 ent Salesmen in the Union. ♦ * * No charge fop. our servi- 
 ces, TTNLESS SUCCESSFUL," etc. 
 
 This is a fair sample of a whole class of advertisements. 
 A letter addressed to one of these advertisers elicited the fol- 
 lowing reply : 
 
 " Dear Sir : 
 
 Your favor of the 2d is received. We charge from $r)0 to 
 $250 /<9r expenses of negotiating Patents, and 10 to 15 per cent for 
 commission. Yours, truly, 
 
 A letter sent to another elicited the following reply : 
 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 Your favor of the 7th is received. We have been so taken 
 up icith other matters, have scarcely had time to reply. Our terms 
 require the patfntee to furnish $100, ivith which to advertise his 
 patent, furnish one perfect model or drawing, and allow us forty- 
 five days within which to make the sale,'' etc., etc. 
 
 Yo u rs, Bespectfu lly, 
 
 Similar answers were received to letters written to others of 
 these brokers. They were invariably accompanied by circulars, 
 describing in glowing terms the advantages the senders were able to 
 
 wmmmmmmm 
 
8 
 
 offer. There was a striking similarity among these circulars, and, 
 ill one case, two were found, parts of which were identically the 
 same, word for word, although they issued from offices more than 
 a thousand miles apart. 
 
 It will be observed that these patent brokers always advertise 
 to sell on commission. Their letters and circulars disclose that there 
 is always an advance fee, varying from $25.00 to $250.00, which 
 can hardly be said to be in conformity with the terms of the adver- 
 tisements. Commission houses engaged in the sale of other articles 
 always pa}^ their own expenses, and not unfrequently advance 
 money upon goods consigned them, before they are sold. For a 
 patent broker to first advertise to sell patents on commission, and 
 then, afterwards, to charge an advance fee, ought, at least, to sub- 
 ject him to suspicion. 
 
 Another thing — it is difficult to see what advantages a patent 
 broker can have over the patentee, if the latter is once made ac- 
 quainted with the way to reach probable customers. The broker 
 certainly cannot understand the nature of the invention better than 
 the inventor, and besides, as the buyer well knows that the broker 
 must have a large commission from the price realized, he has an 
 incentive to buj" from the inventor, and save this commission. 
 
 The broker will probabl}"" claim — 
 
 First, that by education and experience, he is better qual- 
 ified than inventors in general, to set forth the advantages of the 
 invention, and the profits to be derived therefrom ; and. 
 
 Second, that he keeps an open office, at a settled place, 
 where a person seeking investments in patents may come, examine, 
 and select. 
 
 To the first argument it may be replied, that the ability to 
 well set forth the advantages of an invention is not necessarily inci- 
 dent to the occupation of a patent broker ; and to the second argu- 
 ment it may be replied that the legitimate market for inventions is 
 found among those who are engaged in manufacturing or selling 
 
articles akin to the invention on sale, and that this class of men 
 will, as a rule, display their usual shrewdness, and much prefer to 
 deal with the inventoi", at first hand, and thus save the heavy com- 
 mission, w^hich they well know the broker must receive. 
 
 The sum of money which these brokers require as an advance 
 fee, will, in most cases, pay all the expense of presenting an inven- 
 tion to all that class of persons w'ho will be likely to buy it, which 
 is all that the brokers will promise to do, and the invention is, 
 meanwhile, entirely within the control of the inventor. 
 
 These remarks are based upon the supposition that the 
 advance fee i)aid to the broker is wholly and honestly appropri- 
 ated for advertising, etc., about which a person is justified in enter- 
 taining grave doubts. 
 
 At any rate, it is better for the inventor to wait till he has 
 exhausted all the unequivocal resources at command, before resort- 
 iDg to this. 
 
 PREREQUISITES. 
 
 1. MODELS. 
 It is absolutely necessary, in offering a patented invention 
 for sale, to have one or more perfect working models. If the 
 invention is a machine, and not too large and costly, and it is 
 within the inventor's means, he should construct, or have con- 
 structed, at least one full sized machine that will work to perfec- 
 
10 
 
 tion. If, beyond question, the machine is too costly to allow of the 
 inventor's building one, then he should have in its place comi)lete, 
 artistic drawings in elevation, plan and detail. 
 
 In making a model, it is not enough to construct a rude 
 device, which, in a halting and awkward way, will illustrate the 
 principle of the improvement. The machine should be most care- 
 fully and perfectly made. The mass of minds will much more 
 readily understand and appreciate the princi2ole oi the machine if 
 the mechanical execution is perfect. Whatever the after made 
 machines may be, the first one shoukl be as near perfect as possible. 
 The inventor will usually find that, at his best, lie will have enough 
 to apologize for, without being responsible for poor workmanship. 
 It is much easier to interest a crowd in a fine piece of mechanism, 
 even if the device be old, than in a new but roughly made inven- 
 tion. The tea, coffee and spice merchants understand this, and 
 take advantage of it, when they put in their windows handsome 
 specimens of small steam engines, which are supposed to be always 
 grinding fragrant Mocha or Old Java, the merchants well knowing 
 that halt the people who go by will take a look at thd polished and 
 l^ainted machinery, and will thereby be drawn to look at their mer- 
 chandise. 
 
 If the invention is a small article, as a shirt stud, a mouse 
 trap, a toy, or a clothes line holder, it is best for the inventor to 
 have quite a number made, that he may send samples to those wlio 
 may become interested in the invention, if it should be found 
 desirable. If the invention is a new compound, or a new process, 
 the inventor must provide materials, etc., for exi)laining and illu.'^- 
 trating the process, or the effects of the new compound. 
 
 2. FIRST COST. 
 Another necessity, in offering a patent for sale, is to be able 
 to show just what the first cost of the article is.- If the invention is 
 some complicated and costly machine, the inventor must show, 
 
11 
 
 either from his own knowledge, or the calculations of^some compe- 
 tent person, what is its first cost. 
 
 A competent person would be a civil or mechanical engineer, 
 or a machinist, or other mechanic of experience in constructing 
 other machines of the same general nature. If a responsible party 
 can be found, who will agree to furnish the machine well made, for 
 some certain sum apiece, this is an important item to be had. 
 
 If the invention is some small device, and not costly, the 
 inventor should have some dozens, or, better still, a few hun- 
 dreds of them made, so as to get at the exact first cost. To find a 
 responsible party, who will undertake to make the articles for a 
 certain sum per hundred, per gross, or per thousand, is also impor- 
 tant here. The difference of two or three cents, in the first cost of 
 small articles of general use, often determines who shall command 
 the market ; in other words, who shall make money from the man- 
 ufacture, and who shall lose. 
 
 If the invention is a new process, the inventor must be 
 amply prepared to show^ the cost of his process, as compared with 
 that in common use for the same, or similar purpose. 
 
 3. THE PROFIT 
 The profit made on a single article is, of course, the differ- 
 ence between the first cost and the retail price at which it is finally 
 sold to the consumer. To determine the amount of this profit upon 
 a new invention is a necessary thing, before offering it for sale. 
 The whole profit is divided into three, and sometimes four parts, 
 viz. the manufacturer's profit, the wholesale dealer's profit, and the 
 retail dealer's profit. The manufacturer sells to the wholesaki 
 dealer, the wholesale dealer to the retail dealer, and he to the con- 
 sumer. There is, sometimes, intermediate between the manufactu- 
 rer and wholesale dealer, the jobber, but the writer fails to see the 
 use of such an intermediate, and if he is made use of, his profit 
 should be a per centage on the profit of the manufacturer, so that 
 
12 
 
 in making the division of profits, it is not necessary to consider the 
 jobbber at all. Tlie retail price of the article should be fixed as is 
 commensurate with the allowance of fair profits to each of these 
 parties. If the invention is an improvement upon an article in 
 connnon use, as for instance a tlat iron, and the first cost of the 
 article is not greater than the first cost of the common article, then 
 it is probably best to adopt just the scale of profits which obtains in 
 the trade with reeard to the common article. An inquiry put to a 
 friendly dealer in the articles upon which the invention is an 
 improvement, will elicit what these profits are. If the first cost is 
 somewhat greater, then the retail price should be correspondingly 
 advanced, the scale of profits being kept at about the same ratio of 
 correspondence. If the first cost is less than that of the common 
 article, it is i^robably advisable to keep the retail price up to that of 
 the common article, and thus give larger profits. 
 
 There is no general correspondence of profits to these three 
 parties, on different articles. The profits on different manufac- 
 tures differ widely, and with no reference whatever to a common 
 standard. The only rule that can be given, in this regard, is, to 
 ascertain the scale of prices and profits which prevail from the 
 manufacturer to the consumer, in the trade, upon articles which are 
 nearest like the invention under consideration, and then to assimi- 
 late, as far as possible, the profits upon the new article to this 
 scale, varying, however, as any good reason may dictate. If the 
 invention is a new process, the inventor must be prepared to show 
 the gain in using the new process, as compared with the old, and 
 the increased profit secured thereby. The same is true, if the inven- 
 tion is a new machine for producing an old article, as, for instanc( , 
 drain tile. 
 
 4. THE MARKET. 
 Having ascertained the first cost of producing the article 
 invented, and having fixed upon the profit to be derived from a 
 
13 
 
 single article, the next step is to enquire bow extensive a market is 
 oifered to the invention. 
 
 If it is an invention useful to both sexes, to chil(b"en and 
 adults alike, it will have for a market the whole population of the 
 United -States, over thirty-eight millions of souls. If useful to 
 adult males only, the market will be about one-fourth of this num- 
 ber. This thirty-eight millions of population is composed, roughly, 
 of males and females in about equal proportions, and each of these 
 divisions is composed of about one-half adults and one-half chil- 
 dren, so that, if the invention apjieals to persons irrespective of 
 their avocations, the market for it is readily computed. If the 
 invention is one which will be useful in every family, the market 
 will be about one-eighth the whole number of souls, as on an aver- 
 age there are about eight persons in a family. 
 
 The full census report for 1870 will probably contain such 
 full statistics of the different trades, professions and callings of the 
 people of the United States, that there can be readily gathered from 
 it how many there are of any class or classes of persons to whom 
 an invention may be of particular utility, and the whole of such 
 class or classes will constitute the market for the invention. 
 
 Instead of being directly useful to any class of persons, an 
 invention may be an improvement in the manufacture of some arti- 
 cle, as flour barrels, for instance, and then it is necessary to ascei - 
 tain the actual annual production of this article in the country ; or, 
 it may be an improved process, say of smelting iron, and then it is 
 necessary to find how many tons of iron are annually smelted. TIk- 
 census of 1870 will be a great aid in ascertaining most, if not all of 
 this information, but when it is delicient, the librarian of almosl 
 any public library can direct an inventor where to find the desired 
 statistics The wants which inventions are designed to fill arc so 
 various, and the statistics which, would answer all such enquiries 
 fill so many pages, that it is impracticable to more than direct, in 
 tills book, as to what information is needed. 
 
One element which must be taken into acoonnt in deterniin- 
 iiig the extent of the market for a new invention, if it is an article 
 and not a process, is its dnrabilily. If the article, when once sold 
 to the consumer, will last him for ten years, of course the market 
 for that article is not so large as it would l)e, if, in the natural 
 course of things, it would last but a short time, and then woidd 
 require to be renewed. Having ascertained the extent (^f the market 
 for a new invention, the gross profit to be derived from it can be 
 readily computed, by multiplying the profit upon a single article by 
 the whole number which ma}^ probably be sold. 
 
 5. CAPITAL REQUIRED. 
 
 If the amount of capital required to develop an invention, 
 and introduce it to the public, is small, this will be an additional 
 argument to use in selling. 
 
 6. PRICE TO BE ASKED. 
 
 This is a matter, for determining w^hicli no absolute and defi- 
 nite rule can be given. It is pretty safe to say that inventors are 
 rather apt to overestimate than underestimate the value of their 
 inventions. Of course, the more profit there is to be made from an 
 invention, and the larger market there is for it, the more valuable it 
 is. If it appeals to but a small and widely dispersed class, its value 
 will be less. If it is a new and radical improvement in the manu- 
 facture of some staple article, as iron or steel, like the Bessemer 
 process, for instance, a half million dollars would be a moderate 
 price for it. If a meritorious improvement on some household 
 article in general use, or some article of dress, or a new and amus- 
 ing toy, a few thousands might be a fair price. Again, if a really 
 valuable improvement in some important agricultural implement, as 
 a reaper or mower, from twenty to fifty thousand dollai's would 
 probably not be exorbitant. In no case can an inventor expect to 
 get but a fraction of the value of his invention, as shown by the 
 
15 
 
 gross profit to be derived from it, for he must be able to offer the 
 lion's sliare of this profit to the purchaser, as an inducement to buy ; 
 and, besides, the purchaser will have the trouble and risk of making 
 this profit piecemeal, as it were, from the actual use and sale of the 
 invention, The advice of friends who are in business, especially if 
 their business is such as to make them conversant with the market 
 for the device under consideration, will be of great value in fixing 
 the asking price for a jiatent. Having fixed upon this asking price, 
 it is then quite safe to lessen it by at least one-fourth of its amount, 
 and on this basis proceed. 
 
 7. THE VALUE OF PARTS OF A PATENT. 
 
 Having fixed upon the gross sum to be asked for the whole 
 of a patent, it is very easy to determine the value of terrftorial 
 lights under the same. If the whole value of a patent is ten thou- 
 sand dollars, a state right will be worth just such a part of the 
 whole, as its population bears ratio to the population of the whole 
 country. Take, for instance, the State of Connecticut. Its popu- 
 lation is about five hundred and forty thousand, while the wdiole 
 population of the United States is about thirty-eight millions. The 
 value of the right for this State will be arithmetically expressed 
 
 thus . gl^oQ-Q of $10,000=1142.00 ; or, not to put too fine a 
 point upon it, ^inO.OO. But the inventor cannot afford to sell one 
 state at the same rate that he would sell all the states in a lump. 
 The price for a single state should be double of the exact propor- 
 tion which the one State bears to all the States together, so that the 
 price of the State of Connecticut w^ould be three hundred dollars. 
 This rule, however, should not be stringently applied to any of the 
 Gulf States, nor to any state west of Missouri, except California, 
 f<)r the reason that these excepted states are not as much interested 
 in manufacturing as are their sister states, and for some other rea- 
 sons, do not offer as good markets. 
 
16 
 
 An advance of fifty per cent over tlic value, as dcterminccl by 
 the population, is enough to put upon these excepted states, Ko 
 atlvanee whatever, over this value, should be asked for territories. 
 Having ascertained the value of a state in this manner, the value of 
 a single county can be determined in precisely the same wa}', first 
 finding the value as determined by the ratio the population of the 
 county bears to the population of the whole state, and then doub- 
 ling the sum. The value of a town may be determined in precisely 
 the same way from the value of a county. The census of the 
 United States, taken in Eighteen Hundred and Seventy, by states and 
 counties, will be found further along. Those who desire to sell 
 rights for towns, will have to procure the more extended census 
 I'eport for this i)urpose. 
 
 8. SHOP RIGHTS. 
 
 A "shop right," so called, is the right to use the patent or 
 manufacture under it, at some shop or manufactory ; it may be 
 restricted to a certain place, or left unrestricted. It cannot be con- 
 sidered advisable to make sales of this kind under a patent, unless 
 there are strong reasons why the territory should not be sold. As 
 such a right, when no royalt}'- is reserved, is liable to abuse, it is 
 very difficult to fix upon the value of it, for although a factory may 
 have been doing but a small business, previous to the purchase of 
 the shop right, the factory may thereafter expand its business, so as 
 to practically interfere with sales under the patent in all parts of 
 the country. 
 
 A shop right should be limited to a certain annual production 
 and to a certain place. If this is not d(me, an effort should be made 
 to ascertain the annual production ot the factory to which the sale 
 is to be made, as compared with the like product of the whole 
 country, and then a proportionate price should be fixed upon the 
 shop right, doubling the value as shown by the computation, in the 
 same manner as was directed for fixing the value of state riurhts. 
 
17 
 
 There are some kinds of patents under which it may be advisable 
 to sell shop rights ; as, for instance, an improvement in the manu- 
 facture of steel. The greater part of all the establishments for 
 makiug- steel will be found congregated in three or four manufac- 
 turing centers, and the proper and sensible way of making such a 
 patent available to them, is to sell them each a shop right. It is not 
 difficult, in such cases, to ascertain the amount of the annual pro- 
 duction of each establishment, and this amount, as compared with 
 the whole annual production of the whole country, will furnish the 
 basis for computing the value of the shop right, provided, of course, 
 that the gross price for the whole patent has already been fixed 
 upon. 
 
 9. ROYALTIES. 
 
 A royalty is a duty paid by one who uses the patent of 
 another, at a certain rate for each article or quantity manufactured, 
 or a per centage upon the sales. This method of realizing from a 
 patent is, perhaps, the commonest of any, and if the patent is a 
 valuable one, and the party who manufactures the article acts in 
 good faith, it is generally the most profitable for the patentee in the 
 long run. On the other hand, if the patent is of doubtful merit, the 
 patentee better sell it outright, and it will be best in any case, if a 
 fair price can be realized,- for both parties to the negotiation will 
 then be freed from any danger of injury happening to them from 
 the bad faith of the other party. 
 
 The royalty to be asked, where a patent is let out in this way, 
 differs very much with the article which is the subject of the 
 patent. If the patent is an improvement upon an article of staple 
 manufacture, it is best to keep the retail price as low as possible, 
 and to effect this, the royalty must be low, varying from three to 
 five per cent of the amount of the sales. On large and heavy ma- 
 chinery, from five to eight per cent of the seUing price is perhaps 
 ^ fair charge. On agricultural machinery, from six to nine would 
 
18 
 
 not be unreasonable. On small articles of jewelry, fancy articles, 
 toys, dress, etc., etc., a royalty amounting to ten per cent of the 
 gross sales is not too nuicli. In any ca^»e, it is not best to leave the 
 manufacturer free to make as many or as few as he choos(>,s of the 
 article, for he may choose to make none, and then the patentee will 
 get nothing, and the manufacturer will still retain his license. All 
 agreements upon royalty should contain a clause that if a manufac- 
 turer shall not pay royalty upon a certain minimum number, the 
 patentee shall have the option of declaring the license null and void. 
 
 Forms of this kind will be found further on. All such agree- 
 ments should also contain a condition, that at stated times the man- 
 ufacturer shall render to the patentee a true and exact account 
 of all the patented articles made and sold by him, since the last 
 account and payment, to which account the patentee shall have the 
 right to require the oath of t!ie manufacturer, and that if then the 
 patentee is not satisfied, he shall have the right to view the manu- 
 facturer's books. 
 
 If one manufacturer will undertake to supply the whole 
 market, and will fix the minimum royalty which he must pay 
 sulBciently high, then it is best to let him have the sole right to 
 manufacture ; but if it becomes necessary to let the patent out to 
 more than one, then the minimum amount of royalty should be 
 fixed upon the same general i:)rinciple as followed in determining 
 the value of a shop right. 
 
10 
 
 TO WHOM TO OFFER THE PATENT 
 AND HOW TO OFFER IT. 
 
 Having settled all these preliminary matters, and having 
 become acquainted with the nature of the various kinds of rights 
 which it is usual to dispose of under patents, the next question to 
 be answered, is, " What class of persons will be the most likely to 
 buy the patent, or rights under it." To this the answer is plain. 
 If it is an article in distinction from a process, it is likely to be 
 most readily sold to some one of that class of manufacturers who 
 are making articles of the same class as this. " How to get the 
 names and addresses of all of such a class ?" Answer — there are 
 men in New York and other large cities, who make it their business 
 to furnish, for a reasonable consideration, full and complete lists of 
 all parties engaged in any particular trade, occupation, profession, 
 or manufacture throughout the country. The inventor has, let us 
 suppose, devised a new and useful article of jewelry for gentlemen, 
 say a shirt stud or sleeve button. He, of course, will naturally ex- 
 pect to sell his patent to some manufacturing jeweller, and accord- 
 ingly he will procure, from one of these agents referred to, a list of 
 all such parties, either in some particular part of the country, or in 
 the whole country. 
 
 It is not generally, advisable to procure more than a partial 
 list, at first, because a sale may be made to one of these, and if not, 
 then the list can be readily enlarged, from time to time^ as may 
 become desirable. 
 
 Having procured such a list of parties, the next thing is to 
 properly present the thing to them, one by one and for this purpose 
 it is advisable to prepare a circular, bearing a good "cut" of the 
 invention, if it be susceptible of such illustration, and containing a 
 concise, but very careful description of the invention and its opeia- 
 tion, setting forth its advantages over the common article, or pro- 
 
20 
 
 fess, on which it is an improvement. It should coittahl a careful 
 statement of the actual first cost of the article or process, supp(Trted 
 l)y facts and figures, and offers of responsible parties, if any have 
 been made, to manufacture at such prices. It should also show * 
 Avhat a reasonable retail price would be, as governed by the margins 
 which obtain in the trade for similar articles, and from this deduce 
 the profit to be made on a single specimen. It should further 
 show, by actual statistics, taken from reliable sources, how exten- 
 sive a market is offered to the invention, taking into account the 
 average life of the article and the whole duration of the patent, and 
 from this should be computed the whole sum to be realized, if the 
 whole market is supplied. This figure will always be a large one, 
 and after making this computation, it is advisable to say, in sub- 
 stance, as follows; — "even if but one-half or one-fourth of the 
 whole market is actually supplied, the gross profit will be," etc., et(,'. 
 which, being a reasonable supposition, can hardly fail to cairy 
 weight. If the claim in the patent is a strong one, it is best to 
 insert it in the circular, and call attention to its strength. 
 
 It is, probabl}^ not best to put into the circular the terms 
 u))on which the patent, gr rights under it, will be sold. That can 
 be better set forth in a letter to accompany the circular. The fol- 
 lowing circular, founded upon an imaginary "Improved Collai' 
 Stud," will illustrate the general method to be followed in preparing 
 such a circular. 
 
 I:m,p.:^aT''©ii 0®1I^;^ l^iMift* 
 
 LETTERS PATEIST NO. 100,010. DATED JUNE G, 1871. 
 
 This is an indispensable article of a gentleman's toilet. It is 
 not only a perfect collar stud, but an equally perfect tie holder. 
 All who have ever worn a " snap"' or butterfly tie — and this com- 
 l)rises all American ?y/ff //kind— are well aware of the vexations 
 incident to fastening the loop of these ties over the common shirt 
 
51 
 
 bilttotl, or collar stud. Many a hasty, if not profane, ejaculation 
 has been the result of attempting this task. It has often been a 
 matter of equal disgust for a gentleman — a wearer of one of these 
 ties — on reaching home, to find that he lias been bravely marching- 
 through the streets, minus a neck-tie, which has, in an unlucky 
 moment, escaped the faithless grasp of the common button, or stud. 
 
 This little device completely cures these troubles. Tne loop 
 of a tie is as readily slipped into one of the little hooks, upon the 
 front of the stud, as a hat is hung on a nail, and it cannot escape 
 tlierefrom by accident. 
 
 The owner of the patent, which has a broad and strong 
 claim, is not in circumstances which will allow him to undertake 
 the introduction and sale of the studs. He will, therefore, dispose 
 of the patent, or rights under it, and asks attention to the following 
 remarks, which show its great value. 
 
 First Cost. — It is made of gold plated sheet metal, com- 
 monly known among manufacturing jewelers as " stock plate," and 
 all the parts are struck up by dies, so that it can be made very 
 cheaply, at a cost not exceeding five cents apiece. Messi's. Brazos 
 (fc Copperman, of Waterbury, Conn., and also Mr. Chas. Riugman, 
 of Norih Attleboro, Mass., have offered to make them, in quanti- 
 ties, at that price. Of course, if these parties can furnish the studs 
 at that price, the real cost is less, for manufacturers do not generally 
 carry on their business for fun or philanthropy. 
 
 The Retail Price. — Plated collar studs, of the common 
 kinds, sell at retail prices varying all the way from twenty-five 
 cents to one dollar, according to plate and workmanship. No stud, 
 which is as well plated as this, sells for less than fifty cents, and as 
 these last are merely the common kind, with no improvements, fifty 
 cents would be a reasonable retail price for this improved stud, 
 giving, as the profit on a single article, forty-five cents. This 
 allows the manufacturer to sell to the jobber for ten cents apiece, a 
 profit of one hundred per cent ; the jobber to the wholesale dealer 
 for fifteen cents, a profit of fifty per cent ; the wholesale dealer to 
 tiie retailer at twenty-five cents, a profit of sixty-six and two-thirds 
 per cent ; and the retail dealer to the consumer at fifty cents, a 
 profit of one hundred per cent ; so that while the retail price is not 
 higher than for the common article, the profits of all concerned are 
 enormous, and will make it a favorite with the trade. 
 
 The Market.— Of the 88,000,000 of people in the United 
 States, about one-fourth, 9,500,000, are men, and about one-half of 
 tiiese, 4,750,000, are male youth, the whole mass of whom wear 
 
si2 
 
 lies, three-fourth's of them, 3,002,500, " snap" tics. One of these 
 studs can be sold to at least one-fourth of this last numl)er, which 
 makes 890,025, on \\liich the owner's profit, at five cents apiece, 
 amounts to $44,531.25, and as the average life of a stud is about two 
 years, this sum must be multiplied ])y eiijht to give whole profit for 
 the seventeen years duratiou of the patent, which gives the com- 
 fortable product of $35(),250. 
 
 The Capital Required is very small, and can be rapidly 
 turned over. 
 
 Foe Terms, etc. , address 
 
 GILES GENIUS. 
 
 Hartford, Coun. 
 
 This circular should be printed in good taste. If the 
 inventor can afford to put it on heavy, tinted paper, in some fash- 
 ionable type, as is the so called " old style"' at present, with a red 
 line around the edge for a border, so much the better. The matter 
 of the circular should be written in as clear, crisp and sparkling 
 style as the nature of the subject will admit, and the composition 
 and press work be as perfect as possible. 
 
 If the inventor, himself, is not capable of doing justice to the 
 subject, let him find some literary friend, or some other properly 
 educated person, to do it for him. Let the statements be just as 
 strong as the facts will bear. It will be observed that the terms are 
 not given in this circular. This, with some other matters, can bet- 
 ter be reserved for a written letter, to accompany the circular. It 
 is advisable to accompany this circular with a written letter, for the 
 reason that the receiver thereof will be obliged, in common cour- 
 tesy, to give the matter attention enough to understand it, which 
 attention he might not give to a mere circular. Besides, the letter 
 makes the matter more of a personal thing to the receiver, and does 
 not make the terms ]>ublic, all of wliich tends to give weiglit to the 
 matter. The general style may be understood from the following 
 form for such a 
 
23 
 
 (LETTER.) 
 [Confidential.] 
 
 Hartford, Conn., Jan. 1, 1871. 
 
 Mr. Hiram Hautboy : 
 
 Dear Sir : — May I aslc your careful attention to the enclosed 
 circular ? I believe tiiat the facts set forth therein will show you 
 that I offer for sale a really valuable invention. The figures, making 
 every possible allowance, and then dividing tbis by a large fraction, 
 show that there is a fortune in this little thing. But I am in no 
 condition to undertake the introduction of the article. 
 
 In the first place, I have no means. 
 
 In the next place, I am a mechanic, and ignorant of business 
 ways and business men. 
 
 You are in a business which will enable you to manufacture 
 and introduce this stud readily. 
 
 I offer you the whole patent for $5,000. I shall be satisfied 
 to take part cash, and part approved notes. If you do not care to 
 purchase the whole patent, 1 may be willing to sell you a territorial 
 or shoj) right, or allow you to manufacture on a royalty. 
 
 This offer is made to you alone. 
 
 The thing will not be offered to any one else, unless you 
 refuse to buy, when I shall offer it to others in your business. Be 
 kind enough to answer at once. If an answer is not received by 
 me within seven (7) days from this date, this offer is from that date 
 withdrawn. " Very Respectfully, 
 
 GILES GENIUS. 
 
 This circular and letter should be sent to the different parties 
 mentioned in the list, sending to but one party at a time, and wait- 
 ing till the expiration of the seven days or other set time, for an 
 answer, before sending to another. 
 
 When an answer is received looking toward negotiation, if 
 any definite terms are offered, the inventor should most carefully 
 consider upon it, before rejecting, even if greatly under the price 
 asked, remembering always that all that is made over and above the 
 actual expenses incurred, is clear profit. If a shop right, territorial 
 right, or royalty right is wanted, the suggestions in the foregoing 
 pages, on fixing the value of such rights, will be found of assist- 
 ance. 
 
24 
 
 If it is thought that better terms can be obtained, it is best to 
 inform the correspondent that the inventor is ''gi'eatly obliged for 
 the kind offer made, and will take it into serious consideration,"' 
 etc., etc. A rule which should be imperative in all business mat- 
 ters, comes into play here. Never be rude or peremptory in 
 declining an oifer, but always express yourself in the kindest and 
 pleasantest terms of which you are master. 
 
 It is hardly possible that an inventor of any merit can run the 
 gauntlet, in this manner, of all the manufacturers in the country, 
 whose business is of a kind to naturally interest them in the inven- 
 tion, without finding a purchaser. . 
 
 NEW^SPAPER ADVERTISING. 
 
 Another method of getting an invention before the public, is 
 through the mediuni of newspaper advertising. This is more 
 expensive than the method just described, and is not, perhaps, 
 advisable till that fails, though it may be often happily used in con- 
 junction with it. If the inventor can afford it, it is well to have 
 the invention illustrated and described in one or more of the scien- 
 titic and mechanical publications of the day, of which the Scientific 
 American, and American Artisan, of New York, and the Scientific 
 Press, of San Francisco, are notable examples. Such illustration 
 and description may sometimes, of itself, prove sufficient. If not, 
 it may be followed up by ordinary advertising ; or. this illustration 
 and description may be dispensed with, and the advertising con- 
 fined to the regular advertising columns. In doing this, tlie 
 advertisement should be inserted in the paper or papers which 
 
25 
 
 are designed to meet the eye of the class or classes of persons to 
 whom the invention is of special interest. Any reliable advertising 
 agent will be pleased, on request, to furnish, free of charge, a list 
 of any required size, extending over the whole country, or any part 
 thereof, which circulate among any special class of people, and the 
 advertisement of the invention should be inserted in one or more 
 such papers, as the judgment and means of the inventor may dic- 
 tate. It is very much better to insert a small advertisement in a 
 large number of papers, than to occupy a lai'ge space in a smaller 
 number. The experience of old advertisers confirms this propor- 
 tion. If the inventor is not skilled in writing advertisements, it 
 will be best for him, if possible, to get some fi'iend, or other prop- 
 erly skilled person, to write the advertisement for him, for it is no 
 common accomplishment to he able to put into a small space, in an 
 attractive and striking, and yet not vulgar manner, a notice of any 
 thing, which shall say just enough to induce the reader to push fur- 
 ther inquiries. Suppose the invention to be an improvement in the 
 manufacture of coach varnish: an advertisement something like 
 the following, would not be inappropriate : 
 
 AUrW nn A nU ir a DXTTCJII ^ most valuaWe patented improvement in 
 llJllVy uUnljIl VAiliuijllp coach Vamish is offered for sale— thor- 
 oughly tried and tested. Address T, W. COPAL, Huyshope, Conn. 
 
 This will occupy but few lines of space, and yet tells 
 enough to interest varnish and coach men therein. It is not advisa- 
 ble to make much parade of the patent, as a patent, for there is 
 something of a prejudice among business men generally, against 
 patents, on account of the great number of humbugs w^hich have 
 been pushed into notice under their guise, but this prejudice van- 
 ishes, when they discover that the patent covers a real improve- 
 ment. 
 
 The proper papers in which to insert an advertisement like 
 the above, would be those which are intended for circulation among 
 varnish users, yarnish manufacturers and carriage builders, a list of 
 
26 
 
 which, with the charge for insertion, Ihe advertising agents can 
 readily furnish. When answers lo advertisements are received, 
 they can be re|)lied to by such a circuhir as that hereinbefore 
 described, accompanied by a letter substantially like that set forth, 
 changed to meet the requirements of the case. 
 
 The inventor must not be afraid, if his means permit, to con- 
 tinue his advertising for some little time, for experience has shown 
 that unless a person is more than ordinarily interested in the niatter 
 advertised, he has to see an advertisement a number of times before 
 he will take any active step in reference to it. 
 
 PERSONAL SOLICITATION. 
 
 Patents are freciuenlly sold by personal solicitation, and if 
 the inventor cares to make the sale of rights under his patent his 
 main business, and can get safely through the period of rawness 
 which always attends the commencement stage of all such attempts 
 without giving up the busiuess in disgust, this method of sale may 
 prove, in the end, the most remunerative. The Inventor must, 
 however, give his whole time to the business, must have means 
 sufficient to allow him to travel, and must persevere till he learns 
 not to be discouraged at any and all disheartening obstacles he may 
 encount'jr. 
 
 In short, he must make of himself a successful salesman, and 
 a salesnian of rather a rare order, a task which is evidently so diffi- 
 cult, that unless an inventor is satisfied he has peculiar (pialiti- 
 catious for it, he better not imdertake it. If he does, howevei-. 
 
i^ta 
 
 27 
 
 see fit to undertake it, a few suggestions may be of assistance. 
 Upon arriving at a town where he proposes to make a sale, he 
 shoukl be provided with a good model or models, and plenty of cir- 
 culars containing substantially the matter set forth in the circular 
 hereinbefore described, making the closing part to read — "Rights 
 for sale on the most liberal terms aft" (wherever the inventor has liis 
 head-quarters). If the place boasts a newspaper, the matter should 
 be duly advertised, and good " local" notice will be found a great 
 help. 
 
 Suppose the invention to be a new domestic article, as a knife 
 sharpener, the advertisement might be in substance as follows : 
 
 " A GREAT WAIST FILLED — A simple, cheap and effective article for 
 use in every household. G-reat Profits made. Rights under the patent for sale 
 low. CaU at HARVEY HANDY, Patentee. 
 
 Of course, having interested a man enough to call, the 
 inventor must press upon him by aid of model, facts and figures, 
 etc., the money there is in it for the purchaser. If any resident of 
 the right stamp can be made to assist, by giving him a commission 
 on sales, it will prove a valuable help. 
 
 A thing sometimes done by traveling salesmen of patents is, 
 to find some resident who is " up to snaff," as the saying is, and 
 arrange with him that he shall hold himself out as ready to buy a 
 half interest in the territory which it is proposed to sell, and they 
 two, the salesman and the decoy duck, go in search of some third 
 party who will really buy the other half. The price of the territory 
 is put at double that which the seller really means ta realize, and 
 when the third party is found to really buy the other half of the 
 right, the territory is assigned to the decoy duck and such party 
 jointly, but no money is paid, except by the third party, and out of 
 this the seller usually pays a commission to tlie decoy duck. 
 
 The fact that a neighbor is ready to purchase a half interest 
 in the right, is a great inducement, usually, to the third party to 
 buy the other half. 
 
28 
 
 Of the morality of such transactions the reader will judge. 
 If the inventor chooses to take his model in his hand, and 
 attack parties most likely to become interested, at their places of 
 business, he may make sales, but in this case he will find that pre- 
 vious advertising will pave the way for the personal elfort. 
 
 ITINERANT AGENTS. 
 
 In almost every county in the United States may be found 
 persons who, off and on, as the phrase is, make it their business to 
 sell patent rights, traveling about the while for that purpose. It 
 must, in truth, be said that some of these, by their fraudulent prac- 
 tices, have done much toward bringing the business of a traveling 
 salesman of patents into disrepute. These fraudulent practices 
 have consisted in making grossly false representations, as to the first 
 cost of their articles, in taking notes for the whole or part of the 
 consideration of the sales, under the promise to retain them till due. 
 so that the purchaser should have a chance to see that their repre- 
 sentations were true, before making final payment, and then selling 
 the notes instanter, and the like. 
 
 ]VIany of these men, the honest ones, are really good agents 
 to emplo)% as they are usually willing to bear their own expenses, 
 and take a share of the proceeds of the sales for their \ya,y. If an 
 inventor has a choice among different ones, he should, other things 
 being equal, select the one who has means that make him pecunia- 
 rily responsible. 
 
 Unless a person has such means, or unless the inventor is 
 satisfied that he is a man of the firmest integrity, it cmnot be con- 
 sidered safe to give him an unlinilled power of attorney to make 
 
29 
 
 Sales, nor even then is it desirable, because it is always best to make 
 sure that the agent cannot keep from the inventor any of the funds 
 he may receive, nor put the patent into the hands of a confederate, 
 by means of a bogus sale. 
 
 Control over the funds received can be kept, by providing, in 
 the power of attorney, that all cash received shall be deposited to the 
 joint order of the agent and the inventor, and that all notes taken 
 shall be to their joint order. 
 
 Control over unadvisable or fraudulent sales can be kept bv 
 providing, in the power, that the sales made are conclusive, unless 
 the inventor shall, within — say ten — days, signify his non-accept- 
 ance thereof. Forms for powers of attorney, with these or equiva- 
 lent provisions, will be found further on. 
 
 STOCK COMPANIES. 
 
 A great many patents upon inventions which are either con- 
 sidered very valuable, or which require a large capital, to make 
 them available, are realized from by milking them the property of 
 stock companies, which are either specially chartered by the state 
 or national legislature, or are organized under the joint stock laws 
 which prevail in most, if not all the states. This a perfectly legiti- 
 mate, and often a very easy way of realizing money from an 
 invention. 
 
 The inventor takes his pay either wholly in cash, or from 
 stock in the company, or partly in cash and partly in stock. 
 
 The modus operandi is as follows : — the inventor, let us say, 
 wishes to reahze $10,000 in cash, and $10,000 in stock, and it is 
 necessary to have $15,000 actual cash capital to woik the patent. 
 
30 
 
 111 such a case the nominal capital of the company ma}-, gen- 
 erally, well be put at $100,000. 
 
 We will, first of all, reserve $15,000 of this nominal capital 
 to be used in securing the aid and countenance of influential men, 
 to be given away by the inventor for this purpose, though of course 
 tills part of the operation is usually confidential between the 
 inventor and those whose aid he seeks. The inventor must there- 
 fore reserve for himself, in all $20,000 of the nominal stock. 
 
 This leaves $7r),000 in stock to be sold, w^hereby to realize 
 $25,000 in cash, $10,000 for the inventor and $15,000 for actual 
 cash capital. 
 
 Now, to raise $25,000 cash upon $75,000 nominal capital, 
 each share sold needs to pay but one third of its nominal value, so 
 that there is a great inducement in this for parties to invest in the 
 stock. 
 
 Of course to make this operation successful, the inventor 
 must be able to show, by facts and figures, a good prospect of pay- 
 i ng from six to ten per cent dividends upon the nominal capital, 
 and if he is able to do this, and acts with a fair amount of shrewd- 
 ness in securing the help of two or three influential men, by the 
 aid of the $15,000 in stock which be has set aside for this purpose, 
 his task is very easy. 
 
 The inducements he may hold out to investors are not only 
 the hope of gain from dividends, but the prospect of becoming offi- 
 cers of the company, as president, secretary, treasurer, director, 
 etc. When such companies are organized, it is very common for 
 tlie company to retain the services of the inventor in some capacitv, 
 so that the inventor is well lewarded by })resent cash, by stock, and 
 by future employment. 
 
 If the inventor is content to take his pay entirely in stock, 
 tlien his task is just so much Ihe easier, and if lie is able to organize 
 his company without giving away stock. Ihift again lightens his 
 burden. 
 
31 
 
 If the inventor is willing to put in his invention against, say, 
 -f 10,000 actual cash capital, then he may b(! able to find two or three 
 men, or possibly one man, who Avill put the cash aaainst the inven- 
 tion ; and, in short, there are numberless ways in which this pro- 
 gramme may be varied to meet the circumstances of each particular 
 case. 
 
 The details of the organization of such companies must, of 
 course, be performed under the direction of some competent la^v- 
 yer, who will see that the local laws governing such matters are 
 duly complied with, but farther on, in the part of this book devoted 
 to forms, and instructions relative thereto, will be found a form for 
 articles of association of this kind, such as is in use under the laws 
 of the State of Connecticut, which laws are substantially the same 
 as those of other stales upon the same subject. 
 
 HOW TO WORK A SPECIALTY. 
 
 The following article, taken from the " Chemist and Drug- 
 gist," published in London, although specially a])plicable to the sale 
 of patent medicines, will be found very suggestive to all those who 
 have patented articles to introduce : 
 
 '' Without having the pretension to disclose any new systems, 
 the writer will rapidly note a few of the various methods of eslab- 
 lishiug and developing the sale of proprietary articles, which ha\'e 
 come under his personal observation, during a somewhat extended 
 experience in England, France and America, Patent medicines, 
 perfumeries, toilet i)reparations, dietetic productions, and othej- 
 specialties are now so numerous, and in many instances are pushed 
 so vigorously and with so much skill, that ^\\]m \\ is proposed tu 
 
32 
 
 launch any new item, or develop the sale of one already partially 
 established, the magnitude of the task appears startling. To attract 
 attention to any iirei)aration, however good and well adapted to the 
 wants of the public, is a task of such an expensive and laborious 
 character, that a brief study of the systems followed by the success- 
 ful men of the day, in this field, may be regarded as a topic of gen- 
 eral interest. Whatever ma}" be the scientific opinion in regard to 
 the leading proprietary remedies in vogue, and hovvever much their 
 authors and compounders may lack professional status and a legit- 
 imate endorsement of their preparations, it is quite evident that 
 hundreds of these men have succeeded in attracting public notice to 
 themselves personally, as w^ell as acquiring a great celebrity for 
 their articles, by the unusual enterprise, skill, and general business 
 talent displayed in the management of their specialties. It is not 
 difficult to regard such men as likely to achieve success in almost 
 any matter they may undertake, endowed, as they generally are, 
 with the personal characteristics which emphatically command 
 success. Therefore, it is quite correct to suppose that the great 
 fortunes we hear of being accumulated by noted proprietors of 
 (specialties, are not exactly happy accidents, but the result of patient 
 and intelligent labors, united to a judicious audacity and liberality. 
 
 ' ' The personal acquaintance of the writer with a number of 
 such men of the three nationalities already named, will enable him 
 to indicate a few of the salient points in their methods of manage- 
 ment. AVliile it is quite true that many articles of questionable 
 merit have, by mere force of publicity, been established on a remu- 
 nerative sale, it is without " any doubt essential to the success of 
 preparations in general, that Wwy should possess positive merit, and 
 be well adapted to meet some general public want, otherwise the 
 efforts made to introduce them will be full of difficulty. The 
 •notion sometimes heard— that advertising will make anythinsr sell— 
 is simple nonsense, as every lai-ge advertiser knows. Ac^vertising 
 will uucloitbtedly create a temporary demand for almost any article 
 
S3 
 
 but unless the article itself responds to an evident public need, and 
 is one which is intrinsically good, and likely to make its way on its 
 own merits, as soon as the public attention to it has been gained, it 
 will prove anything but a profitable enterprise, to make a serious 
 campaign on such a basis. 
 
 "At this point, let a word be said on the utter inutility of 
 investments in publicity, to develop sales of worthless and trivial 
 articles ; and also let it be noted that all successful patent medi- 
 cines, notwithstanding that they are oftentimes popularly denomi- 
 nated nostrums, quack remedies, &c., must, and often do possess 
 intrinsic value, otherwise they could never attain any sale of mag- 
 nitude or permanency. It is quite true that the enormous aggregate 
 sales of patent medicines throughout the globe, a sale which has been 
 extending with tremendous rapidity for the last decade, evidences a 
 great popular want of cheap remedies which may be obtained in the 
 shops, and which in many instances renders the expensive services 
 of a medical man quite superfluous, 
 
 " The profession in France has legitimised patent remedies, 
 and the popular verdict in other countries has been in their favor. 
 In America, where, in consequence of the vastness of the territory, 
 medical aid sometimes cannot be obtained for miles, these popular 
 compounds are oftentimes of great service in maladies lacking 
 gravity. 
 
 "In proceeding to notice more particularly the business as- 
 pects of the topic, it may be remarked that the introduction of a com- 
 pound of undoubted excellence may be accomplished at a limited 
 outgo, by adherence to certain very common^ sense methods too 
 often lost sight of by enthusiastic projectors. The style of get-up 
 of an article has oftentimes a considerable influence upon its 
 success. The best illustrations are undoubtedly furnished by the 
 French, Avho have, in the forms of their bottles, style of typography 
 and wrapper, generally e^fcelled the English and American pro- 
 ductions. 
 
84 
 
 " The retail prices should be in even shillings, francs, or dol- 
 lars, although a contrary custom prevails in England and France ; 
 and where various sizes of bottles are introduced, the prices should 
 be the multiple each of the other, and the larger sizes contain rela- 
 tively more than the smaller ones. The retail prices should always 
 be printed upon the outside wrapper. The sending out of bottles 
 of patent remedies without an outer wrapper is objectionable. 
 The directions for use should always, no matter how voluminous 
 they are, be wrapped around the bottle or box, inside of the wrap- 
 per ; it is decidedly objectionable to have them furnished sepa- 
 ratelj'', to be delivered by the retailers. 
 
 " The American plan of printing the title and other matter 
 on the different sides of the bottle, in the four languages most in 
 vogue, as well as full directions in all these languages, in the pros- 
 pectus which is wrapped inside, is an excellent one. In the case 
 of small toilet and remedial articles, the plan pursued in England of 
 getting them up in counter cases is ver}' effective for the purposes 
 of introduction and advertisement, but too expensive to admit of 
 after supplies being furnished in that way. The Americans have 
 given a great deal of attention to putting dozens and half dozens 
 in pasteboard boxes, with very bold outside labels. These, regu- 
 larly arranged upon the shelves of a country druggist's shop, form 
 a very cheap and effective advertisement, and also keep in good 
 condition any bottles that may not be exposed for sale in the large 
 plate glass counter show-cases so much in vogue there. For ship- 
 ment, these paper boxes are packed generally in wooden cases of 
 one dozen each, and these gross boxes are supplied without charge, 
 the four sides being, when sent out by the proprietor, boltlly 
 branded with the title of the article. It is a common thing to 
 notice in American druggists shops, piles of these wooden cases — 
 many, no doubt, innocent of contents — but all forming very chea]) 
 and effective advertisements. The array of paper box "dummies" 
 is also something wonderful, on the shelves and in the front win- 
 
35 
 
 clows, Ko box of this kind is ever destroyed, as long as thei-e is 
 any vacant space in the shop, its value in catching the eye of the 
 customer being too great. These paper boxes and wooden cases 
 are also well supplied with show bills, and small cards to hang up 
 at odd corners of the shop, and a few dozen circulars for the comi- 
 ter, In some instances the gross cases contain beautifully gotten 
 up illuminated show-cards, handsomely framed. 
 
 " From these details it will be perceived that the Americans 
 are fully alive to the benefit to be derived f]-om furnishing the retail 
 dealer with a splendid supply of weapons for publicity in his shop. 
 As the druggists there are much more willing to exhibit show bills 
 and cards than the chemists in Europe, the rage for handsome ones 
 lias been carried to a most lavish point. Elaborately hand-painted 
 gilt glass cards, three or four feet square, are quite common in the 
 best shops, being furnished gratis by the leading patent medicine 
 and perfumery makers, at a cost to themselves oftentimes of two or 
 three guineas each. 
 
 " In deciding upon the retail price of an article about to be 
 introduced, too much attention cannot be given to the discounts 
 which will have to be made to the different classes of buyers in the 
 trade. There should always be a first abatement from the retail 
 trade of one-third, for any quantity to one who buys to sell again, 
 and to the same party a further discount of, say, ten per cent, when 
 a whole gross is purchased — this last to be supplemented by an 
 additional discount of ten or fifteen per cent, to the wholesale 
 houses on five or ten gross lots. As the class of goods in question 
 is essentially a monopoly, the proprietor has power to fix his prices 
 as arbitrarily as he chooses, but he will consult his interest by 
 making liberal discounts, selling for net cash only, and in no case, 
 <^*onfidentially or otherwise, giving any advantage to one bu3-er over 
 another. A printed tariff to wholesale houses should he issued, 
 and rigidly adhered to as to quantities, cash, and days allowed 
 for payment. All changes in this tariff should be notified some 
 
3(5 
 
 (Considerable time in advance of the period wben the change will 
 take place, so as to give wholesale dealers time to arrange advanta- 
 geously, in case of their being either over-stocked or in short sup- 
 ply. These notices should be given simultaneously, that no one 
 man may have any advantrge from early information of contempla- 
 ted changes. Having experienced the desirability of this uniform- 
 ity of dealing with the trade in specialties, the writer is disposed to 
 lay great stress upon it. The proprietor of an article must obvi- 
 ously, in arranging his wholesale and retail prices, allow himself a 
 handsome margin, the expense for publicity and otherwise, aside 
 from the cost of manufacture, being likely to be so onerous. If, as 
 is often the case, an article is got up by a chemist, in the midst of 
 the ordinary routine of his shop, without adding anything for 
 expense of labor, he should not, on that account, omit to include in 
 his estimate the probable cost of bottling, packing, etc., as in all 
 articles of extended sale, a separate organization and force becomes 
 essential. The probable fluctuations in the ingredients of which 
 the preparation is composed, should also be carefully taken into 
 account, as the variation of a price once fixed upon a proprietaiy 
 article is likely to be damaging. The heavy war tax upon spiiits 
 in i\\(i United States, a few years ago, (now reduced,) nearly ruined 
 the smaller grade of patent medicine men there, and they were 
 obliged to adopt prices in many cases fifty and one hundred per 
 cent, higher, which resulted iu placing their i)reparations quite out 
 of the reach of men of moderate means. Coming to the actual 
 work of introducing an article, it is better for persons of moderate 
 means to canvas in the outset large country towns, than to attack 
 the great cities. Should abundant means be at command, the 
 metropolis had better be taken in hand first, as the country natu- 
 rally symjiathises in the demand fur a preparation which has a 
 metropolitan vogue, even where no local expenditure is made for 
 publicity. 
 
 " Whatever field is taken up in the outset, it should be thor- 
 
3? 
 
 6ngh1y worked, and the article well made known there, before 
 wasting time and scattering efforts in other quarters. No more 
 common mistake is made by sanguine projectors of specialties than 
 in endeavoring to grasp the whole body of the people at once. 
 Any advertisement contracts made should be for cash, or nearlj'" so. 
 It is so easy to get out of one's depth in making contracts payable 
 out of prospective profits. When an article is already launched, 
 and has been favorably received, the extension of its advertisements 
 with a certain amount of boldness is no longer so pure a risk. 
 
 "The question of newspaper advertising is so broad a one, 
 that the limits of this article will hardly suffice for its treatment. 
 Briefly, it must be quite clear that all feeble, cheap advertising, in 
 the obscure columns of the papers, has but little effect. The 
 shrewdest advertisers of the day adopt the most expensive methods, 
 choosing the most costly localities in the principal journals. A 
 few lines at several shillings a line, in a prominent part of a news- 
 paper is a better investment than a lengthy advertisement in an ob- 
 scure column at half the expense. Continuous advertising in every 
 issue of a daily or weekly newspaper, is a great waste of money. 
 If six advertisements on six successive days lead to an expenditure 
 of ten pounds, it would be much more effective to insert one adver- 
 tisement once a week at an expense of half the money. Small 
 announcements persisted in, if appearing continuously, will 
 undoubtedly, in time, produce a favorable result ; but, for imme- 
 diate sales, resort must be had to bold, and sometimes to lengthy 
 announcements. A dignified phraseology should always be adhered 
 to, but any novelty that can be secured in point of typographical 
 displa}^, is eminently desirable, 
 
 " It is very questionable if the paragraph notices of a facetious 
 character, now somewhat in favor with advertisers in the leading 
 dailies, are really effective. The local it}' chosen is the advantage, 
 if there is one ; but, obviously, the notion that the pul)lic are sup- 
 posing they are absorbing the regular reading matter of the news- 
 
38 
 
 paper, is presuming too much on their credulity. Of all forms of 
 advertising, none approaches the well established daily newspapei'. 
 Where there are several published in one town, it is better, in 
 default of ability to grasp them all, to choose the best one for the 
 article in hand, and go in liberally. Small advertising does not 
 
 " When an article is being introduced, there should always be 
 affixed to all advertisements the name of one or two shops in the 
 town where it is kept on sale. This saves much disappointment on 
 the part of intending buyers, who often apply at a dozen places 
 without success, and ultimately give up their idea of obtaining it. 
 " For sale by all chemists," is a very bad line to add to an adver- 
 tisement of a new article. Nine out of every ten dealers will say, 
 " We never heard of it before." and the tenth one will oifer to pro- 
 cure it; while all (if in America) will suggest that ''It's a new 
 thing," " Don't know much about it yet," " W^e have something 
 of our own of the same kind quite as good." All of these influ- 
 ences have to be fought against b^'^the projector of something new, 
 and even at ihe risk of making some shops jealous, it is much better 
 to name one or two where the article can surely be obtaineil. 
 
 " Nothing is so successful as success. Once an article is well 
 established, the chorus is unanimous in its favor from all the shop- 
 keepers ; during its struggling infancy, something seems to whis- 
 per to them to give it a kick. 
 
 " Previous to quitting the party " who never heard of it 
 before," it may be well to direct his attention to the eminently 
 modern plan of addertisiag to the trade, now so much in favor 
 with the most inteUigent body of advertisers. The last few years 
 have witnessed the establishment of a most excellent series of class 
 and trade journals in several countries — more especially in England 
 — addressing themselves to readers of various professions and kinds 
 of business. To all projectors of new specialties, this class of 
 journals is invaluable, as well as to the proprietors of such est ab- 
 
39 
 
 lished ones as it is desirable to keep alive in the minds of the trade. 
 A great step in advance is made, if the trade can at once be thor- 
 oughly informed respecting a new article. In default of abilit}^ to 
 inaugurate an extensive range of advertising to the public, a most 
 important impression can be made by bold announcements in 
 suitable class journals ; and in conjunction with an elaborate pi'o- 
 gramnie of publicity, the columns of this branch of the press offer 
 palpable advantages. These journals, although as yet in a success- 
 ful infancy, are destined to occupy a greatly enlarged position and 
 influence. The day is rapidly approaching, in fact has arrived, 
 when the intelligent chemist must regularly peruse a periodical spe- 
 cially edited and published for himself and his confreres, in order 
 to keep up with the advances made in the scientific branches of his 
 profession, as well as to be thoroughly posted in its special trade 
 intelligence. Obviously, these are among the earliest channels in 
 which originators of specialties should communicate with the trade, 
 beginning by at once making their articles known, by name at 
 least, to the whole body." 
 
 Hi^PBWflWPPWi 
 
FOKMS AID IISTMUCTI'OMS 
 
 FOR 
 
 M§§mimcni§, §rdni§, WkmseL 
 
 CONTRACTS, ETC, 
 
ASSIGNMENTS AND GRANTS. 
 
 An Assignment of a patent right is an instrument in writing, 
 conveying either the whole interest in the patent, or an undivided 
 ]iart tliereof. 
 
 A Gkant is an instrument in writing, conveying an exclusive 
 territorial right inider a patent. 
 
 The following is the text of the law with reference thereto, 
 Approved July 8, J 870. 
 
 " Section 3G. A7id be it farther enacted, Thdii every patent, 
 or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law, by an instrument 
 in writing, and the patentee, or his assign, or legal representative, 
 may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right, under 
 his patent, to the whole or any specified part of the United States, 
 and said assignment and gi-ant, or conveyance, shall be void, as 
 against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable con- 
 sideration, without notice, uuless it be recorded in the Patent Office 
 within three months from the date thereof." 
 
 The following quoted paragraphs are from the Patent Office 
 " Eules •" 
 
 "A patent may be assigned, either as to the whole interest, 
 or any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing. No 
 particular form of words is necessary to constitute a valid assign- 
 ment, nor need the instrument be sealed, witnessed, or acknowl- 
 edged." 
 
 "A patent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee 
 or assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to the 
 inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided part only of 
 the entire interest has been conveyed." 
 
 "In every case where a patent issues or reissues to an 
 assignee, the assignment nnist be recorded at the Patent Office at 
 
44 
 
 least five clays before the issue of the Patent, and the speciflcation 
 must be sworn to by the inventor." 
 
 "The patentee may grant and convey an exckisive right 
 under his patent, to the whole or any specified portion of the United 
 States, by an instrument in writing.'' 
 
 "Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right 
 must be recorded in the Patent Office, within three months from the 
 execution thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse- 
 quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without 
 notice ; but, if recorded after that time, it will protect the assignee 
 or grantee against any such subsequent purchaser, whose' assign- 
 ment or grant is not then on record." 
 
 "The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to 
 make, or to use, or to sell his invention, or he may convey territo- 
 rial or shop rights which are not exclusive. Such conveyances are 
 mere licenses, and need not be recorded." 
 
 " The receipt of assignments is not generallj'' acknowledged 
 by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within a few 
 da5's after their reception, and then transmitted to the persons enti- 
 tled to them. A five cent revenue stamp is required for each sheet 
 or piece of paper on which an assignment, grant, or hcense may be 
 written. " 
 
 The fees for recording assignments, grants, contracts, or any 
 other paper which should be forwarded, with the papers for record, 
 to the " Com'r of Patents, Washington, D. C." are as follows : 
 
 For recording an instrument of 100 words or under $1.00 
 
 " " " overSOO and under 1000 words. 2. 00 
 " " " over T 000 words 3.00 
 
 In sending papers to the Patent Office for record, the papers 
 and the money should be acompanicd b}'- a letter, stating that the 
 enclosed papers are for record, and that the enclosed money is tlie 
 fee for the same, and stating the address to which the papers are to 
 be returned. 
 
FORMS. 
 
 NO. 1. ASSIGNMENT OF THE ENTIRE INTEREST, BEFORE THE ISSUE OF 
 THE PATENT, (bY SOLE INVENTOR.) 
 
 In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by John J. Smith, 
 of Hartford, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to said Jo7in J. 
 Smith, all my right, title and interest in and to a certain invention 
 in ploics, as fully set forth and described in the specification which 
 I have prepared, (if the application has been made, say "and 
 filed,") preparatory to obtaining letters patent of the United States 
 therefor, and I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner 
 of Patents to issue the said letters patent to my said assignee, for 
 the sole use and behoof of said assignee, and his legal representa- 
 tives. 
 
 ^ — ^ ^ Witness my hand this l.s^ day of June, J 871. 
 X SfMp- Z CHARLES CHANDLER. 
 
 The words and figures in italics denote those which are 
 to be changed to suit different cases, and the same is true of all 
 the following forms in the book, except that where changes are to 
 be made from the singular to the plural, or vice versa, italics will 
 not be used. 
 
 NO. 2, ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST, BEFORE ISSUE OF 
 PATENT, (by joint INVENTORS.) 
 
 In consideration of one dollar, to us paid by John J. Smith, 
 oi Hartford, Conn., we do hereby sell and assign to him one undivi- 
 ded 7udf interest in and to a certain invention in j^^oic^, as fully set 
 forth and described in the specification which we have prepared, (if 
 application has been made say, "and filed,") preparatory to obtain- 
 ing letters patent of the United States therefor. And we do hereby 
 authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents to issue said 
 letters patent to said assignee and ourselves jointly, for the sole use 
 
4g 
 
 find behoof of said assignee and ourselves, and his and our legal 
 
 representatives. 
 
 S^c-^a^jasj^ Witness our hands this Id dav of June, 1871. 
 
 £f) 5C KEV. (b " ' 
 
 \ STAMP. (I CHARLES CHANDLER, 
 
 NO. .3. ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE (oR UNDIVIDED PARTIAL) INTEREST, 
 AFTER ISSUE OF PATENT, (bY SOLE INVENTOR.) 
 
 In consideration oi five hundred dollars^ to me paid by JoJni 
 J. Smith, of Hartford Conn., 1 do hereby assign and sell to said 
 John J. Smith, all my right, title and interest, (or one undivided 
 half interest) in and to the letters patent of the United States, No. 
 41 ,80r>, for an improvement in plows, granted to me July^iO, 18(54, the 
 same to be held and enjoyed by my said assignee to the full end of 
 the term for which said patent is granted, as fully a,nd entirely as 
 the same would have been held and enjoyed by me, if this assign- 
 ment had not been made. 
 
 ^ or-'ti . _» ^ Witness my band tliis lOih day of June, 1871. 
 % ^^SirMP. % CHARLES CHANDLER. 
 
 NO. 4. ASSIGNMENT OF AN ENTIRE (OR UNDIVIDED) INTEREST IN 
 PATENT AND EXTENSION THEREOF, (BY SOLE INVENTOR.) 
 
 In consideration of one thoumnd dollars to me paid by Johji 
 J. Smith, of Hartford, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to the 
 said John J. Smith, all my right title and interest (or an undivided 
 half micYcsX) in and to the letters patent of the United States, No. 
 10,485, for an improvement m 2^lows, granted to me May IG, 18r»r», 
 the same to be held and enjoyed by tiie said John J. Smith, to tlic 
 full end of the term for which said letters patent are granted, and 
 for the term of any extension thereof, as fully and entirely as the 
 
47 
 
 same would have been held and enjoyed by me, if this assignment 
 had not been made. 
 
 g4.^>i=-%-ssp Witness my hand this Uh day of January, 1871. 
 f sta^mJ.'I CHARLES CHANDLER. 
 
 The clause with reference to extension can have no force, 
 except with those patents granted prior to March 2, 18G1, unless 
 the law shall be changed hereafter, which is very ujilikely, or 
 unless extended by special act of Congress. 
 
 UNDIVIDED INTERESTS. 
 
 It is very important that all persons intcrcst(;d in patents 
 should understand that the owner of an undivided interest in a 
 patent, no matter how small, may, if he choose, carry on the manu- 
 facture and sale of the patented article to any extent, without any 
 liability to account therefor to the owner or owners of the remain- 
 der of the patent ; he may; also, grant all the licenses he pleases, 
 and put all the money he gets therefor into his pocket, and keep it 
 there, so that, unless the assignor desire just this state of things, a 
 proper limiting clause, in the nature of a condition, putting it 
 beyond the power of the assignee, or assignor, so to do, should be 
 put into the assignment. Although the writer has not, in conside- 
 rable practice as patent attornej^ come upon an assignment drawn 
 by any one else, which contained such a condition, he has never 
 found an assignor who did not insist on having it, when the matter 
 was explained to him. The next form, which is otherwise the 
 same in substance as its inunediate predecessor. No. 4, contains 
 such a condition, printed in small capitals, which can readily be 
 inserted in the same place in all the other forms. 
 
48 
 
 I 
 
 NO. 5. SAME AS NO 4, WITH CONDITION. 
 
 lu consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by John 
 J. ^mlth, of Hartford, Conn., I do herel)y sell and assign to the 
 said John J. Smith, one nndivided /*«?/ interest in and to the letters 
 patent of the United States, No. 10,485, for an improvement in 
 plows, granted to me 3Iay IG, J 805, the same to be held and enjoyed 
 by the said John J. Smith to the full end of the term for Avliich said 
 letters patent are granted and for the term of any extension 
 thereof. 
 
 Tins ASSIGNMENT IS MADE UPON THE FOLLOWING EXPKESS CON- 
 DITION, WHICH FOEMS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SAME, TO WHICH 
 SAID CONDITION THE ASSIGNOR ASSENTS BY THE ACT OF SIGNING THIS 
 INSTRUMENT, AND TO WHICH THE ASSIGNEE ASSENTS BY THE ACT OF 
 ACCEPTING THE SAME, OR DOING ANY ACT UNDER AND BY VIRTUE OF 
 ITS AUTHORITY, TO WIT : — NEITHER THE ASSIGNOR NOR THE ASSIGNEE 
 MENTIONED HEREIN HAVE ANY RIGHT. POWER OR LIBERTY TO MAKE, 
 OR VEND TO OTHERS TO BE USED, THE ARTICLE (OR " PROCESS," " MA- 
 CHINE," " COMPOUND," WHATEVER IT MAY BE) WHICH FORMS THE 
 -SUBJECT MATTER OF SAID PATENT, W^ITHOUT THAT HE SHALL ACCOUNT 
 AND PAY OVER TO THE OTHER TARTY HERETO ONE HALF OF ALL THE 
 I'ROFIT DERIVED FROM SUCH MAKING, USING, OR VENDING TO OTHERS 
 TO BE USED, NOR SHALL EITHER OF SAID PARTIES HERETO HAVE ANY 
 POWER TO MAKE ANY ASSIGNMENT, GRANT, LICENSE OR OTHER CON- 
 VEYANCE WHATEVER HEREUNDER, EXCEPT THAT BOTH OF SAID PAR- 
 TIES SHALL JOIN IN THE SAME IN WRITING. 
 
 a ^— t;v-i^ ^ Witness my hand this \Qith day of Jane, 1871 . 
 tJ^xrMP:! CHARLES CIIANDLEK. 
 
 NO. G. GRANT OF EXCLUSIVE TERRITORIAL RIGHT, (bY ASSIGNEES.) 
 
 In consideration of one thousand dollars to us paid by Wm. 
 11. Binstnore and James S. Sanborn, of Concord, Neio J£a7npshire, 
 we do hereby assign, grant and convey to the said Wm. II. Dins, 
 
49 
 
 more and James S. Sanborn, the exclusive right to make, use and 
 vend within the State of Wisconsin, and in no other place or places, 
 the improvement in plows, for which letters patent of the United 
 States, dated August 25, 18G7, were granted to Lemuel H. Harcey, 
 and by said Harvey duly assigned to us, and recorded in the Patent 
 Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said William IL 
 Dins?nore and James S, Sanborn, as full and entirely as the same 
 would have been held and enjoyed by us, if this grant had not been 
 made. 
 
 Witness our hands this 19th day of June, 1871. 
 
 CHARLES CHANDLER, 
 HENRY H. HARRIS. 
 
 It is believed that a careful reading of the above forms will 
 enable any fairly intelligent person to draw an assignment or grant 
 to meet any particular case, taking the phraseology wholly from 
 one form, or partly from one and partly from another, as the 
 circumstances in hand dictate. 
 
 LICENSES. 
 
 A license under a patent is an oral or written permit to make, 
 sell, or use a patented invention, conveying no interest in the patent 
 itself, and it need not be recorded. 
 
 A license may be made by the owner^'^of the entire, or an 
 undivided interest in a patent, or by the owner of an exclusive ter- 
 ritorial right. An owner of a license, which, by its terms, is 
 assignable, can assign it to other parties at his pleasure. Licenses 
 require a five cent revenue stamp upon each sheet or piece of paper 
 upon which they are written. The following>re forms of license : 
 
 XO. 1. LICENSE — SHOP KIGHT, (l?Y PATENTEE.) 
 
 In consideratio^ of fifty dollars paid me by Hart, Holbrook, 
 i& Company, of Albany, Mio York, I do hereby license and cm- 
 
power said firm to manufacture at a single foundry and machine 
 shop in said Albany^ and in no other place or places, the improve- 
 ment in harrows, for which letters patent of the United States Ko. 
 71,84() were granted to me November 13, 18G8, and to sell the 
 machines so manufactured throughout the United States, to the full 
 end of the term for which said letters patent are granted. 
 Witness my band this 22d day of ,hme, 1871. 
 
 NOEL HOLCOMIi. 
 
 NO. 2. LICENSE — SHOP EIGHT — ASSIGNABLE AND LIMITED, (bY 
 
 I'ATENTEES.) 
 
 In consideration oi fifty dollars, we do hereby license Hirani 
 A. Evarts, of Kingston, New York, or his assigns, to manufacture 
 at a single foundry and machine shop, the improved seed sower, for 
 which letters patent of the United States No. 74,560 were granted 
 to us December 15, J 870, to the number of one hundred of such 
 seed sowers in each calendar year, and no more, and to sell such seed 
 sowers so made in the United States, to the full end of the term for 
 which said letters patent are granted. 
 gj-«==-j~^55| Witness our hands this 2Uh day of June, i871. 
 
 1^1''™^! HARLOW HUGGINS, 
 
 ^,,=ii^g JAMES E. JILLSON. 
 
 NO. 3. LICENSE — NOT EXCLUSIVE — WITH CONTRACT FOR ROYALTY. 
 (Taken from Patent Office Forms. ^ 
 
 This agreement, made the ^2th day of September, 1868, 
 between Morrison White, party of the first part, and the Union- 
 toion Agricultural Works, party of the second part, witncsseth 
 that whereas letters patent of the United States for an improvement 
 in horse rakes were granted to the party of the first part, dated 
 October 4, 1867 ; and whereas the party of the second part is desi- 
 rous of manufacturing horse rakes containing said patented 
 improvement ; now, therefore, the parties have agreed as follows : 
 
51 
 
 i. The party of the first part hereby licenses aud empowers 
 the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the condi- 
 tions hereinafter named, at their factory in Uniontown, MoQ^yland, 
 and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which 
 said letters patent were granted, Jiorse rakes containing the patented 
 improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. 
 
 II. The party of tlie second part agrees to make full aud true 
 returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days 
 of July and January in each year, of all horse rakes containing the 
 ])atented improvements manufactured by them. 
 
 ]II. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party 
 of the first part five dollars^ as a license fee upon every horse rake 
 manufactured by said party of the second part, containing the 
 patented improvements ; provided that, if the said fee be paid upon 
 the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten 
 days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent. shaU be made from said 
 fee for prompt payment. 
 
 IV. Upon failure of the party of the second part to make 
 returns, or to make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for 
 thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part 
 may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the 
 party of the second part ; but the party of the second part shall not 
 thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first 
 part, for any license fees due at the time of the service of said 
 notice. 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties above named {the said Union- 
 foicn Agricultural WorJcs, by its president) have hereunto set their 
 hands this day and year first above written. 
 *«'=-^i?=«ap ^ MORRISON WHITE, 
 
 3c.iiEv.(6 UNIONTOWN AGRICULTURAL WORKS, 
 
 g iJ-yi!^ ! ^'^' JABEZ REYNOLDS, President. 
 
:<jo. 4. LICENSE — EXCT.isivE— Avrrn contract ton RoVALtV. 
 
 This agreement, made this 10th day of June, 1871, between 
 Henry L. Harrison, of Hartford, Connecticut, party of the first 
 part, and the Excelsior Iron Works, a corjiorate body under the 
 laws of said state, located and doing business at j\^ew Jlritain, in 
 said state, party of tlie second part, witncssetli — 
 
 That whereas letters patent of the United States were, on the 
 '29(h day of January, 1871, granted to said party of the first part, 
 for an improvement in stove hoolcs^ which said patented article said 
 party of the second part is desirous to make and sell : now, there- 
 fore, the parties have agreed as follows : 
 
 I. The party of the first part hereby gives to the party of the 
 second part, the exclusive right to manufacture and sell said 
 patented improvements, to the end of the term of said patent, sub- 
 ject to the conditions hereinafter named. 
 
 II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true 
 returns, on the first days of January, April, July and October in 
 each year, of all of said patented stove hooks made by them in tlic 
 three calendar months then last past, and if said party of the first 
 part shall not be satisfied, in any respect, with any such return, 
 then he shall have the right, either by himself or his attorney, to 
 examine any and all of the books of account of said party of tlie 
 second part, containing any items, charges, memoranda or informa- 
 lion relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented stove hooks, 
 and upon request made, said party of the second part shall produce 
 all such books for said examination. 
 
 III. The party of the second part agree to pay the party of 
 the first part two cents as a license fee upon every one of said pat- 
 ented stove hooks made by them, the whole of said license fee for 
 each quarterly term of three months, as hereinbefore specified to 
 be due and payable within fifteen days after the regular return day 
 for that quarter. And said party of the second part agrees to pay 
 to the party of the first part at least fifty dollars, as said license fee, 
 
irpon each of said quarterly terms, even though they should not 
 make enough of said patented stove Jiooks to amount to that sum at 
 The regular royalty of two cents apiece. 
 
 IV. Upon failure of the party of the second part to make 
 returns, or to make payment of license fees as herein pi'ovided, for 
 thirty days after such returns or such payments are due respect- 
 ively, then the party of the first part may terminate this license by 
 sarving a written notice to that effect upon the party of the second 
 part ; but said party of the second part shall not thereby be dis- 
 charged from any liability to the party of the first part for any 
 license fees due at the time of the service of said notice. 
 
 In witness whereof the above named parties (the said Excel- 
 sior Iron Works^ by its President) have hereto set their hands this 
 day and year first above w^ritten. 
 t^ ^-- ^^^ HENRY L. HARRISON, 
 
 i)5c.REv.ct^ Excelsior Iron Works, 
 
 t J^J'^% ^^^ ^^^^^ HARTSHORN, President. 
 
 It will be observed that under form No. 3, the licensee is not 
 l)Ound to make a single one of the patented articles, and if he does 
 not, the patentee derives no profit from the license. It is not an 
 uncommon thing for unscrupulous manufacturers, with whose 
 business a new invention would interfere, to get a license in sub- 
 stance like form No. 3, except to make it exclusive, and perhaps 
 leave out the vacating clause at the end, and then to either never 
 make a single one of the patented articles, or to make so few as 
 to make it really amount to the same thing. The license in form 
 No. 4 is the one that is recommended, for under it the licensee is 
 bound to pay a certain sum, as royalty, whether he make a single 
 one of the articles or not. 
 
54 
 
 NO. r>. TKANSFER OF TRADE MARK. 
 (From Patent Office Forms.) 
 We, Joiham Mills and Ahner Clark, of Keohak, Iowa, part- 
 ners under the fir in name of Mills & Clark, in consideration of 
 fioe hundred dollars, to us paid by Jarvis Case, of the same place, 
 do hereby sell, assign, and transfer to the said Jarois Case and his 
 assigns the exclusive right to use, in the manufacture of stoves, a 
 certain trade mark for stoves, deposited by us in the United States 
 Patent Office, and recorded therein Jtdi/ 15, 1870 ; the same to be 
 held, CDJoyed and used b}'' the said Jarvis Case as fully and 
 entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by i(s, if 
 this grant had not been made. 
 
 Witness our hands this 20th day of Juli/, 1870. 
 
 JorilAM MILLS, 
 ABNER CLARK. 
 
 rOKM FOE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION 
 
 (of the 
 
 WILLIAMS PATENT STEAM GOVERNOR 
 
 MANUFACTURING COMrANY.) 
 
 The subscribers hereby associate themselves as a body corpo- 
 rate and politic, under and in pursuanc^e of the provisions of the 
 statute laws of the State of Connecticut, authorizing and regulating 
 the formation of joint stock corporations, and the)' adopt the fol- 
 lowing general articles of association and agreement : 
 
 I. The name of the corporation shall be the Williams Patent 
 Steam Governor Mamifacturing Company, and its capital stock 
 shall be one hundred thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of 
 twenty-five dollars each. 
 
 II. The purpose for which this said corporation is to be 
 organized is to manufacture and sell the steam governor covered by 
 letters patent of the United States, dated February 2^, 1871, and 
 nvmbered 102,232, issued to Chauncey Williams, to sell rights 
 
55 
 
 under said letters patent, and to buy and sell, and deal generally in 
 such real and personal estate as may be necessary and convenient 
 in the successful prosecution of said business. 
 
 III. The principal place of business of said corporation shall 
 be at Hartford, in said state. 
 
 IV. Each subscriber hereto agrees to take the number of 
 shares in the capital stock of said corporation set against his name, 
 to be paid for by installments, as called for by the directors hereaf- 
 ter to be appointed. 
 
 Y. It is mutually understood and agreed by and between the 
 subscribers hereto, that said Chauiicey Williams, or his legal rep- 
 resentatives, may subscribe hereto for that number of shares, 
 whose par value amounts to twenty-five thousand dollars, and that 
 when said letters patent are fully assigned to said corporation, said 
 Williams, and his legal representatives, shall be freed from any 
 further liability on account thereof, which said allowance, together 
 with ten thousand (\o\\q,yq in cash, which it is agreed and understood 
 shall be paid to said Williams before said corporation shall com- 
 mence to prosecute said business, shall be in full payment for said 
 letters patent, and the invention covered thereby, which shall then 
 become the full and exclusive property of said corporation. 
 
 Dated Hartford, Conn., July Wi, 1871. 
 
 NAMES. NO. OF SHAKES. PAR VALUE. 
 
 Upon such a basis as this, the inventor can proceed, till he 
 secures the requisite subscribers, after which it is advisable to 
 follow the advice of some local attorney, as to giving notice of the 
 first meeting of the company, etc. 
 
in o I^ ILvdl S 
 
 FOR 
 
 POWJEIB ©F Af T©imE¥ 
 
 TO 
 
 SELL RIGHTS, ETC. 
 
 AVITII 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS, ETC. 
 
FORMS FOR POAYER OF ATTORXEY. 
 
 NO. 1. POWER. OF ATTORXEY. 
 (By the Patentee.) 
 
 I, John Ilfu'rjJd^ of Hartford^ Comieciknt, patentee and 
 owner of letters patent of the United States, No, 100,001, for an 
 improvement in Mouse Traps, dated May 10, 1870, do hereb}^ 
 appoint Iliram Handsome, of said Hartford, my attorney, witli 
 full power to make assignments, grants, or licenses ot any kind, 
 under said patent, with full power to sign my name to all such 
 instruments, and to receive and receipt for all considerations 
 received in exchange for any of said rights, but with no power to 
 bind me in any manner further than to make binding and le^al all 
 such assignments, grants and licenses. 
 
 This power is in force till a revocation in writing shall be 
 duly recorded upon the records of the United States Patent Office, 
 where this power of attorney will be found duly recorded. 
 
 Witness my hand this l\ih day of June, A. D. 1871. 
 
 JOIiy^ HAIGHT. 
 
 Witnesses, ^ ^ %^^^r- c,.^i t^ r-^ c^^j^ 
 
 Charles II Haicser, | bevenue-stamp. | 
 
 Henry C. Cable. ^^-^^ ^^^^kT^ ^-j^^^j ^-j ^^ 
 
 It will be observed that the foregoing power gives to the 
 attorney, while the power is unrevoked, as full power over the 
 patent as the owner has, and makes no provision for ensuring that 
 the owner shall know of the terms of each sale, or for the safety of 
 the funds received. Although it is a common form, it cannot be 
 recommended. The following is the form that is recommended : 
 
«() 
 
 JJO. 2. POWER OF ATTOENEY, (WITII RESTRICTIONS.) 
 (By the Assignees of entire right.) 
 
 We, William M. Noble and Hugh R. Hansom, of Hartford., 
 CannecUcut, assignees and owners of the entire right in and to let- 
 ters patent of the United iStiites No. 100,002, for an improvement 
 in Garden Hoes, dated May 10, 1870, do hereby appoint Harvey 
 Handy, of said Hartford, our attorney, with full power to make 
 assignments, grants or licenses of any kind, under said patent, 
 with full power to sign our names to all such instruments, and to 
 receive and receipt for, in our name, all considerations received in 
 exchange for any of said rights, but with no power to bind us, or 
 either of us, further than to make binding and legal all such assign- 
 ments, grants, and licenses, he to exercise- all power herein con- 
 ferred under the following conditions, without which no act of his 
 under this authority shall be valid, 
 
 I. He shall sell at not less than the following prices : 
 For the whole patent, $20,000. 
 
 For any state, such part of $20,000 as the population of the 
 state in question bears ratio to the whole population of the United 
 States, this result to be doubled to find the price for said state. 
 
 For any county, such part of the price for the state, as deter- 
 mined by the foregoing directions, as the population of the said 
 county bears ratio to the population of the state, this result to be 
 doubled to find the value of said county. 
 
 For any town, such part of the price of the county in which 
 it is situated, determined as hereinbefore directed, as the population 
 of the town bears ratio to the population of the county, this result 
 to be doubled to find the value of said town. 
 
 All sales of licenses, and all territorial sales at less than the 
 prices given above, to be subject to our approval by letter oi" tele- 
 gram. 
 
 II. All payments for rights thus sold shall be made either in 
 cash wholly, or in not loss than one half cash, and one half in good 
 
(it 
 
 jlromissory notes, to mature within six months from clay of sale, 
 and either signed or endorsed by a person or persons of ample 
 pecuniary responsibilit}'. All such cash shall be deposited by the 
 payer thereof with the nearest bank, oi- responsible private banker, 
 payable to the joint order of our said attorney and ourselves, and 
 all such promissory notes shall be made in three notes of equal 
 amount, payable to the joint order of ourselves and our said attor- 
 ney, and delivered to him. Any payment aforesaid in anywise 
 deviating from these provisions, to be subject to our approval by 
 letter or telegram. 
 
 This power shall remain in force till a written revocation 
 thereof shall be recorded on the records of the Patent Office of the 
 United States, where this power will be found recorded. 
 
 Witness our hands this \Otk day of Jane, A. D. 1871. 
 
 Witnesses, WILLIAM M. NOBLE, 
 
 Samuel S. Simmons, HUGH R RANSOM. 
 
 Thoman T. Tompkins. 
 
 50 CENT "^y 
 
 BEVENUE STAMP. (^4 
 
 The reader is, probably, not artless enough to need the sug- 
 gestion that it is well to put the stated price in the power high 
 enough to allow the agent to fall sensibly therefrom, and yet get a 
 fair price. There is nothing that will incite a person to buy an 
 article so much as to think he is getting it much below its real 
 value. 
 
 NO, 3. PEIVATE AGKEEMENT TO ACCO.VPANY POWER OF ATTOKXEV. 
 
 This agreement made this \Qith day of June, 1871, between 
 William M. Nohle and Hugh R. Rinsom, party of the first part, 
 and Harvey Handy, party of the second part, all of Hartford, Ct., 
 Witnesseth, 
 
62 
 
 I. That the party of the second part agrees to use his best 
 endeavors to sell rights under letters patent No. 100,002, dated May 
 10, 1871, for the party of the first part, under the terms and condi- 
 tions of a power of attorney of even date herewith, from the party 
 of the first part to the party of the second part, such endeavors to 
 continue until said power of attorney is revoked, or until the party 
 of the second part notifies the party of the first part, in writing, 
 that he no longer wishes to be bound by this agreement. 
 
 II. The party of the first part agrees to pay to the party of 
 the second part one third part of all the proceeds from said sales, 
 as remuneration for his services in this behalf, and this remunera- 
 tion shall be due and payable from cash received, as soon as depos- 
 ited as provided. in said power of attorney, and from promissory 
 notes received, as soon as the same are delivered to the party of the 
 second part, the party of the second part to retain as his property 
 one of the three said equal promissory notes, and to immediately 
 forward the other two to party of the first part. This allowance 
 to be in full of all charges whatsoever, in this behalf, against party 
 of the first part, and said party of the second part is to bear his 
 own expenses, of whatever nature. 
 
 In witness whereof the said parties have hereto set their 
 hands this 10^7^ day of June, A. D. 1871. 
 
 Witnesses, Si^*f=-%=«^ WILLIAM M. NOBLE, 
 
 Samuel 8. Simmons, %^^^^^;% HUGH B. BANSOM, 
 
 Thos. T. Tompkins. ^(^^I^^ HABVET HANDY. 
 
 Both parties should have one of these agi-eements, which 
 should be made in duplicate for that purpose ; of course, this 
 agreement is for nothing but private use, and is not to be shown 
 generall3^ 
 
63 
 
 NO. 4. REVOCATION OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 Having, on the ]Oth day of June, 1871, appointed Harvey 
 Handy, of Hartford, Conn., our attorney to sell rights under letters 
 patent No. 100,002, dated May 10, 1871, for us, we dp hereby, for 
 full and sufficient reasons, revoke said power of attorney to him, 
 and declare his authority to act for us in any manner to be at an 
 end. 
 
 Witness our hands this Uh day of July, A. D. 1871, at Hart- 
 ford, Conn. 
 
 Witnesses, WM. M. NOBLE, 
 
 Sam. S. Simmons, HUGH R. RANSOM. 
 
 Thos. T. Tompkins. 
 
 NO. 5. POWER OF ATTORNEY TO SELL RIGHTS, C, O. D. 
 
 I, Charles Cautious, of Hartford, Conn., owner of letters 
 patent of the United States No. 102,201, dated February 2Wi, 1871, 
 hereby authorize Hiram Handy, of said Hartford, to sell assign- 
 ments, grants and licenses under said patent, such sales to be 
 approved by me before becoming valid, upon which approval in 
 each case, I will send the necessary assignment, grant or license, 
 duly executed by me, b}^ express to said Handy, accompanied with 
 instructions to the carrier to allow said Handy, and the buyer or 
 buyers of any such right, to examine such conveyance, and upon 
 delivery of the same, to collect for return to me such money, notes, 
 or articles as I am to receive in consideration of such sale. 
 
 Signed and sealed by me, this Zlst day of June, A. D. 1871. 
 g^^!».^^,^a,,=^^5=,;3.;=^^^^ CHARLES CAUTLOUS, 
 
 ^p 50 CENT C^l 
 
 ^ REVENUE STAMP. (J^ 
 
 All powers of attorney to sell rights, and all revocations 
 thereof, should be recorded at the Patent Office, so that buyers may 
 
64 
 
 have full notice of a revocation, and be protected thereagainst. 
 Notwithstanding the provision in the power of attorney ^'lat *he 
 attorney shall only sell for cash and notes, it is well to agree ver- 
 bally that he may sell for real estate, subject, of course, to approval 
 by letter or telegram, and when this is done, the deed for the same 
 can be made to the joint names of the owner, or owners, of the 
 patent and the attorney, and the land can afterward be divided, if 
 not satisfactorily sold for cash, allowing the attorney one-third, as 
 in other cases. If articles of personal property, as produce, horses, 
 diamonds, etc., are offered in exchange for rights, it is best to take 
 them, and then bell them for cash. 
 
 MORTGAGE OF PATENTS. 
 
 Although the patent law does not expressly provide for 
 mortgage of patents, it plainly indicates that such mortgages can be 
 made, for the last part of section 36, Act of July 8, J 870, reads. 
 
 " — and said assignment, grant, or conveyance shall be void, as 
 against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee, for a valuable con- 
 sideration," etc., etc. 
 
 This may sometimes avaU as a security whereon to borrow 
 money, and the following is a form : 
 
 NO. 1 . FOKM FOE MOETGAGE OF PATENT. 
 
 In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by 
 Chauncey C. CoUon, of Canton,, Connecticut, I do hereb}'' assign 
 and mortgage to said Chauncey C. Cotton, a'l my right, title and 
 interest in and to a certain invention in rakes, as fully set forth and 
 described in letters pj^tent of the United States No. 100.003, dated 
 
65 
 
 January 29, 1871, of which iavention and letters patent I am sole 
 owner. 
 
 The condition of this assignment is such that whereas, I am 
 justly indebted to said Colton in the sum of five hundred dollars, as 
 evidenced by my promissory note of even date herewith, payable to 
 said CoUoii, or order, one year from date, with interest ; now, if 
 said note shall be well and truly paid according to its tenor, then 
 this assignment and mortgage shall be null and void ; otherwise to 
 be of full force and effect. 
 
 In witness whereof I hereto set my hand and seal this 10/A 
 day of June, 1871. 
 
 Witnesses, 
 Barton B. Brown, 
 Charles C. Colter. 
 
 State of Connecticut^) „„ TT.^,4jy^^^ Tw^.ia^;, iqti 
 County of Hartford/^ ^'- ^^«^'^^^^' ^^'^^ ^0^^., 18/1. 
 
 Then personally appeared before me, the subscribing author- 
 ity, Abram Anderson, signer and sealer of the foregoing instru- 
 ment, and acknowledged the same to be his free act and deed. 
 
 DARIVS D. DERBY, 
 Clerk of the Superior Court 
 for said County. 
 
 ABRAM ANDERSON, 
 
 Since that an assignment of a patent needs not to be sealed, 
 witnessed nor acknowledged, perhaps the same formalities can be 
 dispensed with in a mortgage, but as such a mortgage can probably 
 be foreclosed in a state court, if not put within the jurisdiction of a 
 
66 
 
 federal court, by matters extrinsic from the patent law, it is safest 
 to make such a mortgage conform to the mortgage laws of the state 
 Avithin which the mortgage is executed, and the laws of most, if not 
 all the states require that a mortgage, shall be sealed, witnessed and 
 acknowledged. The form of -witnessing and acknowledgement 
 given above, is the proper one for the state of Connecticut. In 
 executing a mortgage in another state, the mortgage should con- 
 form, in these particulars, to the local law, which does not, how- 
 ever, vary much in the different states. 
 
 An acknowledgement before a Justice of the Peace, or a 
 Notary Public, or other officer authorized to take acknowledgments, 
 will be valid, but it is better to acknowledge before the Clerk of a 
 court of record, for then his signature and seal will not generally 
 need any further authentication for any purpose, while that of a 
 justice, notary, or other officer, may. These mortgages require rev- 
 enue stamps to the extent of fifty cents for every five hundred 
 dollars of consideration, or fractional part thereof ; thus, a mort- 
 gage for $2, GOO dollars would require $3.00 in stamps, five fifty 
 cent stamps for the first $2,500, and fifty cents for $100 in excess 
 thereof. 
 
HUTS UFOl IjfYEITIOF. 
 
 AND 
 
 KINDRED MATTERS. 
 
 BOHo^itwimmm 
 
HOW TO INVENT. 
 
 It is beyond the scope of this work hterally to teach how to 
 invent ; it is bej^oncl the scope, or power, of any work to do this, 
 jvfo mere words can endow a brain with the subtle power of evolv- 
 ing from its inner self positive intellectual creations. 
 
 If this power could be imparted and conveyed by words, 
 invention would soon cease to attract unusual attention, or to have 
 any extraordinary money value ; for, then, the science of invention 
 would be taught in the schools, would be formulated in the books, 
 and when an invention should be found needful, the person needing 
 it would simply consult such books, or counsel with the professor 
 of the science, and, presto, the required article would vault, full 
 grown, upon the scene. 
 
 Invention, like poetry, sculpture and painting, is a gift, an 
 endowment of nature, often rising to the height of genius. Like all 
 other gifts, it can be cultivated and strengthened by exercise, till 
 the acquired power as little resembles the original crude gift, as the 
 oak, which has breasted a thousand storms, does the acorn from 
 which it originally sprung. 
 
 This gift is, probably, the possession, in a greater or less 
 degree, of all human beings of sound mind, nor does it seem to 
 require inventive capacity of the highest order to produce impor- 
 tant inventions. More than one invention, which has made its 
 originator rich, famous, and all but immortal, has been the product 
 of minds that lay no claim to kinship with genius. That quality of 
 mind and character, which led Charles Gcodyear to pursue for 
 years, the ignis fatuus of hard rubber, till in a happy moment he 
 stumbled upon the coveted secret, can hardly be called genius. 
 Peter Cooper is well known as a successful inventor ; he is not. 
 
however, it is believed, ranked as a genius. That inventors ^ve 
 sometimes geniuses, it is not necessary to say. The names of such 
 as Whitney, Ericsson and Blanchard are too familiar. Still, it is 
 true that most men and women can become inventors of that which 
 will net them wealth, if not fame, by the aid of Attention and 
 Peeseyeranoe. 
 
 Attention, constant, careful and thoughtful attention to 
 what is going on in the world about one, will soon enable him to 
 discover many little gaps which it is needful to fill with an inven- 
 tion, some small practical improvement, it may be, which, if it can 
 be cheaply made, and effective in operation, will fill a general want, 
 and thus command an extensive sale. 
 
 Having thus, by the aid of attention, discovered where an 
 invention is needed, steady Perseverance in holding the matter in 
 mind, all the while intently striving to devise a contrivance to fill 
 the need, will, sooner or later, result in making the desired inveu- 
 ■ tion. The inventor, gifted by nature with a genius for his art, has, 
 prominent among all his other powers, that of projecting before his\ 
 mind's eye, upon an invisible background of imagination, a picture J 
 bold and sharp, of the offspring of his brain. But for all this, no 
 one need be discouraged, if he spoils scores of fair sheets of pai)er 
 with his sketches, and dozens of shapely blocks of wood with his 
 knife and gimlet, before he demonstrates to his own satisfaction, 
 that his invention will work. 
 
 PRINCIPAL REQUISITES OF AN INVENTION. 
 
 It Must Work. — Upon this point of the practical working 
 of a new device, an inventor can hardly be too severe or critical 
 with himself — he must not give over his efforts till he is sure, 
 beyond a doubt, that his invention Avill practically supply the want 
 for which he has designed it, irrespective of any ot those little 
 allowances that inventors arc apt to make for these children of 
 
71 
 
 their brain. Tliere maybe cases where an invention will be pecun- 
 iarily successful, when, though it may not work perfectly, it is yet 
 the best thing so far found for the purpose for which it is designed. 
 This is, obviously, a poor dependence, for it will probably be com- 
 paratively easy for some future inventor to perfect the incomplete 
 invention, and thus destroy the first inventor's prospects. 
 
 It must be as Simple as Possible. — There are many people, 
 among them some inventors, who seem to think that a complicated 
 arrangement of wheels and levers is the thing to be desired in a new 
 invention. A greater mistake was never made ; to attain the 
 utmost simplicity is the test of genius in invention, and a prime 
 desideratum. Simplicity in an article cheapens the cost of its pro- 
 duction, and makes it a formidable competitor for its rivals. The 
 difference of a cent or two in the first cost of an article often deter- 
 mines its success in the market. 
 
 Simplicity also tbnds to make an article grow in favor with 
 those who use it ; it is the more easily understood, and less liable to 
 breaka2;e. 
 
 SMALL INVENTIONS. 
 
 lie who aspires to be ranked as a great inventor may, per- 
 haps, best apply himself to the production of some complicate me- 
 chanism, which shall take rank beside the steam engine, the solar 
 engine, Blanchard's lathe for irregular forms, and the like, but 
 those who will be satisfied with money returns may safely confine 
 themselves to small inventions, Avhich remedy some defect in some 
 contrivance already in use, or supply some domestic, business or 
 agricultural want. 
 
 Good toys, well pushed, are sure to prove remunerative ; the 
 return ball is a favorite instance. Househould articles have the 
 most extensive market of anj'thing ; immense fortunes are, obvi- 
 ously, being made from the fruit jars now so common. SnifiU 
 
72 
 
 articles require but little capital for their manufacture and introduc- 
 tion, while complicate and costly machines can only be successfully 
 handled by parties of large means. 
 
 INVENTION AS A TRADE. 
 
 No one should make invention the main business of his 
 life, his reliance for a livelihood, till he is possessed of so much of 
 this world's goods, that he will not suffer, if he never realizes 
 a dollar from his inventions. Otherwise he will be very likely to 
 speedily have his face hard down upon the grindstone, which has 
 for ages ground the faces of the poor, but, as yet, gives no sign of 
 diminution in the speed of its revolution, or of wearing away by 
 attrition. Let him devote every evening in the year, if he will, to 
 invention, and ponder upon it at every spare moment in the day, 
 but let him not relax his industry in his regular occupation, till he 
 is in such circumstances that it matters but little whether he ever 
 toils. The writer has in mind, in saying this, two men whom 
 he has known, both of them gifted with considerable power of 
 invention, men of many admirable qualities of character, good 
 mechanics, whose services are always in demand, and who are 
 capable of earning, with but ordinary industry, more than enough 
 to support themselves and their families, in ease and comfort, but 
 who are continually at their Avits' end to pay their rent, and to pro- 
 cure but the commonest necessaries of life ; all because they will 
 constantly neglect their regular work, to give form and substance 
 to the creations of their brains. Not only does the course they 
 pursue make them exceedingly uncomfortable in the mere matter of 
 living, but it effectually deprives them of the chance of ever accu- 
 
mulatino; the small amount of funds necessary to perfect the small- 
 est invention, and introduce it to the public nolice. 
 
 CHEAP AND EFFICIENT PROTEC- 
 TION. 
 
 In Mrs. Glass' Cook Book, under the head of " How to cook 
 a Hare," the primary direction is, " First calch your hare." The 
 inventor having caught his hare, iu that he has made his invention, 
 will next naturally proceed to cook it, that is, to realize some good 
 from it. The first step in this direction is to secure protection, and 
 a most advisable preliminary move is to assemble three or four 
 intelligent and reliable friends, explain to them the model or draw- 
 ing of the newly invented device, and then have them all sign a 
 paper substantially like the following : 
 
 "Hartford, Conn.', January 2d, 1871. 
 " John Smith has this day explained to us, so that we fully 
 understand the same, the model (or drawing) of a Washing Ma- 
 chine that he claims to have invented. 
 
 JAMES JONES, 
 CHARLES BROWN, 
 HENRY ROBINSON." 
 
 This paper should be carefully kept, for in the future it may 
 prove of great value in establishing the inventor's priority, in point 
 of time, over some competitor. This proceeding will be found 
 especially valuable, if any considerable time is allowed to elapse 
 after the invention is made, before a patent is applied for. 
 
74 
 
 The patent law allows an invention to go into public use and 
 sale for two years before application for a patent, but it is probably 
 never advisable to take advantage of this privilege, unless forced to 
 it by necessity. It is better to keep the invention secret till the 
 funds for procuring a patent can be acquired in some other way. 
 
 ABOUT SOLICITORS. 
 
 A few words about professional solicitors of patents may not 
 be inappropriate, for it is advisable for almost all persons to avail 
 themselves of the services of a faithful soUcitor, in such securing 
 patents. 
 
 In America, the practice of soliciting letters patent for iu^-e^- 
 tions, has been, and is being largely carried on by unprofessional 
 persons. Men who have neither paid earnest and persevering 
 attention to the mechanic arts, nor have mastered the details of the 
 legal profession, have deemed themselves fully competent to under- 
 take this delicate and difficult Avork, which, beyond question, 
 demands a thorough knowledge of all mechanical and chemical 
 terms and processes in general use, a fair knowledge of the law in 
 genera], and an accurate knowledge of the patent law in particular. 
 
 This evil had become so aggravated, as to cause the Commis- 
 sioner of Patents, Hon. S. S. Fisher, in his annual report for 18(;it, 
 to take notice of it, as will be seen by the following 
 
 EXTRACT : 
 
 " Where establishments are organized for the purpose of pro- 
 curing patents, they are apt to become more solicitous about the 
 number than the quality of those which they obtain. This tendency 
 
/i) 
 
 is aggravated by those who solicit patenis upon contingent fees, or 
 who, without special training or qualifications, adopt this business 
 as an incident to a claim agency, and press for patents as they press 
 for back pay and pensions. Such men are often more desirous of 
 obtaining a patent of any kind, and by any means, than they are of 
 obtaining one which shall be of any value to their clients. Invent- 
 ors are often poor, uneducated, and lacking in legal knowledge. 
 They desire a cheap solicitor, and do not know how to choose a 
 good one. They are pleased with the parchment and the seal, and 
 are not themselves able to j udge of the scope or value of the grant. 
 Honest and skillful solicitors, with a thorough knowledge of the 
 practice of the office, and of patent law, and who are able and 
 willing to advise their clients as to the exact value of the patents 
 which they can obtain for them, may be of much service to invent- 
 ors. There are many such, but those who care for nothing but to 
 give them something called a patent, that they may secure their 
 own fee, have in too many instances proved a curse. To get rid of 
 their client and of trouble, they have sometimes been content to 
 take less than he was entitled to, while in many cases they have, 
 with much self laudation, presented him with the shadow, when the 
 substance was beyond his reach. " 
 
 The following is from the Patent Office " Rules and Regula- 
 tions" on this subject : 
 
 " Any person of intelligence and good moral character may 
 appear as the attorney in fact, or agent of an applicant, upon filing 
 a proper power of attorney. As the value of patents depends 
 largely upon the careful preparation of the specification and claims, 
 the assistance of competent counsel will, in most cases, be of 
 advantage to the applicant, but the value of their services will be 
 proportioned to their skill and honesty. So many persons have 
 entered this profession of late years without experience, that too 
 much care cannot be exercised in the selection of a competent man. 
 The office cannot assume responsibility for the acts of attorneysj 
 
nor can it assist applicants in making a selection. It will, how- 
 ever, be a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the possession ©f 
 special and peculiar facilities in the office, for procuring patents in 
 a shorter time, or with more extended claims than others." 
 From which it is very eas}- to draw the following 
 Moral.— In selecting a solicitor, find one who has had some 
 special training for his business, and whose integrity is to ])e relied 
 upon. 
 
O IE ISr S TJ s 
 
 OF T>IE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 '1870. 
 
CENSUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UMited States, toy Coimties, for 187®. 
 
 50,722 square miles. 
 
 MarshaU 9,871 
 
 MobUe 49,311 
 
 Montgomery 43,704 
 
 Morgan 12,187 
 
 Monroe 14,214 
 
 Perry 24,975 
 
 Pickens 17,690 
 
 Pike 17,423 
 
 Randolph 12,006 
 
 Russell .*. . 21,636 
 
 ALABAMA— Area, 
 
 Autauga 11,623 Dallas 40,705 
 
 Baker 6,194 DeKalb 7,126 
 
 Baldwin 6,004 Elmore 14,477 
 
 Barbour 23,309 Escambia 4,041 
 
 Bibb 7,469 Etowah 10,109 
 
 Blount 9,945 Fayette 7,136 
 
 Bullock 24,474 FrankUn 8,006 
 
 Butler 14,981 Geneva 2,959 
 
 Calhoun 13,980 Greene 18,399 
 
 CTiambers 17,562 Hale 21,792 
 
 Cherokee 11,132 Henry 14,191 1 Sandford 8,893 
 
 Choctaw 12,676 Jackson 19,410 Shelby 12,218 
 
 Clark 14,663 Jefiferson 12,345 St. Clair 9,360 
 
 Clay 9,560 ILauderdale 15,091 Sumter 24,109 
 
 Cleburne 8,017 ^ Lawrence 16,658 TaUadega 18,064 
 
 Coffee 6,171 
 
 Colbert 12,537 
 
 Couecub 9,574 
 
 Coosa 11,945 
 
 Lee 21,750 Tallapoosa 16,963 
 
 Limestone 15,017 1 Tuscaloosa 20,081 
 
 Lowndes 25,719|Walker 6,543 
 
 Macon 17,727 1 Washington 3,912 
 
 Covington 4,868 JMadison 31,267|Wilcox 28,377 
 
 Crenshaw 11,156 jMarengo 26,151 i Winston 4,155 
 
 Dale ll,325|Marion 6,0591 Total 996,992 
 
 ARKANSAS— Area, 52,198 square miles. 
 
 Arkansas 8,268 Franklin 9,627 Montgomery 2,984 
 
 Ashley 8,042 jFulton 4,843 
 
 Benton 13,831 [Grant 3,943 
 
 Boone 7,032 [Green 7,573 
 
 Bradley 8,646 1 Hempstead 13,768 PhiUips , 
 
 Calhoun 3,853 
 
 Carroll 5,780 
 
 Chicot 7,214 
 
 Clark 11,953 
 
 Columbia 11,397 
 
 Conway 8,112 
 
 Crawford 8,957 
 
 Crittenden 3,831 
 
 Craighead 4,577 
 
 Cross 3,915 
 
 Dallas 5,707 
 
 Desha 6,125 
 
 Newton 4,374 
 
 Oauchita 12,975 
 
 Perry 2,685 
 
 15,372 
 
 Hot Springs 5,877 Pike 3,788 
 
 Independence 14,566 Poinsett 1,720 
 
 Izard 6,806 Polk 3,376 
 
 Jackson 7,268[Pope 8,386 
 
 Jefferson 15,733 Prairie 5,604 
 
 Johnson 9,152 [ Pulaski 32,066 
 
 Lafayette 9,139 Randolph 7,466 
 
 Lawrence 5,981 St. Francis 6,714 
 
 Little River 3,236 SaUne 3,911 
 
 Madison 8,231 Scott 7,483 
 
 Marion 3,979 Searcy 5,614 
 
 Mississippi 3,633 Sebastian 12,940 
 
 Prew 9,960|Monroe 8,336 Sevier 4,492 
 
82 
 
 Sharpe 5,400 i Washington 17,266 1 Woodruff 6,891 
 
 Unkn 10,571:White 10,3-17|YelI 8,048 
 
 Van Buren 5,107 | Total 484,471 
 
 CALIFORNIA— Area, 188,981 
 
 Alameda 'i4,-237 Mariu (),903 
 
 Alpine 685 Mariposa 4,572 
 
 Amador 9,582 Mendocino 7,545 
 
 Butte 11,403 Merced 2,807 
 
 Calaveras 8,805 Mono 430 
 
 Colusa 6,165 Monterey 9,876 
 
 Contra Costa 8,461 Napa 7,163 
 
 Del Norte 2,022 Nevada 19, 134 
 
 El Dorado 10,309 Placer 11,357 
 
 Fresno 6,336 Plumas 4,489 
 
 Humboldt 6,140 Sacramento 26,830 
 
 Inyo 1,95() San Bernardino 3,988 
 
 Kern 2,925 , San Diego 4,951 
 
 Klamath 1,686 San Francisco 149,473 
 
 Lake 2,969 [San Joaquin 21,050 
 
 Lassen 1,327 \ San L. Obispo 4,772 
 
 Los Angelos 15,309 1 San Mateo 6,635 
 
 square miles. 
 
 Santa Barbara 7,784 
 
 Santa Clara 26,246 
 
 Santa Cruz 8,743 
 
 Shasta 4,173 
 
 Siera 5,619 
 
 Siskiyou 6,848 
 
 Solano 16,871 
 
 Sonoma 19,819 
 
 Stanislaus 6,499 
 
 ; Sutter 5,030 
 
 Tehama 3,587 
 
 Trinity 3,213 
 
 Tulare 4,533 
 
 Tuolumne 8,150 
 
 Yolo 9,899 
 
 Yuba 10,851 
 
 Total 560,247 
 
 CONNECTICUT— Area, 4,674 square miles. 
 
 Fairfield 95,276 , Middlesex 36,099 Tolland 22,000 
 
 Hartford 109,007iNe\v Haven 121,257 Windham 38,518 
 
 Litchfield 48,727|New London 66,570| Total 537,454 
 
 DELAWARE— Area, 2,120 square miles. 
 
 Kent 29,804 New Castle 63,515 Sussex 31,696 
 
 Total 125,015 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 Alachua 17,328 
 
 Baker 1,325 
 
 Bradford 3,671 
 
 Brevard 1,216 
 
 Calhoun 998 
 
 Clay 2,098 
 
 Columbia 7,335 
 
 Dade 85 
 
 Duval 11.921 
 
 Escambia 7,817 
 
 Franklin 1,256 
 
 Gadsden 9,802 
 
 Hamilton 5,749 
 
 Total 
 
 — Area, 59,268 square miles. 
 
 Hernando 2,938 Nassau 4,247 
 
 Hillsboro 3,216 lOrauge 2,195 
 
 Holmes 1,572 Polk 3,169 
 
 Jackson 9,528 Putnam 3,821 
 
 Jefferson 13,398 Santa Rosa 3,312 
 
 La Fayette 1,783 St. John's 2,618 
 
 Leon 15,236 Sumter 2,952 
 
 Levy 2,018 Suwannee 3,556 
 
 Liberty 1,050 Taylor 1,453 
 
 Madison 11,121 Volusia 1,723 
 
 Manatee 1,931 Wakulla 2,506 
 
 Marion 10,804 Walton 3,041 
 
 Monroe 5,657 j Washington 2.302 
 
 187,748 
 
 GEORGIA— Area, 68,000 square miles. 
 
 Appling 5,086 Bibb 21,255 Calhoun 5,503 
 
 Bdker 6,843 Brooks 8,342 Camden 4,615 
 
 Baldwin 10,618 Bryan 5,252 Campbell 9,176 
 
 Banks 4,973 Bullock 5,610 Carroll 11,782 
 
 Bartow 16,566 1 Burke 17,679 Catoosa 4,409 
 
 Berrien 4,518|Butts 6,941 1 Charlton 1,897 
 
83 
 
 Chatham 41,279 
 
 Chattahoocliee 6,059 
 
 Chattooga 6,902 
 
 Cherokee 10,399 
 
 Clarke 12,9il 
 
 Clay 5,493 
 
 Claj-ton 5,477 
 
 Cliuch 3.945 
 
 Cobb 13,814 
 
 Coffee 3,192 
 
 Colquitt 1,654 
 
 Columbia 13,529 
 
 Coweta 15,875 
 
 Crawford 7,557 
 
 Dade 3.033 
 
 Dawson 4,369 
 
 Decatur 15,183 
 
 DeKalb 10,014 
 
 Dooly 9,790 
 
 Dougherty 11,517 
 
 Early 6,998 
 
 Echols 1,978 
 
 Etfingham 4,214 
 
 Elbert 9,249 
 
 Emanuel 6,131 
 
 Fannin 5,429 
 
 Fayette 8,221 
 
 Floyd 17,230 
 
 Forsvth 7,983 
 
 Franklin.. 7,893 
 
 Fulton 33,446 
 
 Gihner 6,644 
 
 Glascock 2,736 
 
 Glynn 5,376 
 
 Gordon 9,268 
 
 Greene 12,454 
 
 Gwinnett : 12,431 
 
 Habersham 6,322 
 
 Total 
 
 Hall 9,607 
 
 Hancock 11,317 
 
 Haralson 4,004 
 
 Harris 13,284 
 
 Hart 6,783 
 
 Heard 7,866 i 
 
 Henry 10,102! 
 
 Houston 20,406 
 
 Irwin 1,837 
 
 Jackson 11,181 
 
 Jasper 10,439 
 
 Jefferson 12,110 
 
 Johnson 2,964 
 
 Jones ^. 9,436 
 
 Laurens 7,834 
 
 Lee 9,567 
 
 Liberty 7,688 
 
 Lincoln 5,413 
 
 Lowndes 8,321 
 
 Lumpkin 5,161 
 
 Macon 11,458 
 
 .Madison 5,227 
 
 Marion 8,C0 J 
 
 Mcintosh 4,4yi 
 
 Meriwether 13,756 
 
 Miller 3,091 
 
 Milton 4,284 
 
 Mitchell 6,633 
 
 Monroe 17,213 
 
 Montgomery 3,586 
 
 Morgan 10,69(5 
 
 :Murray 6,500 
 
 Muscogee 16,663 
 
 Newtoii 14,615 
 
 Oglethorpe 11,782 
 
 Paulding 7,639 
 
 Pickens 5,317 
 
 iPierce 2,778 
 
 Pike 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Quitman . . . , 
 
 Rabun 
 
 Randolph . . . 
 Richmond . . 
 
 Schley 
 
 Scriven 
 
 Spalding . . . . 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Sunter 
 
 Tall ot 
 
 Taliaierro. . . 
 
 TatnaU 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Telfair 
 
 Terrell 
 
 Thomas 
 
 To^^•ns 
 
 Troup 
 
 Twiggs 
 
 Union 
 
 Upson 
 
 Walker 
 
 Walton 
 
 Ware 
 
 Warren .... 
 Washington . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster . . . . 
 
 White 
 
 Whitfield . . 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 Wilkes 
 
 ^^ ilkinson . . 
 Worth 
 
 ILLINOIS — Area, 56,405 square miles. 
 
 Adams 56,362 Cowles 25,23:) Fulton 
 
 Alexander 10,564 Cook 349,966 Gallatin 
 
 Bond 13,152 Crawford 13,889 Greene 
 
 Boone 12,942 Cumberland 12,223 Grundy 
 
 Brown 12,205 De Kalb 23,265 Hamilton 
 
 Bureau 32,415 De Witt 14,768 Hancock 
 
 Calhoun 6.562 Douglas 13,484 Hardin 
 
 Carroll 16,705 Du Page 16,685 Henderson 
 
 Cass 11,580 Edgar 21,450 Henry 
 
 Champaign 32,737 Edwards 7,565 Iroquois 
 
 Christian 20,363 Effingham 15,653 Jackson 
 
 Clark 18,719 1 Fayette 19,638 Jasper 
 
 Clav 15,875'Ford 9,103 Jefferson 
 
 Clinton 16,285 1 Franklin 12,652 Jersey 
 
 .. 10,905 
 
 . . 7,822 
 
 .. 11,940 
 
 .. 10,461 
 
 .. 4,150 
 
 . . 3,256 
 
 .. 10,561 
 
 . . 25,724 
 
 . . 5,129 
 
 .. 9,175 
 
 . . 10,205 
 
 .. 14,204 
 
 .. 16,5;:.9 
 
 .. 11,913 
 
 . . 4,796 
 
 . . 4,860 
 
 . . 7,143 
 
 . . 3,245 
 
 . . 9,053 
 
 .. 14,523 
 
 . . 2,780 
 
 . . 17,632 
 
 . . 8,545 
 5,'_67 
 
 . . 9,430 
 
 . . 9,925 
 
 .. 11,038 
 
 . . 2,286 
 
 .. 10,545 
 
 .. 15,842 
 
 . .. 2,177 
 
 .. 4,677 
 
 . . 4,()06 
 
 . 10,117 
 
 . . 2,439 
 
 .. 11,796 
 
 . . 9,383 
 
 . . 3,778 
 .1,184,109 
 
 38,291 
 11,134 
 20,277 
 14,938 
 13,014 
 35,935 
 5,113 
 12,582 
 35,506 
 25,782 
 19,634 
 11,234 
 17,864 
 15,054 
 
84 
 
 Jo Daviess 27,820 
 
 Johnson 11, '248 
 
 Kane 39,091 
 
 Kankakee 24,352 
 
 KeudaU 12,399 
 
 Knox 39,522 
 
 Lake 21,014 
 
 La SaUe 60,792 
 
 Lawrence 12 533 
 
 Lee 27,171 
 
 Livingston 31,471 
 
 Logan 23.053 
 
 Macon 26,481 
 
 Macoupin 32,726 
 
 Madison 44,131 
 
 Marion 20,622 
 
 Marshall 16,956 
 
 Mason 16,184 
 
 Massac 9,581 
 
 McDonongh 26,509 
 
 Total 
 
 McHeury 23,762 
 
 McLean 53,988 
 
 Menard 11,735| 
 
 Mercer 18,769 
 
 Monroe 12,982 
 
 Montgomery 25,314 
 
 Morgan 28,463 
 
 Moultrie 10,385 
 
 Ogle 27,492 
 
 Peoria 47,540 
 
 Perry 13,723 
 
 Piatt 10,953 
 
 Pike ■ 30,768 
 
 Pope 11,437 
 
 Pulaski 8,752 
 
 Putnam 6,280 
 
 Randolph 20,859 
 
 Richland 12,803 
 
 Rock Island 29,783 
 
 Saline 12,714| 
 
 Sangamon 46,352 
 
 Schuyler 17,419 
 
 Scott 10,530 
 
 Shelby 25,476 
 
 Stark 10,751 
 
 St, Clair 51,068 
 
 Stephenson 30,608 
 
 Tazewell 27,903 
 
 Union 16,518 
 
 Vermillion 30,388 
 
 Wabash 8,841 
 
 Warren 23,174 
 
 Washington 17,599 
 
 Wayne 19,758 
 
 White 16,846 
 
 Whitesides 27,503 
 
 Will 43,013 
 
 Williamson 17,329 
 
 Winnebago 29,301 
 
 Woodford 18,956 
 
 2,539,891 
 
 INDIANA— Area, 33,809 Square miles. 
 
 Adams 11,382 Hendricks 20,277 iPike 13,779 
 
 Allen 43,494 Henry 22,986 
 
 Bartholomew 21,133 Howard 15,847 
 
 Benton 5,615 Huntington 19,036 
 
 Blackford 6,272 Jackson 18,974 
 
 Boone 22,593 Jasper 6,354 
 
 Brown 8,681 Jay 15,000 
 
 Carroll 16,152 Jefferson 29,741 
 
 Cass 24,193 
 
 Clarke 24,770 
 
 Clay 19,084 
 
 Clinton 17,330 
 
 Crawford 9,851 
 
 Daviess 16,747 
 
 Dearborn 24,116 
 
 Decatur 19,053 
 
 DeKalb 17,167 
 
 Delaware 19,030 
 
 Dubois 12,597 
 
 Elkhart 26,026 
 
 Fayette 10,476 
 
 Floyd 23,300 
 
 Fountain 16,389 
 
 Franklin 20,223 
 
 Fulton 12,726 
 
 Gibson 17,371 
 
 Grant 18,487 
 
 Greene 19,514 
 
 Hamilton 20,882 
 
 Jennings 16,218 
 
 Johnson 18,366 
 
 Knox 21,562 
 
 Kosciusko 23,531 
 
 La Grange 14,148 
 
 Lake 12,339 
 
 La Porte 27,062 
 
 Lawrence 14,628 
 
 Madison 22,770 
 
 Marion 71,939 
 
 Marshall 20,211 
 
 Martin 11,103 
 
 Miami 21,052 
 
 Monroe 14,168 
 
 Montgomery 23,765 
 
 Morgan 17,528 
 
 Newton 5,829 
 
 Noble 20,389 
 
 Ohio 5,837 
 
 Orange 13,497 
 
 Owen 16,137 
 
 Hancock 15,123 Parke 18,166 
 
 Harrison 19,913lPerry 14,801 
 
 Porter 13,942 
 
 Posey 19,185 
 
 Pulaski 7,801 
 
 Putnam 21,514 
 
 Randolph 22,862 
 
 Ripley 20,977 
 
 Rush 17,626 
 
 Scott 7,873 
 
 Shelby 21,892 
 
 Spencer 17,998 
 
 Starke 3,888 
 
 Steuben 12,854 
 
 St. Joseph 25,322 
 
 SulUvan 18,453 
 
 Switzerland 12,134 
 
 Tippecanoe 33,515 
 
 Tipton 11,953 
 
 Union 6,341 
 
 Vanderburg 33,145 
 
 Vermillion 10,840 
 
 Vigo 33,594 
 
 Wabash 21,305 
 
 Warren 10,204 
 
 Warrick 17,653 
 
 Washington 18,495 
 
 Wayne 34,048 
 
 WeUs 13,585 
 
 ^Tiite 10,554 
 
 Whitley 14,399 
 
 Total 1,680,687 
 
8^ 
 
 IOWA— 
 
 Adair 3,982 
 
 Adams 4,614 
 
 Allamakee 17,868 
 
 Appanoose 16,456 
 
 Audubon 1,212 
 
 Benton 22,454 
 
 Black Hawk 21,706 
 
 Boone 14,584 
 
 Bremer 12,528 
 
 Buchanan 17,034 
 
 Buena Vista 1,585 
 
 Butler 9,951 
 
 Calhoun 1,602 
 
 Carroll 2,451 
 
 Cass 5,464 
 
 Cedar 19,731 
 
 Cerro Gordo 4,722 
 
 Cherokee 1,967 
 
 Chickasaw 10,180 
 
 Clarke 8,735 
 
 Clay 1,523 
 
 Clayton 27,771 
 
 CUnton 35,357 
 
 Crawford 2,530 
 
 Dallas 12,019 
 
 Davis 15,565 
 
 Decatur 12,018 
 
 Delaware 17,432 
 
 Des Moines 27,256 
 
 Dickinson 1,389 
 
 Dubuque 38,969 
 
 Emmett 1,392 
 
 Fayette 16,973 
 
 Area, 50,914 square miles. 
 
 Floyd 10,768 Monona. 
 
 Franklin 4,738 ' 
 
 Fremont 11,174 
 
 Greene 4,627 
 
 Grundy 6,399 
 
 Guthrie 7,061 
 
 Hamilton 6,055 
 
 Hancock 999 
 
 Hardin 13,684 
 
 Harrison 8.931 
 
 Henry 21,463 
 
 Howard 6,282 
 
 Humboldt 2,596 
 
 Ida 226 
 
 Iowa 16,644 
 
 Jackson 22,619 
 
 Jasper 22,116 
 
 Jefferson 17,839 
 
 Johnson 24,898 
 
 Jones 19,731 
 
 Keokuk 19,434 
 
 Kossuth 3,351 
 
 Lee 37,210 
 
 Linn 28,852 
 
 Louisa 12,877 
 
 Lucas 10,388 
 
 Lyon 221 
 
 Madison 13,884 
 
 Mahaska ,. 22,508 
 
 Marion 24,436 
 
 MarshaU 17,576 
 
 Mills 8,718 
 
 Mitchell 9,582 
 
 Monroe 
 Montgomery . . 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 Page 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Pocahontas . . . 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pottawattamie . 
 
 Poweshiek 
 
 Ringgold 
 
 Sac 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Sioux 
 
 Story 
 
 Tama 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Union 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 Wapello 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington . . . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 Winnebago . . . 
 Winneshiek . . . 
 Woodbury . . . . 
 
 Worth 
 
 Wright 
 
 Total . . . , 
 
 . . 8,654 
 . .. 12,724 
 , . , 5,934 
 . . 21,688 
 
 715 
 . . 9,975 
 .. 1,336 
 . . 2,199 
 .. 1,446 
 ., 27,857 
 .. 16,893 
 .. 15,581 
 . . 5,691 
 . . 1,411 
 ,.. 38,599 
 ... 2,540 
 
 576 
 .. 11,651 
 . .. 16,131 
 . . . 6,989 
 . . 5,986 
 .. 17,672 
 .. 22,346 
 .. 17,980 
 .. 18,952 
 . .. 11,287 
 .. 10,484 
 . . 1,562 
 . . . 23,570 
 ... 6,172 
 . . 2,892 
 . . 2,392 
 .1,191,792 
 
 KANSAS — Area, 78,418 square miles. 
 
 Allen 7,022 
 
 Anderson 5,220 
 
 Atchison 15,507 
 
 Barton 2 
 
 Bourbon 15,076 
 
 Brown 6,823 
 
 Butler 3,035 
 
 Chase 1,975 
 
 Cherokee 11,038 
 
 Clay 2,942 
 
 Cloud 2,323 
 
 Coffey 6,201 
 
 Cowley 1,175 
 
 Crawford 8,160 
 
 DaTls 5,526 
 
 Dickinson 3,043 
 
 Doniphan 13,969 
 
 Douglass 20,592 
 
 Ellis 1,336 
 
 Ellsworth 1,185 
 
 Ford 427 
 
 Franklin 10,385 
 
 Greenwood 3,484 
 
 Howard 2,704 
 
 Jackson 6,053 
 
 Jefferson 12,526 
 
 Jewell 207 
 
 Johnson 13,684 
 
 Labette 9,973 
 
 Leavenworth 32,444 
 
 Lincoln 516 
 
 Linn 13,174 
 
 Lyon 
 
 ... 8,014 
 
 Marion 
 
 768 
 
 Marshall 
 
 ... 6,901 
 
 McPherson 
 
 738 
 
 Miami 
 
 ... 11,725 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 485 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 ... 7,564 
 
 Morris 
 
 . . 2,225 
 
 Nemeha 
 
 . . 7,339 
 
 Neosho 
 
 .. 10,206 
 
 Ness 
 
 2 
 
 Osage 
 
 . . 7,648 
 
 Osborne 
 
 33 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 . . 2,127 
 
 Pawnee 
 
 179 
 
 Pottawattamie . . . 
 
 . . 7,848 
 
86 
 
 Republic 1,281] Shawnee 13,131 
 
 Rice 5 1 Smith 6fi 
 
 Rileey 5,105 ' Sumner 22 
 
 Russell 156[Trego 166 
 
 Sahne 4,246 Wabaunsee 3,362 
 
 Sedgwick 1,095| 
 
 Wallace 538 
 
 Washington 4,081 
 
 Wilson 6,694 
 
 Woodson 3,827 
 
 Wyandotte 10,015 
 
 Total 364,399 
 
 KENTUCKY— Area, 37,680 square miles. 
 
 Adair 11,065 Graves . . . 
 
 Allen 10,296 Grayson . 
 
 Anderson 5,449 Green 
 
 Ballard 12,576 Greenup 
 
 Barren 17,780 Hanoock 
 
 Bath... 10,145 
 
 Boone 10,696 
 
 Bourbon 14,863 
 
 Boyd 8,573 
 
 Boyle 9,515 
 
 Bracken 11,409 
 
 Breathit 5,672 
 
 Breckenridge 13,440 
 
 BuUitt 7,781 
 
 Butler 9,404 
 
 Caldwell 10,826 
 
 Callaway 9,410 
 
 Campbell 27,406 
 
 Carroll 6,189 
 
 Carter 7,509 
 
 Casey 8,884 
 
 Christian 23,227 
 
 Clark 10,882 
 
 Clay 8,297 
 
 Clinton 6,497 
 
 Crittenden 9,381 
 
 Cumberland 7,690 
 
 Daviess 20,714 
 
 Edmonson 4,459 
 
 EUiott 4,433 
 
 Estill 9,198 
 
 Fayette 26,656 
 
 Fleming 13.398 
 
 Floyd 7,877 
 
 Franklin 15,300 
 
 Fultan 6,161 
 
 Gallatin 5,074 
 
 Garrard 10,376 
 
 Grant 9,529 
 
 19,398 Menifee 
 
 11,580 Mercer 
 
 9,379 Metcalfe 
 
 11,463 Monroe 
 
 6,591 Montgomery. 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Muhlenburg . 
 
 Nelson 
 
 Nicholas 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oldham 
 
 Owen 
 
 Owsley 
 
 Pendleion 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pike 
 
 Powell ...... 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Robertson . . . 
 
 Rock Castle . 
 
 Hardin 15,705 
 
 Harlan 4,415 
 
 Harrison ] 2.993 
 
 Hart 13,687 
 
 Henderson 18,457 
 
 Henry 11,066 
 
 Hickman 8,453 
 
 Hopkins 13,827 
 
 Jackson 4,547 
 
 Jefferson 118,953 
 
 Jessamine 8,638 
 
 John Bell 3,731 
 
 Johnson 7,494 
 
 Kenton 36,096 
 
 Knox; 8,294 
 
 La Rue 8,235 Rowan 
 
 Laurel 6,016 RusseU . 
 
 Lawrence 8,497 Scott . . . 
 
 Lee 3,058 Shelby.. 
 
 Letcher 4,608 Simpson 
 
 Lewis 9,115 Spencer . 
 
 Lincoln 10,947 j Taylor . . 
 
 Livingston 8,200 Todd 
 
 Logan 20,429 " 
 
 Lyon 6,233 
 
 Madison 19,543 
 
 Magoffin 4,684 
 
 Marion 12,838 
 
 Marshall 9,455 
 
 Mason 18,126 
 
 McCracken 13,988 
 
 McLean 7,614 
 
 Meade 9,485 
 
 Total 
 
 Trigg 
 
 Trimble 
 
 Union 
 
 \N'arren 
 
 Washington . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster . . . . 
 
 Whitley 
 
 Wolfe 
 
 Woodford . . . 
 
 1,986 
 
 13,144 
 
 7,934 
 
 9,231 
 
 7,557 
 
 . 5,975 
 
 12,638 
 
 14,804 
 
 9.129 
 
 15,561 
 
 9,027 
 
 14,309 
 
 3,889 
 
 14,030 
 
 4,274 
 
 9,562 
 
 , 2,599 
 
 17,670 
 
 5,399 
 
 7,145 
 
 2,991 
 
 5,809 
 
 11,607 
 
 15,733 
 
 . 9,573 
 
 5,956 
 
 8,226 
 
 12,612 
 
 , 13,686 
 
 5,577 
 
 13,640 
 
 21,742 
 
 12,4()4 
 
 . 10,602 
 
 10,937 
 
 8,279 
 
 3,603 
 
 8,240 
 
 ,321.011 
 
 LOUISIANA— Area, 41,255 square miles. 
 
 Ascension v. . 11,577 Bossier 12,675 Cameron 1,591 
 
 Assumption 13,224jCaddo 21,714 Carroll 10,110 
 
 Avoyelles 12.926 Caleasieu 6,73J Catahoiila 8,475 
 
 Bienville 10,6361 Caldwell 4,820 1 Claiborne 20,240 
 
87 
 
 Concordia 9,977 1 Morehouse 9,387 St. Landry 25,553 
 
 De Soto 14,962] Natchitoches 18,265 St. Martin 9,370 
 
 East Baton Rouge. . 17,816 Orleans 191,418 St. Mary 13,860 
 
 East Feliciana 13,499 ' Ouachita 11,582 St. Tammany 5,586 
 
 Franklin 5,078 Plaquemines 10,552 Tangipahoa 7,928 
 
 Grant 4,517 Point Coupee 12,981 Tensas 12,419 
 
 Iberia 9,042 Rapides 18,015 Terrebonne 12.441 
 
 IberviUe 12,347 Richland 5,110 Union 11,685 
 
 Jackson 7,646 Sabine 6,456 Vermillion 4,528 
 
 Jefferson 17,767 St. Bernard 3,553 Washington 3,330 
 
 Lafayette 10,388 St. Charles 4,857 West Baton Rouge . . 5,114 
 
 Lafourche 14,719 St. Helena 5,423 West FeUciona 10,499 
 
 Livingston 4,026 St. James 10,152 Winn 5,954 
 
 Madison 8,600 St. John the Baptist 6,762 . Total 726,915 
 
 MAINE — Area, 31,766 square miles. 
 
 Androscoggin 35.866 Knox 30.823 Sagadahoc 18,803 
 
 Aroostook 29,609 Lincoln 25,597 ISomerse i. 34,611 
 
 Cumberland 82,021 Oxford 33,488 Waldo 34,522 
 
 Franklin 18.811 Penobscot 75,150 Washington 43,343 
 
 Hancock 36,495 Piscataquis 14,403 York 69,174 
 
 Keunebec 53,203 Total 626,915 
 
 MARYLAND — Area, 11,124 squara miles. 
 
 AllegauY 38,536 Dorchester 19,458 Queen 16,171 
 
 Aune Arundel 24,457 Frederick 47,572 Saint Mary's 14,944 
 
 Baltimore 330,741 Harford 22,605 Somerset * 18.190 
 
 Calvert 9,865 Howard 14,150 Talbot 16,137 
 
 Caroline 12,101 Kent 17'l02 Washington 34,712 
 
 Carroll 28,619 Montgomery 20,563 Wicomico 15,802 
 
 Cecil 25,874 Prince George's 21 ,138 Worcester 16,419 
 
 Charles 15,738 Total 780,894 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS— Area, 7,800 square miles. 
 
 Barnstable 32,774 FraukUn 32,r' • Norfolk 89,443 
 
 Berkshire 64,827 Hampden 78,4( ;• Plymouth 65,365 
 
 Bristol 102.886 Hampshire 44,388 Suffolk 270,802 
 
 Dukes 3.787 Middlesex 274,353 Worcester 192,716 
 
 Essex 200,843 Nantucket 4,123 Total 1,457,351 
 
 MICHIGAN— Area, 56,243 square miles. 
 
 Alcona 696 Chippewa 1,689 Ionia 27,681 
 
 Allegan 32,105 Clare 366 Iosco 3,163 
 
 Alpena 2,756iCliuton 22,845 Isabella 4,113 
 
 Antrim 1,985 Delta 2,542 Jai^kson 36,047 
 
 Barry 22,199 Eaton 25,171 Kalamazoo 32,054 
 
 Bay 15,900 Emmet 1,211 Kalkaska 424 
 
 Benzie 2,184|Genesee 33,900 Kent 50,403 
 
 Berrien 35,1041 Grand Traverse 4,443 Keweenaw 4,205 
 
 Branch* 26.226 Gratiot 11,810 Lake 548 
 
 Calhoun 36,569 Hillsdale 31,684 Lapeer 21,345 
 
 Cass 21,094! Houghton 13,879 Leelanaw 4,576 
 
 Charlevoix l,724lHuron 9,049 Lenawee 45,595 
 
 Cbeboygau 2,l9C' ilngham 25,268 Li^iugston 19,336 
 
88 
 
 Mackinac 1,716 Montcalm 13,629 ; Saginaw 39,097 
 
 Macomb 27,616 1 Muskegon 14,894 Sanilac 14,562 
 
 Manistee 6,074 |Newaygo 7,294 Shiawassee 20,858 
 
 Manitou 891 lOakland 40,867 St. Clair 36,661 
 
 Marquette 15,033 iOceana 7,222 St. Joseph 26,275 
 
 Mason 3,263jOgemaw 12iTuscola 13,714 
 
 Mecosta 5,642 ^Ontonagon 2,845iVan Buren 28,829 
 
 Menominee 1,791 Osceola 2,093 1 Washtenaw 41,434 
 
 Midland 3,285 lOscoda 70 {Wayne 119,038 
 
 Missaukee 130|Ottawa 26,651 jWexford 650 
 
 Monroe 27,483 Presque Isle] 355| Tot*! 1,184,059 
 
 MINNESOTA— Area, 96,274 square miles. 
 
 Aitkin 178 
 
 Anoka 3,940 
 
 Becker 308 
 
 Beltrami 80 
 
 Benton 1,558 
 
 Big Stone 24 
 
 Blue Earth 17,302 
 
 Brown 6,396 
 
 Carlton 286 
 
 Carver 11,686 
 
 Cass 380 
 
 Chippewa 1,467 
 
 Chisago 4,358 
 
 Clay 92 
 
 Cottonwood 534 
 
 Crow Wing 200 
 
 Dakota 16,312 
 
 Dodge 8,598 
 
 Douglass 4,239 
 
 Faribault 9,940 
 
 Fillmore 24,887 
 
 Freeborn 10,578 
 
 Goodhue 22,618 
 
 Grant 340 
 
 Hennepin 21,566 
 
 Houston 14,936 
 
 Isanti 2,035 
 
 Itasca 96 
 
 Jackson 1,825 
 
 Kanabec 93 
 
 Kandiyohi 1,760 
 
 Lac qui Parle 145 
 
 Lake 135 
 
 Le Sueur 11,607 
 
 Martin 3,867 
 
 McLeod 5,643 
 
 Meeker 6,090 
 
 Mille Lac 1,109 
 
 Monongalia 3,160 
 
 Morrison 1,681 
 
 Mower 10,447 
 
 Murray 209 
 
 Nicollet 8,362 
 
 Nobles 117 
 
 Olmsted 19,793 
 
 Otter Tail 1,968 
 
 Pembina 64 
 
 Pine 648 
 
 Pope 2,691 
 
 Ramsey 23,085 
 
 Redwood 1,82© 
 
 Renville 3,219 
 
 Rice 16,083 
 
 Rock 138 
 
 Scott 11,042 
 
 Sherburne 2,050 
 
 Sibley 6,725 
 
 Stearns 14,206 
 
 Steele 8,271 
 
 Stevens 174 
 
 St. Louis 4,561 
 
 Todd 2,036 
 
 Traverse 13 
 
 Wabashaw 15,859 
 
 I Wadena 6 
 
 (Waseca 7,854 
 
 'Washington 11,809 
 
 Watonwan 2,426 
 
 jWilkin 295 
 
 ; Winona 22,319 
 
 Wright 9,457 
 
 I Total 439,706 
 
 MISSISSIPPI— Area, 47,156 square miles. 
 
 Adams 19,084 
 
 Alcorn 10,431 
 
 Amite 10,973 
 
 Attala 14,776 
 
 Bolivar 9,732 
 
 Calhoun 10,561 
 
 Carroll 21,047 
 
 Coahoma 7,144 Itawamba 7,812 
 
 Copiah 20,608 Jackson 4,362 
 
 Covington 4,753 Jasper 10,884 
 
 De Soto 32,021 Jefferson 13,848 
 
 Franklin 7,498 Jones 3,313 
 
 Greene 2,038 Kemper 12,920 
 
 IGrenada 10,571 Lafayette 18,802 
 
 Chickasaw 19,899 Hancock 4,239 Lauderdale 13,462 
 
 Choctaw 16,988 Harrison 5,795 Lawrence 6,620 
 
 Claiborne 13,586 Hinds 30,488 Leake 8,496 
 
 Clark 7,505 Holmes 19,370 Lee 15,955 
 
 llssaquena 6,887 Ijncoln 10,184 
 
89 
 
 — Area, 67,380 square miles. 
 
 Ozark . 
 Pemiscot 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pettis.... 
 Phelps . . . 
 
 Pike 
 
 Platte 
 
 Piitnam . 
 Ralls.... 
 
 Lowndes 30,50G!Perry 2,694 Tippah 
 
 Madison 20,948iPike 11,303 Tishemingo. 
 
 Marion 4,211 ' Pontotoc 12,.525 Tunica 
 
 Marshall 29,416 Prentiss 9,348 Warren 
 
 Monroe 22,631 1 Rankin 12,977 i Washington . 
 
 Neshoba 7,439 Scott 7,847 'Wayne 
 
 Newton 10,067 Simpson 5,718 Wilkinson . . 
 
 Noxnbee 20,9a5 Smith 7,126 Winston. . . . 
 
 Oktibbeha 14,891 Sunflower 5,015 Yalabusha . . 
 
 Panola 20,754: Tallahatchie 7,852 , Yazoo 
 
 Total 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 Adair 11,448 
 
 Andrew 15,137 
 
 Atchison 8,440 
 
 Audrain 12,307 
 
 Barry 10,373 
 
 Barton 5,087 
 
 Bates 15,960 
 
 Benton 11,322 
 
 Bomnger 8,162 
 
 Boone 20,765 
 
 Buchanan 35,109 
 
 Butler 4,298 
 
 CaldweU 11,390 
 
 Callaway 19,202 
 
 Camdem 6,108 
 
 Cape Girardeau 17,558 
 
 Carroll 17,446 
 
 Carter 1,455 
 
 Cass 19,296 
 
 Cedar 9,474 
 
 Chariton 19,136 
 
 Christian 6,707 
 
 Clarke 13,667 
 
 Clay 15,564 
 
 Clinton 14,063 
 
 Cole 10,292 
 
 Cooper 20,692 
 
 Crawford 7,982 
 
 Dade 8,683 
 
 DaUas 8,383 
 
 Daviess 14,410 
 
 DeKalb 9,858 
 
 Dent 6,357 
 
 Douglass 3,915 
 
 Dunklin 5,982 
 
 FrankUn 30.098 
 
 Gasconade 10,093 
 
 Gentry 11.607 
 
 Total 
 
 . 20,727 
 . 7,350 
 . 5,358 
 . 26,769 
 . 14,569 
 . 4,206 
 . 12,705 
 8,984 
 . 13,254 
 . 17,279 
 .827,922 
 
 Greene 21,549 
 
 Grundy 10,567 
 
 Harrison 14,635 
 
 Henry 17,401 
 
 Hickory 6,452 
 
 Holt 11,652 
 
 Howard 17,233 
 
 Howell 4,218jPolk ... 
 
 Iron 6,278 Pulaski 
 
 Jackson 55,041 
 
 Jasper 14,928 
 
 Jefferson 15,380 Randolph 
 
 Johnson 24,648|Ray 
 
 Knox 10,974 Reynolds . 
 
 Ripley 
 
 Saline 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shannon 
 
 Shelby 
 
 St. Charles 
 
 St. Clare 
 
 Ste. Genevieve. 
 St. Francois 
 
 Laclede 9,380 
 
 Lafayette 22,623 
 
 'Lawrence 13,067 
 
 iLewis 15,114 
 
 [Lincoln 15,960 
 
 Linn 15,900 
 
 Livingston 16,730 
 
 Macon 23,230 
 
 Madison 5,849 
 
 Maries 5,916 
 
 Marion 23,780 
 
 McDonald 5,226 St. Louis . . 
 
 Mercer 11,557 Stoddard . . 
 
 Miller 6,616 ! Stone 
 
 Mississippi 4,982 Sullivan . . . 
 
 Moniteau 11,375 Taney 
 
 Monroe 17,149|Texas 
 
 Montgomery 10,405 Vernon 
 
 Morgan 8,434 Warren 
 
 New Madrid 6,357 Washington 
 
 Newton 12,821 1 Wayne 
 
 Nodaway 14,751 Webster 
 
 Oregon 3,287 1 Worth 
 
 Osage 10,793i Wright 
 
 . . 3,363 
 
 . . 2,059 
 
 . . 9,877 
 
 .. 18,706 
 
 .. 10,506 
 
 .. 23,076 
 
 .. 17,352 
 
 .. 12,445 
 
 . . 4,714 
 
 .. 11,217 
 
 .. 10,510 
 
 . .. 15,908 
 
 .. 18,700 
 
 . . 3,756 
 
 . . 3,175 
 
 .. 21,672 
 
 . . 8,820 
 
 ... 10,670 
 
 . . 7,317 
 
 . . 2,339 
 
 ... 10,119 
 
 .. 21,304 
 
 . . 6,742 
 
 . . 8,384 
 
 ... 9,742 
 ..351,189 
 
 . . 8,535 
 
 ... 3,253 
 
 .. 11,907 
 
 . . 4,407 
 
 . . 9,618 
 
 , .. 11,247 
 
 . . 9,673 
 
 .. 11,719 
 
 . . . 6,068 
 
 .. 10,434 
 
 . . 5,004 
 
 . . 5,684 
 .1,721,295 
 
 NEBRASKA— Area, 75,995 square miles. 
 
 Adams 19 Blackbird 31 Buffalo 
 
 193 
 
90 
 
 Burt 2,847 
 
 Butler 1,290 
 
 CasB 8,151 
 
 Cedar 1,032 
 
 Cheyenne 190 
 
 Clay 54 
 
 Collax 1,424 
 
 Cuming 2,9<)4 
 
 Dakota 2,040 
 
 Dawson lO'-i 
 
 Dixon 1,345 
 
 Dodge 4,212 
 
 Douglass. 
 Fillmore . 
 Franklin . 
 
 Gage 
 
 Gra nt 
 
 Hall ..... 
 Hamilton 
 Harrison 
 
 19,982 
 
 238 
 
 2(i 
 
 3,3o;t 
 
 484 
 
 1,057 
 
 130 
 
 631 
 
 [Jackson 9 
 
 Jeflerson 2,440 
 
 1 Johnson 3,429 
 
 ! Kearney 58 
 
 Lancaster 7,074 
 
 L'Eau qui Court . . . 261 
 
 Lincoln 17 
 
 Lvou 78 
 
 Madison 1,133 
 
 Merrick 557 
 
 Monroe 235 
 
 Nemaha 7,593 
 
 Nuckolls 8 
 
 Otoe 12,345 
 
 Pawnee 4,171 
 
 Pierce 152 
 
 Platte 1,899 
 
 Polk 136 
 
 Richardson 9,780 
 
 SaUue 3,106 
 
 I Sarpy 
 
 Saunders 
 
 I Seward 
 
 jstanton 
 
 iTaylor 
 
 I Washington 
 
 I Wayne 
 
 I Webster 
 
 York 
 
 Unorganized North- 
 west Teerritory . . 
 
 Unorganized Terri- 
 tory west of Mad- 
 ison County 
 
 Winnebago Indian 
 lleservation 
 
 Pawnee Indian res- 
 ervation 
 
 Total. 
 
 2,913 
 
 4,547 
 
 2,953 
 
 636 
 
 97 
 
 4,452 
 
 182 
 
 16 
 
 604 
 
 52 
 
 183 
 
 31 
 
 44 
 
 22,993 
 
 miles. 
 
 NEVADA— Area, 112,090 square 
 
 Churchill 196 Lander 2,815 Eoop 133 
 
 Douglas 1.215:Liucoln 2,985 Storey 11,:^9 
 
 Elko 3,447 Lyon 1,837| Washoe 3,091 
 
 Esmeralda 1,553 Nye 1,087 "SVhite Pine 7,189 
 
 Humboldt I,916i0rmsby 3,6681 Total 42,491 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE— Area, 9,280 square miles. 
 
 Belknap 17,681 Grafton 39,103 Rockingham 47,297 
 
 Carroll 17,332 HiUsborough 64,238 Strafford 30.243 
 
 Cheshire 27,265 Merrimack 42,151 SuUivan 18,058 
 
 Coos 14,932 1 Total 318,300 
 
 NEW JERSEY- 
 
 miles. 
 
 -Area, 3,320 square 
 
 Atlantic 14,093 Gloucester 21,562 Ocean 13,628 
 
 Bergen 30,122 Hudson 129,067 Passaic 46,416 
 
 Burlington 53,639 Hunterdon 36,963 Salem 23,940 
 
 Camden 46,193 Mercer 46,386 Somerset 23,510 
 
 Cape May 8,349 :Middlesex 45,029 Sussex 23,168 
 
 Cumberland 34,665 Monmouth 46,195 Union 41,859 
 
 Essex 143,839 1 Morris 43,137iWarren 34,336 
 
 Total 906,096 
 
 NEW YORK— Area, 47,000 square miles. 
 
 Albany 133,052 Clinton 47,947 Fulton 27,064 
 
 Allegany 40,814 Columbia 47,044 Genesee 31,606 
 
 Broome 44,103 Cortland 25,173 Greene 31,832 
 
 Cattaraugus 43,909 Delaware 42,972 Hamilton 2,960 
 
 Cayuga .59,550 Dutchess 74,041 ' Herkimer 39,929 
 
 Chautauqua .59,327 Erie 178,699 Jefferson 65,415 
 
 Chemung 35,281 Essex 29,042 Kings 419,921 
 
 Chenango 40,564, Franklin 30,271 Lewis 28,699 
 
^1 
 
 Livingston 38,309 
 
 Madison 43,522 
 
 Monroe 117,808 
 
 Montgomery 34,457 
 
 New York 942,292 
 
 Niagara 50,437 
 
 Oneida 110,008 
 
 Onondaga 104,183 
 
 Ontario 45,108 
 
 Orange 80,902 
 
 Orleans 27,689 
 
 Oswego 77,941 
 
 Total. . 
 
 Otsego 48,967; 
 
 Putnam 15,420 
 
 Queens 73,803 
 
 Rensselaer 99,549 
 
 Richmond 33,029 
 
 Rockland 25,213 
 
 Saratoga 51,529 
 
 Schenectady 21,347 
 
 Schoharie 33,340 
 
 Schiiyler 18,989 
 
 Seneca 27,823 
 
 Steuben 67,717 
 
 St. Lawrence 84,826 
 
 Suffolk 46,924 
 
 Sullivan 34,550 
 
 Tioga 30,572 
 
 Tompkins 33,178 
 
 Ulster 84,075 
 
 Warren 22,592 
 
 Washington 49,568 
 
 Wayne 47,710 
 
 Westchester 131,348 
 
 Wyoming 29,164 
 
 Yates 19,595 
 
 4,382,759 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA— Area, 50,704 square miles. 
 
 Alamance 11,874 
 
 Alexander 6,868 
 
 Alleghany 3,691 
 
 Anson 12,428 
 
 Ashe 9,573 
 
 Beaufort 13,011 
 
 Bertie 12,950 
 
 Bladen 12,831 
 
 Brunswick 7,754 
 
 Buncombe 15,412 
 
 Burke 9,777 
 
 Cabarrus 11,954 
 
 Caldw-eU 8,476 
 
 Camden 5,361 
 
 Carteret 9,010 
 
 CasweU 16,081 
 
 Catawba 10,984 
 
 Chatham 19,723 
 
 Cherokee 8,080 
 
 Chowan 6,450 
 
 Clay 2,461 
 
 Cleaveland 12,696 
 
 Columbus 8,474 
 
 Craven 20,516 
 
 Cumberland 17,035 
 
 Currituck 5,131 
 
 Dare 2,778 
 
 Davidson 17,414 
 
 Davie 9,620 
 
 Duplin 
 
 Edgecombe 22,970 1 Northampton 14,749 
 
 Forsyth 13,050 Onslow 7,569 
 
 Franklin 14,134JOrange 17,507 
 
 Gaston 12,602 Pasquotank 8,131 
 
 Gates 7,7241 Perquimans 7,945 
 
 Granville 24,831 [Person 11,170 
 
 Greene 8,687 Pitt 17,276 
 
 Guilford 21,736 Polk 4,319 
 
 Halifax 20,408 Randolph 17,551 
 
 Harnnett 8,895 Richmond 12,882 
 
 16,262 
 15,708 
 16,810 
 13,121 
 16,436 
 8,315 
 
 Haywood 7,921 Robeson 
 
 Henderson 7,706 Rockingham 
 
 Hertford 9,273iRowan 
 
 Hyde 6,445 Rutherford . 
 
 Iredell 16,931 Sampson . . . , 
 
 Jackson 6,683 Stanley 
 
 Johnston 16,897 Stokes ll'208 
 
 Jones 5,002 Surry 11,252 
 
 Lenoir 10,434 1 Transylvania 3,536 
 
 Lincoln 9,573iTyrrell 4,173 
 
 Macon 6,615 [Union 12,217 
 
 Madison 8,192 Wake 35,617 
 
 Martin 9,647 Warren 17,768 
 
 McDowell 7,592 Washington 6,516 
 
 Mecklenburg 24,299 Watauga 5,287 
 
 Mitchell 4,705lWayne 18,144 
 
 Montgomery 7,487 1 Wilkes 15,539 
 
 Moore 12,040 Wilson 12,258 
 
 Nash 11,077 j Yadkin 10,697 
 
 15,542 New Hanover 27,9781 Yancy 5,909 
 
 Total 1,071,361 
 
 OHIO — Area, 39,964 square miles 
 
 Adams 20,750 Brown 30,802 
 
 Allen 23,623 Butler 39,912 
 
 Ashland 21,933 Carroll 14,491 
 
 Ashtabula 32,517 
 
 Athens 23,768 
 
 Auglaize 20,041 
 
 BeUnont 39,714 
 
 Champaign 24,188 
 
 Columbiana 38,299 
 
 Coshocton 23,600 
 
 Crawford 25,556 
 
 Cuyahoga 132,010 
 
 Clark 32,070 jDarke 32,278 
 
 Clermont 34,268 Defiance 15,719 
 
 Clinton 21,914 [Delaware 25,175 
 
92 
 
 Licking 35,756 
 
 Logan 23,028 
 
 Lorain 30,308 
 
 Lucaa 46,722 
 
 Madison 15,633 
 
 Mahoning 31,001 
 
 Marion 16,184 
 
 Medina 20,092 
 
 Meigs 31,465 
 
 Mercer 17,254 
 
 Miami 32,740 
 
 Monroe 25,779 
 
 Montgomery 64,006 
 
 Morgan 20,363 
 
 Morrow 18,583 
 
 Muskingum 44,886 
 
 Noble 19,949 
 
 Ottawa 13,364 
 
 Paulding 8,544 
 
 Perry 18,453 
 
 Pickaway 24,875 
 
 Pike 15,447 
 
 Total 
 
 Erie 28,188 
 
 Fairfield 31,138 
 
 Fayette 17,170 
 
 Franklin 63,019 
 
 Fulton 17,789 
 
 Gallia 25,545 
 
 Geauga 14,190 
 
 Greene 28,038 
 
 Guernsey 23,838 
 
 Hamilton 260,370 
 
 Hancock 23,847 
 
 Hardin 18,714 
 
 Harrison 18,682 
 
 Henry 14,028 
 
 Highland 29,133 
 
 Hocking 17,925 
 
 Holmes 18,177 
 
 Huron 28,532 
 
 Jackson 21,759 
 
 Jefferson 29,188 
 
 Knox 26,333 
 
 Lake 15,935 
 
 Lawrence 31,380 
 
 OREGON— Area, 102,606 square miles. 
 
 Baker 2,804 Grant 2,251 Polk.. 4,701 
 
 Benton 4,584 Jackson 4,778 Tillamook 408 
 
 Clackamas 5,993 Josephine 1,204 1 Umatilla 2,916 
 
 Clatsop 1,255 Lane 6,426 Union 2,552 
 
 Columbia 863 Linn 8,717 jWasco 2,509 
 
 Coos 1,644 Marion 9,965 j Washington 4,261 
 
 Curry 504 Multnomah ll,510|Yam Hill 5,012 
 
 Douglas 6,066 Total 90,923 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA— Area, 46,000 square miles. 
 
 Adams 30,315 Cumberland 43,912IMcKean 8,825 
 
 Alleghany 262,204 Dauphin 60,740 Mercer 49,977 
 
 Portage 24,584 
 
 Preble 21,809 
 
 Putnam 17,081 
 
 Richland 32,516 
 
 Ross 37,097 
 
 Sandusky 25,503 
 
 Scioto 29,302 
 
 Seneca 30,827 
 
 Shelby 20,748 
 
 Stark 52,508 
 
 Summit 34,674 
 
 Trumbull 38,659 
 
 Tuscarawas 53,840 
 
 Union 18,730 
 
 Van Wert 15,823 
 
 Vinton 15,027 
 
 Warren 26,689 
 
 Washington 40,609 
 
 Wayne 35,116 
 
 Williams 20,991 
 
 Wood 24,596 
 
 Wyandot 18,553 
 
 2,665,260 
 
 Armstrong 43,382 
 
 Beaver 36,148 
 
 Bedford 29,635 
 
 Berks 106,701 
 
 Blair 38,051 
 
 Bradford 53,204 
 
 Bucks 64,336 
 
 Butler 36,510 
 
 Cambria 36,569 
 
 Cameron 4,273 
 
 Carbon 28,144 
 
 Centre 34,418 
 
 Chester 77,805 
 
 Clarion 26,537 
 
 Clearfield 25,741 
 
 Chnton 23,211 
 
 Cohmibia 28,766 
 
 Crawford 63,832 
 
 Delaware 39,403 Miftln 17,508 
 
 Elk 8,488iMonroe 18,362 
 
 Erie 65,973 Montgomery 81,612 
 
 Fayette 43,284 Montour 15,344 
 
 Forest 4,010 1 Northampton 61,432 
 
 Franklin 45,365 Northumberland. . . 41,444 
 
 Fulton 9,360 Perry 25,447 
 
 Greene 25,887 
 
 Huntingdon 31,251 
 
 Indiana 36,138 
 
 Philadelphia 674,022 
 
 Pike 8,436 
 
 Potter 11,265 
 
 Jefl'erson 21,656 Schuykill 116,428 
 
 Juniata 17,390 Snyder 15,606 
 
 Lancaster 121,340 Somerset 28,226 
 
 Lawrence 27,298 
 
 Lebanon 34,096 
 
 Lehigh 56,796 
 
 Luzerne 160,755 
 
 Lycoming 47,626 
 
 Sullivan 6,191 
 
 Susquehanna 37,523 
 
 Tioga 35,097 
 
 Union 15,565 
 
 Venango 47,925 
 
93 
 
 Warren 23,897jWayne 33,188 1 Wyoming 14,S85 
 
 Washington 48,483 1 Westmoreland 58,719 1 York 76,134 
 
 Total 3,521,791 
 
 RHODE ISLAND— Area, 1,306 square miles. 
 
 BKistol 9,421 1 Newport 20,0501 Washington 20,097 
 
 Kent 18,595 1 Providence 149,19o| Total 217,353 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA— Area, 29,385 square miles. 
 
 Abbeville 31,129 
 
 Anderson 24,049 
 
 BarnweU 35,724 
 
 Fairfield 19,888 Newberry 20,775 
 
 Georgetown 16,161 Oconee 10,536 
 
 Greenville 22,262 Orangeburg 16,865 
 
 Beaufort 34,359 Horry 10,721 Pickens 10,269 
 
 Charleston 88,863 1 Kershaw 11,754 Richland 23,025 
 
 Chester 18,805 j Lancaster 12,087 Spartanburg 25,784 
 
 Chesterfield 10,584 ] Laurens 22,536 Sumter 25,268 
 
 Clarendon 14,038, Lexington 12,988 Union 19,248 
 
 Colleton 25,410 1 Marion 22,160 Williamsburg 15,489 
 
 Darlington 26,243 1 Marlborough 11,814 1 York 24,286 
 
 Edgefield 42,486| Total 705,606 
 
 TENNESSEE— Area, 45,600 square miles. 
 
 Anderson 8,704|Hancock 7,148 
 
 Bedford 24,333 Hardeman 18,074 
 
 Benton 8,234 Hardin 11,768 
 
 Bledsoe 4,870 
 
 Blount 14',237 
 
 Bradley 11,652 
 
 Campbell 7,445 
 
 Cannon 10,502 
 
 Carroll 19,447 
 
 Carter 7,909 
 
 Cheatham 6,678 
 
 Claiborne 9,321 
 
 Cocke 12,458 
 
 Hawkins 15,837 
 
 Haywood 25,094 
 
 Henderson 14,217 
 
 Henry 20,380 
 
 Hickman 9,856 
 
 Humphreys 9,326 
 
 Jackson 12,583 
 
 Jefferson 19,476 
 
 Johnson 5,852 
 
 Knox 28,990 
 
 Coffee 10,237 Lake 2,428 
 
 Cumberland 3,461 Lauderdale 10,838 
 
 Davidson 62,897 
 
 Decatur 7,772 
 
 DeKalb 11,425 
 
 Dickson 9,340 
 
 Dyer 13,706 
 
 Fayette 26,145 
 
 Fentress 4,717 
 
 FrankUn 14,970 
 
 Gibson 25,666 
 
 GUes 32,413 
 
 Lawrence 7,601 
 
 Lewis 1,986 
 
 Lincoln 28,050 
 
 Macon 6,633 
 
 Madison 23,480 
 
 Marion 6,841 
 
 Marshall 16,207 
 
 Maury 36,289 
 
 McMinn 13,969 
 
 McNairy 12,726 
 
 Grainger 12,421 Meigs 4,511 
 
 Greene 21,668 Monroe 12,589 
 
 Grundy 3,250 Montgomery 24,747 
 
 Hamilton 17,241 1 
 
 Morgan 2,969 
 
 Obion 15,584 
 
 Overton 11,297 
 
 Perry 6,925 
 
 Polk 7,369 
 
 Putnam 8,698 
 
 Rhea 5,538 
 
 Roane 15.622 
 
 Robertson 16,166 
 
 Rutherford 33,289 
 
 Scott 4,054 
 
 Sequatchie 2,335 
 
 Sevier 11,028 
 
 Shelby 76,378 
 
 Smith 15,994 
 
 Stewart 12,019 
 
 SuUivan 13,136 
 
 Sumner 23,711 
 
 Tipton 14,884 
 
 Union 7,605 
 
 VanBuren 2,725 
 
 Warren 12,714 
 
 Washington 16,317 
 
 Wayne 10,209 
 
 Weakley 20,755 
 
 White 9,375 
 
 Williamson 25,328 
 
 Wilson 25,881 
 
 Total 1,258,520 
 
 TEXAS— Area, 237,504 square miles. 
 
 Anderson 9,229 1 Atascosa 2,9151Bandera 649 
 
 Angelina 3,9851 Austin 15,087 1 Bastrop 12,290 
 
^4 
 
 ^ee 1,082'Grayson 14,387 
 
 Bell 9,771 Grimes 13,218 
 
 Bexar 16,043 Guadalupe 7,'28'2 
 
 Bexar District 1,077 Hamilton 733 
 
 Blanco 1,187 [Hardin 1,460 
 
 Bosque 4,981 
 
 Borne 4,684 
 
 Brazoria 7,52'' 
 
 Brazos 9,205 
 
 BroAvn 544 
 
 Burleson 8,072 
 
 Burnet 3,688 
 
 CaldweU 6,572 
 
 Calhoun 3,443 
 
 Cameron 10,999 
 
 Chambers 1,503 
 
 Cherekee 11,079 
 
 Coleman 347 
 
 CoUin 14,013 
 
 Colorado 8,326 
 
 Comal 5,283 
 
 Comanche 1,001 
 
 Cook 5,315 
 
 Coryell 4,124 
 
 Dallas 13,314 
 
 Davis 8,875 
 
 Demmit 109 
 
 Denton 7,251 
 
 DeWitt 6,443 
 
 Duval 1,083 
 
 Eastland 88 
 
 Ellis 7,514 
 
 El Paso 3,671 
 
 Ensinal 427 
 
 Erath 1,801 
 
 Falls 9,851 
 
 Fannin 13,207 
 
 Fayette 16,863 
 
 Fort Bend 7,114 
 
 Freestone 8,139 
 
 Frio 309 
 
 Galveston 15,290 
 
 Gillespie 3,566 
 
 GoUad 3,628 
 
 Gonzales 8,951 
 
 Harris 17,375 
 
 Harrison 13,241 
 
 Hays 4,088 
 
 Henderson 6,786 
 
 Hidalgo 2,387 
 
 Hill 7,453 
 
 Hood 2,585 
 
 Hopkins 12,651 
 
 Houston 8,147 
 
 Hunt 10,291 
 
 Jack 694 
 
 Jackson 2,278 
 
 Jasper 4,218 
 
 Jefferson 1,906 
 
 Milam 8,984 
 
 Montague 890 
 
 Montgomery 6,483 
 
 Nacogdoches 9,614 
 
 Navarro 8,879 
 
 Newt(m 2,187 
 
 Neuces 3,975 
 
 Orange 1,255 
 
 Panola 10,119 
 
 Parker 4,186 
 
 Polk 8,707 
 
 Presidio 1,636 
 
 Red River 10,653 
 
 Refugio 2,324 
 
 Robertson 9,990 
 
 Rusk 16,916 
 
 Sabine 3,256 
 
 San Augustine 4,196 
 
 San Patricio 602 
 
 Johnson 4,923 San Saba 1,425 
 
 Karnes 1,705 1 Shackleford 455 
 
 Kaufman 6,895 Shelby 5,732 
 
 Kendall 1,536 Smith 16,532 
 
 Kerr 1,042 Starr 4,154 
 
 Kimble 72 ' Stephens 330 
 
 Kinney l,204lTarrant 5,788 
 
 Lamar 15,790 Titus 11,339 
 
 Lampasas 1,344 1 Travis 13,153 
 
 La Salle 69 Trinity 4,141 
 
 Lavaca 9,168 
 
 Leon 6,523 
 
 Liberty 4.414 
 
 Limestone 8,591 
 
 Live Oak 852 
 
 Llano 1,379 
 
 Madison 4,061 
 
 Marion 8,562 
 
 Mason 678 
 
 Matagorda 3,377 
 
 Maverick 1,951 
 
 McCiilloch 
 
 McLennan 
 
 Tyler 5,010 
 
 Upshur 12,039 
 
 Uvalde a51 
 
 Van Zandt 6,494 
 
 Victoria 4,860 
 
 Walker 9,776 
 
 Washington 23,104 
 
 Webb 2,()15 
 
 Wharton 3,426 
 
 Williamson 6,36(5 
 
 Wilson 2,556 
 
 173 Wise 1,450 
 
 13,500 Wood - 6,894 
 
 McMuUen 230 Yotnig 135 
 
 Medina 2,078 Zapata 1,488 
 
 Menard 667lZavala 133 
 
 Total 818,579 
 
 VERMONT— Area, 10,212 square miles. 
 
 Addison 23,484 
 
 Bennington 21,325 
 
 Caledonia 22,247 
 
 Chittenden 36,480 
 
 Essex 6,811 
 
 Franklin 30,291 Rutland 40,651 
 
 Grand Isle 4,082 Washington 26,508 
 
 Lamoille 12,448, Windham 26,036 
 
 Orange 23,090 Windsor 36,0(!3 
 
 Orleans 21,0351 Total 330,551 
 
95 
 
 VIRGINIA— Aera, 38,352 square miles. 
 
 Accomack 20,401) 
 
 Albemarle 27,544 
 
 Alexandria 16,755 
 
 Alleghany 3,674 
 
 Amelia 9,878 
 
 Amherst 14,900 
 
 Appomattox 8,950 
 
 Augnsta 28,763 
 
 Bath 3,795 
 
 Bedford 25,327 
 
 Bland 4,000 
 
 Botetourt 11,329 
 
 Brunswick 13,427 
 
 Buchanan 3,777 
 
 Buckingham 13,371 
 
 Campbell 28,384 
 
 Frederick 16,596 
 
 Giles 5,875 
 
 Gloucester 10,211 
 
 Goochland 10,313 
 
 Grayson 9,587 
 
 Greene 4,634 
 
 Greenville 6,362 
 
 Halifax 27,828 
 
 danover 16,455 
 
 Henrico 66,179 
 
 Henry 12,303 
 
 Highland 4,151 
 
 Isle of Wight "" 
 James City . 
 
 Nottoway 9,291 
 
 Orange 10,396 
 
 Page 8,462 
 
 Patrick 10,161 
 
 Pittsylvania 31,343 
 
 Powhatan 7,667 
 
 Prince Edward 12,004 
 
 Prince George 7,820 
 
 Princess Anne 8,273 
 
 Prince William 7,504 
 
 Pulaski 6,538 
 
 Rapijahaunock 8,261 
 
 8,320 : Richmond 6,503 
 
 4,425 Roanoke 9,350 
 
 King and Queen 9,709 Rockbridge 16,058 
 
 King George 5,742 Rockingham 23,668 
 
 Caroline 15,128!King William 7,515 Russell 11,103 
 
 Carroll 9,147 Lancaster 5,355 
 
 Charles City 4,975 Lee 13,268 
 
 Charlotte 14,513 Loudon 20,929 
 
 Chesterfield 18.470 Louisa 16,332 
 
 Clarke 6,670 Lunenburg 10,403 
 
 Craig 2,942 Madison 8,670 
 
 Culpepper 12,227 Matthews 6,200 
 
 Cumberland 8,142 Mecklenburg 21,318 
 
 Dinwiddle 30,702, Middlesex 4,981 
 
 Elizabeth City 8,303 Montgomery 12,556 
 
 Essex 9,927 Nansemond 11,576 
 
 Fairfax 12,952 Nelson 13,898 
 
 Fauquier 19,690 New Kent 4,381 
 
 Floyd 9,824 Norfolk 46,702 
 
 Fluvanna 9,875 Northampton 
 
 Franklin 18,264 Northumberland 
 
 Scott 13,036 
 
 Shenandoah 14,936 
 
 Smyth 8,898 
 
 Southampton 12,285 
 
 Spottsylvania 11,728 
 
 Stafford 6,420 
 
 Surry 5,585 
 
 Sussex 7,885 
 
 Tazewell 10,791 
 
 Warren 5,716 
 
 Warwick 1,672 
 
 Washington 16,816 
 
 Westmoreland 7,682 
 
 Wise 4,785 
 
 046 Wythe 11,611 
 
 6,863 York 7,198 
 
 Total 1,225,163 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA— Area, 23,000 square miles. 
 
 Barbour 10,312 
 
 Berkeley 14,900 
 
 Boone 4,553 
 
 Braxton 6,480 
 
 Brooke 5,464 
 
 CabeU 6,429 
 
 Calhou-n 2,939 
 
 Clav 2,196 
 
 Doddridge 7,076 
 
 Fayette 6,64^ 
 
 Gilmer 4,338 
 
 Grant 4,467 
 
 Greenbrier 11,417 
 
 Jefferson 13,219 
 
 Kanawha 22,349 
 
 Lewis 10,175 
 
 Lincoln 5,053 
 
 Logan 5,124 
 
 Marion 12,107 
 
 Marshall 14,941 
 
 Mason 15,978 
 
 McDowell 1,952 
 
 Mercer 7,064 
 
 Mineral. 6,332 
 
 Monongalia 13,547 
 
 Monroe" 11,124 
 
 Hampshire 7,643 j Morgan 4,315 
 
 Hancock 4,3(>3 Nicholas 4,458 
 
 Hardy 5,518 Ohio' 28,831 
 
 Harrison 16,714 iPendleton 6,455 
 
 Jackson 10,300 Pleasants 3,012 
 
 Pocahontas 4,067 
 
 Preston 14,555 
 
 Putnam 7,794 
 
 Raleigh 3,673 
 
 Randolph 5,563 
 
 Ritchie 9,055 
 
 Roane 7,232 
 
 Taylor 9,367 
 
 Tucker 1,907 
 
 Tyler 7,832 
 
 Upshur 8,023 
 
 Wayne 7,852 
 
 Webster 1,730 
 
 Wetzel 8,595 
 
 Wirt 4,804 
 
 Wood 19,000 
 
 Wyoming 3,171 
 
 Total 442,014 
 
96 
 WISCONSIN— Area, 53,924 square miles. 
 
 Adams 6,601 Green 23,611 
 
 Aehland 221 Green Lake 13,195 
 
 Barron 538 Iowa 24,544 
 
 Bayfleld 344 
 
 Brown 25,168 
 
 Jackson 7,687 
 
 Jefferson 34,040 
 
 Buffalo 11,123 ! Juneau 12,372 
 
 Burnett 706|Keno8ha 13,147 
 
 Calumet 12,335 Kewaunee 10,128 
 
 Chippewa 8,311 La Crosse 20,297 
 
 Clark 3,450 JLa Fayette 22,659 
 
 Columbia 28,802 
 
 Crawford 13,075 
 
 Dane 53,096 
 
 Dodge 47,035 
 
 Door 4,919 
 
 Douglas 1,122 
 
 Dunn 9,488 
 
 Eau Claire 10,769 
 
 Fond du Lac 46,273 
 
 Grant 37,979 
 
 Manitowoc 33,364 
 
 Marathon 5,885 
 
 Marcpiette 8,056 
 
 Milwaukee 89,930 
 
 Monroe 16,550 
 
 Oconto 8,321 
 
 Outagamie 18,430 
 
 Ozaukee 15,564 
 
 Pepin 4,659 
 
 Pierce 9,958 
 
 Polk 3,422 
 
 Portage 10,634 
 
 Racine 26,740 
 
 Richland 15,731 
 
 Rock 39,030 
 
 Sauk 23,860 
 
 Shawanaw 3,166 
 
 Sheboygan 31,749 
 
 St. Croix 11,035 
 
 Trempealeau 10,732 
 
 Vernon 18,6)45 
 
 Walworth 25,972 
 
 Washington 23,919 
 
 Waukesha 28,274 
 
 Waupacca 15,539 
 
 Waushara 11,279 
 
 Winnebago 37,279 
 
 Wood 3,912 
 
 Total 1,054,670 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— Area, 60 square miles. 
 
 Georgetown City... 11,384 Washington City. . .109,199 Remainder of Dist. 1,117 
 Total 131, 700 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 ARIZONA— Area, 113,916 square miles. 
 
 Mohave 179| Yavapai 2,142 Yuma 1,621 
 
 Pima 5,716| Total 9,658 
 
 COLORADO— Area, 
 
 Arapahoe 6,829 |E1 Paso 987 
 
 Bent 592 Fremont 1,064 
 
 Boulder 1,939 Gilpin 5,490 
 
 Clear Creek 1,596 (Greenwood 510 
 
 Conejos 2,504 Huerfano 2,250 
 
 Costilla 1,779 Jefferson 2,392 
 
 Douglas 1,388 Lake 522 
 
 Total 
 
 104,500 square miles. 
 
 ~ Larimer 
 
 Las Animas 
 
 Park 
 
 Pueblo 
 
 Saguache 
 
 Summit 
 
 Weld 
 
 838 
 
 4,276 
 
 447 
 
 ■ 2,265 
 
 304 
 
 258 
 
 1,636 
 
 .39,864 
 
 Bon Homme. 
 Brookings . . 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Charles Mix . 
 
 (nay 
 
 Deuel 
 
 DAKOTA— Area, 50,932 square miles. 
 
 608 Hut(;liinson 
 163 Jayne 
 
 246 Lincoln 712 
 
 152 Minnehaha 355 
 
 2,621 Pembina 1,213 
 
 371 Total 
 
 37 1 Todd 
 
 5 Union 
 
 Yankton 
 
 Unorganized por- 
 tion of Territory . . . 
 
 337 
 3,507 
 2,097 
 
 2,091 
 14,181 
 
97 
 IDAHO— Area, 86,294 square miles. 
 
 Ada 2,()75|Idaho 849 Oneida 1,922 
 
 Alturas 689 Lemhi 988 Owyhee 1,713 
 
 Boise 'S,8'3i \ Nez Perces 1,607 Shoshone 725 
 
 Total 14,999 
 
 MONTANA— Area, 143,776 square miles. 
 
 Beaver Head 722 Deer Lodge 4,367, Madison 2,684 
 
 Big Horn 
 Choteau . 
 Dawson . . 
 
 38 Gallatin 1,578 
 
 517 Jefferson 1,531 
 
 177 Lewis and Clarke. .. 5,040 
 
 Meagher 1,387 
 
 Missonla 2,554 
 
 Total 20.595 
 
 NEW MEXICO— Area, 121,201 square miles. 
 
 Bernalillo 7,591 |Mora 8,056 Santa Fe 
 
 Colfax 1,992 :Kio Arriba 9,204 Socorro 6,603 
 
 Dona-Ana 5,864 San Miguel 16,058 Taos 12,079 
 
 Grant 1,143 Santa Ana 1,599 Valencia 9,093 
 
 Lincoln 1,803| Total 91,874 
 
 UTAH— Area, 84,476 square miles. 
 
 Beaver 2,007iMillard 2,753 Sevier 19 
 
 Box Elder 4,855 Morgan 1,972 Summit 2,512 
 
 Cache 8,229 [Piute 82 Tooele 2,177 
 
 Davis 4,459 Eich 1,955 Utah 12.203 
 
 Iron 2,277 Eio Virgin 450 Wasatch 1,214 
 
 Juab 2,034 [ Salt Lake 18,337 Washington 3,064 
 
 Kane 1,513 1 San Pete 6,786|Weber 7,858 
 
 Total 86,786 
 
 WASHINGTON— Area, 69,994 square miles. 
 
 Chehalis 401 ' KUkitat 329 Stevens 734 
 
 Clallam 408 Lewis 888 Thurston 2,24(> 
 
 Clarke 3,081 Mason 289 Wahkiakum 270 
 
 Cowlitz 730 Pacific 738 Walla: Walla 5,300 
 
 Island 626 Pierce 1,409; Whatcom 534 
 
 Jefiferson 1,268 Skamania 133 Yakima 432 
 
 King 2,120 Snohomish 599 1 The Disputed Islands 554 
 
 Kitsap 8661 Total 23,955 
 
 WYOMING— Area, 97,883 square miles. 
 
 Albany 2,021jLaramie 2,957|Uintah 856 
 
 Carbon 1, 368 1 Sweetwater 1,916| Total 9,118 
 
 The total for the States is 38,113,253 
 
 " " Territories is 442,730 
 
 Whole total 38,555,983 
 
98 
 
 ct. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED PKINOIPAL CITIES. 
 
 CENSUS OF 1870. 
 
 New York, N. Y 942,292 Scrautou, Pa .'30,092; Bridgeport, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. ()74,()22 Heading, Pa :W,930i Erie, Pa 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 39(i,()99 Columbus, O 33,5091 Wheeling, W, Va 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 310,8(54 Paterson, N.J 33,579 i Norfolk, Va 
 
 Chieago, 111 298,977 Dayton, O 30,473 1 Taunton, Mass 
 
 Baltimore, Md 267,354 Kansas City, Mo 32,2(50 ' Chelsea, Mass 
 
 Boston, Mass 250,52(5 Mobile, Ala 32,034' Dubuque, Ta 
 
 Cincinnati, O. . 21(5,239 Portland, Me 31,414 Leavenwdrth, Kan . 
 
 New Orleans, La. . .191,418 1 Wilmington, Del 30,841 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 149,473 1 Lawrence, Mass 28,921 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 117,714 Toledo, O 31,584 
 
 Washington, D. C. 109,199 Charlestown, Mass ' ' 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 
 .105,059 
 
 Louisville, Ky 100,753 
 
 Cleveland, O 92,829 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa 8(5,076 
 
 Jersey City, N. J. . . .82,546 
 
 Detroit, Mich 79,577 
 
 Milwaukie, Wis 71,440 
 
 Albany, N. Y (59,422 
 
 Providence, R. I 68,904 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 62,386 
 
 Allegheny, Pa 53,180 
 
 Richmond, Va 51,038 
 
 New Haven, Ct 50,840 
 
 Charleston, S. C 48,956 
 
 Troy, N. Y 46,465 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 43,051 
 
 Worcester, Mass 41,105 
 
 Lowell, Mass 40,928 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 40,226 
 
 Cambridge, Mass . . . .39,634 
 
 Lynn, Mass. 
 Fall River, Mass. . 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 NashNille, Teuu. . . 
 Covington, Ky. 
 
 Fort Wayne, Tud.., 
 
 Springfield, 111 
 
 Auburn, N. Y 
 
 28,323; Newburg. N. Y 
 
 . 28,233 i St. Joseph, Mo 
 
 . 26,766 Petersburg, Va 
 
 .26,703 [Atlanta, Ga 
 
 . 25,8(55 1 Norwich, Ct , 
 
 .24,505 1 Sacramento, Cal 
 
 Salem, Mass 24,117 Omaha, Neb 
 
 Quincy, lU 24,053' Elniira, N. Y 
 
 ■Manchester, N, H. . .23,536 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa 23,104 
 
 Trenton, N. J 22,874 
 
 Peoria, 111. 22,849 
 
 Evansville, Ind 21,830 
 
 New Bedford, Mass. 21, 320 
 
 Oswego, N. Y 20,910 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J 20,832 Grand Rapid's, Mich 
 
 Lancaster, Pa 20,233 Augusta, Ga 
 
 Savannah, Ga 28,235 Burlington, Vt 
 
 Hobokeu, N. J 20,297 Alexandria, Va 
 
 Poughkeep8ie,N. Y.. 20,080 Sandusky, O 
 
 Camden, N.J 20,045 Lewiston, Me 
 
 Gloucester, Mass 
 
 Cohoes, N. Y 
 
 New Albany, Ind 
 
 New Bruns\\'ick,N. J 
 Terre Haute, Ind. . . . 
 
 Bangor, !\re 
 
 Newport, Ky, 
 
 Hartford, Ct 37,180 Davenport, la 20,038 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. . .36,565 St. Paul, Minn 20,031 
 
 19,960 
 ,19,(546 
 19,282 
 19,229 
 18,(529 
 18.547 
 18,434 
 17,873 
 17,718 
 17,364 
 17,225 
 17,014 
 19,.565 
 18,950 
 ,21,789 
 16,653 
 16,283 
 ,16,083 
 15,8(53 
 15,389 
 15,357 
 15,396 
 .15,058 
 1(5,103 
 18,289 
 15,087 
 16,.5()7 
 15,389 
 14,387 
 13,570 
 13,000 
 13,600 
 
LUCK AT LAST. 
 
 You think I'm nervous, stranger? Well, I am. 
 If 'twa'n't for making silly people talk, 
 I'd get right off this pokish train and walk 
 
 From here to where I'm going — Amsterdam. 
 
 That's where I live, you see. As for Lacrosse — 
 (Excuse me, neighbor, I must talk or bust)— 
 Since I've been there it's three years certain, just : 
 
 And now to laugh or cry is just a toss. 
 
 " Married ?" Why, yes, that's where it is, you see ; 
 
 I've telegraphed her I was strong and well, 
 
 And coming to her ; but I didn't tell 
 That I was rich. I thought I'd let that be. 
 
 It's too good luck, this is, to last, you know, 
 And, stranger, if I wasn't kind of rash, 
 I'd bet my bottom dollar that we smash 
 
 Before — but, pshaw, excuse me, I'U go slow. 
 
 You see, when we were married. Sue and I, 
 
 I was a good mechanic, and not poor 
 
 Until I struck it, as I reckoned, sure. 
 In an invention I was working sly. 
 
 All I could make went into that concern ; 
 And people called me crazy for it too. 
 And said I'd better stick to what I knew ; 
 
 But folks ivill talk, and have lived to learn. 
 
 In all this world I had but one friend then, 
 But she stood by me nobly, through and through, 
 And said 'twould come out right at last, she knew— 
 
 One woman staunch is worth a dozen men. 
 
 'Twas tough, sometimes, though, when a loaf of bread 
 Stood on the table — all the meal we had — 
 
100 
 
 I should have gone aloue, quite to the bad 
 But, through it all, my Susan kept her head 
 
 'Twas her advice that seut me ofT at last — 
 She said she'd work her lingers to the bone, 
 And live for twenty mortal years aloue, 
 
 Rather than give it up — thank God, that's past. 
 
 A hundred thousand and a royalty 
 
 Is what I've got lor going far away ; 
 
 She cheered me by her letters every day ; 
 A million co\ild not pay such loyalty ! 
 
 She knows I'm coming ; but she doesn't know- 
 That I am rich ; and she will be there, too. 
 Dressed in her best — her best, my poor, dear Sue ; 
 
 111 bet a lumdred 't\\ill be calico ! 
 
 " ru dress her now ?" You bet it !— but go slow. 
 This luck's a heap too good to last, I fear ; 
 I shan't believe it till I'm fairly there ; 
 
 The train may smash up, easy, jet, you know. 
 
 The only reason, if it don't, will be 
 That I'm so strongly thinking that it ^\^ll. 
 I'm nervous, say you ? Just a Uttle, still 
 
 The luck is none too good for Sue, you see. 
 
 Hello ! we're here ! — there's Sue, by all that's grand. 
 
 Stranger, excuse me, sir, but would you mind 
 
 To go ahead and tell her I'm behind ? 
 I'm choking : see my eyes — you understand. 
 
 Janesville (HV.s.) Gazette, 
 

 AND 
 
 75 FULTON ST., NEW YORK. 
 
 The attention of advertisers is called to 
 our lists of first class newspapers in all parts 
 of the country, in v/hich we will insert 
 
 At much less than publishers' rates. 
 
 As we are usually able to pay publishers' 
 bills in TYPE and MATERIALS of our own 
 manufacture, we can make better terms than 
 any otlier parties in the business. 
 
 Send for our rate book- 
 Estimates given, upon application^ for any 
 class of papers, and advertisements inserted in 
 any paper in the United States, at publishers' 
 lowest rates. 
 
 DAUCHY & CO., 
 75 Fulton St., New York. 
 
WM. EDGAR SIMONDS, 
 
 S4S MAIN STREET, HAMTFOSD, COIfN. 
 SOLICITOR OP 
 
 AMEMICAI AID EOMEIGl PATEITS. 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦- 
 
 The wrdter of this worh, originally prompted 
 to this profession hy natural tastes, and having 
 enjoyed thorough scientifie and legal training 
 therefor, has been engaged, for the past sLv 
 years, in soliciting letters patent for inventions, 
 in all the patent granting countries of the world, 
 and in the conduct of patent cases in the Uni- 
 ted States Courts, with a measure of success at 
 once sin^prising and gratifying. 
 
 It has heen his aim, in each case he has 
 tahen before the Patent Office, to secure for the 
 inventor all he ivas entitled to, sparing no pains 
 to attain this end. He believes that he can 
 safely refer, upon this point, to each one of the 
 hundreds of inventors for whom he has acted. 
 
 While the records of the Patent Office show 
 that fully one third of all the applications 
 
103 
 
 made for patents are fimdly rejected, the pro- 
 portion of final rejections upon applications 
 made through this office, ivill hardly amount to 
 one tenth. All specifications, and other papers 
 for forei<5n patents, have been fully completed, 
 ready for filing in the office for which they 
 were designed, under his own hand—haridng, 
 sometimes, a translation— and in his oiun office, 
 the significance of which statement can only he 
 fully appreciated by a solicitor. 
 
 As in the past, so in the future, it will be 
 his aim to render a perfect service to inventors, 
 as regards skill, promptness, and fidelity, striv- 
 i/vg to make each case, as it comes under his 
 hand, more perfect, if possible, than the last. 
 
 All businecs connected with preliininary ex- 
 arninations, caveats, a^pplications for patents, 
 reissues, interferences, extensions, disclaimers , 
 appeals, assignments, contracts, searches, opin- 
 ions, infringements, or other patent matters what- 
 soever, he contracts to do in the same manner. 
 As inost inventors find, sooner or later, good 
 work in patent matters is worth everything, poor 
 work worse than ivorthless. 
 
 The writer does not offer himself as a com- 
 petitor, in the matter of prices, with those solic- 
 itors who take work on any terms they can get, 
 yet he knows that his charges are much less 
 
10-t 
 
 thcuv those of other solicitors who are competent 
 to perforin, and do perform the same quality of 
 worh. 
 
 He ivill he pleased, upon request made, to 
 forward a pamphlet circular, ivhich is explicit 
 in tl%e matter of teriyvs, etc., both for home and 
 foreign patcntS' 
 
 If you have a difficult or rejected case, you 
 are invited to submit it for his opinion as to 
 the chances of success, ivhich opinion will be 
 given, usually, ivithout charge, and a fee named 
 upon ivhich the case will be undertahen. 
 
 With reference to suits at law, upon pat- 
 ents, attention is drawn to the following pro- 
 fessional card : 
 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, 
 
 Ijrudtficnj^j^ %\\ !|e |(. j. m^^* 
 
 FATENT VASJES A SuPJECIALTY, 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 On page 12, line 2, the words "as low" should follow the 
 word "fixed." 
 
 On page 25, line 10, ••proportion" should read "proposi- 
 tion." 
 
 On page +7, under head of " Undivided Interests," the 
 words " that it is probably lawful," should be inserted immedi- 
 ately after the word " understand," in Une 2. 
 
 On page 48, line 15, the word " use," should follow the. 
 
 word " MAKE." 
 
 On page 74, line 9, omit the word " such." 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Assignments and Grants 43 
 
 " " Formsfor 45—49 
 
 Advertising, Newspaper 24 
 
 Agents, Itinerant 28 
 
 Articles of Association, Form for 54 
 
 About Solicitors 74 
 
 Brokers, Patent 7 
 
 Cost, First, of making Patented Article 10 
 
 Capital Kequired in Working Patent 14 
 
 Circular, Form for. Describing Patent 20 
 
 Companies, Stock 29 
 
 Census of the United States 81—98 
 
 " — States in alphabetical order 81—96 
 
 " — Territories in " " 97 
 
 " — One hundred principal cities 98 
 
 Errata 105 
 
 Forms — 
 
 For Assignments 45 — 48 
 
 For Articles of Association 54 
 
 For Advertisements 25, 27 
 
 For Descriptive Circular 20 
 
 For Grants 48 
 
 For Licenses 49 — 53 
 
 For Letter, offering to seU Patent 23 
 
 For Mortgage 64 
 
 For Power of Attorney to sell Eights 59 — 63 
 
 " " Eevocation of 63 
 
 " " Agreement to Accompany 61 
 
 For Protective Memorandum 73 
 
 For Transfer of Trade Mark 54 
 
 Grants, Assignments and 43 
 
 " Form for 48 
 
 How to "Work a Specialty 31 
 
 Itinerant Agents 28 
 
 Interests, Undivided 47 
 
 Invent, How to 69 
 
 Invention, Principal Requisites of an 70 
 
 Invention as a Trade 72 
 
 Inventions, Small 71 
 
 Joint Stock Companies 29 
 
 " '• " Form for Articles of Association of 54 
 
 Letter, offering Patent for Sale 33 
 
107 
 
 Licenses ^o' ko 
 
 " Forms of , etc 49— M 
 
 Luck at Last ^^ 
 
 Models Jz 
 
 Market, The, for an Invention 1^ 
 
 Mortgage of Patents 64 
 
 " " Form for o* 
 
 Newspaper Advertising 24 
 
 Offering the Patent, to Whom, How 19 
 
 Preliminary remarks ' 5 
 
 Patent Brokers "^ 
 
 Prerequisites to undertaking Sale 9 
 
 Profit, The, on an Invention 11 
 
 Price to be asked for the Patent 14 
 
 Parts of a Patent, "Value of the 15 
 
 Personal Solicitation 26 
 
 Power of Attorney, Forms for, etc 59 — 64 
 
 Principal Requisites of an Invention 70 
 
 Protection, Cheap and Efficient 73 
 
 Royalties 17 
 
 " Forms for License, with 50 — 53 
 
 Shop Rights 16 
 
 " " Forms for 49, 50 
 
 Solicitation, Personal 26 
 
 Stock Companies 29 
 
 Specialty, How to Work a 31 
 
 Small Inventions 71 
 
 Solicitors, About 74 
 
 To Whom to Offer the Patent, and How to Offer It 19 
 
 Transfer of Trade Mark, Form for 54 
 
 Undivided Interests 47 
 
 Value of Parts of a Patent 15 
 
 j^tmfm^^^^mm^mgm