1 Kk W( Gass. Book. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT WEBSTER'S NEW MODERN ENGLISH DICTIONARY ILLUSTRATED Based Upon Principles Adopted by the Late NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. And upon his Definitions, as revised and developed by John Ogilvie, LL.D. the great English lexicographer, and by other eminent authorities. CONTAINING COLORED PLATES AND MONOTONES, WITH A REFERENCE LIBRARY AND TREASURY OF FACTS REVISED AND BROUGHT UP TO ITS PRESENT STATE OF PERFECTION BY ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. Late Professor in Teachers' College; Associate Editor of Harper's Classical Dictionary, The New Inter national Encyclopaedia, Harper's Latin Dictionary, Etc., Etc. ORIGINALLY PRODUCED, AFTER THE BEST AND LATEST AUTHORITIES ON LANGUAGE, UNDER THE CHIEF EDITORSHIP OF HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. (Late Anthon Professor in the Columbia University) with the able assistance of the following EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS: ALBERT S. COOK, LL.D., JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D., Professor Yale University. Professor in the University of Pennsylvania FREDERIC TABER COOPER, LL.B, Ph.D., <~wat>tttc v Tr»¥-"WQrY\r i>i, r> Late Professor in the New York University K A , JttI?^ Ml ' U ^r A n Editor of the Forum, etc. Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Con- necticut. THEODORE W. KOCH, Ph.D., D.Sc, .„.*„„ . „^ T o Librarian of the University of Michigan and LILIAN H. du BOIS, „-..«,, late Bibliographer to Cornell University. pTmT^v/ 111 W^ 1 * 011 Combined School, ROBERT GORDON GRANT, A.M., Ph.D., Philadelphia. Heidelberg University. C. L. MEADER, Ph.D.,. j. A. JOFFE A.M. Professor in the University of Michigan. Imperial Gymnasium. Ekaterinoslav; Expert j. s. P. TATLOCK, Ph.D. to the Congressional Library. ' *Asst. Professor 'in the University of Michigan. ALFRED W. LAWSON, Editor of Aircraft DONALD L. CLARK, A.B., JULIAN CHASE. Ph.D., Editor o'i. Motor. De Pauw University. This Dictionary is not published by the original publishers of Webster's Dictionary or by their successors* but by the CONSOLIDATED BOOK PUBLISHERS (Incorporated) CHICAGO 1922 <£ o> <&!>: ty\>- W ^ V ♦7 \* Copyright, 1908, By Frank E. Wnght Copyright, 1910, By Frank E. Wright Copyright, 191 1, By Frank E. Wright 'Copyright, 1912, By Frank E. Wright Copyright, 1^16, By Frank E. Wright Copyright, 1919, By Frank E. Wright Copyright, 1920, By Frank E. Wright Copyright, 1922 By Consolidated Book Publishers (incorporated) S£P19'22 ©CU683305 PREFACE In order that a dictionary should he suited to the popular demand for such a work, it ought to possess the three important qualities of Accuracy, Completeness and Convenience. It must be accurate, for misinformation is worse than no information at all. Sound knowledge is wealth, but unsound knowledge has no value whatsoever. Completeness in a condensed dictionary means that it should contain all the words of the English language in general use, and that are not confined to a dictionary of technical terms. Convenience should be sought by making i«t possible for the reader to find instantly whatever he is seeking, and to find at the same time the details relating to the subject, such as the spelling and pronunciation of plurals, the proper use of capital and small letters, the formation of irregular verbs, and finally, the origin of the different classes of words, so that he can appreciate how far-reaching are the sources of our mother tongue. These and other essential points, it is believed, have been duly observed in the preparation of the present work. Its choice of words has been made for usefulness and for general information. The vocabu- lary is arranged in strictly alphabetical order, making quick reference easy, while the size of the type is large enough to render a close and painful scrutiny unnecessary. The pronunciation of each word is plainly indicated by phonetic spelling, according to the best usage of the most cultivated persons. The definitions, though concise, are sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all the most subtle distinctions and modern meanings, and are in every respect accurate and reliable. The highest authorities on the different phases of the English lan- guage have been carefully consulted and compared; while the value of the book is largely enhanced by the monographs which have been written by eminent specialists to form a part of the Introduction. The interest is increased by the many new illustrations and by the varied collection of facts set forth in the Reference Library at the end. . Etymology, or the derivation of words, should also be carefully em- bodied in a dictionary to an extent that may reveal the marvelous and multifarious sources of our mother tongue, while the orthography itself should be slightly simplified in a condensed dictionary — but not so far as to obscure the origin of the words. Finally, Dr. Webster's aim was that the definition should always be simpler than the things defined. Bearing all of his rules in mind, it is believed that the present dictionary is in every way Websterian; for it has followed out the pre- cepts of Noah Webster without varying them at all. Furthermore, a large portion of his vocabulary and definitions, upon which modern scholarship has been unable to improve, is incorporated in this work. In the belief that the demand for a convenient, complete, reliable and modern dictionary has been met in the present volume, it is hoped that the work will meet at the public's hands a favorable reception. THE EDITORS. TABLE OF CONTENTS Origin and History of Dictionaries Origin and Development of the English Language Principles of Grammar Orthography Etymology Syntax Punctuation Marks and Their Meanings Versification and Prosody Forms and Rules Key to Abbreviations Key to Pronunciation Dictionary of Radio and Wireless Words, Terms and Phrases List of the Latest Words Dictionary of the English Language Synonyms and Antonyms Foreign Words, Phrases, Maxims and Quotations Dictionary of Commercial and Legal Terms Glossary of Aviation Terms Glossary of Automobile Terms Christian Names of Men and Women Nicknames of Famous Personages Famous Characters in Poetry and Prose Familiar Allusions Most Common Abbreviations Manner of Forecasting Weather Declaration of Independence Constitution of the United States of America Legal Holidays in the Various States Names of the States and Their Meaning Nicknames of the States and the Reason Metric System of Weights and Measures Legal Interest Rate and Statute of Limitations Simple Interest Table Compound Interest on One Dollar Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money Table of Yearly Wages Table of Monthly Wages Normal Height and Weight of Adults Heights and Weights of Children Distribution of Population of the United States by Sex Leading Occupations in the United States Immigration into the United States American Passports Deportation of Aliens Merchant Marine of the United States Panama Canal Statistics Imports and Exports by Lake Ports Agricultural Exports United States Fire Losses by Years Postal Information American Hall of Fame Presidents of the United States United States Census 1920 World War Chronology Surrender Dates American Effort in the World War Treaties of Peace Regular Armies of the World Navies of the .Five Great Powers Compared Facts About the Earth Average Depth of Oceans and Seas Areas of Oceans and Great Lakes Largest Lakes in the United States Great Ship Canals of the World Longest Rivers in the World Largest Islands in the World Languages of the World Races of the World Religions of the World Origin of the Red Cross Emblem Boy Scout Movement in the United States Heavyweight Champions Fastest Voyages Across the Atlantic Great Steamship Disasters Presidents of Mexico Since June 26, 1910 Wedding Anniversaries Language of Flowers Language of Gems Birth Stones Birth Days AND PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH FULL PAGE AND DOUBLE PAGE COLOR PLATES AND MONOTONES THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DICTIONARIES BY John C. Rolfe, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, President of the American Philological Association and of the Classical Association of the Atlantic States, Formerly Professor in the University of Michigan, etc., etc., etc. The word dictionary in its broadest sense includes word-books of every kind. To these, various names are applied with more or less con- sistency. An index is a list of words in alphabetical order with the place where they occur, but without definitions. When the words are listed in connection with the sentences of which they form a part, we have a concordance; and when definitions are added, a vocabulary. A glossary is a list of rare, obsolete, or dialectic words. A dictionary or lexicon gives the words of a language with more or less completeness, with their etymology, their forms, and a full list of their meanings, illustrated by examples. The word dictionarius (sc. liber) was first used by Joannes de Gor- landia in 1225; the more common dictionarium makes its appearance in the next century. Although from its derivation (from the Latin dictio) a dictionary strictly means a word-book, the term has been extended to books of information such as dictionaries of Antiquities, of Geography, of Dates, of the Bible, and the like. The growth of dictionaries has been a gradual one, and its progress is marked by a comparatively small number of epoch-making works, each of which held the field for a long period of time, either directly or indi- rectly. There are two types, those in which the words of one language are defined in terms of another, and those in which the words of a language are explained in the same language. In the seventh century before our era we find Babylonian and Assyrian syllabaries, made to explain the ancient idiographs by means of phonetic values; and the early "dictionaries" of the Chinese, which they assert that they have had for three thousand years, were doubtless of the same general character. The making of dictionaries in the true sense of the word began among the Greeks, and although only a very small part of their vast output has been preserved, such specimens as we have, together with the references in extant writers, enable us to trace the growth of the science with considerable exactness. The study of Homer by schoolboys first led to the making of glos- saries, to explain the obsolete, poetic or dialectic words. These appear as early as the fifth century before our era, and reference is made to them by Aristophanes in one of his comedies. The scope of these glossaries was gradually extended and their arrangement improved, until Philetas of Cos (c. 325 — c. 265) compiled what may be called the first lexicon to Homer. The founder of the science of lexicography, however, was Aristo- phanes of Byzantium, the fourth head of the great Library at Alexandria and the ablest philologian of antiquity. He wrote a great lexicon treat- ing various classes of special words, sometimes referred to as separate works, which served as a source for generations of lexicographers. IV ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DICTIONARIES v The revival of learning gave a new impulse to lexicography, and old glossaries and vocabularies were hunted up and copied. The humanists of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, however, busied themselves more with stylistic than with purely lexical questions, and a good speci- men of their work is the Elegantiarum Linguae Latinae libri VI of Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457). The Dictionarium of Ambrogio Calepino (Calepinus), published at Reggio in Northern Italy in 1502, contained more quotations from the classical literature. Calepinus at first gave his definitions in Latin; but other languages were added in successive editions, until it finally became a polyglot dictionary in eleven languages. Its vogue was so great, that '"Calepino" became a synonym for "dictionary/' and in France calepin is still applied to a polyglot lexicon. The beginning of modern scientific lexicography was made by Robert Estienne (Robertus Stephanus), a member of the famous French family of printers and scholars. He began with a revision of Calepinus, but found the work sa inadequate that he published an independent Thesaurus Linguae Latinae in 1531. This great work in its successive revisions held the field for more than two centuries. Dictionaries of the modern languages came later than those of Latin and Greek; but appeals for greater attention to the mother tongue were made by Dante in his Be Vulgar i EJoquio and later by Cardinal Bembo; and to-day nearly all the languages spoken by the nations of Europe have their great standard dictionaries. In England the first lexicons were designed as helps to the study of Latin, such *as the Promptorium Puerorum or Medulla Grammatice of 1499 and the Ortus Vocabulorum, or Garden of Words of 1500. The first dictionaries of the English language were confined to the definition of words whose meaning was difficult to understand, and the earliest work of this kind was the English Expositor of Hard Words, published by John Bullokar in 1616. The first work of a general character, in which a complete collection was aimed at, was the Universal Etymological English Dictionary of Nathan Bailey (1721). This, like nearly all the standard dictionaries of different periods, was revised at first by the author and after his death by various hands, and in its successive editions reigned supreme until the appearance of Johnson's great work. In 1747, Samuel Johnson, who had been invited by a syndicate of booksellers to prepare such a work, addressed his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language to the Earl of Chesterfield. In this he laid down the principles which he proposed to follow, illustrating them by numerous passages from the best known English writers, which at the same time showed the necessity for a new dictionary. The nobleman appears to have paid little attention to this address or to its author; but Johnson nevertheless undertook the task and labored at it until his own patience and that of his publishers were well-nigh exhausted. Millar, who had charge of the printing of the book, exclaimed when he received the last pages of the manuscript: "Thank God! I have done with him!'' to which Johnson replied, when the remark came to his ears, "I am glad that he thanks God for anything." It is needless to say that the 1575 pounds, for which Johnson had agreed to make the book, had for the most part been spent in the pay ©f six amanuenses and other incidental expenses, and that the author received little compensation for his labor. Although Johnson to some extent disarmed criticism of his defini- tions by the statement in his Preface "that a few wild blunders and vi ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DICTIONARIES risible absurdities might for a time furnish folly with laughter and harden ignorance into contempt," some of them were none the less derided, such as the classic one of network: "Anything reticulated or decussated at equal distances with interstices between the intersections." In some cases he used them as a vehicle for the expression of his per- sonal feelings and prejudices, as in that of oats, which he defined as "a grain which in England is given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people," to which Lord Elibank retorted: "Yes; and where else will you find such horses and such men?" Johnson's Dictionary was the standard for many years, and it was reprinted and revised by many hands, the best edition being that of the Rev. H. J. Todd (London, 1818), which was itself reissued several times. The advances which have been made since Johnson's time, besides the addition of new words, have been especially in etymology, a science which has been revolutionized since his day, and in the accurate and systematic indication of pronunciation. The first great lexicographer of America was Noah Webster (1758- 1843). His work in its final form was the gradual outgrowth of earlier essays in the same field. He published a Dictionary as early as 1806, and the first edition of his American Dictionary of the English Lan- guage appeared in 1828. The latter may justly be called an independent work, since it was based upon a new collection of material and was advertised to contain 12,000 words and 40,000 definitions not found in any previous work. As the title implies, this was distinctively an American dictionary, admitting words which had heretofore been regarded as provincial and using illustrative quotations from American writers, as well as from British literature. In the selection of the former he pur- posely refrained from confining himself to the best writers, rightly believing that "language was not an instrument so much of literature as of daily association," and that "the dictionary should be a book of reference for the plain reader and a guide to him in the correct use of the vernacular." In his earliest Dictionary, Webster had introduced an Appendix, and this together with the admission of a great number of scientific and technical terms with full and explicit definitions, such as that of tele- scope, gave his American Dictionary something of an encyclopaedic char- acter, which has been more marked with each successive issue. Although the Dictionary still bears the name of its founder, it has come in course of time to represent the work of many scholars, and its characteristic features have been to some extent modified or dropped. For many years the supremacy of Webster's Dictionary was disputed by the dictionaries published by Joseph Emerson Worcester (1784-1865). After various preliminary essays in the field of lexicography, including an abridgment of Webster and an edition of Johnson (in Chalmer's abridgment of Todd), combined with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, Worcester published a series of dictionaries of his own, which culminated in the great Dictionary of the English Language (1860). Worcester differed from Webster in treating the language subjectively rather than didactically, believing that it was the province of a lexicographer to present the language as it existed, rather than to endeavor to improve it according to his own theories. He differed from Webster also in many points of pronunciation and spelling, and while the "war of the dic- tionaries" which the supporters of the rival works waged for many years has passed into history, each dictionary still has its adherents. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE By Albert Staxbtjrrotjgh Cook, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor in Yale University The English language was originally spoken on the Continent of Europe. Some time in the fifth century — the traditional date is 449 — the Angles and Saxons from Schleswig, Holstein, and the neighboring islands to the west and southwest, began to pass over to Britain in such numbers as to leave a permanent trace on the page of history. Attracted, no doubt, by the greater wealth of the more highly civilized country, they made themselves, in process of time, masters of the south- eastern seaboard of what we now call England, and began to drive the inhabitants back into the interior. Eventually they confined this race, the Celtic, almost wholly to Wales, Cornwall, the Scottish High- lands, and, across the narrow seas, to Ireland. The civilization they found in Britain was, on the whole, rather Roman than Celtic, since Rome had built fortresses and roads, established cities, and promoted trade. These Angles and Saxons (there was a tribe of Jutes also, but they play a much less conspicuous part, and may for our purpose be disre- garded) were of the Germanic race, akin to the Swedes and Norwegians, the Danes, the Dutch, and the Germans of our day, or, more strictly speaking, to the ancestors of the latter. These various Germanic tribes spoke what may be called dialects of the original language, which itself was, so to speak, a dialect of a greater unity, the Indo-European lan- guage, other branches of which were Greek, Latin, Celtic (represented, as we have seen, by modern Irish, Welsh, and Highland Scotch), and the Sanskrit of the Hindu Vedas. The earliest specimens of the various Germanic languages — Gothic, Old Norse, Old High German, Frisian, English, etc. — look sufficiently unlike one another when they are superficially compared, though deeper study reveals likenesses and virtual identities at first unsuspected; but they are alike in this respect, among others, that they are all inflected languages, like Greek or Latin, though the most of them are much less highly inflected than either of the latter. The essential difference between an inflected and an analytic language consists, of course, in the fact that the relations between words and ideas, which in the former are largely indicated by the endings or occasionally by the prefixes of words, are in the latter more frequently indicated by other words, or by the mere position of words in relation to one another. English has uncommon facilities for borrowing and assimilating words from other languages. With a few verbs of the old stock, like 6e, have, come, etc., a supply of prepositions and other particles (articles, personal and relative pronouns, etc.), a few inflections (like -s for the plural of nouns and the pres. 3d sing, of verbs, -de for the past tense of verbs, and -d for the past participle), the language may and does appro- priate nouns, verbs, and adjectives from other tongues with the utmost freedom, and even convert one part of speech, after such borrowing, into another. vii viii ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The larger part of the very extensive Modern English vocabulary — quite three-fourths — is made up of borrowings from other tongues, the greatest single contributions being from Latin and French, the French, in turn, being almost wholly derived from Latin. A few Latin words must have been already in use among the Angles and Saxons when they came to Britain. Such are the words from which we have street {via strata), wall (vallum), pound (pondus), mint (moneta), wine (vinum), bishop {episcopus) . These, and a few others, constitute what is called the Latin of the First Period. After their establishment in Britain, and before the Norman Conquest, a much larger number of words was borrowed, representing the Latin of the Second Period, such as our belt (balteum) , candle (candela), devil (diabolus) , line (linea), minister (monasterium) , soap (sapo), tile (tegula) . The Renaissance drew freely upon antiquity, so that a very large number of words, many of them terms of scholarship, were then taken from Latin. Such Latin words add dignity, weight, and sonority, and are often effectively intro- duced to contrast with the briefer English words, as in the following lines from Macbeth: No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. After the Norman Conquest (1066), French, being spoken by the conquerors, soon came to be regarded as denoting the superiority of those who employed it. Among the first French words recorded in English are these: castle, countess, court, empress, justice, miracle, peace, prison, privilege, procession, rent, standard, tower, treason, treasure, war. Some of the words introduced by the Normans replaced the native English expressions: such words of French origin are, throne, crown, sceptre; mercy, grace; peace, war, army, victory. In other cases the native words persist by the side of the foreign ones, so that we have arms, battle, county, and people, as well as weapons, fight, shire, and folk. Since the eleventh century the influence of French upon English has never ceased, being potent in the time of Chaucer, in that of Shakespeare, in that of Dryden, and at the present day. It might be supposed that the language of the British Celts would have made a considerable impression upon their conquerors; but, except for place-names, only a very few Celtic words have come to us through Old English: bannock, brat, brock, down (hill), dun (the color). Ex- amples of later Celtic are: from Irish, bog, brogue, shillelagh, sham- rock; from Highland Scotch, cairn, clan, plaid, slogan; from Welsh, coracle, cromlech, flannel. Though the incursions of the Danes began in 787, and in 1016 a Danish king began to rule over England, the influence of the Old Norse upon English is much less than might be imagined. From this period come such Scandinavian words as fellow, knife, husband, call, take, wrong, law, arrow, earl, viking. A good many words were introduced at later periods, such as odd, ugly, fog, geyser, jib, oaf. The direct influence of Greek may be said to have begun with the Renaissance and the study of Greek literature. During the past century many scientific words have been drawn from this source, such as tele- phone, ceramics, iodine, sphygmograph, isothermal. Other words from Greek are: epic, lyric, church, organ, music, abyss, chaos, cone, lamp, thermometer, pneumonia, myriad, ambrosia, asphodel. ORIGIN OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE i* Italian influence upon English begins as early as the fourteenth century, but no extensive borrowing of words took place before the Renaissance. Of Italian origin are madonna, piano, sonata, soprano, vista, stiletto, lava, volcano, macaroni, doge, and many others. Scarcely a language can be named from which English has not drawn one or several words. No attempt will be made to enumerate more than a few. From Spanish are: duenna, grandee, Jiidalgo, armada, tornado, merino, negro, sherry, cigar. From Dutch: boor, frolic, brandy, wagon, yacht, sloop, yawl. From Hebrew: cinnamon, Sabbath, cherub, seraph, amen. From Arabic: alcohol, algebra, cipher, zero, zenith, ar- senal, admiral, assassin, tariff 1 , elixir, coffee, cotton. From Persian: caravan, bazaar, divan, dervish, ghoul, shah, jasmine. From Sanskrit: brahmin, pundit, jungle. From Japanese: bushido, jinrikisha, sake, geisha, Mikado. From Chinese: tea, typhoon. From various American aboriginal languages: canoe, hammock, potato, tomato, tobacco, cocoa, squaw, wigwam, tomahawk. In the case of the more cultivated languages, their influence is often inappreciable in terms of borrowed words as compared with that which they have exerted upon thought, sentiment, and the music or vigor of the phrase. Thus the Italian of Tasso is at work in the following lines from Spenser's Faerie Queene, though not a single Italian word is to be found in the passage: The silver sounding instruments did meet With the base murmure of the waters fall; The waters fall with difference discreet Now soft, now loud, unto the winds did call; The gentle warbling wind low answered to all. The periods of the history of the language are sufficiently recogniz- able, but can only be approximately dated. The following table repre- sents such an approximation: Early Old English (English of Alfred) Before 900 Late Old English (English of iElfric) 900-1100 Transition Old English 1100-1150 Early Middle English 1150-1250 Late Middle English (English of Chaucer) 1250-1400 Transition Middle English 1400-1485 Early Modern English 1485-1650 Late Modern English 1650- There has been no room to trace even in the barest outline the changes of pronunciation and of spelling from Old English to the present. We have rather been concerned to trace the process by which English has become to a certain extent a grammarless tongue, while retaining the power to wield vast numbers of words derived from every possible source, while continually increasing its sway over the nations of the earth, and while serving equally for science and history, for the plain speech of everyday people and the loftiest flights of oratory, for the organ-music of Milton and the most delicate lyrics of Tennyson or Shelley. PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR GRAMMAR, (from the Greek ypd/jLjxa "a letter of the alphabet") is the art of speaking, reading, and writing correctly. It is comprised in four main divisions: 1. Orthography, which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling. 2. Etymology? which explains and describes the sources from which the words of our language come, together with their classes and modifications. 3. Syntax, which treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement, of words in sentences. 4. Prosody, which treats of the laws of poetry, of poetic prose, and in general of Versification. The study of punctuation, manner of utterance, and poetical figures, is closely allied with Prosody. I. ORTHOGRAPHY Orthography (from the Greek 6p6oypaia y "correct writing") is the art of accurate and approved spelling (Anglo-Saxon, spel), and is of essential importance in the study of the English language. It cannot be acquired wholly by means of rules, since the requisite number of rules would be an impossible burden; nor is it a more practicable method to learn the spelling of a few score words by rote. A few general principles, however, easily remembered, and based upon custom and tradition, will prevent any person from writing in a way that calls attention to his carelessness in spelling. These are given below and, if carfully studied, will be found more useful than a long treatise on the subject. The following words ought to begin with capital letters: The first word of every sentence. The first word of every line of poetry. All names, including pronouns, applied to God. Proper nouns. Adjectives derived from proper nouns. The names of the days of the week. The names of holidays. The names of the months. The pronoun "I". Any leading name which the author wishes to make emphatic. When a word ending in silent e is increased or augmented by a suffix beginning with a vowel, the e is omitted; as, give, giving; sense, sensible; fame, famous; cure, curable. The e is changed into i before fy and ty; as, pure, purity, purify ; active, activity. When the silent e is preceded by v, c, or g soft, it is usually retained before able and ous; as peace, peaceable; courage, courageous. The present tendency how- ever is to drop the e in words where it is preceded by v, as move, mov- able; love, lovable. The e is also retained before fuh less, ly, ment, ness, PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR xi some, ty: as, peaceful, nameless, wisely, excitement, whiteness, whole- some, surety. It is an established rule in the English language that words which end with the vowel e, and lengthen the sound of a preceding vowel (as in file, write, endure), should drop the e on receiving a termination and becoming a derivative, if that termination begin with a vowel (as er, ed, ing, ance). Thus file — filer, not fileer, filing; endure, enduring, endurance, not endureance. But in cases where the e affects the sound of a preceding consonant it forms an exception; as in a word with a soft g, or where, in juxtaposition with another e, it forms one long vowel; thus, singe, singeing; see, seeing. Monosyllabic words ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a long vowel, and words of more than one syllable ending in a single accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double the final consonant in all the derivatives which are formed by a termina- tion beginning with a vowel; as fit, fitted, fitteth, fitting; bar, barred, bar?~eth; abet, abetted; compel, compelZed. Without this doubling of the final consonant, the vowel in the accented syllable of the primitive word (that is the e in abet) would be pronounced wrongly in the derivative (abetted, etc.), namely, with its long sound — fited, bared, abeted. Hence the reason why verbs having the long sound of a vowel do not double the last consonant; as feared, defiled, bloated. Words ending in a single consonant, but not having the accent on the last syllable do not double the final consonant in derivatives; as limit, limited; civil, civiZity; enter, entered. A word ending in II usually drops one I on becoming part of a com- pound word, as all, always; fill, fulfil; full, fruitful; till, until. But there are some exceptions to this rule; as recall, refill, uphill; which, retain the orthography of their monosyllabic roots. Words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change the y into i on receiving an augment; as holy, holier; happy, happiness; pity, pitied. Exceptions — before ing, ish, and 5, the y is retained; as flying, babyish, for pity's sake; also in dryness, slyly, shyness. When the y is preceded by a vowel, it is retained; as boy, boyish; day, days; joy, joyful. Exceptions — gaiety, said, paid, laid. II. ETYMOLOGY By Clabexce L. Meadee, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Michigan Etymology in its broadest sense is a science which aims to give account of a nation's vocabulary, by discovering and describing the elements of words, by determining their changes in sound and meaning, and by tracing out the sources of borrowed words. All living languages are in a state of continual flux. An American of to-day pronounces far differently from an Englishman of Chaucer's or King Alfred's time. Not only the sounds, but also the meanings of words vary, perhaps over even wider ranges. New meanings arise and old ones are forgotten. Thus Old English swlig, which formerly meant "fortunate, happy," but it has become modern silly. In two other xii PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR ways the language is continually altered and enriched: (1) by the rise of secondary derivatives, e. g., Byronlsm, motor-cycle, and (2) by borrowing from foreign languages, e. g., chauffeur, from contemporary French. These borrowings and changes have the effect through their gradual accumulation of entirely transforming a language. To illustrate, the revised version of John 8, 21 reads: "He said therefore again unto them, I go away, and ye shall seek me, and shall die in your sin; whither I go, ye cannot come." Wyclif's translation, made in the fourteenth century, runs: "Therfore efte Ihesus seyde to hem, Lo! I go, and yee schulen seeke me, and yee schulen die in youre synne; whidir I go, yee mowne not come." The close resemblance of this passage to modern English is largely ortho- graphic. The sounds differ widely. English spelling has changed but little in four centuries. If one could hear Wyclif read the passage aloud, the differences would be very striking. The Old English (West Saxon) translation, made about the year 1000, is as unintelligible to most moderns as its Latin original would be: "Witodlice eft se Hselend cwaeg to him: Ic fare, and ge me secag, and ge sweltag on eowre synne: ne mage ge cuman yder ic fare." English texts exist three centuries older than this last. In the language of that more remote period the above verse would seem still stranger. The radical changes in English sounds are illustrated by the fol- lowing words: Old English (eighth to eleventh centuries) hat (pro- nounced bat)=Mod. E. boat; O. E. hdl (hal)=Mod. E. whole; O. E. ges (gas)=Mod. E. geese; O. E. gos (gos)=Mod. E. goose; O. E. deman (daman)=Mod. E. deem; O. E. hwil (hwel)=Mod. E. while; O. E. mona (mona)=Mod. E. moon; O. E. nu (noo)=Mod. E. now; O. E. ful (fool)=Mod. E. foul; O. E. hcelan (halan)=Mod. E. heal. The hypo- thetical primitive Germanic forms of these words, representing a much earlier stage, are as follows: baitoz, hailoz, gansiz, gans, domyan, hwila (pron. xuila), menon-, nu, fuloz, hailyan. The ultimate sources of these changes are the variations of sound and meaning in the speech of the individual. In each individual much variation of pronunciation is occasioned in one and the same word from hour to hour and from day to day by the state of his emotions, by the stress, pitch, rapidity, and loudness of utterance, by chance physiological and anatomical conditions, and by other numerous and fluctuating factors. However, the desire to make one's self understood, the instinct of imitation, the fear of ridicule, the training of the muscu- lar movements of the organs of speech, along with other conditions, pre- vent the sudden rise of excessive changes of either form or meaning. Thus is preserved a close general resemblance in the speech of all the members of the same linguistic community. This constitutes a dialect. The boundaries of such communities (some very large, others very small) are primarily determined not by physico-geographical conditions, although these often play a large part, but by social interests — political, economic, commercial, religious, etc. In America in the nineteenth cen- tury with its railways, telephones and other means of rapid communica- tion, its books and newspapers, and its schools in which a standard language is taught, dialect areas are large and their boundaries vague. Residents of Boston, New York, Chicago, New Orleans and San Fran- cisco notice comparatively few striking differences in each other's speech. But in England in earlier days, as also to a large extent at the present time, dialects covered relatively small areas and were very pronounced. Under favorable conditions the lines of demarcation be- PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR xiii tween adjacent dialects become so sharp and the changes in each pro- ceed so far, that the speech of one community becomes unintelligible to the others. In this way new languages, the French, Spanish, Portu- guese, and Italian, for example, arose from Latin dialects, and thus English developed from the Old Germanic. III. SYNTAX By John S. P. Tatlock, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Michigan. All living languages change. Among races without the steadying influence of civilization and literature they change rapidly; so rapidly in Polynesia, it is said, that a traveler returning to an island after an absence of years has scarcely been able to recognize the language. Only the lack in the eighteenth century of the scientific and historical habit of mind accounts for the extraordinary proposal of Dean Swift, that ''Some method should be thought on for ascertaining and fixing our language forever, after such alterations in it as shall be thought requi- site." "While the most changeful elements in language are pronunciation and vocabulary, Syntax, too, submits to the universal law. By observing the development of the language during some thirteen hundred years, we can see the direction of the change. In general it has been toward the simple, the reasonable and the useful. On the whole, rules have become fewer, less arbitrary, but more invariable. Useless distinctions have been discarded, constructions alike in func- tion have become alike in form, means have become better adapted to ends. The causes of change in syntax have been partly external and partly more purely psychological. Among the former were the influence of the Norse tongue in the Anglo-Saxon period, of French beginning in the thirteenth century and of Latin in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies, as well as earlier. To-day we can detect the incipient influence (not always salutary) of such conditons as the immense development of business, newspaper headlines, advertising and telegraphing; all of which make for the brief and significant, if often also for the barbarous and violent. More important have been causes within the language itself. Among the principal ones (besides phonetic causes) have been analogy and logic; analogy, which is often due to mental confusion, espe- cially influencing the unintelligent, and logic the somewhat more intelli- gent. These forces have been at work as far back as we can see, and they are at work to-day. Analogy has sometimes produced curious and seemingly illogical constructions. There is nothing illogical, it is true, in "You were sent for" as a passive form for "I sent for you," because send for may be regarded as a loosely compound verb. But doubtless this analogy is a main source of such an oddity as "I am promised some- thing," based on "You promised me something." And, finally, analogy is responsible for many new constructions which are felt as more or less objectionable. The example of such a sentence as "Studying gram- mar, I notice my own mistakes in language" has produced what has been called "the derelict participle," as in "Studying grammar, my own mistakes come to mind." It is because a pronoun in the predicate is usually in the objective case that we often hear "It is me," "It is him"; a construction which can hardly yet be called orthodox, though some XiV PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR grammarians defend the former case. The example of sentences like "Who is it?" has produced so many like "Who did you speak to?" that whom seems ready quite to disappear from the spoken language. Confu- sion of analogies, especially by Americans and Scotch, has so deranged the future and conditional forms of verbs that when order emerges it will probably be a new order. Forms to express futurity justified by the best usage, such as I shall, I should, shall you, have largely given place in America to such forms as in "I will be sure to go," "I would like to go," "Will you want to go?" Confusion between the preterit subjunc- tive (which properly has no temporal force) and the preterit indicative has produced such constructions as "If English was [for were] Latin we should [or more likely would] find grammar more difficult." The gen- eral resemblance in meaning between unique and unusual, and between black and dark, has produced such incongruities as more unique and blackest. In these cases other forms in some way associated with those in mind have produced a change which is at variance both with the laws of the language and with reason. With other past and present changes, reason and logic have been the innovator, sometimes judiciously, some- times not. The best of the two, formerly allowable, is now frowned on. Logic and custom are often at odds in regard to nouns singular in sense but plural in form. We now say a means to an end (formerly a mean), but hesitate between the United States (or the committee) iz and are, disapprove of mathematics or measles are, and are disgusted with a woods and a little ways. We sometimes hear debate as to whether we should not say "She looks prettily" instead of "pretty," because the verb is thought to require an adverb (the truth being that when the verb is nearly equivalent to the verb to be, it may take a predicate adjective). Logic not according to knowledge is responsible for the formula "House to be let," for "to let"; to let is not an active infinitive but an old gerund, a verbal-noun phrase meaning for letting, just as good to eat means good for eating. A similar case is that of such alter- native constructions as "The house is building" (formerly a-building, in process of building), or ".... is being built," because is building is confused with the continuous present tense active and seems illogical. Yet it is a pity that the older construction should die out, for who would deny the superiority of "The house has been building a year" to " has been being built a year"? It is false logic, perhaps, applied to a matter rhetorical rather than strictly syntactical, which condemns such a sentence as "A preposition is a bad thing to end a sentence with," and prefers the more clumsy " with which to end a sen- tence." But the first form is not as self-convicting as it appears, for with here is not a preposition but an adverb (as many prepositions were originally). It is not, properly speaking, a short-hand form for the second sentence, for to end with is one of the loosely compound verbs already mentioned, and the modifier may as properly come to the end of the sentence as may a German separable prefix. The basis of conservatism in syntax as elsewhere is to be found in the rules of grammar and in the trend of good usage, which means the practice of the best writers and speakers. Here is the living solidity which keeps linguistic filibustering from carrying all before it. Here, if anywhere, is to be found the answer when a particular form is questioned. If the decree of grammar and usage in regard to syntax is clear, no arguments from analogy or reason avail, for living speech is not a matter of ideal but of reality. PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR XV^ IV. PUNCTUATION Punctuation is the art of pointing written composition in such a manner as may naturally lead to its proper meaning, construction, and delivery; and it thus indicates the several pauses, or rests, between sen- tences, and parts of sentences, according to their proper quantity or pro- portion, as they are expressed in just and accurate pronunciation. The following are the principal stops or pauses in a sentence, viz., the comma (,), the semicolon (;), the colon (:), the period, or full point (.), the note of admiration or exclamation (!), and the note of interro- gation (?). The comma (,) is a pause in reading, or slight break in sense, and is mostly used to distinguish nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; as, "It is very difficult to make fine pictures, handsome statues, good music, good verses." It likewise prevents ambiguity in the sense: as, "Episto- lary writing, by which a great part of the commerce of human life is carried on, was esteemed by the Romans ,a liberal and polite accomplish- ment." When an address is made to a person, answering to the vocative case in Latin, a comma is placed before and after the noun: as, "Com- mune with thyself, O man, and consider wherefore thou wast made." The semicolon ( ; ) is a pause somewhat longer than the comma, and is used to distinguish the different members or parts of a sentence; as, "A vain hope flattereth the heart of a fool; but he who is wise pursueth it not. Be grateful to thy father, for he gave thee life; and to thy mother, for she sustained thee." The colon ( : ) is a pause in reading of still greater length, and shows the preceding sentence to be perfect and entire, only that some remark, further illustration, or other matter connected therewith, is subjoined: as, "He who giveth away his treasure wisely, giveth away his plagues: he who retaineth its increase, heapeth up sorrow." The period, or full point (.), indicates a complete or temporary rest of the voice, and denotes a full and perfect sentence, which is always dis- tinguished by this point: as, "A noble spirit disdaineth the malice of for- tune. His greatness of soul is not to be cast down." The note of admiration (!) is used to express wonder, or exclama- tion: as, "Who art thou, O man! who presumest on thine own wisdom?" The note of interrogation (?) is used to show when a question is asked: as, "What day of the month is this?" It likewise distinguishes a real question from a sentence in the imperative mood: as, "Do you hear me?" •Besides the above points, there are other marks made use of in books and writing as references, or to point out something remarkable or defective: as, Accent (') placed over a vowel, or the last consonant of a syllable, shows the stress of the voice, in pronouncing a word, to be on that syllable over or immediately before which it is placed. Apostrophe (') is a comma placed over a word, to denote the omis- sion of a letter, for the sake of a quicker pronunciation: as, plac'd for placed, ne'er for never. Asterism, or asterisk (*) a star, and Parallel (||), direct to some note at the foot of the page. Obelisk or Dagger (f), refers likewise to some note in the margin, &c; and in dictionaries it commonly shows the word to be obsolete. The Index, or Hand (jfl^ 3 ), points to some very remarkable pas- sage. xvi PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR Breve ( v ) over a vowel, denotes that it sounds short. Circumflex ("), or (") is placed over a vowel to denote a long syl- lable: as, Euphrates, or Euphrates. Diaeresis ('"'), consists of two points placed over one of two conjoin- ing vowels, thus dividing them into two syllables: as, aerial. Hyphen (-), is a short line to join syllables or words together. Makron (marked ") over a vowel shows this vowel to be long. Parenthesis, marked thus ( ) , serves to include a sentence which might be omitted, without any prejudice to the general meaning; not- withstanding it may be necessary for the explanation thereof: as, "Par- don me (added she, embracing me), I now believe what you say." Dash ( — ), is used when the sense breaks off abruptly, or is tem- porarily suspended and continued after a short interruption. A double dash, at beginning and end of an introduced phrase, is now frequently employed in place of the parenthesis. Bracket, or Crotchet, thus [ ] includes such a word from the sen- tence as serves to explain the word immediately preceding: as, "A treatise of [concerning] English Grammar." Paragraph (U), denotes the beginning of a new subject. The pause here may be greater than a period. Section (§), is used to divide a chapter into less particular argu- ments. Ellipsis, marked thus ( ), or (....), denotes that part of a word is left out; as, K g, for King. Caret (A)> is placed underneath a line to show that some letter, word or sentence is left out by mistake, and must be inserted exactly in that place. Quotation ("), is a double comma reversed at the beginning of a line, which shows that a passage is quoted, or transcribed, from some author in his own words. V. VERSIFICATION AND PROSODYj By Charles F. Johnson, A.M., Ph.D. Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. A collection of words constituting a verse or line of poetry is easily recognizable from its structure. For example, the words, "A sensitive plant in a garden grew," would be declared verse at once by the reader because they mark time. In reading it we naturally make four beats, instinctive movements of the hand or head. On looking further we see that all the lines of the poem have the same peculiarity and we conclude that this is the general law of the verses of that poem, though sometimes the beats are not so marked as in the opening line. The beats coincide with the syllables "sen," "plant," "gard" and "grew," which we recognize at once as the accented syllables. But if we write: "A sensitive plant grew in a garden" we see at once here is not a poetical line though we might surmise as before that the "sensitive plant" meant a human soul, and "the gar- den" human society, or the world. The symbolical or suggested mean- ing is not. affected, but the structure is destroyed. The four accents PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR xvii remain, but two of them, those on "plant" and "grow," are close to- gether. We therefore conclude that a verse of poetry consists of ac- cented syllables separated by one or more unaccented ones, or by pauses. An examination of other poems at once confirms this view. The Accent and the Foot The Latin and Greek critics, in whose languages much fine poetry was written, considered that the syllables were long and short; they regarded duration rather than force as marking them. They recog- nized that the short syllables were associated with the long syllables just as we recognize accented syllables as agglutinated to unaccented ones to form feet. To these feet they gave names, as trochee — a long and short syllable, iambus — a short and long, spondee — two long syllables, dactyl — a long followed by two shorts, anapest — two shorts followed by a long, and a few other combinations. They also considered that the time occupied in enunciating a short syllable was half that required by a long one. These names are retained in English prosody for con- venience; an iambus is an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one, and so forth. The term "foot" is retained for the agglutinated syllables constructing a metrical unit. The old marks ( - w ) for long and short are also used in English prosody, though they mean accented and unaccented. English from its earliest history is preeminently an accented language, and accent as applied to it means stress or force, not pitch, as it meant when used by the Greeks. The Line The feet can be combined in many ways to make lines of poetry. The most common is the five-accent iambic line, of which the best exemplar is Pope. Lines are individualized in the pages of a book by special printing, in reading, by a short pause at the end, which is frequently marked by a rhyme. The shortest line may be taken as one of two accents, though single words may be printed as a refrain. Rhyme Since the day of Chaucer, rhyme, coming into England from France and Italy, has generally marked the ends of lines. A true rhyme im- poses identity of the vowel sound of the last accented syllables and its consonant and identity of the following unaccented syllable, if there be any, and dissimilarity of the consonants preceding the accented syllable. "Flowers" and "Hours" are a rhyming pair, and so are "Sorrow" and "To-morrow." As our vowel sounds grade so finely similarity is allowed, but identity is the rule. The rule is so far relaxed as to allow an unaccented terminal to take the rhyme as "Eternity" and "Me." As the function of the rhyme is to make a pleasing echo to indi- vidualize the line, and to add to the artistic complexity of the structure, there is no reason for insisting on the letter of the law, nor have poets ever done so. The Stanza The stanza is a group of lines as the line is a group of feet, and may be called the metrical paragraph. As the accent beat, the number of feet in the lines, the number of lines in the stanza, and the position of the rhymes may all vary, the possible combinations are infinite, from the couplet to the fourteen-line sonnet. A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCABULARY OF THIS DICTIONARY. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. comp. = comparative. conj . = conjunction . def . art. =defmite article. indef. art. = indefinite article. inter j . = interjection. n. =noun. = is the sign of equality. pi. = plural. p.p. = perfect participle, p.pr. = present participle, prep. = preposition, p.t- =past tense, superl. = superlative, v. i. =verb, intransitive, v. t.=verb, transitive. Key To Pronunciation a as in fade, aid, eight, fare, where, a " arm, father, calm, half, laugh, a "at, had, ran, shall, parrot, aw " awl y fall, walk, war, aught, fought. e " mete, we, see, near, marine, tier. e " her, author, bird, word, murmur. e " met, men, merry, kitchen, bury. I " mite, mine, height, my. i " fit, pin, division, busy, abuss. o " home, load, snow, tableau. 6 " form, cord, orb, abhor, cross. o " not, torrid, ontology, what. 65 " moon, move, tomb, rule, oo " hooky woman, wolf, full, push. u " mute, union, new, heum, yours. u " hut, drum, dull, current, oi " oil, ]oy, oyster. ou " house, how, owl. ch " churchy much, match. g good, give, dig, dagger. kh pibroch (Scotch guttural sound) , ng ring, tongue, function, bank. th thine, those, breathe. th ki thin, worth, sympathy. eh " azure, fusion, provision, xviii Dictionary of Radio and Wireless Words, Terms and Phrases The Radio and Wireless have become such important factors and their use so general that special care has been exercised with this original compilation. DICTIONARY OF RADIO AND WIRELESS WORDS, TERMS AND PHRASES EXTREME CARE HAS BEEN EXERCISED WITH THIS ORIGINAL COMPILATION SO IT MAY BE OF THE GREATEST POSSIBLE USE TO BOTH TECHNICAL STUDENTS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC abscissa, the horizontal measure of a curve plotted on square paper. See ordinate, co-ordinate and locus. acceleration, rate of change of ve- locity. accumulator, a storage battery. acetylene, inflammable gas (C2H2). Formed by action of water on cal- cium carbide (CAC2). aclinic lines, lines representing the magnetic equator. acoustics, the science of sound. actinic rays, the rays at the violet end of the spectrum. actinometer, a photometer; a meter for measuring the sun's rays. active spark, one produced solely from energy contained in the con- denser. actual horse power, the exact useful power given out by a machine; found by subtracting the power used by the machine itself from the indicated horsepower. adamant, a substance of extreme hardness such as the diamond. adjustable condenser, a condenser, any part of which may be cut in or out of the circuit; thus varying its capacity admittance, the mho A. circuit of impedance; 11 ohm has an admit- tance of 1 mho. aerial, a system of wires insulated from and suspended at advanta- geous height above ground, gen- nerally being connected through suitable apparatus to earth. Used to radiate energy in form of ether waves from oscillations flowing along it, and to receive energy in form of oscillations from ether waves crossing it. When used for reception the correct name is an- tenna, both terms are used for either receiving or radiating. aerial circuit, consists of aerial and earth, including all coils and con- densers which may be between these and forming a direct path to earth and aerial. aerial tuning condenser, variable con- denser in aerial circuit. Used to vary oscillation constant. aerial wire, wire forming the aerial. aerometer, a meter for measuring the tension of the air. agonic lines, lines passing through certain parts of the earth where magnetic and geographic meridians coincide. There is no declination on these lines, of which there are two. alexanderson alternator, a type of high-frequency alternator which produces continuous oscillations. align, to place or form in line. alkali, series of compounds called bases, including soda, potash and ammonia, which neutralize strong acids. alloy, a compound of two or more metals. alternator, Dynamo arranged to pro- duce alternating currents by em- ploying collecting slip rings in- stead of a commutator. See high- frequency alternator. alternating current, one having its direction of flow constantly changed and incidentally its mag- nitude. That is, one which peri- odically changes its direction of flow. aluminum, Al. white, light, sonorous, ductile, malleable metallic element. KADIO TEEMS Specific gravity, 2.6; melting point, 1,157 degrees Fahrenheit. amalgam, alloy formed with mercury. ambroin, trade name of an insulator made from fossil copal mixed with certain silicates. ammeter, instrument for measuring current in amperes in a circuit. Is connected in series with circuit. Exists in a variety of form, the most common of which depends upon fact that the force a magnet exerts depends upon the number of ampere turns. Therefore the greater the number of amperes sent through its coils the greater will be its attraction of a balanced armature. See also hot-wire am- meter and moving-coil ammeter. amorphous, uncrystallized, that is, having no definite form. ampere, unit of current is that cur- rent which when passed through a certain solution of silver nitrate in water deposits .001,118 gram of silver per second. Flow of one coulomb per second. One ampere flow through one ohm when an E. M.F. of one volt is applied. ampere hour, commercial unit of quantity. Is that quantity which flows in one hour through circuit carrying a current of one ampere. Is equal to 3,600 coulombs. ampere turns, expressed by the pro- duct of number of turns of, and the number of amps, flowing through the coils of an electric- magnet. Thus, one ampere turn would be one amp. flowing through one turn. amplifier, device used to increase the volume of intensity of a re- ceived impulse or signal. See mag- netic amplifier, microphonic ampli- fier, vacuum tube amplifier. amplitude, the greatest vertical dis- tance attained above or below zero during a cycle bv a wave or oscil- lation curve. Of an A. C. it is the maximum voltage or current. analogy, a likeness in certain respects between things which are other- wise entirely different. Explana- tion of radio between things which are otherwise hydraulic analogies. anchor bolts, bolts used to fasten machines to their foundation. anchor gap, small spark gap in aerial circuit used to automatically dis- connect detector when transmitter is being used. The powerful trans- mission spark jumps the gap in- stead of passing through the in- struments. anemometer, a meter for measuring the direction and velocity of the wind. aneroid barometer, an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. angle of declination, the angle which a compass needle makes from the geographic north pole. angle of dip, the angle at which a magnetized needle dips when free to swing in a vertical plane. At the true magnetic north pole of the earth the needle will be point- ing straight down. Is also called angle of inclination. angle of inclination, see angle of dip. angular velocity, the speed of a re- volving or turning body. anhydrous, without water. annealed, softened by a process of heating and cooling. annular, having the form of a ring; ring shaped. anode, positive terminal of a con- ducting current. anode of a cell, the negative pole of that cell. antenna, aerial when used for receiv- ing. Actually a " feeler". See aerial. anti-friction metal, a tin, lead alloy like Babbitt Metal. anti-induction conductor, a conduc- tor so made that it avoids induc- tion effects. anti-logarithm, tables for converting mantissae to logs. antimony, stibium, sb. Metallic elm. S. G. 6.71; Mlt. pt. 860 deg. F. antiodes, points of greatest ampli- tude in a train of waves or oscil- lations. Also called loops and loops of potential. antispark discs, ebonite discs fixed EADIO TEEMS at intervals along brad field tube to assist in preventing sparks in wet weather. aperiodic, untuned. aperture, an opening of any de- scription in a partition. apparatus, a group of instruments necessary for the carrying out of any experiment or for the carrying on of any process. apparent solar day, time between zenith of sun on one day and zenith of sun on following day. arc, when two carbon rods in contact and having an electric current passing through them are separat- ed conducting arc of carbon vapor is formed between them, producing an intense white light. See arc generator. arc generator, a system involving the use of the arc for the produc- tion of continuous or undamped oscillations. arc lamp, a mechanism for automat- ically "striking" an arc, i.e., bringing the two carbons together and then automatically separating them to the correct distance. Mechanism also provided to "feed" the carbons as they are burnt away. The negative carbon is pointed, while the positive has a hollow crater tip. In England arc lamps are usually connected in parallel series, but in America the series connection is used. arc of a circle, any given portion of its circumference. arc rectifier, an apparatus used to change Alternating Current to Direct Current. arc spark, one in which there is a light arcing, due to some current from the transformer leaking across gap which is too small. Gives very poor production of ac- tive sparks. aerometer, an instrument for finding the specific gravity of a fluid. armature, a collection of pieces of iron designed to be acted on by magnet; a part of a generator. armature bore, the space within which the armature revolves. armature coils, the wires wound on the core of the armature. armor, the protective steel or iron wire in which are the currents given out by the machine. In case of motor the coils to which the driving current is applied, wound round an insulated cable. armor cable, wire enclosed in a metal protective covering. artificial magnet, one produced by magnetizing a previously unmag- netized piece of iron or steel. asbestos, an incombustible mineral having a fibrous texture. A poor conductor of heat, or a good insula- tor for heat. asbestos covered wire, a cable of very fine strands of copper wire all twisted together and covered with an asbestos covering. astatic galvanometer, one having an astatic pair of swinging needles. astatic pair, two magnetic needles of equal length and strength fixed parallel with unlike poles adjacent and with magnetic axes in same vertical plane. asynchronous, a motor which does not run in synchronism with the driving alternating current. atmosphere, a complex mixture of gases principally oxygen and nitrogen in a proportion of 21 to 78, surrounding the earth with a thickness or depth of about 100 miles, beyond which is presumed to be a nearly perfect vacuum. Pressure at earth 's surface is about 14.75 pounds per square inch. Density about .08 pound per cubic foot. Commonly referred to as air. Unit of pressure is atmosphere which is equal to a column of mercury thirty inches high at degree C. atom, the smallest portion of an ele- ment that can take part in the chemical action. atomic weight, A. W., weight of an atom of an element compared to one of hydrogen, which is general- ly taken as unity. attenuate, to make thin to lesson the force of. EADIO TEEMS attenuation, the fractional reduction in intensity of a periodic distur- bance as the distance from the source increases. au, aurum, gold. auction, a De Forest type of valve detector. Its distinctive feature is the third electrode. De Forest 's own definition is, "a, relay operat- ed by electrostatic control of cur- rents flowing across a gaseous medium. " It consists of three electrodes in an evacuated bulb, one of these being a heated fila- ment, the second a grid-like elec- trode and the third a metal plate. audiometer, audibility meter. aurora borealis, luminous atmos- pheric and electrical phenomenon radiating from earth's northern magnetic pole. Believed to cause certain static disturbances. audibility meter, an instrument used to measure approximately the com- parative strength of incoming signals. automatic, self-acting. automatic transmitter, instrument for high speed transmission oper- ated by a specially perforated paper tape running between small • wheels. % automatic transformer, a transformer provided with one coil instead of two, part of the coil being trav- ersed by the primary, and part by the secondary current. auxiliary anode, the third element of the amplifier. axis of magnet, shorted line joining the two true poles. B. A., British Association. B. and S. W. G., Brown and Sharpe Wire Gauge. B. W. G-. Birmingham Wire Gauge. B. X v metal tubing containing twin conductors each insulated from the other and both wires wrapped so as to completely fill the tubing. babbitt metal, an anti-friction metal. back E. M. F., counter E. M. F., opposing E. M. F., due to opposing current produced by self -induction set up in a cureuit by a changing supply current. In a cell it is due to polarization. balance, electric, wheatstone bridge. balancer, a small auxiliary dynamo used in three-wire system to balance pressure in the three leads. balancing capacity, an artificial " earth" capacity inserted in aerial circuit to take the place of a natural ground. May be greater but never less than the capacity of the aerial. balancing set, a dynamo used in a three wire system to balance the electromotive force. balance wheel, a fly wheel; a wheel added to machines to prevent too sudden variations in speed. ball and socket joint, a joint in which spherical object is placed within a socket made to fit it. ball bearing, a bearing whose journal works upon a number of metal balls and thus reduces friction. ballistics, the science dealing with the velocity, path and impact of projectiles. ballistic galvanometer, one used for measuring currents of short dura- tion, such as a condenser discharge. It is so arranged that the first swing is proportional to the quan- tity of electricity passing through it during a momentary discharge. It is usually of the reflecting or mirror type. banks, referring to condensers, is a complete unit of a compound con- denser contained in one case. bank winding, an improved and modern form of winding induc- tance, one layer on top of another in such a manner that distributed capacity is reduced to a minimum; a considerable saving of space be- ing, also accomplished. bar magnet, a magnetized straight bar of steel. barometer, a meter for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. bars, commutator, the bars of cop- per or bronze, making up the seg- ments of a commutator of a dy- namo or motor. barretter, a thermal detector. Elec- trolytic detector has a small loop EADIO TEEMS of Wollaston wire inclosed in a glass bulb. Tip of loop is clipped in nitric acid which dissolving the •silver, leaves a short length of extremely fine platinum wire. Bulb is exhausted of air. Tele- phones with one single shunted cell are connected across ends of loop so that a weak current is constant- ly flowing through it. When oscil- lations pass through loop, heat and resistance of platinum wire are in- creased, thus suddenly decreasing passing current, which action pro- duces audible sounds in the tele- phones. May be used as a bolo- meter. base plate, the plate used as a foundation. battery, a collection of coltaic cells or storage cells or of Leyden jars joined up in series. In fact, any collection of units multiplied and used together is called a battery. battery, dry, an open circuit battery containing solified zinc oxychloride of gelatinous silica. battery gauge, a small galvanometer for testing batteries and connec- tions. bearing, the support on which the moving part of a machine rests. bearing surfaces, the surface of bear- ing parts which are in mutual con- tact. beat reception, the method of detect- ing received oscillations, usually undamped, by causing them to in- teract with other locally produced sustained oscillations of slightly different frequency and generally of greater amplitude. The beat or resultant note is the difference between the frequencies of the two independent oscillations. The method is one of extreme sensitive- ness and selectivity. May also be employed, though not (so effec- tively, for the reception of damped wave trains, in which case a hiss- ing sound only is produced in the telephones by incoming signals. Also known as interference and heterodyne reception. beaume's hydrometer, a hydrometer named after its maker; used to measure liquids lighter than water. bed piece, the frame carrying a dy- namo or motor. belline tosi aerial, a directive aerial of square or triangular form hav- ing its base above but parellel to earth. The apex may be either closed or slightly open. Strongest radiation in the two directions of the plane of the aerial and zero at right angles to this plane. The same holds good for reception, the strongest signals being received when coming from the direction of the plane of aerial. bern bureau, a branch of the bureau (agency) of the International Tele- graph union, situated at Bern, Switzerland; established for the purpose of collecting and distri- buting information in accordance with the requirements of the In- ternational Eadio Convention. bichromate cell, a single fluid cell. Consists of two carbon plates im- mersed in a solution of biochro- mate of potash and sulphuric acid with water, between which is a removable zinc plate. E. M. F. 2 vojts. Has low resistance. bifurcation, spreading into two branches. bight, a loop formed in a rope at any place except the ends. billi condenser, consists of a metal- lic tube made to slide over an in- sulating tube having a metallic lining. A variable tubular con- denser. binding post, screws and nut ar- rangement designed and used on electricial and radio apparatus to make proper connection to and from an external source. bipolar, having two poles. Usually refers to a dynamo or motor whose armature rotates between a field magnet having only two poles. Most modern machines are multi- polar. bismuth, bi. brittle white crystalline metallic element. Atomic weight, 206.9; specific gravity, 9.82; melt- RADIO TEEMS ing point, 496 degrees fahrenheit. blower motor, refers to motor-driven fan used to deliver a high pressure blast at the spark gap to prevent arcing. blowout, see magnetic blowout. board of trade unit, (B. O. T.) 1,000 watt hours. One and a third horse power. blind flange, a plate used to cover an orifice. blue stone, crystallized copper sul- phate. bolometer, type of wheatstone bridge having an easily heated resistance, such as a very fine wire in one arm. A barretter may be used. ,bore, the interior diameter of a cylinder. booster, an American expression signifying a small dynamo used in conjunction with main dynamo to temporarily raise, when necessary, its normal pressure. It is general- ly driven by a motor supplied with energy from the main generator and thus becomes a continous cur- rent transformer. Frequently used for charging accumulators of a generating plant. See reversible bookster. bornite, (3Cu2S, Fe2S3) also called erubescite and peacock ore. It is a crystal rectifyer. Used in com- bination with zincite. It is a cop- per ore composed of about sixty parts copper, fourteen iron and twenty-six matrix crystals. Owing to peculiar bronze tint when newly broken is known as il horseflesh' ' ore. It quickly tarnishes, however. boron, B. nonmetallic element. Dark brown powder. Atomic weight, 10.9. b. O. t., board of trade unit. One thousand watt hours. Nearly one and a third horse power. Is the product of power in watts and time in hours divided by 1,000. bradfield insulator, a particular form of leading-in insulator, consisting of an ebonite tube provided with zinc cone and ebonite spark disks, for breaking up continous streams of rain running down outside which might cause serious earthing of aerial. The whole is held in posi- tion, half way through roof of operation room, by means of a stuffing box. The aerial is led in by means of a steel rod running through center of tube. brake horse power, power a machine can exert in doing outside work, i. e., other than driving itself. Power that a ' ' brake ' ' would have to exert to stop a machine. Total power is called indicated horse power (I.H.P.). brandy coherer, early form of mar- coni coherer; see coherer. brass ordinary, alloy composed of about seven parts copper and three parts zinc. brass saddles, small clips used for holding wires in position on walls, etc., fixed by a small brass screw at each end. brazing, the process of joining metals . together. brazing metal, an alloy of tin and zinc. breaker, a switch or other device for opening a circuit. bridle, a short length of rope whose ends are fitted with a thimble for attaching to lugs at each end of spreader. A thimble is also fitted to the middle of the bridle for attaching to the halyard. bronze, an alloy of copper, tin and lead. brown and sharpe gauge, a wire gauge of American standard. brush discharge, a faintly luminous discharge which takes place at the surface of conductors charged to high potential due to ionization. Is also called corona, brushes, fixed carbon blocks or copper gauze held in a position that makes contact with the commutator of a dynamo or motor for the purpose of collecting current generated from or supplying. brush holder, metal clamp capable of adjustment which holds the brush in position on the commu- tator of a dynamo or motor. EADIO TEEMS B. T. U., British Thermal Unit. B. S. G., British Standard Gauge of wire. buckling of plates, during discharge of a secondary cell the plates gradually expand, owing to the fact that lead sulphate has about twice the volume as the same quan- tity of lead peroxide. Should this expansion or discharge take place too quickly, the plates will bend or buckle. buffing wheel, a wheel covered with leather and mounted so it can be rotated; used for polishing. bunsen burner, an alcohol flame burner designed to furnish a max- imum heat upon' applied objects, such as metals and glass. bunsen cell, a cheaper form of Grove cell having platinum foil replaced by carbon rod. In resistance and voltage practically same as Grove. bus bar, a single bar which serves as a common connector for a large number of pieces of apparatus. Also called omnibus bar. bushing, a piece of. composition or fiber used for the purpose of sepa- rating electrical circuits in any given piece of apparatus. buzzer, same as electric bell, but with hammer and gong remover. Used for testing receiver gear by means of a small local circuit. Make-and-break contact is made to serve as small spark gap, the small spark thus formed setting up oscillations which are plainly recorded by the detector. Some- times shunted across and exciting the closed circuit. buzzer practice set, a combination of a buzzer and signaling key ar- ranged on a common baseboard used for the purpose of practicing Morse signaling. B. W. G., Birmingham wire gauge. cable, a heavy electrical conductor highly insulated. calcium anhydrous, quicklime. Placed in discharger or spark gases pro- duced by sparks. call bell, a coherer arrangement giv- ing an audible sound used for call- ing up an operator to be ready to receive signals. It is generally actuated by long dash signals sent by the sending operator. calorie, cal. unit of heat. Amount of heat required to raise one kilo- gram of w T ater one degree centi- grade. cam, a revolving disc rotated on a shaft or spindle and shaped to give a variable motion to a driven element. cam friction, the friction between the cam and the element it act- uates. Canada balsam, a gum used in ce- menting lenses. Obtained from balsam fir. capacity, power of containing. A condenser has unit capacity (farad) when a charge of one cou- lomb creates a difference of poten- tial of one volt between its ter- minals. This farad being too large for practical purposes, the micro- farad is used. carrying capacity, the capacity of an electrical conductor to carry current without overheating. carbon C. atomic weight, 11.91. One of the elements; exists in three form s — charcoal, graphite and diamond. It is used as an electri- cal conductor, for arc lamps and incandescent lamp filaments. The carbons used for arc lamps gen- erally have a core of soft powdered carbon. carborundum, a potential crystal rec- tifier. An artificial silicate of car- bon (SiC) produced in an electric furnace. Has various tints from deep gray to violet purple. Is next in hardness to diamond. Silver gray kind is most sensitive for detector use. Used in contact with steel. cartridge fuse, one in which the fuse wire is surrounded by some nonin- flammable substance, inclosed in a cartridge like cardboard tube and having brass lugs soldered to caps at ends. Used to prevent the hot wire from i ' flying ' ' when fused. cascade, term applied to number of RADIO TEEMS Leyden jars or other condensers connected up in series. cascade amplification, where ampli- fication of received radio signals is accomplished by employing several vacuum tubes in cascade fashion. cascade converter, continental and American term for the motor con- verter. cathode the terminal of an electrical circuit. cat whisker, so called on account of its appearance. Usually a fine spring wire resting lightly on any mineral or crystal of a detector. cells multiple arc, two or more rows of cells in series, but with like poles of terminal cells connected together. cells parallel, all negative poles to- gether and all positive poles to- gether. cells series, negative pole of each cell is connected to positive pole of the one following. centrigrade, freezing point O degree boiling point is 100 degrees. centrifugal force, may best be under- stood by considering a stone when thrown from a sling. The stone travels in the direction which the sling was moving at the precise moment that it was thrown off. The apparent tendency of a body to "fly out" when being rotated is due to the fact that in a rota- tion it is being subjected to force which is constantly changing its point of application, but owing to inertia the body does not so read- ily respond and change its direc- tion of motion. The force which holds the body in check is termed centripetal force, which literally translated means ' ' center seek- ing ". centripetal force, see centrifugal force. cerusite, whitish gray lead ore. Pb- COs. Used as a rectifier. cesium, Cs. atomic weight, 132. C. G. S., metric units. Centimeter gramme, second. chalcopyrites, see copper pyrites. (Cu2s. Fe2S3). characteristic, of a log, it is the whole number, i. e., number to left of decimal point. characteristic curve, one showing relationship between voltage im- posed on a conductor and the cur- rent flowing through it. characteristics of sound, a, pitch; b, loudness; c, quality. charge, a quantity of electricity at rest, measured by units of quan- tity, such as the coulomb. charging accumulators, the forming and reforming of the plates or the changing of their chemical com- position by passing a current through them until the composi- tions necessary to form a primary cell are produced. See secondary check unit, generally called lock nut, a nut placed over another nut on the same bolt to lock the main nut in place. chemical compound, two or more elements combined by chemical action. Compare mechanical com- pound. chloride, a non-inflammable gas, ato- mic weight 34.90. Specific gravity 1.4. choke cells, cells wound to have great self induction. Usually wound over an iron core, which is general- ly composed of a bundle of wires, "tails" or laminated sheets in- sulated from each other to prevent eddy currents. The choking effect is called impedance. choke coils, coils of wire wound on an iron sometimes called induction coils. chromic acid cell, same as bichro- mate cell, but has fluid of chromic acid and sulphuric acid in place of bichromate of potash. Low inter- nal resistance. E. M. F. two volts. chronoscope, an instrument for meas- uring very short intervals of time. cipher, commercially, groups of five letters or groups having a secret meaning. Compare code. Some government ciphers have more than five letters per group. EADIO TERMS circuit, the path through which the current flows. circuit-breaker automatic, a device that automatically breaks the cir- cuit in case of overload. circuit closed, oscillating, the path in which electric current flows is called the circuit. It may consist partly of a metallic conductor and partly of the dielectric of a con- denser. If this condenser has its plates very near together so that the lines of electrostatic force are mostly contained between the two plates, the circuit is called a closed oscillating circuit. circuit open or radiating, a circuit comprising in part a metallic con- ductor and in part a condenser, the plates or faces of which are very far apart, so that the lines of electrostatic force extending from one plate to the other stretch far out into the surrounding space. circuit, grounded, a circuit where the return wire is done away with so^ that the earth completes the circuit, as in wireless work. circular mil, area of a circle having a diameter of one mil. F. P. S. Clark cell, formerly the standard cell, but now replaced by the Weston cell. Container is a glass tube. At the bottom is mercury, the H. P. element, then a paste of mercurous sulphate and saturated zinc sul- phate paste but not in contact with the mercury. A platinum wire, insulated by a small glass tube, makes contact with the mercury and forms positive pole. E. M. P. 1.43 volts at 15 degrees centigrade. cleats, porcelain wall fasteners for wires, consisting of a base having two grooves. clips, small mechanical spring devices to receive the wires, and a cover- ing piece. The whole being held in place by a single screw through the middle. Used to make a con- tact or connection with any circuit. clockwise, a machine or other device that runs in a right hand direction; that travels as do the hands of a clock. close coupling, exists where primary and secondary of jigger or oscil- lating transformer are very close together, when inductively coupled ; or if direct coupled, when a large proportion of the turns are com- mon. Causes much mutual in- ductance. cloth wheel, a polishing wheel. clutch, a device for engaging or dis- engaging two pieces of shafting. coatings, tinfoil of Leyden jar, or metallic plates of any condenser. code telegraphic, an alphabet made up of dots and dashes. code, real words, not forming com- prehensive sentences or pronounce- able artificial words. Compare with cipher. coefficient, a number by which the value of a quantity must be multi- plied to give numerical value of another quantity. coefficient of coupling, ratio between the mutual inductance and the square root of the product of the individual inductances. coercive force, magnetic force neces- sary to remove all residual mag- netism. See also retentivity. coherer, a detector based on the im- perfect contact of certain points in a circuit becoming almost per- fect in presence of electro-mag- netic waves, thus permitting a cur- rent to pass from a local battery owing to a decreased resistance. See Marconi, Brandy and Lodge. coil, a series of rings or turns of wire. coil, induction, built the same as a transformer; has a laminated iron core and a primary and secondary coil. coil, resistance, a coil of some poor conducting metal wire such as German silver. Used to offer resis- tance to flow of current. A rhe- ostat. coincide, two or more articles that occupy the same place in space. collets, small porcelain tubes having a collar at one end held in position by a screw passing through the center of tube. Used for laying twin wires. 9 RADIO TEEMS commutator, a two-way switch used for changing the direction of a current in a circuit. On a dynamo or motor, refers to the number of copper strips fixed on a cylinder of insulator and parallel to the axis of armature shaft, to which are affixed the ends of armature windings. Produces a direct cur- rent from the alternating current which dynamos naturally generate. compass radio, a name given to a form of radio telegraphic direction finder by which the bearing of a transmitting station can be ascer- tained by the receiving station. complement of angle, amount neces- sary to be added to produce a right angle. complement of arc, amount neces- sary to be added to an arc to pro- duce a right angle that is, ninety degrees of a circle. compound, a combination of two or more elements. See chemical com- pound, and mechanical compound. compound magnet, a number of mag- nets used as one, having like poles adjacent. A laminated magnet, magnetic battery. compound-wound generator, one hav- ing its field magnet winding partly in shunt with generated current. Gives a constant E. M. F. concentric, having a common center. condenser, two or more sheets of metal separated by an insulator, called the dielectric, which form a collector of electrical energy. See Billi condenser, Leyden jar. Vari- able condenser, disk condenser. condenser, adjustable, a condenser, part of which may be cut in or out of the circuit, thus varying its capacity. condensers in parallel, increase total capacity. Is same as increasing size of plates. condensers in series, decrease total capacity. conductance, property of a body for conducting electricity. Unit is mho, which is the reciprocal of the ohm. conductor, a material through which electricity passes freely. All metals are so styled. conductivity, the reciprocal of the ohm. Unit is the mho. (ohm written backwards.) conductively coupled, see direct coupled. conduit, a metal pipe through which electrical conductors are run. cone insulators, see strain rod in- sulators. consequent poles, poles occasionally produced in a magnetic during magnetization, other than the true poles, "end*' poles. constant load, a load whose pressure is steady and invariable. contact, electric, a contact between two conductors giving a contin- uous path for the current. contact breaker, any appliance for quickly opening or closing a cir- cuit. continuous, uninterrupted, without break or interruption. continous current, direct current. A current that always runs in the same direction. The opposite to alternating current. continuous waves, waves whose am- plitude are constant. Waves pro- duced by frequency multiplying transformers. converter, an electrical machine or apparatus for changing the poten- tial difference of an electrical current. convective discharge, a continuous discharge from high frequency or high potential apparatus. copper, cur. cuprum, metallic element, A. W. 63.1. S. G. 8.9. val. 2. chem. eq. 31.5. El. chem. Ew. 0.000,328,1 S. R. Annealed 1,561 S. E. Hard drawn wire 1,621. A metal; one of the elements; a good conductor of electricity. copper pyrites, copper ore contain- ing iron occurring in several forms. One of which is CuFeS2 and another which is Cu2S. Fe2S3 known as chalcopyrites. It is a copper sulphate having a brilliant brass yellow color. Used as a low 10 EADIO TEEMS potential rectifier crystal, in con- junction with Zincite. copper sulphate, (CuS04. 5H20). A salt of copper. Also known as blue stone and blue vitriol. core, the iron center of an electro- magnet. Center strand of multi- strand wire. core disc, toothed disc stampings of thin sheet iron which compose the laminated core of an armature. core type, transformer having the majority of its core inside both coils. corona, brush discharge effect sur- rounding a condenser or other apparatus actuated by high poten- tials. corrosion, chemical action which causes destruction of metals, usual- ly by oxidation or rusting. corrugated, formed with a surface consisting of alternate valleys and ridges. cosecant, secant of complement of an arc. cosine,, sine of complement of arc. cosine curve, see sine curve. cot, see cotangent. cotangent, tangent of the comple- ment of an arc. cotter pin, a headless split pin. coulomb, unit of quantity of elec- tricity. That quantity which flows in one second through a con- ductor carrying a current of one ampere. Three thousand six hundred coulombs equal one am- pere-hour. coupling, the connection of two oscil- lating circuits. coupling waves, the two waves pro- duced when oscillating circuits are coupled. coupling, coefficient of, this is gen- erally expressed as a percentage and denotes the ratio of the mutual inductance of two circuits to the square root of the product of their separate self-inductances. The coupling is thus spoken of as a 5 or 10 per cent coupling or more. It is generally called weak when less than 5 per cent, and strong or closed when more than 10 per cent. coversin, see co versed sine. coversed sine, versed sine of com- plement of an arc. crater, the depression that forms in the positive carbon of a voltaic arc. C.P., abbreviation for candle power. crystals, bornite, carborundum, cop- per pyrites, galena, graphic tellu- rium, iron pyrites, nagyagite peri- con, radiocite, silicon, sylvanite, tellurium and zincite. crystal detector, one depending upon fact that certain combinations of metallic crystals and metals pass more readily in one direction than the other, thus having a rectifying effect upon a train of oscillations, converting it into an intermittent direct current which may be made to work a sensitive telephone. Crystals may be cleaned with car- bon bisulphide. See crystals. current, rate of flow of electricity, the unit of which is the ampere. current, alternating, a current that is continually changing both its strength and direction. A current that changes its flow of direction so many times a second according to the construction of the alter- nator. These changes are called cycles. current, direct, a current that always flows in the same direction. The opposite to alternating current. current, frequency, the number of times alternating current changes its flow of direction in a second. These changes are called cycles. current, induced, a current produced in a conductor by induction. current, negative, the current which deflects the needle to the left in a single needle telegraph system. current, positive, the current which deflects the needle to the right in a single needle telegraph system. current, secondary, the current in- duced in the secondary coil of a transformer or induction coil. current reverser, some appliance, generally a switch, for changing the direction of a current in a con- ductor. 11 RADIO TERMS current in a circuit, in amperes equals pressure in volts divided by re- sistance in ohms; or, C equals E over R. curve drawing or plotting, a graph- ical method of showing relation- ship between different dimensions, or path of a movement. cutout, any arrangement by which an electric circuit automatically opens itself if the current exceeds a certain value. The most ordi- nary form of cutouts is a fusible wire, but for larger currents a magnetic cutout is employed in which an electro-magnet traversed by the current opens a switch when the current exceeds a certain fixed value. cycle, a term given to the alterna- tion of an alternating current cir- cuit. cyclic, pertaining to or contained in a cycle. cymometer, fleming wave -meter. Has the variable inductance and capac- ity operated by one handle. cymoscope, a wave ' ' seer ' \ cypher, cypher. damping, the dying down of an am- plitude in a train of waves, due to radiation from and resistance of an oscillating circuit. damping factor, this refers to the numerical or algebraic expression giving the ratio between the am- plitude of one oscillation and the one preceding it either in the same or opposite direction. daniell cell, a double-fluid cell, which consists of an amalgamated zinc rod immersed in a dilute solu- tion of sulphuric acid contained in a porous pot, which is in turn immersed in a solution of copper sulphate contained in a copper pot. The CuS04 is the depolar- izer. Gives a constant flow E. M. F. at 1.1 volts. The internal resistance is also fairly constant. dash coil, an induction coil for jump spark ignition. d. c, direct current. dead beat, instruments whose point- ers move to their position steadily without undue oscillation and come to a ''dead" stop. dead beat discharge, nonoscillatory discharge. One reaching its maxi- mum rapidly and then slowly dying away. declination, see angle of declina- tion. decoherer, tapper. decrement, rate of damping natural log of successive current, ampli- tudes in the same direction. De- caying percentage of an oscilla- tion. decrement, logarithmic, the loga- rithm of the ratio of the amplitude of one oscillation to the next oscillation in the same or oppo- site direction. If the two suc- cessive oscillations are in the op- posite direction then the decre- ment is called the decrement per semi-period, and if the two suc- cessive oscillations are those in the same direction the decrement is called the decrement per com- plete period. decremeter, an instrument for meas- uring decrement. Wavemeter. degree of coupling, percentage coup- ling. delta grouping, a method of connect- ing up three phase windings. The three lines are joined to three meeting points. Also called mesh grouping. density, specific gravity. depolarizer, chemical substance used in a primary cell to prevent local action or polarization. detector, any apparatus which con- verts the oscillations received by the aerial into visible or audible signs. See coherer, crystal, elec- trolytic, magnetic, vacuum tube. deterioration, state of growing worse. deviation, divergence from a course. dia-magnetic, meaning non-magnetic. diameter, line passing through the center of a circle and terminated at both ends by the circumference. diaphragm, the iron disk in a tele- phone which sets up the audible sound waves from vibrations 12 EADIO TEEMS caused, by the periodic attractions of the telephone magnets. dielectric, the insulator between the plates of a condenser. Every in- sulator used as such is a dielectric, even the rubber covering of a wire. dielectric constant, the dielectric constant of a medium or substance is the ratio of a condenser capacity having this medium as a dielectric to the capacity of the same con- denser having air as its dielectric. For instance, air has a constant of 1; mica, 5 to 8; glass, 3 to 9; etc. dielectric strength, the strain which a dielectric can stand without breaking down and permitting a spark to pass. diffraction, the bending of waves around an obstacle. In case of the earth the electromagnetic waves sent out from a radio trans- mitter follow around the earth's curvature to a large extent. direct coupling, a coupling in which the inductance coils of both cir- cuits' are metallically or directly connected. direct current, D. C, current flowing continuously in one direction. Con- tinuous current. direction, the direction of an electric current is supposed to be from the positive pole to the negative pole of the circuit. direction finder, two Bellin-aerials at right angles, each of which has in the middle of the lower side a coil which acts inductively upon an- other coil in detector circuit, and which is capable of being swung until parallel with either aerial swinging detector coil is parallel to coil of aerial whose plane is in direction of oncoming waves. In practice calibration is arranged to give readings so that weakest sig- nals indicate direction, since zero position is much more sharply de- fined than maximum. Also known as radio compass. directive aerial, a bent aerial gives greatest radiation in plane of aerial, but in opposite direction to which open or free end points. If an inclosed aerial, radiation is equal in both directions of the plane, and zero is at right angles to the plane. directly excited aerial, plain aerial, P. A. One having the spark dis- charge taking place in the aerial circuit. direct loose coupling, one in which the two inductance coils, though metallically connnected, are at a distance from each other, or in which only a few turns are com- mon to both circuits. direct tight couplings, exists where one circuit has its inductance formed by taking off number of turns from the coil actually em- ployed as inductance in the other circuit. Or when ratio between common turns is large. Also called direct close coupling. disk condenser, a variable condenser having its two sets of plates com- posed of semicircular interleafing metal vanes, separated by insulat- ing disks or air, the whole being mounted in a circular case. One set of vanes is fixed, while the other, mounted on an interleafing of vanes, and thus any required amount of capacity, discharge, to dissipate electric energy from a cell condenser or any other charged body, discharger, that piece of apparatus in the primary oscillatory circuit in which the spark or arc takes place. disk discharger, a disk having a num- ber of metal studs on its periphery capable of ad justment/ the whole being rapidly rotated between two electrodes, which may be either fixed or formed of rotating disks with or without studs. disruptive discharge, discharge in form of a spark. Due to sudden breaking down of resistance be- tween discharges. distance sparking, the distance be- tween electrodes which a spark from some source will jump. distribution box, a metal box or cabinet containing a distribution 13 EADIO TEEMS panel together with fuses, switches, etc. double fluid cell, one in which the plates are each immersed in differ- ent liquids. double pole switch, one which simul- taneously makes or "breaks both positive and negative wires of circuit. downlead, wire connecting elevated portion of aerial to the instru- ments. Portion passing into cabin is called leading in wire. drum armature, one having the wind- ings round the core laid to the shaft. dry cell, consists of a zinc retainer, having a lining of plaster of par is and flour, moistened with a satu- rated solution of salammoniac in the center of wich is a carbon rod surrounded by manganese dioxide and crushed carbon. The whole is sealed up with pitch, with two small vent holes left for the gases to escape. Polarizes rather rapidly. duplex, twofold, working two ways. dynamics, the mechanics of moving forces or motion, the reverse of static. dynamic equator, an irregular curve encircling the earth drawn through the point of each magnetic merid- ian where magnetic intensity is least. dynamo, any machine capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Usually consists of rotating coils of wire (arma- ture) which cut lines of force pro- duced by electromagnets (filed magnets). A motor is a dynamo which causes it to rotate. dyne, C. G. S. unit of force. Is that force which, when acting on a mass of one gramme for one second, gives it a velocity of one centi- meter per second; 3,835 dynes equal 1 poundal, the F. P. unit. dynometer, a meter for measuring mechanical force. duplex radiotelegraphy, a system of sending and receiving in which the two operations can go on simul- taneouslv without interference. earth, the term earth is broadly used, and refers to any connection to earth, even when such connection takes place through the sea or a river. earth connection or earths, the con- nection to the upper portion of the earth 's crust which is used in most systems of wireless telegraphy takes the form of a number of the metal plates or wires imbed- ded in the ground. earth arrester small spark gap con- sisting of two brass disks separa- ted by a disk of mica. Aerial is connected to top plate, and earth to the lower. Eeceiving gear is shunted across gap, thus only receiving charges not strong enough to spark across and do damage to delicate detector, etc. earth bolt hexagonal, a six sided brass bolt with nuts at each end, used for attaching earth wire to hull of a ship. earthed aerial, any type of aerial using the earth as balancing capacity. earth plate, a metallic plate buried in the ground, to which are at- tached the earth connection. earth wires, wires leading to earth poles or other connections to earth. Also refers sometimes to a net- work of wires buried in earth instead of earth plates. ebonite, vulcanized India rubber; a non-conductor of heat and elec- tricity. Similar to vulcanite. economizer, a step-down transformer. eddy currents, stray currents set up in core of electromagnets when magnetized by an alternating cur- rent, which dissipate themselves in the core, producing heat and causing loss due to electro-mag- netic induction of induced pres- sures set up in the core. They are reduced by insulating- the lam- inations of the core from each other with paper or varnish, etc.. also called Foucault currents. edison cell, a type of accumlator having positive plates made of 14 EADIO TEEMS nickel hydroxide and flake nickel pressed in alternate layers into tubes formed of helical coils of strip nickel. Negative plates are of iron oxide and mercury held in perforated steel pockets. The separators are of rubber. The electrolyte is a solution of caustic potash. Furnishes about 1.2 volts. efficiency, generally expressed as a percentage and is the number which denotes the ratio between the output of any apparatus for transforming energy, and the intake of energy, both being reckoned in the same units. einthoven galvanometer, one used in conjunction with photographic recorder. Consists of an extreme- ly thin thread of silvered glass stretched between poles of a strong magnet. The thread is in series with some suitable rectify- ing detector so that passage of oscillations set up a current in it (thread), which, owing to the mag- netic field thus, set up, is deflected, the slight deflection being magni- fied and photographed on to a moving strip of sensitized paper. electric absorption, the peculiar ' ' soaking " up of a charge by a dielectric which delays a condenser in receiving its maximum charge producing "lag" in discharge, thereby forming residual charges. electric field, space surrounding an electrified body in which its influ- ence can be noticed. Electric strain in a dielectric medium caused by an electrified body. electric induction, electric strain in a dielectric medium. See induc- tion. Production of electrical effects at a distance. electricity, from Greek word ( l elec- tron", meaning amber. One of the earilest known methods of pro- ducing electric charges was by rubbing amber with silk. An unknown power; a powerful physi- cal agent which manifests itself mainly by attraction and repul- sion; also by luminous and heat- ing effects, by violent commotions, by chemical decompositions and many other phenomena. The word was first used by Dr. Gilbert of Colchester, England, in the year 1600. electricity ray, a stream of electrons electrics, certain substances which can be electrified by friction. electro-chemical equipment, the con- stant quantity of each element of an electrolyte which is depos- ited by unit quantity of electricity. Weight in grammes deposited by one coulomb. In the work for abbreviation is el. chem. eq. electrodes, specially constructed ter- minals for passing an electric cur- rent through any desired sub- stance. See electrolysis. electrodynamics, science of electric- ity in motion. Current electric- ity. Electrokinetics. electrokinetics, see electrodynamics. electrolysis, the decomposing of a compound into its component ele- ments by passing an electric cur- rent through it. Electrodes, points at which the current enters (anode) and leaves (cathode or kathode) the compound to be decomposed (electrolyte). Ele- ment given off at the anode is the anion; that given off at the cath- ode is the cation or kation. In case of water oxygen is the anion and hydrogen is the cation. electric horse power, 746 watts are equal to one unit of electric horse power. electrolytic detector, consists of a fine platinum wire just touching an electrolyte contained in a small platinum cup. Electrolyte may be either 10 per cent solution of sul- phuric acid, dilute alkaline solu- tion, or a 20 per cent solution of nitric acid. Current from a local battery, which is connected to cup and point, keeps point covered with small bubbles owing to elec- trolysis. Passing oscillations break through these bubbles, de- stroying their insulating properties, and permit a momentary current 15 KADIO TERMS from local battery to flow through phones. electro-magnet, a rod of iron, usually soft, rendered temporarily mag- netic by a current passing through the insulated wire coiled round it. The current does not actually enter the iron, but merely flows around it. electro-magnetic inertia, reluctance to change. electrometer, early form of voltmeter. electro motive force, another term for electric pressure or voltage. electron, ultimate or final atom of negative electricity. An atom plus an electron is a negative ion, an atom minus an electron a posi- tive ion. Electrons also called negative corpuscles. electrophorous, an induction instru- ment for producing small charges of static electricity. Consists of two disks, a thin brass one at- tached to an insulating handle and an ebonite one lined on the lower side with tinfoil. The ebonite is rubbed with fur, giving it a posi- tive charge; brass disk held by insulating handle is now placed on ebonite, momentarily connected to earth and removed when it is found to be carrying a positive charge. electro-static field, range of space over which an electrified body has the power of inducing a charge, no matter how weak, into an unelectrifled body. electroscope, an instrument for detecting static charges of elec- tricity. Usually consists of two fold-foil leaves suspended on a brass rod held in a glass retainer with a metal disk on other end. When a charge is brought near to the disk both leaves become simi- larly charged, therefore repel each other and diverge. electrostatic induction, induction arising from static charges. electrostatics, the science of elec- tricity at rest. element, a pure simple substance which is indivisible into other com- ponent substances by any known method. Compare compound. There are about eighty known elements. Each element has a symbol, which is usually the first or first two letters of its Latin name, e.g., Au stands for aurum which is Latin for gold. Most metallic elements in the Latin end in um. embosser, telegraph, a receiver which embosses telegraphic paper tape. emergency apparatus, a small power set of transmitting gear carried on board ship, in addition to the main transmitter, which can be worked independently of the ship 's supply of electricity. Con- sists usually of a battery of accu- mulators and a ten-inch induction coil. Later types have sufficient batteries to operate a complete high power set. emery wheel, a machine used for grinding. E. M. F., electromotive force. Unit is the volt, which is that electric pressure necessary to force a cur- rent of one ampere through a con- ductor having a resistance of one ohm. energy, potential power of work. energy, electric, unit is the volt cou- lomb or volt ampere. energy stored in a condenser, is directly proportional to capacity of condenser, and proportional to the square of the imposed voltage. Thus energy equals half of pro- duct of quantity times volts, or half product capacity times volts square. E. P. S., accumulator having pasted plates after the Faure principle, but built up on a special pattern of grid. equidistant, placed at equal distance from the same point. equip otential surface, a surface at every point of which the potential has the same value. Lines of force cut equipotential surfaces at right angles. equivalent, electro-chemical, the weight of a substance set free by one coulomb of electricitv. 16 KADIO TEEMS equator of magnet, plane at right angles to axis and passing through neutral line. ERG., C.G.S. unit of work. Work done by one dyne moving its point of application one centimeter. 421,390 ergs equal one foot- poundal. ether, name given to an imponder- able medium presumed to permeate all matter and space. The stand- ard or ultimate dielectric medium to the action of which all electric and magnetic phenomena are to be referred. excite, to electrify or to magnetize, as, for instance, a dynamo's field magnet. exciter, small auxiliary dynamo used to excite magnetic field of some types of generators. external circuit, the whole of a cir- cuit including the instruments, outside the generator. fahrenheit, thermometer whose freez- ing point is at 32 and the boiling point at 212. fathom, a measure of length ; six feet. farad, unit of capacity. Conductor has capacity of one farad when a charge of one coulomb raises its potential by one volt. This being too big for practical purposes, the microfarad is usually employed. See microfarad. faure plates, accumulator plates partly artificially formed by past- ing lead grids with red lead (minimum). After a few charges and discharges the plates become completely formed into positive plate of lead peroxide, Pb02, and negative plate of spongy lead, Pb. feebly dampt, a train of oscillations having many complete oscillatory motions. feeder, a main wire or set of wires. feeder, positive, the wire connected to the positive pole of a generator. feeder, negative, the wire connected to the negative pole of a generator. feeder, neutral, the wire connected to the middle or neutral point in a three-wire system. The wire common to both generators. field magnets, those electromagnets producing the magnetic field through which the armature of a dynamo or motor rotates. field regulator, a variable resistance regulating power supplies to field magnets. flame arc, one produced between carbons impregnated with or hav- ing a core of certain chemicals, such as calcium fluoride, etc. flats, dark marks which appear on commutator or slip rings of a dy- namo alternator or motor. Easily removed with very fine emery and an oily rag. flat-top aerial, aerial whose upper portion is parallel to earth. See T aerial and inverted L aerial. flat tuning, exists where adjustment of tunes may be varied consider- ably without materially altering the strength of the signals heard in the phones. fleming valve, see valve. flex, a flexible wire formed by twist- ing together a number of very small wires. flux, the act of flowing motion of a fluid. Liquid state from action of heat. A compound used in soldering to cause two molten metals to flow together, i. e., to unite. See also Magnetic Flux. flux density, number of lines of force per sq. cm. x section, in a mag- netic substance of field. Symbol B. foci, (plural of focus) central points. Points of convergence. foot pound, the resistance equal to one pound moved upwards one foot. force, that which produces or tends to produce a change in body's state of rest, or change its uni- form motion in straight line. forced oscillations, oscillations hav- ing different frequencies to natural frequency of a circuit in which they are set up. F. P. S., British system of units. Foot, pound, second. freak, a sudden peculiar change in the working range of radio station, 17 RADIO TEEMS without any alteration being made with regard to power or arrange- ment of instruments. Range may increase or decrease, while being strong at a much more distant one. Usually occur at night and early morning mainly in fine weather and between 20 and 40 degrees both sides of the equator, but occur with less frequency in all latitudes. free magnetism, magnetism not actu- ally confined to the poles of a magnet. free oscillations, oscillations having the same frequency as the natural frequency of the circuit in which they are set up. frequency, number of waves of com- plete oscillations per second. Periodically. frequencies, radio, frequencies higher than those corresponding to the normally audible vibrations and usually above 10,000 cycles per second. fuller cell, a bichromate cell in which the zinc rod is placed in a porous pot containing dilute sulphuric acid with a little mercury at the bottom. The bichromate solution is in the outer pot. E. M. F. is about 1.9 volts. fundamental, serving for a founda- tion or basis. Primary, a primary principle. Groundwork of a system. fundamental wave length, natural wave length of an aerial or circuit. fuse, a short length of conducting material having a low melting point, usually lead wire, inserted in a circuit in such a manner that should the current rise above a safe amount the fuse melts, thus breaking the circuit and prevent- ing damage to instruments. fusing point, the temperature at which metals melt and become liquid. galena, a natural crvstal sulphide of lead. PbS. S.G.7.5. Also called lead glance. Has a blue-gray color similar to freshly cut lead. When heated in air becomes lead sul- phate, PbS04. The cubical crystal is a nonpotential rectifier. Is a thermo-electric detector. In use as such it has an adjustable graph- ite point or fine metal wire rest- ing on its surface. galvanic cell, named after Galvani, one of the discoverers, also called the Voltaic cell after Volta, galvanized iron, iron with a coating of zinc to prevent rusting. galvanometer, an instrument used for detecting the presence of and ascertaining the force and direc- tion of current in a circuit. Con- sists of a small iron needle pivoted in the center of a hollow coil of wire, moving a pointer over a graduated scale. See mirror gal- vanometer and tangent galva- nometer. galvanoscope, same as the galva- nometer but without the gradu- ated scale. gap, an opening by breaking or parting. gap micrometer, short gap designed to protect apparatus from exces- sive potentials. gasket, a ring or washer used for packing or insulating. gauge, an instrument used to measure size or capacity. gauze wire, a pliable wire cloth made of very fine strands of wire. geissler tube, a vacuum tube having its electrodes placed in bulbs at either end. generator, any machine for produc- ing electric energy. german silver, an alloy of brass and nickel of about 75 per cent brass in the best qualities. Usually manufactured by mixing two mol- ten alloys, one of copper and nickel and the other of zinc and nickel. glass, S. g. 2.89. S. i. c. from 6 to 9. Melting point is 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. glass plate condenser, one formed of thin zinc sheet separated by glass plates, the whole being immersed in oil. IS BADIO TERMS glass silencer, a glass tube having wooden ends with holes just large enough to admit the discharge rods of an induction coil, thus inclosing the spark gap. gold, one of the elements; a conduc- tor of electricity. goniometer, an instrument for meas- uring angles gram, the unit of weight. Equal to 15.43 grains. graphic tellurium, sylvanite. A crys- tal rectifier. Tellurium in com- bination with gold or silver. graphite, a soft form of carbon used as a lubricant. gravity, usually refers to weight, i. e., the attraction of the earth upon a body. See specific gravity. grid, the frame of wire gauze placed between and insulated from the plate and filament of a vacuum tube. grid leak, a nonconductive resistance of denser or between the grid and filament of a three-element vacuum tube and .designed to permit ex- cess grid charges to leak off to an external source. ground, earth connection. ground clamp, a metal device fas- tened to a gas or water-pipe so as to secure an effective ground con- nection. ground wires, wires giving connec- tion to earth. grove cell, a double-fluid cell. Has a zinc rod in a porous pot of sul- phuric acid, which is immersed in a jar containing platinum-foil in concentrated nitric acid, which latter is depolarized. Voltage 1.9. Has a very low internal resistance. growth on plates, spongy metallic lead forming on negative plate of an accumulator. Caused by small flakes of paste from positive plate falling on to the negative one where it discharges itself as well as the portion of plate on which it falls. During next charge this flake turns into spongy lead and grows rapidly with each succes- sive charge and discharge. May finally cause short circuit of cell. guard lamps, straight filament lamps connected in shunt across arma- ture and field leads of rotary con- verter to protect their respective windings from possible oscillatory surges from high frequency cir- cuits during wireless transmission. gun metal, a compound of nine parts copper and one part tin. gutta percha, substance similar to rubber. It is leathery, elastic, solid, but not flexible or resilient like rubber. It cannot be vulcan- ized. It is a very good insulator. S. i. c. about 2.5. guys, ropes used for keeping the spreaders of a vessel 's aerial in a horizontal position. Temporary stays. halyard, rope used for hoisting aerial into position. hammer "break, automatic circuit interrupter, operated by a magnet, usually the core of the induction coil, attracting the hammer-like head of a brass spring thereby breaking the contact it normally makes with a brass pillar. Immediately circuit is broken cur- rent ceases to flow through mag- net windings, which becoming demagnetized allow spring to again close circuit, the whole pro- cess being rapidly and automatic- ally repeated. hand or wing nut, a nut with flanges allowing it to be tightened by hand. harmonic motion, motion giving a sine curve. harmonics, incidental waves, differ- ing in length and frequency to the true and original wave of a transmitter. They are most noticeable in undamped, wave operation. In an earthed aerial the first harmonic is three times that of the natural frequency of, or one-third wave length of aerial; second is five times the natural frequency or one-fifth wave length; while the third is seven times and one-seventh, respectively. 19 EADIO TERMS heat, a physical kin, m of rgy. height of aerial, range of a station with constant power is dependent upon height of aerial so long es not alter the radial i. e., increase of height incr range. heliograph, a mirror for reflecting flashes of light, generally the sun's rays: used in signal work. helix, a hollow coil with only one il layer" of wire. henry, unit of inductance. Is that inductance in a circuit when am- perage is changing at a rate of one ampere per second and /icing a difference of potential in that circuit of one volt. Hertz. Heinrich. first scientist tc prove the existence of and method of producing and measuring elec- tric or ether wav hertziau oscillator, consists of two metal sheets or wings separated by a spark gap. used to produce oscillations which give rise to ether waves. hertzian resonator, a wire ring broken by a small spark gap. by Hertz to detect ether waves set aj - -illator. hertzian waves, ether waves, named after the discoverer. hessite, potential rectifier. Occurs in nature as a tellm silver. Ag2Te. H. F. C. high frequency current. hicks hydrometer, a small glass tube raining three colored glass la and fitted with a rubber teat at one end. which is use: foi socking up the liquid to be tested into the tube. When full and the yellow bead is floating neare-: : renter, the specific gravity of the lid is 1.170. Shonld it be the blue one. S.G. is 1.185. or in the b of the purple bead S. G. is It is used for testing the ific gravity of acid of accum- nlat high frequency, frequencies over a few tn nd. highly dampt train, one having very few oscillations, owing to their rapid dying away. high frequency resistance, conduc- tors offer more resistance to high- oency enrrent than to low- frequency current owing to the fact that since they, the H. P. «... use only the s mailer amount of material is offered f i the passage of the currents in the ease :_ L. P. d.. which in and utilize the whole of the ductor. It is also called skin effect. high frequency sliding inductance, two brass rods bridged by a slid- ing mp. Used for making final slight adjustment in closed - dllat >ry ::: joit. high resistance telephones, used whe number of turns are required round the magnets. The merely incidental and is not required. honey-comb coil, a tuning coil. A set of three coils — primary, second- ary and tickler: the primary coil being placed between the other tw . horizontal aerials, aerials having the larger portion of their length parallel to the earth's surf a horse power. American and I unit of power. Power require 1 t • perform oo f > foot if work per second. Seven hundred and forty-six watts equal one horse pow horse power hour, one horse r exerted for one hour. horseshoe magnet, a magnetize" bar bent into the shape of a horse- shoe whereby both its poles are brought near together. hot-wire ammeter, one measuring enrrent amperes in a circuit by means of a wire which expands. i. e., lengthens in proportion to heat gene y passing current. The greater the amperage the greater the heat produced and consequently the greater the ex- pansion of wire. Expansion of wire or amperage is indicated by a suitably connected pointer mov- f ver a graduated scale. 20 KADIO TEEMS humidity, the dampness in the atmos- phere which varies with the tem- perature. hunting, the getting out of "step" of synchronous generators or mo- tors, due to momentary fluctuations of pressure which is produced by uneven running of machines. Also called Phase Swinging. hugonium, an alloy used to mount radio crystals. Invented by H. Gernsback. Its melting point is slightly above boiling water. Com- posed of lead, tin, mercury and cadmium. hydroelectric generator, a generator driven by a turbine. hydrogen, h. Lightest known sub- stance. Elem. Gas. A. W. I. Val. I. Chem. Eq. I. hydrometer instrument for measur- ing the specific gravity (density) of a liquid by flotation. Used for testing state of charge and dis- charge of storage cells. hydroscopic, taking up moisture from the atmosphere. hyperbola curve, a curve where one of the factors is inversely pro- portional to the other, e. g., one showing decrease of current with increase of resistance. hypotenuse, side of a right-angled triangle which is opposite to the right angle. hypothesis, supposition, assumed for the purpose of argument. hysteresis, slowness or lagging be- hind when a change of condition is taking place. Preference to remain in one condition. Keluc- tance of changing. impedance, ^ the resistance which a coil of wire offers to a current due to back T. M. F. apart from that offered by the ohmage. It is due to reactance. impedance coil, a coil of wire wound over a soft iron core. impulse excitation, a method of pro- ducing free alternating currents in an excited circuit in which the duration of the exciting current is short compared with duration of the excited current. incandescence, electric, the heating of a conductor to a white heat. inch, the twelfth part of a foot. A measure of length. inclination, a tendency from the true horizontal or vertical direction, as in the case of the compass needle. increase -wavelength, add inductance in series with the aerial, though more than doubling causes appre- ciable loss of radiation. index, figures to left of point in log number. The whole number of log powers to which a given number is to be raised. Also called the Characteristic. india rubber, or caoutchouc. S. I. C. 2. 5. vulcanized 2.8. indicated horse power, total power a machine system exerts, including the necessary power to run the machine against its own friction. indirect excited aerial, excitation of an aerial produced by induction. induced magnetism, the temporary magnetism produced in an unmag- netized piece of iron by close prox- imity to a magnet. inductance coil, a coil of wire so arranged as to have a large amount of inductance. Also called chok- ing coil, impedance, reactance, re- tardation coil. inductances in parallel, decrease total inductance. inductance in series, increase total inductance. inductance, the transfer of an elec- tric or magnetic state from an electrified or magnetized body to a nonelectrified or non-magnetized body by proximity without con- tact. induction coil, or Ehumkorf coil. An instrument which increases the voltage of a D. C. current at the expense of a corresponding loss of amperage by induction. Com- prises an iron core having a few windings of comparatively thick wire, over which is wound a second- ary winding of much thinner wire and of many more turns. Usually an automatic make and break of the hammer type, is in series with 21 BADIO TEEMS ^ the source of supply to the pri- mary winding. Two ends of second- ary winding are attached to suit- able dischargers. See also Tesla coil. Compare transformers. induction motor, one having a rota- ting field, field called the rotor, while the stator, which is equiva- lent to an armature, is stationery. An alternating (usually polyphase) current motor having a rotor of short-circuit copper bars in which currents are induced by the stator of field magnets. inductive capacity, facility with which a dielectric permits static induction to act through it. See specific inductive capacity (S.I.C.) inductive close coupling, one in which the inductances of the two circuits are very close to each other, but without actual metallic contact. inductive coupling, two oscillatory circuits coupled by bringing the inductance coil of one into the field of force produced by that of the other. inductive loose coupling, one in which the inductances are relatively far apart, without any actual metallic contact. inductive shunt, see static leak. inductor, a step-down transformer. inertia, that property of matter which tends to preserve a state of rest or to resist a change of motion. infra red rays, see light. inker or inkwriter, (Morse recorder). A telegraph recorder by means of which an inked wheel attached to one end of a pivoted armature marks lines of varying lengths (dots and dashes) as it periodi- cally pressed against a moving paper tape during attracting of armature by magnets receiving line current. insulator, a material through which electricity will not pass except possible when under great pressure.- insulating tape, a prepared tape to cover and insulate ends of wires when making joints, etc. integrating wattmeter, an energy meter which shows total amount of energy in B. O. T. units that have been used, broadly speaking, it is a type of small motor whose rotations are counted by means of a worm on the armature shaft en- gaging a set of cogs working a counter. intensifier handle, ebonite handle at right hand end of multiple tuner which regulates the coupling of the intermediate circuit with the aerial and detector circuits. intensity, the strength of a current, expressed in amperes. interference, in the case of wave motion, two sets of waves which proceed from one and the same source or from duplicate sources may arrive at a distant point in such a manner that the motions or changes which constitute these waves annul one another at that point. The waves are then said to interfere. interference reception, see beat re- ception. intermittent current, a current con- stantly interrupted. interrupter, an apparatus for break- ing up a D. C. into series of im- pulses, thus producing an inter- mittent current. Most commonly used in conjunction with an in- duction coil. interrupter, electrolytic, a jar con- taining diluted sulphuric acid and metal elements whereby a current is interrupted so as to be suitable for small spark coil work. intersection, the place where two wires cross each other. inverted "I/* aerial, one whose down-leads are tapped off one end of its horizontal span. See length of aerials. ion, an atom of matter carrying an electron, or an atom deprived of electrons. Monad-ion charge, dyad- ion, divalent, carries two units, while triad-ion carries three unit charges, positive ion is an atom minus an electron and a negative ion is an atom plus an electron. ionization, the splitting up of mole- cules into ions. Ionized air or gas 22 EADIO TEEMS becomes conductive. See valve detectors. iridium-ir., hard white, brittle metal- lie elements. A. W. 191. 5, S. G. 22. 4. iron, Fr. Ferrun. A. W. 55.5, S. G. cast i, 960" F. Wrought, 2.912" eq. .000,290,2. One of the elements. iron pyrites, see iron sulphide. Pt. cast i, 960" F. Wrought, 2.912" FeS2. Also known as "fool's gold" owing to its similar appear- ance to gold. Formerly used con- siderably as a detector. iron sulphide, occurs in several vari- eties, but only the bright crystal- line one is sensitive as a rectifier. Is used with phosphor bronze or gold point. See pyrites. isodynamic lines, lines connecting all parts of the earth where the mag- netic intensity is the same. isogonic lines, lines connecting all points of equal variation of mag- netic meridian from the geographic meridian. isotherms, lines on a meteorological chart joining all points having the same temperature. jamming, expression denoting inter- ference from another station. QEM. jigger, term generally accepted to denote an oscillation transformer. Used for transforming trains of oscillations from one circuit to an- other. Dr. J. Erskine Murray re- fers to high-frequency oscillations as "jigs." joule, unit of electrical work. Work done by one coulomb flowing under a pressure of one volt. If one coulomb per second, power is one joule per second, or one watt. Com- mercial unit same as above but with time unit of one hour called watt-hour joule, 100,000,000 ergs. Joule's law, heat produced in a cir- cuit is directly proportional to square of the current to resistance and to time. journal, that part of a shaft or spindle which rotates in the bear- ings. kathode, see electrolysis. kathode of cell, positive pole. kathode rays, electrons thrown off by the kathode of a vacuum tube, which produce a glow wherever they strike the walls forming the tube. They may be deflected by a magnet. key, the transmitting key is a switcli by which the primary circuit may be readily and rapidly made and broken. keeper, the piece of iron used to close the magnetic circuit of a horse- shoe magnet to protect it from ex- ternal disturbances. In case of straight-bar magnets two are used, the magnets being laid side by side with unlike poles adjacent and the keepers placed across the ends. kilowatt, one thousand watts, K. W. kinetic, producing motion. kinetic energy, power in motion. knife switch, one in which the mov- able arm wedges in between two parallel spring clips. May be either a single double pole switch or double pole double throw switch. lag, is present when maximum cur- rent does not occur until some time after maximum E. M. F. (electro magnetic force). See Husteresis. lag screw, a wood screw with a square head. laminated, composed of a number of thin plates, one on top of the other. lampwound, a type of winding of drum armatures in which the inter- connections are arranged so that winding is done in loops, the front connections lapping backward toward where the back connections commenced. lateral force, force proceeding from the side. latitude, distance north or south of the geographical equator, meas- ured in degrees, minutes and sec- onds. See Longitude, law of magnetism, like poles repel, unlike poles attract. The same law holds good for static electric charges. 23 1 EADIO TEEMS lead, pb. platinum A. W. 205-35. S. G. 11.35. Mlt. Pt. 618 minutes F. Val. 2. Chem. Eq. 102.67. Elee. Chem. Eq. .001,071.6, S. E. 20.38. If ad (pronounced leed), occurs where maximum current is reached be- fore maximum E. M. F. leading-in or lead-in insulator, any form of insulator used for passing down leads of aerial through roof or walls of operating cabin. lead monoxide, PbO. Litharge. Brownish-yellow substance. lead peroxide, Pb02. leads, wires conveying or ' ' leading ' ' a current from point to point in a circuit. lead sulphide, PbS. See Galena. lead sulphate, PbS04. Also called anglesite. leaf tullurium, see nagyagite. leakage, a loss of current due to poor insulation or other causes. LeClanche cell, single fluid cell. Con- sists of a porous pot containing a carbon rod packed round with manganese dioxide and crushed with a zinc rod placed in a glass retainer partly filled with a satu- rate solution of sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride). Very slight, polarization. E. M. F. 1.5 volts. Internal resistance varies. length of aerial, an aerial is meas- ured from many of its extremities to point of connection with instru- ment, the measure of one compo- nent wire alone being taken into consideration. In a T aerial only half of the horizontal span must be added to the length of the downleads. An inverted L aerial total horizontal span must be added to downleads. In umbrella type length of aerial is taken as length of one radial lead added to downlead. Lenz law, an induced current always tends to stop the current which produces it. leyden jar, a condenser in the form of a flint glass jar with lower por- tions of its inner and outer sur- face coated with tinfoil. This tin- foil is referred to as the " coat- ings. ' ' L. F. C, low frequency current. light, ether vibrations varying be- tween 400 billions per second pro- ducing waves 271 ten millionths of an inch in length, and giving red light up to 1750 billions per sec- ond producing waves of 165 ten- millionths of an inch in length, giving violet light. Faster or slow vibrations produce waves not vis- ible, to the human eye. Shorter waves are called ultra-violet rays, while those immediately above the red rays are known as intra-red rays. The speed of light waves is identical with that of other electro- magnetic waves and electricity, and is 186,000 miles per second. lightning rod, a metal rod connected with the earth, used on buildings as a safety device. like charges, repel. line, electrical engineers refer to out- going or positive wire as line and the return wire as earth, which itself is frequently used for this purpose. line of force, is a curve so drawn in a magnetic field that the direction of the tangent at any point is di- rection of magnetic force of field intensity at that point. link fuses, a link of fusable metal, introduced into the circuit as a protective device. liquid barretter, barretter in which the loop of Wooloston wire is sub- stituted by fine tube of high-resis- tance liquid, or in another form has two ends of very fine platinum wire dipping into a liquid. litharge, PbO. Lead monoxid. Also known as massicot. Paste of nega- tive plate of a cumulator. Yellow- ish brown in color. lithium, Li. Lightest known solid. A. W. 6. 98 S. G. O. 59. lithanode cell, one having its nega- tive plate pasted with litharge. loading coil, a single slide, tuning coil. local currents, currents within the metal parts of a generator. 24 RADIO TEEMS lock nut, a nut placed over another nut on the same bolt to hold the original nut in place. A check nut. lodestone, a peculiar iron ore having the natural properties of a magnet. Also called magnetic. Found in magnesia, in Asia Minor. location action, or polarization as it is called, is produced in a cell by impurities in the zinc acting upon each other and thus setting up a number of minute currents over all the immersed plate. Amalgamation with mercury tends to check this. In accumulators is due to the ac- tion which takes place between the lead of positive and the coating of lead sulphate. locus, path of a movement graphic- ally represented by a curve. lodge disc detector, an imperfect con- tact detector. Consists of a steel disc rotating with its sharp knife edge just touching some mercury having a film of oil on it. Oscil- lations passing through circuit of disc-mercury break down resis- tance of oil and make good con- tact between them. Oil once again insulates disc at completion of pas- sage of oscillations. It is really a form of coherer. logarithm, log. In the case of com- mon logariths (com. log) is the power of ten (the base) which pro- duces the number in question, e. g., log 100 equals 2, since 100 equals 102, 2 being the required power of 10 to produce 100. logarithmic curve, one having no defi- nite minimum in a decreasing curve, or no definite maximum in an increasing curve. A dampt wave train has logarithmic curve. log decrement, the naperian or hy- perbolic log of reciprocal of the ratio of the first amplitude to sec- ond amplitude in a train of waves, or log of ratio of the amplitude of one oscillation to the next in the same direction. log tables, tables giving the mani- tissa log of a number. lohys, a silico steel. longitude, distance east or west of a meridian passing through Green- wich, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. loops, antinodes. Points of greatest amplitude in a wave train. loop aerial, a frame around which several turns of wire are wound. loose coupling, a coupling without metallic contact or where the in- ductances are well apart. lost motion, the motion in a machine that produces no useful results. low frequency current, L. F. C. One having a frequency of only a few hundreds per second. low frequency iron core inductance, a variable inductance having an open-ended iron wire core. Used to place primary transformer cir- cuit in resonance with alternating current frequency. low tension, L. T. Having only a small P. D. low pressure. lugs, metal projections for simplify- ing the electrical connection of two articles. A small tube in end of which wire can be soldered, the other end being flattened out and having a hole drilled to receive any required terminal. lubricant, anything used to help di- minish friction between two or more working parts; like oil, graphite, etc. magnet, a piece of iron or steel that has the property to attract or re- pel other pieces of metal. magnet coil, the coil over an iron core in an electric magnet. magnetic field, the field or space over which the magnet exerts its influence. magnetic flux, the lines of force which flow from a magnet; mag- netic induction. magnetic force, force at any point in a magnetic field. magnet horseshoe, a bar of steel shaped like a horseshoe with both ends magnetized. magnetic limit, the temperature be- yond which metal cannot be mag- netized. 25 ^ RADIO TERMS magnetic self induction, a magnet tends to repel its own magnetism and weaken itself by self-induc- tion. magnetite, a natural magnetic iron ore. Lodestone. magneto, a small generator. make and break current, a current continually broken and started again as is the action in an induc- tion coil. malleable, capable of being worked into shape. manganese bronze, an alloy of cop- per, tin and ferromanganese ore. manganese steel, an alloy of steel and metal manganese. Marconi filings coherer, a glass tube containing fine metallic filings used as a detector. megaphone, an instrument used to help make the voice audible at a distance. megohm, a million ohms. mercury, a metallic element liquid at ordinary temperature; also known as quicksilver. meter volt, an instrument for meas- uring the pressure or voltage of a circuit. Connected in multiple on your line. meter ampere, an instrument for measuring the flow of current. meter watt, an instrument for meas- uring the' wattage. Volt times am- peres. mho, unit of conductivity. The word ohm spelled backwards. mica, a mineral more or less trans- parent and used as an insulator. micanite, a manufactured insulator made of mica. micro, one millionth. microfarad, unit of capacity. microhm, one millionth of an ohm. micrometer, an instrument for meas- uring small distances like the thousandth or ten thousandth part of an inch. micrometer spark gap, an adjustable spark gap used in the aerial cir- cuit. microphone, an apparatus to magnify sound. mil circular, a unit of area. The area of a circle whose diameter is one mil. mil foot, a unit of resistance. A wire one foot long with a diameter of one mil. millimeter, a unit of length. One thousandth part of a meter. minimum, the least quantity. molecule, the smallest part of an ele- ment that can exist alone. molybdenite, a sulphide of molyb- denum. Used as a detector. Morse receiver, a receiver named after S. F. B. Morse. Morse inker, an instrument that re- cords the received message on a traveling paper tape. Mosciski condenser, a condenser in the form of a glass tube with a metal foil coating. motor, a machine to convert elec- trical energy into mechanical energy. motor generator, a combined motor and generator; a generator driven by a motor. motor series, a motor whose arma- ture windings and field windings are in series. multiple, multiple connection is that in which each lamp draws its sup- ply direct from the mains and is not depending on any other lamp or set of lamps for its supply. Lamps in parallel with each other. The opposite to series. mutual induction, the introduction of an electrical pressure in a cir- cuit, by another circuit not directly connected to it. natural currents, earth currents. natural wave length, the natural length of wave produced by the aerial's own capacity and induc- tance. negative, the opposite to positive. The pole to which the current seems to flow. negative charge, one of the two elec- tric charges, the opposite to posi- tive. neutral wire, the middle wire of a three wire system. The wire that is common to both dynamos. nickel silver, an alloy of nickel, cop- 26 KADIO TEEMS per and zinc. German silver used in making resistance coils. nickel steel, steel with the addition of a small percentage of nickel. non-conductor^ any material that will not conduct electricity. non-inductive circuit, a circuit pos- sessing a very small inductance. notch wire gauge, a gauge with notches for measuring wire. ohm, unit of electrical resistance. The resistance offered by a cou- lomb of pure mercury, 106.3 centi- meters in length by one square millimeter in cross section at a temperature of zero centigrade. Ohm's law, the fundamental prin- ciple on which all electrical mathe- matics are worked. The current in amperes is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance in ohms. The resistance is equal to the volt- age divided by the current in am- peres. The voltage is equal to the resistance in ohms times current in amperes. Thus with two known quantities you can always find the third unknown. ohmic resistance, true resistance. oscillating current, an alternating current of high frequency. oscillator, hertzian, a device for pro- ducing oscillations. oscillatory induction, induction pro- duced by action of an oscillatory discharge. paper condenser, a condenser made with tin foil and paraffin paper. partition insulator, a leading-in in- sulator. period, time required to produce and complete one wave; time required to complete one cycle of an alter- nating current circuit. periphery, the circumference of a circle. permanent magnet, a magnet that will retain its magnetism away from the source of magnetism. phenomenon, an unusual occurrence. phonetron, a trade name for a type of amplifying telephone receiver. Consists of an enclosed electro- magnetic s^enoid producing an annular field in which an armature coil is suspended from the apex of a conical diaphragm. The mag- net requires a current of 2% am- peres at a pressure of 6 volts. phosphor bronze, a very hard alloy of copper, tin and phosphorous. plunger, a movable core used with a solenoid to be drawn in an oil bath when the coil is excited. polarization, the changing of a vol- taic cell by depriving it of its proper pressure. polarity, pertaining to the poles of a circuit; the positive and nega- tive. polyphase, more than one phase. Multiphase. positive pole, the pole from which the current is supposed to start on its journey around the circuit. potential, the pressure of an elec- tric charge. potentiometer, an arrangement foi determining potential difference. poundal, British unit of force. power, activity; rate of doing work. primary coil, the coil of a trans- former that is connected to the source of supply. primary colors, red, yellow, blue. primary powers, water power; wind power; tide power; power of com- bustion; power of vital action, primary tuning inductance, a vari- able inductance in the primary closed oscillatory circuit. protective rod, a carbon rod of high resistance connected into circuit as a safety measure. propagation* the travelling of elec- tro-magnetic waves over the earth's surface. pyrometer, a meter for measuring excessive heat. quadrant, a quarter of a circle; an angle of 90 degrees. quartz, a hard rock of native silica. quenched spark, a spark gap made of series of metal plates insulated from each other. quicksilver, mercury; a liquid metal. radial, spreading from a centre. radiation, the transmission of ether waves through space. radiating circuit, the aerial circuit, 27 EADTO TEEMS radio telephony, transmission of rhumkorff coil, an induction coil. speech bv electro magnetic waves, rotary, turning on an axis— rotating. reaction, inverse action. rubber covered wire, a cable either reactance, the opposition offered to solid or stranded with a rubber the flow of current bv back elec- covering and an outer protective tro motive force, etc. covering of cotton braid. reactance coil, an adjustable iron sal ammoniac, ammonium chloride. core around Which is wound a coil secondary coil, the coil of a trans- former into which the current is induced. "1 of wire. rectifier, an apparatus for changing alternating current to direct cur- rent. refraction, the change in direction of bending of the electro mag- netic waves. regenerative circuit, a reactionary circuit. receiving detector, a device to change series, an electrical connection where lamps are connected so that they depend one on the other for supply, the current passing through each lamp successively. The opposite to multiple. set collar, a ring used on a shaft or spindle to prevent end play, -he characteristics of incoming sextant, an instrument used on board oscillations so as to make them ship to measure angles, audible. sheet metal gauge, a gauge to receiving tuner, an oscillation trans- measure the thickness of metals, former which allows the operator shellac, a gum gathered from trees to receive electro magnetic waves in India used in radio and elec- of different lengths. trical work in the form of a var- relay, an instrument consisting of an nish. An excellent insulator, electro-magnet which actuates short curcuit, two wires of opposite upon receiving a current and in polarity coming in contact with actuating opens and closes a one another without any controll- circuit. in £ device. reluctance the resistance offered to shunt, a shunt for the receiving relay the flow' of lines of magnetic force. consisting of the coils of an elec- resistance, that property of an elec- tro magnet. trical conductor which tends to shunt winding, a system of winding oppose the flow of current over it. where the armature winding is in Everything in a circuit offers parallel with the field winding, resistance to the flow of current, silicon, a mineral. Used as a detector. resistance box, a box filled with sixty cycle A. C, this is when the resistance coils connected in series current changes its flow of direc- with each other; a resistance tion sixty times a second This frame. frequency is used a great deal for resistance, ohmic, true resistance. lighting and power purposes. resistance, spurious, counter electric single phase, using only two wires motive force. anc ^ one electromotive force; some- retardation, a retarding of the rate times called monophase. of transmission of signals. sliding friction, the friction that resonator, a sound box. exists between moving parts in retentivity, coercive force. sliding contact with each other. rheostat, an instrument used to offer slip rings, two rings on an alternator resistance to the flow of current. that take the place of a commu- Made of a number of metal coils tator on a direct current dyuamo. (German silver or iron) connected solenoid, an electro magnet without together in series and mounted on the iron core. a "frame from which the coils are spark coil, an insulated wire wound insulated. around an iron core, used for pro- 28 EADIO TEEMS ducing a spark from a source of low pressure. spark gap, the space between the ends of an electric resonator across which the spark jumps. specific gravity, the density of a solution against that of another, using water as a standard. specific resistance, resistance of any material having a cube of one cen- timeter. spiral winding, the system of wind- ing used on a ring armature. stage cable, a cable containing twin conductors each insulated from the other and the whole covered with a composition covering. stand-by, a position of tuning, allow- ing the reception of waves of va- rious length. QRX. standard cell, the weston cell is now used as the standard. starting box, an adjustable resist- ance to regulate the flow of cur- rent when starting up the motor. static, atmosphere disturbance. static charge, an electric charge at rest. static transformer, a transformer without moving parts. stator, the stationary part of an in- duction motor or generator. steel, iron hardened by the addition of carbon and manganese. step down transformer, a trans- former that steps down the vol- tage and raises the amperage; has a greater number of turns of wire in primary than in secondary. step-up transformer, a transformer that steps up the voltage and lowers the amperage; has a great- er number of turns of wire in the secondary than in the primary. storage battery, an accumulator; a number of cells for the storage of electricity. storage capacity, the number ampere hours than can be got from a stor- age battery. sulphating, the formation of a lead sulphate in storage batteries. May be overcome by prolonged charging. sulphuric acid, a compound of sul- phur, hydrogen and oxygen. switch, a device for opening or clos- ing a circuit. switch board, a board to which the mains are led connecting with bus bars, fuses and switches. switch, double pole, a heavy switch that disconnects or connects two leads simultaneously. switch, knife, a switch with knife like blades used on circuits carry- ing high amperage. switch snap, a small switch made to give a sharp break used on house lighting circuits, etc. switch, three way, a switch so con- structed that by turning its handle connection can be made from one lead to either of two other leads and also that connection can be completely cut off. synchronous, simultaneous; to cor- respond in time. synchronous motor, a motor which runs in synchronism with the alter- nating current. "T" aerial, an aerial where the hori- zontal span is tapped in the middle by the lead in wire; thus forming a letter T. telefunken, German name for radio telegraphy. terminal lugs, metal terminals for ends of wire used so that good and quick connection can be made. telsa coil, an oscillating transformer. therm, a unit of heat. thermal detector, a detector which acts by heat energy. toggle joint, an elbow joint. three wire system, a system of dis- tribution of electrical current where three wires' instead of two sets of two wires are used. The middle or neutral wire acts as a positive for the one side and of the system and as the negative for the other side. The advantage of the system is the saving of copper. tickler coil, a coil in the circuit of a vacuum tube receiver to transfer a part of the oscillating plate cur- rent energy into the grid circuit to enable the vacuum tube to gen- "1 KADIO TEEMS erate oscillations of high fre- quency. It is coupled to the sec- ondary of the oscillation circuit. An inductance coil. tone frequency, spark frequency. transformer, an apparatus used on an alternating current circuit to either raise or lower the voltage. Made of two coils of wire named the primary and the secondary coils and a laminated iron core. The coils are insulated from the core and from each other. The current enters the transformer through the primary coil and sets up a magnetic flux around the core ; the secondary coil cuts the lines of magnetic force and thus a new current is induced in the secondary. transformer coils, the two coils in a transformer; primary and secondary. transformer core, a core made up of thin iron plates laid one on top of the other. transmitter, an instrument used to produce sounds to be transmitted. transverter, a trade name for a motor generator. tuning, the process of securing the maximum indication by adjusting the time period. two phase, an alternating current system of electrical distribution making use of two currents of dif- ferent phase. Can be arranged with either three or four wires. unipolar dynamo, a dynamo where one part of the conductor slides around the magnet. ultraudion, an audion used in a cir- cuit having a type of energy coup- ling so that a powerful relay action may be obtained. Its ele- ments are connected in two cir- cuits so arranged that the energy coupling may be obtained through a bridging condenser in its plate filament circuit. vacuum, a space destitute of all substance. vacuum tube, the name given to the highly exhausted glass tube con- taing three elements. Used for detector in radio work. vario-coupler, a device for varying the inductance in a circuit. The primary and secondary coils are connected magnetically but not electrically. variometer, a device for varying the inductance in a circuit. Made by connecting two inductances in series. varleys condenser, a static condenser. velocity, the rate of motion of a body. vibration period, in electrical reso- nance the period of a vibration in an electrical circuit. valve amplifier, audion type vacuum tube containing three electrodes. valve tuner, a tuner used with a valve detector. variable condenser, a condenser which allows of easy and quick adjustment. voltage, electric motive force or pressure. voltmeter, an instrument used to measure the pressure of a circuit. vulcanite, vulcanized India rubber. watt, the practical unit of electri- cal power. Amperes times voltage. watt hour, watts times length, in hours. One watt expended for one hour. watt minute, one watt expended for one minute. watt second, one watt expended for one second. wave changer, a transmitting switch to change from one wave length to another. waves, electro-magnetic, ether waves due to electro-magnetic distur- bances. wave length, the distance covered by a wave from the transmitting station before the next successive wave starts. wave train frequency, the total number of waves being produced or received per second. wave meter, an instrument to measure wave lengths. wire gauge, a gauge for measuring the diameter of wires. 30 A LIST OF THE LATEST WORDS Including those especially relating to the World War and other words in the Arts and Sciences which have recently come into our language. This list is designed to present a selection from the more important new words and meanings owing their origin to the Great War and to record new forms and uses produced by the normal growth of the language. It also in- cludes many colloquial and slang expressions which have embodied themselves in English speech, and therefore call for recognition. NEW MEANINGS OF WORDS ALREADY APPEARING IN THIS WORK ARE INDICATED BY AN ASTERISK. NOTICE.— The latest words relating to aviation will be found under the heading "Glossary of Aviation Terms" in the Reference Library immediately following the main body of the dictionary. acid test (as'id test), n. test by acid; the most searching test or proof. A. E. F. = American Expeditionary Forces (a-mer'i-kan eks-pe-dish'un- a-ri fors'ez), n. the United States military forces operating in Europe in the World War. Alien Property Custodian (a'li-en prop'er-ti kus-to'di-an) , n. a Federal official charged with the control of property of enemy aliens. American Legion ( a-mer'i-kan le'jun) , n. an organization of American vet- erans of the World War, founded in 1919. ammeter (am'me-ter), n. an instru- ment for determining the strength in amperes of an electric current. antenna (an-ten'a), n. [pZ. antennae (an-ten'e)], a suspended wire for the transmission and reception of elec- tric waves. anti-aircraft gun (an-ti ar'kraft gun) , n. a gun designed to destroy enemy aircraft. Anti- Saloon League (an'ti-sa-loon leg), n. an American national federa- tion of organizations opposed to the liquor traffic, influential in procuring prohibition legislation. Anzac (an'zak), n. the popular appel- lation of members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps in the World War. applejack (ap'l-jak) , n. a brandy made from apples. Archie (ar'chi), n. army slang for an anti-aircraft shell. armored (ar'merd), adj. armor-clad, of cars, trains, etc. Articles of War (ar'ti-klz ov wawr), n. rules enacted by Congress governing military discipline. ashcan (ash'kan), n. navy slang for a depth bomb. audi on bulb (aw'di-un bulb), n. a vacuum tube forming a highly sen- sitive detector of incoming radio os- cillations. automat (aw'to-mat), n. a type of restaurant in which food is dispensed through the medium of slot-ma- chines. * automatic (aw-to-mat'ik) , n. an auto- matic gun or pistol in which the re- coil is utilized to eject cartridges, reload, and fire at a high rate of speed. A. W. O. L. ? in the American Army, an abbreviation signifying Absent Without Official Leave. baby tank (ba/bi tangk), n. equiva- lent of whippet tank, applied to the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BASE HOSPITAL French Renault whippet tank of 7 tons. base hospital (bas hos'pi-tal), n. a hospital which receives wounded from the front for immediate treatment, then passing them on to permanent hospitals in the rear. batman (bat 'man), n. army term for an orderly in charge of a pack-horse. Big Bertha" (big ber'tha) , n. a popular name given to the long range gun which bombarded Paris in 1918, and to similar guns. Big Brothers (big bruth'eiz), n. an or- ganized volunteer movement, started in New York in 1904, to assist boys who are victims of their environ- ment to a higher plane. billboard (bil'bord), n. a flat surface for the display of advertisements and notices. birth control (berth' kon-trolO, n. a reform movement advocating limita- tion of the size of families and spread- ing knowledge of the use of contra- ceptives. Such measures are illegal in many states. Blighty (bll'ti), n. British army slang for a wound ; also signifying England ; home. blind tiger (blind ti'ger), n. a secret and unlicensed place for the sale of liquor. Blue Devils (blu dev'lz), n. a name given to the French chasseurs in the World War because of their daring. bombproof (bom 'proof), n. a position fortified against bombing attacks. bomb-thrower (bom'thro-er) , n. a de- vice for throwing bombs against the enemy position. bone-dry (bon'drl) , adj. dry as a bone; a term used in the 1919 prohibition campaign to signify absolute non-use of intoxicants. bootlegger (bootleg-er) , n. one en- gaged in bootlegging. bootlegging (boot'leg-ing) , n. the act of transporting on the person and selling liquor where its use is prohib- ited. bracer (bra'ser), n. a stimulant taken as a tonic. brancardier (brong-kar-di-a') , n. a stretcher-bearer . [ French . ] brassard (bra-sar'), n. an armband in- CASUAL cheating the office or function of the wearer. [French.] brig (brig), n. in the American navy, the place of confinement. *buck (buk), n. a sawbuck; the act of bucking; to pass the buck, to transfer responsibility: v. to butt; of horses, to leap with arched back, de- scending with head down and fore- legs stiffened; to fight against, resist; buck the tiger, in gambling, to play against the bank. buck private (buk prl'vat) , n. the low- est grade of private soldier. buddy (bud'i), n. (corruption of broth- er), m the army, a pal, close com- panion. buffer state (buf'er stat), n. a state separating two opposing nations, by its position forming an obstacle to aggression. bully beef (boo'li beef), n. canned or preserved beef. [French bouilli [boo- ye'], boiled.] bump off (bump of) , v. to kill, make away with. [Slang.] by-product (bl'prod-ukt) , n. a second- ary or subordinate product resulting from the manufacture of a principal product. cafeteria (kaf-e-te'ri-a) , n. a restaurant in which customers serve themselves from counters. camaraderie (kam-e-ra-der-e') , n. comradeship; fellowship. [French.] camion (kam'i-6n^), n. a truck; spe- cifically, an army truck. [French.] Camp fire Girls (kamp'fir gerk") , n. an association similar to the Boy Scouts, founded in 1913, designed to pro- mote out-door life, social improve- ment, and economy. Its members were active in food conservation and other forms of war work. *carry (kar'i), n. a portage. carry on (kar'i on'), v.i. to persist, en- dure, continue to the end; popular, to behave obstreperously. cartel (kar'tl), n. a written instru- ment embodying an agreement be- tween warring nations in regard to specific matters. Casey (ka'sD, n. in the A. E. F., army slang for K. C, Knights of Colum- bus. * casual (kazh'u-al), n. a term used in ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. CATERPILLAR TREAD DOPE the World War to designate a wound- ed or disabled soldier. caterpillar tread (kat'er-pil-er tred), n. a type of traction consisting of an endless band passing about the front and rear wheels of heavy vehicles; used in farm tractors and in army tanks. Central Powers (sen'tral pou'erz), n. in the World War, a designation of Germany and Austria-Hungary. chancellery (chan'sel-er-i), n. the of- fice of a chancellor. chaser (chas'er), n. a small drink of water after spirits, or of brandy, etc. after coffee. chow (chou), n. army and navy slang for food. *chuck (chuk) , v.t. to give up, abandon. [SJang.] "citation (si-ta/shun) , n. the act or ceremony of citing; the official order bestowing the distinction; generally accompanied by the presentation of a military medal or cross . *cite (sit) , v.t. to recognize in military orders of a regiment, corps, or army eminent services or acts of bravery performed by individuals or regi- ments. comfort bag (kum'fert bag) , n. a small individual bag containing articles useful to a soldier in the field. Congressional Medal (kong-gresh'un- al med'l) , n. the highest official Amer- ican distinction, very rarely awarded by Congress, and only for the most "conspicuous gallantry and intrepid- ity above and beyond the call of duty" in action. Less than one hun- dred members of the American Ex- peditionary Forces were thus distin- guished. conscientious objector (kon-shi-en'- shus ob-jek'ter) , n. a person who re- fuses to do military duty because of religious or personal scruples. consortium (kon-sor'ti-um) , n. part- nership ; a trade organization author- ized by the government for the con- trol and distribution of a commodity. [Latin.] contact mine (kon'takt min), n. a form of mine which is exploded by being struck, as a submarine mine. contraceptive (kon-tra-sep'tiv) , n. a means of preventing conception. contre - espionage (kon'tr - es ' pi - o - nazhO, n. counter-espionage, precau- tionary measures to detect and coun- teract enemy espionage. [French.] cootie (koo'ti), n. army slang for a lousa. counter proposal (koun'ter pro-poz'- al) , n. a proposal offering terms mod- ifying those of an opponent's pro- posal. Croix de Guerre (krwa de gar), n. the French war cross, given to individual soldiers or civilians in recognition of distinguished bravery or important service. [French.] culm (kulm), n. refuse of coal, espe- cially of anthracite. Czecho - Slovak Republic (chek'o- slov'ak re-pub'lik), n. a state com- prising Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Slovakia, declared an independ- ent nation on October 18, 1918. decode (de-kodO, v.t. to translate a code message into ordinary terms. deflate (de-flat) , v.t. to release the gas or air in a balloon or other container. deflation (de-fla'shun), n. the act of deflating. delouse (de-lousO, v.t. to free from lice. delousing camp (de-lous'ing kamp), n. a camp where soldiers undergo disinfection on leaving the trenches. demote (de-motO, v.t. to reduce in rank or grade. depth bomb (depth bom) , n. a bomb used for the destruction of subma- rines by explosion at a determined depth below the surface. The time mechanism may be a valve operated by water pressure or a float attached by a cord to a trigger. Der Tag (dar Tog), n. 'The Day/ pre- pared for and constantly toasted in German military, circles, on which the anticipated German conquest of Europe should begin. Devil Dogs (dev'l dogs), n. in the World War, a name given originally by German soldiers to the United States marines because of their fight- ing qualities. disgruntled (dis-grun'tld), adj. dissat- isfied, bad-humored. *dope (dop) , n. a general term for ma- terial used as a filler, as in treating ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DOUGHBOY the cloth surface of airships, or as an absorbent, mixed with high explo- sives: v. to administer stupefying or stimulating drugs, as in horse- racing. doughboy (do'boi), n. in American army slang, an infantryman. *drive (driv), n. an organized effort during a fixed period for obtaining funds, etc.; as a clothing drive. drum- fire (drum 'fir), n. continuous, rattling fire, as of machine guns. dry (dri), adj. used of a territory in which the sale of liquor is prohibited: n. an advocate of prohibition. D. S. G. = Distinguished Service Cross (dis-ting'gwisht ser'vis kros), n. in the American Army, the high- est military honor, conferred for emi- nent acts of bravery. D. S. M. = Distinguished Service Medal ( dis-ting'gwisht ser'vis med'l) , n. an American distinction, conferred on soldiers and civilians for great bravery or service. D. S. O. = Distinguished Service Order (dis-ting'gwisht ser'vis or'der) , n. a British military distinction. dud (dud) , n. a shell that has failed to explode. duffelbag (duf'1-bag), /n. the bag used by soldiers and sailors to contain their outfit. Duma (doo'ma), n. the Russian Par- liament or Council of State, an ad- visory body under the empire, estab- lished in 1905, abolished in 1917. dumdum bullet (dum'dum bool'et), n. an expanding bullet intended to make a lacerated wound; frequently formed from ordinary bullets by fil- ing or biting the tip. The use of such bullets is prohibited by the regulations of the Hague Peace Con- ference. dyestuff (di'stuf), n. a dye, material used in dyeing. eagle boat (e'gl bot), n. an American type of small submarine chaser. Eagle hut (e'gl hut) , n. a hut or place of entertainment conducted by the Y. M. C. A. for the benefit of Ameri- can soldiers and sailors. eats (ets), n. slang, especially army slang, for food, meals. emplacement (em-plas'ment), n. a FOURTEEN POINTS platform or fortified location for can- non. encode (en-kod'), vJ. to put a message into its appropriate code form. enemy alien (en'e-mi a/li-en) , n. a for- eign subject permanently or tempo- rarily living in a country with which his government is at war. expropriate (eks-pro'pri-at), v.t. to de- prive of property rights, take out of the possession of a person. farmerette (far-mer-et'), n. a girl or woman engaged in farming as a con- servation measure during the World , War. fermeture (f er'me-chur) , n. the clos- ing mechanism of breech-loading fire- arms. field clerk (f eld' klerk), n. a clerical assistant in military operations. field works (feld' werks), n. fortifica- tions constructed for temporary use in the field. *film (film), n. colloquial for moving picture. flagship (flag'ship) , n. a ship carrying the flag officer of a fleet or squadron. flare (flar), n. an artificial illumination designed to detect the position of the enemy. flivver (fliv'er), n. colloquial term for a low-grade automobile. Food Administration (food ad-min- is-tra/shun) , n. a wartime Federal or- ganization for conserving foodstuffs and regulating their_use. fouragere (f oo-ra-zhar') , n. in the French army, a shoulder cord worn by the members of a regiment or di- vision which has been decorated. [French.] Fourteen Points (for 'ten points), n. _the principles named by President Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918, as essential in any consideration of peace with the Central Powers. They were: open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, equal- ity of trade conditions, reduction of armaments, adjustment of colonial claims, settlement of Russian ques- tions, evacuation and restoration of Belgium, liberation and restoration of invaded French territory and re- turn of Alsace-Lorraine to France, readjustment of Italian frontiers, free ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRITZ development of the peoples of Aus- tria-Hungary, determination of the relations of the Balkan states, settle- ment of the Turkish question, an in- dependent Poland, the formation of a League of Nations. Fritz, Fritzie (frits, frit'se), n. a name given to the German soldier by the American forces in Europe. *gas (gas), n. colloquial for gasoline; asphyxiating or poison gas; v.t.to attack or overcome by asphyxiating gas. gas alert (gas a-lert'), n. the signal warning of a gas attack. [French alerte.] gas mask (gas mask), n. a device used in the World War to protect against the effects of asphyxiating gas. Geneva Cross (je-ne'va kros), ft. a Greek cross, red on a white ground, adopted in 1864 as a protecting sym- bol for neutral or non-combatant re- lief agents and for # ambulances, hospitals, hospital ships, etc., in war. . G. H. Q., abbreviation of General Headquarters. gob (gob), n. naval slang for a sailor. go west (go west), v.i. in the British and American armies, to die, of sol- diers wounded in battle. grouch (grouch), v.i. to be discontent- ed, surly; to grumble: ft. discontent- ed mood, bad temper; a surly person, grumbler. grouse (grous), v.i. British for grouch. headquarters (hed'kwor-terz) , n. the quarters of a commanding officer, or of the head of an organization; the chief seat of authority; the head- quarters personnel. *hedgehog (hej'hog), ft. an egg-shaped, crisscross tangle of barbed wire for filling in gaps in a wire entanglement. Heinie (hi'ne), n. a British nickname for the German soldier. heroin (her'o-in) , n. a sedative deriva- tive of morphine, much used by drug addicts. highball (hi'bawl), ft. a drink of liquor to which a considerable amount of water is added. *hike (hik), n. a tramp or march, a practice expedition on foot. I. W. W. Hindenburg Line (hin'den-berg lin), ft. an assumed impregnable German line of defense on the western front in 1917 through Laon, La Fere, St. Quentin, Cambrai, and Lille to Vimy Ridge, later in a shifting line be- tween Nieuport and Rheims. hoarding (hor'ding), n. in Great Brit- ain, a billboard. Hooyerize (hoo'ver-iz) , v.i. to econo- mize in food; a term derived from the name of Food Administrator Hoover. housewife (hous'wif), ft. the female head of a household ; a small bag con- taining sewing utensils. *Hun (hun), n. German; a generally ac- cepted term of reproach, based on the similarity of German ruthless- ness in the World War to that of the Huns, the most barbarous race of the ancient world. hydrophone (hi'dro-f on) , ft. a sound detector of American invention, with an effective range of six miles, by which the presence of a submarine and its position may be accurately determined. hyphenated American (hl'fen-a : ted a-mer'i-kan) , ft. an American citizen who gives partial allegiance to the land of his origin. hypo (hi'po), ft. popular abbreviation for hyposulphite of soda, used as a fixing agent in photography. Intelligence (in-tel'i-jens) , ft. the branch of army organization which gathers information concerning the enemy's operations, plans, and posi- tion at the front, and concerning es- pionage, propaganda, and the mili- tary, political, and economic situa- tion in other countries. inter- allied (in-t er-al-id' ), adj. pertain- ing to or shared by the allied nations in the World War. internationalism (in-ter-nash'un-al- izm), ft. a socialistic theory which substitutes for national patriotism a sentiment of world-fellowship with- out regard to nationality. internment camp (in - tern ' ment kamp), ft. a camp for the confine- ment of enemy aliens and suspected spies. I. W. W. = Independent Workers ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JAZZ of the World (in-de-pen'dent wer'- kerz ov the werld), n. an organiza- tion formed in 1905 by the combina- tion of various labor bodies in con- sequence of industrial disturbances in the West; its propaganda, carried out by means of dynamiting and dis- loyalty, led to long prison sentences for many of its members. jazz (jaz), n. a kind of syncopated or ragtime music, performed on a great variety of instruments, with inten- tional discords; v. to dance by jazz music. Jerry (jer'e), n. a British army nick- name for the German soldier. * jigger (jig'er), n. a small measure for liquor, used in concocting drinks. Jugo-Slavs (yoo'go-slavz), n. south Slavic peoples; a nationality com- prising the Serbs, Croats, and Slo- venes, numbering about fourteen mil- lions, and including Serbia and Mon- tenegro together with various dis- tricts in Austria-Hungary — Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia-Herzo- govina, Istria, Trieste, etc. Junker (yqong'ker), n. a member of the Prussian landed aristocracy, an upholder of class privilege and mili- tarism. [German.] Eamerad (kom-er-ad') , n. comrade; the cry indicating surrender uttered by German soldiers. [German.] K. C., abbreviation of Knights of Co- lumbus. knocker (nok'er), n. a person given to constant criticism; a faultfinder. Erupp (kroop), n. a family of German gun makers. The great Krupp works at Essen turned out the famous long range guns which enabled Germany to prolong the World War. Kultur (kool-toor') , n. the German term for "civilization," "culture": the specifically German conception of the relation of the individual and the state to society; in popular ac- ceptation, ruthlessness, savagery. lachrymatory (lak'ri-ma-to-ri) , adj . producing tears. lay down (la doun), v.t. to discharge, fire (a barrage) . League of Nations (leg ov na'shunz), MACHINE GUN NEST n. a general association of nations, proposed by President Wilson, and embodied in the peace treaty with Germany, designed to assure against future wars by guarantees of political independence and territorial integri- ty to all nations. leatherneck (le£/i'er-nek) , n. a name given to the United States marines in the World War. *leave (lev), n. furlough, temporary au- thorized absence from military or other duty. liaison (le-a-zong', le-a'zong) , n. a bind- ing, tying together; the military or- ganization which assures interchange of information between armies or different branches of an army. liaison officer (le-a'zong of'is-er), n.an officer assigned to the army of an- other nation, or to another branch of the same army, as intermediary. ^liberty (lib'er-ti), n. & furlough, leave. Liberty Loan (lib'er-ti Ion), n. the name given to five United States war loans during the World War. liquid fire (lik'wid fir) , n. a term used of blazing petroleum pro j ected against the enemy line in warfare. listening-in set (lis'n-ing-in' set), n. a device for intercepting communi- cations passing over enemy telephone, lines. listening post (lis'n-ing post), n. a concealed position at the front from which enemy communications are intercepted. long range gun (long ranj gun), n. a gun capable of throwing shells to a great distance. lucky bag (luk'i bag), n. a place for the safekeeping of lost or mislaid ar- ticles. [Navy slang.] e Lusitania (Loo-sit-a'ni-a), n. a Cunard Line steamer torpedoed May 7, 1915, with a loss of 1154 lives, including 114 Americans. Her destruction was one of the underlying causes of Amer- ica's entrance into the war. machine gun (ma-sheen' gun), n. a small caliber cannon loaded and fired continuously by a mechanical device instead of by hand. machine gun nest (ma-sheen' gun nest), n. a concealed position for ma- chine gun attack. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MANDATE ^mandate (man'dat), n. a charge or commission given to a powerful na- tion' to protect and foster the devel- opment of a weak nation. massif (mas-sef), n. a wooded, gener- ally hilly, region. [French.] *mine (mm) , n. in naval warfare, a sub- merged or floating container charged with explosives designed to destroy enemy vessels. mine field (mm' feld), n. a zone plant- ed with submarine mines to prevent the passage of enemy vessels. mine-sweeper (mm'-swe-per) , n. a vessel equipped to remove anchored mines. minette Cmin-et'), n. a trap rock; a form of iron ore. ^mobilize (mo'bi-liz) , n. to set in opera- tion, put to use, make active. monkey meat (mun'ki met), n. army slang for canned meat, canned roast beef. motion picture (rno'shunpik'chur),n. the same as moving picture. *motor (mo'ter), n. a motor car: v.i. to travel by motor car. Motor Corps of America (mo'ter kor' ov A-mer'i-ka), n. a volunteer or- ganization of women serving as driv- ers of motor cars in war work. M. P., abbreviation for Military Po- lice. mustard gas (mus'terd gas), n. a poi- sonous irritant gas used in the World War, so called from its odor. narcomaniac (nar 'ko -ma 'ni -ak) , n. one addicted to the use of narcotics. Naval War College (na'val wawr kol'- ej), n. a Federal institution at New- ; port, R. I., for the advanced train- ing of specially selected naval officers in problems^ of naval warfare and naval operations. nightcap (nit'kap), n. a cap formerly used for sleeping; a drink before re- tiring. No Man's Land (no' manz land), n. the ground lying between opposing trenches or lines of battle. non-combatant (non-kom'bat-ant) , n. one who does not perform military service in war, as a child, woman, or aged person; one who is attached to an army but does not take part in PARAVANE fighting, as a surgeon, chaplain, clerk, etc. observation post (ob-zer-va'shun post), n. a concealed position from which hostile operations, the effect of gunfire, etc., can be noted. optometry (op-tom'e-tri) , n. measure- ment of vision. otology (o-tol'o-ji) , n. the science of the ear, medical treatment of ear diseases. ouija (we'ja or we'ya), n. a board containing the alphabet and other characters used in connection with the planchette (compounded of the French and German words for yes) . outflank (out-flangk') , v.t. to extend beyond the flank of, outmaneuver. outgeneral (out-jen'er-al), v.t. to be the superior of in generalship, to ex- cel in military skill. outlying (out-li'ing or out'li-ing), adj. lying outside, advanced, remote. outmaneuver (out-ma-noo'ver), v.t. to be superior in maneuvering. outpost (out'post), n. an outlying guard, an advanced post to guard against surprise. overhead (o-ver-hed'), adj. above the head, above. overhead (o'ver-hed), n. overhead cost, operating expenses, general costs of a business. overload (o'ver-lod), n. an excessive load, as of electrical current. overload (o-ver-lod') , v.t. to apply an excessive_ load. overseas (o-ver-sez'), adj. and adv. on the other side, abroad; overseas cap, the fatigue cap worn by troops on foreign service in the World War. over the top (o'ver the top), adv. army slang for over the breastworks, out of the trenches, to make an attack; in popular use, beyond a set goal. pacifist (pas'i-fist) , n. an opponent of militarism, or of war even on just grounds. paravane (par'a-van), n. a device de- veloped in the World War for the protection of vessels against sub- marine attack, consisting of a system of fenders attached to the vessel at an angle to divert torpedoes and mines. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARK ♦park 'park), v.t. to arrange automo- biles, vehicles, artillery, etc., in a prescribed place or manner. Peace Conference (pes kon'f er-ens) , n. the assembly of representatives of the allied nations which met in Paris to fix the terms of peace with the Central Powers, embodied in the treaty of Versailles, signed June 25, 1919. pentathlon (pentathlon), n. an ath- letic contest consisting of five events. [Greek.] petrol (pet'rol), n. gasoline. *phase (faz), n. a recurring form or ap- pearance of the planets or moon ; the stage of advance of a sound wave or alternating electric current. photo-drama (fo'to-dra-ma), n. a moving picture. piffle (pif'l), n. and inter j. nonsense, twaddle; used as a contemptous ex- clamation. pillbox (pil'boks), n. popular term for a German concrete redoubt for ma- chine guns. poilu (pwa-hV or pwa'lii), n. the popu- lar nickname of the French sol- dier, meaning "hairy," "bearded." [French.] power-boat (pow'er-bot) , n. a motor boat, any small craft propelled by motor power. pro-ally (pro-al-l'), adj. and n. favor- ing the cause of the allied nations. profiteer (prof-it-er'), v.i. to gain ex- cessive profits by taking advantage of the necessities of the public; n. one who profiteers. pro- German (pro-geVman) , adj. and n. favoring the German side in the World War. proving ground (proo'ving ground), n. a place for testing cannon, etc. pup tent (pup tent), n. a low V-shaped portable tent accommodating two soldiers. puttee (put-te'), n. a leather or spiral cloth gaiter or legging worn by sol- diers. questionnaire (kwes-chun-ar '), n. same as questionary. [French.] radio (ra/di-o), n. shortened form for radio-telegraphy ,_radiogram. radiogram (ra/di-o-graru) , n. a wire- less telegram. ROT railhead (raThed), n. the most ad- vanced point of a railroad fine. *ramp (ramp), n. a sloping passage- way, often used to take the place of stairs. rapid fire gun (rap 'id fir gun), n. a machine gun capable of being fired rapidly by one operation. rating (rat'ing), n. classification, valu- ation; class, rank. Red (red), n. an anarchist, a revolu- tionist; a member of the extreme wing of the socialistic party. Red Cross (red kros), n. an organiza- tion, having as its symbol the Geneva Cross, for the relief of wounded and sick soldiers in time of war and of the victims of wide-spread calamities in time of peace; specifically, the Amer- ican Red Cross, militarized in 1917 on the entrance of the United States into the World War, when it engaged in extensive military and civilian re- lief work at home and in the warring countries. red flag (red flag), n. the emblem of anarchy and_extreme socialism. *refugee (ref-u-je'), n. in the World War, one who flees before the enemy advance. *register (rej'is-ter), v. t. to enter, record, enroll; in moving pictures, to depict an emotion; v.i. in printing, to correspond properly. *reserve (re-zerv'), »• the body of mili- tarj- forces not on active duty unless summoned for service. In the World War, in addition to the Regular Army reserve of enlisted men, the United States established an Officers' Re- serve Corps, to secure a body of trained officers for temporary service in the regular army in every branch of the service. reservist (re-zer'vist) , n. a member of the military reserve. rifleman (rl'fl-man), n. one armed with a rifle; a skillful marksman with the rifle. rifle pit (ri'fl pit), n. a pit or short trench with parapet for the protec- tion of a rifleman. Rookie (rook'i), n. army slang for a recruit. *rot (rot), n. nonsense, silliness (slang) ; an exclamation of contempt. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, tfien. R. O. T. C. R. O. T. C, abbreviation for Reserve Officers' Training Camp. rough-house (ruf'hous), n. rough, vio- lent sport; v.t. and i. to handle or behave roughly in sport. Sam Browne belt (sam broun belt) , n. the military belt for officers in the British and American armies. Sammy (sam'i), n. a popular appella- tion of privates of the American Ex- peditionary Forces, soon abandoned for "Yank." Scout Master (skouf mas'ter), n. the adult leader of a Boy Scout troop. scrap of paper (skrap ov pa/per), n. a phrase used by the German Chancel- lor von Bethmann-Holweg on Au- gust 4, 1914, regarding the violation of Belgian neutrality, which the Great Powers were pledged by treaty to uphold. secretariat (sek-re-ta/ri-at) , n. the of- fice of a diplomatic secretary. [French.] *sector (sek'ter), n. a denned area of military operations. self-determination (self -de - ter - mi- na/shun), n. the act by which a peo- ple chooses for itself its political form and affiliations. seventy- five (sev'n-ti-fiv'), n. a famous gun developed by the French in the World War, having a caliber of 75 m. = 2.95275 inches. [French soixante- quinze (swa'sont kangz') .] sexology (seks-oro-ji) , n. the science of sex-relations. sharpshooter (sharp 'shoot-er), n. one skilled in marksmanship. shavetail (shav'tal), n. American army slang for a second lieutenant. shell crater (sheF kra-ter) * shell hole (sheF hoi), n. the cavity produced by the explosion of a shell. shell shock (sheF shok), n. a severe nervous affection frequently result- ing from exposure to the concussion caused by exploding shells. shelter pit (shel'ter pit), shelter trench (shel'ter trench) , n. a shallow temporary excavation for protection against direct fire. shock troops (shok' troops), n. a body of picked troops used for heavy at- tack at close quarters. SUBMARINE BASE Signal Corps (sig'nal kor), n. the divi- sion of the United States Army in charge of communications, including military cables, telegraphs, tele- phones, etc. Sinn Fein (shin fan), n. a revolution- ary society which aims at the inde- pendence of the Irish race. Sinn Feiner (shin fa'ner), n. an adhe- rent of the Sinn Fein. sloppy (slop'i), adj. splashy, wet; care- less, slovenly. slumgullion (slum'gul-yun) , n. the mixture of blood and oil on the deck of a whaling ship; a weak drink, slops; a menial. smoke bomb (smok bom), n. a form of bomb which on exploding spreads a screen of concealing smoke. smoke screen (smok' skren), n. an enveloping screen of dense smoke used to conceal the movements of troops or ships. *snow (sno) , n. slang term for cocaine. S. O. S. 1. A wireless code-signal in- dicating distress and calling for assistance, particularly at sea. 2. In the American Army, abbreviation for Service of Supply, the department controlling the area back of the zone of advance, in which ports of de- barkation, hospitals, encampments, storehouses, etc., are situated. sound-ranging (sound' ran-jing), n. the system of locating enemy bat- teries by the sound of the guns. Soviet (so'vi-et), n. a council of sol- diers and workers. [Russian.] Spartacist (spar'ta-sist) , Spartacid (spar'ta-sid) , n. a member of the communistic party in Germany, so called from Spartacus, the organ of the party, published at Essen. *stall (stawl), v.t. to hold back or ob- struct; v.i. to pretend; to cease to function. steam-roller (stem'rol-er), n. a heavy machine used in road construction; steam-roller methods, means used to overcome opposition regardless of the rights of others. stretcher case (strech'er kas), n. army term for a severely wounded soldier unable to walk to a hospital. submarine base (sub'ma-ren bas), n. a locality equipped for the conceal- ment and care of submarines and as ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. SUBMARINE CHASER a starting point for submarine activ- ities. submarine chaser (sub'ma-ren cha'- ser), n. a type of swift vessel equip- ped for the pursuit and destruction of hostile submarines. *surcharge (ser'charj), n. an addi- tional charge, in the nature of a war tax, as on luxuries or anything . else. swank (swangk), n. bluff, aggressive seif-importance. [British slang.] swear off (swar of), v.t. and i. to re- solve to abandon a practice, as drink- ing. taxi (tak'si), n. abbreviation of taxi- cab; v.i. to travel by taxicab. tear gas (ter' gas), n. an irritant gas used in warfare to produce copious flow of tears, thus blinding the en- emy. tempo (tem'po), n. rate of musical movement, time. [Italian.]_ terrain (ter-rang' or ter-ran'), n. a tract of ground; specifically, the formation and topography of a tract from a military standpoint. [French.] thermic (ther'mik), adj. of or due to heat. Thrift Stamp (thrift' stamp)' n. a stamp costing twenty-five cents is- sued in the United States during the World War, non-interest-bearing, re- deemable in certain amounts for war saving stamps. time fuse (tlm' fuz), n. a fuse con- structed to cause automatically the explosion of a shell or mine at the end of a determined period. tin hat (tin hat) , n. popular army term for the steel helmet. tin willy (tin wil'i), n. army slang for canned corned beef. TNT, the symbol for trinitrate of tol- uol, an explosive largely used in the World War. Tommy (tom'i), n. the popular term for a private in the British army. Tommy waac (tom'i-wak), n. the name given to members of the Women s Auxiliary Army Corps of Great Britain. trench feet (trench fet), n. a painful form of swelling produced by pro- longed service in the_ trenches. trench fever (trench fe'ver), n. a form WAR BRIDE of fever arising from unsanitary con- ditions in the trenches. trench mortar (trench' mor'ter), n. a short gun firing vertically, designed to bombard enemy trenches. Triplice (tri'plis), n. a name given to the proposed Franco-Anglo-Ameri- can alliance guaranteeing the defense of France against future German ag- gressions. [French.] trussing (trus'ing), n. a system of trusses, bracing. Ukraine or Ukrainia (u'kran, u-kra'- ni-a), n. a district of southern Russia on the Black Sea; proclaimed an in- dependent state under the name of Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. ukulele, ukelele (u-ke-le'li) , n. a stringed instrument resembling a guitar, of Hawaiian origin. Ulsterite (ul'ster-it), n. an inhabitant of Ulster in the north of Ireland; an opponent of the political separation of Ireland from England. *vamp (vamp), n. popular form of vampire. *vampire (vam'pir), n. a person, par- ticularly a woman, who preys on others. Very lights (ve'ri lits), n. a system of code signaling by means of colored lights discharged from a pistol. V. C. = Victoria Cross (vik-to'ri-a kros), n. the highest decoration given in the British army for conspicuous per sonab valor. Victory Loan (vik'to-ri Ion), n. the fifth of the Liberty war loans, issued in 1919. vocational (vo-ka/shun-al), adj. of a vocation or trade. vocational training (vo-ka'shun-al tra'ning), n. education for a trade or occupation, as contrasted with gen- eral training. Waac (wak), n. popular form of Wom- en's Auxiliary Army Corps. war bride (wawr brld), n. a wife mar- ried in war-time ; a wife married to a soldier while he is in foreign service; one whose marriage takes place in view of her husband's departure for foreign service; popular for a stock which gains in value by war-time operations. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. WAR CAMP C. S. War Camp Community Service (wawr kamp kom-u'ni-ti ser'vis), n. an American organization providing comfort and entertainment at home for men in uniform during the World War. War Chest (wawr' chest), n. a move- ment originating in Syracuse, now nation-wide, to combine all appeals for war charities in a single drive. War College (wawr kol'ej), n. an ad- vanced Federal institution at Wash- ington, D. C., for special training of selected United States army officers. wasps of the sea (wosps ov the se), n. a term applied to destroyers and torpedo boats. water-wagon (waw'ter-wag'un), n. popular term for giving up the use of liquor. welfare work (wel'far werk), n. a form of organized effort to ameliorate so- cial conditions. *wet (wet), adj. of a territory, permit- ting the sale of liquor; n. an oppo- nent of prohibition. whippet (whip'et), n. a breed of small dog; a small active creature. ZERO HOUR whippet tank (whip'et tangk), n. a small type of army tank. wire-cutter (wir'kut-er) , n. any in- strument for cutting wire; specifical- ly, a tool for cutting barbed wire en- tanglements. W. S. S. = War Saving Stamp, an interest-bearing stamp issued by the United States to facilitate popular subscription to the war loans, having a face value of five dollars. Y., abbreviation for the Y. M. C. A. or for a Y. M. C. A. hut. Y. M. C. A., abbreviation for Young Men's Christian Association. Y. M. H. A., abbreviation for Young Men's Hebrew Association, a New York association for the moral, men- tal, and physical improvement of Jewish young men. yeomanette (yo-man-et') yeowoman (yo'woom-an) , n. a female naval clerical assistant on land duty during the World War; not allowed on naval vessels. zero hour (ze'ro our), n. the moment appointed for leaving the trenches for an attack. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite n mit; nSte, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. [ COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. BOATS OF VARIOUS CLIMES ^ COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. BRILLIANT SEA SHELLS COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS A COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. EDIBLE GRAINS COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. FRATERNITY BADGES OF COLLEGES 1. Kappa Alpha; 2. Alpha Delta Phi; 3. Beta Theta Phi; 4. Delta Gamma; Sigma; 7. Tau Beta Pi; 8. Kappa Kappa Gamma; 9. Phi Nu Theta; 10. Delta Phi* Psi; 13^ Sigma Phi; 14. Clioj 15. Zeta Pm; 16. Sigma Chi; 17. Phi Gamma Delta; 18. Skull and Bones; 19; Sl 2™ a 4^Pk5: -E.Psilon; ^ 22. Delta Kappa Epsilon; 23. Kappa Alpha; AND SOCIETIES 5. Theta Delta Chi; 6. Phi Kappa 11. Sigma Nu; 12. Delta Alpha Tau Omega; ' 20. Wolf's Head; 21. _ 24. Kappa Alpha Theta; 25. Phi Beta Kappa; 26. Psi Upsilon; 27 Chi Psi, 28. Alpha Phi; 29. Chi Phi i Alpha Sigma Chi; 31. Phi Delta Theta; 32. Delta Tau Delta; 33. Beta Theta Phi;'34. Scroll and Key; 35?Phi Kappa Psi IP FIG4 SECTION OF THP HEART KEV TO FIG. I A. THE GREAT ARTERIAL TRUNK B. THE GREAT BRANCH C. THE LEFT CAROTID ARTERY D. THE LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY E. THE TWO ILIAC ARTERIES F. THE GREAT VEIN (ASCENDING VENA CAVA) G. THE GREAT VEIN (DECENDING VENA CAVA') KEY TO FIG. 4 I THE GREAT VEIN (descending venacava)' 2. THE GREAT VEIN (ascending vena cava) 3. UPPER PART OF THE CAVITY OF THE RIGHT AURICLE 4 UPPER PART OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE 5. THE THREE POINTED VALVE 6. VALVES AT THE ORIFICE OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY FIG. 5 SECTION OF AIR TUBE FIG. I PLAN OF THE ARTERIES FIG. 3 THREE VALVES ATTHE COMMENCEMENT OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY FIG. 2 SECTION OF VEIN (SHOWING VALVES) COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY P. E. WRIGHT. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD _^A ETLA ONYX GRECIAN GREEN MARBLE COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY P. E. WRIGHT. POLISHED BUILDING STONES COPYRIGHT, J.yia, BY P. E. WRIGHT. FLAGS OF STEAMSHIP COMPANIES A A (a or a), the first letter in nearly every alphabet in the world, the chief exceptions being the Old Ger- manic (Runic), where it stood in the fourth place, and the Ethiopic, where it is the thirteenth letter. It was possibly in its earlier form a Eictograph, representing an ox's ead^ but recent research has made this doubtful. a (a), indef. art. (contraction of an), one; any: used before words begin- ning with a consonant or the aspirate h. aback (a-bak') , adv. backward ; pressed back against the mast: said of sails; by surprise. abacus (ab'a-kus), n. a contrivance of beads or balls strung upon rods or wires: used for arithmetical com- putation by the Chinese, and called by them swanpan. The abacus was probably at first developed from the ten digits of the human hand, which was a natural counting-board: the slab crowning a column or pillar. abaft (a-baff), adv. & prep, at, to- wards, or in the direction of the stern of a ship; astern. abaiser (a-ba/ser), n. bone black, also called animal black. It is used in refining petroleum. abandon (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; desert or forsake utterly; give up all claim to; yield one's self: n. unre- straint ; freedom of manner. [French.] abandoned (a-ban'dund) , adj. given up entirely: shamelessly profligate. abandonment (a-ban'dun-ment) , n. the act of abandoning; the state of being abandoned; freedom from re- straint. a bas (a ba/), down with. [French.] abase (a-bas'), v.t. to humble or de- grade; debase morally; dishonor. abasement (a-bas'ment) , n. the act of abasing or humiliating. abash (a-bash'), v.t. to put to con- fusion; confound or make ashamed by consciousness of guilt or error. abatable (a-ba/ta-bl) , adj. that may be abated. abate (a-baf), v.t. to lessen; sup- press: v.i. to decrease; moderate. abatement (a-bat'ment) , n. the act of abating; the state of being abated; diminution; the amount by which a sum or quantity is reduced. abatis, abattis (English ab'a-tis; French a-ba-te'), n. a barricade com- posed of felled trees with the branches pointing outward ; especially intended to repel cavalry. abattoir (a-bat-twar'), n. a public slaughter-house. [French.] abb (ab), n. the yarn of the warp in weaving. abbacy (ab'a-si), n. the office and juris- diction of an abbot. abbe (a-ba/) , n. an ecclesiastic devoted to literature. [French.] abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior of a convent or nunnery. abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys (ab'biz)], an establishment for religious devo- tees of either sex, renounced to celi- bacy and seclusion from the world. abbot (ab'ut), n. the male superior or head of an abbey. abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to shorten, as by contraction of a word, or the omission of words in a sen- tence ; reduce the quantity to its low- est terms. abbreviation (ab-bre-vi-a'shun) , n. the act of shortening or abbreviat- ing; the state of being abbreviated; the word, phrase, or title so con- tracted, as M.D. for Doctor of Medi- cine. abbreviator (ab-bre Vi-a : ter) , n. one who shortens or abbreviates. abbreviature (ab-bre'vi-a-tur) , n. the sign, letter, er character used for ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; ' boon, book ; * hue, hut ; think, then. -^* r ABDICATE ABLAUT contraction ; a compendium or abridg- ment. abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce, give up, or withdraw from; to re- linquish the crown in favor of a successor. abdication (ab-di-ka/shun) , n. the act of relinquishment or resignation, as when the member of a royal family abdicates either high station or the right to inherit such station. Thus Charles V., of the Holy Roman Em- pire, abdicated and went into a mon- astery; and so, in our own times, King Milan of Servia abdicated his throne and spent the rest of his evil life in the gambling halls of Paris. mbdicator (ab'di-ka-ter), n. one who abdicates or resigns. abdomen (ab-do'men), n. the belly; the cavity containing the digestive apparatus or viscera; the posterior segment or third division of the body of an insect. abdominal (ab-dom'i-nal), adj. per- taining to the abdomen. abduce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw away by persuasion or argument; draw aside by an abductor muscle. abduct (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry off by stealth or force; kidnap. abduction (ab-duk'shun) , n. the act of abducting or kidnapping. abductor (ab-duk'ter) , n. one who, or that which, abducts; a muscle moving certain parts from the axis of a limb. abeam (a-bem'), adv. at right angles to the keel of a ship. abed (a-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. aberration (ab-er-ra'shun) , n. the act of departing from the usual path, type, or standard; mental de- rangement. abet (a-bet'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid or assist in the performance of an act, usually of a criminal nature; to incite, or instigate. abetment (a-bet'ment) , n. the act of abetting or instigating to action or crime. abettor or abetter (a-bet'er), n. one who aids or abets in the commission of a crime; one who protects a criminal or assists him to escape from justice. abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. held or kept back; held over; a state of suspen- sion. abhor (ab-hor'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ab- horred, p.pr. abhorring], to hate, loathe, execrate, abominate; be strongly averse to. abhorrence (ab-hor'rens) , n. detes- tation; extreme hatred; that which excites a feeling of strong repug- nance. abhorrent (ab-hor'rent) , adj. detest- able, hateful, repulsive. abhorrer (ab-hor 'rer) , n. one who abhors or detests. abide (a-bid'), [p.t. & p.p. abode, p.pr. abiding], v.t. to await, endure, with- stand, tolerate: v.i. to dwell, reside, continue, stand firm. abiding (a-bi'ding), p. adj. remaining; staying; steadfast, in faith or in purpose. ability (a-biri-ti), n. power to per- form; skill to achieve; capability for carrying out; capacity to devise; receive, retain, or make use of; physical or moral strength; talents or gifts, in a special or general de- gree; wealth; means. abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat) . adj. suc- ceeding to the estate of a person dying without a will. abiogenesis (ab-i-6-jen'e-sis) , n. spon- taneous generation, a doctrine now obsolete. abject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; mean; low; despicable; in a sunken or de- graded condition. abjection (ab-jek'shun), n. the act of being cast down; cast away; deg- radation. abjuration (ab-ju-ra/shun) , n. an oath of renunciation, as of allegiance; the act of renouncing. abjure (ab-jur'), v.t. to renounce upon oath; forswear allegiance to; repu- diate or recant. ablactation (ab-lak-ta'shun) , n. the act of weaning a child from the breast. ablation (ab-la'shun) , n. the act of removal or carrying away, ablative (ab'la-tiv), n. the sixth case in Latin nouns, expressing chiefly separation and instrumentality and sometimes place. ablaut (ap'lout), n. the change of ite, arm, at,, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ABLAZE ABRADANT vowel in the base of a word, as do, did. [German.] ablaze (a-blaz'), adv. or adj. on fire; well alight ; in a blaze ; eager ; in- flamed with desire; resplendent. able (a'bl), adj. possessed of power, means, or ability; qualified, compe- tent; bodily or mentally strong; legally authorized or entitled. able-bodied (a/bl-bod'id), adj. pos- sessed of physical strength; capable or efficient for duty. ablegate (ab'le-gat), n. the envoy sent by the Pope with insignia, &c, to newly-appointed cardinals. abloom (a-bloom'), adv. & adj. in bloom. abluent (ab'lu-ent), adj. cleansing: n. that which cleanses; a substance which purifies the blood. ablution (ab-lu'shun) , n. a washing or cleansing of the body by water; moral purificatiom ablutionary (ab-lu'shun-a-ri), adj. pertaining to cleansing. abnegate (ab'ne-gat), v.t. to refuse or deny to one's self. abnormal (ab-nor'mal) , adj. irregular; deformed; unnatural; departure from a type, standard, or rule; exceptional; out of the common. abnormality (ab-nor-mal'i-ti), n. [pi. abnormalities (ab-nor-mari-tiz)], the state or condition of being abnormal or irregular; difference or departure from a regular type or rule. abnormally (ab-nor'ma-li) , adv. in an abnormal manner. abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti), n. [pi. abnormities (ab-nor'mi-tiz)], deform- ity; irregularity. aboard (a-bord'), adv. on or within a vessel: prep, into a ship. abode (a-boa), n. a place of continued residence; a dwelling; a habitation; residence generally. abolish (a-bol'ish), v.t. to efface; do away with; put an end to. abolition (ab-o-lish'un) , n. the act of abolishing; the state of being abol- ished; the annulment or abrogation of decrees, rites, customs, &c. abolitionism (ab-o-lish'un-izm) , n. the doctrine or principles of those advocating the abolition of certain laws or customs, as the traffic in drink, slaves, &c. abolitionist (ab-o-lish'un-ist), n. one who is in favor of the repeal or abolition of some existing law _ or custom, as the slave trade or drink traffic. aboma (a-bo'ma), n. the name of a large species of boa or anaconda of tropical America. abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl) , adj. hate- ful; odious; offensive; unclean. abominate (a-bom'i-nat), v.t. to ab- hor; regard with feelings of disgust or hatred. abomination (a-bom-i-na'shun), it, excessive hatred; the act of abomi- nating; the thing abominated; defile* ment; pollution. aboriginal (ab-6-rij 'i-nal) , adj. orig- inal; primitive; existing from the beginning: n. the species of animals or plants presumed to have orig- inated within a given area. aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. the first or primitive inhabitants of a country; the native or indigenous animals or plants of any geograph- ical area. abort (a-bort'). v.i. to miscarry in birth; to remain undeveloped. aborted (a-bor'ted), p. adj. prema- turely born; checked or arrested id development ; functionally imper- fect, abortion (a-bor'shun) , n. untimely birth; miscarriage; that which falls short of maturity by arrest of de- velopment, abortionist (a-bor'shun-ist), n. one who is guilty of the crime of pro- curing a criminal abortion, or whe induces abortion. abortive (a-bor'tiv), adj. born imper- fect; arrested in development; with- out issue or result, abound (a-bound'>, v.i. to have ir plenty or abundance; to exist in great numbers or quantity (followed by in). about (a-bout'), adv. around; on every side; circuitously ; near to; intending: prep, concerned in; relating to. above (a-buy'), adv. in a higher place; overhead; in heaven; before; besides: prep, superior; beyond; in excess of. aboveboard (a-buv'bord) , adj. & adv. in open sight; without trickery. abradant (ab-ra/dant) , adj. having ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ABRADE ABSORPTION the property of rubbing away: n. substance employed for abrading or scouring. abrade (ab-rad'), v.t. to wear or rub away; to remove as by friction or abrasion; to corrode, as by acids. abrasion (ab-ra'zhun) , n. the act of wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. abreast (a-brest'), adv. side by side; in line with; opposite to; at the same level. abridge (a-brij'), *>•£. to curtail, shorten, condense, epitomize. abridgment (a-brij'ment), n. the state of being contracted or cur- tailed; an epitome. abroach (a-broch'), adv. & adj. Jetting out; placed in position for yielding the contents. abroad (a-brawd'), adv. widely; ex- pansively ; beyond the limits of house or country; wide of the mark. abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abolish, . annul, or repealby authority. abrogation (ab-ro-ga'shun), n. the act of abrogating; the repeal or annulhng of a law. abrogator (ab'ro-ga-ter), n. one who repeals by authority. _ abrupt (ab-rupt'), adj. broken; ter- minating suddenly; steep; precip- itous; rough; unceremonious. abruption (ab-rup'shun), n. a sep- aration with violence; a sudden or abrupt termination. abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses (ab'ses-ez)], a collection of morbid matter or pus in the tissues of the body. abscission (ab-sizh'un) , n. the act of severance; the breaking off in a sentence, leaving the rest to be im- plied. abscond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or retire in haste from the place of one's residence or post of duty; quit the country in secret. absence (ab'sens), n. the state # of being absent; the period of being absent. absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; away; wanting; regardless; ab- stracted: (ab-sent'), v.t. to retire or keep away from. absentee (ab-sen-te') , n. one who is absent or absents himself purposely from home or duty. absenteeism (ab-sen-te'izm) , n. the state or custom of living away from one's country or estate. absently (ab'sent-li), adv. in an ab- stracted manner. absinthe (English ab'sinth; French ab-sangt'), n. wormwood; a bitter aromatic liqueur compounded of brandy^ and wormwood, largely drunk in France. absinthin (ab-sin'thin) , n. the bitter principle of wormwood. absolute (ab'so-lut), adj. free as to condition; perfect in itself; unlim- ited in power; fixed, irrevocable; despotic; positive: n. the will or power of the Almighty. absolution (ab-so-hi'shun) , n. the act of absolving from the consequences of sin. absolutism (ab'so-lu-tizm), n. the state of being absolute ; the principle or system of absolute government. absolutist (ab'so-lut-ist), n. a sup- porter or advocate of despotic or absolute government. absolvatory (ab-sol'va-to-ri) , adj. con- taining or conferring absolution ; hav- ing power to pardon or absolve. absolve (ab-solv'), v.t. to release or set free ; clear of crime or guilt ; to forgive or remit. absorb (ab-sorb'), v.t. to drink in; imbibe; suck or swallow up; engross or engage wholly. absorbability (ab-sor-ba-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being absorb- able. absorbable (ab-sor'ba-bl) , adj. capa- ble of being absorbed. absorbency (ab-sor'ben-si), n. capac- ity for absorbing. absorbent (ab-sor'bent) , adj. absorb- ing: n. the capacity for absorbing; anything which absorbs or takes in nutritive matter; a vessel in the body; a substance capable of ab- sorbing or withdrawing gases or moisture from the air. absorptiometer (ab-sorp-shi-om'e- ter), n. an instrumer-t to show the amount of gas absorbed by a unit volume of a fluid. absorption (ab-sorp'shun) , n. the proc- ess or act of absorbing; the state of being absorbed; entire occupation of the mind. ft te, ton, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ABSORPTION ABYSS absorption-bands (-bandz), n.pl. the dark bands in the spectrum, more or less wide, and not usually sharply defined. absorption-lines (-llns), n.pl. dark lines in the spectrum produced by the absorption of cool vapors through which the light has passed. absorptive (ab-sorp'tiv), adj. having power or capacity for absorption. absorptivity (ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti) , n. the power of absorption. abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to forbear; refrain; hold aloof; keep away froim abstainer (ab-stan'er) , n. one who ab- stains, especially from intoxicants. abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us) , adj. mod- erate and sparing in the use of food and drink; non-indulgent. abstention (ab-sten'shun) , n. the act of holding off or abstaining. _ abstentionist (ab-sten'shun-ist) , n. one who favors or practices absten- tion. abstentious (ab-sten'shus), adj. char- acterized by abstention. abstergent (ab-ster'jent)^ adj. pos- sessing cleansing or purging proper- ties : n. that which cleanses or purges ; a detergent. abstersion (ab-ster'shun) , n. the act of wiping clean; the act of cleansing by the use of abstergents. abstersive (ab-ster'siv) , adj. cleansing; of the nature or quality of an abster- gent : n. that which cleanses or purines. abstinence (ab'sti-nens) , n. the act or practice of abstaining; self-denial; partial or total forbearance from the use of food or drink. abstinent (ab'sti-nent) , adj. refraining from over-indulgence, especially with regard to food and drink: n. an ab- stainer. abstract (ab-strakt'), v.t. to take or draw away; separate; purloin or steal; epitomize; separate from and consider apart. abstract (ab'strakt), n. an epitome; a summary or abstract comprising the essence or principal parts of a larger work: adj. considered or con- ceived apart from its concrete or material nature, abstract noun, n. the name of a state or quality considered apart from the object to which it belongs. abstracted (ab-strakt 'ed) , p. adj. sep- arated; disjoined; refined; abstruse; mentally absent. abstraction (ab-strak'shun) , n. the act of separating or drawing away; the state of being withdrawn or ab- stracted; concentration of mind or attention. abstractional (ab-strak'shun-al), adj. pertaining to abstraction. abstractionist (ab-strak'shun-ist) , n. one who deals with abstractions; an idealist; a dreamer. abstractive (ab-strak'tiv) , adj. having the quality or power of abstraction. abstractly (ab'strakt-li), adv. in an abstract manner. abstrahent (ab'stra-hent), adj. ab- stract^ eliminating from unessential or foreign elements. abstruse (ab-stroos') , adj. obscure; hidden; difficult of comprehension; profound. absurd (ab-serd'), % odj. contrary to reason or sense; ridiculous. absurdity (ab-ser'di-ti) , n. [pi. ab- surdities (ab-ser'di-tiz)J, the state of being absurd; that which is absurd. abundance (a-bun'dans) , n. in great- plenty; an over-flowing quantity; affluence. abundant (a-bun'dant) , adj. plentiful; fully sufficient; abounding. abuse (a-buz')> v.t. to use ill; treat rudely or wrongfully; to defile or violate; use violent or abusive lan- guage towards; vituperate. abuse (a-bus'), n. ill-treatment; the excessive or injudicious use of any- thing; insult; violation. abusive (a-bu'siv), adj. practicing or containing abuse. abut (a-but'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. abutted, p.pr. abutting], to border upon; touch at one end; terminate. (Used with on, upon, against.) abutment (a-but'ment) , n. that which borders upon something else; the solid structure which supports the extremity of a bridge or arch. abuzz (a-buz'), adv. filled with buzzing sounds. abysm (a-bizm'), n. an abyss, a gulf. abysmal (a-biz'mal) , adj. pertaining to an abyss; bottomless. a-bis'), n. a bottomless gulf; that which is unfathomable. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACACIA ACCESS acacia (a-ka/shi-a) , n. a plant of the genus of same name. academic (ak-a-dem'ik) , or academi- cal (ak-a-dem'i-kal), n. a college student or member of a university: adj. belonging or # appertaining to a college or university. academically (ak-a-dem'i-ka-li) , adv. in an academical manner; after the fashion of an academy. academicals (ak-a-dem'i-kals) , n.pl. the costume worn by graduates and undergraduates at a university or a college. academician (ak-a-de-mish'an) , n. a member of an academy or society for promoting the arts, sciences and literature. academy (a-kad'e-mi) , n. a private school or seminary for the teaching of the higher branches of education; a school for instruction in special subjects; an association or society of men eminent in literature, science, and art; a building devoted to aca- demic purposes. acanthus (a-kan'thus) , n. a plant hav- ing sharp-toothed leaves; ornamen- tation adopted in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and resembling the foliage of the acanthus. accede (ak-sed') , v.i. to come or attain to; to agree or yield to. accelerando (ak-chel-e-ran'do) . A term used in musie to denote that the movement should be quickened. [Italian.] accelerate (ak-sel'er-at) , v.t. to hasten; to cause to move or progress faster; quicken the speed of; bring nearer in time. acceleration (ak-sel-er-a'shun) , n. the act of accelerating; the state of being accelerated. accelerative (ak-sel'er-a-tiv) , adj. has- tening; tending to increase velocity. accelerator (ak-serer-a-ter) , n. that which quickens or accelerates; any method in photography by which a sensitized or chemical plate is ex- posed for a less time to the light. acceleratory (ak-sel'er-a-to-ri) , adj. accelerating or tending to accelerate. accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by the voice upon a particular syl- lable of a word, so as to render it more prominent than the rest; the mark or character used in writing and printing to express the manner of pronouncing a word; a peculiarity of utterance or ex- pression distinguishing the language of different parts or districts of the same or a foreign country; the em- phasis placed upon certain notes of a bar of music: v.t. to express the accent, or denote the vocal division of a word by stress or modulation of the voice; to pronounce; mark or accent a word in writing by use of a sign; dwell upon or emphasize, as a passage of music. accentual (ak-sen'tu-al), adj. belong- ing to accent; rhythmical. accentuate (ak-sen'tu-at) , v.t. to speak; pronounce or mark with an accent; give prominence to in speak- ing or writing; lay stress upon. accentuation (ak-sen-tu-a'shun), n. the act of accentuating by stress or accent; the act of speaking (or singing) with emphasis or distinc- tion. accept (ak-sept') : v.t. to take or receive with approbation; entertain; agree to, or acquiesce in; understand or receive in a particular sense ; to agree or promise to pay. acceptability (ak-sep-ta-bil'i-ti) , or acceptableness (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes) , n. the quality of being acceptable or agreeable. acceptable (ak-sep'ta-bl), adj. capable of giving pleasure or gratification. acceptance (ak-sep'tans) , n. the act of accepting; the fact of being ac- cepted, or received with approba- tion; the subscription to a bill of exchange; the bill accepted or the sum contained in it. acceptation (ak-sep-ta/shun) , n. the act of accepting, or state of being accepted or acceptable; the meaning or sense of a word or statement in which it is to be understood. acceptor (ak-sep'ter), n one who ac- cepts; the person who accepts a bill of exchange. access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- proach to a person or place; means of approach or admission; addition or increase; the recurrence of fits or paroxysms in diseases. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ACCESSIBILITY ACCOMPANY accessibility (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the condition of being accessible. accessible (ak-ses'i-bl) , adj. capable of being approached; easy of access; attainable. accession (ak-sesh'un) , n. a coming to, as by succession or by right ; entrance or attainment ; the act of acceding by assent or agreement ; increase or aug- mentation; the acquirement of prop- erty by improvement, growth, or labor expended; the attack or com- mencement of a disease. accessional (ak-sesh/un-al) , adj. addi- tional; pertaining to an accession. accessorial (ak-ses-o'ri-al), adj. per- taining to an accessory, as accessorial guilt or agency. _ accessory (ak-ses'o-ri) , adj. [pi. acces- sories (ak-ses'o-riz)], aiding; contrib- uting to some result or effect: n. one who aids in the commission of a fel- ony ; an accomplice ; that which is in the nature of an appendage. accidence (ak'si-dens) , n. the portion of grammar which deals with the inflections of words; a book contain- ing the rudiments of grammar; the rudiments themselves. accident (ak'si-dent) , n. an event which is unexpected, or the cause of which was unforseen; a contingency, casualty, or mishap; a property of a thing which is not essential to it. accidental (ak-si-den'tal) , adj. hap- pening by chance or unexpectedly; fortuitous; non-essential; connected with, but not necessarily belonging to: n. that which happens unex- pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- tial part or quality; a sharp, flat, or natural introduced into a piece of music to lower or raise the note before which it is placed. accidentally (ak-si-den'ta-li) , adv. in an accidental manner. acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout ap- plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; acclamation. acclamation (ak-kla-ma/shun) , n. a shout of applause, or other demon- stration of hearty approval; an out- burst of joy, or praise; the adoption of a resolution viva voce; a mode of papal election. acclamatory (ak-klam'a-to-ri) , adj. expressing joy or applause by ae* clamation. acclimate (ak'kli-mat) , v.t. to accus- tom a person to a foreign climate. acclimation ' (ak-kli-ma'shun), ?i. the process of acclimatizing, or the state of being inured to a foreign climate; acclimatization. acclimatize (ak'kli-ma-tiz) , v.L &: v.u to accustom or become accustomed to a foreign climate; said of plants or animals. acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti) , n. [pi. acclivi- ties (ak-kliv'i-tiz)], an ascent or up- ward slope of the earth; the talus of a rampart. _ . accolated (ak'ko-la-ted) , p. adj. con- taining two or more profile heads, so arranged that one partially over- laps the next, as in the shilling of William III. and Mary. accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat), v.L to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- just, settle; supply or furnish; do a favor to; lend money for the con- venience of a borrower: v.i, to be conformable to. accommodating (ak-kom'mo-da- ting), p. adj. obliging; of a yielding disposition; adapting one's self to the desires of others. accommodation (ak-kom-mo-da'- shun), n. the act of accommodating; or the state of being accommodated; that which supplies a want or desire. accommodation-bill (-bil), n. a bill or note endorsed by one or more parties to enable the drawer to raise money upon it. accommodation-ladder (-lad'er), n. a ladder or stairway suspended at the gangway of a ship. accommodative (ak-kom'mo-da-tiv), adj. disposed or tending to accommo- date. accompaniment (ak-kum'pa-ni- ment), n. something which is added to, or attends the original or princi- pal thing by way of ornament, or for the sake of harmony. accompanist (ak-kum'pa-nist), n. one who plays an accompaniment. accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni) , v.t. to keep company with; escort; join in movement or action; perform the accompaniment in a composition for voice and instrument. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book" hue, hut ; think, then. ACCOMPLICE 8 ACCUMULATIVE accomplice (ak-kom'plis) , n. an asso- ciate or companion in crime. accomplish (ak-kom'plish) , v.t. to bring to completion, or to an issue; fulfill; attain as the result of exer- tion. accomplished (ak-kom'plisht) , p.adj. finished; perfected; possessed of social qualifications. accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- ment), n. the completion of an act or undertaking; fulfillment; an ac- quirement or qualification in art or manners. accord (ak-kord'), v.t. & v.i. to be in agreement with; reconcile; agree; give; grant; concede; to adjust or bring to agreement; to be in corre- spondence or harmony; agree in pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- son; concurrence of will or opinion; harmony. accordance (ak-kord 'ans) , n. the state of being in harmony or accord. accordant (ak-kord 'ant), adj. corre- sponding; of the same mind. according (ak-kord'ing) , p.adj. agree- ing, harmonious: adv. in accordance (with) or agreeably (to). accordion (ak-kord'i-un) , n. a small wind instrument, having keys and metallic reeds, and worked by means of a bellows, after the fashion of a concertina. accost (ak-kost'), v.t. to draw near, or come face to face with; speak to; salute : n. the act of accosting ; manner. accouchement (ak-koosh/mong), n. delivery in child-bed; parturition; a lying-in. [French.] accoucheur (ak-koosh-er'), n. a phy- sician who attends confinement cases. [French.] account (ak-kount'), v.t. to reckon or hold to be; compute; count: v.i. to assign an explanation [with for]; take into consideration; relate: n. a reckoning; a financial statement or memorandum; a narrative; any- thing in the form of a statement, written or verbal; reason or con- sideration; profit; advantage; esti- mation; consequence; importance. account- current (ak-kount'-kur'ent) , n. the statement of account between two or more persons, drawn out in the form of debtor and creditor. accountability (ak-kount-a-bil'i-ti) , n a the state of being liable or accountable, accountable (ak-kount 'a-bl) , adj. an- swerable; responsible; liable to be called to account. accountably (ak-kount 'a-bli) , adv. in an accountable manner. accountancy (ak-koun'tan-si) , n. the art or practice of an accountant. accountant (ak-koun'tant) , "n. one skilled in the keeping or examination of accounts: adj. giving account; responsible. accoutre (ak-koo'ter) , v.t. to dress; equip ; to array in military dress ; fur- nish with accoutrements. [French.] accoutrements (ak-koo'ter-ments) , n.pl. equipage; dress; military equip- ments. [French.] accredit (ak-kred'it) , v.t. to give credit to; have confidence in; authorize; stamp with authority ; to believe and accept as true. accrescent (ak-kres'sent) , adj. increas- ing; growing. accrete (ak-kret'), v.i. to adhere; be added: v.t. to cause to grow or unite. accretion (ak-kre'shun) , n. increase by natural growth; the addition of external parts; the growing together of parts or members naturally sepa- rate. accretive (ak-kre'tiv) , adj. adding to or increasing by growth. accroachment (ak-kroch/ment) , n. the act of accroaching; usurpation. accrue (ak-kroo') , v.i. to come to hap- pen or result to naturally as an incre- ment, as of profit or loss, accruement (ak-kroo'ment), n. an addition or increment. aeeumbent (ak-kum'bent) , adj. reclin- ing or recumbent. accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat), v.t. to collect or bring together; amass; heap up: v.i. to increase in size, number, or quantity. accumulation (ak-ku-mu-la/shun) , n. the act of accumulating or amassing; the addition of interest to principal; the mass accumulated. accumulative (ak-ku'mu-la-tiv), adj. tending to accumulate. accumulative judgment (juj'ment), n. a second judgment which takes effect against a person after the first sentence has expired. ate, iirm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, Men. ACCUMULATOR 9 ACHILLES accumulator (ak-ku'mu-la-ter) , n. one who, or that which, accumulates; an apparatus for equalizing pressure ; an electric storage battery. accuracy (ak'ku-ra-si) , n. the quality of being accurate; exactness or cor- rectness. accurate (ak'ku-rat), adj. in exact conformity with the truth; free from error; precise. accursed (a-ker'sed), or accurst (a-kerst'), p.adj. under or subject to a curse; doomed to destruction; de- testable; execrable. accusable (ak-kii'za-bl) , adj. liable to be censured or accused. accusation (ak-ku-za'shun) , n. # a charge or imputation of wrong-doing; the act of accusing or imputing. accusatival (ak-ku-za-tl'val) , adj. per- taining to the accusative case. accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv) , adj. accus- ing: n. the objective case, denoting the object of the verb; in Latin, the fourth case of the noun. accusatorially (ak-ku-za-to'ri-a-li) , adv. in an accusatorial manner. accusatory (ak-ku'za-to-ri) , or accu- satorial (ak-ku-za-to'ri-al), adj. ac- cusing, or containing an accusation. accuse (ak-kuz'), v.t. to charge with guilt or blame; make or bring an imputation against. accuser (ak-kuz'er), n. one who ac- cuses; one who formally charges an offense against another. accustom (ak-kus'tum) , v.t. to habit- uate or familiarize by custom or use. accustomed (ak-kus'tumd), p.adj. fre- quent; usual; often practiced. ace (as), n. [pi. aces (as'ez)], a unit; in playing cards and dice, a card or die marked with a single pip; a very small quantity ; an aviator who has brought down five enemy ma- chines within his own lines and, as a result, has received official mention. acedia (a-se'di-a), n. an abnormal con- dition of the mind, characterized by lassitude, listlessness, and general indifference. acentric (a-sen'trik) , adj. away from the center; having no center. Acephala (a-sef Via) , n.pl. & term applied to all ordinary bivalves, as the oyster, having no distinct head. acephalous (a-sef a-lus) , adj. head- less; without a leader; an ovary of a plant that has its style springing from the base instead of the apex. acerbity (a-ser'bi-ti) , n. [pi. acerbities (-tiz)], sourness; sharpness; harsh- ness or severity of temper or expres- sion. acetanilide (as-et-an'i-lid) , n. a pun- gent white powder, formed by the action of acetyl chloride on aniline: used in medicine as an antipyretic. acetate (as'e-tat), n. a salt of acetic acid. acetated (as'e-ta-ted) , p.adj. com- bined with acetic acid. acetation. See_acetification. acetic acid (a-se'tik & a-set'ik as'id), n. a clear liquid, with a strong acid taste and peculiar sharp smell. It is present in a dilute formin vinegar. acetification (a-set-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act or process of acetifying or becoming acetous; the preparation of vinegar. acetify (a-set'i-fi). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acetified, p.pr. acetifying], to turn into vinegar; make acetous. acetimeter (as-e-tim'e-ter) , n. an instrument for gauging the strength or purity of vinegar or acetic acid. acetin (as'e-tin), n. a combination of acetic acid_with glycerine. acetone (as'e-ton), n. a clear volatile liquid, composed of carbon, hydro- gen, and oxygen. acetose (as'e-tos), or acetous (as'e- tus), adj. of the nature of vinegar; sour; causing acetification. acetylene (a-set'i-len), n. a brilliant illuminating gas, produced by sub- jecting calcium-carbide to the action of water. ache (ak), n. pain, more or less contin- uous: v.i. to suffer, or be in pain. achievable (a-che'va-bl) , adj. possible to achieve; capable of being per- formed. achieve (a-cheV), v.t. to perform, carry out, accomplish; to gain or bring to a successful issue by an effort: v.i. to bring about a desired result. achievement (a-chev'ment), n. the act of achieving; accomplishment; that which is achieved or accom- plished; an escutcheon or armorial shield, also called a hatchment. Achilles-tendon (a-kirez-ten'dun) , n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 4 hue, hut ; think, then. ACHING 10 ACOUSTIC the powerful tendon placed in, and moving, the heel ; usually reversed in writing,_"tendon-Achilles. ' ' aching (a'king), p.adj. enduring or causing pain; painful: adv. with aching; painfully. achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik), adj. free from coloration; transmitting light without decomposition. achromatic- lens (-lenz), a lens free from chromatic aberration. a chromatically (ak-ro-mat 'i-ka-li) , adv. in an achromatic manner. achromatize (ak-ro'ma-tiz) , v.t. to deprive of the power of transmitting color; to render achromatic. achromatous (ak-ro'ma-tus), adj. without color. acid (as'id), adj. sour and sharp or biting to the taste, as vinegar: n. anything sour; the name applied to a large number of compounds con- taining one or more atoms of hydro- gen which may be displaced by a metal. acidic (a-sid'ik), adj. containing a large proportion of the acid element; op- posed to basic. < acidiferous (as-i-dif 'e-rus) , adj. pro- ducing or containing acids. acidific (as-i-dif 'ik) , adj. acidifying; producing acidity or an acid. acidification (a-sid-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the process of acidifying. acidifier (a-sid'i-fi-er), n. a substance having the property of imparting an acid quality. acidify (a-sid'i-jf I) , v.t. [p.t & p.p. acidi- fied, p.pr. acidifying], to make acid; convert into an acid; sour; embitter. acidity (a-sid'i-ti), n. the quality of being acid or sour. acidulate (a-sid'u-lat), v.t. to render slightly acid. m acidulent (a-sid'u-lent) , adj. some- what acid; tart;_peevish. acidulous (a-sid'u-lus) , adj. slightly sour; subacid. acierage (as'i-er-aj), n. the term given to the process of electrically de- positing iron on an engraved copper plate. acif orm ( a s ' i f 6 r m ) , adj. needle- shaped. acinaceous (as-i-na/shus) , adj. con- sisting of or full of kernels, as the grape, mulberry, &c. acknowledge (ak-norej), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. acknowl- edging], to admit or own to be true; recognize; confess; admit the receipt of. acknowledgment (ak-nol'ej-ment) , n.the act of acknowledging; the ad- mission or recognition of a" truth; confession; the expression of appre- ciation of a favor or benefit con- ferred; a receipt. aclinic (a-klin'ik), adj. without in- clination. aclinic-line (a-klin'ik-lin), n. the im- aginary point near the equator where the magnetic needle has no dip. acme (ak'me) , n. the highest point ; the utmost reach ; the crisis of a disease. acne (ak'ne), n. a pustular eruption of the body, chiefly confined to the face, shoulders and chest. acock (a-kok'), adv. in a cocked or turned up manner. acock-bill (a-kok'-bil) , adv. with the ends directed upwards, as of an anchor or yards of a ship. acology (a-kol'o-ji), n. the science of remedies. acolyte (ak'o-llt), or acolyth (ak'o- lith & -lith), n. the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking next below the sub- deacon. aconite (ak'o-nit), n. the plant wolf's- bane or monk's-hood; the drug pre- pared from the plant. aconitine (a-kon'i-tin & -tin), n. the narcotic drug prepared from the roots and leaves of several species of aconite, used as a remedy for neu- ralgia. acorn (a/korn), n. the fruit of the oak; a conical piece of wood affixed to the spindle above a vane, to keep the vane from being blown off. acotyledon (a-kot-i-le'dun) , n. a plant whose seeds (spores) are not fur- nished with cotyledons (seed-lobes). acotyledonous (a-kot-i-le'dun-us), adj. having no cotyledons or seed- lobes. acoumeter (a-koo'me-ter), n. an in- strument to test the power of hear- ing, or sensibility to sound. acoustic (a-koos'tik) , adj. belonging to the science of sound: n. a remedy for deafness. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut,; think, then. ACOUSTICS 11 ACTINOID Acoustics (a-koos'tiks) , the science of sound; the study of the effects of sound upon the organ of hearing. acquaint (ak-kwant'), v.t. to famil- iarize or make one's self conversant with; furnish information. acquaintance (ak-kwant'ans), n. the state of being acquainted with a person or subject; personal knowl- edge less than friendship; a person with whom one is_ acquainted. acquainted (ak-kwan'ted) , p.adj. hav- ing personal knowledge; familiar, known (with). acquiesce (ak-kwi-es') v.i. to agree; comply passively; assent [followed usually by in]. acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens) , n. the act of submitting; silent assent; neglect to take legal proceedings, so as to imply consent. acquiescent (ak-kwi-es'ent) , adj. dis- posed to submit or yield tacitly; resting satisfied. acquirable (ak-kwir'a-bl) , adj. capable of being acquired. acquire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain or ob- tain possession of by one's own physical or intellectual exertions. acquirement (ak-kwir'ment) , n. the act of acquiring; that which is acquired. acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un) , n. the act of acquiring; the object acquired. acquisitive (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. hav- ing a propensity to acquire; greedily disposed. acquisitiveness (ak-kwiz'i-tiv-nes), n. the propensity to acquire. acquit (ak-kwit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to re- lease; set free; discharge; to pro- nounce not guilty. acquittal (ak-kwit'al) , n. the act of releasing or acquitting; the state of being acquitted; the judicial pro- nouncement of "not guilty." acquittance (ak-kwit'ans) , n. a dis- charge or release from debt or other liability; a receipt barring a further demand. acre (a/ker), n. a superficial measure of land containing, in Great Britain, the United States and the British Colo- nies, 4,840 sq. yds. acreage (a/ker-aj), n. the number of acres in a tract of land. acred (a/kerd) , adj. possessing acres or landed property. acrid (ak'rid), adj. sharp or biting to the taste ; pungent ; irritating ; sting- ing: n. an acrid or irritant poison. acridity (ak-rid'i-ti) , n. the quality of being acrid. acrimonious _ (ak-ri-mo'ni-us), adj. bitter; caustic; stinging. acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni) , n. sharpness of temper ; bitterness of expression. acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. a performer on the tight-rope; one who^ practices tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. acrobatism (ak'ro-bat-izm) , n. the performance of acrobatic feats; the profession of_an acrobat. acrolith (ak'ro-lith) , n. a sculptured figure, the head and extremities of which are of stone and the rest of wood. acropolis (a-krop'o-lis), n. the high- est part or citadel of a Grecian city, as that of Athens, hence a citadel. across (a-kros'), adv. & prep, from side to side; transversely; adversely; athwart; intersecting at an angle. acrostic (a-kros'tik) , n. a composition, usually in verse, in which the first or last letters of the lines, or other letters, taken in order, form a motto, phrase, name, or word. act (akt), n. an action; process of do- ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; the judgment of a court; a formal writing; one of the principal divi- sions of a drama ; a thesis maintained by a candidate for a degree at a university: v.t. to do; perform; play, as on the stage; set in motion: v.i. to exert force or energy. acting (akt'ing), p.adj. performing services, as those of an official. actinic (ak-tin'ik), adj. having the property of actinism. actinism (ak'tin-izm) , n. that property of the sun's rays which produces chemical action. actinium (ak-tin'i-um) , n. a recently discovered radio-active element. actinograph (ak-thVo-graf ) , n. an instrument for measuring the varia- tion of the chemical rays of fight. actinoid (ak'tin-oid) , adj. having the form of rays ; resembling a star- fish. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book i hue, hut ; think, then. ACTINOLOGY 12 ADDITION actinology (ak-ti-nol'o-ji) , n. the science that treats of the chemical action of light. actinometer (ak-tin-om'et-er) , n. an instrument for measuring the inten- sity of heat-rays. action (ak'shun), n. the state of be- ing active, as opposed to rest; the effect of one body upon ; another (used in sing.).; an act or thing done (used in pi.); a suit instituted by one party against another in a court of law; the gesture or deportment of a speaker; the performance of a function; effective motion, as of ma- chinery; the appearance of anima- tion, &c, given to figures; an engage- ment on sea or land, less important than a battle. actionable (ak'shun-a-bl) , adj. giving grounds for an action at law. active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or exercising the power or quality of action; constantly active; the per- formance and not the continuance of an action; lively, moving freely* acting quickly. activity (ak-tiv'i-ti) , n. [pi. activities (ak-tiv'i-tiz)], energy; the state of action. actor (ak'ter), n. one who acts or performs; a stage-player; a proctor or advocate in civil causes. actress (ak'tres), n. a woman actor. actual (ak'tii-al), adj. real; existing; present. actuality (ak-tii-al'i-ti) , n. [pi. actu- alities (ak-tu-al'i-tiz)], the state of being real or actual ; that which is in full existence. actualization (ak'tu-al-i-za/shun) , n. making actual actualize (ak r tu-al-iz), v.t. to make actual. actually (ak'tu-al-li) , adv. as an exist- ing fact. actuary (ak'tu-a-ri) , n. [pi. actuaries (ak'tu-a-riz)], a registrar or clerk of a court ; one who is skilled in life assurance and similar computa- tions. actuate (ak'tu-at), v.t. to move or incite to action. actuation (ak-tu-a/shun) , n. the state of being actuatedor impelled. aculeate (a-ku'le-at) , adj. equipped with a string; having aculei or sharp prickles: n. certain insects furnished with stings, as the bee. acumen (a-ku'men), n. quickness of perception; penetration; insight; dis- crimination. acuminate (a-ku'min-at) , adj. ending in a sharp point. acupress (ak'u-pres), v.t. to check hemorrhage by pressure. acupressure (ak-Q-presh'er) , n. a method of checking hemorrhage in arteries during amputations by nee- dles or wire. acute (a-kuf), adj. sharp-pointed; intellectually sharp; quick of per- ception; severe, as pain or symptoms attending a disease; high in pitch. adage (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb, or pithy saying. adagio (a-daj'i-o), a musical term call- ing for a slower movement in the rendering of a part of the composi- tion. [Italian.] Adam's ale (ad'amz al), n. water. Adam's apple (ad'amz ap-1), n. the prominence made by the thyroid cartilage of the larynx in front of the throat, especially conspicuous in males. adamant (ad'a-mant), n. a substance of extreme hardness; the diamond: adj. formed of adamant; hard. adamantine (ad-a-man'tin) , adj. made of adamant; impenetrable. adapt (a-dapt'), v.t. to make to cor- respond; fit by alteration or adapta- tion. adaptability (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being adaptable. adaptation (ad-ap-ta/shun) , n. the act of adjusting or adapting; the state of being adapted; that which is adapted. add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum up; increase; affix. addendum (ad-den'-dum) , n. [pi. ad- denda (ad-den 'da)], an appendix. adder (ad'er), n. the popular name for the viper. addict (ad-dikt'), v.t. to devote or give one's self up to ; to practice sedulously (usually in a bad sense). addition (ad-dish'un) , n. the act or process of adding together; increase; the result of addition; the thing added; the adding or uniting of two or more numbers in one sum; a title ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ADDITIONAL 13 ADJUST added to a name, denoting rank, as esquire; a dot placed at the side of a note to indicate the lengthening of the sound by one-half. additional (ad-dish'un-al) , adj. added; supplementary. additionally (ad-dish'un-a-li) , adv. in addition to. additive (ad'di-tiv), adj. that may be, or is to be, added. addle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as eggs that are barren or putrid: v.t. to make corrupt or putrid, as eggs: v.i. to become addled. addle-headed (adl-hed'ed) , or addle- pated (ad-1-pa/ted) , adj. stupid; weak-brained; muddled. address (ad-dres'), v.t. to straighten; to bring into line ; to arrange ; redress, as wrongs, &c; to direct; speak or write to; get ready; consign: n. a speech delivered or written ; manners and bearing; tact; adroitness; the attention of a lover. addressee (ad-dres-e') , n. one who is addressed. adduce (ad-dus') , v.t. to bring forward or cite in proof or substantiation of what is alleged. adducent (ad-du'sent) , adj. bringing forward or together. adducible (ad-du'si-bl), adj. capable of being adduced. adductive (ad-duk'tiv), adj. bringing forward. adductor (ad-duk'ter) , n. one who draws to. adductor muscles (mus'lz), n.pl. muscles which draw certain parts to a common center. adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. one of the two soft glands in the throat. adept (a-dept'), adj. well skilled: n. (a'dept) , one who is fully proficient or skilled in an art. adequacy (ad'e-kwa-si) , n. sufficiency for a particular purpose. adequate (ad'e-kwat) , adj. equal to re- quirement oroccasion ; fully sufficient. adhere (ad-her'), v.i. to stick fast; become firmly attached to. adherence (ad-her 'ens) , n. the act or state of adhering; unwavering at- tachment. adherent (ad-her'ent) , adj. adhering; sticking: n. one who adheres; a fol- lower of a party or leader. adhesion (ad-he'zhun) , n. the state or act of adhering. adhesive (ad-he 'siv), adj. holding fast; gummed for use; sticky. adieu (a-du'), n. [pi. adieus, adieux (a-duz')J, a farewell; good wishes at parting: inter j. goodby; farewell. [French.] adit (ad'it), n. an entrance or passage; an entrance to a mine more or less horizontal. adjacency (ad-j a/sen-si), n. the state of being close_ or contiguous. adjacent (ad-j a/sent), adj. near; close to. adjectival (ad-jek-ti'val), adj. of the nature of an adjective. adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word used with a substantive or noun to ex- press the quality or attribute of the thing named, or to limit and define a thing as distinct from something else. adjoin (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or join: v.i. to lie next to. adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off to another day. adjournment (ad-jern'ment) , n. the act of adjourning; the postponement of a meeting. adjudge (ad-juj'), v.t. to determine in a controversy, adjudged (ad-jujd'), adj. determined by judicial decree. adjudgment (ad-juj'ment), n. the act of judging. adjudicate (ad-jti'di-kat), v.t. to try and determine a case as a court. adjudication (ad-ju'di-ka'shun), n. the act of determining judicially; a judicial sentence. adjudicator (a-ju'di-ka-ter) , n. one who adjudicates. adjunct (ad'jungkt), n. something added to another thing, but not an essential part of it. adjunctive (ad-jungk'tiv). adj. having the quality of joining or uniting. adjunctly (ad'jungkt-li) , adv. in con- nection with. adjuration (ad-ju-ra'shun) , n. the solemn charging on oath; the form of an oath. adjure (ad-jur'), v.t. to command on oath under pain of a penalty; to charge solemnly. adjust (ad-just'), v.t. to fit, or make ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ADJUSTER 14 ADORNMENT exact; to make correspondent; to make accurate. adjuster (ad-jus'ter), n. one who regu- lates or adjusts. adjustment (ad-just 'ment) , n. the aec of adjusting. adjutancy (ad'iu-tan-si), n. the office of an adjutant. adjutant (ad'ju-tant) , n. a regimental staff-officer who assists the com- manding officer. adjutant- general (-jen'er-al), [pi. ad- jutants-general], the chief staff-officer of an army, through whom all orders, &c, are received and issued by the general commanding. admeasure (ad-mezh'ur) , v.t. to meas- ure dimensions; apportion. admeasurement (ad-mezh'ur-ment) , n. a measurement by a rule. administer (ad-min'is-ter) , # v.t. to manage as chief agent or minister, as a king, president, or judge; direct the application of the laws; dis- pense; to cause to be taken, as med- icine; to give, as an oath or a sacra- ment. administer ial (ad-min-is-ter'i-al) , adj. pertaining to administration. administrate (ad-min'is-tra-bl) , adj. capable of being administered. administration (ad-min-is-tra/shun) , n. the act of administering, as gov- ernment, justice, medicine, a sacra- ment, or an intestate's estate; the ministry. administrative (ad-min'is-tra-tiv), adj. pertaining to administration. administrator (ad-min'is-tra-ter) , n. one who administers affiairs ; one who settles the estate of an intestate. administratrix (ad-min-is-tra'triks) , n. a female administrator. admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl) , adj. worthy of admiration; excellent. admiral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief com- mander of a fleet; a naval officer of the highest rank. Admiralty (ad'mi-ral-ti) , n. [pi. Admi- ralties (ad'mi-ral-tiz)], the depart- ment of the British government hav- ing authority over naval affairs ; the building in which British naval affairs are transacted; the office of an ad- miral. admiration (ad-mi-ra'shun) , n. won- der excited by beauty or excellence. admire (ad-mir'), v.t. to regard with strong approval. admissible (ad-mis'i-bl) , adj. worthy of being admitted. admission (ad-mish'un) , n. the power or permission to enter; the granting of an argument. admit (ad-mit') v.t. [p.t. & p.p. admit- ted, p.pr. admit 'ting], to permit to enter; allow in argument; receive. admittance (ad-mit'ans), n. the power or permission to enter. admix (ad-miks'), v.t. to mix with something else. admixture (ad-miks'tur) , n. a com- pound of substances mixed together. admonish (ad-mon'ish) , v.t. to reprove gently; warn; instruct. admonition (ad-mo-nish'un), n. friendly reproof or warning. admonitory (ad-mon'i-to-ri) , adj. con- veying reproof or warning. adnascent (ad-nas'ent) , adj. growing upon something else. adnate (ad'nat), adj. with organic cohesion_ of unlike parts. ado (a-doo')_, n. bustle; trouble. adobe (a-do'ba), n. unburnt brick dried in the sun, used for building in Central America and Mexico. [Spanish.] adolescence (ad-o-les'ens) , n. the period of life between puberty and maturity; youth. adolescent (ad-o-les'ent) , adj. growing to maturity. adopt (a-dopt'), v.t. to choose or take to one's self, as a child, an opinion, or a course of action. adoption (a-dop'shun), n. the act of adopting ; the state of being adopted ; voluntary acceptance ; admission into more intimate relations. adoptive (a-dop'tiv), adj. constituted by adoption. adorable (a-dor'a-bl) , adj. worthy of worship. adoration (ad-o-ra'shun) , n. the act of worship. adore (a-dor'), v.t. to pay divine hon- ors to; honor highly; love intensely; admire greatly: v.i. to offer wor- ship. adorn (a-dorn'), v.t. to beautify; dig- nify; ornament; embellish. adornment (a-dorn'ment) , n. orna- ment; decoration. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ADOWN 15 ADVERTISE adown (a-doun'), adv. & prep, down- ward; down. adrift (a-drift'), adj. & adv. floating at random. adroit (a-droit'), adj. exhibiting skill; dexterous. adulation (ad-Q-la/shun), n. inter- ested praise; flattery. adulator (ad'u-la-ter) , n. a flatterer. adulatory (ad'ti-la-to-ri) , adj. flatter- ing. adult (a-dult'), adj. grown up to full age, size, and strength: n. a man or a woman. adulterant (a-dul'ter-ant) , adj. adul- terating: n. the person or thing that adulterates. adulterate (a-dul'ter-at) , v.t. to cor- rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- rupted by baser admixture. adulteration (a-dul-ter-a'shun) , n. the debasing or being debased by admixture; deterioration. adulterator (a-dul'ter-a-ter) , n. one who corrupts or adulterates. adulterer (a-dul'ter-er) , n. a man who commits adultery. adulteress (a-dul'ter-es) , or adultress (a-dul'tres), n. a woman who com- mits adultery. adulterous (a-dul'ter-us) , adj. guilty of adultery. adultery (a-dul'ter-i) , n. [pi. adulteries (a-dul'ter-iz)], violation of the mar- riage-bed. adumbrant (ad-um'brant) , adj. shad- owing forth. adumbrate (ad-um'brat) , v.t. to shad- ow forth; give a faint resemblance of. adumbration (ad-um-bra'shun) , n. something that shadows forth. adumbrative (ad-um-bra'tiv) , adj. faintly representing. aduncous (ad-ung'kus) , adj. hooked, as a parrot's bill. advance (ad-vans'), v.t. to go forward: v.t. to further; to make a payment of beforehand: n. improvement; an addition to or rise in value ; an over- ture (usually used in pi.)-, a loan; payment beforehand. advancement (ad-vans'ment) , n. fur- therance ; progress ; promotion. advantage (ad-van'taj), n. sl state of advance or forwardness; a benefit; the first point gained after deuce. advantageous (ad-van-ta'jus) , adj. of advantage; beneficial. advent (ad'vent), n. a coming or ar- rival. Advent (ad'vent), ft. the period in- cluding the four Sundays before Christmas. adventitious (ad-ven-tish'us) , adj. happening by chance; casual; for- tuitous; accidental; produced out of normal and regular order. adventual (ad-ven'tu-al), adj. relating to the season of Advent. adventure (ad-ven'tur) , n. an event the issue Of which is determined by chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. adventurer (ad-ven'tur-er) , n. one who undertakes adventures; a spec- ulator; one who seeks social dis- tinction by false or specious pre- tenses. adventuresome (ad-ven'tur-sum), or adventurous (ad-ven'tur-us) , adj. inclined to incur risk; full of risk; daring. adventuress (ad-ven'tur-es) , n. a fe- male adventurer ; (usually in a bad sense) . adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to modify the sense of a verb or adjec- tive. adverbial (ad-ver'bi-al) , adj. of the nature of an adverb. adverbially (ad-ver'bi-a-li), adv. with the force of an adverb. adversary (ad'ver-sa-ri), n. [pi. adver- saries (ad'ver-sa-riz)], an opponent. adversative (ad-yer'sa-tiv) , adj. ex- pressing opposition. adverse (ad-vers'), adj. opposed to; contrary; unfortunate; inimical. adversity (ad-ver'si-ti) , n. a state of things adverse; the reverse of pros- perity; misery. advert (ad- vert'), v.i. to turn one's attention to; refer. advertence (ad-ver'tens) , n. atten- tion. advertency \ (ad-ver'ten-si) , n, the habit of being attentive. advertent (ad-ver'tent), adj. atten- tive. advertently (ad-ver'tent-li) , adv. in an intentional manner. advertise (ad'ver-tiz) , v.t. to turn the attention of others to; announce; publish. 8te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ADVERTISEMENT 16 AEROSTATICS advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment) , n. a notice in a public print; an an- nouncement. advice (ad- vis'), n. an opinion given for the practical direction of con- duct; information given by letter; counsel. advisability (ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being advisable; desira- bility. advisable (ad-vi'za-bl) , adj. fit to be advised; prudent; expedient. advise (ad-viz'), v.t. to offer an opinion to; counsel; inform. advised (ad-viz'd), p.adj. acting with caution. advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li) , adv. with ad- vice; with intention; deliberately. advisory (ad-vi'zo-ri) , adj. having power to advise; containing advice. advocacy (ad'vo-ka-si) , n. the act of pleading for. advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called to the aid of another; one who pleads the cause of another. advocator (ad'vo-ka-ter) , n. an advo- cate; a supporter. advowee (ad-vou-e'), n. one who has anadvowson; the patron of a living. advowson (ad-vou'zn) , n. the right of presentation to a benefice. [English.] adynamia (a-din-a'mi-a) , n. great debility; physical weakness. # adz or adze (adz), n. a cutting tool having a curved blade at right angles to the handle, used for dressing tim- ber by ships' carpenters, coopers, &c. ae (e), a Latin diphthong, in deriva- tives mostly superseded by e. sedile or edile (e'dil), n. a Roman magistrate who exercised supervision over the temples, public and private buildings, the markets, public games, sanitation, &c, hence a municipal officer. aelurophobia (e-lu-ro-pho'bi-a),n. cat- fear; a morbid dread of cats and a consciousness of their presence even when they are not in sight. iEolian harp (e-o'li-an harp), n. a stringed instrument, the wires of which are set in motion by air. aeon T)T eon (e'on), n. a period of im- mense duration; an age. aerate (a/er-at), v.t. to combine or charge with carbonic-acid gas, or with air. aerated bread (a'er-at-ed bred), n a bread raised by charging the dough with carbonic-acid gas. aeration (a-er-a'shun) , n. the act of aerating; oxygenation of the blood by exposure to the air in respiration. aerial (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to the air. aerially (a-e'ri-a-li) , adv. like the air. aerification (a-er-if-i-ka 'shun), n. tbl state of being aeriform. aeriform (a'er-i-f orm) , adj. having the form of air; gaseous. aero (a'er-o), adj. a word descriptive of aeronautical subjects, as aero- club. aerocyst (a'er-o-sist), n. one of the air-bladders of algae. aerodrome (a'er-o-drom), n. a field or shelter for aeroplanes. aero-dynamics (a-er-o-di-nam'iks) , n. the science which treats of air in motion. aerogram (a/er-o-gram) , n. a wireless telegraphic message. aerolite (a'er-o-llt) , n. a meteorite. aerometer (a-er-om'e-ter) , n. an in« strument for weighing the air. aeronaut (a/er-o-nawt) , n. an aerial navigator; a balloonist, or aviator* aeronautic (a-er-o-naw'tik) , or aero* nautical (a-er-o-naw'ti-kal) , adj* pertaining to aeronautics. aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks) , n. aerial navigation. aerophone (a/er-o-f on) , n. an instru- mented invented by Edison for in- creasing the intensity of sound. aerophor (a/er-o-f er) , n. an apparatus used in spinning-factories to moisten the # air, and counteract the elec- tricity produced by the friction of the machinery. aerophyte (a'er-o-fft), n. an air-plant; a parasitical plant. aeroplane (a/er-o-plan) , n. a flying machine, distinguished from an air- ship or balloon. aeroplanist (a-er-o-plan'ist) , n. one who flies in or controls an aero- plane. aerostat (a/er-o-stat), n. a balloon; a flying machine. aerostatic (a-er-o-stat'ik) , or aero- statical (a-er-o-stat'i-kal), adj. per- taining to aerostatics. aerostatics (a-er-o-stat'iks), n. the ate, arm, at, awl : me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AERY 17 AFFRANCHISE science which treats of the equilib- rium of bodies sustained in air. aery and aerie (er'i), n. an eagle's nest; a brood of eagles or hawks. aesthetic or esthetic (es-thet'ik) , adj. pertaining to aesthetics. aesthetic school (skool), a school of art composed of devotees of the beautiful. sestheticism (es-thet'i-sizm) , -n. love for, or devotion to, the beautiful. aesthetics or esthetics (es-thet'iks) , n. the science or theory of the beau- tiful. aether (e'ther), n. in Greek philosophy the extremely rare and tenuous sub- stance in which the earth with its sur- rounding atmosphere was set. See ether. aethrioscope (eth'ri-o-skop) , n. an instrument for measuring changes of temperature of the sky, as when clear or clouded. aetiology. / See etiology. afar (a-far), adv. at, to, or from, a distance. affability (af-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being affable. affable (af'a-bl), adj. easy to be ad- dressed; courteous. affair (af-far'), n. that which is done, or is to be done; business. affect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce an effect upon; seek by natural affin- ity; assume the appearance of; pre- tend. affectation (af-ek-ta'shun) , n. the assuming a manner which is not one's own. affecting (af-f ek'ting) , adj. having power to excite the emotions; pa- thetic. affection (af-f ek'shun) , n. having the feelings affected; inclination; attach- ment; fondness; disease. affectional (af-f ek'shun-al) , adj. relat- ing to the affections. affectionate (af-f ek'shun-a t) , adj. hav- ing affection; kind. afferent (af 'f er-ent) , adj. conveying inwards or to a part. affiance (af-fi'ans), n. trust; a mar- riage contract j v.t. to betroth. affidavit (af-i-da/vit) , n. a sworn state- ment in writing. affiliable (af-fiTi-a-bl) , adj. capable of being affiliated. affiliate (af-fiTi-at), v.t. to assign a child to its father; connect with in origin; connect with a parent society: v.i. to be intimately con- nected or associated (followed by with) . affiliation (a-fil-i-a/shun) , n. assign- ment of a child to its father; connec- tion by way of descent. affinity (af-fin'i-ti) , n. [pi. affinities (af-fin'i-tiz)], nearness of kin. [Affin- ity is relationship by marriage: con- sanguinity, relationship by blood.] Physical or chemical attraction ; a re- lationship between species or groups depending on similarity of structure. A strong attraction existing between a man and a woman. affirm (af-ferm'), v.t. to assert strongly: v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, in an appellate court; aver. affirmance (af-f er'mans) , n. confirma- tion. affirmant (af-f er'mant) , n. one who affirms; one who affirms instead of taking an oath. affirmation (af-er-ma/shun) , n. an averment; the solemn declaration permitted to those who have con- scientious scruples about taking an oath. affirmative (af-f er'ma-tiv) , n. that which affirms: adj. relating to, or containing, an affirmation; positive. affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; attach: n. a letter or syllable added to the end of a word; a suffix. afflatus (af-fiVtus) , n. a breath or blast of wind; inspiration. afflict (af-flikt'), v.t. to cause pro- longed pain to body or mind; dis- tress. affliction (af-flik'shun) , n. prolonged pain of body or mind; distress. afflictive (af-flik'tiv) , adj. causing pain. affluence (af'lu-ens), n. an abundant supply, as of thoughts, words, riches; wealth. affluent (af'lti-ent), n. a tributary stream: adj. abundant. afflux (af'luks), n. an increase; an influx. afford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; pro- duce; yield; be capable of bearing the expense of. affranchise (af-f ran'shiz) , v.t. to make free; enfranchise. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; f hue, hut ; think, then. AFFRAY 18 AGGREGATIVE affray (af-fra'), n. the fighting of two or more persons in a public place to the terror of others. affright (af-frit'), v.t. to frighten; ter- rify; alarm; confuse. affront (af-frunt'), v.t. to confront, oppose face to face; insult designedly. affusion (af-f u'zhun) , n. the act of pouring upon. adj. pertaining to a native of Afghan- Afghan (af 'gan) , Afghanistan: n. istan. afghan (af'gan), _ n. a crocheted or knitted soft wool blanket or robe. afield (a-feld'), adv. to, in, or on, the field; astray. aflame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in flames; ablaze. afloat (a-flof), adj. & adv. floating; in circulation; unfixed; adrift. afoot (a-foof), adv. on foot; astir. afraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened. afresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; anew. African (afri-kan), adj. pertaining to Africa; n. sl native of Africa. Africander (af-ri-kan'der) , n. a white native of South Africa. aft (aft'), adj. & adv. towards the stern. after (after), adj. next, subsequent, later: prep, behind in place; in suc- cession to ; later in time ; in imitation of; according to; next in rank or excellence; in proportion to; in pur- suit of: adv. behind; subsequent in time or place: n. the future. after-clap (af ter-klap) , n. an unto- ward event happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. after-damp (-damp), n. the carbonic acid found in coal-mines after an ex- plosion of fire-damp; choke-damp. aftergrass (af ter-gras) , n. a second mowing in a season. Also aftermath. after-hold (-hold), n. that part of the hold which lies abaft the mainmast. aftermath (after-math), n. a second grass-crop in a season; a supple- mentary result. afternoon (af-ter-noon'), n. the part of the day between noon and even- ing. afterward (after-ward), or after- wards (-wardz), adv. at a later time; subsequently. after- wit (after-wit), n. wisdom that comes too late. again (a-gen'), adv. a second time; in return; further; anew. against (a-gensf), prep, opposite to; in opposition to ; contrary to one's inclinations. agape (a-gap'), adj. & adv. gaping; with the mouth wide open in a state of expectation or astonishment. . agate (ag'at), n. a variety of quartz in, striped or clouded colors; chal- cedony; Scotch pebble. agave (a-ga'vu), n. the century plant and others of the same genus. age (aj), n. a particular period of time in life or in history; time: v.i. to grow old visibly. agency (a/jen-si), n. operation; action; an establishment for the purpose of doing _business for another. agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, espe- cially for another; an active power or cause. agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at) , v.t. to gather into a heap ; accumulate. agglomeration (ag-glom-er-a'shun) , n. a heap. agglomerative (ag-glom'er-a-tiv), adj. tending to gather together. agglutinant (ag-glu'ti-nant), adj. unit- ing: n. any sticky substance which causes bodies to adhere together. agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. to glue together: adj. glued together. agglutination (ag-glu-ti-na'shun) : n. the act or condition of being united or joined together. aggrandize (ag'gran-diz) , v.t. to make great or greater in power* rank, or riches; augment. aggrandizement (ag'gran-diz-ment) , n. exaltation; advancement. aggravate (ag'gra-vat) , v.t. to add to a load; be troublesome; intensify. aggravating (ag'gra-va-ting) , p.adj. making worse or more heinous. aggravation (ag-gra-va'shun) , n. the act of making worse. aggregate (ag'gre-gat) , v.t. to collect or bring together ; gather into a mass or body; accumulate: n. total; mass; a mass formed by the union of sim- ilar particles : adj. formed into a mass or total. aggregation (ag-gre-ga'shun) , n. a col- lection of particulars. aggregative (ag'gre-ga-tiv), adj. col- lective; social. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £ften. AGGRESS 19 AGUISH "^ aggress (ag-gres'), v.t. to attack; begin a quarrel or controversy. aggression (ag-gresh'un) , n. unpor- voked attack. aggressive (ag-gres'iv) , adj. unjustly attacking. aggressor (ag-gres'er) n. one who at- tacks. aggrieve (ag-greV), v.t. to bear heavily upon; oppress. aghast (a-gasf). adj. struck with sud- den astonishment, or terror. agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; active in body; nimble. agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. agio (a'ji-o) , n. [pi. agios (a/ji-oz)], the premium on money or foreign bills of exchange; discount. [Italian.] agiotage (aj'i-o-taj), n. exchange busi- ness; stock jobbing. agitable (aj'i-ta-bl), adj. capable of being moved, or debated; debatable. agitate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir violently; discuss; excite; revolve in the mind; disturb; keep constantly before the public. agitation (aj-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of agitating; excitement; discussion. agitative (aj'i-ta-tiv), adj. tending to agitate. agitator (aj'i-ta-ter), n. one who starts or keeps up a political or other agitation; an implement for stirring. aglow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a glow; glowing. aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un) , n. inability to swallow. agnail (ag'nal), n. loose skin under or near the nail; a whitlow. agnomen (ag-no'men), n. an addi- tional name or epithet, as "Milton, the poet." 'agnostic (ag-nos'tik) , n. one who denies that man possesses any knowledge of the ultimate nature of things; one who neither affirms nor denies the existence of a personal Deity: adj. pertaining to the agnos- tics or their teachings; expressing ignorance. agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm) , n. the doctrines of the agnostics. ago (a-go'), adj. gone; past (used always after the noun) : adv. in past time (used only in the phrase " long ago"). agog (a-gog'), adj. & adv. in agitation or expectation; eager. agoing (a-go'ing), adv. on the going; in motion. agonistics (ag-o-nis'tiks) , n. the science of athletic combats. agonize (ag'o-nlz), v.i. to suffer an- guish, make convulsive efforts: v.t. to torture. agonizingly (ag'6-ni-zing-li) , adv. with anguish or struggles. agony (ag'o-ni), n. [pi. agonies (ag'o- niz)], extreme pain; anguish. agouti (a-goo'ti), n. a rodent found in the West Indies and South Amer- ica. agrarian (a-gra/ri-an) , adj. relating to land, or to land-tenure ; growing wild in the fields: n. one who is in favor of a redistribution of land. agrarianism (a-gra/ri-an-ism) , n. the principle of a uniform division of land; agitation with respect to land- tenure. agree (a-gre'), v.i. to harmonize phys- ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- cord. agreeability (a-gre-a-bil'i-ti) , n. agree- ableness. agreeable (a-gre'a-bl) , adj. pleasing to the mind or senses. agreement (a-gre'ment) , n. harmony of opinions or feelings; concord of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person; a com- pact ; a contract ; mutual under- standing. agricultural (ag-ri-kul'tur-al), adj. pertaining to tillage. agriculturalist (ag-ri-kul'tu-ral-ist) , n. same as agriculturist. agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tiir) , n. the science and art of cultivating # fields by the plow, &c; tillage; farming. agriculturist (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist) , n. one engaged in tillage; a farmer. agrin (a-grinO, adj. & adv. in the act or state of grinning. aground (a-ground'), adj. & adv. on the ground; the situation of a ship whose bottom touches the ground; stranded. ague (a/gu), n. an intermittent fever; the cold fit of the_intermittent fever. ague-cake (a r gu-kak), n. an enlarge- ment of the_ spleen produced by ague. aguish (a'gu-ish), adj. having the ate,, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. W AH 20 ALATE qualities of an ague ; producing ague ; intermittent. ah (a), inter j. an exclamation expres- sive of sudden emotion. aha (a-ha/), inter j. an exclamation ex- pressive of satisfaction or irony. ahead (a-hed'), adv. in the front; for- ward. aheap (a-hep') , adv. in a heap. ahem (a-hern'), inter j. an exclamation to call attention. ahoy (a-hoi'), inter j. a term used in hailing a vessel. ahull (a-hul') , adv. with sails furled and helm lashed alee. ai (a'i), n. [pi. ais (a'ez)], the three-toed sloth of America. aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support: n. help; assistance. aide-de-camp (ad'de-kong), n. [pi. aides-de-camp], an officer who assists a general. [French.] aigret (a/gret) or aigrette (a-gref) , n. the small white heron; a plume arranged in imitation of the feathers of the heron, worn on helmets, and as ^ an article of women's head-attire. ail (al), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to give or cause pain : v.i. to feel pain; be afflicted with pain. ailment (al'ment) , n. a slight disorder of the body; sickness. aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to endeavor after; direct at something; seek: n. a purpose; an endeavor* air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; dry thoroughly, as clothes : exhibit osten- tatiously: n. the fluid which we breathe; the atmosphere; external manner; appearance; bearing; a melody. air-brake (ar'-brak) , n. a system of rail- road-brakes operated by compressed air. air-craft (ar-kraft), n. a machine for aerial navigation. air-gas (ar-gas), n. an illuminating gas made from air charged with the vapor of petroleum, naphtha, &c. air-gun (ar-gun), n. a gun discharged ^ by the force of condensed air. airily (ar'i-li), adv. in an airy manner. airiness (ar'i-nes), n. the_state of being airy; gaiety. airing (ar'ing), n. a walk, ride, or drive in the open air ; exposure to the air. air-line (ar-lin), n. a straight line. Also called a bee-line. air-plant (ar-plant), n. a plant which derives its nourishment from the air. air-pump (ax-pump), n. a machine for exhausting the air from a receiver; the pump used to exhaust the water and gases from the condenser of a steam-engine. airship (ar'ship), n. a steerable bal- loon. airy (ar'i) , adj. exposed to or composed of air; breezy; unsubstantial; gay. aisle (il), n. the passage leading to chancel or altar of a church; or to the platform of any hall. ajar (a-jaV), adj. & adv. slightly turned or opened, as a door ; out of harmony. ajog (a-jog'), adv. on the jog; jogging. akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. with the hands on the hips and the elbows turned outwards. akin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; related by blood; allied by nature. alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), n. a white marble-like mineral; a box made of alabaster, in which the ancients held ointments: adj. made of, or trans- parent like, alabaster. alack (a-lak'), inter j. an exclamation expressive of blame, sorrow, or sur- prise. alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti) , n. eager readi- ness; joyous activity; briskness. alalia (a-la'li-a), n. loss of speech by paralysis of the muscles. alalus (al'a-lus), n. the hypothetical ape-man. alamqde (a-la-mod'), adv. in the fashion: adj. fashionable: n. a thin, light, glossy black silk. [French.] alar (a'lar), adj. pertaining to or hav- ing wings; wing-shaped. alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a sense of danger; strike with apprehension of danger: n. a call to arms; a warn- ing of danger; the apprehension of danger. alarming (a-larm 'ing) , adj. exciting apprehension; ominous. alary (a'la-ri), adj. of or pertaining to wings; wing-shaped. alas (a-las 7 ), inter j. an exclamation expressive of unhappiness. alate (a/lat) or alated (a-lat'ed), adj. having wings or wing-like side-ap- pendages. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ALB 21 ALIAS alb (alb), n. a white priestly vest- ment worn at the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican churches. albata (al-ba/ta), n. an alloy imitating silver; German silver. albatross (al'ba-tros), n. a sea-bird allied to the petrel, inhabiting the Pacific and_ Southern Oceans. albeit (awl-be'it), conj. although; even though ; notwithstanding. albino (al-bi'no or al-be'no), n. a per- son with white skin and hair and pinkish eyes; a man, animal, or plant abnormally whitein color. albugineous (al-bu-jin'e-us) , adj. of the nature of white-of-eggs ; albumi- nous. album (al'burn), n. a blank book in which to insert autographs, photo- graphs, stamps, monograms, &c. albumen (al-bu'men), n. the white of an egg; the nutritious farinaceous matter stored up with' the embryo of an animal or plant. albumenize (al-bu'men-iz), v.t. in photography, to coat paper with an albuminous solution. albumin (al-bu'min), n. a variant of albumen. albuminoid (al-bu'mi-noid) , adj. like albumen: n. a class of organic com- pounds which form the chief part of the organs and tissues of animals and plants; proteids. albuminous (al-bu'mi-nus) or albu- minose (al-bu'mi-nos) , adj. like, or containing albumen. albuminuria (al-bu-mi-nu'ri-a) , n. the presence of albumen in the kidneys and the urine. alburnum (al-ber'num) , n. the white and softer part of wood between the bark and the heart-wood; sap- wood. alcalde (al-kal'da), n. a magistrate or justice in Spain or Portugal. [Spanish.] alchemist (al'ke-mist), n. one who studies or practices alchemy. alchemy (al'ke-mi), n. the chemistry of the Middle Ages ; the professed art of transmuting the baser metals into gold. alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or rectified spirits of wine; the spirituous or intoxicating element in fermented liquors; rectified spirits; a class of compounds of the same type aa spirits of wine. alcoholic (al-ko-hol'ik) , adj. contain- ing alcohol: -s, n.pl. alcoholic liquors. alcoholism (al'ko-hol-izm) , n. & dis- eased condition produced by alcohol; or a chronic craving for strong drink. alcoholization (al-ko-hol-i-za'shun) , n. subjection to the influence of al- cohol. alcoholize (al'ko-hol-Iz) , v.t. to subject to the influence of alcohol ; to rectify (spirits of wine). Alcoran (al-ko-ran') , n. more correctly written Koran, q.v. alcove (al'kov), n. a recess in a room or a garden; a bower. alder (awl'der), n. a genus of plants growing in moist land and related to the birch. alderman (awl'der-man) , n. ; pi. alder- men (-men), in English and Ameri- can cities and boroughs a magistrate next in dignity to the mayor; also, in Great Britain, certain members of county councils elected by those bodies. ale (al) , n. a liquor made from an infu- sion of malt by fermentation. alee (a-le r ), adv. & adj. on the lee or sheltered side of the ship ; opposite to a weather. alert (a-lerf), adj. on the watch; ac- tive: n. an alarm; a sudden attack. Alexandrine (al^eks-an'drin), # n. a kind of heroic verse of six iambic feet, or twelve syllables. alfalfa (al-fal'fa), n. see lucern. algae (al'je), n.pl. one of the great divi- sions of cryptogamic plants, includ- ing seaweeds and kindred fresh-water plants. algebra (al r je-bra), n. the science of calculation by letters and general symbols. algebraic (al'je-bra-ik) or algebraical (al-je-bra/ik-al), adj. occurring in or dealing with algebra. algebraically (aJ-je-bra/ik-a-li), adv. by means of algebraic processes. algine (al'jin) , n. a substance obtained from seaweed, and used in manufac- tures instead of horn. alias (a'li-as), adv. otherwise [named]: n. [pi. aliases (a/li-as-ez)], another name; an assumed name. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. r ALIBI 22 ALL alibi (al'i-bi), n. the plea of having been elsewhere when the alleged act was committed. alien (a'li-en), adj. belonging to an- other: n. a foreign-born resident of a country in which he is not nat- uralized. alienable (a/li-en-a-bl) , adj. capable of being alienated; _salable. alienage (a'li-en-aj), n. the state or legal status of an alien. alienate (a/li-en-at) , v.t. to estrange, as the affections ; transfer to another, as property. alienation (a-li-en-a/shun) , n. es- trangement; transference; diversion to another purpose; mental derange- ment. alienism (a/li-en-izm) , n. the position of being an alien; the study and treatment of mental diseases. alienist (a/li-en-ist) , n. a physician who makes a special study of diseases affecting the brain or nervous system. aliform (al'i-f6rm), adj. wing-shaped. alight (a-litO, v.i. to dismount; to descend and settle; to come upon accidentally: adj. lighted; lighted-up; in a flame. align (a-lin'), v.t. to lay out or adjust by a line: v.i. to form or fall into a line. alignment (a-lln'ment), n. the act of laying out or adjusting by a line; the ground-plan of a railway or road. alike (a-llk'), adj. like one another: adv. in like manner; similar. aliment (ari-ment), n. food; the necessaries of life generally; an al- lowance for support by decree of court: v.t. to make provision for the maintenance of; make provision for the support of parents or children respectively. alimental (al-i-men'tal) , # adj. having the quality of, or supplying the mate- rials for, nourishing. alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri) , adj. per- taining to food; nutritious. alimentary canal (ka-nal'), n. the great duct which conveys food to the stomach and carries off solid excreta. alimentation (al-i-men-ta/shun) , n. the act of giving nourishment; the function of the alimentary canal. alimentiveness (al-i-men'tiv-nes) , n B the instinct for food. alimony (ari-mon-i), n. means of liv- ing ; an allowance made by decree of court to a wife out of her husband's estate on separation, or pending an action for the same. aliped (al'i-ped) , adj. . wing-footed, like the bat. aliquant (al'i-kwant) , adj. being a part of a number which does not divide it without a remainder, as 8 is an ali- quant part of 25. aliquot (al'i-kwot), adj. being a part of a number or quantity which will divide it without a remainder, as 8 is an aliquot part of 24. alive (a-hV) , adj. having life ; in a state of action; sprightly; sensitive; thronged. alkahest (al'ka-hest), n. the pretended universal solvent of the alchemists, by means of which they believed that all metals could be reduced to a single liquid. alkalescent (al-ka-les'sent) , adj. tend- ing to become alkaline. alkali (al'ka-ll), n. [pi. alkalis & -ies], one of a class of caustic bases, as soda, potash, having the common properties of being soluble in water and in alcohol, combining with fats to form soap, neutralizing acids and forming salts with them, and chang ing the tint of many vegetable color- ing-matters opposed to acid. alkaline (al'ka-lm) , adj. pertaining to, or having the properties of, an al- kali. alkaloid (arka-loid), n. a body or substance containing alkaline prop- erties; pi. nitrogenous compounds met with in plants in combination with organic acids: adj. resembling an alkali in its properties. alkanet (al'ka-net), n. a plant the root of which yields the rich red dye of commerce. all (awl), adj. the whole quantity of, as substance, duration, extent» amount, or degree; the whole nuin* ber of, collectively, as individuals, particulars, or parts; every, as with kind; any, used after a preposition or verb: pron. the whole; the whole quantity or amount; total; aggre- gate: n. a whole; an entirety; one's ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ALL ALONG 23 ALLITERATIVE entire possessions: adv. wholly; en- tirely; completely. all along (a-long') , adv.phr. throughout. all but (but), adv.phr. everything but; almost. all-fours (awl-forz'), n. a game of cards which comprises four points or chances for scoring: adv. on hands and knees. all-hail (awl-hal'), inter j. all health! A phrase of salutation. All- hallo we 9 en (awl-hal-o-en') , n. the evening before All Saints' Day. It is associated with many quaint legends and superstitions. All-hallows (awl-hal'oz), n.pl. All Saints' Day, celebrated on the first of November, in honor of all the saints. Allies, The (a-liz'), n. in the European War, 1914-1915, the nations of the Triple Entente — Great Britain, France, Russia — together with Serbia, Montenegro, Japan and Italy. all one (wun), adj. & n. in effect the same; quite the same. all-round (awl-round'), adj. versatile; capable of doing anything; many- si led. all-sorts (awl-sorts'), n. remnants of various liquors blended together. All Souls' Day (solz da), n. the day, celebrated on the second of Novem- bar by the Catholic Church, in honor of the departed. all tDld (told), adv. all counted. Allah (alia), n. the Arabic name for the Supreme Being, in use among the LI jhamnedans. alia/ (al-la/), v.t. to quiet or calm; assuage; appease; abate; mitigate; relieve; as pain or grief. allagation (al-e-ga/shun), n. the act of alleging; assertion; declaration; that which is asserted or alleged; that which is offered as a plea, an excuse, or justification; the statement of a party to a suit of that which he is prepared to prove. allege (al-lej '), v.t. to produce or ad- duce as argument, plea, or excuse; affirm; declare: assert. allegeable (al-lej 'a-bl), adj. that may be alleged or affirmed. allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the tie or obligation of a subject to his sover- eign or government; fealty; fidelity to a cause or person. allegoric (al-e-gor'ik) or allegorical (al-e-gor'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or in the nature of allegory ; figurative. allegorically (al-e-gor'i-ka-li), adv. figuratively; in an allegorical man- ner. allegorize (al'e-go-riz), v.t. to turn into allegory; to treat allegorically: v.i. to make use of allegory. allegory (al'e-go-ri) , n. [pi. -allegories (are-go-riz)], a figurative manner of treating a subject by the use of other terms analogous in properties or cir- cumstances; a figurative representa- tion in which the meaning is convej'ed symbolically^ A famous example of an allegory is Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." alleviate (al-le'vi-at), v.t. to fight en; lessen; make easier; mitigate. alleviation (al-le-vi-a/shun), n. the act of alleviating; that which lessens or lightens. alleviative (al-le'vi-a-tiv) , adj. tending to alleviate: n. that which alle- viates. alleviator (al-le'vi-a-ter) , n. one who, or that which, alleviates. alley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (al'iz)], a passage; a narrow way; a lane. alliaceous (al-i-a/shus) , adj. of the nature or property of garlic or the onion. alliance (al-ll'ans),^ n. the state of being allied; relation or connection by birth or marriage; union between nations. alligation (al-i-ga'shun), n. a rule for ascertaining the value or price of a compound by determining the rela- tive proportions and prices of the ingredients. alligator (al'i-ga-ter), n. the American crocodile. alliteration (al-fit-e-ra'shun), ?i. the repetition of the same initial letter in closely-succeeding words, or in words directly following each ether, as "apt alliteration's artful aid," and ''Begot by outchers out 6y bishops bred," said of Cardinal ^Yolsey. Alliteration preceded rhythm in Anglo-Saxon verse, and it is still effectively used, as by Swinburne and Kipling. alliterative (al-lit'e-ra-tiv), adj. per- ate, aim, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALLOCATE 24 ALLY taining to, or characterized by, allit- eration. allocate (al'o-kat), v.t. to assign or allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- portionate parts or shares. allocation (al-o-ka/shun) , n. the act of allotting, allocating, or assigning; an allotment or assignment; an allow- ance made on anaccount. allocution (al-o-ku'shun) , n. an ad- dress of a formal nature, as that delivered by the Pope to his clergy or to the Church generally. allodial (a-lo'di-al), adj. freehold; not feudal: n. land thus neld. allodium (a-lo'di-um), n. [pi. allodia (a-lo'di-a)], freehold estate. allograph (al'o-graf), n. a signature by one person on behalf of another: opposed to autograph. allomorphism (al-o-mor'fizm) , n. the property in certain substances of assuming a different form while re- maining the same in constitution. allopath (al'o-path) , n. one who favors or practices allopathy; an allopathist. allopathic (al-o-path'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to allopathy. allopathically (al-o-path'ik-a-li) , adv. in an allopathic manner. allopathy (al-op'a-thi) , n. a method of treating disease by inducing an ac- tion opposite to the disease it is sought to cure; opposed to homeop- .athy. alio qui alism (a-lo'kwi-al-izm) , n. a phrase or manner of speech used in addressing. allot (a-lotO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allotted, p.pr. allotting], to distribute or di- vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; assign or grant_for a specific purpose. allotee (al-lot-te') , n. one to whom an allotment or share is granted or assigned. allotment (a-lot'ment) , n. the act of allotting; that which is allotted; a portion of land assigned or allotted. allotropic (al-o-trop'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to or characterized by allotropy. allotropism (a-lot'ro-pizm) , n. diver- sity of molecular arrangement. allotropy (a-lot'ro-pi) , n. the capa- bility shown by certain chemical elements to assume different forms, each characterized by peculiar quali- ties, as the occurrence of carbon in the form of the diamond, charcoal, and plumbago, respectively. allow > (a-lou'), v.t. to grant, yield; admit; deduct; permit; approve: v.i. to make concession or provision (followed by for) . allowable (a-lou'a-bl) , adj. that may be < allowed; permissible; lawful; praiseworthy; acceptable. allowance (a-lou 'ans), n. the act of allowing; admission; concession; a definite sum granted; sanction or approval; abatement or deduction: v.t. to put upon allowance; limit to a fixed expenditure or consumption of money or food. alloy (a-loi''), v.t. to combine; to form a compound, by fusion, of two or more metals ; reduce in standard or quality by mixture, as with a metal of baser value; debase: n. a compound of two or more metals; an admixture of evil with good. allspice (awl'spis), n. the fruit or berry of the pimento: so named in allusion to its taste being supposed to com- bine the flavors of other spices. allude (a-lud'), v.t. to compare: v.i. refer or make an allusion indirectly (with to). allure (a-liir'), v.t. to tempt by the offer of something good, real or apparent; entice; attract. allurement (a-lur'ment), n. the act of alluring, or that which allures. allusion (a-lu r zhun), n. a casual refer- ence; a comparison or reference by symbol or metaphor. allusive (a-lu'siv) , adj. having refer- ence to something not definitely ex- pressed. allusory (a-lu'so-ri) , adj. allusive. alluvial (a-lu'vi-al) , adj. pertaining to or composed of alluvium. alluvion (a-lu'vi-un) , n. land added to a shore or river-bank by the action of water. alluvium (a-lu'vi-um) , n. [pi. alluvia (a-lu'vi-a)], a deposit of mingled sand and clay (mud), or of alternating layers of sand and clay, of river ori- gin. ally (a-H')> v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, p.pr. allying], to unite by marriage, treaty, league, or confederacy; bind or con- nect by friendship or resemblance: n. [pi. allies (a-liz')], one united. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, boqk ; hue, hut ; think, then. ALMAGRA 25 ALTAR related, or associated by these means; a confederate. See Allies. almagra (ai-ma/gra), n. a fine deep- red ochre used in India for staining the skin; used also as a paint and polish (Indian-red). almanac (awl'ma-nak), n. a year-book or calendar giving the order of the days of the week and month, astro- nomical data, tide-tables, ecclesias- tical festivals and fasts, and other varied information. almightiness (awl-mi'ti-nes), n. om- nipotence; infinite or boundless power. almighty (awl-mi'ti), adj. possessing all power, omnipotent. Almighty, n. the omnipotent God. almond (a/mund), n. the kernel of the fruit of the almond-tree; anything resembling the almond in shape. almoner (al'mun-er), n. one who dis- penses or distributes alms or charity; an alms-purse; a pouch or purse which in early times was suspended from the girdle. almonry (al'mun-ri), n. [pi. almonries (al'mun-riz)], the residence of the al- moner; place where alms are dis- pensed. almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very nearly; well-nigh; all but. alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes as n.pl.] the act of relieving by chari- table aid; that which is bestowed in charity. alms-house (amz-hous), n. a house endowed by private or public charity and appropriated to the use of the poor. aloe (al'o), n. [pi. aloes (al'oz)], the common name for succulent plants, natives of the warm climates of the Old World, and especially of the southern part of Africa. aloes (al'oz), n. sl drug, the inspissated juice of several species of aloe, and obtained from the leaves; the fra- grant resin or wood of the agallo- chum. aloft (a-loft'), adv. on high; far above the earth; at the mast-head, or on the higher yards or rigging. alone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. without or apart from another; single or singly; only; separately; by itself. along (a-ldng'), prep. & adv. by the length; lengthwise; in a line parallel with the length; onward. alongside (a-long'sld), adv. by the side; side_by side. aloof (a-loof), adv. at a moderate distance but within sight; purposely keeping apart. alopecia (al-o-pe'si-a) , or alopecy (a-lo'pe-si), n. baldness; loss 01 hair through skin disease. [Greek.] alopecist (al-6'pes-ist and al-o-pe'sist), n. one who undertakes the cure or prevention of baldness. aloud (a-loudO , adv. with raised voice ; loudly ; with a great noise ; audibly. alpaca (al-pak'a) , n. a mammal, closely allied to the llama, a native of the Andes of Chili and Peru ; the fabric constructed from the long, soft, silky wool of the alpaca. alpen-glow (al'pen-glo), n. a peculiar purple gleam on the snow on the Alps seen just before sunrise and after sunset. alpen-horn (al'pen-horn), n. a long and nearly straight horn used by the mountaineers of the Alps. alpen-stock (arpen-stok) , n. a stout staff, furnished with an iron spike, used by mountain-climbers. alphabet (al'fa-bet), n. the letters of a language arranged in the cus- tomary order; the first rudiments of any branch of knowledge. alphabetic (al-fa-bet'ik), or alphabet- ical (al-fa-bet'i-kal), adj. pertaining to an alphabet; in the order of the alphabet. alphabetically (al-fa-bet'i-ka-li), adv. in an alphabetical order or manner. alphabetize (al'fa-bet-Iz), v.t. to ar- range in alphabetical order, i.e. in a * sequence . following the order of the letters of the al- phabet. already (awl-red'i), adj. quite ready; fully prepared: adv. by, at, or before, a specified time. also (awl'so), adv. & conj. wholly so; in like manner; likewise; further, or in addition to. altar (awl'tar), n. a raised place, structure, or elevation, whether of earth or stone, for the offering of sacrifices or burning of incense; the Communion-table; a place of wor- ship. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 5 hue, hut ; think, then. ALTAZIMUTH 26 ALUM ROOT altazimuth (alt-az'i-muth), n. an in- strument employed to determine the altitudes and azimuths of the heav- enly bodies. alter (awl'ter), v.t. to effect some change in; modify or vary; change entirely or materially. alterable (awl'ter-a-ble) , adj. capable of being altered; liable to change. alterant (awl'ter-ant) , adj. producing or effecting change: n. a substance used in dyeing to change or modify a color. alteration (awl-ter-a'shun) , n. the act of altering or changing; the change or modification effected. alterative (awl'ter-a-tiv), adj. produc- ing change ; having the power to alter : n. a medicine which restores the healthy functions of the body. altercate (al'ter-kat), v.i. to contend in words; wrangle; dispute with anger or heat. altercation (al-ter-ka/shun) , n. the act of wrangling; warm contention in words; a dispute. alter ego (al'ter e'go), n. a second self; one's double: frequently applied to a person fully authorized to act for another. [Latin.] alternant (al-ter'nant) , adj. composed of alternate layers. alternate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to perform by turns; cause to succeed by turns; exchange reciprocally: v.i. to take place by turns (followed by with): adj. by turns; following each other in reciprocal succession; succeeding each other by turns on opposite sides of a stem. alternate angles (ang'glz), n.pl. the internal angles made by two lines with a third on opposite sides of it. alternation (al-ter-na'shun) , n. the act of alternating, or state of being alternate ; reciprocal succession ; an- tiphonal singing or reading. alternative (al-ter'na-tiv) , adj. giving the choice of two things: n. the op- tion or choice of two possibilities, so that if one be rejected the other must be accepted. alternator (al'ter-na-ter) , n. an alter- nating-current dynamo. alt-horn (alt'horn), n. a musical in- strument of the sax-horn class, fre- quently used in military bands. although (awl-^o'), conj. granting that; though; even if; notwithstand- ing. altimeter (al-tim'e-ter) , n. an instru- ment for measuring altitudes trigo- nometrically. altimetry (al-tim'e-tri) , n. the art of measuring altitudes by the use of the altimeter. altiscope (al'tis-kop), n. an instrument consisting of mirrors and lenses by means of which an object is brought to the view of the observer, notwith- standing intervening obstacles; used to guide submarine boats. altisonant (al-tis'o-nant), adj. high- sounding; pompous in language. altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space extended upward; height; highest point or degree; the elevation of a celestial body above the horizon; the perpen- dicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit or to the side parallel to the base. altitudinal (al-ti-tu'di-nal) , adj. of or pertaining to height. alto (al'to), adj. high: n. the contralto; the tenor violin or viola. [Italian.] altogether (awl-too-ge^'er), adv. wholly; completely; without excep- tion; conjunctly; entirely. alto-relievo (al'to-re-li-a/vo) , n. [pi. alto-relievos (-re-li-a/voz) ] , high relief ; figures or other objects that stand out boldly from the background, and having more than half their thickness projecting. [Italian.] altropathy (al-trop'a-thi) , n. sym- pathy for others. altruism (al'troo-izm) , n. the prin- ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- volving the sacrifice of self in the interests of others : opposed to egoism, altruist (artroo-ist) , n. one who advo- cates or practices -altruism. altruistic (al-troo-is'tik) , adj. pertain* ing to altruism ; mindful of the wants and interests of others. altruistically (al-troo-is'ti-ka-li) , adv. in an altruistic manner. alum (arum), n. a double sulphate formed of aluminum and some other element, usually an alkaline metal. alum-root (al'um-root) , n. a popular name given to certain roots of an astringent nature belonging to the saxifrages. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book;: hue, hut ; think, then. ALUMINA 27 AMBASSADOR alumina (a-lu'mi-na) , n. the single oxide of aluminum, the most abun- dant of the earths ; a notable constit- uent of common clay. Alumina is largely used in dyeing and calico- printing as a_ mordant. aluminite (a-lu'mi-mt), n. the hydrous sulphate of aluminum. aluminous (a-lu'mi-nus) , adj. per- taining to, or containing, alum or alumina. aluminum _(a-lu'mi-num) or alumin- ium (al-u-min'i-um), n. a bluish- white, light, sonorous, ductile, malle- able metal. alumna (a-lum'na), n. [pi. alumnae (a-lum'ne)], a woman graduate of a university or college. alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. alumni (a-lum'ni)], the graduate of a univer- sity; one educated at a school, col- lege, or university. [Latin, meaning " a foster-son. "■] alveolated (al-ve'o-la-ted), adj. with deep pits or cells resembling the honeycomb. always (awl'waz), adv. constantly; ever; regularly at intervals; contin- ually. am (am), 1st vers. sing, indie, mood of the verb tobe. See be. amain (a-man'), adv. with force or violence; suddenly; at once. amalgam (a-margam), n. any me- tallic mixture or alloy of which mercury is the chief constituent; a mixture or compound of different things. amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat), v.t. to alloy mercury with another metal; mix to form a compound: v.i. to blend, combine, as one race with another. feEaalgamation (a-mal-ga-ma/shun) , n. the act or process of compound- ing mercury with another metal; the separation of precious metals from the mother-rock by means of quicksilver; the blending or mixing of different elements or things ; the union or consolidation of two or more companies or businesses into one concern. amalgamator (a-mal'ga-ma-ter) , n. one who or that which amalgamates ; a machine for purifying ore contain- ing precious metals by amalgamation with mercury; one who takes an ac* tive part in combining two or more businesses. amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis) , n. [pi. amanuenses (a-man-u-en'sez)], one who is employed to write at the dic- tation or direction of another; a sec- retary. amaranth (am'a-ranth) , n. an im- aginary flower said by poets to be unfading; a plant of the genus am- arantus; a color-mixture in which magenta is the chief ingredient. amaranthine (am-a-ran'thin) , adj\ pertaining to the amaranth ; never- fading, like amaranth; purplish. amass (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a heap ; gather together in great quan- tity or amount; accumulate. amassment (a-mas'ment) , n. the act of amassing; a heap or accumula- tion; a great quantity or number brought together. amateur (am-a-ter'), n. one who culti- vates an art or pursues a study from love or attachment, and without reference to gain or emolument: adj. applied to the work or productions of an amateur as opposed to pro- fessional. amative (am'a-tiv), adj. amorous; full of love. amativeness (am'a-tiv-nes) , n. the tendency to love ; the desire for sexual intercourse. amatory (am'a-to-ri) , adj. relating to or expressive of love. amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis), n. loss or decay of sight due to partial, periodic, or complete paralysis of the optic nerve. [Greek.] amaurotic (am-aw-rot'ik) , adj. relat- ing to, or affected with, amaurosis. amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or stun with fear, surprise, or wonder : astonish: n. astonishment; confu- sion; perplexity. amazement (a-maz'ment), n. the state of being amazed; astonish- ment ; perplexity arising from sudden surprise. ambassador (am-bas'a-der) , n. an accredited representative of a sov- ereign or state at the court of an- other; a diplomatic agent of high rank ; a representative or agent of an- other charged with a special mission. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hat ; think, then. AMBASSADOR 28 AMEND ambassador- extraordinary (am-bas'- a-der-eks-tra-or'din-a-ri) , n. an am- bassador sent on a special mis- sion. ambassador- plenipotentiary (am- bas'a-der-plen-i-po-ten'shi-a-ri) , n. an ambassador sent with full powers to make a treaty. ambassadorial (am - bas - a - do' ri - al ) , adj. belonging to an ambassador, or to his office. ambassadress (am-bas'a-dres) , n. the wife of an ambassador; a woman ambassador. amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fossil resin found on the shores of the Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- colored. ambergris (am'ber-gres) , n. a very valuable morbid secretion from the intestines of the sperm-whale, usu- ally found floating in tropical seas: used in perfumery. ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter), adj. using both hands equally: n. a man of unusual dexterity. ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus) , adj. able to use both hands alike; unusu- ally clever. ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- ing; investing. ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti) , n. [pi. am- biguities (am-bi-gu'i-tiz)], double or dubious signification ; vagueness. ambiguous (am-big'u-us) , adj. doubt- ful; equivocal. ambit (am'bit), n. a circuit or com- pass; the line or sum of the lines by which a figure is bounded; the perimeter. ambition (am-bish'un) , n. a seeking for preferment; a consuming desire to achieve some object or purpose, as to gain distinction, influence, &c. ambitious (am-bish'us) , adj. having ambition; aspiring. amble (am'bl), v.i. to move with a peculiar pace, as a horse, by lifting the two feet on one side together: n. at an easy pace. amblyopia (am-bli-o'pi-a), n. dimness of vision. See amaurosis. amboyna-wood (am-boi'na-wood) , n. a beautifully mottled and curled wood used in cabinet-work. ambrosia (am-bro'zhi-a) , n. anything exquisitely pleasing to taste or smell ; a genus of weeds allied to the worn* wood. ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al) , adj. di vinely delicious; fragrant. ambrosially (am-bro'zhi-a-li), adv. with ambrosial fragrance. ambrotype (am'bro-tip) , n. a photo- graphic process by which the light parts of a photograph are produced in silver, the dark parts showing as a background through the clear glass. ambulance (am'bu-lans) , n. a field hospital ; an ambulance cart or wagon for the conveyance of the sick and wounded. ambulant (am'bu-lant) , adj. walking; moving about. ambulation (am'bu-la'shun), n. the act of walking about. ambulator (am'bu-la-ter) , n. a walker; a pedometer. ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri) , adj. of or pertaining to walking; movable; temporary: n. a place for walking in; a covered way. ambuscade (am-bus-kad') , n. a stra- tegic disposition of troops in ambush. ambush (am'boosh), n. a lying in wait to attack by surprise: v.t. to place in ambush to surprise an enemy; way- lay: v.i. to lie in wait for the purpose of attacking by surprise. ameer (a-mer'), n. a prince; governor; the Mohammedan ruler of Afghan- istan. Also written amir, emir. ameliorable (a-me'li-or-a-bl) , adj. ca- pable of improvement. ameliorate (a-me'li-or-at) , v.t. to make better: v.i. to grow better; improve. amelioration (a-me-li-or-a'shun), # n the making or growing better; im-< provement. ameliorative (a-me'li-or-a-tiv), adj. producing amendment ;_ improving. ameliorator (a-me'li-or-a-ter), n. one who amends. amen (a-men 7 & a/men'), adv. verily: inter j. so be it; literally true. [He- brew and liturgical.] amenability (a-me-na-bil'i-ti) , n. lia- bility to answer (to a charge, &c); tractableness ; responsibility. amenable (a-me'na-bl) , adj. easy to lead; submissive; liable. amend (a-mend'), v.t. to free from fault; improve; correct. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then AMENDATORY 29 AMORPHISM amendatory (a-men'da-tor-i) , adj. tending to amend. amende- honorable (a-mand-on-o-ra/- bl), n. a public apology and repara- tion ; a punishment formerly inflicted in France on traitors and the sacri- legious. [French.] amendment (a-mend'ment) , n. the removal of faults; the alteration of a bill before Parliament; a counter- motion at a public meeting. amends (a-mendz'), n.pl. compensa- tion for loss or injury; reparation. amenity (a-men'i-ti) , n. [pi. amenities (a-men'i-tiz)], pleasantness, as of climate or demeanor ;_ geniality . amenorrhcea (a-men-or-re'a) , n. en- tire or partial suppression of the menses. amentia (a-men'shi-a) , n. want of reason; mental imbecility. _ amerce (a-mers'), v.t. to punish by an arbitrary fine. amerceable (a-mer'sa-bl) , adj. liable to be amerced. amercement (a-mers'ment) , n. an arbitrary fine left to the discretion of a court. American (a-mer'i-kan) , adj. belong- ing to, or characteristic of, America. Americanism (a-mer'i-kan-izm) , n. a form of expression peculiar to the United States; a custom peculiar to the United States or America; at- tachment to the United States. Americanize (a-mer'i-kan-Iz) , v.t. to render American; assimilate to the political and social institutions of the United States. Amerind (am'er-ind), n. a word used by some ethnologists to denote the American Indian. amethyst (am'e-thist) , n. a violet- purple variety of quartz or rock- crystal. [Greek.] amethystine (am-e-this'tin) , adj. con- taining, composed of, or colored, like amethyst. amiability (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti) , n. .ami- ableness; excellence of disposition; lovableness. amiable (a/mi-a-bl), adj. friendly; worthy of love; lovable. amicable (am'i-ka-bl) , adj. friendly; peaceable. amice (am'is), n. a square of white linen formerly worn on the head, but now worn about the neck and shoulders by celebrant priests while saying Mass. amid (a-mid') or amidst (a-midst'), prep, in the middle of; among. amidships (a-mid 'ships), adv. in the middle of_ a ship. amiss (a-mis'), adj. wrong; faulty: adv. wrongly; that misses the mark. amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; friendship. ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), n. a trans- parent, pungent volatile gas, used in medicine and the arts; spirits of hartshorn. ammoniac (a-mo'ni-ak) , adj. pertain- ing to ammonia: n. sal ammoniac; chloride of ammonium, formerly called muriate of ammonia. ammonite (am'on-it), n. a fossil shell, twisted like a ram's horn; snake- stone. ammonol (am'o-nol), adj. a drug used for relieving pain. ammunition (am-u-nish'un) , n. pow- der, balls, &c, used in charging fire- arms of all kinds; military stores: adj. supplied to troops as equipment , &c. amnesia (am-ne'si-a) , n. loss of mem- ory. [Greek.] amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of ob- livion for political offenses ; a general pardon: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amnestied, p.vr. amnestying], to grant pardon to'. amnion (am'ni-on), n. the thin inner- most membrane surrounding the foetus of mammals, birds, and rep- tiles. amoeba (a-me'ba),_tt. [pi. amcebas (a- me'baz) &-bse ('be)], a genus of micro- scopic organisms consisting of a mass of protoplasm which moves about in fresh-water ponds by means of finger- like processes with which it grasps its food. amoeboid (a-me'boid), adj. resembling or having the characteristics of an amceba. among (a-mung') or amongst (a- mungst'), prep. & adv. mixed with; surrounded by; amidst. amorous (am'or-us), adj. fond of the opposite sex; loving. amorphism (a-mor'fizm), n. want of regular form; without crystalline ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AMORPHOUS 30 AN structure; the communistic system of Bakunin, the Russian anarchist. amorphous (a-mor'f us) , adj. formless ; irregularly shaped ; uncrystallized ; anomalous; unorganized. amount (a-mount'). v.i. to mount up to; be equivalent or equal to: n. the totality; sum. amour (a-moor'), n. a love-intrigue. ampere (am-par'), n. the unit of measurement of the strength of an electrical current. [French.] ampere- meter (am-par'me-ter) or amperometer (am-pe-rom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring in amperes the power of an electric current. Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. ^ the fourth division of vertebrates, inter- mediate between fishes and reptiles, which in their early state breathe by gills. amphibian (am-fib'i-an), n.-one of the Amphibia. amphibious (am-fib'i-us), adj. having the power of living both on land and in water. amphibrach (am'fi-brak), n. a foot ot three syllables, the middle long, the first and last short. amphioxus (am-fi-ox'us) , n. the name of the lancelet, a fish with a body tapering at both ends, the lowest in organization of the vertebrates. amphitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) , n. a double theater; a theater with seats all round the arena; a circus. amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. a photo- graphic process which simultaneously produces negatives and positives. amphora (am'for-a), n. [pi. amphorae (am'for-e)], a two-handled vessel of oblong shape, used by the ancients for holding wine, &c. ; a Greek and Ro- man liquid measure, the former = 9 gals., the latter = 6 gals. ample (am 'pi), adj. full; large; abun- dant. ampliative (am'pli-a-tiv) , adj. enlarg- ing; synthetic. amplification (am-pli-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of amplifying or expanding; enlargement. amplify (am'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amplified, p.pr. amplifying], to make large: v.i. to speak or write diffusely; expand. amplitude (am'pli-tud) , n. the angular distance of a celestial body at rising or setting from the eastern or western points of the horizon; an angle on which the value of some mathemati- cal function depends; the distance which a particle moves in performing a complete vibration. amply (am'pli), adv. in an ample man- ner; liberally. ampulla (am-pul'la), n. [pi. ampullae (am-pul'le)], an ancient vessel which contained unguents for the bath; a drinking vessel; a vessel for conse- crated oil or chrism used in Church rites, and at the coronation of sover- eigns. [Latin.] amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to lop off in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- member. amputation (am-pu-ta/shun) , n. a cutting off; the operation of cutting off a limb. amt (amt), n. the largest territorial administrative division of Norway and Denmark. amt-man (amt'man), n. [pi. -men], the principal executive official of an amt. amuck (a-muk' or amok), adj. or adv. (used only in the phrase, to run amuck), running about armed, in a state of frenzy, attacking all that come in the way, or committing indiscriminate slaughter. [Malay.] amulet (am'ti-let), n. a charm worn to protect against evil; a talisman. amuse (a-muz'), v.t. to occupy the attention pleasantly; beguile; enter- tain; divert. amusement (a-muz'ment), n. that which amuses; a pastime. amygdalin (a-mig'da-hn) , n. white crystalline substance obtained from the kernels of almonds. [Greek.] amyl (am'il), n. the hypothetical alco- hol radical of many chemical com- pounds. amylaceous (am-i-la'shus), adj. starchy. amylene (am'i-len), n. a hydrocarbon obtained by the removal of water from amyl alcohol. amylic (a-mil'ik), adj. of or pertaining to amyl. an (an), indef. art. any; each. [An is properly an adj., and is used before ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hfie, hnt ; think, them ANA 31 ANALOGOUS nouns of the singular number only; also before a word having an initial vowel and silent h (see H) . [An has a distributive force in such expres- sions as "once an hour"; "a dime an ounce."] ana (a'na), [pi. anas (a'naz)], a collec- tion of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, &c, as Shakes- periana, boxiana. anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm) , n. an error in the order of time, hence any error in the misplacement of persons or events in point of time. anachronistic (an-ak-ron-is'tik) , adj. out of date. anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. the spe- cific name of a large South American boa, and loosely applied to any large snake which crushes its prey. anacrusis (an-a-kru'sis) , n. an upward stroke in music; in verse, especially iambic verse, the first syllable of the line which, if neglected, converts the whole into trochaic verse. ^ See the passage in trochaic meter in the in- troduction to this Dictionary under the head of " Versification." anadromous (a-nad'ro-mus), adj. ascending from the sea to fresh- water rivers to deposit spawn, as the salmon, &c; tending upwards: said of ferns. anaemia, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. de- ficiency or low condition of the bloocL anaesthesia, anesthesia (an-es-the'- si-a), n. a condition of insensibility to pain, combined with loss of the sense of touch, produced by anaesthetics. anaesthetic, anesthetic (an-es-thet'- ik), adj. pertaining to loss of the sense of feeling: n. a drug which produces insensibility ._ anaesthetize (an-es'the-tiz) , v.t. to bring under the influence of an anaes- thetic; render insensible to pain. anaglyph (an'a-glif), n. a work of art carved in relief, as distinguished from intaglio. anaglyptic (an-a-glip'tik), adj. relat- ing to anaglyphs, or the art of decor- ation in relief. anaglyptograph (an-a-glip'to-graf), n. an instrument by which a medallion- engraving of any object in relief can be made. anagly pt ogr aphic (an-a-glip'to- graf'ic), adj. relating to the produo tion of engravings in relief. anaglyptography (an-a-glip-tog'ra-fi) , n. the art of reproducing relief -work on paper. anagram (an'a-gram), n. a word or a sentence constructed out of another by the transposition of the letters contained in the second; a word ob- tained by reading the letters of an- other word backwards. anagrammatic (an-a-gram-mat'ik) or anagrammatical ('i-kal), adj. relat- ing to, or forming an anagram. ana grammatically (an-a-gram-mat'- ik-a-li), adv. in the style of an ana- gram. anagr ammatize (an-a-gram'ma-tiz ) , v.t. to make into an anagram: v.i. to construct anagrams. anal (a'nal), adj. relating to the anus, situated near to the anal orifice. analect (an'a-lekt), n. [pi. analects (an'a-lekts) &analecta (an-a-lek'ta)], a passage or extract from a published work : pi. sl collection of such extracts from different authors. analectic (an-a-lek'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or composed of, selections from other works. analgesia (an-al-je'si-a), n. insensi- bility to pain in any part of the body. Called also analgia. analgesic (an-al-jes'ik), adj. that which allays pain: n. an anodyne. analgetic (an-al-jet'ik), adj. pertain- ing to analgesia; insensible to pain; painless. analogical (an-a-loj 'i-kal), adj. bear- ing reference; having relation or re- semblance. analogically (an-a-loj 'i-ka-li), adv. by way of analogy. analogism (a-nal'o-jism) , n. a reason- ing from the cause to the effect; study and examination of matters and things by reference to their analogies. analogist (a-nal'6-jist) , n. one who rea- sons from the standpoint of analogy . analogize (a-nal'o-jiz), v.t. to reason or expound by reference to analogy: v.i. to treat or investigate by use of analogy. analogous (a-nal'o-gus) , adj. possess- ing points of analogy; linked by re- semblance; similar. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. m4 ANALOGUE 32 ANCESTOR analogue (an'a-log), n. an object which bears analogy to something else; a part which corresponds with another in structure, function, or other relations. analogy (a-nal'o-ji), n. [pi. analogies (a-nal'o-jiz)], agreement, resem- blance, or correspondence in relations between different objects; the infer- ence as to general agreement which is derived from similarity in certain essential particulars; equality of mathematical ratios; conformity of its parts to the general rules and structures of a language. analysis (a-nari-sis) , n. [pu. analyses (a-nal'i-sez)], the resolution of a com- pound into its constituent parts ; the method of determining the nature of a compound by resolution into its con- stituent parts ; the resolving of prob- lems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations; a synopsis. analyst (an'a-list), n. one who is skilled in analysis; one skilled in the resolution of chemical compounds. analytic (an-a-lit'ik) or analytical (-i-kal), adj. relating to, or charac- terized by, the method of analysis. analytically (an-a-lit'i-ka-li) , adv. in the manner or by means of analysis. analytics (an-a-jit'iks), n.pl. the science of analysis. analyzable (an'a-ll-za-ol) , adj. capable of being resolved by, or that may be subjected to, analysis. analyze (an'a-liz), v.t. to separate or resolve; determine the nature of a compound by resolution of its con- stituent parts. anapaest or anapest (an'a-pest), n. a foot comprising two short syllables followed by one long syllable. anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz'i-ak), n» a drug or medical treatment that tends to allay sexual desire. anaplasty (an-a-plas'ti) , n. the repair- ing of wounds by the transplantation of adjacent healthy tissue. anarchic (an-ar'kik) or anarchical (an-ar'ki-kal) , adj. of or pertaining to anarchy, or the theory of anarchism. anarchism (an'ar-kizm) , n. lawless- ness; confusion; anarchy; the doc- trines of the anarchists. anarchist (an'ar-kist) , n. one who supports or promotes a scheme for anarchy, or upholds the abolition of law as a social theory. anarchy (an'ar-ki) , n. non-existence or incapability of governmental rule; a lawless condition of society; the theory of individual liberty. anarthrous (an-ar'thrus) , adj. with- out the article; destitute of joints; without articulated limbs. anastrophe or anastrophy (a-nas'- tro-fe), n. an invasion of the sequence of words in a sentence, as "echoed the hills," for "the hills echoed." anathema (a-nath'e-ma) , n. [pi. anath- emas (a-nath'e-maz)], the curse ac- companying excommunication pro- nounced by a religious assembly or convocation ; an imprecation or curse ; the thing or person held to be ac- cursed. [Greek.] anathematize (a-nath'e-ma-tiz) , v.t. to pronounce a decree of excommuni- cation against: v.i. to curse. anatomical (an-a-tom'i-kal) , adj. re- lating to, or according to, the laws of anatomy. anatomically (an-a-tom'i-ka-li) , adv. in an anatomical manner. anatomism (a-nat'o-mizm) , n. ana- tomical analysis or structure; anat- omy as the basis of life of organized bodies; the explanation of vital phe- nomena by anatomical structure; the application of the principles of • anatomy, as in art. anatomist (a-nat'o-mist), n. one pos- sessing a knowledge of anatomy derived from dissection. anatomize (a-nat'o-miz), v.t. to sep- arate by dissection and exhibit the relative position and structure of the parts of an animal or plant. anatomy (a-nat'o-mi) , n. [pi. anatomies (a-nat'o-miz)], separation by dissec- tion of the various parts of a body, with a view to the examination and determination of their structure and relations ; the art or science of dissec- tion; a descriptive account of the parts of an organic body; a withered or emaciated person. anatripsis (an-a-trip'sis), n. massage. ancestor (an'ses-ter) , n. a forefather or progenitor, on the side of father or mother, from whom one is descended in direct line; one who held previous possession. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANCESTRAL 33 ANEROID ancestral (an-ses'tral), adj. belonging to, or connected with, one's ances- tors; derived from one's progenitors; lineal. ancestress (an'ses-tres) , n. a female ancestor. ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. the line of one's descent traced from a period more or less remote; the personages comprising such lineage; lineage. anchor (ang'ker), n. an iron imple- ment of varying form, but generally having two curved and pointed arms terminating at one end of a shank, to the other extremity of which is af- fixed a cable, used to secure a floating vessel to the bottom; that on which dependence is placed for security or stability ; a metallic clamp securing a tie-rod connecting opposite walls: v.t. to affix by an anchor; grapple; hold fast. anchorage (ang'ker-aj), n. a suitable or customary place for the anchoring of vessels; the hold attained by an anchor ; harbor-dues for anchorage in a port. anchoret (ang'ko-ret) or anchorite (ang'ko-rlt), n. one who voluntarily secludes himself from society and lives a solitary life devoted to religious or philosophic meditation; a recluse; a hermit. anchovy (an'cho-vi), n. [pi. anchovies (an'cho-viz)], a diminutive fish abounding in the Mediterranean, and especially esteemed for its pe- culiar flavor, used for pickling and as a sauce. ancient (an'shent), adj. of or per- taining to the early history of the world; of past times or remote ages; of great age or antiquity: n. one who lived in ancient times; pi. the people of classic times; the Jew- ish elders; the governing body of an Inn of Court [English]: n. formerly a flag or ensign; a ship's pennant. ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj. attendant upon; accessory; subservient. ancipital (an-sip'i-tal), adj. two-edged and sharp. ancon (ang'kon), n. [pi ancones (ang- ko'nez)], the upper extremity of the forearm or ulna; the elbow; a bracket or projection for the support of a eornice. ancus (ang'kus), n. an elephant goad made of metal and often highly orna- mented. and (and), conj. the copulative joining words and sentences. And is some- times used emphatically by way of contrast, as " there are orators and orators," i.e. two very different kinds. andesite (an'de-sit), n. a silicate of alumina, soda, and lime. andirons (and'I-ernz), n.pl. metal standards used for open fires, to support the logs; fire-dogs. androcephalous (an-dro-sef 'a-lus) , adj* having a human head, as a sphinx, &c. [Greek.] androgynous (an-droj'i-nous), adj. combining both sexes, or bearing both male and female organs; her- maphroditic. [Greek.] androsphinx (an'dro-sfingks), n. a sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of a man. [Greek.] anecdotal (an-ek-do'tal), adj. relating to, or consisting of, anecdotes. anecdote (an'ek-dot), n. a brief nar- rative of an entertaining character; a terse and pithy account of some detached incident, chiefly personal or biographical. anecdotic (an-ek-do'tik) , adj. relating to anecdotes. anecdotically (an-ek-do'ti-ka-li), adv. by anecdotes. anelectric (a,n-e-lek'trik) , adj. without the properties of electricity; non- electric: n. a conductor in contradis- tinction to an insulator. anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod) , n. the positive pole of a galvanic battery. anemograph (a-nem'o-graf ) , n. an instrument for registering the force or direction of the wind. [Greek.] anemometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n. a wind-gauge; an instrument which indicates the pressure of the wind. anemone (a-nem'o-ne) , n. [pi. anem- ones (a-nem'6-nez)], the wind-flower or wood-anemone ; a sea-anemone, a marine zoophyte. [Greek.] anemoscope (a-nem'o-skop), n. an apparatus for m exhibiting the direc- tion of the wind. [Greek.] aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no liquid, as quicksilver: n. & barometer shaped like a watch, the action de- pending on the varying pressure of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ;, hue, hut ; think, then. ANEURISM 34 ANGORA the atmosphere on the top of an elastic metal box. aneurism (an'u-rizm) , n. a local swell- ing or dilation of an artery at a point where the coat is thinned or weak- ened by disease. [Greek.] anew (a-nu r ), adv. afresh; over again; in a new manner or style. angel (an'jel), n. a messenger of God; one of an order of spiritual atten- dants who form a connection between heaven and earth, as from God to mankind; a spirit of evil, as a fallen angel; the presbyter in the Early Christian Church residing in some S articular city (Rev. ii. 8); an Eng- sh gold coin, value about $2.50, struck in the reign of Edward IV., and impressed with the figure of the archangel Michael. angel-fish (an'jel-fish), n. a species of shark with large pectoral fins, which give to it a winged appearance. angelic (an-jerik) or angelical ('i-kal), adj. belonging to or resembling an angel in nature or function. angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional exercise in commemoration of the Incarnation, during which the Ave Maria is twice repeated: said morn- ing, noon, and night; the bell which is rung to announce the time of such devotions. [Latin.] anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion or passion aroused by a sense of injury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to pro- voke to resentment; excite to wrath; enrage. angina (an-jl'na), n. an inflamed con- dition of the throat, as in quinsy, &c. angina pectoris (pek'to-ris) , n. a mus- cular spasm of the chest, very often accompanied by an affection of the heart, and frequently fatal. angiology (an-ji-ol'o-ji) , n. that branch of anatomy which treats of the blood- vessels and lymphatics. angle (ang'gl), n. the inclosed space near the point where two lines meet ; a sharp or projecting corner; the inclination of two lines which meet at a point called the vortex; v.i. to fish with a hook and line: v.t. to fish for. angler (ang'gler) n. one who fishes with rod and line ; a piscator ; the name of a fish furnished with filamentary appendages, which by their move- ment attract smaller fish on which it feeds. Also called fishing-frog and sea-devil. Anglican (ang'gli-kan) , adj. pertaining to England as a nation ; pertaining to the Church of England and churches in other countries in accord with it, and (popularly) to the High or Rit- ualistic section of the Anglican Church: n. a member of the Anglican Church; a ritualist. Anglicanism (ang'gli-kan-izm) , n. the principles and ritual of the Anglican Church, i.e. the established Church of England. anglice (ang'gli-se) , adv. according to the English language or manner. [Latin.] Anglicism (ang'gli-sizm) , n. a form of speech; a principle or mannerism peculiar to England. Anglicize (ang'gli-siz) , v.t. to make or to render into English; accord with English manners and customs. angling (ang'gling), n. the piscatorial art; the act of fishing with rod and line. Anglo-American (ang'glo-a-mer'i- kan) , adj. pertaining to England and the United States conjointly, as to commerce or population: n. an Amer- ican citizen of English descent. Anglomania (ang-glo-man'i-a) , n. a predilection carried to excess for everything that is English, in the sense of being peculiar to England. Anglophobia (ang-glo-f o'bi-a) , n. an intense aversion to, or fear of, every- thing English. Anglo-Saxon (ang'glo-saks'un) , adj. pertaining to the Teutonic settlers in England prior to the Norman Con- quest, or to their language: n. one of the Saxon settlers in England as distinguished from those on the Con- tinent: pi. the English race. angora (ang-go'ra), n. cloth made from Angora- wool. angora- cat (-kat), n. a cat of the domestic kind with long handsome hair. angora- goat (-got), n. a breed of goats first found in the province of Angora (Asia Minor) , but lately raised at the Cape of Good Hope and in the Uni- ted States. The animal has very fine ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANGORA 35 ANIMATE silky hair about eight inches in length from wiiich Turkish yarn is spun. The skin of the Angora goat is used in maiving the very finest Morocco leather. angora- wool (-wool), n. the coat of the Angora goat, much esteemed for its' long silky hair. angostura-bark (ang-gos-tti'ra bark), n. a bitter aromatic bark used for medicinal purposes. [Named from the Venezuelan city of Angostura.] Angostura bitters (bit-terz), n.pl. a tonic beverage made from Angostura bark. angrily (ang'gri-li) , adv. in an angry- manner. angriness (ang'gri-nes) , n. the state of being angry. angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with anger ; provoked ; feeling resentment ; wrathful; showing anger; fierce; inflamed. anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain or grief; acute suffering, bodily or mental. angular (ang'gu-lar) , adj. possessing an angle or angles; sharp, bent, or cornered; pointed,_or full of points. angularity (ang-gu-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. angularities (ang-gu-lar'i-tiz)], the quality of being angular in any sense. angulate (ang r gu-lat), adj. constructed of angles; having the form of an angle. angustate (ang-gus'tat), adj. narrow at the base and expanded at the top. anhydride (an-hi'drid), n. an oxygen compound formed by substituting an acid radical for the whole of the hydrogen in one or two molecules of water. anhydrite (an-hi'drit), n. anhydrous sulphate of lime. anhydrous (an-hi'drus) , adj. without water: applied to minerals in which the water of crystallization is not present. anil (an'il), n. the indigo plant. anile (an'il & an'il) , adj. resembling an old woman; aged; old-womanish. aniline (an'i-lin), n. a base used in the formation of many rich dyes obtained from coal-tar, but more extensively from benzole: adj. of or pertaining to aniline. lilism (an'il-izm), n. aniline poison- ing, caused by the inhalation oi aniline vapors. anility (a-nh"i-ti) , n. the state of being anile; a condition of dotage. animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) B n. the act of observing; capacity for perception; censure; criticism. animadversive (an-i-mad-ver'siv), adj. possessing the faculty of obser- vation and criticism. animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), v.i. to give the mind to ; pass comment or stricture upon; criticise. animal (an'i-mal), n. an organized living body, sentient, mobile, and locomotive; an inferior being; a brute: adj. of or belonging to animals. animal- magnetism (an'i-mal-mag'- net-izm), n. another name for mes- merism. See magnetism. animalcular (an-i-mal'ku-lar) or ani- malculine (-lin), adj. of or relating to animalcules. animalcule (an-i-mal'kul) , n. one of a class of minute or microscopic organ- isms abounding in water and infu- sions; an infusorian. animalculist (an-i-mal'ku-list), n. a specialist of animalcules. animalculum (an-i-marku-liim) , n. [pi. animalcula (-la)], a minute organ- ism; an animalcule. animalia (an'i-ma-li-a) , n.pl. the ani- mal kingdom. animalism (an'i-mal-izm) , n. the state of being animal, or actuated by ani- mal instincts or appetites ; the theory which regards mankind as merely animal; sensuality. animalistic (an-i-mal-is ; tik) , adj. char- acterized by animal or sensual in- stincts. animality (an-i-mal'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being an animal, or possessing animal characteristics. animalization (an-i-mal-i-za/shun) , n. the act of making animal ; the process of becoming bestial. animaiize (an'i-mal-Iz), v.t. to make animal; impart animal life, form, and attributes; sensualize or bestialize; convert into animal substance by assimilation. animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to impart life to; to inspire with energy or action; enliven: adj. endowed with animal life; full of spirit and vigor. ate, aim, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £Aen e ANIMATION 36 ANNUAL animation (an-i-ma/shun) , n. the act of giving life or spirit; the state of being animated; vivacity. m animative (an'i-ma-tiv) , adj. that has power to impart life or spirit. animism (an'i-mizm) , n. the theory of the existence of an immaterial prin- ciple of force inseparable from matter to which all life and action are attrib- utable. animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti) , n. [pi. .ani- mosities (an~i-mos'i-tiz)], hostility; hatred; active enmity. animus (an'i-mus), n. a hostile spirit, or purpose; hostility. anion (an'i-on), n. the element in a body decomposed by voltaic action, which is evolved at the positive pole or anode. anise (an'is) , n. the common name for a plant (indigenous in Egypt) yield- ing the anise-seed of commerce. ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or articula- tion connecting the foot with the leg. anklet (ang'klet) , n. a diminutive ankle; an ornament or support for the ankle; a fetter or shackle. ankylose (ang'ki-los) , v.t. to consoli- date or join by bony growth. ankylosis (ang-ki-lo'sis), n. the con- solidation of normally movable parts by. means of bony growth. ankylostomiasis (ang-ki-los-to-mi'a- sis), n. an ankylose disease prevalent among miners. [Greek.] ankylotic (ang-ki-lot'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, ankylosis. annalist (an'al-ist), n. a compiler of annals. annals (an'alz), n.pl. a description, history, or chronicle issued from time to time, and comprising the events of each year in order of sequence; chronicles. anneal (an-nel'), v.t. to heat or fix by heat; temper and render malleable; bake or fuse. annealing (an-ne'ling) , n. the process of tempering, baking, fusing, or fixing. annex (an-neks'), v.t. to add or affix at the end; subjoin or connect; purloin: n. (an'neks), that which is added; an addition. annexation (an-eks-a'shun) , n. the act of annexing; that which is annexed. annexationist (an-eks-a'shun-ist) , n. an advocate for, or promoter of, annexation of another country. annihilable (an-ni'hi-la-bl) , adj. ca- pable of annihilation. annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat), v.t. to reduce to nothing; wipe out of existence; destroy. annihilation (an-ni-hi-la'shun) , n. the act of annihilating; non-existence. annihilationist (an-nl-hi-la/shun-ist) , n. one who believes that eternal pun- ishment consists of annihilation. anniversary (an-i-ver'sa-ri) , n. [pi. anniversaries (an-i-ver'sa-riz)], the recurrence in each year of the date of an event; the annual commemora- tion of an event : adj. recurring once in every twelve months ; yearly. annotate (an'o-tat), v.t. to mark or note by way of explanation or criti- cism, as a book. annotation (an-o-ta/shun) , n. the act of noting or commenting upon; a note, remark, or criticism made in a book. anno tat or (an'o-ta-ter), n. one who annotates or writes remarks by way of comment or criticism upon the works of authors. announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to proclaim or make known, formally, or ki # a public manner; pronounce by judicial sentence; proclaim. announcement (an-nouns'ment) , n. the act of announcing; that which is announced; a proclamation. annoy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by repeated acts; harass or discompose by petty injury or opposition: v.i. to be troubled, vexed: n. the feeling of discomfort caused by an injury or vexation. annoyance (an-noi'ans) , n. the act of annoying or causing vexation; the state of being annoyed; the thing or act which annoys. annoyingly (an-noi'ing-li) , adv. in a vexatious manner. annual (an'u-al), adj. once in twelve months; yearly; of or belonging to a year; published once a year; com- pleted in a year; lasting or living only for a year or season, as an annual plant: n. an anniversary mass said for a deceased person; the fee paid for such a mass. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n6te, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANNUALLY 37 ANTAGONISTIC annually (an'u-al-li) , adv. yearly ; hap- pening, returning, or completed year by year. annuitant < (an-nu'i-tant) , n. one who is in receipt of, or is entitled to re- ceive, an annuity. annuity (an-nu'i-ti) , n. [pi. annuities (an-nu'i-tiz)], the payment of a sum of money by periodical or yearly install- ments during the life-time of the an- nuitant. annul (an-nul'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. an- nulled, p.pr. annulling], to malce void, abolish, or obliterate, as a law, decree, or compact. annular (an'u-lar), adj. ring-like; in the form of a ring or annulus: n. the ring of light surrounding the moon's body in an annular eclipse of the sun. [Latin.] annulate (an'u-lat), adj. ringed; hav- ing ring-like bands or circles. annulation (an-u-la/shun) , n. a ring- like formation. annulet (an'u-let), n. a little ring; a small filler encircling a column. annulment (an-nuTment) , n. the act of reducing to nothing; abolition; invalidation. annulosa (an-u-lo'sa) , n. the annulose animals, as crustaceans, insects, worms. annulose (an'u-los), adj. composed of a succession of rings. annunciate (an-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to make known officially or publicly; announce. annunciation (an-nun-shi-a/shun) , n. the act of annunciating. Annunciation (an-nun-shi-a/shun) , n. the Church festival (Lady-day, Mar. 25) commemorating the intimation of the Incarnation made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 28-33). annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-ter) , n. a signaling apparatus; an indicator used in hotels, and connected with the bells and telephones, to show in which room attendance is required. anode (an'od), n. the path of the elec- tric current from the positive to the negative polej the positive pole. anodyne (an'o-dln), adj. assuaging pain: n. a drug which relieves pain. anoint (a-noint'), v.t. to pour oil upon, in a religious ceremony ; consecrate. anomalistic (a-nom-a-lis'tik) , adj. pertaining to the anomaly or angular distance of a planet from its peri- helion. anomalous (a-nonra-lus) , adj. de- viating from the common order; ab- normal. anomaly (a-nom'a-li) , n. deviation from the natural order; the angular distance of a planet from its peri- helion. [Greek.] anon(a-non'), adv. soon; straightway; again. anonym (an'o-nim), n. sl person who remains nameless; a pseudonym. anonymity (an-o-nim'i-ti) , n. the state of being anonymous. anonymous (a-non'i-mus) , adj. bear- ing no author's name; nameless. anopheles (an-of 'e-les) , n. the genus of mosquitoes which transmits to man the germ of malaria. [Greek.] another (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron. one more ; not the same ; some one else. answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in oppo- sition to; to reply to a charge; a counterstatement : n. a response or rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a solution, as of a mathematical prob- lem. answerable (an'ser-a-bl) , adj. liable to give answer; responsible. ant (ant), n. a small social insect of the hymenopterous order. ant-bear (ant 'bar), n. the name some- times given (from its likeness to a bear) to the great ant-eater of Amer- ica; also the Cape ant-eater of South Africa. ant-eater (ant'e-ter), n. the name ap- plied to a group of quadrupeds which feed upon ants. ~»nt-lion (ant'li-un), n. a neuropterous insect whose larvae construct a pit- fall for ants and other insects. antacid (ant-as'id) , adj. counteracting acidity: n. a medicine which counter- acts the formation of acids in the system; an alkali. antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm) , n. the active opposition of two opponents or opposing forces ;_ hostility. antagonist (an-tag r o-nist) , n. a com- petitor in any sphere of action; an opponent. antagonistic (an-tag-o-nis'tik) , adj. acting in opposition; opposed. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANTAGONISTICALLY c& ANTHRACENE antagonistically (an-tag-o-nis'ti- ka-li), adv. in rivalry or opposi- tion. antagonize (an-tag'o-nlz) , v.t. to op- pose; hinder; counteract; contend against; compete with: v.i. to act in opposition; neutralize. antarctic (ant-ark'tik) , adj. opposite to arctic; pertaining to the south- polar regions; southern. antecede (an-te-sed') , v.t. to precede or go before in timeor space. antecedence (an-te-se'dens) or ante- cedency (an-te-se'den-si) , n. preced- ence; the act or state of going before; priority. antecedent (an-te-se'dent) , adj. pre- ceding: n. the substantive or noun to which a relative or other pronoun refers ; the part of a conditional prop- osition upon which the other de- pends: pi. the previous events of a person's life. antecedently (an-te-se'dent-li) , adv. at a time preceding. antecessor (an-te-ses'er) , n. one who goes before (in office). antechamber (an'te-cham-ber) , n. an apartment next the principal room, where persons wait for audience; an outer room. antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry back to an earlier period; anticipate: n. a date earlier than the actual date. antediluvian (an-te-di-lu'vi-an) , adj. of or pertaining to the world before the Flood; belonging to very ancient times; antiquated: n. one who lived before the Flood. [Latin.] antelope (an'te-lop), n. the name given to numerous species of deer-like ruminants, intermediate between the deer and the goat, with cylindrical, ringed horns. antemeridian (an-te-me-rid/i-an) , adj. preceding noon. Often written A.M. antemetic ( ant-e-met'ik) , adj. allay- ing vomiting: n. a medicine possess- ing this property. antemundane (an-te-mun'dan) , adj. before the creation of the world. antenatal (an-te-na/tal) , adj. before birth. antenna _(an-ten'a), n. [pi. antennae (an-ten'e)], the jointed horns or feelers upon the heads of insects and Crustacea. antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), adj. 'be* fore marriage. antepaschal (an-te-pas'kal), adj. be- fore Easter; preceding the Jewish Passover. [Graeco-Latin.] antepenult (an-te-pe'nult) or ante- penultima (an-te-pe-nuTti-ma) , n. the last syllable but two of a word. antepenultimate (an-te-pe-nul'ti- mat), adj. pertaining to the last but two: n. that which is last but two. anteprandial (an-te-pran'di-al) , adj. before dinner. anterior (an-ter'i-er) , adj. more to the front; former. anteriority (an-ter-i-or'i-ti) , n. the quality of being anterior, especially in order of time ; priority. anteroom (an'te-room) , n. a room before, or forming an entrance to, another; an antechamber. antetemple (an'te-tem-pl), n. the portico of an ancient temple or church; the narthex. anthelion (an-the'li-on) , n. [pi. anthelia (an-the'li-a)], a halo or a colored ring or rings, opposite the sun, formed around the shadow of the head of the observer, as projected on a cloud or moist surface. anthem (an'them), n. a composition from the Scriptures or liturgy set to sacred music. anther (an'ther), n. the summit of the stamen of a flower containing the pollen or fertilizing dust. antheroid (an'ther-oid) , adj. having the form of an anther. anthocarpous (an-tho-kar'pus) , adj. having a fruit formed from the ovaries of several flowers, as the pineapple. anthography (an-thog'ra-fi) , n. the scientific description of flowers. anthological (an-tho-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to an anthology; consist- ing of beautiful extracts, more espe- cially of those from the poets. anthologist (an-thoro-jist), n. one who compiles an anthology. anthology (an-thoro-ji) , n. a collec- tion of choice poems, epigrams, and fugitive pieces by various authors; a hymnal. anthracene (an'thra-sen) , n. a com- plex hydrocarbon obtained from coal- tar; paranaphthalin. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. ANTHRACITE 39 ANTIFEBRIXE anthracite (an'thra-sft), n. a non- bituminous coal which burns with- out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; stone-coal; hard-coal. anthracitic (an-thra-sit'ik) , adj. resem- bling, or of the nature of, anthracite. anthrax (an'thraks), n. [pi. anthraces (an 'thra-sez)], a carbuncle, or malig- nant boil; the splenic fever of sheep and cattle, caused by the presence of a bacillus in the blood and tissues ; the carbuncular disease caused in man by inoculation from affected sheep and cattle. [Greek.] anthropography (an-thro-pog'ra-fi ) , n. that branch of anthropology which treats of the actual geographical dis- tribution of the human race, and the local variations of its different divi- sions. [Greek.] anthropoid (an'thro-poid) , adj. re- sembling man: n. one of the higher apes resembling man. [Greek.] Anthropoidea (an-thro-poi'de-a) , n. pi. a sub-order of primate mammals, including early man, the gorillas, apes, and monkeys. anthropological (an-thro-po-lo j 'i-kal) , adj. relating to anthropology. anthropologist (an-thro-pol'o-jist) , n. a student of anthropology. anthropology (an-thro-pol'o-ji) , n. the science of man, considered zoolo- gically or ethnographically. anthropometric (an-thro-po-met'rik) , adj. relating to the measurement or proportions of the human body. anthropometrically (an-thro-po-met'- ri-ka-li), adv. in an anthropological manner, or by means of anthropom- etry. anthropometry (an-thro-pom'e-'tri) , n. the measurement of the human body; the department of anthropol- ogy relating to such measurement of persons at various ages, and in dif- ferent tribes, races, occupations, &c. anthropomorphic (an-thro-po-mor'- flk), adj. characterized by anthropo- morphism; having the appearance and characteristics of man. anthropomorphism 'an-thro-po-mor'- fizni), n. the ascription of a human form and attributes to the Deity, or to supernatural beings. anthropophagi (an-thro-pof 'a-ji) , n.pl. man-eaters; cannibals. [Greek.] anthropophagous (an-thro-pof'c- gus), adj. feeding on human flesh. anti-aircraft (an'ti-ar'kraft), adj. de- fending against hostile aircraft (by artillery) . antic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. a clown; a trick; a grotesque gesture. Antichrist (an'ti-krlst), n. an oppo- nent of Christ, especially the great personal opponent expected before the end of the world (I John ii. 22) ; a false prophet (Mark xiii. 5, 6). antichristian (an-ti-kris'ehan), n. an opponent of the Christian religion: adj. pertaining to Antichrist; opposed to the Christian religion. anticipant (an-tis'i-pant) , adj. that which operates beforehand: n. one who looks forward. _ anticipate (an-tis'i-pat) , v.t. to take or deal with beforehand ; use in advance ; look for as certain: v.i. to treat of something before the proper time. anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun) , n. the act of taking beforehand; expecta- tion; hope; preconception. anticipative (an-tis'i-pa-tiv) or antic- ipatory (an-tis'i-pa-to-ri) , adj. tak- ing beforehand; anticipating. anticlimax (an'ti-kll-maks) , n. a ludicrous descent in thought and expression; bathos. anticyclone (anti-si'klon) , n. a mete- orological condition in which the ordinary features of a cyclone are reversed, i.e. the winds, which are light, flow from, instead of towards, the center. anticy clonic (an-ti-si-klon'ik) , adj. pertaining to an anticyclone. antidotal (an'ti-do-tal), adj. of the nature or quality of an antidote. antidotally (an-ti-do'ta-li), adv. in the manner of an antidote. antidote (an'ti-dot), n. a substance wmich acts medicinally as a counter- active to the effects of poison or disease; that which annuls or tends to prevent the evil effects of any- thing else; a remedy. antifat (an'ti-fat), adj. available for preventing or reducing fatness: n. a remedy against fatness. antifebrile (an-ti-feb'ril), adj. capable of allaying fever: n. a fever medicine or antipyretic. antifebrine (an-ti-feb'rin), n. acetani- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut : think, then. ANTIMASK 40 ANTIQUARIAN lide, or antipyrine, used in medicine as an antipyretic, to allay fever and reduce the temperature. antimask (an'ti-mask) , n. a species of drollery introduced as an interlude between acts of a more serious na- ture. Written also antimasque. antimasonic (an-ti-ma^-son'ik) , adj. opposed to the principles of free- masonry. antimonarchical (an-ti-mo-nar'ki- kal), adj. opposed to monarchy. antimonial (an-ti-mo'nP-al) , adj. per- taining to antimony; composed of, or possessing the qualities, of antimony. antimoniate (an-ti-mo'ni-at) , n. a salt of antimonic acid. antimonic (an-ti-mon'ik) or antimo- nious (an-ti-mo'ni-us) , adj. relating to, composed of, or obtained from antimony. antimonite (an'ti-mo-nit) , n. native sulphide of antimo_ny : antimony (an'ti-mo-ni) , n. a white lustrous metal, entering largely into medicinal preparations and various important alloys, such as pewter and Britannia-metal . antinomianism (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm) , n. the tenets of the Antinomian sect ; opposition to law. antinomy (an-tin'o-mi) , n. [pi. antino- mies (an-tin'o-miz)], the opposition of one law or part of a law to another ; or the opposition of man to any law. antiparallel (an-ti-par'a-lel), adj. run- ning parallel, but in an opposite direction: n. one of two or more lines making equal angles with two other lines, but in contrary order. antipathetic (an-ti-pa-thet'ik), adj. possessing a natural antipathy or aversion [with to]. antipathic (an-ti-path'ik) , adj. per- taining to antipathy; adverse; oppo- site. antipathy (an-tip'a-thi), n. [pi. antip- athies (an-tip'a-thiz)], natural aver- sion ; an instinctive dislike ; the object of aversion (followed in composition by to, against, between, and for). antiperiodic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik), adj. preventive of return in periodic or intermittent diseases: n. a medicine for periodic diseases. antiphlogistic (an-ti-flo-jis'tik) , adj. efficacious in counteracting fever or inflammation: n. any remedy which serves to check inflammatory symp- toms. antiphon (an'ti-fon) or antiphone (-fon), n. a musical response, as that made by one side of the choir to the other in a chant or hymn. antiphonal (an-tif 'o-nal) , adj. charac- terized by antiphony or responsive singing: n. a collection of antiphons. antiphonary (an-tif '5;-na-ri) , n. [pi. antiphonaries (an-tif[o-na-riz)], a book of responses used in the services: adj. antiphonal, or responsive. antiphonetic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), adj. similar in sound; applied to words which rhyme. antiphony (an-tif 'o-ni) , n. [pi. antiph- onies (an-tif'o-niz)], the alterant or responsive rendering of psalms or chants by a dual choir; a musical set- ting of sacred verses arranged for al- ternate singing. antiphrasis (an-tif 'ra-sis) , n. the em- ployment of a word, or words, in a sense contrary to its, or their, true meaning, as when the ancients called the Furies "the Kindly Ones." antipodal (an-tip'o-dal). adj. pertain- ing to the antipodes; opposite or extreme. antipode (an'ti-pod), n. [pi. antipodes (an-tip'6-dez)], one who resides on the opposite side of the earth; that which is directly opposite to another. antipodean (an-tip-o-de'an) , adj. be- longing to the antipodes: n. one who resides on the opposite side of the earth. antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n.pl. those who, residing at opposite sides of the globe, have their feet directly op- posed ; the two portions of the earth's surface which are exactly opposite to each other; the direct opposite of a person or thing. antipyretic (an-ti-pi-ret'ik) , adj. pre- ventive of, or remedial to, fever: n. a remedy of such nature. antipyrine (an-ti-pi'rin), n. a drug obtained from coal-tar, employed for the relief of neuralgia, nervous headaches, and the reduction of heat in fevers. antiquarian (an-ti-kwar'i-an) , adj. pertaining to antiquaries or to an- tiquity: n. an antiquary. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANTIQUARIANISM 41 ANY intiquarianism (an-ti-kwar'i-an-izm) , n. the attachment to what is old or antiquated which characterizes the antiquary; the study or collecting of antiquities. antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i) , n. one who is attached to ancient things, and is learned in their history; one who collects antiquities for the purpose of study. antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted) , p.aaj. grown old; old-fashioned; obsolete; ancient. antique (an-tek') , adj. of or belonging to a former age; ancient: n. some- thing of great age_; a relic of antiquity. antiqueness (an-tek'nes), n. the qual- ity' of being ancient, or having the appearance of antiquity. antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti) , n. [pi. an- tiquities (an-tik'wi-tiz)], great age; ancientness; early ages; the people or races of ancient times ; that which belonged to, or survives from, ancient times; a relic. antiscorbutic (an-ti-skor-bu'tik) , adj. & n. counteract ant or remedial to scurvy. anti-Semite (an-ti-sem'it), n. one who favors the social and political perse- cution of Jews. anti-Semitic (an-ti-sem-it'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, anti-Semitism. anti-Semitism (an-ti-sem'it-izm) , n. antagonism to the Jewish race. antisepsis (an-ti-sep'sis) , n. the exclu- sion of bacteria from wounds, &c, by the use of antiseptics. antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik), adj. de- structive to the germs of disease or putrefaction : n. a substance that acts as a preventive to putrefaction. antislavery (an-ti-sla'ver-i) , adj. op- posed to slavery: n. opposition to slavery. antispasmodic (an-ti-6paz-mod'ik), adj. counteractive to, or curative of, spasms: n. sl medicine having such an effect. antisplenetic (an-ti-sple-net'ik), adj. of use remedially in diseases of the spleen: n. a medicine for spleen dis- eases. antistrophe (an-tis'tro-fe) , n. in the ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- ing part immediately following the strophe and sung in moving to the right, the strophe having been sung when moving to the left. antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. [pi. an- titheses (an-tith'e-sez)], opposition; contrast; expression by contrast or opposition of words or sentiments. antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik) or anti- thetical (an-ti-thet'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, of the nature of, or con- taining antithesis. antithetically (an-ti-thet'i-ka-li) , adv. in the manner or by means of an- tithesis. antitoxin (an-ti-toks'in) , n. a serum used hypodermically as a preventive of, or cure for, diphtheria. antitrade (an'ti-trad) , n. a tropical wind blowing steadily in an opposite direction to the trade wind. antitype (an'ti-tip), n. that which preceded the type, and of which the type is the prefigurement or repre- sentation. antitypical (an-ti-tip'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, an antitype. antizymotic (an-ti-zl-mot'ik), adj. preventing fermentation; n. the agent so used. antler (ant'ler), n. the individual branches of a stag's horns; the horn in its complete condition. antonym (an'to-nim), n. a word of opposite meaning. anurous (a-nu'rus), adj. having the character of the Anura, as the frogs and toads, which are tailless when adult. anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion of the rectum; the excremental ori- fice. anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used for the hammering and shaping of metals. anxiety (ang-zi'e-ti) , n. [pi. anxieties (ang-zi'e-tiz)], a condition of mental uneasiness arising from fear or solic- itude. anxious (ang'shus), adj. deeply con- cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- sive. any (en'i), adj. & pron. one, indeter- minately, unlimited; some, an indef- inite number, quantity, or degree: adj. one indefinitely; (pi.) some: pron. one; anyone; (pi.) some: adv* ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, beok ; hue, but ; think, then. ANYBODY 42 APOCALYPTIC to any extent; at all; in any degree. anybody (en'i-bpd-i) , n. any person; some one of importance. anyhow (en'i-hou), adv. in any way or manner ; in any case ; at any rate. anything (en'i-thing) , n. any object as distinguished from a person; aught; with as or like, as "It rains like any thing.' ' anyway (-wa), adv. in any manner. anywhere (-hwar), adv.^ in any place. any- whither (en'i-hwi^A'er) , adv. to or towards any place. any- wise (en'i-wiz), adv. in any way or manner; anyhow. — - aorist (a/o-rist), n. a tense in Greek verbs, denoting past time in- definite. aorta (a-or'ta), n. [pi. aorta? (-te)], the chief artery or main trunk of the arterial system, opening from the left ventricle of the heart and sup- plying all parts of the body, except- ing the lungs, with arterialized blood. aortitis (a-6r-ti'tis), n. inflammation of the aorta. apace (a-pas'), adv. quickly; at a quick pace; speedily. Apache (a-pa'che) , n. American Indian of a group of tribes in the Southwest; dangerous Parisian ruffian. apart (a-parf), adv. separately; aside; asunder. apartment (a-part'ment) , n. a room or part of a divided building: pi. a set or suite or two or more rooms of a house set apart as lodgings. apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik), adj. devoid of, or insensible to, feeling or emotion. apathetically (ap-a-thet'i-ka-li) , adv. in an apathetical manner. apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies (ap'a-thiz)], lack of feeling; want of passion or emotion; indifference. apatite (ap'a-tit), n. a crystalline phos- phate of lime. ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey having teeth in number and appearance as man; a silly mimic; a fool. The family of the apes includes the gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang, &c: v.t. to imitate servilely ; mimic, as an ape mimics man. apeak (a-pek'), adv. nearly vertical in position. aperient (a-pe'ri-ent) , adj. gently laxa- tive; opening the bowels: n. a mild laxative medicine. aperiodic (a-pe-ri-od'ik) , adj. without periodicity. aperitive (a-per'i-tiv) , adj. the same as aperient. [French.] aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; a perforation or passage; the space between two intersecting right lines; the diameter of the exposed part of the object-glass of a telescope* or other optical instrument. apetalous (a-pet'a-lus), adj. without petals or corolla. apex (a/peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i-sez) v & apexes (a/pek-sez)], the point, tip, or summit of anything. aphagia (a-fa/ji-a), n. inability to swallow. [Greek.] aphasia (a-f a'zi-a) , n. loss of the power of speech, or the appropriate use of words, due to disease or injury to the brain. [Greek.] aphelion (af-e'li-on) , n. [pi. aphelia (af-e'li-a)], that point in the orbit of a planet or a comet which is farthest from the sun. aphid (af 'id) , n. a plant-louse belong- ing to the genus Aphis. aphidian (a-fid'i-an) , n. an aphid: adj. pertaining to the genus Aphis. Aphis (a'fis), n. [pi. Aphides (afi-dez)], the genus of plant-suckers, to which the aphides belong; a member of the genus. aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. a concise and pithy statement of a rule or precept ; a maxim. aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz'i-ac), n. a drug that excites sexual desire. aphthong (af 'thong), n. a letter or letters not sounded in a word. apiary (a/pi-a-ri), n. [pi. apiaries (a/pi- a-riz)], a place where bees are kept; a bee-house. apiece (a-pes r )» adv. to or for each; each ; severally. - apish (a'pish), adj. resembling an ape in manners; foppish; foolish. aplomb (a-plongO, n. self-possession; assurance. [French.] Apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips) , n. the last book of the New Testament, Revela- tion. Apocalyptic (a-pok-a-lip'tik), adj. per- taining to or containing the Apoc- alypse. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. APOCOPE 43 APOSTOLIC apocope (a-pok'e-pe) , n. the cutting off or deletion of the last letter or syllable of a word. apocrypha (a-pok'ri-f a) , n.pl. used as a sing, with pi. apocryphas (a-pok'- ri-f az), a writing, or something, of doubtful authorship ; certain writings received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but rejected by others, as for instance Judith, Ecclesiasticus, etc. apocryphal (a-pok'ri-f al) , adj. of doubtful authority; uncanonical; of or pertaining to the apocrypha. apocryphally (a-pok'ri-f a-li) , adv. in an apocryphal manner; doubtfully. apod (ap'od), n. an animal without feet. apodosis (a-pod'o-sis), n. the latter portion, or consequent clause, of a conditional sentence. apogean (ap-o-je'an) or apogeic (ap- o-je'ik), adj. pertaining to the apogee. apogee (ap'o-je), n. that point in the orbit of a planet which is most dis- tant from the earth. apologetic (a-pol-o-jet'ik), adj. in the way of defense or apology. apologetically (a-pol-o-jet'i-ka-li), adv. in an apologetic manner. apologetics (a-pol-o-jet'iks), n. the defense and vindication of the prin- ciples and laws of the Christian be- lief. apologia (ap-o-lo'gi-a) , n. a defense of any one's action or principles, as Cardinal Newman's famous "Apolo- gia." [Greek.] apologist (a-poro-jist), n. one who apologizes ; one who pleads in extenu- ation or defense of the actions or prin- ciples of another. apologize (a-pol'o-jiz), v.i. to make an apology or excuse; to express regret or make amends for anything said or done, on one's own behalf or that of another: v.t. to write a defense of; to defend. apologue (ap'o-log), n. a moral fable; a fiction or allegory embodying a moral application, as iEsop's Fables. apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. [pi. apologies (a-poro-jiz)], a vindication or excuse; something spoken, written, or offered in defense or extenuation ; an explana- tion by way of amends. apophthegm. See apothegm. apoplectic (ap-o-plek'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, apoplexy; afflicted with apoplexy. apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si) , n. the sudden loss of consciousness and motive power, resulting from the rupture of a brain- vessel. aport (a-port'), adv. on or towards the port of left side of a ship. apostasy (a-pos'ta-si) , n. [pi. aposta- sies (a-pos'ta-siz)], the forsaking or abandonment of what one has hith- erto prof essed or adhered to, as faith, principles, or party. apostate (a-pos'tat), n. one who has forsaken or apostatized his faith or party; one who renounces his pro- fession after having been in holy or- ders: adj. false; traitorous; renegade. apostatical (ap-os-tat'i-kal), adj. re- bellious, in the manner of apostasy; apostate. apostatize (a-pos'ta-tiz) , v.i. to aban- don one's faith, church, or party; change one's religion for another. a posteriori (a pos-te-ri-o'ri) , reason- ing founded on observation of facts, effects, or consequences, by means of which the causes are reached. apostle (a-pos'l), n. one charged with a high mission; one of the twelve persons, especially selected by Christ to propagate His gospel (Luke vi. 13) ; one who performed apostolic functions, as St. Paul (I Cor. i. 1); the first missionary who plants the Christian faith in any region; one who labors with special success as a moral or social reformer. Apostles' Creed (a-pos'lz kred), n. the shortest of the three creeds, so named as containing a summary of apostoli- cal doctrine. apostle- spoon (a-pos'1-spoon) , n. a spoon having a figure of one of the Apostles at the top of the handle. apostolate (a-pos'to-lat), n. apostle-- ship (now restricted to the dignity or office of the Pope). apostolic (ap-os-tol'ik) , adj. & n. of or pertaining to an apostle or apostles, and their age. doctrine, or practice; papal. apostolic succession (suk-sesh'un), n. the regular and uninterrupted trans- mission of episcopal authority by bishops from the Apostles. ate, iivm, at, awl: me. merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; T rrae, hut ; think. ther„ APOSTROPHE 44 APPELLATIVE apostrophe (a-pos'tro-f e) , n. a break- ing off in a speech to address directly a person or persons who may or may not be present; the omission from a word of one or more letters, such omission being indicated by the sign O ; the sign (') so employed in writ- ing or printing. apostrophic (ap-o-strof 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, an apostrophe. apostrophize (a-pos'tro-fiz) , v.t. to address by apostrophe ; omit a letter or letters; mark an omission by the sign ('): v.i. to make an apostrophe or short digressive address in speak- ing. apothecary (a-poth'e-ka-ri) , n. [pi. apothecaries (a-poth'e-ka-riz)], one who prepares and dispenses medi- cines and drugs for profit ; one who is licensed to prescribe; a pharmacist. apothecaries 9 weight (a-poth'e-ka-riz wat), n. the weight used for dispens- ing drugs, and comprising the pound (12 oz.), the ounce (8 drachms), the drachm (3 scruples), the scruple (20 grs.), and the grain. apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy saying, embodying a wholesome truth or precept. Also spelt apoph- thegm. apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis),tt. [pi. apo- theoses (ap-o-the'o-sez)], deification; the god-like personification bestowed upon deceased emperors under the Roman Empire ; excessive honor paid to a distinguished person; canoniza- tion. apotheosize (ap-o-the'6-siz) , v.t. to exalt to the rank of a god; deify. appall or appal (ap-pawl 7 ), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appalled, p.pr. appalling], to frighten; depress or discourage by fear; dismay; terrify. appalling (ap-paw'ling) , p. adj. inspir- ing horror or dismay. apparatus (ap-a-ra/tus) , n. sing : & pi. an outfit of tools, utensils, or instru- ments adapted to the accomplish- ment of any branch of work, or for the performance of an experiment or operation; a set of such appliances; a group or set of organs concerned in the performance of a single function. Also, apparatus criticus (kri'ti-cus) . apparel (a-par'el), n. clothing; ves- ture; garb, or dress; the equipment of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appareled, p.pr. appareling], to clothe or adorn; furnish or fit out. apparent (ap-par'ent) , adj. open to view; capable of being readily per- ceived or understood ; evident ; seem- ing, but not real. apparition (ap-a-rish'un) , n. a visible object; an appearance of something not real or tangible; a ghost or spec- ter; the first appearance of a lumi- nary after obscuration: opposed to occultation. appeal (ap-peT), v.t. to transfer or refer to a superior court or judge; to refer to another person or tri- bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke aid, sympathy, or mercy: n. a call or invocation for aid or sympathy; the right of appeal; a summons to answer a charge; a call or reference to another; recourse; the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior court, the latter having the power to revise the decision of the lower tribunal. appear (ap-per'), v.i. to be or become visible; come before; seem. appearance (ap-per'ans) , n. the act of becoming visible; the object seen; a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- blance; outward show; the act of coming before the public; coming into court; lookj bearing or aspect. appeasable (ap-pe'za-bl), adj. capable of being appeased. appease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay; as- suage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. appeasement (ap-pez'ment), n. the act of appeasing; the state of being appeased. appellant (ap-pel'ant), n. one who appeals to a higher court; one who appeals to a judge, or to any tri- ' bunal. appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining to appeals; having cognizance of ap- peals: n. the person appealed against or called upon to appear. appellation (ap-e-la'shun) , n. the name, title, or designation by which a person or thing is called or known; the act of appealing. appellative (ap-pel'a-tiv) , adj. serving to distinguish, as a name or denomi- nation of a group or class; common, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. APPELLATORY 45 APPOSITION as a noun: n. a common, as distin- guished from a proper, name; the designation of a class. appellatory (ap-pel'a-to-ri) , - oeZ/\ con- taining an appeal. appellee (ap-e-le'), n. the person ap- pealed against; the defendant in an appeal. append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, hang, or suspend; subjoin or add to, as an accessory part; annex. appendage (ap-pen'daj), n. something appended or attached as a part of; something added as an adjunct. appendicitis (ap-pen-di-si'tis) , n. in- flammation of the vermiform appen- dix or the caecum* or blind gut. appendix (ap-pen'diks) , n. [pi. appen- dixes (ap-pen'dik-sez) & appendices (ap-pen'di-sez)], that which is added as supplemental. apperception (ap-per-sep'shun), n. self - consciousness ; the union of part of a new idea to one already in the mind (so Herbart); mental synthesis. appertain (ap-er-tan') , v.i. to belong or pertain to, as by relation or cus- tom. appetite (ap'e-tit), n. the desire for gratification of some want, craving, or passion that is natural or acquired; the relish for food induced by keen- ness of stomach. appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer), n. something that excites or whets the appetite. applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to praise; express approval or approbation by clapping of the hands or acclamation. applause (ap-plawz'), n. the expres- sion of approval by clapping; appro- bation openly shown by acclama- tion. apple (ap'l), n. the round fleshy fruit of the apple-tree, and its numerous cultivated varieties; any fruit re- sembling an apple, as pineapple. appliance (ap-pll'ans) , n. the act of applying; that which is used with, or as a part of, something else. applicability (ap-li-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being applicable. applicable (ap'li-ka-bl), adj. capable of being, or fit to be, applied. applicant (ap'li-kant), n. one who applies, or prefers a request for some- thing; a petitioner. application (ap-li-ka/shun) , n. the act of applying, putting to, or on; the thing applied ; the applying or reduc- ing to practice; the practical demon- stration of a principle; the act of requesting; request; mental assidu- ousness. applicative (ap'li-ka-tiv) , adj. capable of being applied. applicatory (ap'li-ka-to-ri), adj. fit- ness to be applied: n, that which applies. applied (ap-plid')^ p.adj. practical. applique (ap-li-ka'), n. a method of ornamentation in dress or upholstery in which portions or figures cut from other patterns are fixed or applied to a groundwork or foundation of any material. [French.] a PPly (ap-pli')t v.t. [pi. & p.p. applied, p.pr. applying], to place one to another; lay on; put into practice; devote to a particular purpose; refer or ascribe as fitting to a person or thing; address or direct; fix the mind upon: v.i. to suit; have" connection with or reference to; make applica- tion to. appoint (ap-point'), v.t. to fix; settle; found; make fast; establish by de- cree; assign or ordain; fix the time and order of; furnish or equip; v.i, to decree; ordain; determine. appointee (ap-poin-te'), n. one in whose favor an appointment is made. appointment (ap-point'ment) , n. the act of appointing; the assigning to an office or trust; the state of being appointed; the position or office assigned or held; a stipulation; an engagement; an arrangement to meet by mutual agreement; an ordinance or decree established by authority; furniture or equipment. apportion (ap-por'shun) , v.t. to assign by equal or proportionate division; distribute or set out in just propor- tions. apportionment (ap-por'shun-ment) , n. the act of apportioning or dividing into just shares. apposite (ap'o-zit), adj. proper; fit; pertinent; well-adapted. apposition (ap-o-zish'un), n. the act of adding; addition by application, or placing together; the placing of a second noun in the same case in ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. APPOSITIONAL 46 APPROXIMATELY juxtaposition to the first, which it characterizes or explains, as John the Baptist. appositional (ap-6-zish'un-al) , adj. belonging to apposition. appraisal (ap-pra/zal) , n. the act of appraising, or putting a price upon with a view to sale. appraise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a price, upon ; value ; estimate the worth of, as by a licensed appraiser. appraisement (ap-praz'ment), n. the act of valuing; an authorized valua- tion. appraiser (ap-pra/zer) , n. one who appraises; a person licensed and sworn to estimate the value of goods or estates. appreciable (ap-pre'shi-a-bl) , adj. ca- pable of being appreciated, perceived, or estimated. appreciate (ap-pre'shi-at) , v.t. to value; estimate the worth of; esteem highly; prize; be sensible of; raise in value. appreciation (ap-pre'shi-a/shun) , n. the just valuation, or proper esti- mate of worth or. merit; a rise in value. appreciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv) , adj. exhibiting appreciation. appreciatory (ap-pre'shi-a-to-ri) , adj. expressive of admiration. apprehend (ap-re-hend') , v.t. to take or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take a mental hold of; anticipate or expect: v.i. to incline to belief; form a con- ception. apprehensible (ap-re-hen'si-bl) , adj. capable of being apprehended or conceived. apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun) , n. the act of seizure or laying hold of; arrest; the act of conceiving; per- ception; anticipation of evil; fear or distrust of the future. apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv) , adj. ca- pable of apprehending; quick to learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; anxious for the future. apprentice (a-pren'tis) , n. formerly, one bound or articled by indenture to serve a certain number of years to learn some trade or craft ; a novice or tyro: v.t. to put under the care of a master for instruction in some trade or craft. apprize (a-prlz'), v.t. to give notice to; inform. approach (ap-proch'), v.i. to draw or grow near; approximate: v.t. to re- semble, come near to. approach (ap-proch'), n. the act of drawing near; access; passage. approbate (ap'ro-bat), v.t. to express approval of; license or sanction. approbation (ap-ro-ba'shun), n. the act of approving; commendation. approbative (ap'ro-ba-tiv) , adj. ap- proving; expressing approbation. approbativeness (ap-ro-ba/tiv-nes) , n. love of praise or fame; ambition. approbatory (ap'ro-ba-to-ri) , adj. con- taining or expressing approbation. appropriate (ap-pro'pri-at) , v.t. to take to one's self in exclusion of others; claim or use, as by an ex- clusive right; set apart or assign to a particular use; annex a benefice to a religious corporation: adj. pecu- liar; fit; apt. appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a/shun) , n. the act of assigning to one's self, or to a particular use or person; appli- cation to a special use or purpose; the annexation of a benefice to a religious corporation. appropriative (ap-pro'pri-a-tiv) , adj. appropriating; making or tending to appropriation. appropriator (ap-pro'pri-a-ter) , n. one who appropriates; one who holds an appropriated benefice. approvable (ap-proo'va-bl), adj. de- serving of or meriting approval. approval (ap-proov'al) , n. approba- tion; sanction gratification; consent. approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, test, or demonstrate; ratify; pronounce efficient or sufficient; be pleased or satisfied with; commend: v.i. to ex- press approval [usually followed by of]. approver (ap-proo'ver), n. one who approves. approvingly (ap-proo'ving-li), adv. in a commendatory manner. _ approximate (ap-prok'si-mat) , v.t. to bring or carry near; cause to ap- proach: v.i. tc draw near; approach closely : adj. near in resemblance or position. approximately (ap-prok'si-mat-li), adv. very nearly but not absolutely. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. APPROXIMATION 47 AQUEOUS approximation (ap* prok-sl-ma/shun) , 7i. the act of approximating; ap- proach to anything* as a standard; continual approach in exactness to the quantity sought, without actu- ally arriving at it ; a value nearly but not quite correct. approximative (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv), adj. with a tendency to exactness. approximative^ (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv- n), adv. in an approximative man- ner. appurtenance (ap-per' te-nans) , n. that which belongs or relates to something else; an adjunct or ap- pendage; that which belongs te. or is accessory to. an estate or property. appurtenant (ap-per te-nant), adj. belonging or pertaining to: acces- sory. apricot (a'pri-kot & ap'ri-kot), n. the fruit of a tree, allied to the plum. April (a/pril), n. the fourth month of the year; named from the Greek goddess, Aphrodite. April fool (fool), n. one who is im- posed upon or decieved in a jocular manner on April 1st, or All Fools' Day. a priori (a pri-6'ri), from something prior; reasoning that proceeds from antecedent to consequent. apron (a/prun), n. a portion of cloth, leather, or other material, worn as a protective or ornamental covering to the front of the person ; a leathern covering for the legs, used in driving; the vent-cover of a cannon; the curved timber placed above the fore- most end of a ship's keel ; a platform at the entrance to a dock. a propos (a pro-po') , adv. to the pur- pose; to the point; opportunely; in respect (followed by of) : adj. season- able; happy. Written also apropos. apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (ap'sez)], a po- lygonal or semicircular recess termi- nating the choir or other portion of a church. apsidal (ap'si-dal), adj. pertaining to the apsides. apsis (ap'sis), n. [pi. apsides (ap'si- dez)], one of two points in the orbit of a planet situated at the furthest or the least distance from the central body or sun; the imaginary line con- necting these points. apt (apt), adj. suitable; pertinent; appropriate; liable; inclined; ready - expert; quick of apprehension . apteral (ap/te-ral), adj. without wing? - without side-columns. apterous (ap'te-rus), adj. destitute of wings, or wing-like expansions. apteryx (ap'te-riks) , n. a wingless and tailless bird peculiar to New Zealand. [Greek.] i aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for anything; fitness; tendency; readi- ness in learning. aqua (a'kwa), n. a Latin term much used in pharmacy in the abbreviated form of Aq., and denoting the addition of water. aqua ammoniae (am-mo'ni-e) , water containing an infusion of ammonia- gas. aquafortis (a/kwa-for'tis),^ n. (strong water), impure nitric acid, aquamarine (a'kwa-ma-ren'), n. a pale bluish-green variety of beryl; a color resembling the semi-precious beryl. Found largely in Russia. aqua regia (re'ji-a), n. (royal water), a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, capable_of dissolving gold. aqua vitae (vi'te), n. (water of life) , un- rectified alcohol; brandy and other ardent spirits. aquarium (a-kwar'i-um), n. [pi. aquaria (a-kwar'i-a) & aquarium? (a-kwar'i-umz)], a tank or globe for the keeping and cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; a series of such receptacles. aquatic (a-kwat'ik), adj. pertaining to water; growing or living in or upon water; performed in or upon water, as sports: n. an animal or plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic sports. aquatint (a'kwa-tint) , n. a species of etching resembling a water-color drawing in India ink or in sepia; an engraving produced by this proc- ess: v.t. to etch or engrave in aqua- tint. aqueduct (ak'we-dukt), n. a structure in the form of a conduit or artificial channel for conducting water from a source, as for the supply of a large city. aqueous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the na- ture of, or abounding in, water; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book J hue, hut ; think, then. AQUIFORM 48 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, watery; formed in or by means of water. aquiform (a/kwi-f orm) , adj. having the form of water; liquid. aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- longing to or resembling an eagle; curved, as the beak of an eagle. Arab (ar'ab), n. a native of Arabia; a desert-dweller; one of the Arabic races spread over the African and Syrian deserts; a homeless street- urchin or outcast: adj. pertaining to Arabia or the Arabs. arabesque (ar-a-besk') , n. the style of Arabic decorative art, which con- sists of the painting, inlaying, or carving in low relief of figures of plants, fruits, flowers, and foliage, variously combined or fantastically grouped: adj. pertaining to or ex- hibiting the arabesque style of orna- mentation. Arabic numerals (ar'a-bik num'er- alz), n.pl. the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, &c, of East Indian origin, used by the Arabs and introduced into Europe in the sixth century by Boethius. arable (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; suited to the purposes of cultivation. arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. an umpire or judge; an arbitrator. arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), n. the decision of arbitrators; an award. arbitrarily (ar-bi-tra'ri-li) , adv. in a capricious manner; imperiously. arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i) , adj. depending on the will of the arbiter; discretion- ary; capricious; imperious. arbitrate (ar'bi-trat) , v.i. to act as arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an umpire; mediate. arbitration (ar-bi-tra'shun) , n. the settlement of a dispute by an um- pire. arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-ter), n. one chosen by the parties in a dispute to settle it; an umpire. arbor (ar'ber), n. a bower; a shaded nook or walk. Arbor Day (da) , a day legally set apart in most States and Territories for planting trees. The date is not uni- form but usually falls in April or May. arboraceous (ar-bo-ra'shus) , adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a tree or trees; living on or among trees. arboreous (ar-bo're-us) or arboreal (ar-bo're-al), adj. pertaining to trees; wooded. arborescence (ar-bo-res'ens) , n. some- thing having the shape of a tree, as certain crystals. arborescent (ar-bo-res'ent) , adj. tree- like. arboretum (ar-bo-re'tum) , n. [pi. arboreta (ar-bo-re'ta) & arboretums (ar-bo-re'tumz)], a place in which rare trees are cultivated and exhibited. arboriculture (ar-ber-i-kul'tur) , n. the cultivation of trees. arborisation or arborization (ar-ber- i-za'shun), n. a tree-like appearance. arborise (ar-ber-e-za') , adj. marked like the branching of trees, as agates, enamels, &c. [French.] arborous (ar'ber-us), adj. having the appearance or nature of an arbor. arbor- vitae (ar-ber-vi'te) , n. "tree of life," an evergreen tree extensively cultivated in parks and gardens. arc (ark), n. a curved line or any part of a curve forming the segment of a circle; the portion of a circle described by the sun or any heavenly body in its apparent passage through the heavens. arc-lamp (ark-lamp), n. a lamp having a luminous bridge or arc. arc-light (ark-lit), a light produced by a current of electricity passing be- tween two carbon points placed at a short distance from each other. arcade (ar-kad'), n. a series of arches supported by pillars; an arched gal- lery, or promenade, lined with shops. Arcadian (ar-ka/di-an), adj. rurally simple. From the great rustic terri- tory, the Greek Arcadia. arcanum (ar-ka/num), n. [pi arcana (ar-ka'na)J, a secret; a mystery; a val- uable elixir. [Latin.] arch (arch), n. structure of brick or masonry, the component wedge- shaped parts of which follow a curved line; any curvature having the form of an arch: v.t. to cover with an arch or arches; to bend or curve into the form of an arch: v.i. to form an arch or arches; curve: adj. chief; of the first rank; cunning; crafty; shrewd; waggish; mischievous; roguish; spor- tive; coy. archaeological (ar-ke-o-loj'i-kal), adj. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tf/ien. ARCH^OLOGICALLY 49 ARCHITECT pertaining to the study of antiqui- ties. archaeologically (ar-ke-o-lo j 'i-ka-li) , adv. in accordance with the science of antiquities. archaeologist or archeologist (ar-ke- ol'6-jist), n. one versed in the study of ancient things; an antiquarian. archaeology or archeology (ar-ke-ol'- 6-ji), n. the science of antiquities; the study of prehistoric remains, or the relics of the earlier races of man- kind, as the Ugro-Finnic, the Egyp- tian, the Phoenician, the Assyrian, the Greek, and the Roman. / archaic (ar-ka'ik), adj. pertaining to a remote period; characterized by an- tiquity; old-fashioned; antiquated. archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity of style or use; an antiquated, old- fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- sion, or idiom. _ archangel (ark-an'jel), n. an angel of the highest order. archangelic (ark-an-jel'ik), adj. per- taining to archangels. archbishop (arch-bish'up) , n. a chief bishop, one who supervises the bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. archbishopric (arch-bish'up-rik) , n. the jurisdiction, office, or see of an archbishop. arch-board (arch'bord), n. the por- tion of the stern over the counter of a ship. arch-brick (arch'brik), n. a wedge- shaped brick used in the construction of arches. archdeacon (arch-de'kn) , n. dignitary ranking next below a bishop, and one who acts as his vicar or vicegerent. archdeaconry (arch-de'kn-ri), n. the place of residence 01 an archdeacon. archdiaconate (arch-di-a'ko-nat) , n. the office, rank, or jurisdiction of an archdeacon. archducal (arch-du'kal) , adj. pertain- ing to an archduke or an archduchy. archduchess (arch-duch'es) , n. the wife of an archduke; a daughter of the Emperor of Austria. archduchy (arch-duch'i) , n. [pi. arch- duchies (arch-duch'iz)], the territory or rank of an archduke or arch- duchess. archduke (arch-duk A ), n. a prince of the imperial house of Austria. archdukedom (arch-duk'dom) , n. the dignity or territory of an archduke. archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'sis) , n. the alleged origination of living from non-living matter; abiogenesis. archegony (ar-keg'o-ni) , n. the doc- trine of the origin of life. archenemy (arch-en'e-mi) , n. a chief enemy ; Satan. archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. archer-fish (ar'cher-fish) , n. a scaly- finned fish of the Java seas, which catches insects by darting drops of water upon them. archery (ar'cher-i), n. the art, practice, or skill of one who uses the bow and arrow. archetype (ar*ke-tip), n. the original type or pattern upon or after which a thing is made ; a model ; the original or fundamental type-structure from which a natural group of plants or animals are assumed to have de- scended; the original manuscript from which all copies or all of a set of copies were made. Such a group is called a "family." archetypic (ar-ke-tip'ik) , archetypal (ar-ke-tl'pal) , or archetypical (ar- ke-tip'i-kal), adj. of or pertaining to an archetype. archetypically (ar-ke-tip'i-ka-li), adj. after the manner of an archetype. archiepiscopacy (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pa-si) , n. the rule or dignity of an arch- bishop. archiepiscopal (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pal), adj. pertaining to an archbishop or to his office. archiepiscopate. See archiepiscopacy. arching (ar'ching), adj. curving like an arch: n. arched work. archipelagic (ar-ki-pe-laj'ik), adj. per- taining to a collection of islands with the sea dividing them. archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go) , n. [pi. archipelagoes & -gos (ar-ki-pel a- goz)], any sea or body of salt water interspersed with numerous islands; the island-group itself. [Greek.] architect (ar'ki-tekt) , n. one versed in the art of building and the various styles of architecture; one who plana ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 4 hue, hut ; think, /7*en. ARCHITECTIVE 50 ARGILLACEOUS or designs buildings and superintends their construction, hence one who forms or designs. architective (ar'ki-tek-tiv) , adj. used in building; proper for building. architectonics (ar-ki-tek-ton'iks), n.pl. the science of architecture. architectural (ar-ki-tek'tu-ral) , adj. pertaining to the art of building; in accordance with the rules of the building art. architecturally (ar-ki-tek'tu-ra-li) , adv. with regard to the principles of the building art; from the designer's point of view. architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur) , n. the science or art of building; the method or style of building; construction; workmanship. architrave (ar'ki-trav) , n. the lowest division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column. archival (ar-ki'val) , adj. pertaining to. or included in, state records. archive (ar'klv), n. [pi. archives (ar'- kivz)], a record preserved as evi- dence: pi. the place where public or state records are kept ; state or public documents, or records of historical value pertaining to a nation or to a family. archly (arch'li), adv. roguishly; wag- gishly; coyly. archness (arch'nes), n. feigned shy- ness; coyness. archon (ar'kon), n. a chief magistrate of ancient Athens; one of the nine chief magistrates chosen to superin- tend civil and religious matters. archpriest (arch'prest) , n. a chief priest; a rural dean. archway (arch'wa), n. an opening or passage beneath an arched or vaulted roof. arcograph (ark'o-graf ) , n. an instru- ment for drawing an arc without the use of a central point. arctic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining to the region of the north pole; polar; northern; frigid. arctic circle (ser'kl), n. an imaginary circle parallel to the equator and dis- tant 23° 28' from the north pole. ardent (ar'dent), adj. hot; burning; fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; eager; zealous; vehement. ardent spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. alco- holic beverages, as brandy, whiskey, &c. ardor (ar'der), n. heat in a physical sense; warmth of affection or pas- sion; eager desire; zeal. arduous (ar'du-us) , adj. steep ; hard to climb; attended with great labor or exertion; difficult. are (ar), pres. tense pi. of the verb to be. See_be. are (ar), n. the unit of French super- ficial or square measure containing 100 sq. meters or 1076.44 English sq. ft. area (a're-a), n. [pi. areas (a/re-az)], any plane surface having bounds, whether natural or artificial, as the floor of a hall, &c; any defined ex- tent of land-surface; the sunken space situated at the base of a building and separating it from the street; the superficial contents of any space or figure; extent; range; scope; a compass of ore allotted to miners. arena (a-re'na), n. [pi. arenas (a-re'- naz)], the central enclosed space (usually strewn with sand) of a Roman amphitheater, in which the gladiatorial combats took place; hence the scene or field of combat or exertion of anykind. arenaceous (ar-e-na/shus) , adj. sandy ; abounding in, or having the proper- ties of, sand. Areopagus (ar-e-op'a-gus), n. the tribunal, or highest court, of ancient Athens, so named from its situation on the hill of Ares (Mars) ; hence any high court or tribunal. Argand lamp (ar-gand' lamp), n. a lamp having a hollow circular wick to permit the passage of air inside and outside the flame. argent (ar'jent), n. the-silver of a coat of arms, represented in drawing or engraving by a plain white surface, symbolical of purity, beauty, &c: adj. made of, or resembling, silver; silvery white; bright like silver. argentite (ar'jen-tit), n. sulphide of silver of a lead-grey color. argentous (ar-jen'tus), adj. pertaining to, or containing, silver. argil (ar'jil), n. potters' clay or earth. argillaceous (ar-ji-la'shus), adj. of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ARGILLITE 51 ARK the nature of, or containing, clay; clayey. argillite (ar'ji-lit), n. clay-slate. argol (ar'gol), n. & crude tartar from which cream of tartar is prepared. argon (ar'gun), n. an element asso- ciated with nitrogen, and forming one of the constituents of the air. Argonaut (ar'go-nawt), n. a cepha- lopod commonly known as the paper- nautilus, and paper-sailor of the Mediterranean; from the myth of the Argo and its crew, who sailed under the command of Jason in search of the Golden Fleece. argosy (ar'go-si), n. [pi. argosies (ar'go- siz)], a large richly-freighted mer- chant-vessel. argot (ar'go), n. slang; cant language. [French.] arguable (ar'gu-a-bl), adj. capable of being disputed or discussed. argue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer reasons in support of, or in opposi- tion to, a proposition, opinion, or measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; contend in debate: v.t. to debate or discuss; prove or evince. argument (ar'gfi-ment), n. that which is advanced in support or proof with a view to persuade or convince the mind; a discussion, controversy, or debate; the subject of a discourse or writing; an abstract or summary of a book. argumental (ar-gu-men'tal), adj. per- taining to reasoning; consisting of reasons. argumentation (ar-gu-men-ta'shun) , n. the act of arguing; discussion. argumentative (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv), adj. consisting of, or exhibiting, a process of reasoning; addicted to argument; disputatious. Argus-eyed (ar'gus-Id), adj. watchful; vigilant; extremely observant. aria (ar'e-a & ar'i-a), n. an air; a melody or tune for single voice with accompaniment; a solo part in a cantata or oratorio, &c. [Italian.] Arian (a'ri-an), adj., pertaining to the doctrines of the Arian sect, which held that Christ is not divine. Arianism (a'ri-an-ism), the doctrine of the Arians, who denied the divin- ity of Christ. From Arius, an Afri- can, who founded the sect. arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up? barren. aridity (a-rid'i-ti) or aridness (ar'id- nes), n. the state of being dry; dry- ness; want of life or interest. arietta (ar-e-et'ta) , n. a short song or air. [Italian.] aright (a-rit'), adv. rightly; in a right way or form; without sin or error. arise (a-riz'), v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen, p.pr. arising], to mount up or ascend? to come into view; rise or get up; spring up ; come into existence or action; originate. aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si) , n. [pi. aristocracies (ar-is-tok'ra-siz)], gov- ernment by persons of the highest rank in a state ; the nobility or chief persons in a state. aristocrat (ar'is-to-krat) t> n. a person- age of rank and noble birth ; one who upholds the aristocracy or favors government by the nobles; a person who possesses traits supposed to characterize the nobility. aristocratic (ar-is-to-krat'ik) or aris- tocratical (ar-is-to-krat'i^-kal), adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, a government of the nobles; pertaining to, or characteristic of, the higher class or nobility. [Greek.] aristocratically (ar-is-to-krat'i-ka-li) , adv. in an aristocratic manner. aristocratism (ar'is-to-krat-izm & ar-is-tok'ra-tizm) , n. the rank, con- dition, or privileges of one of noble birth; the principles of aristocracy. arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. the science of numbers; the art of com- putation by figures. [Greek.] arithmetical (ar-ith-met'i-kal) , adj. of or pertaining to arithmetic. arithmetically (ar-ith-met'i-ka-li), adv. according to the rules or meth- ods of arithmetic. arithmetician (a-rith-me-tish'an), n. one skilled in the science of numbers . arithmometer (ar-ith-mom'e-ter), n. a calculating machine which performs multiplication and division. [Greek.] ark (ark), n. the repository of the Covenant, or tables of the Law, in the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv), and subsequently placed in the Tem- ple of Solomon (I Kings viii) ; the vessel in which Xoah and his family were preserved during the Deluge s ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ARM 52 AROMA hence a place of safety or refuge; a large boat used for transporting pro- duce on American rivers. arm (^rm), n. the limb of the human body which extends from the shoul- der to the hand ; the anterior or fore- limb of any vertebrate animal; any projecting or diverging organ or part of a main body or trunk, as the tentacle of a star-fish, the branch of a tree, an inlet of the sea, &c. ; might; power; support. arm (arm), n. a weapon; a branch of the military service: v.t. to furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; fortify or provide against; furnish with an armament : v.i. to fit one's self with arms, or take to one'a self means of defense. armada (ar-ma/da) , n. a fleet of armed vessels ; a squadron ; the Spanish fleet despatched against England in 1588, by Philip II, and destroyed by the English off the coast. armadillo (ar-ma-dil'o) . n. [pi. arma- dillos (ar-ma-dil'oz)], a South Ameri- can quadruped, armed with a bony shell divided into belts consisting of numerous small plates, and resembling a coat of mail. Armageddon (ar-mag'ed-don) , n. a famous battlefield mentioned in Rev. xvii. 16; used figuratively by Theo- dore Roosevelt in politics. armament (ar'ma-ment) , n. a body of forces equipped for war, either mili- tary or naval; the cannon and small arms collectively of a warship or fortification; the number and weight of guns of a war-vessel. armature (ar'ma-tur), n. armor: that which serves as a means of defense; a piece of soft iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, to preserve and increase the mag- netic force; iron bars or frame-work used to strengthen a building. arm-chair (arm'char), n. sl chair with supports for the elbows. armful (arm'fool), n. as much as can be compassed by the arms. armistice (ar'mis-tis) , n. a temporary cessation of hostilities agreed upon by opposing forces; a truce. armlet (arm'let), n. a small arm of the sea; a metal band for the arm used for ornament or for protection. armoire (ar-mwar') , n. a movable cup- board with doors. [French.] armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; protective covering for the body in battle; the steel plating of a warship. armor-clad (ar'mer-klad) , adj. iron- clad: n. a war vessel protected by steel plating. armor- grating (ar'mer-gra/ting) , n. sl deep iron grating used to protect the boilers of ironclads from missiles dur- ing an engagement. armor-plate (ar'mer-plat) , n. a plate of iron or steel intended to be affixed to the side of a ship as part of a casing for protection against shell- fire. armorer (ar'mor-er), n. formerly a maker of arms or armor, or one who had charge of the armor of another; the custodian of the arms of a troop or battleship. armorial (ar-mo'ri-al), adj. pertaining to armor or to the arms or escutcheon of a family: n. a book or dictionary of heraldic devices and the names of persons entitled to use them. armory (ar'mer-i), n. [pi. -ries, (-riz)], a place for arms or the assemblage of soldiers; a manufactory of arms. armozeen or armozine (ar-mo-zen') , n. a thick plain silk, generally black, used for clerical robes. arm-pit (arm '-pit), n. the cavity be- neath the shoulder; the axilla. arms (armz), n.pl. weapons of offense or defense; the military service; war as a profession; armorial bearings. So "coat-of-arms." army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies (ar'miz)], a body of men trained and equipped for war, and organized in regiments, brigades, or similar divisions under proper officers; a great number or multitude; an organized body of per- sons engaged in moral warfare. army- worm (ar'mi-werm), n. the larva of a moth which devastates grain and other crops. arnica (ar'ni-ka), n. a genus of peren- nial herbs; the mountain tobacco: from the roots or flowers of a species of this herb a valuable external rem- edy for bruises is made. aroma (a-ro'ma), n. [pi. aromas (a-ro'- maz)], the odor exhaled by plants or other substances, generally of an ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AROMATIC 53 ARROW agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; fragrance. aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik) or aromatical (ar-o-mat'i-kal), adj. giving out aro- ma; fragrant; spicy; odoriferous: n. a plant, herb, or drug yielding a fragrant smell. aromatically (ar-o-mat'i-ka-li) , adv. with an aromatic taste or smell . aromatic- vinegar (ar-o-mat'ik- vin'e- gar) , n. a powerful perfume composed of strong acetic acid, the essential oils of lavender, camphor, &c. aromatous (a-ro'ma-tus), adj. full of fragrance; aromatic. arose (a-roz'), P-t. of arise. around (a-round'), adv. in a circle; on every side ; roundabout : prep, about ; on all sides; encircling; encompass- ing. arousal (a-rou'zal), n. the act of awakening; the state of being awak- ened. arouse (a-rouz'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; put in motion that which is at rest; awaken from sleep or a state of inactivity; stimulate; ani- mate. arow (a-ro'), adv. in a row; in order; successively. arraign (a-ran'), v.t. to summon or set, as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to a charge; censure publicly; impeach; indict. arraignment (a-ran'ment) , n. an ac- cusation; an impeachment % arrange (a-ranj'), v.t. to put in proper order or sequence; classify; adjust or settle; adapt; group. arrangement (a-ranj 'ment), n. the act of putting in proper form or order; that which is ordered or dis- posed; the method or style of dispo- sition ; a preparatory measure ; prep- aration ; settlement ; classification ; adjustment ; adaptation. arrant (ar'ant), adj. notorious; unmiti- gated; thorough or downright (in a bad sense) ; shameless. arras (ar'as) , n. tapestry; hangings made of some rich figured fabric. arrasene or arasene (ar-as-sen') , n. a kind of mixed thread of wool and silk used in raised embroidery. array (ar-ra/), n. order; the grouping or arrangement of a body of men as drawn up for battle; an orderly collection or series of things impos* ingly displayed ; dress arranged on the person; apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose in order; marshal; deck or dress. array al (ar-ra'al), n. the process of arraying. arrear (ar-rer'), n. the state of being behind-hand; that which is undone, outstanding, or unpaid. arrearage (ar-rer'aj), ji. the state or condition of being in arrears; that which remains unpaid and overdue after a previous payment. arrest (ar-resf), v.t. to stop or stay; check or hinder the action or motion of; seize, take, or apprehend by legal authority ; seize and fix, as the eye or attention: n. the act of seizing; stop- page or holding back by force or restraint; the state of being seized or detained by legal authority. arriere-ban (ar-ri-yar'ban) , n. the re- serve of the French National Guard. arris (ar'is) , n. the fine or edge in which two curved or straight surfaces of a body, forming an exterior angle, meet each other. arris- wise (ar'is-wiz), adv. diagonally laid, like tiles; ridge-wise. arrival (ar-ri'val), n. the act of coming to a place, or reaching a destination from a distance; attainment to' any object; the person or thing arriving, or which has arrived. arrive (ar-riv'), vA. to come to or reach, as a destination; reach a point or stage; gain or compass an object; attain to a state or result [with at]. arrogance (ar'ro-gans) , n. an undue degree of self-importance; an exor- bitant claim to dignity, rank, 01 esteem; a lordly contempt of others. arrogant (ar'ro-gant) , adj. making ex- orbitant claims to dignity or esteem, by oresuming upon one's self-impor- tanoe ; overbearingly haughty. arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to assume or lay claim to unduly, or with pre- sumptuous pride arrogation (ar-ro-ga'shun) , n. the act of arrogating. arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed missile weapon, usually feathered and barbed, and made to be shot from a bow. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ARROW CHARACTERS 54 ARTICLE arrow characters (kar'ak-ters) , n.pl. the arrow-headed (cuneiform or wedge-shaped) _ characters of the As- syrian inscriptions. arrow-head (ar'ro-hed), n. the head or barb of an arrow; an aquatic plant so named from_its_ leaves. arrowroot (ar'ro-root) , n. a starch obtained from the rootstocks of sev- eral species of West Indian plants. arrow- wood (ar'ro-wood) , n. a wood of which the arrows of the Red Indians are made. arroyo (a-roi'o), n. [pi. arroyos (a-roi'- 6z)], a watercourse or rivulet ; the dry bed of a small stream. [Spanish.] arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. a magazine for the storage of arms and military stores for land or naval service, or their manufacture. arsenic OVse-nik), n. an element of steel-gray color and brilliant luster, and exceedingly brittle, occurring usually in combination. arsenic (ar-sen'ik) m or arsenical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining 1 to or con- taining arsenic. arsenious (ar-se'ni-us) , adj. pertaining to or containing arsenic. arsenite (ar'sen-it) , n. a salt of arseni- ous acid. arsis (ar'sis) , n. that part of a foot upon which the metrical accent is now placed. Formerly it was defined in ex- actly the opposite way. (See thesis.) arson (ar'sn), n. the malicious firing of any building, agricultural produce, ship, &c, belonging to another, or one's own property, with the intent to defraud an insurance office. art (art), 2nd pers. sing, indie, mood, pres. tense, oi the verb to be. [Art is used only in solemn or poetic style.] (See be.) art (art), n. the employment of means to the accomplishment of some end; the skilful adaptation and applica- tion to some purpose or use of knowledge or power acquired from Nature; a system of rules and estab- lished methods to facilitate the per- formance of certain actions; famil- iarity with such principles, and skill in applying ohem to an end or purpose, as of a piactical, useful, or technical character: opposed to sci- ence; one of the fine arts; the fine arts collectively; the power or qual- ity of perceiving and transcribing the beautiful or sesthetical in Nature, as in painting or sculpture; practical skill; dexterity; knack; cunning; artifice: pi. the branches of learning included in the prescribed course of academic study. arterial (ar-ter'i-al) , adj. pertaining to an artery or the arteries; contained in an artery. arteriaiization (ar-ter-i-al-i-za'shun) ,. n. the process of converting venous blood into arterial blood. arterfalize (ar-ter'i-al-iz), v.t. to con- vert as venous blood into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs. arteriology (ar-te-ri-ol'o-ji), n. a scien- tific discussion of the arteries. arteriosclerosis (ar-te'ri-o'skle-ro'sis) , n. progressive thickening of the walls of the arteries, frequently accom- panied by pulse of high tension and enlargement of the heart, character- istic of old age and also caused by in- temperance in food and drink. arteriotomy (ar-ter-i-ot'o-mi) , n. the opening of an artery; the part of anatomy treating of the dissection of the arteries. artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arteries (ar'« ter-iz)], one of a system of tubes or vessels which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. artesian well (ar-te'zhan wel), n. a well formed by boring, often to great depth, through strata which permit of the accumulation of water; the water rises by pressure in the tube and overflows at the surface. artful (art'fool), adj. cunning; skilful. artfully (art'fool-li), adv. in a cunning or skilful manner. arthritis (ar-thri'tis), n. any inflam= mation of the joints; the gout. artichoke (ar'ti-chok) , n. sl thistle-like plant (Cynara Scolymus) bearing flower-heads with a fleshy receptacle used as food; Jerusalem artichoke, the edible tuberous rooc of an Amer- ican sunflower (Heiianthus tuberosuc). article (Si'iA-kl), n. a distinct portion or member; a single clause, item, or particular, as in a formal agreement or treaty; a concise statement; a prose composition, complete, in itself, ate, arm, at, *».w! ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ;. hue r hut ; think, then. ARTICULAR 55 ASCEND in a newspaper, magazine, or work of reference ; a material thing, as one ot a class; an item; a point of duty. faith, or doctrine; one of thewoi-U (an [a before consonant -sounds], the indefinite article, and the one definite article [see a, an ward direction; mount; go up; rise- to proceed from an inferior to a su- perior; rise from a lower to a higher pitch or tone: v.t. to go or move upward upon; climb; go upward along. ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book \ hue, hut : think, then ASCENDABLE 56 ASKANCE ascomdable (as-sen'da-bl) or ascen- dible (as-sen'di-bl), adj. capable of being climbed or navigated. ascendancy (as-sen'dan-si) or ascen- dency (as-sen'den-si), n. a governing or controlling power or influence; domination. ascendant (as-sen'dant) or ascendent (as-sen'dent), adj. rising; superior; predominant; above the horizon: n. superiority or commanding influence; predominance; an ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; opposed to descendant; the particular zodiacal sign appearing above the horizon at the time of one's birth. ascension (as-sen'shun) , n. the act of moving upward; a rising; the ascent of our Lord to heaven; the rising of a star or point above the celestial horizon. Ascension Day (da), n. a movable feast to commemorate Christ's as- cension into heaven, celebrated on the Thursday next but one before Whit-Sunday: also called Holy Thursday. ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; an upward movement; the act of climbing; the way or means of reach- ing a height ; an acclivity ; an upward slope. ascertain (as-ser-tan') , v.t. to make certain; find out or determine defi- nitely by test or examination. ascertainment (as-ser-tan'ment) , n. the act of ascertaining. ascetic (as-set'ik), adj. exceedingly rigid in the exercise of religious du- ties and mortification of worldly desires: n. one who renounces the world and devotes himself to reli- gious exercises; one who subjects himself to severe disciplinary meth- ods of living; a hermit; a recluse. ascetically (as-set'i-ka-li) , adv. in an ascetical manner. asceticism (as-set 'i-sizm) , n. the con- dition or mode of life adopted by one who renounces worldly matters; austerity. ascribable (a-skri'ba-bl) , adj. capable of being attributed or imputed. ascribe (a-skrib'), v.t. to attribute, impute, or refer; assign; attribute. ascription (a-skrip'shun) , n. the act of attributing or imputing; that which is assigned. aseptic (a-sep'tik), adj. free from the germs of disease or putrefaction; not liable to putrefy: an aseptic substance. asexual (a-seks'fi-al) , adj. not sexual; produced by other than sexual proc- esses. asexually (a-seks'ti-a-li) , adv. in a manner other than by conjunction of the sexes: applied to reproduction. ash (ash), n. the name popularly ap- plied to trees of the genus Fraxinus, many of which supply valuable tim- ber; the wood of the ash-tree: adj. pertaining to, or like, the ash; made of ash. ash (ash), n. [pi. ashes (ash'ez)], the residue of plant or animal substance remaining after subjection to red- heat: pi. the waste of burned coal; the remains of a human body when cremated; hence a corpse. ashamed (a-shamd'), p. adj. affected or touched by shame; cast down or dejected by conscious guilt; abashed by a sense of indecorum; reluctant through fear of shame [followed by an infinitive]. ashen (ash'n), adj. pertaining to the ash-tree; made of ash; of the color of ashes; pale. ashore (a-shor'), adv. on shore; to the shore; on land. aside (a-sid')» adv. on or to one side; out of a given direction ; apart ; away from: n. a speech or utterance not intended for the present company; a remark made by an actor on the stage, and assumed to be heard only by the person for whom it is in- tended. asinine (as'i-nin), adj. pertaining to the ass; having the nature or charac- teristics of an ass.- ' asininity (as-i-nin'i-ti) , n. the quality of being asinine; obstinate stupidity. ask (ask), v.t. to request; seek to obtain by words; petition or beg for; claim or demand ; expect or require ; inquire respecting; interrogate; invite: v.i. to prefer by request; inquire after. askance (a-skans') or askant (a- skant'), adv. sideways; obliquely; awry; from the corner of the eye; aslant. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ASKEW 57 ASSASSIN askew (a-sku'), adv. obliquely; awry; out of position or arrangement. aslant (a-slant'), adv. not at right angles; sloping; oblique; slanting; athwart. asleep (a-slep'), adj. & adv. sleeping; in a state of slumber; dormant. aslope (a-slop') , adv. in a sloping direc- tion. asoak (a-sok'), adv. in a state of satu- ration or soaked with moisture. asp (asp), n. a small venomous snake of Egypt; the common viper, or adder, of Europe; a royal symbol of ancient Egypt. asparagus (as-par'a-gus), n. a plant having tender edible shoots. aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental appearance; look; mien; air; outlook or prospect; the relative position of the plantts as viewed from the earth; appearance. aspen (as'pen), n. a species of poplar whose leaves have the property of trembling in the slightest breeze; adj. pertaining to the asp-tree; quivering like an aspen-leaf. asper (as'per), adj. rugged; hard; war- like: n. the mark (') in Greek, to indicate the j-ough breathing, or aspirate sownded like an h. asperity (as-per'i-ti) , n. [pi. asperities (as-per'i-tiz)], roughness of surface; roughness or harshness of sound; sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- per. aspermous (a-sper'mus) , adj. without seed; not producing seed. asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to besprinkle; injure in reputation by calumny; slander. aspersion (as-per'shun) , n. a, sprink- ling as of dust or water; injury by false and caluminous charges or re- ports ; ^slander. asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, brittle variety of native bitumen, employed for the purpose of paving, roofing, and cementing: v.t. to lay or cover with asphalt. asphaltic (as-fal'tik), adj. of the na- ture of, composed of, or containing asphalt . asphodel (as'fo-del), n. the name of several plants of the liliaceous genus Asphodelus ; the daffodil of the older English poets; the unfading plant of the dead, which covered the meadows of Hades. asphyxia (as-fik'si-a) , n. the condition of lifelessness occasioned by suspen- sion or interruption of respiration. asphyxiating gas (as-fik'si-a-ting gas) , n. a lethal gas propelled against an enemy's lines. First used in 1915. aspic (as'pik) , n. a venomous asp ; the plant known as the great lavender; a side-dish of game, fish, &c, encased in clear savory meat-jelly. aspirant (as-pi'rant) , adj. aspiring; ambitious: n. one who seeks to at- tain, or aspires to, a high object. aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce with a full breathing; to prefix the sound of the letter h : n. the sound of the letter k, as in horse; the sign used to denote the sound: in English, the rough mutes, those letters which have an h associated with them, as p, t, c, making ph, th, ch: adj. pronounced with the audible breath. aspiration (as-pi-ra'shun) , n. the act of aspirating; an aspirated sound; a breath; the yearning desire for something higher or better than that already possessed; ambition. aspiratory (as-pl'ra-to-ri) , adj. per- taining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air. aspire (as-pir'), v.i. to seek after or desire with longing; yearn for that which is better or nobler; rise or ascend; to soar: v.t. to breathe to, or into; breathe forth; soar to. asquint (a-skwint'), adv. with a squint ; to or out of the corner of the eye; obliquely. ass (as), n. a quadruped of the genus Equis, allied ^to the horse, usually employed in its domesticated state as a beast of burden* dull, stupid fellow. assafcetida. See asafetida. assail (as-sal'), v.t. to fall upon or attack with vehemence; attack with argument or abuse. assailant (as-sa/lant), adj. assaulting; attacking: n. one who, or that which, assails. assassin (as-sas'sin), n. one who slays treacherously or by covert assault; one who kills, or attempts to kill, secretly as the agent of another or others, or for reward; formerly one ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 7 hue, hut ; think, then. ASSASSINATE -58 ASSIBILATION of a band of Syrian fanatics (hash- hashin), who committed murder at the command of their chief, in the hope of winning heaven. Assassinate (as-sas'si-nat) , v.t. to kill, or attempt to kill, by secret or treacherous means; slay suddenly or unawares; murder. assassination (as-sas-i-na'shun) , n. the act of slaying in secret, or at the bidding or reward of others ; murder. assault (as-sawlt'), n. an attack with violence by physical means; an on- slaught ; an attack by military force ; a violent attack by moral force; an attempt or threat to do bodily violence or injury to another; the charge of an attacking party on a fortified position: v.t. to attack vio- lently; storm, as by armed force; attack by moral force ; attack a forti- fied position by a sudden charge. assay (as-sa/), n. the act or process of determining by analysis the quan- tity or proportion of any one or more metals in a metallic compound, ore, or alloy, especially the standard purity of gold or silver coin or bul- lion; the substance or metal to be assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to subject to analysis; to de- termine the quantity or proportion of one or more of the constituents of a metal. assayer (as-sa'er), n. one who assays; an officer of the U. S. Mint appointed to test the purity of bullion and coin. assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. the act of assembling; the state of being assembled; a group or collection of persons or particular things. assemble (as-sem'bl), v.t. to collect or gather together in one place or body; congregate: v.i. to meet or come together; convene. assembly (as-sem'bli) , n. [pi. assem- blies (as-sem'bliz)], a collection or company of persons brought together in one place, and for a common ob- ject; a meeting; a congregation. assemblyman (as-sem'bli-man) , n. a member of a legislative assembly. assent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit as true; concede; agree to; consent: n. the act of agreeing to; consent; acquies- cence; approval; concurrence. assentation (as-sen-ta'shun) , n. com- pliance with the opinion of another, in flattery or obsequiousness. assentient (as-sen'shi-ent) , adj.- as- senting: n. one who assents. assert (as-sert') ,v.t. to maintain ; declare positively, or with assurance; aver; affirm; defend or vindicate ; declare. assertion (as-ser'shun) , n. the act of asserting; that which is asserted; positive declaration; allegation; maintenance or defense. _ assertive (as-ser'tiv) , adj. positive; dogmatical; confident in assertion. assertor (as-ser'ter) , n. one who asserts ; one who maintains or defends. assertory (as-ser'to-ri), adj. affirming; supporting. assess (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or determine, as damages ; fix, rate, or set a certain charge upon, as a tax; estimate or value officially for the purpose of taxation. assessed taxes (as-sest' taks'ez), n.pl. taxes levied on income, houses, and property. assessment (as-ses'ment) , n. the act of assessing or determining an amount to be paid; an official valuation of property, or income, for the purpose of taxation; the specific sum levied as tax, or as- sessed for damages. assessor (as-ses'er), n. one appointed to assess property or persons for taxation. assessorial (as-ses-so'ri-al), adj. per- taining to an assessor. assets (as'sets), n.pl. the property, whether real or personal, of a de- ceased person which is subject by law to the discharge of his debts and legacies ; the property or effects of an insolvent debtor which are available for the satisfaction of his creditors; the entire property of a trader or company of traders ._ asseverate (as-sev'er-at) , v.t. to affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. asseveration (as-sev-er-a'shun) , n. a solemn affirmation or declaration, as upon oath. assibilate ( as-sib 'i-lat), v.t. to pro- nounce with a hissing sound ; to alter another letter to a sibilant, as EnglisL out is the German aus. assibilation (as-sib-i-la/shun) , n. pi^ nunciation with a hissing sound ; the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i hue, hut; think, then. ASSIDUITY 59 ASSORT change of a dental or guttural mute into a sibilant or a similar sound. assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. [pi. assidu- ities (as-si-du'i-tiz)], close applica- tion or unremitting attention to; diligence: pi. studied and persevering attention to please. assiduous (as-sid'u-us) , adj. constant in application; devotedly attentive. assign (as-sin'), v.t. to appoint, mark out, apportion, make over; fix; desig- nate for a specific purpose ; point out exactly; to transfer or make over to another, as for the benefit of credi- tors : n. an appurtenance ; one to whom property or interest is assigned by will or deed. assignat (French a-se-nya'), n. a promissory note issued by the French Revolutionary Government (1789- 96), and secured by the public lands, &c. assignation (as-ig-na'shun) , n. the act of assigning ; an appointment to meet [used chiefly of love-meetings and in a bad sense] ; the transfer of title, or the deed of transferment. assignee (as-si-ne'), n. one to whom an assignment of anything is made, either in trust or for his own use and enjoyment. assignment (as-sm'ment) , n. a setting apart, allotment, or appointment to some particular person or use ; trans- fer of title or interest; the deed of writing effecting such a transfer. assignor (as-si'nor), n. one who assigns or transfers an interest. assimilable (as*, im'i-la-bl), adj. ca- pable of being assimilated. assimilate (as-sim'i-lat), v.t. to bring into conformity or agreement _ with something else; convert or incor- porate into organic substance; ab- sorb or appropriate, as nourishment: v.i. to be converted into or become incorporated with the substance of the animal body. assimilation (as-sim-i-la/shun) , n. the act or process of assimilating; the state of being assimilated. So in English we have colateral (con- lateral), _ becoming collateral by assimilation. assimilative (as-sim'i-la-tiv) , adj. hav- ing the power of assimilating, or causing assimilation. assist (as-sist'), v.t. to help; aid; give support to; attend: v.i. to lend help or aid. assistance (as-sis'tans), n. help; fur- therance; aid; succor; support. assistant (as-sis'tant), adj. helping; lending aid; auxiliary: n. one who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary. assistful (as-sist'fool) , adj. helpful. assize (as-siz'), n. [pi. assizes (as-siz'ez)], a court or session of justice for the trial by jury of civil or criminal cases ; the sessions held periodically in each county of England by judges of the High Court [usually in the pi.]; the time or place of holding the assize [usually in the pi.]. assizement (as-slz'ment), n. an in- spection of weights and measures, enacted by statute. assizer or assizor (as-si'zer), n. a juror. associate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to unite; join with; connect; accompany, as a companion, friend, or confederate: v.i. to unite in company; keep com- pany; unite in action" adj. 'joined in interest, object, or purpose; sharing office or employment, as a colleague or partner; connected by habit, function, or sympathy: n. a com- panion; a confederate; an ally; one belonging to a society or institution, usually of a lower grade than a Mem- ber or Fellow. association (as-so-shi-a/shun) , n. the act of associating or state of being associated; union; conjunction; an associate body of persons formed for a common object; a society. associative (as-so'shi-a-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to or characterized by associa- tion. assonance (as'so-nans) , n. resem- blance of sound; a species of rhyme which consists in the use of the same vowel-sound in the last syllable of words having different consonants. Assonance is common in Spanish poetry in place of rhyme. assonant (as'so-nant), adj. having resemblance of sound; pertaining to, or possessing, assonance. assort (as-sort'), v.t. to divide or separate into lots according to ar- rangement; to classify; arrange: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ASSORTMENT 60 ASTHMA v.i. to agree; suit; be in accordance with. assortment (as-sort'ment) , n..the act of assorting or placing out; a classi- fied collection of articles or goods of a varied character. assuade (as-swad'), v.t. to present, as advice; urge persuasively. assuage (as-swaj'), v.t. to soften; mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or appease. assuagement (as-swaj 'ment), n. miti- gation; a lenitive application or medicine. assume (as-sum/), v.t. to take to; take in or into; take upon one's self; arrogate or appropriate; take for granted; take in appearance; pretend to possess: v.i. to be arro- gant; presume; claim more than is one's due; give a legal undertaking; pretend; usurp. assumpsit (as-sump'sit) , n. a verbal or unsealed contract based on a con- sideration; an action to enforce such a contract. [Latin.] assumption (as-sump'shun) , n. the act of assuming or taking to or upon one's self; taking for granted; the thing supposed; a postulate; the taking up of a person to heaven; a verbal or unsealed contract. assumptive (as-sump'tiv), adj. as- sumed, or capable of assumption. assurable (a-shur'a-bl) , adj. capable of being assured or insured. assurance (a-shur'ans) , n. the act of assuring; an earnest or testimony intended or tending to elicit or in- spire confidence ; certain expecta- tion ; confidence ; self-possession ; self- reliance; impudence; a deed or other legal evidence of a conveyance of property; a security or contract to make good a loss, or pay over a sum at death or at some determined age. assure (a-shur'), v.t. to make sure or certain; to inspire confidence by declaration or promise; secure to another; insure, or covenant for in- demnity in event of loss or death. assured (a-shurdO, p. adj. made cer- tain; guaranteed; self-possessed; in- sured: n. a person insured. assuredly (a-shur'ed-li) , adv. certainly; with assurance. assuredness (a-shur'ed-nes) , n. cer- tainty; full confidence. assurer (a-shur'er), n. one who as- sures. Assyrian (as-sir'i-an) , adj. pertaining to Assyria or to its inhabitants. Assyriology (as-sir-i-ol'o-ji) , n. the science or study of the language and antiquities of Assyria. astatic (a-stat'ik), adj. without po- larity. astatically (a-stat'i-ka-li) , adv. in an astatic manner. a&taticism (a-stat'i-sizm) , n. the state of being astatic. astay (a-sta/), adv. said of an anchor when, on heaving it, the cable makes an acute angle with the level of the water. Aster (as'ter), n. a genus of flowering- plants with rosette-shaped flowers, to which the Michaelmas-daisy be- longs. aster, n. any plant of the genus Aster. asterial (as-te'ri-al) , adj. connected with, or related to, the stars. asteriated (as-te'ri-a-ted) , adj. radi- ated; having the form of a star. asterisk (as'ter-isk) , n. the mark (*) used in printing as a reference to a marginal passage or footnote ap- pended to the text, or to indicate letters or words omitted (***): v.t. to mark with an asterisk. asterism (as'ter-izm) , n. a group or cluster of stars ; three asterisks placed in the form of a triangle [* ** or ** *] to direct attention to a particular passage; the star-like appearance in certain crystals. astern (a-stern'), adj. & adv. at or toward the hinder part of a ship; behind a ship. asternal (a-ster'nal) , adj. not joined to the sternum or breastbone: said of ribs. asteroid (as'ter-oid) , adj. star-like; star-shaped: n. one of the small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; a minor planet. asthenia (as-the'ni-a) , n. debility. asthenic (as-then'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, asthenia; feeble. asthma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. a respir- atory disease, chronically recurrent ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ASTHMATIC 61 ASTRONOMIC and attended by difficulty of breath- ing, with a wheezing cough and a sense of great constriction in the chest. asthmatic (as-mat'ik) or asthmat- ical (as-mat'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to asthma; affected by asthma: n. a person suffering from the disease. asthmatically (as-mat 'i-ka-li), adv. in an asthmatical manner. astigmatic (as-tig-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, affected with, or curing astigmatism. astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm) , n. a de- fect in the structure of the eye causing variation of the focus of the crystal- line lens. astir (a-ster'), adv. or adj. on the move; active; stirring. astomatous (as-tom'a-tus) or asto- mous (as'to-mus), adj. destitute of a mouth; without breathing pores. astonish (as-ton'ish) , v.t. to strike with sudden wonder; surprise; amaze. astonishment (as-ton'ish-ment) , n. the state of being astonished; amaze- ment. astound (as-toundO, v.t. to strike with amazement; shock; alarm; stun. astraddle (a-strad'l), adv. with one leg on each side of something; astride. astragal (as'tra-gal) , n. a small molding or bead of semicircular form: called also a roundel; the astragalus ; the circular molding near the mouth of a cannon. astragalus (as-trag'al-us) , n. [pi. astragali (as-trag'a-ll)], the ball of the ankle-joint; the lower bone into which the tibia articulates. astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. the skins of young lambs with curly wool, ob- tained from Astrakhan, a district in Russia; an imitation with a pile resembling this wool or fur. astral (as'tral), adj. pertaining to the stars; starry; star-shaped; pertaining to a super-sensible substance pre- sumed by occulists to pervade the regions of space and to enter into the composition of all bodies. astral body (bod'i), n. a kind of ethereal body said by the occultists to be capable of projection to a dis- tance, and to possess the power of occupying two places at the same instant; a ghost or double. astral lamp (lamp), n. a lamp similar to an Argand lamp, giving an unin- terrupted light. astral spirits (spir ; itz), n.pl. spirits formerly supposed to inhabit the stars, and represented as fallen angels or spirits of fire. astray (a-stra/), adv. out of the right way; wandering. astride (a-strid'), adv. with the legs wide apart; astraddle. astringency (as-trin'j en-si), n. the quality of being astringent; harsh- ness; severity. astringent (as-trin'jent), adj. binding; contracting, opposed to laxative: n. a substance or medicine that pro- duces contraction of the tissues and checks discharges J astrolabe (as'tro-lab) , n. an instru- ment formerly employed for taking the altitude of the sun or stars; a stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the equator or a meridian. astrologer (as-trol'o-jer), n. one who professes to forecast events by means of the stars. astrological (as-tro-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to astrology, or the practice of astrology. astrologically (as-tro-loj 'i-ka-li), adv. in an astrological manner; according to astrology. astrology (as-trol'o-ji) , n. predestina- tion by the stars; the art anciently pursued of foretelling or forecasting the future of mankind, by reference to the influence supposed to be exerted by the stars in their various aspects and relative positions upon the course of human destiny. [Greek.] astrometer (as-trom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for ascertaining and comparing the relative magnitude and luster of the stars. astronomer (as-tron'o-mer) , n. one who studies, or is versed in, astron- omy. Astronomer Royal (roi'al), n. the official title of the astronomer in charge of a royal observatory in Great Britain and other parts of the British Empire. astronomic (as-tro-nom'ik) or astro- ,ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book"; hue, hut ; think, then. ASTRONOMICAL 62 ATHLETICS nomical (as-tro-nom'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to astronomy, or according to astronomical laws. astronomical clock (klok), n. a clock which keeps sidereal time. astronomical signs (sinz), n.pl. the signs of the zodiac. astronomical year (yer), n. a year the length of which is determined by astronomical observations. astronomically (as-tro-nom'i-ka-li) , adv. in an astronomical manner. astronomy (as-tron'o-mi) , n. the study of the heavenly bodies; the science which treats of their mag- nitude, motions, relative positions, and all connective phenomena. astrophotography (as-tro-fo-tog'ra- fi), n. photography applied to the delineation of the heavenly bodies. astrophotometer (as-tro-fo-tom'e- ter), n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the light of stars. astrophys*caI (as-tro-fiz'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to the physical structure of the stars. astute (as-tut'), adj. shrewd; keenly penetrating; sagacious; cunning; crafty. asunder (a-sun'der), adv. apart; sepa- rately; into parts. aswail (as'wal), n. the sloth-bear of India. asylum (a-si'lum), n. [pi. asylums (a-si'lumz)], a sanctuary or place of refuge wherein formerly criminals and debtors might find immunity from arrest; an institution for the care or relief of the aged, destitute, or afflicted. asymmetrical (a-si-met/ri-kal), adj. not symmetrical; disproportionate. asymmetrically (a-si-met'ri-ka-li), adv. not symmetrical. asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri) , n. lack of symmetry or proportion between the parts of a thing. asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton) , n. a figure of speech which omits connectives, as "I came, I saw, I conquered." The same as parataxis. atavism (at'a-vizm), n. the reversion, or tendency to revert, to the ances- tral type of a species; resemblance to a remote ancestor, exhibited by a certain organism; the recurrence of any peculiarity or disease from which an ancestor in remote genera- tions has suffered. atavistic (at-a-vis'tik) , adj. of, or per- taining to, atavism. ataxia (a-tak'si-a) , n. irregularities in the functions of the body or in the course of a disease. ataxiagraph (a-taks'i-a-graf), n. an instrument for recording by curve3 and lines the irregularities caused by ataxia. ataxic (a-tak'sik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, ataxia. ataxic fever (fe'ver), n. typhus fever of a malignant type. ate (at), p.t. of eat. atelier (a-tel-ya/), n. a workshop; the studio of a painter or sculptor. [French .] atheism (a'the-izm) , n. disbelief in the existence of a God. atheist (a'the-ist), n. one who dis- believes or denies the existence of a God. [Greek.] atheistic (a-the-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to, containing, or implying atheism. atheistically ( a-t he-is 'ti-ka-li ) , adv. in an atheisticmanner ; impiously. Athene (a-the'ne), n. a Greek goddess corresponding to the Roman Min- erva. atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne'- um), n. [pi. atheneums _ (ath-e-ne'- umz) & athenaea (ath-e-ne'a)], an in- stitution, club, or building devoted to the purposes or study of literature, science and art. athermanous (a-ther'ma-nus) , adj. impervious to radiant heat. athirst (a-therst'), adj. thirsty; in want of drink. athlete (ath'let), n. a competitor for a prize in public games; one trained to contend in feats of physical prowess; one possessed of great physical strength'. [Greek.] athletic (ath-let'ik) , adj. pertaining to athletes, or their performances; strong; robust; vigorous; muscular. athletically (ath-let'i-ka-li), adv. in an athletic manner. athleticism (ath-let'i-sizm), n. the practice of athletic games or exercises. athletics (ath-let'iks), n. any system of athletic training by gymnastic exercises or outdoor sports; athletic exercises collectively. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ATHWART 63 ATRIUM athwart (a-thwawrt') , vrep. across; from side to side: adv. crosswise; obliquely ; across the course or direc- tion of a ship. athwart- ships ( a-thwawrt 'ships) , adv. phr. across a ship from one side to the other. atilt (a-tilt'), adv. & adj. in the posi- tion or with the action of a person making a thrust; tilted. Atlantes (at-lan'tez), n.pl. figures or half-figures of men, used in place of columns or pilasters to support an entablature. atlas (at 'las), n. [pi. atlases (at'las-ez)], a collection of maps in a volume; a work in tabulated form; a large size of drawing-paper. atlas-powder (at'las-pou'der) , n. a powerful nitro-glycerine blasting compound. atmidometer (at-mi-dom'e-ter), n, an instrument for measuring the evaporation from ice, snow, or water. [Greek.] atmology (at-mol'o-ji), n. the science of aqueous vapor, its laws and phenomena. atmometer (at-mom'e-ter), n. ar» instrument for measuring the rate and amount of evaporation from a moist surface. atmosphere (at'mos-f er) , n. the aeri- form fluid surrounding the earth, composed of a mechanical mixture of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen with 21 parts of oxygen, and a trace of carbonic acid and argon, with a varying proportion of aque- ous vapor, ammonia, ozone, and organic matter ; the gaseous envelope surrounding any of the heavenly bodies; the influence, mental and moral, exerted on a person by his environment. [Greek.] atmospheric (at-mos-fer'ik) or at- mospherical (at-mos-f er'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to, resembling, or consist- ing of, existing in, or dependent upon, the atmosphere. atmospheric pressure (presh'er), n. the pressure exerted in every direc- tion upon a body by the atmosphere; equivalent to 14| lb. on the sq. in., or 1,033 grams on the sq. centi- meter. atoll (a-tol'), n. sl coral island having the form of an outer ring of coral surrounding a basin or lagoon. atom (at 'urn), n. an ultimate indivis- ible particle of matter. [Greek.] atomic _ (a-tom'ik) or _ atomical (a-tom'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, atoms; extremely minute. atomic weight (wat), n. the weight of the atom of any element as com- pared with another taken as a standard, usually hydrogen, taken as 1. atomically (a-tom'i-ka-li) , adv. in an atomic manner. atomicity (at-o-mis'i-ti) , n. equiva- lence; the combining capacity of an element. atomist (at'um-ist), n. one who be- lieves that the world was composed and first came into existence from the downfall and swerve of innumer- able atoms. atomize (at'um-iz), v.t. to reduce to atoms or exceedingly fine particles. atomizer (at'um-i-zer), n. an instru- ment constructed to reduce a liquid to spray. atcnahle (a-ton'a-bl), adj. capable of bemg atoned for. atone (a-ton'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atoned, p.pr. atoning], to make reparation or amends, as for injury done or implied; expiate; make satisfaction for; reconcile. atonement (a-ton'ment), n. repara- tion or satisfaction offered or made in return for injury; expiation of wrong or sin by suffering; the recompense for sin typified by the sufferings and death of Christ; reconciliation. atonic (a-ton'ik), adj. wanting tone, or vital energy; unaccented: n. an unaccented word or syllable; a medi- cine to allay excitement. atony (at'6-ni) r n. wane of tone; de- bility; weakness of any organ. atrip (a-trip'), adv. just clear of the ground. atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. atria (a'- tria)], the square entrance-hall, lighted from above, constituting the chief apartment in an ancient Roman house ; a hall or entrance- court; the auricular portion of the heart. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ATROCIOUS 64 ATTENUANT atrocious (a-tro'shus) , adj. wicked in the highest degree; extremely criminal or cruel; outrageous; ex- hibiting great atrocity; flagrant. atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), n. [pi. atrocities (a-tros'i-tiz)], enormous wickedness; abominable cruelty; an atrocious deed. atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, or diminution in bulk, of the body, or any part of the body arising from lack of nourishment; the degenera- tion of an organ or part: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atrophied, p.pr. atrophying], to waste away; to dwindle. a tropin (at'ro-pin) or atropine (-pin), n. a crystalline alkaloid of a very poisonous nature extracted from the deadly nightshade (belladonna), having the property of producing a pronounced dilatation of the pupil of the eye. atropism (at'ro-pizm) , n. poisoning by atropine or belladonna. attach (at-tach'), v.t. to fasten, or fix, to or on; bind; connect with or appoint to; connect by ties of affec- tion; to take, or seize, by legal authority: v.i. to adhere. attache (at-ta-sha') , n. one who is attached to another; or, as part of a suite or staff, to an embassy or legation. [French.] attachment (at-tach'ment) , n. the act of attaching; adherence; fidelity; affection or regard; that which at- taches, or the thing which is at- tached; a taking into custody or seizure of the person, goods, or estate by virtue of a legal process. attack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; fall upon with force; assail with intent to overcome or to damage, discredit, or bring into ridicule; begin to affect or act upon, as disease: v.i. to make an onset or attack: n. the act of attacking in any sense of the word. attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; compass; accomplish: v.i. to reach; come, or arrive at. attainable (at-ta/na-bl) , adj. capable of being attained. attainableness (at-ta'na-bl-nes) , n. the quality of being attainable. attainder (at-tan'der) , n. the act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; an act, formerly in opera- tion, for the deprivation of all civil rights and of power to inherit or transmit property: applied to per- sons under sentence of death or out- lawry for treason or felony. attainment (at-tan'ment), n. the act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching, as the result of exertion or effort; that which is attained; an acquisition. attaint (at-tant'), v.t. to taint; cor- rupt; sully or stain by disgrace. attar of roses (at'ar of roz'ez), n. an essential oil expressed from the petals of the rose. Written also atar, ottar, and otto. attemper (at-tem'per) , v.t. to reduce, modify, or moderate by mixture; regulate; temper; smooth, soften, or mollify; mix in proper proportion; fit or adapt. attempt (at-tempt'), v.t. to make an effort to accomplish; try; endeavor or essay to perform; try to win or seduce; attack, or invade: n. a trial, essay, or endeavor; an effort to gain a point; an attack or assault. attend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; accompany or be present with; serve or look after in any capacity; be present at; ac- company or follow: v.i. to pay heed or regard to ; listen ; be in attendance upon. attendance (at-ten'dans) , n. the act of attending; waiting on; presence; the persons attending; retinue. attendant (at-ten'dant) , n one who attends or accompanies in service or train of another; one who is present; that which attends or is consequent upon anything else: adj. accompany- ing ; being present ; connected or con- sequent upon ; depending on or owing duty or service to. attention (at-ten'shun) , n. the act of applying the mind to anything; consideration or regard for any person or thing; a mark or act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort of others; an officer's com- mand to assume the attitude of attention. attentive (at-ten'tiv) , adj. heedM; full of attention; intent; mindful; regardful of the wishes of others. attenuant (at-ten'u-ant) , adj. mak- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut : think, then. COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT p U//v OAK MAHOGANY 4Sti \ / ^* S & ?\^ f BIRDSEYE MAPLE RIOUS WOODS ATTENUATE 65 ATYPIC ing thin, as fluids; diluting; dimin- ishing in denseness: n. a medicine which thins the fluids of the body; a diluent. [Latin. ]_ attenuate (at-ten'u-at) , v.t. to make thin or slender; weaken or reduce; thin out by dilution; rarefy: v.i. to become thin, slender, or fine; lessen: adj. made thin; dilute; rarefied; tapering; slender. attenuation (at-ten-Q-a/shun) , n. the act or process of making slender, or thinning out by dilution; the state of being slender. attest (at-test')f v.t. to bear witness to; certify as being genuine or true, especially in an official sense ; give proof of; manifest. attestation (at-tes-t a/shun) , n. the act of attesting; testimony or evidence given on oath, or by official declara- tion; swearing in. attestor (at-tes'ter) or attestator (at-tes-ta'tor) , n. one who attests. attic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room in a house immediately beneath the roof; a garret. Attie (at'tik) , adj. pertaining to Attica, in Greece; classical; elegant. Atticism (at'ti-sizm) , n. a peculiarity of style or idiom characterizing the Attic rendering of the Greek lan- guage; an elegant manner of expres- sion. Atticize (at'ti-siz), v.i. to conform to what is Attic. attire (at-tir'), v.t. to dress; clothe; array ; adorn : n. dress ; clothes ; habit ; garb; the horns of a stag, employed as a heraldic bearing. attitude (at'ti-tfid), n. bodily position or posture ; the bearing assumed by a person or body of persons indicative of feeling, opinion, &c. attitudinal (at-ti-tu'di-nal) , adj. per- taining to attitude. attitudinarian (at-ti-tu-di-na/ri-an) , n. one who studies or affects atti- tudes. attitudinize (at-ti-tu'di-niz) , v.i. to pose for effect. attorney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. attorneys (at-ter'nez)], one legally qualified to act for another in the transaction of private business, or in the manage- ment, prosecution, or defense of actions at law. Attorney- General (at-ter 'ni-jen'ejv al), n. the chief law officer appointed to act for the government; the chief law officer of a State. attorneyship (at-ter'ni-ship),?i. agenqy for another. attract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw to or towards ; cause to approach ; draw by moral influence; allure; entice. attractability (at-trak'ta-bil'i-ti), n» the quality of being attractable; the power of attraction. attractile (at-trak'til) , adj. having the power to attract. attraction (at-trak'shun), n. the power or act of attracting; the force exerted by one body or mass upon or over the constituent par- ticles of another, by which it tends to overcome the resistance to mo- tion, and to draw them together; tendency to coherence. attractive (at-trak'tiv) , adj. having the power or tendency to attract; alluring; inviting: n. that which attracts, allures, or charms. attributable (at-trib'u-ta-bl), adj. ca- pable of being attributed. attribute (at-trib'ut) , v.t. to ascribe, impute, assign: n. (at'tri-but), that which is attributed, as quality; trait; property; a characteristic; an at- tributive adjunct or adjective; that which may be predicated of any subject. attribution (at-tri-bu'shun) , n. the act of attributing; designation. attributive (at-trib'u-tiv) , adj. per- taining to, of the nature of, or ex- pressing, an attribute: n. a word denoting an attribute; describing a noun; an adjective phrase. attrite (at-trit'), adj. worn by friction; repentant through fear of punish- ment. attrition (at-trish'un) , n. the act of wearing by rubbing; abrasion; grief for sin from fear of punishment. attune (at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; bring into accordance or harmony. attunement (at-tun'ment) , m n. the act of syntonizing or directing wire- less telegraphic messages to a giver point. atypic (a-tip'ik) or atypical (a-tip # - i-kal), adj. without definite typical character. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; ' hue, hut ; think, then. AUBURN 66 AUGUSTAN auburn (aw 'burn), adj. reddish-brown. auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale of property or effects conducted on the principle of the highest bidder becoming the purchaser of any par- ticular lot put up for sale; the prop- erty or effects offered for sale by auction: v.t. to sell by auction. auctioneer (awk-shun-er') , n. one licensed to sell property or goods by public auction: v.i. to sell by auction. audacious (aw-da'shus) , adj. bold; daring; spirited; insolent; impudent; characterized by shameless effron- tery. [Latin.] audacity (aw-das'i-ti) , n. [pi. "audaci- ties (aw-das'i-tiz)], boldness; daring; spirit ; presumptuousness ; impu- dence; effrontery. audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of being heard. [Latin.] audibly (aw'di-bli), adv. so as to be heard. audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of hearing; admittance to a hearing or formal interview with one of high position; an assembly of hearers. audient (aw'di-ent), adj. hearing; listening. audiometer (aw-di-om'e-ter) , n. an instrument for gauging the power of hearing. audiphone (aw'di-fon), n. an instru- ment constructed to assist the deaf by collecting the sound-waves and conveying the vibrations to the auditory nerves through the medium of the teeth. audit (aw'dit), n. official examination and verification of claims or accounts with vouchers and the attendance of witnesses to effect a settlement; a receipt of rent at stated times: v.t. to examine and adjust, as accounts or claims: v.i. act as auditor. auditor (aw'di-ter), n. a hearer or listener; a person appointed to ex- amine and verify accounts and claims; one who hears judicially, as in an audience court. auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pi. auditoria (aw-di-to'ri-a) & audi- toriums (aw-di-to'ri-umz)], the space in a theater or other public building assigned to the audience. auditory (aw'di-to-ri) , adj. pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing: n. an audience; a place or space allotted to hearers ; an audi- torium. auger (aw'ger), n. a tool for boring holes. aught (awt), n. anything; any part: adv. in any way; at all. augment (awg-ment'), v.t. to increase; to enlarge in size or extent; to add an augment to/ v.i. to grow larger; increase in size and strength: n. increase; enlargement; a vowel pre- fixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel. augmentation (awg-men-t a/shun) , n. increase; the increase in time-value of the notes of a theme; an addi- tional charge to a coat of arms bestowed as a mark of honor; the period of increase in a fever before the crisis is reached. augmentative (awg-men'ta-tiv) , adj. having the quality or power of aug- menting: n. a word or affix which expresses with greater force the idea conveyed by the term from which it is derived: opposed to diminu- tive. augur (aw'ger), n. one who among the ancient Romans officially predicted events by the interpretation of natural signs or omens, the flight of birds, the inspection of the entrails of slaughtered victims, the occur- rence of meteorological phenomena: v.i. to conjecture from signs or omens: v.t. to predict or prognosti- cate; betoken or infer. [Latin.] augury (aw'gu-ri), n. [pi. auguries (aw'gu-riz)], the art or practice of foretelling events by reference to natural signs or omens; an omen; prediction; presage. august (aw-gusf) , adj. grand ; invested with grandeur and dignity; majestic; of a nature to inspire reverence. August (aw'gust), n. the eighth month of the year ; named after the Roman emperor, Augustus, be- cause it had been a lucky month for him. Augustan (aw-gus'tan), adj. like or resembling the Roman emperor, Augustus; splendid; combiiiin? pow- er with intellect ; so the reign of Louis XIV. in France and that of Queen ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AUK 67 AUSTERE Anne in England were each styled "the Augustan Age." auk (awk), n. the name given to the members of a family of arctic diving birds. The Great Auk is now extinct. Also spelled awk. aula (aw'la), n. originally a royal court or reception-room. To-day the word is used of the great hall in a German university. aulic (aw'lik), adj. pertaining to a royal court. aunt (ant), n. the sister of one's father or mother. aura (aw'ra), n. a subtle, vaporous streaming, or exhalation, supposed to emanate from a living body or substance, as aroma, effluvium, or the subtle essence of its individual nature; a sensation as of a stream of air rising from a part of the body toward the head, and preceding an epileptic seizure or hysteria. aural (aw'ral), adj. pertaining to the air or to an aura; pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing. aureate (aw're-at) , adj. golden ; gilded ; golden-yellow. [Latin.] Aurelia (aw-re'lya), n. the pupa or chrysalis of an insect. aurelian (aw-re'lyan) , adj. pertaining to the Aurelia: n. one who makes a special study of butterflies and moths. aureola (aw-re'o-la) or aureole (aw'- re-ol), n. a halo, radiance, or lumi- nous cloud encircling the figures of Christ, the Virgin, and the saints as represented by the painters; any- thing resembling an aureola. aureous (aw're-us), adj. golden, re- sembling gold. auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external ear; that part of the ear which projects from the head; one of two chambers of the heart which receive the blood from the veins and transmit it to the ventricle or ventricles. [Latin.] auricular (aw-rik'u-lar) , adj. pertain- ing to the ear or to the sense of hearing; privately addressed, as to the priest in the confessional; per- ceived by the ear; known by report; obtained by the ear; ear-shaped; pertaining to the auricles of the heart. auriculate (aw-rik'u-lat) or auricu- lated (aw-rik'u-la-ted), adj. ear- shaped; having ears or ear-like appendages. auriferous # (aw-rif 'er-us) , adj. gold- bearing; yielding or containing gold. auriform (aw'ri-form), adj. ear- shaped; having the form of the human ear. a or is cope (aw'ri-skop) , n. an instru- ment for examining the ear. aurist (aw'rist), n. one skilled in the treatment of ear disorders. aurochs (aw'roks), n. the European bison, now practically extinct. aurora (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras (aw-ro'raz) & aurora? ('re)], the rising light of the morning; the dawn of dayspring. [Latin.] Aurora Australis (aw-stra'lis), n. the southern light; a phenomenon of corresponding nature in the southern hemisphere to the following: Aurora Borealis (bo-re-a/lis), n. the northern light; a luminous meteoric phenomenon manifesting itself by streams of light ascending from the northern horizon towards the zenith, or assuming the form of an arc hav- ing its ends on the horizon. aurous (aw'rus), adj. pertaining to gold. auscultate (aws'kul-tat), v.t. to ex- amine by auscultation. auscultation (aws-kul-ta'shun), n. tapping with short, sharp blows; a method of detecting chest disease by observing the sounds arising in the part, either by applying the ear directly to the chest or thorax. The stethoscope is also used for the same purpose. auscultator (aws'kul-ta-ter) , n. one who practices auscultation; a steth- oscope. auscultatory (aws-kul'ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining to auscultation. auspice (aws'pis), n. [pi. auspices (aws'pis-ez)], an omen drawn from birds; an omen; a prediction as to the future; protection; patronage; favoring influence (generally in pi.). auspicious (aws-pish'us) , adj. having promise of success or happiness; propitious; prosperous; fortunate. austere (aws-ter'), adj. sour; harsh; rough to the taste; severe; rigid in character or mode of living ; severely simple. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AUSTERITY 68 AUTOGRAPHY austerity (aws-ter'i-ti) , n. severity of manner or life; harsh discipline; rigorous simplicity. austral (aws'tral) , adj. southern ; hence the name Australia given to the great island continent of the south- ern hemisphere. [Latin.] Australic (aws-tral'ic) , adj. pertaining in any way to Australia, and es- pecially to the original inhabitants who are thought to have migrated to Australia from India. authentic (aw-then'tik) , adj. genuine; original ; duly authorized ; true ; trust- worthy; vested with all due formali- ties, and legally attested. authentically (aw-then'ti-ka-li) , adv. in an authentic manner. authenticate (aw-then'ti-kat) , v.t. to make authentic; give authority to by accordance with legal formalities; to establish as genuine. authentication (aw-then-ti-ka'shun) , n. the act of authenticating. authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti), n. the quality of being authentic ; authority. author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or prime mover of anything; an efficient cause; an originator; a creator; one who composes or writes a book; a composer. authoress (aw'ther-es) , n. a woman author. [The term author is now generally used without regard to sex.] authoritative (aw-thor'i-ta-tiv) , adj. having due authority, or the air of being duly authorized; positive; dictatorial ; magisterial ; command- ing. authority (aw-thor'i-ti), n. [pi. au- thorities (aw-thor'i-tiz)], power or right to act or command; dominion; jurisdiction; power derived from opinion, respect, or reputation; influ- ence; justification or support for statement or action; a person in- vested with power to act or com- mand. In pi. the government; the constituted authorities. authorization (aw-ther-i-za/shun) , n. the act of authorizing ; establishment by authority. authorize (aw'ther-iz) , v.t. to vest with authority; give a right to act or command; empower; legalize; estab- lish or confirm by authority. auto (aw'to), n. an abbreviation in common use for automobile. auto, prefix meaning self; of one's self; of itself. autobiographic (aw-to-bl-o-graf'ik) or autobiographical (aw-to-bi-o- graf'i-kal), adj. pertaining to auto- biography. [Greek.] autobiographically (aw-to-bi-o-graf'- i-ka-li), adv. in an autobiographic manner. autobiography (aw-to-bi-og'ra-fi) , n. [pi. autobiographies (aw-to-bi-og'- ra-fiz)], a biography, account, or character-sketch of a person written by himself. autocar (aw'to-kax), n. a carriage con- taining within itself the machinery necessary for its own propulsion. autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si) , n. [pi. autoc- racies (aw-tok'ra-siz)], absolute, un- controlled authority ; supremacy ; government by one invested with absolute and uncontrolled authority; autonomy. autocrat (aw'to-krat), n. an absolute prince or sovereign; one who rules without restriction. autocratic (aw-to-krat'ik), adj. per- taining to autocracy; absolute. autocratically (aw-to-krat'i-ka-li) , adv. in an autocratic manner. autocycle (aw'to-sl-kl) , n. a motor bicycle. autodidactic (aw-to-di-dak'tic) , adj. self-taught. autodynamic (aw-to-dl-nam'ik) , adj. operating by its own force. autogenous (aw-toj'e-nus), adj. self- generated; produced independently. autograph (aw'to-graf ) , adj. self- written; in one's own handwriting: n. t a person's own handwriting; an original manuscript or signature: v.t. to reproduce by autography; to sign or write one's autograph. autographic (aw-to-graf'ik) or auto- graphical (aw-to-graf 'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to an autograph cr per- sonal handwriting; relating to, or used in, the process of autography; self-recording. autography (aw-tog'ra-fi) , n.the science or study of autographs; an original manuscript ; a process in lithography by which copies of writings or draw- ings are reproduced in facsimile. ate, arm. at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. AUTOGRAVURE 69 AVAIL autogravure (aw-to-gra-vur'), n. a process of photo-engraving. autohypnotic (aw-to-hip-not'ic), adj. causing a state of hypnotism or trance by one's own mental effort; self-hypnotism. , . auto -intoxication (aw'to -in- tok- si- ka/shon), n. poisoning by material formed within one's body, especially bv waste products of digestion. autolatry (aw-tol'a-tri) , n. self -wor- ship. autology (aw-tol'o-ji) , n. the scientific study of one's self. automatic (aw-to-mat'ik) , adj. hav- ing the power of self-motion or self- action, of the nature of an autom- aton, independent of_the will. automatically (aw - to - mat 'i - ka - li) , adv. in an automatic manner. automatism (aw-tom'a-tizm), n. au- tomatic action; the doctrine which assigns all animal functions to the active operation of physical laws. automaton (aw-tom'a-ton), n. [pi. automata (aw-tom'a-ta) & automa- tons (aw-tom'a-tonz)], that which possesses the power of spontaneous movement without consciousness; a self-acting machine. automatous (aw-tom'a-tus) , adj. spon- taneous; of the nature of an autom- aton. autometry (aw-tom'e-tri) , n. estima- tion, or measurement, of one's self. automobile (aw-to-mo'bil), adj. self- moving. automobile (aw'to-mo-bel, aw-to-mo- bel', or aw-to-mo'bil), n. a self -mov- ing vehicle; motor-carriage. automobilist (aw-to-mo-bel'ist), n. one who rides in and manages an automobile; a chauffeur. automorphism (aw-to-morf 'ism) , n. the judgment of others by analogy from the knowledgeof one's self. automotor (aw'to-mo-ter) , n. a self- acting machine. autonomist (aw-ton'o-mist), n. a sup- porter of autonomy. autonomous (aw-ton'o-mus) , adj. per- taining to autonomy. autonomy (aw-ton'o-mi) , n. [pi. au- tonomies (aw-ton'o-miz)], the power or right of self-government ; the state of political independence. autonym (aw'to-nim), n. one's own name: opposed to pseudonym; a work published under the author's real name. autophon (aw'to-fon), n. a barrel- organ, the tunes of which are deter- mined by a perforated mill-board. autoplasty (aw'to-plas-ti), n. the process of repairing lesions by appli- cation of tissue removed from an- other part. Called also rhinoplasty. autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal obser- vation ; ocular demonstration ; a post- mortem examination._ autosuggestion (aw-to-sug-jes'chun) , n. an idea which arises in one's own mind, without external aid or mental force; self-suggestion. autotoxic . (aw-to-toks'ik) , adj. self- poisoning. autotruck (aw'to-truk), n. a self- moving truck ; motor-truck. autotype (aw'to-tip), n. a facsimile; a photo-gelatine process of producing pictures. autotypography (aw-to-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. a kind of nature-printing, by the transference of gelatine drawings to a plate of soft metal from which the design is printed. autumn (aw'tum), n. the season be- tween summer and winter, beginning astronomically at the autumnal equi- nox, about September 22nd, and ending at the winter solstice, about December 23rd ; the period of decline or decay. autumnal (aw-tum'nal) , adj. belong- ing or peculiar to autumn; produced or gathered in autumn; pertaining to the period of life when middle age is past: n. a plant that flowers in autumn. autumnal equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. the time of the sun's southward passage across the equator, about September 22nd. auxiliary (awg-zil'i-a-ri) , adj. helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary: n. [pi. auxiliaries (awg-zil'i-a-riz)], a helper; an assistant; a confederate or ally; aid of any kind; a verb which helps to form the moods and tenses of other verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. avail (a-val'), v.i. to be of use, value, or service; give profit: v.t. to turn to profit or advantage: n. use; means ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AVAILABILITY 70 AWABI towards an end; advantage to an object: pi. proceeds or profits. availability (a-va-la-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being available. avalanche (av'a-lanch) , n. the sudden descent of a mass of compact snow or ice from the higher parts of a mountain; a fall of rocks or earth from the heights of a mountain; anything that overwhelms by sud- denness and irresistible force. avarice (av'a-ris), n. an inordinate or insatiable desire of gain; covetous- ness; cupidity; greediness. avaricious (av-a-rish'us) , adj. impelled by avarice; greedy of gain; grasping. avast (a-vastO, inter j. stop! cease! hold! [Nautical term.] avatar (av-a-tar') or avatara (av-a- ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity to earth in an incarnate form; a mani- festation or embodiment; the trans- ference of one personality to another. [Hindu.] a vaunt (a-vawnt' & a-vant'), inter j. begone! depart! an exclamation of contempt or abhorrence. < ave (a/ve & a/ve), inter j. hail! farewell! n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. [Latin.] avena sativa (a-ve'na sa-ti'va), n. a tincture of oats, used in medicine aa a sedative. [Latin.] avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact punish- ment or satisfaction for wrong or injury done to one's self or another: v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive satisfaction for injury by the punish- ment of the offender or offenders, by law or otherwise. avenue (av'e-nu) , n. a way or means of approach to a place, a passage-way, drive, or alley bordered by trees lead- ing to a house; a broad roadway or street planted with trees. [French.] aver (a-ver'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; declare to be true; verify. average (av'er-aj), n. any charge addi- tional to the cost of freightage: v.t. to find the mean, as of unequal sums or quantities; reduce to a mean; assign proportionately. averment (a-ver'ment) , n. the act of affirming positively; verification; a statement or allegation as to facts. averse (a-vers'), adj. unwilling; un- favorable; having a repugnance or disinclination to. aversion (a-veVshun) , n. opposition or repugnance of mind: antipathy fixed dislike; hatred; the object ox cause of dislike or repugnance. avert (a-vert'), v.t. to turn aside or away; turn or ward off; prevent. avertible (a-vert'i-bl), adj. capable of being warded off, or averted. avian (a/vi-an), adj. pertaining to birds. aviary (a/vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries (a/vi- a-riz)], a house, large cage, or in- closure for the keeping and rearing of birds in confinement. [Latin.] aviation (a'vi-a-shun) , n. the art of flying. aviator (a/vi-a-ter) , n. a flying ma- chine; one who operates a flying machine; a bird-man. aviatory (a/vi-a-to-ri) , adj. flying. avicularium (a-vik-u-lar'i-um) , n. [pi. avicularia (a-vik-u-la'ri-a)], the small prehensile process, resembling the head of a bird with a movable man- dible, which continually snaps : found in many of the Polyzoa. aviculture (a'vi-kul-tur) , n. the breed- ing and rearing of birds. avidity (a-vid'i-ti) , n. greediness; eagerness; strong appetite. avocation ( v-o-ka'shun) , n. a subor- dinate or occasional occupation, as contradistinguished from vocation. avoid (a- void'), v.t. to keep away from; to shun: v.i. to become vacant or void. avoidance (a-voi'dans) , n. the act of annulling or making void ; the act of shunning; the state o_f being vacant. avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz r ), n. a French word used to describe a sys- tem of weights in which one pound contains 16 ounces: used generally for all commodities except precious metals, gems and drugs; weight. avouch (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm openly; maintain; declare positively; vouch for; admit or confess. avow (a-vou')» v.t. to declare openly; acknowledge frankly; to admit and justify. avowal (a-vou'al), n. an open declara- tion; a frank acknowledgment; a confession. awabi (a-wa/be), n. an edible shell- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. AWAIT 71 AXIS fish found on the coast of Japan; the abalone. await (a-wat')» v.t. to wait for; look for or expect; be ready for. awake (a-wak')» v.t. [p.t. & p.p. awoke, awaked, p.pr. awaking], to arouse from sleep, or from any state resem- bling sleep; put into action; infuse new life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; bestir one's self: adj. not sleeping; roused from sleep or inactivity; in a state of vigilance or action. awakening (a-wak'ning) , n. the act of rousing from sleep; a revival of reli- gion, or activity of a particular religious sect: adj. rousing; exciting; alarming. award (a-wawrd'), v.t. to adjudge; assign by judicial sentence, or arbi- tration; bestow in consideration of merit; to determine or make an award: n. sl judgment; a decision; a sentence; the decision of arbitrators on points submitted to them; the document containing such decision; that which is awarded or assigned. aware (a-war')i adj. on guard; watch- ful; apprised; cognizant; conscious; vigilant. awash (a-wosh'), adj. & adv. on a level with the waves. away (a-wa'), adv. absent; at a dis- tance; out of; off; in another direc- tion; continuously: inter j. begone! depart! awe (aw), n. reverential fear; the feeling or emotion inspired by the contemplation of something sublime ; reverence: v.i. to inspire with feel- ings of reverential respect or fear; restrain by fear or respect. aweather (a-weth'er), adv. on the weather side, or toward the wind: n. opposed to alee. awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- pressing with profound fear or rev- erence; of an appalling nature; solemn. awfully (aw'foo-li), adv. in an awful manner; excessively. awhile (a-hwlT), adv. for a period of time. awk. See auk. awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting dexterity; unskilful; ungraceful or ungainly in shape, movement, or manners; clumsy. awl (awl), n. a pointed instrument for piercing. awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle-like appendage of the outer glume of wheat, barley, and numerous grasses. awning (awn'ing), n. a covering of canvas or other cloth stretched upon a frame and used as a shelter from wind or sun. awny (aw'ni), adj. having bristles; bearded. awoke (a-wok'), p.t. of awake. awry (a-ri'), adj. or adv. turned or twisted toward one side; erroneous. ax or axe (aks), n. a tool or instru- ment of steel, or iron with a steeled edge, attached to a handle, used for the hewing of timber and chopping of wood. axal. See axial. axial (aks'i-al), adj. pertaining to an axis in any sense of the word. axially (aks'i-a-li) , adv. in the direction of an axis. axiferous (ak-sif 'e-rus) , adj. consist- ing of stem or axis alone without leaves. axiform (ak'si-f orm) , adj. in the form of an axis. axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by the upper side of an organ or branch with the stem or trunk to which it is attached. axile (ak'sil), adj. pertaining to the axis; situated or lying in the axis. axilla (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillae (ak-sil'e)], the armpit, or cavity in the junction " of the arm and shoulder; the axil of a leaf. axillar (ak'si-lar) or axillary (ak'si- la-ri). adj. pertaining to the armpit; pertaining to, springing from, or sit- uated in the axilla. axiom (ak'si-um), n. an indisputable self-evident truth; a proposition em- bodying a truth at once obvious and incontrovertible ; an established prin- ciple in an art or science. axiomatic (ak-si-o-mat'ik) or axio- matical (ak-si-6-mat'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, an axiom. axiomatically (ak-si-6-mat'i-ka-li), adv. in the manner, or by use, of accepted truth. axis (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes (ak'sez)], the straight line, real or imaginary , ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AXIS 72 AZURITE passing through a body, upon or around which such body revolves, or is supposed to revolve; a straight line drawn through the center of a bilateral symmetrical figure, as the spinal column; the central line of any symmetrical body; the stem or central column of a plant, round which the organs or parts are dis- posed; the central region of a moun- tain chain. axis (ak'sis), n. the hog-deer of India. axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or portion of the axle-tree, which is inserted in the hub of the wheel, and on which the wheel revolves. axle-box (ak'sl-boks) , n. & bushing in the hub of a wheel through which the axle passes. axle-tree (ak'sl-tre), n. a bar connect- ing the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the rounded ends of which the wheels revolve. ay or aye (a), adv. always; forever; continually. ayah (a'ya), n. a lady's maid; a nurse for children. [Anglo-Indian.] aye or ay (a or I), adv. or inter j. yes; yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. ayes (iz)j, the affirmative votes in a parli- amentary division; the members so voting. aye-aye (I'l), n. a singular nocturnal quadruped, native of Madagascar, and allied to the lemurs. Ayrshire (ar'shir), n. a fine breed of cattle from the county of Ayr, Scot- . land, noted for their rich milk. Azalea (a-za'le-a) , n. [pi. azaleas (a-za'- le-az)], a genus of plants, belonging to the rhododendron tribe, and re- markable for their showy flowers. azarine (az'a-rin), n. a bright red dye obtained from coal-tar. azimuth (az'i-muth), n. an arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of a place and the vertical circle passing through the center of a celestial body. [French.] azote (az'ot), n. the old name for nitrogen. [Greek.] Azrael (az'ra-el), n. the Mohammedan name for the Angel of Death. Aztec (az'tek), adj. pertaining to the Aztec or perhaps the aboriginal people of Mexico. Recent investi- gation has shown them to be of the same race as the North American Indians, though even at the time of the conquest of Mexico by the Span- iards (in 1519) they were far more civilized. azure (azh'ur & a'zhur), adj. like the bluo of the sky; cerulean: n. the clear blue of the sky; any pigment of this color; the blue tint expressed in heraldry by horizontal shading. [Arabic-French.] azure-stone (azh'ur-ston) , n. the lapis lazuli, from which genuine ultra- marine is made. azurine (azh'ur-in), n. a greyish-blue color. azurite (azh'u-rit), n. blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite or ches- sylite; lazulite. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. B B, the second character in the alphabet of all European peoples except the Russian (Cyrillic), and those derived from it. Originally it is supposed to have been a pictograph representing a crane, and this was certainly true in the Egyptian hieroglyphics. baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; bleat: n. the cry or bleating of a sheep. Baalism (ba'al-izm) , n. the worship of Baal; gross idolatry. bab (bab), n. a fishing bob: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. babbed, p.pr. babbing], to fish with a bob. baba (baT^a), n. a Turkish title of re- spect, meaning "father." In Anglo- Indian, "a child." Babbitt- metal (bab'it-met-al), n. an anti-friction alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, used in crank and axle bearings, &c. babble (bab'bl), v.i. to utter indistinct or imperfect sounds; prattle; talk childishly ; murmur continuously : v.t. to utter; prate; repeat unintelli- gently; tell secrets: n. unmeaning or foolish talk; a confused murmur. babbler (bab'ler), n. one who babbles; a dog that gives tongue too fre- quently when on scent. babe (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], an infant or young child of either sex. babiroussa or babirussa (bab-i- roo'sa), n. the wild hog of Eastern Asia. bablah (babla) or babul (ba-bool'), n. the rind of the legume of an East Indian species of the acacia. baboo or babu (ba-boo'), n. a Hindu title of respect : one of the upper classes in Bengal engaged in busi- ness or a profession. baboon (ba-boon'), n. the popular name of a large division of monkeys, which inhabit Africa and Arabia, and are characterized by a long dog- like snout, large canine teeth, great head, rudimentary tail, large callosi- ties on the hips, and capacious cheek pouches; an epithet of contempt. baboonery (ba-boon'er-i) , n. {pi. ba- booneries (ba-boon'er-iz)], a collec- tion of baboons ; behavior or conduct like that of a baboon. baboonish (ba-boon'ish) , adj. like a baboon. baboosh or babouche (ba-boosh'), n. a kind of loose slipper worn in Orien- tal countries. Also written pabouche, babu. See baboo. babuina (bab-u-i'na), n. a female baboon. [Italian.] babul. See bablah. baby (ba'bi), n. [pi. babies (ba'biz)], an infant of either sex; a small child: adj. pertaining to an infant or young child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. babied, v.pr. babying], to treat ox fondle like a baby or" young child; to keep dependent. baby-farm (ba/bi-f arm) , n. a place where young children are put out for nursing. Used contemptuously. - babyhood (ba'bi-hood) , n. the period of infancy. babyish (ba'bi-ish), adj. childish. babyism (ba/bi-izm), n. the character- istics of a baby ; a childish manner of speech. Babylonian (bab-i-lo'ni-an) adj. per- taining to Babylonia; magnificent; luxurious. Also Babylonish. bacca (bak'a), n. a berry; any fleshy fruit; a one-celled fruit with a soft outer envelope, and with naked seeds immersed in pulp. baccalaureate (bak-a-law're-at), n, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, &c: adj. pertaining to the degree of Bachelor. baccarat (bak-a-ra'), n. a French card game played between a banker and an unlimited number of bettors with one or more packs of cards. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 8 hue, hut ; think, then. BACCATE 74 BACKING baccate (bak'at) or baccated (bak'a- ted), adj. having many berries. bacchanal (bak'a-nal) or bacchana- lian (bak-a-na'li-an) , adj. indulging in or characterized by drunken revelry; drunken: n. a votary of Bacchus; a drunken reveler; a drunken feast. Bacchanalia (ba-ka-na/li-a), n. the Ro- man festival in honor of the god Bacchus, on March 17th, annually. bacchante (bak-an'te), n. a female bacchanal. bacchantic (ba-kan'tik) , adj. of or resembling a bacchanal ; noisy ; jovial. bacchic (bak'ik), adj. pertaining to Bacchus or the feasts in his honor; riotous, or mad with drink. bachelor (bach'el-er) , n. one who has taken the lowest university degree in any faculty; an unmarried man. bachelorhood (bach'el-er-hood) , n. the condition of one who is unmar- ried. bachelor's-buttons (bach'el-erz-buf- unz), n.pl. the name popularly given to several flowering plants whose blos- soms somewhat resemble buttons. bacillaria (bas-i-la/ri-a) , n. a genus of microscopic diatoms. bacillary (bas'i-la-ri) , adj. consisting of bacilli. bacillian (ba-sil'i-an) , adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a bacillus. bacillicide (ba-sil'i-sid) , n. an agent employed for destroying bacilli. bacilliculture (ba-siri-kul-tur) , n. the culture of bacilli in animal or vege- table infusions for scientific research. bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. [pi. bacilli (ba-sil'i)], a genus of microscopic veg- etable organisms commonly known as bacteria, having slender rod-like jointed bodies or filaments, and pos- sessing the power of constant move- ment, present in many ferments, in all stages of putrefaction, and asso- ciated with the earliest stages of malignant or zymotic disease. back or bac (bak), n. a flat-bottomed ferry-boat, especially one adapted for carrying vehicles; a large cistern or vat used by brewers, &c, for liquids. back (bak), n. the hinder part of the body in man, or in other animals the upper portion; the whole region of the spine, extending from the base of the neck to the buttocks; the dorsal region of a fish; that which is opposed to the front; the rear or hinder part of anything; the part of a tool or weapon opposed to the edge: adj. lying or being behind or in the rear, as to time, situation, or direction; in a backward direction: adv. into or toward the rear; to or toward a former or original place, state, or time; in a state of hindrance or restraint; in withdrawal or re- tirement; away; in return; again: y.t. to furnish with a back or back- ing ; second or support ; bet or wager ; sign or indorse; put backward or cause to recede: v.i. to move or go backward. backbite (bak'bit), v.t. [p.t. backbit, g.p. backbit & backbitten, p.pr. ackbiting], to slander or speak evil of in absence: v.i. to censure absent persons. backboard (bak'bord), n. a board to support the back; a thin wooden backing used for picture frames, mirrors, &c. backbone (bak'bon), n. the bone of the back; the vertebral column of animals; that which serves as a backbone; hence, firmness or deci- sion of character. backer (bak'er), n. one who sustains or abets another; especially one who bets in favor of a person or animal in a contest. backgammon (bak-gam'un) , n. a game played by two persons upon a table or board made for the pur- pose, with fifteen pieces each, and dice-boxes and dice. background (bak'ground) , n. ground in the rear; the distant portion of a landscape; the portion of a picture furthest from the spectator; that which is dimly seen; a subordinate position; a place of retirement or reserve. backhand (bak'hand), n. writing which slopes backward or to the left. . . , backhanded (bak'han-ded) , adj. with the hand turned backward; unfair; indirect; ambiguous; sloping back- ward. backing (bak'ing), n. something placed ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BACK-RENT 75 BADGER behind to support or strengthen; aid or support given to a person or cause. back-rent (bak'rent), n. arrears of rent; rent paid after reaping the first crop by a tenant entering on a lease. back-rest (bak'rest), n. a guide at- tached to the slide-rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work to steady it. back- settlement (bak-setl-ment) , n. an outlying or partially reclaimed portion of a country beginning to be cultivated. back-settler (bak-setler) , n. one living in the outlying districts of a settlement. backsheesh or backshish (bak'- shesh). See bukshish. backside (bak'sid), n. the hind part of anything or that which is opposed to the front; the hind part of an animal. backslide (bak-slid'), v.i. [p.t. back- slid, backslided, p.p. backslid, back- slidden, backslided, p.pr. backslid- ing], to slide back; fall off or away from; apostatize. backstair (bak'star) or backstairs ('starz), n. stairs in the back part of a house; stairs for private use: adj. indirect; underhand; secret; intriguing. backstays (bak'staz), n.pl. long ropes extending from the masthead to the side of the ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. backsword (bak'sord), n. a sword with one sharp edge; a stick with • a basket handle used in the game of singlestick. backward (bak'werd) or backwards (bak'werdz), adv. with the back foremost; toward the back; in a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; toward past times or events; from a better to a worse state. backward (bak'werd), adj. directed to the back or rear; unwilling; re- luctant; hesitating; slow; behind in learning or progress; behind in time. backwater (bak'waw-ter) , n. water caused to flow backwards by ob- struction of its course; accumula- tion of water overflowing lowlands, caused by obstruction; water held back by a dam or weir; water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel or the paddles of a steamer. backwoods (bak-woodz'), n.pl. forests or partially cleared lan/i situated far from the centers of population. backwoodsman ^ (bak-woodz 'man), n. one who lives in the forest or away from villages and towns. bacon (ba'kn), n. hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. bacteria (bak-te'ri-a), n.pl. of bacte- rium. bacteriological (bak-te-ri-o-lo j 'i-kal) , adj. of or pertaining to bacteriology. bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist), n. a student of bacteriology. bacteriology (bak-te-ri-ol'6-ji) , n. the scientific investigation or study of bacteria. bacterioscopy (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi), n. the examination of bacteria by the microscope. bacterium (bak-te'ri-um) , n. [pi. bac- teria (bak-te'ri-a)], a microscopic organism of various forms ^ and shapes; a disease germ. It originally meant a staff, from its shape. bad (bad), adj. [compar. worse, superl. worst], the opposite of good; evil; ill; wicked; depraved; vicious; pernic- ious; corrupting; hurtful; offensive; noxious, physically or morally; de- fective; worthless; unhappy; unfor- tunate. bad form (bad form'), n. that which is not very refined; somewhat vulgar. Also used as a substantival adjective. * badderlocks (bad'er-loks) , n. a large dark green edible seaweed. baddish (bad'dish) , adj. tending to be base; somewhat low. badelaire (ba-de-lar') , n. a curved sword used as a heraldic bearing. badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or token, or cognizance to denote the occupa- tion, allegiance, association, or achievements of the person by whom it is displayed ; the mark or token of anything. badger (baj'er), n. a plantigrade car- nivorous mammal, of nocturnal ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BADGER-BAITING 76 BAILOR habits; an artist's brush of bad- ger's hair; a loose woman who de- coys men into her rooms for the pur- pose of robbing them: v.t. to worry or annoy, as a badger when baited; pester; persistently assail. badger-baiting (baj'er-ba/ting), n. a cruel sport, formerly practiced, of assailing a badger placed with dogs in a barrel. badger-dog (baj'er-dog), n. another name for the dachshund. badger- game (baj 'er-gam) , n. the de- coying by a woman of some man into her house for the purpose of robbing him. [Police slang.] badiaga (bad-i-a'ga) , n. a seaweed, the powder of which is used for re- ' moving discoloration caused by bruises. badinage (bad'i-naj & ba-de-nazh') , n. light or playful raillery or banter. badly (bad'li), adv. wickedly; griev- ously; unskilfully; defectively; ill. badminton (bad'min-tun), n. an out- door game similar to tennis, but played with shuttlecocks; a kind of claret-cup. [English.] badness (bad'nes), n. the state of being wicked or vicious; depravity. baffle (baf'l), v.t. to elude or circum- vent by artifice or the interposition . of obstacles; foil or check; defeat; frustrate; thwart. bag (bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wallet; a receptacle for holding anything; that which is contained in a bag, or the result of a day's sport; a sack or receptacle in animal bodies, contain- ing a fluid or other substance; a definite quantity of certain com- modities: v.t. to enclose in a bag; secure or capture, as game; steal: v.i. ' to bulge ; hang down like a full bag. bagasse (ba-gas'), n. sugar-cane refuse as delivered from the crushing mill. bagatelle (bag-a-tel') , n. a trifle; a game played on a nine-holed board, baized and cushioned, with a cue and nine balls. [French.] baggage (bag'aj), n. the tents, cloth- ing, utensils, &c, of an army or ex- peditionary force on the march; the trunks, bags, and other impedimenta or baggage of a traveler: n. an im- moral woman; a coquettish or frolic- some girl. baggage- master (bag'aj-mas'ter) , n. a person in a railway station who has charge of the receipt and despatch of the baggage. baggala (bag'a-la), n. Arab trading vessel with two masts. bagging (bag'ing), n. the act of put- ting into bags; coarse cloth or other material used for bags; filtration through canvas bags. baggy (bag'i), adj. having a loose or flabby appearance; swelled or puffed out. bagnio (ban'yo), n. a bath-house; a brothel; an oriental prison. bagpipe (bag'plp), n. a shrill-toned musical instrument, consisting of a leathern wind-bag from which air is forced by the performer's elbow into pipes, one (the chanter) giving the melody. [Commonly used in pi.) bah (ba), inter j. an exclamation ex- pressing incredulous contempt or disgust. bail (bal), v.t. to set free or liberate from arrest on security for reappear- ance; to deliver, as goods, in trust, on contract expressed or implied that the person entrusted shall return or account for the same: n. the person or persons who provide security for the release of a prisoner; the security tendered, or accepted. bail (bal), v.t. to free from water by dipping; to ladle out with a bucket or other utensil, as in a boat: n. a bent or arched handle of a pail or kettle; a half -hoop supporting the cover or tilt of a wagon; one of the two small sticks, 4 in. long, which are laid across the tops of cricket stumps . bailee (ba-le'), n. the person to whom goods are committed in trust. bailer. See bailor. - bailiff (balif), n. a sheriff's officer who serves processes, &c; any subordi- nate civil officer; an overseer or under-steward on an estate. bailiwick (ba/li-wik), n. the district within which a bailiff has jurisdic- tion. bailment (bal'ment), n. a delivery of goods in trust to another; the action of becoming surety for one in custody. bailor or bailer (ba/ler), n. one who ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BAIRN 77 BALEFUL delivers goods to another in bail- ment. bairn (barn), n. a child. [Scottish.] bait (bat), v.t. to harass or provoke, as by the setting on of dogs ; worry ; torment, for sport; annoy persist- ently; prepare a hook, trap, or snare by covering it with food or other substance; give food and drink to upon a journey: n. any substance used to entice or allure fish or pther animals with a view to capture; an allurement; temptation; refresh- ment taken on a journey. baize (baz), n. a coarse woolen stuff, with a nap on one side. bake (bak), v.t. to cook or prepare food by subjection to dry heat in a closed place, as an oven; to dry and harden by heat: v.i. to do the work of baking; become hard by heat: n. the result of baking, as a clam bake. baker (ba/ker), n. one whose business is to make bread, biscuits, &c, bakery (ba/ker-i), n. [pi. bakeries (ba/ker-iz)], a place used for bread- making^ a baker's shop. baking (ba'king),n. the quantity of any- thing baked at the same time ; a batch. balance (bal'ans), n. an instrument for determining the weight of bodies ; a pair of scales ; a steel-yard ; a spring balance; the act of weighing men- tally; equilibrium; equipoise; equal- ity ; an equality between the two sides of an account; the excess shown on either side ; the sum or weight neces- sary to make two unequal sums or weights equal: v.t. to weigh; compare; bring to a state of equipoise ; keep in equilibrium; poise; equal or make equal ; counterbalance ; adjust or set- tle; to examine and compare ac- counts: v.i. to have equal weight; be in equipoise. balance of power (bal'ans ov pou'er), n. in diplomacy the theory that no nation should be so strong as to overmaster others; but that there should be a certain poise or equality among the great powers, thus en- suring peace. balance of trade (bal'ans ov trad) , n. the difference between the imports and exports of a country. balance-reef (bal'ans-ref ) , n. a reef- band crossing a sail diagonally. balance-sheet (bal'ans-shet), Q. a statement of the assets and liabilities of a business. balance-wheel (bal'ans-hwel) , n. a wheel in a watch (chronometer) which regulates the beats. balancer ^ (bal r an-ser), n. one who, or that which, keeps anything in equilib- rium; an acrobat: pi. the organs placed under the wings of certain insects to balance the body. balata (ba-la/ta), n. the dried gum of the bully-tree, similar to india- rubber, and used for insulating elec- tric wires. balayeuse (bal-a-yeV), n. plaited muslin or lace inserted at the bot- tom of a dress to protect it from the ground. [French.] balconet (bal-ko-net') , n. a slightly projecting low ornamental railing to a door or window. balconied (bal'ko-nid), adj. having a projecting exterior platform or inte- rior gallery. balcony_ (bal'ko-ni) , n. [pi. balconies (bal'ko-niz)], a platform or gallery projecting from the wall of a build- ing, enclosed by a balustrade or parapet. [Italian.] bald (bawld) , adj. without the natural or usual covering to the head or summit; unadorned; bare; literal; undisguised; having a white spot or patch on the head; bald-faced. bald-head (bawld'hed), n. a man bald on the head. balderdash (bawl'der-dash), n. a non- sensical jumble of words ; silly talk or writing; a worthless mixture. baldric or baldrick (bawl'drik), n. a broad belt, often richly orna- mented, worn round the waist, or over one shoulder and across the breast. bale (bal) , n. a large bundle or package of goods: v.t. to make up into a bale or bales ; to lade out as water. bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mischief. baleen (ba-len'), n. whalebone in its natural condition; the horny elastic material fringing the jaws of right whales. bale-fire (bal'fir), n. a beacon or signal-firej a bonfire ; a funeral pyre. baleful (bal'fool), adj. replete with deadly or mahgn influence; full of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, then. BALEFULLY 78 BALMY woe; direful; predicative of disas- ter. balefully (bal'f oo-li) , adv. calamitous- ly; miserably. balise or balize (ba-lez'), n. a sea- mark or beacon, consisting of a pole or buoy surmounted by a flag or other object. balk or baulk (bawk), n. a strip or ridge of land left unplowed; a thick heavy piece of timber; a barrier or check: v.t. to thwart, check, or dis- appoint: v.i. to stop short, or swerve; to signify the position of herring or pilchard shoals from a height, and in- dicate that position to the fishermen. bal! (bawl) , n, a round body ; any mass resembling a sphere: a soberical body used for play; a bullet; any roundish part of the body ; a game played with a ball ; the globe or earth: v.t. to make into a ball: v.i. to form or gather into a ball, ball-bearing (bawrbar-ing) , n. a bearing containing loose balls of metal to reduce friction. ball (bawl), n. a dance; a social assem- bly of persons of both sexes for the purpose of dancing. ballad (bal'ad), n. a short narrative poem, adapted for reciting or sing- ing. Also ballade. ballast (bal'ast), n. weighty material carried by a ship to ensure stability; sand carried in the car of a balloon to steady it; gravel or rubble filling the space between the sleepers of a railway ; that which imparts stability to the character: v.t. to place ballast in or on; impart steadiness to. ballast age (bal'as-taj), n. a toll paid for leave to take ballast. ballet (bal'a), n. a theatrical represen- tation in which a story is told, and actions, characters, and passions represented by gestures, accom- panied by music and dancing; the company of persons who perform the ballet. [French.] ballistic (bal-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to the scientific construction and use of projectiles. ballistics (bal-is'tiks) , n. the science of the motion of projectiles. ballon d'essai (ba-long' de-sa/), a balloon used to test the direction of air currents; hence a feeler to test public opinion. [French.] balloon (bal-loon'), n. a large bag of prepared silk or other material, which, when inflated by hydrogen gas or heated air, ascends and floata in the atmosphere; the so-called air T ship of Count Zeppelin iz & series of balloons fastened together to form one enormous balloon; a round vessel with a short neck used in distillation. balloon-jib (bal-loon 'jib) , n. a tri- angular sail used by yachts in a slight breeze. ballooning (bal-loon 'ing) , n. the art or practice of managing balloons or making balloon ascents. balloonist (bal-loon'ist) , n. one who makes or ascends in a balloon; an £t6i Giiau c . ballot (bal'ot), n. a bail, ticket, or paper by which a vote is registered; the system of secret voting by the use of balls, tickets, or papers; elec- tion by secret vote; also the total number of votes cast or recorded: v.i. to vote or decide by secret vote. ballot-box (bal'lot-boks) , n. a box with an orifice at the top, for the deposit of ballots at an election. ^ball-up (bawl-up'), v.t. to confuse; muddle ; as of a horse in damp snow. bally (bal-li). An English adjective of no definite meaning. See blooming. ballyhack (bal'i-hak), n. any undesir- able residence or goal. [Slang.] ballyhoo (bal-i-hoo') , n. an uproar; a cause of excitement. [Erse.] balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs, used for healing or soothing ; balsam ; anything which heals or soothes. balm of Gilead (ov gil'e-ad), n. the name of various kinds of fragrant resins, as that of the evergreen tere- binth tree of Arabia. balmily (bam'i-li), adv. in a soothing manner; fragrantly. balminess (bam'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being soothing or refresh- ingly fragrant. balmoral (bal-mor'al) , adj. & n. the name given to various strong articles of dress, as a petticoat, or laced boots. [From the Scottish palace of Balmoral.] balmy (bam'i) ,adi. having the qualities of balm; soft; fragrant; refreshing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BALSAM 79 BANDIT balsam (bawl'sam), n. an oily, aro- matic, resinous substance obtained from certain trees or shrubs, and used medicinally or in perfumery; balm; the name applied to several trees, shrubs, or plants yielding balsam, as the balsam-tree; anything soothing or healing. [Greek.] balsamic (bawl-sam'ik) , adj. having the qualities of, or yielding, balsam; soft; soothing; healing. baluster (bal'us-ter), n. a, small col- umn or pilaster to support the rail of a parapet or balustrade. balustrade (bal-us-trad') , n. a series of small columns or pilasters, sur- banate or banat (ban'at), n. the Austro-Hungarian territory ruled by a ban: the office itself. band (band), n. that which binds to- gether; that which connects; that which encircles, supports, or re- strains; a fillet; strap; tie; shackle or fetter; collar; ligature; a driving belt; a company of persons united by a common object; a body of sol- diers; a company of musicians form- ing an orchestra, a military or other band: v.t. to unite in a troop, com- pany, or confederacy [with together]: v.i. to associate or unite for some common purpose. mounted by a top-rail or coping, bandage (ban'daj), n. a roller of cotton serving as a parapet or protective or other material used in dressing railing, staircase, &c. [Italian.] and binding up wounds, &c; a band bam (bam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bammed, or ligature: v.t. to dress or bind with p.pr. bamming], to bamboozle ; cheat ; a bandage. wheedle: n. an imposition; a cheat; a bandala (ban-da'la), n. manila white hoax. [English J m _ rope. bambino (bam-be'no), n. [pi. bambini bandana or bandanna (ban-dan'a), (bam-be'ne)], a child or baby; a fig- ure of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes : exhibited in many Roman Catholic churches from Christmas to Epiphany. [Italian. n. a large silk or cotton handker- chief, dyed red, blue, or yellow, with white or yellow spots; a style 01 calico printing in imitation of the bandana. bamboo (bam-boo'), n. the name of bandbox (band'boks), n. a light box certain tropical grasses having thick- jointed stems of exceeding hardness of pasteboard, &c, for holding bon- nets. and attaining to a height of from 20 bandeau (ban-do'), n. [pi. bandeaux to 120 ft.; a stick or cane: v.t. to flog with a bamboo rod. [Malay.' (ban-doz')], a ribbon worn over the forehead. bamboozle (bam-boo'zl), v.t. to hoax; banded (ban'ded), p. adj. allied; con- federated ; having bands ; marked by deceive by trickery; mystify; hum- bug: v.i. to practice cheating. stripes of different color or material. ban (ban), n. in feudal times a public bandelet. Same as bandlet. proclamation, or summons to arms; banderilla (ban-de-rel'ya) , n. a dart an edict of proscription or interdic- tion; prohibition; excommunication; anathema: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. with a banderole attached, used in bull-fights to exasperate the bull. [Spanish.] banned, p.pr. banning], to curse; to banderillero (ban-der-il-ya'ro), n. the interdict or prohibit; to place under a ban. person who in bull-fights waves his banderilla or little flag. [Spanish.] ban (ban), n the title of the governor banderole (ban'de-rol) or banderol of Croatia and Slavonia as viceroy of the Austrian emperor ; in France and Germany the first division of the national guard. Landwehr. banana (ba-na/na), n. a tropical her- baceous plant, closely allied to the plantain ; its soft, luscious fruit, which furnishes a nutritious and important (ban'de-rol) , n. a little flag or stream- er ; a small flag carried at the head of a lance or mast. [Spanish.] See arriere-ban and bandicoot (ban'di-koot), n. a large rat, native of India and Ceylon, very destructive to rice fields and gardens; the name given to rat-like marsupials of several species found in Australia and Tasmania. article of food in tropical countries, bandit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits (ban r - c- • -* ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BANDLET 80 BANKER dits) & banditti (ban-dit'i)], an out- law; a brigand; a robber; a highway- for Europeans; a loose gown for men, like that worn by the Banians in the man. N East Indies. nandlet (band'let), n. a small band; banian-tree (ban'yan-tre), n. see ban- a little band or flat molding encir- yan-tree. cling a column. banish (ban'ish), v.t. to exile or compel ban-dog (ban'dog), n. a large fierce kind of dog usually kept chained; a mastiff. bandoleer (ban-do-ler') , n. a broad to leave one's country by authority of the ruling power, either for life or for a limited time; drive away; com- pel to depart; disoel from the mind. leather belt, worn over the shoulder banishment (ban'ish-ment) , n. the and across the breast, for holding ammunition act of expelling or driving away; the state of being expelled. bandoline (ban'do-lin), n. & gummy banister or bannister (ban'is-ter) , n, perfumed substance used for impart- corrupt forms of baluster. ing a gloss to the hair or for fixing it banjo (ban'jo), n. a musical instru- ment, of from five to nine strings, having a neck like a guitar, and a circular body covered in front with tightly-stretched parchment. died, p.pr. bandying], to throw or banjoist (ban'jo-ist), n. a performer beat to and fro, as a ball in play; on the banjo. bank (bangk), n. a heap, mound, or ridge of earth; any steep acclivity; in position. bandsaw (band'saw), n. an endless steel saw running on pulleys. bandy (ban'di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ban- give and take in conversation: v.i to contend; strive: n. a club bent at the end for striking a ball ; a hockey- stick; a game played with such a club, commonly called hockey: adj. bent; having a bend or crook out- ward. bandy (ban'di), n. a kind of cart or buggy used in India oxen. bane (ban), n. that which causes ruin or destruction; hence a deadly poison, vice, or sin; a disease (rot) in sheep. baneful (ban'fool), adj. poisonous; pernicious. banefully (ban'f oo-li) , adv. in a per- nicious manner; destructively. bang (bang), v.t. to beat, as with a club or cudgel; thump; handle roughly: v.i. to make a loud noise an elevation or rising ground beneath the sea or at the mouth of a river, forming a shoal or shallow; a bench for rowers; a tier of oars: v.t. to en- close, defend, or fortify with a bank; pile or heap up. drawn by bank (bangk), n. an establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue of money; the office of a banking company ; in certain games of chance, the fund held against the table: v.t. to deposit money in a bank: v.i. to have an account with a banker. bank-bill (bangk'bil), n. sl note or bill of exchange of a bank payable on demand or at a future specified time; also a bank-note issued by a bank and secured by the deposit of U. S. bonds in the Treasury. thump violently: n. a heavy blow; a bank-book (bangk'book), n. the loud, sudden noise: adv. with a sud- den, violent blow. bang (bang), n. [pi. bangs (bangz)], pass-book kept by a depositor, in which a cashier of the bank, enters the debits and credits. hair cut straight across the forehead bank-credit (bangk-kred'it) , n. the so as to form a fringe; false hair so amount a person, on giving proper worn: v.i. to cut the hair across the security, is allowed to draw upon a forehead so as to form a fringe. bank. bangle (bang'gl), n. an ornamental bank-note (bangk'not), n. See bank- ring worn upon the wrists and ankles bill. in India and Africa; a ring-bracelet, bankable (bang'ka-bl) , adj. receivable banian or banyan (ban'yan), n. a by a bank. Hindu trader or merchant ; a Bengali banker (bang'ker), n one who keeps native who manages money affairs a bank one who traffics in money, ate, arm, at, awl me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i hue, hut ; think, then. BANKING 81 BAR receives and remits money, nego- tiates bills of exchange, &c; a vessel employed in the cod-fishery on the banks of Newfoundland; the stone bench on which masons cut and square their work; a ditcher. banking (bang'king), n. the act of raising a mound or bank; fishing on the banks of Newfoundland; the loading of coals at the pit's mouth. bankrupt (bangk'rupt) , n. a person legally declared to be unable to dis- charge his liabilities ; an insolvent debtor: adj. unable to meet one's obligations; insolvent: v.t. to make or render insolvent: v.i. to exhaust one's financial credit; become insol- vent. bankruptcy (bangk'rupt-si) , n. [pi. bankruptcies (bangk'rupt-siz)], the state of being legally insolvent, or unable to pay all debts; failure in trade. banner (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth or silk attached to a pole or staff, and usually worked with some device or motto, heraldic or emblematical; an ensign, standard, or flag of a country, state, or order. bannock (ban'uk), n. a thick cake made of oatmeal, bariey-meal, or pease-meal, and baked on an iron plate or griddle. [Scotch.] banns (banz), n.pl. the announcement in church of an intended marriage. banquet (bang'kwet), n. a sumptuous entertainment or feast: v.t. to treat with a feast or rich entertainment: v.i. to regale one's self sumptu- ously. banquet or banquette (bang-ket'), ^. a bank running along the inside of a parapet, on which soldiers stand to fire upon the enemy; the footway of a bridge when raised above the carriage-way; a side- walk. banshee (ban'she), benshie (ben 'she), or benshi, n. the female fairy t of Scotch and Irish legends, whose visit foretells death. [Gaelic] bant, v.i. to abstain from fat-forming foods. See Bantingism. bantam (ban 'tarn), n. a diminutive breed of domestic fowl: adj. pertain- ing to the bantam; diminutive; con- sequential. banter (ban'ter), v.t to rail at; good- humoredly; attack jestingly; make fun of: n. humorous raillery. Bantingism (ban'ting-izm) , n. a die- tetic method to reduce weight, by abstaining from fat-forming foods; introduced by William Banting of London in 1864. bantling (bant'ling), n. a young child. banyan- tree (ban'yan-tre), n. the Indian fig-tree, whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and form additional trunks, until the tree spreads over a large area. baobab (ba'o-bab & ba'o-bab), n. an African tree of huge size, called the sour-gourd, or the cream-of-tartar tree, largely used as an article of food by the natives. The trunk is some- times thirty feet in diameter^ baptism (bap'tizm), n. the application of water by an authorized adminis- trator, to a person, by sprinkling, effusion, or immersion, constituting the sacrament or rite by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. baptismal (bap-tiz'mal), adj. pertain- ing to the ceremonial application of water or initiatory rite of the Chris- tian church. baptismally (bap-tiz'ma-li), adv. in the manner of, or by means of, baptism. Baptist (bap'tist), n. one of a Christian denomination who baptize adult be- lievers only, and who maintain the necessity for immersion. baptistery (bap-tis'ter-i) or baptistry (bap'tis-tn), n. [pi. baptisteries (bap- tis'ter-iz), -tries (bap'tis-triz)], a building or portion of a building in which the rite of baptism is adminis- tered. baptize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to administer the rite of baptism to; admit to the Christian church by the ceremonial application of water; christen. bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, metal, or other solid matter, long in propor- tion to its thickness ; anything which impedes or obstructs ; a bank of sand, gravel, &c, obstructing navigation at the entrance to a harbor or mouth of a river; the railing enclosing the space occupied by counsel in courts of justice; the place in court where prisoners are stationed for trial, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 6 hue, hut ; think, then. BAR 82 BAREFACED sentence; the members of the legal profession collectively, entitled to plead in court; any tribunal; the por- tion of a hotel, &c, where liquors are served out; a band or stripe; a line drawn vertically through the staff of a piece of music, dividing it into equal measures of time; the space and notes enclosed by two such lines; an ordinary, similar to, but narrower than, a fess, and filling one-fifth of the heraldic field: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. barred: p.pr. barring], to fasten with a bar; to hinder; obstruct; ex- clude. bar sinister (bar sin'is-ter), n. in her- aldry a bar or band drawn from the upper corner of a shield at the left (sinister) to the opposite base at the right (dexter). It is sometimes, but not always, a sign that the bearer of the shield is a bastard. barb (barb) , n. that which resembles a beard in lower animals; a hair or bristle ending in a double hook; the sharp point projecting backwards from the extremity of an arrow, fish- hook, &c: v.t. to furnish with barbs. barb (barb), n. a horse of the Barbary breed, remarkable for speed, endur- ance, and docility; a short-beaked pigeon of a breed originally brought from Barbary. barbarian (bar'ba/ri-an) , n. a for- eigner; a man in a rude, savage state; an uncivilized person; a cruel, savage, brutal man: adj. pertaining to sav- ages; rude; uncivilized; inhuman. barbaric (bar-bar'jk) , adj. pertaining to or characteristic of savage or uncivilized people; rude; savage. barbarism (bar'ba-rizm) , n. an offense against purity of style or language; an uncivilized state or condition; a savage action; an outrage. barbarity (bar-bar 'i-ti) , n. [pi. bar- barities (bar-bar'i-tiz)], the state of being uncivilized ; cruelty ; inhuman- ity; an act of savage cruelty. barbarize (bar'ba-riz) , v.i. to adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech: v.t. to make barbarous. barbarous (bar'ba-rus) , adj. uncivil- ized ; rude and ignorant ; contrary to pure idiom; savage; cruel; ferocious; inhuman; wild. barbate (bar'bat) or barbated (bar'- ba-ted) , adj. bearded ; furnished with long and weak hairs. barbecue (bar r be-ku), n. a frame on which all kinds of meat or fish are roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass of an ox, hog, &c, roasted whole; a social or political entertainment at which animals are roasted and eaten whole: v.t. to dress and roast whole. [West Indian.] barbel (bar'bel), n. a slender vermi- form process appended to the lips of certain fishes; a European fresh- water fish, having its upper jaw furnished with four barbels. barber (bar'ber), n. one whose occu- pation is to shave the beard and cut and dress the hair: v.t. to shave and dress the hair of. barbette (bar-bet') , n. the platform or breastwork of a fortification, from which cannon may be fired over a parapet instead of through the em- brasures. barbican (bar'bi-kan) , n. a tower or advanced work defending the en- trance to a castle or city. barbotine (bar'bo-tln), n. kaolin clay, thinly mixed, used for ornamenting pottery. barbule (barb'yool), n. a very minute barb. barcarole or barcarolle (bar'ka-rol), n. a simple song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers ; a piece of music in imitation of such a song. bard (bard), n. a poet and singer among the ancient Germans and Celts, and held in high esteem. The word is in modern times used with a certain contempt. bard or barde (bard), n. one of the ornaments and housings of a horse; one of the pieces of defensive armor of a mediaeval war-horse. bardic (bar'dik), adj. pertaining to ancient bards or to their poetry. bardish (bar'dish), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, bards. bardism (bar'dizm), n. the meth- ods, maxims, and sentiments of bards. bare (bar) , adj. naked ; with the head uncovered ; unconcealed ; simple; un- furnished; threadbare; poor; mere: v.t. to divest of covering. barefaced (bar 'fast) , adj. with the face ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BAREGE 83 BARON uncovered; undisguised; shameless; impudent. barege (ba-razh'), n. thin gauze-like fabric, usually of silk and worsted. [French.] bargain (bar'gan), n. an agreement or contract between two or more parties with reference to the sale or transfer of property; that which is acquired or sold at a low price; an advanta- geous purchase: v.i. to make a con- tract or agreement: v.t. to sell or transfer for a consideration. bargainer (bar'ga-ner) , n. one who stipulates or contracts to sell or transfer to another for a considera- tion. barge (barj), n. a flat-bottomed vessel employed in loading and unloading ships, and for the conveyance of goods on rivers and canals; a vessel of state. bargee (bar-je'), n. the owner and user of a barge; a bargeman. [English.] barilla (ba-ril'a), n. an impure car- bonate and sulphate of soda im- ported from Spain and the Levant, and obtained from the alkaline ashes of certain plants. barillet (bar'il-let) , n. the cylindrical case containing the mainspring of a watch. baritone. _See barytone. barium (ba/ri-um), n. one of the ele- mentary metals. Symbol, Ba. bark (bark), v.i. to utter a sharp, short sound, as the cry of a dog; to cough: n. the sound or cry emitted by dogs. bark (bark), n. the exterior layer or rind of woody stems or trunks ; Peru- vian bark: v.t. to remove by strip- ping. bark or barque (bark), n. a three- masted vessel having the fore- and main-mast square-rigged, and the mizzen-mast fore-and-aft rigged. barkentine (bar'kan-ten) , n. a three- masted vessel having the fore-mast square-rigged, and the main- and mizzen-mast fore-and-aft or schoon- er-rigged. barker (bark'er), n. one who touts for a cheap place of amuse- ment. barking (bar 'king), n. a sharp sound like that of a dog; coughing: n. the process of stripping bark from trees ; the process of tanning leather and of dyeing with bark. barky (bar'ki), adj. consisting of, or covered with, bark. barley (bar'li) , n. the grain grown and used chiefly for malting; the plant which yields the grain. barley-corn (bar'li-korn) , n. a grain of barley; formerly a measure of length equal to the third part of an inch. Barleycorn, John (j on), n. a humorous name for whiskey. barm (barm), n. the foam rising upon beer or other malt liquors when fermenting, and used as leaven in bread-making; yeast. barmy (barm'i), adj. containing or consisting of yeast; frothy. barn (barn), n. a covered building for the storage of grain or other farm produce. barn-owl (barn'oul), n. the white or screech owl. barnacle (bar'na-kl), n. a cirriped crustacean, often called the Goose- barnacle, found adhering in groups or clusters to rocks or to the bottoms ships, &c; an official who holds tenaciously to his post: n.pl. an in- strument which nips a horse's nose to hold him while being shod, bled, or dressed. barogram (bar'6-gram) , n. the record traced by the barograph. barograph (bar'o-graf ) , n. an instru- ment recording automatically varia- tions in atmospheric pressure. barology (ba-rol'o-gi) , n. the science of weight or gravity. barometer (ba-rom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring the weight or pressure of the atmosphere: used for indicating changes of weather,' or to determine the altitude of any! place. barometric (bar-o-met'rik) or baro- metrical (bar-o-met'ri-kal) , adj. per- taining to, made with, or indicated by, a barometer. barometrically (bar-o-met'ri-ka-li) , adv. by means of a barometer. baron (bar'un), n. the title of an English peer of the lowest rank, next below a viscount; formerly the title of the judges of the Court of the Exchequer. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BARONAGE 84 BARTER baronage (bar'un-aj), n. the whole body of barons; the dignity or rank of a baron. baroness (bar'un-es), n. a baron's wife; a lady holding a baronial title in her own right. baronet (bar'un-et), n. a title of hereditary rank or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, but conferring no seat in the House of Lords. He is styled "Sir" and his wife "Lady." baronetage (bar'un-et-aj), n. the col- lective body of baronets; the dignity or rank of a baronet. baronetcy (bar'un-et-si) , n. the title and dignity of a baronet. baronial (bar-6'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a baron or a barony. barony (bar'un-i), n. [pi. baronies (bar'un-iz)], the rank or dignity of a baron; the domain or lordship of a baron; a territorial division in Ireland, corresponding nearly to the English hundred; a large freehold estate in Scotland. baroque (ba-rok'), adj. fantastic; in baa taste ; applied to a fresh water pearl on account of its irregular shape. [French.] baroscope (bar'o-skop) , n. an instru- ment for indicating variations in the pressure of the atmosphere without actual measurement of its weight; a storm- or weather-glass. barouche (ba-roosh'), n. sl roomy, four-wheeled carriage with a folding or falling top. barquantine. See barkantine. barque. See bark. barracan (bar'a-kan), n. a thick strong stuff made of camel's hair. barrack (bar'ak), n. a large building, or series of buildings, for the lodg- ment of soldiers and officers; pi. a building or several buildings in an enclosure where a body of men are lodged. barrage (ba-razh'), w. a barrier to the advance of enemy troops formed by the continuous fire of many guns, artillery or machine guns, along a particular strip of ground. This curtain of fire is also used to clear the way for advancing troops by shifting it slowly forward. [French.] barred (bard), p. adj. furnished with bars; obstructed; secured; striped. barrel (bar'el), n. a vessel or cask, cylindrical in form, bulging in the middle, made of wooden staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads; the quantity which a barrel should contain; anything re- sembling a barrel in shape ; a drum or cylinder; a metallic tube. barrel (bar'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. barreled, p.pr. barreling], to put or pack in a barrel. barren (bar'en), adj. incapable of producing its kind; unproductiye ; unfruitful; sterile; lacking; devoid; profitless; empty: n. an unproductive tract of land. barricade (bar-ri-kad') , n. a fortifica- tion constructed in haste of such materials as are nearest to hand, and which will serve to obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy, or shield a besieged party; any bar or obstruction: v.t. to obstruct or stop up ; fortify or enclose by a barricade. barrier (bar'i-er), n. anything which hinders or obstructs; an obstacle to progress, approach, or attack; an enclosing fence or boundary wall; a limit or boundary. barrier-reef (bar'i-er-ref ) , n. a reef of coral encircling an island, or skirting the mainland, and enclosing an open channel or lagoon. barring (bar'ing), p.pr. as prep, ex- cepting; leaving out of account. barrister (bar'is-ter) , n. in England, a member of the legal profession qualified to plead at the bar; in Scotland, an advocate; counselor at law. barrow (bar '6) n. a frame covered with boards and furnished with handles at both ends, or with a pair of wheels and handles or shafts at one end; a hand-barrow ; a shallow box, with a single wheel and handles and sup- ports; a wheel-barrow; a mound of earth or heap of stones forming an ancient or prehistoric grave, con- structed in various forms. bar-shot (bar'shot), n. double-headed shot; two cannon balls fastened to- gether by a short iron bar. barter (bar'ter) , v.i. to traffic or trade by exchanging one commodity for ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; bue, hut ; think, then. BARTIZAN 85 BASILICA another: v.t. to give in exchange: n. trafficking by exchange of commodi- ties; the thing given in exchange. bartizan (bar'ti-zan) , n. a small over- hanging turret, with loopholes or embrasures, projecting from the top of a tower or wall. barwise (bar'wiz), adv. horizontally. barwood (bar'wood), n. a red dye- wood. baryta (ba-rl'ta), n. the oxide of barium. barytes (ba-ri'tez), n. the native sul- phate of barium. Also called heavy- spar. barytic (ba-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to or containing baryta. barytone or baritone (bar'i-ton) , adj. intermediate between bass and tenor, as the male voice or instrument: n. a person with a voice having this range; a word having the last sylla- ble unaccented: v.t. to leave the last syllable unaccented. barytone-clef (bar'i-ton-klef ) , n. the F clef on the middle line of the bass staff. basal (bas'al), adj. pertaining to or forming the base; fundamental: n. a basal part. basalt (ba-sawlt' & bas'awlt), n. an igneous rock of greenish black color, and composed of feldspar, augite, titaniferous iron, and frequently olivene. basaltic (ba-sawl'tik) , adj. pertaining to or formed of basalt. basanite (bas'a-nlt), n. sl black sili- ceous rock or jasper; Lydian stone; touchstone. bas-bleu (ba-ble'), n. a blue-stocking; a literary woman. [French.] bascule (bas'kul), n. a mechanical arrangement on the see-saw principle by which the lowering of one end raises the other. base (bas) , adj. worthless ; spurious ; of mean spirit; morally abject; deep or grave in sound (commonly bass). base (bas), n. the part of a thing on which it rests; a foundation or groundwork; that which combines with an acid to form a salt; the line or surface forming that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand; a fortified line from which the operations of an army proceed; the lower part of a heraldic field*. v.t. to lay a foundation. baseball (bas'bawl), n. a game of ball played by nine on a side ; a ball used in playing baseball. m Baseball is said to have been derived from the old English game of rounders. base-born (bas'born), adj. born out of wedlock; of low or mean paren- tage; mean. baseman (bas'man), n. [pi. basemen (bas'men)], a player placed at base- ball on the first, second, and third bases respectively. basement (bas'ment), n. the lowest part of a structure; the lowest story of a building. bash (bash), v.t. to strike heavily; to knock out of shape. [English.] bashaw (ba-shaw'), n. a pasha; a mag- nate or grandee; a personage. [Turkish.] bashful (bash'f ool) , adj. easily discon- certed; modest to excess; diffident; shy. bashfully (bash'f oo-li) , adv. in a bash- ful manner. bashi-bazouk (bash'i-ba-zook'), n. a volunteer or irregular soldier in the Turkish army. [Turkish.] bashlyk (bash'lik), n. a kind of hood with long ends, worn in Russia. basic (ba/sik), adj. pertaining to a base; fundamental; performing the office of a base in a salt. basil (baz'il), n. a sheepskin tanned with bark ; the name given to several aromatic herbs used in cookery, most of them being of the mint family; the mountain mint. basil (baz'il), n. the angle to which the cutting edge of a tool is ground: v.t. to grind or form the edge of it to an angle. basilar (bas'i-lar) or basilary (bas'i- la-ri), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, the base. basilic (ba-sil'ik) or basilical (ba-sil'- i-kal), adj. kingly; royal; pertaining to a basilica: n. the middle vein of the arm. basilica (ba-sil'i-ka) , n. [pi. basilicas (ba-sil'i-kaz)], in ancient Rome, a public hall of rectangular shape used for judicial assemblies; a church built on such a plan, especially the early Christian churches in Italy. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, JfteD. BASILICON BASTARDIZE basilicon (ba-sil'i-kon), n. an ointment composed of yellow wax, black pitch, resin, and olive oil. basilisk (bas'i-lisk), n. a # fabulous creature, variously conceived as a kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, and sometimes identified with, the cockatrice; the name of a lizard with an inflatable crest: adj. per- taining to the basilisk; penetrating or malignant. basin (ba/sn), n. a circular vessel for holding water or other liquid; a pond, or dock, or other reservoir for water; the area drained by a river; a set of strata or stratified formations occu- pying a basin-shaped depression in older rocks. basis (ba'sis), n. [pi. bases (ba'sez)], a foundation; the groundwork or fun- damental principle of anything. bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth; be exposed to genial heat; be at ease: v.t. to warm by continued exposure I - to heat. basket (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of rushes, or other flexible material, plaited or interwoven; as much as a basket will hold. basket-ball (bas'ket-bawl) , n. a game, the object of which is to force a large ball through a ring depending from a pole. basketful (bas'ket-f ool) , n. \pl. basket- fuls], as much as a basket will carry. basking- shark (bas'king-shark) , n. one of the largest of the sharks in- habiting the northern seas; it is harmless, and has the habit of bask- ing at the surface in the sun. Basque (bask), n. a race of people liv- ing in the vicinity of the Pyrenees in France and Spain. Their origin is obscure and their language unique. Basque (bask), adj. of, or pertaining to, the Basque race or language. basque (bask), n. a kind of woman's jacket with a short skirt. bas-relief (ba-re-lef), n. low relief; a form of relief in which the figures stand out very slightly from the ground. Also spelled bass-relief, basso-relievo, and basso-rilievo. or basse (bas), n. the name of various edible fishes allied to the perch. (ba*0, n. ciis American lime-tree; matting made from its bark; a hassock. bass (bas), adj. low; deep; grave: n. the lowest part in the harmony of a musical composition ; the lowest male voice, ranging from D below the bass staff to D or E above it; one who sings bass. bass-bar (bas'bar) , n. a piece of wood placed lengthwise inside stringed instruments to resist the pressure of the bridge. bass clef (bas kief), n. the character placed at the beginning of the bass staff. bass horn (bas horn), n. a modified form of a clarionet. bass staff (bas staf), n. the staff on which the notes of the bass of a harmonized composition are written. bass viol (bas vll), n. a large stringed instrument of the violin class for playing bass. basset (bas'et), v.i. to crop out at the surface. basset-horn (bas'et-horn) , n. an in- strument resembling a clarionet, but of greater compass. bassinet (bas'i-net) , n. a wicker basket with a hood at one end, and used as a cradle. basso (bas'o), adj. Italian for bass: n. one who sings bass. bassoon (bas-oon'), n an instrument of the reed kind_. bassoonist (bas-oon'ist), n. a per- former on the bassoon. « basso- pr of ondo (bas'o-pro-f on'do) , n. the lowest bass voice; a singer having such a voice. basso-relievo (bas'o-re-li-a/vo). See bass-relief. bassorin (bas'o-rin) or bassorine (bas'o-rin), n. a substance extracted from gum tragacanth and some other gums. bast (bast), n. the tough inner fibrous bark of various trees, especially of the lime; rope or matting made from this bark. bastard (bas'tard), n. a child born out of wedlock; an animal of in- ferior quality or breed; a coarse brown sugar made from syrup pre- viously boiled: adj. begotten and born out of matrimony; spurious. bastardize (bas'tar-dlz), v.t. to make ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7&en. BASTARDY 87 BATTEN or prove to be a bastard; declare to be illegitimate. bastardy (bas'tar-di) , n. the state of being illegitimate, or born out of lawful wedlock. baste (bast), v.t. to beat with a stick; to drip or pour melted fat or butter on meat while roasting; to sew slightly, or fasten with long stitches, as in dressmaking. bastile or bastille (bas-teT), n. a tower used for the defense or siege of a fortified place; an old castle in Paris used as a state prison, but demolish- ed by the populace in 1789. bastinado (bas-ti-na'do) , n. an Oriental mode of punishment, consisting in beating an offender upon the soles of his feet with a stick or rod. Written also bastinade: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. basti- nadoed; p.pr. bastinadoing], to beat the soles of the feet with a stick or cudgel. bastion (bas'chun), n. an earthwork faced with brick or stone, projecting from the angles of a rampart, and having two flanks and two faces. basto (bas'to), n. the ace of clubs in the card games of quadrille and ombre. bat (bat), n. a heavy stick or club; the flattened club used in cricket, and the rounded bat used in base- ball; a batsman; a part of a brick with one end whole; a plate of flexible gelatine used to print im- pressions on glaze ; bituminous shale : v.t. ['p.t. & p.p. batted, p.pr. batting], to hit or strike: v.i. to use or wield a bat in cricket or baseball. bat (bat), n. a carouse; a loose woman. bat (bat), n. an insectivorous mammal furnished with wings formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. batch (bach), n. the quantity of bread baked at one time; a quantity of anything produced at one operation ; a group or collection of similar things. bate, (bat), v.t. to lessen or reduce; deduct. bateau or batteau (ba-to')» n. [pi. bateaux, batteaux (ba-toz)], a lignt boat used on Canadian rivers; a pontoon of a floating bridge. bateau-bridge (ba-to'brij), n. a float- ing bridge constructed on boats. bath (bath), n. [pi. baths (batfiz)], the act of washing or immersing the body in water, or exposing it to any other fluid or vapor; a vessel holding water for bathing; a building fitted up for bathing purposes; a medium through which heat is applied to a body; a vessel containing a solution for treatment of an object by immer- sion. bathe (bai/i), v.t. to subject to a bath; immerse in water or other liquid; to suffuse or moisten with a liquid; immerse or surround with anything analogous to water, as vapor or fight : v.i. to take a bath. bathometer (ba-thom'e-ter) , n. an apparatus for measuring depths. bathos (ba'thos), n. a ludicrous de- scent from the elevated to the com- monplace in writing or speech. bathy metric (bath-i-met'rik), adj. pertaining to the measurement of depths. bathymetry (ba-thim'e-tri) , n. the art of sounding or measuring sea depths. [Greek.] batiste (ba-test'), n. a kind of cam- bric. [French.] baton (bat'un, French ba-tong'), n. a staff or truncheon once used as a weapon, but now as a mark or badge of office, especially of a Marshal of France; the wand of an orchestral conductor; a heraldic mark indicat- ing illegitimacy: v.t. to strike with a baton or truncheon. Batrachia (ba-tra/ki-a) , 7i.pl. the order of Amphibia which includes the froga and toads. batrachian (ba-tra'ki-an) , adj. per- taining to the Batrachia: n. one of that order. batrachoid (bat'ra-koid) , adj. having the form of a frog. batsman (bats'man), n. the man at the bat in any such game as base- ball or cricket. See ball. battalion (ba-tal'yun), n. a body of infantry usually forming a division of a regiment. batten (bat'n), v.i. to grow or become fat; thrive at the expense of others. (With on.) batten (bat'n), n. a narrow strip or scantling of wood used for various purposes; a strip of wood used to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BATTER 88 BAYADEER fasten the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck of a ship: v.t. to fasten or form with battens. batter (bat'er), v.t. strike with heavy, repeated blows, so as to bruise, shat- ter, or demolish; injure or impair: v.i. to make an attack by heavy blows. batter (bat'er), n. a mixture of several ingredients, as flour, eggs, &c, beaten together, used in cookery. battering- ram (bat'er-ing-ram) , n. a military engine anciently used to beat down the walls of besieged places, and consisting of a large beam with a head of iron somewhat resembling the head of a ram. battery (bat'er-i), n. [pi. batteries (bat'er-iz)], the act of battering or beating; a body of cannon, with its complement of officers, men, and equipments, for field operations; any raised work or parapet where guns are mounted and gunners screened; a number of Ley den jars connected for charging and discharging sim- ultaneously; an apparatus for gen- erating voltaic electricity. battle (bat'l), n. a fight between op- posing forces; a combat; a contest or struggle for mastery: v.i. to con- tend in fight; struggle (followed by against, with), battle- piece (bat'l- pes), n. a nainting, poem, or writ- ing descriptive of a battle, battle- royal (bat'l-roi'al) , n. a match in which more than two game-cocks are engaged, battleship (bat'l- ship), a warship of the first-class, formidably armed and equipped. battledore or battledoor (bat'1-dor), n. a kind of light racket used for playing battledore and shuttlecock. battlement (bat'1-ment) , n. an in- dented parapet consisting of alter- nate solids and openings. battue (bat-tu'), n. in shooting over cover, the method pursued by the beaters who surround the preserves and drive the game by beats and cries towards the sportsmen. bauble (baw'bl), n. any showy piece of finery; a child's cheap trinket: n. the staff formerly carried by a court jester, or king's fool. bawbee or baubee (baw-be'), n. orig- inally a coin issued in 1542 by James V. of Scotland, of the value of l^d. Scotch; now applied in Scotland to the halfpenny, and used figuratively as something worthless. bawd (bawd), n. a person who keeps a house of prostitution; one who procures women for lewd purposes, or acts as agent, in illicit intercourse. bawdiness (bawd'i-nes) , n. obscenity; lewdness. bawdry (bawd'ri), n. the business or practice of a procuress; illicit inter- course; obscenity; filthy language. bawdy (bawd'i), adj. obscene; un- chaste; foul-mouthed. bawl (bawl), v.i. to cry out with a loud, full, and sustained sound; vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loudly: n. a loud prolonged cry. bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, with a deep sound, as hounds in the chase: v.t. to bark at; to pursue with bark- ing so as to bring to bay: n. the deep- toned prolonged bark of a dog. bay (ba), adj. red or reddish, approach- ing to chestnut [applied to horses]: n. a horse of such color. bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore of a sea or lake; the expanse of water between two capes or headlands; a recess or opening in walls; a place or receptacle for depositing or stor- ing coal; the fore part of a ship between decks ; the laurel-tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay; an honorary garland or crown, composed of woven laurel leaves, bestowed as a prize upon successful poets and conquerors, hence [pi.] fame. bay-hound (ba/hound), n. any hound that bays with a long, deep note; a street vender of newspaper ex- tras at night. bay-salt (ba'sawlt), n, salt resulting from the evaporation of sea water and used for artificial sea-baths. bay-window (ba-win'do), n. the win- dow or windows forming a bay or recess in a room, and extending out- wards from the wall, usually in a rectangular, semicircular, or polyg- onal shape. baya (ba'ya), n. the weaver-bird of the East Indies, resembling the bull- finch. bayadeer or bayadere (ba-ya-der'), n. a Hindu dancing girl. Also written bajadere. [Portuguese.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. but ; tbink, £7*en. 1 BAYAMO 8 bayamo (ba-ya'mo), n. a violent tem- pest of windwith lightning. bayonet (ba'o-net), n. a dagger-like instrument constructed to fix on to the barrel of a rifle; if long it is called a sword-bayonet: v.t. to stab or drive with a bayonet. bayou (bi'oo), n. [pi. bayous (bi'ooz)], in the Southern United States, the outlet of a lake, or one of the delta streams of a river; a sluggish water- course. bazaar or bazar (ba-zar'), n. in the East, a market-place or exchange; a hall or series of rooms with stalls for the sale of goods; a sale of fancy articles in aid of some charity; a fancy fair. _ bazoo (ba-zoo'), n. a carouse; a revel; an imaginary instrument upon which a reveller plays, as: "toot the wild bazoo." bdellium (del'ymn), n. an aromatic gum-resin brought from Africa, In- dia, and Persia, and used medicinally and as a perfume. be (be), v.i. [p.t. was, p.p. been, p.pr. being], to exist; have existence in fact, physical or mental; include or involve as a result; bring; produce; come about; become; remain; sig- nify; answer to. beach (bech), n. [pi. beaches (bech'ez)], the portion of the shore of the sea or of a lake which is washed by the waves; the strand; shingle: v.t. to run or haul up (as a vessel or boat; upon a beach: v.i. to land on a beach. beach-comber (bech'kom-er) , n. sl long curling wave rolling in from the ocean; one who hangs about the shore on the lookout for wreckage or plunder; hence, a tramp or vag- rant. beachy (bech'i), adj. having a beach; covered with shingle. beacon (be'kn) , n. a signal of warning or guidance, on sea or land ; formerly a fire lighted on a hill or high tower to signal danger or assemble troops, &c: v.t. to light up, as a beacon; furnish with beacons: v.i. to serve as a beacon. bead (bed), n. a little perforated ball of any suitable material, intended to be strung with others and worn as 9 BEAM-FEATHER an ornament or used to form a rosary; any small globular body; a drop or bubble; a small knob of metal at the end of a gun-barrel used as a sight; a narrow rounded molding ; an astragal : v.t. to ornament with beads or beading. bead-roll (bed'rol), n. a list of persons for the repose of whose souls a certain number of prayers are assigned to be repeated; a rosary. beadle (be'dl), n. a messenger or crier of a court ; a parish officer with vari- ous subordinate duties connected with a church or vestry. [English.] beagle (be'gl), n. a small hound, for- merly used for hunting hares. beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird; the horny jaws or mandibles of other animals; anything which is pointed or shaped like a beak; the metal- sheathed prow of an ancient galley intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy; the powerful ram of steel forming part of the bow of modern war-vessels; in English slang, a police magistrate. beaker (be'ker), n. a large drinking cup or vessel with a wide mouth; an open-mouthed glass vessel with a projecting lip. beam (bem), n. a long piece of timber or iron used horizontally or vertically to support the rafters of a building; one of the principal horizontal tim- bers of a building or ship; the ex- treme breadth of a ship; the shank of an anchor; the oscillating lever which transmits motion in a steam- engine; a cylinder of wood around which, before weaving, the warp is wound; the pole of a carriage; the main part of a plow to which the handles are secured; the bar of a balance which suspends the scales; the principal stem of a deer's horns which bears the antlers; a collection of parallel rays of light emitted from the sun or other luminous body: v.t. to send forth, as rays of fight: v.i. to shine. beam- compass (bem-kum'pas) , n. an instrument used for describing large circles. beam- feather (bem'f eth-er) , n. one of the long feathers in the wing of a bird. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BEAMY 90 BEATIFIC VISION beamy (be'mi), adj. emitting rays of light resembling a beam in size and weight L bean (ben), n. the smooth, kidney- shaped seed of many leguminous plants; the plant itself; the popular name of other seeds or fruits resem- bling true beans. In English slang, coins. bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p. borne, p.pr. bearing], to support, hold up; carry or convey; suffer or endure; be answerable for; possess, wear, or use; have in or on; contain: cherish; carry in the mind; admit or be capable of ; show or exhibit ; bring forth or produce: v.i. to be capable of supporting; be fruitful; to bear, press, or weigh upon or against; tend; relate; take effect; be situated. [N. B. — When used passively bear (to produce) has as its p.p. born, as an • infant was born.] bear (bar), n. a plantigrade carniv- orous mammal, belonging to the genus Ursus, the three best known species of which are: the brown or black bear of Europe, the grizzly bear of North America, and the polar bear of the Arctic regions; the name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Great Bear and the Little Bear; one who attempts to depreciate the value of stock in order to buy cheap; opposed to a bull; a rude, uncouth, or brutal person: v.t. to endeavor to lower the price of. _ bear-baiting (bar'bat-ing) , n. .the il- legal and now obsolete sport of setting dogs to fight with captive bears. bear-garden (bar'gar-dn) , n. a place where bears were kept for sport; hence any scene or place of tumult or disorder. beard (berd), n. the hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face; anything which resembles a beard ; the awn of barley and other grains; the barb of an arrow, fish-hook, &c: v.t. to take by the beard; oppose to the face; set at defiance. bearing (bar'ing), n. the act of endur- ing with patience ; carriage ; behavior ; mutual relation of the parts of a whole; meaning or application; the act or power of producing; the part of a machine that bears the friction; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; the posi- tion of one object with respect to another; the heraldic charges that fill the escutcheon. bearing-rein (bar'ing-ran) , n. a short rein for holding up the head of a horse. bearish (bar'ish), adj. resembling a bear in qualities; rude; surly. "beast (best), n. any four-footed ani- mal, as distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man; an irra- tional animal; a person rude, coarse, or filthy, or whose actions degrade him below the level of a rational being; a brute. beastly (best'li), adj. resembling a beast ;_ coarse ; rough; disgusting. beat (bet), v.t. [p.t. beat, p.p. beaten, beat, p.pr. beating], to strike with repeated blows ; thrash ; knock ; pound or break; flatten or spread by blows; scour and range with blows and cries in order to rouse or drive game ; dash or strike against, as water or wind; tread, as a path; overcome or van- quish; excel; baffle; exhaust; flutter, as wings: v.i. to strike repeatedly; throb; signal or summon by beat of drum; sound, as a drum, when struck: n. a recurring stroke; a throb; a football; a round or course assigned to a policeman; a place of habitual resort; the rise or fall of the hand or foot marking the divi- sions of time; the divisions of the measure so marked. beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted by mental or bodily fatigue. beat (bet), n. a person who lives on others; a dishonest debtor. [Slang.] Also, more forcibly, dead-beat. beaten (be'tn), p. adj. worn by use as by the beat or tread of feet; con- quered; exhausted; baffled. beaten- work (be'tn-werk), n. metal shaped by being beaten on an anvil. beatific (be-a-tif 'ik) , adj. having power to bless or render perfectly happy; blissful. beatific vision (bS-a-tif'ik vizh'un), n. the direct vision of God, regarded as the bliss of the angels and saints. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BEATIFICALLY BED beatific ally (be-a-tif 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a blissful manner. beatification (be-at-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of blessing or the state of being blessed ; the act of the Pope in declaring a deceased person to have attained the rank of "the blessed": usually the second step towards canonization. beatify (be-at'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beatified, p.pr. beatifying], to make happy; bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment; to declare by public decree that a deceased person has attained the rank of "the blessed. 1 ' beating (bet'ing), n. the act of strik- ing; a flogging; pulsation or throb- bing; a defeat; tacking against the wind. beatitude (be-at'i-tud), n. felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. beau (bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux (boz)], one who dresses himself in strict accordance with the fashion ; a ladies' man or suitor. beau-ideal (bo-I-de'al) , n. ideal excel- lence. beau monde (bo mond'), n. the fash- ionable world. beauteous (bu'te-us), adj. possessing beauty. beautiful (bu'ti-ful), adj. possessing qualities which charm and delight the senses; lovely. _ beautifully (bu r ti-f iil-li) , adv. in a charming or attractive manner. beautify (bu'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beautified, p.pr. beautifying], to make or render beautiful ; embellish : v.t. to grow beautiful. beauty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties (bii'- tiz)], an assemblage of graces or properties which command the ap- probation of the senses; those qualities which are most pleasing to the eye ; a particular grace or charm ; a beautiful woman. beauty-sleep (bu'ti-slep) . n. sleep taken before midnight or in the after- noon, popularly supposed to be more restorative than that taken later. beauty-spot (bu'ti-spot) , n. a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast. beauty- wash (bu'ti-wosh) , n. a cos- metic. beaver (be'ver), n. a rodent quadruped of amphibious habits, and valued for its fur; the fur of the beaver; a hat formerly made of beaver fur. beaver (be'ver), n. the portion of a helmet which served to protect the lower part of the face, and could be raised or depressed. beaver-rat (be'ver-rat) , n. a water rodent of Australia and Tasmania 3 similar in habit to the Europear water vole. beaver-tree (be'ver-tre) , n. the sweefc bay, common in United States. becalm (be-kam'), v.t. to make calm or still. because (be-kawz), conj. on account of ; by reason of. beche-de-mer (bash'de-mar') , n. the trepang, a sea-slug dried and eaten by the Chinese. [French.] beck (bek), n. el nod, or other signifi- cant gesture. becket (bek'et), n. a contrivance in ships to confine small spars or loose ropes, &c. beckon (bek'n), v.t. to make a signal to another by a motion of the head or hand; v.t. summon or signal by signs. becloud (be-kloud'). See cloud. become (be-kum'), v.i. [p.t. became, p.p. become, p.pr. becoming], to pass from one state to another; come or grow to be: v.t. to suit, or be suitable to ; befit ; accord with ; grace or adorn. becoming (be-kurn'ing) , p. adj. fit; suitable; seemly; proper; appropri- ate; befitting. becquerel rays (bek'rel raz), n.pl. radio-active energy manifested by radium, polonium, and certain com- pounds of uranium. # bed (bed), n. an article of domestic furniture upon or within which one rests or sleeps; conjugal rights; anything which serves as a resting- place, or in which something is embedded; a portion of a garden prepared and set apart for bedding plants; the bottom of a river or other stream, or of any body of water; a layer or stratum of rock; a mass or heap of anything resembling a bed; either of the horizontal sur- faces of a building stone: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bedded, p.pr. bedding], to fur- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, then. BEDBUG 92 BEESWING nish with a bed; plant, as flowers; lay in a stratum; lay flat, or in order: v.i. to go to bed; cohabit. bedbug (bed'bug), n. a flat-bodied, reddish-colored insect infesting fur- niture, &c. bedpan (bed 'pan), n. a warming-pan ; a utensil for the use of those confined to bed. bedstraw (bed'straw), n. straw for stuffing beds; a popular name of plants- used formerly in beds. bed- tick (bed'tik), n. a bag or case of strong linen or cotton for con- taining the feathers or other ma- terials of abed. bedabble (be-dab'l). See dabble. bedaub (be-dawb'). See daub. bedazzle (be-daz'l). See dazzle. bedding (bed'ing), n. a bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; stratifica- tions ; occurrence in layers ; a founda- tion, or bottom layer. bedeck (be-dek'). See deck. bedevil (be-dev'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. (-ed), p.pr. (-ing)], to throw into disorder or confusion; spoil or corrupt, as by evil agency. bedevilment (be-dev'l^-ment) , n. the state of being vexatiously and be- wilderingly disordered or confused. bedew (be-du'), v.t. to moisten with dew. bedim (be-dim'). See dim. bedizen (be-diz'n & -di'zn), v.t. to deck or adorn; trick out with vulgar finery. bedlam (bed 'lam), n. a madhouse; an asylum or hospital for lunatics : hence any scene of uproar and confusion. bedlamite (bed'lam-it) , n. a madman ; an inmate of Bethlehem Hospital or bedlam. Bedouin (bedoo-in'), n. a nomadic Arab or tent-dweller of Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa: adj nomad; street prowler. bedrabble (be-drab'l). See drabble. bedraggle (be-drag'l). See draggle. bedrench (be-drench') . See drench. bedrid (bed 'rid) or bedridden ('rid-n), adj. confined to bed by age or in- firmity. bedrop (be-drop'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bedropped, p.pr. bedropping], to sprinkle as with drops; bespatter. bee (be), n. a hymenopterous insect of the genus Apis; the hive or honey- bee kept in hives for the sake of its honey and wax; an industrious per- son; a social meeting for work on behalf of a neighbor or a charitable object; strips of wood bolted each side of a bowsprit, through which the foretopmast stays are reeved. bee-bread (be'bred), n. a brown bitter substance consisting of the pollen of flowers collected and stored by bees as food for their young. beech (bech),n. [pi. beeches (bech'ez)], a tree of the genus Fagus, yielding a hard timber and edible triangular nuts. beechen (be'chen), adj. pertaining to, or made of the wood or bark of, the beech. bee-eater (be'et-er), n. one of the numerous species of bee-eating birds. beef (bef), n. the flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, when killed. beefeater (bef'e-ter), n. a yeoman of the English royal guard, attending the sovereign on state occasions. [French, bufetier.] beefy (be'fi), adj. resembling beef; fleshy. beehive (be'hlv) , n. a box or other covering for a swarm of bees, and serving for the storage of ^honsy. bee-line (be'lin), n. the straight course pursued by a bee returning laden to the hive: hence the most direct way from one point to another. bee-moth (be'moth), n. a moth which lays its eggs in beehives, and whose larvae feed upon the wax. been (bin or ben) , p.p. of be. beer (ber), n. sl fermented liquor made from any farinaceous grain, but gen- erally from malted barley, with hops or other substances added to impart a bitter flavor; sometimes a fer- mented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as ginger, spruce, &c. beery (ber'i), adj. pertaining to beer; stained by beer; affected by beer; maudlin. beestings (bes'tingz), n. the first milk given by a cow after calving. beeswing (bez'wing), n. a gauzy film occurring in port and some other wines, indicative of age. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BEET 93 BEHALF beet (bet), n. a biennial plant, culti- vated for its edible succulent root, and from which sugar is made. beetle (be'tl), n. a heavy wooden mal- let employed for driving wedges, con- solidating earth, &c; a club for beating linen, &c, in washing: v.t. to use a beetle on; beat with a heavy wooden mallet, as a substitute for mangling. beetle (be'tl), n. any insect belonging to the order of Coleoptera, having four wings, the anterior or outer pair being hardened and serving as a horny sheath to the inner pair. beetle (be'tl), v.i. to be prominent; jut out; overhang, as a cliff. beetling (bet ling), adj. standing out; overhanging. befall or befal (be-fawl'), v.t. [p.t. befell, p.p. befallen, p.pr. befalling], to happen or occur to: v.i. come to pass. befana (be-fa'na), n. a fairy supposed to reward children by presents of sweetmeats, &c, on Epiphany Eve (Jan. 5th). [Italian.] befit (be-fif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. befitted, p.pr. befitting], befitting or suitable to; become. befog. See fog. befool. See fool. before (be-for'), prep, in front of; pre- ceding in space, time, or rank; in presence or sight of; under jurisdic- tion of; rather than; earlier than: adv. in front ; in advance ; previously ; formerly; already. beforehand (be-f or'hand) , adv. in advance. befoul (be-foul'). See foul. befriend (be-frend'), v.t. to act as a ) friend to; aid or shield; assist. beg (beg), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. begged, p.pr. begging], to ask or supplicate in charity; beseech; entreat with humility; to practice begging. (The phrase "I beg to," in polite usage, is employed euphemistically for ask, request, as "I beg to state.") began (be-gan'), p.t. of begin. begem (be-jem'). See gem. beget (be-gef), v.t. [p.t. begot, begat, p.p. begotten, begot, p.pr. begetting], to procreate, as a father or sire ; gen- erate; produce; cause to exist. begetter (be-get'ter) , n. one who be- gets. beggable (beg'a-bl), adj. capable of being solicited as gift or alms. beggar (beg'er), n. one who entreats or supplicates with humility; one w T ho makes it his business to beg for alms; one who is reduced to extreme poverty: v.t. to exhaust the resources of; outdo. beggar liness (beg'er-li-nes) , n. extreme poverty; meanness. beggarly (beg'er-li) , adj. like, or in the condition of, a beggar; poor; mean; contemptible. beggary (beg'er-i), n. the state of a beggar; extreme poverty; beggars collectively. begin (be-gin'), v.i. m [p.t. began, p.p. begun, p.pr. beginning], to com- mence existence; originate; arise; to take the initiatory step; make a start. beginner (be-gin'er), n. one who be- gins or originates; one who enters upon anything for the first time; a novice. beginning (be-gin'ing) , n. the first cause; origin; the initial stage of anything. begird (be-gerd'). See gird. begirdle (be-ger'dl). See girdle. begone (be-gon'), inter j. go away! depart! Begonia (be-go'ni-a) , n. a genus of tropical plants, cultivated for their ornamental leaves and showy flow- ers. begot (be-got'), p.t. & p.p. of beget. begotten (be-got'n), p.p. of beget. begrease (be-gres'). See grease. begrime (be-grlm'). See grime. begrudge (be-gruj'). See grudge. beguile (be-gll'), v.t. to impose upon or delude by guile; deceive; cause to pass pleasantly; divert or enter- tain. beguilement (be-gil'ment) , n. the act of beguiling; the state of being beguiled^ begum (be'gum) , n. in the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. begun (be-gun'), p.p. of begin. behalf (be-haf), n. advantage; favor; support; defense; stead; interest [governed always by the preposition in, on, or upon]. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BEHAVE 94 BELITTLE behave (be-hav'), v.t to conduct, com- port, or acquit: v.i. to act; conduct one's self in a proper manner. behavior (be-hav'yer), n. manner of behaving, whether good or bad; con- duct; deportment; manners. behead (be-hed'), v.t to cut off the head of. beheld (be-held'), p.t. & p.v. of behold. behemoth (be-he'moth), n. an animal described in Job xl. 15-24, and probably intended for the hippo- potamus. [Hebrew.] behest (be-hest/), n. a command; pre- cept. behind (be-hind'), prep, at the back of; in the rear of; remaining after; inferior to: adv. at the back; in the rear; toward the back; out of sight; past in point of time. behindhand (be-hmd'hand), adv. or adj. in a state of backwardness; late; in arrear. behold (be-hold'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix the eyes upon; have in sight; look at; observe with care: v.i. to look; direct or fix the mind. beholden (be-hol'dn), p. adj. indebted; obliged; bound in gratitude. behoof (be-hoof), n. advantage; in- terest; profit; use; behalf. behoove or behove (be-hoov'), v.t to be meet, necessary, or fit for. beige (bazh), adj. having its natural color, as a fabric of undyed wool. being, V-pr. of be. being (be'ing), n. existence, as opposed to non-existence ; that which exists in any form, whether actual or ideal. foeiewel (be-ju'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to ornament or furnish with jewels. * bekko- ware (bek'o-war) , n. an ancient kind of Japanese pottery in imitation of tortoise-shell. belabor (be-la'ber), v.t to beat sound- *' ly- belate (be-lat ), v.t. to make late, or retard. belated (be-la'ted), p. adj. delayed; too late; overtaken by darkness; be- nighted. belay (be-la'), v.t. make fast, as a rope, by winding round a pin, cleat, &c. belaying- pin (be-la'ing-pin) , n. a stout pin of wood or metal used to fasten a rope by keeping it from run- ning out. belch (belch), v.t. to eject with force or violence: v.i. to eject wind from the stomach: n. the act of ejecting wind forcibly. beldam (bel'dam) or beldame (bel'- dam), n. a grandmother; an-ugly eld woman. beleaguer (be-le'ger), v.t to besiege; surround with an army so as to preclude escape; blockade. belemnite (bel'em-nit) , n. the fossil internal bone, or shell, of an extinct family of cuttle-fish. belfry (bel'fri), n. a bell tower; that part of a steeple or tower in which a bell is hung. Belgravian (bel-gra/vi-an) , adj. be- longing to Belgravia, a fashionable quarter of London: hence, aristo- cratic; fashionable: n. an inhabitant of Belgravia; a member of the upp^r classes. belie (be-li'), v.t to calumniate; slan- der by lies; give the he to; show to be false. — — — ** belief (be-lef), n. assent to anything proposed or declared, and its accept- ance as fact, by m reason of the au- thority whence it proceeds, apart from personal knowledge; faith; the thing believed; the whole body of tenets held by the professors of any faith; a creed; a conviction. believability (be-le-va-biri-ti) , n. cred- ibility; credence; believableness. <« believable (be-le'va-bl) , adj. capable of being accepted as truth; credible. believe (be-leV), v.t. to place credence in and accept as true, upon the ground of authority, testimony, or logical inference apart from per- sonal knowledge; place confidence in; expect or hope: v.i. to have faith; be more or less firmly persuaded of the truth of anything; think or suppose. ~ " believer (be-le'ver), n. one who ac- cepts as truth something not actually demonstrated ; one who adheres to a religious faith; a professor of Chris- tianity. . belike (be-lik'), adv. probably. belittle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower or de- preciate; run down by speaking slightingly of. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. BELL 95 BELTED-CRUISER bell (bei), v.i. to bellow, as deer in rutting time; to be in flower: said of the hop. bell (bel). n. a hollow metallic vessel, usually cup-shaped, and giving forth a clear, ringing sound when struck; anything in the form of a bell: pi. the divisions of daily time marked each half -hour by strokes on a be! J: v.t. to put a bell on. bell-bird (beFberd), n. an American bird whose note resembles a bell; an Australian bird whose note is similar. bellman (German), n. [pi. bellmen], one who uses a bell for public an- nouncement; a town-crier. [Obsolete.] bell-metal (bel-met'al) n. an ahoy of copper and tin, used for the manu- facture of bells. bell-punch (berpunch), n. a punch with a signal bell used on cars for puncturing the tickets and check- ing the number of fares issued. bell- telegraph (bel-tel'e-graf ) , n. a telegraphic instrument in which bells are employed instead of needles. bell-wether (bel'weth-er). n. a wether or sheep which leads one flock with a bell on its neck. belladonna (bei-a-don'a) , n. the dead- ly nightshade, a poisonous plant used as medicine. Even in small doses it causes the pupil of the eye to dilate. belle (bel), n. a young and handsome lady; a reigning beauty. belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n.pl. polite or elegant literature ; light literature ; poetry, essays, facile criticism. bellicose (bel'i-kos), adj. pugnacious; contentious; warlike. bellied (berid), adj. having a belly; swelled out in the middle. belligerence (bel-ij'er-ens) or bellig- erency (bel-ij'er-en-si), n. the act or state of warfare. belligerent (bel-ij 'er-ent) , adj. waging war; pertaining to war or warfare; warlike: n. a power recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in fighting. bellite (bel it), n. an explosive com- pound formed of ammonium nitrate and other substances. bellow (bel'6), v.i. to utter a full resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or vociferate; roar, as the sea in a tempest, vv as the wind when vio- lent: v.t. to utter with a loud full voice: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, resounding _outcry. bellows (bel'oz), n. sing. & pi. an in- strument for producing a current of air, and used for various purposes, as blowing fires, or filling the pipes of an organ. belly (be: ,; ), n. [pi. bellies (bel'iz)], iLci!- r>art of the numan body which extends from zuc breast to the thighs, and contains che Dowels; the abdo- men; the corresponding Dart in the lower animals; the pan oi anything that swells out into a larger capacity ; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bellied, p.pr. bellying], to swell and become protuberant; bulge out: v.t. to cause to swell out, as sails. belly-band (bel'i-band), n. a band that encircles the belly of a horse; a saddle-girth. belong (be-long'), v.i. to be the prop- erty (of); go along with; be a part (of); be appendant (to), or con- nected (with); be the concern or business (of) ; appertain (to) ; be suitable; be due; have a settled or legal residence (in) ; be native (to) . belonging (be-iong'ing), n. that which belongs to one [generally used in the pi.}; qualities; endowments; prop- erty: possessions; appendages. beloved (be-luvd' & -luv'ed), p.adj, greatly loved; dear to the heart: n. one who is greatly loved. below (be-lo'), pr e P.- under in placer beneath; not so high; inferior to in rank or excellence; lower in value-, price, &c: adv. in a lower place; oz the earth; in hell, or the regions of the dead; in a lower rank or grade; off duty; under. belt (belt), n. a girdle or band used to encircle the waist; anything re- sembling a belt, or which encircles, restrains, or supports, as a belt; a strip; a band; an heraldic badge de- noting knightly rank; one of the rings surrounding the planet Jupiter; a band connecting two wheels and transmitting motion from one to the other: v.t. to encircle, as with a belt; surround; to strike with a belt. belted- cruiser (berted-kroo'zer), n. a quick-sailing ship, having a broad band of armor-plating. ate, arm. aH y awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. BELTING 96 BENGAL-LIGHT belting (bel'ting), n. belts collectively; the material of which belts are made; a severe beating. beluga (be-lu'ga), n. the large white sturgeon from the roe of which caviare is made; the white whale of the Northern Seas. belvedere (bel-ve-deV) , n. a pavilion or open structure raised ufcon the top of a house; a summer-house built on an eminence. bemire (be-mir'), v.t. to soil bypassing through mire; to fix in the mire. bemoan (be-mon'), v.t. to lament; bewail; pity; sympathize with. bench (bench) , n. [pi. benches (bench'- ez)], a long seat; a strong table on which mechanics do their work; the seat where judges sit in court; the persons who sit as judges ; the court : v.t. to furnish with benches. bench-warrant (bench-wor'ant), n. a warrant issued by a court or judge, as distinguished from a justice's war- rant issued by a minor magistrate. bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make crooked; direct to a certain point; incline: v.i. to be or become curved or crooked; bow or be submissive: n. a curve; a crook; a knot: n. one of the nine heraldic ordinaries cross- ing from the dexter chief to the sinis- ter base point of the escutcheon; strictly opposed to bar, but not always used accurately. bender (ben'der), n. one who, or that which, bends; in slang, a carouse or spree. bends (bendz), n. a disease prevalent among caisson workers, and caused by sudden differences in atmospheric pressure affecting the valvular action of the heart beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower in place, with reference to something above; under the pressure of; lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; unworthy of: adv. in a lower place; below. benedict (ben'e-dikt), n. a married man, especially one newly wedded who had previously ridiculed the idea of matrimony. From Benedick in Shakespeare's play /'Much Ado about Nothing." [Latin.] benediction (ben-e-dik'shun) , n. the act of blessing; a blessing or expres- sion of kind wishes solemnly or affectionately invoked; the short blessing pronounced at the close of public worship. [Latin.] benedictive (ben-e-dik'tiv) or bene* dictory (ben-e-dik'te-ri), adj. tend- ing to bless; conveying or expressing good wishes. benefaction (ben-e-f ak'shun) , n. the act of conferring a benefit; a benefit conferred; a charitable donation. benefactor (ben-e-f ak'ter), n. one who confers a benefit, benefactress, the feminine form of the word. benefice (ben'e-fis), n. a fief, or estate in lands; an ecclesiastical living; a church endowed with revenue; the revenue itself. beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), n. active goodness; a benefaction. beneficent (be-nef 'i-sent) , adj. charac- terized by benevolence. beneficial (ben-e-fish'al) , adj. contrib- uting to a valuable end; helpful; profitable; in law language confer- ring or having the right to a benefit or user. beneficially (ben-e-fish'a-li) , adv. in an advantageous manner. beneficiary (ben-e-fish'i-a-ri), adj. holding office under another; con- nected with the receipt of benefits or profits; freely bestowed: n. one who holds a benefice; in feudal times a vassal; one who receives anything as a gift. benefit (ben'e-fit), n. an act of kind- ness; a favor conferred; whatever promotes the happiness and well- being of a person or thing, or adds to the value of property ; a theatrical performance, the proceeds of which go to one of the actors, &c: v.t. to do good to; be of service to: v.i. to gain advantage; make improve- ment. benevolence (be-nev'o-lens) , n. the disposition to do good; philanthropy; good- will ; an act of kindness ; a royal tax formerly levied under the guise of a gratuity to the sovereign. benevolent (be-nev'o-lent) , adj. kind; charitable; philanthropic. Bengal (ben-gawl'), n. a thin stuff made of silk and hair. Bengal-light (ben-gawl'lit) , n. a fire work, used also for signaling at sea, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. 38 BENGAL-STRIPES 97 BERRY giving a steady bright blue light. Called also blue light. Bengal- stripes (ben-gawl'strips) , n. a kind of cotton cloth or gingham with colored stripes. Bengal tiger (ben-gawl' ti'ger), n. the royal tiger of India. benight (be-nit'), v.t. enshroud in darkness; overtake with night [usu- ally in p.p.]. benign (be-nln'), adj. of a kind or gentle disposition; favorable; salu- tary; genial. benignant (be-nig'nant) , adj. kind; gracious; favorable. benignity (be-nig'ni-ti) , n. [pi. benig- nities (be-nig'ni-tiz)], kindness of nature; graciousness ; gentleness; mildness. benison (ben'i-zn), n. a blessing. benitier (ba-ne'ti-a) , n. a font for holy water. benne (ben'e), n. the Sesame, an East Indian annual, cultivated for its seeds, out of which a valuable oil is obtained. bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; strongly inclined; determined: n. a turn; an inclination; a leaning or bias; disposition; propensity^; a stiff or wiry grass. benumb (be-num'). See numb. benumbment (be-num'ment) , n. the act of stupefying; torpidity. benzene (ben'zen) , n. a volatile highly inflammable liquid, obtained com- mercially by distillation from coal- tar. Also called benzole and benzo- line. t benzine (ben-zen'), n. a liquid com- pounded of the volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum, and obtained by distilla- tion; used as a solvent and for the removal of grease, &c. benzoic (ben-zo'ik), adj. pertaining to or obtained from benzoin benzoic acid (as'id), n. (flowers of benzoin), a peculiar vegetable acid obtained from benzoin and other balsams by sublimation or decoction. benzoin (ben-zo'in) or benzoine (ben'zoin), n. the resinous juice of Gum Benjamin, a tree of Sumatra, &c, used chiefly in cosmetics, per- fumes, and incense. bequeath (be-kweW), v.t. to give or leave by will; hand down; transmit. bequeathment (be-kwe^'ment) , n< the act of leaving by will ; a bequest. bequest (be-kwest'), n. the act of leaving by will; something left by will; a legacy. berate (be-raf). See rate. berberine (ber'ber-in) , n. an alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow sub- stance, from the barberry 7 and other plants; used in dyeing. berberry. Same as barberry. berceuse (bar-sez'), n. a cradle song; a tender or soothing; musical compo- sition. bereave (be-rev'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bereaved, bereft, p.pr. bereaving], to deprive; make destitute [with of before the thing taken away]. bereavement (be-rev'ment) , n. the act of bereaving; the state of being bereaved; the loss of a relative or friend by death. bereft (be-reff), p.t. & p.p. of bereave. berg (berg), n. a large floating mass of ice; an iceberg; a sharp pointed rock projecting from the sea. bergamot (ber'ga-mot), n. variety of lemon, the rind of which yields the volatile oil of bergamot, much used in perfumery ; a variety of pear; a va- riety of mint ; a coarse kind of tapes- try. Named from Bergamo, Italy. bergmehl (berg'mal), n. mountain- meal, a powdery substance composed of the siliceous skeletons of diatoms. beri-beri (ber'i-ber-i) , n. a peculiar disease confined chiefly to the people of India and Japan. Isolated cases brought to Europe and the United States do not spread the disease. The symptoms are those of paralysis ending in death. [Cingalese.] Bermuda grass (ber-mu'da gras'), n. a valuable variety of pasture grass. Bermudian (ber-mu'di-an) , adj. of or pertaining to the island of Bermuda. Bernese (ber-nez'), adj. pertaining to Berne in Switzerland, or its inhab- itants. bernicle (ber'ni-kal) , n. the bernicle goose. See barnacle. beroon (be-roon'), n. the principal court of a Persian house. [Persian.] berry (ber'i), n. [pi. berries (ber'iz)], any small pulpy or succulent fruit, as the strawberry, &c. ; anything resembling a berry in shape: v.i. [v.t. & p.p. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BERTH 98 BEST MAN berried, p.pr* berrying], to bear, pro- duce, or gather berries. 'berth (berth)., n. ample or adequate sea room; a station which a ship occupies at anchorage or port; a room in a vessel set apart for officers or seamen; a sleeping place for a t passenger in a ship or railway car- riage; a situation or appointment: >v.t. to allot an anchorage to; give space to lie in ; allot a sleeping place to. foertha (ber'tha),_n. a kind of fichu. berthage (ber'thaj), n. dues levied upon vessels using anchorage in harbor or dock; the space for moor- ing vessels in harbor or dock. iBertillon - measurement (ber-ti- yong'mezh'er-ment), n. a system of measuring felons so that by their thumb-prints and other distinctive marks they may be easily identified. The system was devised by the celebrated French criminologist, Dr. Bertillon. ■(beryl (ber'il), n. a mineral of varying colors, commonly green or greenish- blue. It is the silicate of aluminum. foeryllme (ber'i-lin) , adj. like a beryl in color. beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [pjt. & p.p. besought, p.pr. beseeching], to en- treat; supplicate; implore; beg eag- erly for; solicit. toeseem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. '[p.t & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suitable or seemly; to become; to seem. (beset (be-set/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beset, p.pr. besetting], to set or stud ^dis- tribute over; surround; besiege; press upon on all sides ; press hard on. ifoesetment (be-set'ment)., n. the condi- tion of being surrounded. "besetting; (be-set 'ing), adj. habitually attacking or coming upon. %eshrew i(be-shr6o'), v.t. to wish a curse to; execrate. "beside j some pernicious influence; blight; to shat- ter by any explosive agent. blastema (blas-te'ma), n. [pi. blaste- mata (blas-te'ma-ta)], the point of growth of an organ as yet unformed, from which it is developed. [Greek.] blastoderm (blas'to-derm) , n. the germinal spot in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed. histogenesis (blas-to-jen'e-sis^ , n. reproduction by gemmation or bud- ding. blatant (bla/tant), adj. bawling; noisy. blather (blazer), n. foolish chatter. blatherskite (bla^'er-skite) , n. an empty-headed foolish talker. blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- liant sunlight; a sudden bursting out; active display; a white spot on the face of a horse or other quad- ruped; a white mark cut on a treej to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as trees, by removing a portion of the bark; to indicate, as a path or boundary, by blazing trees; publish widely: v.i. to flame; send forth a brilliant light; be conspicuous. blazer (blaz'er), n. that which shines; a bright colored striped jacket. blazon (bla/zn), n. a coat of arms; a description of armorial bearings; ostentatious display: v.t. to explain technically, according to heraldic rules; embellish; display; proclaim boastingly. blazonment (bla'zn-ment) , n. the act of blazoning. blazonry (bla/zn-ri), n. an heraldic device; the art of describing and explaining coats of arms; decoration, as with heraldic devices. bleach (blech), v.t. to make white by removing color or dirt by the action of the sun's rays, or by a chemical process: v.i. to grow or become white. bleach erv _(blech'er-i) , n. [pi. bleach- eries (blech'er-iz)], a place where bleaching is carried on ; bleaching- powder (blech'ing-poud'" er), n. chloride of lime. bleak (blek) , adj. exposed to wind and cold; desolate; unsheltered;' cheer- less; piercing. bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, remarkable for its brilliant silvery scales. blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from a watery discharge: said of the eyes: v.t. to make sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim or obscure. dt& t arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; booD, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BLEARY 111 BLINKER bleary (bler'i), adj. the same as blear. bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, a sheep: n. a cry, as of a sheep. bleb (bleb), n. a blister; a pustule; a bubble. bleed (bled), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, p.pr. bleeding], to emit, or lose blood; to shed one's blood; to lose sap or juice; to pay or lose money freely: v.t. to take blood from; take money, &c, from. blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. any defect or deformity, physical or moral; a blemish. blench (blench), v.i, to start back; flinch; quail. blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, so that the things mixed cannot be separated or individually distin- guished: v.i. to mingle imperceptibly: n. a mixture. blende (blend), n. native sulphide of zinc. blennorrhea (blen-nor-re'a) , n. leu- corrhcea; an excessive discharge of gleet or mucus. bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed & blest, S.pr. -ing], to consecrate; invoke a iessing upon; bestow happiness upon; praise or extol; esteem. blessedness (bles'ed-nes) , n. the state of being blessed ; happiness ; heavenly joys. blessing (bles'ing), n. an invocation of happiness on another; a benedic- tion; that which promotes prosper- ity; a divine benefit or gift; a mercy or boon; grateful adoration. blest, p.t., p.p. & p. adj. a contracted form of blessed. blet (blet), n. a decayed spot in fruit: v.i. [p.t. (brat 'is) , n. a partition or separation-wall in a level or shaft to form an air passage: v.t. to divide by a brattice. bratticing (brat'is-ing), n. ornamental open-work cresting; rich open work in metal; a brattice; a boarded pro- tection againsjt machinery. bravado (bra-va/- or bra-va'do), n. [pi. bravados & -does (bra-va'- or bra- va'doz)],_ arrogant menace; defiance. brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous; intrepid; making a fine show: n. an Indian warrior; one indiscreetly bold: v.t. to encounter with courage and fortitude; defy. hravery (bra'ver-i), n. the quality of being brave; fearlessness; mag- nificence. bravo (bra'vo), inter j. well done! good! n. a cheer. [Italian; Spanish.] bravo (bra'vo), n. [pi. bravos or -voes (bra'voz)], a daring villain; a bandit; an assassin. [Italian.] bravura (bra-voo'ra) , n. an air of florid, brilliant style, adapted to dis- play the skill of the performer, or the range and flexibility of a singer's voice : adj. brilliant ; florid ; pertaining to a bravura. [Italian.] brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily and outrageously; make a noise as of water rushing over a rocky or pebbly bed: n. a noisy quarrel; an uproar; a row. brawn (brawn), n. boar's flesh, espe- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BRAWNINESS 126 BREAST cially when prepared by collaring, boiling, and pickling; muscular strength. brawniness (braw'ni-nes) , n. hard- ness; strength. brawny (braw'ni), adf/. muscular ; tough. braxy (brak'si), n. a name given to a variety of diseases of sheep; a diseased sheep, or its mutton: adj. affected with braxy. bray (bra) , t v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, p.pr. braying], to pound or beat fine or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh cry, as the ass: n. the harsh cry of an ass. braze (braz), v.t. to solder with brass; cover or ornament with brass. brazen (bra/zn), adj. made of brass; pertaining to brass; impenetrable; impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry off or behave with insolence or ef- frontery; "to brazen it out." Brazen Age (aj), n. the age that succeeded to the Silver Age, charac- terized by violence. In Latin litera- ture, the age when writers were usually foreigners and had never learned the standards of the Latin language — i.e. from about 250 to 400 A.D. brazier (bra'zher), n. an open pan for burning charcoal. Also brasier. [French.] Brazil-wood (bra-zil'wood), n. a very heavy wood of a red color from Brazil, used for dyeing red. braziletto (braz-i-let'o) , n. an inferior sort of Brazil-wood brought from Jamaica. Brazilian pebbles (bra-zil'yanpeb'lz), n.pl. lenses made from rock crystal obtained in Brazil. brazilin (braz'i-lin) , n. the coloring sub- stance extracted from Brazil-wood. Brazil-nut (bra-zil'nut) , n. the seed of a palm of tropical America. breach (brech), n. the act of breaking; the violation of a law, contract, or any other engagement; a gap; a dif- ference; quarrel; injury; surf: v.t. to make an opening in. bread (bred), n. food made from ground corn; food in general. bread-fruit (bred'froot) , n. the fruit of a tree growing in the Pacific islands, which, when roasted, is eaten as bread. bread- stuff (bred'stuf), n. bread-corn; flour; meal from which bread is made. breadth (bredth), n. the measure of any surface from side to side; free- dom from narrowness; broad effect. break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. broken, p.pr. breaking], to separate with violence; interrupt; fracture; weaken or destroy; disperse; violate; make bankrupt; make a first dis- closure of; dismiss, cashier, or reduce to the ranks; tame or subdue: n. a breach; rupture; an interruption; change of direction; a first appear- ance; a pause ; an opening in the circuit causing interruption to an electric current; a twist of the ball in cricket; a player's turn in billiards ; the num- ber of points scored successively ; al- teration of the male voice at puberty ; a sudden fall in prices ; an awkward act or untimely saying, usually one that discredits those present; a lack of •tact. breakage (bra/kaj), n. the act of breaking; allowance for accidental fracture. breakdown (brak'doun), n. a col- lapse; failure; downfall, as of a carriage; a lively, noisy dance. breaker (bra/ker), n. one who, or that which, breaks; a machine to crush rocks, &c; a wave broken against the shore, or a rock [usually in the pi.]; a small water cask; a trainer of horses, &c. - breakfast (brek'fast), n. the first meal in the day: v.t. to provide with or entertain at breakfast: v.i. to eat breakfast. breakneck (brak'nek), adj. in a man- ner to break one's neck; as "break- neck pace," "breakneck gallop," etc. breakwater (brak'waw-ter) , n< any structure to break the force of the waves. bream (brem), n. a broad-shaped fresh- water fish of the carp family: v.t. to clear of shells, seaweed, &c, by fire. breast (brest), n. the fore part of the body between the neck and the ab- domen; one of the organs in women, and some other mammalia, for the secretion of milk; the affections; the conscience; the front of any- thing: v.t to present the front to; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BREASTFAST 127 BRICK meet or impose manfully or openly; stem. breastfast (brest'fast) , n. a large rope or chain to secure the midship part of a ship to a dock, wharf, or to another vessel. breastplate (brest'plat), n. a portion of armor covering the front of the body; a part of the vestment of the Jewish high priest. breastwork (brest'werk) , n. a hastily constructed work thrown up breast- high for defense; the parapet of a building. breath (broth), n. the air inhaled and exhaled in respiration; life; the power or capacity to breathe freely ; respite ; a pause; a respiration; an instant; air in gentle motion; a mere word; a trifle; an odorous exhalation; fra- grance; an_ aspirate. breathe (breth) t v.L to inhale air and expei it from the lungs; live; take breath; rest from action; pass, as air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. to inhale and exhale; inspire; whisper; exercise; blow into. breathing (bre't Mug) , n. respiration; air in gentle motion; a gentle influ- ence; a pause; ardent desire; a mark used in Greek to denote the presence ['] or absence ['] of aspiration at the beginning of a word. The first is called "rough breathing," the second "smooth breathing." breathless (breth'les), adj. lacking breath; gasping. breccia (brech'ia), n. angular rock fragments united by a matrix. bree (ore), n. broth; sauce; moisture. breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the hinder part of anything; the part of a cannon or other firearm behind the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into breeches; furnish with a breech; fasten by a breeching. breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment worn by men, covering the legs from the knees to the hips; trousers or pantaloons. breeching (brich'ing), n. the harness which passes round a horse's breech; a strong rope to check the recoil of a gun. breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; produce; train; rear: v.i. to bear idling; be fruitlul; be produced: fi* & i&m or progeny from the same parent or stock. breeze (brez), n. a gadfly or horsefly* breeze (brez), n. a gentle gale; a fresh soft wind; an excited quarrel or wrangle. breeze (brez), n. house sweepings; sifted ashes and cinders used in burning bricks. brethren (bre^A'ren), n. plural of brother. breve (brev), n. sl note of time equal to two semibreves or four minims; a mark ( w ) used to indicate a short vowel. [Latin.] brevet (bre-yet'), w. a commission to an officer in the army temporarily conferring a higher rank, but without increase of pay ; a patent ; a warrant ; a license: adj. conferred by brevet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brevet ted, p.pr. bre- ve tting], to confer brevet rank upon. breviary (brev'i-a-ri) , n. [pi. brevi- aries (brev'i-a-riz)], a book; contain- ing the daily_ offices and prayers. brevier (bre-ver'), n. a size of type between bourgeois and minion. (See type.) brevity (brev'i-ti), n. [pi. brevities (brev'i-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. brew (broo), v.t. to make liquors from malt or other materials; plot: v.i. be in preparation: n. the action, process, or product_of brewing. brewery (broo'er-i), n. a brew house. briar-root (brl'er-root), n. the root of the white heath, used in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Also brier-root. bribe (brlb), n. a gift or consideration in money given or promised with the object of corrupting or unduly in- fluencing the judgment or conduct of the recipient: v.t. to gain over or influence by a bribe: v.i. to practice or attempt bribery. bribery (brib'er-i), n. [pi. briberies (brlb'er-iz)], the act or practice of bribing. bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak) , n. antique articles of vertu; fancy ware. From the French de brie et de broc (Littre). brick (brik), n. an oblong block of kneaded clay dried in the sun or burned in a kiln; a jolly, good-na- tured fellow: adj. made of, or re- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, Book; hue, hut ; think, then. BRICK-KILN 128 BRILLIANTINE sembling, brick: v.t. to lay or build with bricks; make like brickwork. brick-kiln (brik'kil), n. a kiln or fur- nace in which bricks are baked or burnt. bricole (bri-kol'), n. harness worn by men for dragging guns or loads. bridal (brid'al), n. a marriage; nup- tials: adj. pertaining to a bride, or wedding. bride (brid), n. a woman newly mar- ried, or about to be married. bridegroom (brid 'groom), n. a man newly married, or about to be mar- ried. bridesmaid (bridz'mad), n. a young unmarried woman who attends on a bride. Bridewell (brid'wel), n. a house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons. bridge (brij), n. a structure of iron, stone, or wood, spanning a river, road, valley, &c.; anything resem- bling a bridge in form or use; an apparatus for measuring the resist- ance of a conductor, called Wheat- stone's bridge; a game of cards re- sembling whist: v.i. to build a bridge; make a passage; find a way of over- coming. bridge- board (brij'bord), n. a notched board into which the ends of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. bridge-deck (brij'dek), n. a partial deck extending from side to side of a vessel amidships. bridge-head (brij'hed), n. a covering work to protect the end of a bridge nearest the enemy; a tete-de-pont. bridge- rail (brij'ral), n. a railroad rail with an arched tread and lateral foot- flanges. bridge- train (brij'tran), n. a pontoon train. bridging (brij'ing), n. a piece of wood between two beams to keep them apart. bridle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, and reins by which a horse is con- trolled; a restraint: v.t. to put a bridle on; control; guide: v.i. to hold the head up, as an indication of pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. bridoon (bri-doon'), n. the light snaffle and rein of a military bridle. brief (bref), adj. short; concise; con- tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an abridged statement of a case for the instruction of counsel; a writ; a papal letter: v.t. to shorten; make an abstract of. brier (bri'er) , n. a thorny plant or shrub. brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- rigged vessel. brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision of an army, consisting of several regi- ments, squadrons, or battalions (cavalry, infantry, militia, or volun- teers), under the command of a brigadier-general ; an organized body acting under authority: v.t. to form into a brigade or brigades. [French.] brigadier (brig-a-der') , n. a general officer commanding a brigade, and ranking next below a major-general. Also brigadier-general. brigand (brig'and), n. a robber; a member of a gang of freebooters infesting mountainous districts; a highwayman; a bandit. [French.] brigandage (brig'and-aj), n. the life and practices of a brigand; organized robbery. brigantine (brig'an-ten) , n. a small two-masted vessel, square-rigged like a brig, but with fore-and-aft main- sail and raking masts. bright (brit), adj. [comp. brighter, superl. brightest], lummous, bril- liant; shining; sparkling; illustrious; glorious; witty; clever; lively; auspi- cious; alert; glowing. brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; clear up: v.t. to make bright or luminous; make gay or cheerful; make acute. Bright' s disease (brits diz-ez'), n. a form of kidney disease characterized by the presence of albumin in the urine. Named from Dr. Richard Bright (1827), who first described it. brill (bril), n. a flat fish resembling the turbot. Also prill. brilliancy (bril'yan-si) , n. splendor. brilliant (bril'yant), adj. sparkling; lustrous ; glit cering ; distinguished : n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- fracting qualities to the best ad- vantage; the smallest size of type. (See type.) brilliantine (bril'yan-ten) , n. a cos- metic preparation for imparting a gloss to the hair. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. BRILLIANTLY 129 BROCH brilliantly (bril'yant-ii), adv. in a bril- liant manner. brim (brim), n. the edge of anything: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p.pr. brim- ming], to fill to the brim: v.i. to be full to the brim. brimful (brim'fool), adj. overflowing. brimstone (brim'ston), n. sulphur: adj. made of brimstone; of the color of sulphur. brine (brin), n. salt water; pickle; the ocean ; tears : v.t. to steep in brine. bring (bring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brought (brawt), p.pr. bringing], to fetch or convey from another place ; fetch ; cause to come; produce; procure; conduct; persuade; lead. brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. briny (bri'ni), adj. very salt. briquette m (bri-ket'), n. coal-dust molded into the shape of bricks for fuel. [French.] brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; swift; vivacious ; effervescing vigorously ; sparkling; burning freely: v.i. to become brisk [generally with up]. brisket (bris'ket), n. that part of an animal's breast where the ribs join the breast-bone. bristle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, coarse hair, especially upon the back and sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: v.t. to erect like bristles; fix a bristle to. bristly (bris'li) , adj. covered with bristles. bristol board (bris'tol bord), n. a thick, smooth, white pasteboard. bristol paper (pa/per), n. a kind of stout drawing paper. bristol stone (ston), n. a transparent rock-crystal. Called, when polished, bristol diamond. brit (brit), n. the young of the herring and sprat ; small animals upon which whales feed. Britannia metal (bri-tan'i-a met'al), n. a white metal alloy of tin, copper, antimony, and bismuth. brite (brit), v.i. to be over-ripe. British (britlsh), ad/\ of, or pertaining to, Great Britain or its inhabitants; pertaining to the ancient Britons. Britisher (brit'ish-er) , n. a British subject, especially one belonging to the British army or navy. Used humorously. Briton (brit 'un), n. a native of Great Britain. brittle (brit'l), adj. apt to break; not tough. britzska (brits'ka), n. an open carriage used in Russia. [Polish.] broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; skewer; any boring bit or drill; a stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising directly from a tower without a parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; begin a discussion about. broad (brawd) , adj. [comp. broader, superl. broadest], wide; ample; vast.; liberal; comprehensive; widely dif- fused; open; unrestrained; evident; characterized by breadth of treat- ment; bold; indelicate: n. a flooded fen ; an expansion of a river over low- lying land. broad-arrow (brawd-ar'o) , n. a Brit- ish government mark to distinguish its property; also placed upon the clothing of criminals, as are stripes in the United States. broad-cloth (brawd'klawth) , n. a fine woolen cloth with a smooth finished surface. broad- seal (brawd'sel), n. the Great Seal of England. broadside (brawd'sid), n. the entire side of a ship above the water-line; a simultaneous volley from one side of a warship; a sheet printed on o»e side, and containing information d a popular character, or an attack em some public person. broadsword (brawd'sord), n. a cutting sword with a broad blade. broaden (brawd'n), v.i. to grow broad: v.t. to make broad or com- prehensive. Brobdingnaigan (brob-ding-naj'i-an), adj. resembling an inhabitant of the fabled country of Brobdingnag in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," hence, gigantic: n. a giant. brocade (bro-kad'), n. a silk stuff variegated with gold and silver flowers, &c. brocatelle (brok-a-tel') , n. a beauti- fully variegated marble obtained from Italy and Spain; a figured fabric of silky texture. [French.) broccoli (brok'o-li), n. a variety d cabbage. [Italian.] broch (brok), n. a prehistoric rooflea? ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; • hue, hut ; think, f Tien. BROCHURE 130 BROOK round tower, with massive walls of unhewn stone: found chiefly in Scot- land. brochure (bro-shoor') , n. a pamphlet dealing with a subject of passing interest. [French.] brock (brok), n. a badger. brogan (bro'gan and bro-gan'), n. a coarse rough shoe. [Gaelic] brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough shoe; a dialectic pronunciation. broil (broil), v.i. to cook upon a grid- iron: v.i. to be subjected to great heat; to be heated with passion: n. a noisy quarrel. brokage (bro'kaj), n, the premium or commission of a broker; brokerage. broke (brok), p.t. & p.p. of break. broken (bro'kn), v. adj. not entire; in pieces; rough; nilly; transgressed; bankrupt ; crushed ; infirm ; imperfect ; interrupted. broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as agent or middle man for another; a dealer in second-hand furniture. brokerage (bro'ker-aj), n. the business of a broker; his fee or commission. hroma (bro'ma), n. aliment; a light preparation of cocoa or chocolate. bromal (bro'mal), n. a colorless, oily fluid obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol. faromate (bro'mat), n. a salt of bromic acid. brome-grass (brom'gras), n. a name for the oat-like grasses of the genus Bromus. bromic acid (bro'mik as'id), n. a com- pound of bromine and oxygen. bromide (bro'inld or bro'mid)), n. a compound of bromine. [Greek.] bromide of potassium (of po-tas'- i-um), n. a compound of bromine, used largely in medicine as a seda- tive. bromidia (bro-mid'i-a), n. a prepara- tion compounded of bromide of potassium, chloral-hydrate, cannabis Indica, etc., used as an hypnotic or to relieve headache. bromine (bro'min or bro'mln), n. a non-metallic element related to chlorine and iodine. bromize (bro'mlz), v.t. to prepare or treat with a bromide. bromochloralum (bro-mo-klo'ra- lum), n. a disinfectant fluid, com- posed of the bromide and chloride of aluminium. [Greek.] bromogelatin (bro-mo-jel'a-tin), adj. prepared from certain bromides, nitrate of silver, and gelatine, and used for the sensitive emulsions em- ployed for dry photographic plates. bronchia (brong'ki-a) , n.pl. the bron- chial tubes. [Greek.] bronchitic (brong-kit'ik) , adj. of or pertaining to bronchitis. bronchitis (brong-kl'tis) , n. an in- flammation, acute or chronic, of the mucous lining of the bronchial tubes. broncho (brong'ko), n. an unbroken Mexican or Calif ornian horse. The Spanish spelling is bronco, which is preferable in English. bronchopneumonia (brong-ko-nu- mo'ni-a), n. inflammation of the lungs and bronchi. bronchotomy (brong-kot'o-mi) , n. the operation of making an incision into the windpipe or larynx to afford a passage for air to the lungs. bronchus (brong'kus), n. [pi. bronchi (brong'kl)], one of the .two. prin- cipal branches of the windpipe or trachea. [Greek.] bronco (brong'ko), n. See broncho. bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of copper and tin, to which other metallic sub- stances are sometimes added ; a work of art cast or wrought in bronze; a pigment used to imitate bronze; im- pudence: adj. made of or resembling bronze: v.t. to make of the color of bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; apply bronz_e pigment or leaf to. . Bronze Age (aj), n. the age succeeding the Stone Age, the ornaments and weapons of that period being made of bronze. bronzine (bronz'in), n. a metal re- sembling bronze. _ brooch (broch), n. an ornamental dress-clasp. [French.] g brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch; the young birds hatched at one time: v.i. to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger over sorrowfully [with on or over}: v.t. to sit over, cover, and cherish; ponder over. broody (brood'i), adj. inclined to sit: adapted for breeding. brook (brook), n. sl small stream. brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up with. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BROOKLET 131 BRUSSELS-LACE brooklet (brook'let), n. a small brook. broom (broom), n. a shrub, bearing large yellow flowers; a besom or brush. brose (broz), n. a kind of porridge, made by pouring boiling water, or milk, or meat liquor, on oatmeal. broth (broth), n. a kind of tkin soup. brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- fame. brother (bru^'er), n. [pi. brothers bru^/i-erz), & brethren (bre^'ren)], a male born oi the same father and mother; one closely united by a common interest; a member of a religious order; a fellow creature; one who resembles another. brother- german (bru^/i'er-jer'man) , a brother on both the father's and the mother's side. brother-in-law (bru£/i'er-in-law) , m n. the brother of one's husband or wife; sister's husband. Brother Jonathan (jon'a-then), n. a humorous personification of the United States. (Now obsolete.) brother-uterine (bruJ/i'er-u'ter-in), n. one born of the same mother, but of a different father. brotherhood (bru£/i'er-hood) , n. the state or quality of being a brother; a fraternity. brotherly (bru^'er-li) , adj. as becomes a brother; affectionate. brougham (broo'am or broom), n. a close four-wheeled carriage for one or two horses. From Lord Brough- am. brought (brawt), p.t. & p.p. of bring. brow (brou), n. the arch of hair over the eye; the forehead; the general aspect of the countenance ; the edge of a steep place; the upper portion of a hill. browbeat (brou'bet), v.t. [p.t. brow- beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr. brow- beating], to depress or bear down arrogantly; bully. brown (broun), adj. of a dusky or dark color: n. a dark color, inclined to red or yellow; a halfpenny: v.i. to become brown: y.t. to make brown. brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent spirit supposed to haunt old farm- houses. [Scotch.] browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.L to feed on; pasture on: graze: of cattle, deer, &c. bruin (broo'in), n. the brown bear. bruise (brooz), n. an injury to the flesh of an animal or to a plant or other body, caused by a blow: v.L to injure, crush, or indent by a blo^ or pressure without laceration; con- tuse; bray, as drugs, &c: v.i. to fight with the_fists; box. bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; fame; v.t. to report; noise abroad. brumal (broo'mal) , # adj. pertaining to winter; foggy; misty. brummagem (brum/ma-jem), adj. sham or counterfeit; showy, but worthless. The name is derived from the English nickname for Birmingham (Brummagem), where many cheap _goods are made. brunette (broo-net'), n. a woman with a brown or dark complexion, usually with dark hair and eyes: adj. having such a color. brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a furious onslaught; a brief and sudden effort. brush (brush), n. a thicket of small trees; the small trees and shrubs of a wood; an instrument composed of bristles, &c, used for cleaning, an~ plying paint, &c; the brushy tail of a fox; a slight encounter; a brush- ing; thin metallic plates or flexible wires bound together, employed to conduct a current to or from an electric motor, &c; a brief trial of speed: v.t. to sweep, cleanse^ or rub with a brush; touch lightly in pass- ing; renovate; ruffle [with up]: v.L to move with haste; skim over with a light touch. brush- wheel (brush 'hwel) , n. a tooth- less wheel used to turn a similar wheel by means of bristles, leather, cloth, &c, attached to the circum- ference; a circular wheel for polish- ing, used on a lathe. brush- wood (brush 'wood) , n. rough, close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; small wood, suitable for the fire. brusque (brusk) ,adj. abrupt in manner. Brussels- carpet (brus'elz-kar'pet), «, a strong kind of woolen carpet. Brussels-lace (brus'elz-las) , n. variotis kinds of expensive lace made origi- nally at Brussels. §te f arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; tnink, then. BRUSSELS-SPROUTS 132 BUCKRA Brussels- sprouts (brus'elz-sproutz) , n.pl. a variety of the common cab- brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to or resembling abrute; savage; cruel. brutality (broo-tal'i-ti), n. the quality of being brutal ; pitiless cruelty. brutalize (broo'tal-Iz) , v.t. to make brutal; sensualize. brutally (broo'tal-i) , adv. in a cruel or brutal manner; inhumanly. brute (broot), adj. without reason or intelligence; rough; brutal; un- civilized: n. a beast; an irrational, irresponsible animal; a brutal per- son. brutify (broo'ti-fl) , v.t. t [p.t. & p.p. bnitified, p.pr. brutifying], to make like a brute; degrade morally or physically. brutish (broot'ish) , adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a brute; savage; sen- suous; dull. bub (bub), n. a boy. Also bubby. bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of water or other fluid filled with air or gas; anything unreal or unsub- stantial; a swindling speculation: v.i. to rise in bubbles; run with a gurgling sound: v.t. to cause to bub- ble; cheat. bubo (bu'bo), n. [pi. buboes (bu'boz)], an m inflammatory swelling in the groin or armpit. bubonocele (bii-bon'o-sel) , n. rupture or hernia in the groin. buccal (buk'al), adj. pertaining to the cheek. buccaneer (buk-a-ner') , n. a pirate; a sea-robber; one of the piratical adventurers who, during a part of the seventeenth century, made dep- redations on the Spaniards in Amer- ica: v.i. act the part of a buccaneer. buccinator (buk'si-na-ter) , n. a mus- cle of the cheek called the trum- peter's muscle from its use in blowing wind-instruments . buccinum (buk 'sin-urn) , n. the genus of mollusks to which the whelk be- longs. bucentaur (bu-sen'tawr) , n. a fabu- lous monster, half man and half bull; the .state barge of Venice used by the Doge in the annual ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. buehu (bu'ku), n. the name of certain species of Barosma, employed as a medicine. buck (buk), v.t. to break or pulverize, as ore. buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c; a gay fellow; a fop; a male Indian or negro. buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle which consists of a long, springy board fastened at each end upon axles and with a seat above the front- axles and wheels. buck-eye (buk'i), n. a name of the American horse-chestnut. Buck-eye State (stat), a popular name for Ohio. buck-hound (buk'hound), n. a stag- hound. buck- juniper (buk'jump'er) , n, a vi- cious untrained horse that endeavors to throw the rider by arching its back and drawing its feet together. bucko (buk'o), n. a good fellow; a com- rade. buck-shot (buk'shot) , n. shot of a large size. buck- wheat (buk'hwet), n. a plant cultivated for its triangular seeds, which are ground into meal and used for food. bucket (buk'et), n. a vessel for draw- ing or holding water; the scoop of a dredging-machine or of a grain elevator; a receptacle on a water- wheel which receives the force of the water. bucket-shop (buk'et-shop) , n. an office for gambling in stocks, grain, &c, in small amounts. buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- sisting of a frame with movable tongue or catch, used for securing straps, bands, &c; v.t. to fasten with a buckle; twist; bend; confine, join; to prepare for action: ?;i. to curl; apply one's self with vigor [with to]. buckle (buk'l), n. a bend, or kink, as in a blade; a curl of hair; the condi- tion of being curled, as hair. buckler (buk'ler), n. sl kind of ancient shield. buckra (buk'ra) , n. a negro term for a white man; sometimes given as una buckra (56-na buk'ra). A word of African origin. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. BUCKRAM 133 BULBOUS buckram (buk'ram) , n. coarse linen cloth stiffened with dressing: adj. made of, or resembling, buckram: hence, stiff; precise. bucolic (bu-kol'ik), adj. pastoral: n. a pastoral poem; a rustic. bud (bud), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. budded, p.pr. budding], to graft : v.i. to put forth or produce buds; begin to grow: n. the rudimentary,. undeveloped stage of a branch, leaf, or flower; a gemmule. Buddha or_ Boodha (boo'da) or Budh (bood), n. the founder of Buddhism; died about 500 B.C. His name at birth was Gautama Sakyasinha. Buddha is not wor- shipped as a god, but as "the per- fectly enlightened man," one who attained to all wisdom. Buddhism (bood'-izm), n. the doc- trine of the Buddhists who be- lieve that we are all bound to the wheel of this world's pleasures and sins, and that only by passing from one existence to another is any soul finally so absolutely wise, that he attains Nirvana, or a state of complete, yet happy indifference. Buddhist (bood'ist), n. one who accepts the doctrines of Buddhism : adj. pertaining to Buddha or Bud- dhism. See Gautama. budge (buj), v.i. to move from one's position: v.t. change the position of. budge (buj), n. lambskin dressed with the wool outwards. budget (buj'et), n. a bag with its contents: hence a stock or store; the annual financial statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Eng- land. [French.] budlet (bud 'let), n. a small bud. buff (buf), n. a thick leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo, ox, &c, dressed with oil; a light yellow; the bare skin: adj. made, of buff-leather. buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. [pi. buffaloes (buf'a-loz)], a ruminant mammal of the ox family; a name given to vari- ous wild oxen, especially to the North American bison, now almost extinct. buffalo-bird (buf 'a-lo-berd) , n. bird which perches on the buffalo to catch parasites. buffer (buf'er). n. any contrivance which serves to deaden the concus- sion caused by the impact of two bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat foolish person. buffet (buf'et), n. a blow with the hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; box; beat; contend against: v.i. to exercise or contend with blows; struggle. buffet (buf -fa/), n. a cupboard or side- board; a counter for refreshments [French.] buffo (boof'o), n. the comic actor in an opera: adj. comic; burlesque. buffoon (buf-oon'), n. one who amuses others by low jests, antics, odd ge&. tures, &c. buffoonery (buf-oon'er-i) , n. [pi. buf- fooneries (buf-oon'er-iz)], the arts and practices of a buffoon; vulgar tricks and postures. buffy (buf'i), adj. buff-colored. bug (bug), n. a name in England for the bedbug; an msec t. bugaboo (bug'a-boo), n. a bugbear. bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- ject; a vain terror. buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse. bugle (bu'gl), n. a hunting horn; a military wind-instrument. bugle (bu'gl), n. an elongated glass bead used as a feminine ornament. buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for cabinet-work, consisting of brass or other metal, tortoise-shell, &c, worked into various patterns; the articles so ornamented. [French.] build (bild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. built, builded, p.pr. building], to con- struct; erect, as a house; form by art ; raise anything on a support or foundation; establish: v.i. to con- struct an edifice; depend; base, or reckon [with on or upon]: n. mode or style of construction. building (bild'ing), n. the act of con- structing, raising, or establishing; an edifice. bukshish (buk'shesh), n. an Eastern term for a tip or gratuity. [Arabic! bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; a kind of leaf bud ; any protuberance or expansion on a stem or tube: v.i. to project as a bulb [with out]. bulbiferous (bul-bif 'er-us) , adj. pro- ducing bulbs. bulbous (buFbus), adj. pertaining to or resembling a bulb. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BULBUL 134 BULWARK bulbul (bool'bool), n. the Persian nightingale. bulhule (bulb'ul), n. a little bulb; a bulblet. bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or widest part of a cask; a bending outwards; the bilge of a stripy v.i. to jut out; be protuberant; with on, to have an advantage over another, as "to get the bulge on him." [Slang.^ bulk (bulk), # n. magnitude or size; complete dimensions; the main mass or body; the cargo of a ship when stowed; volume: v.i. to increase in size; swell out. bulk- bead (bulk'hed), n. a partition in a vessel which separates one part of it from another. bulky (bul'ki), adj. of great size or bulkiness (bul'ki-nes) , n. greatness in bulk. bull (bool), n. the male of any bovine mammal; the male of various large animals, as the whale, elephant, &c; one who endeavors to raise the price of stock in order that he may sell dear: the opposite of a bear: adj. male, or of large size [in composi- tion]: v.t. to endeavor to raise the market value of. bull (bool) , n. a papal letter, edict, or rescript, having a leaden seal (bulla) affixed to it. bull (bool) , n. a ludicrous inconsistency in language; mixed metaphors. bull-baiting (bool'bat-ing) , n. the sport once prevalent in England of baiting or attacking bulls with dogs. bull-calf (bool'kaf ) , n. a male calf. bulldog (bool 'dog), n. a variety of dog of strong muscular build, and remarkable for its courage and feroc- ity, formerly used for baiting bulls: pi. a pair of pistols; a proctor's attendant [English]: adj. character- ized by the courage of a bulldog, as "bulldog tenacity.' ' bulldoze (bool'doz), v.t. to bully or intimidate. bulldozer (bool'doz-er), n. one who bullies, intimidates or tries to influ- ence another by threats of violence. bullet (bool'et), n. a small ball or projectile. [French.] bulletin (bool'e-tin), n. an official report regarding some matter or event of public interest ; a periodical publication: v.i. to publish or an- nounce by bulletin. [Italian.] bull-fight (bool'fit), n. a combat be- tween armed men and. a bull. bull- finch (bool'finch), n. a common British song bird. bull-frog (bool'frog), n. a large North American species of frog abounding in marshy places, remarkable for its loud, bellowing croak. bullhead (bool'hed), n. & broad- headed scaleless fish of North Amer- ica; catfish. bullion (bool'yun), n. uncoined gold or silver; foreign coin; a heavy twisted fringe covered with fine gold- or silver-wire. [French.] bullionist (bool'yun-ist) , n. an advo- cate of an exclusively metallic cur- rency, or a metallic currency com- bined with convertible paper money. bullock (bool'ok) , n. an ox or castrated bull; a full-grown steer. bull's-eye (boolz'I), n. a boss of glass; a sweet-meat; any circular opening for light or air; a small obscure cioud, with a ruddy center; a lantern with a convex lens; a plano-convex lens for concentrating the light, attached to a microscope ; the center of a target; a shot that hits the bull's-eye. bull-terrier (bool-ter'i-er), n. a cross- breed between the bulldog and the terrier. bully (bool'i), n. [pi. bullies (bool'iz)], one who domineers by insolence or threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bullied, p.pr. bullying], to overbear with bluster and menaces: v.i. to be insolently noisy and quarrelsome. bully (bool'i), inter j. an exclamation of pleasure or approval. bully (bool'i), n. a man who lives on the earnings of a "woman, especially of a prostitute. bully- rag (bool'i-rag), v.t. same as bully in the sense of one who domineers. bulrush (bool'rush), n. a rush-like aquatic plant. bulse (buls), n. a bag or purse used in the East Indies to carry or meas- ure valuables; a packet of diamonds or gold dust. [Hindu.] bulwark (bool'werk), n. a rampart; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north* not : boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, c/i£^. BUMBLE-BEE 135 BUR a fortification; the boarding round the sides of a ship, above the level of the deck; any means of protection or defense. bumble-bee (bum'bl-be), n. a large bee. bumhoat (bum'bot), n. a boat used for the conveyance of provisions, fruit, &c, for sale to vessels lying off the shore. • bummer (bum'er), n. a loafing fellow who sponges on others: a low poli- tician. bump (bump), n. a shock from a blow; a swelling protuberance ; the striking of a boat by the prow of another following it in college boat-races [English]: v.t. to bring in violent contact; thump: v.i. to come in collision; strike heavily. bumper (bump'er), n. an overflowing cup. bumpkin (bump'kin), n. an awkward, clumsy, rustic; a country lout. bumptious (bump'shus), adj. self- assertive. bun (bun) , n. a small light cake. bun (bun), n. a form of artificial hair. bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a col- lection of things of the same kind growing or fastened together; a tuft; a small mass of ore: v.i. to swell out; cluster: v.t. to form into a bunch. bunchiness (bunch'i-nes) , n. the state of being bunchy. bunchy (bunch'i), adj. gathered into a bunch. bunco (bung'ko), n. a confidence game; a form of swindling. buncombe or bunkum (bung'kum), n. idle or showy speech, especially if intended to secure votes or satisfy one's constituents. [American.] bund (bund), n. an embankment to protect the land against inundation. Bundesrath (boon'des-rat), n. the federal council of the German Em- pire; bund. [German.] bundle (bun'dl), n. a number of things bound together; a roll or package; two reams of printing # or brown paper: v.t. to tie or bind in a bundle or roll; to dismiss unceremoniously [with off or out] : v.i. to depart with- out ceremony [with off]. bung (bung), n. a large cork for stop- ping the hole in a cask; a publican: v.t. to stop with a bung; close or shut up; to beat, or bruise [with up]. bungalow (bung'ga-lo), n. a single- storied house, lightly built, and gen- erally surrounded by a veranda. bungle (bung'gl), v.i. to botch; man- age awkwardly: v.t. to perform clumsily: n. a clumsy performance; a botch. bungstarter (bung'start-er), n.. a sort of wedge used to cause a bung to start from its place. bunion (bun'yun), n. a swelling on the foot, usually over the joint of the great toe. bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess serving for > a sleeping-berth in a vessel, sleeping-car, &c.: v.i. to sleep in a bunk. bunker (bung'ker), n. a large bin or receptacle; a sandhole on golf links. bunky and bunkie (bung'ki), n. a soldier who shares the bunk of another; a comrade. bunt (bunt), n. the middle part or belly of a square sail: v.i. to swell out: v.t. to haul up, as the middle part of a sail in furling. bunt (bunt), n. a species of fungus which produces the smut disease in wheat. bunting (bunt'ing), n. a bird allied to the finches and the sparrows; a thin woolen stuff used for making flags; flags collectively. buntline (bunt'lln), n. one of the ropes attached to the foot-rope of a square sail to draw the sail up to the yard. buoy (boo'i), n. a floating body moored at a certain place to indicate the position of something beneath the water; a life-buoy: v.t. to keep afloat in a fluid [with up]; to mark with a buoy; support. buoyage (boo'i-aj), n. buoys collec- tively. buoyancy (boo'yan-si) , n. relative lightness; elasticity of spirits. buoyant (boo'yant), adj. having the quality of floating in a fluid; not easily depressed. bur (ber), n. the rough prickly seed- case of certain plants; a partially burnt brick; the guttural pronuncia- tion of the rough r; the rough ridges ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^en. BURBOT 136 BURSA of metal left by the graver in cutting metal. Also burr. burbot (ber'bot), n. the eel-pout. burden (ber'dn), n. that which is borne or carried; a load; something grievous, wearisome or oppressive; a ship's capacity for carrying a cargo; a chorus or refrain; a topic on which one dwells: v.t. to load; lay a weight upon. burdock (ber'dok), n. a large wayside weed with rough broad leaves. bureau (bu-ro), n. [pi. bureaus or bureaux (bti'roz)], a desk or writing- table furnished with drawers; an office; a governmental department for the transaction of public busi- ness. bureaucracy (bu : ro'kra-si) , n. the system of centralized government by means of bureaus or departments; the officials administering such bu- reaus, as a body. bureaucrat (bti'ro-krat) , n. an advo- cate or supporter of bureaucracy. burg or burgh (berg) , n. a borough. burgess (ber'jes), n. a citizen or free- man of a borough. burgher (ber'ger), n. a citizen or free- man of a burg or borough. burglar (berg'lar), n. one who breaks into a house at night with intent to commit a felony. burglarious (berg-la/ri-us) , adj. per- taining to, or constituting, burglary. burglary (berg'la-ri) , n. the act or crime of breaking into a house at night with intent to commit a felony. burgomaster (beVgo-mas-ter) , n. the chief magistrate 9? a municipal town in Holland, Belgium, and Germany. burgundy (ber'gun-di) , n. a wine, red or white, made in Burgundy in France. burgundy- pitch (ber 'gun-di-pitch) , n. spruce-fir resin. burial (ber'i-al), n. the act of burying. burin (bu/rin), n. a cutting or engrav- ing tool. burl (berl), n. a small knot or lump in thread or cloth; a knot in wood: v.t. to pick knots, &c, from, as in finishing cloth. burlap (ber'lap), n. a coarse fabric made of jute, hemp, &c, used for bagging or in upholstery [commonly in the pi.]. burlesque (ber-lesk'), adj. tending to excite laughter by extravagant con- trast or caricature: n. a ludicrous, grotesque representation; a literary composition or dramatic piece com- posed in burlesque style: v.t. to ridicule or make ridiculous by cari- catured representation; travesty; parody. burletta (ber-let'a), n. a comic opera; a musical farce. burliness (ber'li-nes), n. the quality of being burly. burly (ber'li), adj. bulky; large; cor- pulent. Burmese (ber'mez), adj. pertaining to Burma in South Eastern Asia. The noun, Burma, is sometimes used as an adjective = Burmese. burn (bern), v.t. [p.t. burnt & burned, p.pr. burning], to consume or injure with fire; reduce to ashes; scorch; expose to the action of fire; produce by means of fire; affect with a burn- ing sensation; cauterize: v.i. to be on fire; suffer from or be injured by excess of heat; glow; shine; be inflamed with passion or desire: n. an injury to the flesh caused by fire. burn (bern) , n. a rivulet ; a brook. burner (ber'ner), n. one who burns or sets fire to anything; the part of a lamp or gas fixture from which the flame issues. burning- gfoss (bern'ing-glas) , n. a double-convex lens used to focus the rays of the sun upon combustible substances to ignite them. burnish (ber'nish), v.t. polish by fric- tion; make smooth and lustrous: n. polish; gloss; brightness. burnt offering (bernt of'er-ing), n. something offered and burnt upon an altar as a sacrifice or an atonement for sin. burro (boo'ro), n. sl small Mexican horse or pony used as a pack- animal. burrow (bur'o), n. a hole in the ground excavated by a rabbit or other ani- mal, as a refuge and habitation: v.i. to excavate; work a way into or under something; lodge in a deep or concealed place; hide. burry (bur'i), adj. full of burs; rough. bursa (ber'sa) ,n .a sac or sac-like cavity. lie, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BURSAR 137 BUTCHERY bursar (ber/ser), n. the treasurer of a college; in Scotland, a university student who receives an allowance for his support. bursary (ber'ser-i), n. the treasury of a British college or monastery; the allowance paid to a student in a Scottish university. burst (berst), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. burst, p.pr. bursting], to rend or break open with violence; yield to internal force or pressure ; explode ; give way under excess of grief or pain; appear or disappear suddenly: v.t. to rend or break by violence ; open suddenly : n. a violent or sudden breaking forth; a sudden explosion; a rush; a strenuous effort; a spurt. bury (ber'i), n. a manor-house; a borough. bury (ber'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. buried, p.pr. burying], to deposit and cover m a grave or tomb, or in any final resting-place; entomb; keep secret; hide. burying (ber'i-ing), n. burial (John xii. 7). 'bus (bus), n. & shortened form of omnibus. bush (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a forest region, especially in Australia; wild, uncleared country; the tail or brush of a fox; a branch of a tree formerly hung out as a tavern sign: v.i. to grow thick or bushy: v.t. to set bushes about; use a bush-harrow on. bush (boosh), n. a lining or tube of hard metal inserted in an orifice, to reduce wear by friction: v.t. to fur- nish with a bush. bushel m (boosh'el) , n. a dry measure containing eight gallons or four pecks; a vessel of such a capacity; a large quantity. bushiness (boosh'i-nes), n. the quality of being bushy. Bushman (boosh 'man), n. [pi. bush- men (boosh'men)], one of a tribe of aboriginals near the Cape of Good Hope; a Bosjesman. [Dutch.] bushranger (boosh'ranj-er), n. one who leads a predatory life in the bush country of Australia; orig- inally a criminal who escaped to the bush. bush-whacker (boosh 'hwak-er) , n. a back-woodsman; an implement for cutting brushwood. In the Amer- ican Civil War, the word was ap- plied to a member of a guerrilla band, which fought and plundered in the woods. bushy (boosh'i) , adj. thick and spread- ing like a bush; overgrown with shrubs. ^ busily (biz'i-li), adv. in a busy manner. business (biz'nes), n. employment; trade; profession; something to be transacted or required to be done; right of action; affair; matter: adj. pertaining to business; practical. busk (busk), n. a strip of flexible mate- rial worn in the front of corsets. buskin (bus'kin), n. kind of half -boot or high shoe reaching to the middle of the calf; a high shoe (cothurnus) worn by ancient actors in tragedy to increase their height. buss (bus), n. a small two-masted vessel used in herring fishing; a kiss. [Lowland Scotch.] bust (bust), n. the chest or thorax; the head, shoulders, and breast of a per- son represented in sculpture. bustard (bus'terd), n. a bird of the genus Otis, of which there are many species, as the great bustard of Europe and Africa. bustle (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, with a certain amount of noise; move quickly: n. tumult; noisy activity; a pad or cushion worn by women beneath the skirt. busy (biz'i), adj. earnestly or closely employed; bustling; diligent; of- ficious; meddlesome: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. busied, p.pr. busying], to keep con- stantly engaged; occupy one's sell actively. busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. [pi. busy- bodies (biz'i-bod'iz)], a meddling, officious person. butcher (booch'er), n. one who slaughters animals for food; one who delights in slaughter: v.L to slaughter for food; to murder in a barbarous manner. butcher-bird (booch'er-berd), n. a name given to various shrikes, from their habit of suspending their slaughtered prey upon thorns. butchery (booch'er-i) , n. the. business of slaughtering cattle; barbarous murder. ate, arm, at, awi ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. BUTLER 138 BUZZINGLY butler (but'ler), n. a manservant in a household who has the care of the plate, wines, &c; the chief servant in a large household. butt (but), n. a push or thrust deliv- ered by the head of an animal; a thrust in fencing: v.t. to strike by thrusting the head against. butt (but), n. the extremity of a thing; thethicker end of anything; a target; a rifle or gunnery range; a goal; a limit; the thickest part of tanned ox-hides; an object of ridicule. butt (but), n. a large cask of 117 gals, of Portuguese wine, or 108 gals. of beer. butte(but), n. an abrupt isolated hill on ridge. butter (but'er), n. an oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning; any substance of butter-like consistence; gross flat- tery: v.t. to spread or smear with butter; to flatter grossly. butter-ball (but'er-bawl), n. a short stout woman. butter-bird (but'er-berd), n. the rice- bunting. buttercup (but'er-kup) . n. a plant bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers. butter-fingers (but'er-fmg'gerz), n.pl. one who lets a ball slip through his fingers. butterfly (but'er-fll), n. [pL butter- flies (but'er-fliz)], a general name for any species of diurnal lepidopterous insects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- fling person. butterine (but'er-in), n. an imitation of butter. See oleomargarine. buttermilk (but'er-milk) , n. whey separated from the cream in butter- making. butternut (but'er-nut), n. the fruit of a North American tree allied to the walnut. buttery (but/er-i), n. [pi. butteries (but'er-iz)], an apartment in which provisions, wines, &c, are kept; a room in some English colleges where liquors and provisions are kept for private sale. butting (but'ing), n. an abuttal; a boundary. buttock (but'ok), n. the rump or protuberant hinder part of a man or animal [used mainly in the pi.]; the convex part of a ship under the stern. button (but'n), n. any small rounded object used to secure different parts of a garment, or attached for orna- ment; something resembling a but- ton; the knob at the end of a foil; a ball of gold, &c, worn on the hats of Chinese officials to indicate their rank: pi. young mushrooms; a page boy: v.t. to fasten or furnish with buttons. buttonhole (but'n-hol) , n. a small bouquet worn in the coat: v.t. to detain in conversation against the will; bore. button wood (but'n-wood), n. the plane-tree. buttress (but'res), n. masonry or brickwork built on to an outside wall to afford support; a support: v.t. to support by a buttress; prop. butyrate (bti'ti-rat) , # n. a salt of butyric acid. [Latin.] butyric # (bu-tir'ik) , adj. pertaining to or derived from butter. butyric acid (as'id), n. a colorless liquid obtained from butter: it is present also in cod-liver oil and in sweat glands. buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; jolly; robust; plump and comely. buy (bi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bought, p.pr. buying], to acquire by paying an agreed price; purchase; bribe. buyer's option (bi'erz op'shun), n. a purchaser's privilege of taking an agreed amount of stock within a certain period. buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming noise, as of bees; a confused or blended murmur, as of many voices; a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to make a low humming sound; speak with a low humming voice: v.t. spread secretly. buzz-saw (buz 'saw), n. a circular saw. buzzard (buz'erd), n. the name of several species of hawks; the Amer- ican turkey-buzzard acts as a scaven- ger in some southern cities like the stork in India, and is protected by the law. buzzer (buz'er), n. an electric bell. buzzingly (buz'ing-li), adv. with a humming sound. ate, arm, at, awl me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £/ien BYE bye (bi), n. a run scored at cricket when the ball passes the wicket- keeper and long-stop, and has not been struck by the batsman; a goal at football. by-law (bi-law), n. a private law or statute framed by a corporate body. by- word (bl'werd), n. a, proverb; nick- name; an object of derision. Byzantine (biz-an'tin or biz'an-ten), adj. of, or pertaining to, Byzantium 139 BYZANTINE (Constantinople) , the ancient capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, from 330 to 1453, when it was taken by the Turks. The name Byzantine connotes a peculiar semi-oriental architecture, distinguished by domes, and its art is most characteristic in the illuminating of MSS. with gorgeous colors, and in ivory carv- ing, rug-making, cameos, and en- ameling in gold work. 1 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. M c C, the third letter of the alphabet in most European languages. In the hieroglyphic Egyptian, the figure that stood for it represented a throne. In Latin and Greek, it had the sound of G for a long while, but gradually in Latin it was supplanted by K while the new character G was formed to convey the G sound. Finally C took the place of K while G was G. (SeeG.) As a symbol, C stands for centigrade (a thermometric scale) as opposed to F (Fahrenheit) and Carbon. cab (kab), n. a public carriage with four or two wheels, drawn by one horse; the shelter for the driver of a locomotive: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cabbed, p.pr. cabbing], to pass over in a cab: as, to cab the distance. cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- tion of a few persons for carrying out some specific design; an intrigue: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], to unite in secret with others, m cabala (kab'a-la), n. a secret science of the Jewish rabbis to interpret the hidden meaning of the Pentateuch; esoteric doctrine. cabalism (kab'al-izm), n. occult doc- trine. cabalist (kab'al-ist) , n. one versed in the Jewish cabala^ an occultist. caballero (ka-bal-ya'ro) , n. sl Spanish knight or gentleman; a stately Span- ish dance. cabaret (kab'a-ra), n. a tavern: house where liquors are retailed; a vaude- ville performance given in restaurants for diners. cabbage (kab'aj), n. the well-known vegetable; the terminal head of palm-trees; tailors' clippings, taken as perquisities : v.i. to form a head like that of the cabbage: v.t. to ap- propriate to one's own use. cabeca (ka-ba'sa), n. the finest quality of Indian silk. [Portuguese.] cabes (ka-bas'), n. Western abbre- viation from the Spanish cabeza, meaning the head. cabin (kab 'in), n. a small hut, cottage, or room ; a room in a ship for officers or passengers: vJ. to confine in a cabin: v.i. to live in a cabin. cabin-boy (kab'in-boi), n. a boy on ship who acts as general help to the skipper. cabinet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- ment; a private room; a piece of furniture to hold objects of vertu, &c; a cabinet photograph; a delib- erative committee of the principal members of the Ministry. cabinet picture (pik'tur), n. a valu- able picture of small dimensions. cable (ka'bl), n. a large strong rope or chain; a submarine telegraph line; a molding resembling a cable; a meas- ure of distance = 100 to 140 fathoms: v.t. to fasten with a cable; transmit by telegraph cable. cablegram (ka'bl-gram) , n. a message sent by submarine cable. cabochon (kab'o-shon) , n. a precious stone polished but not faceted. caboose (ka-boos'), n. a ship's galley or kitchen; the trainmen's car at- tached to a freight-train; a jail, or cell in a jail. cabriolet (kab-ri-o-la') , n. a covered carriage with two or four wheels drawn by one horse. cacaine (ka-ka'in), n. the essential principle of cacao. cacao (ka-ka/6), n. a small evergreen tree of tropical America and West Indies, from the seeds of which cocoa and chocolate are prepared. cache (kash), n. a place of concealment for food for future use: v.t. to hide (provisions) in the ground. cachelot (kash'a-lot & # -lo'), n. the sperm whale, which yields sperma- ceti. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CACHET 141 CALABASH cachet (ka-sha'), n. a seal; hence a mark of distinction. _ [French.] cachinnation (kak-i-na/shun) , n. loud or unrestrained laughter. cacholong (kash'o-long) , n. a milk or greyish-white opal; pearl opal. cachou (ka'shoo'), n. an aromatic pill for sweetening the breath. cacique (ka-sek'), n. the name or title of the aboriginal chiefs of the West Indies, Mexico, and some parts of South America. cackle (kak'l), v.i. to cry like a hen or goose: specifically used of the cry made by a hen which has laid an egg; giggle; prattle: n. the cry of a hen or goose; silly talk. cacography (ka-kog'ra-fi) , n. incor- rect spelling; crabbed writing. cacophonous (ka-kof o-nus) , adj. dis- cordant. cactus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti (kak'ti) & cactuses (kak'tus-ez)], a spiny fleshy plant with showy flowers. cad (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fellow. cadaver (ka-da/ver), n. a dead body. cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us), adj. re- sembling a corpse; pale; ghastly. caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries golf clubs. caddis (kad'is), n. the larva of the caddis-fly. caddy (kad'i), n. [pi. caddies (kad'iz)], a small box for keeping tea. cade (kad), n. a barrel or cask of 500 herrings, or 1,000 sprats. cadence (ka'dens), n. the full modu- lation of the voice in reading or speaking; rhythm. cadenza (ka-den'za), n. a vocal or instrumental flourish. [Italian.] cadet (ka-def), n. a younger son; student in a naval or military acad- emy. [French.] cadetship (ka-det'ship), n. the posi- tion of a cadet. cadge (kaj), v.i. to loaf; to act as a tramp or petty thief. [English.] cadi (ka'di), n. a Mahommedan judge. Cadmean (kad-me'an), adj. of or be- longing to Cadmus; Theban. cadmium (kad'mi-um), n. a bluish- white ductile metal, resembling tin. caducean (ka-du'se-an) , adj. pertain- ing to the caduceus, the winged staff of Mercury, entwined with ser- pents. caecum (se'kum), n. [pi. cseea (selia)], the blind gut; a pouch-like appen- dage of the large intestine, having one end closed. Caesarian (se-za/re-an) , adj. pertaining to Caesar. Caesarian operation (op-er-a/shun), n. the delivery of a fetus by cutting through the walls of the abdomen. Caesarism (se'zar-izm), n. imperialism; absolute rule or government. caesium (ses'i-um), n. a rare metal associated with rubidium. cafe (kaf-a/). n. a restaurant. [French.] caffeine (kaf'e-in), n. a bitter alkaloid extracted from coffee. cage (kaj), n. a box or inclosure fur- nished with metal bars for confining birds, or other animals ; a contrivance for raising and lowering men in a mine shaft: v.t. to confine in a cage. cahoots (ka-hoots'), n.pl. only, agree- ment; arrangements usually of a dis- honest nature. So, "they're in cahoots together/' "He got into cahoots with the Mayor," etc. caique (ka-ek'), n. a skiff or light row- ing boat used on the Bosporus. cairn (karn), n. a conical heap of stones erected as a monument. cairngorm (karn'gorm), n. a yellow or brown variety of quartz or rock- crystal. caisson (ka/sun), n. an ammunition- wagon or chest; a box filled with explosives for firing a mine ; a water- tight box or casing used for building structures in water; a sunken panel in a ceiling; a structure for raising and floating sunken vessels. caitiff (ka/tif), n. a despicable or cowardly wretch: adj. despicable; vile; cowardly. [Old French.] cajole (ka-jol'), v.t. to coax or deceive by flattery; wheedle; cheat. cake (kak), n. a small mass of dough, sweetened and baked; a compressed or solidified mass of any substance, especially if thin or flat ; a simpleton : v.t. to form into a cake: v.i. to con- solidate into a hard mass. cake-walk (kak'wawk), n. a strutting, eccentric walk or parade, originally by negroes for a cake given as a prize. calabash (kal'a-bash), n. the fruit of the calabash tree of tropical Amer- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CALABOOSE 142 CALICO ica, used when dried as a vessel for liquids, &c. calaboose (kal-a-boos') , n. a jail; a lockup. calamitous (ka-lam'i-tus) , adj. pro- ducing, or resulting from, calamity. calamity (ka-lam'i-ti), n. [pi. calami- ties (ka-lam'i-tiz)], any cause that produces evil, disaster, or extreme misfortune; distress; affliction. calamus (kal'a-mus), n. [pi. calami {kal'a-ml)], a genus of palms produc- ing the rattan canes; the sweet flag. calash (ka-lash'), n. a light carriage with low wheels and a folding re- movable top; a hood formerly worn by women. Also caleche. [French.] calcareous (kal-kar'e-us) , adj. of the nature of, or containing, lime. calcify (kal'si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. calcified, p.pr. calcifying], to con- vert into lime: v.i. to become strong by conversion into lime. calcimine (kal'si-mm), n. white or tinted wash for walls or ceilings. Also kalsomine. calcination (kal-si-na'shun) , n. the act or process of reducing to powder by heat. calcine (kal'sln), v.t. to reduce a sub- stance to powder by heat; oxidize; v.i. to undergo calcination. > calcite (kal'slt), n. crystallized car- bonate of lime. calcium (kal'si-um), n. the metallic base of lime. calcium carbide (kar'bid), n. & compound of quicklime and carbon, from which acetylene is generated by subjecting it to the action of water. calcography g (kal-kog'ra-fi) , n. the art of drawing with colored chalks or pastels. calc-spar (kalk'spar), n. a crystalline carbonate of lime or calcite. calculable (kal'ku-la-bl) , adj. able to be calculated. calculary (kal'kti-ler-i) , adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, calculi. calculate (kal'kii-lat), v.t. to compute; ascertain or determine by any proc- ess of reasoning; estimate: v.i. to make a computation; suppose or think. [Latin.] calculation (kal-kti-la'shun) , n. the art of reckoning by numbers; com- putation; something deduced by reasoning or inference; estimate; opinion. calculative (kal'kii-la-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to calculate. calculator (kal'ku-la-ter) , n. one who, or a machine that, computes or reckons. calculous (kal'ku-lus) , adj. stony; gritty. calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. [pi. calculi (kal'ku-li)], a stony concretion in the body; one of the higher branches of mathematics. [Latin.] caldera (kal-da'ra), n. a deep caldron- like cavity on the summits of extinct volcanoes. caldron (kawl'dron), n. a large kettle or boiler. calendar (kal'en-der), n. a register of the days, weeks, and months of the year, &c; a register or list; a list of criminal causes arranged for trial : v.t. to register or place on a list. calendar month (munth), n. a solar month reckoned according to the calendar, as distinguished from the lunar month. calender (kal'en-der), n. a machine consisting of heated rollers, used for smoothing and glazing paper or cloth: v.t. to press in a calender. Calends (kal'endz), n.pl. in the Roman calendar, the first day of each month. The better form is Kalends. calenture (kal'en-ttir) , a violent fever affecting sailors in hot latitudes. calf (kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz)], a young bovine quadruped, especially of the cow; the young of certain marine mammalia, as the whale; leather made from the skin of a calf; a small island, or iceberg near a larger one; a stupid or silly per- son; the thick fleshy part of the leg behind. caliber (kal'i-ber), n. the diameter of a cylindrical body^ mental capacity. calibrate (kal'i-brat), v.t. to determine the caliber [of]; graduate. calibration (kal-i-bra'shun) , n. the act of calibrating. calicle (kal'i-kl), n. a small cup-shaped cell. calico (kal'i-ko), n. [pi. calicoes & -os (kal'i-koz)], white or printed cotton cloth. From Kalicut, in India. ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CALIGRAPH 143 CALORIMOTOR caligraph (kal'i-graf), n. sl form of typewriter. Also calligraph. caligraphy (ka-lig'ra-fi) , n. elegant handwriting. Same as calligraphy. calipash (kal'i-pash), n. the part of a turtle belonging to the upper shell, inclosing a dull greenish gelatinous substance. [Spanish from Persian.] calipee (kal'i-pe), n. the part of a turtle belonging to the lower shell, inclosing a light yellow gelatinous substance. [Spanish from Persian ] calipers (kal'i-perz) , n.pl. compasses for measuring the diameters of cylin- drical bodies. caliph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title of the successors of Mohammed. Also calif. [Arabic] caliphate (kal'i-fat), n. the office, dig- nity, or government of a caliph. calisthenic (kal-is-then'ik) , adj. per- taining to calisthenics. > calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks) , n.pl. the art of promoting health by physical exercise; simple gymnastics. calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to drive oakum into the seams of (a ship). calk (kawk), v.t. to copy (a drawing) by covering the back with chalk or lead, and trace over the lines with a style for transfer. calk (kawk), n. that part of a horse- shoe which projects downward to prevent slipping; a semi-circular piece of iron nailed to the heel of a boot: v.t. to furnish with a calk. call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, or invite to, any place; convoke judi- cially or officially; designate for an office; name; characterize as; exhort; utter in a loud voice; rouse from sleep: n. a summons or invitation; a request or command; a short visit ; the cry or note uttered by certain animals; a demand for pay- ment due on snares; the option of claiming stock at a certain time at a stipulated price. calligraph (kal'i-graf). n. sl specimen of elegant penmanship. calligrapher (kal-lig'ra-fer) or cal- ligraphist (kal'lig'ra-fist) , n. one skilled in hand-writing. calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-u) , n. elegant or beautiful writing. calling (kawl'ing), n. the act of sum- moning; a summons or invitation; a vocation, trade or profession; the state of being divinely called (II Pet. i. 10). calliope (kal-li'o-pe) , n. the first of the nine Muses, presiding over epic poetry and eloquence; a musical instrument composed of a series of steam whistles played like an organ. callityping (kal'i-tl-ping), n. the proc- ess of producing plates for printing purposes by means of typewriting and photo-engraving. callosity (kal-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. callosities (kal-os'i-tiz)], the state or quality of being hardened; a callus. callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; insen- sible. callow (kal'o), adj. unfledged. callus (kal'us), n. [pi. calli (kal'i)], the hardening of the skin from pressure ; bony matter which unites the ends of fractured bones. calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; undis- turbed: n. stillness; serenity: v.t. to quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to become calm (with down). calomel (kal'6-mel), n. mercurial chloride: used as a purgative medi- cine. caloric (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to heat. caloricity (kal-6-ris'i-ti), n. the power in animals of developing and main- taining heat. calorie (kal'o-re), n. the unit of heat (metric system) to express the amount of heat required to raise one kilogramme of water from 0° to 1° centigrade. Also calory. calorifacient (ka-lor-i-fa'shi-ent), adj m heat-producing: said of food-stuffs. calorific (kal-o-rif 'ik) , adj. heating. calorification (ka-lor-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the product ion_ of heat. calorific rays (raz), n.pl. the invisible heating rays emanating from the sun and heated bodies. calorimeter (kal-o-rim'i-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring heat pro- duced or given off by a body. calorimetry (kal-o-rim'i-tri), n. the art or process of determining the amount of heat contained in, er given off by, bodies. calorimotor (kal-o-ri-mo'ter) , ». a galvanic apparatus for producing heat in a short external circuit. Ite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut : think, then. :alotte 144 CAMLET calotte (ka-lot'), n. a plain skull-cap of satin, &c; a cap or hood on the heads of certain birds. [French.] calotype (kal'o-tip), n. a photographic process in which the image is received on paper prepared with iodide of silver. Also called talbotype, from the name of the inventor. caltrop kal'trop), n. an iron instru- ment with four spikes, placed in ditches, &c, to hinder the advance of troops; a name for various plants with prickly fruit. calumet (kal ; u-met), n. the tobacco- pipe of the North American Indians, smoked as a symbol of peace, or to ratify treaties. [Old French.] calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at) , v.t. to accuse falsely and maliciously: v.i. to utter calumnies. [Latin.] calumniation (ka-lum-ni-a'shun) , n. the act of calumniating. calumnious (ka-lum'ni-us) , adj. slan- derous; defamatory. calumny (kal'um-ni), n. [pi. calumnies (karum-niz)], a false accusation; a slander. Calvary (kal'va-ri), n. the place where Christ was crucified; in Catholic countries a representation of the crucifixion erected in the open air. calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a calf; become detached from: said of gla- ciers when icebergs break off from them. Calvinism (kal'vin-izm) , n. the doc- trines of John Calvin [1509-64], the French theologian and reformer, especially those relating to predesti- nation and election. Calvinist (karvin-ist) , n. one who holds the doctrines of Calvin. Calvinistic (kal-vin-is'tik), adj. per- taining to Calvin or his doctrines. calx (kalks), n. [pi. calxes (kalk'sez), or calces (kal'sez)], lime or chalk; the residuum of a metal left after calcination. calyx (ka'liks), n. [pi. calyxes (ka'lik- sez), calices (kal'i-sez)], the whorl of a flower. [Greek.] cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece of ma- chinery for imparting an eccentric or alternating motion. camber (kam'ber), n. a convexity on an upper surface; a piece of timber thus bent; a small dock for unload* ing timber: v.t. to curve or bend? arch. camber- window (kam'ber-win'do) , n. a window arched at the top. cambist (kam'bist), n. one who deals in notes or bills of exchange; a money-changer. [Italian.] cambium (kam'bi-um), n. the forma- tive layer of cellular tissue which lies between the young wood and the bark of exogenous trees. cambrasine (kam'bra-zen) , n. a fine kind of cambric; batiste. cambric (kam'brik), n. a very fine thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cambric. cambric- muslin (kam'brik-muz'lin) .. n. a fine cotton imitation of cambric. came (kam), p.t. of come. camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant quadruped, of which there are two species, the Arabian camel or drome- dary, with a single hump, and the Bactrian camel, with two humps; a water-tight structure placed beneath a vessel to raise and float it over a shoal or bar. [Hebrew and Latin.] Camellia (ka-mel'i-a), n. a genus of Asiatic evergreen shrubs, cultivated for their beautiful rose-like flowers and shining foliage. camelopard (ka-mel'o-pard & kam'- el-6-pard), n. the giraffe, which was once supposed to be a cross between the camel and the leopard. camelry (kam'el-ri), n. [pi. camelries (kanrel-riz)], troops mounted on camels; a camel corps; a place for loading or unloading camels. cameo (kam'e-o), n. a precious stone or shell on which figures are engraved in relief. [Italian.] camera (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cameras (kam'er-az)], a camera obscura, espe- cially that employed in photography. camera lucida (loo 'si-da) , n. an opti- cal instrument for reflecting distant objects on paper by means of a solid glass prism. [Latin.] camera obscura (ob-sku'ra), n. a darkened chamber or box in which, by means of lenses, external objects are exhibited on paper, glass, &c. camlet (kam'let), n. a finely woven fabric, originally of camel's hair, which made it nearly waterproof. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tkvn. ^ CAMOMILE 145 CANDLEMAS camouflage (ka-moo-flazh' or kam'oo- flazh),n. the disguising of ships, bat- teries, camps or other objects by paint, screens, shrubbery, etc., forthe purpose of misleading the enemy ;v.t. to disguise by camouflage. Often fig. camp (kamp), n. the ground occupied by an army at rest, with tents, huts, &c; an encampment: v.i. to live in a camp: encamp. camp- meeting (kamp-met'ing), n. an outdoor religious gathering. camp-stool (kamp'stool), n. a folding stool or seat. campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open tract of land; the period during which an army carries on active operations in the field: v.i. to serve in a campaign. [French.] campanile (kam-pa-ne'le), n. [pi. campaniles (kam-pa-ne'lez)], a bell- tower detached from the body of a church; frequent in Italy. [Italian.] campanology (kam-pa-noro-ji), n. the principles or art of bell-ringing, bell-founding, &c. campanulate (kam-pan'yu-lat), adj. bell-shaped. campeachy wood (kam-pech'i-wood), n. another name for logwood. camphene (kam-fen'), n. rectified oil of turpentine. Also camphine. camphor (kam'fer), n. a volatile aro- matic whitish substance, obtained from various trees and plants m of Eastern Asia. [French from Arabic] camphor- tree (kam'fer-tre), n. a species of laurel -yielding the camphor of commerce. camphorate (kam'fer-at), v.t. to satu- rate or treat with camphor. camwood (kam'wood), n. a red dye- wood. can (kan), v.i. [p.t. could (kood)], to be able; possess power physically, morally, or mentally (used as an auxiliary verb) . can (kan), n. a metal vessel of small size, for holding liquids or preserving solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canned, p.pr. canning], to put up in cans for preservation. Canadian balsam (ka-na'di-an bawl'- sum), n. a resin obtained from a species of fir. canaille (ka-ni'), n. the lowest orders of the populace. [French.] canal (ka-nal'), n. an artificial navi- gable waterway; a duct or tube for the passage of fluids; a channel or groove. canard (ka-nard', French ka-nar'), n. an absurd story or report ; a hoax. canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light wine; a pale or bright yellow color; a small singing bird with yellow plumage, a native of the Canary Islands: adj. bright yellow. cancan (kan'kan), n. a vivacious and indelicate French dance. cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. can- celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface writing by drawing lines across it; annul; strike out common factors. cancer (kan'ser), n. a genus of crus- taceans, including the crabs; one of the twelve zodiacal signs, the sign of the summer solstice; a ma- lignant tumor or growth. cancerate (kan'ser-at), v.i. to grow into a cancer. cancerous (kan r ser-us) , adj. like a cancer; affected with cancer. cancrine (kang'krm), adj. having the form or qualities of a crab. cancroid (kang'kroid) , adj. resembling a cancer. candelabrum (kan-de-la/- or -la/brum), n. [pi. candelabra (kan-de-la'- or -la'- bra)], a lamp-stand; an ornamented branched candlestick. [Latin.] candent (kan'dent ) , adj. glowing with a white heat. candescence (kan-des'ens) , n. a state of glowing. candid (kan'did), adj. honest; out- spoken; sincere; free from undue bias ; open ; fair. candidate (kan'di-dat) , n. one who offers himself, or is proposed by others, to fill some office. [Latin.] candidature (kan'di-da-tur), n. the state of being_a candidate. candied (kan'ded), p. adj. preserved or incrusted with sugar. candle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical body of tallow, wax, or other fatty ma- terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, and used to furnish light. [Latin.] candle-power (kan'dl-pou'er) , n. the illuminating power of a candle taken as a unit in determining the lumi- nosity of any flame. Candlemas (kan'dl-mas) , n. the feast ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 10 hue, hut ; think, then. CANDOR 146 CANON of the Purification of the Virgin Mary (Feb. 2nd). candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- ness. candy (kan'di), n. a solid confection of sugar or chocolate, combined with flavoring or coloring substances or with nuts, raisins, &c. : v.t:[p.t. & p.p. candied, p.pr. candying], to conserve with sugar; incrust with crystals: v.i. to become candied. [Tamil.] See confectionery. candytuft (kan'di-tuf t) , n. a plant bearing tufted flowers, originally from Candia. cane (kan), n. the stem of certain palms, grasses, and other plants, as the bamboo, sugar-cane, rattan, &c; a walking-stick: v.t. to beat with a cane. cane-brake (kan'brak), n. & thicket of canes. canella (ka-nel'la), an aromatic and tonic bark of a West Indian tree. canine (ka'nin), adj. pertaining to dogs; having the nature or qualities of a dog. [Latin.] canine teeth (teth), n.pl. two sharp- pointed teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws of most mam- mals. Also canines. canister (kan'is-ter) , n. a metal box or case for tea, coffee, &c. ; a case containing grape shot which ex- plodes when fired from a cannon. canker (kang'ker), n. a cancerous or ulcerous disease: an eating or cor- roding agency which causes decay or rot; anything that insidiously cor- rodes, corrupts, or destroys: v.t. to corrode or corrupt ; infect with poi- sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- rupt; be infected with, i_r become, malignant. canker-worm (kang'ker- werm) , n. a caterpillar destructive to trees or plants; something, as sorrow, evil, &c, that insidiously destroys one's happiness. cankerous (kang'ker-us) , adj. corrod- ing. cannabin (kan'a-bin), n. a narcotic resin extracted from Indian hemp. cannabis (kan'a-bis), n. hemp. cannabis Indica (kan'a-bis In'di-ka), n. Indian hemp, also called bhang or hasheesh. See bhang. canned (kand), adj. preserved in tins. cannel-coai (kan'el-kol), n. a hard bituminous coal burning with a clear, bright flame; candle-coal. cannery (kan'e-ri)., n. [j)l. canneries (kan'e-riz)], an establishment for preserving meat, fish, &c, in cans hermetically sealed. cannibal (kan'i-bal) , n. a human being who eats human flesh; any animal that eats the flesh of its own kind: adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, cannibalism. [Spanish.] cannibalism (kan'i-bal-izm) , n. the act or practice of eating human flesh by human beings, or of animals by those of like kind. cannibalistic (kan-i-ba-lis'tik) , adj. characterized by cannibalism. cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. cannons (kan'unz) or cannon (collectively)], a large gun; a pieceof ordnance. cannonade (kan-un-ad') , n. the act of discharging cannon against > a town, fort, &c: v.t. to attack with cannon or ordnance: v.i. to discharge cannon. cannoneer (kan-un-er') , n. an artil- leryman. cannoneering (kan-un-er'ing) , n. the act or art of using cannon. cannot (kan'ot), {can and not), to be unable. cannula (kan'u-la), n. a small tube for injecting or withdrawing fluids. cannular (kan'u-lar), adj. tubular. canny or cannie (kan'i), adj. shrewd; knowing; cautious; wary; artful; reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv. in a canny manner. canoe (ka-noo), n. [pi. canoes (ka- nooz r )], alight boat of bark, hide, or the hollow trunk of a tree ; any fight boat propelled by paddles: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoeing], to sail or paddlea canoe. [Haytian.] canoeist (ka-noo'ist), n. one who pad- dles a canoe. canon (kan'un), n. a law or rule in general; a law or rule regarding doctrine or discipline enacted by a council and confirmed; the books of the Holy Scriptures received as au- thoritative by the Christian Church (called the Sacred Canon); a cata- logue of saints; one of the largest kinds of type; the part by which a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then- CANON 147 CANTILLATION bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary. [Greek.] canon law (law), n. rules or laws relating to faith, morals, and disci- pline that regulate Church govern- ment as laid down by popes and councils. canon (ka-nyon') or canyon (kan'- yun), n. a, narrow deep gorge having almost perpendicular sides. [Spanish.] canonical (ka-non'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to a rule or canon; according to, or established by, ecclesiastical laws; belonging to the canon of Scripture. canonically (ka-non'i-ka-li) , adv. in conformity with a canon or rule. canonicals (ka-non'ik-alz), n.pl. the dress prescribed by the canons to be worn by a clergyman when officiating. canonicity (kan-o-nis'i-ti), n. the quality of being canonical. canonist (kan'on-ist) , n. # one skilled in the study and practice of eccle- siastical law. canonization (kan-on-iz-a/shun) , n. act of canonizing. canonize (kan'on-iz), v.t. to enrol in the catalogue or canon of the saints. canonry (kan'on-ri), n. [pi. canonries (kan'on-riz)], the benefice filled by a canon. canopy (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. canopies (kan'o-piz)], a covering fixed above a bed. or suspended over a throne or dais; any similar covering; a decora- tive cover above an altar, pulpit, niche, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, p.pr. canopying], to cover with a canopy. cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whining voice, or with an affected or hypo- critical tone; make whining preten- sions to goodness; to use the conven- tional phraseology of a particular sect, party, &c. : n. a whining manner of speech ; the speech affected by those soliciting alms; the jargon or slang spoken by thieves, gipsies, beggars, &c : ; the words and phrases characteristic of a certain party, sect, &c; the employment of certain phrases and forms of speech without sincerity, especially the assumption of a religious character or the hypo- critical use of sacred words: adj. cant; canting. cant (kant), n. an external angle; an inclination from the level; a sudden jerk producing a change in direction: v.t. to incline; tilt; give a fresh direction to; cut off an angle of. can't (kant), a colloquial contraction of cannot. cantaliver (kan'ta-liv-er) . Same as cantilever. cantaloupe (kan'ta-loop) , n. a va- riety of musk-melon of delicate flavor. [Spanish.] cantankerous (kan-tang^ker-us) , adj. ill-tempered; cross-grained; conten- tious. cantata (kan-ta/ta), n. a short choral composition in the manner of an oratorio; a poem or story set to music. cantatrice (kan'ta-tres, Italian kan- ta-tre'cha), n. a female singer, espe- cially one who sings in operas. canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop in barracks or camp where liquors and provisions are sold ; m a vessel used by soldiers for carrying water or liquor when on the march; a box containing mess utensils, &c, for officers when on foreign service. canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; a Canterbury gallop: v.i. to move in an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- ter. canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i), n. sl stand with divisions for holding music, &c. cantharides (kan-thar'i-dez), n.pl. a preparation of Spanish flies dried and used for blistering. [Latin.] canthus (kan'thus), n. [pi. canthi (kan'thi)], the angle made by the meeting of the eyelids. canticle (kan'ti-kal) , n. a song; one of the non-metrical hymns of the Bible arranged for chanting in church service: pi. the Song of Songs, or Song of Solomon. cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er) , n. a bracket or block projecting from the wall of a house, to support a balcony, cornice, &c; one of two arms pro- jecting from opposite banks serving to form a bridge : adj. constructed on the principle of a cantilever. cantillation (kan-ti-la'shun) , n. in- toning, especially in Jewish syna- gogue worship. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. CANTING 148 CAPFUL canting (kan'ting), p.adj. affectedly pious; whining. canto (kan'to) , n. [pi. cantos (kan'- toz)], a part of a poem of some length; the highest vocal part in concerted music; soprano. [Italian.] canto-fermo (kan'to-f er mo) , n. plain song. [Italian.] canton (kan'ton), n. a district or division of a territory; one of the Swiss federal States; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement ; a division of a painting or flag: v.t. to divide into districts or parts ; to allot separate quarters to troops. See billet. cantonment (kan-ton'ment) , n. a part of a town or village allotted to a body of troops: in India, a permanent military station. cantoon (kan-toon'), n. a cotton stuff having one side satiny, and the other corded. cantor (kan'ter), n. an official in a Jewish synagogue who intones the Hebrew canticles, nsalms, &c; a precentor; a chief singer or choir- leader. Canuck (ka-nuk'), n. a Canadian. Also Kanuck. canvas (kan'vas), n. sl coarse heavy cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails, &c, and also for painting on; sails in general; a painting: adj. made of canvas. canvas-back _ (kan'vas-bak) , n. a North American duck, esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. canvass (kan'vas), v.t. to examine; sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- ions: v.i. to traverse a district for the purpose of soliciting votes, in- terest, orders, &c: n. a close inspec- tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- licitation of votes, interest, orders, &c. cany or caney (ka'ni), adj. consisting of cane; full of canes. canyon (kan'yun)_. Same as canon. canzona (kan-tzo'na) or canzone (kan-tzo'ne), n. a song or air some- what resembling the madrigal; an instrumental piece in the style of a madrigal. [Italian.] canzonet (kan-tzo-net') , n. a short song. caoutchin or caout chine (koo'chin), n. an inflammable volatile oil dis* tilled from caoutchouc. caoutchouc (koo'chook), n. an elastic gummy substance obtained from the milky juice of several tropical trees, and much used in the industrial arts; india-rubber. cap (kap), n. a covering for the head, usually without a brim ; anything resembling a cap; a percussion cap; the top or summit; a particular size of writing-paper: v.t. [p.t. *fe p.p. capped, p.pr. capping], to put a cap on; cover with, or as with, a cap; cover the top end of; complete, crown ; place a cap on the head when conferring a university degree ; match verses with like ones, or finish verses that another has composed. capability (ka-pa-bil'i-ti) , n. the qual- ity of being capable: pi. intellectual attainment. capable (ka/pa-bl), adj. receptive; susceptible; having power, skill, or capacity; competent; legally quali- fied. capacious (ka-pa'shus) , adj. roomy; spaciouSe capacitate (ka-pas'i-tat) , v.t. to make capable; enable; qualify. capacity (ka-pas'i-ti) , n. [pi. capacities (ka-pas'i-tiz)], the power of receiving or containing; the power of contain- ing a certain quantity exactly ; cubic contents; intellectual ability; legal qualification ; profession ; function ; position. cap-a-pie (kap-a-pe'), adv. from head to foot. [Old French.] caparison (ka-par'i-son) , n. an orna- mental covering for a horse; gay or rich clothing: v.t. to cover with rich clothing, as a horse; adorn with rich dress. cape (kap), n. a covering for the shoulders, worn separately or at- tached^ a headland. caper (ka'per), v.i. to skip; jump: n. a frolicsome leap cr spring; a skip; a prank. caper (ka'per), n. a plant, the flower- buds of which are pickled and used as a condiment under the name of capers. capful (kap'fool), n. as much as fills a cap; a small quantity; a passing gust. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^en. CAPIAS 149 CAPSIGIN capias (ka'pi-as), n. a writ authoriz- ing the arrest of the person named in it. [Latin: "You may take."] capillarity (kap-i-lar'i-ti) , n. the state of being capillary; capillary attrac- tion. capillary (kap'il-a-ri), adj. resembling a hair; minute; slender; possessing a very small bore; pertaining to the capillary vessels of -the body: n. a tube with a small bore: pi. one of the minute blood-vessels connecting the arteries with the veins. capillary attraction (a-trak'shun) , n. the power possessed by porous bodies of drawing up a fluid. capilliform (ka-pil'i-f orm) , adj. hav- ing the form of a hair. capital (kap'i-tal), adj. affecting the head or life; punishable with death; first in importance; chief; good, ex- cellent: n. the chief city in a king- dom or state; a capital letter. capital (kap'i-tal), n. the sum invested in any particular business; stock in trade ; stock or resources of any kind, moral or physical ; that part of wealth which is saved and is available for, or employed in, future production; the head or top of a column, pilaster, or pillar. [Latin.] capitalism (kap'i-tal-izm), n. the pos- session of capital, especially its con- centration in the hands of a few ; the power of combined capital. capitalist (kap'i-tal-ist) , n. one who possesses capital. capitalization (kap-i-tal-I-za'shun) , n. the act of capitalizing. capitalize (kap'i-tal-iz), v.t. to convert into capital; compute or realize the present value of in money, as a periodical payment; print with a capital. capitally (kap'i-ta-li) , adv. in a manner involving the forfeiture of life; in an excellent manner. capitate (kap'i-tat), adj. growing in a head. capitation (kap-i-ta'shun) , n. a tax, fee, or grant per head. Capitol (kap'i-tul), n. the temple of Jupiter at Rome, situated on the S.W. summit of the Capitoline Hill; the building occupied by the L T nited States Congress at Washington; the legislative building of a State. capitular (ka-pit'u-lar) or capitulary (ka-pit'u-lar-i) , adj. pertaining to a chapter; growing in a head: n. a statute passed in a chapter, as of knights or canons: pi. the body of statutes of a chapter or of an ec- clesiastical council; a member of a chapter. capitulate (ka-pit'u-lat) , v.i. to sur- render to an enemy on conditions agreed upon. capitulation (ka-pit'u-la/shun) , n. the act of capitulating; the instru- ment containing the terms of sur- render. capitulator (ka-pit'u-la-ter) , n. one who capitulates. caplin (kap'lin), n. a small fish of the smelt family, largely used as bait for cod. capon (ka'pon), n. a castrated cock; a cock-chicken castrated for the pur- pose of improving its flesh for table. caponiere or caponniere (kap-on- yar'), n. a covered lodgment; a passage from one part of a defen- sive work to another, protected by a parapet. [French.] capote (ka-pot'), n. a kind of long coarse cloak; a long mantle for women. capouch (ka-poosh'), n. a monk's hood or cowl; the hood of a cloak. capric (kap'rik), adj. pertaining to a goat. capric acid (as'id), n. an acid found in the butter of cow's and goat's milk, cocoanut-oil, &c, united with glycerine, and having a smell like that of a goat. caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden impulse of the mind; a whim; a freak. [French.] capricious (ka-prish'us) , adj. charac- terized by caprice; unsteady; fickle. capriform (kap'ri-form) , adj. having the form of a goat. caprin (kap/rin), n. a substance in butter giving to it its characteristic taste and smell. caprine (kap'rin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a goat. capriole (kap'ri-ol), n. a leap of a horse made without advancing: v.i. to execute a capriole. Also called caracole. capsicin or capsicine (kap 'si-sin), n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CAPSICUM 150 CARAVAN an alkaloid extracted from several species of Capsicum. Capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. a genus of South American plants, the pods of several species of which are used as a condiment (chillies), and, when dried and ground, form cayenne pep- per. [Latin.] capsize (kap-siz'), v.i. to be over- turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or upset: n. an upset or overturn. capstan (kap'stan), n. an upright drum or cylinder revolving upon a spindle, and worked by bars or levers. capsular (kap'su-lar) , adj. pertaining to, or the nature of, a capsule. capsulated (kap'su-lat-ed), # adj. fur- nished with, or enclosed in, a cap- sule. capsule (kap'sul), n. a metallic seal or cover for a bottle; a small en- velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- seous drug; a seed-vessel or pod which at maturity opens by valves; a small shallow vessel; a membra- nous sac inclosing some part or organ. captain (kap'tin), n. one who has command of, or authority over, others; a chief; a commander; in the army, the commander of a com- pany; in the navy, an officer com- manding a ship of war; popularly but incorrectly the master of a merchant vessel; the head of a team or side; the chief boy in a school; the head bell-boy in a hotel. captaincy (kap 'tin-si), n. the rank, post, or commission of a captain. caption (kap 'shun), n. a certificate of arrest. captious (kap'shus), adj. ready to catch at faults or take offense; quib- bling; sophistical; fitted to harass or perplex; carping. captivate (kap 'ti- vat) , v.t. to enslave or hold captive by beauty or excel- lence; charm or lure; fascinate. captivation (kap-ti-va'shun) , n. the act of charming; the state of being charmed. captive (kap'tiv) , adj. made prisoner; held in bondage; fascinated; of or pertaining to bondage: n. one who is taken prisoner, especially one so taken in war; one held in bondage or fascinated. captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti) , n. the state oi being held in bondage or confine- ment; servitude; imprisonment. captor (kap'ter), n. one who captures or takes any person or thing by force or stratagem. capture (kap'tur), n. the act of seiz- ing or taking, as a prisoner or a prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. to take or seize by force, surprise or stratagem; make a prisoner or prize of. Capuchin (kap'u-shen or kap-oo- chen'), and Capucin (cap-u-san'), n. a Franciscan monk of the mendicant order : so named from the long point- ed cowl or capouch worn by the mem- bers; a woman's cloak and hood. caput (kap'ut), n. [pi. capita (kap'i- ta)], the head. [Latin.] car (kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, espe- cially one having only two wheels; a coach running upon rails; the basket suspended beneath a balloon to contain the aeronaut ; a chariot of war or state. carack or carrack (kar'ak), n. a large round-built vessel formerly used by the Portuguese and Spaniards in the East Indian and American trade. caracole (kar'a-kol), n. a half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or left, without advancing; a spiral staircase: v.i. to move in a caracole; wheel. See capriole. caramel (kar'a-mel), n. burnt sugar, used for coloring spirits, gravies, soups, &c; a kind of sweetmeat, usually made of chocolate. carapace (kar'a-pas), n. the upper shell of the tortoise, turtle, &c. ; the upper covering of the Crustacea. carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 3.17 grains, used for weighing precious stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth part, a term used to express the fineness of gold used in jewelry; thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy (copper or silver). Also spelled karat. [French and Arabic] caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a-van'), n. a company of travelers, merchants, or pilgrims, associated together for mutual security, especially when traveling through deserts or regions infested by robbers; a large covered ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARAVANEER 10I CARBUNCULAR wagon or cai-riage for the conveyance of traveling exhibitions or passengers ; a van. [Persian.] caravaneer (kar-a-van-er') , n. one who leads the camels, &c, of a . caravan. caravansary (kar-a-van'sa-ri) , n. [pi. caravansaries (kar-a-van'sa-riz)], in the East, a kind of inn consisting of a large unfurnished building sur- rounding a spacious court, where caravans rest at night. Also cara- vanserai. [Persian.] caravel (kar'a-vel) or carvel (kar'vel), n. a name given to several kinds of ships, as a small sixteenth century vessel, used by the Spaniards and Portuguese, with broad bows, nar- row high poop, four masts, and lateen sails. [Spanish.] _ caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a biennial plant with aromatic and pungent seeds, used medicinally and as a condiment. carbazotic (kar-ba-zot'ik), adj. per- taining to or composed of carbon and nitrogen. carbazotic acid (as'id), n. an acid obtained by the action of nitric acid on indigo and other vegetable and animal substances: used in dyeing. carbide (kar'bid), n. a compound of carbon with a metal : formerly called a carburet. carbide of calcium. See calcium carbide. carbine (kar'bm), n. a short rifle adapted to the use of cavalry. Also carabine (obsolete). [French.] carbineer (kar-bi-ner'), n. a soldier armed with a carbine. Also cara- bineer (obsolete). carbohydrate (kar-bo-hl'drat), n. one of a group of organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. carbohydrous (kar-bo-hi'drus), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a carbohydrate. carbolated (kar 'bo-la-ted), adj. im- pregnated or treated with carbolic acid. carbolic (kar-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, carbon or coal- tar. carbolic acid (as'id), n. an acid obtained from coal-tar by distilla- tion: largely used as an antiseptic in surgery, and as a disinfectant. carboiize (kar'bol-iz) , v.L to treat or impregnate with carbolic acid. carbon (kar'bon), n. an elementary substance present in all organic com- pounds, and occurring in nature in two distinct forms, as the diamond and graphite. The action of heat on vegetable and animal tissues pro- duces carbon in the form of charcoal, lampblack, coke, &c. [Latin.] carbon- dioxide (kar'bon-di-oks'id), n. carbonic acid gas. carbon-light (kar'bon-lit), n. a bril- liant light produced by passing an electric current through carbon- points. carbon-point (kar'bon-point) , n. the rod of an arc-lamp, moved forward by clockwork to maintain its posi- tion to another opposing rod as it is burned away. carbonaceous (kar-bo : na'shus) , adj . pertaining to, consisting of, or con^ taming carbon. carbonate (kar'bon-at) , n. a com pound of carbonic acid with a base. carbonated (kar'bon-a-ted) , adj. com- bined, or impregnated, with carbonic acid. carbonic (kar-bon'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon. carbonic acid (as'id), n. (carbon- dioxide), a gaseous colorless com- pound of carbon and oxygen in the proportion of 12 parts of carbon to 32 of oxygen. It is a heavy irre- spirable gas, and acts as a narcotic poison. carboniferous (kar-bo-nif 'er-us) , adj. containing or yielding carbon or coal. carbonization (kar-bo-ni-za'shun) , n. the process of carbonizing organic substances. carbonize (kar'bo-nlz) , v.t. to convert into carbon by combustion, by the action of fire, or an acid. carboy (kar'boi), n. sl large globular bottle of glass, protected by a basket- work, # used to contain or convey corrosive acids. carbuncle (kar'bung-kl) , n. a gem of a deep red color; an inflammatory tumor, boil, or ulcer. carbuncular (kar-bung'ku-ler) , adj . pertaining to, or resembling, a car= buncle; red; inflamed. ate, arm. at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then CARBURET 152 CARELESSNESS carburet, an old form of carbide. carbureted (kar'bu-ret-ed), p. adj. combined with carbon in the manner of a carbide. carburetter (kar'bu-ret-er), n. a de- vice which supplies vaporized oil mixed with air to cylinder of a gaso- line engine. carcase or carcass (kar'kas), n. [pi. carcases (kar'kas-ez)], the dead body of an animal; a corpse; the decaying remains of a bulky thing; the frame- work or skeleton of a building, ship, &c; a perforated shell filled with combustibles, used to set fire to buildings, ships, &c. carcel-lamp (kar'sel-lamp) , n. sl lamp, the oil in which is raised mechani- cally: used in lighthouses, and as a table-lamp. earcinology (kar-si-nol'o-ji) , n. that department of zoology which treats of the Crustacea, as crabs, shrimps, &c. card (kard), n. a printed piece of pasteboard used for various social or business purposes; such a piece printed bearing certain devices or figures, used for playing games; a short business advertisement in a newspaper; the dial of a mariner's compass; an instrument for combing the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, preparatory to spinning. card-sharper (kard'shar-per), n. one who cheats at cards, and fleeces those he traps into playing with him. Cardamine (kar'da-min) , n. a genus of herbs, which includes the cuckoo- flower, &c. cardamom (kar 'da-mum) , n. the cap- sule of several species of plants of the ginger family with its aromatic seeds, used medicinally and as a condiment. cardia (kar'di-a), n. the heart; the upper or cardiac end of the stomach where the oesophagus or gullet enters it. cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining to the heart; stimulating the heart's action: n. a medicine which excites action in the heart through the me- dium of the stomach, and stimu- lates the spirits: a cordial. cardial gi a (kar-di-al'ji-a), n. heart- burn. See heart-burn. cardigan (kar'di-gan) , n. a knitted woolen jacket or waistcoat. [From Lord Cardigan.] cardinal (kar'di-nal) , adj. chief; pre- eminent; fundamental. [Latin.] cardinal (kar'di-nal), n. an ecclesi- astical prince ranking in dignity next to the Pope; a woman's short cloak with a hood. cardinal numbers (num'berz), n.pl. the numbers one, two, three, &c, in distinction from first, second, third, &c, which are called ordinal num.- hers. cardinal points (pointz), n.pl. N., S. f E., W. cardinal signs (slnz), n.pl. Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. cardinal virtues (ver'tiiz), n.pl. jus- tice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. cardinal- winds (kar'di-nal-windz), n. pi. winds which blow due N., S., E., and W. carditis (kar-dl'tis) , n. inflammation of of the muscular tissue of the heart. cardol (kar'dol), n. an oily liquid ex- tracted from the pericarp of the cashew-nut, and used for blistering. care (kar), n. concern; solicitude; anxiety ; a burdensome responsibility ; caution; charge or oversight; atten- tion, watchfulness; an object of watchful attention and regard: v.i. to be anxious or solicitous; be con- cerned, troubled, or interested. careen (ka-ren'), v.t. to bring (a ship) on one side for the purpose of calk- ing, cleansing, or repairing: v.i. to incline on one side, as a ship under press of sail. career (ka-reV) , n. a run at full speed ; general course of action; an occupa- tion or calling: v.i. to move or ride ■ rapidly. [French.] careful (kar'fool), adj. full of care; anxious; attentive; watchful; cau- tious; provident; thoughtful. carefully (kar'f oo-li) , adv. in a careful manner. ; careless (kar'les), adj. lacking care or interest; indifferent; irresponsible; void of anxiety; light-hearted. carelessly (kar'les-li) , adj. in a careless, indifferent fashion. carelessness (kar'les-nes) , n. the state of being careless. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. CARESS 153 CARP caress (ka-res'),.^. any act or expres- sion of affection; an embrace : m v.t, to treat with tokens of affection; bestow caresses upon. caret (ka'ret or kar'et)^ n. a mark ( A ) used in writing, or in correcting proofs, to indicate the place where something is omitted or is to be added. [Latin, '* it is lacking. "] cargo (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes (kar'- goz)], the lading or freight of a ship. Carib (kar'ib) or Caribbee (kar'i-be), n. a native of the Caribbee Islands, or one of a tribe inhabiting certain regions of Central America and the north of South America. caribou or cariboo (kar'i-boo), n. the North American reindeer. caricature (kar'i-ka-tur) , n. a pic- torial or descriptive representation of a person or thing, in which the defects or peculiarities are exag- gerated so as to produce a ludicrous effect; parody: v.t. to represent in a ridiculous or exaggerated style; parody; burlesque. [Italian.] caricaturist (kar'i-ka-tur-ist), # 7i. one who represents others in caricature. caries (ka/ri-ez), n. decay of bones, teeth, or vegetable tissue. [Latin.l carillon (kar'i-lon), n. a chime of bells diatonically tuned and played by hand or machinery; a simple air adapted for playing on a set of bells. [French. 1 cariole (kar'i-ol), n. a small open car- riage; a light covered cart. cariosity (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. the state of being carious. carious (ka'ri-us), adj. affected with caries. cark (kark), v.i. to be anxious or con- cerned: v.t. to vex; load with care or grief. carl or carle (karl), n. sl strong, sturdy fellow; a rustic; a churl. carline (kar'lin), n. a ship's timber running fore and aft from one transverse deck-beam to another, serving as a foundation for the planks of the deck. carlock (kar'lok), n. a kind of isinglass made of the sturgeon's bladder, and used in clarifying wine. carminative (kar-min'a-tiv) , n. a medicine, which expels wind and relieves colic and flatulence: adj> expelling wind. [Latin.] carmine (kar'mln or kar'min), n. the essential coloring principle of coch- ineal; a rich crimson pigment. carnage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; great destruction of life by violence; mas- sacre. JFrench.] carnal (kar'nal) , adj. pertaining to the body, its passions and its appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; impure; not spiritual, but essentially human; secular. [Latin.] carnalism (kar'nal-izm) or carnality (kar-nal'i-ti) , n. the state of being carnal; sensuality. carnalist (kar'nal : ist) , n. a sensualist. carnally (kar'na-li), adv. in an animal or fleshly manner. carnation (kar-na/shun) , n. a light rose-pink; flesh color; the parts of a picture in which flesh is represented; a flower, usually pink, but also white, crimson, and green. [French.] carney (kar'ni), n. a disease of horses, in which the furred condition of the mouth prevents eating. carnification (kar-ni-fi-ka/shun), n. tissue so altered as to resemble flesh. carnival (kar'ni-val) , n. the season of rejoicing before Lent: observed in Roman Catholic countries, and in some of the United States; feasting or revelry. [Italian.] carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus) , adj. eat- ing or feeding on flesh. carob (kar'ob), n. an evergreen tree which yields a nutritious pod known as St. John's bread. carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or praise, especially one in honor of the Nativity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to sing in joy: v.t. to praise or celebrate in song. [Old French.] carotid (ka-rot'id), n. one of the two principal arteries, one on either side of the neck, which convey the blood from _ the aorta to the head : adj. pertaining to the two great arteries of the neck. carouse (ka-rouz'), n. a, feast or fes- tival ; a noisy drinking bout or revel. Also carousal: v.i. to drink heartily and with jollity ; revel. [Old French.] carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find fault. carp (karp), n. a fresh- water fish. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, bok ; hue, hut ; think, £/*en. CARPAL 154 CARTRIDGE carpal (kar'pal) , adj. pertaining to the carpus or wrist. carpel (kar'pel), n. a simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil or ovary of a flower. carpenter (kar'pen-ter) , n. an artificer who works in timber and prepares the woodwork of houses, ships, &c: v.i. to perform carpenter's work. carpentry (kar'pen-tri) , n.ihe art of cutting, framing, and joining timber; work done by a carpenter. carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or felted fabric, with a pattern, used for covering floors or stairs; a soft covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to cover with a carpet; bring under consideration ; reprimand. carpet-bag (kar'pet-bag) , n. traveling bag (obsolete). carpet-bagger (kar'pet-bag-er) , n. a political adventurer. carpet-knight (kar'pet-nlt) , n. one upon whom the honor of knighthood or other distinction has been con- ferred for other than active serv- ice. carpeting (kar'pet-ing) , n. cloth for carpets; carpets in general. carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of carrying or transporting; cost of conveyance; behavior; deportment; a wheeled vehicle; the wheeled stand or support of a gun; the frame- work of a wooden staircase. [French.] carrier (kar'i-er), n. one who, or that which, carries or conveys ; one whose business is to carry goods for hire; a portion of various machines; a frame for holding photographic plates or magic-lantern slides. carrier-pigeon (kar'i-er-pij'un), n. a variety of pigeon trained to convey letters, &c. carrion (kar'i-on), n. dead or putrefy- ing flesh ; filth ; garbage : adj. pertain- ing to, or feeding on, carrion. carrion-crow (kar'i-on-kro) , n. the ^ common crow of Europe: also the American crow. carronade (kar-on-ad') , n. a short cannon of large bore for close range, . formerly used in the navy. [French.] car r on- oil (kar'on-oil) , n. linseed-oil , and lime-water: used as a liniment / for burns. carrot (kar'ot), n. the well-known plant with an edible root; the root itself. [French.] carry (kar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. carried, p.pr. carrying], to convey from one point to another; bear; have on one's person ; convey by force ; lead ; trans- fer; accomplish; gain possession of; extend or continue in time or space [with up or back]; exhibit; imply; have in charge or conduct; to take by assault: v.i. to act as a bearer; to reach, said of the range of a pro- jectile; hold the head in a particular manner. [French.] cart (kart), n. a carriage for the con- veyance of heavy goods; a light two-wheeled vehicle used by trades- men, &c: v.t. to carry or convey in a cart. cartage (kart'aj), n. the charge made for conveyance by a cart; the act of carting. carte (kart), n. a bill of fare. [French.] carte blanche (kart blangsh) , a blank paper; a signed sheet of paper given to another to be filled up as he pleases : hence, unconditional terms or authority. [French.] carte- de-visite (kart-de-vi-zef), [pi. cartes-de-visite], a photograph of a person mounted on a card of a size formerly used as_ a visiting card. cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. an elastic ani- mal tissue, forming bone; gristle. cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj'i-nus), adj. pertaining to, or in the form of, cartilage; gristly. cartographer (kar-tog'ra-fer), n. one who prepares charts and maps. Also chartographer. cartographic (kar-to-graf'ik), adj. of or pertaining to cartography. cartography (kar-tog'ra-fi), n. the art or business of drawing charts or maps. cartoon (kax-toon'),- n. a study or design executed on strong paper, and of the size to be reproduced in fresco or tapestry ; a pictorial sketch dealing with a political or social sub- ject. [French.] cartouch (kar-toosh') , n. a cartridge (obsolete); an ornament in the form of an open scroll; on Egyp- tian monuments, &c, an oval figure containing the name or title of a sovereign or deity. [French.] cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of card- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CARUNCLE 155 CASSITERITE board, metal, or other material, con- taining the charge of a firearm. caruncle (kar'ung'kl) , n. a small fleshy excrescence; the comb or wattle of a fowl; an appendage surroimding the hilum of a seed. carve (karv), v.t. to form a design; shape by cutting; cut into slices: v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; cut up meat. caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. a figure of a woman in long robes, serving to support an entablature. [Greek.] cascarilla (kas-ka-riTa) , n. the bark of a West Indian shrub, possessing aromatic and bitter properties; the shrub itself, from which is obtained a white bitter crystalline substance, cascarillin. [Spanish.] case (kas), n. & covering or receptacle; a sheath; a box with its contents; a frame or casing; a divided tray for types: 225 sq. ft. of crown glass: v.t. to cover with, or enclose in, a case. case (kas), n. that which happens or befalls; the matters involved in a question under discussion or inves- tigation; a certain instance of disease; a suit or action at law; one of the forms or inflections in the declension of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicates its re- lation to other words. [Old French.] case-harden (kas-har'dn) , v.t. to harden the surface of (as iron) by conversion into steel. caseic (ka'se-ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, cheese. casein (ka'se-in), n. the curd-matter of milk, forming the main part of cheese. [Latin caseus, "cheese."] casemate (kas'mat), n. a shell-proof vault or battery, having embrasures for cannon; a hollow molding. casement (kas'ment), n. a hinged window-frame made to open out- ward; a compartment between the mullions of a window. caseous (ka/se-us), adj. cheesy. cash (kash), n.^ money; ready money: v.t. to turn into, or exchange for, money. [Chinese.] cash-book (kash'book), n. sl book in which a register is kept of money received or paid out. cashew (ka-shoo'), n.a tree native of tropical America which produces the cashew-nut, a kidney-shaped fruit containing an_edible kernel, cashier (kash-er'), n. one who has charge of the money, and superin- tends the payments and receipts of a bank or trading establishment : v.t. to dismiss from service; discharge. cashmere (kash'mer), n. a soft woolen fabric _ for shawls, &c, originally made in Cashmere, from the downy hair of the wild goat of Tibet and the Himalayas; a soft woolen dress fabric made in imitation of real cash- mere: adj. made of cashmere. cash-register (kash-re'jis-ter), n. a cash-box which registers the amounts deposited in it. casing (kas'ing), n. the act of cov- ering with or placing in a case; a covering. casino (ka-se'no), n. [pi. English casinos (ka-se'noz), Italian casini (ka-se'ne)], a small country house; a public room or building used for so- cial meetings, dancing, gaming, &c. cask (kask), n. a vessel composed of wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, for holding liquors; the quantity contained in a cask. casket (kas'ket), n. a small chest or box for jewels, &c; a costly coffin: v.t. to place or preserve in a casket. casque (kask), n. a helmet. [French.] cassation (kas-a/shun) , n. abrogation. cassava (kas'a-va), n. a plant of tropical America and Africa, culti- vated for its tuberous roots, which yield a nutritious starch, from which cassava-bread and tapioca are made. [French.] cassia (kash'ia), n. a genus of legu- minous plants, the leaves of several species of which constitute the drug senna. cassia-oil (kash'ia-oil) , n. oil extracted from cassia-bark and cassia-buds. Called also oil of cinnamon. cassimere (kas'i-mer) , n. a thin twilled woolen cloth, used for men's gar- ments. Also casimire and kersey- mere. cassinette (kas-i-nef) , n. a cloth with a cotton warp and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk. Also kerseynette. [French.] cassiterite (ka-sit'er-It) , n. native tin dioxide; the principal ore of tin. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CASSOCK 156 CAT cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- fitting vestment worn by clergymen, choristers, &c. [French.] cassowary (kas'o-wa-ri) , n. [pi. casso- waries (kas'o-wa-riz)]> a large bird resembling the ostrich, inhabiting Australia and the Papuan Islands. cast (kast), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cast, p.pr. casting], to throw; hurl; shed; direct or turn; throw down; calculate; de- feat at law; condemn; form into a certain shape; assign to various actors: v.i. to throw the line in angling; ponder; to warp or twist; receive form or shape in a mold : n. the act of casting; the distance to which a thing may be thrown; motion or turn (of the eye); direc- tion, glance; the form or shape; manner; appearance; a tinge. cast-iron or -steel (kast-Irn or -stel), n. iron or steel melted and run into molds. castanets (kas'ta-nets), n.pl. small spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a pair of which is fastened to each thumb and shaken with the fingers to beat time. castaway (kast'a-wa), n. one who is cast away or lost; a person or vessel wrecked on an unfrequented coast; an outcast: adj. shipwrecked. caste (kast), one of the artificial or hereditary divisions into which Hin- dus are restricted by Brahminic religious law; the company of actors to whom the parts of a play are assigned. castellated (kas'te-la-ted) , adj. fur- nished with turrets and battlements, * as a castle. caster (kas'ter), n. one who, or that which casts; a computer; a cruet or small vessel for holding condiments at table; a small swiveled wheel. Also castor. castigate (kas'ti-gat) , v.t. to correct; chastise; punish; subject to severe criticism. eastigation (kas-ti-ga'shun) , n. the act of castigating. castigator (kas'ti-ga-ter) , n. one who castigates. castigatory (kas'ti-ga-to-ri) , adj. puni- tive. Castile- soap (kas-tel'sop) , a superior kind of refined soap, originally made at Castile in Spain. Castilian (kas-til'ian) , adj. of, or per- taining to, Castile; also by extension, used of any Spaniard. casting (kast'ing), n. the action of the verb to cast; the act or process of founding or molding; the process of taking impressions of statues, medals, &c; a worm-case. casting-vote (kast'ing-vqt) , n. the deciding vote of a presiding officer when the votes are equal. castle (kas'l or kas'l), n. a fortified residence; a fortress; a strong and imposing mansion of a noble or wealthy person; one of the pieces at chess, called also rook: v.i. to move the king two squares to the right or left, and bring the castle to the square the king has passed over. castrate (kas'trat), v.t. emasculate; geld; expurgate; deprive a flower of its anthers : adj. emasculated ; gelded : n. one who has been emasculated; a eunuch. [Latin.] castration (kas-tra'shun), n. the act of castrating. casual (kazh'u-al), adj. happening by chance; accidental; occasional; for- tuitous: n. one w T ho receives relief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong. [English use.] casualty (kazh'u-al-ti) , n. [pi. casu- alties (kazh'ti-al-tiz)], an accident, especially if resulting in bodily injury or death. casuist (kazh'u-ist), n. one skilled in casuistry ; one who studies or resolves cases of conscience. [French.] casuistic (kazh-u-is'tik) or casuisti- cal (kazh-u-is'ti-kal) , adj. of or per- taining to casuistry. casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri) , n. [pi. casu- istries (kazh'u-ist-riz)]., the science or doctrine which deals with cases of conscience as determined by theolog- ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- tical or equivocal reasoning. cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal of the family Felid2e, especially the domesticated quadruped, Felts do- mestica; a cat-o'-nine-tails ; the game of tip-cat; a strong tackle; to raise an anchor to the cat-head; a double tripod which always lands on its eet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. catted, p.pr. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CAT-BLOCK 157 CATAWBA catting], to draw up (an anchor) to the cat head. rat-block (kat'blok), n. & two- or three-fold block used to cat the anchor. cat-boat (kat'bot), n. a small boat with one sail on a mast near the bows. cat- fear ('fer), n. selurophobia ; a nervous and morbid dread of cats such as Napoleon had ; an instinctive horror which comes upon the sufferer even when he is not otherwise aware of the cat's presence. cat-harpings (kat-har'pings) , n.pl. short ropes or iron clamps used for tightening the shrouds. cat- o' -nine- tails (kat-o-nin'talz) , n. a whip with nine lashes of knotted cord, formerly used as a punishment in the English army and navy. cat's-eye (katz'I), n. a hard semi- transparent variety of quartz. cat's-paw (katz'paw), n. a dupe, from the fable of the monkey who used the cat's paw to get the roasted chestnuts from the fire; a light air that slightly ripples the surface of the water. catabolism (ka-tab'o-lizm), n. a down- ward series of changes by which complex bodies are broken down into simpler forms. Also katabolism. cataclysm (kat'a-klizm), n. a deluge; flood; a violent or sudden physical change of the earth's surface. catacomb (kat'a-kom), n. a subter- raneous burial place with niches hollowed out for the dead. [Greek.] catacoustics (kat-a-kous'tiks) , n. that part of the science of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds. [Greek.] catadioptric (kat-a-dl-op'trik) , adj. refracting and reflecting light. catafalque (kat'a-f alk) , n. a tempo- rary structure erected usually in a church, to support the coffin of a distinguished person on the occasion of a ceremonious funeral. [Italian.] Catalan (kat-a-lan') , adj. of, or per- taining to, Catalonia, a former prov- ince of Spain, or to its inhabitants or language. catalepsy (kat/a-lep-si), n. a sudden suspense of m voluntary sensation. Also catalepsis. [Greek.] cataleptic (kat-a-lep'tik), adj. of, or pertaining to, catalepsy. catalogue (kat'a-log), n. an arranged list; v.t. to enter in or make, a cata- logue of. [Greek.] catalysis (ka-tal'i-sis) , n. [pi. catalyses (ka-tal'i-sez)], a decomposition and new combination supposed to be effected by one substance acting upon a compound body, itself re- maining unchanged. [Greek.] catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran') , n. a raft or float propelled by paddles, con- sisting usually of three or more logs lashed together, the third or middle one being longer than the rest; any vessel with twin hulls; a flat-bot- tomed boat; a vixen. [Tamil.] catamount (kat'a-mount), n. the wild cat; the puma, cougar, or mountain Hon. catapbonics (kat-a-fon'iks) , n. that branch of acoustics which treats of the theory of reflected sounds; cata- coustics. [Greek.] cataphoric (kat-a-f or'ik) , adj. pos- sessing the power of producing mo- tion through a diaphragm; said of a liquid, or electric current. cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a poultice or Mister. cataplexy (kat'a-plek-si), n. a sudden shock to the nerves causing paralysis. catapult (kat'a-pult), n. an ancient military engine for hurling darts and stones; a forked stick with an elastic band by which small missiles are propelled. cataract (kat'a-rakt) , n. a large waterfall; a furious rush or down- pour of water; a disease of the eye in which the crystalline lens becomes opaque, and the vision be- comes impaired or is lost. [Greek.] catarrh (ka-tar'), n. an inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane accompanied by increase of the mucus, especially from the nose; a violent cold in the head. [Greek.] catarrhal (ka-tar'al), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, catarrh. catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-f e) , n. a great calamity or disaster; an event sub- versive of the order of things; the unfolding and winding up of a plot; a cataclysm. [Greek.] catawba (ka-taw'ba) , n. a lightered variety of American grape; a light wine made from it. [Indian.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; Me, hut ; think, then. CATCALL 158 CATHOLICISM catcall (kat'kawl), n. a squeaking instrument used in theaters to ex- press disapproval: v.i. to express disapproval by a catcall. catch (kach), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. caught (kawt), p.pr. catching], to seize or grasp; lay hold of suddenly; inter- cept ; take captive ; apprehend by the intellect or senses; take, by conta- gion, infection, or sympathy; at- tack, or communicate to, as a fire; come upon unexpectedly; come up to; reach in time: n. the act of seiz- ing or grasping ; that which is caught or taken; gain; something desirable to be caught; anything that seizes or checks motion; a song, the parts of which are caught up by different voices. categorical (kat-e-gor'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to a category; absolute; un- conditional. categorically (kat-e-gor'i-ka-li), adv. in a categorical manner ; absolutely. category (kat_ 'e-go-ri) , n. [pi. catego- ries (kat'e-go-riz)], one of the highest classes to which the objects of knowl- edge or thought can be reduced, and by which they may be arranged into a system. [Greek.] cater (ka/ter), ~ v.i. to supply food, amusement, &c. [with for and to]. caterpillar (kat'er-pil-er) , n. the hairy worm-like larva of a butterfly or lepidopterous insect. caterwaul (kat'er-w T awl) , v.i. to cry, as cats at night; -to utter harsh dis- cordant sounds. catchpenny (kach'pen-i) , n. [pi. catch- catfish (kat'fish), n. a fish remarkable pennies (kach'pen-iz)], an article of little value got up attractively to effect a quick sale. catchup (kach'up), n. a sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, &c. Also catsup, ketchup. catechetical (kat-e-ket'ik-al) , adj. consisting of questions and answers. catechetically (kat-e-ket'i-ka-li), adv. by way of question and answer. catechetics (kat-e-ket'iks) , n. the art or practice of instructing by means of question and answer. [Greek.] catechin (kat'e-kin), n. a tannic acid extracted from catechu. catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. an ele- mentary manual of instruction in the form of question and answer, especially in the principles of the Christian religion. [Greek.] catechist (kat'e-kist) , n. one who instructs by question and answer; a catechizer. catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to instruct by means of questions and answers, and offering explanations, especially to instruct on points of Christian dogma; interrogate or examine. catechu (kat'e-ku), n. a brown astrin- gent extract used in the arts and as a medicine. Called also terra japonica and cutch. [Malay.] catechumen (kat-e-ku'men) , n. one who is under religious instruction prior to receiving baptism; a be- ginner in the first principles of knowledge. [Greek.] for its voracity; bullhead; pout. catgut (kat'gut), n. a kind of cord made from the intestines of animals, usually sheep, and used as strings for musical instruments and some other purposes ; a string of this kind ; a kind of open canvas. cathartic (ka-thar'tik) , adj. purga- tive: n. a purgative medicine. cat-head (kat'hed), n. a beam pro- jecting from a ship's bows to which the anchor is secured. cathedral (ka-the'dral) , n. the chief church in a diocese in which is the throne of a bishop: adj. pertaining to a cathedral. [Grseco-Latin.] catheter (kath'e-ter) , a tubular in- strument to withdraw urine from the bladder. [Greek.] cathion (kath'i-on), n. the electro- positive ion evolved at the cathode in electrolysis. [Greek.] cathode (kath'od), n. the negative pole of a current: opposed to anode. Written also kathode. [Greek.] catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; general; embracing all; liberal; large- hearted; free from prejudice; includ- ing all mankind. [Greek.] Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertaining to the Church of Rome: n. a member of the Universal or Catholic Church, or of the Roman Church. Catholicism (ka-thori-sizm) , n. the belief of, or adherence to, the Cath- olic Church or faith, especially to that of the Roman Catholic Church. fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon. hue, hut ; think, then. book ; CATHOLICITY 159 CAUTERIZE catholicity (kath-ol-is'i-ti), n. the quality of being catholic; liberal. Catholicize (ka-thol'i-slz), v.t. to convert to the Roman Catholic . Church. catkin (kat'kin), n. the pendulous inflorescence of the willow, birch, &c. catling (kat'ling), n. a little cat; kitten ; the down or moss resembling cat's hair which grows on certain trees. catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'nip), n. a strong-scented perennial herb, much liked by cats, upon whom it has a stimulating, aphrodisiac effect. catopsis (ka-top'sis), n. morbidly keen vision. catoptric (ka-top'trik) , adj. relating to catoptrics. catoptric light (lit), n. form of light, used in lighthouses, in which reflec- tors are used in the place of prisms and lenses. catoptrically (ka-top'tri-ka-li), adv. by reflection. catoptrics (ka-top'triks), n. that branch of optics which treats of the principles of reflected light. cattle (kat'l), n. sing. & pi. live stock, especially oxen, bulls and cows. cattle-plague (kat'1-plag) , n. a popu- lar name for the rinderpest. Caucasian (kaw-ka/shi-an or > kaw- kash'i-an), adj. of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous range between the Black and the Caspian Seas; of or pertaining to the Euro- pean Aryans. caucus (kaw'kus), n. a preliminary meeting of representatives of a polit- ical party, to decide upon a line of policy to be submitted to a con- vention or larger meeting; a party combination for influencing elec- tions: v.i. to hold, or meet in, a caucus. [Originally American.] caudal (kaw'dal), adj. pertaining to a tail. [Latin.] caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a tail; having a tail-like appendage. caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- ared, and mixed with bread, eggs &c, for sick persons. caught (kawt), p.t. & p.p. of catch. caul (kawl), n. a net or covering for the head; a membrane covering the lower intestines; a part of the mem* brane of the fetus, sometimes in- closing a child's head at birth. cauldron. See caldron. cauliflower (kaw'li-flou-er), n. a gar den variety of cabbage of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable. caulk. See calk. causal (kaw'zal), adj. relating to or expressing cause; creative: n. a word that expresses a cause, or introduces a reason. causality (kaw'zal 'i-ti), n. [pi. causali- ties (kaw-zal'i-tiz)], the relation of cause to effect; the supposed faculty of tracing effects to causes. causally (kaw'za-li), adv. as a cause. causation (kaw-za/shun), n. the act of causing or producing; relation between cause and effect. causative (kaw'za-tiv), adj. that causes; effective as a cause; express- ing causation. cause (kawz), n. that which produces or contributes to a result; a reason; motive; principle; subject in debate* a side or party; a suit or action; ^ case for judicial decision: v.t. to act as an agent in producing an effect; produce. [Latin.] causeway (kawz'wa) or causey (kaw'- zi), n. a pathway raised and paved with stone; a highway. [French, chaussee.] caustic (kaws'tik), adj. burning; hot; corrosive; sarcastic; cutting; pun- gent: n. a substance which burns. caustic- potash (kaws'tik-pot'ash), n. potassium hydrate, a white substance acting as a powerful cautery, much used in medicine, the arts, and manu- factures. caustic-soda (kaws'tik-so'da) . n. so- dium hydrate, a white solid sub- stance, largely used in soap-making. caustically (kaws'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a caustic manner. causticity (kaws-tis'i-ti) , n. the qual- ity of being caustic. cauterant (kaw'ter-ant) , n. a cauteriz- ing substance. [Greek.] cauterization (kaw-ter-i-za/shun), n the act of cauterizing. cauterize (kaw'ter-Iz) , v.t. to burn or sear with a hot iron, or with cauterants. ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; me, hut ; think, then. CAUTERY 160 CELESTE cautery (kaw'ter-i), n. [pi. cauteries (kaw ter-iz)], a burning or searing. caution (kaw'shun), n. heedfulness; prudence in regard to danger; watch- fulness; an admonition; something to occasion amazement or fear: v.t. to warn. [Latin.] cautionary (kaw'shun-a-ri) , adj. con- taining a caution; given as a pledge or security. cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exercising caution; heedful; wary; vigilant; circumspect. cautiously (kaw'shus-li), adv. in a cautious manner. cavalcade (kav-al-kad') , n. a train or procession of persons, chiefly on horseback. [French.] cavalier (kav-a-ler') , n. an armed horseman, especially a knight or gentleman soldier; a gallant; a beau or attendant upon a lady ; a partisan of Charles I. in his struggle with the Parliament: adj. gay; sprightly; frank ; careless ; supercilious. [French.] cavalierly (kav-a-ler 'li) , adv. in a haughty or supercilious manner. cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse soldiers. cavatina (kav-a-te'na) , n. a short simple melody. [Italian.] cave (kav), n. a hollow place in the earth; a large natural cavity; a den; cavern: v.t. to hollow out. cave-bear (kav-bar), n. a fossil bear belonging to the Quarternary epoch. cave-man (kav-man), n. a man be- longing to the prehistoric race who inhabited caves. caveat (ka/ve-at), n. a notice filed to stop procedure, except after warning to the caveator; notice of intention to apply for a patent. [Latin, "let him take heed."] cavern (kav'ern), n. a large natural hollow under the earth ; a den ; cave. cavernous (kav'er-nus), adj. hollow like a cavern; filled with small cavities. caviare or caviar (kav'i-ar), n. the roes of certain large fish, especially the sturgeon, salted and dried . [Rus- sian], cavil (kav'il), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. caviled, p.pr. caviling], to raise captious or frivolous objections; carp [followed by at]: n. a captious or frivolous objection. cavity (kav'i-ti), n. [pi. cavities (kav'- i-tiz)], a hollow place or part. cavo-rilievo (ka'vo-re-li-ya/vo), n. a relief in which the highest surfaee only is level with the plane of the original stone. Also cavo-relievo. cavort (ka-vort r ), v.i. to prance about, as a horse; to bustle around briskly. caw (kaw), v.i. to cry like a crow,' rook, or raven: n. the cry of the crow, &c. cayenne (ki-en' or ka-en'), n. a kind of pepper made from the seeds of various species of the genus Cap- sicum. [French.] cayuse (kl-use'), n. a small but hardy horse used on the Western prairies. cease (ses), v.i. to come to an end; stop; desist [followed by from be- fore a noun]: v.t. to put a stop to; end. [Latin.] cedar (se'dar), n. the name of sev- eral evergreen trees, having wood of great durability and fragrance: adj. pertaining to, or made of. cedar. [Greek.] cede (sed), v.t. give up or surrender. cedilla (se-dil'a), n. a mark placed under c to indicate the sound of s, as in French legon. ceil (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover the inner surface of a roof; furnish with a ceiling. ceiling (se'ling), n. the inner roof of an apartment. celandine (sel'an-din), n. the name of two perennial plants of the poppy family, the greater celandine and lesser celandine. celebrant (sere-brant), n. one who celebrates; especially the principal officiating priest in offering mass or celebrating the Communion. {Lat.] celebrate (sel'S-brat), v.t. to praise, extol, or honor;- commemorate; dis- tinguish by solemn ceremonies. celebration (sel-e-bra'shun) , n. the act of celebrating; an observance or ceremony to celebrate anything. celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti) , n. [pi. celebri- ties (se-leb'ri-tiz)], fame; renown: distinction; a renowned person. celerity (se-ler'i-ti) , n. rapidity; swift- ness. [Latin.] celery (sere-ri) , n. a plant cultivated for a salad and vegetable. celeste (se-lesf), n. sky-blue. ate, arm, at, awl : m§, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, Men. ^ 1 COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. VARIOUS FORMS OF HEAD- S, ANCIENT AND MODERN CELESTIAL 161 CENT celestial (se-les'tial), adj. of or per- taining to the sky or heavens; heav- enly; supremely excellent. [Latin.] Celestial (se-les'tial) , n. an inhabitant of heaven ; a native of China. Celestial Empire (em'plr), n. China, because its emperor is styled "The Son of Heaven." celestially (se-les'ti-a-li), adv. in a celestial or heavenly manner. celibacy (sel'i-ba-si) , n. the state of being unmarried ; single life, espe- cially that of a bachelor, or one bound by vows to an unmarried life. [Latin.] celibate (sel'i-bat), n. one who is unmarried or practices celibacy : adj. unmarried. cell (sel), n. a small room in a mon- astery, convent, or prison; a small or meanplace of residence; a small cavity; a minute mass of contractile protoplasm forming the structural unit of every organized body ; a sin- gle element or jar of a galvanic bat- tery; a small religious house at- tached to a monastery or convent; the interval between the ribs of a vaulted roof. [Latin.] cellar (sellar), n. a vault for storing provisions, wine, fuel, &c. cellarage (sel'er-aj), n. cellars; the space occupied by cellars; cellars collectively; charge for storage in cellars. cello (chero), n. [pi. cellos (chel'oz), Italian celli (chel'le)], a violoncello. cellular (seru-lar), adj. formed of cells. celluloid (sel'u-loid), n. a compound of camphor and gun-cotton, resem- bling ivory. cellulose (sel'ii-los) or celluline (sel'- ti-lin), 7i. the substance resembling and allied to starch which forms cellular plant tissue: adj. containing or composed of cells. celt (selt), n. an instrument or weapon . of stone or metal, resembling a chisel or blade of an axe, found in ancient tumuli. Celt (selt) or Kelt (kelt), n. one of a division of the Indo-European peo- ples, the chief branches of which are Erse (Irish), Manx, Breton, Highland Scotch, and Welsh. [Latin.] Celtic (sel'tik) or Keltic (kel'tik), adj. pertaining to the Celts. cement (se-ment' or sem'ent), n. any adhesive substance which makes two bodies cohere; mortar; a bond of union; the bony layer which f the outer substance of the fang of a tooth: v.t. to unite with cement; unite firmly or closely: v.i. become solid. cementation (sem-en-ta'shun), < act of cementing; a process for con- verting iron into steel, glass into porcelain, &c. cemetery (sem'e-ter-i) , n. [pi. ceme- teries (sem'e-ter-iz)], a public burial ground. cenobite (sen'o-bit), n. one of a re- ligious order living in a convent or in community. cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. an empty tomb, or a monument erected in honor of a person buried elsewhere. censer (sen'ser), # n. a covered cup- shaped vessel pierced with holes, in which incense is burned: a thurible. censor (sen'ser), n. one of two mag- istrates of ancient Rome who im- posed taxes and regulated the morals and manners of the community; an official appointed to examine books, manuscripts, plays, &c., prior to publication or performance to ascer- tain whether there is anything im- moral or offensive in them; a critic; at Cambridge University, an aca- demic official similar to a dean. censorial (sen-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a censor; censorious. censorious (sen-so'ri-us), adj. addicted to, or expressing, censure; carping; critical. censurable (sen'shur-a-bl), adj. blam- able. censure (sen'shur), n. blame; reproof; the act of finding fault; a sentence or penalty of an ecclesiastical court : v.t. to find fault with or condemn; criticise adversely. [Latin.] census (sen'sus), n. sl quinquennial registration of the numbers and property of Roman citizens for the purpose of taxation; in modern us- age, an official enumeration of the inhabitants of a country, with details of sex, age, occupation, &c., taken in the United States decennially. cent (sent), n. the l-100th part of 8 • dollar. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book:, f 1 hue, hut ; think, then. CENTAL 162 CENTRE cental (sen'tal), adj. pertaining to or consisting of a hundred: n. a weight for corn = 100 lb. avoirdupois. centare (sang-tar'), n. in the metric system, one hundredth part of an are; one square meter. centaur (sen'tawr), n. a fabulous be- ing, half man and half horse. centenarian (sen-te-na/ri-an) , adj. of, or pertaining to, a centenary or of a person a hundred years old: n. a person of such an age or older. centenary (sen'te-na-ri) , n. [pi. cen- tenaries (sen'te-na-riz)], the space of a hundred years; the commemora- tion of the hundredth anniversary of an event: adj. relating to, or con- sisting of, a hundred; recurring once in a century. [Latin.] centennial (sen-ten'i-al) , adj. con- sisting of, or enduring, a hundred years; taking place once in a hun- dred years: n. the commemoration of a one hundredth anniversary. centennially (sen-ten'i-a-li) , adv. once in a hundred years. center (sen'ter), n. the middle point of anything; the nucleus around which things are collected; a title of the leaders of certain organizations; the name of certain members of a legislative assembly who hold mod- erate views and occupy a place be- tween the Conservative party on the right, and the Radicals on the left; the circle or square next to the bull's-eye; a shot which hits such a division; troops in a line between the wings; in a fleet, the column or division between the van and the rear, or between the weather divi- sion and the lee: v.t. to place on a center; collect to a point; to form a recess for the reception of a center: v.i. to be placed in the center; meet in one point or focus. [Greek.] center-bit (sen'ter-bit), n. a carpen- ter's tool turning upon a center for boring holes. center-board (sen'ter-bord) , n. a keel so constructed that it may be raised within the vessel or lowered at pleasure: it is extensively used by racing craft. center of gravity (ov grav'i-ti), n. that point of a body through which the resultant of all the forces acting upon it in consequence of the earth's at* traction will pass. centering (sen'ter-ing) , n. the wood- work or timber framing by which vaulted work is supported during construction. centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal) , adj. hun- dredth: n. a hundredth part. centiare (sen'ti-ar, French sang-ti-ar') , n. a centare. centigrade (sen'ti-grad) , adj. gradu- ated or divided into a hundred de- grees. A thermometric scale. centigram or centigramme (sen'ti- gram), n. a measure of weight = 100th of a gramme C. 15432 of a grain troy). centiliter (sen'ti-le-tr, French san'-), n. a measure of capacity = the hundredth part of a liter (.6102 of an inch). centime (san-tem'), n. a small French coin = the hundredth part of a franc. centimeter (sen'ti-me-tr, French san'-), n. a measure of length = 100th of a meter (.3937 inch). centipede (sen'ti-ped), n. the term applied to an articulated animal with numerous feet belonging to the class Myriapoda, popularly sup- posed to have a hundred feet, whence the name. [Latin.] cento (sen'to), n. [pi. centos (sen'toz)], a literary or musical composition formed by selections from various authors or composers, and arranged in a new order. [Latin, "patch- work."] central (sen'tral), adj. relating to, or situated in, the center. [Latin.] centralism (sen'tral-izm) , n. the state or quality of being central; centrali- zation. centrality (sen-tral'i-ti), n. the quality of being central. centralization (sen-tral'i-za'shun) , n. the act of bringing all local admin- istrations under one central govern- ment. centralize (sen'tral-iz) , v.t. to draw or bring to a center; bring all ad- ministrations under one central gov- ernment. centrally (sen'tra-li) , adv. in a central manner. centre (sen'ter), n. same as center. ate, 5rm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hfie, hut ; think, then. CENTRIC 103 CEREBRUM centric (sen'trik) or centrical (sen'- tri-kal), adj. placed in the center; central. centricity (sen-tris'i-ti) , n. the state of being centric. centrifugal (sen-trif 'u-gal) , adj. tend- ing or causing to fly off from the center; radiating from a central focus ; expanding first at the summit and later at the base. [Greek.] centrif ugally (sen-trif 'u-ga-li) , adv. from the center. centrif ugence (sen-trif 'u-j ens), n. a tendency to fly off from the center. centripetal (sen-trip 'e-tal), adj. tend- ing or causing to approach the cen- ter: opposed to centrifugal; expand- ing first at the base and then at the summit. centripetal railway (ral'wa), n. a railway constructed with a single rail to support the carriage, and two side rails to steady it. centripetally (sen-trip'e-ta-li) , adv. m a centripetal manner. centumvir (sen-tum'ver) , n. [j)l. cen- tumvirs (sen-tum'verz) ; Latin cen- tum viri (sen-tum'vi-ri)], one of a body of 105 Roman judges, appoint- ed annually to try civil causes. centumvirate (sen- turn' vi-rat), n. the office of a Roman centumvir, or the centumviri; a body composed of a hundred men. [Latin.] centuple (sen'tu-pl), adj. hundred- fold: v.t. to multiply or increase a hundredfold. centurion (sen-tu'ri-un) , n. a Ro- man military officer commanding a hundred men. century (sen'tu-ri), n. [pi. centuries (sen'tu-riz)], a hundred; a hundred years, especially of the Christian era; a division of the Roman people; a sub-division of a Roman legion. century-plant (sen/tti-ri-plant), n. a name of the American aloe, from the supposition that it flowers once only in a hundred years. cephalalgia (sef-a-lal'ji-a), n. head- ache. cephalic (sef'a-lik or se-fal'ik), adj. pertaining to the head; forming the front or forepart of a body or organ. cephalitis (sef-a-li'tis) , n. inflamma- tion of the brain or its membranes. cephalopod (sef 'a-lo-pod) , adj. of or pertaining to the Cephalopoda: n. a member of the Cephalopoda. Cephalopoda (sef-a-lop'o-da), rt.pl. the highest class of the Mollusca, having a distinct head with tentacles attached. The nautilus and octopus belong to this class. ceraceous (se-ra'shus) , adj. having the texture and color of new wax. ceramic (se-ram'ik) or keramic (ker'~ a-mic), adj. of or pertaining to pot- tery or the fictile arts: n.pl. work executed wholly or partly in clay and baked ;_the fictile, arts. [Greek.] cerate (se'rat), n. a thick ointment of wax, &c. ceratin (ser'a-tin), n. horny tissue. ceratoid (ser'a-toid) , adj. horny. ceratoplasty (ser'a-to-plas-ti), n. the replacement of the cornea by one taken from an animal. cere (ser), n. the naked skin at the base of the bill of many birds, as the parrot . cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close with wax. cereal (se're-al), adj. pertaining to, or producing, wheat or edible grain: n, edible grain. cerebellum (ser-e-berum) , n. [pi. cerebella (ser-e-bel'a)], the hinder and lower part of the brain in verte- brate animals; the little brain. cerebral (ser-e'bral), adj. of or pertain- ing to the brain. cerebral hemisphere (hem'is-f er) , n. one of the two lateral halves of the cerebrum. cerebralism (ser-e'bral-izm) i, n. the theory that mental operations arise from activity of the brain or cerebrum. cerebrate (ser-e'brat), v.i. to have the brain in action. Also cerebrize. cerebration (ser-e-bra/shun) , n. the conscious or unconscious action of the brain. cerebric (ser-e'brik) , adj. pertaining to, or derived from, the brain. cerebrin (ser'e-brin) , n. a name for several nitrogenous substances- ob- tained from brain- and nerve-matter. cerebritis (ser-e-bri'tis) , n. inflamma- tion of cerebrum or brain. cerebrum (ser-e'brum) , n. [pi. cere- bra (ser-e r bra)], the superior and larger part of the brain: the seat of the mind and will. [Greek.] ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7ien. CERECLOTH 164 CHAFE cerecloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth sat- urated with wax or some gummy substance, used for wrapping em- balmed bodies in. [Lat. and Eng.] cerement (ser'ment), n. a grave-cloth- or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. ceremonial (ser-e-mo'ni-al) , adj. re- lating to, or performed with, external rites or ceremonies: n. the prescribed order for a ceremony or function. ceremonialism (ser-e-mo'ni-al-izm) , n. adherence to, or fondness for, cere- monial observance; ritualism. ceremonially (ser-e-mo'ni-a-li) , adv. according to rites and ceremonies. ceremonious (ser-e-mo'ni-us) , adj. full of ceremony; punctilious of pre- scribed formalities; according to prescribed form or usage; fond of using ceremony; precise. ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni) , n. [pi. cere- monies (ser'e-mo-niz)], a sacred rite or observance; a prescribed rite or formality; behavior regulated by the laws of strict etiquette. ceriph (ser'if), n. one of the fine lines of a printing type, especially a stroke at the bottom or top of a letter. Also serif. [Danish.] cerium (se'ri-um), n. a rare metallic element, discovered in 1803. echography (se-rog'ra-fi) , n. the art of writing or engraving on wax; wax painting; encaustic painting. certain (ser'tin), adj. sure; beyond a doubt; fixed or stated; indefinite. certainly (ser'tin-li) , adv. surely; with- out doubt. certainty (ser'tin-ti) , n. [pi. certainties (ser'tin-tiz)], full assurance. certes (ser'tez), adv. certainly; as- suredly. certificate (ser-tif 'i-kat) , n. a written testimony to the truth of any fact; a testimonial as to character or ability; a statement written and signed and legally authenticated: v.t. to give a certificate to; to attest or vouch for by certificate. certification (ser-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of certifying. certify (ser'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. certified, p.pr. certifying], to testify to or to make known in writing; assure. certiorari (ser-shi-o-ra'ri) , n. a writ issuing from a superior court calling for the records of an inferior court, or to remove a case from a court below. [Latin.] certitude (ser'ti-tud) , adj. certainty; freedom from doubt; assurance. cert osina- work (cher-to-se'na-werk) , n. a kind of inlaid work of light and dark woods, or ivory and wood. cerulean (se-roo'le-an) , adj. sky-col- ored. cerulin [(se'roo-lin), n. an olive-green dye. cerumen (se-roo'men), n. ear-wax. ceruse (se'roos), n. white-lead, used as a pigment, and from which a cos- metic is prepared. cervical (ser-vi'kal) , adj. of or pertain- ing to the neck. cervine (ser'vm), adj. of, or pertaining to, the deer family; of a tawny or fawn color. cess (ses), v.t. to impose a tax; assess: n. a rate or tax, especially the land tax. cessation (ses-sa/shun) , n. the act of ceasing. cession (sesh'un), n. a yielding up, as of territory, property, or rights; the surrender of a benefice by an incum- bent who has accepted another liv- ing. [English.] cessionary (sesh'un-a-ri) , adj. a giving or yielding up. cesspool (ses'pool), n. a deep hole in the ground, or the well of a drain, for the reception of filth; any foul receptacle. cestus (ses'tus), n. [pi. cestus (ses'- tus)], a kind of glove used by an- cient boxers, frequently loaded with lead or iron, and secured by leathern thongs to the hands and arms. cetacean (se-ta/shun) , adj. pertaining to the Cetacea, formerly a group of marine mammalia which included the whales: n. a whale ;'an animal belong- ing to the order Cete. [Greek.] Cete (se'te), n.^l. an order of ttte mam- malia, containing the true whales, dolphins, &c. cetic acid (se'tik as'id), n. an acid obtained from spermaceti. cetin (se'tin), n. a white waxy sub- stance forming the essential part of spermaceti. chafe (chaf), v.t. to make warm by friction; to wear away or make sore &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CHAFER 165 CHAMELEON by rubbing; irritate; annoy: ft. men- tal irritation caused by continued annoyance; vexation: v.i. to be worn by friction; be irritated or annoyed; fret. chafer (cha'fer), ft. the cockchafer. chaff (chaf), ft. the husk of grain, especially when separated by thresh- ing, &c; straw or hay, cut fine for cattle; anything worthless. chaff (chaf), v.t. to banter; make game of: v.i. to use bantering language: ft. banter. chaffer (chafer), ft. the act of bargain- ing: v.i. to haggle about a purchase. chaffinch (chaf 'inch), n. a bird, so named from its feeding on grain. chaff weed (chaf 'wed) , ft. a plant allied to the pimpernel. chaffy (chaf'i), adj. resembling, or full of, chaff; anything light or worthless. chafing-dish (chafing-dish), n. a small portable grate for coals; a vessel to hold live coal to keep meat, &c, hot; a cooking-utensil supplied with alcohol or an electric lamp. chagrin (sha-grin' or -gren'), ft. vexation due to disappointment; ill-humor; mortification: v.t. to excite vexation in; mortify. chain (chan), ft. a connected series of links or rings fitted into one another; a bond ; a measure of 100 links = 66 ft.; the warp threads of a web: v.t. to fasten, secure, or connect with a chain; enslave; _ to unite firmly; fasten. [French.] chain-gang (chan'gang), n. a gang of convicts working together in chains. chain-mail (chan'mal), ft. flexible armor formed of metal links inter- woven. chain-stitch (chan'stich), n. an orna- mental stitch resembling a chain; a loqp-stitch made by a sewing ma- chine. chair (char), n. a movable seat with a back for one person; an official seat; a professorship; the presiding officer of an assembly ; an iron socket fastened to the sleeper which receives and secures railroad metals: v.t. to carry publicly in a chair in triumph * to install. chairman (char'man), n. [pi. chairmen (char'men)], the president of an assembly, meeting, public comi &c. chaise (shaz), ft. a light two-wheeled carriage; a carriage in general. chalcedony (kal'se-do-ni or kal-sed'- o-ni), ft. a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, resembling diluted milk. Also calcedony. chaldron (chawl'dron) , n. a measure for coke =_36 bush. (255£ cwt.). chalet (sha-la'), ft. a Swiss cottage or herdsman's dwelling; a small country house built in such style. [French.] chalice (chal'is), ft. a cup; a Com- munion cup. chalk (chawk), ft. a soft limestone rock composed of carbonate of lime; pre- pared chalk for drawing: v.t. to mark, rub, or manure with chalk. chalkiness (chawk'i-nes) , ft. the of being chalky. chalkstone (chawk'ston), n. a chalky concretion in the joints. chalky (chawk'i), adj. containing, or resembling, chalk. challenge (chal'enj), n. an invitation to a contest; a summons to fight; a duel; an objection taken to a voter or juror; the summons of a soldier on sentry: v.t. to summons to a contest; invite to a duel; defy; take exception to. [French.] challengeable (charenj-a-bl) , adj. that may be challenged. challis (shal'e) , ft. alight all-wool fabric. chalybeate (ka-lib'e-at), adj. impreg- nated with iron. [Greek.] chalybite_ (kal'i-brt) , n. native carbo- nate of iron; siderite. chamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- ment, ^especially a bedroom ; a pri- vate room; a political or commc body; a cavity; that part of a gun, dissenters ; an association of journeymen in a printing house. chapelry (chap'el-ri), n. [pi. chapelries (chap'el-riz)], the district legally assigned to a chapel dependent upon the mother church. chaperon (shap'er-on), n. a married lady who accompanies young ladies in public: v.t. to act as a chaperon. ehapf alien (chop'faw-len), adj. de- jected. chapiter (chap'i-ter), n. the upper part or capital of a pillar. chaplain (chap'lin), w. a clergyman who performs service in the army or navy, a public institution, a royal or private household. chaplaincy (chap'lin-si), n. the office or status of a chaplain. chaplet (chap'let), n. a wreath or gar- land encircling the head; a rosary; a round molding carved into beads, olives, &c. chapman (chap 'man), n. [pi. chapmen (chap'men)], formerly a merchant or trader; a hawker. chappie (chap'i), n. familiar for chap. chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a book; the clergy of a cathedral or collegiate church; a meeting of cer- tain organized societies or orders. char (char), n. work by the day; a single job; a chore: v.i. to work in another's house by the day; do odd jobs. char (char), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. charred, p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to charcoal; burn partially. character (kar'ak-ter), n. a letter, sign, or figure; distinctive qualities or traits; moral excellence; a cer- tificate as to conduct or ability. characteristic (kar-ak-ter-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to or indicating the char- acter. characteristically (kar-ak-ter-is't i-ka- li), adv. in a characteristic manner. characterization (kar-ak-ter-i-za/- shun), n. the act of characterizing. characterize (kar'ak-ter-Iz) , v.t. de- scribe by peculiar qualities; mark or distinguish. characterless (kar'ak-ter-les) , n. with- out character or moral force. charade (sha-rad'), n. an acted enigma. charcoal (char'kol), n. wood partially burnt; impure carbon. charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- tack; load; fill up; impose; com- mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; place on the debit side: v.i. to make an attack; demand a price: n. an onset; quantity with which a fire- arm or apparatus is charged; an office or obligation ; an order or com- mand; authoritative instruction or direction; an entry on the debit side. chargeability (char-ja-bil'i-ti), n. erst), n. a vio- lent downpour of rain over a very limited area. clough (kluf), n. a ravine in a rock or hillside ; a gorge ; a kind of sluice. clout (klout), n. a piece of cloth or leather for patching; a cloth for any mean use; the center mark of an archery target; an arrow that has hit the center; a blow on the head with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend coarsely; strike with the hand. clove (klov), p.t. of cleave. clove (klov), n. a pungent aromatic spice. [Spanish.] cloven (klo ven), p. adj. divided into two parts. clover (klo'ver), n. a species of grass. clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an ill- bred fellow a professional jester or buffoon. clownish (kloun'ish), adj. like a clown. cloy (k\o\), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cloyed, p.pr.^ cloying], to fill to repletion; surfeit. club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one of the suits of cards marked with tre- foils; a number of persons associ- ated for a common purpose or mu- tual benefit; a joint expense: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clubbed, p.pr. clubbing], to beat with a club; unite in a solid mass: v.i. contribute to a common expense (with together). clubbable (klub'a-bl), adj. having the qualities which fit a man to associ- ate in a club. club-foot (klub'foot), n. a deformed foot. club-haul (klub'hawl), v.t. to tack (a ship) by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails, bringing the ship's head to the wind. club-moss (klub'mos), n. the lycopo- dium. cluck (kluk) , v.i. to cry or call like hen to her chickens: n. a hen'a call; the peculiar click uttered by some South African tribes. clue (kloo), n. a hint; a clew. clump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, &c; a thick sole: pi. a social game: v.t. arrange in a clump: v.i. tread clumsily. clumsily (klum'zi-li) , adv. awkward- ly; heavily. clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward ; heavy . ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CLUNG 182 COB clung (klung), p.t. of cling. cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of things of the same kind growing or collected together; a bunch: v.i. to grow or gather into bunches; con- gregate. clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize [with at]: n. a grasp; seizure: pi hands; claws. clyster (klis'ter), n. a liquid injected into the lower intestines by a syr- inge; an enema. [Greek.] co- (ko), a prefix, meaning with, to- gether, entering into the composi- tion of many words, the sense of which is generally self-evident, _ as co-trustee, a joint trustee. [Latin.] coach (koch), n. sl large covered four- wheeled public or private carriage; a tutor who especially prepares an- other for an examination or an ath- letic contest: v.t. m to instruct or train for an examination, &c. coagulant (ko-ag'u-lant), n. a sub- stance that produces coagulation. coagulate (ko-ag'ti-lat) , v.t. to clot or curdle. coagulation (ko-ag-u-la'shun) , n. the act of coagulating; the state of being coagulated. [Latin.] coagulative (ko-ag'ii-Ia-tiv), adj. caus- ing coagulation. coagulator (ko-ag'u-la-ter) , n. that which causes coagulation. coagulum (ko-ag'Q-lum) , n. [pi. co- agula (ko-ag'u-la)], a clot of blood; a curdled mass. m coal (kol), n. mineralized vegetable matter, used in its hardened form as fuel: v .t. to furnish with coal: v.i. take in coal; pi. coals. [English.] coal-oil (kol'oil), n. petroleum. coal-tar (kol'tar), n. a thick opaque liquid, distilled from bituminous coal, and from which many rich dye colors are obtained, as well as medicines, all known as "coal-tar products." coalesce (ko-a : les') , v.t. to grow to- gether; combine; unite. [Latin.] coalescence (ko-a-les'ens) , n. the act of coalescing. coalescent (ko-a-les'ent) , adj. growing together coalition (ko-a-lish'un) , n. union in a body or mass; a combination of persons. coamings (kom'ings), n.pl. the raised wood or iron borders of the hatches of a vessel. coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shun) , n. the adjustment or adaptation of parts to one another; the fitting of one bone to another by a sort of gliding proc- ess or movement; same as close corporation, where members fill va- cancies by their own votes. [Latin.) coarse (kors), adj. large in texture or size; not refined; rough; rude.; indelicate. coarse-grained (kors'grand) , adj. hav- ing a coarse grain; ill-tempered. coarsely (kors'li), adv. in a coarse manner. coarseness (kors'nes), n. the quality of being coarse. coast (kost), n. the margin of the land next the sea; a frontier; a slide in a sledge down an incline: v.i. to sail, near or along the coast; descend an incline in a sledge, or on a bicycle without working the pedals* v.t. to sail close or near to. coaster (kost'er), n. a home-tradin fe * vessel; one who coasts on a sled. coastguard (kost/gard), n. a member of the service for watching the sea, originally to check smuggling. coasting- trade (kost'ing-trad), the trade carried on from port to port of the same country. coastwise (kost'wiz), adv. by, or along, the coast. coat (kot), n. an outer garment cov- ering the upper part of the body ; an external covering, as fur, &c; a thin layer; an integument: v.t. to cover or spread over. coat-card (kot'kard), n. a court-carcL coatee (ko-te') , n. a close-fitting coat with short tails. [Obsolete.] coat of arms (armz), n. the em- blazonment of armorial bearings on an escutcheon. coat of mail (mal), n. suit of chain- armor ._ coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole* coaxial (ko-ak'si-al) , adj. having a common axis. cob (kob), n. a roundish piece of any- thing; the spike of Indian corn; a strong thickset pony; a young her- ring; a spider; a pellet for feeding fowls; the bull-head or miller's ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COBALT 183 COCOTTE thumb; a sea-gull; a kind of wicker basket; a kind of breakwater: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cobbed, p.pr. cobbing], to punish with a strap; break (ore). cobalt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey metal. cobble (kob'l), n. a pebble; a round medium-sized stone; clumsy work; v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely; v.i. work clumsily. cobbler (kob'ler), n. one who mends boots and shoes; a clumsy work- man; a cooling summer drink of ice, sherry, sugar, &c, usually drunk through a stiaw. cobra- di-capello (ko'bra-di-ka-pel'o) , n. a large and most venomous hooded snake found in India. For the poison in its fangs no cure has yet been discovered. The same is true of a very small Indian snake, the kerait. cobweb (kob'web), n. a spider's web: hence, a net or snare; old musty rubbish: adj. made of, or like, a cobweb; flimsy. coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a small South American shrub: a pow- erful tonic. [S. American.] eocaine (ko-kan'), n. a powerful alka- loid extracted from coca leaves. cocainism (ko-kan'izm)^ n. the mor- bid habit of using cocaine to excess. cocainize (ko-kan'Iz), v.t. to, subject to, or render insensible by cocaine. cocculus Indicus (kok'u-lus in-di'- kus), n. an East Indian climbing shrub possessing acrid narcotic properties. cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. a scarlet dye obtained from the dried body of an insect. [Spanish.] cochlea (kok'le-a), n. a snail: [pi. cochleae (kok'le-e)], the spiral-shap- ed cavity of the inner ear. cochleate (kok'le-at), adj. screw-like. cock/kok), n. the male of birds, es- pecially the domestic fowl; the male of certain animals other than birds; a vane in the shape of a cock; a leader or chief; a turn-valve for reg- ulating the flow of a liquid or gas; a small conical heap of hay. cock (kok), v.t. to turn up or set (the hat or head) jauntily on one side; erect: n. the action of the verb to cock. cock-eyed (kok'id), adj. having squint- ing eyes. cockade (kok-ad'), n. a badge or ribbon worn on the hat. [French.] cockatoo (kok-a-too'), n. a crested bird of the parrot family. [Australian.] cockatrice (kok'a-tris or -tris), n. a fabulous scorpion said to have been hatched in a cock's egg, and pos- sessing the power of killing by a glance of its eye. cockboat (kok'bot), n. a small boat. cockchafer (kok'cha-f er) , n. the May- bug. cockcrow (kok'kro), n. early morning. cockee (kok-e'), n. the spot where a curling player stands to hurl. cockerel (kok'er-el), n. a young cock. cockfight (kok'flt), n. the illegal sport of pitting two or more game cocks, armed with long steel spurs, against each other, as a show. cockle (kok'l), v.t. to contract into wrinkles. cockle (kok'l), n. an edible shell-fish with two heart-shaped wrinkled shells ; the plant corncockle or darnel ; a kiln for drying hops; a stove for drying biscuit-ware. cockney (kok'ni), n. a t Londoner: traditionally one born within sound of the bells of Bow Church, Cheap- side. cockney dom (kok'ni-dum), n. Lon- don and its suburbs. cockpit (kok'pit), n. an enclosed space for cockfighting. cockroach (kok'roch), n. a black beetle. cocktail (kok'tai), n. a mixed drink of which the base may be whiskey (a Manhattan), gin (a Martini), &c. cocoa (ko'ko), n. a palm which pro- duces the cocoanut. [Spanish.] cocoa (ko'ko), n. the ground seeds of the cacao or chocolate tree; also the beverage made from it. cocoanut (ko'ko-nut), n. the fruit of the cocoa palm. cocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- long case covering the laryae of many spinning insects while in the chrysalis state. cocoonery (ko-koon'er-i) , ft. a build- ing where silk-worms are fed when forming cocoons. cocotte (ko-kof), ft. a courtezan. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GOD 184 COIL cod (kod), ft. the husk or pod of a seed; the scrotum; the narrow part of a trawl-net. cod (kod), n. a large edible fish found in the northern seas, and especially on the banks of Newfoundland. coddle (kod 7 !), v.t. to make effemi- nate by pampering; treat tenderly; to stew gently: ft. an over-indulged, pampered person. code (kod), ft. a body of classified laws or regulations; a system of signals. [French.] codeine (ko-de'in) , n. an active me- dicinal principle extracted from the poppy._ codex (ko'deks), n. [pi. codices (ko'di- sez)], a volume of statutes; a man- uscript volume, especially of the sa- cred Scriptures or of the classic writers, Greek and Roman. codger (koj'er), n. a miser; a peevish, unreasonable old man. codicil (kod'i-sil), ft. an appendix to a will. codify (ko'di- or kod'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. codified, p.pr. codifying], to reduce to a code or digest codling (kod'ling), ft. a young cod; a kind of stewing apple. coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent) , adj. coop- erating: ft. that which cooperates with another; a number or known quantity prefixed in algebra as a multiplier to a variable or an un- known quantity. [Latin.] coerce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain or constrain by force, especially legal- ly or morally; compel. [Latin.] coercible (ko-ers'i-bl) , adj. able to be coerced. coercion (ko-er'shun) , n. the act of coercing. coercive (ko-er'siv), adj. having power to coerce. coeval (ko-e'val), adj. contempora- neous. [Latin.] coextensive (k5-eks-ten'siv) , adj. equally extensive. coffee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a plant which, roasted and ground, form the well-known beverage. [Turkish.] coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a kind of caisson or floating dock; a sunken panel: pi. a treasury: v.t. to inclose in a coffer. coffin (kof'in),n. a case for the dead; the hollow part of a horse's hoof; v.t. inclose in a coffin. cog (kog), n. the tooth of a wheel; a trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. cogging], to furnish with cogs; wheedle; to load (dice) in order to cheat. cogitate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to meditate: v.t. to devise or plan. [Latin.] cogitation (koj-i-ta/shun), n. the act of cogitating. cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French brandy distilled near Cognac from grapes grown in the valley of the Charente. cognate (kog'nat), adj. allied by blood; of the same stock, nature, or quality. • cognition (kog-nish'un) , n. knowl- edge. cognitive (kog'ni-tiv) , adj. having power of mental apprehension. cognizable (kon'iz-a-bl) , adj. that may be known. cognizance (kon'i-zans) , n. judicial knowledge or notice; perception. cognizant (kon'i-zant) , adj. having knowledge of anything. cognomen (kog-no'men), n. a sur- name. cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to- gether as husband and wife. cohere (ko-her), v.i. to stick together. coherence (ko-her'ens), n. the state or quality of cohering. Also coher- ency. coherent (ko-he'rent), adj. cohering together; consistent; logical. coherer (ko-her 'er), n. a device for detecting electro-magnetic waves, used in wireless telegraphy. cohesion (ko-he'zhun), n. the force that unites together molecules of the same material; coherence. cohesive (ko-he'siv, , n. causing to cohere. cohort (ko'hort), n. a body of an- cient Roman soldiers, the tenth part of a legion. See legion. coiffeur (kwa-fer'j, n. a hairdresser. coiffure (koif'ur), n. a head dress; man- ner of arranging the hair. coign (koin), ft. a corner. coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into a ring; anything resembling it: v.t. to gather or wind into a circular heap ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. • COIN 185 COLLECTED coin (koinj, n. money stamped with a legal impression; a corner or angle: v.t. to convert into money; invent. coinage (koin'aj), n. the process of coining; the thing coined; invention. coincide (ko-in-skT) , v.i. correspond exactly; occur at the same time; fall upon, or meet, in the same point. coincidence (ko-in'si-dens) , n. the act of coinciding. coincident (ko-in 'si-dent), adj. coin- ciding. coiner (koin'er), n. one who stamps coins; especially one who makes counterfeit money. coir (koir), n. the prepared fiber of the husks of cocoanuts. [Malay.] coition (ko-ish'un), n. copulation; conjunction: said of the moon. coke (kok) , the residue of coal after the gas, &c, has been expelled: v.t. to convert into coke. colander (kui'an-der ) , n. a vessel with a perforated bottom. cola-nut (ko'la-nut), m n. the large bitter seed of an African tree; com- bined with coca, it forms an in- gredient of a tonic drink. eolchicum rkol'chi-kum), n. the meadow-saffron, the seeds and bulbs of which are used in medicine. cold (kold) . adj. without heat or warmth; frigid; without passion or zeal; indifferent; insensible; blue in tone: n. the opposite of heat; the sensation produced by the loss of heat; a catarrh. cold-blooded (kold-blud'ed) , adj. hav- ing the blood below 90° Fahr. in tem- perature ; indifferent . coldish (kold'ish), adj. somewhat chilly. cole (kol), n. cabbage plants in gen- eral. cole-slaw (kol'slaw), n. cabbage salad. Coleoptera (kol-e-op'ter-a), n.pl. an order of insects having the wings covered with a sheath; the beetles. colewort (kol'wert), n. young cab- bage. colic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic pain in the abdomen or bowels: adj. pertaining to. or affecting, the bow- els. [French.^ colicky (kol'ik-i), adj. pertaining to colic. Coliseum. See Colosseum. collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat)., v.i. to work jointly, especially in literary or scientific work. collaboration (ko-lab-6-ra'shun) , n, united labor. collaborator (ko-lab'o-ra-ter), n. one who assists another, especially in lit- erary or scientific work: [often col- laborateur (ko-lab-o-ra-ter') , the French form of the word]. collapse (kol-aps')t n- a falling in or together; sudden and complete fail- ure; general prostration of the vital powers: v.i. to fall in or together; shrink up; break down. collapsible (kol-ap'si-bl), adj. collaps- ing; capable of collapsing. collar (kol'er), n. anything encircling the neck, worn for use, restraint, or ornament; a round ring or flange: v.t. to seize by the collar; put a col- lar on; roll up. collarette (kol-er-et'), n. a fichu of lace. &c. collate (kol-at'), v.t. compare crit- ically one thing with another of the same kind, as manuscripts or text of books; place in an ecclesiastical benefice. collateral (kol-at'er-al) , adj. side by side; auxiliary; concurrent; descend- ed from the same stock, but in a different line; same as collateral security, or a security (stocks, bonds, &c), pledged to secure a loan in cash. collaterally (kol-at 'er-a-li), adv. in a collateral manner. collation (kol-a'shun), n. compari- son; a light repast; the presentation to a benefice by a bishop, who is the patron. [English-Latin.] collator (kol-ater), n. one who col- lates manuscripts or books: the bishop who collates. [English.] colleague (kol'eg), n. an associate in the same office, employment, or com- mission. collect (kol'ekt), n. a short compre- hensive prayer. collect (kol-ekt'), v.t. gather together; assemble; demand and obtain payment of: v.i. to meet together: accumulate. [Latin.] collected (kol-ekt'ed) , adj. self-pos- sessed. merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book ; !inp. lint : think, then. COLLECTION 186 COLORADO-BEETLE collection (kol-ek'shun) , n. the act of gathering together; a mass; a crowd; an assemblage of works of art, natural objects, &c. ; a contribu- tion to a special object; a private college examination. collective (kol-ek'tiv) , adj. accumu- lative. collectivism (kol-ek'tiv-izm) , n. the socialistic theory that land and capi- tal should be owned by society collectively. Opposed to individual- ism. collectivist (kol-ek'tiv-ist) , n. an ad- vocate of collectivism: adj. per- taining to collectivism. collector (kol-ek'ter) , n. one who collects. college (kol'ej), n. a society of men possessing certain powers and rights, and engaged in some common pur- suit, especially literary studies; the house or buildings founded for such a society. collegian (kol-e'ji-an) , n. a member of a college. collegiate (kol-e'ji-at), adj. pertain- ing to, or containing, a college; instituted like a college. college ice (Is), the same as sondhi. collet (koi'et), n. the part of a ring in which the stone is set. collide (kol-id'), v.i. to come into col- lision. collie (kori), n. a Scotch sheep-dog. collier (kql'yer), n. a digger of coal; a coal-digger; a vessel in the coal trade. colliery (kol'yer-i), n. [pi. collieries (kol'yer-iz)], a coal mine. collision (kol-izh'un) , n. the act of striking two bodies violently togeth- er; concussion. collocation (kol-o-ka'shun) , n. the act of placing; arrangement. collodion (kol-o'di-un), n. a prepara- tion of soluble gun-cotton with ether. colloquial (kol-o'kwi-al), adj. used in ordinary conversation. colloquialism (kol-o'k wi-al-izm) , n. a colloquial form of speech; slang. colloquy (kol'o-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies (kol'-o-kwiz)], a conversation; a dia- logue. collusion (kol-u'zhun) , n. a secret agreement for a fraudulent or evil purpose. collusive (kol-u'siv), adj. fraudulently concerted. collusory (kol-u'so-ri) , adj. carrying on fraud by secret agreement. cologne water (ko-lon' waw'ter). n. eau-de-cologne ; a perfume, first made in the city of Cologne. colon (ko'lon), n. a mark of punctua- tion [:], almost a full stop; the largest of the intestines. colonel (ker'nel), n. the commanding officer of a regiment. [French.] colonelcy (ker'nel-si\ n. the rank of a colonel. colonial (ko-lo'ni-al) , adj. pertaining to a colony. [Latin.] colonialism (ko-lo'ni-al-izm) , n. the characteristics of colonial life; a colonial habit or phrase. colonialize (ko-lo'ni-al-iz), v.t. to ren«= der colonial in character. colonist (kol'o-nist), n. an inhabitant of a colony. colonization (kol 7 o-ni-za/shun) , n. the act of colonizing, or state of being colonized; the temporary set- tlement of men in a voting district to qualify them as electors. colonize (koro-niz), v.t. to settle 01 establish a colony in. colonnade (kol-on-ad'), n. a series of columns. [French.] colony_ (koro-ni), n. [pi. colonies (koro-niz)], a body of people from their native country who settle in another land, but are under the jurisdiction of, or connected with, the parent country; the country thus settled; a number of animals or plants living or growing together. color (kul'er), n. the hue or appear- ance that a body presents to the eye; a pigment or paint; complex- ion; redness; an apparent right or reason; pretense ;- false show: pi. a military or naval flag: v.t. to im- part a color to; tint; dye; give a specious appearance to ; make plaus- ible. [Latin.] color-blind (kurer r blmd) , adj. a defect in the vision which makes the afflicted unable to distinguish one color from another; as, blue from yellow, green from red, &c. Colorado-beetle (kol-o-ra 'do-bet '1) , n. a yellowish beetle, having its back marked with ten longitudinal ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hfie, hut ; think. //?en. COLORING 187 COMET black stripes: it is very destructive to potato crops. coloring (kul'er-ing), n. the act or art of giving a color to; the color so applied. colorist (kul'er-ist) , n. an artist whose works are characterized by beauty of color. colossal (ko-los'al), adj. like a colos- sus; gigantic. Colosseum (kol-o-se'um) , n. the Fla- vian amphitheater in ancient Rome. Also, incorrectly, Coliseum. colossus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. colossi (ko-los'-I)], a statue of gigantic size. Such a statue at Rhodes was in ancient times one of the Seven Wonders of the World. colportage (kpl'por-taj), .n. the sys- tem of distributing Bibles, religious books, &c, by colporteurs. Colporteur (kol'por-ter) , n. one en- gaged in colportage. [FrenchJ colt (kolt), n. a young horse; a young foolish fellow; a knotted rope's end formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. colter (kol'ter), ji. a ploughshare. Also coulter. coltish (kolt'ish), adj. like a colt; frisky. colt's foot (kolts'foot), n. a medicinal herb. Columbian (ko-lum'bi-an) , n. a size of printing-type. See type. -Columbine (kql'um-bin), adj. m per- taining to, or like, a dove or pigeon: n. a plant with flowers of five petals : in pantomime the beautiful lady who is pursued by Harlequin and accompanied by Pantaloon, Panto- mime or the clown. column (kol'um), n. a round pillar to support or adorn a building; any body of certain dimensions pressing vertically on its base; a division of the page of a book, &c; a formation of troops in deep files. [Latin.] columnar (ko-lum'nar), adj. having the form or shape of a column. coma (ko'ma). n. insensibility ; stu- por. [Greek.] coma (ko'ma), n. [pi comae (ko'me)], the nebulous hair-like envelope sur- rounding the nucleus of a comet; the aggregate of branches forming the leafy head of a tree. comatose (ko'ina-tos) , adj. torpid; lethargic. comb (kom), n. a toothed instrument to separate and adjust the hair; the crest of a cock ; the crest of a wave or hill; a honeycomb: v.L to dress the hair with a comb; grain: v.i. to roll over, as the crest of a wave. combat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; act in opposition: v.t. to fight with; oppose by force: n. a contest by force; a struggle. [French.] combatant (kom'bat-ant) , n. one who combats: adj. disposed to fight; bearing arms. combative (kom-bat'iv) , adj. pug- nacious. combination (kom-bi-na'shun), n. the union of bodies or qualities; an association of persons for a com- mon object: pi. underclothing woven in one piece. combine (kom-bin'), v.t. to unite or join; link closely together: v.i. to unite, agree, or coalesce: n. (Slang), a secret combination, generally for fraudulent purposes. [Latin.] combustibility (kom-bus-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. the property of being combustible. combustible (kom-bus'ti-bl) , adj. inflammable: n. an inflammable substance. [Latin.] combustion (kom-bust'yun), n. the act of burning; the state of being burnt; the union of an inflammable substance with oxygen, &c, produc- ing fight and heat. come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. come, p.pr. coming], to move to- wards ; draw near ; reach ; happen ; arrive at some state or condition: v.t. to act or play the part of. comedian (ko-me'di-an) , n. an actor or player in comedy: fern, comedi- enne (ko-ma-di-en') . comedy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. comedies (kom'e-diz)], dramatic representa- tion of the humorous or ridiculous side of human life. [Greek.] comeliness (kum'li-nes) , n. grace; beauty. comely (kum'li), adj. graceful; handsome. comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- tial body, with an eccentric orbit, consisting, when perfect, of a nu- cleus, coma, and a tail. [Greek.] £tv, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMETARY 188 COMMERCIAL vometary (kom'e-ta-ri), adj. pertain- ing to a comet. comfit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweetmeat. comfort (kum'fert), v.t. to console; strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of quiet enjoyment; consolation; en- couragement; a quilted bed-cover. comfortable (kum'f er-ta-bl) , adj. im- parting or enjoying comfort. [French.] comforter (kum'f er-ter) , n. one who comforts; a long woolen scarf. comfortless (kum'f ert-les) , adj. cheer- less; lacking comfort. comfrey (kum'fri), n. a rough hairy plant. comic (kom'ik) or comical (kom'ik- al), adj. exciting mirth. comicality e (kom-i-kal'i-ti) , n. the state of being comical. comically (kom'i-ka-li) , adv. in a comical manner. coming (kum'ing), n. an arrival: adj^. expected; future. comique (ko-mek'), n. a comic actor or singer. [French.] comity (kom'i-ti), n. civility; polite- ness; acts of international courtesy. comma (kom'a), n. a punctuation point [,]. [Greek.] command (kom-and' or -and'), v.t. to order or charge with authority; control; exercise supreme authority over ;^ lead: v.i. act as a commander; exercise power or authority: n. au- thority ; \ an order # or mandate ; a dominating situation; a naval or military force under the command of a particular officer. commandant (kom-an-dant') , n. an officer in command of a fortified place or a body of troops. commandeer (kom-man-der'), v.t. to seize by military force and by al- leged military necessity. [Dutch.] commander (kom-and'er) , n. one who commands; a naval officer next be- low a captain. commandment (kom-and'ment), n. a command; a precept; a law, es- pecially any one of the Decalogue. commando (kom-an'do), n. a military expedition by private individuals; the quasi-military expeditions of the English farmers and Boers of South Africa against the natives; South African militia. [Dutch.] commemorate (kom-em'o-rat) , v.t. to call to remembrance by a solemn act; celebrate with honor. commemoration (kom - em - o - ra'- shun), n. the act of commemorating; a day of academic celebration at Oxford, when degrees are conferred = commemorative (kom-em'6-ra-tiv) \ adj. preserving the memory of. commemorator (kom-em'd-ra-ter) ; n, one who commemorates. commence (kom-ens'), v.i. to come into existence; begin: v.t. enter upon; perform the first act of. commencement (kom-ens'ment) , n. beginning; origin; the annual festival when degrees, &c, are conferred at American colleges ; like Commemora- tion Day at Oxford. commend (kom-end'), v.t. recom- mend as worthy of notice; praise; bring to mind. [Latin.] commendation (kom-en-da'shun) , n. the act of commending; approval. commendatory (kom-end'a-to-ri), adj. m serving to commend ; containing praise. commensurability (kom-en-su-ra« biri-ti), n. the state of being com- mensurable. commensurable (kom-en'su-ra-bl) s adj. having, or reducible to, a com- mon measure. commensurate (kom-en'su-rat), < reducible to a common measure; equal. comment (kom'ent), n. a spoken or written remark, especially a written note by way of explanation, &e.; criticism:' v.i. (kom-ent'), to write notes or explanations on the text of an authoi . [Latin.] commentary (kom'en-ta-ri) , n. commentaries (kom'en-ta-riz)], a se- ries of explanatory notes or an^ notations. •" commentative (kom'en-ta-tiv), adj. making commentaries. commentator (kom'en-ta-ter), n. one who writes notes to explain an author . commerce (kom'ers). n. interchange of merchandise on a large scale be- tween nations or individuals; inter- course. [Latin.] commercial (kom-er'shal), adj, per- taining to trade or commerce; mer- cantile. ate, 'arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think:, then. COMMERCIALISM 189 COMMUNE commercialism (kom-er' shal-izm) , n% commercial habits, methods, or principles. commercially (kom-er 'sha-li), adv. in a commercial manner. commingle (ko-ming'gl), v.t & v.i. to mix; blend. comminute (kom'i-nut), v.t to make small or fine^ by grinding: adj. divided into small parte. commiserate (kom-iz'er-atO, v.t feel pity for; sympathize with in dis- tress. [Latin.] commiseration (kom-iz-er-a'shun) , n. pity. commiserator (kom-iz'er-a-ter), n. one who pities. commissariat (kom-i-sa/ri-at) , n. the department of an army con- cerned with the supply of trans- ports, provisions, &c. m [French.] commissary (kom'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. com- missaries (kom'i-sa-riz)], one to whom some charge is committed by a superior; a delegate; an official in the commissariat department. commission (kom-ish'un) , n. a dele- gation of business to anyone; the act of doing or committing; a trust; a charge ; the warrant by which any- thing is done; one or more persons appointed to perform certain speci- fied duties; brokerage or allowance: v.t. empower; send with authority. commissioner (kom-ish'un-er) , n. a person empowered by a commission or warrant; an officer in charge of some department of the public service. [French.] commissure (kom'ish-ur) ; n. a joint or seam ; the point of union between two bodies. commit (kom-it')> v.t [v.t. & p.p. committed, p.pr. committing], to give in charge or trust; surrender; consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; send for trial, or to poison. commitment (kom-it'ment), n. the act of committing. Also committal. committee (kom-it'e), n. persons ap- pointed to consider or manage any matter. [French.] commode (kom-od'), n. a high head- dress formerly in vogue; a chest of drawers or bureau ;_ a night-stool. commodious (kom-o'di-us), adj. use- ful; convenient; roomy. commodity (kom-od'i : ti), n. [pi. com- modities (kom-od'i-tiz)], that which is useful; an article of commerce: pi. goods; merchandise. commodore (kom'o-dor) , n. a captain commanding a squadron; the lead- ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. common (kom'un), adj. belonging equally to more than one; public; usual; frequent; inferior; of lew birth or origin; applied to nouns that are both masculine and femi- nine: n. a tract of open public land. common council (koun'sil), n. the representative body of a city or mu- nicipal corporation. common law (law), n. the unwrit- ten law of England, based on imme- morial usage and followed in the United States whenever it has not been set aside by statute law. commonage (kom'un-aj), n. the right of pasturing on common land. commonalty (kom'un-al-ti) , n. the common people. commoner (kom'un-er), n. one not a peer; a member of the House of Commons ; one who has a joint right in common land ; at Oxford, a student not on the foundation. commonly (kom'un-li), adv. usually; meanly. commonplace (kom'un-plas) , n. a memorandum for ready reference; an obvious remark; anything or- dinary: adj. uninteresting; trite; common; neither new nor striking. common-sense (kom'un-sens'), adj. characterized by sound practical judgment. commonweal (kom'un- wel) , n. the public good or welfare. commonwealth (kom'un-welth), n. the whole body of people in a state; a republic. commotion (kom-o'shun), n. violent agitation. communal (kom'u-nal), adj. pertain- ing to a commune. communalism (kom'u-nal-izm) , n. government by communes or cor- porations of towns and districts; one < of these districts [French]; the uprising and sway of one great Commune, as in Paris in 1871. commune (kom-un'), v.t. to converse together; impart; take counsel; par- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. f COMMUNICABILITY 190 COMPASSIONATE take of the Eucharist, or Holy Com- munion. [French.] Bommunicability (kom-u-ni-ka-blTi- ti), ft. the quaUty of being com- municable. communicable (kom-u'ni-ka-bl) , adj. impartible. communicant (kom-u'ni-kant) , adj. communicating: n. a partaker, es- pecially of the Eucharist. communicate (kom-u'ni-kat) , v.t. to impart; reveal: v.i. to share; partake of the Eucharist. communication (kom-u-ni-ka'shun), n. the act of communicating; means of passing from one place to another; news; intercourse. communicative (kom-u'ni-ka-tiv), adj. unreserved. communicator (kom-u'ni-ka-ter) , n. one who, or anything which, com- municates. communicatory (kom-u'ni-ka-to-ri) , adj. imparting knowledge. communion (kom-un'yim) t n . inter- course; fellowship; common posses- sion; a religious body; the partak- ing of the Eucharist. communism (kom'u-nizm) , n. the doctrine of having property in com- mon; socialism. communist (kom'u-nist) , ft. a sup- porter of communism; a socialist; a member of the Commune of P^ris (1871). communistic (kom-u-nis'tik), adj. re- lating to communism. community (kom-u'ni-ti) , ft. [pi. communities (kqm-u'ni-tiz)], a body of persons having common rights, interests, and privileges; a corpora- tion: society generally; common character. commutability (kom-u-ta-bil'i-ti) , ft. the quality of being commutable. commutable (kom-u'ta-bl), adj. in- terchangeable. [Latin.] commutation (Kom-u-ta'shun), ft. the act of commuting. commutation- ticket (kom-u-ta/- shun-tik'et), a ticket by which one who regularly passes over a certain part of a railway m commutes his normal fares by paying a lump sum, at a lower rate, thus allowing him the privilege of making the same journey as often as he pleases. commutator (kom'u-ta-ter), n. a de- vice to change the electric motor so as to make an alternating current continue, or opposite; a plan for changing or varying the strength of such a current. commute (kom-ut'), v.t. to exchange; substitute; reduce the severity of; regulate the direction of an electric current: v.i. to pay in gross amount; to travel regularly as a commuter. commuter (kom-ut'er), n. one who exchanges ; _ the user of a commuta- tion ticket in traveling. compact (kom'pakt), ft. an agree- ment or covenant: v.t. (kom-pakt'). to press or pack closely; consolidate. companion (kom-pan'yun) , n. a com- rade; an associate or partner; the hut over a ship's ladder: adj attendant. companionship (kom-pan'yun-ship), n. fellowship. company (kum'pa-ni), n. [pi. com- panies (kum'pa-niz)], an assemblage of people; a body of persons associ- ated together; society; fellowship; a firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of a regiment. comparable (kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. ca- pable of being compared; of equal regard. comparative (kom-par'a-tiv) , adj. es- timated by comparison; not positive: ft. the comparative degree of gram- mar. compare (kom-par'), v.t. to make one thing the measure of another; in- flect so as to form the degrees of comparison : v.i. to bear a compari- son. comparison (kom-par'i-sun) , n. the act # of comparing; an illustration or simile. compartment (kom-part'ment), n. a division by a partition, as of a car- riage, &c. ; a panel. compass (kum'pas) v.t. to encircle; walk around; besiege: n. a circular course; a circumference; extent; grasp; an instrument indicating the magnetic meridian : pi. a mathemati- cal instrument for dividing and drawing circles. compassion (kom-pash'un), n. sorrow for the sufferings of others ; sympathy ; pity. compassionate (kom-pash'un-at), v.t. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut- ; think, then. ^ COMPATIBILITY 191 COMPLIMENT to have compassion for: adj. sym- pathetic; merciful. compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being compatible ; con- gruity. compatible (kom-pat'i-bl) , adj. con- gruous; suitable. compatriot (kom-pa'tri-ot) , n. a fel- low countryman. [French.] compeer (kom'per), n. an equal. compel (tom-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. compelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge irresistibly; force. compend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- ment. compendious (kom-pen'di-us) , adj. succinct. compendium (kom-pen'di-um) , n. an abridgment. compensate (kom'pen- or kom-pen'- sat), v.t. to recompense; make amends for : v.i. to make compensa- tion for. [Latin.] compensation (kom-pen-sa'shun), n. amends; recompense; a set-off. compensation- balance ( kom-pen-sa'- shun-barans) , n. a watch balance- wheel, constructed to counteract variations in temperature. compensative (kom-pen'sa-tiv), adj. making compensation. Also com- pensatory. compensator (kom'pen-sa-ter) , n. one who compensates. compete (kom-pet'), v.i. enter into competition with another ; rival. competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the state of being competent; suffi- ciency. Also competency. competent (kom'pe-tent), adj. fit; able; suitable; qualified; moderate. competition (kom-pe-tish'un) , n. ri- valry. competitive (kom-pet 'i-tiv) , adj. per- taining to competition; emulous. competitor (kom-pet'i-ter) , n. a rival. compilation (kom-pi-la'shun) , n. the act of compiling; the thing compiled. compile (kom-pir), v.t. to put to- gether in fresh form existing mate- rials. complacence (kom-pla'sens) , n. in- ward satisfaction. Also compla- cency, complacent (kom-pla'sent), adj. af- fable. complain (kom-plan'), v.i. to express. grief, pain, or resentment; charge formally. complainant (kom-plan'ant) , n. a plaintiff. complaint (kom-plant') , n. an accusa- tion; an expression of grief or pain; ailment. complaisance (kom-pla-sans') , n. courtesy. [French.] complaisant (kom-pla-sant') , adj. courteous. complected (kom-plek'ted) , adj. in- terwoven; complexioned. complement (kom'ple-ment) , n. full number or quantity; a complete set; v.t. to supply a deficiency. complemental (kom-ple-ment'al), adj. completing. Also complementary. complete (kom-plet), adj. free from deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- ished: v.t. to supply what is lacking; finish. [French.] completely (kom-plet'li) , adv. in a complete manner. completion (kom-ple'shun) , n. ac- complishment. complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed of various parts of things; compos- ite; intricate. [Latin.] complexion (kom-plek'shun) , n. the color of the skin, especially the face; aspect. [French.] complexioned (kom-plek'shund), adj. having a complexion. complexity (kom-pleks'i-ti) , n. the state of being complex. Also com- plexness. complexly (kom-pleks'li) , adv. in a complex manner. compilable (kom-pll'a-bl) , adj. com- pliant. compliance (kom-pll'ans) , n. acquies- cence. compliant (kom-pli'ant), adj. yield- ing. complicate (kom'pli-kat), v.t. to make intricate; involve: adj. intricate; folded together. [Lathi.] complication (kom-pli-ka/shun) , n. the act of complicating; the state of being complicated. complicity (kom-plis'i-ti) n. partner- ship in crime. compiler (kom-pli'er) , • one who complies. compliment (kom'pli-ment) , n. a for- mal act or expression of courtesy; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, tlien. COMPLIMENTARY 192 COMPUTATION delicate flattery : v.t. to flatter; con- gratulate; praise. complimentary (kom-pli-ment'a-ri) , adj. conveying a compliment. Also complimental. comply (kom-pll), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. com- plied, p.pr. complying], to yield as- sent; agree to. compo (kom'po), n. a kind of concrete ; a material for printing-rollers. component (kom-po'nent), adj. con- stituent: n. an elementary part of a compound. [Latin.] comport (kom-port'), v.i. to agree; harmonize: v.t. to behave. compose (kom-poz/), v.t. to form by combination; write as an author; calm; adjust; arrange in proper order; put together. composed (kom-pozd'), adj. tranquil; quiet. composer (kom-poz'er), n. one who composes; a musical author; one who calms. composing (kom-poz 'ing), adj. tend- ing to calm ; pertaining to, or used in, composition. composite (kom-poz'it or kom'poz-it), adj. compound. composition (kom-po-zish'un) , n. the act of composing; the thing com- posed; a mass formed by mingling various ingredients; mutual settle- ment or agreement ; a musical or literary work; the art of forming sentences. [Latin.] compositor (kom-poz 'r-ter), n. one who sets types. compost (kom'post), n. a mixture of various substances for fertilizing the ground; builders' compost: v.t. to cover with compost, plaster or stucco. composure (kom-po'zhur), n. tran- quillity. compote (kom'pot), n. stewed fruit. compound (kom-pound') , v.t. to mix or combine together; settle by mu- tual agreement; discharge a debt by paying a part: adj. (kom'pound), composed of two or more elements or ingredients or words: n. (kom'- pound), a mixture of two or more elements or ingredients. compounder (kom-pound'er) , n. one who compounds medicines, well-deserved; suitable. [Latin.] condiment (kon'di-ment) , n. a season- ing, such as pepper, mustard, horse- radish, &c. condition (kon-dish'un) , n. state; quality ; external circumstances; stip- ulation or terms of a contract: v.t. to contract or stipulate; bring into and keep in bodily health; examine. conditionally (kon-dish'un-a-li) , adv. with certain limitations. condolatory (kon-do'la-to-ri), adj. ex- pressing condolence. condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: v.i. to express sympathy for another [with with]. [Latin.] condolence (kon-dol'ens) , n. sym- pathy. condonation (kon-do-na'shun) , n. the act of pardoning a wrong act. condone (kon-don'), v.t. to pardon, especially a violation of marital duty. condor (kon'der), n. a very large South American vulture. [Spanish.] conduce (kon-dus'), vd. to tend to; contribute. conducible (kon-du'si-bl) , adj. tend- ing; contributing; promoting. conducive (kon-dti'siv) , adj. having the quality or power of conducing [with to]. conduct (kon-dukt'), v.t. to guide; di- rect; manage; behave: n. (kon'dukt), personal behavior or practice; man- agement. conductance (kon-duk'tans), n. pow- er or capacity for conducting elec- tricity. conductibility (kon-duk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the capability of being conducted* conductible (kon-duk'ti-bl) , adj. ca- pacity of being conducted. conduction (kon-duk'shun) , n. trans* mission by a conductor. [Latin.] conductive (kon-duk'tiv) , adj. having the quality or power of conducting. conductivity (kon-duk-tiv'i-ti), n. thf quality of being conductive. conductor (kon-duk'ter) , n. one who, or that which, conducts; a leader er guide ; one who has charge of a car or train; a substance which conductr or transmits certain forces. conduit (kon'dit), n. a canal or pipe for the conveyance of water, &c. cone (kon), n. a geometrical figrre broad, round, and broad at the bot- tom and lessening the circumference towards the top; the fruit of the fir pine, &c; a storm-cone: v.t. to shape like the segment of a cone. coney (ko'ni), another form of cony. confab (kon'fab), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. con- fabbed, p.pr. confabbing], to chat. confabulation (kon-f ab-u-la/shun), n« a chat. [Latin.] confection (kon-f ek'shun) , n. any- thing conserved or compounded with sugar; a sweetmeat. [Latin.] confectioner (kon-.f ek'shun-er) , n. one who prepares and sells sweetmeats, &c. confectionery (kon-f ek'shun-e-ri), ru [j>l. confectioneries (kon-fek'shun-e- riz)], sweetmeats cakes, preserves, &c. confederacy (kon-f ed'er-a-si), n. [pin confederacies (kon-fed'er-a-siz)], per- sons, states, or nations united in a league. confederate (kon-fed'er-at) : v.i. to unite in a league: adj. united by a league: n. a member of a confedera- tion; an ally; an accomplice. confederation (kon-f ed-er-a/shun), n. the act of confederating; an al- liance ; an alliance of states previously independent. confederative (kon-f ed'er-a-tiv), adj. of, or belonging to, a confederation. confer (kon-f er'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conferred, p.pr. conferring], to give or bestow: v.i. to consult together; converse. conference (kon'fer-ens), n. the act of ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, Men. CONFESS 196 CONFOUND consulting together formally; an appointed meeting for discussing some topic or business; an ecclesias- tical assembly. confess (kon-f es'), v.t. to admit or acknowledge; avow; grant; prove; hear (as a priest) a confession: v.i. disclose the state of one's conscience to a priest and receive absolution. confession (kon-f esh'un) , n. act of confessing; anything disclosed or acknowledged. confessional (kon-f esh'un-al) , n. an inclosed cabinet, in which a priest sits to hear confession; the practice of auricular confession. confessor (kon-f es'er), n. one who makes a profession of his faith and suffers persecution; a priest who hears confessions and grants ab- solution. [Latin.] confetto (kon-f et'to), n. [pi. confetti (kon-fet'ti)], a sweetmeat; a plaster pellet used for pelting at carnivals. confidant (kon'fi-dant) , n. a con- fidential or bosom friend: fern, con- fidante. [French.] confide (kon-fld'), v.i. have confi- dence in: v.t. to trust fully [with to]. confidence (kon'fi-dens) , n. trust; reliance. confidence- game (kon'fi-dens-gam) , n. a scheme by which a swindler gets money from a stranger by win- ning his confidence and then taking advantage of it. Same as bunco- game. confident (kon'fi-dent), adj. full of confidence; positive; bold; dog- matical. [Latin.] confidential (kon-fi-den'shal), adj. spoken or written in confidence; trustworthy. confidentially (kon-fi-den'sha-li), adv. in a confidential manner. configuration (kon-fig-u-ra'shun), n. external form; relative position of the planets. confine (kon'fin), n. a boundary, border, or limit; a frontier [usually fil.]: v.t. (kon-fin'), to restrict within imits; imprison. [Latin.] confinement (kon-f In'ment) , n. the act of confining; childbirth. confirm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to strengthen; ratify; administer the rite of confirmation. [Latin.] confirmation (kon-f er-ma/shun) , n. the act of confirming; verification; evidence; admission to full com- munion after baptism. confirmatory (kon-f er'ma-to-ri) , adj. serving to confirm. confiscate (kon-fis' or kon'fis-kat), v.t. to adjudge to be forfeited to the public treasury; seize, as thus for- feited. [Latin.] confiscation (kon-fis-ka'shun), n. the act of confiscating. confiscator (kon'fis-ka-ter), n. one who confiscates. confiscatory (kon-fis 'ka-to-ri), adj. characterized by, or attended with, confiscation., conflagration (kon-fla-gra'shun) , n. a great fire. [Latin.] conflict (kon-flikt'), v.i. to strike or dash together; contend; fight: n. (kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for the mastery; a battle; antagonism; a violent collision. [Latin.] conflicting (kon-flikt 'ing), adj. op- posing. confluence (kon'flu-ens) , n. the junc- tion of two or more streams; an assembly. confluent (kon'flu-ent) , adj. flowing or running together: n. a tributary river or stream. [Latin.] conflux (kon'fluks), n. the meeting together of two or more streams; a crowd. conform (kon-f orm') , v.t. to make like; bring into harmony [usually with to]: v.i. to be in harmony with; comply with. [Latin.] conf ormability (kon-f orm-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being conformable. conformable (kon-f orm 'a-bl), adj. like; corresponding; compliant; in parallel order. conformation (kon-f or-ma'shun), n. structure ; arrangement ; shape. conformist (kon-f orm 'ist), n. a mem- ber of the Established Church of England. conformity (kon-form'i-ti), n. com- pliance with established forms; re- semblance. confound (kon-f ound'), v.t. to min- gle; perplex; astonish; confuse; over- throw. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONFRERE 197 CONIC ^ an asso confrere (kon-f rar ' ) , ciate. [French.] confront (kon-f runt 7 ) , v.t. to stand face to face [with with]; oppose 5 compare. confuse (kon-fuz'), v.t. to mingle; jumble up; render indistinct; dis- concert; perplex. [Latin.] confusion (kon-f u'zhun) , n. the act of confusing ; perplexity ; loss of self- possession; disorder; tumult. confutation (kon-f u-ta'shun) , n. dis- proof. confute (kon-fut'), v.t. to prove to be false or invalid^ convict of error. con-game (kon'gam). n. same as con- fidence-game^ congeal (kon-jel'), v.t. to freeze; to make stiff and harden by the in- fluence of cold: v.i. to become frozen by the influence of cold; to change from a liquid to a solid by reason of cold. congelation (kon-je-la/shun) , n. the act of congealing. congener (kon'je-ner) , n. one that is of kin together. congenial (kon-je'ni-al) , adj. kindred; pleasant and sympathetic; cognate. congeniality (kon-je-ni-ari-ti), n. the state or quality of being congenial. congenital (kon-jen'i-tal) , adj. exist- ing, or produced, at birth; con- stitutional. conger (kong'ger), n._ a large sea-eel. congeries (kon-je'ri-ez)^ n. sing. & pi. a collection of particles into one mass; a gathering. [Latin.] congest (kon-jesf), v.t. to accumu- late. congested (kon-jest'ed), p. adj. unduly crowded; containing an unnatural accumulation of blood. congestion (kon-jest'yun), n. an over- crowded condition, especially of the blood-vessels. congestive (kon-jes'tiv), adj. imply- ing congestion. [Latin.] conglomerate (kon-glom'er-at) , v.t. to gather into a ball or round mass: adj. collected or clustered together: n. a rock composed of rounded or water-worn fragments of pre-exis- tent rocks. [Latin.] conglomeration (kon-glom-er- a'shun), n. the act of conglomerat- ing; a miscellaneous collection. aonglutinate (kon-gloo'ti-nat), v.L to glue together: adj. glued together; united by an adhesive_ substance. conglutination (kon-gloo-ti-na'shun), n. the act of gluing or joining to- gether; coalescence. eonglutinative (kon-gloo'ti-na-tiv), adj. having power to unite or heal wounds. congratulate (kon-grat'u-iat), v.t. to felicitate on account of some happy event [with on or upon}. congratulation (kon-grat-u-la'shun) f n. the act of congratulating^ congratulator (kon-grat'u-la-ter), n. one who congratulates. congratulatory (kon-grat'u-la-to-ri), adj. expressing congratulations. congregate (kong'gre-gat) . v.t. to as- semble; gather together: v.i. to come together. congregation (kong-gre-ga'shun), n. an assembly, especially of persona for religious worship. congregational (kong-gre-ga'shun-al), adj. pertaining to a congregation. _ Congregationalism (kong-gre-ga f - shun-al-izm) , n. a democratic form of church government, each congre- gation being self-governed_. Congregationalist (kong-gre-ga'shun- al-ist), n. an adherent of Congre- gationalism: adj. pertaining to Con- gregationalism. congress (kong'gres), n. a confer- ence; an assembly of ambassadors, &c, for the settlement of interna- tional affairs. Congress (kong'gres), n. the na- tional legislature of the United States, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Congressional (kon-gresh'un-al), adj. pertaining to Congress. Congressman (kong'gres-man) , n. a member of Congress, especially of the House of Representatives. congruence (kon'groo-ens) , n. suit- ability; agreement; consistency. Also congruency. congruent (kon'groo-ent). adj. suit- able; agreeing. congruity (kon-groo'i-ti) , n. agree- ment; fitness. congruous (kon'groo-us) , adj. ac- cordant; fit. conic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CONIFEROUS 198 CONOID AL shaped like, a cone. Also conical: n.pl. the branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola; conic sections. coniferous (ko-nif 'er-us) , adj. bear- ing cones. coniform (ko'ni-form), adj. cone- shaped. conine (ko'nin), n. a very poisonous alkaloid existing in the hemlock. conjectural (kon-jek'tur-al), adj. doubtful. conjecturally (kon-jek'tur-a-li), adv. doubtfully. conjecture (kon-jek'tur) , n. a prob- able inference; a guess; v.t. to im- agine; surmise: v.i. to form con- jectures. conjoin (kon-join'), v.t. to join to- gether; connect or associate: v.i. to unite. conjoint (kon-joint'), adj. united; co- operating. conjugal (kon'ju-gal), adj. of, of per- taining to, marriage; connubial. conjugality (kon-ju-gal'i-ti), n. the married state. conjugate (kon'ju-gat), # v.t. to in- flect (verbs): v.i. to unite in conju- gation: adj. combined in pairs; kin- dred in meaning and origin. conjugation (kon-ju-ga/shun), n. the act of conjugating; the inflection of a verb; a kind of sexual union. conjunction (kon-jungk'shun), n. un- ion; association; connection; the ap- parent meeting of two or more stars or planets; a word used to connect sentences or words. conjunctive (kon-jungk'tiv), adj. serv- ing to unite; closely connected: n. the conjunctive mood. conjunctive mood (mood), n. the mood which expresses contingency or condition. conjunctively (kon-jungk'tiv-li), adv. in union. conjuncture (kon-jungk'tur), n. a combination of many circumstances or causes; a critical time. conjuration (kon-ju-ra/shun) , n. the act of conjuring or invoking; an in- cantation; an enchantment; solemn entreaty. conjure (kon-jur'), v.t. to summon in a sacred name; enjoin with the highest solemnity: (kun'jer), in- fluence by, or as if by, magic: v.i. to practice the arts of a conjurer. conjurer (kun'jer-er), n. one who performs tricks by sleight of hand; a pretended enchanter: (kon-jur'er), n. one who solemnly enjoins. conjuror (kon-ju'rer), n. one bound by an oath with others. [Latin.] con-man (kon'man), n. a man who plays the confidence-game or bunco- game as already described. connate (kon'nat), adj. united at the base. [Latin.] Connaught (kon'awt), a kind of cot- ton cloth. (Named from Connaught, one of the four Irish provinces.) connect (kon'nekt'), v.t. to bind or fasten together; unite; associate with: v.i. to be joined; cohere. connected (kon-nekt'ed), adj. linked together. connection or connexion (kon-nek'- shun), n. the state of being con- nected; relation by marriage or blood; sexual intercourse; acquain- tance; one's customers, &c. connective (kon-nek'tiv) , adj. able to connect: n. that which connects. connectively (kon-nek'tiv-li) , adv. by connection. connector (kon-nek'ter) , n. one who or that which connects. conning (kon'ing), n. the act of di- recting the helmsman of a vessel. conning- tower (kon'ing-tou'er) , n. the low shot-proof pilot-house of an armored vessel. connivance (kon-ni'vans) , n. the act of conniving: passive cooperation in a crime or fault; collusion. connive (kon-niv'), v.i. m to close the eyes upon a fault ; be in secret com- plicity [with at]. connoisseur (kon-a-ser'), w. a criti- cal judge. [French.] connotation (kon-no-ta'shun) , r». in- ference from an object to a quality. connotative (kon-no'ta-tiv), adj. attributive. connote (kon-not'). v.t. to designate by implication ; imply as an attribute. connubial (kon-u'bi-al) , adj. of, or pertaining to, the marriage state; nuptial. [Latin.] conoid (kon'oid), adj. cone-like. eonoidal (kon-oid'al), adj. almost conical. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONQUER 199 CONSIGNMENT conquer (kong'ker), v.t. gain by con- quest; overcome; subdue: v.i. to get the victory. [French.] conqueror (kong'ker-er) , n. a victor. conquest (kon'kwest), ?i. the act of conquering; subjugation; victory. consanguineous (kon-sang-gwin'e- us), adj. related by blood or birth. consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin'i-ti) , n. blood relationship. [Latin.] conscience (kon'shens), n. the moral sense which distinguishes right from wrong. [Latin.] conscientious (kon-shi-en'shus) , adj. influenced or regulated * by con- science; scrupulous. conscious (kon'shus), adj. aware of one's thoughts and actions; sen- sible. consciousness (kon'shus-nes) , n. the knowledge of that which passes in one's own mind. conscript (kon-skript') , v.t. to en- roll for compulsory military or naval service: (kon'skript), adj. registered; enrolled: n. one thus compulsorily enrolled. [Latin.] conscription (kon-skrip'shun), n. compulsory military or naval ser- vice; the persons enrolled. consecrate (kon'se-krat), v.t. to set apart as sacred; dedicate to the service of God; set apart to a sacred office; devote: adj. conse- crated; made sacred. [Latin.] consecration (kon-se-kra'shun), n. the act of consecrating; a setting apart or devoting to a sacred use or office. consecrator (kon'se-kra-ter) , n. one who consecrates. consecutive (kon-sek'u-tiv) , adj. suc- cessive; following. , [Latin.] consecutively (kon-sek'u-tiv-li) , adj. successively. consensus (kon-sen'sus) , n. general agreement. consent (kon-sent'), n. a yielding of the mind or will; acquiescence; sympathy: v.i. to comply; yield; accede; concur. [Latin.] consentient (kon-sen'snent) , adj. agreeing. consequence (kon'se-kwens) , n. that which naturally follows an effect; inference; result; importance; sig- nificance. consequent (kon'se-kwent), adj. fol- lowing as a result or natural effect [with to]: n. a result or effect. consequential (kon-se-kwen'shal), adj. following as the effect; self-im- portant, conservable (kon-serv'a-bl) , adj. that may be preserved from decay or in- jury. conservation (kon-ser-va/shun), n. the act of preserving from decay : loss, or injury. conservative (kon-ser'va-tiv) , adj. '' having the tendency or power to pre- serve: n. that which preserves; one opposed to hasty changes in thr political, religious, or civil institu- tions of the country. conservatoire (kon-ser-va-twar'),. n. a public institution for instruction, especially singing, music, &c. [French.] conservator (kon'ser-va-ter), one who preserves or takes charge. conservatory (kon-ser'va-to-ri) , adj. tending to preserve: n. a green- house. conserve (kon-serv'), v.t. to pre- serve from injury or destruction; preserve with sugar: (kon'serv),. n. preserved or candied fruit. [Latin.] consider (kon-sid'er), v.t. to fix the mind upon; contemplate: v.i. to de- liberate; reflect. [Latin.] considerable (kon-sid'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of notice; important; valu- able; more than a little. considerably (kon-sid'er-a-bli), adv. in a considerable manner. considerate (kon-sid'er-at), adj. hav- ing regard for others; prudent : thoughtful ; careful. consideration (kon-sid-er-a'shun) t n. the act of considering; claim to ne>- tice ; mature thought ; an equivalent ■ regard for others. considering (kon-sid'er-ing), prep. taking into consideration; allowing for: n. doubt; consideration. consign (kon-sln'), v.t. to deliver in a formal manner to another; yield in trust; to send goods. [French.] consignee (kon-sm-e'), n. the person to whom goods are sent ; an agent or factor. consignment (kon-sln 'ment), n. the act of consigning; the thing consigned. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONSIGNOR 200 CONSTRAIN consignor (kon-sm'er) , n. the person who consigns goods to another. Also consigner. consist (kon-sist'),. v i. to be com- posed of; co-exist; subsist [with in]. [Latin.] consistence (kon-sis'tens) , n. degree of density or firmness; harmony. Also consistency. consistent (kon-sis'tent) , adj. solid; uniform; not contradictory. jConsol (kon-sor), n. See consols. consolable (kon-sol'a-bl) , n. admit- ting of consolation or comfort. consolation (kon-so-la/shun) , n. al- leviation of mental or physical distress; solace. [Latin.] consolatory (kon-sol'a-tor-i), adj. tending to console; comforting; soothing. console (kon-sol'), v.t. to give com- fort to ; cheer in sorrow ; solace. console (kon'sol), n. an ornamental bracket supporting a cornice. consolidate (kon-sol'i-dat) , v.t. to make solid; harden; condense: v.i. to become solid. consolidation (kon-soW-da'shun) , n. the act of consolidating; solidifica- tion. consols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), n. the principal British funded secur- ity: abbreviation for consolidated fund. consomme (kon-so-ma/) , n. a strong clear soup or bouillon. consonance (kon'so-nans) , n. agree- ment of sounds; harmony; concord. consonant (kon'so-nant), adj. har- monious ; accordant : n. a letter other than a vowel. consort (kon'sort), n. a companion; a partner; a husband or wife; a ship accompanying another: v.t. & v.i. (kon-sorf), to associate; keep company [with with]. conspectus (kon-spek'tus) , n. a gen- eral sketch or digest of some sub- ject; a synopsis. conspicuous (kon-spik'u-us) , adj. mentally or physically visible; mani- fest; distinguished. conspiracy (kon-spir'a-si) , n. [pi. con- spiracies (kon-spir'a-siz)], a plot; two or more persons engaged to- gether for an unlawful or evil pur- pose. conspirator (kon-spir'a-ter) , n. one who conspires. conspire (kon-spir'), v.i. to concert a crime; combine for an unlawful purpose. [Latin.] constable (kun'sta-bl), n. & high of- ficer of state in mediaeval courts; a policeman. constabulary (kon-stab'u-ler-i) , adj. pertaining to constables: n. consta- bles collectively. constancy (kon'stan-si) , n. firm- ness; stability; fidelity. constant (kon'stant), adj. steadfast; firm, continuous: n. in physics, that which is not subject to change* as gravity. constellation (kon-stel-a'shun), n. a group or cluster of fixed stars desig- nated by some name; an assemblage of splendors. [Latin.] consternation (kon-ster-na'shun) , n. excessive terror, wonder, or sur- prise; perturbation. constipate (kon'sti-pat), v.t. to make costive. [Latin.] constipation (kon-sti-pa'shun) , n. costiveness; inactivity of the bowels. constituency (kon-stit'u-en-si), n. [pi. constituencies (kon-stit'u-en- siz)], the body of electors voting for a member of Congress, &c. constituent (kon-stri/u-ent) , adj. necessary or essential: n. an essen- tial or component part; an elector. constitute (kon'sti-tut) , v.t. to com- pose or make up; appoint; elect; enact; establish. [Latin.] constituted authorities (aw-thor'- i-tiz), n.pl. government officers col- lectively. constitution (kon-sti-tu'shun), n. the act of constituting; the thing consti- tuted; bodily strength; mental or physical temperament; the funda- mental law of a nation, state or society, whether unwritten as in Great Britain, or written as in the United States. [Latin.] constitutional (kon-sti-tu'shun-al) , adj. inherent in the constitution; fundamental: n. a walk taken for the benefit of the health. constitutionalist (kon-sti-tu'shun-al- ist), n. an adherent to constitu- tional government. constrain (kon-stran') v.t. to hold ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONSTRAINT 201 CONTEMPLATIVE down or keep back by force; re- strain. constraint (kon-strant'), n. compul- sion. constrict (kon-strikt'), v.t. to bind; cramp. [Latin.] constriction (kon-strikt'shun) , n. com- pression; contraction. constrictive (kon-strikt 'tiv) , adj. that constricts. constrictor (kon-strik'ter) , n. that which contracts or compresses; a muscle which contracts, closes, or compresses; a large serpent, the boa- constrictor of South America. constringent (kon-strin'jent), adj. contracting or binding. construct (kon-strukt'), v.t. to build; form; put together; com- pose. construction (kon-strak'shun) , n. the act of building; that which is con- structed; an edifice; interpretation; the syntactical arrangement of words in a sentence. [Latin.] constructive (kon-struk'tiv) , adj . hav- ing the character of construction; inferred. constructively (kon-struk'tiv-li) , adv. by construction. constructiveness (kon-struk'tiv-nes) , n. the faculty to construct. constructor (kon-struk'ter) , n. one who constructs. construe (kon'stroo), v.t. to put into proper order by syntactical rules; translate; interpret. [Latin.] consubstantial (kon-sub-stan'shal) , adj. having the same substance, es- sence, or nature. consubstantiality (kon-sub-stan-shi- al'i-ti), n. participation in the same nature or essence: said of the Holy Trinity. consubstantiation (kon-sub-stan-shi- a'shun), n. the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are in a mys- terious manner substantially present in the Eucharistic elements after consecration. Also transubstantia- tion. [Latin.] Consul (kon'sul), n. the chief magis- trate of the Roman Republic, and of the French Republic (1799-1804); an officer commissioned by a gov- ernment to reside in a foreign country to promote the interests of its trade, and protect its subjected A consul is not a diplomatic officer. [Latin.] consul-general (kon'sul-jen'er-al), n. a chief consul at a chief city. consular (kon'sul-ar) , adj. pertaining to a consul. consulate (kon'su-lat), n. the office or official residence of a consul. consult (kon-sult'), v.t. to ask advice of; regard: v.i. to take counsel to- gether. [Latin.] consultation (kon-sul-ta/shun), n. the act of consulting; a conference or deliberation on some special mat- ter. consultative (kon-sul'ta-tiv) , adj. de- liberative. consume (kon-sum'), v.t. to destroy; waste; spend: v.i. waste away; be exhausted. [Latin.] consummate (kon'sum-at), v.t. to complete; finish: adj. (kon-sum 'at), perfect. consummately (kon-sum'at-li) , adv. perfectly. consummation (kon-sum-a'shun), ft, completion. consumption (kon-sump'shun) , n. the act of consuming ; a gradual wasting away; pulmonary disease; phthisis. consumptive (kon-sump'tiv) , adj. pertaining to consumption; affected with phthisis. contact (kon'takt), n. touch; close union. [Latin.] contagion (kon-ta'jun) , n. transmis- sion of disease by direct or indirect contact. contagious (kon-ta'jus), adj. trans- mitted by contact. contain (kon-tan'), v.t. to hold, as a vessel; keep within bounds; inclose: v.i. to live in continence. [Latin J contaminate (kon-tam'i-nat) , v.t. to pollute. contamination (kon-tam-i-na'shun), n. pollution. contemn (kon-tem') , v.t. to despise. contemplate (kon'tem, or kon-tem'- plat), v.t. to consider with con- tinued attention; meditate on; study. contemplation (kon-tem-pla/shun), n. the act of contemplating; pious meditation; intention. [Latin.] contemplative (kon-tem 'pla-tiv), adj. thoughtful. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 16 hue, hut : think, then. CONTEMPLATOR 202 CONTRACT contemplator (kon'tem-pla-ter), n. one who contemplates. contemporaneous (kon-tem-po-ra/- ne-us), adj. contemporary; at the same time. contemporary (kon-tem'po-ra-ri) , adj. existing or occurring at the same time: n. one living at the same time as another. contempt (kon-tempt') , n. disdain; scorn; disobedience to the orders, &c, of a court. contemptible (kon-temp'ti-bl), adj. meriting scorn. contemptibly (kon-temp'ti-bli), adv. in a contemptible manner. contemptuous (kon-temp'tu-us), adj. disdainful. contend (kon-tend'), v.i. to strive in opposition ; vie [with with or against] ; dispute or debate; assert. content (kon-tent% adj. satisfied; willing: v.t. to satisfy; gratify; ap- pease: n. (kon'tent), generally plu- ral, that which is comprised in any- thing. contented (kon-tent'ed), p. adj. grati- fied; satisfied. contention (kon-ten'shun) , n. con- test; debate. contentious (kon-ten'shus) , adj. caus- ing contention; quarrelsome; litigi- ous. contentment (kon-tent'ment) , n. satisfaction. conterminous (kon-ter'mi-nus) , adj. contiguous. contest (kon-test'), v.t. to dispute; oppose; litigate: v.i. to strive; con- tend; vie: n. (kon'test), a struggle for superiority; dispute. contestant (kon-tes'tant), n. one who contests, especially an election, or a will. context (kon'tekst), n. the parts in a book or discourse immediately ad- joining the sentence quoted. contexture (kon-teks'tur) , n. struc- ture. contiguity (kon-ti-gu'i-ti) , n. contact. contiguous (kon-tig'u-us), adj. ad- jacent. continence (kon'ti-nens), n. chasti- ty; self-restraint; moderation. Also continency. continent (kon'ti-nent), adj. chaste; exercising self-restraint: n. a large extent of land forming a geograph- ical division, as North America with South America. continental (kon-ti-nent'al), adj. per- taining to a continent. contingence (kon-tin'jens), n. [pi. contingencies (kon-tin'jen-siz)], a chance or possible occurrence. Also contingency. contingent (kon-tin'jent), adj. ac- cidental; conditional: n. a possi- bility; quota of troops. continual (kon-tin'u-al) , adj. pro- ceeding without interruption; in- cessant; constant. continually (kon-tin'u-a-li), adv. with- out intermission. continuance (kon-tin'u-ans) , n. per- manence; uninterrupted succession; duration. continuation (kon : tin-u-a'shun) , n. the act of continuing. continue (kon-tin'u), v.t. to carry on without interruption; persist in: v.i. to remain; abide; endure; persevere. continuity (kon-ti-nu'i-ti) , n. [pi. con- tinuities (kon-ti-nii'i-tiz)], uninter- rupted succession or connection; cohesion. continuous (kon-tin'u-us), adj. unin- terrupted. contort (kon-torf), v.t. to twist. contortion (kon-tor'shun), n. sl twist; flexure. contortionist (kon-tor'shun-ist) , n. an acrobat who contorts his body in performing gymnastics. contour (kon'toor), n. an outline; profile: v.t. to make an outline of. contraband (kon'tra-band) , adj. pro- hibited from importation; illegal. contraband of war (wawr), n. cer- tain commodities used in warfare, and the traffic in them with belliger- ent States. contrabandist (kon'tra-band-ist), n. a smuggler. [Spanish,] contrabasso (kon-tra-bas'so) , adj. sounding an octave lower than an- other instrument of the same class: n. the largest instrument of the vio- lin class, the double-bass. contract (kon-trakt'), v.t. draw closer together; shorten; condense: v.i. to shrink up; bargain; agree upon: n. (kon'trakt), a compact; a written agreement. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, Dook ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONTRACTIBILITY 203 CONTROVERSY contractibility (kon-trak-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or capability of being contracted. contractile (kon-trak'til) , adj. having the power of shortening itself. Also contractible. contractility (kon-trak-til'i-ti), n. the power of contracting. contraction (kon-trak'shun) , n. the act of contracting; the state of being con- tracted ; the reduction of two vowels or syllables into one; abbreviation. contractor (kon-trak'ter) , n. one of the parties to a contract; one who contracts to supply or construct for a stipulated sum. contra-dance (kon'tra-dans) , n. a dance in which the partners are ar- ranged in opposite lines; a country- dance. Also contre : dance. contradict (kon-tra-dikt'), v.t. to as- sert the contrary or opposite of; gainsay; deny. contradiction (kon-tra-dik'shun) , n. the act of contradicting; denial; incongruity. contradictory (kon-tra-dik'to-ri) , adj. contrary. contradistinction (kon-tra-dis-tingk'- shun), n. a distinction by opposite qualities. contradistinctive (kon-tra-dis-tingk'- tiv), adj. characterized by contra- distinction. contradistinguish (kon-tra-dis-ting'- gwish), v.t. to distinguish by op- posite qualities. contralto (kon-tral'to) , n. the part sung by the highest male (counter- tenor) or the lowest female voice (alto); also the lowest female voice. contrariety (kon-tra-ri'i-ti), # n. [pi. contrarieties (kon-tra-ri'i-tiz)], op- position; inconsistency. contrarily (kon'tra-ri-li), adv. in a contrary manner. contrariness (kon-tra/ri-nes) , n. con- trariety. contrariwise (kon'tra-ri-wiz), adv. conversely. contrary (kqn'tra-ri) , adj. opposite; in an opposite direction ; perverse ; wayward: n. a thing of opposite qualities. contrast (kon-trast') , v.t. to place in contrast; compare: n. (kon'trast), opposition or difference of qualities made manifest by comparison; dis» similitude. contravallation (kon-tra-val-a'shun), n. a fortification thrown up round a city by a besieging force for security against the enemy's sallies. [Latin .J contravene (kon-tra-ven'), v.t. to ob- struct; violate. contravention (kon-tra-ven'shun), n. opposition; violation. contre- dance, same as contra-dance, contretemps (kong-tr-tang'), n. an unexpected event causing confusion; a hitch. [French.] contribute (kon-trib'iit), v.t. to give to some common stock; furnish as a share: v.i. to use one's influence. contribution (kon-tri-bu'shun) , n, the act of contributing; a subscrip- tion; tax; a writing furnished to a periodical. contributive (kon-trib'ti-tiv), adj. contributing. contributor (kon-trib'u-ter), n. one who contributes. contributory (kon-trib'ii-to-ri), adj. promoting the same end. contrite (kon'trit), adj. penitent. contritely (kon-trit'li) , adv. peni- tently. contriteness (kon-trit'nes), n. peni- tence; sorrow. contrition (kon-trish'un), n. sorrow for sin. contrivance (kon-tri'vans), n. a de- vice; apparatus; scheme; plan. contrive (kon-triv'), v.t. to devise; invent; plan; scheme. control (kon-trol'), n. a check; re- straint; superintendence; authority: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. controlled: p.pr. controlling], to restrain; govern; regulate. controllable (kon-trol'a-bl) , adj. sub- ject to control. controller (kon-trol'er) , n. one who controls; a public officer who over- sees and verifies the accounts of subordinate officials. Also comp- troller. controversial (kon-tro-ver'shal), adj* polemical. controversialist (kon-tro-ver'shal- ist), n. a disputant. controversially (kon-tro-ver'sha-h% adv. in a controversial manner. controversy (kon'tro-ver-si) , n. [pL ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, but ; think, then. CONTROVERT 204 CONVERT controversies (kon'tro-ver-siz)], agi- tation of contrary opinions; debate; disputation. controvert (kon-tro- vert') , v.t. to con- tend against; refute; disprove. controvertible (kon-tro-ver'ti-bl) , adj. capable of being disputed. controyertibly (kon-tro-vert'i-bli), adv. in a controvertible manner. controvertist (kon-tro-ver'tist) , n. a disputant. contumacious (kon-tu-ma'shus) , adj. perverse; obstinate. contumacy (kon'tu-ma-si) , n. [pi. contumacies (kon'tu-ma-siz)], ob- stinate or perverse opposition to law- ful authority. contumelious (kon-tu-me'li-us), adj. haughtily contemptuous or offensive; supercilious. contumely (kon'tu-me-li) , n. [pi. con- tumelies (kon'tti-me-liz)], naughty and contemptuous rudeness; scorn- ful and insolent abuse. contuse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound or bruise without breaking the skin. contusion (kon-tu'zhun) , n. the act of contusing; the state of being con- tused. [Latin.] conundrum (ko-nun'drum) , n. a rid- dle. [Dubious Latin.] convalesce (kon-va-les') , v.i. to re- cover strength and health after ill- ness. convalescence (kon-vayles'ens) , n. gradual recovery after illness. Also convalescency. convalescent (kon-va-les'ent) , adj. recovering health. convene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet to- gether: v.t. cause to assemble; sum- mon judicially. convenience (kon-ve'ni-ens) , n. fitness; freedom from discomfort; accommo- dation. convenient (kon-ve'ni-ent)^ adj. suitable; appropriate; affording ac- commodation; handy. convent (kon'vent), n. a community of religious recluses; a nunnery; monastery. conventicle (kon-ven'ti-kl) , n. an as- sembly for worship [usually imply- ing schism]. convention (kon-ven'shun) , n. a polit- ical or ecclesiastical assembly; a diplomatic agreement. conventional (kon-ven'shun-al), adj. sanctioned by, or growing out of, custom or tacit agreement ; based on. accepted models or artistic rules. conventionalism (kon-ven'shun-al- izm), n. that which is received as es- tablished by usage, &c. conventionality (kon-ven-shun-al'i- ti), n. [pi. conventionalities (kon-ven- shun-ari-tiz)], adherence to con- ventional rules or precedents; arti- ficiality. conventionalize (kon-ven'shun : a-liz) , v.t. to bring into harmony with or- dinary usage ; to render conventional. conventionally (kon-ven'shun-a-li) , adv. in a conventional manner. converge (kon-verj'), v.i. tend to one point. convergence (kon-verj 'ens), n. [pi. convergencies (kon-verj 'en-siz)], ten- dency to one point. convergent (kon-verj 'ent), adj. tend- ing to one point. conversable (kon-vers'a-bl), social; inclined to converse. Also convertible. conversant (kon'ver-sant), adj. ac- quainted or familiar with; proficient. conversation (kon-ver-sa'shun) , n. informal or familiar talk. conversational (kon-ver-sa'shun-al) , adj. pertaining to conversation. conversationist (kon-ver-sa'shun-ist) , n. one who excels in conversation. Also conversationalist. conversazione (kon-ver-sat-ze-o'ne) , n. [pi. conversazioni (kon-ver-sat-ze- o'ne)], a meeting for conversation, especially on literary or scientific topics. [Italian.] converse (kon-vers'), v.i. to inter- change thoughts; talk familiarly: adj. & n. (kon'vers), reversed in order or relation; opposite; ac- quaintance; familiar talk. conversely (kon-vers'li) , adv. recip- rocally. conversion (kon-veVshun), n. change from one state, or from one religion, to another. convert (kon-vert'), v.t. to trans- mute; change from one religion to another; cause to undergo a moral change; apply to any use: n. (kon'- vert), one who changes from one religion to another; one who has un- dergone a moral change. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CONVERTER 205 COOM converter (kon- vert 'er), n. one who converts ; an iron retort used for con- verting pig iron into steel by the Bessemer process; a kind of electri- cal induction coil. convertibility (kon-vert-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being convertible. convertible (kon- ver'ti-bl) , adj. transmutable ; interchangeable. convex (kon'veks), adj. curved on the exterior surface: opposed to con- cave: n. a convex body. [Latin.] convexity (kon-veks'i-ti) , n. round- ness. convexo-concave (kon-veks'o-kon'- kav), adj. convex on one side, con- cave on the other. convexo-convex (kon-veks'o-kon'- vex), adj. having a convex shape on OBe side, and also another on the opposite; the direct antithesis of concavo-concave. convey (kon-va/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to carry or transport; transmit; impart; communicate; transfer the title to (property). conveyance (kon-va'ans) , n. the act or means of conveying; a vehicle; the transference of property from one owner to another. conveyancer (kon-va'ans-er) , n. a lawyer who draws up deeds, &c, transferring property. conveyancing (kon-va/ans-ing) , n. the business of drawing deeds, leases, &c, and investigating titles to property. convict (kon-vikt'), v.t. to prove or pronounce guilty of a crime charged : n. (kon'vikt), a criminal sentenced to penal servitude. [Latin.] conviction (kon-vik'shun) , n. the act of convicting; the state of being con- victed; strong belief. convince (kon-vins'), v.t. to satisfy by evidence or argument; persuade; cause to believe. convivial (kon-viv'i-al), adj. festive; jovial. conviviality (kon-viv-i-al'i-ti), n. good fellowship. convivially (kon-viv'i-a-li) , adv. fes- tively. convocation (kon- vo-ka ''shun), n. the act of convoking an assembly, es- pecially of bishops and beneficed clergy, or heads of a university; an assembly of clergy. con vocational (kon-vo-ka'shun-al), adj. pertaining to a convocation. convoke (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or summon together; convene. convolute (kon'vo-liit), adj. roiled upon itself; twisted. Also convo- luted. convolution (kon- vo-lii 'shun) , n. a rolling together. convolve (kon-volv'), v.t. to roll to- gether. convoy (kon-voi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. con- voyed, p.pr. convoying], to accom- pany on the way for protection, by sea or land: n. (kon'voi), a protect- ing force accompanying ships, goods* persons, &c; an escort. convulse (kon-vuls'), v.t. to agitate- violently; shake; affect with convul- sions. convulsion (kon-vul'shun) , n. an agi- tation; tumult; a violent and unnat- ural contraction of the muscles. convulsive (kon-vuls'iv), adj. produc- ing convulsions. cony or coney (ko'ni), n. {pi. conies (ko'niz)], a rabbit. coo (koo), v. i. [p.t. & p.p. cooed, p.pr. cooing], to cry like a dove or pigeon; to act or converse in a loving man- ner : n. the sound uttered by doves and pigeons. cook (kook), v.t. to prepare for eating by boiling, baking, or roasting: i\L to act as a cook: n. one who pre- pares food for the table. cookery (kook'er-i), n. [pi. cookeries (kook'er-iz)], the art or practice oi cooking. cooky (kook'i), n. [pi. cookies (kook'- iz)], a small flat sweet cake. Also cookie. [Dutch.] cool (kool), adj. [campar. cooler, superl. coolest], slightly or moderate- ly cold; calm; deliberate: v.t. to make cool: v.i. to become cool. cooler (kool'er), n. that which cools*, a vessel for cooling liquids, &c. coolie (koo'li), n. an East Indian or Chinese porter: adj. pertaining te coolies. [Anglo-Indian.] coolly (kool'li), adv. in a cool manner. coolness (kool'nes), n. the state of being cool. coom (koom), n. matter which collects ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. COON 206 COQUET at the naves of wheels, &c; soot; coal-dust. coon (koon), n. abbreviation of rac- coon; a sly, knowing person; slang name for a negro. [Amer. -Indian.] coop (koop), n. a cage; pen: v.t. to confine in, or as in, a coop; inclose. cooper (koop'er), n. a maker of barrels, casks, &c; a beverage, half stout and half porter; a vessel that sells spirits, tobacco, &c, to fishermen, especially on the North Sea. cooperage (koop'er-aj), n. the busi- ness or workshop of a cooper; price for cooper's work. cooper ant (ko-op'er-ant), adj. coop- erating. cooperate (ko-op'er-at), v.i. to act or work jointly; concur to produce the same effect. cooperation (ko-op-er-a'shun) , n. the act of working jointly together; con- currence. cooperative (ko-op'er-a-tiv) , adj. pro- moting jointly the same end. cooperator (ko-op'er-a-ter), n. one who acts or labors conjointly with others. coordinate (ko-6r'di-nat), v.t. to place in the same order, class, &c; har- monize: adj. of the same rank or authority as another: n.pl. lines or other elements by which trie position of any point is determined by a fixed figure or lines. coordinately (ko-6r'di-nat-li) , adv. in the same rank, &c. coordination - (ko-6r-di-na/shun) , n. state of being coordinate. coot (koot), n. a short-tailed water- fowl; a term used in contempt. cop (kop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. copped, p.pr. copping], to seize as a prisoner: n. a policeman. From copper, re- ferring to the copper buttons on the uniform. copaiba (ko-pa'ba), n. a resinous balsam from various South Ameri- can and West Indian trees: used as a medicine. Also copaiva. # copal (ko-pal), n. a gum-resin: used in varnishes. coparcener (ko-par'se-ner) , n. a con- federate; one who shares with an- other in an act, usually wrong. cope (kop), n. a large semi-circular ecclesiastical vestment, worn by bishops and priests over the sur- plice. cope (kop), v.i. to strive or contend (followed by with). copeck (ko'pek), n. a Russian coin. = l-100th rouble. Also kopeck. Copernican (ko-per'ni-kan) , adj. per- taining to the astronomical system of Copernicus, which conceived the sun to be its center. copier (kop'i-er), n. a transcriber; imi- tator. coping (ko'ping), n. the top masonry of a wall. copious (ko'pi-us), adj. abundant; dif- fusive. copper (kop'er), n. a red, ductile, mal- leable, tenacious metal; a boiler: v.t. to cover with copper. Also cop- perize. copper (kop'er), n. a policeman. copperhead (kop'er-hed), n. a veno- mous American serpent. copperplate (kop'er-plat), n. a pol- ished copper plate on which some- thing is engraved for printing: adj. pertaining to the art of engraving on copperplate. coppice (kop 'is), n. same as copse. copse (kops), n. a thicket of brush- wood: v.t. to cut and trim as brush- wood: v.i. to preserve or plant brushwood. copula (kop 'u-la), n. [pi. copulas or ae (kop'u-laz, kop'u-le)j, a word which joins the subject and predicate in a sentence or proposition. copulate (kop'u-lat), v.i. to have sex- ual intercourse. [Latin.] copulation (kop-u-la'shun) , n. sexual intercourse. copulative (kop-u-la'tiv) , adj. uniting: n. a copulative conjunction, as and, with, etc. copy (kqp'i), n. [pi. copies (kop'iz)], an imitation; a transcript; a writing exercise; an original work: v.t. to transcribe; reproduce: v.i. imitate. copyist (kop'i-ist), n. one who copies. copyright (kop'i-rit), n. the exclusive right of an author in his literary or artistic work for a prescribed num- ber of years. coquet (ko-kef), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. co- quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to flirt; seek to attract attention or admi- ration; trifle. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COQUETRY 207 CORKY coquetry (ko'ket-ri), n. [pi. coquet- ries (ko'ket-riz)], the act of coquet- ting; flirtation. coquette (ko-kef), n. a vain woman who seeks to gain men's attention and admiration. [French.] coral (kor'al), n. the hard calcareous skeleton of certain marine polyps; the unimpregnated roe of the lob- ster: adj. pertaining to coral. coralline (kor'al-in) , adj. consisting of, or like, coral; of a color like coral: n. an orange-red dye stuff. corbeil (kor'bel) , n* a little _ basket filled with earth, massed in sieges to shelter troops. [French.] «orbel (kor'bel), n. a projection of stone, wood, or iron to support some mass, often ornamented with gro- tesque figures; a sculptured basket of flowers, fruits, &c. cord (kord), n. a twisted string; a measure of wood = 128 cub. ft. (8 ft. long, 4 ft. high, 4 ft. broad); a moral influence: v.t. to fasten or connect with cord. cordage (kord'aj), n. a quantity of cords or ropes; ropes and rigging collectively. cordate (kor'dat), adj. heart-shaped. cordial (kor'jal), adj. hearty; sincere; cheering: n. a medicine that in- creases the strength and restores the spirits; an aromatic and sweetened spirit. cordiality (kor-jal'i-ti) , n. sincere sym- pathetic geniality; sincerity; hearti- ness. cordiform (kor'di-form), adj. heart- shaped. cordilla (kor-dil'a), n. coarse German hemp. Cordillera (kor-dil-ya'ra) , n. a con- tinuous ridge or chain of mountains. [Spanish.] cording (kord'ing), n. the ribbed sur- face of a twilled fabric. cordite (kor'dlt), n. a powerful ex- plosive, used for military pur- poses. cordon (kor'don), n. a ribbon worn as the badge of an order; a band; a course of projecting stones forming the coping of a scarf wall; a line of military posts; an elongated body of troops. [French.] cordon bleu (bloo), n. the highest distinction in any profession; a first- class male cook. [French.] cordonnet (kor-do-na'), n. the slight- ly-raised border of a point-lace pat- tern; edging made of piping. cordovan (kor'do-van) , n. a Spanish leather made of goatskin, or split horsehide tanned and dressed. Also cord wain. corduroy (kor'du-roi) , n. a stout ribbed or corded cotton; piled fus- tian: v.t. to construct (a corduroy road) . corduroy road (rod), n. a roadway formed of logs laid side by side across swampy ground, &c. cordwainer (kord'wa-ner) , n. a work- er in leather; a shoemaker. core (kor), n. the heart or innermost part of anything, especially of fruit: v.t. to remove the core from; to mold or cast on a core. co-respondent (ko-re-spond'ent), n* a joint respondent in a divorce suit. coriaceous (ko-ri-a'shus), adj. like leather. coriander (kor-i-an'der) , n. an um- belliferous plant, the seeds of which are used as a carminative, or medi- cine which expels wind. Corinthian (ko-rin'thi-an) , adj. of, or pertaining to, Corinth, a celebrated city of Greece, noted for its luxury and licentiousness; luxurious; con* ducted by amateurs; noting the Corinthian order of architecture: it- formerly a man about. town; a gentle- man yachtsman, or sportsman. Corinthian bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of fine quality originally pro- duced at Corinth. Corinthian order (or'der), n. the lightest and most ornate of the clas- sic orders of architecture, with a bell-shaped capital, ornamented with sculptured acanthus leaves. corium (ko'ri-um), n. the innermost layer of skin of the cuticle. [Latin.] cork (kork), n. the outer layer of the bark of the cork tree, a species of oak; a stopper for a bottle: adj. made of cork. corker (kor'ker), n. an adept at any- thing; one who excites admiration by his skill or courage. corky (kork'i), adj. made of, or like, cork. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; baon, book; hue. hut: think, then CORMORANT 208 CORPUS cormorant (kor'mo-rant) , n. a diving bird that preys voraciously on fish; a glutton. corn (korn), n. grain, as wheat, bar- ley, &c; maize, or m Indian corn; plants that yield grain; breadstuff; a horny excrescence on the toe or foot; v.t, to preserve and season with salt or brine; as, to corn beef; to corn a tongue. corn-cob (konrkob), n. the spike of an ear of Indian corn. cornea (kor'ne-a), n. the horny circu- lar transparent membrane which forms the anterior portion of the eyeball. cornelian (kor-ne'lian) , n. a semi- transparent variety of chalcedony. Also carnelian. corner (kor'ner), n. an angle; a re- tired place; a mercantile ring to mo- nopolize some product: v.t. to drive or force into some position of diffi- culty from which there is no escape. corner the market, to buy up a commodity so as to monopolize it. corner-stone (kor'ner-ston) , n. the principal stone at the corner of a building; a part of the base of a monument. cornet (kor-nef), n. a kind of trumpet; formerly, the lowest in rank among cavalry officers, corresponding to a midshipman in the navy. cornflower (korn 'flour) , n. any wild plant growing in the cornfields, es- pecially the bluette. cornice (kor'nis), n. the highest pro- jection or border on a wall or column. cornstarch (korn'starch) , n. starch made from meal of Indian corn ; used for puddings, &c. cornucopia (kor-nu-ko^pi^a) , n. [pi. cornucopia? (kor-nu-ko'pi-e) or -as (-az)], the horn of plenty represent- ed in sculpture, as overflowing with fruit, flowers, &c. [Latin.] cornuted (kor-nut'ed), adj. horned. corolla (ko-rol'a), n. the inner envel- ope of a flower composed of two or more petals. eorollaceous (kor-ol-la'shus) , adj. per- taining to, or resembling, a corolla. corollary (kor'ol-a-ri), n. an additional deduction or inference drawn from a demonstrated proposition. corona (ko-ro'na), n. [pi. coronae (ko-ro'ne)], a crown; the flat pro- jecting part of a cornice; the upper surface of a molar tooth; a halo surrounding heavenly bodies; any crown-like appendage at the top of an organ of a plant. [Latin.] coronal (kor'o-nal), adj. pertaining to the corona: n. a crown, or garland. coronation (kor-o-n a/shun), n. the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign. coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an officer who inquires into cases of sudden or ac- cidental death. coronet (kor'o-net), n. an inferior crown; an ornamental head-dress; the bone immediately beneath a horse's hoof. eoronium (ko-ro'ni-um) , n. a recently discovered element, fighter than hy- drogen. corporal (kor'po-ral) , adj. relating to the body; opposed to the mind: n. a communion cloth ; a corporal ; a non- commissioned officer of the lowest grade. corporate (kor'po-rat) , adj. united in a body or community by legal enact- ment. corporation (kor-po-ra'shun) , n. a body politic having a common seal, and legally authorized to act as one individual; a protuberant stomach. corporator (kor'po-ra-ter) , n. a mem- ber of a corporation, especially an original member. corporeal (kor-po're-al) , adj. having a material body; physical. corporeality (kor-po-re-al'i-ti) , n. the state of being corporal. corporeally (kor-po're-a-li), adv. in the body; physically. corps (kor), n. [pi. corps (korz)], a body of troops; a body of persons associated in a common work. corps diplomatique (dip-lo-ma-tek') , n. the ambassadors and ministers accredited to a government. [French.] corpse (korps), n. a dead body. corpulence (kor'pu-lens) , n. excessive fatness of body. Also corpulency. corpulent (kor'pu-lent) , adj. bulky; fat ; having a large, fleshy body. corpus (kor'pus), n. [pi. corpora (kor'- po-ra)], a body; collection of works or writings; the chief part of an organ. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge* met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book • hue, hut; think, th°n. CORPUS 209 CORUNDUM Corpus Christi (kris'ti), (Latin, the body of Christ), a Roman Catholic festival (the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday) in honor of the Eucharist. corpuscle (kor'pus-1), n. a minute par- ticle usually of blood. corpuscular (kor-pus'ku-lar), adj. per- taining to, or composed of, corpus- cles. corral (kor-ral'), n. a pen for live stock; an enclosure with wagons; a strong stockade for capturing wild elephants: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. corralled, p.pr. corralling], to drive into, or secure in, a corral; to take possession of, or capture; corner. [Spanish.] correct (ko-rekt'), v.t. to set straight; rectify; punish faults; amend: adj. exact; accurate: free from error; con- forming to a fixed rule or standard. correction (ko-rek'shun), n. the act of correcting: chastisement. correctional (ko-rek'shun-al), adj. tending to correct. corrective (ko-rek'tiv), adj. able to correct: n. that which corrects; an antidote. corrector (ko-rek'ter), n. one who cor- rects. correlate (kor'e-lat), v.i. to be recip- rocally related: v.t. to make clear the existence of reciprocal relations: adj. reciprocally related. correlation (kor-e-la/shun) , n. recipro- cal relation; similarity or parallel- ism of relation or law; the interde- pendence of functions, organs, nat- ural forces, or phenomena. correlative (kor-el'a-tiv), adj. having reciprocal or mutual relation: n. the antecedent of a pronoun. correlatively (kor-el'a-tiv-li) , adv. in a correlative relation. correspond (kor-e-spond') , v.i. to be adequate to; agree; suit; answer; communicate by letters. correspondence- (kor-e-spond 'ens), n. communication by letters; mutual adaptation; congruity. correspondent (kor-e-spond'ent) , adj. agreeing with; similar: n. one with whom intercourse is maintained by letters; one who sends news to a journal. corridor (kor'wlor) , n. a gallery or open passage in a building. corrigible (kor'ij-i-bl) , adj. capable o! being amended, corrected, or re- formed. corroborate (kor-rob'6r-at), v.t. con- firm; strengthen; establish; verify. corroboration (kor-rob-o-ra'shun), n. verification. corroborative (kor-rob'o-ra-tiv), adj. verifying; confirmative. corroboratory (kor-rob'6-ra-to-ri), adj. tending to corroborate. corrode (kor-od'), v.t. to eat away gradually; consume; disintegrate. corrosion (kor-o'zhun) , n. the act of corroding; a corroded condition. corrosive (kor-o'siv), adj. capable of being corrosive. corrugate (kor'oo-gat) , v.t. to draw, or shape, into wrinkles or folds. corrugated iron (irn), n. sheet-iron pressed into alternate parallel ridges and grooves and galvanized. corrugation (kor-oo-ga'shun), n. the act of corrugating; a fold or wrinkle. corrupt (kor-upt'), v.t. to turn from a sound to an unsound and putrescent state; make impure; seduce; bribe: v.i. to become putrid: adj. altered; depraved; putrid; spoiled; open to bribery. corruptibility (kor : up-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or possibility of being cor- rupted. corruptible (kor-up'ti-bl), ' adj. ca- pable of being corrupted; subject to decay ; susceptible of being bribed. corruption (kor-up'shun) , n. the act of corrupting ; the state of being cor- rupted; physical dissolution. corsage (kor'sazh), n. a bodice; waist. [French.] corsair (kor'sar), n. a pirate. [French.] corse (kors), n. poetic for corpse. corset (kor'set) , n. a bodice : pi. a pair of stays: v.t. to inclose in corsets. corslet (kors'let), n. fight body-armor. cortege (kor-tazh'), n. a train of atten- dants; retinue; procession. [French.] Cortes (kor'tez), n.pl. the national and legislative assemblies of Spain and Portugal. Literally "the Courts. " cortex (kor'teks), n. [pi. cortices (kor'« ti-sez)], outer bark or covering. cortical (kor'ti-kal) , adj. consisting of, or like, bark; external. corundum (ko-run'dum) , n. a min- eral of extreme hardness. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book r 1* hue, hut; think, then. CORUSCATE 210 COUGH coruscate (kor'us-kat), v.i. to sparkle; flash. coruscation (kor-us-ka'shun) , n. a sudden flash or play of light. corvette (kor-yef), n. a sloop of war. corvine (kor'vin), adj. pertaining to a crow. cosily (ko'zi-li), adv. snugly. m cosmetic (koz-met'ik), adj. imparting or improving beauty: n. a wash or preparation for such a purpose. cosmic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining to the universe and the laws which gov- ern it ; rising or setting with the sun. Also cosmical. cosmism (koz'mizm), n. Herbert Spencer's evolutionary philosophy. See evolution. cosmogony (koz-mog'o-ni) , n. a trea- tise on the world's origin. cosmography (koz-mog'ra-fi) , n. the science which treats of the constitu- tion of the whole system of worlds, or the earth as part of the universe: it includes geography, astronomy, and geology. cosmology (koz-mol'o-ji) , n. the sci- ence which investigates the origin of the world. cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol'i-tan) , n. one who by much travel has become a citizen of the world. Also cos- mopolite: adj. at home in any part of the world. cosmorama (koz-mo-ra'ma) , n. an exhibition of views, &c, of various parts of the world realistically pro- duced. cosmos (koz'mos), n. the world or universe as an orderly system: op- posed to chaos. Cossack (kos'ak), n. one of a warlike tribe of Southern Russia, skilled as horsemen: adj. pertaining to Cos- sacks. cost (kosfc), v.t. to be bought for, or had at, a price; cause to bear or suffer: n. charge; expense; labor: pi. law charges. costa (kos'ta), n. [pi. costae (kos'te)], a rib. [Latin.] costal (kos'tal), adj. pertaining to a rib. costate (kos'tat), adj. ribbed. costermonger (kos'ter-mung-ger) , n. a hawker of fruit, vegetables, fish, &c. costive (kos'tiv)_, adj. constipated. costume (kos'tum), n. dress in gen- eral; style of dress; a walking or tailor-made dress: v.t. (kos-tum'), to dress in, or provide with, appropriate costumes. cosy (ko'zi), adj. and n. incorrectly written cosey. Same as cozy. cot (kot), n. a cottage; small bed. cotangent (ko-tan'jent), n. the tan- gent of the complement of an arc or angle. cote (kot), n. a hut; a sheepfold. cotemporary, cotemporaneous, &c, same as contemporary, &c. coterie (ko'te-re), n. an association or set of persons united together for social or other intercourse; a clique. coterminous. Same as conterminous. cotillion (ko-tiFyun), n. a brisk, lively dance for eight or more persons; music for such a dance; a black and white woolen skirt material. Also cotillon. cottage (kot'aj), n. a small dwelling. cotter (kot'er), cottier, coctar, abbre- viations for cottager: n. one who dwells in a cottage; one who lives rent free on a common; a wedge for tightening machinery. cotton (kot'n), n. a white, soft, downy substance resembling wool envelop- ing the seeds of the cotton-plant; cotton thread or cloth : adj. pertain- ing to, or made of, cotton: v.i. (with to) , to make up [to] another ; seek his intimacy; fall in with his whims. cotton-gin (kot/n-jin), n. a machine for separating the seeds from cotton fiber. couch (kouch), v.t. to place on a bed or other resting-place; hide; deposit in a bed or layer; express in words; include: v.i. to lie down; stoop; de- press or remove a cataract: n. a bed; sofa; a layer or stratum; a prelim- inary coat of size, paint, &c; a layer of barley spread out for malting. couchant (kouch'ant), adj. in herald- ry, cioucning or lying down. couch grass (gras), n. quitch grass. cougar (koo'gar and kow gar), n. the puma. cough (kof), v.i. to expel air from the lungs by a violent effort: v.t. to ex- pel from the lungs (followed by up) : n. an effort of the lungs, attended ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut : think, then- COULD 211 COUNTERSIGN with noise, to expel irritating or foreign matter. could (kood)_, _p.t. of can. coulomb (koo-lom'), n. the electrical standard unit of quantity = a cur- rent of one ampere per second. coulter (kol'ter), n. see colter. council (koun'sil), n. an assembly of persons met in consultation, or to give advice; a convocation; a mu- nicipal body. councilman (koun'sil-man), n. [pi. councilmen (koun'sil-men), a mem- ber of a municipal council. councilor (koun'sil-er), n. a member of a common council^ counsel (koun'sel), n. interchange of opinion; advice; consultation; de- liberate purpose or design; a bar- rister, attorney: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. counseled, p.pr. counseling], to give advice to; advise. [Latin.] counselor (koun'sel-er) , n. one who gives advice, especially legal advice; a member of a council. count (kount), n. a title of nobility. count (kount), v.t. to reckon or sum up; enumerate; place to an account; esteem: v.i. to tell off; mark time: n. the act of numbering or reckon- ing; the total ascertained; a separate and distinct charge in an indictment ; rhythm. [French.] countenance (koun'te-nans) , n. the whole form of the face; appearance; support: v.t. to support; encourage; favor. counter (koun'ter), n. one who, or that which, counts; a shop table; imitation money; a counter-tenor; a horse's breast between the shoul- ders and under the neck; a ship's stern between the water-line and the knuckle of the stern; a blow given in parrying: v.i. to give a blow while receiving or parrying one. counter (koun'ter), adv. contrary; ad- verse; in an opposite direction; the wrong way: used in composition, as counter-evidence, evidence opposing other evidence; cmznter-balance, to weigh or act against with equal force. counteract (koun-ter-akt'), v.t. to act in opposition to so as to defeat or hinder; neutralize. counterblast (koun'ter-blast) , n. a bugle or number of bugles blowing in answer or defiance to another blast countercharge (koun'ter-charj), n. a charge of cavalry in reply to one that has been received; an accusation in place of another and refuting it. counterfeit (koun'ter-fit), v.t. to make a copy of without authority for fraudulent • purposes ; forge; imitate: v.i. to carry on deception: adj. eigned; spurious; forged: n. an imi- tation; a forgery. [French.] counterfeiting (koun'ter-fit-ing) , n. the crime of making or uttering false coins or bank-notes. counterfoil (koun'ter-foil) , n. that part of a document, as a cheque, or draft, retained by the drawer; a stub. counterfort (koun'ter-fort) , n. a but- tress built at right angles to a wall or terrace; a spur of a mountain. counter-light (koun'ter-lit) , n . a light opposite any object, causing it to ap- pear to disadvantage. countermand (koun-ter-mand') , v.t. to revoke or annul, as an order or command; contradict the orders of: n. a revocation of a former order or command. countermark (koun-ter-mark') , n. an additional mark placed on goods for greater security; the mark of the Goldsmiths' Company in London, to indicate the standard quality of gold or silver: v.t. to place a countermark upon. counterpane (koun'ter-pan) , n. a bed coverlet. counter- parole (koun-ter-pa-roF) , n. a word given in addition to the pass- word. counterpart (koun'ter-part) , n. a du- plicate. counterpoint (koun'ter-point) , n. the science of harmony. counterscarp (koun'ter-skarp) , n. the exterior slope of a ditch opposite the scarp. See scarp. counter-sea (koun/ter-se) , n. a sea running in an opposite direction to the wind. counterseal (koun'ter-sel) , v.t. to seal with others: n. the reverse side of a pendent seal attached to a document. countersign (koun-ter-shF), v.t. to authenticate by an additional sig- nature: n. (koun'ter-sm), an addi* ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tf/ten. COUNTERSINK 212 COURTSHIP tional signature to a document to attest it; a military Watchword. countersink (koun'ter-singk), v.t. to drill (a conical depression) in timber or metal to receive a screw or bolt so that the head is flush with the surface. countervail (koun-ter-val') , v.t. to compensate ; counteract ; counter- balance. countess (koun'tes), n. the wife of an earl or count. [French,] counting (kount'ing), n. reckoning. counting-house (kount'ing-hous), n. the room where accounts or mercan- tile transactions are carried on. country (kun'tri), n. [vl. countries (kunt'rez)], a tract of land; region; rural parts; one's native land: adj. 'rural; rustic; unpolished. [French.] county (koun'ti), n. [pi. counties (koun'tiz)], a definite district of a country separated from the rest for political or judicial administrative purposes : adj. pertaining to a county. coup (koo), n. a sudden telling blow, a master-stroke. [French.] coupe (koo-pa'), n. the front compart- ment of a French stage-coach; a small first-class carriage. [French.] couple (kup'l), n. two of the same kind connected together; a pair; man and wife; a pair of equal and parallel forces; two dissimilar metal plates in contact forming a voltaic battery: v.t. to link or join together; unite in marriage: v.i. to copulate; unite. [French.] couplet (kup'let), n. two successive lines of verse which rhyme together. coupon (koo'pon), n. a certificate at- tached to transferable bonds, which is intended to be cut off and pre- sented for the payment of dividends when due; a section of a ticket en- titling the holder to some specified accommodation, &c, over a line or route to be traveled, or to a seat in a theater, &c. [French.] courage (ker'aj), n. fortitude; valor. courageous (ker-a'jus), adj. brave; bold. courageously (ker-a/jus-li), adv. to act with courage; bravely; boldly. courier (koo'ri-er), n. an express messenger; a special messenger for a government or monarch; a travel- ing attendant who makes pre* liminary arrangements. [French.] course (kors), n. a race; a path or track; career; direction or line of motion; regular sequence; the por- tion of a meal served at one time; conduct; behavior; the direction a ship is steered; a continuous level range of brick or masonry of the same height; the chase of a hare by greyhounds: pi. catamenia; the sails set on the lower yards of a ship: v.t. to hunt: v.i. move swiftly; en- gage in coursing. [French.] courser (kors'er), n. a swift and spirited horse; a war-horse; one who courses ; a running bird of the os- trich family. coursing (kors'ing), n. the sport of pursuing hares with greyhounds. court (kort), n. an enclosed space; a small paved space surrounded by houses; a royal palace; the retinue of a sovereign; a hall of justice; the judges, &c, engaged there; civil- ity; flattery: v.t. to pay court tc; woo; flatter* solicit. [French.] courteous (keVte-us), adj. polite, obliging. courtesan (ker'te-zan) , n. a prostitute. courtesy (keVte-si), n. [pi. courtesies (ker'te-siz)], politeness combined with kindness; civility. [French.] courtesy; (kert'si), n. [pi. courtesies (kert'siz)], a salutation made by bending the knees: v.i [p.t. & p.p. courtesied, p.pr. courtesying], to make a courtesy. courtier (kort'yer), n. one who fre- quents or attends court; one who solicits the favor of another; one having courtly manners. [French.] courtliness (kort'li-nes) , n. elegance of manners. courtly (kort'li), adj. refined; elegant. court-martial (kort-mar'shal), n. [pL courts-martial], a court of justice composed of naval or military, offi- cers for the trial of disciplinary offenses. court- plaster (kort'plas-ter), n. a superior kind of. black sticking- plaster, originally used by ladies at court for ornamental patches on the face. courtship (kort'ship), n. the act of wooing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COURTYARD 213 COXSWAIN courtyard (kort'yard) , n. an inclosed space adjoining a house. cousin (kuz'in), n. the son or daugh- ter of an uncle or aunt; a kinsman; a title of address used by a sover- . eign to certain noblemen. [French.] cousin- german (kuz'in-jer'man), n. a first cousin. [French.] couvade (ko6-vad')> ft- a peculiar custom in Brazil among the Indians by which, when a woman bears a child, her husband is put to bed and attended to with great solicitude. See matriarchate. [French.] cove (kov), n. a small sheltered in- let or creek; a retired nook; a hol- low molding ; a fellow : v.i. to arch over. covenant (kuv'e-nant), n. a written agreement; deed; bargain; a free promise of God's blessing; a solemn agreement of fellowship and faith between members of a church: v.i. to enter into a formal agreement ; bind one's self by contract. [Old French.] covenanter (kuv'e-nant-er) , n. one who enters into a covenant; es- pecially of the Holy League and Covenant in Scotland about 1650. cover (kuv'er), v.t. to overspread, as the top of anything, with something else; hide; save from punishment; shelter; clothe: v.i. put on a head covering: n. that which is laid on something else; a shelter; a covert; table furniture for one person: pi. thickets, underwood, &c, concealing game. [French.] covering (kuv'er-ing) , n. that which covers or protects; dress. coverlet (kuv'er-let), n. a bed quilt. covert (kuv'ert), adj. concealed; cov- ered; disguised; insidious; under authority or protection; said of a married woman: n. a place that pro- tects or shelters; a thicket; shelter j for game. [French.] coverture (kuv'er-tur) , n. a cover; shelter; the status of a married woman. [French.] covet (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnest- ly; lust after: v.i. to indulge in in- ordinate desire. [French.] covetous (kuv'et-us), adj. inordinate- ly desirous, especially of money; avaricious. covetousness (kuv'et-us-ness) , n. the state of being covetous; greed. covey (kuv'i),'n. a hatch or brood of birds, especially partridges. covins (kov'ing), n. the projection of the upper stories of a house over the lower. cow (kou), n. [pi. cows (kouz)], the ma- ture female of the genus bos, or ox; the female of various other animals, as the whale, elephant, &c. [Anglo- Saxon]: n. a wedge placed behind a crab or windlass to check its motion : v.t. to depress with fear. [Icelandic] coward (kou'ard), n. one without cour- age; a dastard; poltroon. cowardice (kou'ard-is), n. dishonor- able fear. cow-bird (kou'berd), n. an American blackbird, so called from its accom- panying cattle. cowboy (kou'boi) , n. a boy who looks after cows; a mounted employee of a stockman or ranchman who looks after the cattle while grazing. cow-catcher (kou'kach-er) , n. a wedge-shaped iron frame in the front of a locomotive to remove ob- structions from the rails. cower (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or sink down through fear. [Icelandic] cowherd (kou'herd), n. a tender of cattle. cowhide (kou'hid), n. the tanned and dressed skins of cows; a stout flexi- ble whip made of raw hide: adj. made of cowhide leather: v.t. to chastise with a cowhide. cowl (koul), n. a monk's hood; a re- volving cover for a chimney pot. cowlick (kou'lik), n. a tuft of hair turned up or awry on the forehead. cowpox (kou'poks), n. a disease which affects the teats of cows, producing vesicles: from these the vaccine matter is obtained for inoculation against smallpox. cowrie (kou'ri), n. [pi. cowries (kou'- riz)], a small glossy shell, used as money by some African tribes, and in Siam. Also cowry. cowslip (kou'slip), n. a species of primrose. coxcomb (koks'kom), n. something resembling a cock's comb formerly worn by licensed jesters; a vain, pretentious, conceited fellow; a fop. coxswain (kok'sun), n. the steers- man of a boat, especially in a race. ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, f Tien. COY 214 CRANE coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; de- mure. [Old French.] soyly (koi'li), adv. in a coy manner. coyness (koi'nes), n. reserve; demure- ness. coyote (koi-ot' or ko-yo'ta), n. the prairie-wolf: v.i. (koi-ot'), to search for gold single-handed, and as by chance. [Spanish, from Mexican.] cozen (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat. cozy (ko'zi), adj. warm and com- fortable; snug: n. a woolen cover to keep a teapot warm. [Gaelic] crab (krab), n. a short-tailed, stalk- eyed, ten-footed crustacean; a crab- apple; a sign (Cancer) in the Zo- diac; a name of various mechanical devices or machines: pi. the lowest cast at hazard: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crabbed, p.pr. crabbing], to fish for crabs ; to oack out. crabbed (krab'ed), adj. morose; hard to decipher. crabby (krab'i), adj. crabbed. crack (krak), n. a chink or fissure; a narrow fracture; a sharp sound; a sharp resonant blow; an altered tone of voice: v.t. & v.i. to burst, break, or sever; utter a sharp, ab- rupt cry; extol; injure; damage mentally; open a bottle; to commit burglary: adj. of superior excel- lence. cracked (krakt), ] adj. split; blem- ished; broken; insane; legally im- perfect. cracker (krak'er), n. a hard biscuit; a firework; a kind of bonbon; a lie: pi. an instrument for cracking nuts. cracker jack (krak'er-jak), n. the same as a corker; an adept at what- ever he tries; a strong and skilful man. [American Slang.] crackle (krak'l), v.i. m to make a slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. coyer with a delicate network of minute cracks: n. a noise of fre- quent and slight cracks and re- ports; a surface glaze on glass or porcelain; the noise made by dis- eased lungs in breathing. crackling (krak'ling), n. small ab- rupt cracks or reports made fre- quently; the browned crisp rind of roast pig. cracknel (krak'nel), n. a hard fancy biscuit. [Danish.] cracksman (kraks'man), n. [pZ.cracks* men (kraks'men)], a burglar. cradle (kra'dl), n. a baby's crib or little bed; infancy; birthplace or origin; a case for a broken limb; a device for rescuing shipwrecked per- sons; a frame of timbers placed under a ship for launching it; a steel tool used in engraving ; a gold- washing machine; a frame of wood, with long teeth, fastened to a scythe: v.t. to rock or place in a cradle; nurse or train in infancy; wash in a miner's cradle: v.i. to lie in a cradle. [Irish.] cradling (kra'dling), n. the open tim- bers or ribs of a vaulted ceiling. craft (kraft), n. manual skill; a trade; cunning; fraud; a small trading vessel. craftily (kraf t'i-li) , adv. cunningly. craftiness (kraft'i-nes), n. cunning. craftsman (kraf ts'man) , n. [pi. crafts- men (krafts'men)], a skilled artisan; a member of a particular trade. crafty (kraf'ti), adj. cunning; artful. crag (krag), n. a steep, rugged rock; shelly deposits in Pliocene strata. craggy (krag'i), adj. abounding in crags; pertaining to a crag or crags; rugged. cram (kram), v.t. [p.t. & p/p. crammed, p.pr. cramming], to stuff; fill beyond satiety; tell lies to: v.i. qualify speedily for an examination; to eat greedily: n. the act of cramming physically or mentally; hastily ac- quired knowledge ; a lie. [Icelandic. J cramp (kramp), n. a rectangular piece of iron with a tightening screw at one end; a spasmodic mus- cular contraction of the limbs; a piece of iron bent at both ends for holding: v.t. to affect with muscular spasms; confine; secure with a cramp. [Danish.] crampit (kram'pit), n. the metal tip of a scabbard, or staff. [Gaelic] crampoons (krain'poonz), n.pl. an ap- paratus like double calipers for rais- ing heavy weights. cranberry (kran'ber-ri) , n. [pi. cran- berries (kran'ber-riz)], the marsh whortleberry, with red acid berries. crane (kran), n. a large wading bird with very long legs and neck, and a long straight bill; a machine for ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; bue, hut ; think, then. CRANIAL 215 CREAM-LAID raising heavy weights: v.t to stretch or bend (the neck) like a crane. cranial (kra'ni-al), adj. pertaining to the skull. craniology (kra-ni-ol'o-ji), n.the scien- tific study of skulls and their char- acteristics. cranium (kra'ni-um) , n. [vl. crania], the skull. [Graeco-Latin.j crank (krangk), n. a device for caus- ing the rotation of an axis, or for converting rotary into reciprocal mo- tion, or the contrary; an instru- ment of prison discipline like a paddle-wheel; an iron brace; a fantastic form of speech; whim; fancy; a crotchety or impracticable person, especially one who has a monomania: adj. liable to lurch or capsize. crank-case (krangk 'kas), n. a piece of metal wiiich, in an automobile, holds the piston-rod to the body. crankiness (krangk'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being cranky. crank- pin (krangk'pin) , n. a pin parallel to a shaft, carried at the end of a crank. crank-shaft (krangk'shaf t) , n. a shaft bearing a crank. cranky (krangk'i), adj. full of crotchets or cranks; liable to be upset; loose and rickety. crannied (kran'id), adj. full of chinks. cranny (kran'i), n. [pi. crannies (kran'- iz)], a chink. [French.] crape (krap), n. a thin black gauze made of raw silk and gummed: v.t. to cover or diape with crape. crash (krash), v.t. to clash together with violence: v.i. to make a loud, clattering noise [Swedish] : n. a loud, sudden, confused noise; a coarse, heavy linen fabric. [French.] crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; ob- tuse. [French, from Latin.] crate (krat), n. a wicker hamper. crater (kra/ter), n. the cup-shaped cavity of a volcano; an ancient goblet. cratur (kra'ter), n. whiskey. "The comfortable creature." "The crea- ture that does you no harm." [Irish.] craunch. See crunch. cravat (kra-vat'), n. a neckcloth. crave (krav), v.t. to ask for with humility; beg earnestly; long for eagerly. craven (kra'vn), adj. cowardly; base: n. a coward; recreant. craving (kra'ving), n. a strong desire. craw (kraw), n. a bird's crop. crawfish (kraw'fish) or crayfish (kra'fish), n. the common name of a fresh- water lobster-like crustacean; the spiny lobster: v.i. to move slowly backward; to retreat. crawl (krawr), v.i. move slowly and with difficulty; creep: n. the act of crawling; a pen on the sea-coast for fish, turtles, &c. crayon (kra'un), n. a kind of chalk pencil ; a drawing done with cray- ons; one of the carbon points of an arc-fight: adj. drawn with crayons: v.t. to sketch out, as with a crayon. crayonist (kra'un-ist) , n. one who draws or sketches with crayons. craze (kraz), v.i. to become dement- ed; open in slight cracks: v.t. to produce cracks; render < insane : n. a passing fashion or infatuation; a crack in pottery glaze. crazily (kra'zi-li) , adv. in a crazy man- ner. craziness (kra/zi-nes), n. the state of being crazy. crazy (kra'zi), adj. insane; dilapi- dated; foolishly eager. [Swedish.] crazy- work (kra'zi-wxrk), n. patch- work of irregular sized pieces of silk, &c. creak (krek), v.i. to make a sharp, harsh, grating sound: n. such a sound. creaky (krek'i), adj. apt to creak. cream (krem) , n. the rich, oily part of milk: hence the choicest part of anything; a soft unctuous cosmetic: v.t. to skim cream from; remove the best part of. cream of tartar (tar'tar), n. purified tartar or argol. creamery (krem'er-i), n. [pi. creamer- ies (krem'er-iz)], a place where but- ter and cheese are made, or where cream is sold. cream-laid (krem'lad), adj. noting a paper of a creamy-white color, showing the lines of the mold im- pressed on it: opposed to cream," wove, which has no such lines. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. A CREASE 216 CRESSET crease (kres), w. a mark made by folding or doubling anything; a line drawn to define the limits of bowler and batsman: v.t. make a crease in. creasote. Another form of creosote. creatable (kre-at'a-bl) , adj. that may be created. create (kre-at/), v.t. to cause to come into existence; form out of nothing; invest with a new rank, office, or function. creatine (kre'a-tin), n. a white crystal- line substance in muscular tissue. Also kreatine. creation (kre-a'shun), n. the act of cre- ating ; the thing created ; the universe creative (kre-a'tiv), adj. constructive. creator (kre-a'ter), n. one who creates. Creator, n. the Supreme Being. creature (kre'ttir), n. anything cre- ated, especially a living being; one dependent on the influence of anoth- er: adj. of, or belonging to, the body. creche (krash), n. a public nursery. credence (kre'dens), n. belief ; trust. credenda (kre-den'da) , n.pl. articles of faith. [Latin.] credential (kre-den'shal) , adj. giving a claim or title to credit: n.pl. letters or certificates given to a person to show he has a right to confidence or the exercise of authority. credibility (kred-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being credible. credible (kred'i-bl), adj. worthy of credit; probable. credibly (kred'i-bli) , adv. in a credible manner. credit (kred'it), v.t. to believe; trust; have confidence in; enter on the credit side of an account: n. belief; honor; trust reposed; sale on trust; time allowed for payment of goods sold. [Latin.] creditor (kred'it-er) , n. one to whom another is indebted for money or goods. credulity (kre-dQ'li-ti), n. ready belief. credulous (kred'G-lus) , adj. easily imposed upon. creed (kred), n. a brief statement of belief. [Latin.] creek (krek, colloq. krik), n. & small bay; cove. creel (krel), n. a wicker fishing bas- ket; a wickerwork cage: v.t. to put in a creel; catch. creep (krep), v.i [p.t. & p.p. crept (krept), p.pr. creeping], to move slowly along the ground, as a worm or reptile; grow along the ground, as a plant; move secretly or insidious- ly; fawn. creeper (krep'er), n. one who, or that which, creeps; a plant which clings by rootlets or tendrils to some sup- port; the name of certain birds; a wingless insect; a kind of grapnel. creepy (krep'i), adj. shivering; chilled. cremate (kre-mat'), v.t. to reduce to ashes by heat, especially dead bodier . cremation (kre-ma/shun), n. the act of cremating. cremator (kre-ma'ter) , n. a furnacs for consuming dead bodies, refuse, &c crematory (kre'ma-to-ri), adj. per- taining to cremation: n. [pi. crema- tories (kre'ma-to-riz)], a place foi burning the dead. crenate (kre'nat), adj. notched. crenellated (kren'el-a-ted), adj. dec- orated with indented moldings (cre- nelles) . Creole (kre'ol), n. a native of Span- ish America, Louisiana, or the West Indies, descended from European (originally Spanish or French) an- cestors: adj. pertaining to a Creole. creosol (kre'o-sol), n. an oily liquid re- sembling phenol. creosote (kre'o-sot), n. a heavy oily liquid with a smoky smell, prepared from wood-tar: used as an antisep- tic, also as a wood preservative. crepitate (krep'i-tat), v.i. to make a slight, sharp, crackling noise. crepitation (krep-i-ta'shun) , n. a low, crackling noise. crepon (kre'pon), n. a thin crape- like material of wool, silk, or cotton. crept (krept), v.t. & p.p. of creep. crescent (kres ent), adj. growing: n. an increasing or new moon; a figure like a new moon; the Moslem pow- er: v.t. to form into a crescent. cresol (kre'sol), n. a phenol obtained from coal- and wood-tar. cress (kres), n. a name for various cruciferous plants, as the water- cress. cresset (kres'et), n. a light set on a beacon; an open frame of iron con- taining fire, used as a torch; a cooper's implement. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. CREST 217 CRITERION crest (krest), n. a plume of feathers on the head of a bird, helmet, &c; the ridge of a wave; summit of a hill; courage; pride; spirit; v.t. to furnish or adorn with a crest; mark with lines or streaks: v.i. to take the form of a crest or ridge. crestfallen (krest'fawl-n), adj. de- jected. cretaceous (kre-ta'shus) , adj. com- posed of, or like, chalk; chalky. [Latin.] cretin (kre'tn), n. a, person who suf- fers from cretinism. cretinism (kre'tn-izm) , n. an incur- able, endemic malady, generally ac- companied by goitre, which occurs among the inhabitants of mountain- ous districts, as in Switzerland, and is supposed to be caused by drink- ing snow-water. cretonne (kre-ton'), n. an unglazed cotton fabric printed on one side. crevasse (krev-as'), n. a deep fissure in a glacier ice; a breach in a levee or embankment of a river. [French.] erevice (krev'is), n. a crack; fissure. crew (kroo), p.t. of crow. crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's com- pany; a crowd or company of peo- ple. crewel (kroo'el), n. fine twisted worst- ed, &c, used in fancy work. crib (krib), n. a rack or manger; a stall for horses or cattle; a child's bed; a small lodging; a situation; a petty theft; a plagiarism; a lit- eral translation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cribbed, p. pr. cribbing], to confine; steal; plagiarize: v.i. make notes for dishonest use in an examination. cribbage (krib'aj), n. a card game. See pony. crick (krik:), n. a painful stiffness of the muscles of the neck, or local i spasm. cricket (krik'et), n. the well-known game played with wickets, bats, and a ball, by eleven players on each side; a chirping insect. cricketings (krik'et-ingz), n. pi. a kind of fine twilled flannel. crier (kri'er), n. one who makes a public proclamation. crime (krim), n. a violation of the law; an offense against morality or the public welfare; wrong-doing. criminal (krim'i-nal) , adj. pertaining; to crime: n. one guilty of a crime. criminality (krim-i-nal'i-ti) , n. guilt, criminate (krim'i-nat) , v.t. to accuse, or declare guilty, of crime; involve in a crime. crimination (krim-i-na'shun), n. ac- cusation. criminology (krim-i-nol'o-ji) , n. the scientific investigation of crimes and criminals. See penology. crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist in regular undulations; to cause to contract, as the flesh of live fish; decoy for enlistment: n. formerly one who entrapped men for the Eng- lish navy or army, or the merchant service; one who keeps a low lodg- ing-house for seamen. crimson (krim'zn), n. a deep red color inclining to purple: adj. crim- son-colored: v.t. to dye with crimson: v.i. to blush. cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or crouch from fear or with servility: n. a servile bow. crinkle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrinkle; corrugate: v.i. to be corrugated or crimped: n. a wrinkle; bend. crinoline (krin'o-lin) , n. a hoop- skirt; a stiff fabric for stiffening a garment. cripple (krip'l), v.t. to deprive of the use of a limb; disable: n. one who is lame. crippling (krip'ling), n. spars or tim- bers used to support the sides of a building. crisis (krl'sis), n. [pi. cri'ses (krisez)], a turning point; a critical turn in a disease; emergency; conjuncture. crisp (krisp), adj. wavy; curled; brittle; cheerful; terse; sparkling: v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to form little curls; become friable. crispate (krisp 'at), adj. curled. Crispin (kris'pin), n. a shoemaker: in allusion to St. Crispin, the patron saint of shoemakers. criss-cross (kris'kros), n. an intersex tion; a child's game played with O's and X/s: adj. going backwards and forwards. criterion (krl-te'ri-on) , n. [pi. cri- teria (kri-te'ri-a)], a standard, law, or rule by which a correct judgment can be formed. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut : think, then. CRITH 218 CROSS-BILL crith (krith), n. a unit of mass, older than Druidism. On the other used for gases = 1 liter of hydro- hand they should not be confounded, gen. as they often are, with dolmens. critic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in criti- See dolmen and Druid. cism; one who judges captiously. crone (kron), n. an old woman. critical (krit'i-kal) , adj. nicely exact; crony (kro'ni), n. [pi. cronies (kro'- skilled in criticism; censorious; per- niz)], a familiar friend, taining to the turning point of a crook (krook), n. a bend; a shep- disease. herd's hooked staff; a bishop's staff; critically (krit'i-ka-li) , adv. in a a swindler: v.t. to bend: v.i. to be critical manner. bent. criticise (krit'i-siz), v.t. to examine or croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hollow, y judge as a critic; censure: v.i. to continued moan; sing in a soft, review. plaintive tone. criticism (krit'i-sizm) , n. the art of crop (krop), n. the produce of the judging and defining the merits of a ground, as corn, &c; a bird's craw; literary or artistic work; censure. a stout hunting whip; hair cut critique (kri-tek'), n. a careful an- close or short: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. alysis of a literary or artistic pro- cropped, cropt, p.pr. cropping], to duction._ [French.] cut off the tops or ends of anything; croak (krok), v.i. to make a sound reap; mow; cause to bear a crop: like a raven, &c; grumble: n. the v.i. appear unexpectedly [with up]. low, hoarse sound of the raven or cropper (krop'er), n. an expression frog. m used in England for "a fall. crochet (kro-sha/), n. a kind of knit- cropping-out (krop'ing-out), n. the ting with a hooked needle, in cot- appearance at the surface of a lode ton, wool, &c. : v.t. to work in crochet. of metal, or seam of coal. crock (krok), n. soot on a kettle, croquet (kro-ka/), n. a lawn game &c; an earthenware pot or vessel: played with mallets, balls, and v.t. to blacken with soot; smudge. hoops: v.t. to drive away, as an op- crockery (krok'er-i), n. earthenware. ponent's ball, after placing one's own crocket (kroch'et), n. an ornament em- in contact with it. ployed to decorate the angles of croquette (kro-ket'), n. ball of mince- spires, canopies, &c; one of the meat, fish, or fowl, seasoned and ends of a stag's horn. fried brown. [French.] crocodile (krok'6-dil or -dll), n. a crosier (kro'zher), n. a bishop's staff, large lizard-like amphibian reptile, cross (kros), n. & gibbet of wood with hard square scales on its back formed of an upright and a cross and tail. [French, from Latin.] piece, used in the punishment of crocus (kro'kus), n. a genus of irida- crucifixion: now the emblem of the ceous plants, from one species of Christian faith; a device resembling which saffron is obtained. a cross, of which there are many croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or in- kinds, i.e. the Greek cross, St. closed field. Andrew's cross, St. George's cross, crofter (kroft'er), n. a small farmer of the Maltese cross, &c; a mark made Western Scotland, who rents and on a document by those who can- tills a small farm. not write; a trial of patience; am* cromlech (krom'lek), n. an ancient animal of a cross-breed: v.t. to put, monument of rough stones in a or draw, across ; cancel ; pass ; thwart ; circle and usually surrounding a obstruct; make the sign of a cross lofty pillar of stone. Such are upon [French]; to cause to iDter- found at Stonehenge and Avebury breed: v.i. to be athwart; be in- in England; and, less notably, in consistent; interbreed: adj. falling many other places. They were long athwart; not parallel; fretful; per- believed to have been erected by the verse; untractable. Druids or Celtic priests, but this cross-bill (kros'bil), n. a bill brought is doubtful, as they are probably by a defendant against a plaintiff ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue^ hut; think, then. CROSSBOW 219 CRUCIFER praying for relief ; a bird with a cross- shaped bill. crossbow (kros'bo), n. a shooting weapon, having a bow across the stock. cross-breed (kros'bred), n. an animal produced by a male and female of different varieties. cross-buttock (kros-but'ok), n. a throw in wrestling where, when the pair are back to back, one of them throws his opponent across his hip. cross-examination (kros-eg-zam-i- na/shun), n. the questioning of a witness by his own, or the opposing, counsel. «ross-eyed (kros'id), adj. haying eyes that squint in different directions: n. a squint-eyed person; one having cross-eyes. cross-grained (kros'grand) , adj. with an irregular grain or fiber; con- trary or awkward in temper. crossing (kros'ing), n. the action of the verb to cross; a path across; in- tersection; opposition. cross-jack (kro'jak), n. the lower yard on the mizzen-mast. crossly (kros'li), adj. athwart; peevish- ly. cross-purpose (kros-per'pus), n. a contrary purpose: pi. a game of ques- tions and answers. cross- question (kros-kwes'chun) , v.t. to cross-examine. cross-sea (kros'se), n. a chopping sea in which the water runs in different directions. cross-stitch (kros'stich), n. a stitch formed of two stitches of the same length, the one crossing the other. cross-tie (kros'tl), n. a railroad sleeper. cross-trees (kros'trez), n.pl. short pieces of timber at the upper ends of the lower and top masts, to sup- port the rigging. cross-wind (kros'wind), n. sl side, or unfavorable, wind. cross- wise (kros'wiz), adv. across; cross-shaped. crotch (kroch), n. a hook or fork. crotchet (kroch'et), n. a musical note of l-4th a semibreve, a quarter note; a bracket ; a whim or fancy. m crotchety (kroch'et-i) , adj. whimsical; odd. croton-bug (kro 'tun-bug), n. a small light-colored cockroach. croton-oil (kro 'tun-oil), n. a viscid vegetable oil expressed from the seeds of a tropical plant. crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop low; cringe. croup (kroop), n. the rump or but- tocks of certain animals; the place behind the saddle [French] : inflam- mation of the trachea and. larynx, with a hoarse cough and difficult breathing. _|Scottish.] croupier (kroo'pi-a), n. one who pre- sides at a gaming table and collects or pays out the money won or lost; a vice-chairman. [French.] croupy (kroop'i), adj. affected with croup. crow (kro), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crowed, crew, p.pr. crowing], to make a shrill sound like a cock; boast in triumph; utter a cry of pleasure: v.t. to "eat crow," to submit to an act of humiliation: n. the cry of a cock; a general name for birds of the genus Corvus, usually black, and with a strong conical bill. crowbar (kro 'bar), n. an iron lever. crowd (kroud), n. a number of per- sons or things collected closely to- gether; the populace: v.t. to press closely together; fill to excess; im- portune, as for a debt: v.i. to press in numbers. crown (kroun), n. a royal head-dress of jewels and gold worn as the in- signia of sovereignty; regal power; a wreath; the top; an English silver coin ($1.25); the corona of a flower; the upper part of a tooth; a size of printing paper (15 x 20 in.) : v.t. to invest with a crown; adorn or dignify; complete; reward. crown-glass (kroun'glas) , n. the finest window-glass. crow's-foot (kroz'foot), n. the ra- nunculus; a caltrop; an arrange- ment of cords to suspend an awning: pi. wrinkles under the eyes. crow's-nest (kroz'nest), n. a look-out, or watch-tower, on the main-top- mast crosstrees of a whaling vessel. crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; intersecting; searching. [Latin.] crucible (kroo'si-bl), n. a melting r pot. crucifer (kroo'si-fer), n. one who in an ecclesiastical procession carries the cross; a cross-bearer. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hfT\ hut ; think, fften. A CRUCTFIER 220 CRY crucifier (kroo'si-fl-er), n. one who crucifies. crucifix (kroo'si-fiks) , n, [pi. crucifixes (kroo'si-fiks-ez)], a cross with the sculptured figure of Christ. crucifixion (kroo-si-fik'shun) , n. the act of crucifying, especially the cruci- fixion of Christ upon the cross; great mental trial, or suffering. cruciform (kroo 'si-form), n. cross- shaped. crucify (kroo'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- cified, p.pr. crucifying], to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross; torture; destroy the power of (Gal. v. 24). > [Latin.] crude (krood), adj. in a natural state; raw; uncultured; harsh in color, or half -digested. [Latin.] crudely (krood'li), adv. in a crude man- ner. crudeness (krood'nes), ft. the quality of being crude. crudity (krood'i-ti) , ft. [pi. crudities (krood 'i-tiz)], the state or condition of being crude. cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give pain to others; merciless; hard- hearted; unrelenting. cruelly (kroo'el-li) , adv. in a cruel manner. cruelty (kroo'el-ti) , ft. [pi. cruelties (kroo'el-tiz)], inhumanity; savagery. cruet (kroo'et), ft. a small glass vial. cruise. Same as cruse. cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro; wander about: ft. a voyage from place to place for warlike purposes, or for pleasure. [Danish.] cruiser (krooz'er), ft. a person, or ship, that cruises; a fast warship, either armored, unarmored, belted, &c. An armored cruiser is practically the same as a battle-ship. See battleship. crumb (krum), n. the soft, inner part of bread; a fragment of bread; a little piece: v.t. to dress with crumbs. crumble (krum'bl), v.t. to break into crumbs; cause to fall into pieces: v.i. to disappear gradually. crumby (krum'i), adj. having crumbs; soft. Also crummy. crumpet (krum'pet), ft. a soft tea-cake. crumple (krum'pl), v.t. to press into wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become rumpled. crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with the teeth; grind violently: v.i. to chew audibly: n. the act of crunch- ing. crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of a horse; the looped leather band passing round a horse's tail: v.t. to put a crupper on. [French.] crural (kroo'ral), adj. pertaining to the leg or thigh; leg-shaped. crusade (kroo-sad ') , ft. a mediaeval military expedition under the ban- ner of the cross headed by any one of the Christian powers, to recover the Holy Land; vigorous concerted action for the defense of some cause, as total abstinence, woman suffrage, or the advancement of some idea v.i. to engage in a crusade. [French.] cruse (krooz), n. an earthen pot or dish; a small vessel for holding liquids; a vial. [Icelandic] crush (krush), v.t. to press between two opposite bodies; squeeze; break by pressure; bruise; ruin; quell: v.i. to be pressed out of shape or into smaller compass: n. a violent compression or collision. crush-hat (krush'hat), ft. a collapsible hat. Also called an opera hat. crust (krust), ft. a hard external coating or rind; the exterior solid part of the earth's surface; a shell or hard covering: v.t. to cover over with crust: v.i. to contract into a hard covering. [Latin.] Crustacea (krus-ta'shi-a) , n.pl. a prime division of the Orthropoda, com- prising crabs and lobsters. crustacean (krus-ta/shi-an), adj. per- taining to the Crustacea: n. one of the Crustacea. crustaceous (krus-ta'shi-us), adj. shelly. crusty (krus'ti), adj. like a crust; rough in manner; surly; snappish; crutch (kruch), n. a support for cripples; any mechanical device like a crutch; the forked rest on a woman's saddle cry (kri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cried, p.pr. crying], to call aloud; proclaim; exclaim vehemently; implore; re- quire redress; shed tears: v.t. to utter loudly and publicly in giving notice: ft. loud or passionate utter- ance, especially of weeping or lam- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. CRYING 221 CUIRASS entation; an exclamation of won- der or triumph; outcry; clamor; acclamation; proclamation; common report; a paeK of hounds; a battle cry; a party catchword or phrase. trying (krl'ing), p.adj. specially de- manding notice; notorious; urgent. cryolite (kri'o-lit), n. a fluoride of so- dium and aluminium: the source of aluminium. crypt (kript), n, a subterranean cell or vault, usually under a church: sometimes used as a chapel or shrine. [Greek.] cryptic (kript 'ik), adj. hidden; secret Cryptogamia (krip-to-ga/mi-a) , n.pl. in the Linnean system, a class of flowerless plants, as mosses, ferns, &c. cryptogram (krip't 5-gram), n.& writ- ing, or a system of writing, in cipher. cryptography (krip-tog'ra-f i) , n. the art of writing in cipher or secret characters. crypton (krip'ton), n. an element of the atmosphere recently discovered. cryptonym (krip'to-nim), n. a secret name. crystal (kris'tal), n. an inorganic body having a definite geometrical form; a glass of superior clearness; anything transparent and clear: adj. consisting of crystal; clear; trans- parent. [Greek.] crystalline (kris ta-lin), adj. per- taining bo, or having the form of, a crystal; clear; transparent. crystallization (kris-ta-li-za'shun) , n. the act of crystallizing. crystallize (kris'tal-Iz), v.t. to cause to form crystals or a crystalline structure: v.i. to be converted into crystals; assume a definite shape. crystallography (kris-ta-log'ra-fi) , n. the science of the forms and struc- ture of crystals. cub (kub), n. the young of certain animals, as the fox. cubage (ku'baj), n. the act of de- termining the contents of a solid; the contents so measured. cubby-hole (kub'i-hol), n. a snug place. _ cube (kub), n. a regular solid body with six equal square sides or faces; the product obtained by multiplying the square of a quantity by the quan tity itself, as 5 x 5 x 5 = 125, cube of 5 : v.t. to raise to the third power, or cube. [Grseco-Latin.] cube root (kub'root), n. the first power of a cube, as 5 of 125. cubeb (ku'beb), n. the small spicy berry of a species of pepper; Java pepper ._ [Arabic, through Latin.] cubic (ku'bik), adj. having the form or properties of a cube. Also cubic- al cubically (ku'bi-ka-li) , adv. in a cubic manner. cubit (ku'bit), n. an ancient measure of about 18 inches; the forearm from the elbow to the wrist. [Latin.] cubo-cube (ku'bo-kub), n. the square of the cube, or the sixth power of a number, as 729 = 3 6 . cucking-stool (kuk'ing-stool) , n. a kind of chair in which disorderly females, common scolds, &c. t were placed and ducked, down to a cen- tury or more ago. Also ducking- stool. cuckold (kuk'old), n. the husband of an adulteress ; the burdock cuckoo (kook'oo), n. a passerine bird with a dark plumage and curved bill: so named fram its char- acteristic note. cucumber (ku'kum-ber) , n, a creep- ing plant, the donated fruit of which is used as a salad, and as a pickle. cud (kud), n. fooc\ brought from the first stomach of a ruminating ani- mal back into the mouth and chewed again. See quid. cuddle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace close- ly: v.i. to lie close or snug: n. a close embrace. cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick stick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cudgeled, p.pr. cudgeling], to beat with a cudgel. cue (ku;, n. the tail or end of a thing; a queue; a hint; the last word of an actor's speech ; the part one has to play: a number of per- sons waiting ranged in a line, the tapering rod used in billiards. cuff (kuf), n. a blow; the ornamental fold of the sleeve of a garment at the wrist: v.t. to strike with the hand. cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. a breastplate, ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CUIRASSIER 222 CUPIDITY cuirassier (kwe-ras-er') , n. a. cavalry soldier armed with a cuirass. cuisine (kwe-zen'), n. the kitchen of a hotel, &c; style or quality of cooking. [French.] cul-de-sac (kuTde-sak), n. [pi. culs- de-sac], a passage open only at one end; a position in which an army finds itself when hemmed in and no exit but in front. [French.] culinary (ku'li-na-ri) , adj. pertain- ing to the kitchen, or the art or proc- ess of cooking. cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; gather. culminate (kul'mi-nat) , v.i. to reach the highest point of altitude, rank, power, &c; come to the meridian. culmination (kul-mi T na/shun) , n. the attainment of the highest point; the transit of a planet through the me- ridian. culpability (kul-pa-bil'i-ti) , n. lia- bility to blame. culpable (kul'pa-bl), adj. deserving censure; criminal; blameworthy. culpatory (kuTpa-to-ri) , adj. cen- suring. culprit (kul'prit) , n. one arraigned be- fore a judge; one accused of a crime or fault. cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or system of worship; a subject of special study; devoted or extrava- gant homage or adoration. [Latin.] cultch (kulch), n. materials forming a spawning bed for oysters; oyster- spawn. [Origin unknown.] cultivate (kul'ti-vat), v.t. to till; improve by care, labor, or study; seek the society of. cultivation (kul-ti-va'shun) , n. the act of cultivating; tillage; culture. cultivator (kul'ti-va-ter) , n. one who, or that which, cultivates; a farmer; an agricultural implement. cultural (kul'tur-al), adj. pertaining to culture. culture (kul'ttir), n. tillage; the train- ing or refining of the moral or in- tellectual faculties; care given to the growth and development of ani- mals and plants; the propagation of bacteria for scientific study. culverin (kul'ver-in), n. a long cannon of the sixteenth century, with ser- pent-shaped handles. culvert (kul'vert) , n. a drain or water- way of masonry or brickwork under a road, &c. cumber (kum'ber), v.t. to hinder; embarrass; oppress; perplex. cumbersome (kum'ber-sum) , adj. burdensome; unwieldy. cumbrous (kum'brus), adj. trouble- some ; vexatious ; heavy ; obstructing. cumin (kum'in), n. a plant, with warm aromatic bitterish seeds. Also cummin. [Hebrew.] cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv) , adj. augmenting or giving force; in- creasing by successive additions. cumulative vote (vot), n. a system of voting by which a voter votes for each candidate, or gives all his votes to one. cumulus (ku'mu-lus), n. [pi. cumuli (ku'mu-ll)], a cloud in round woolly masses. [Latin.] cuneate (ku'ne-at), adj. wedge- shaped. cuneiform (ku-ne'i-form), adj. having the form of a wedge: said of the wedge-shaped characters of the Assyrian and ancient Persian in- scriptions. Also arrowhead. [Latin.] cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; designing; subtle: n. deceit; crafti- ness; the natural instinct of an animal. cup (kup), n. a small drinking ves- sel; something shaped like a cup; a chalice; a piece of plate offered as a prize; a vessel for drawing blood: pi. repeated potations: v.t. [p.t. & "p.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed by means of a cupping-glass: v.i. to strike or indent the ground with a golf -club when striking the ball. cupboard (kub'erd), n. sl closet fit- ted with shelves for holding cups, plates, &c. cupel (ku'pel), n. a shallow porous vessel in which gold and silver are refined: v.t. [p.t. & v. p. cupeled, p.pr. cupeling], to renne (precious metals) from lead in a cupel. cupellation (ku-pel-a'shun), n. the act of refining in a cupel. cupful (kup'fool), n. [pi. cupfuls (kup'foolz)], as much as a cup will contain. cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti), n. covetous- ness. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, notyboon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tf/ien. CUPOLA 223 CURRENT cupola (kti'po-la), n. [pi. cupolas (ku'po-laz)], a spherical cup-shaped roof; a revolving shot-proof turret. cupreous ^ku'pre-us), adj. coppery. cupric (ku'prik), adj. pertaining to copper. cupriferous (kti-prif 'er-us) , adj. yield- ing copper. cuprite (ku'prit), n. red oxide of cop- per. cupule (ku'pul), n. a little cup, as of the acorn; a small cup-shaped organ. cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; a surly, ill-bred person. curable (kur'a-bl), adj. remediable. curacy (ku'ra-si), n. the office or dis- trict of a curate. curari (kti-ra'ri), n. a black resinous substance prepared from the bark of a South American t/ee, used by the natives for poisoning their ar- rows: it is a powerful anaesthetic. curarine (ku-ra'rin), n. an alkaloid ex- tract of curari of a more deadly nature. curarize (ku'ra'nz), v.t. to poison by curari. curate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman who assists a yicar or incumbent. curative (ku'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to the cure of diseases; promoting cure: n. that which cures or serves to cure. [Latin.] curator (ku-ra/ter), n. the superin- tendent of a museum, art gallery, &c. curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in sub- jection; furnish with, or as with, a curb: n. that which checks, re- strains, or subdues; a part of a horse's bridle; a curbstone. curbing (kerb'ing), n. curbstones col- lectively; materialfor curbstones. curbstone (kerb'ston), n. the stone- edge of a path. curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part of milk, containing casein: v.t. to cause to curdle. [Irish.] curdiness (kerd'i-nes) , n. the state of being curdy. curdle (ker'dl), v.t. to thicken into curd: v.i. to coagulate. curdy (kerd'di), adj. like, or full of, curd. cure (kur), n. restoration to health; the act, or art, of healing; spiritual charge; the office of a parish priest or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to health; preserve by salting. cure (ku-ra/), n. in France, a Roman Catholic parish priest. curfew (ker'fu), n. a bell originally rung at 8 p. m. as an intimation that fires and lights were to be ex- tinguished. [French, couvre-feu.] curia (ku'ri-a), n. the Papal Court, called specifically the Roman Curia. curio (ku'ri-6), n. [pi. curios (kii'ri- oz)], bric-a-brac; a curiosity. curiosity (kii-ri-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. curi- osities (ku-ri-os'i-tiz)], inquisitive- ness; something strange or rare. curioso (ku-ri-6'so) , n. [pi. curiosi (kii-ri-o'si)]^ a virtuoso^ [Italian.] curious (ku/ri-us), adj. desirous to see or know something new or strange ; inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- traordinary. curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; an undulation or bend; a disease in fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; raise in undulations ; _ curve : v.i. to con- tract or bend into ringlets; move in spirals or undulations; become curled; play at the game of curling. curler (kerl'er), n. one who curls; one who plays at the game of curling; an instrument for curling the hair. curlew (kerl'lu), n. migratory short- tailed wading bird with a long curved bill. curling (kerning), n. a popular Scot- tish game played on the ice with smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, fitted with handles. curly (kerl'li), adj. having curls; wavy. curmudgeon (ker-mucrjin), n- # an avaricious, churlish fellow; a miser; a niggard. currant (ker' ant), n. a small variety of dried grape, imported from the Levant; the well-known shrub and its berry. currency (ker'en-si), n. a contin- ual passing from hand to hand; uninterrupted course; the cir- culating money medium of a na- tion. current (ker'ent), adj. widely circu- lated; now passing as time; gener- ally accepted or credited: n. a flow: said of fluids; body of air or water ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CURRICLE 224 CUT flowing in a certain direction; gen- eral tendency. [French.] curricle (ker'i-kl), n. a two- wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast. curriculum (ker-ik'u-lum) , n. [pi. cur- ricula (ker-ik'Q-la)], a course; a prescribed course of study in a uni- versity, school, &c. [Latin.] currier (ker'i-er), n. a leather dresser. currish (ker'ish), adj. snappish; quar- relsome. curry (ker'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to dress (leather) after tanning; beat; flatter; dress or clean (a horse). curry (ker'i), n. [pi. curries (ker'iz)], a highly-spiced East Indian sauce: a stew of rice, fowl, &c, flavored with curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to cook ornavor with curry. curry-comb (ker'i-kom), n. a metallic comb, used in grooming horses. curse (kers), n. an imprecation of evil; that which brings or causes evil or trouble; a profane oath: v.t. to imprecate evil upon; cause evil to; anathematize: v.i. to swear. cursed (ker'sed), p. adj. under a curse; hateful; unsanctified. cursorial (ker-so'ri-al) , adj. adapted for running or walking. cursorily (ker'so-ri-li) , adv. hastily. cursory (ker'so-ri), adj. hasty ; superfi- cial. curst (kerst), p.p. of curse. curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. curtail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut short; reduce. curtailment (ker-tal'ment), n. the act of curtailing. curtain (ker'tin), n. a textile hanging screen which can be drawn up or set aside at pleasure; the part of the rampart and parapet between two bastions or gates: v.t. to in- close in, or as with, curtains. curtain-lecture (keVtin-lek'tur), n. long talks given to their husbands by sharp-tongued wives after bod-time. curtsy (kert'si), n. [pi. curtsies (kert/- siz)], a salutation made by bending the knees. Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. curtsied, p.pr. curtsying], to make a curtsy. curvate (ker'vat), adj. bent; curved. curvation (ker-va/shun) , n. the act of bending. curvature (ker'va-tur), n. a bending. curve (kerv), adj. bent without angles: n. a bending without angles; a draughtsman's instrument for form- ing curves: v.t. to bend. curvet (ker'vet or ker-vet'), n. a par- ticular leap of a horse; a frisk or bound: v.i. to leap as a horse; frisk or bound. curvilineal (ker-vi-lin'e-al) or cur- vilinear (ker-vi-lin'e-ar) , adj. consist- ing of, or bounded by, curved lines. curving (ker'ving), n. a curve; bend. cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or soft pad for sitting or reclining upon; a pillow used in lace-making; the elastic rim of a billiard-table: v.t. to seat upon a cushion; furnish with a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball strike against the cushion. cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a crescent; a sharp rigid point; a spear-shaped architectural ornament. cuspidal (kus'pi-dal) , adj. ending in a point. cuspidate (kus'pi-dat) , adj. furnished with a sharp, spear-like point. cuspidor (kus 'pi-dor), n. a spittoon. [Spanish.] custard (kus'terd), n. a composition of eggs and milk, &c, baked or boiled. custodian (kus-to'di-an) , n. one who has the care of anything. custody (kus'to-di), n. guardiansmp; imprisonment; security. [Latin.] custom (kus'tum), n. frequent or ha- bitual repetition of the same act; established usage; business support; unwritten law; duties on imported or exported goods: v.i. to be accus- tomed. [French.] custom house (hous), n. a building where duties are paid on exported or imported goods, and vessels are en- tered and cleared. customary (kus'tum-a-ri), adj. habit- ual; conventional; common. customer (kus'tum-er) , n. a purchaser. cut (kut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cut, p.pr. cutting], to cleave or separate with a sharp instrument; make an in- cision in; divide; trim; castrate; excavate; intersect; abridge ; di- minish; pass deliberately without recognition; divide (a pack of cards) at random; strike (a ball) so as to send it at right angles ate, arm, at, awi ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, Jften- CUT-GLASS 225 CYCLOID to the batsman: v.i. to make an in- cision; perform the work of an edged instrument ; grow through the gums : n. an incision or wound made by a sharp instrument; gash; a sharp stroke; a sarcastic remark; a trench, channel, &c, made by digging; a slice ; a near passage ; a block on which an engraving is cut; the fashion of a garment; shape; deliberate ignor- ing of an acquaintance; the division of a pack of cards; a particular stroke in cricket, and lawn tennis; a diminution in price below another merchant; adj. divided or separated; gashed; having the surface orna- mented or fashioned. cut-glass (kut'glas), n. flint glass cut into facets or figures. cut-off (kut'of), n. a short or straight road; a new shorter channel cut by a river across a bend ; a device for stop- ping steam from entering a cylinder. cut-out (kut'out), n. a switch-like con- trivance to cut off an electric light from the circuit. cut- throat (kut'throt), n. a murderer; ruffian. cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us) , adj. per- taining to the skin. [Latin.] cutaway (kut'a-wa), adj. cut back from the waist : n. a coat, the skirts of which slope from the waist. cutch (kuch), n. oyster-spawn; couch- or quick-grass; cultch. cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. cuticle (kut'i-kl), ?i. the scarf-skin; the thin exterior bark of a plant. cutify (ku'ti-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cuti- fied, p.pr. cutify ing], to form, or be- come covered with, skin. cutlass (kut'las), n. a broad cutting sword. cutler (kut'ler), n. one who makes or sells knives or other cutting instru- ments. cutlery (kut'ler-i), n. edged or cutting instruments. cutlet (kut'let), n. a slice of meat. cutter (kut'er), n. one who cuts or hews; one who cuts out and shapes garments ; a light sledge for two persons; a small fast-sailing vessel, with one mast sloop-rigged; a man- of-war's boat. cutting (kut'ing), p. adj. dividing by an edged instrument ; deeply wound- ing the feelings; sarcastic; chilling; sharp: n. a piece cut off or from; a slip; an incision. cuttle (kut'l), n. the cuttle-fish, a cephalopod with an internal shell, the arms furnished with suckers, two large eyes, and an ink-bag contain- ing a dark fluid. cut- up (kut'up), v.i. to act in a frivol- ous fashion: n. to make a buffoon of one's self; to caper. cutwater (kut'waw-ter) , n. the fore part of a ship's prow; the angular edge of the pier of a bridge. cutweed (kut 'wed), n. a coarse marine alga. cutworm (kut'werm), n. a destructive larval moth. cyanate (si'an-at), n. a compound ot cyanic acid with a base. cyaneous (sl-a'ne-us) , adj. azure blue, cyanic (si-an'ik), adj. pertaining to cyanogen. [Greek.] cyanic acid (as 'id), n. a strong acid composed of cyanogen and oxygen. cyanide (sl'a-nld), n. sl compound of cyanic acid with a metal. cyanogen (si-an'6-jen), n. a colorless, poisonous gas burning with a purple flame, with the odor of peach blossoms. cyanosis (sl-a-no'sis), n. a condition of the body in which its surface be- comes blue, due to the insufficient aeration of the blood. cyanotype (si-an'o-tip) , n. a photo- graphic process in which the picture is taken in Prussian blue. cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- tain period of time, which recurs again in the same order; an imagi- nary circle in the heavens; the ag- gregate of traditional or legendary matter connected with a mytholog- ical personage or event; a bicycle or tricycle: v.i. \p.t. & p.p. cycled, p.pr. cycling], to occur, or recur, in cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. cyclic (sik'lik), adj. pertaining to, or moving in, a cycle; belonging to the literary cycle of Greek poets who wrote on the Trojan war and its heroes. Also cyclical. cyclist (si'klist), n. a bicyclist. cycloid (si'kloid), n. a geometrical curve traced out by any point of a circle rolling along a straight line until it has completed a revolution. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 1* htie, hut ; think, tfften. CYCLOMETER 226 CZECH cyclometer (si-klom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for registering the revolu- tions of a wheel. cyclone (si'klon), n. a violent storm; an atmospheric movement in which the wind blows spirally round to- wards a center. cyclonic (sl-klon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a cyclone. cyclonoscope (si-klo'no-skop), n. an apparatus for recording the motions of atmospheric currents which pro- duce cyclones. Cyclopean (si-klo-pe'an), adj. pertain- ing to the Cycldps: hence huge and rough; terrific, vast; massive. cyclopedia or cyclopaedia (si-klo-pe'- di-a), abbreviation of encyclopedia. cyclorama (sl-klo-ra'ma) , n. a series of moving pictures extended cir- cularly so as to appear in natural perspective to the spectator stand- ing in the center. cyclostyle (si'klo : stil) , n. an appara- tus for producing manifold copies by means of a small toothed wheel. cygnet (sig'net), n. a young swan. cylinder (sil'in-der), n. a long circu- lar body, solid or hollow, of uniform diameter; a chamber in which force is exerted on the piston of a steam engine; the barrel of a pump; a hol- low roller for printing; a roller- shaped stone with cuneiform inscrip- tions. cylindric (sil-in'drik) , adj. having the form, or properties, of a cylinder. Also cylindrical. cylindricity (sil-in-dris'i-ti) , n. the state or character of being cylindrical. cylindroid (sil'in-droid), n. a solid body resembling a cylinder, but with the ends elliptical: adj. having the form of a cylindroid. cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a pair of circular disk-shaped brass plates, which when struck produce a clash- ing sound. cyme (sim), n. a convex or flattened flower cluster. cynic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, or sarcastic person; one of a sect of ancient Greek philosophers. The word means "dog-like." [Greek.] cynical (sin'i-kal), adj. like a cynic. cynicism (sin'i-sizm) , n. the temper and practice of a cynic. cynosure (si 'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an object of general attraction. [Greek.] cypress (si'pres), n. a coniferous tree, the emblem of mourning: adj. be- longing to, or made of, cypress. cyprian (sip'ri-an), adj. pertaining to Venus: hence wanton; lascivious. cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usu- ally membranous, containing mor- bid matter. cystic (sis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; vesicular. cystocele (sis'to-sel) , n. hernia occa- sioned by protrusion of the bladder. cystoplast (sis'to-plast), n. a nuclear and enveloping cell. cystoscopy (sis-tos'ko-pi), n. the ex- amination of the human bladder by an incandescent electric lamp. cystose (sis'tos), adj. full of cysts. cystotaenia (sis-to-te'ni-a) , n. a tape- worm. cystotome (sis'to^tome) , n. an instru- ment for operating on the bladder. cystotomy (sis-tot'o-mi) , n. the open- ing of the human bladder for the extraction of stone. cytoblastema (sl-to-blas-te'ma), n. the protoplasm in which animal and vegetable cells are produced. cytococcus (sl-to-kok'us), n. the nu- cleus of a parent cell. eytode (si'tod), n. a cell. cytogenesis (si-to-jen'e-sis), n. cell formation. cytula (si-tu'la), n. a parent cell; an impregnated ovum. cyule (si'ule), n. a keel boat; sailing vessel. Czar (zar) or Tzar (tsar), n. the title of the Russian Emperor. czardas (zar'das), n. an Hungarian na- tional dance. [Magyar.] Czarevitch (zar'e-vich) or Tsare- viteh (tzar'-), n. the eldest son of the Czar. Also Czarewitch, Caesare- witch. Czarevna (za-rey'na) or Tzarevna (tza-), n. imperial Russian princess: applied to the wife of the Czarevitch. Czarina (za-re'na) or Tsarina (tsa-), n. an empress of Russia; the wife of the Czar. Czech (chek) , n. a member of the most westerly branches of the Slavic fam- ily, including Bohemians, Moravi- ans, and Slovaks. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. D D, the fourth letter in the Greek and Latin alphabets, as in English and others of Western Europe. It was formed from a West Greek delta in which that letter A was rounded at the right side. The name delta, derived from the Phoeni- cian, means "a door," or the flap of a tent. D (d), as an abbreviation in Great Britain, meaning a penny, is from the Latin denarius, a small coin. dab (dab), v.t. [p.t. & v. p. dabbed, v.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch lightly: n. a small soft lump; a gentle blow; a salt-water flounder; an alleged expect : adj. clever ; handy. dabber (dab'er), n. an inking-ball used by printers and engravers. dabbing (dab'ing), n. the process of indenting the surface of a stone by a pick-shaped tool. dabble (dab'l), v.t. to dip slightly and often; moisten; spatter: v.i. to play in water; do anything in a superfi- cial manner. dabchick (dab'chik), n. an unfledged bird; a small grebe. dabster (dab'ster), n. an alleged ex- pert. dace (das), n. a small fresh- water fish resembling the roach. [English.] dachshund (daks'hoont) , n. the Ger- man badger-dog. da capo (daka'po), a musical term, meaning "from the beginning," over again. Abbreviated D.C. [Ital- ian.] dacoit (da-koif), n. a bandit in Bur- mah, who attacks the English troops, raids villages, and commits acts of depredation. dacoity (da-koit'i), n. the profession or act of a dacoit. [Burmese.] dactyl (dak'til), n. a poetical foot of three syllables, one long followed by two short (- w ~). [Greek, "a finger."] dactylic (dak-til 'ikj , adj. pertaining to the dactyl. dactyliography (dak-til-i-og'ra-fi), n. the art of engraving on gems. dactylitis (dak-til-i'tis), n. an in- flammation of the fingers or the toes. dactylology (dak-til-ol'o-ji), n. the art of communicating ideas with the fingers. [Greek.] dad (dad), n. a child-name for father. Also daddy. daddle (dad'l), v.t. to walk unsteadily like a child; waddle; trifle. daddy-long-legs (dad-i-long'legs) , n. a name for a sort of crane-fly. dado (da/do), n. the solid block form- ing the body of a pedestal; an orna- mental border around the lower part of the wall of a room, &c: v.t. to ornament with a dado. daffodil (daf'o-dil), n. the narcissus. daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. [Gaelic] dagger (dag'er), n. a short edged and pointed weapon, used for stabbing; a reference mark in printing (f). dago (da/go), n. [pi. dagos (da'goz)], a nickname for a dark-complexioned person, especially of Spanish, Portu- guese, or Italian descent: a sailor's name for a person speaking Portu- guese or Spanish. Dagon (da'gon), n. a god of the Phoenicians and Egyptians, repre- sented as half man and half fish. _ daguerreotype (da-ger'o-tlp) , n. a pic- ture produced on a silver plate, call- ed from its inventor, M. Daguerre, who gave to the world this, the first form of photograph, in 1839. dahabiyah (da-ha-be'ya) , n. a native boat on the Xile resembling a house- boat. dahlia (dal'ya), n. [pi. dahlias (dal'- yaz)], a composite plant, with large bright -colored flowers. daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies (da/liz)], a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DAIMIO 228 DAMOSEL newspaper or periodical published each week-day : adj. occurring or re- curring each successive day: diurnal; adv. day by day. daimio (di'mi-o), n. one of the Japanese feudal lords who were required to possess 10,000 measures of grain. They surrendered their political power to the Mikado in 1871. daintiness (dan'ti-nes) , n. the quality of being dainty. dainty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties (dan'- tiz)], something choice or delicious: adj. refined as regards taste; fastidi- ous; delicious; elegant; sensitive; choice. dairy (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies (da'riz)], a place where milk is kept and con- verted into butter and cheese, &c; the shop where dairy produce is sold. dairy - produce (da/ri-pro'dtis) , n. milk, cream, butter, cheese, eggs. dairying (da'ri-ing), n. the business or occupation of a dairy farmer. dais (da'is_), n. a raised platform. daisied (da'zid) , adj. full of, or adorned with, daisies. daisy (da/zi), n. [pi. daisies (da'ziz)], a low composite herb with a yellow disk, and white or rose-colored rays; in colloquial language, a pretty girl. dal or dhal (dal) , n. a food much used by the poorer classes in India. It consists of split pulse mixed with rice. dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. dalliance (dal'i-ans), n. the act of dal- lying. dally (dal'li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dallied, p.pr.^ dallying], to trifle away time; to loiter ; procrastinate ; to consume in neglect; to toy with; act volup- tuously (with) ; to waste time in friv- olous talk. dalmatic (dal-mat'ik), n. a tunic worn by a deacon over alb and cassock during mass or the celebration of the Eucharist. Daltonism (dawl'tun-izm) , n. color- blindness; inability to distinguish one color from another; a disease named from the English chemist, Dr. John Dalton (1788-1844), who was much afflicted by it. dam (dam), n. a barrier across a water- course; any artificial contrivance to stop the flow of water or a gas; a female parent: said of beasts: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dammed, p.pr. damming], to confine, or raise the level of, by a dam ; restrain [usual with in or up] . damage (dam'aj), n. injury or harm; harm wilfully done to a person's character, person, or estate: pi. money recovered for loss suffered: v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive injury. damask (dam'ask), n. a rich silk fab- ric woven with elaborate patterns; a fine twilled table-linen; a fabric of silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c, with a variegated design; Damascus steel or work; deep pink: adj. per- taining to, or made of, damask: v.t. to work flowers upon; ornament (metals) with wavy, silvery devices. damaskeen (dam-as-ken') , v.t. to ap- ply decorative metallic designs to (a surface of steel, &c). damasse (da-ma-sa/), adj. woven with a rich pattern to imitate damask; decorated with white on a white ground; said of porcelain. dame (dam), n. a title formerly used instead of mistress, written Mrs.; the mistress of an elementary school; an elderly woman. Originally, how- ever, like the French dame, it de- noted a lady of position, and us- ually the wife or widow of a knight. damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to pun- ishment judicially; consign to a cer- tain fate; condemn as bad or as a failure; *to invoke a malediction upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n. a curse. damnation (dam-na'shun) , n. the state of being damned; ruination by adverse criticism; punishment in a future state. damnatory (dam'na-to-ri) , adj. as- signing to, or containing a threat of, damnation. damned (damd), p.adj. condemned to perdition ; execraoly bad ; used some- times adverbially as an intensive [printed d — d]. damnify (dam'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. damnified, p.pr. damnifying], to cause loss or damage to. damnum (dam'num), n. loss or dam- age capable of assessment by a jury. damosel (dam'o-zel), n. formerly, a damsel. [French, demoiselle.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. DAMP 229 DARWINIAN damp (damp), n. moisture; fog; humid exhalation: adj. moist; foggy; humid; dejected: v.t. to moisten; discourage; depress; diminish the vibrations of: p.p. sometimes dampen. damper (damp'er), n. something which depresses or discourages; a contrivance for deadening the vibra- tion of a musical instrument; or one regulating the heat of stoves. dampness (damp'nes), n. humidity; moisture. damsel (dam'zel), n. a maiden. damson (dam'zn), n. a small purple oval-shaped plum. dance (dans), v.i. to move with mea- sured steps or to a musical accom- paniment; perform the figures of a dance; move nimbly, or merrily; exult: v.t. to give a dancing motion to; perform as a dancer: n. a regu- lated movement of the feet to a rhythmical musical accompaniment; a dancing party. dandelion (dan'de-ll-un), n. a bien- nial composite plant with yellow flowers and deeply notched leaves. dander (dan'der), n. dandruff; anger. dandle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and down on the knee or in the arms in affectionate play; fondle. dandruff (dan'druf), n. scurf on the scalp. dandy (dan'di), n. [pi. dandies (dan'- diz)], a fop; coxcomb; something very neat and trim. dandyism (dan'di-izm), n. foppish- ness. danger (dan'jer), n. hazard; peril. # dangerous (dan'jer-us), adj. involving, or beset with, danger; ready to do harm or injury; perilous; hazardous. dangle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang loosely; follow: v.t. to cause to dangle. dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. danseuse (dang-sez'), n. a female professional dancer. [French.] dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- tive; trim and neat in appearance. dapple (dap'l), adj. spotted; varie- gated: v.t. to variegate with spots. darbies (dar'bez), n. a cant word for handcuffs; also nippers. Dardanelles (dar'dan-els) , n. a forti- fied strait connecting the Sea of Marmora with the Aegean Sea, sep- arating the Gallipoli Peninsula from Asia Minor; in 1915 scene of attacks by the Allies in the European War. dare (dar), v.i. [p.t. dared, durst, p.p. dared, p.pr. daring], to have cour- age; venturej v.t. to defy; challenge. dare-devil (dar'dev-1), adj. reckless: n. a reckless fellow, daric (dar'ik), n. an ancient Persian gold coin named after King Darius. Value in U. S. money, 85.52. daring (dar'ing), n. intrepidity: adj. fearless; bold; increpid. dark (dark), adj. destitute of light; not reflecting fight; wholly black or grey; producing gloom; unenlight- ened, mentally or physically; ob- scure; untried; of a brunette com- plexion: n. darkness. Dark Ages (a/jez), n.pl. the mediaeval period from about 600 to 1300 A.D. darken (dark'en), v.t. to make dark; obscure; render unintelligible: v.i. to become dark. darkening (dark'en-ing) , n. twilight; gloaming. darkish (dark'ish), adj. somewhat dark. darkling (dark'ling), adj. dimly seen. darkly (dark'li), adv. with imperfect light; not clearly; mysteriously. darkness (dark'nes), n. absence of light, partial or total; physical or moral blindness; obscurity; gloom; wickedness. darksome (dark'sum), adj. gloomy. darky and darkey (dark'i), n. [pi. darkies (dark'iz)], a negro. darling (dar'ling), meaning "little dear," n. a favorite; pet: adj. ten- derly beloved ; very dear. darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) by filling in the hole with yarn or thread by means of a needle: n. a patch made by darning. darnel (dar'nel), the popular name of a grass, Loliiim tremulens, formerly supposed to be poisonous. dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a blow-gun; a swift, sudden move- ment; the dace: v.t. throw; give out or send forth: v.i. move swiftly; start suddenly and run quickly. Darwinian (dar-win'i-an) , adj. per= taining to Charles Darwin, the natu- ralist (1809 r 1882), or Darwinism: n. an evolutionist. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. DARWINISM 230 DAYDREAM Darwinism (dar'win-izm), n. the the- ory of natural selection advocated by Darwin. dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently or hastily; break by collision; hurl; shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i. to rush with violence; fly off the surface with a violent noisy motion: n. a collision; a slight addition; ostenta- tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writing or printing. dash-board (dash'bord), n. a splash- board; a paddle-wheel float. dastard (das'tard), n. a coward: adj. meanly shrinking from danger; cow- ardly. dastardliness (das'tard-li-nes), n. mean timidity. dastardly (das'tard-li>, adv. cowardly data (data), pi. of datum (q.v.). date (dat), n. the time of an epoch or transaction; the inscription which specifies when a writing or inscrip- tion was executed; duration; the edible oval fruit of the date-palm: v.t. to mark with a date: v.i. to have a date; reckon. date- tree (dat'tre), n. a species of palm. dative (da/tiv), adj. denoting the case of a noun, pronoun, or adjective which expresses the remoter object: usually indicated in English by to or for with the objective case: n. the dative case in Greek and Latin. datum (da/turn), n. [pi. data (da'ta)], something assumed, known, or con- ceded for the basis of an argument or inference [usually in pi.]. daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear with adhesive matter; paint coarse- ly or unskilfully ; plaster ; flatter gross- ly: n. a coarse or rudely-executed painting; a smear; a cheap kind of mortar. daubing (dawb'ing), n. a coarse paint- ing; the application of rough mor- tar to a wall to imitate stone. daughter (daw'ter), n. the female off- spring of a man or woman; a female in a childlike relation; something conceived of as feminine. daughter-in-law (daw'ter-in-law) , ft. a son's wife. daunt (dawnt), v.t. to intimidate; dis- hearten. dauntless (dawnt 'les), adj. fearless. Dauphin (do-fang'), n. the title of the eldest son of tne King of France from 1349 to 1830. The word in French means "dolphin" which was the crest of the great nobles of Viennois in the province of Dauphiny (Dauphine) . When they ceded their province to the King of France, it was on the express condition that the heir to the French throne should bear the title and crest which had been theirs. Feminine, Dauphin- ess; in French Dauphine (do-fen'). davenport (dav'en-port) , n. a small writing-desk: a sofa-bed or couch. davit (dav'it), n. one of a pair of f -shaped uprights projecting over the side of a vessel for suspending or lowering a boat. davy (da'vi), n. [pi. davies (da/viz)], a miner's safety-lamp surrounded by fine gauze wire, invented by Sir H. Davy, as a protection against fire- damp; a sailor's word for "affidavit." Davy Jones (jonz), n. a humorous name for the spirit of the sea; a sea- devil. Sailors speak of his abode at the bottom of the sea as "Davy Jones's locker." daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow family; a jackdaw. dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste time in a trifling manner; loiter: n. a dawdler. dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to grow light; glimmer; break as the day; n. the first appearance of fight in the morning; beginning. dawning (dawn'ing), n. daybreak; beginning. day (da), n. the period of light be- tween sunrise and sunset; daylight; sunshine; the space of twenty-four hours, reckoning from midnight to midnight (the civil day), or from noon to noon (the astronomical day); in the East, a distance that can be traveled in twenty-four hours; a specified time or period. daybook (da/book), n. a book in whick the transactions of the day are en- tered in the order of their occur- rence. daybreak (da'brak), n. the dawn. daydream (da'drem), n. a visionary fancy. ate, arm, pt f awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; bue, hut : think, then. DAYS 231 DEAD-WIND days of grace (gras), n.pl. the cus- tomary period (three days) allowed for the payment of a note of hand after it becomes due. In many- States, these days of grace are now illegal. dayspring (da/spring), n. the dawn (Luke i. 78). daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state of being dazed. dazzle (daz'l), v.t. to overpower by a glare of light; dim by excess of light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to be overpowered by light: n. excess of light. deacon (de'kn), n. a person in the low- est degree of holy orders; an officer in Christian churches appointed or elected to assist the minister and manage the temporal affairs of a church. deaconess (de'kn-es), n. a m minor clerical order m of women in the Protestant Episcopal church per- forming the same limited functions as are assigned to a deacon. Unlike deacons, however, they cannot be advanced to the priesthood. dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; inanimate; resembling death; in- active ; unprofitable ; monotonous ; tasteless; unerring; without reli- gious vitality; flat; not transmitting a current; deprived of civil rights; out of the game or play: n. dead persons individually or collectively; the point or degree of greatest life- lessness: adv. absolutely; exactly. dead-beat (ded'bet), adj. making suc- cessive movements with intervals of rest and no recoil: n. a petty swin- dler who borrows small sums, or gets his living from hand to mouth; a tramp; a loafer. dead-center (ded-sen'ter), n. that position of a crank in which the crank-axle, crank-pin, and the con- necting rod are all in a straight line. dead-coloring (ded-kul'er-ing) , n. the first broad outlines of a picture. deaden (ded/n), v.t. to diminish the acuteness, intensity, or vigor of; re- tard; blunt; render non-conductive; make insipid or stale; deprive of gloss or brilliancy; kill (trees) by girdling. deadeye (ded'i), n. a round, fiat block of wood encircled with an iron band and pierced with three holes to re- ceive lanyards: used for setting up rigging. deadhead (ded'hed), n. a person who has a free pass on railways or to E laces of amusement, &c; a wooden uoy: v.t. to furnish free admission to: v.i. to travel or gain admission without payment. dead letter (ded let'er), n. an un- claimed letter, the owner for which cannot be found; any statute or legal precedent which has lost its authority. dead-lift (ded'lift), n. a heavy weight; the last extremity. dead- lights (ded'llts), ?i.pl. strong wooden _ shutters placed over the cabin windows in stormy ~:eather. deadliness (ded'li-nes) , n. tha state of being deadly. dead-load (ded'lod), n. a constant mo- tionless load. deadlock (ded'lok), n. a lock worked on one side by a handle, and on the other side by a key; a situation in which progress is impossible. deadly (ded'li), adj. causing death; de- structive; fatal; implacable: adv. implacably. deadman (ded'man), n. [pi. deadmen (ded 'men)], a name jocularly given to a bottle of wine or other strong drink after it has been drained. dead-neap (ded'nep), n. the lowest stage of the tide. deadness (ded'nes), n. absence of life; inactivity. dead- reckoning (ded-rek'un-ing), n. the calculation of a ship's place at sea by the log and the compass courses, allowing for drift, leeway, &c. dead-set (ded'set), n. the fixed posi- tion of a dog in pointing game ; a de- termined effort or attack: adj. de- termined to do something. dead-water (ded'waw-ter) , n. the water that closes in under the stern of a ship; eddy-water. dead- weight (ded-wat'), n. the weight of the vehicle in addition to the load to be carried; freight charged for by weight instead of by bulk; the heav- iest part of a ship's cargo. dead-wind (ded'wind), n. a wind ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DEAD-WORK 232 DEBASEMENT blowing directly opposite to a ship's course. dead- work (ded'werk), n. work at first unprofitable, but which leads the way to profitable production, as in opening a mine. deaf (def), adj. deprived of hearing; unwilling to hear or pay regard to. deafen (def'n), v.t. to make deaf; render impervious to sound. deafening (def'ning), p.adj. making impervious to sound: n. material employed to deaden a floor or wall. deaf-mute (def-muf), n. one who can neither hear nor speak. deafness (def'nes), n. the state of being deaf. deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent ; a division of cards to the players; a mercantile com- bination; the wood of the fir or pine tree cut into boards or planks: v.t. Sj.t. & p.p. dealt, p.pr. dealing], to istribute, apportion, or divide; throw about; scatter: v.i. to have business; make a private arrange- ment. dealer (del'er), n. one who deals at cards; a trader. dealing (del'ing), n. conduct towards others; business intercourse; traffic [frequently pi.]. dealt (delt), p.t. of deal. dean (den), n. the presiding ecclesias- tical dignitary in cathedral and col- legiate churches, in his own juris- diction the superior of a bishop; the chief officer of any faculty in a college; the oldest member, by rea- son of service, in a constituted body of which he acts as president; the senior member of a diplomatic corps ; the oldest and most distinguished representative of the literature of a country. [French.] dean and chapter (chap'ter), the governing body of a cathedral, com- prising the dean, canons, or preben- daries. deanery (den'er-i), n. [pi. deaneries (den'er-iz)], the office, jurisdiction, or residence of a dean. deanship (den'ship), n. the office of a dean. dear (der), adj. expensive; costly; marked by scarcity or dearth; be- loved; highly esteemed; precious: n« a darling; favorite: adv. at a high price or rate: inter j. expressing sur- prise, pity, or emotion. dearly (der'li), adv. with great affec- tion; at a high price or rate. dearness (der'nes), n. affection; high price; dearth. dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; famine. deary, dearey, or dearie (der'i), n. a darling. death (deth), n. extinction of life or feeling; the state of the dead; a general mortality; decay; destruc- tion; spiritual ruin after physical death (Rom. viii. 6). death-bell (deth'bel), n. a passing bell, i.e. one that marks by its tolling the passing away of life. death-point (deth'point) , n. the de- gree of heat or cold which destroys an animal organism. death-rate (deth'rat), n. the per- centage of deaths, usually reckoned per thousand, among the popula- tion of a country, city, &c, for a given period. death's-head (deths'hed), n. a skull, or representation of a skull, em- blematic of death. death-watch (deth'woch), n. a vigil beside a dying person; a guard set over a criminal prior to his execution; a small beetle which makes a ticking sound, supers titious- ly supposed to forebode death. deathless (deth'les), adj. immortal. deathly (deth'li), adj. mortal; fatal. debacle (da-bak'l), n. the breaking up of ice on a river; a stampede; a violent flood carrying with it debris in great masses; a terrible defeat in war. [French.] debar (de-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- barred, p.m. debarring], to shut out; exclude; hinder from approach, enjoyment, or action; preclude [with from]. debark (de-bark'), v.i. to disembark. debarkation (de-bar-ka'shun) , n. the act of disembarking. debase (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce from a higher to a lower state; lower m character, virtue, purity, or quality. debasement (de-bas'ment) , n. act of debasing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DEBATABLE 233 DECAY debatable (de-ba'ta-bl) , adj. admit- ting of question or debate. debate (de-bat), v.t. to contend for in words or arguments; meditate upon; deliberate together: v.i. to ar- gue or discuss a point; reflect: n. contention in words or argument; controversy ; discussion. debauch (d e-bawch') , v.t. > to cor- rupt in morals or principles; se- duce; pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage in debauchery or riot: n. excess in eating and drinking; lewdness. debauchee (deb-o-she'), n. a drunk- ard and rake. debauchery (de-baw'cher-i) , n. [pi. debaucheries (de-baw'cher-iz)], ex- cesssive intemperance ; seduction from purity or virtue; corruption of fidelity. debenture (de-ben'tur), n. a written acknowledgment of a debt. debilitate (de-bil'i-tat) , v.t. to en- feeble; enervate. debilitation (de-bil-i-ta/shun) , n. en- ervation. debility (de-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. debilities (de-bil'i-tiz)], abnormal functional weakness; languor. debit (deb 'it), n. that which is ow- ing, entered on the debtor side of a ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- lating to debts: v.t. to charge with debt; enter on the debtor's side of an account. debonair, also debonnaire (deb-o- nar'), odj. of gentle manners or breeding; elegant. debouch (de-boosh'), v.i. to march out of a confined space into open ground. [French.] debouche (da-boo-sha/) , an opening; an opening in military works for troops. [French.] debris (da-bre'), n. fragments; bro- ken rubbish; loose pieces of rock at the base of a mountain. debt (det), n. that which is due from one person to another; obligation; trespass. [Latin.] debtor (det'er), n. one who owes some- thing to another; one who is in debt. debut (da-bu), n. a first appearance in society, or before the public. [French.] debutant (da-bu-tang'), n. one who makes a debut : Feminine, debutante (da-bu-tanf). decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; ten consecutive years. decadence (de-ka'dens) , n. a state of decay. Also decadency. decadent (dek-a/dent) , adj. deteriorat- ing, decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure having ten sides and ten angles. decagonal (dek-ag'6-nal) , adj. per- taining to a decagon. [Greek.] decagramme (dek'a-gram) , n. a weight of ten grammes. Also deca- gram. decahedron (dek-a-he'dron) , n. [pi. decahedra (dek-a-he'dra)], a solid bounded by ten plane faces. decaliter (dek'a-le-tr) , n. a measure of capacity containing 10 liters = 2 1-5 imperial gallons. decalogue (dek'a-log) , n. the ten com- mandments (Ex. xx.); the moral law. [Greek.] decameter (dek'a-me-tr) , n. a measure of length of 10 meters = 32.8 feet. decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart speedily; go away secretly or un- ceremoniously. decant (de-kant'), v.t. to pour off gently. decanter (de-kant 'er) , n. an orna- mental glass bottle for holding wines, &c. decapitate (de-kap'i-tat) , v.t. to be- head. decapitation (de-kap-i-ta'shun), n. beheading. decapod (dek'a-pod), adj. having ten feet or ten arms: n. sl ten-footed crustacean, or ten-armed cephalopod. Decapoda (de-kap'o-da), n.pl. the or- der of Crustacea which includes those having ten feet, as lobsters, crabs, shrimps, &c, and cephalopods with ten arms. decarbonate (de-kar'bon-at) , v.t. to deprive of carbon. Also decarbon- ize (de-kar'bon-ize) . decare (dek-ai -') , n. a superficial meas- ure of 1,000 sq. meters = % acre (nearly). [Greek.] decastere (dek'a-ster) , n. a solid meas- ure, ten times a cubic meter = 13 cubic yards (nearly). decay (de-ka'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 18 hue, hut ; think, then. DECEASE 234 DECKLE-EDGED impaired; rot; decline or fall: n. deterioration ; decline ; . rottenness , decease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. death. ■ deceit (de-set'), n. deception; false- hood. deceitful (de-set 'f ool) , adj. full of deceit. deceitfully (de-set 'foo-li), adv. in a deceitful manner. _ deceitfulness (de-set 'fool-nes), n. the state or quality of being deceitful. deceivable (de-sev'a-bl) , adj. capable of being, or liable to be, deceived. deceive (de-sev'), v.t. to mislead or cause to err; delude; impose upon; disappoint. December (de-sem'ber) , n. the twelfth month of the year. decemvir (des-em'yer) , n. [pi. de- cemviri (des-em'vi-ri)j, one of ten Roman magistrates, especially one of those who possessed absolute authority in ancient Rome (451— 449 B.C.), and edited the laws known as the Twelve Tables. decern viral (des-em'vi-ral) , adj. per- taining to the decemviri. decemvirate (des-em'vi-rat) , n. a body of ten men in authority; their office, or term of office. decency (de 'sen-si), n. [pi. decencies (de'sen-siz)], the state of being decent, or modest. decennial (des-en'i-al), adj. lasting for or occurring every ten years. decent (de'sent), adj. decorous; be- coming; respectable; modest; pass- able. deception (de-sep'shun) , n. the act of deceiving; the state of being de- ceived; fraud. deceptive (de-sep'tiv), adj. tending to deceive. deciare (des-i-ar'), n. a unit of super- ficial measurement, the tenth part of an are, = 107.6 square feet. decidable (de-sid'a-bl) , adj. capable of being decided. decide (de-sid/), v.t. to bring to an issue or conclusion; fix the end of; resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or decision; arbitrate. decided (de-sld'ed), adj. free from ambiguity ; determined ; unques- tionable; resolute. deciduous (de-sid'u-us) , adj. falling off at maturity, or in season; shed periodically. [LatinJ decigram (des 1-gram), n. a metric weight, l-10th of a gram = 1.54 grains troy (nearly). Also deci- gramme. deciliter (des'i-le-tr) , n. a measure of capacity, l-10th of a liter = 3.52 fluid ounces. decillion (de-sil'yun) , n. in France and the United States a unit fol- lowed by 33 ciphers; in England a unit followed by 60 ciphers. decilux (des'i-luks) , n. l-10th of a lux. decimal (des'i-mal), adj. pertaining to, or based upon, the number 10: n. a decimal fraction. decimal place (plas), n. the place of a figure after the decimal point. decimal point (point), n. a dot sep- arating a decimal fraction from a whole number, also indicating when standing alone its fractional charac- ter. decimal system (sis'tem), n. a sys- tem of reckoning or measuring by 10, or powers of 10. decimally (des'i-ma-li) , adv. by tens. decimate (des'i-mat), v.t. to select by lot and put to death, or punish, every tenth man; destroy a large proportion of. decimation (des-i-ma'shun) , n. the act of decimating; destruction on a large scale. decimeter (des'i-me-tr) , n. a measure of length, l-10th of a meter = 3.937 inches. decipher (de-sl'fer), v.t. to read (se- cret writing); discover or make out the meaning of; solve; unravel. decision (de-sizh'un) , n. the act of de- ciding ; determination ; j udgment ; settlement. decisive (de-sl'siv), adj. final; conclu- sive. decistere (des-i-star'), n. a cubic measure, l-10th of a stere = 3.532 cubic feet. deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or ornaments; adorn; to furnish with a deck: n. the flooring of a ship. decker (dek'er), n. one who, or that which, decks; a ship having decks. deckle-edged (dek'1-ejd), adj. hay- ing the edges rough and uncut: said of books. ate, ariti, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. DECLAIM 235 DECORATOR declaim (de-klam/), v.t. to speak in a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- cise in elocution; harangue. declamation (dek-la-ma/shun) , n. the art of declaiming according to rhe- torical rules; impassioned oratory; distinct and correct enunciation of words in vocal music. declamatory (de-klam'a-to-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, reclamation; noisy in style; appeal- ing to the passions. declaration (dek-la-ra'shun) , n. the act of declaring or proclaiming ; that which is declared; an assertion; publication; a statement reduced to writing. Declaration of Independence. See in Appendix. declarative (de-klar'a-tiv) , adj. ex- planatory. declaratory (de-klar'a-to-ri) , adj. af- firmative. declare (de-klar'), v.t. to make known; tell openly or publicly; proclaim formally; publish; make a solemn affirmation before witnesses; make a full statement as to goods, &c: v.i. to make a declaration; avow [with for or against]. declension (de-klen'shun) , n. decline; a falling off, or away; deterioration; the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. declinable (de-klm'a-bl) , adj. capable of being declined. _ decimate (dek'li-nat) , adj. curved downwards. declination (dek-h-na'shun) , n. the act or state of bending, or moving, downwards; oblique variation from some definite direction; deteriora- tion; decay; the angular distance of a heavenly body N. or S. of the equator; non-acceptance. declinator (dek'li-na-ter) , n. an instru- ment for determinating the declina- tion and inclination of a plane. decline (de-klnV), v.i. to incline from a right line; bend or lean down- wards; droop; draw to a close; be- come weak; deviate from rectitude: v.t. to refuse; bend downwards; de- press; inflect: n. diminution; de- cay ; deterioration ; consumption. declinograph (de-klin'o-graf ) , n. an automatic registering instrument for recording astronomical declina- tions. declinometer (dek-li-nom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle. declivitous (de-khVi-tus) , adj. mod- erately steep. declivity (de-kliv'i-ti) , n. [pi. declivi- ties (de-kliv'i-tiz)], a gradual de- scent; deviation from a horizontal line: opposed to acclivity. decoct (de-kokt'), v.t. the act of boil- ing anything to extract its essence. decoction (de-kok'shun) , n. an extract obtained by boiling or digesting in hot water, decollate (de-korat), v.t. to behead. decollation (de-kol-a'shun) , n. the act of beheading. decollete (da-kol-e-ta'), adj. cut low in the neck so as to expose the neck and shoulders: said of a dress. De- colletee, fern, (same pron.), wearing a low-necked dress. decomposable (de-kom-poz'a-bl), adj. capable of being decomposed. decompose (de-kom-poz'), v.t. to re- solve into constituent elements; cause to decay or rot : v.i. to become decomposed; putrefy. decomposite (de-kom-poz'it or de- kom'poz-it), adj. compounded a second time. decomposition ^ (de-kom-po-zish'un) , n. the act of resolving into con- stituent elements; analysis; disin- tegration. decompound (de : kom-pound') , v.t. to compound < things already com- pounded: adj. compounded more than once. decorate (dek'o-rat), v.t. to orna- ment, embellish, adorn, or beautify; confer a badge of honor upon ; grace. decoration (dek-o-ra'shun) , n. the art of decorating; an ornament or em- bellishment; a badge of honor. Decoration Day (da), n. the day (May 30) on which the graves of those who fell in the Civil War (1831-65) are decorated. Also called Memorial Day. decorative (dek'o-ra-tiv) , adj. tending to decoration. decorator (dek'o-ra-ter) , n. one who decorates; an artist or artisan who decorates rooms, &c. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. DECOROUS 236 DEEP decorous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), adj. marked by propriety; decent; fit; proper. decorticate (de-kor'ti-kat) , v.t. to remove che bark, husk, or peel from. decorum (de-ko 'rum), n. propriety and decency of words, dress, and conduct. decoy (de-koi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- coyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or al- lure into danger by artifice: v.i. to be allured by means of a decoy: n. a deceptive stratagem; a lure; a piece of enclosed water into which wild fowl are decoyed.' decoy-duck (de-koi'duk) , n. a tame, or imitation, duck used to allure wild fowl: hence a person who en- traps others. decrease (de-kres'), v.i. to become less; dimmish; abate; wane; fail: v.t. to cause to grow less; reduce gradually in size or extent; dwindle: n. gradual diminution, or decay ; the amount or degree of lessening; the wane of the moon. [Latin.] decree (de-kre'), n. an ordinance, law, or edict; a judicial decision; the award of an umpire or arbitra- tor; the predetermined purpose of God: v.t. to determine by a decree; ordain; constitute by edict; assign: v.i. to make a decree; determine. decrement (dek're-ment) , n. diminu- tion. decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn out. [Latin.] decrepitate (de-krep'i-tat), v.t. to calcine (as salt) in a strong heat, causing a crackling sound. decrepitude (de-krep'i-ttid) , n. phys- ical infirmity caused by old age. decrescent (de-kres'ent) , adj. grow- ing less. decretal (de-kre 'tal) , n. a papal de- cree; a book of edicts. decretive (de-kre'tiv) , adj. having the authority of a decree. decretory (dek're-to-ri), adj. judi- cial; settled. decrial (de-kri'al), n. clamorous cen- sure. decrier (de-kri'er), n. one who censures. decry (de-la*!'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- cried, p.pr. decrying], to olame clamorously; cry down; censure^ disparage. decumbent (de-kum'bent) , adj. lying down; prostrate; reclining. decuple (dek'u-pl), adj. tenfold: n. a number repeated ten times: v.t. in- crease tenfold. decurrent (de-kur'ent) , adj. running, or extending, downward: said of a plant. decursive (de-kur'siv) , adj. running down. decussate (de-kus'at), v.i. to intersect or cross at an acute angle: adj. in- tersected. [Latin.] dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart by a solemn act or religious cere- mony; devote or set apart to some work or duty; inscribe, as a literary work. [Latin.] dedication (ded-i-ka'shun), n. the act of dedicating; an inscription or a to its original root or stem; deduce infer. derma {der'ma), n. the true skin. dermal (der'mal), adj. pertaining to the, or consisting of, skin. Also dermic (der'mik). derma toid (der'ma-ooid), adj. like skin. dermatology (der-ma-tol'o-ji) , n. the science which treats of the skin and its diseases. dermic, another form of dermal. dernier ressort (der'ni-a res-sor'), n. the last resort or_expedient. [French.] derogate (der/6-gat), v.t. to take away; annul partially: v.i. detract [with from]. derogation (der-o-ga'shun), n. the act of derogating; detraction; deprecia- tion. derogatory (de-rog'a-to-ri) , adj. tend- ing to derogate from honor, char- acter, or value [with to, from], derrick (der'ik), n. an apparatus for hoisting heavy weights. derringer (der'in-jer), n. a pocket pis- tol with a short barrel of very large caliber, named from its inventor. dervish (der'vish), n. a Mohammedan monk who professes extreme pov- erty, chastity, and humility, and leads a very austere life; any Sou- danese who adhered to the Mahdi in his attempt to expel the English from Egypt. descant (des'kant), n. a varied song or melody; a disquisition or com- ment: (des-kant') v.i. to comment freely ; discourse at length. descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from a higher to a lower position; fail upon or invade; be derived from; fall in order of inheritance, or from one generation to another; move to- ward the south: said of a star: v.t. to move or pass along downwards. descendant (de-send'ant) , n. one who is lineally descended from an an- cestor; offspring. descendant _ (de-send 'ent), adj. de- scending; sinking. descendible (de-send'i-bl) , adj. that may be descended; transmissible. descension (de-sen'shun) , n. the act of descending; a falling; declension; sinking downwards. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DESCENT 246 DESPATCH descent (de-sent ; ), n. change from a higher to a lower place; a sudden hostile invasion or attack; moral or social declension; transmission of an estate; derivation from a common ancestor ; birth ; a passage from a higher to a lower pitch. describable (d®-skrlb'a-bl), adj. ca- pable of description. describe (de-skrib'), v.t. to delineate or trace out; narrate; set forth. description (de-skrip'shun), n. the act of describing; delineation by marks or signs; an account of anything in words or writing. descriptive (de-skrip'tiv), adj. tend- ing to, or serving to, describe; con- taining description. desecrate (des'e-krat) , v.t. to divert from a sacred to a secular use; pro- fane. desecration (des-e-kra'shun) , n. profa- nation. desert (de-zert'), v.t. to forsake; aban- don: v.i. abscond from duty. desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract in- capable of supporting life or vege- tation; a solitude: adj. pertaining to a desert. desert (de-zert'), n. a reward or pun- ishment deserved; merit. deserve (de-zerv'j, v.t. to earn by serv- ice; be justly entitled to, or worthy of; merit: v.i. to be w T orthy or de- serving [usually with well or ill]. deservedly (de-zerv'ed-li) , adv. justly. deshabille, same as dishabille. desiccate (des'i-kat) , v.t. to dry thor- oughly ; dry up ; preserve by exhaust- ing the moisture from: v.i. to be- come dry. desiccation (des-i-ka'shun) , n. the act of drying. desiccative (des'i-ka-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to dry. desiccator (des'i-ka-ter) , n. an appar- atus for drying foods and other sub- stances. desiderate (de-sid'er-at) , m v.t. to be in want or need of; desire to have. desiderative (de-sid'er-a-tiv), adj. hav- ing desire. desideratum (de-si d-er-a 'turn), n. [pi. desiderata (de-sid-er-a'ta)], any- thing desired; a want or desire generally felt and recognized. design (de-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or plan out; project; set apart mental- ly : v.i. to formulate designs or exe- cute original work: n. an outline, plan, or drawing; project; inten- tion. designate (dez'ig-nat), v.t. to indi- cate by marks, lines, or a descrip- tion the limits of; point out; dis- tinguish; name: adj. designated; selected. designation (dez-ig-ha'shun) , n. the act of designating; nomination; ap- pointment. designedly (de-zm'ed-li) , adv. inten- tionally. designing (de-zm'ing), adj. scheming; artful; cunning; insidious; wily. desilverize (de-siTver-iz), v.t. to re- move the silver from any mass of metal containing it. desirability (de-zlr-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being desirable. desirable (de-zir'a-bl) , adj. pleasing; agreeable. desire (de-zir'), v.t. to wish earnestly for; crave : v.i. be in the state of desire: n. a longing for the posses- sion of some object; a petition or prayer; natural or sensual tendency; the object longed for. _ [French.] desirous (de-zir'us), adj. full of desire. desist (de-zisf), v.i. to cease to act or proceed; stop; forbear. [Usually with "from."] desk (desk), n. a sloping frame or table for the use of writers and readers; a clerk's position; a lectern; figura- tively, the clerical profession. desmine (des'min or 'mm), n. a min- eral that crystallizes in silken tufts. desolate (des'o-lat) ? v.t. to lay waste; deprive of inhabitants; overwhelm with sorrow: adj. deprived of in- habitants ) solitary; laid waste; aban- doned; miserable. . desolately (des'o-lat-li), adv. in a desolate manner. desolation (des-o-la'shun), n. the act of desolating; the state of being des- olated; a solitude; ruin; destruction; affliction; misery. despair (de-spar'), v.i. to abandon all hope, or expectation; become hope- less: v.t. to lose hope or confidence in: n. loss of hope or confidence; hope- lessness; desperation. despatch (des-pach') ,same as dispatch. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DESPERADO 247 DETECTABLE desperado (des-per-a/do) , n. a man reckless of danger; a wild ruffian. [Spanish.] desperate (des'per-at) , adj. regard- less of danger or consequences. desperately (des'per-at-li) , adv. reck- lessly; hopelessly. despicable (des'pi-ka-bl), adj. con- temptible. despise (de-spiz'), v.t. to look down upon with scorn or contempt; dis- dain. despite (de-spit'), n.- extreme con- tempt; malicious anger; scorn; ha- tred: prep, notwithstanding. despitefully (de-splt'foo-li), adv. ma- liciously. despoil (de-spoil'), v.t. to rob: deprive. despond (de-spond'), v.i. to be cast down in spirits; give way to de- spondency. despondency (de-spon 'den-si), n. ab- sence of hope or courage; deep men- tal depression. despondent (de-spon'dent), adj. downcast ; hopeless. despot (des'pot), n. an absolute irre- sponsible ruler; an autocrat; tyrant. despotic (des-pot'ik), # adj. absolute in power; autocratic; irresponsible; ar- bitrary: tyrannical. despotically (des-pot'i-ka-li), adv. in a despotic manner. # despotism (des'pot-izm) , n. absolute power or government; tyranny. dessert (dez-ert'), n. a course of fruits, sweets, &c, usually served last at dinner. [French.] destination (des-ti-na'shun) , n. pur- pose or end for which anything is appointed; ultimate design; goal; termination. destine (des'tin), v.t. to predetermine for some use; fix unalterably; doom. destiny (des'ti-ni), n. [pi. destinies (des'ti-niz)], predetermined lot; fate; inevitable necessity. destitute (des'ti-tut), adj. without resources; lacking; p_oor; penniless. destitution (des-ti-tu'shun) , n. pov- erty; want. destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. destroyed, p.pr. destroying], to pull down; overturn; lay waste; render desolate ; kill ; put an end to ; disprove. destroyer (de-stroi'er) , n. one who de- stroys; a torpedo-boat destroyer. destructibility (de-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being destructible. destructible (de-struk'ti-bl) , adj. that may be destroyed. destruction (de-struk'shun) , n. the act or process of destroying; sub- version; overthrow; ruin; death. destructive (de : struk'tiv) , adj. tend- ing to, or causing, destruction; ruin- ous: hurtful. destructively § (de-struk'tiv-li) , adj. in a destructive manner. destructiveness (de-struk'ti v-nes) , n. the quality of being destructive; a propensity to destroy. desudation (des-u-da'shun), n. pro- fuse sweating. desuetude (des'we-tud), n. disuse. desulphurize (de-sul'fer-iz), to free from sulphur, as in a mass of ore. desultorily (des'ul-to-ri-li), adv. in a desultory manner. desultoriness (des'ul-to-ri-nes), n. the quality of being desultory; discur- siveness. desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. passing from one thing to another without order or method; cursory; erratic. detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect; detail for a specific purpose; send away from. detachment (de-tach'ment) , n. the act of detaching; the thing detached; a body of troops, or certain ships, detached from the # main body and sent on special service; mental aloof- ness. detail (de-tal), v.t. to relate minute- ly; enumerate; tell off for a given duty: v.i. to give details of: n. an item; a particular or minute ac- count; a small detachment for spe- cial service: pi. minute parts of a picture, statue, &c. [French.] detain (de-tan'), v.t. to hold back: restrain from departure; retain in custody. detainer (de-tan'er), n. one who de- tains; a writ for holding a person in custody. detainment (de-tan 'ment) , n. deten- tion. detect (de-tekt'), v.t. to discover; bring to fight; expose; find out; ascertain the character of. detectable (de-tek'ta-bl), adj. that may be detected. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book; hue, Yvl* ; think, then. DETECTION 248 DEUCE detection (de-tek'shun), n. the act of detecting or its result; discovery. detective (de-tek'tiv) , adj. employed in detecting; pertaining to detec- tives, or detection: n. one whose business it is to trace wrong-doers detector (de-tek'ter), n. one who, or that which, detects; an apparatus or device for indicating the presence of anything. detent (de : tent')> n. a pin, lever, or stud forming a stop in a clock, lock,&c. detention (de-ten'shun) , n. the act of detaining or withholding; restraint; delay. detentive (de-ten'tiv) , adj. employed in detaining. deter (de-ter'),y.£. [p.t. & p.p. deterred, v.pr. deterring], to discourage, or hinder, by fear; restrain; dishearten. deterge (de-terj'), v.t. to cleanse, as a wound. [Latin.] detergent (de-ter'jent), n. any lotion or medicine that is applied to cleanse and help to heal ulcers, wounds, &c. deteriorate (de-te'ri-o-rat), v.L to re- duce to an inferior quality or value; impair: v.i. to grow worse. deterioration (de-te-ri-o-ra'shun) , n. degeneracy. determinable (de-ter'mi-na-bl) , adj. capable of being definitely ascer- tained; defined with clearness; ter- minable. determinant (de-ter'mi-nant) , adj. causing determination: n. that which determines, decides, or estab- lishes something. determinate (de-teVmi-nat) , adj. hav- ing definite or fixed limits; clearly defined; specific. determination (de-ter-mi-na'shun) , n. the act of determining; purpose; resolution. determinative (de-ter'min-a-tiv) , adj. determining, limiting, or denning; tending to define the genus or species: n. that which serves to de- termine the quality or character of something else; a demonstrative pro- noua ; an ideograph. determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the bounds of; put an end to; restrict. determined (de-ter'mind) , p. adj. reso- lute; inflexible; fixed; circumscribed; limited. determinedly (de-teVmind-li), adv. resolutely. determinism (de-ter'min-izm) , n. tho, doctrine that every act is brought about by some efficient cause. deterrent (de-ter'ent) , adj. serving, or tending, to deter: n. that which de- ters. detest (de-test') , v.t. to hate intensely. detestation (de-tes-ta'-shun), n. ex- treme dislike or abhorrence; loath- ing. dethrone (de-thron'), v.L to remove from a throne; deprive of authority. detonate (det'o-nat), v.t to cause to explode with a loud and sudden re- port: v.i. to explode loudly and sud denly. [Latin.] detonation (det-o-na'shun) , n. a sue den explosion with a loud report. detonator (det'o-na-ter) , n. a sub stance that detonates; a percussion cap. detour (de-toor'), n. a circuitous way. detract (de-trakt'), v.L to draw or take away [with from]: v.i. take away the reputation. [Latin.] detraction (de-trak'shun) , n. depre- ciation; defamation; slander. detractor (de-trakt 'ter), n. one who detracts; a muscle that draws away some part. detrain (de-tran'), v.L to remove from a train, as troops: v.i. alight from a train. detriment (det'ri-ment), n. that which injures, reduces in value, or causes damage. detrimental (det-ri-ment'al), adj. in- jurious. detrimentally (det-ri-men'ta-li) , adv. injuriously. detrital (de-tri'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, detritus. [Latin.] detritus (de-trl'tus), n. accumulations arising from fragments of rocks broken off or worn away; debris; waste. de trop (de tro'), too much; not wanted: said of a person whose pres- ence is not desired. deuce (dtis), n. the devil; a card or dice with two spots; a term used in scoring at lawn tennis. [Deuce in the sense of devil came from the early Teutons, who belived in a hairy wood demon whom they called Dus. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DEUCE-ACE 249 DEVOLVE The Celts gave him the name Scrat, whence ''Old Scratch."] deuce-ace (dus'as), ft. the ace and two-spot thrown at dice or dealt at cards. deuteragonist (du-ter-ag'o-nist), ft. the second actor in a Greek tragedy. deutoplasm (du'to : plazm) , n. the secondary or nutritive plasm or albu- minous part of the yolk, w r hich pro- vides food for the embryo. Deutzia (dut'zi-a), n. a small genus of handsome Chinese and Japanese shrubs. dev (dev) and deva (de'va), n. liter- ally, "light," the bright splendor of the greater gods, as thought of by the Hindus. [Sanskrit.] devachan (da/ya-kan), # ft. in occult- ism, a state into which the higher spiritual life of man passes after death. [Hindu.] devachanee (da-va-kan-e'), ft. one who is in the enjoyment of the devachan. .1 evaporation (de-vap-5-ra'shun), ft. the change of vapor into water. devastate (dev'as-tat) , v.t. to lay waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. devastation (dev-as-ta'shun) , n. the act of devastating ; desolation ; waste ; destruction. devastator (dev'as-ta-ter), ft. one who devastates. develop (de-vel'op), v.t. to unfold gradually; make known in detail; complete; to cause to go from a lower to. a higher state; bring to view by inducing changes on a sen- sitized plate: v.i. to advance from one stage to another; become grad- ually apparent. development (de-vel'op-ment) , ft. the act of developing. developmental (de-vel-op-men'tal) , adj. pertaining to development. devest (de-vest'), v.t. m to alienate or annul, as right or title: v.i. to be lost or alienated. deviate (de'vi-at), v.i. to turn aside from a certain course; diverge; err: v.t. to change the direction or posi- tion of. deviation (de-vi-a'shun), n. the act of deviating ; di gr ession ; wandering ; variation from established rule; er- ror. deviator (de'vi-a-ter), n. one who devi- ates. device (de-vis'), n. a contrivance; in- vention; a stratagem; a fanciful de- sign or pattern; a heraldic emblem. devil (dev'l), n. the Evil Spirit, Satan; a fallen angel: feminine, she-devil; a false god or demon ; a very wicked person; a bold dashing fellow; a malicious spirit in a person; a printer's apprentice; a machine for dividing rags or cotton in paper- making: v.t. to season cold meat highly with cayenne pepper, mus- tard and other condiments and then to broil it; prepare work for another; to stir up disturbance. Also be- devil. [Late Latin, Anglo-Saxon.] devil-fish (dev'1-fish), n. a large spe- cies of octopus. devilish (dev'1-ish), adj. diabolical; extremely wicked; infernal; ex- cessive. devilishly (dev'1-ish-li), adv. diaboli- cally; excessively. devilkin (dev'1-kin), n. a, little devil. devilment (dev'1-ment), n. roguish- ness. devils-on-horseback(dev'lz-on-hors'- bak), n. oysters and bacon broiled together. devil's tattoo (devlz ta-too'), n. an idle pounding or beating upon a table with the knuckles. deviltry (dev'1-tri), ft. malicious mis- chief; diabolical wickedness. devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; circuitous. devisable (de-vls'a-bl), adj. capable of being imagined or bequeathed. devise (de-viz'), v.t. to imagine; scheme; contrive; concoct; bequeath by will: ft. .a gift of real property by will; a will. devisee (dev-i-ze'), ft. the person to whom a bequest has been made. deviser (de-viz'er), ft. one who de- vises or invents. devisor (de-viz'er), ft. one who be- queaths by will. devoid (de-void'), adj. destitute. of . devoir (dev-war'), n. a service or duty owed; an act of courtesy or respect. [French.] devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to transfer from one to another; transmit: v.i. to be transferred or transmitted. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 19 hue, hut; think, then. DEVOTE 250 DIAGNOSIS devote (de-vot'), y.t. to dedicate or consecrate; consign to evil; give up wholly to; apply (one's self, &c.) to some object. devotee (dev-o-te'), n. a votary; en- thusiast. devotion (de-vo'shun), n. the act of devoting or consecrating; the state of being devoted; strong affection; ardent love; religious worship; prayer [usually pi.]. devotional (de-vo'shun-al), adj. de- vout. devour (de-vour'), v.t. to swallow greedily or ravenously; consume or destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjo3 r with avidity. devout (de-vouf), adj. devoted to re- ligious thoughts and exercises ; heart- felt, dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- densed from the atmosphere and de- posited in small drops at evening; that which falls lightly and in a re- freshing manner. dew-claw (du'claw), n. the little claw behind a dog's foot; the false hoof of a deer. _ dewiness (du'i-nes), n. state of being dewy. dewlap (du'lap), n. the loose skin that hangs from the neck of an ox or cow, or torn any huge dog, such as the mastiff, the Siberian blood- hound , &c. dewy (du'i), adj. moist with dew. dexter (deks'ter), adj. right: opposed to left. dexterity (deks-ter'i-ti) , n. manual skill; mental or physical adroitness; cleverness. dexterous (deks'ter-us) , adj. pos- sessing manual skill; quick, men- tally or physically; adroit; clever. Also dextrous. dextrine (deks'trin), n. a white gummy substance found in plant sap, &c: used as gum. dextrose (deks'tros), n. a white crystalline variety of sugar found in sweet fruits ; as the grape, cherry, &c, and in diabetic urine. dey (da), n. the former title of the governor of Algiers, and of the chief of the Turkish Janizaries. dhole (dol), n. the so-called red-dog of the Dekkan, noted for its strength, courage, and ferocity. # It makes its way, when hunting, in packs, and few animals dare face it. dhow (dou), n. a one-masted oriental vessel much used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean by the Arabs and Egyptians. It has a beak or ram, and a large deck at the stern. [Arabic] diabase (dl'a-bas), n. a dark colored igneous rock; composed of augite, feldspar, and iron; greenstone. diabetes (dl-a-be'tez), n. & disease characterized by a morbid and ex- cessive discharge of urine. [Greek.] diabetic (di-a-be'tik) , adj. pertaining to diabetes^ diablerie (di-ab'le-re) , n. deviltry; mischief. [French.] diabolic (di-a-bol'ik) or diabolical (di-a-borirkal^ adj. devilish; impious. diabolo (de-ab'o-lo), n. a game played with two sticks, a string and top- like cube. diacaustic (de-a-kaws'tik), adj. de- noting a caustic curve formed by re- fracted rays: n. a diacaustic curve. diaconal (de-ak'o-nal), adj. pertain- ing to a deacon. diaconate (de-ak'6-nat), n. the office or dignity of a deacon; deacons col- lectively. diacoustics (di-a-koos'tiks) , n.pl. the science of refracted sounds; dia- phonics. diacritical (di-a-krit'i-kal) , adj. serv- ing to separate or distinguish; suf- ficient to magnetize an iron core to one : half its saturation. Also dia- critic. diacritical mark (mark), n. a mark employed to distinguish letters or sounds which resemble each other, and to indicate their true pronun- ciation, as a, o, a, 6. diadem (di'a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. diaeresis (di-e'ri-sis) , n. the separation of two things that are normally one. [Greek.] See dialysis; dieresis. diaglyphic (di-a-glif 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or like, an intaglio: sunk into the general surface. diagnose (di-ag-nos') , v.t. m to ascer- tain, as a disease, by its general symptoms. diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis), n. [pi. diag- noses (di-ag-no'sez)], scientific dis- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DIAGNOSTIC 251 DIAPHAXTOGKAPH crimination; the recognition of a disease by its symptoms. diagnostic (di-ag-nos'tik), adj. char- acteristic: n : a symptom distin- guishing a disease. diagometer (dl-a-gom'e-ter) , n. a kind of electroscope for measuring and determining relative conduc- tivity. diagonal (di-ag'o-nal), adj. extending from one angle to another: n. a straight oblique line dividing a rec- tangular figure into equal parts. /diagonally (di-ag'o-na-li) , adv. in a diagonal manner. diagram (dl'a-gram), n. a geomet- rical figure; a mechanical plan; an outline, drawing, or figure. diagrammatic (di-a-gra-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to, or illustrated by, a diagram. diagrammatically (di-a-gra-mat'i-ka- li), adv. by a diagram. diagraph (di'a-graf), n. an instrument for drawing figures or objects me- chanically. dial (di'al), n. an instrument for showing the time by the sun's shad- ow; the face of a timepiece; any plate on which an index finger marks revolutions, pressure, &c; an insulated fixed wheel used in telegraphy: v.t. to measure or in- dicate by a dial; survey with a miner's compass. [Latin. 1 dialect (di'a-lekt), n. the peculiar manner _ in which a language is spoken in a province or district of a country; idiom; a sub-division of a language, as the Yorkshire dialect in England, the Suabian dialect in Germany, and the Provencal dialect in France. [Greek. 1 dialectic (di-a-lekt'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a dialect, or to logic. Also dialectical. dialectician (dl-a-lek-tish'an) , n. a logician. dialectics (di : a-lekt'iks), n.pl. the art of reasoning. dialectology (di-a-lek-tol'o-ji), n. that branch of philology which treats of dialects. dialing (di'al-ing), n. the art of con- structing dials. dialogue (di'a-log), n. a conversation between two or more persons; a literary composition in which per- sons are represented as reasoning on, or discussing, a subject. dialysis (di-al'i-sis), n. the breaking up, or division, of one syllable into two; in Latin grammar, the change of j and v into i and u; the separa- tion of different substances in solu- tion by diffusion through a moist membrane. diamagnetism (di-a-mag'net-izm) , n. the property possessed by certain bodies when under the influence of magnetism, and freely suspended, of taking a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian. diameter (dl-am'e-ter), n. the length of a line passing through the center - of any object from one side to the other; the distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column. diametrical (di-a-met'ri-kal), adj. per- taining to a diameter; directly ad- verse or opposite. diametrically (di-a-met'ri-ka-li), adv. in a diametrical manner. diamond (di'a-mund), n. a gem of extreme hardness and refractive power: a rhomboidal figure; a play- ing card with one or more lozenge- shaped figures: a glass cutter's tool; the smallest kind of type generally used (see type) : adj. resembling a diamond, as ihe so-called l 'base- ball diamond" where the ground for the players is laid out diamond- wise. [French ] diamond-drill (dl'a-mund-dril) , n. a rod or tube furnished at the end with diamonds for boring very hard rock. diapason (di-a-pa'zon), n. the entire compass of a voice or instrument; a recognized musical standard of pitch; the foundation stops of an organ. diaper (dl'a-per), n. linen cloth woven in geometric patterns; a napkin; surface decoration of one or more simple figures repeated: v.t. to # varie- gate or embroider; work in diaper. diaphane (di-af 'a-ne) , n. the art of imitating stained glass by trans- parencies on plain glass. diaphanous (di-af 'a-nus) , adj. trans- parent. diaphantograph (di-a-f an'to-graf ) , n, ate, arm, at, awl : me, m£rgp, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DIAPHONIC 252 DIDACTIC an instrument for drawing objects from thier reflection on a sheet of diaphonic (di-a-f on'ik) , same as dia- coustic. diaphoretic (di-a-fo-ret'ik), adj. pro- ducing perspiration: n. a sudorific medicine. diaphragm (di'a-fram), n. the mid- riff, which divides the chest from the abdomen; any substance that in- tercepts or divides. diaphy lactic (di-a-fi-lak'tik), n. a pre- ventive against disease. diarist (di'a-rist), n. one who keeps a diary, usually one that is to be published. diarrhea (dl-a-re'a), n. a morbidly persistent purging or looseness of the bowels. Also diarrhoea. diary (di'a-ri), n. [pi. diaries (di'a- riz)], a register of daily occurrences or duties; a book for daily memo- randa. diastase (di'a-sta s) , n. a soluble nitrog- enous ferment formed in germinat- ing grain and animal fluids, and having the property of converting starch and dextrine into sugar. diastole (di-as'to-le) , n. the rhythmi- cal expansion and dilatation of the heart and arteries in beating; the lengthening of a syllable naturally short. diastyle (di'a-stil), n. an arrangement of columns in which the interspace between each measure three or four diameters of the shaft. diatonic (dl-a-ton'ik), adj. designat- ing the regular tones of a key or scale. diatribe (di'a-trib), n. a continued dis- course or disputation; a strain of violent abuse; bitter criticism. dibble (dib'l), n. a gardening tool for making holes in the earth: v.t. plant with a dibble: v.i. dip bait gently into the water. dice (dis), n.pl. small cubes marked on the sides with one to six spots or pips: used in games of chance: v.i. to play with dice: v.t. to decorate with woven patterns to resemble cubes; to cut into cubes. dicer (dl'ser), n. a gambler. dichroism (di'kro-izm) , n. the proper- ty by which a crystallized body ex- hibits different colors according to the direction of light transmitted through it. dichromism (di'kro-mizm) , n. color blindness characterized by inability to see more than one of the three primary colors. dicing (dis'ing), n. gaming with dice; stamped leather ornamented with squares. dicker (dik'er), v.i. to barter or trade on a small scale. dicky (dik'i), n. [pi. dickies (dik'iz)J, a m small separate shirt-front; a child's bib or pinafore. dicotyledon (di'kot-y-le-don), n. a plant having two cotyledons with two stems. This is the most widely spread plant in the world, having 80,000 divisions. dictate (dik'tat), v.t. declare with authority; express orally so that an- other may take words down in writ- ing: v.i. to speak with authority. dictation (dik-t a/shun), n. the act v\' dictating; the thing dictated. dictator (dik-ta'ter) , n. one who die tates; one invested with absolute powers of government; an ancient Roman magistrate with supreme au- thority, appointed in times of emer- gency. dictatorial (dik 7 ta-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to a dictator; absolute; im- perious. diction (dik'shun), n. manner of speaking or expression; choice of words; style. [Latin.] dictionary (dik'shun-a-ri), n. [pi. dictionaries # (dik'shun - a - riz)], a book containing all, or the prin- cipal, words in a language, with phonetics indicative of the sound of each, followed by definitions and other explanatory matter. [Late Latin.] See lexicon. dictograph (dik'to-graf ) , n. an inven- tion by which dictation is received by one person at a distance from another. dictum (dik'tum), n. [pi. dicta (dik'* ta)], a dogmatic or authoritative as- sertion; aphorism. [Latin.] did (did), p.t. of do. didactic (di-dak'tik) , adj. teaching; instructing; explanatory. Also di- dactical. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DIDACTICS 253 DIFFRACTION didactics (di-dak'tiks), n.pl. the art of teaching. didactyl (di-dak'til) , adj. having two digits, as fingers or toes: n. an ani- mal with two toes on each foot. didecahedral (dl-dek-a-he'dral) , adj. having the form of a ten-sided prism with a five-sided base. dido (di'do), n. a caper. [Colloq.] didodecahedral (dl-do-dek-a-he'dral) , adj. having the form of a prism with 12 sides and a 6-sided base. die (di), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. dying], to cease to live; expire; perish; wither; languish. die (di), n. [pi. dies (dis)],- a small cube (pi. dice, see dice) ; a piece of engraved metal with a device used for coining money, medals, &c; a tool used in cutting the threads of screws or bolts, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. dying], to mold, stamp, cut with a die. dielectric (di-e-lek'trik) , adj. non- conducting: n. any medium, as glass, &c, that transmits electric force by induction. dieresis (di-er'e-sis) , n. a sign (**) placed over the second of two sepa- rate vowels to show that each has a separate sound in pronunciation, as aerated ; a division in a line or verse; cell-division. Also diaeresis. Diesel engine (de'sel en'gin), n. an oil- engine, using heavy oil, invented by Rudolf Diesel, in which the vapor produced from the oil is injected under extremely high pressure and is ignited by air raised to incandes- cence by compression, employed on ships. diesis (dl'e-sis), n. the double dagger (t) used in printing; the difference between a greater and less semitone. diet (di'et), n. solid or liquid food; manner of living, with special refer- ence co food; a deliberative conven- tion; a national or legislative assem- bly, as the Hungarian Diet. [Greek.] dietary (dl'e-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining to the rules of diet: n.pl. dietaries (dl'e-ta-riz) ], a certain fixed allowance of food; system of diet. dietetic (di-e-tet'ik) , adj. regulating food or diet. Also dietetical: n.pl. that branch of hygiene which relates to rules of diet. dieting (dl'et-ing), n. the act of eat- ing according to regimen. differ (dif'er), v.i. to be dissimilar; be distinguished from, or have dif- ferent properties or qualities; dis- agree; contend. difference (dif 'er-ens) , n. the act or state of being unlike; disparity; distinc tion ; controversy ; qu ar rel ; on the Stock Exchange, the margin payable on settlement: v.t. to distin- guish between; discriminate; take the difference of. different (dif'er-ent), adj. unlike; dis- tinct. differentia (dif-er-en'shi-aX n. [pi. differentiae (dif^er-en'shi-e)], that which distinguishes one species from another of the same genus. [Latin.] differential (dif-er-en'shal) , adj. in- dicating a difference ; having dif- ferent velocities. differential calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. che method of finding an infinite- ly small quantity which shall equal a given quantity when taken in- finite times. differential duties (du'tiz), n.pl. duties levied unequally on similar produce from foreign countries. differentially (dif-er-en'sha-li) , adv. in a differential manner. differentiate (dif-er-en'shi-at) , v.t. to constitute a difference between; specialize in structure or functions: v.i. to acquire a distinctive and sepa- rate character. differentiation (dif-er-en-shi-a'shun) , n. the act of differentiating; special- ization; perceiving differences in objects. difficult (dif'i-kult), adj. not easy; arduous; perplexing; not easily managed. difficulty (dif'i-kul-ti), n. [pi. dif- ficulties (dif'i - kul - tiz) ], something that requires labor or skill to over- come; scruple; objection; contro- versy: pi. complication of affairs; embarrassment; perplexity. diffidence (dif'i-dens), n. lack of self- reliance; modest reserve. diffident (dif'i-dent), adj. lacking self- reliance; shy; modest. diffraction (dif-rak' or di-frak'shun) , n. the act of turning aside a ray of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DIFFRACTIVE 254 DIKE light when passing the edge of an opaque body. diffract! ve (dif-rak'tiv) , adj. pertain- ing to diffraction. diffuse (dif-uV), v.t. to pour out and spread all around; scatter; circu- late: adj. (dif-us'), widely spread; verbose; redundant. diffusibility (dif-uz-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the capability of being diffused. diffusible (dif-tiz'i-bl), adj. capable of being diffused. diffusion (dif-u'zhun) , n. the act of diffusing; a spreading abroad; the mingling of liquids through animal membranes. diffusive (dif-us'iv), adj. capable of ^ diffusing; spreading; wide reaching. dig (dig), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dug or digged, p.pr. digging], to work with a spade; cast up earth; study hard: v.t. to excavate; break up (ground); m search; thrust or force in. dig in, v. m reflexive (of an invading force); intrench for a prolonged # stay. digamma (dl-gam'a), n. an early Greek letter resembling F, having a m sound approaching that of V or W. digest (di'jest), n. any compilation, abridgment, or summary of laws ar- ranged methodically under proper heads, or titles; the Pandects of the Emperor Justinian; a synopsis: v.t. (di-jesf) to arrange methodically un- der proper heads or titles; classify; dissolve in the stomach by the ac- tion of digestive juices; arrange in the mind ; soften and prepare by heat: v.i. to be digested, or prepared by heat. See predigest. digester (dl-jest'er), n. an apparatus lor extracting the essence of a sub- stance by heat. digestibility (di-jes-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being digestible. digestible (di-jes'ti-bl), adj. capable of being digested. digestion (di-jes'chun), n. the act of digesting; the conversion of food by the action of the gastric juices into soluble products; mental or physical assimilation. digestive (dl-jes'tiv), adj. pertaining to digestion. digger (dig'er), n. one who digs. Digger, n. a name of a degraded tribe of Calif ornian Indians who subsist chiefly on roots. digging (dig'ing), n. the act of excavat- ing: pi. a locality where mining op- erations, especially for gold, are car- ried on; residence. digit (dij'it), n. a finger or toe; a measure (% inch); l-12th of the di- ameter of the sun or moon; any one of the ten Arabic numerals. digital (dij'i-tal), adj. pertaining to a digit, as a digital examination. digitalin (dij'i-tal-in), n. a poisonous crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the foxglove. Digitalis (dij-i-ta/lis), n. a genus of tall plants, the figworts, including the foxglove. digitigrade (dij'i-ti-grad), adj. walk- ing on the toes, as cats, dogs, &c. dignified (dig'ni-fld) , adj. invested, or marked, with dignity; noble; stately. dignify (dig'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dig- nified, p.pr. dignifying], to invest with, or exalt in, dignity or rank; confer honor upon; elevate; ennoble. dignitary (dig'ni-ta-ri) , n. [pi. digni- taries # (dig'ni-ta-riz)], one who holds a position of dignity or honor; an ecclesiastic aboye a priest or canon. dignity (dig'ni-ti). n. [pi, dignities (dig'ni-tiz)], elevation of rank; de- gree of excellence; moral worth; qualities suited to inspire or com- mand respect and reverence. digraph (di'graf), n. combination of two sounds or characters to repre- sent one simple sound, as read. Also digram. digress (di- or di-gres'), v.i. to turn aside; deviate from the main sub- ject or line of argument; wander. digression (di-gresh'un), n. the act of digressing; the angular distance of the planets Mercury and Venus from the sun. digressive (di-gres'iv) , adj. character- ized by digression. digressively (di-gres'iv-li) , adv. in a digressive manner. dihedral (di-he'dral), adj. having two plane faces or sides. dike (dlk), n. an embankment or cut- ting of earth, especially one throw q up as a protection against the sea, floods, &c; a mass of igneous intru- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DILAPIDATE 255 DIMPLY sive rock. Also dyke: v.t. to sur- round, protect or inclose with a dike; drain by ditching. dilapidate (di-lap'i-dat), v.t. to bring into partial ruin by neglect or mis- use: v.i. to become dilapidated. dilapidation (di : lap-i-da/shun), n. a state of partial ruin, especially through neglect or misuse. dilatable (di-lat'a-bl), adj. expansive. dilatation (di-la-ta/shun) , n. expan- sion. dilate (di-laf), v.t. to enlarge or ex- pand in all directions; distend: v.i. to be extended or enlarged; speak fully and copiously. dilator (di-la/ter), n. one who, or that which, dilates ; a surgical instru- ment for opening or expanding an orifice, &c. ; a muscle that dilates the parts on which it acts. dilatory (dil'a-to-ri) , adj. causing, or tending to cause, delay; slow; inac- tive. dilemma (di- or di-lem/a), n. an awkward or vexatious situation; an argument which presents an antag- onist with alternatives, each of which is fatal to his cause. dilettante (dil-e-tan'te;, n. [pi. dilet- tanti (dil-e-tan'te)], one who pur- sues the fine arts, literature, or science, only for amusement; an amateur: opposed to connoisseur: adj. pertaining to dilettanti, or dilettantism. [Italian.] dilettantism (dil-e-tan'tizm), n. the characteristics of dilettanti; ama- teurish pursuit of art, literature, &c. [used in a disparaging sense]. diligence (dil'i-jens), n. careful atten- tion; assiduity; industry; a French stage-coach (de-le-zhans').. dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to the parsley family, with an aromatic fruit. dill-pickle (dil-pik'l), n. a large cu- cumber pickled in salt and vinegar. dilly-dally (dil'i-dal'i) , v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -darned, p.pr. -dallying], to loi- ter; trifle. dilute (di- or dl-lut'), v.t. to thin or weaken by the admixture of another fluid, especially water; weaken: v.i. to become thinner. dilution (di-lu'shun), n. the act of di- luting; a weak liquid. diluvial (di-lu'vi-al) , adj. pertaining to, produced by, or resulting from, a deluge or flood. dim (dim), adj. [comp. dimmer, su- Serl. dimmest], somewhat dark; azy; obscure; faint; tarnished; ill- defined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dimmed, p.pr. dimming], to render obscure or less distinct; cloud; tarnish; dull: v.i. to become dim; fade. dime (dim), n. a silver coin = l-10th of a dollar, or ten cents: adj. of the 1 value of a dime. dime novel (nov'el), n. a term ap- plied to cheap sensational literature. dimension (di-men'shun) , n. the size or measured extent of a body; cubic capacity; the literal factor of an algebraic product or term: pi. mag- nitude or importance. dimensional (di-men'shun-al), per- taining to dimension. diminish (di-min'ish), v.t. to make less; reduce in bulk or amount; weaken; impair; detract from; re- duce by a semitone: v.i. to lessen; dwindle. diminuendo (di-min-u-en'do), adv. diminishingly; a word used in music. [Italian.] diminution (dim-i-nu'shun) f< n. the act of making less; reduction; les- sening. diminutive (di-min'u-tiv) , adj. be- low the average size; little; con- tracted; narrow: n. a word formed from another to express the sense of littleness. dimissory (dim'is-o-ri) , adj. sending to the jurisdiction of another; giv- ing leave to depart. dimity (dim'i-ti), n. [pi. dimities (dim'i- tiz)], a cotton cloth of thick texture with a ridged surface. dimorphism (dl-mor'fizm) , n. the quality of assuming, crystallizing, or existing in, two forms. dimorphous (di-mor'fus), adj. exist- ing in two forms. Also dimorphic. dimple (dim'pl), n. a small depres- sion^ hollow in the cheek or chin; an indentation: v.i. to form dim- ples, as the sea: v.t. to mark with dimples. dimply (dim'pli), m adj. full of, or marked with, dimples. Also dim* pled. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book i hue, hut ; think, then. DIN 256 DIPSOMANIA din (din), n. a continued and violent noise: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dinned, p.pr. dinning], to stun with noise: v.i. make a clamor. dine (din), v.i. to take dinner: v.t. to give or provide a dinner for; feed. ding (ding), v.i. to sound, as a bell, with a continuous monotonous tone: v.t. to impress by noisy repetition. ding-dong (ding'dong), n. the sound of a metallic body produced by blows, as a bell. dinghy (ding'ji), n. the smallest boat of a man-of-war; an East Indian ferry-boat; a rowboat with no out- riggers; in the U. S., a dory. dingily (din'ji-li), adv. in a dingy manner. dingle (ding'gl), n. a narrow hollow between hills; the enclosed weather- porch of a house. [Americanism.] dingle-dangle (ding'gl-dang'gl) , adv. swinging backwards and forwards; loosely pendent. dingo (ding'go), n. the Australian wild dog. dingy (din'ji), adj. dark-colored; dirty. dinner (din'er), n. the chief meal of the day; a dinner party. [French.] dint (dint), n. a mark left by a blow or pressure; force or power [with of]: v.t. to make a mark on or in. diocesan (di-os'e-san), adj. of, or pertaining to, a diocese: n. a bishop. diocese (di'o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses (di'- 6-se-sez)], a bishop's see; a bishop- ric. dioptase (di-op'tas) , n. a vitreous em- erald green ore of copper. dioptric (di-op'trik), adj. assisting vision by means of the refraction of light in viewing distant objects. Also dioptrical. diorama (di-o-ra'ma) , n. an exhibition of pictures on movable screens, viewed through a large opening in a darkened room. diorite (di'o-rlt), n. a granite-like rock consisting of triclinic feldspar and hornblende. diosmose (di-os'mos), n. the mingling of fluids through a permeable mem- brane. Also diosmosis. dioxide (di-oks'id), n. an oxide con- sisting of two atoms of oxygen and one atom of a metal. dip (dip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dipped, p.pr. dipping], to plunge for a short time into a fluid ; baptize by im- mersion; lower and raise quickly: v.i. to immerse one's self; enter slightly into anything; sink: n. the act of dipping ; the inclination of the magnetic needle, or the angle made by it; the angle of inclination of strata to the horizon. diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri-a), n. a contagious throat-disease charac- terized by the formation of a false membrane in the air-passages. Also diphtheritis. [Greek.] diphthong (dif 'thong), n. the union of two vowel-sounds pronounced in one syllable, as Caesar, boil. diploma (di-plo'ma), n. a writing on parchment or paper under sign and seal, conferring some honor or au- thority; any ancient record, such as a charter, royal proclamation, war- rant, or legal document. [Latin.] diplomacy (di-plom'a-si), n. [pi. dip- plomacies (di-plom'a-siz)], the art of conducting negotiations between two States or nations; or of trans- acting international business; skill in conducting negotiations. [French.] diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n. a person engaged in diplomacy. diplomatic (dip-lo-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to diplomacy; characterized by special tact in the management of affairs. diplomatics (dip-lo-mat'iks), n. the study of ancient documents (di- plomata) with a view to scientific investigation of their age, author- ship, style of writing, abbreviations and other points. See palaeography. diplomatically (dip-lo-mat 'i-ka-li) , adv. with diplomatic skill; with tact. diplomatic corps (kor), n. all the diplomatic officers accredited to a sin- I gle government or sovereign ; ambas- sadors, ministers, secretaries of le- | gation, chancellors, and attaches. diplomatist (di-plo'ma-tist), n. one | who is skilled in diplomacy. dipper (dip'er), n. one who, or thai which, dips; a water-fowl; a tin cup| with a long handle used in the coun- try for dipping water. . . dippy (dip'i), adj. given to drink ;| drunken. dipsomania (dip-so-ma'ni-a), n. I ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book :| hue, hut ; think, tfften. COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. WILD FLOWERS ( >RTH AMERICA DIPSOMANIAC 257 DISASTROUS morbid and uncontrollable craving for alcoholic drinks. _ [Greek.] dipsomaniac (dip-so-ma'ni-ak) , n. one who suffers from dipsomania: adj. pertaining to dipsomania. dipteral (dip'te-ral), adj. furnished with a double row of columns, as in temples; dipterous. dipterous (dip'te-rus), adj. two- winged. dire (dir), adj. dreadful; mournful. direct ^ (dl-rekt'), adj. straight; not circuitous; open; plain; straightfor- ward; not of collateral descent; not retrograde: v.t. to aim or drive in a straight line; guide or show; point out or determine with authority: v.i. to act as a guide. direction (di-rek'shun) , n. relative po- sition; a command; order; guid- ance; the address of a person on a package or ticket. directly (dl : rekt'li), adv. in a direct or straight line; immediately; openly. directness (dl-rekt'nes), n. straightfor- wardness ; freedom from ambiguity. director (dl-rekt'ter) , n. one who directs or superintends; one appoint- ed to transact the affairs of the com- pany, &c; a spiritual guide. directorate (cfi-rekt'to-rat), n. the office of a director; a body or board of directors. directory (dl-rekt'to-ri), n. [pi. direc- tories (dl-rekt'to-riz)], a book con- taining the names, addresses, and occupations of the residents of a place ; a bod y of directors ; a book of rules or directions for divine worship : adj. guiding; commanding. direct primary (dl-rekf prl'ma-ri), n. method of selecting the nominees of a party for political office by direct vote of the people, winners of the primary becoming the party's candidates in the regular election. direful (dir 'fool), adj. dreadful; dismal. dirge (derj), n. a funeral hymn. dirigible (dir'i-ji-bl) , adj. that may be guided or steered: n. a dirigible aircraft. dirk (derk), n. a dagger. dirt (dert), n. any foul or filthy sub- stance; garden earth. dirtiness (der'ti-nes) , n. the state or # quality of being dirty. dirty (der'ti), adj. impure; soiled; mor- ally unclean; disgusting; muddy; sloppy: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dirtied, p.pr. dirtying], to soil; sully; tarnish. dis-, Latin prefix, signifies separation, privation or negation. disability (dis-a-biTi-ti) , n. [pi. dis- abilities (dis-a-bil'i-tiz)], lack of physical, intellectual, or social fit- ness; legal incapacity. disable (dis-a'bl), v.t. to deprive of power; disqualify; impoverish; in- capacitate. disabuse (dis-a-buz'), v.t. to clear from mistakes or false conceptions, set right. disaffect (dis-a-fekf), v.t. to fill with discontent; alienate the affections from; disturb the functions of. disaffection (dis-a-fek'shun),n. aliena- tion of affection ;_ disloyalty; ill-will. disagree (dis-a-gre'), v.i. to be at variance; to differ. disagreeable (dis-a-gre 'a-bl), adj. ex- citing repugnance or displeasure: «. that which is displeasing or un- satisfactory. disagreeableness (dis-a-gre'a-bl-nes), n. unpleasantness. disagreeably (dis-a-gre'a-bli), ocfc. in a disagreeable manner. disappear (dis-a-per'), v.i. to pass away; vanish. disappearance (dis-a-per'ans) , n. re- moval from sight. disappoint (dis-ap-point'), v.t. to thwart or frustrate the hopes of; fail to keep an appointment with. disappointment (dis-a-point'ment), n. defeat or failure of expectation; state of depression caused by failure, &c. disarm (dis-arm'), v.t. to deprive of arms; reduce to a peace footing; render harmless; subdue. disarmament (dis-arm'a-ment), n. the act of disarming ; reduction to a peace footing. _ disarray (dis-a-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- arrayed, p.pr. disarraying], throw into disorder; rout: n. negligent or insufficient dress; confusion. disaster (dis-as'ter) , n. a sudden or un- expected misfortune; a serious acci- dent. disastrous (dis : as'trus) , adj. occasion- ing loss or misfortune; unfortunate; calamitous. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISAVOW 258 DISCOURSE disavow (dis-a-vow') , v.t. to abjure. disband (dis-band')., v.t. to dismiss from military service; break up: v.i. to be dismissed. disbar (dis-bar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- barred, p.pr. disbarring], to deprive a lawyer of his right to practice. disburden (dis-ber'dn) , v.t. to remove a burden from; relieve of anything annoying or oppressive: v.i. to ease one's mind. disburse (dis-bers'), v.t. to expend. disbursement (dis-bers'ment), n. money expended. disc, another form of disk. discard (dis-kard'), v.t. to cast off as useless; dismiss from service; reject as useless: v.i. in card-playing, to throw out cards not required. discern (diz-ern'), v.t. to distinguish mentally, or with the eye; judge or decide between: v.i. to make distinc- tion - * r> discernible (diz-ern i-bl) , adj. per- ceptible. discernment (diz-ern'ment) , n. acute- ness in judgment; penetration; dis- crimination. discharge (dis-charj'), v.t. unload; dis- embark; free from any burden, im- pediment, or obligation; exonerate or acquit; free from restraint or custody; let fly; explode; perform (a trust or duty): v.i. to send out liquid matter: n. the act of discharg- ing; that which is discharged; an explosion; a flowing or issuing out; dismission from office or employ- ment; liberation. disciple (di-si'pl), _ n. one who re- ceives the teaching of another; a scholar; a follower. disciplinable (dis'i-plm-a-bl), adj. capable of instruction or liable to disciplinary punishment. disciplinarian (dis-i-pli-na'ri-an) , adj. pertaining to discipline: n. one who advocates, or enforces, strict disci- pline. disciplinary (dis'i-plin-a-ri), adj. per- taining to discipline. discipline (dis'i-plin), n. mental or moral training; education; subjec- tion to control; military regulation; chastisement: v.t. to train to obe- dience or efficiency; regulate; chas- tise. disclaim (dis-klam'j, v.t. to disown 9 repudiate. disclaimer (dis-klam'er) , n. dis- avowal; denial. disclose (dis-kloz'). v.t. to uncover; reveal. disclosure (dis-kloz 'ur), the act of revealing anything secret; discov- ery. discoid (dis'koid), adj. disk-shaped. discolor (dis-kul'er),' v.t. to change from the natural color; give a false complexion to; stain. discomfit (dis-kum'fTt), v.t. to defeat; rout; frustrate; thwart. discomfiture (dis-kum'fi-tur) , n. de- feat; disappointment. discommode (dis-kom-od') , v.t. to inconvenience. discompose (dis-kom-poz'), v.t. dis- arrange; vex; ruffle. discomposure (dis-kom-poz'ur), n. agitation; unrest. disconcert (dis-kon-sert'), v.t. to dis- turb the composure or self-posses- sion of; frustrate. disconsolate (dis-kon'so-lat) , adj. hopeless; sad. disconsolately (dis-kon'so-lat-li) , adv. hopelessly; sadly. discord (dis'kqrd), n. disagreement; a confused noise; a combination of discordant sounds; disagreement in coloring or parts. discordant m (dis-kord'ant), adj. at variance; inharmonious; jarring; in- congruous. m discount (dis'kount), n. a sum de- ducted or allowed for prompt pay- ment of an account ; a deduction made according to the current rate of interest: v.t. (dis-kount'), to al- low a discount on; advance money, deducting a certain rate per cent.; make a deduction from; antici- pate. discourage (dis-kur'aj), v.t. to deprive or lessen the courage of; dishearten; deter. discouragement (dis-kur'aj-ment) , n. the act of depriving of confidence; that which destroys courage. discourse (dis-kors'), n. speech or lan- guage; conversation; a treatise or dissertation; sermon: v.t. & v.i. to talk or converse; utter; communi- cate ideas orally. ate, arm, at, awl me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DISCOVER 259 DISHONOR discover (dis-kuv'er), v.t. to bring to light; reveal; find (something previ- ously unknown). discovery (dis-kuv'er-i) , n. [pi. dis- coveries (dis-kuv'er-iz)], a bringing to light or making known, especially for the first time; disclosure. discreet (dis-kret'), adj. prudent; cir- cumspect. discrepancy (dis-krep'an-si), n. incon- sistency; difference. Also discrep- ance. discrepant (dis-krep'ant) , adj. dis- agreeing; different. discrete (dis-kref) , adj. separate from others; distinct; not continuous. discretion (dis-kresh'un) , n. prudence; judgment; sagacity; skill. discretionary (dis-kresh'un-a-ri) , adj. done at one's will and choice. discriminate (dis-krim'i-nat) , v.t. to observe or mark the differences be- tween; select: v.i. to make a differ- ence or distinction. discrimination (dis-krim-i-na'shun) , n. power of penetration; faculty of nice discernment. discriminative (dis - krim'i - na - tiv) , adj. characteristic. discriminator (dis-krim'i-na-ter) , n. one who discriminates. discursive (dis-ker'siv) , adj. desultory. discursively (dis-ker'siv-li), adv. in a discursive manner. discursiveness (dis-keVsiv-nes) , n. digression. discuss (dis-kus'), v.t. to debate; agi- tate; reason upon; test (viands). discussion (dis-kush'un) , n. argument; debate; ventilation of a question. disdain (dis-dan'), v.t. to think unwor- thy; deem unsuitable; look upon with contempt or scorn: n. con- tempt; haughty, _or indignant scorn. disdainful (dis-dan 'f ool) , adj. con- temptuous. disdainfully (dis-dan'f oo-li) , adv. in a disdainful manner. disease (di-zeV), # n. any mental, moral, or physical disorder; mal- ady; illness: v.t. to cause disease in; derange. disembogue (dis-em-bog') , v.t. to pour out or discharge at the mouth: said of a river: v.i. to find a vent, pass across, or out, at the mouth of a river. disembowel (dis-em-bou'el) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disem- boweling], to deprive of bowels; wound in the abdomen, so that the bowels protrude. disfiguration (dis-fig-u-ra/shun), n. deformity. disfigure (dis-fig'ur) , v.t. to injure the shape, form, or beauty of; deform* disfranchise (dis-fran'chiz) , v.t. to de- prive of electoral or municipal priv- ileges ; especially the right to vote. disgorge (dis-gorj'), v.t. to force out of the mouth or stomach with violence; surrender what has been unlawfully obtained; make restitution of. disgrace (dis-gras') , n. the state of be- ing out of favor; ignominy; shame; dishonor: u.t. to bring shame, re- proval, or dishonor upon; dismiss with dishonor. [Old French.] disgraceful (dis-gras 'fool) , adj. charac- terized by, or occasioning, disgrace. disgracefully (dis-gras 'f oo-li) , adv. in a disgraceful manner. disguise (dis-giz'), v.t. to change the appearance of, as by an unusual dress; counterfeit; conceal: n. a dress designed to conceal the iden- tity of the wearer; counterfeit ap- pearance; false pretense. [French.] disgust (dis-gustO, v.t. to cause aver- sion in, or repugnance to; offend the moral sense of: n. strong aversion or repugnance. [French.] dish (dish), n. a broad hollow vessel with a rimmed edge ; food served in a dish: v.t. to put into a dish for serving at table [often with up]; frustrate. dishabille (dis-a-bel') , n. undress or negligent attire. Also, and cor- rectly, deshabille. dishearten (dis-har'tn) , v.t. to discour- age. dishevel (dis-hev'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], to dis- order (the hair) or cause it to hang negligently: v.i. to be spread in dis- order. dishonor (dis-on'er), v.t. to deprive of honor; bring shame upon the char- acter of; lessen the reputation of; violate the chastity of; refuse, or fail, to pay (a bill or note when due and presented) : n. disgrace ; igno- miny; shame; violation of dignity. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DISHONORABLE 260 DISPENSABLE dishonorable (dis-on'er-a-bl),. adj. discreditable; shameful; ignominious. disinclination (dis-in-kli-na'shun), n. an aversion or dislike to anything. disinfect (dis-in-fekt'), v.t. to remove dangerous germs from a body. disingenuous (dis-in-gen'u-us), adj. lacking frankness. disintegrate (dis-in'te-grat) , v.t. to break up into component parts by mechanical or atmospheric agency: v.i. separate. disintegration (dis-in-te-gra/shun) , n. the act of disintegrating; wearing down of rocks by atmospheric in- fluences; separation. disjunctive (dis-jungk'tiv) , adj. serv- ing, or tending, to disjoin or sepa- rate: n. a disjunctive conjunction which connects grammatically two words or clauses disjoined in meaning. disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; a flat circular plate, or anything re- sembling it; the whole surface of a leaf. Also disc. [Greek.] dislike (dis-lik'), n. a strong feeling of repugnance or aversion; antip- athy: v.t. to regard with aversion. dislocate (dis'lo-kat) , v.t. to put out of joint; interrupt the_ continuity of. dislocation (dis-lo-ka/shun) , n. the act of dislocating; a joint put out of its socket; a displacement of strati- fied rocks. dislodge (dis-loj'), v.t. to remove or drive out from a place of lodgment; drive from a hiding place or chosen station. disloyal (dis-loi'al) , adj. unfaithful to one's sovereign or country; untrue to plighted faith or duty. dismal (diz'mal), adj. gloomy; de- pressing; dark; horrid; sorrowful. dismantle (dis-mant'l), v.t. to strip or divest of furniture, equipment, or means of defense; raze; demolish. dismay (dis-ma/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- mayed, p.pr. dismaying], to terrify; dispirit; discourage; intimidate: n. loss of courage through fear. dismember (dis-mem'ber) , v.t. to cut or tear limb from limb; sever into parts and distribute; dislocate; sev- er; divide. dismiss (dis-mis'), v.t. to send away; permit to depart; discharge from of- fice or employment. dismissal (dis-mis'al) , n. the act of dismissing; removal from office, &c. dismount (dis-mount'), v.t. to re- move from a horse or the like; to displace from a mounting, as a can- non: v.i. to alight; to descend. disobedience (dis-6-be'di-ens) , n. fail- ure or refusal to submit to lawful au- thority. disobedient (dis-o-be'di-ent), adj. re- fusing or failing to submit to lawful authority. disobey (dis-o-ba/), v.t. to refuse to submit to lawful authority. disorder (dis-or'der) , n. want of J order or arrangement; lack of system; ir- regularity; breach of public order; riot; mental or physical disease: v.t. to throw into confusion; disturb the regular mental or physical func- tions; derange; ruffle. disordered (dis-or'derd), p. adj. disor- derly; irregular; loose; unruly; dis- reputable. disorderly (dis-6r'der-li) , adj. con- fused; unmethodical; unruly. disorganize (dis-or'ga-niz), v. t. to throw into confusion. disown (dis-on'), v.t. to cast off; to sever specific or general relations. disparage (dis-par'aj), v.t. treat with contempt; criticise unjustly; depre- ciate; belittle. disparagement (dis-par'aj-ment) ? n. the act of disparaging; depreciation; reproach; disgrace [often with to], disparity (dis-par'i-ti), n.[pl. dispari- ties (dis-par'i-tiz)], inequality of rank, station, degree, or excellence; disproportion. dispassionate (dis-pash'un-at), adj. free from passion; calm; unprej- udiced; impartial. dispassionately (dis-pash'un-at-li), adv. in a dispassionate manner. dispatch (dis-pach'), v.t. to send off; expedite; put to death; finish quick- ly: n. speedy performance; celerity; an official document sent from one public official to another; a telegram. dispel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- pelled, p.pr. dispelling], to drive away by, or as by, scattering; dis- perse; dissipate. dispensable (dis-pen'sa-bl), adj. that which may be dispensed with. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DISPENSARY 261 DISSENSION dispensary (dis-pen'sa-ri), n. [pi. dis- pensaries (dis-pen'sa-riz)], a place where medicines are kept and made up; a charitable institution for providing the poor with medical advice and medicines. dispensation (dis-pen-sa'shun), n. the act # of dispensing; distribution; that which is appointed or bestowed by a higher power; the particular way by which, at different periods, God has made known His dealings with man- kind; the suspending of a rule or law in some particular case; a li- cense granted from the Pope, or by a bishop. dispense m (dis-pens')., v.t. to _ deal out in portions; distribute; give forth effusively; excuse: v.i. to give dis- pensation; distribute medicines. dispermous (dl-speVmus) , adj. two- seeded. disperse (dis-pers'), v.t. to scatter in different directions or parts; dif- fuse; spread; cause to vanish: v.i. to separate; go to different parts; vanish out of sight. dispersion (dis-peVshun) , n. the act of dispersing; the separation of light into different colored rays in passing through a prism. dispersive (dis-per'siv) , adj. tending to disperse. dispirit (dis T pir'it) , v.t. to depress the spirits of ; dishearten ; render cheerless. displace (dis-plas'), v.t. to put out of place; disorder; depose from office or dignity. displacement (dis-plas'ment), n. the act of displacing; substitution; ap- parent change of position ; the weight of water displaced by a solid body immersed in it. display (dis-pla/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- played, p.pr. displajing], to spread out; unfold; exhibit; force into no- tice ; manifest mentally or physically : v.i. to make a display. displeasure (dis-plezh'ur) , n. annoy- ance; vexation; distaste; pique. disport (dis-port'), v.t. to amuse > or divert [with -seZ/] ; to display gaily: v.i. to play. disposable (dis-poz'a-bl), adj. free to ^be employed ;_subject to disposal. disposal (dis-poz'al), n. arrangement; order; control; right of bestowing. dispose (dis-poz'), v.t. to place; ar- range; order; distribute; adapt; in- cline. disposition (dis-po-zish'un) , n. the act of disposing; order; arrange- ment; natural temperament. disputable (dis'pu-ta-bl) , adj. liable to be disputed ;_called in question. disputant (dis'pu-tant), adj. engaged in controversy: n. a controversial- ist. disputation (dis-pu-ta'shun) ,n. a ver- bal controversy; an altercation. dispute (dis-put'), v.i. to debate; argue: v.t. contend for by words or actions; express doubt of; contro- vert: n. a controversy; altercation; quarrel; contest. disquisition (dis-kwi-zish/un), n. a systematic investigation or discus- sion of some subject; an elaborate essay. disrate (dis-rat'), v.t. to degrade or lower in rank, as a petty officer. disruption (dis-rup'snun), n. forcible separation; breach. < disruptive (dis-rup'tiv), adj. causing disruption. dissatisfaction _ (dis-sat-is-f ak'shun), n. unrest of mind; discontent. dissect (di-sekt'), v.t. to cut in pieces; anatomize; divide and examine mi- nutely. [Latin.] dissection (di-sek'shun) K n. the act of dissecting or cutting in pieces for scientific examination; anatomy; nice examination and analysis of any work. dissector (di-s_ek'ter) , n. an anatomist. disseize (di-sez'), v.t. to deprive of seizin or possession; dispossess un- lawfully. disseizin (di-sez'in), n. the act of un- lawfully dispossessing a person of an estate. [Norman French.] dissemble (di-sem'bl), v.t. to hide un- der a false appearance ; give the sem- blance of something else to: v.u to act the hypocrite. dissembling (di-sem'bling) , n. dis- simulation. disseminate (di-sem'i-nat),?;.Z.to scat- ter abroad, like seed; . propagate; diffuse. disseminator (di-sem'i-na-ter) , n. one who, or that which, disseminates. dissension (dis-sen'shun) , n. strife; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DISSENT 262 DISTEMPEIt disagreement; breach of union; va- riance. dissent (di-sent'), v.i. to disagree in opinion [with from]; refuse adher- ence to an Established Church: n. difference of opinion; refusal to ac- knowledge or conform to an Estab- lished Church. dissenter (di-sent 'er) , n. a noncom- formist; one opposed to an Es- tablished Church. dissentient (di-sen'shent) , adj. dis- senting: n. one who disagrees. dissenting ( di-sent 'ing), # p.adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, dis- sent ; separating from an Established Church; pertaining to dissenters. dissertation (dis-er-ta'shun) , n. a for- mal argumentative discourse; trea- tise setting forth the results of an investigation, as a contribution to existing knowledge, usually said of a thesis presented by advanced uni- versity students who are candidates for the doctorate in philosophy. dissever (di-sev'er), v.t. to cut in two; disjoin; divide; separate. dissidence (dis'i-dens) , n. disagree- ment. dissident (dis'i-dent) , adj. not agree- ing, or conforming: n. one who dis- agrees or dissents. dissilient (di-sil'i-ent), adj. springing asunder, or bursting open with force. dissimulate (di-sim'u-lat)^ v.i. & v.t. to dissemble; feign; disguise. dissimulation (di-sim-u-la'shun) , n. hypocrisy; false pretense; fallacious appearance. dissipate (dis'i-pat)., v.t. to scatter completely; drive in different direc- tions; squander: v.i. to engage in dissipation. dissipated (dis'i-pat-ed) , p.adj. scat- tered; dispersed; characterized by dissipation. dissipation (dis-i-pa'shun), n. the act or state of being dissipated; mental distraction; excessive # indulgence in luxury, especially drink or vicious pleasures. dissociate (di-so'shi-at), v.t. to separate. dissolubility (di-sol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the capacity of being dissolved. dissoluble (dis'ol-u-bl) , adj. capable of being dissolved or converted into a fluid. dissolute (dis'o-lut), adj. given to vice or dissipation ; loose in morals or con- duct. dissolution (dis-o-lu'shun) , n. the act of dissolving or liquefying; separa- tion of component parts; separation of the soul from the body ; death ; a breaking up of a union of persons, as a society, &c. dissolutionism (dis-o-lu'shun-izm), n. the social theory of anarchism or nihilism. dissolvable (dis-ol'va-bl) , adj. that may be dissolved. dissolve (dis-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; melt; terminate; annul: v.i. to be- come liquefied; waste away; sepa- rate. dissonance (dis'o-nans) , n. discord; lack of harmony. dissonant (dis'o-nant) , adj. discordant. dissuade (di-swad'), v.t. to advise or counsel against; divert by argument. dissuasion (di-swa'zhun) , n. the act of dissuading; advice or persuasion against a purpose or action. dissuasive (di-swa'siv) . adj. tending to dissuade: n. an argument em- ployed to dissuade. dissyllable (di-siFa-bl) , n. a word of two syllables. distaff (dis'taf), n. [pi. distaffs (dis'- tafs)], the staff from which flax is drawn in spinning. distance (dis'tans), n. the space or interval between two objects or points; remoteness of time, rank, re- lationship or place ; interval between two notes; reserve of manner; alien- ation: v.t. to place remotely; leave behind in a race. distant (distant), adj. remote; re- served. distaste (dis-tast'), n. aversion of the palate; dislike; disinclination. distasteful (dis-tast'f ool) , adj. un- pleasant to the taste; expressive of dislike. distastefully (dis-tast'foo-li), adv. in a distasteful manner. * distemper (dis-tem'per), v.t. to disor- der or disease; derange the func- tions of; compound (colors) for use in distemper painting ; a disease ; a catarrhal disease affecting young dogs; a method of painting in spe- cially prepared opaque colors mixed ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DISTEND 263 DITTY with a binding medium soluble in water: used for mural decoration. distend (dis-tend'), v.t. to stretch out in all directions; expand: v.i. to swell. distention (dis-ten'shun) , n. a swell- ing out. distich (plis'tik), n. a couplet. distill (dis-til'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dis- tilled, p.pr. distilling,] > to fall in drops; flow gently; trickle forth; practice the art of distillation; v.t. to let fall in drops; obtain by dis- tillation; rectify. distillate (dis'tii-at) , n. the product of distillation found in the receiver of a distilling apparatus. distillation (dis-til-a'shun) , n. the process of distilling; the substance drawn by the still. distinct (dis-tingkt')t. adj. separate; different; clear; plain; unconfused. distinction (dis-tingk'shun) , n. mark of difference or superiority; emi- nence of rank or conduct; fame; dis- crimination. distinctive (dis-tingk'tiy) , adj. mark- ing a difference or distinction; char- acteristic; discriminating; plain. distingue (dis-stan-ga'), adj. distin- guished. [French.] distinguish (dis-ting'gwish) , v.t. to separate from others by some mark of honor or preference; designate by special characteristics; discrim- inate; make known: v.i. to make a distinction [with between]. distinguished (dis-ting'gwisht) , p. adj. eminent ; celebrated ; conspicuous ; noted. distort (dis-tort), v.t. to twist or turn from the natural shape or figure; twist; pervert from the true mean- ing; misrepresent. distortion (dis-tor'shun) , n. the act of distorting ; perversion ; a deformity. distract (dis-trakf) , v.t. to perplex; harass; confuse the mind; bewilder; derange. distraction (dis-trak'shun) , n. per- plexity; mental distress; insanity. distractive (dis-trak'tiv) , adj. causing distraction. distrain (dis-tran'), v.t. to seize and hold (goods or chattels) as security for payment of a debt: v.i. to levy a distress. distraint (dis-trant'). n. the act of dis- training for debt. distrait (dis-tra/), adj. absent-minded. distraught (dis-trawt'), adj. bewil- dered or harassed. distress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict pain or suffering upon; grieve; harass; perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. physical or mental anguish; the act of distraining; goods taken in dis- traint. distribute (dis-trib'ut), v.t. to deal out or divide; allot; apportion; ar- range according to classification; dispose of separately; separate and return (as types) to their respective cases. distribution (dis-tri-bu'shun) , n. the act of distributing; apportionment; arrangement; classification. distributive (dis-trib/u-tiv), adj. per- taining to distribution: n. a distrib- utive word, as "separately." district (dis'trikt), n. a territorial di- vision; circuit; region or tract of country. distrust (dis-trust'), n. want of confi- dence, faith or reliance; suspicion; discredit: v.t. to have no confidence or trust in; doubt; suspect. distrustful (dis-trust 'fool) , adj. sus- picious. distrustfully (dis-trust 'f oo-li) , adv. suspiciously. disturb (dis-terb), v.t. to trouble; vex; throw into confusion; agitate; dis- place. disturbance (dis-terb'ans) , n. the in- terruption of a settled state; uproar; mental agitation. distyle (dis'til), n. a two-columned portico. [Greek.] disulphate (di-sul'fat), n. a sulphate containing one atom of hydrogen, replaceable by a basic element. disulphide (di-sul'fid), n. a sulphide containing two atoms of sulphur. disuse (dis-iis'), n. lack of use; cessa- tion. ditch (dich), n. a trench cut in the earth; a moat: v.i. make a ditch : v.t. surround with a ditch. ditto (dit'to), n. that which has been said; a duplicate: adv. as before; likewise. > [Italian.] ditty (dit'i), n. [pi. ditties (dit'iz)], a little song. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DIURETIC 264 DIVISION diuretic (dl-u-ret'ik), adj. aiding the secretion and flow of urine. [Greek.] diurnal (di-er'nal), adj. pertaining to a day; daily; performed in twenty- four hours; active during the day- time: n. a day-book; journal. diurnally (di-er'na-li), adv. daily. diva {de'va), n. a prima donna. [Italian.] divan (di-van'), n. a court of justice; a council of state in Turkey; a coun- cil-hall; a smoking-room; couch. dive (dry), v.i. to plunge head fore- most into water; enter deeply into any subject or question: v.t. to ex- plore by diving: n. a sudden plunge head foremost into water. dive (div), n. & place of low resort where drunkards and harlots con- sort together. diverge (di-verj'), v.i. to spread out from one point; recede from. divergence (di-ver'jens), n. a receding from each other; a tending apart. divergent (dl-ver'jent), adj. tending to diverge. divers (di'verz), adj. various; sundry. diverse (di'vers or dl-vers')., adj. es- sentially different; dissimilar; sep- arate. diversification (di-ver-si-fi-ka/shun) , n. variation. diversify (di-ver'si-f I) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. diversified, p.pr. diversifying], to make different from another; give variety to; discriminate; variegate. diversion (di-veVshun) , n. variation; alteration; pastime; the act of di- verting the attention of an enemy from the real point of attack. divert (di-verf), v.t. to turn aside from any direction or course ; draw away from; entertain; amuse. divertimento (di-vert-i-men'to) , n. a light pleasant vocal or instrumen- tal composition. [Italian.] divertissement (di-ver'tiz-mang) , n. amusement; recreation; an entr'- acte, as a ballet, &c. [French.] divest (di-yest'), v.t. to strip or deprive of anything; despoil; make bare. divestiture (di-vest'i-tur), n. sur- render of property. divide (di-vid'), v.t. to cut into two or more parts; separate; keep apart; disunite by discord; distribute: v.i. to be separated; cleave; diverge; have a share; vote by division: n. a watershed. divided skirt (di-vid'ed skert), n. a skirt made so as to combine both skirt and knickerbockers. dividend (div'i-dend) , n. a share of the profits of a public company or business; a sum paid pro rata out of a bankrupt's estate; interest payable on money invested in the public funds; a number or quantity to be m divided. [Latin.] divi-divi (div'i-div'i), n. astringent husks of a South American tropical plant, used for dyeing and tanning. divination (div-i-na'shun), n. the act of divining; the pretended art of foreseeing future events by super- natural or magical agency. divine (di-vin'), adj. partaking of the nature of God ; excellent in the high- est degree; godlike; sacred; holy; pertaining to theology: n. a the- ologian; clergyman: v.t. to foretell; presage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. diving (div'ing), n. the act of plunging into water; connected with, or used in, diving. diving-bell (div'ing-bel) , n. a hollow apparatus supplied with air for the diver, used for various purposes below the surface of the water. divining-rod (di-vin'ing-rod) , n. a forked rod or branch, as of witch- hazel, which, when held loosely in the hand, is said to be drawn down to the ground where water or min- erals are situated. divinity (di-vin'i-ti) , n. [pi. divinities (di-vin'i-tiz)], the state or quality of being divine; Godhead; a pagan or healthen deity; theology. divisibility (di-viz-i-biri-ti) , n. the quality of being divisible. divisible (di-viz'i-bl) , adj. capable of being divided; capable of division without a remainder. division (di-vizh'un) , n. the act or state of being divided; separation; a partition; section; discord; dif- ference; the separating of the mem- bers of a legislative or municipal assembly in order to take a vote; two or more brigades under the com- mand of a general officer; a section of a fleet under one commander; the process of finding how many times ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DIVISIONAL 265 DOG-DAYS one number or quantity is contained in another. divisional (di-vizh'un-al) , adj. per- taining to division. divisor (di-vl'zor) , n. the number by which another (the dividend) is divided. [Latin.] divorce (di-vors'). n» a dissolution of the marriage bond by legal au- thority: v.t. to dissolve the mar- riage contract between by legal authority; release from close union. divorcement (di-vors'ment), n. the act or process or divorcing (Deut. xxiv. 1). divort (di-vortO, n. a watershed. divulge (di-yulj'), v.t. to make known, as something previously kept secret; disclose. dizziness (diz'i-nes), n. giddiness. dizzy (diz'i), adj. giddy. do (doo), v.t. [p.t. did, p.p. done, p. pr. doing], m to perform; achieve; cause to bring about; make ready for some object or purpose; cheat or swindle: v.i. to act or behave; suc- ceed; suffice; fare as to health: n. a trick or hoax. docile (dos'il) , adj. easy to teach ; tractable; easily managed. docility (do-sil'i-ti), n. the quality of being docile. dock (dok), n. a place for constructing and laying up ships ; the place where a prisoner stands in a court to be tried; a coarse weed with broad leaves; the tail of a horse after it has been docked: v.t. to cut off or curtail; deduct from; diminish. dockage (dok'aj), n. reduction; provi- sion or accommodation for the dock- ing of vessels; money paid for the use of a dock. docket (dok'et), v.t. to mark the con- tents or titles of papers on the back of them; indorse: n. a directed label or ticket tied on goods; a summary of a larger writing; a digest. dockyard (dok'yard), n. sl place where ships are built and naval stores are kept. doctor (dok'ter), n. one skilled in any particular branch of knowledge; an academical degree denoting the highest proficiency in a faculty of a university ; a learned man ; a medi- cal practitioner: v.t. to treat medi- cally; tamper with or give a false appearance to: v.i. to practice medicine; undergo medical treat- ment. doctorate (dok'ter-at) , n. the degree of doctor. doctrinaire (dok-tri-nar') , n. one who theorizes on political or other mat- ters, disregarding practical consid- erations: adj. visionary. doctrinal (dok'trin-al) , adj. m pertain- ing to, or containing, doctrine. doctrinally (dok'tri-na-li) , adv. in a doctrinal manner. doctrine (dok'trin), n. that which is taught; the principles, belief, or dogma of any church, sect or party. document (dok'u-ment) , n. a printed or written paper relied upon to es- tablish some fact or assertion, or con- veying information. documentary (dok-u-men'ta-ri), adj« pertaining to, derived from, or con- sisting of, documents. dodder (dod'er) , n. a parasitical plant. dodecagon (do-dek'a-gon) , n. a figure with twelve sides and twelve angles* dodecahedron (do-dek-a-he'dron), k. a solid having twelve faces. dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside and shift about; evade by craft; avoid; prac- tice tricky devices: v.t. to establish by starting aside: n. the act of dodging; a trick. dodo .(do 'do), n. [pi. dodos (do'doz)]. a large extinct bird with a short neck, a large hooked bill, short wings and legs. doe (do), n. the female of a buck or fallow deer, or of an antelope, rab- bit, or hare. doeskin (do'skin), n. the skin of a doe: a fine woolen cloth with a smooth finish. doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, as clothes: v.i. remove the hat in saluting. dog (dog), n. a domesticated carnivo- rous animal belonging to the genua Canis; name of various mechanical contrivances: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dog- ged, p.pr. dogging], to hunt as a dog; follow pertinaciously. dogcart (dog'kart ) , ?i . a light cart with two transverse seats back to back. dog-days (dog'daz), n.pl. a period in July and August when the dog-st» ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 550 hue, hut ; think, then. DOGE 266 DOLOROSO or Sirius rises and sets with the sun; usually the hottest part of the summer. Doge (doj), n. the title of the chief magistrates of the ancient republics of Venice and Genoa. [Italian.] dog-ear (dog'er), v.t. to turn the cor- ners on the leaves of a book. Also dog's ear. dogfish (dog'fish), n. a species of littoral shark very destructive to fish. dogged (dog'ed), adj. stubborn; perti- nacious. dogger (dog'er), n. a two-masted ves- sel with a broad beam: used in the cod and herring fisheries by the Dutch in the North Sea.^ doggerel (dog'er-el), n. a kind of verse devoid of skill or rhythm: adj. weak and illiterate in construction: said of verse. doggish (dog'ish), adj. cur-like; snap- pish. doggy (dog'i), n. a pet name for a dog; in college slang, a snob; one guilty of bad form: adj. devoted to the breeding of dogs. dogma (dog'ma), n. [pi. dogmas (dog'- maz)], or dogmata (dog'ma-ta), an established principle, tenet, or doctrine; a doctrine stated in a for- mal manner and received by the Church as authoritative. dogmatic (dog-mat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, dogma; positive; authoritative; dogmatical: n.pl. doctrinal theology. dogmatically (dog-mat 'i-ka-li), adv. in a dogmatic manner. dogmatism (dog'ma-tizm), n. dog- matic or positive assertion of opinion. dogmatize (dog'ma-tlz), v.i. to make dogmatic assertions; utter positive assertions without > adducing proof: v.t. to treat dogmatically. dog-star (dog'star), n. the brightest of all the stars. In the summer months it rises and sets with the sun. It is also called Canicula [Latin, "little dog"] and also Sirius. See dog-days. dog-tooth (dog'tooth), n. % a sharp- pointed tool for working in marble. dog- trot (dog'trot), n. a gentle trot. dog-watch (dog'woch), n. one of two watches on board ship of two hours each, between 4 and 8 p.m. dogwood (dog'wood), n. the wild cornel. doily (doi'li), n. [pi. doilies (doi'liz)], a small mat or napkin: used on dessert plates, &c. doings (doo'ingz), n.pl. things done; movements; conduct. doldrums (dol'drumz), n.pl. a sailor's term for the tropical zones of calms and variable winds; depression of spirits ; the dumps. dole (dol), n. that which is dealt out sparingly; alms: v.t. to deal out sparingly. doleful (doTfool), adj. sorrowful; dis- mal. dolefully (dol'foo-li), adj. sorrow- fully; dismally. dolerite (dorer-it), n. a dark-colored basic igneous rock; basaltic green- stone. doll (dol), n. a girl's puppet or toy- baby; a childish-featured girl or woman. dollar (dol'ar), n. a silver coin current in the United States and Canada — ■ 100 cents; a coin of various other countries. [Dutch.] dollar- diplomacy (dol'ar-di-plo'ma- si), n. diplomacy that aims chiefly at commercial advantage. dolly (dol'i), n. [pi. dollies (dol'iz)], a little doll; a block used in pile driv- ing; an apparatus for washing clothes; a contrivance for washing ore in mining. Dolly Varden (var'dn), n. a woman's dress of fight bright-figured muslin, worn over a bright-colored petti- coat. From Dickens's "Barnaby Rudge." dolman (dol'man), n. a long Turkish outer garment; an hussar's uniform jacket; a woman's sleeveless mantle. dolmen (dol'men), n. a sepulchral monument, consisting of a large un- hewn stone resting on two or more unhewn stones, set on end or on edge. See cromlech. dolomite (dol'o-mit), n. a crystalline variety of magnesian limestone. dolor (do'ler), n. sorrow; pain. Also written dolour. dolorific (dol-o-rif'ik), adj. causing grief. doloroso (dol-o-ro'so), adv. softly; a term used in music. [Italian.] g,te, arm, at, awl; me, merge^^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, boGk; hue, hut; think, then. DOLOROUS 267 DONKEY dolorous (dol'o-rus), adj. sorrowful. dolour (do'ler), n. see dolor. dolphin (dol'fin), n. the name of a cetaceous mammal of the genus Delphinus and alhed genera. dolt (dolt), n. a heavy stupid fellow. dom (dom), n. a title of respect ap- plied to gentlemen in Portugal and Brazil; in Portugal a tide of the king when Portugal was reigned by the Braganzas_. domain (do-man'), n. lordship; au- thority; empire; landed property; demesne. dome (dom),_n. a hemispherical roof. domestic (do-mes'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to the house or household af- fairs; private; home-made: n. a household servant: pi. articles of home manufacture, especially cot- ton-cloths. domestic economy (e-kon'o-mi) , n. the art of managing household af- fairs in the best and thriftiest man- ner. domestically (do-mes'ti-ka-li) , adv. privately. domesticate (do - mes'ti - kat) , v.t. to make domestic; familiarize with domestic life; tame: v.i. to become domestic. domesticity (do-mes-tis'i-ti), n. [pi. domesticities (do-mes-tis'i-tiz)], the state of being domestic; domestic character. domicile (dom'i-sil), n. a permanent residence or place of abode; home: v.t. to establish in a fixed residence. domiciliary (dom-i-sil'i-a-ri) , adj. per- taining to the residence of a person or family, as u a domiciliary visit.' ' dominant (dom'i-nant) , adj. exercis- ing chief authority; ruling; predomi- nant ; ascending : n. the recitative note in Gregorian scales; the fifth tone of a musical scale in any as- cending key. dominate (dom'i-nat) , v.t. to govern; rule; predominate over: v.i. to be dominant. domination (dom-i-na'shun) , n. the act of dominating; absolute author- ity ; power. domineer (dom-i-ner') , v.i. to exer- cise authority arrogantly or tyrannic- ally; bluster. dominical (do-min'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to Christ as Lord, or to Sun- day: n. a dominical letter. Dominical letter (let'er), n. one of the letters (A B C D E F G) used in the calendar of the Prayer Book to denote Sunday throughout the year and to determine the date of Easter Day. dominie (dom'i-ne), n. a schoolmas- ter; a clergyman of the Dutch Re- formed Churchy dominion (do-min'yun) , n. supreme authority; sovereignty; independent right or possession; a territory or country subject to the control of one government; such especially is the Dominion of Canada. domino (dom'i-no), n. [pi. dominos (dom'i-noz)], a large loose silk cape or cloak with large sleeves and a hood used as a masquerade garment; an ecclesiastical hood: pi. a game played with 28 oblong dotted pieces of bone or wood (dominoes). dom-pedro (dom-pe'dro), n. the name of the game of sancho-pedro when played with the joker. don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, p.pr. donning], to put on; invest with; assume: n. a Spanish title of courtesy [Latin]; [fern. m Dona (don'ya')]; a fellow or collegiate dig- nitary. donate (do'nat), v.t. to contribute, especially to some religious or phil- anthropic object. donation (do-na'shun), n. a charitable gift; benefaction; present. donative (don'a-tiv), adj. vested or vesting by donation: n. a gift. donator (do-na'ter), n. a giver. done (dun), p. adj. completed; pub- lished officially; cooked sufficiently; thoroughly fatigued; cheated: interj. agreed! donee (do-ne'),^. a person to whom a gift or donation is made. dongola (don'go-la), n. a goatskin, or sheepskin tanned to resemble kid. doni (do'ni), n. a single-masted Cey- lonese coasting vessel with a long sail. donjon (don' or dun'jun), n. the principal tower or keep of a mediae- val castle, containing the prison. donkey (dong'ki), n. [pi. donkeys (dong'kiz)], an ass; a stupid or obsti- nate fellow. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DONNA 268 DOUBLE donna (don'na), n. a lady. [Italian.] donnish (don'ish) , adj. characteris- tic of a don. [Academic] donnism (don'izm), n. academic self- importance. donor (do'ner), n. a giver. doom (doom), n. a judicial sentence of condemnation; the infliction of a sentence; irrevocable destiny; fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment: v.L to pronounce condemnation upon; sentence to punishment; or- dain as a penalty. dormitory (dor'mi-to-ri), n. [pl % dormitories (dor'mi-to-riz)], a large apartment capable of holding several beds; in college parlance, a hall de- voted to rooms and suites in which the students live; adjacent to the lecture-halls or buildings where in- struction is given. dormouse (dor'mous), n. [pi. dormice (dor 'mis)], a small European squirrel- like rodent. dorsal (dor'sal), adj. pertaining to, or situated near, the back. doomsday (doomz'da), n. the day of dory (do'ri), n. [pi. dories (do'riz)], a final and universal judgment Doomsday Book (dumz'da buk) or Domesday Book (domz'da buk), ft. a great book prepared by the early Norman kings in England, and con- taining a list of the great estates that might be confiscated or heavily taxed. door (dor), n. the gate or entrance of a house; portal; means ^of access. dope (dop), n. a stupefying drink used for criminal purposes, as for robbery of the unwary; material for newspaper or magazine articles: v.t. dope out, to plan; to furnish ma- terial for journalistic work. slang.] Dorian (do'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Doris, a small district of ancient Greece: n. a member of the Doric or Dorian race, one of the four great division of the ancient Greeks. Doric (dor'ik), adj. Dorian: n. the broad hard dialect of the Dorians. Doric Order (or'der) , the oldest and simplest of the three orders of Greek architecture. A Doric column has popular name for a golden-colored fish much esteemed for the table; the wall-eyed pike-perch, John Dory ; a small flat-bottomed skiff with a sharp prow. dosage (do'saj), ft. the operation of putting into sparkling wines some- thing to give them a distinctive taste; in medicine, the nature and quantity of a dose. dose (dos), ft. the quantity of medi- cine to be taken at one time; any- thing nauseous; quantity: v.t. to give doses to; administer anything objectionable or nauseous. [U. S. dost (dust), 2 p. sing. pres. indie, of do. dot (dot), ft. a small point or speck; a diminutive child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dotted, p.pr. dotting], to mark with dots or specks. dotage (do'taj), ft. imbecility of mind due to old age; foolish or ex- cessive affection, dotard (do'tard), ft. one whose intellect is impaired by age; one who is foolishly affectionate: adj. doting. dote (dot), v.i. to exhibit the weak- ness of age; bestow excessive love. no base except the steps which lead doth (duth), 3 p. sing, indie, of do. to it, and no ornament upon its dotterel (dot'er-el), ft. a small plover t capital except a delicate curve (the dottle (dot'tl), n. the ashes and refuse echinus). It is expressive of stern of a tobacco-pipe. beauty, delicately appreciated by double (dub'l), adj. twofold; two of a sort; being in pairs; twice as the architect. Doricism (dor'i - sizm) , ft. a Doric idiom, phrase, or peculiarity. dorking (dqr'king), ft. one of a breed of domestic fowls. dormant (dor'mant), adj. sleeping; quiet; in abeyance. dormer (dor'mer), n. a bedroom; a window pierced vertically in the side of a roof. much; deceitful; insincere: ft. twice the quantity; a duplicate; trick; a turning back to escape pursuit; an apparition; a fold or plait: pL changes rung on five bells; games played by two on a side: v.t. to make double; duplicate; repeat: fold; sail round or by: v.i. to in- crease to twice the quantity; return ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; ilue, hut; think, then. DOtJBLE-BASS 269 DOWNWARD on one's track; march at double quick time: adv. twice over. double-bass (dub-1-bas') , n. the larg- est violin. double- dagger (dub-1-dag'er) , n. a reference mark {%). double entendre (doo'bl an-tan'- dr), n. a word or phrase with a double meaning, one of which is usually indelicate. [French.] doubleness (dub'1-nes), n. the state of being double; duplicity. doublet (dub'let), n. a duplicate; pair; a kind of close-fitting man's garment; a ring in which the stone has been split into t vo halves, or one shallow stone i .posed upon another. doubloon (dub-loon'), n. zl Spanish gold coin. [Spanish.] doubly (dub'li) , adix twice the quan- tity or degree; in a double or twofold manner. doubt (dout), v.i. to waver in opin- ion; hesitate; be in suspense: i>i. to suspect; distrust: n. uncertainty of mind; suspense; scruple; per- plexity . doubtful (dout'fool), adj. of uncer- tain issue; questionable; hazardous - insecure. doubtfully (dout'f oo-li) , adv. in a doubtful manner. doubting (dout'ing), adj. inspiring, or subject to, doubt; questionable. doubtless (dout'les), adv. assuredly certainly. douche (doosh), n. a jet or current of water directed upon some part of the body. dough (do), n. a soft mass of mois- tened flour yet unbaked. doughtily (dou'ti-li), adv. valiantly. doughtiness (dou'ti-nes) , n. valor; bravery. ioughty (dou'ti),ad/. valiant; strong. doughy (do'i), adj. soft like dough. Douma and Duma (doo'ma), n. the lower house of the Russian parlia- ment. douse (dous), v.t. to plunge suddenly into a liquid; extinguish; lower sud- denly, as a sail: v.i. to fall into water; to use the divining rod. dove (duv), n. a pigeon of the genus Columba; a term of endearment. dovecote (duv'kot), n. a small house or box with compartments for doves. dovetail (duv'tal), v.t. to unite by a joint resembling a dove's tail spread out; fit closely and exactly. dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the widow of a king, prince, or person of rank; a widow with a jointure. [Old French.] dowdily (dou'di-li), adv. in a dowdy manner. dowdiness (dou'di-nes) , n. the state of being dowdy. dowdy (dow'di) and dowd (doud), *. [pi. dowdies (dow'diz)], a slatternly woman who affects finery: adj. slovenly or ill-dressed; shabby. dowel (dou'el), n. a pin to connect two pieces of wood by being sunk in the edges of each; a piece of wood driven into a wall to seeurt something else: v.t. to fasten b$ dowels. dower (dou'er), n. that part of a hus- band's property which his widow en- joys during her life; jointure; per- sonal endowment. dowlas (dou'las), n. a kind of coarse linen cloth. down (doun), n. soft feathers, hair, or wool; the soft fibres of plants: pi. a tract of bare, hilly land used for pasturing sheep ; banks or round- ed hillocks of sand: adv. from a higher to a lower degree or position: at the lowest point; on the ground; below the horizon; from earlier to later times; in hand, or on the counter; on paper, or in a book: adj. dejected; downcast: prep, along a descent; from a higher place to a lower; along the course or current of. downcast (doun'kast), adj. directed downwards : # sad: n. the ventilating shaft of a mine. downfall (doun 'f awl), v. a falling downwards; sudden fall from rank or reputation: ruin. downgrade (doun'grfld > ). n. a down- ward movement: reverse of fortune', departure from the orthodox stan- dard of belief. downright (doun'rit), adj. straight to the point; blunt; unceremonious, adv. perpendicularly; completely; thoroughly. downward (doun 'ward), adj. tending ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. DOWNY 270 DRAMATIC to the ground ; moving from a higher to a lower place, grade, or direc- tion; descending: adv. from a higher to a lower condition, state, or place; from the source. Also downwards. downy (doun'i), adj. covered with, or made of, down; soft; restful; cun- ning; artful. [English slang.] dowry (dou'ri), n. [pi. dowries (dou'- riz)], the property a woman brings to her husband at marriage; gift or possession. doxology (doks-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. dox- ologies (doks-ol'o-jiz)], an as- cription or short hymn of praise to God. [Greek.] doze (doz), v.i. to sleep lightly or fit- fully: n. a' light sleep, or nap. dozen (duz'n), n. twelve units. [A remnant of the duodecimal system.] drab (drab), n. a kind of thick dull brown or yellowish-grey woolen cloth; a tint of such a color; a dis- solute woman; a prostitute: adj. of a drab color. drabble (drab'l), v.t. to make wet or dirty by dragging through mud or water: v.i. to fish with a long fine and rod. drac (drak), n. an evil spirit; lilia- ceous palm-like plants, to which the dragon-tree belongs. [French dia- lect.] drachma (drak'ma), n. [pi. drach- mae (drak'me) , > drachmas ('maz)], a Greek silver coin, of a value in U. S. money of about eighteen cents ($0.18). Also drachm. draff (draf), n. refuse from malt breweries; hog's-wash; dregs. draft (draft), n. a sketch or outline; bill of exchange; an order for mon- ey; detachment of soldiers; the act of drawing a load; the state of be- ing drawn; the act of drinking or the amount drunk at once; an out- line or sketch; the act of sweeping with a net; the quantity of fish caught at one draw of the net; the depth of water t a vessel draws or to which she sinks; a current of air: v.t. to delineate or sketch out; call forth; select by a draft for mili- tary service. drag (drag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dragged, p.pr. dragging], to pull or draw along by force ; draw along slowly or heavily; haul; tug: v.t. to trail along the ground: n. the act of dragging; a net or apparatus for drawing along the bottom of the water; a coach drawn by four horses; a kind of sledge for heavy loads; the difference between the draft of water forward or aft of a ship. draggle (drag'l), v.t. to wet or soil by dragging in the mud or along the ground: v.i. to become dirty or wet by dragging. draggle-tail (dra'gl-tal) , n. a sloven- ly woman. dragoman (drag'o-man) , n. [pi. drago- mans (drag'o-manz)], in the East, an interpreter, or agent for travelers, especially an interpreter attached to an embassy. [Arabic] dragon (drag'un) , %. a fabulous animal represented as a winged serpent or lizard; a fierce person; a winged heraldic beast: adj. fierce; destruc- tive. [Greek.] dragon-fly (drag'un-fll) , n. an insect with a long slender abdomen, large eyes and wings. dragon's-blood (drag'unz - blud) , n. the red juice and gum of several South American and East Indian trees. dragoon (dra-goon'), n. originally a kind of mounted infantry, now cav- alry, either light or heavy, wearing helmets: v.t. to harass or reduce to submission by military force; to harass; to worry; to force into some action against one's will. drain (dran), v.t. to draw off grad- ually; exhaust: v.i. to become dry: n. a channel or pipe for superfluous water; a sewer; the act of exhaust- ing. drainage (dran'aj), n. the act or means of draining ; that which is drained off. drake (drak), n. a male duck. dram (dram), n. l-8th of an ounce troy, and l-16th of an ounce avoir- dupois; a small quantity of spiritu- ous liquor. drama (dra'ma), n. a prose or poet- ical composition depicting a story of human life in character, &c, on the stage; theatrical entertainment. dramatic (dra-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or appropriate to, the drama. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DRAMATICALLY 271 DREDGE dramatically (dra-mat/i-ka-li) , adv. in a dramatic manner. dramatis personse (dram'a-tis per- so'ne), the characters in a play or drama. [Grseco-Latin.j dramatize (dram'a-tiz) , v.t. to com- pose in the form of a drama; adapt for stage representation. dramaturgy (dram'a-ter-ji) , n. the art of dramatic composition; rep- resentation and stage effect. drank, v.t. & p.p. of drink. drape (drap), v.t. to cover with cloth; arrange in folds or hangings. draper (dra/per), n. a dealer in wool- en or cotton cloth, &c. drapery (dra/per-i), n. [pi. draperies (dra/per-iz)], textile cloths or fabrics used for garments or hangings; cos- tumes represented in sculpture or painting. drastic (dras'tik), adj. powerful; vigorous; severe. [Greek.] draught (draft), n. Same as draft. draughts (drafts), n. the game of checkers. Dra vidian (dra-vid'i-an) , adj. be- longing to the great group of na- tives who inhabit Southern India. draw (draw), v.t. m [p.t. drew, p.p. drawn, p.pr. m drawing], to pull along or haul; raise; suck in; pull out; force out; elongate; disembowel; win, as in a lottery; drive or beat out; sketch; draft; # require a cer- tain depth to float in; entice or al- lure; induce; receive; 7mte out leave undecided: v.i. to produce mo- tion; act as an inducement; shrink; come together or near; practice drawing; settle in the water to a certain depth: n. the act of draw- ing ; a lot or chance drawn ; a game left undecided; a feeler; the act of drawing a covert. drawback (drawbak), n. loss of advantage ; a discouragement ; money paid back, especially to an importer of goods on which customs duty has been paid on their being exported. drawbridge (draw'brij), n. a bridge which may be wholly or partially lifted up. drawee (draw-e'), n. one on whom an order, bill of exchange, or a draft is drawn. drawer (draw'er), n. one who draws; a draftsman; a sliding box-like ar- rangement for holding clothes, pa- ! pers, &c; one who draws a bill of exchange, or an order for the pay- ment of money: pi. an under-gar- ment worn by both sexes, covering the lower part of the body and legs. drawing (drawing), n. delineation; attraction or motion; a distribution in a lottery: pi. the takings or re- ceipts of a business. drawing-room (draw'ing-room) , n. a room for the reception of company; a formal reception by the sovereign, or a distinguished official; the com- pany assembled in a drawing-room. drawl (drawl), v.t. to utter in a slow, lazy tone: n. a slow, lazy manner of speaking. drawn (drawn), p. adj. left unde- cided; disemboweled; contracted. dray (dra), n. a low, stoutly-built cart used for heavy loads. dread (dred), v.t. to fear greatly; an- ticipate with shrinking or terror; venerate: v.i. to be in great fear: n. apprehensive terror; reverential awe: adj. awful; solemn. ^ dreadful (dred'fool), adj. inspiring dread. dreadfully (dred'foo-li), adv. in a dreadful manner. dreadnaught (dred'nawt), n. a fear- less person; a thick woolen felted cloth; a recent type of battleship of vast size and carrying enormous guns. dream (drem), n. a train of thoughts or images passing through the mind during sleep; an idle fancy: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. m dreamt, # p.pr. dreaming], to see or imagine in sleep; think about vainly: v.i. to have a train of ideas in sleep. dreamless (drem'les), adj. without dreams. dreamy (drem'i) , adj. pertaining to, or full of, dreams ; indistinct ; vision- ary. drear (drer) L adj. dismal; sorrowful. drearily (drer'i-li) ; adv. gloomily. dreary (drer'i), adj. cheerless; gloomy. dredge (drej), n. # a drag or instru- ment for sweeping the bottoms of rivers to bring up something: v.L to clean out and deepen by a dredge; gather with a dredge; sprinkle flour upon. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DREGS 272 DRIZZLY (dregz), n.pl. the sediment of liquor; lees; worthless matter. Breibund (dri'boont), n. a triple al- liance, especially that (1883) be- tween Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy for mutual defense. drench (drench), v.t. to wet thorough- ly; steep in moisture; forcibly ad- minister a draft to: n. a large draft; a dose of medicine for a horse or cattle. Dresden (drez'den), n. a fine porce- lain made near Dresden in Saxony. dress (dres),v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dressed, p.pr. dressing], to invest with, or as with, clothing; adorn; deck out; embellish; prepare or make ready; cook; curry or rub down; adjust to a straight line; prune or trim: v.i. to put on clothes: n. a covering for the body; a robe; external finish or ornament ; adjustment. [Old French.] dresser (dres'er), n. one who regulates or adjusts dress; a surgeon's as- sistant; a set of shelves or open cupboard for plates, &c; a com- bination of mirror and bureau. dressing (dres'ing), n. the act of put- ting on clothes; material used in sizing or stiffening fabrics; the smoothing of the surface of stone; sauce or stuffing used for preparing a dish; a beating; reprimand; an external application to a wound ; the preparation of mineral ores for the furnace. dressing-gown (dres'ing-goun), n. a light, easy, loose gown worn while dressing _ or in neglige. drew (droo), p.t. of draw. dribble (drib'l), v.i. to fall in small drops; drip: v.t. to let fall in drops; give out or deal in small portions; in football to give a slight kick or shove to: n. a drizzling shower; a trickling out in small drops. driblet (drib'let), n. a small piece, part, or sum. dried (drid), p.t. & p.p. of dry. drier (dri'er), n. one who, or that which, dries; a substance added to paint, &c, causing it to dry quick- ly; an apparatus for drying off moisture. drift (drift), n. the direction in which anything is driven; an im- pellent force; overbearing influence; an accumulation heaped up by sea or wind; tendency; scope; the hori- zontal passage of a mine; a collec- tion of loose earth, rocks, &c, trans- ported from a distance by the agency of ice ; # leeway made in a gale; the direction of a current: v.t. to drive along, or in heaps; cover with driftage: v.i. to be carried along by a current, or by circum- stances; accumulate in heaps. driftage (drift'aj), n. that which is drifted; leeway caused by wind or sea currents. drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a drill; bore; perforate; instruct thor- oughly in the rudiments of any busi- ness, &c; train; sow in lines or rows: v.i. to engage in military ex- ercises: n. a tool for boring or mak- ing holes in a hard substance; a machine for sowing seeds in rows; military exercise. drilling (dril'ing), n. the act of using a drill; a heavy, firm twilled cloth. drink (dringk), v.i. [p.t. drank, p.p. drunk, p.pr. drinking], to swallow a liquid; imbibe alcoholic liquors ha- bitually: n. any beverage swallowed to quench thirst; as much liquor as can be taken at once; strong or in- toxicating liquor. drip (drip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dripped, p.pr. dripping], to fall in drops: v.t. to let fall in drops: n. that which falls in drops; a projecting cornice to throw off rain. drive (driv), v.t. [p.t. drove, p.p. driven, p.pr. driving], to impel or urge forward by force; propel; com- municate motion to; convey in a vehicle: v.i. to press, or be impelled, forward with violence; travel in a carriage; aim a blow [with let]', n. the act of driving or impelling; a strong blow; a road prepared for driving; an excursion in a carriage; an annual gathering of cattle for branding; a forward blow given to a ball at cricket ; a forward movement in force by an army. drivel (driv'el), v.i. to slaver; be weak or foolish in speech. driven (driv'n), p.p. of drive. drizzle (driz'l), v.i. to rain slightly or in misty drops: n. fine misty rain. drizzly (driz'li), adj. shedding fine rain. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DROIT 273 DRUMMOND-LIGHT droit (droit or drwa), n. equity; right of ownership, especially in land ; cus- tom; duty. [French.] drole (drol), n. a funny fellow; buf- foon. [French.] droll (drol), adj. ridiculous; queer. drollery (drol'er-i), n. [pi. drolleries (drorer-riz)], the quahty of being droll; buffoonery. drolling (droring), n. burlesque, drolly (droi'H), adv. comically. dromedary (drom'e-da-ri) , n. [pi. dromedaries (drom'e-da-riz)], one of a domesticated breed of camels distinguished for its speed and by having one hump. [French.] drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a mo- notonous tone or sound; live in idle- ness: v.t. to read in a monotonous tone: n. a dull, monotonous tone; one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the male of the honey-bee which pro- duces no honey; a lazy fellow. drool (drool), v.i. to slaver as an in- fant; to utter foolish and imbecile remarks ;_ to drivel. droop (droop), v.i. to sink or hang down; languish; bend down gradu- ally: v.t. cause to hang down: n. the act of drooping. droopy (droo'pi), adj. drooping; feel- ing enervated, or dull. drop (drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dropped, dropt, p.pr. dropping], to fall in drops; distil; sink to a lower posi- tion; fall in death; visit informally [with in]: v.t. to let fall; discon- tinue; utter casually; send off (a hasty note): n. a globule of mois- ture; something that hangs like a drop; a small quantity of a liquid; a falling trap-door; the painted cur- tain of a theater (drop-scene): pi. medicine regulated by drops. 'drop-shutter (drop-shut'er), n. a device, operated by a spring, for taking instantaneous photographs. dropsical (drop'si-kal), adj. affected with dropsy. dropsy (drop'si), n. an unnatural accu- mulation of serous fluid in any cavity of the body or its tissues; a disease affecting the food-sac of young trout; blue swelling. dropt, p.t. & p.p. of drop. dross (dros), n. the scum or slag of melted metal; sediment; refuse. drought (drout), n. continued ar> sence of rain or moisture ; dryness. drove (drov), p.t. of drive: n. a collec- tion of cattle or sheep driven in a body; a crowd; sprats caught early in the season. drown (droun), v.i. to perish by suf- focation in w r ater: v.t. to suffocate by immersion in water; overwhelm; inundate; deluge. drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy with sleepiness; be half -asleep: n. a light sleep. drowsiness (drouz'i-nes), n. sleepiness. drowsy (drouz'i), adj. sleepy; sluggish, drub (drub), v.t. [p.t. & p. p. drubbed, p.pr. drubbing], to beat vigorously: n. a thump. drudge (drudj), v.i. to labor hard at mean or uncongenial tasks; slave: v.t. to spend or pass laboriously: n. one employed in menial work who works hard for insufficient remu- neration. drudgery (drudj'er-i), n. the work of a drudge; mean servile labor. drug (drug), n. an ingredient used in medicine; a narcotic; an unsal- able article: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drug- ged, p.pr. drugging], to mix drugs w-ith; render stupid by a narcotic drug; to take or to administer drugs habitually. [French.] drugget (drug'et), n. a coarse woolen fabric used as a floor-cloth. m druggist (drug'ist) , n. a dealer in drugs. Druid (droo'id), n. a priest of the ancient inhabitants (probably pre- Celtic) of Britain, Gaul, and Ger- many. Feminine, Druidess. drum (drum), n. an instrument of percussion, consisting of a hollow cylinder with vellum at the ends, and beaten with sticks (drum- sticks); the tympanum of the ear; a drum-shaped box for figs; a cylin- der or revolving shaft: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. drummed, p.pr. drumming], to beat a drum; beat up recruits; beat rapidly with the fingers: v.t. to pl^y on a drum ; din ; expel ignominiously [w^ith out], [Danish.] drumhead (drum'hed), n. the head or top of a drum; the top of a capstan. drummer (drum'er) , n. one who plays a drum; a commercial traveler. Drummond-light (drum'und-lit) , n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; IS hue, hut ; think, tfften. DRUMSTICK 274 DUEL another name for the limelight of calcium light, and named from its inventor Capt. Thomas Drummond. drumstick (drum'stik), n. the stick with which a drum is beaten; the outer joint of a fowl's leg. drunk (drungk), p.p. of drink: n. a fit of drunkenness; a drunken per- son: adj. intoxicated. drunkard (drungk'ard), n. one habit- ually drunk. drunken (drungk'en), p. adj. habit- ually intemperate. drunkenness (drungk'en-nes) , n. the state of being drunk; habitual in- temperance; frenzy. dry (dri), adj. [comp. drier, superl. driest], free from moisture or wet- ness; not yielding juices; devoid of interest ; unintentionally humorous or quaint: v.t. free from moisture or juice; stop the flow of; parch. dryad (dii'ad), n. a wood nymph. dry dock (dri'dok), n. a dock, or basin, in which ships are laid up dry for re- pairs. dryly (dri'li), adv. without moisture; m a dry manner ; coldly ; sarcastically. dry-nurse (dri'ners), v.t. to rear with- out the breast. drysalt (dri'sawlt), v.t. to cure by salt- ing and drying, as meat. dual (du'al), adj. expressing or com- posed of the number two: n. the form of the noun or verb connoting two persons or things, as in Greek ; dualism (du'al-izm), n. a twofold divi- sion; the doctrine of two indepen- dent and separate principles in man, the spiritual and the corporeal; the Gnostic theory that there are two independent eternal principles, one evil and the other good. dualist (du'a-list), n. one who holds any of the theories of dualism. dualistic (du-a-list'ik) , adj. twofold; characterized by, or pertaining to, dualism. duality (du-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being twofold; division into two. dub (dub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dubbed, v.pr. dubbing], to invest with Knighthood by striking the shoulder with a sword; confer any rank, dig- nity, character, or name upon: v.i. make a brisk noise: n. a tap or blow. dubious (du'bi-us), adj. doubtful. ducal (du'kal), adj. pertaining to a duke. ducat (duk'at), n. an Austrian gold or silver coin formerly in use in Europe and still current; its value in U. S. money is $2.28: pi. money. duchess (duch'es), n. the consort or widow of a duke. duchy (duch'i), n. [pi. duchies (duch'- iz)], the territory, dominions, or juris- diction of a duke. duck (duk), n. any bird of the fam- ily Anatidse, especially the domestic duck; the female of this bird, as dis- tinguished from the drake; an ex- pression of endearment, also of slight contempt; a strong linen un- twilled fabric : pi. sailors' trousers or light clothes worn in hot climates: v.i. to plunge the head under water and then withdraw it quickly; bob the head. ducking (duk'ing), n. the act of put- ting under water; the sport of shoot- ing wild ducks. ducking-stool (duk'ing-stool) , n. a stool on which women who were adjudged to be "common scolds" were formerly ducked in the water. duckling (duk'ling), n. a young duck. duckweed (duk'wed), n. a common fresh-water plant eaten by ducks. duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or canal by which a fluid or secretion is conveyed. ductile (duk'til) , adj. capable of being drawn out into threads or wire; tractable. ductility (duk-til'i-ti), n. flexibility. dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, characterized by over-affectedness in manners, dress, &c. [Slang.] dudeen (du-den'), n. a short clay pipe. Better dhudeen. [Irish.] dudgeon (duj'un), n. sullen anger; resentment ; ill-will. duds (dudz), n.pl. clothes. due (du), adj. owed or owing; pay- able; fulfilling obligation; suitable to a case; ascribable; proper: adv. exactly; directly: n. that which is owed or required by an obligation; a custom, toll, tribute, or fee. duel (du'el), n. a combat between two persons with deadly weapons: v.i. to fight in a duel. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book, hue, hut ; think, then. DUELING 275 DUNKERS dueling (du'el-ing), n. the fighting a duel. duena (doo-a/nya), n. an elderly Spanish or Portuguese lady who acts as a guardian to a younger one; a governess. Also duenna (doo^en'a). dueno (doo-a/nyo), n. a guardian or care-taker to a youth. [Spanish.] duet (du-et'). n. a vocal or instru- , mental composition for two per- formers. Also djietto. [Italian.] duetino (doo-a-te'no) , n. a short duet. duff (duf), n. a pudding of flour, &c, boiled in a bag; a vegetable growth accumulated in forest ground. When duff is dealt out to sailors, sweetened or with currants, they style it "plum-duff." duffer (duf'er), n.a peddler or hawker of feminine articles of attire, flash jewelry, &c; a dull, stupid, ineffi- cient person; a fogy. duffing (duf'ing), adj. worthless; coun- terfeit. dug, p.t. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat. dugong (cm gong), n. an aquatic herbivorous mammal resembling the seal and walrus; the sea-cow. dugout (dug'out), n. a canoe hol- lowed out from a log; a rough kind of shelter excavated in the side of a hill or bank. duke (duk) , n. the highest order in the British peerage and ranking next below an archbishop and the princes of the blood. A title given in monarchical countries on the Con- tinent of Europe, but carrying no right to legislate, as is the case with peers of the United Kingdom. dukedom (duk'dum), n. sl duchy. dulcet (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleas- ant to the ear; harmonious. dulciana (dul-si-a'na) , n. a soft-toned stop. [Spanish.] dulcimer _ (dul'si-mer), n. an instru- ment with wire strings which are struck with a rod. dull (dul), adj. slow of apprehension or action; stupid; sluggish; with- out sensibility; not bright or clear to the eye; blunt; without wind: v.t. to deprive of sharpness; make stupid or heavy; tarnish. m duliard (dul'ard), n. a stupid person; blockhead. dullness (dul'nes), n. the state 01 quality of being dull. duly (du'li), adv. in a fit and becom- ing manner; fitly; regularly. dumb (dum), adj. incapable of speech. dumb-bell (dunVbel), n. one of a pair of heavy weights used for muscular exercise. dumbledore (dum'bl-dor) , n. the bumble-bee; the brown cockchafer. dumb-show (dum'sho), n. gesture without speech. dumb-waiter (dum-wa'ter) , n. a small lift, carrying things, especially food, from one floor to another. dummy (dum'i), n. [j)l. dummies (dum'iz)], one who is mute or silent; that which imitates a reality; an exposed hand at whist when three persons are playing: adj. fictitious. dump (dump), n. a thud or heavy sound; anything short, thick, and heavy; a place to discharge rub- bish in: pi. low spirits: v.t. to throw down and empty. dumpling (dump 'ling), n. sl crust or paste often used for enveloping fruit or meat. iumpy (dump'i), adj. short and thick; discontented; sulky. dun (dun), adj.^ of a dull brown col- or: n. a creditor who presses per- sistently for payment of a debt; a fortified eminence ; earthwork ; mound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dunned, p.pr. dunning], to urge Importunate- ly, especially for a debt; cure, as codfish, after salting, to impart a dark color. dunce (duns), n. a dull, ignorant person. dunderhead (dun'der-hed) , n. a dolt; a numskull. dune (dun), a heap of drifted sand piled up on the sea-shore by the action of the wind. dunfish (dun'fish) , n. codfish cured by dunning. dung (dung), n. the excrement of animals; anything filthy or rotten: v.t. to manure with dung. dungeon (dun'jun), n. the principal keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark underground cell; a prison. Dunkers (dun'kerz), n.pl. sl sect of German- American Baptists, properly termed Brethren, who migrated to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut : think, //^n. DUNNAGE 276 DWARF Pennsylvania about 1728, because they were persecuted in Germany. In some respects they resemble the Quakers. [German.] dunnage (dun'aj), n. loose wood, fag- ots, &c, stowed in the hold of a vessel to protect the cargo ; a sailor's "kit" or luggage. dunnite (dun 'nit), n. a powerful explosive, invented by Major Dunn, U. S. A., its composition a secret. duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal) , adj. con- sisting of, or computing by, twelves or any power of 12: n. a twelfth power of anything: pi. a system of computing by twelves the number of square feet and inches in a rec- tangular area. This system was used by the Romans and some Orien- tal peoples in early times. Traces of it remain in our "dozen," a sum of twelve units. duodecimo (du-o-des'i-mo) , n. a sheet folded into 12 leaves (12mo): said of a book. duodenum (du-o-de'num) , n. [pi. duodena (du-o-de'na)], the first por- tion of the small intestine. duograph (du'6-graf), n. a pictuie produced in two colors. dupe (dup), n. one who is, or can be, easily tricked; a credulous person: v.t. to deceive by trickery; cheat. duplex (du'pleks), adj. double; com- pound: applied to the transmission of two telegraphic messages over a single wire at the same time: v.i. to transmit telegraphic messages by the duplex_ system. duplicate (du'pli-kat), v.t. to make or render double; make a copy or copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass or receive the Eucharist twice in one day : adj. corresponding exactly with another; twofold; double; growing in pairs: n. facsimile; counterpart; an exact copy. duplication (du-pli-ka'shun) , n. the act of duplicating; a fold; multi- plication by two. duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), n. deceit; hypocrisy. durability (du-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. endur- ance. durable (du'ra-bl), adj. not perishing; permanent; stable; lasting. dura mater (du'ra ma/ter), n. the tough covering which envelops the brain and spinal cord. [Latin.] duramen (du-ra'men), n. the inner or heart wood of an exogenous tree. durance (dii'rans), n. imprisonment. [French.] duration (du-ra/shun) , n. continuance in time; permanency 1 duress (du-res' or du'res), n. re- straint of personal liberty by fear or physical force, compelling a per- son to do some act; imprisonment. [French.] during (dur'ing), prep, in the time of; at some period of. durometer (du-rom'c-ter) , n. an in- strument for testing the hardness of steel rails. durst (derst), p.t. of dare. dusk (dusk), adj. tending to dark- ness; shadowy; swarthy: n. incip- ient darkness; twilight. [Swedish.] duskily (dusk'i-li), adv. with a ten- dency to darkness or blackness. dust (dust), n. fine dry particles of matter; a stirring of such fine par- ticles; gold-dust, hence money; un- organized matter; pollen; obscurity; confusion: v.t. to brush away from; cover with a powdered substance. dusty (dust'i), adj. [comp. dustier, superl. dustiest], covered with dust. Dutch (duch), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Dutch or Low Germans ( Nether] anders) of Hol- land, or their language. duteous (du'ti-us), adj. fulfilling duty; obedient. dutiable (du'ti-a-bl) , adj. subject to duty. dutiful (dii'ti-f ool) , adj. respectful; obedient to parents. dutifully (du'ti-f oo-li), adv. in a duti- ful manner. duty (du'ti), n. [pi. duties (du'tiz)], obligatory service;' tax, impost, or toll levied by Government on cer- tain article_s. duumvir (doo-um'ver) , n. [pi. duum- viri (dooyiim'vi-ri) , duumvirs ('verz)l, two ancient Roman officers of high rank acting together in one capacity or public function. duumvirate (doo-um'ver-at) , n. the joint office of the duumviri dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human being, animal, or plant much below the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DWELL 277 DZAN average height: adj. of smaller size or height than the average: v.t. hin- der from growing to the natural size. dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t. &. p.p. dwelt, p.pr. dwelling], to reside for a length of time; have a fixed abode; continue; linger: v.t. to inhabit. dwelling (dwel'ing), n. a house or place of abode. dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i. to become gradually less; diminish; decrease. Dyak (di'ak), adj. pertaining to # the natives of the Malay race inhabiting Borneo. dye (di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dyed, p.pr, dyeing], to stain or color: v.i. to follow the trade of a dyer: n. a col- oring liquid or stain. dying (di'ing), p. adj. the passing away from life ; decaying physically ; draw- ing to a close ; the act of expiring. dynactinometer (dl-nak-ti-nom'e- ter), n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic rays of light and comparing the quick- ness of action of lenses in photog- raphy. dynam (dl'nam), n. a unit of work = 1 foot pound. dynamic (dl-nam'ik), adj. pertaining to mechanical forces not in equilib- rium; effective. [Greek.] n.pl. that branch of mechanics which treats of the effects of force in producing motion. Also kinetics. dynamitard (di-na-mi-tard 7 ) , n. one who advocates the use of dynamite as a revolutionary agent. [French.] dynamite (di'na-mit), n. a highly ex- plosive compound of nitro-glycerine mixed with sawdust or infusorial silica: v.t. to destroy by dynamite. dynamiter (ch'na-mit-er), n. one who uses dynamite in effecting a crime of violence. dynamo (di'na-mo), n. an electric ma- chine for converting mechanical into electric energy. dynamograph (dl-nam'o-graf ) , n. an instrument for registering muscular power by compressing a spring held in the hand. dynamometer (di-na-mom'e-ter) , n. an apparatus for measuring the force or power in moving a load, &e. dynastic (di-nas'tik), adj. pertaining to a dynasty. dynasty (dl'nas-ti), n. [pi. dynasties (dl'nas-tiz)], a line or succession of sovereigns of a particular family; the length of time during which a cer- tain family reigns. dyne (din), n. the force which, act- ing upon a gramme per second, gen- erates a velocity of 1 centimeter. dysentery (dis'en-ter-i) , n. a tropic- al disease akin to diarrhoea, at- tended with fever. dysmenorrhea (dis-men-o-re'a) , n. a painful flow or difficult move- ment of the menses. dyspepsia (dis-pep'si-a) , n. indigestion. dyspeptic (dis-pep'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or afflicted with, dyspepsia: n. a person who suffers from dys- pepsia. dzan (dzan), adj. that which is to be understood only by the initiated; esoteric. [Sanskrit.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. E E, the fifth letter of the English al- phabet, deriving its form from a Phoenician sign through the Greek and Latin scripts. E occurs with great frequency because it came in- iscriminately to take the place of other vowels at the end of words in Latin, a, t(s), u(s). each (ech), adj. & pron. every one; either. eager (e'ger), adj. impetuous; vehe- ment; earnest; keen; enthusiastic. eagle (e'gl), n. a bird of prey, genus Aquila, noted for its strength, size, and keenness of vision; a gold coin of the United States = 10 dollars; the military standard of ancient Rome. eaglet (e'glet), n. a young eagle. eagle- wood (e'gl-wood), n. a highly fragrant resinous wood. Also agal- lochum. ear (er), n. the organ of hearing; delicate perception of sounds; at- tention; a spike of corn; anything that resembles an ear. eared (erd), adj. having ears. earing (er'ing), n. a small rope for fastening the upper corner of a sail to a yard or stanchion; a plowing of land ; the formation of ears, as in wheat. earl (erl), n. an English nobleman next in rank below a marquis. On the Continent the title "count" is the same in origin. earldom (erl'dum), n. the possessions or dignity of an earl. early (er'li), adj. [comp. earlier, superl. earliest], before the usual time; seasonable: adv. soon; sea- sonably. earmark (er'mark), n. a mark for identification: v.t. to set a distinc- tive mark upon. earn (ern), v.t. to gain as a just recompense for one's labor, service, &c; merit. earnest (ern'est), adj. in serious reality ; serious in speech or action; ardent; zealous; eager: n. a portion of something given or done in advance as a pledge. earnings (ern'ingz), n.pl. wages; re- ward. ear-ring (er'ring), n. an ear orna- ment. earth (erth), n. the inhabited terra- queous globe; the solid materials which compose the globe; ground; soil; a region or land; worldly things or interests; the inhabitants of the globe ; that part of the ground forming part of an electric cir- cuit: v.t. to hide or bury in the earth; place in connection with the earth: v.i. to burrow. earthen (erth'en) , adj. made of earth. earthenware (erth'en-war) , n. vessels or other objects made of clay or a similar earthy substance. earthly (crth'li) , adj. pertaining to the earth; sensual; worldly; possible; conceivable. earthnut (erth'nut) , n. the ground nut. earthquake (erth'kwak), n. a shaking or trembling of the earth produced by subterranean volcanic forces. earthwork (crth'werk), n. a cutting or embankment; an offensive or de- fensive fortification constructed chiefly of earth. earthworm (erth'werm), n. a common name for worms that live in the ground. earthy (erth'i), adj. pertaining to, composed of, or resembling, the earth; dull; coarse. earwax (er'waks), n. cerumen. earwig (er' wig) , # n. a well-known insect with a pair of curved forceps at its tail: vt. m [p.t:. & p.p. earwigged, p.pr. earwigging], to gain the ear of and influence by whispered or covert statements. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, £ften. : EASE 279 ECCENTRIC ease (ez), n. freedom from pain, dis- turbance, labor, or affectation; quiet; repose; facility: v.t. to free from pain, anxiety, or trouble; give rest or relief. easel (e'zl), n. a wooden frame or tripod for supporting a canvas, blackboard, &c. easement (ez'ment), n. that which gives ease or relief; a right of ac- commodation in another's land, or a right of passage. east (est), n. that part of the heavens where the sun is seen to rise; one of the four cardinal points; the eastern part of the earth: adj. com- ing from the east; near the altar of a church, as seen from the nave : adv. in an easterly direction. East (est), n. the Orient; the eastern part of the United States. Easter (es'ter), n. a festival of the Christian Church to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ: adj. pertaining to Easter. easterly (es'ter-li), adv. situated, or moving towards, the east: adj. in the direction of the east. eastern (est'ern), adj. situated to- wards, or lying in, the east. Eastern (est'ern), adj. Oriental. Eastern Church (cherch), n. the Orthodox Oriental or Greek Church. Eastern Empire (em'pir), n. that part of the later Roman Empire which had its capital at Byzantium (Constantinople) . Eastern Question (kwes'chun), n. the term applied to the complicated internal problems arising out of the possession by the Turks of the southeast of Europe, and their re- lations to Russia and adjoining States. Easterner (est'ern-er), n. a person who resides in the eastern part of the United States. easting (est'ing), n. the distance trav- ersed by a vessel eastward from a given meridian. eastward (est'ward), adv. toward, or in the direction of, the east. Also eastwards. easy # (ez'i), adj. [comp. easier, superl. easiest], free from pain, disturbance, &c; not burdensome; moderate; credulous; natural; not formal; yielding; gentle; self-indulgent: adv. easily. Easy Street (stret), a position of financial comfort. [Colloq.] eat (et), v.t. [p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, p.pr. eating], to chew and swallow, as food; devour; consume; corrode; waste or wear away: v. i. to take foodj penetrate; taste. eau (o), n. [pi. eaux (o), (French)], water, especially when applied to perfumes, cordials, and spirituous waters, as eau de cologne. eaves (evz), n.pl. the edges of the roof which overhang a building. eavesdrop (evz'drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. eavesdropped, p.pr. eavesdropping], to listen to the private conversa- tion of others. ebauchoir (a-bo-shwar'), n. a large broad hewing chisel used by statu- aries. [French.] ebb (eb) , n. the flowing back of the tide; ebb-tide; decline: v.i. to flow back or return, as the tide to the sea; decline; recede. Eblis (eb'lis or e'blis), n. the Mo- hammedan Devil; in Mohammedan mythology the chief evil spirit, or any of the former angels who were cast out of Heaven for refusing to worship- Adam. [Arabic] ebonite (eb'un-It), n. a hard dark va- riety of vulcanite. ebonize (eb'un-iz), v.t. to make black by staining like ebony. ebony (eb'un-i), n. a hard, heavy, dur- able black-colored wood [pi. ebonies (eb'un-iz)], negroes: adj. made of, or like, ebony. eboulement (a-bool'mang) , n. the crumbling of a wall or fortification; a landslip; avalanche. [French.] ebullition (eb-u-lish'un), n. the act of boiling; effervescence; a sudden outburst of feeling. eburine (eb'u-rin), n. an artificial ivory. ecarte (a-kar-ta/), n. a game of cards played by two persons with thirty-two cards, from which those from two to six have been cast out. [French.] ecaudate (e-kaw'dat), adj. tailless. ecbatic (ek>bat'ik) , adj. denoting the relation of cause and effect. eccentric (ek-sen'trik) , adj. not sit- uated in, or deviating from the cen- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ECCENTRICITY 280 ECSTASY ter; peculiar in manner or char- acter; erratic; not having the same center: opposed to concentric: n. a circle or sphere not having the same center as another circle; a mechani- cal device for converting continuous circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion. eccentricity (ek-sen-tris'i-ti) , n. [pi. eccentricities (ek-sen-tris'i-tiz)], de- viation from a center; peculiarity of manner or character; idiosyncrasy. ecchymosis (ek;i-mo'sis), n. a livid spot on the skin, caused by extrav- asated blood. [Greek.] ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik) , n. a per- son in holy orders; a clergyman. ecclesiastical (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kal), adj. pertaining to the Church and its organization or government. ecclesiastically % (e-kle-zi-as'ti-ka-li) , adv. in an ecclesiastical manner. ecclesiasticism (e-kle-zi-as' ci-sizm) , n. strong attachment to the forms, usages, organization, and privileges of the Church. ecclesiology (e-kle-zi-ol'o-ji), n. the science which treats # of the Church as an organized society, and of its development; science of church architecture and decoration. echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an arrange- ment of a body of troops in the form of steps; an arrangement of the vessels of a fleet in V form: v.t. to form in echelon. [French.] echinoderm (e-ki'no-derm) , n. an in- dividual of the Echinodermata, a class of animals in Cuvier's system which includes the star-fishes, sea- urchins, &c. [Greek.] echinus (e-ki'nus) , n. [pi. echini (e-ki'- ni)], a sea-urchin; a rounded egg- shaped molding. echo (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes (ek'oz)], the repetition of a sound caused by reflection; the # repetition of the words or opinions of others: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. echoed, p.pr. echoing], to emit an echo; give, or reflect back, a sound: v.t. to repeat the sound of; repeat closely (the words, &c, of others). echometry (e-kom'e-tri) , n. the art of measuring the duration of sounds. eclair (a-klar'), n. a small oblong cake containing flavored cream, &c, covered on the top with sugar or chocolate. [French.] eclair cissement (a - klar - ses' mang) , n. an explanation or clearing up of something previously obscure or misunderstood. [French.] eclat (a-kla/), n. a bursting forth, as of applause or admiration; renown; striking effect; splendor. [French.] eclectic (ek-lek'tik) , adj. selecting or choosing from different systems, doc- trines, or sources; liberal and broad in taste or belief: n. one of a class of ancient philosophers. [Greek.] eclecticism (ek - lek' ti - sizm) , n. the eclectic system of philosophy. eclipse (e-klips'), n. the total or par- tial obscuration of the light of a heavenly body caused by its entering the shadow of another body: hence diminution: obscuration; temporary failure: adj. pertaining to an eclipse: v.t. to cover or obscure by an eclipse; darken or conceal; overshadow. ecliptic (e-klip'tik), n. the apparent path of the sun, or real path of the earth, in the heavens during a year. eclogue (ek'log), n. a pastoral poem. economic (ek-o- or e-ko-nom'ik) , adj. frugal; saving; pertaining to do- mestic economy. Also economical: n.pl. political economy. economically (e-ko-nom'i-ka-li), adv. with economy. economist (e-kon'6-mist) , n. one pru- dent in expenditure; a student of political economy. economize (e-kon'o-miz) , v.t. to man- age with care or frugality: v.i. to be careful in outlay. economy (e-kon'o-mi) , n. [pi. econ- omies (e-kon'o-miz)], the regulation of household affairs; frugality in ex- penditure; any system of religious laws, rites, or ceremonies. [Greek.] ecorche (a~kor-sha/) , n. an anatom- ical model, represented as deprived of the skin; to exhibit for study the muscular system. [French.] ecrevisse (a-kre-ves') , n. a crawfish; a piece of armor formed of overlap- ping splints resembling the tail of the crawfish. ecru (a-krooO, adj. unbleached : said of the color of textile fabrics. [French.] ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. {pi. ecstasies (ek'sta-siz)], the state of being beside ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ECSTATIC 281 EDUCE one's self; excessive joy; a kind of cataleptic trance. [Greek.] ecstatic (ek-stat'ik) , adj. overpower- ing; rapturous; entrancing. Also cstatical. ecstatically (ek-stat'i-ka-li) , adv. rap- turously. ectasis (ek'ta-sis), n. the pronuncia- tion of a vowel as long, or its length- ening if short. ecthyma (ek-the'ma), n. a painful eruption of the skin. f.ctoblast (ek'to-blast), n. an outer cell wall. ectocyst (ek-to'sist), n. the outer cov- ering cf a polyzoon. ectoderm (ek'to-derm), n. the exter- nal skin, or outer layer, of an animal or plant. ectoplasm (ek'to-plazm) , n. the ex- terior protoplasm or sarcode of a cell. [Greek.] ectozoa (ek-to-zo'a), n.pl. external parasites. [Greek.] ectype (ek'tTp), n. a reproduction or imitation of an original design. ectypography (ek-ti-pog'ra-fi) , n. a method of etching in relief. m ecu (a-ku/), n. a mediaeval shield; the name of various gold and silver coins formerly current in France. ecumenic (ek-u-men'ik) and cecu- menic, adj. general; universal, per- taining to the Christian Church throughout the world: said of cer- tain councils of the Church. [Greek.] ecumenical (ek-u'men'i-cal) and oecumenical. Same as ecumenic. eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. an inflamma- tory disease of the skin. eddy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies (ed'iz)], a contrary current of air or water causing a circular motion; a small whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- lar motion; whirl. Edelweiss (a/dl-vis), n. a small peren- nial white, woolly, composite Alpine plant. [German.] Eden (e'dn), n. paradise; any particu- larly delightful region. [Hebrew.] edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp or cut- ting part of an instrument; extreme border; brink; margin; keenness; mental acuteness: v.t. to furnish with a,n # edge or a border ; exasper- ate; incite; move forward little by little: v.i. to sail close to the wind. edged (ej'd), p. adj. furnished with an edge, border, or fringe. edge-tool (edj'tool), n. any sharp tool. edging (edj'ing), n. that which forms an edge or border; narrow lace or embroidery for a garment ; the oper- ation of shaping or ornamenting anything. edible (ed'i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten as food: n. something fit to be eaten [usually in pi.]. [Latin.] edict (e'dikt), n. a public proclama- tion or decree issued by a sovereign and having the force of a law. edification (ed-i-fi-ka'shun) , n.^ a building up in a moral or religious sense; instruction. [Latin.] edify (ed'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. edified, p.pr. edifying], to build up or strengthen, especially in faith or morals; impart instruction to. edit (edit), v.t. to revise and prepare for publication; direct, select, and adapt literary matter for the press; make a revision of. edition (e-dish'un), n. the published form of a literary work; the number of copies of a book, magazine, or newspaper published at one time; reproduction. editor (ed'i-ter), n. one who superin- tends, revises, or prepares a literary work for publication; one who con- ducts a newspaper, magazine, &c. editorial (ed-i-tor'i-al) , adj. pertaining to an editor, or his duties: n. a lead- ing article. educate (ed'u-kat), v.t. to impart knowledge to ; cultivate the moral or intellectual faculties of; instruct; train. education (ed-u-ka'shun) , n. the act, process, or result of educating; the systematic training of the moral and intellectual faculties; the rearing of animals. educationist _ (ed-u-ka/shun-ist) , n. one versed in the art, theory, and methods of education; one who ad- vocates the promotion and extension of education. educator (ed'u-ka-ter) , n. one who, or that which, educates; a tutor; an educationist. educe (e-dus'), v.t. to draw out; evolve; bring to light. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 21 irae, hut : think, then. EDUCTION 282 EFFUSION eduction (e-duk'shun), n. the act of exhausting, as steam. eductive (e-duk'ti v) , adj. drawing out. eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute of ventral fins, having a slippery mucous skin. eelbuck (eTbuk), n. a funnel-shaped wicker basket for catching eels. eelfare (eTfar), n. the passage of young eels up a stream; a brood of eels. eel-pout (el'pout), n. the burbot. e'en (en), contraction of even and evening. [Poetical.] e'er (ar), contraction of ever. eerie (e'ri), adj. lonely; weird; gloomy; mysterious. Also eery. efface (ef-f as'), v.t to obliterate; render indistinguishable; destroy. eff aceable (ef-f as'a-bl) , adj. capable of being effaced. effacement (ef-f as'ment) , n. oblitera- tion. effect (ef-fekt'), v.t. to produce as a cause, consequence, or result; ac- complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; realization; efficiency; purport: pi. goods; personal estate. effective (ef-fekt'iv), adj. having the power to effect; operative; efficient; powerful: n. a soldier fit for dutj;. effectual (ef-fekt'u-al), adj. producing, or having, effect; completely opera- tive; efficient. effectually (ef-fekt'u-a-li), adv. in an effectual manner. effeminacy (ef-f em'i-na-si) , n. the guality of being effeminate; woman- ish softness or delicacy; unmanli- ness. effeminate (ef-f em'i-nat) , v.t. to make womanish or delicate: v.i. become womanish: adj. having the qualities or characteristics of a woman; deli- cate or unmanly. [Latin.] efferent (ef'fer-ent), adj. conveying or discharging outwards. effervesce (ef-fer-ves') , v.i. to be in a state of natural ebullition; bubble or hiss. [Latin.] effervescence (ef-f er-ves'ens) , n. the state or condition of effervescing; irrepressible excitement; a display of feeling. effervescent (ef-f er-ves'ent) , adj. gent- ly bubbling and hissing from the giving off of gas. effervescible (ef-fer-ves'i-bl), adj. ca- pable of effervescing. effete (ef-fef), adj. worn out; barren; exhausted. efficacious (ef-i-ka/shus) , adj. pro- ducing, or capable of producing, a desired effect. efficacy (ef'i-ka-si), n. power to pro- duce results or effects; ability. efficiency (e-fish'en-si), n. effectual agency or power; the state of being efficient. efficient (e-fish'ent) , adj. producing or causing effects or results; power- ful; ready: n. an agent or cause; a qualified person. effigy (ef'i-ji), n. [pi. effigies (ef'i-jiz)], an image; a likeness or figure in sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. effloresce (e-flo-res'), v.i. to blossom; become covered with a whitish crust or fine white crystals. efflorescence (e-flo-res'ens) , n. the time or state of flowering; the pro- duction of flowers; redness of the skin; the formation of fine white crystals on the surface of efflorescing substances. efflorescent (e-flo-res'ent), adj. blos- soming. effluence (ef 'flu-ens), n. an issuing out. effluent (ef'flu-ent), adj. flowing or issuing forth: n. a stream which flows out of another or forms the outlet of a lake. effluvial (e-fiu'vi-al) , adj. pertaining to effluvia. effluvium (e-fiu'vi-um) , n. [pi. effluvia (e-fluVi-a)], an invisible subtle em- anation ; disagreeable exhalations arising from decaying matter. efflux (ef'fluks), n. the act of flowing out; effluence; emanation; a passing away. effoliation (e-f ol-i-a/shun) , n. the de- priving of leaves: said of a plant. effort (effort), n. strenuous exertion, physical or mental; struggle; at- tempt. effrontery (e-f runt 'er-i), n. impu- dence. effulgence (e-ful'jens), n. a great lus- ter, brightness, or splendor. effusion (e-fu'zhun), n. the act cf pouring out, or shedding forth; an outpouring of thought or sentiment; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EFFUSIVE 283 ELABORATE the escape of a fluid from the vessel inclosing it. effusive (e-fu'siv), adj. pouring forth freely or widely. eft (eft), n. a newt. egad (e-gad'), inter j. an exclamation of wonder, pleasure, or admiration. ©gg (eg), n. the oval or roundish body- laid by birds and certain other ani- mals, from which their young are produced; something shaped like an egg; the germ or first principle of anything: v.t. to urge on or incite; pelt with eggs. egging (eg'ing)_, n.' incitement. # egis or aegis (e'jis), n. the shield of Jupiter, said to have been made from the skin of the goat, Amalthea, his foster-mother. It was given by him to Minerva and was one of her characteristic attributes; a shield or protection; as the "aegis of the state." [Greek.] eglantine (eg'lan-tln) , n. the dog-rose. ©go (e'go), pr. I: n. self; personality. [Latin.] egoism (e'go-izm), n. the habit of re- garding self as the center of every- thing; the doctrine that everything is uncertain but the fact of one's own existence. egoist (e'go-ist) , n. an adherent of ego- ism. ego-maniac (eg-o-ma/ni-ak) , n. one whose love of self has become a disease. egotism (e'gq- or eg'o-tizm), n. self- exaltation in thought, speech, or writing; vanity. Also egoism. egotist (eg'o-tist), n. one character- ized by egotism. egotistic (eg-o-tist'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, egotism. Also egotistical. egregious (e-gre'jus), adj. extraordi- nary. egress _(e'gres) , n. departure. egret (e-gret').ft. a species of heron; a heron's plume; the feathery down of seeds. Egyptology (e-jip-tol'o-ji), # n. the science or scientific investigation of Egyptian antiquities and hiero- glyphics. eider (I'der), n. sl large marine duck, the down of which is an article of commercial value. [Icelandic] eidograph (r'clo-graf), n. an appara- tus for copying drawings, &c. eidoscope (I'do-skop), n. an instru- ment for producing an infinite vari- ety of geometrical figures. [Greek.] eight (at) , adj. one more than 7 : a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 7 and 1; a symbol (8, VlIL, viii.) de- noting this number. eighteen (a/ten), adj. one more than 17: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 17 and 1; a symbol (18, XVIII., xviii.) denoting this number. eighteenmo (a/ten-mo), n. a, book whose sheets are folded into 18 leaves. Octodecimo. eighteenth (a'tenth), adj. next in or- der after 17th: an ordinal numeral. eighth (a/th), # adj. next after sev- enth: an ordinal numeral: n. an in- terval of an octave. eightieth (a'ti-eth), adj. next to 79th. eightscore (at'skor), adj. containing eight times 20: n. 160. eighty (a'ti), adj. 8 times 10. eikon (I'kon), n. [pi. eikones (I'ko- nez)], a holy image; a sacred picture used in the Greek Church. eis-wool (Is'wool), n. a fine kind of worsted. either (e r or I'ther), adj. one or the other of two; both: pron. one of two: conj. the correlative to or. ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), v.t. to utter suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculations. ejaculation (e-jak-u-la'shun), n. the act of uttering suddenly; an exclama- tion. [Latin.] ejaculatory (e-jak'u-la-to-ri), adj. ut- tered suddenly or sharply. eject (e-jekf), v.t. to cast forth; dis- miss from office; evict. ejection (e-jek'shun), n. expulsion. ejective (e-jek'tiv), adj. pertaining to ejection. ejectment (e-jekt'ment) , n. the act of ejecting; an action for the recov- ery of lands, &c. ejector (e-jek'ter), n. one who, or that which, ejects. ejoo-fiher (a/joo-fi'ber), n. a strong black fiber, used in commerce. [Malay.] eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen [with out]: adv. also; likewise. [Poet.] elaborate (e-lab'6-rat), v.t. to pro- duce with labor; improve or refine ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nfirth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELABORATELY 284 ELECTRIFY with study or labor: adj. highly- finished; complicated. elaborately (e-lab'o-rat-li), adv. in an elaborate manner. elaborator (e-lab'o-ra-ter) , n. one who, or that which, elaborates. elan (a-lang'), n. dash. [French.] eland (e'Jand), n. the Cape elk. elapse (e-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide away; run out without notice. elastic (e-las'tik), adj. springing back: having the power of returning to its original form; rebounding; springy; capable of extension: n. an elastic woven fabric made partly of india- rubber. elasticity (e-las-tis'i-ti) , n. the quality of being elastic; power to recover from depression. elastic- tissue (e-las'tik-tish'u)^ n. elastic light yellow tissue in the liga- ments of the vertebrae. elate (e-laf), v.t. to raise the spirits of; cause to feel exultant; excite. elation (e-la/shun), n. the state of be- ing elated; joyful elevation of mind. elbow (el'bo), n. the joint or bend of the arm; anything bent or curved like an elbow: v.t. to thrust on one side. elder (el'der), adj. older; exceeding an- other in age; prior in time, origin, or appointment: n. one older in age, rank, or station; a lay member of the Jewish Sanhedrim; one of a body of laymen, in certain churches, authorized to superintend its spir- itual interests, and to assist the minister; a shrub or tree with a spongy pith and purple berries. elderly (el'der-li), adj. somewhat old. eldest (eld 'est), adj. oldest; firstborn. El Dorado (el do-ra'do) , n. an imagi- nary country in South America, fabled to be very rich in gold and precious stones : hence an inexhausti- ble treasure. [Spanish.] elect (e-lekt'), v.t. to choose for any office or use ; choose by ballot ; select from a number: adj. taken in prefer- ence ; chosen to an office but not yet invested with the dignity: n.pl. those chosen to eternal life by Divine Sovereignty. election (e-lek'shun) , n. the act of electing; voluntary preference; the act of choosing a person for some of- fice or function by show of hands, or ballot; the selection by Divine Sov- ereignty of certain individuals to eternal life; one of the five points of Calvinism. electioneer (e-lek-shun-er') , v.i. to employ means for influencing the result of an election. electioneering (e-lek-shun-er 'ing) , n. the act of canvassing for, or the means employed to secure, votes at an election. elective (e-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by choice ; exerting the power of choice ; opposed to hereditary; haying the tendency to attract, or combine with. elector (e-lek'ter), n. one legally quali- fied to vote; a member of a United States electoral college; one of the German princes who formerly pos- sessed the power of electing the Em- peror. electoral (e-lek'to-ral), adj. pertaining to elections or electors; haying the rights of an elector. [Latin.] electoral college (kol'ej), n. body of representatives elected by the voters of the several States to choose a president of the United States. electorate (e-lek'to-rat), n. the whole body of persons entitled to vote; the dignity or territory of an elector of the old German Empire. electric (e-lek'trik) , adj. pertaining to, containing, generated by, or pro- duced by, electricity; magnetic. Also electrical. electrically (e-lek'tri-ka-li), adv. by electricity electrician (e-lek-trish'un) , n. one wno is skilled in the science of elec- tricity; the maker or vendor of electrical appliances. electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti), n. an im- ponderable and invisible agent pro- ducing light, heat, chemical decom- position, and other physical phenom- ena; the science of the laws and phenomena which characterize elec- tricity. electrifiable (e - lek'tri - fl - a - bl) , adj. capable of receiving, being charged with, or transmitting, electricity. electrification (e-lek-tri-fl-ka'shun) , n. the act of electrifying; the state of being electrified. electrify (e-lek'tri-fD , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue hut ; think, then. ELECTRO 285 ELECTROTECHNIGS electrified, p.pr. electrifying], to charge with, or act upon, by elec- tricity; pass an electric current through. Also electrize. electro (e-lek'tro), a Greek prefix de- noting electricity as the motive power, or operating agent, used in many words, the meaning of which is self-evident, as efedro-engrave, electro-gild, &c. electro-biology (e-lek'tro-bi-ol'o-j'i) , ft. mesmerism. electro- cautery (e-lek'tro-kaw'ter-i) , n. cauterizing by a platinum wire heated by electricity. electrocute (e-lek'tro-kut), v.t. to put to death (a criminal) by an electric current. [Grseco-Latin ; jnodern.] electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku'shun) , ft. the act of_ electrocuting. electrode (e-lek'trod), n. either of the terminals of an electric source ; anode or cathode. electro- dynamics (e-lek' tro-dl-n am '- iks), n. that branch of physics which treats of electric currents. electro- dynamometer (e-lek'tro-di- na-mom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the strength of an electric current. electrograph (e-lek'tro-graf ) , n. an apparatus used in preparing copper cylinders for printing fabrics and wall-papers. electrography (e-lek-trog'ra-fi), ft. a process of copying fine engravings on copper or steel by means of an electro-copper deposit. electrokinetics (e-lek'tro-ki-net'iks) , ft. that branch of electrical science which treats of electric currents, or electricity in motion, as distin- guished from electrostatics. electrolier (e-lek-tio-ler'), n. an orna- mental metal bracket for supporting electric lamps. electrolysis (e-lek-trol'i-sis) , n. the de- composition of a chemical compound by electricity into its component parts. [Greek.] electrolyze (e-lek'tro-llz) , v.t. to de- compose by the direct action of elec- tricity or galvanism. electro- magnet (e-lek'tro-mag'net) , ft. a coil of soft iron rendered mag- netic by the passage of an electric current through it. electromagnetics (e-lek'tro-mag-net'- iks), n. the science of electro-mag- netism. electromassage (e-lek'tro-mas-af), n* massage wich the application of an electric current. electrometallurgy (e-lek'tro-met 'al- er-ji), n. the art of precipitating cer- tain metals from their solutions, or of separating metals from their ores, &c, by a slow electric current. electrometer (e-lek- trom'e-oer), ft. an instrument for measuring the amount of electrical force. electromotor (e-lek'tro-mo'ter), ft. any arrangement^ or apparatus, which produces or excites an electric current. electron (e-lek'tron) , ft. an atom corpuscle; the Beta ray of radium; the carrier of negative electricity. electronegative (e-lek'tro-neg'a-tiv) , adj. having a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis^ electropathy (e-lek-trop'a-thi), n. the treatment of diseases by_ electricity. electrophone (e-lek'tro-f on) , n. an instrument for producing resonant sounds by electric currents; a form of telephonic transmitter. electrophorus (e-lek-trof '5-rus) , ft. an instrument for generating statical electricity by induction. electrophotometer (e-lek'tro-fo-tom' e-ter) , ft. an instrument for comparing the brightness of various lights with that produced by an electric spark. electrophotomicrography (e-lek'tro- fo-to-mi-krog'ra-fi), n. photograph- ing by electric light objects magnified by the microscope. electrophysiology (e-lek'tro-fiz-i-ol'o- ji), n . > that branch of electricity which investigates the electric phe- nomena of living organisms. electroplate (e-lek'tro-plat) , v.t. to cover or give a coating of metal to by means of a current of electricity: ft. an article thus coated: generally applied to silver plate. electropositive (e - lek'tro - poz'i - tiy) , adj. tending to pass to the negative pole in electrolysis. electroscope ( e-lek' tro-skop), ft. an electrometer. electrotechnics (e - lek'tro - tek'niks) , ft. the science of the processes or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS 286 ELIDE methods in which electricity is ap- plied to the industrial arts. electrotherapeutics. See electrother- apy. electrotinting (e-lek'tro-tint'ing) , n. a method of producing a design, &c, in relief on a metal plate, the lines of which when exposed in an electro-bath are protected by an agent. electrotype (e-lek'tro-tip) , n. a fac- simile in metal of any object made by covering a mold, plate, &c, with a coating of copper by the action of a galvanic electric current: v.t. to take a copy of by electrical deposition. electrum (e-lek' trum), n. amber [Greek]; German silver plate. electuary (e-lek'-tfi-a-ri) , n. a purga- tive composed of powders and fruit preserves. eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri) , adj. pertaining to alms; devoted to charitable purposes ; dependent upon charity: n. one who lives on alms. elegance (el'e-gans), n. [pi. elegances (el'e-gan-siz)], the state or quality of being elegant; polish; refinement; symmetry. [French.] elegant (el'e-gant), adj. characterized by refinement and good taste; re- fined; polished; beautiful in form, color, or design. elegiac (el-e-ji'ak, or e-le'ji-ak), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an elegy; plaintive; mournful: n. a song expressing sorrow; a funeral song. . m H elegit (e-le'jit), n. a writ of execu- tion under which a creditor can hold a debtor's goods until his claim is satisfied. elegy (el'e-ji), n. [pi. elegies (el'e-jiz)], a funeral song or ode; dirge; re- quiem. element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- stituent principle; a component or essential part; a substance which cannot be decomposed by any known method; natural environment; in- gredient: pi. the letters or sounds of the alphabet; the Eucharistic bread and wine. elemental (el-e-ment'al) , # adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, an element; fundamental. Also ele- mentary. elephant (el'e-fant), n. a large five- toed proboscidian mammal with a flexible trunk and large tusks. elephantiasis (el-e-fan-ti'a-sis), n. a cutaneous disease resembling lep- rosy and accompanied by a swelling of the head and body. elephantine (el-e-f an'tin) , adj. per- taining to, or resembling, an ele- phant; huge; unwieldy. elephantoid (el-e-f an'toid) , adj. like an elephant. elevate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from a lower to a higher position; ennoble; animate; inspire; raise by training or education; to intoxicate slightly. elevation (el-e-va/shun), n. the act of elevating; the state of being ele- vated; a sketch plan of the front or principal side of a building; the altitude of a heavenly body above the horizon; raising of the land by seismic or other agency; slight in- toxication. elevator (el'e-va-ter) , n. that which raises up or exalts; a hoisting ma- chine or lift; a warehouse for the storage of grain. eleven (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 added: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 10 with 1 added. eleventh (e-lev'nth), adj. next in or- der after 10th: an ordinal numeral; constituting one of 11 parts: n. one of 11 equal parts. elf (elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz)], a di- minutive mischievous sprite sup- posed to haunt hills and wild places; a dwarf; fairy. elf- child (elf 'child), n. a child believed to have been left by the fairies in the place of one stolen by them; a changeling. elfin (erfin), n. an .inhabitant of fairy- land; a sportive child: adj. pertain- ing to elves. elf -fire (elf 'fir), n. will-o'-the-wisp. elfish (elfish), adj. resembling, or caused by, an elf; mischievous. elf kin (elf kin), n. a little elf. elf-lock (elf'lok), n. a knot of hair twisted in an intricate manner. elicit (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. [Latin.] elide (e-lid'), v.t. to slur over, or cut off, as a final vowel. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ELIGIBILITY 287 EMARGINATE eligibility (el-i-ji-bil'i-ti) , n. the qual- ity of being eligible. eligible (el'i-ji-bl) , adj. capable of being, or fib to be, chosen; legally qualified. eliminate (e^lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave out of consideration, or cast aside. eliquate (el'i-kwat), v.t. to separate or melt_out, as metal from ore. elision (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting off of a vowel or syllable for the sake of euphony, as o'er for over. elite (a r let'), n. the choicest part, as of society, a profession, an army, &c elixir (e-lik'ser), w.an imaginary liquid of the alchemists supposed to be capable of prolonging life indefi- nitely, and of changing baser metals into gold; a tincture, essence, or cordial. [Arabic] elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North America and Northern Europe; the moose-deer. [Icelandic] elkwood (elk'wood), n. the wood of the umbrella-tree. ell (el), n. a measure formerly used for cloth, varying in different coun- tries, an English ell being 45 inches. ellipse (el-lips'), n. one of the sec- tions of a cone; the elliptical orbit of a planet. [Greek.] ellipsis (el-lips'is) , n. the omission of a word or words in a sentence, the sense of which is obvious. ellipsoid (el-lips'oid) , n. an elliptical spheroid. elliptic (e-Jip'tik), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, an ellipse; having a part omitted. Also elliptical. elHptically (e-lip'ti-ka-li), adv. in an elliptical manner. ellipticity (e-lip-tis'i-ti) , n. the qual- ity of being elliptic; the extent of any divergence of any ellipse from the circle. elm (elm), n. a tree of various spe- cies belonging to the genus Ulmus. elocution (el-o-ku'shun) , n. the art, manner, or style of speaking in pub- lic; delivery. elocutionary (el-o-ku'shun-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to elocution. elocutionist (el-o-ku'shun-ist), n. one skilled in, or a teacher of, the art of elocution. elod (el'od), n. the odic force of elec- tricity. [Modern coined word.] eloge (a'lozh), n. a funeral oration, especially one pronounced on the death of a member of the French Academy. [French.] Elohim (el-o-hem'), n. one of the Old Testament names of God, spoken of in the plural. [Hebrew.] elongate (e-long'gat) , v.t. to stretch out; extend; lengthen. elongation (e-16ng-ga'shun) , n. ex- tension. elope (e-lop'), v.i.^ to escape private- ly; run away with a lover or para- mour. [Dutch.] elopement (e-lop'ment), n. running away. eloquence (el'o-kwens) , n. the art of speaking with fluency and elegance. eloquent (el'o-kwent) , adj. having the power of fluent and elegant oratory. else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. elsewhere (els'hwar), adv. in another place. elucidate (e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to make clear; render _intelligible; illustrate. elucidator (e-lus'i-da-ter), n. one who elucid_ates; an expositor. elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice or dexterity; shun; escape. elusive (e-lu'siv), adj. deceptive; falla- cious. elusory (e-lu'so-ri) , adj. evasive; de- ceptive. Elysian (e-liz'i-an), adj. pertaining to Elysium; yielding the highest en- joyment. Elysium (e-hVi-um), n. the Greek Paradise or residence of the blessed after death; a condition of perfect happiness. em (em), n. the square body of any size of type, serving as a unit of measurement^ emaciate (e-ma'shi-at), v.i. to lose flesh gradually; pine away: v.t. to make thin. [Latin.] emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, issue, or proceed, as from a source. emancipate (e-man'si-pat) , v.t. to liberate from servitude or bondage; set free; enfranchise. emancipation (e-mamsi-pa'shun), n. the act of setting free persons in a state of bondage. emancipator (e-man'si-pa-ter) , n. a liberator. emarginate (e-mar'gin-at) , adj. in- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EMASCULATE 288 EMBRACE dented at the edges; having the apex notched. emasculate (e-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to castrate; deprive of virility; weaken by expurgation; adj. castrated'. embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve from decay by balsams, aromatic spices or antiseptics. embank (em-bangk'), v.t. to inclose with a bank; protect by a bank. embankment (em-bangk'ment), n. a bank of earth, stones, &c, for pro- tection or defense. embargo (em-bar'go), n. [pi. embar- goes (em-bar'goz)], an orcier by au- thority prohibiting the departure of vessels from a port. embark (em-bark'), v.t. to put on board ship ; venture or invest : v.i. to go on board a vessel; engage in any affairs. embarrass (em-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; pern! ex; involve in pecuniary diffi- culties; distress. embarrassment (em - bar'as - ment) , n. confusion of mind; pecuniary difficulties. embassy (em'ba-si), n. [pi. embassies (em'ba-siz)], the public function, or official residence of an ambassador. embattled (em-bat'ld), p. adj. fur- nished with battlements; drawn up in battle array. embed (em-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as in, a bed ; set in surrounding matter. embellish (em-bel'ish), v.t. to make beautiful; set off by ornamentation. ember (em'ber), n. a small live coal or unextinguished smoldering ashes. embezzle (em-bez'l), v.t. to appropri- ate fraudulently, as property en- trusted to one's care. embitter (em-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- ter, or more bitter; exasperate. Also imbitter. emblazon (em-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- rate; celebrate the praises of. emblazonry (em-bla'zn-ri) , n. [pi. emblazonries (em-bla'zn-riz)], her- aldic decoration. emblem (em'blem), n. a symbolical fig- ure or design ; a visible sign of an idea. emblemata (em-ble'ma-ta), n.pl. de- tachable figures with which the an- cients ornamented gold, silver, or other metallic vessels. emblematic (em-blem-at'ik), adj. per- taining to an emblem; symbolical. Also emblematical. emblematically (em-blem-at'i-ka-li) , adv. in an emblematical manner. emblements (em'ble-ments) , n.pl. annual crops produced by the labor of the cultivator. embodier (em-bod'i-er) , n. one who embodies. embodiment (em-bod 'i-ment) , n. the act of embodying, or uniting in a whole. embody (em-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. embodied, p.pr. embodying], to collect into one mass or united whole; invest with, or as with, a material body; v.i. to coalesce. embolden (em-bold'en), v.t. to en- courage. embolism (em'bo-lizm) , n. an inter- calation; the insertion of days, months, or years into the calendar to produce regularity of time; the presence of obstructing clots in the blood vessels. [Greek.] embolus (em'bo-lus), n. [pi. emboli (em'bo-ll)], something inserted and acting in another thing, as a piston- rod. embonpoint (an - bong - pwang') , n. plumpness of figure, especially of the bust. [French.] embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold in the bosom; inclose in the midst; shelter. emboss (em-bos'), v.t. to cover with bosses or studs; raise in relief from the surface. embossing (em-bos'ing), n. the art of producing raised or projecting fig- ures or designs in relief on surfaces. embouchure (am-boo-shur') , n. the mouth of a river, a cannon, &c; the mouthpiece of a musical wind instrument. [French.] embowel (em-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emboweled, p.pr. emboweling], to remove the intestines from; disem- bowel. embower (em-bou'er), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a bower; v.i. to rest, as in a bower; form a bower. embrace (em-bras'), v.t. to take in close, or press to the bosom with affection; hug; cling to; receive with willingness; in law, to attempt ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EMBRACERY 289 EMISSARY to influence by threats or bribes: v.i. to join in an embrace: n. the act of embracing; a clasping in the arms; a hug. embracery (em-bra/ser-i) , n. the act of attempting to corrupt or influence a jury. embrasure (em-bra/zhur) , n. an open- ing in a wall or parapet from which to fire guns; a window or door having its sides slanted on the inside. embrocate (em'bro-kat), v.t. to mois- ten and rub, as a diseased or injured part, with a lotion. embrocation (em-bro-ka'shun) , n. a liniment for applying to, or rub- bing, an injured part of the body. embroider (em-broid'er) , v.t. to deco- rate with needlework ; embellish with additions. embroidery (em-broid'er-i) , n. [pi. embroideries (em-broid'er-iz)], orna- mental work of gold, silver, silk, &c, executed with the needle; embellish- ment. embroil (em-broil'), v.t. to throw into confusion; involve in contention; mix up; entangle. embryo (em' bri-o) , n. [pi. embryos (em'bri-oz)], the first germ or rudi- ment of an organism; the first or undeveloped state of anything. embryogeny (em-bri-oj'e-ni), n. the development of the embryo in the ovule. embryologist (em - bri - ol'o - jist) , n. one who studies, or is skilled in, embryology. embryology (em-bri-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of biology which treats of the development of embryos. embryonic (em-bri-on'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or resembling, an em- bryo; rudimentary. embryoplastic (em-bri-o-plas'tik) , adj. pertaining to the formation and development of an embryo. embryoscope (em'bri-6-skop), n. an instrument for the observation of the development of embryos. embryotomy (em-bri-ot'o-mi), n. the extraction of an embryo or foetus by cutting. emend (e-mend'), v.t. to # alter or correct a text or manuscript. emendation (e-men-da'shun), n. the alteration or correction of a text, so as to give an improved read- ing. emendator (e'men-da-ter), n. one who corrects or improves the text of a work. emerald (em'e-rald), n. a precious stone of a rich, deep green color: a variety of beryl ; a size of type : adj. of an emerald color. [French.] emeraldine (em'e-ral-din) , n. a dye of a dark green color. emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or come forth, from anything which conceals; become apparent. emergency (e-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. emergencies (e-mer'jen-siz)], a sud- den occasion; pressing necessity; strait; crisis; adj. pertaining to, or used in, an emergency. emeritus (e-mer'i-tus), adj. retired from service with honor: said of a university or college professor, or of the rector of a church. [Latin.] emersion (e-mer'shun) , n. the act of emerging; the reappearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse. emery (em'er-i), n. a very hard va- riety of corundum; used when pow- dered for grinding or polishing. emetic (e-met'ik), adj. inducing vom- iting: n. a medicine possessing emetic properties. emetically (e-met'i-ka-li), adv. so as to cause vomiting. emeute (a-mut'), n. a seditious or revolutionary outbreak; riot. [French.] emigrant (em'i- grant), n. one who quits his own country to settle in another; adj. moving from one coun- try to another; pertaining to, or used by, emigrants. [Latin.] emigrate (em'i-grat), v.i. to leave one's country to settle in another. eminence (em'i-nens), n. that which is lofty; elevation; height; exalted rank, station, celebrity, or repute; a title given to cardinals. eminent (em'i-nent), adj. high in office, rank, or reputation; dis- tinguished; exalted; conspicuous. emir (e-meV), n. a prince; a title of dignity given _ to a Mohammedan prince or chieftain, notably the Emir of Afghanistan. Also ameer. amir. emissary (em'i-sa-ri) , n. [pi. emis- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 19 hue, hut; think, fften. EMISSION 290 EMULATE saries (em'i-sa-riz)], a person, or agent, sent on a mission, especially of a secret nature. emission (e-mish'un), n. the act of sending out; that which is issued at the time, as bank notes. , emissive (e-mis'iv), adj. sending out. •emit (e-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emitted, p.pr. emitting], to send or give forth; issue, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as bank notes. [Latin.] emmensite (em'men-zlt) , n. an ex- plosive of very high power. • emmet (em'et), n. an ant. emollient (e-mql'yent) , adj. soften- ing: n. a medicine that has a soften- ing effect onjiving tissues. emolliotype (e-mol'i-o-tfp), n. a pic- ture taken on opal glass by the collodio-ehloride process. emolument (e-mol'u-ment) , ft. profit; remuneration ; income ; pecuniary gain. emotion (e-mo'shun), n. mental agi- tation; excited feeling; passion. emotional (e-mo'shun-al), adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, emotion. emotive (e-mo'tiv), adj. producing emotion. emperor (em'per-er), m. the sover- eign or supreme ruler of an em- pire. emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. a particular stress of the voice on a word or words in reading or speaking; spe- cial force of language or thought. emphasize (em'fa-siz)^ v.t. to pro- nounce with emphasis; bring out clearly and distinctly. emphatic (em-fat'ik), adj. uttered with emphasis; forcibly significant; impressive; earnest. Also emphati- cal. emphatically (em-f at'i-ka-li) , adv. in an emphatic manner. empire (em'pfr), ?i. supreme power or dominion; imperial rule or sover- eignty; the region ruled over by an emperor or sovereign; sway; con- trol. [French.] g empiric (em-pir'ik), adj. pertaining to, founded upon, or derived from, experience. Also empirical. empirically (em-pir'i-ka-li) , adv. in an empirical or experimental manner. empiricism (em-pir'i-sizm) , n. ob- servation, or practical experience apart from scientific knowledge ; the practice of medicine without the usual medical training or qualifi- cation; quackery. employ (em-ploi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- cupation to; keep busy; exercise; make use of; apply or devote to an object; n. occupation. employee (em-ploi-e'), ft. one who works for another [French em- ploye (-§/)]. employment (em-ploi'ment) , ft. busi- ness; occupation. emporium (em-po'ri-um), n. a com- mercial center or place of trade; a large shop. empower (em-pou'er), v.t. to au- thorize; enable. empresario (em-pres-a/ri-o) , n. a contractor who introduces foreign settlers to Mexico by arrangement with the government; a musical director. [Italian.] empress (em'pres), n. the consort or widow of an emperor. empressement (an-pres-mang'), cor- dial vivacity of manner ; an animated display of interest. [French.] emptiness (emp'ti-nes), n. the state of being empty; want of knowledge or sense. empty (emp'ti), adj. [comp. emptier (emp'ti-er), saperl. emptiest (empti- est)], containing nothing; vague; unsatisfactory; destitute of force, knowledge, or sense; fasting; vacant: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emptied, p.pr. empty- ing], to deprive of the contents; pour out; discharge; make vacant: v.i. to become empty; discharge itself: ft. (pi. empties), an empty vessel, packing case, or sack. emptying (emp'ti-ing), n. the act of making empty: pi. the lees of beer or cider, used as yeast (pronounced by rustics emplins). empyrean (em-pir-e'an), adj. per- taining to the highest and purest re- gion of heaven, or the region of pure fire; ethereal. Also empyreal. emu (e'mu), n. a large Australian ostrich-like bird. emulate (em'u-lat), v.t. to strive to equal or excel; vie with; rival. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EMULATION 291 ENCUMBER emulation (em-u-la/shun) , n. a spirit of rivalry. emulator (em'u-la-ter), n. a rival; competitor. emulgent (e-mul'jent), adj. draining out: applied to the arteries and veins: n. an emulgent vessel; a med- icine that promotes a flow of bile. emulous (em'u-lus) , adj. desirous to excel; rivaling; competitive. emulsion (e-mul'shun) , n. any liquid preparation resembling milk; a sub- stance suspended in gelatine or col- lodion, used in the preparation of dry photographic plates. enable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able; furnish with adequate means or power; empower. enact (en-akt'), v.t to decree; pass into law; act the part of. enacting clause (en-akt 'ing klawz), n. the introductory clause of a bill or act, usually commencing "Be it enacted." enactment (en-akt'ment), n. the act of enacting; a statute; the passing of a bill into law. enactor (en-akt'ter), n. one who enacts. enamel (en-am/el), n. an opaque, semi-transparent, or colored sub- stance, or glass, used in coating the surface of metals or porcelain, and afterwards fired ; anything enameled ; any smooth hard coating, especially the dense white substance of the teeth: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. enameled, p.pr. enameling], to lay on, cover, or decorate with enamel; adorn with various hues: v.i. to practice the art of enameling. [Old French.] # enamor (en-am'er), v.t. to captivate. encamp (en-kamp'), v.i. to form a camp; halt on the march; go into camp or settle in temporary quar- ters: v.t. to form into a camp. encampment ( en-kamp 'ment), n. a temporary resting place for an army or company of travelers. encaustic (en-kaws' tik) , adj. pertain- ing to the art of painting in burnt wax. [Greek.] encaustic- tile (en-kaws'tik-tll) , n. a variegated paving-tile inlaid on ground of another color. enceinte (ang-sangt') , n. the line of works which forms the main in- closure of a fortress or place; a close or precinct: adj. with child; pregnant. [French.] enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast with, or as with, a chain. enchant (en-chant'), v.t. to charm or subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- witch; fill with delight. enchanter (en-chant'er), n. sl wizard, one who is supposed to charm by spells or incantations. Feminine enchantress. enchantment (en-chant 'ment), n. the use or practice of magic, sorcery, charms, &c; the state of being en- chanted; rapture. encircle (en-ser'kl) , v.t. to form, or inclose, in a circle ; enclasp ; embrace. enclitic (en-klit'ik). In Greek and Latin, particles that adhere to preceding words, losing their own accent which passes forward to the preceding syllable (recessive accent). enclose. See inclose. enclosure. See inclosure. encomiastic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), adj. bestowing praise ;_ eulogistic. encomium (en-ko'mi-um), n. [pL encomiums (en-ko'mi-umz)], formal praise; eulogy. [Greek.] encompass (en-kum'pas) , v.t. to sur- round. encore (ang-kor'),. adv. once more; again; n. a repetition in response to a call by an audience: v.t. to call for a repetition of (any partieular part of a performance). [French, but not so used by the French.] encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. to come upon suddenly; meet face to face: v.i. to come into collision; meet in combat: n. a sudden or accidental meeting; conflict ;_ battle, encourage (en-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or inspire with, courage; stimulate. encouragement (en-kur'a j-menc) , _ ?i. the act of encouraging; that which gives courage or incites to action or perseverance. encrinite (en'kri-mt) , n. a stone-lily. encroach (en-kroch'), v.i. to invade gradually or by stealth; infringe; intrude (usually with on or upon) . encroachment (en-kroch'ment) , n, intrusion. encumber (en-kum'ber) , v.t. to im- pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load with debt or other legal liabilities. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. ENCUMBRANCE 292 ENEMA encumbrance (en-kum'brans) , n. that which encumbers; a lien or liability attached to real property. encyclical (en-sik'li-kal) , adj. sent to all members of a class or commu- nity; intended for general circula- tion. Also encyclic: n. a circular letter sent by the Pope to the bish- ops, treating of topics of general ec- clesiastical interest. [Greek.J encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (en- si-klo-pe'di-a), n. the circle of the arts and sciences; a dictionary of the arts, sciences and literature; a comprehensive summary of knowl- edge; a cyclopedia. encyclopedic (en-si-klo-pe'dik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an encyclopedia. Also encyclopaedic. encyclopedist (en-sl-klo-pe'dist), n. a compiler of an encyclopedia; one whose studies embrace all knowl- edge. Also encyclopaedist. encyst (en-sist'), v.t. & v.i. to enclose, or become enclosed, in a cyst or vesicle. end (end), n: the extreme limit or terminal point of anything; purpose in view; design; necessary termina- tion, or logical outcome; death: v.t. to bring to an end; finish; ter- minate; destroy: v.i. to come to an end; die. endanger (en-dan 'jer), v.t. expose to, or bring into, danger; hazard. endear (en-der'), v.t. to make dear or beloved ; attach to one's self. endearment (en-der 'ment) , n. affec- tion. endeavor (en-dev'er), v.i. to strive for the attainment of some object; at- tempt: n. an effort or attempt. endemic (en-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to a nation, people, or locality: ap- plied to a disease. ending (ending), n. result; end. endive (en'dlv), n. an herb known as Cichorium Endivia. Its leaves when blanched are used as a salad. endless (end'les), a. everlasting; with- out termination. endless chain, n. a closed belt or cable without a terminal point ; # a system of multiplied letter- writing. end-man (end'man), n. in theatrical slang, the man who sits at the end of a row of negro "minstrels," and carries on humorous colloquies with the leader who sits in the middle. endo and endon, a prefix meaning within. endocarp (en'do-karp) , n. the inner coat or shell of a fruit. endogen (en'do-jen), n. an endogen- ous plant: pi. one of the primary classes of the vegetable kingdom, in which the plants increase by in- ternal growth and elongation at the summit, and have a distinct pith. endogenous (en-doj'en-us), adj. per- taining to the endogens; originating or growing within. endoscope (en'do-skop),n. an instru- ment used for examining some in- ternal part of the body, as the urethra. endosmosis (en-dos-mo'sis), n. the transmission of a fluid inward from outside when two fluids are sepa- rated by a porous septum. endosperm (en'do-sperm) , n. the albu- men of a seed. endow (en-dou'), v.t. to bestow a fund or income upon; settle upon; fur- nish, as with some gift or quality (with with). endowment (en-dou'ment) , n. the act of endowing; that which is be- stowed, settled, or appropriated to any object; that which is given or bestowed on the person or mind: pi. natural gifts. endue (en-du')» v.t. to clothe; invest; assume; furnish with some moral or spiritual gift. Also indue. endurability (en-dtir-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being endurable. endurable (en-dur'a-bl) , adj. bearable. endurance (en-dur'ans) , n.the capac- ity to endure; power of suffering without succumbing; continuance; fortitude. endure (en-dur'), v.t'. to support with- out breaking or yielding; put up with; remain in: v.i. to harden; re- main in the same state. enduring (en-dur'ing) , adj. perma- nent. endways (end'waz), adv. on end; with the end forward or uppermost; lengthwise. Also endwise. enema (en'e-ma), n. an injection thrown into the rectum as a medi- cine. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENEMY 293 ENGRAVING enemy (en'e-mi), n. [pi. enemies (en'e- miz)], one hostile to another; foe; antagonist; a hostile army: adj. hos- tile, of the enemy. energetic (en-er-jet'ik), adj. possess- ing, or displaying, energy; vigorous in action; forcible: ii.pl physical, as distinguishedjrom vital dynamics. energico ( en-er'je-ko), adj. with ener- gy, force, and strong accentuation [Mus.]. energize (en'er-jlz), v.t. to endow with energy: v.i. to act with energy. energy (en'er-ji), n. [pi. energies (en'- er-jiz)], internal or inherent power; vigorous operation; power efficiently and forcibly exerted; capacity for performing work; emphasis, enervate (en 'er- vat or e-ner'vat), v.t. to deprive of nerve, force, or vigor; render effeminate or feeble; weaken. en famille (ang fa : me'), with one's family; at home; in domestic fash- ion; without formality. [French.] enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weaken; relax. enfeoff (en-fef), v.t. to invest with a feud, fief, or fee; give, sell or con- vey lands in fee to. enfilade (en-fi-lad'), n. a straight line or passage; the situation of a place or a body of men liable to be raked with shot through its whole extent: v.t. to pierce or rake with shot in a straight line. enforce (en-fors')., v.t. to put into exe- cution with vigor; compel; make clear or intelligible. enfranchise (en-fran'chiz), v.t. to lib- erate or set free; make free of a state, city, or corporation; confer the electoral franchise upon; ad- mit to the right of voting in public elections. enfranchisement (en-f ran'chiz-ment ) , n. the act of setting free: especially the admission to free political rights. engage (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge or bind by oath or contract; make lia- ble for a debt; secure for aid or em- ployment; encounter in battle; oc- cupy the time or attention of; inter- lock: v.i. to promise or assume an obligation; occupy one's self; enter a conflict. engaged (en-gajd'), p.adj. busy or oc- cupied ; affianced. engagement (en-gaj 'ment), n. the ace of engaging; the state or condition of being engaged; betrothal; occu- pation; a conflict between armies or fleets. engaging (en-ga j 'ing) , adj. winning; pleasing. engender (en-jen'der) , v.t. to beget; excite: v.i. to come into existence. engine (en'jin), n. anything used to effect a purpose ; a machine by which power is applied for the performance of work ; an apparatus for producing some mechanical effect: v.t. to fur- nish or fit up a _vessel with engines. engineer (en-ji-ner'),. n. one who is skilled in the principles or practice of any branch of engineering; one who has charge of and manages an engine; one who carries through a scheme or undertaking by skill or astuteness: v.t. to plan, lay out, or direct, as an engineer, the forma- tion or execution of ,_as a road or work. engineering (en-ji-ner'ing), n. the art of constructing and using machinery; the art and science by which natu- ral forces and materials are utilized in structures or machines. English (ing'glish), adj. belonging to, characteristic of, or pertaining to, the language or the people of England, or those descended from them: n. the English people or the language spoken by them; a size of printing-type (see type) : v.t. to translate into English; to give a twisting or spinning motion to, as a ball at billiards, so as to deflect it from its course. engorge (en-gorj') : n. to eat vora- ciously; when said of the earth, to swallow down, as in an earthquake, chasm, or quagmire. engrailment (en-graTment), n. a ring of dots round the edge of a coin or medal. engrave (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or carve in sunken patterns; incise with figures or lines; impress deeply or indelibly. engraving (en-grav'ing) , n. the act, process, or art of producing designs, &c, incised or relief, on metal, stone, or hard wood; that which is en- graved; an impression from an en- graved plate. ate, lirm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ENGROSS 294 ENSHEATHE engross (en-gros'), v.t. to purchase in the gross or bulk; monopolize; write in a large distinct round hand. engrossment (en-gros'ment), n. the act of acquiring large or undue quantities of things; the act of en- grossing documents; that which has been engrossed; attention to one thing to the exclusion of everything else. engulf (en-gulf), v.t. to draw down into an abyss; to overwhelm in a mass of water. Also ingulf. < enhance (en-hans'), v.t. to raise in esceem; advance; heighten in price or value. enharmonic (en-har-mon'ik) , adj. pro- ceeding by smaller intervals than a semitone. Also enharmonical. enharmonically (en-har-mon'i-ka-li) , adv. in an enharmonic manner. enharmonic scale (skal), n. a musi- cal scale having more than 12 tones to the octave. enhydrite (en-hi'drit) , n. any mineral containing water. enigma (e-nig'ma), n. a riddle. enigmatic (e-nig-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to an enigma; obscure or puzzling. Also enigmatical. enigmatically (e-nig-mat'i-ka-li), adv. in an enigmatical manner. enjoin (en-join'), v.t. to direct with authority or urgency; enforce; pro- hibit or restrain by an injunction. enjoy (en-joi'), v.t. to feel or perceive with pleasure; have the use or pos- session of. enjoyment (en-joi'ment), n. the act of enjoying; pleasure or gratification. enkindle (en-kin'dl), v.t. to set on fire; rouse. enlarge (en-larj'), v.t. to make larger; extend in limits or dimensions; am- plify; extend to more purposes or uses; release from confinement; di- late upon: v.i. to become larger; ex- patiate. enlighten (en-lit'n), v.t. to illuminate; make clear to the mind ; furnish with increased knowledge; elevate morally or spiritually. enlist ( en-list'), v.t. to enroll, as for military service; register; gain over, or employ in some cause: v.i. to engage one's self for military ser- vice. enlistment (en-list 'ment), n. the act of enlisting; the state of being enlisted. enliven (en-liv'n), v.t. to make vigor- ous, active, or vivacious; exhilarate; inspirit. en masse (ang mas'), collectively; altogether. [French.] enmity (en'mi-ti), n. [pi. enmities (en'mi-tiz)], animosity; hatred; hos- tility; ill-will. ennoble (en-no'bl) , v.t to make noble ; dignify; exalt; make famous or il- lustrious. ennui (ang-we'), languor of mind; listlessness. [French.] enormity (e-nor'mi-ti) , n. [pi. enor- mities (e-nor'mi-tiz)], something outrageous or extremely immoder- ate; an atrocity. enormous (e-nor'mus), adj. excessive; very great; immense; huge; ex- tremely wicked. enough (e-nuf), adj. sufficient: n. a sufficiency: adv. so as to be suffi- cient; very; quite: inter j. stop! en passant (ang pas-sang'), by the way. [French.] enquire (en-quir'), same as inquire. enquiry (en-qul'ri), same as inquiry. enrage (en-raj'), v.t. to throw into a rage. enrail (en-ral'), v.t. to place a car upon rails : opposed to derail. en rapport (ang rap-por'), in sym- pathy with (with with). [French.] enrapt (en-rapt'), adj. enraptured. enrapture (en-rap'tur) , v.t. to trans- port with delight; please intensely; charm. en regie (ang ra'gl), in due order. [French.] enrich (en-rich'), v.t. to make rich; fertilize; store; adorn. enrobe (en-rob'), v.t. to clothe; invest. enroll (en-rol'), v.t. to insert in a reg- ister; enlist; record. en route (ang root'), on the way. [French.] ens (enz), n. [pi. entia (en'shi-a)], an entity; existence; being. [Latin.] ensanguine (en-sang'gwin) , v.t. to smear or cover with blood. ensconce (en-skons'), v.t. to hide; fix securely or comfortably; settle. ensemble (ang-sam'bl), the whole, with the parts all assembled. [French.] ensheathe (en-sheW), v.t. to sheathe. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENSHRINE 295 ENTOMB enshrine (en-shrm'), v.t. to place in a shrine; keep sacred. enshroud (en-shroud') , v.t. to cover with, or as with, a shroud; con- ceal. ensiform (en'si-f orm) , adj. sword- shaped. [Latin.] ensign (en'sln), n. a flag; badge; the lowest rank in the U. S. navy. ensilage (en'si-laj), n. fodder or vege- table produce stored in a silo or pit: v.t. to preserve in a silo. enslave (en-slav'), v.t. to bring into, or reduce to, s_lavery ; enthrall. ensnare (en-snar'), v.t. to take in a snare; take by craft; allure. ensue (en-su r ), v.i. to follow as a con- sequence; succeed L en suite (ang swet/), in a series. [French.] ensure, same as insure. entablature (en-tab la-tur), n. the whole parts on the top of a pillar or column, composed of architrave, frieze, and cornice. entail (en-taT), n. an estate in fee limited to a particular heir or heirs: v.t. to leave or settle, as if by en- tail; involve; necessitate. entangle (en-tang'gl) , v.t. to involve; tangle ; ensnare ; perplex ; bewilder. entanglement (en-tang'gl-ment), n. the act of entangling; an obstacle of barbed wire used to prevent the ap- proach of an enemy. entente (ang-tant), n. understanding between governments; alliance. # enter (en'ter), v.t. to go or come into; begin; penetrate; set down in writ- ing; initiate into a business, &c; place on the records of a court: v.i. to effect an entrance; come in; join or become a member of. enteric (en-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to, or situated near, the intestines. enteritis (en-ter-I'tis), n. inflammation of the small intestines. [Greek.] enterozoon (en-ter-o-zo'on), n. [pi. enterozoa (en-ter-o-zo'a)], an in- testinal parasite. enterprise (en'ter-priz), n. an under- taking of importance or risk; bold- ness; energy and invention. enterprising (en'ter-prlz-ing) , n. ad- venturous; energetic; progressive. entertain (en-ter-tan'), v.t. to receive and treat hospitably; afford diver- sion to ; keep in the mind ; take into consideration: v.i. to receive guests hospitably. entertaining (en-ter-t an'ing), -p. adj. amusing; diverting. entertainment (en-ter-tan'ment), n. the act of entertaining; hospitality at table; a feast or banquet; a diverting performance; amusement. enthrall (en-thrawr), v.t. to enslave; bring or hold under some overmas- tering influence. enthrone (en-thron'), v.t. to place on a throne; invest with sovereign power and authority. enthuse (en-thuz'), v.t. to render en- thusiastic: v.i. manifest enthusiasm. [Vulgar.] enthusiasm (en-thu'zi-azm) , n. eleva- tion of fancy; ardor of mind; fer- vent zeal; fanaticism. [Greek.] enthusiast (en-thu'zi-ast) , n. one who is filled with enthusiasm; one who thinks himself to be inspired; a visionary; fanatic. enthusiastic (en-thu-zi-as'tik), adj. given to, or characterized by, en- thusiasm; ardent; zealous. enthusiastically (en-thu-zi-as'ti-ka- li), adv. with enthusiasm. entice (en-tis'), v.t. to attract or al- lure; tempt. enticingly (en-ti'sing-li), adv. in a manner to attract, seduce, allure. entire (en-tlr'), adj. complete in all parts; whole; undivided or un- broken; unalloyed; consisting of one piece: adv. entirely; wholly: n. the whole; entire beer. entirely (en-tir'li), adv. fully; com- pletely. entireness (en-tir'nes) , /n. the state or quality of being entire; complete- ness. entirety (en-tir'ti), n. completeness; the whole. entitle (en-tl'tl), v.t. to give a title, name, or designation to; style; give a right to. # entity (en'ti-ti), n. [pi. entities (en'- ti-tiz)]> anything that exists, or is supposed to exist; being. ento. ent, a Greek prefix forming many compounds with scientific words, meaning within, interior. entomb (en-toom'), v.t. to place in, or as in, a tomb. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENTOMBMENT 296 ENVY entombment (en-toom'ment) , n. the act of placing in a tomb. entomoid (en'to-moid), adj. resem- bling an insect. entomology (en-to-mql'o-ji) , n. that branch of zoology which treats of in- sects and their habits. entomologist (en-to-mol'o-jist), n. a student of entomology. entomophagus (en-to-mof 'a-gus) , adj. insect-eating. entonic (en-ton'ik), adj. having great tension; strained. entourage (ang-too-razh') , n. asso- ciates, surroundings. entozoon_(en-to-zo'on) , n. [pi. entozoa (en~to-zo'a)], an intestinal parasite. Same as enterozoon. entr'acte (ang'tr-akt) , n. the inter- val between the acts of a play or opera; a musical interlude. m [French.] entrails (en'tralz), n.pl. the intestines. entrain (en-tran r ), v.t. to dispatch (troops) by train :v.i. to board a train. # entrance (en'trans), n. the act of en- tering; a passage; avenue; the en- try of a ship, or goods, at the cus- tom house of a port : v.t. (en-trans') to bewitch, to fascinate. entrap (en-trap/), v.t. to take in, or as in, a trap ;_inveigle ; ensnare. entreat (en-tret'), v.t. to solicit ear- nestly; importune; beseech. entreaty (en-tret'i), n. [pi. entreaties (en-tret 'iz)], an earnest petition or request; prayer. entree (ang-tra/), n. entrance; admis- sion; a side dish. [French.] entremets (ang-tr-ma/) , n.pl. side dishes; a made dish. __[French.] entre nous (ang'tr noo), confiden- tially. [French.] entre pas (ang'tr pa), n. an amble. [French.] entre- pot (ang'tr-po), n. a commer- cial center for the distribution of goods ; a free m port where foreign merchandise is kept in bond. [French.] entrust, same as intrust. entry (en'tri), n. [pi. entries (en'triz)], an entrance; passage; entree; the act of entering and inscribing in a book ; item ; the act of taking right- ful possession of lands or tenements, or feloniously entering another's premises. entwine (en-twin'), v.t. to twine around ; twist together. enumerate (e - nu'mer - at) , v.t. to reckon or name singly; count; go over in detail. enumeration (e-nu-mer-a'shun) , n. the act of numbering; counting up; a catalogue; list. enunciable (e-nun'shi-a-bl) , adj. ca- pable of being enunciated. enunciate (e-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to de- clare or proclaim; utter; express; speak. enunciation (e-nun-shi-a'shun) , n. definite or declaratory statement; articulation* the words in which a proposition is expressed. enunciative (e-nun'shi-a-ti v) , adj. de- claratory. enunciator (e-nun'shi-Fi-tcr) , one who enunciates or declares. envelop (en-vel'up), v.t. to surround with, or as with, a wrapper; hide; cover. envelope (en'vel-op), n. a case or wrapper, usually gummed, for safe conveyance of a letter by post, &c; covering; wrapper; an investing in- tegument; exterior fortified works. envelopment (en-vel'up-ment), n. the act of enveloping, a covering; wrap- per. envenom (en-ven'um), v.t. make poi- sonous; infuse venom into; embit- ter. enviable (en'vi-a-bl) , adj. exciting envy; capable of awakening the de- sire to possess. enviably (en'vi-a-bli) , adv. in an envi- able manner. t envious (en'vi-us), adj. feeling, or characterized by, envy; jealous. environ (en-vi'run), v.t. to surround or inclose; encompass; hem in: n.pl. places near a town or city; suburbs. environment (en-vl'run-ment) , n. that which surrounds; external cir- cumstances of an organism. envoy (en'voi), n. a diplomatic repre- sentative, second in rank to an am- bassador; one sent on a special mis- sion. [French.] envy (en'vi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. envied, p.pr. envying], to grudge; feel dis- pleasure at the excellence or pros- perity of; covet: v.i. to feel or ex- hibit envy: n. malice, ill-will; dis- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENWRAP 297 EPIGRAPH pleasure felt at the excellence of an- other; an object of envy. enwrap (en-rap') v.t. to wrap up. # enzootic (en-zo-qt'ik) , adj. pertaining to a disease which affects animals of a particular district. epact (e'pakt), n. the excess of the solar over the lunar month, about 11 days in the year. [French.] epaulet (ep'aw-let), n. an ornament- al badge sometimes worn on the shoulder by naval and military of- ficers. [French.] epaulment (e-pawl'ment) , n. a side- work to protect troops in flank. epenthesis (ep-en'the-sis) n. the in- sertion of a letter or syllable in che middle of a word, as the n in passenger (French, passager). epergne (a-pern'), n. an ornamental stand with a dish and branches for holding flowers, &c, as a decoration for the dining table. [French.] ephemera (e-femVra), n. [pi. eph- emerae (e-fem'e-re)], that which exists but for a day; May-fly. ephemeral (e-fem'er-al) , adj. existing only for a day; short-lived. ephemeris (e-f em'er-is) , n. [pi. ephem- erides (e-fem-mer'i-dez)], an astro- nomical almanac showing the daily positions of the sun, moon, and plan- ets. [Greek.] ephod (ef'od), n. a priestly vestment worn by the Jewish high priest. ephor (ef'or), n. [pi. ephori (ef'or-I), ephors (ef'orz)], one of the five Spar- tan magistrates. epi, a Greek preposition occurring largely in the formation of English words of a scientific character. Its original meaning is "upon." epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narrative; said of a poem: n. a narrative poem of some heroic deed or event. [Greek.] epicarp (ep'i-karp), n. the outer layer or skin of a fruit. epicene (ep'i-sen), adj. of common gender: n. a noun common to both genders. epicranium (ep-i-kra'ni-um), n. the scalp of the cranium or skull. epicure (ep'i-kiir), n. one devoted to luxury, especially_ of a dainty kind. Epicurean (ep-i-ku-re'an) , n. a fol- lower of the Greek philosopher, • Epicurus (third century B.C.), who taught that pleasure is the chief good ; by a perversion of his meaning, the word came to be applied to a voluptuary, or gourmand: adj. luxu- rious; devoted to the pleasures of the table. epicycle (ep'i-si-kl), n. a small circle whose center is situated on the cir- cumference of a greater circle. epicycloid (ep-i-sl'kloid) , n. a curve described by a point in the circum- ference of one circle which rolls upon the convex circumference of another circle. epidemic (ep-i-dem'ik), adj. attacking many at the same time: said of a disease: n. a disease having this characteristic. [Greek.] epidermal (ep-i-der'mal) , adj. per- taining to the epidermis. Also epi* dermic. epidermis (ep-i-der'mis) , n. the cuticle or scarf skin; the outer coating or bark of a plant. epigamic (ep-i-gam'ic) , adj. seeking to attract one's mate in the time of cop- ulation. [Greek.] epigastric (ep-i-gas'tric) , adj. pertain- ing to the epigastrium, i. e., the abdo- men with the stomach and its walls. epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um) , n. the upper part of the abdomen and more particularly the walls of the stomach, and the stomach itself. [Greek.] epi genesis (ep-i-jen'e-sis), n. the hy- pothesis that the germ is created by the division or segmentation of a fecundated egg- cell. epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is), n. the leaf- shaped cartilage which covers the upper part of the larynx in the act of swallowing. epigram (ep'i-gram), n. a verse or short poem ending in some ingenious or witty turn; a pithy phrase. epigrammatic (ep-i-gra-mat'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an epigram ; pointed. Also epigram- matical. epi grammatically f ep-i-gra-mat 'i-ka- li) r adv. in an epigrammatical man- ner; pointedly and concisely. epigraph (ep'i-graf), n. an inscription on a building, monument, &c; a motto or quotation prefixed to a literary work. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 22 hue, hut ; think, then. EPIGRAPHY 298 EQUALITY epigraphy (ep-ig'ra-fi) , the study of inscriptions upon marble, bronze, ivory, gold, silver, &c, for their in- terpretation and use in historical or artistic investigation. epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si) , n. a chronic ner- vous disease accompanied by loss of consciousness and convulsions. epileptic (ep-i-lep'tik) , adj. pertaining to, or affected with, epilepsy: n. one affected with epilepsy. epilogue (ep'i-log), n. a poem or speech at the conclusion of a play. epiornis (ep-i-or'nis), n. a gigantic fos- sil bird. Epiphany (e-pif'a-m), n. a Church festival (Jan. 6) to commemorate the visit of the Magi to Bethlehem, and the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. [Greek.] m episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. church government by bishops; prelacy. episcopal (e-pis'ko-pal) , adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, episco- pacy; vested in a bishop. Episcopalian (e-pis-ko-pa/li-an) , adj. pertaining to episcopacy. : Episcopalian, adj. pertaining to the Protestant Episcopal Church: n. a member, or supporter, of that church. episcopally (e-pis'ko-pa-li), adv. by episcopal authority. episcopate (e-pis'ko-pat) , n. the office and dignity of a bishop; bishopric. episode (ep'i-sqd), # n. an incident; a digression, or incidental narrative. episodic (ep-i-sod'ik) , appertaining to g an episode ; adventitious. Also episodical. episodically (ep-i-sod'i-ka-li) , adv. in- cidentally. episperm (ep'i-sperm), n. the outer covering of a seed. epistemology (ep-is-te-mol'o-ji), n: any theory that seeks to explain our knowledge or belief. epistle (e-pis'l), n. a letter; a writ- ten communication or message. epistolary (e-pis'to-la-ri) , adj. per- taining to letters. epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. a memorial in- scription on a tomb or monument. epithelioma (ep-i-the-li-o'ma) , n. a cancerous disease of the epithelium. It is less dangerous, however, than true cancer and may be extirpated by the knife. epithelium (ep-i-the'li-um) , n. the cells that line the alimentary canal and sometimes other parts of the body. epithet (ep'i-thet), n. an adjective denoting any quality either good or bad; appellation. epitome (e-pit'6-me) , n. a summary; abridgment; compendium. epitomize (e-pit'6-miz), v.t. to de- scribe briefly; condense. epizoan (ep-i-zo'an) , n. [pi. epizoa (ep-i-zo'a)], a parasitic animal which lives on the exterior of another ani- mal. epizootic (ep-i-zo-ot'ik) , adj. parasit- ic on animals ; prevailing among animals. epizooty (ep-i-z5'o-ti) , n. an epi- demic influenza prevailing among animals, especially horses. epoch (ep'ok), n. a point of time from which succeeding years are reckoned^ era; date. epode (ep'od), n. the last part of an ode; a burden or refrain in music. eponym (ep'o-nim), n. the presumed ancestor or founder of a race, tribe, city, nation, &c. ; surname. eponymous (ep-on'i-mus), adj. per- taining to one who gives his name to a race, tribe, people, city, monu- ment, or to a drama, or book; as, Alexandria (from its founder, Alex- ander the Great), Harvard (after John Harvard), Thackeray's Pen- dennis after the hero of the book, &c, &c. epos (ep'os). See epic. epsom salts (ep'sum sawltz), n.pl. sul- phate of magnesia. equability (e-kwa-bil'i-ti) , adj. even- ness. equable (ek'wa-bl), adj. uniform; consistently equal; proportionate. equably (ek'wa-bli) , 'adv. in an equable manner. equal (e'kwal), adj. of the same ex- tent, or magnitude; uniform; ade- quate; of the same rank, degree, or value; just; parallel: n. one of the same age, rank, office, talents, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. equaled, p.pr. equal- ing], to be, become or make equal; return a full equivalent for. equality (e-kwal'i-ti), n. [pi. equali- ties (e-kwal'i-tiz)], the state of being ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EQUALIZE 299 ERA equal; uniformity; evenness, equa- bility. equalize (e'kwa-llz), v.t. to make equal; render uniform. equally (e'kwal-li), adv. in an equal manner ; in the same degree; uni- formly; in equal parts or shares. equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. even- ness of_ temper or mind; calmness. equate (e-kwaf), v.t. to reduce to an average ; put in the form of an equa- tion. equation (e-kwa'shun) , n. in mathe- matics, a proposition expressing the equality of two quantities, the sign = being placed between them ; a representation of a chemical reac- tion expressed by symbols. equator (e-kwa'ter), n. the imaginary circle which passes round the mid- dle of the earth and divides it into two equal parts. equatorial (e-kwa-to'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to the equator: n. a, tele- scope mounted on two axes, one axis being parallel to the axis of the earth's rotation: used fcr keeping any star constantly in the field inde- pendently of the earth's rotation. squatorially (e-kwa-to'ri-a-li), adv. m a line with the equator. equerry (ek'wer-i), n..\pl. equerries (ek'wer-iz)], an officer in the house of a prince or nobleman, who attends him in public, and has the super- vision of his horses. equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an) , adj. per* taining to horses or horsemanship; performing with horses: n. one skilled in horsemanship. equestrienne (e-kwes-tri-en') , n. a skillful horsewoman. [French.] equi, a Latin_ prejix meaning equal. equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), adj. hav- ing all the sides equal: n. a figure with equal sides. equilibrator (e-kwi-li'brat-er) , n. an object tending or serving to produce equilibrium. Also a tail of a flying machine. equilibrium (e - kwi -*lib ' ri - um) , n. equality of weight, power, force, &c; equipoise. equine (e'kwm), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a # horse or horses. equinoctial (e-kwi-nok'shal) , adj. per- taining to the equinoxes: n. the equinoctial line; the heavy storm which is popularly believed to occur at the time when the sun # enters one of the two equinoctial points. equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. the point of intersection of the ecliptic and the equator; the time the sun enters one of the two equinoctial points when the days and nights are of equal duration. equip (e-kwip'), v.t. [-p.t. & p.p. equipped, p.pr. equipping], to fur- nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare or qualify. equipage (ek'wi-paj), n. the arms and outfit of an army, vessel, trav- eler, &c; the carriage, horse, liver- ied servants of a person of rank or gentleman. equipment (e-kwip 'ment), n. arti- cles or supplies necessary for any particular service; arms, horses, &c, required for military service; roll- ing-stock or plant of a railway. equipoise (e'kwi-poiz), n. equilibri- um; equality of weight. equiponderant (e-kwi-pon'der-ant) B adj. of the same weight. equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), adj. impar- tial; just. equitably (ek'wi-ta-bli) , adv. justly ; impartially. equity (ek'wi-ti), n. [pi. equities (ek'wi-tiz)], justice; just regard to right or claim; impartiality; the ad- ministration of law according to its spirit and not according to the letter. equivalence (e-kwiv'a-lens) , n. equal- ity of value or power; in chemistry . the property of having equal valency See equivalency. equivalent (e-kwiv'a-lent), adj. equal in value or power; the same in significance or effect; commensurate: n. a thing of the same value, weight, power, effect, &c. equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal) , adj. of a doubtful or double significance; ambiguous; open to suspicion or doubt; uncertain^ equivocally (e-kwiv'o-ka-li) , adv. in an equivocal manner. equivocate (e-kwiv'o-kat) , v.i. to use words of double meaning; prevari- cate. era (e'ra), n. the point of time from ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i hue, hut ; think, then. ERADICATE 300 ERSE which a series of years is reckoned; period; the beginning of a new geo- logical system or formation. eradicate (e-rad'i-kat), v.t. to de- stroy thoroughly; exterminate. erase (e-ras ; ), v.t. to obliterate by, or as by, scratching, or blotting out; expunge. eraser (e-ra'ser), n. a knife or. pre- pared india-rubber for rubbing out pencil-marks, &c. erasure (e-ra'zhur), n. the act of erasing. erbium (eVbi-um), n. a rare metal; one of the elements. ere (ar), conj. & prep, before; sooner than. Erebus (er'e-bus), n. in classical mythology, a place of utter darkness ; Hades, or more strictly, a place lying between the upper world and Hades. erect (e-rekt'), v.t. to raise upright; construct; build; raise; establish; distend or stiffen; adj. uprighc; firmly uplifted; bold or unshaken. erectile (e-rek'til) , adj. having the property of, or susceptible to, erec- tion. erection (e-rek'shun) , n. the act of constructing or raising edifices; a structure or building. See also pria- pism. erectiye (e-rek'tiv), adj. tending, or serving, to erect, or to build up. erector (e-rek'ter) , n. one who erects ; a muscle that erects any part. eremite (er'e-mit), another form of hermit. erethism (er'e-thizm) , n. unnatural excitation of some organ or tissue of the body. [Greek.] erg (erg), n. a unit of work in the centimeter - gram - second system Also ergon. ergmeter (erg'me-ter) , n. an instru- ment for measuring the strength of an electric current in ergs. ergo (er'go). adv. therefore; conse- quently. [Latin.] ergometer (er-gom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring work per- formed or force produced. [Greek.] ergot (er'got), n. a black horn-like fungus, growing upon rye, &c. As a drug, its tincture is used in medicine, as an emmenagogue. erg-ten (erg'ten), n. a unit of work = 10,000,000,000 ergs. erinite (er'in-It), n. a rich emerald green arseniate of copper. ermine (eVmin), n. a weasel-like animal, much valued for its fur, which becomes white in winter, ex cept the tip of the tail, which re- mains black; the emblem, dignity, or office of a judge. ermined (er'mind), p. adj. clothed or invested with ermine. era (em), n. an eagle. Also erne. erode (e-rod'), v.t. to eat away; cor rode. erose (e-ros'), adj. toothed irregularly, as if gnawed away: said of a leaf. erosion (e-ro'zhun), n. the act of eroding; gradual destruction or eat- ing away ; an eroded part. erosive (e-ro'siv), adj. gnawing or wearing away. erostrate (e : ros'trat), adj. beakless, erotic (e-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or caused by, love; amorous: n. an amatory poem or composition. eroticism (e-rot'i-sizm), n. an ab- normal interest in sex, and in questions having to do with sex relations. err (er), v.t. to commit an error or mistake; wander; deviate from the path of rectitude* errand (er'and), n. a message; com- mission. errant (er'rant), adj. roving; wander- ing. errantry (er'rant-ri) ,n. knight-errantry. erratic (er-rat'ik), adj. wandering • irregular; eccentric: n.pl. boulders transported by natural agencies from their original site. erratically (er-rat'i-ka-li) , adv. irreg- ularly. erratum (er-ra'tum), n. [pi. errata (er-ia'ta)], an error in printing or writing. [Latin.] erroneous (er-ro'ne-us) , adj. charac- terized by error; incorrect; mis- taken; wrong. error (er'er), n. deviation from the truth; mistake; blunder; an irreg- ularity. u m Erse (ers) , adj. pertaining to the Celts of Ireland or Scotland, or to their language. The word "Irish" is a corruption of Erse. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, hooki, hue, hut ; think, then. ERST 301 ESPRIT erst (erst), adv. formerly. eructation (e r ruk-ta/shun) , n. the act of throwing off wind from the stomach. erudite (er'u-dlt) : learned. erudition (er-u-dish'un), n. knowledge obtained by the study of books; learning. erupted (e-rupt'ed), adj. violently ejected. eruptive (e-rup'tiv), adj. bursting forth. eryngo (e-ring'go), n. sea-holly. erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. an in- flammation of the skin, accompanied with fever. [Greek.] escalade (es-ka-lad') , n. the act of scaling the walls of a fortified place by means of scaling-ladders. escalator (es'ka-la/tor) , n. a moving stairway. escapade (es'ka-pad') , n. a breach of propriety; misdeed; freak. escape (es-kap'), v.t. to flee from; get out of the way of; avoid; enjoy immunity from: v.i. to get out of danger; fly: n. a getting away from danger; flight; deliverance. escapement (es-kap'ment) , n. a me- chanical device for securing regu- larity of movement. escarp (es-karp'), v.t % to give a steep slope to: n. the side of the ditch next the rampart forming a steep slope. escarpment (es-karp'ment), # n. the precipitous face of a ridge of high land. escheat (es-chef), v.t. to forfeit through failure of heirs in British law: v.i. to revert to the crown or lord _ of the manor by reason of forfeiture or failure of heirs: n. land or tenements which fall to the crown or lord of the manor by forfeiture or failure of heirs. eschew (es-chu'),. v.t. to shun; avoid. escorial (es-ko'ri-al), n. a worked- out mine. Escurial _ (es-koo'ri-al) , or Escorial (es-ko'ri-al), n. a remarkable palace and monastery twenty-seven miles to the northwest of Madrid in Spain. Erected by King Philip II in honor of St. Laurence; it is built in the form of a gridiron on which St. Laurence is said to have been mar- tyred. escort (es'kort), n. a body of armed men acting as a guard; a retinue: v.t. (es-korf) to accompany; con- voy. escritoire (es-kri-twar') , n. & writing desk, table, or bureau. esculent (es'ku-lent) , adj. eatable. escutcheon (es-kuch/un). n. a shield on which the heraldic arms of a family are emblazoned. Eskimo (es'ki-mo), adj. pertaining to one of a tribe of diminutive people inhabiting Greenland and adjacent parts. Also Esquimau. esophagus (e-sof 'a-gus) , n. the gul- let or canal through which food and drink pass to the stomach. Also oesophagus ._ esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to doctrines taught privately; se- cret; confidential; profound, as most of the now existing works of Aris- - totle, whose popular (exoteric) dis- courses have been lost. esoterist (es'o-ter-ist) , n. an occultist. espaliers (es-pal'yerz) t n .pl. fruL trees trained on a trellis. esparto (es-par'to), n. a species of Spanish grass used for making pa- per. especial (es-pesh'al) , adj. particular; chief. especially (es-pesh'a-li) , adv. particu- larly; chiefly. Esperanto (es-per-an'to), n. an arti- ficial language, designed for inter- national use. It is based largely on the Romanic languages, derived from the Latin; whereas Volapuk, the earlier artificial language, is based on Germanic roots. espionage (es'pi-o-naj), n. the act or practice of spying to detect wrong- doing, or of employing spies or se- cret agents. esplanade (es-pla-nade'). n. a levelled terrace or promenade, for public use. espousal (es-pouz'al), adj. pertaining to the act of espousing: n. the act of espousing or betrothing: pi. the ceremony of contracting a man and woman to each other in marriage. espouse (es-pouz'), v.t. to promise, en- gage, or give in marriage; wed; adopt; advocate or defend, as a cause. esprit de corps (es-pre ; de kor'), a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ESPY 302 ETHER spirit of common devotion, honor, interest, binding together men of the same profession, society, &c. espy (es-pi'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. espied, p.pr. espying], to' see at a distance; discover (something intended to be hid) ; see unexpectedly. Esquimau, same as Eskimo, pi. Esquimaux. esquire (es-kwir'), w. originally the ar- mor-bearer or attendant on a knight ; a title next below a knight's; a title applied to professional men, justices of the peace, and often used instead of Mr. in the address of a letter. . In England it is considered dis- courteous or contemptuous to use Mr. in place of Esq. in a letter. essay (es'sa), n. a short written com- position or treatise; an attempt; experiment: v.t. (es-sa'), [p.t. & p.p. essayed, p.pr. essaying], to try or attempt. essence (es'ens), n. the concentrated preparation of any substance; vola- tile matter; perfume; that in which the real character of a thing con- sists. essential (es-sen'shal) , adj. necessary to the existence of a thing; most important; indispensable; pure; vol- atile; highly rectified. essentiality (es-sen-shi-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being essential. essentially (es-sen'shi-a-li) , adv. in the highest degree. establish (es-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- ly; settle; prove legally; strength- en; restore. establishment (es-tab'lish-ment), n. the act of establishing; ratification; settlement; a place of residence or business; household; income; a form of religion connected with the state. estate (es-tat'), n. condition of life; rank, position, or quality; the title or interest one has in lands or tene- ments; property in general: pi. or- ders or classes of men in a country; a legislative assembly composed of these classes. esteem (es-tem/), v.t. to set a high value upon; respect; prize; con- sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- tion ; respect ; reverence. esthetics, same as aesthetics. estimable (es'ti-ma-bl), adj. worthy of regard, esteem, or honor; calcula- ble. estimate (es'ti-mat), v.t. to compute; determine the value of : n. the com- puted^ cost or value of anything; appraisement. m estimation (es-ti-ma'shun) , n. calcula- tion; appraisement; honor, respect, or esteem; conjecture. estop (es-top'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. es- topped, p.pr. estopping], to place under estoppel; bar. estoppel (es-top'el), n. a legal impedi- ment. estovers (es-to'verz), n.pl. alimony; wood taken for his own use by a tenant. [English law ] estrange (es-tranj'), v.t. to alienate; keep at a distance; turn from kind- ness to indifference or enmity (with from) . estrapade (es-tra-pad') , n. the effort of a horse in trying to throw his rider, by kicking, rearing, &c. estrich (es'trich), n. a trade name for fine ostrich down. estuarial (es-tu-a/ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed in. an estuary. Also estuarine (es-tu'a-ren). estuary (es'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. estuaries (es'tu-a-riz)], the mouth of a tidal river. et caetera (et set'er-a), and others of the same kind; and so forth. Also et cetera. etch (ech), v.t. to engrave by biting out with an acid the design previous- ly drawn with an etching-needle: v.i. to practice etching. eternal (e-ter'nal), adj. without be- ginning or end; everlasting; per- petual; incessant. Eternal, n. an appellation of God (with The). The favorite oath of Andrew Jackson. • eternally (e-ter'na-li) , adv. perpetually. eternity (e-ter'ni-ti) , n. [pi. eternities (e-ter'ni-tiz)], infinite duration; un- ending exi tenee. etesian (e-te'zhi-an) , adj. noting the north or northeast wind which in early spring prevails over Europe. ether (e r ther), n. an extremely fine fluid, lighter than air, supposed to pervade all space beyond the atmos- phere of the earth; a volatile in- flammable liquid produced by the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. ETHEREAL 303 EUPHEMISM distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. It is now used as an anaes- thetic largely supplanting chloroform as being safer. In ancient physical philosophy, ether ((Ether) was a fine essence springing from fire or breathed out by the gods, and was held to be a fifth element. ethereal (e-the're-al), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, ether; airy; ex- quisite; heavenly. ethereally (e-the're-a-li), adv. in an ethereal manner. ether ol (e'ther-ol), n. a 3-ellowish, vis- cid, oily hydrocarbon. ethical (eth'i-kal), adj. pertaining to ethics ; moral. ethics (eth'iks), n.'pl. the science that treaty of the principles of human morality -and duty; moral philoso- phy; morals. Ethiopian (e-thi-o'pi-an), adj. per- taining to Ethiopia : n. sl native of Ethiopia. ethmoid (eth'moid), n. a light, spongy, sieve-like bone, which forms the roof of the nose. ethnic (eth'nik) adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of/ races or peoples. Also ethnical. ethnography (eth-nog'ra-fi) , n. the scientific description of races and na- tions of mankind. ethnology (eth-nol'6-ji), n. the sci- ence that treats of races of men, their characteristics, &c. ethology (eth-ol'o-ji), n. the science of ethics. ethos (e'thos), n. the # characteristic genius of a people, institution, or system. [Greek.] ethyl (eth'il), n. a monatomic fatty hydrocarbon radical, contained in alcohol and ether. ethylene (eth'il-en), n. heavy carbur- etted hydrogen, or defiant gas. etiolate (e'ti-o-lat), v.t. to blanch or whiten by exclusion from sun- light, etiology (efr-i-ol'o-ji), n. the science or attempt in i seeking the reason or First Cause in entire in science, the- ology, medicine, rhetoric, &c. etiquette (et'i-ket), ft. the conven- tional rules or ceremonial observed in polite society; good breeding. [French.] etymological (et-i-mo-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to etymology L etymologically (et-i-mo-lo j 'i-ka-li) , ado. in an etymological manner. etymologist (et-i-rnol'o-jist), n. one who is proficient in etymology. Also etymologizer. etymologize (et-i-mol'o-jiz) , v.i. to investigate the origin and primary meaning of words. etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), n. [pi. ety- mologies (et-i-mol'o-jiz)], that branch of philology which treats of the origin and derivation of words. [Greek.] etymon (et'i-mon), # ft. the_ root of a word or its primitive signification. eucalyptol (u-ka-lip'tol), ft. a liquid contained in_ eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptus (u-ka-lip'tus), n. [pi. Eu- calypti (u-ka-lip'ti)], a genus of Australian evergreen trees, some species of which furnish gum and a valuable medicine. eucalyptus, n. a tree of the genus above defined. Eucharist (u'ka-rist), ft. the Holy Communion; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; the elements, bread and wine, used in that sacrament. eucharistic (u-ka-ris'tik), adj. per- taining to the eucharist : expressing thanksgiving. Also eucharistical. euchlorine (u-klo'rin), n. a greenish explosive gas, having bleaching properties. euchre (u'ker), ft. a particular game of cards, those between seven and ace being discarded: v.t. to prevent Can opponent at euchre) from tak- ing three of the five tricks: hence to outwit. [From German Jucks.] eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science which is concerned in securing the birth of healthv children. eulogist (u'lo-jist), n. one who eulo- gizes. eulogistic (u-lo-jist'ik) , adj. laudatory. eulogize (u'lo-jlz), v.t. to praise high- ly; commend. eulogy (u'lo-ji), n. [pi. eulogies (u'lo- jiz)], the praise of anyone spoken or written : _panegyric. eunuch (u'nuk), n. a castrated per- son, especially an attendant in a harem. [Greek.] euphemism (u'fem-izm), n. the sub- stitution of a delicate or pleasing ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EUPHEMISTIC 304 EVENTUAL expression in place of one which is offensive or indelicate. euphemistic (u-fem-is'tik) adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, eu- phemism. euphonic (ti-fon'ik), adj. sounding pleasantly to the ear. Also euphon- ical, euphonious. [Greek.] Luphonium (u-fo'ni-um), n. a bass Brass instrument; a musical instru- ment consisting of glass tubes united by metal bars. euphony (Q'fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies (u'fo-niz)],^ an agreeable sound, or pronunciation. euphuism (Q'fu-izm) ,i. a pedantic or affected use of words or language, prevalent at the court of Queen Elizabeth._ Eurasian (u-ra/zhan), adj. belonging to one whose parents are of mixed blood — partly European or Amer- ican, and partly Asiatic. eureka (hu-re'ka), n. a Greek word sig- nifying "I have found it." (Proper pronunciation in Greek is hu'ra-ka.) euroclydon (u-rok'li-don), n. a tem- pestuous northeasterly wind preva- lent in the Levant. eustachian (u-sta/ki-an), adj. noting a tube which leads from the cavity of the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx. eutectic (u-tek'tik), adj. melting at a low temperature. euthanasia (u-than-a/zhi-a) , n. a painless, easy death. evacuate (e-vak'u-at), v.t. to make void or empty; discharge through the excretory passages; abandon possession, or withdraw from. evade (e-vad'), v.t. to elude; escape by artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. evadible (e-vad'i-bl) , adj. capable of being evaded. Also evadable. evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent), adj. dis- appearing gradually from sight ; van- ishing. evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, especially that of the Gospel. evangelical (ev-an-jeri-kal), adj. per- taining to the Gospel, or the four Gospels; maintaining the funda- mental doctrines of the Protestant faith; spiritually minded. Also evangelic; n. one who holds evan- gelical doctrines. evangelically (ev-an-jeri-ka-li) , adv in an evangelical manner. evangelism (e-van'jel-izm), n. the doctrine and preaching of evangeli- cal principles. Also evangelicalism. evangelist (e-van'jel-ist), n. one of the four writers of the Gospel; an itinerant preacher. evangelize (e-van'jel-iz), v.t. to in- struct in the Gospel; convert to Christianity. evaporate (e-vap'o-rat), v.i. to dis- perse in vapor; pass away without effect: v.t. to convert into vapor. evaporation (e-vap-o-ra'shun), n. the slow conversion of a fluid into vapor. evasion (e-va/zhun), n. the act of evad- ing; an excuse; equivocation; sub- terfuge. evasive (e-va/siv), adj. tending, or seeking to evade; elusive. evasively (e-va'siv-li) , adv. with eva- siom Eve (ev), n. the first woman. [He- brew, "woman".] eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before a church festival, or Saint's day; the period immediately preceding some important event; evening [Poet.]. evection (e-vek'shun), n. sl periodical irregularity of the moon's motion. even (e'vn), adj. level;, uniform; smooth; parallel; divisible by two without a remainder; equal; bal- anced; calm; whole: n. evening [Poet.]: v.t. to level or make even: v.t. to be quits: adv. verily; exactly; noting emphasis; but also. evening (e'vn-ing), n. the close of the day and beginning of the night ; the latter end of life. evenly (e'ven-li), adv. in an even man- ner; smoothly; uniformly; impar- tially. evenness (e'ven-nes), n. smoothness; uniformicy; regularity; equality of surface; equanimity. event (e-vent/), n. an occurrence; in- cident; consequence of an action; any single item in a program of sports or games. eventful (e-vent'fool), adj. full of inci- dents or events; momentous: eventide (e'vn-tidy, n. evening. eventual (e-ven'tu-al) , adj. happen- ing as a result; ultimate; contin- gent. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit. ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EVENTUALITY 305 EXAGGERATE eventuality (ev-en-tti-al'i-ti) , n. [pi. eventualities (ev-en-tu-al'i-tiz)], a possible occurrence; a propensity to take cognizance of events or facts. eventually (e-ven'tu-a-li) , adv. ulti- mately. eventuate (e-ven'tu-at) , v.i. to happen ; terminate; result. ever (ev'er), adv. at any time; al- ways; without end; in any degree. everglade (ev'er-glad) , n. a low, swampy tract of land, with patches of tall grass ; especially such the great marsh in Southern Florida, long the haunt of the Seminole Indians, who were not driven out by the United States forces until after 1837, with a loss of 1,500 white soldiers and at a cost of $10,000,000. evergreen (ev'er-gren) , n. a tree or plant which retains its foliage throughout the year: adj. always green, or fresh. everlasting (ev-er-last'ing) , adj. per- petual: n. eternity; a plant whose flowers retain their color when dried ; a kind of stout woolen material. Everlasting, n. God, the Eternal. evermore (ever-mor'), adv. eternally; always. evert (e-verf), v.t. to destroy; over- throw; turn outwards. every (ev'ri or ev'er-i), adj. the whole, taken one at a time; each. evict (e-vikt')- v.t. to expel or dis- possess by legal process. eviction (e-vik'shun) , n. the act of evicting. evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable certainty; proof; testimony: v.t. to prove; make evident or plain. evident (ev'i-dent), adj. plain; ob- vious. evidential (ev-i-den'shal), adj. prov- ing clearly. evidentially (ev-i-den'sha-li) , adv. as evidence. evil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; sinful; unfortunate; mischievous; disastrous; worthless: adv. badly; unkindly: n. moral depravity; in- jury; affliction. - evil-eye (e'vl-i), n. an influence for injury, supposed to be exerted by certain persons who cast a malignant glance at anyone. The supersti- tion survives largely in Italy, where it is called jettatura. evilly (e'vl-li), adv. maliciously; wick- edly. evince (e-yins'), v.t. to manifest or make evident; demonstrate. evincible (e-vin'si-bl) , adj. capable of proof or demonstration. eviscerate (e-vis'er-at) , v.t. to dis- emboweL [Latin.] evoke (e-vok'), v.t. to call forth. evolution (ev-o-hYshun) , n. devel- opment or growth; the movements of troops in marching or on the bat- tle field; the extraction of roots of any arithmetical or algebraical pow- er; the gradual development or de- scent of forms of life from simple or low organized types consisting of a single cell. [Latin.] evolutional (ev-o-lu'shun-al) , adj. per- taining to, or resulting from, evolu- tion. Also evolutionary. evolutionary (ev-o-lu'shun-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to the doctrine of evolu- tion. evolutionist (ev-o-lu'shun-ist) , adj. pertaining to evolution: n. one who maintains the doctrine of evolution; tactician. evolve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; un- fold; expand; work out. ewe (u), n. a female sheep. ewer (u'er), n. a large water pitcher, used in the toilet. ex, prefix, meaning out of, beyond, from; before words denoting occu- pation or office, it indicates previous occupancy. exact (egz-akt')., adj. very correct or accurate; precise; methodical; strict; particular: v.t. require or claim au- thoritatively ; compel to be paid ; in- sist upon as a right. exacting (egz-akt'ing) , p. adj. making unreasonable demands; oppressive; severe; arduous. exaction (egz-ak'shun) , n. the act of exacting; extortion. exactly (egz-akt'li), adv. accurately; precisely. exactness (egz-akt'nes) , n. accuracy; precision. exactor (egz-akt'er), n. one who exacts. exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- large or heighten by overstatement; color highly. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 30 hue, hut : think, then. EXAGGERATION 306 EXCHANGER exaggeration (egz-aj-er-a/shun), n. overstatement. exalt (egz-awlt'), v.t. to elevate in rank, station, or dignity; raise on high; glorify or extol. examination (egz-am-i-na/shun) , n. the act of scrutinizing or testing. examine (egz-am'in) , v.t. to scrutinize or investigate carefully; search or inquire into; interrogate as a wit- ness; test orally or by papers the knowledge, qualifications, &c, of, as a candidate for a degree or office; experiment; analyze; test. examinee (egz-am-i-ne') , n. one who is examined. examiner (egz-am'i-ner) , n. one who tests m the fitness of another for a position, office, degree, or honor. example (egz-am'pl), n. a pattern; a model or copy; an illustration of a rule or precept; sample; specimen; one punished for the admonition of others. exasperate (egz-as'per-at) , v.t. to irri- tate exceedingly; enrage greatly; embitter; intensify: adj. covered with hard, stiff points: said of a plant. ex cathedra (eks ka-the'dra), adv. with an air of official authority; dogmatically. excavate (eks'ka-yat) , v.t. to dig or hollow out; scoop or cut out. excavation # (eks-ka-va/shun) , n. a hollow cavity formed by cutting or digging out earth; an open earth- cutting. excavator (eks'ka-va-ter) , n. one who, or that which, excavates; a digging machine. exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the limit or measure of; surpass; excel; transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- yond bounds. exceeding (ek-sed 'ing) , p. adj. very great. exceedingly (ek-sed'ing-li) , adv. ex- tremely. excel (ek-sel'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, p.pr. excelling], to possess good qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- pass ; outdo in comparison ; to be superior to. excellence (ek'sei-ens) , n. the state of excelling in anything; superior merit, goodness, or virtue. Excellency (ek'sel-en-si) , n. [pL ex- cellencies (ek'sel-en-siz)], a title of honor of various high officials, as an ambassador, governor, &c. [French.] excellent (ek'sel-ent) , adj. of great value, merit, or virtue; highly useful or desirable; eminently distinguished for goodness, or ability. excelsior (ek-sel'si-er), adj. yet higher. This word, though properly an ad- jective, is incorrectly used by Long- fellow as an adverb in his famous poem of that title. The adverbial form should be excelsius (Latin, 3d declension.) excelsior (ek-sel'si-er), n. wood shav- ings, long and thin, and used for packing material. except (ek-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave out; exclude: v.i. to object (with to): prep, omitting; without inclu- sion of; besides: conj. unless. exception (ek-sep'shun) , n. the state of being excepted; omission; exclu- sion; objection; offense taken (with to) ; a formal objection to a decision of a court during trial. exceptionable (ek-sep'shun-a-bl), adj. objectionable. exceptional (ek-sep'shun-al), adj. un- usual. exceptionally (ek-sep'shun-a-li) , adv. unusually. excerpt (ek-serpt'), v.t. to take out or select from, as a book; quote: n. a selection or extract from a book or writing. excess (ek-ses'), n. that which exceeds the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- perience; overplus; superfluity; in- temperance. excessive (ek-ses'iv), adj. extreme; un- reasonable. exchange (eks-chanj'), v.t. to give in return for an -equivalent; barter, give, resign, or abandon: n. the act of exchanging; barter; reciprocity; the act of resigning one thing for another; a place where merchants meet (often ' change). exchange- broker (eks - chanj - bro'- ker), n. a broker who negotiates foreign bills. exchangeable (eks-chanj 'a-bl), adj. that may be exchanged; ratable. exchanger (eks-chanj 'er), n. a money- changer. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. EXCHEQUER 307 EXCURRENT exchequer (eks-chek'er) , n. a treasury ; cash or funds; formerly an English court of law, now merged into the Queen's Bench division of the High Court of Justice. [Old French.] excisable (ek-siz'a-bl) , adj. dutiable. excise (ek-slz'),v.t. to levy an excise duty upon: n. an inland tax levied on commodities of home production and consumption. excision (eks-sizh'un) , n. the act of cutting out, or off; the state of being cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- tion. excitability (ek-sit-a-bil'i-ti)^ n. [pi. excitabilities (ek-slt-a-bil'i-tiz)j the state or quality of being excitable or easily stirred up ; sensitiveness to irritation. excitant (ek-si'tant) , n. a stimulant. excitation (ek-si-ta/shun) , n. the act of exciting; the excitement produced. excite (ek-sit'), v.t. to animate; rouse up; encourage; put into motion or action. excited (ek-slt'ed), p. adj. aroused; pro- voked. excitement (ek-sit'ment) , n. the state of being excited; commotion; sensa- tion; stimulation; warmth of tem- per. exciting (ek-slt'ing) , p. adj. tending to excite; stirring; lively. excito-motor (ek-si-to-mo'ter), adj. tending to excite nutrition by reflex action. Also excitomotory (ek-si- to-mo'to-ry) . exclaim (eks-klam), v.i. & v.t. to cry out abruptly and passionately; to vociferate. exclamation (eks-kla-ma'shun) , n. an abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- pression of surprise, pain, # &c; a mark (!) in writing or printing to denote emotion, surprise, &c. exclamatorily (eks - klam'a - to - ri-li) , adv. in an exclamatory manner. exclamatory (eks-klam'a-to-ri) , adj. containing, expressing, or using, ex- clamation. exclave (eks'klav) , n. a small part of a country lying within the territory of another power. [Latin.] exclude (eks-klud'), v.t. to shut out; hinder from entrance or admission; prohibit; debar; except. exclusion (eks-khVzhun) , n. the act of excluding; the state of being ex- cluded; omission. exclusionist (eks-khYzhun-ist) , n. one who would debar another from any privilege or right. exclusive (eks-khl'siv) , adj. tending to exclude; illiberal; shutting out from limits fixed by law: n. one who ex- cludes all but a few from his society or fellowship. excogitate (eks-kofi-tat), v.t. to in- vent; discover by thinking. excommunicable (eks-kom-mu'ni-ka- bl), adj. deserving, or punishable by excommunication. excommunicate (eks-kom-mu'ni- kat), v.t. to punish by cutting off from the membership and communi- cation of the church. [Latin.] > excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), v.t. to strip off the skin; rub or gall; abrade. excortication (eks-kor-ti-ka'shun) , n. the act of stripping off bark. excrement (eks'kre-ment), n. matter discharged from the body of an ani- mal after digestiom excremental (eks-kre-men'tal) , adj. of the nature of excrement. excrescence (eks-kres'ens) , n. an un- natural or disfiguring outgrowth. excrescent (eks-kres'ent), adj. per- taining to an excrescence; superflu- ous. excreta (eks-kre'ta) , n.pl. useless mat- ter eliminated from the body. excretion (eks-kre'shun) , n. the throw- ing off or ejection of waste matter from the body. excretory (eks-kre'to-ri) , adj. per- taining to excretion: n. [pi. excre- tories (eks-kre'to-riz)], a duct or vessel that transmits excreted mat- ter. excruciate (eks-kru'shi-at) , v.t. to in- flict severe pains upon ; torture. excruciating (eks-kru'shi-a-ting) , adj. agonizing. excruciation (eks-kru-shi-a'shun) , n. agony; torture. exculpate (eks-kul'pat), v.t. to clear from the imputation of a fault; ex- onerate. exculpatory (eks-kul'pa-to-ri) adj. vindicatory. excurrent (eks-kur'ent) , adj. running out beyond the edge: said of trees or leaves. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EXCURSION 308 EXHALE excursion (eks-ker'shun) , n. a pleas- ure trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- gression. excursive (eks-ker'siv) , adj. rambling. excursus (eks-ker'sus) , n. a disserta- tion supplemental to a work, giving additional information on certain points; a digression. [Latin.] excusable (eks-kuz'a-bl), adv. pardon- able. excusably (eks-kuz'a-bli), adv. par- donably. excuse (eks-kuz'),^. to extenuate by apology; pardon; free from obliga- tion or duty; remit; justify: n. (eks-kus'), a plea offered in extenua- tion of some fault or neglect of duty ; apology; pretext. exeat (eks'e-afc), n. leave of absence from a college; permission granted by a bishop to a priest to depart from his diocese. [Latin: "let him go."] execrate (eks'e-krat) , v.t. to imprecate evil upon; detest; abhor. execration (eks-e-kra'shun) n. the act of execrating; imprecation; detesta- tion. execute (eks'e-kut), v.t. to perform; carry into effect; put to death; pur- sue to the end; make valid or legal by signing or sealing: v.t. to per- form any act or office; play some piece of music. [Latin.] execution (eks-e-ku'shun) , n. the act of executing; performance; manner of carrying anything into effect; completion; a legal warrant or or- der; the act of giving validity to a legal instrument; capital punish- ment; destruction; effective work or operation. executive (egs-ek'u-tiv) , adj. per- taining to the governing body; ad- ministrative; active: n. an official, or body, charged with carrying the laws into effect; the administrative branch of a government. executor (egs-ek'u-ter) , n. a person ap- pointed by a testator to see that the terms of his will are duly carried out. Fern, executrix. executory (egs-ek'u-to-ri) , adj. per- taining to the execution of laws; carrying out official duties; to be per- formed at a future period. (eks-e-je'sis) , n. explanation or interpretation of a text or passage, especially of the Bible. [Latin.] exegetic (eks-e-jet'ik), adj. expository; interpretative. Also exegeticai: n. pi. the science which deals with the interpretation of Scripture. exemplar (egz-em'plar) , n. something to be copied, or serving as a model; an example. exemplary (egz-em'pla-ri) , adj. serving as a copy or model; commendable. exemplification _ (egz-em-pli-fi-ka'- shun), n. illustration by example. exemplify (egz-em'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplifying], to illustrate by example; transcribe. exempt (egz-emptO , v.t. to free from some duty or obligation; grant im- munity to: adj. free from some duty or obligation (with from) : n. a person thus set free; an exon. exequatur (eks-e-kwa'ter) , n. a writ- ten recognition of a consul or com- mercial agent given by the foreign government to which he is ac- credited, authorizing him to exercise his authority in the place where he is stationed; used in such phrases as "He received his exequatur," &c. [Latin.] exercise (eks'er-siz)^ v.t. to train by use; exert; practice; employ ac- tively; make anxious; harass; v.i. to undergo training: n. bodily exer- tion; mental or physical develop- ment; labor; practice; a lesson or example for practice. exercitor (egz-er'si-ter) , n. the per- son to whom the profits of a ship be- long. exergue (eks-erg'), n. the small space beneath the principal design on a coin or medal for the insertion of a date, &c. exert (eks-erf), v.t. to put forth; use with an effort. exeunt (eks'e-unt), they go out: a word used as stage direction in plays to denote that the actors re- tire from the stage. exfoliation (eks-f o-li-a'shun) , n. the act of scaling or peeling off. exhalation (eks-ha-la'shun), n. the act of exhaling; emanation. exhale (eks-haT), v.t. to breathe forth; emit or send out; cause to evapo- rate: v.i. to rise in vapor. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note. nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. EXHAUST 309 EXPECT exhaust (egz-awst'), v.t. to empty by drawing off the contents; drain; weaken; wear out by exertion; dis- cuss or treat thoroughly : adj. wholly or partially deprived of strength. exhaustible (egz-awst 'i-bl), adj. cap- able of being exhausted. exhaustive (egz-awst 'iv), adj. ex- hausting; complete. exhibit (egz-ib'it) v.t. to present to view; display; show; manifest pub- licly; present formally or officially; administer: n. a legal document pre- sented in proof of facts; an object offered for public view. exhibition (eks-i-bish'un) , n. the act of exhibiting; a public show; a pri- vate benefaction for the support of a scholar at a university. exhilarate (egz-il'a-rat and eks-mT- a-rat), v.t. to make joyous, glad, or cheerful; enliven. exhort (egz-ort), v.t. to incite by ap- peal or argument to good deeds; caution; admonish. exhortative (eks-hort'a-tiv), adj. con- taining exhortation. exhortatory (eks-hort'a-to-ri), adj. tending to exhort. exhume (eks-hum'). v.t. to disinter. exigency (eks'i-j en-si), n. [pi. exigen- cies (eks'i-j en-siz)], pressmg neces- sity or demand; urgency. exigent (eks'i-jent), adj. urgent; press- ing. exile (ex'il), v.t. to banish from one's native country: n. the state of being banished from one's native country; the condition of living away from one's home or friends. [Latin.] exist (egz-isf), v.i. to have existence; live. existence (egz-is fens), n. the state of being; life; duration; occurrence./ existent (egz-ist'ent), n. having being. exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; egress; the departure of an actor from the stage. exo, a Greek prejix, meaning on the outside, occurring in many scientific words. exode (eks'od), n. an interlude, &c, at the conclusion of a play. ex officio (eks of-fish'i-o), by virtue of office. [Latin.] exogen (eks'o-jen), n. a plant which increases year by year by the addi- tion of layers outside the previous bark; opposed to endogen. exogenous (eks-oj'en-us), adj. per- taining to exogens or their method of growth. exonerate (egz-on'er-at) , v.t. to free from the imputation of a fault; acquit; justify; relieve or discharge from a responsibility, duty, &c. exonerative (egz-on'er-a-tiv) , adj 9 1 tending to exonerate. exophthalmia (eks-of-tharmi-a) , n. abnormal prominence of the eye- ball. exorbitance (egz-or'bi-tans) , n. go* ing beyond due limits; excess. Also exorbitancy. exorbitant (egz-or'bi-tant) , adj. ex- cessive. exorcise (eks'or-siz), v.t. to expel (an evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- tions; pronounce exorcisms over. exorcism (eks'or-sizm) , n. the act of expelling evil spirits. exorcist (eks'or-sist), n. one who exor- cises; one of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. [Late Latin.] exordium (egz-6r'di-um), n. the open- ing part of a speech or composition. exosmose (eks-os'mos), n. the pas- sage outwards through a membrane of gases and_ liquids. [Greek.] exoteric (eks-o-ter'ik) , adj. pertaining to the uninitiated public: opposed to esoteric. exotic (eks-ot'ik), adj. foreign. expand (eks-pand'), v.t. to distend ^di- late; extend: v.i. to increase in size. expanse (eks-pans'), n. a continuous area; the firmament; extent. expansion (eks-pan'shun), n. the state of being expanded. expansionist (eks-pan'shun-ist) : m n. one who favors financial or political expansion. expansive (eks-pan'siv) , adj. capable of being expanded; widely extended. ex parte (ekspar'te), adj. one-sided. [Latin.] expatiate (eks-pa/shi-at) , v.i. to en- large in statement or language. u expatriate (eks-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive from one's native country. expect (eks-pekt'), v>t. to wait for; look for with an apprehension of something good or evil. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. EXPECTANCE 310 EXPLOITATION expectance (eks-pek'tans) , n. the act or state of expecting. Also ex- pectancy. expectant (eks-pek'tant) , adj. waiting in expectation; presumptive. expectation (eks-pek-ta/shun) , n. the act of looking forward to; anticipa- tion; contingent prospect of wealth. expectorant (eks-pek'to-rant) , n. a medicine that promotes expectora- tion. expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat) , v.t. to eject from the lungs by coughing, &c; spit. expectoration (eks-pek-to-ra/shun) , n. the act of expectorating; the mucous matter expectorated. expediency (eks-pe'di-en-si) , n. [pi. expediencies (eks-pe'di-en-siz)], suit- ably to an end or purpose; fitness; propriety. Also expedience. expedient (eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. fit ; con- venient; suitable; proper: n. that which aids as a means to an end; device. expedite (eks'pe-dit) , v.t. to hasten; facilitate. expedition (eks-pe-dish'un) , n. haste; despatch ; promptness ; a march, voy- age, &c, by an army or several persons for some particular pur- pose. expeditionary (eks-pe-dish'un-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or constituting, an expedition. expeditious (eks - pe - dish ' us) , adj. quick; speedy. expel (eks-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- pelled, p.pr. expelling], to drive away ; force out ; send away by authority; exclude. [Latin.] expend (eks-pend'), v.t. to lay out; spend. expenditure (eks-pen'di-tur) , n. a laying out, as money, time, labor, &c; disbursement. expense (eks-pens'), n. expenditure; drain on resources; detriment; cost. expensive (eks-pen'siv) , adj. causing expense. experience (eks-pe'ri-ens) , n. knowl- edge gained by trial and practice; test; practice; spiritual exercise of mind. experientialism (eks : d e - r i - en ' sh al- izm) . Same as empiricism. experiment (eks-per'i-ment) , n. a trial or operation to discover some- thing previously unknown; proof trial; v.i. to search out by trial. Also experimentalize. experimental (eks-per-i-men'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or founded on, ex- periment; guided, or learned by ex- perience, experimentally (eks-per-i-men'ta-li) , adv. by experiment. expert (eks-pert'), adj. skilful, through practice or experience; adroit; dex- terous: n. (eks'pert), one who is skilled through practise or ex- perience. expiate (eks'pi-at), v.t. to atone for. expiatory (eks'pi-a-to-ri), adj. having the power or nature of atonement. expiration (eks-pi-ra'shun) , n. termi- nation. expire (eks-pir'), v.t. to breathe out from the lungs: v.i. to die. expiry (eks'pi-ri), n. the end. explain (eks-plan'), v.t. to make in- telligible or clear; expound or in- terpret. explanation (eks-pla-na'shun) , n. the act of explaining; elucidation; in- terpretation; a mutual clearing up of a misunderstanding. explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri) , adj. serving to explain. expletive (eks'ple-tiv), n. a word not necessary for the sense inserted in a sentence for ornament or to fill up a verse: adj. filling up; added or inserted for emphasis, &c; an oath. explicable (eks'pli-ka-bl) , adj. that may be explained or interpreted. explicative (eks'pli-ka-tiv) , adj. serv- ing to explain. Also explicatory. m explicit (eks - plis ' it) , adj. plain; definite. explode (eks-plod'), v.i. to burst forth with sudden noise and violence; col- lapse: v.t. to cause to pass from a solid to a gaseous state; refute; de- molish. exploit (eks-ploif), v.t. to make use of for one's own profit; put to use; explore in search of; explain at length: n. (eks'ploit), a remarkable deed or heroic act. exploitation (eks-ploi-ta'shun) , n. the act of exploiting; the improvement of lands, working of mines, &c; an ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. EXPLORATION 311 EXTANT examination to utilize natural re- sources previously neglected; sel- fish utilization. exploration (eks-plo-ra'shun), n. the act of exploring; careful investi- gation or saarch, especially geo- graphical research. explore (eks-plor'), v.t. to search into or examine thoroughly; travel in or over (a country) to discover its characteristic features, &c. explosion (eks-plo'zhun), n. the act oi exploding ; a sudden bursting with a loud report ; a sudden and violent outbreak. explosive (eks-plo'siv), adj. pertaining to, or causing, explosion: n. any sub- stance that causes an explosion; a mute consonant. exponent (eks-po'nent), n. the index of an algebraical power; one who explains or interprets the principles of something. exponential (eks-po-nen'shal) , adj. pertaining to an exponent. export (eks-port'), v.t. to send or carry out of a country, as merchandise: v.i. to send goods to a foreign coun- try: (cks'port), n. sl commodity car- ried to a foreign country. expose (eks-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put forward for sale; leave to the ac- tion of any force or circumstance; disclose; place in peril; lay open to censure or ridicule. expose (eks-po-za/), n. an exposure. [French.] exposition (eks-po-zish'un) , n. an ex- planation or interpretation; an ex- hibition. expositor (eks-poz'i-ter), n. one who expounds or interprets. expository (eks-poz 'i-to-ri), apper- taining to, or conveying, exposition. Also expositive. ex post facto (eks post f ak'to) , (Lat- in, "after the deed is done")? a law enacted with retrospective effect. expostulate (eks-pos'tti-lat) , v.i. to reason earnestly or remonstrate (followed by with, on or won). expostulatory (eks-pos'tu-la-to-ri) , adj. pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of, expostulation. exposure (eks-po'zhur), n. the act of exposing; situation; aspect. expound (eks-pound'), v.t. to set forth, explain, or interpret; make clear. express (eks-pres'), v.t. to exhibit by language; utter; show; represent; squeeze out; despatch by express; adj. plainly stated; exact; resem- bling precisely; not implied; special- ly prepared; pertaining to quick or direct conveyance: n. a person or vehicle that carries letters or small packages expeditiously; an express- train ; a message or despatch ; a reg- ular and systematic method of con- veyance for passengers, mails, goods of small bulk, &c. [Latin.] expressible (eks-pres'i-bl) , adj. cap- able of being expressed, in any sense of the word. expression (eks-presh'un) , n. the act or power of representing anything; a saying ; mode of speech ; transient change of the countenance; modu- lation of the voice. expressive (eks-pres'iv), adj. serving to express; full of significance; forci- bly. expressively (eks-pres'iv-li), adv. in an expressive manner. m expressly (eks-pres'li) adv. plainly; specially. expressman (eks-pres 'man), n. the person who takes charge of express matter and attends to its delivery; the driver of an express wagon. expropriation (eks-pro-pri-a/shun) , n* the exclusion of a small owner from the ownership of land, &c. expulsion (eks-puTshun), n. forcible ejection. expulsive (eks-pul'siv) , adj. serving to expel. expunge (eks-punj'). v.t. to blot out; erase; destroy; obliterate. [Latin.] expurgate (eks'per-gat) , v.t. to re- move whatever is offensive to good taste or morality from: said of books. See Bowdlerize. [Latin.] expurgator (eks'per-ga-ter), n. one who expurgates. expurgatory (eks-per'ga-to-ri) , adj. serving to expurgate. exquisite (eks'kwi-zit) , adj. refined; delicate; nice; accurate; choice; ex- cellent; highly finished'; extreme: n. a person over refined in dress; a dandy. [Latin.] extant (eks'tant), adj. still existing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book \ hue, hut ; think, then. EXTEMPORANEOUS 312 EXTRA extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne- us), adj. unpremeditated; without previous notes or study; off-hand. Also extemporary. extempore (eks-tem'po-re), adj. and adv. without study or premeditation. extemporize (eks-tem'po-riz) v.t. to compose on the spur of the moment : v.i. to discourse, &c, without notes or previous study. extend (eks-tend'), v.t. to stretch out; enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; communicate; disseminate; v.i. to reach to any distance; be prolonged. extensible (eks-t en 'si-bl) , adj. capable of extension. AJso extensile. extension (eks-ten'shun), n. the act of extending; the state of being ex- tended; a branch line of railway, &c; space regarded as having di- mensions. extensive (eks-ten'siv), adj. having great extent; wide; comprehensive. extensively (eks-ten'siv-li) , adv. wide- ly; largely. extensometer (eks-ten-som'e-^ter), n. a micrometer for measuring the expansion of a body. extensor (eks-ten'ser) , n. a muscle that extends, or straightens, a limb. extent (eks-tent'), n. the space or de- gree to which a thing is extended; size; compass; reach; a writ of execution. extenuate (eks-ten'u-at) , v.t. to offer excuses for; palliate; mitigate. extenuator (eks-ten'u-a-ter) , n. one who extenuates. extenuatory (eks-ten'u-a-to-ri) , adj. palliative. exterior (eks-te'ri-er) , adj. outward; external: n. that which is outside; outer surface. exterminate (eks-ter'mi-nat) , v.t. to destroy utterly; annihilate; root out. exterminator ( eks-t er'mi-na-t er ) , n. one who, or that which, exterminates. exterminatory (eks-ter'mi-na-toyri) , adj. pertaining to extermination ; serving to exterminate. extern (eks-tern'), n. a non-resident scholar: adj. visible. [Latin.] external (eks-ter'nal) , adj. outside; ex- terior; superficial; objective; for- eign: n. an exterior or outward part; an outward form, rite, or ceremony. externally (eks-ter'na-li) , adv. out- wardly. exterritoriality (eks-ter-ri-to-ri-al'i« ti), n. the right possessed by am- bassadors to live under the laws of their own country in a foreign land. extinct (eks-tingkt') , adj. extinguished ; put out; quenched; worn out; in- active. extineteur (eks-tingkt'tur or eks- tang-tur'), n. a portable fire-ex- tinguisher. [French.] extinguish (eks-ting'gwish) , v.t. to put out; pay off and satisfy in full; eclipse. extinguisher (eks-ting'gwish-er) , n. one who, or that which, extinguishes; a hollow cone for extinguishing a light; an instrument filled with liquids, and by which these can be thrown upon fire. extirpate (eks-ter'pat) , v.t. to eradi- cate; destroy; exterminate. extirpative (eks'ter-pa-tiv), adj. cap- able of, or tending to, extirpate. Also extirpatory. extirpator (eks'ter-pa-ter), n. one who, or that which, extirpates. extol (eks-tol'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- tolled, p.pr. extolling], to praise highly; magnify; laud; celebrate. extorsive (eks-tor'siv) , adj. tending to extort. extort (eks-tort'), v.t. to obtain by- threats, violence, or injustice: v.i. to practice extortion. extortion (eks-tor'shun) , n. the act or practice of extorting; oppressive or unjust exaction. extortionate ( eks-t or 'shun-at), adj. characterized by extortion; unjust. extor tionately (eks-tor 'shun-at-li) , adv. in an extortionate manner. extortioner (eks-tor'shun-er) , n. one who practices extortion. Also ex- tortionist. extra, a Latin prefix meaning over and i above; beyond; besides; found in numerous words, the sense of which is self-evident, as e:rira-ofncial, extra- parochial, extra-judicial, &c. extra (eks'tra), adj. additional: n. I something not included in the usual fee or charge ; an edition of a news- paper issued in addition to the reg- ular edition, or for some particular | object. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EXTRACT 313 EYELID extract (eks-trakc'), v.t. to draw out of; pull out; select from a larger literary work: n. (eks'trakt) a sub- stance extracted by distillation, so- lution, &c; an abstract or excerpt from a book; quotation. extractible (eks-trakt'i-bl), adj. cap- able of being extracted. Also ex- tractable. extraction (eks-trak'shun) , n. the act of extracting; lineage, birth, or de- scent. extractor (eks-trakt'ter) , n. one who, or that which, extracts. extraditable (eks-tra-dl'ta-bl^ adj. liable, or subject, to extradition. extradite (eks'tra-dlt), v.t. to sur- render (a person) to another govern- ment under the terms of a treaty of extradition. extradition (eks-tra-dish'un), n. the surrender by the government of one nation to another of a person guilty of a crime, in accordance with the terms of a treaty existing between the two nations. extramural (eks-tra-mu'ral), adj. be- yond the wall of a city or university. extrane (eks-tran'), adj. foreign; not in accord with the hypnotized sub- ject: n. one who is extreme. extraneity (eks-tra-ne'i-ti), n. ex- ternality. extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us) , adj. ex- ternal; foreign. extraordinary (eks-tror'di-na-ri, or eks-tra~6r'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or out of the usual course ; uncommon ; unusual; remarkable; rare; emi- nent; special. extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans) , n. ex- cess in anything, especially expendi- ture; profusion. extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), adj. exceeding reasonable limits; waste- ful^ prodigal; irregular; needlessly lavish in expenditure; visionary. extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'za) n. a stage burlesque ; an irregular piece of music; a wild flight of language or feeling. [Italian.] extravasate (eks-trav'a-sat), v.t. to force out of a duct or vessel, as blood : v.i. to escape out of the prop- er vessel. extreme (eks-trem'), adj. of the high- est degree; last; utmost; furthest; final; most severe or strict; uncom- promising: n. the utmost degree of anything; extremity; excess; end: pL points at the greatest distance from each other. extremely (eks-trem'li), adv. exceed- ingly. extremist (eks-trern'ist) , n. a sup- porter of extreme views or practice. extremity (eks-trem 'i-ti) , n. [pi. ex- tremities (eks-trem 'i-tiz) ], the ut- most point or degree; remotest part; utmost violence, vigor, or necessity; end: pi. the limbs. extricable (eks'tri-ka-bl) , adj. capable of being extricated. extricate (eks'tri-kat), v.t. to free from difficulties, complications, or perplexity; disembarrass. extrinsic (eks-trin'sik) , adj. external, not inherent or essential f foreign. extrinsically (eks-trin'si-ka-li), adv, outwardly. extroversion (eks-tro-ver'shun) , n. the turning of an inner part outward, extrude (eks-trud'), v.t. to thrust out. exuberance (eks-u'ber-ans), n. super- abundance. exuberant (eks-u'ber-ant) ,adj. copious. exude (eks-ud'), v.t. to discharge grad- ually through pores: v.i. to flow out slowly. exult (egz-ult'), v.i. to rejoice in tri- umph ; be glad above measure. m exultant (egz-ult 'ant), adj. rejoicing triumphantly. _ exuviae (eks-uVi-e), n. pi. the cast-off skins, shells, &c, of animals; fossil remains of animals. eye (i), n. [pi. eyes (Iz)], the organ of sight; the eyeball, sight; observa- tion; view; a small perforation; bud that which resembles an eye: v.t [p.t. & p.p. eyed; p.pr. eyeing], to watch closely; keep in view; scruti- nize. eyeball (I'bawl) , n. the globe of the ej^e. eyebright (I'brit), n. the plant eu- phrasy, of the figwort family. eyebrow (I'brou), n. the hairy arcb above the eyes. eyelash (I'lash), n. the ridge of haii that lines the eyelid. eyelet (I'let), n. a small hole to re- ceive a lace or cord. eyelid (I'lid) , n. the movable skin which covers over and closes the eye ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue. hut ; think, fften. EYE-OPENER 314 EYRIE eye-opener (I-op'en-er), n. anything that opens the eyes; something in- credible, as news; an early dram of spirits. eye- piece (I'pes), n. the lens or lenses in an optical instrument through which the image of an object is magnified and viewed. eyesight (I'sit), n. the sight of the eye; range of vision ; view. eyesore (I'sor), n. anything that of- fends the sight. eye-spot (I'spot), n. a rudimentary visual organ ; an eye-like marking. eye-tooth (I'tooth), n. [pi. eye-teeth (I'teth) ], one of the upper canine teeth in the human jaw. eyot (I'ot), n. a little island in a river or lake. Also ait. [English.] eyra (I'ra), n. the wild cat of Texas. eyre (ar), n. a circuit of itinerant judges. eyrie (e' or a/ri), n. the nest of a predatory bird. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. F F, the sixth letter in the alphabet; derived from Greek and Latin. In the Oriental character it was called van or wan, which means a nail. fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol- fa musical notation = F. fable (fa/bl), n. a short fictitious nar- rative intended to convey some moral; an idle story or falsehood: v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to speak falsely or untruthfully. fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or building; a woven, felted, or knitted material. fabricate (f ab'ri-kat) , v.t. to con- struct; form by manufacture or art; invent falsely.. fabricator (fab'ri-ka-ter), n. one who fabricates. fabulist (fab'u-list), n. a writer of fa- bles; a liar. fabulize (fab'ii-llz), v.i. to compose, write, or relate fables. fabulous (fab'u-lus), adj. fictitious; mythical. facade _(fa-s ad'), n. front elevation. face (fas), n. the countenance; dial of a clock, &c; front; visage; sur- face; appearance; outward aspect; confidence; personal influence; an expressive grimace; value, exclud- ing discount or interest: said of a note, &e. (face-value) : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. faced, p.pr. facing], to meet in front; oppose with boldness or confidence; stand opposite to; cover with an additional surface: v.i. to turn the face. faced (fast), p. adj. having a face; dressed, as stone or tea; furnished with a covering of harder metal. facer (fas'er), n. a blow in the face; a quick retort; an unexpected check, facet (fas'et), n. a small surface or face; one of the minute planes into which the surface of a diamond is cut: v.t. to cut or work a facet upon. facetiae (f a-se'shi-e) , n.pl. witty say- ings; books characterized by coarse wit. [Latin.] facetious (f a-se'shus) , adj. humorous; jocular. facial (fa/shal), adj. pertaining to the face. facial angle (ang'gl)^ n. the angle formed by the two fines drawn re- spectively from the nostrils to the ear, and from the nose to the fore- head: used in craniometrical calcu- lations. facially (fa'sha-li), adv. as regards the face. facies (fa'shi-ez), n. the face; the gen- eral resemblance or aspect of any group of organisms or rocks. facile (fas'il), adi. yielding; pliant; affable. facile princeps (fas'i-le prin'seps), easily first. [Latin.] facilitate (f a-sil'i-tat) , v.t. to make easy or less difficult ; lessen the labor of. facility (f a-siri-ti) , n. [pi. facilities (fa-siri-tiz)], freedom from difficulty ; dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready com- pliance: pi. the means by which the performance of any act may be more easily accomplished. facing (fa/sing), n. a covering in front for ornamental or other pur- poses; a method of coloring tea, &c: pl.^ military movements in drill in turning to the right, left, &c.° the collars, cuffs, &c, of different color from that of the coat on a military uniform. fac- simile (f ak r sim'i-le) , n. an ex- act reproduction, counterpart, or likeness of an original. fact (fakt), n. anything that is done; reality; event; truth. faction (fak'shun), n. a party in dis- loyal opposition; dissension. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FACTIOUS 316 FAIR factious (fak'shus), adj. given to, or characterized by, faction; turbu- lent. factitious (f ak-tish'us) , adj. artificial; sham. factitive (f ak'ti-tiv) , adj. causative. factor (fak'ter), n. an agent who transacts business for another; one of two or more quantities (multi- plier and multiplicand) which, mul- tiplied together, give a product ; any circumstance, &c, which produces a result: v.t. to manage or act as a factor for; resolve into mathemati- cal factors. factorage (fak'ter-aj), n. a factor's commission. factory (fak'to-ri), n. [pi. factories (fak'to-riz) ], a manufactory; a trad- ing settlement. factotum (f ak-to'tum) , n. a man of all work. [Latin.] faculae (fak'u-le), n.pl. luminous spots on the sun's surface. facultative (f ak'ul-ta-tiv) , adj. ena- bling; permissive. faculty (fak'ul-ti), n. [pi. faculties (fak'ul-tiz) ], any mental or physical power ; mental capacity ; skill ob- tained by practice; ability; ease; readiness; the members collectively of any one of the learned profes- sions, especially the medical; the professors and instructors of a de- partment in a university. fad (fad) , n. a crotchet ; a pet idea or hobby; a passing fashion. faddist (fad'ist), n. one given to fads. faddy (fad'i), adj. given to fads. fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or dis- tinctness; languish; wither; droop; die away. fading (fad'ing), n. decay; loss of color. faecal (fe'kal), adj. pertaining to ex- crement or sediment. [Latin.] faeces (fe'sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- ment. faecula, same as fecula. fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, p.pr. fagging], to work hard; grow weary; drudge for another: v.t. to tire out or exhaust; to compel to drudge for another: n. one who drudges for an- other; a school-boy who performs menial duties for another in a higher class ; fatigue or weariness ; drudgery. fag-end (fag'end), n. the latter or meaner part of anything; the frayed end of a piece of cloth, rope, &c. faggot (fag'ot) ,n.an abandoned woman. fagot (fog'ot), n. a bundle of sticks bound together ; a bundle of fish laid up for drying; a bundle of scrap- or wrought-iron or steel to be worked over; a kind of meat-cake of pork: v.t. to form into fagots. fagoting (f ag'ot-ing) , n. a method of ornamenting textile fabrics. Fahrenheit (f a/ren-hlt) , n. the name of a thermometer-scale, having 32° as its freezing point, and 212° as the boiling point of water; named from the German physicist, D. G. Fahrenheit (1722). faience (f a-i-yans') , n. a variety of decorated majolica ware. fail (fal) , v.i. to fall short; be deficient; waste away; decline; turn out badly; become bankrupt: v.t. to be wanting, or insufficient for; forsake; n. failure; omission. failing (faTing), n. a fault; weakness; imperfection; the act of becoming bankrupt. faille (fa'ye), n. a soft untwilled silk used for dresses, &c. failure (fal'tir), n. the act of failing; omission; neglect or non-perform- ance ; want of success ; lapse ; the act of becoming bankrupt. fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly. faint (fant), v.i. to become feeble; lose consciousness; swoon; lose cour- age and hope: adj. feeble; languid; depressed; spiritless; not bright or vivid in color; not loud or clear: n. a sudden loss of consciousness: pL the impure spirit which distils over first and last in making whisky. fainting (fant'ing), n. a sudden and temporary loss of consciousness; syncope. fair (far), adj. beautiful; handsome; pleasing to the eye or mind; free from any dark hue; spotless; not cloudy; fine; favorable; prosper- ous; just; equitable; civil; legible; above mediocrity; of good reputa- tion; reasonable; passably good; blowing direct; the female sex (with the); a market held at particular times; adv. distinctly; openly; hon- estly; on good terms; legibly. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; htie, hut ; think, then. FAIRLY 317 FALSE-KEEL fairly (far'li), adv. honorably; openly. fairness (far'nes), n. the quality of being fair; beauty; equity; clear- ness; candor. fairy (far'i and fa/e-ri), n. [pi. fairies (far-iz) ], an imaginary oeing of graceful and diminutive human form, supposed to interfere in hu- man affairs for good or evil; an elf; fay; sprite; brownie: adj. pertaining to, or resembling, fairies. fairy-land (f ar'i-land) , n. the sup- posed abode of fairies; an enchant- ing and pleasant abode. fairy ring (f ar'i-ring) , n. a small cir- cle of grass greener than the turf sur- rounding it, caused by an under- ground fungus. _ fait accompli (f at-a-kom'ple) , some- thing already done. faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the honesty and truth of another; the assent of the mind to Divine revela- tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; honesty; a system of doctrines or tenets faithful (fath'fool), adj. full of faith; trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- al: n. Christians in full communion (with the) . _ faithfully (f ath'f oo-li) , adv. in a faith- ful manner. fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; to cover up imperfections of, or fabricate with the view to deception; steal: n. a coil or turn of a rope; a cheat or dodge; canard; hoax; a swindler or trickster. fakement (f ak'ment) , n. fraud ; decep- tion. faker (fak'er), n. one who fakes; a swindler; pickpocket. fakir (fa'ker), n. a Mohammedan as- cetic or mendicant priest. falcate (fal'kat), adj. sickle-shaped. Also falciform. falchion (f awl 'shun), n. % a short, slightly curved sword, with a broad blade. falcon (fawl'kn), n. a predatory bird with a hooked beak, trained for hunting. falconer (f awl'kn-er) , n. one who trains or sports with falcons. falconry (fawrkn-ri), n. the art of training hawks to pursue other birds. faldstool (f awld'stool) , n. a litany- stool, or -desk; the bishop's chair near the altar. fal-lal (fal'lal), n. a bit of decoration in dress ; a merry song. fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fallen, p.pr. falling], to drop from a higher to a lower place; drop from an erect posture; descend; sink; flow into; perish; be .degraded or disgraced; happen ; # apostatize or fall into sin; begin with ardor; become the prop- erty of: adj. pertaining to the au- tumn: n. the act of falling; distance through which anything falls; over- throw; ruin; death; cadence; water- fall; cataract; decrease in value; a vail; autumn. fallacious (f al-la/shus) , adj. decep- tive. fallacy (fal'a-si), n. m [pi. fallacies (fal'a-siz) ], a deceptive or false ap- pearance; mistake; an _ unsound method of reasoning; sophism. fallen (fawl'n), p. adj. sunk to a low- er _ state or condition; degraded; ruined, outcast; overthrown; dead. fallibility (fal-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being fallible; liability to err. fallible (fal'i-bl), adj. liable to be de- ceived, misled, err, or fail. falling (fawring), p. adj. moving or hanging downwards; sinking; de- clining ; decreasing in value or quan- tity: n. the act or process of falling; descent; downward displacement. fallopian (fal-o'pi-an), adj. pertain- ing to the ducts which convey the ova to the uterus. fallow (faro), v.t. to make or keep fal- low: adj. plowed but not sown for the season; untilled; neglected; of a pale yellow or reddish-yellow col- or: n. land plowed but left un- seeded. fallow-deer (fal'o-der), n. sl species of deer of yellowish-brown color, with branched and recurved horns. false (fa wis), adj. untrue; dishon- est; disloyal; perfidious; counter- feit; not well founded; unreliable; made for temporary use; not in har- mony: adv. falsely. falsehood (f awls'hood) , n. an untruth; lie. false-keel (fawls'kel), n. the timber below the main keel. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FALSETTO 318 FANTASIA falsetto (fal-set'o), n. an artificial tone higher in key than the natural compass of the voice. [Italian.] falsify (fawl'si-fi), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. falsified, p.pr. falsifying], to make, or prove to be false; counterfeit; forge: v.i. to He. falsity (fawl'si-ti), n. [pi. falsities (fawl'si-tiz)], the quality of being false; an untruth; false statement. Falstaffian (fawl-staf'i-an), adj. re- sembling Sir John Falstaff in Shake- speare's plays; hence boasting; coarsely jovial. falter (fawl'ter), v.t. to utter in a weak trembling manner (with put): v.i. to exhibit moral or physical hesi- tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- terance. fame (fam), n. public report; rumor; celebrity; renown. famed (fam'd), adj. renowned; cele- brated. familiar (f a-mil'yer) , adj. well ac- quainted, or intimate with; domes- tic; affable; easy; m unconstrained; unceremonious; habituated by cus- tom: n. a spirit or demon supposed to attend at the call of a necroman- cer; a domestic of the papal house- hold. familiarity (f a-mil-i-ar'i-ti) , m n. [pi. familiarities (fa-mil-i-ar'i-tiz)], in- timacy; ease of conversation; free- dom from ceremony or conven- tionality; a liberty or freedom. familiarize # (f a-mil'yer-iz) , v.t. to make fa miliar ; # habituate. family (fam'i-li), n. [pi. families (fam'i-liz)], a household; children as distinguished from the parent; a body of persons descended from a common ancestor; tribe; race; gene- alogy ; noble lineage ; class ; a group of animals larger than a genus, but less than an order; an order [Bot.]. famine (fam 'in), n. extreme dearth; great scarcity. famish (fam'ish), v.t. & v.i. to starve. famous (fa/mus), adj. renowned; con- spicuous; noted. famously (f a'mus-li) , adv. in a famous manner; admirably. famulus (fam'u-lus), n. the familiar spirit of a magician; an assistant. [Latin.] fan (fan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fanned, p.pr. fanning], to cool with a fan; agitate the air, as with a fan; ven- tilate; winnow: n. a flat implement used to cool the face by agitating the air; an instrument for exciting a current of air; anything resembling a fan in shape; a winnowing imple- ment; an enthusiastic spectator at baseball. fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who is in- temperately zealous, or wildly ex- travagant, especially on religious subjects: adj. characterized by fa- naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. fanatically (fa-nat'i-ka-li), adv. in a fanatic manner. fanaticism (fa-nat'i-sizm), n. extrav- agant or frenzied zeal; wild en- thusiasm. fancied (fan'sid), adj. imaginary. fancier (fan'sher), n. one who breeds or sells animals and birds; an ama- teur. fanciful (f an'si-f ool) , adj. influenced by the fancy; unreal; whimsical; wild. fancifully (f an'si-f oo-li) , adv. in a fanciful manner. fancy (fan'si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fancied, p.pr. fancying], to imagine; take a liking to; to be pleased with: v.i. to imagine; suppose: adj. ornamental; elegant ; imaginary ; characterized by variety: n. creative imagination; idea; notion; liking; caprice; pet pursuit; sporting characters, as pugilists, &c. (with the). fandango (fan-dang'go), n. a lively Spanish dance; a lively ball. fane (fan), n. a temple; church. [Latin.] fanfare (fan'far or fang-far'), n. a flourish of trumpets; noisy osten- tatious parade. [French.] fanfaronade (f an-f ar-o-nad') , n. blus- tering talk or swagger: v.i. to make a noisy parade. fang (fang), n. the lower part of a tooth set in the socket; the poison- tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, talon, or pointed toocl f anion (fan'yxm), n. a small banner. fantail (fan'tal), n. a variety of pigeon. fantan (fan 'tan), n. a Chinese gamb- ling game. fantasia (f an-ta' or ta'zhi-a) , n. a mu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FANTASTIC 319 FASCINATION sical composition not restricted by the usual laws of form or time. fantastic (fan-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. Also fantastical. fantastically (f an-tas'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a fantastic manner. fantasy (fan'ta-si), n. [pi. fantasies (fan'ta-siz)], a fantastic idea; a whimsical fancy. far (far), adj. [comp. farther, further, superl. farthest, furthest], remote; distant; extending widely or at length; contrary to design or pur- pose; alienated: adv. remotely; very much; to a certain point or degree; to a great distance; widely. farad (far 'ad), n. a unit of electric capacity. [From the name Fara- day.] farce (fars), n. a short comedy in which qualities and actions are much exaggerated; ridiculous or empty parade. farcical (f ar'si-kal) , adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a farce; ludicrous. farcically (f ar'si-ka-li) , adv. in a farci- cal manner. farcy (far'si), n. a disease of horses, closely allied to glanders. fare (far), v.i. to. be in any state, either good or ill; be entertained with food; live; succeed; result: n. the sum paid for a journey by lail, adj. consisting, or having the qualities of, fat; greasy; oily. fatuity (f a-tu'i-ti) , n. weakness of intellect ; obstinate folly. fatuous (fat'u-us), adj. weak in intel- lect; silly; obstinately foolish; illu- sory. faubourg (fo'boorg), n. a suburb. [French.] fauces (faw'sez), n.pl. the upper part of the throat and entrance to the gullet. faucet (faw'set), n. & short pipe with a valve, used for drawing out liquor. faugh (faw), inter j. an exclamation expressive of disgust or abhorrence. fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime or offense; blemish; defect; omission; the loss of scent in hunting: said of a hound; fracture of strata; an ac- cidental leak in an electric circuit ; an improper service in lawn-tennis. faultfinder (fawlt'flnd-er), n. one given to finding fault; a mechanical device for discovering faults in an electric circuit. faultless (fawlt'les), adj. without a flaw. faulty (fawlt'i), adj. imperfect; erro- neous. • faun (fawn), n. a classic woodland deity, resembling the satyrs in ap- pearance. fauna (faw'na), n. [pi. faunae (faw'ne), faunas (faw'naz) ], the animals char- acteristic of any particular region, or geological period. [Latin.] fauteuil (fo-tere), n. an upholstered arm chair; membership in the French Academy; the seat of a president, &c. [French.] faux pas (fo pa'), n. an error or slip, especially in respect of good man- ners or morality. [French.] Favonian (f a-vo'ni-an) , adj. pertain- ing to Favonius, the west wind, hence auspicious. [Latin.] favor (fa'ver), n. kindness; support; patronage; good will; facility; par- tiality; bias; a love token; a bunch of ribbons worn on some special oc- casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with favor; befriend; facilitate; resemble in features; spare. [Latin.] favorable (f a'ver-a-bl) , adj. propi- tious ; advantageous ; friendly ; partial. favored (fa'verd), adj. featured (when used with well or ill) . favorite (fa'ver-it), n. one who, or that which, is particularly esteemed; one regarded with undue preference ; a person or animal considered to have the best chance of winning in a con- test; adj. preferred^ esteemed. favoritism (f a'ver-i-tizm) , n. the dis- position or tendency to favor one person or class in preference to others possessing equal claims; par- tiality. fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & v.t. to court servilely (with on or upon) ; to exhibit affection by leap- ing upon, cringing, or licking the hand of a person : said of a dog. fawning (fawn'ing), n. gross, or servile flattery. fay (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit (two pieces of wood) flush together: v.i. to fit closely: adj. fated; dead. [Scotch.] faze (faz), v.t. to worry; annoy; frighten; disturb; produce an effect on. Also fease. fealty (fe'al-ti), n. the duty of a vassal or tenant to his feudal su- perior; loyalty. [O. French.] fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil or danger; dread; anxiety; solicitude; reverence: v.t. to regard with appre- hension; dread: v.i. to be in fear; feel anxiety. fearful (fer'fool), adj. affected with fear; timorous; apprehensive; in- spiring fear. fearfully (fer'foo-h), adv. in fear; so as to cause fear. ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; u<35n, book ; 21 hue, hut ; think, then. FEARLESS 322 FEE fearless (fer'les), adj. intrepid. fearlessly (f er-les-li) , adv. bravely; in a fearless manner. fearlessness (f er'les-nes) , n. intrepid- ity. fearsome (fer'sum), adj. fearful; ter- rible. feasibility (f e-zi-bil'i-ti) , n. practica- bility. feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable. feasibly (fe'zi-bli), adv. practicably. feast (fest), n. a sumptuous repast, especially in commemoration of some eveni,, &c; a festival, especially of the Church; anything affording pleasure to the palate or mind: v.t. to entertain sumptuously; delight: v.i. to feed sumptuously; enjoy one's self. feast-day (fest'da), n. a day of revelry or solemn joy. feat (fet), n. a notable achievement, deed, or performance. feather (feth'er), n. part of the ex-' terior covering of a bird; a plume; something resembling a feather; the water thrown up by the turn of the blade of an oar; kind or class: v.t. to ornament with feathers; cover with, or as with, feathers; turn the blade of (an oar) horizontally when leaving the water: v.i. to become covered with, or something resem- bling, feathers. feather-brained (f eZA'er-brand) , adj. giddy. feather-edged (fe^'er-ejd), adj. thin at the edges. feather-weight (f e^'er-wat) , n. in a handicap, the least weight that can be put on a racehorse ; or in pugilism the lightest weight that can enter the ring. feathery (f e^/i'er-i) , adj. covered with, or resembling, feathers; very light. feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the face; lineament; > principal part; outline; characteristic; appearance: v.t. to make public or conspicuous; to give a prominent place to. featured (fe'ttird), adj. having a par- ticular cast of face. feaze (faz), v.t. to disturb; discon- cert; frighten. Also faze. febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. a medicine that lessens or dispels fever. febrile (feb'ril or fe'bril), adj. pertain- ing to, accompanied by, or indicat- ing fever. fecal, same as faecal. feces, same as faeces. feckless (fek'les), adj. good-for-noth- ing; shiftless. [Scottish.] fecula (fek'u-la), n. farina; starch; chlorophyll. feculence (f ek'u-lens) , n. the quality of being feculent; dregs. Also fecu- lency. feculent (f ek'u-lent) , adj. containing, or full of, dregs or sediment; turbid; muddy. fecund (fek'und or fe-kund'), adj. fruitful; prolific. [Latin.] fecundate (f ek'un-dat) , v.t. to make fruitful or prolific; fertilize; im- pregnate. fecundity (f ek-un'di-ti) , n. fruitful- ness; prolificness ; fertility of inven- tion; germination. fed, p.t. & p.p. of feed. federal (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining to, constituting, or founded upon, a league or treaty; consisting in a union or compact between States, especially of the United States or Switzerland; confederated. Federal, adj. supporting the cause of the Union in the American civil war (1861-'65): n. one who favored the Union cause in that war. [Latin.] Federalism (fed'er-al-izm), n. the doc- trine of federal union, and the sup- port of a strong central government for the United States. Federalist (f ed'er-al-ist) , adj. favoring the Federal party in the United States: n. a member of this party (1793-1820). federalize (f ed'er-al-iz) , v.t. to bring together in a political federacy: v.i. to unite under a federal form of gov* ernment. Also federate. federated (fed r er-a-ted), adj. united by compact. federation (f ed-er-a/shun) , n. a league; federal government^ federative (fed'er-a-tiv), adj. forming a league or confederacy; federal. fee (fe), n. a payment for service ren* derea, especially professional ser- vice; a gratuity; an heritable or inherited estate; land held from a superior; feud: v.t. in the sense of to pay or give a fee to, it is French. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, Jften. x 1 EEBLE 323 FELONY feeble (fe'bl), adj. weak; wanting in physical strength or mental vigor ; infirm: v.L to weaken. feed (fed), v.tj to give food to; nour- ish; graze or pasture; supply with necessaries; furnish with materials, as a machine: v.i. to eat; subsist (with on or upon) : n. a certain quantity of food given to animals at onetime; fodder; pasture; a banquet. feeder (fed'er), n. one who, or that which, feeds; one who fattens cat- tle; that which nourishes or supplies the needs of, or increases the im- portance or value of ; a branch canal or railway; an electric wire supply- ing a current to a main conductor. feeding (fed'ing), n. the act of eating; pasture. feed-pipe (fed'plp), n. a pipe which supplies water to the boiler of a steam-engine. feed-pump (fed'-pump), n. a force- pump which supplies water to the . boiler_of a steam-engine. feel (fel), v.t. to perceive by the touch; be conscious of; understand; test; be influenced or moved by; ex- perience, as pleasure or pain; exam- ine by touching or handling: v.t. seem to the touch ; have the passions moved: n. the sense of feeling; touch; sensation. feeler (feTer), n. one who, or that which, feels; the part of an inverte- brate animal which serves as an or- gan of touch, as the antennae of in- sects, &c; something put forth as a means of gaining information not directlyobtainable. feeling (feTing), p.adj. easily affected; sympathetic; of great sensibility; perceptible by touch: n. sense of touch; physical or mental sensation; perception; tenderness. fee- simple (fe-sim'pl), n. an estate in land or tenements held by a person in his own right, without restrictions feet (fet), pi. of foot. fee- tail (fe'tal), n. an estate entailed to a person and his heirs. [Old French.] feign (fan)_, v.t. to pretend; invent. feigned (fand), adj. pretended; coun- terfeited. [French.] feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock attack. feldspar (feld'spar), n. a name for various crystalline minerals occur- ring in igneous rocks, composed principally of silicate of aluminia* Also felspar. [German.] felicitate (fe-lis'i-tat), v.t. to con- gratulate. felicitous (fe-lis'i-tus), adj. character- ized by, or causing, happiness; ap- propriate. felicitously (fe-lis'i-tus-li), adv. hap- • pily; suitably. felicity > (fe-lis'i-ti), n. \pl. felicities (fe-lis'i-tiz)], a condition of supreme happiness; blissf ulness ; prosperity; appropriateness; a neat or well- chosen _expression. [Latin.] feline (fe'lln), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- erous. [Latin.] fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock, down; cause to fall; turn down (a seam) : adj. cruel ; savage ; barbar- ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin , of an animal; a hem laid level with the material; a rocky or barren hill; small pieces of ore. fellah (fel'a), n. [pi. fellahs (fel'az). fellaheen (-hen')], in Egypt and Syria, a peasant or laborer. [Arabic. I felloe (fel 5), same as felly. fellow (fel'o), n. a companion or asso- ciate; one of the same kind; com- peer; one of a pair; an individual; one held in slight esteem; a member of an incorporated society; a gradu- ate member of a college who holds a fellowship: adj. associated or joined with (used in composition). fellowship (fel'o-ship), n. association; communion; intimacy; society; joint interest or feeling; a college endow- ment for the support of a fellow; one of the rules of arithmetic. felly (fel'i), n. [pi fellies (fel'iz)], one of the curved pieces of wood which form the rim of a wheel; the rim. felo-de-se (fe'lo-de-se') , n. a suicide. [Latin, "a felon against himself."] felon (fel'un)^ n. one guilty of fel- ony; a whitlow: adj. malignant; traitorous. felonious (fe-lo'ni-us), adj. done with the intention of committing crime; malignant. felony (fel'o-ni), n. [pi. felonies (fel'- o-niz)], a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in a state prison. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. FELSITE 324 FERMENTATION felsite (fel'sit), n. a variety of feldspar. felspar (fel'spar), n. same as feldspar. felt, p.t. of feel. felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric composed of wool or wool and hair, compacted together by pressure or heat. felting (felt'ing), n. the material of which felt is made, or the process of manufacturing it. felucca (fe-luk'a), n. a small sailing- vessel propelled by lateen sails and oars, used in the Mediterranean. female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex which conceives and produces young ; the plant or flower which bears the pistil and receives the pollen of the male flower: adj. pertaining to that sex which produces young ; feminine ; womanly; having pistils but desti- tute of stamens; noting, in mechan- ics, something, as a hollow, into which another part fits. feme coverte (fern or fam kuv'ert), n. a married woman. Also femme couverte. [Norman French.] feme sole (sol), n. an unmarried woman. Also femme sole. feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, women; deli- cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in manly characteristics ; effeminate : n. a woman. femininity (f em-i-nin'i-ti) , n. % the state or quality of being feminine; womankind. feminism (f em'in-izm) , n. a condition of men who become hypersensitive, too imaginative, and lacking in the traits that are supposed to be mas- culine. [French.] femme de chambre (fam de sham'- br), n. a lady's-maid; chambermaid. femoral (fem'o-ral), adj. pertaining to the thigh. femur (fe'mer), n. the thigh-bone. fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, covered with sedges, &c. ; a kind of mold or moss causing disease in hops. fence (fens), v.i. to practise fencing; deposit stolen property with a con- federate: y.t. guard or protect; de- fend; to inclose or surround with a fence; fortify: n. the art of fencing; defense; guard; a boundary con- sisting of posts, wire, &c; inclos- ure; skill in debate; a receiver ol stolen goods. fence (fens), n. a row of stakes or wooden piles that defend a place enclosed by them. [Latin.] fencible (fen'si-bl), adj. capable of defense, or being defended: n. a sol- dier enlisted for home service. fencing (fens'ing), n. the art of skil- fully using a foil or sword for at- tack or defense; materials used for constructing a fence; a collection of fences; guard; skilful debate. fend (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect with a fender. fender (fend'er), n. a cushion of rope, or piece of wood hung over the side of a vessel to prevent injury by con- tact with a landing-stage, &c. ; a metal guard in front of a fireplace to prevent the hot coal falling upon the floor; a device affixed to the front of a street car to prevent in- jury to pedestrians. [Latin.] fennel (fen'el), n. an aromatic bien- nial herb of the parsley family, with yellow flowers. fenny (fen'i), adj. full of fens; marshy. fent (fent), n. a slit in a garment for convenience in putting it on; placket; remnant. ferae naturae (fer'e na-tu're), in law, wild animals as distinguished from those domesticated. [Latin, "of wild nature."] Feralia (fer-a'li-a), n. a solemn fes- tival in ancient Rome in honor of the dead. fer-de- lance (f er-de-lans') , n.the name of a venomous crotaloid snake found in the West Indies and South America. It resembles the copper- head snake of the North. . Its name comes from the fact that its head is of the shape of a lance-head. [French.] ferial (fer'i-al), adj. pertaining to week days, especially those which are not festivals or fasts; pertaining to holidays. ferment (fer'ment), n. a microscopic fungus which produces fermenta- tion; internal commotion; tumult; v.t. (fer-ment'), to produce fermenta- tion in; excite: v.i. to be in a state 6i fermentation; effervesce; be excited. fermentation (fer-men-ta'shun), n. the chemical decomposition which ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FERMENTATIVE 325 FESTIVE takes place in an organic substance exposed to the air, due to the action of microscopic organisms, or to un- organized ferments; excitement. fermentative (fer-men'ta-tiv), adj. causing, or characteristic of, fermen- tation. [Latin.] fern (fern), n. a cryptogamous or flowerless plant with broad and feathery fronds or leaves, on the under surface of which the repro- ductive seeds are situated. fernery (fern'er-i), n. [pi. ferneries (fern'er-iz) ], a place where ferns are cultivated. ferny (f ern'i) , adj. fern-like, or abound- ing in ferns. ferocious (f e T ro'shus) , adj. savage; fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature. ferocity (f e-ros'i-ti) , n. [pi. ferocities (fe-ros'i-tiz) ], savageness or cruelty of disposition; inhuman cruelty. ferrate (fer'at), n. a salt of ferric acid. ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- riety of polecat, employed to hunt rats and rabbits from their holes [French]; a kind of binding; an iron rod used for making the rings at the mouths of bottles, or trying melted glass: v.t. to search minutely (with out). ferreter (fer'et -er), n. one who fer- rets. ferretto (f er-ret'to) , n. a preparation of copper with sulphuric acid; used in coloring glass. [Hispano-Latin.] ferriage (fer'i-aj), n. money paid for conveyance by ferry. ferric (fer'ik), adj. pertaining to, con- taining, or extracted from, iron. ferric acid (as'id), n. an acid com- posed of 3 atoms of oxygen and 1 of iron. ferro (fer'ro), a prejix, denoting the presence of iron in a substance. [Latin.] ferrobronze (fer'ro-bronz),n. an alloy of copper, zinc, and iron. ferro-cyanic (fer'ro-sl-an'ik) , adj. per- taining to an acid formed by the union of iron and cyanogen. ferro- manganese (f er 'ro-mang'ga- nez), n. an alloy of iron and man- ganese, used in the Bessemer process of manufacturing steel. ferrotype (f er'ro-tip) , n. a photograph taken upon a sensitized iron plate. ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to v or obtained from, iron. ferrous oxide (oks'Id), n. monoxide of iron. ferruginous (fer-ru'ji-nus), adj. con- taining or impregnated with, iron; rust-colored. ferrule (fer'il), n. a metal ring placed at the end of a _ stick, &c, to strengthen it. [Latin.] ferry (fer'i), n. [pi. ferries (fer'iz) ], a passage across a river, &c; a ferry- boat; the place where a ferry-boat lands its passengers: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- vey across a river, &c, in a boat: v.i. go across water in a boat. fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- dantly ; f rui tf ul ; # reproductive ; rich in resources or invention. [Latin.] fertility (f er-til'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being fertile; abundance; fecundity; richness of resources or invention. fertilization (f er-til-i-za'shun) , n. the act or process of making fertile ; im- pregnation. fertilize (fer'til-Iz), v.t. to make fer- tile; render fruitful; impregnate. fertilizer (f er' til-i-zer) , n. any ma- terial used as a manure for the land. ferule (fer'ul), n. a rod or flat stick used for chastisement: v.t. to chas- tise with a ferule. [Latin.] fervent (fer'vent), adj. zealous; ear- nest; vehement; very hot. fervently (f er'vent-li) , adv. with fervor. fervid (fer'vid), adj. burning; ardent; fiery; intense; eager. [Latin.] fervor (fer'ver), n. intensity of feeling; zeal; warmth. festal (fes'tal), adj. pertaining to a f east; joyous; festive; hilarious. festally (fes'ta-li), adv. festively. fester (fes'ter), v.t. to cause to fester or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; suppurate; rankle; become putrid; rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore ; act of festering or rankling. [French.) festival (f es'ti-val) , n. a joyful cele- bration in commemoration of some event, religious or civil; an enter- tainment on behalf of some charity at which fruit, &c, is sold. [Latin.) festive (fes'tiv), adj. pertaining to a feast; gay; joyous; merry. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, hook i hiie^ hut ; think, then. FESTIVELY 326 FEVER-FEW festively (fes'tiv-li), adv. in a festive manner, festivity (fes-tiv'i-ti), n. [vl. festivi- ties (fes-tiv'i-tiz)], social gaiety at an entertainment or feast; merry- making; joyfulness; a festival. festoon (fes-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- land suspended at the extremities and hanging in a curve; an archi- tectural ornament of such form: v.L to decorate with, or form into, fes- toons. fetal (fe'tal), adj. pertaining to the fetus. Also fcetal. fetch (fech), v.L to go after and bring; obtain as its price; call for and accompany; heave, as a sigh; fascinate: v.i. to move and turn; reach or get: n. an artifice or trick; a wraith; the appearance at night of a light rese .Tabling a candle, sup- posedto portend death, (fetch-light). fete (fat) n. a festival or holiday: vi. to entertain, or honor, with fes- tivities. [French.] fete champetre (shang-pa'tr), n. a rural or open-air festival. fete day (da), n. a birthday celebra- tion, especially the jday of the saint whose name one bears. [French.] fetich (fet'ish, or fet'ish), n. any mate- rial object, as a stone, weapon, feather, &c, supposed by the ne- groes of Western Africa to be the abode of a spirit, and to give to its possessor power over such a deity: hence any object of unreasoning de- votion; inage or idol. Also fetish. fetichism (fet'ish-iz:n), n. the wor- ship of, or belief in, fetiches; unrea,- soning or superstitious devotion. Also fetishism. [Portuguese.] ' fetich-man (fet'ish-man), n. a medi- cine man. feticide (fe'ti-sid), n. the act of killing the fetus in the womb. fetid (fe'tid, or fet'id), adj. giving forth an offensive smell; stinking. fetlock (fet'lok), n. a tuft of hair be- hind a horse's pastern joint; the pastern joint. fetlock ed (fet'lokt), adj. having fet- locks; secured or fastened by the fetlojks. fetter (fet'er), n. a chain or shackle for the feet (usually pi.)) a re- straint; hindrance: v.L to place fet- ters upon; chain; bind; hinder; re- strain. fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work with activity; clean up: v.L to put in order; cover or line; fasten: n, good condition or repair; fuss. fetus (fe'tus), n. the young of vivi- parous animals in the uterus. feud (fud), n. an inveterate quarrel between clans or families; blood- feud; quarrel; enmity; hatred. feud (fud), n. a fief, or land held from a lord on condition of render ing himfeudal service. [Latin.] feudal (fu'dal), adj. pertaining to a feud or quarrel; pertaining to, or founded upon, a feud or fief. feudalist (fu'dal-ist), n. an upholder of feudalism. feudality (fu-dal'i-ti), n. the state ot being feudal; feudal principles or constitution. feudalize (ffi'dal-iz), v.L to conform to feudalism. feudally (fu'dal-li), adv. in accordance with the principles of feudalism. feudal system (sis'tem), n. the po- litico-social system formerly preva- lent in Europe during the Middle Ages of holding lands on condition of military _service. Feudalism. feudatory _(fu'da-to-ri), n. [pi. feuda- tories (fu/da-to-riz)], one 1 elding land by feudal tenure; a vassal: adj pertaining to, or held by, feudal tenure. feu dejoie (fe' de zhwa/)^ n. an ex- pression of public rejoicing, as the firing of cannen, or burning of bon- fires. [French.] feudist (fu'dist), n. one skilled in feudal law. In some States, it is the custom for families to perpetuate their grudges, from father to son, such being called feudists. fcuilleton (fe-i-tang'), n. that sec- tion of a French newspaper which is devoted to light literature, criti- cal notices, fiction, &c; a newspaper serial. fever (fe'ver), n. a disease charac- terized by marked increase of beat of the skin, # quickened pulse,igreat debility, thirst, &c.^ a conditon cf extreme nervous excitement: v.t. U put into a fever. [Latin.] fever- few (feVer-fu), n. a plant of the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book hue, hut; think, then. FEVERISH 327 FIDELITY aster family, formerly esteemed as a febrifuge^ feverish (fe'ver-ish) , adj. affected with, indicating, or resembling, fever. few (fu), adj. [comp. fewer, superl. fewest], not many; small in num- ber; limited. [Latin.] fewness (fumes) , n. smallness of num- ber. fez (fez), n. a brimless, close fitting, felt hat, usually red, with a black tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptians, &c. [French.] fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. sl hackney-coach. [French.] fiance (fe-ang-sa'), n. one who is be- trothed or affianced. Fein, fiancee. fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- dicrous failure, as of some enter- prise of which high hopes were en- tertained, as a musical performance, &c; a flask or bottle. [Italian.] fiat (fl'at), n. a peremptory order or decree; an order of a court authoriz- ing certain proceedings, as in bank- ruptcy. [Latin, "Let it be done."] fib (fib), n. a falsehood; white lie: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], to tell fibs; to deliver a quick suc- cession of blows. fibber (fib'er), n. one who tells fibs. fiber (fJ'ber), n. a slender, thread- like substance, or filament; raw ma- terial which can be separated into threads for making up textile fabrics. fibriform (fi'bri-form), adj. fiber-like. fibril (fl'bril), n. a small fiber. fibrillse (fi-bril'e), n.pl. minute subdivi- sions of the root, as of the lichens. fibrillose (fl'bril-os), adj. composed of, or covered with, fibrils. fibrin (fl'brin), n. a white albumi- noid substance which forms the clot of blood; the fibrous part of flesh; gluten obtained from corn, &c. Also fibrine. fibrinous (fi'brin-us), adj. composed of, or of the nature of, fibrin. fibroid (fi'broid), adj. of the structure of, or containing, fiber. fibroin (fi'bro-in), n. the principal constituent of raw silk, cobwebs, and horny sponge- tissue. fibrous (fi'brus), adj. composed of, or of the nature of, fibers. fibster (fib'ster), n. a liar in a small way. fibula (fib'U-la), n. [pi. fibulae (-le)J, the outer and smaller of the two bones which form the lower leg; an ancient ornamental brooch or safe- ty-pin. fichu (fish'u), n, sl light three-cornered article of ladies' dress worn on the neck, or over the neck and shoulders, fickle (fik'l), adj. capricious; incon- stant. fictile (fik'til), adj. pertaining to pot- tery; readily molded: plastic. fiction (fLVshun), n. the act of feign- ing or inventing; that which is feigned or invented; a literary pro- duction of the imagination in prose form, as a novel, romance, &c; a legal assumption for the purpose of convenience, the furtherance of justice, &c. [Latin.] fictional (fik'shun-al) , adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or created by, fiction. fictionist (fik'shun-ist) , n. a writer of fiction. fictitious (fik-tish'us), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, fiction; false; unreal. fid (fid), n. an iron or wooden bar to support a topmast; a large tapering wooden pin for opening the strands of a rope: v.t. to put into place and secure by a fid._ Also fidd. fidalgo (fi-dal'go), n. a Portuguese nobleman; same as Spanish hidalgo* fiddle (fid'l), n. a violin; a rack used on board ship to prevent arti- cles from rolling off the table in stormy weather: v.i. to play the fid- dle or violin: v.t. to cheat by arti- fice. fiddle-de-dee (fid'1-de-de), interj. non- sense!: n. a piece of nonsense. fiddle-faddle (fid'l-fad'l), n. nonsense i trifling conversation: v.i. to talk nonsense; fuss about trifles: adj, fussy about trifles. fiddler (fid'ler), n. a violinist; a name of the common sandpiper; sixpence; one who is fussy about trifles. fiddlestick (fid'l-s tik) , n. a bow for playing upon the fiddle or violin: interj. nonsense! (usually in pi.). fiddling (fid'liug), n. the act of play- ing the violin: p. adj. trifling. fidelity (fi-del'i-ti) , n. [pi. fidelities ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FID-FAD 328 FIGHT (fi-del'i-tiz)], integrity; faithful ad- herence to obligation or duty; hon- esty; loyalty; reliability. fid- fad (fid'fad), n. fiddle-faddle. fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; nervous restlessness (often in pi.): v.t. to put in a fidget; worry: v.i. to move about uneasily or restlessly. fidgetiness (fij'et-i-nes), n. the state of being fidgety. fidgety (fij'et-i), adj. restless; impa- tient. fiducial (fi-du'shal) , adj. of the na- ture of a trust ; practical confidence. fiduciary (fi-du'shi-a-ri) , n. [pi. fidu- ciaries (fi-du'shi-a-riz) ], a trustee; one who depends for salvation on faith without works: adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a trust; con- fident; unwavering. fie (fi), inter j. for shame. Also fy; fye. fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed estate or manor held under a feudal superior. [Old French.] field (feld), n. a piece of land en- closed for tillage or pasture; open country; a region yielding some nat- ural product; site of a battle; sphere of action ; a wide expanse ; space within which telescopic or microscopic objects are viewed; outdoor work; in heraldry, the sur- face of the shield; the ground upon which a game is played; the com- petitors in a race, hunt, &c: v.t. to catch or stop and return to the wicket-keeper, as a ball at cricket, &c: v.i. to act as a fielder; in a race, bet on the field against the favorite. field-allowance (f eld-a-lou'ans) , n. extra pay given to officers on active service. field-artillery (fekTar-tirer-i), n. artil- lery so mounted as to be readily han- dled in active service. field-book (feld'book), n. a surveyor's note-book. field-day (feld'da), n. a military re- view; a day of unusual excitement or display; a day devoted to outdoor scientific research. field -glass (feld'glas), n. a small portable telescope. field-marshal (feld-mar'shal), n. the highest rank in the British army. field-officer (f eld-of 'i-ser) , n. a major lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. field-sports (f eld'sportz) , n.vl. out- door diversions, especially snooting, hunting, &c. field-work (feld'werk), n. outdoor operations or observations. fiend (fend), n. an infernal being; demon; one who is intensely mali- cious or wicked. fiendish (fend'ish), adj. like a fiend fiendishly (fend'ish-h) adv. in a fiendish manner. fierce (fers), adj. savage; violent; mercilessj ferocious; unrestrained. fiercely (fers'li), adv. in a fierce man- ner. fieri facias (fl'e-ri fa'shi-as), [Latin "Cause it to be done"], a writ of exe- cution authorizing a levy on the goods and chattels of the person against whom it is issued. fieriness (fir'i-nes) n. the quality of being fiery; heat of temper. fiery (fir'i), adj. [comp. fierier, snperh fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting of, fire; passionate: easily roused: fervent; ardent. fife (flf), n. a shrill-toned musical instrument of the flute class: v.t. to play (a tune) on a fife. fifteen (fif'ten), adj. consisting of 5 and 10; a cardinal numeral: n. the number made up of 5 and 10; one point scored at lawn-tennis. fifteenth (fif tenth), adj. next in order after fourteenth: n. a fifteenth part, fifth (fifth), adj. next in order after 4th: n. one of five equal parts; in music, an interval of three tones and a semi-tone; the dominant. fifthly (fifth'li), adv. in the fifth placeo fiftieth (fiTti-eth), adj. next in order after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. fifty (fif'ti), adj. consisting of five times 10: n. [pi. fifties (fif'tiz) ], the number which amounts to five times 10. fig (fig), n- the pear-shaped fruit oi the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a snap of the fingers in token of contempt; anything insignificant or worthlesSo fight (fit), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fought, p.pr. fighting], contend in battle or in arms; make war; offer resist- ance: v.t. to war against; strive for the mastery of; manoeuvre in bat- ate, arm, at, awl; me. merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. FIGHTING 329 FILLER tie, as ships: n. a combat; battle or engagement; contest. fighting (fit'ing), adj. pertaining to conflict; qualified, or trained, to fight; skilled in warfare: n. a com- bat. fig-leaf (fig'lef), n. the leaf of a fig- tree; a light covering in the form of a fig-leaf to conceal nakedness. fig-marigold (fig-mar'i-gold) , n. a plant which produces a fig-shaped fruit. figinent (fig'ment), n. an invention; fiction. figuline (fig'u-lin), n. potter's clay, figurant (fig'u-rant), n. an opera dancer who performs as one of the group. Fern, figurante (fig'u-rant). figurative (fig'ti-ra-tiv) , adj. repre- senting by figure; symbolical; un- real; metaphorical. figuratively (fig'u-ra-tiv-li) , adv. in a figurative manner. figure (fig'ur), n. the outline or shape of a person or object; appearance; an image or statue; representation of a person by drawing or painting; idea; pattern; type; sign or charac- ter denoting a number ; a movement in a dance; musical phrase, or re= peaced theme ; a horoscope; value or cost; in logic, the character of 2 syllogism as determined by the place of the middle term; a space bounded on all sides by lines or planes: v.t. to form into any deter- minate shape: show by resemblance; represent; symbolize; adorn or cover with figures; calculate or compute: v.i. to be conspicuous ; cipher. [Lat in.] figured (fig'urd), adj. covered or adorned with figures; symbolized; pictured; indicated by figuies [Mus.]. figure-head (fig'ur-hed), n. a carved representation of a human or otl cr figure placed at the prow of a ship; a person who is only nominally im- portant. figuring (fig'ur-ing) , n. computation. figwort (fig'wert), n. a plant used as a specific for piles. filament (fiTa-ment), n. a fine thread, or thread-like process or appen- dage; the stalk of an anther. filamentary (fil-a-men'ta-ri), adj. con- sisting of, or resembling, a filament. ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, u.fi : hilt". 11.1l : note, hue, lull ; think. /Aeu. filar (friar), adj. pertaining # to, Of furnished with, threads; having fine threads stretched across the field of view: said of a microscope, &c. filbert (fil'bert), n. the edible nut of the cultivated hazel. filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. file (fll), n. a wire, &c, on which pa- pers are strung for preservation or reference; a bundle of papers fas- tened together and endorsed with the date, contents, &c, of each; a line of soldiers ranged one behind the other; a tool of hard steel with small grooves on the surface, used for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to cut or smooth with a file; string (papers, &c.) on a file, or place them away, endorsed, for future reference; place among the lecords of a court or house of legislature v.i. to march in a file or line. filial (fil'i-al), adj. pertaining to, 01 befitting, a son or daughter; due to a father. filially (fil-i-a-li) , adv. 'a a filial manner. filiation (fil-i-a'shun) , n. affiliation f^ibuster (fil-i-bus'ter) , n. a free- booter; buccaneer; a lawless military adventurer who invades a foreign country: v.i. to act as a filibuster; to delay legislation by obstructive tactics. filiform (fiTi-form), adj. thread-like filigree (fiTi-gre), adj. made of, or re- lating to, work in filigree: n. orna- mental work, resembling lace, in- gold or silver wire; something deli- cate and ornamental, but not lasting. [French.] filigreed (fiTi-gred), adj. ornamented with, or as with, filigree. filing (filing), n. the act of using a file: pi. fine fragments rubbed off by the action of a file. Filipino (fil-i-pe'no) , n. a native of the Philippine Islands. fill (fil), v.t. to make full; satisfy \ crowd; engage; occupy; employ: v.i. to become full or replete; be dis- tended; pour a glass or vessel full; n. as much as produces complete -.ttisfaction; satiety. filler (fiTer), n. one who, or that which, fills; a funnel for filling bottles, &c; composition for stop- north, not; boon, book; FILLET 330 FINDER ping up holes or pores in a mate- „ rial before painting it; the body of a cigar. fillet (nTet), ft. a narrow band of metal, linen, silk, &c, worn around the forehead, for securing the hair; the fleshy part of the thigh: said of veal; a boneless lump of meat or fish served flat or rolled together and tied round; a raised rim, nar- row ornament, or molding; a plain line or band; the loins of a horse: v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament with a fillet; make into fillets, as veal, &e. filling (firing), p. adj. serving to fill; occupying the whole space; satiat- ing: n. something that serves to fill up a vacant space, cavity, or pore: pi. prepared wort. fillip (fiTip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or stroke with the finger; an incite- ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger by a sudden movement; project: v.i. to aim a fillip. fillister (fiTis-ter), n. a rabbet-plane; a groove or rabbet on the outer edge of a window-sash to receive glass. filly (fil'i), n. [pi. fillies (fil'iz)], a young mare; a bold, lively girl. film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; a thin covering of some sensitized substance to receive a photographic impression ; in particular the strip of prepared celluloid, or similar mate- rial, on which moving pictures are taken, or that by means of which they are displayed: v.i. to become covered with a film. filminess (film'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being filmy. filmy (film'i), adj. composed of, or re- sembling, films. filo-floss (fi'lo-flos), n. a fine soft thread, used in embroidery. filose (fi'los), adj. thread-like. filter (fii'ter), n. any material or ap- paratus by which water or any other liquid is purified; a contri- vance for arresting particles of steel, dust, &c, in the air; a strain- er: v.t. to purify, as a liquid. filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- filement, moral or physical. filthily (filth'i-li) , adv. in a filthy man- ner. filthiness (filth/i-nes) , n. uncleanness; impurity. filthy (filth'i), adj. [comp. filthier, su- perl. filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean, morally or physically; obscene. filtrate (fiTtrat), ft. a liquid which has been filtered: v.t. to filter. fin (fin), n. one of the organs of loco- motion of a fish. finable (fln'a-bl), adj. liable to a fine; capable of being refined. final (fi'nal), adj. pertaining to the end; ultimate^ finishing; decisive: ft. that which is last, or makes an end; the deciding heat of an ath- letic contest. final cause (kawz), ft. the end for which a thing is done. finale (fe-na/la), n. the last passage in a musical composition; the final act, &c, of a scene or performance; termination; end. finality (fi-nal'i-ti), ft. completeness. finally (fi'na-li) , adv. lastly ; completely. finance (fi-nans'), ft. the public revenue of a government or state; the science of the profitable manage- ment of monetary m affairs: v.t. to manage the financial arrangement of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- cial object. financial (fi-nan'shal) , adj. pertaining to finance. financially (fi-nan'shal-li) , adv. with respect to finance. financier (fin-an-ser') , n. one who is skilled in the principles of banking, or conducts private or public finan- cial affairs. finback (fin'bak), ft. a variety of whale, having the dorsal fin promi- nent. Also finner, razorback. finch (finch), n. the common name for various small birds, as the chaf- finch, canary, &c. find (fmd), # v.t. [p.-t. & p.p. found, p.pr. finding], to discover; obtain by searching; ascertain by experi- ment; meet by accident; regain, as something lost; supply; declare by judicial verdict: ft. the discovery of something valuable. finder (flnd'er), ft. one who, or that which, finds; a small telescope at- tached to a larger one to locate some particular star, &©., to be ex- amined by the larger instrument. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. j^IN DE SIECLE 331 FINLET fin de siecle (fang de si-ak'l) [French], the end of the century; applied as a noun or adjective to anything strange or bizarre from 1890 to 1900, when it was supplanted by the expression vinglieme siecle, "twentieth century." Both bits of Parisian slang are nearly equivalent to chic. See chic. [An expression now ob- solete.] finding (finding), n. discovery; the verdict of a jury, or court: pi. the tools, &c, which a workman himself supplies. fine (fin), n. # money paid as a pen- alty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose a monetary penalty upon; purify; re- fine; clarify. fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; pure; refined; subtle; delicate; ele- gant; of small diameter; very hand- some; noble; showy; admirable: splendid; beautiful in thought or language; free from clouds or rain; d exterbus ; discriminating ; artful : adv. very much; finely. m fine-cut (fin'kut), adj. delicately cut or chiseled; cut fine, as tobacco. flnedraw (fln'draw), v.t. to sew up neatly, as a rent, so that it is im- perceptible; draw out to extreme tenuity, as wire. finedrawn (fln'drawn), adj. spun very fine ; over : subtle ; m far-fetched. finely (fm'li), adv. in a fine manner. fineness (fm'nes), n. the state or quali- ty of being fine; in an alloy, the quantity of pure metal contained. finery (fl'ner-i), n, [pi. fineries (fl'- ner-iz)], personal' adornment, as fine or showy clothes, &c; outward show. finesse (fi-nes'), n. artifice or strat- agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at whist: v.i. to use artifice or skill to accomplish some end; in playing whist, to endeavor to take a trick with a lower card than that held by an opponent, while holding a higher card. [French.] finger (fing'ger) , n. one of the five divisions of the hand; one of the four digits of the hand, as dis- tinguished from a thumb; a fin- ger's breadth; any mechanical con- trivance resembling a finger; an in- dex; musical touch: v.t. to handle, or perform, with the fingers; meddle with; steal; pilfer: v.i. to use the fingers skilfully in performing upon a musical instrument. finger-bowl (fing'ger-bol) , n. a glass bow placed upon the table at the end of a meal, before each person* who dips his fingers lightly into it* to cleanse them. fingered (fing'gerd), p. adj. having fin- gers ; played with the fingers ; marked to show how the fingers are to be used. fingerer (fing'ger-er) , n. one who fin- gers; a pilferer. fingering (fing'ger-ing) , n. the act of touching with the fingers; the act of manipulating the fingers on a fin- gered instrument; fine work exe- cuted by the fingers; a loose-twisted woolen yarn, used for knitting stockings, &c. fingerling (fing'ger-ling), n. a young trout. fingerstall (fing'ger-stawl) , n. a pro- tective covering for an injured finger, finial (fin'i-al), n. a pointed orna- ment at the top of a spire, gable, &c finical (fin'i-kal), adj. fastidious; over particular. finically (fin'i-ka-li) , adv. in a finical manner. finikin (fin'i-kin), adj. fussy or affects edly precise in trifles, as in dress, manner, &c; a variety of pigeon. Also finicking. [Dutch.] fining (fln'ing), n. the act or process of purifying or refining; clarifica- tion. finis (fi'nis), n. the end. [Latin.] finish (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to aa end; complete; put an end to; con- clude; make perfect; polish; ldllor render powerless: v.i. to come to an end; expire: n. completion; careful elaboration; the final touches given to a work; the end. finished (fin'isht), p. adj. complete; of superior excellence or quality; care- fully elaborated- finite (fi'nlt), adj. having limits: fi. that which is finite [with the], finitely (fl'nlt-li), adv. in a limited de- gree. finiteness (fl'nit-nes) , n. the state of being finite. finlet (fin 'let), n. a small fin. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. FINNED 332 FIRST finned (find), adj. having fins. finny (fin'ni), adj. having fins; resem- bling, or abounding in, fish. finos (fe'nos), n. merino sheep's wool of the second best quality. [Spanish.] fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet or arm of the sea between high rocks or banks. Also fjord. [Nor- wegian.] fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- bearing trees of the genus Abies, and allied genera; a fir-tree. fire (fir), n. heat and light evolved by ignition and combustion; the result of combustion of bodies; a burning; conflagration; flame; discharge of firearms; light; in- tensity of feeling; ardor; spirit; severe trial or affliction: v.i. to set on fire; inflame; kindle; bake, as porcelain; explode; excite violently; irritate; illuminate; cauterize: v.i. to become ignited; be inflamed; dis- charge firearms; ring a peal of bells all together. firearms (fir'armz), n.pl. rifles, can- non, &c. fire-ball (fir'bawl), n. a grenade; me- teor. fire-balloon (fir'ba-loon), n. a balloon inflated with hot air and used as a fire work. See firework. fire-box (fir'boks), n. in a locomotive engine, the receptacle for the fire. firebrand (flr'brand)^ n. a piece of burning wood; an incendiary; one who inflames the passions of others. fire-brigade (flr'bri-gad) , n. all mem- bers of a fire department in a city or large district. firebug (fir 'bug), n. an incendiary. fire-clay (fir'kla), n. a kind of clay capable of resisting intense heat. firecracker (f Ir'krak-er) , n. a small . explosive firework. fire-damp (fir 'damp), n. carburet ted hydrogen, explosive when brought into contact with fire in mines. fire-dog (fir'dog), n. an andiron. fire-drill (fir'dril), n. the drill of pupils in public and other schools to prepare them to leave in case of fire. fire-engine (fir 'en- j in) , n. a hand or steam engine for ejecting water through hose to extinguish a fire. fire-escape (fir'es-kap), n. a ladder or open staircase for rescuing persons from the upper parts of a building on fire. firefly (fir'fli), n. a winged insect which emits light at night. fire-irons (f Ir'I-erns) , n.pl. the shovel, poker, and tongs. fire-kiln (fir'kil), n. an oven. fireman (fir'inan), n. [pi. firemen (ffr'- men)], one trained to extinguish fires; a stoker. fire-ship (fir'ship), n. a ship filled with combustibles, set fire to, and floated among the vessels of an enemy. fireside (fir'sid), n. the hearth: hence domestic life and comfort. fire-water (fir'waw-ter), n. ardent spirits. [American Indian.] firework (flr'werk), n. a preparation of gunpowder, sulphur, charcoal, &c, inclosed in a cardboard or paper case, which, when ignited, scintil- lates and explodes: pi. a pyrotech- nic display including fire-balloons, pin- wheels, Roman candles, sky- rockets, pictures in fire, and many other elaborate contrivances : col- loquially, a brilliant display of ora- tory. fire-worship (f fr'wer-ship) , n. the worship or veneration of fire as a deity. firing (flr'ing), n. the act of discharg- ing firearms; the application of in- tense heat, as in baking, &c: fuel; cauterization. firkin (fer'kin), n. a small wooden vessel for holding butter, lard, &c; a measure of capacity = l-4th of a barrel; 9 gals. firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; solid ; closely compressed ; unyield- ing; not easily moved; rigorous; staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n. the title or style under which & mercantile house transacts its busi- ness; a mercantile partnership. firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. the sky. firman (fer 'man or fer 'man), n. a special decree, edict, or license of an oriental potentate, as of the Turk- ish Sultan. [Persian.] first (ferst), adj. the ordinal of one; foremost in place, rank, dignity, time, excellence, &c; earliest; most important; chief: adv. before all ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FIRST-AID 333 FISSURE others in order, place, rank, time, &c; sooner: n. the beginning; the upper part of a vocal or instru- mental duet, trio, &c. [Mus.] first-aid (ferst-ad) , n. surgical or med- ical treatment given as promptly as possible after the occurrence of an injury, as by a soldier on the battle- field, or by a layman before the ar- rival of a doctor; emergency treat- ment. first-class (f erst'klas) , adj. of the high- est excellence, rank, or quality. first-fruits (f erst 'f ruts), n.pl. the first gatherings of the produce of the season; the first profits of any of- fice or undertaking. first-hand (f erst 'hand), n. the mate of a fishing-smack: adj. obtained direct from the producer or grower. firstling (f erst 'ling), n. the first-born; first produced. firstly (ferst'li), adv._ in the first place. first- mate (f erst 'mat), n. in the mer- chant service, the officer next in rank to the captain. first-rate (f erst 'rat), adj. of the high- est excellence; having the highest quality or character: n. a warship of the first class: adv. excellently. firth (ferth), same as frith. fiscal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the exchequer or public revenues; finan- cial: n. in Spain a state treasurer. fish (fish), n. [pi. fish, fishes (fish'ez)], a vertebrate, cold-blooded, aquatic animal furnished with permanent gills; the flesh of fish used as food; a machine for hoisting an anchor; a piece of wood fastened to an- other to strengthen it; one of the signs (Pisces) of the zodiac; a counter used at cards: v.t. to search in quest of fish; catch (fish); seek for and bring to light; draw up; strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to catch fish; seek to gain or obtain something by indirect methods, fish-beam (fish'bem), n. a beam of timber bulging downwards. fish-block (fish'blok), n. a hoisting- block for raising the flukes of an anchor to the gunwale. fish-davit (fish'dav-it), n. a strong spar, or crane, for fishing the anchor. fisher (fish'er) , n. one who fishes ; the pekan. fisherman (fish 'er-man), n. one whose occupation it is to catch fish ; a fish- ing-smack. fishery (fish'er-i), n. [pi. fisheries (fish'er-iz)], the business of catching fish; a fishing-ground; the right to fish at a particular time or ground. fishgarth (fish'garth) , n. a fish-weir. fishgig (fish'gig^ n. a pronged instru- ment for spearing fish. _ Also fizgig. fish-glue (fish'gloo), n. isinglass. fish-hawk (fish'hawk), n. the osprey. fishiness (fish'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being fishy. fishing (fish'ing), n. the art, sport, or business of taking fish; a fishing- ground; the operation of hoisting an anchor up to the gunwale of a vessel. fish- joint (fish'joint), n. a pair of iron plates for fastening the ends of two rails together. fish-maw (fish'maw), n. the sound of a fish. fishmonger (fish'mung-ger) , n, one who sells fish. fish- sound (fish'sound) , n. the swim- ming or air-bladder of a fish. fish-torpedo (fish-tor-pe'do) , n. a submarine torpedo somewhat re- sembling a fish in shape. fish- weir (fish'wer), _ n. a dam for stopping or preserving fish. fish-wife (fish'wlf), n. a woman who retails fish. Also fish woman. See Billingsgate. fishy (fish'i), adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, abounding in, or like, fish; dull ; vacant ; questionable ; incredible. fissi, prefix, meaning cleft, occurring in various scientific words, as fissi- parous, propagating or multiplying by fission. [Latin.] fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being split: said of rocks. fission (fish'un), n the act of cleav- ing or splitting up into parts; the spontaneous division of a simple organism into two parts, each of which becomes a new individual. fissiparous (fis-sip'et-us). See fissi. fissiped (fis'i-ped), adj. having the toes separated: n. an animal belong- ing to the Fissipedia, a division of carnivorous mammals, including the dogs, cats, &c. fissure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or crack; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, r7*en. FIST 334 FLAG a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to make a fissure: v.i. to crack. [Latin.] fist (fist), n. the hand when closed or clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with the fist. fistic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to pu- gilism. fisticuffs (fis'ti-kufs) , n. a combat with the fists; boxing. fistula (fis'tu-la), n. a deep pipe-like ulcer in the rectum. fistuiose (fis'tu-los) , adj. of the nature of a fistula; hollow like a pipe. Also fistulous. fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, p.pr. fitting], to make fit or suitable; adapt; accommodate to anything; qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. to be proper or suitable: n. adapta- tion of one thing to another; suit- ability: adj. [camp, fitter, superl. fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- pared; qualified. fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of disease attended with convulsions, and often with loss of consciousness; a tem- porary mental paroxysm, or attack of pain or illness; caprice. fitch (fitsh), n. the polecat. fitful (fit'fool), adj. capricious; spas- modic. fitfully (fit'foo-li), adv. in a fitful man- ner. fitly (fit'li), adv. suitably; properly. fitness (fit'nes), n. the state or quality of being fit. fitter (fit/er), n. one who adjusts pipes, or fits the parts of a machine to- gether; one who fits on, and shapes an article of dress; a coal-broker. fitting (fit'ing), p. adj. suitable; appro- priate: n.pl. the necessary fixtures, &c, of a house or shop. five (fiv), adj. consisting of 4 and 1; a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 4 and 1: pi. & game resembling, ten- nis, played in England. fivefold (fiv'fold), adj. five times as much or as great; multiplied by 5. fix (fiks), v.t. to make fast, secure, or stable; direct steadily; set or place permanently; adjust; transfix; de- prive of volatility; predispose: v.i. to become solid or firm; settle down: n. an awkward situation; quandary. fixation (fiks-a'shun), n. the act of fixing ; stability ; absence of volatility ; reduction from a fluid to a solid state. fixative (fiks'a-tiv) , n. something that serves to fix, as a mordant, &c. fixed (fikst), p. adj. firm; lasting; set- tled; permanent; stable; established; resolute; not volatile. fixed- body (fikst-bod'i) , n. a sub- stance not readily volatilized, as a fixed oil. fixedly (fiks'ed-li), adv. steadily ; firmly . fixedness (fiks'ed-nes), n. the state of being fixed; absence of volatility. fixed-star (fikst-star'), n. a star which retains relatively the same position in the heavens. fixing (fiks'ing), n. the act of making firm, or rendering permanent; the act of adjusting or amending; a cast to carry a shaft-bearing: 'pi. ornaments, outfit, apparatus, &c. fixity (fiks'i-ti), n. stability; perma- nence. fixture (fiks'tur), n. that which is firmly fixed; an article of furni- ture fixed to a house and regarded as oart of it. fizgig (fiz'gig), n. a firework made of damp powder; a flirting, giddy girl. fizz (fiz), n. a hissing noise; an ef- fervescent beverage, as sparkling champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing noise. Also fizzle. fizzle (fiz'l), n. to fail ignominiously r to make a fiasco. fjeld (fyeld), n. a lofty barren table- land. [Norwegian.] fjord. Same as fiord. flabbily (flab'i-li), adv. in a flabby manner. flabbiness (flab'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being flabby. flabby (flab 'i), adj. easily shaken, or yielding to the touch; lacking mus- cle; mentally or physically feeble. flabellate (fla-bel'at"), adj. fan-shaped. flabellum (fla-beFum), n. [pi. flabel- la (fla-bel'a)], a large fan carried by the Pope's attendants; in the Greek Church, a fan used to drive away flies from the chalice during the cele- bration of the eucharist. [Latin.] flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby; weak. flaccidity (flak-sid'i-ti) , n. the state of being flaccid. flag (flag), n. a piece of cloth or bunting on which usually some de- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. FLAGELLANT 335 FLAJr vice is wrought, used as the standard of a nation, an ensign, signal, &c; a p lant of the genus Iris ; a flagstone : v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flagged, v.pr. flag- ging], to become weary; lose vigor; hp.ng down: v.t. signal with a flag; pave with flagstones. flagellant (flaj 'el-ant), adj. using a whip or scourge: n. one who scourges himself for religious discipline. ftageilata (flaj-el-a'ta),n.£L a class of infusorians with whip-like append- ages. [Latin.] flagellate (fla'jel-at), v.t. to whip: adj. having whip-like processes. flageolet (flaj'o-iet), n. a musical instrument of the flute class. flagging (flag'ing), n. pavement of flagstones. flagitious (fla-jish'us) , adj. atrocious; wicked; highly criminal. flag-officer (flag-of i-ser) , n. an ad- miral. flagon (flag'un), n. a large drinking vessel with_a narrow mouth. flagrant (fla ' grant), adj. openly wicked; heinous; glaring; notorious. flagrante delicto (fla-gran'te de-lik'- to) [Latin], in the very act. flagstone (flag'ston), n. a large flat paving-stone. flail (flal), n. a wooden instrument for threshing wheat, &c, by hand. flake (flak), n. a small film of any- thing loosely held together, as snow; a thin scaly piece of any- thing; a carnation with a single color in stripes on a white ground : v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; scale or peel off. flake- white (flak'whlt), n. pure white lead. flaky (flak'i), adj. consisting of flakes or layers. flam (flam), n. a falsehood; freak; blarney; false pretense. [Obsolete.] flambeau (flam'bo), n. [pi. flambeaux (flam'boz)], a lighted torch; a large % ornamental candlestick. flamboyant (flam-boi'ant) , adj. de- noting a florid or showy style, espe- cially as deficient in good taste, de- noting the French Pointed Gothic; florid; showy; boisterous; noisy; de- void of taste. flame (flam), n. fire; ardor of tem- per or passion; glow of imagination; excitement; a sweetheart: v.i.* ux heat; excite: v.i. to burst intc flame; blaze. flamen (fla/men), n. one of fifteen priests in ancient Rome devoted to the service of a special deity. [Latin.] flaming (flaming), adj. giving forth flames; blazing; causing excitement? violent. [Latin.] flamingo (fla-ming'go) , n. a long- legged, web-footed, red-colored bird. flamingo- plant (fla-ming 'go-plant), n, a handsome hot-house plant belongs ing to the Arum family. flammule (flam'ul), n. a Kctle flames especially the small flame symbolic ing Chinese and Japanese deities. flamy (fiam'i), adj. resembling flame; flame-colored. flang (flang), n. a miner's double- pointed pick. flange (flanj), n. a raised or project- ing rim for preventing a wheel slip- ping, or as an attachement: v.t. to attach a flange to. flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part of an animal between the ribs and! hip; the side of an army, regiment or building; that part of a fortifica- tion constructed to defend another: v.t. to attack or turn the flank or side of (an army) ; guard on the flank: v.i. to border or touch [with on]: adj. pertaining to, or cut from, the flank. flanker (flangk'er), n. one of a body of troops thrown out to protect a line of march; a man who Wcjks on the flank of grouse-drivers to keep the birds in the line required flannel (flan'el), n. a soft-textured, loosely woven cloth with a light nap. [French.] flannel- cake (flan'el-kak) , n, a grid- dle-cake made of wheat flour and raised with yeast. flanneled (flan'eld), adj. covered in flannel. flannelette (flan-el-et') , n. a soft cotton material resembling flannel. flap (flap), n. anything broad and flexible, hanging loosely, and fas- tened on one side; the motion or noise of anything broad and flats a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. \p.L & p.p. flapped], to strike with, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FLAPJACK 336 FLAUNT as* with, a flap; let fall; move back- wards and forwards rapidly: v.i. to move, as wings, with noise. flapjack (flap'jak), n. a pancake that is deftly tossed in the air and turned when one side is done, leav- ing the other side down in the grid- dle. flapper (flap'er), n. one who, or that which, flaps; a flipper. flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady glaring light: v.i. to burn with a broad, unsteady light; be offensive- ly showy in dress. flash (flash), n. a sudden, quick, transitory blaze or light; sudden outburst, as of merriment, wit, or passion; a short, transient state; a body of water driven by violence; a sluice above a shoal on navigable rivers for easing the water for the passage of boats: v.t. to cause to act, burst, or appear suddenly; cover with a thin coating of colored glass; to show ostentatiously, as "to flash his roll": v.i. to shine with a sudden, quick, transient blaze or light; act, or burst forth, suddenly; gleam; splash: adj. pertaining to thieves or their language, as a a flash house"; cheap and gaudy; sham; vulgarly ostentatious or showy, as "flash jewelry." [Swe- dish.] flashily (flash'i-li) , adv. in a flashy manner. flashiness (flash 'i-nes) , n. gaudiness. flashing (flashing) , n. a name- for va- rious operations in glass-making: pi. pieces of lead or other metal used as a cap-joint to keep roofs, &c, watertight: adj. emitting flashes. flashing- point (flash'ing-point), m n. the temperature, below the burning- point, at which the vapor of a vola- tile liquid will ignite and explode: used as a test for illuminants. flash-light (flash 'lit), w.a momentary, brilliant light for taking photo- graphs. flashy (flash'i), adj. brilliant, but empty; gaudy. flask (flask), n. a small bottle; a vessel, usually metal or leather, for holding powder or shot. flat (flat), adj. level; even; smooth; prostrate; horizontal; insipid; posi- tive; downright; low: said of prices; dull: said of sales; without interest; wanting relief or prominence: said of figures in painting ; sounded below the true pitch: n. a level or extended plain ; a shallow ; shoal ; story or floor of a house; the broad or plane part of a thing ; surface without relief or prominence; depression in thought or language ; a musical sign (I?) which lowers the succeeding note half a tone; one of the halves of a scene which meet in the middle of the stage of a theater; a person easily duped: adv. in a level or prostrate position. flatfish (flat'fish), n. any fish with a compressed body, having ics eyes situated on either side, and the under side colorless, as the sole. flatten (flat'n), v.t. to lay flat; make level or even; beat down; depress; make dull, insipid or tasteless; lower in tone: v.i. to become flat or level; become insipid. flatter (Safer), v.t.^ to gain over or please by complimentary speech; soothe; persuade; raise false hopes or expectations: v.i. to employ flat- tery. flattering (flafer-ing), p. adj. pleasing to pride or vanity; fallacious; partial. flattery (flafer-i), n. [pi. flatteries (flaf er-iz)], insincere complimen- tary speech; adulation; false praise. flatting (flaf ing), n. the act or process of making flat or smooth; the proc- ess of rolling metal into sheets by cylindrical pressure; the sounding of a note below the true pitch; a method of house-painting by which the paint appears luscerless; a coat of size laid over_ gilding to protect it. flatulence (flaf u-lens) , n. distension of the stomach, caused by gases generated within it; emptiness ; con- ceit. Also flatulency. flatulent (flaf u-lent) , adj. affected # with, or tending to produce, flatu- lence; pretentious; conceited. flatwise (flafwiz), adv. with the flat side downwards. flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. t to make an ostentatious display in dress: v.t. behave or exhibit pertly or impudently: n. the act of flaunt- ing; a boast; a brag. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. FLAV 337 FLEXURE flav, prefix, occurring in various scientific compound words, meaning yellow. Also flavi, flavo. [Latin.] flavor (fla'ver), n. a particular smell or taste: v.t. to impart a flavor to. flavoring (fla'ver-ing) , n. an essence or extract for giving a flavor to any- thing. flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inherent defect; crack: v.t. to make a flaw in; crack. flax (flaks), n. a plant of the genus Linum, the fiber of which is spun into linen cloth. flaxen (naks'en) , adj. resembling, or made of, flax; of golden color: said of the hair. _Also flaxy. flaxseed (flak'sed), n. Unseed. flay (fla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flayed, p.pr. flaying], to strip off, skin: torture, flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking insect of the genus Pulex, remark- able for its agility and irritating bite. fleabane (fle'ban), n. a plant of the aster family. flea-bite (fle'bit)^ n. the bite of a flea; the red spot it causes; a trifling wound or trouble; a very small quantity. fleaking (fle'king), n. a light covering of reeds under the thatch of a house. _ fleam (flem), n. a lancet for bleeding cattle. fleck (flek), n. a streak or spot: v.t. to streak or spot; variegate. flection. Same as flexion. fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the full plumage or feathers necessary for flight. fledgling (flej 'ling), n. a young bird just fledged. flee (fle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. fleeing], to run away from; avoid: v.i. to hasten away from danger; scatter; disappe_ar. fleece (fles), n. the whole wool shorn L'oin a sheep at one time: v.t. to deprive of the wool or fleece ; strip ; plunder by injustice or fraud; cover with, or as with, a fleece. fleece- wool (fles'wool), n. wool cut from a Hving animal. fleecy (fles'i), adj. resembling a fleece; woolly. fleer (fler), n. mockery or contempt expressed in words or gesture: v.i to mock or sneer; grin contemptu= ously. fleering (fler'ing), p. adj. mocking; scoffing: n the act of mocking or scoffing. fleet (flet), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: n. a company of warships or mer- chant vessels not fewer than twelve- a creek or inlet: v.t. to move or pass rapidly over; skim. fleeting (flet'ing), p. adj. passing quick- ly. „ flense (Sens), v.t. to cut up and strip the blubber from: said of a whale or seal. Also flench, flinch. flesh (flesh), n. that part of an ani- mal body underlying the skin, and composed of soft muscular tissue; animal food; pulp of fruit, &c; the body: opposed to soul; human na- ture or race; carnal state or ap- petites; present fife; kindred: adj. resembling flesh in color or ap- pearance: v.t. to satiate or glut. fleshings _ (flesh'ingz), n.pl. flesh- colored tights. fleshly (flesh'li), adj. pertaining to the body; corporeal; human; carnal; lascivious: adv. carnally. fleshy (flesh'i), adj. [comp. fleshier, superl. fleshiest], full of flesh; plump: corpulent; succulent; gross. Fletcherism (fletch'er-izm), n. a die= tetic method based on mastication ; introduced by Horace Fletcher, ao American, in 1907. fleur-de-lys (fler-de-les') , n. [pi. fleurs- de-lys], the royal bearing or em- blem of France under the monarchy . fleur-de-lis (fler-de-le'), the name for various species of the iris. flew (floo), p.t. of fly. _ flexibility (neks-i-biri-ti) , n. the state or quality of being flexible. Also nexibleness. flexiole (fleks^i-bl) , adj. easily bent: pliant ; yielding to persuasion. Also flexile. flexion (flek'shun), n. the act or proc- ess of bending; a curve; in gram- mar, inflection. flexor (fleks r er), n. a muscle that acts in bending the joints: opposed to extensor. flexure (fleks'ur), n. the act of bending; the part bent; a curve or fold; joint, ate. linn, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 22 hue, hut ; think, then. FLICK 338 FLOAT flick (flik), n. a light, quick stroke, as with a whip: v.t. to whip lightly. flicker (flik'er), v.i. to move with an unsteady and quick motion; flutter with the wings: n. an unsteady lighc or movement; the golden- winged woodpecker of North Amer- ica. flickering (flik'er-ing), n. the state of burning unsteadily. flier (fli'er), n. one who flies, or flees; a fugitive; that part of a machine that regulates and equalizes mo- tion; an essay or feeler: pi. a straight flight of steps. flies (fliz), pi. of fly. flight (flit), n. the act, process, man- ner, or power of flying; hasty de- parture; birds flying together, or produced in the same season; a soaring forth; extravagant sally; the distance traveled by a projectile; a shower or voile y; a series of steps. flightily (fllt'i-li), adv. capriciously. fiightiness (flit'i-nes) , n. the state of being flighty. flighty (flit'i), adj. changeful; capri- cious; extravagant in fancy; wild; giddy. fiimsily (flim'zi-li) , adv. in a flimsy manner. flimsiness (flim'zi-nes) , n. the state or quality of being flimsy. § flimsy (flim'zi), n. [pZ.flimsies(flim'ziz)], a thin manifold paper, especially that used for making reporting copies; a bank-note^ adj. unsub- stantial; thin; weak; ineffective. flinch (flinch) , v.i. to shrink or draw back, as from pain, danger, &c. : n. the act of flinching. flinder (flin'der), n. a splinter; frag- ment. fling (fling), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flung, p.pr. flinging], to throw or hurl; drive by violence; scatter; cast to the ground: v.i. to flounce; throw out the legs violently: n. the act of throwing or casting; a sneer or gibe; kick or leap; unrestrained pleasure; dash; a Highland dance: n. a "lark" or spree; the sportive days of a young man. flint (flint), n. a variety of quartz; a flint implement; anything pro- verbially hard. flinty (flint'i), adj. composed of, or re* ^semblmg, flint; hard; obdurate. flip (flip), n. 2l liquor of beer, spirit* sugar, &c; a short quick stroke; a flick: v.t. to jerk with the fingers; strike with a short quick blow: adj. ^frivolous, flippant. [Slang.] flip-flap (flip 'flap), n. the noise caused by something flapping; a somer- sault: adv. with a flapping sound. flippancy (flip'an-si), n. pertness; though cless fluency of speech. flippant (flip'ant), adj. characterized by thoughtless levity of speech, or pertness. flipper (flip'er), n. a broad fin, arm, or paddle used in swimming, as that of the whale, seal, or turtle. flirt (fieri:), v.t. move to and fro with a short, rapid action; throw with a quick elastic motion: v.i. make love for mere amusement; coquette: n. a coquette; a sudden jerk or toss. flirtation (fler-ta/shun), n. the act of flirting. flirtatious (fler-ta/shus) , n. inclined to flirt. flirting (fler'ting), n. coquetry : adj . co- quettish. flit (flit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flitted, p.pr. flitting], to remove (a thing) from one house to another [Scotch]: v.i. to pass lightly and swiftly along; fly away; skim; migrate. flitch (flich). n. the side of a hog salted and cured. flitter- mouse (flit'er-mous), n. a bat. [German.] flitting (flit'ing), n. the act of flying or moving lightly and swiftly; a removal. flix (fliks), n. soft fur. float (flot), v.t. to cause to rest or be conveyed on the surface of a liquid; convey without effort or will; to start, sell, or dispose of; smooth or level plaster with a float: v.i. to be buoyed up on the surface of a liquid or gaseous fluid; move lightly or glide without apparent effort; drift about: n. anything that floats on the surface of a liquid or buoys up something; a raft; the cork or quill used in angling; a ball-cock; a plasterer's tool for spreading and smoothing; the water-gauge of a steam-boiler. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfften. FLOATER 339 FLOSS floater (flot'er), n. one who, or that which, floats; a voter not belonging to any particular party. floating (flot'ing), p.adj. swimming, or buoyed up, on the surface of a liquid ; free to move about; circulating; nob fixed or settled; ready for use: n. the act or state of anything that floats. floccillation (flok-sil-a/shun) , n. the picking of bed-clothes by a delirious patient: regarded as a serious symptom. floccose (flok'os), adj. covered with soft hair or wool; woolly. flocculence (flok'ti-lens) , n. the state of being flocculent. flocculent (flok'u-lent) , adj. woolly. flocculus (flok'u-lus) , n. [pi. flocculi (flok'u-li)], a small flake; a small tuft of down or wool-like hair. floccus (fiok'us), n. [pi. flocci (flok'sl)], the long tuft of hair which terminates the tail of certain quadrupeds, as the lion; the down on an unfledged bird. [Latin.] flock (flok), n. a company or collec- tion of sheep or birds; a congrega- tion; crowd; a lock of wool; fibrous material used for stuffing uphol- stery, &c: v.i. to come together in a flock; assemble. floe (flo), n. a large flat mass of float- ing ice. floe-rat (flo'rat), n. the ringed seal. flog (flog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flogged, p.pr. flogging], to whip; chastise; to lash (the water) with the line in angling. flogging (flog'ing), n. a whipping. flood (flud), n. a great flow of water; inundation; the deluge; high tide; the sea; an abundant supply or out- pouring of anything: v.t. to deluge; inundate; overflow. flood-gate (flud'gat), n. a gate in a water-way, which when opened al- lows the water to escape when at a certain height. flood- tide (flud'tid), n. the rising tide. floor (flor), n. the part of a house, room, &c, on which one treads; story; a level suite of rooms; any smooth or level area; pavement; the part of a legislative chamber oc- cupied by the members: v.t. to coyer with a floor; put to silence; strike down. floorage (flor'aj), n. the area of a floor. floorer (flor'er), n. a knock-down blow: an unanswerable question or argument. _ flooring (flor'ing), n. materials for floors; floors collectively; pavement. flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, p.pr. flopping], to strike frequently; unfold with a jerk: v.i. to plump down; fall loosely and flatly; to change one's politics unexpectedly: n. the sound caused by a soft flat body coming suddenly in contact with the ground: adv. suddenly. flora (flo'ra), n. the wild^ plants of a particular region, district, or geo- logical period; a description of such plants. _ [Latin.] floral (flo'ral), adj. pertaining to, re- sembling, or consisting of, flowers. floral- envelope (flo'ral-en'vel-op), n. the corolla and calyx of a flower. flor an (flo 'ran), n. fine-grained tin ore. floreated (flo're-a-ted) , adj. orna- mented > with floral decorations. Also floriated. florescence (flo-res'ens), n. the flow- ering of a plant. floretum (flo : re'tum), n. a botanical garden specially devoted to flowers. floricultural (flo-ri-kurtur-al), adj. pertaining to floriculture. floriculture (flo'ri-kul-tur), n. the cul- ture of flowers. floriculturist (flo-ri-kurtur-ist) , n. one who is skilled in floriculture. florid (flor 'id) , adj. bright in color; brilliant with decorations; profuse- ly embellished. floridly (flor'id-li), adv. in a florid man- ner. florin (flor'in), n. a European silver coin, ranging in value in different countries from forty to fifty cents ; florist (flo'rist), n. one who culti- vates flowers for pleasure, or sells them for profit. flory-boat (flo'ri-bot), n. a small boat for conveying passengers be- tween a steamboat and the shore at low tide. nosh (flosh), n. a receptacle into which ore is put for stamping. floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, downy, silken substance in the husks of certain plants; the slag on the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. FLOSS-SILK 340 FLUNK surface of molten iron in a puddling- furnace; a small stream. floss-silk (flos'silk), n. an inferior un- twisted soft silk. flossy (ftos'i),_ adj. like floss; downy. flotation (flo-ta'shun), n. the act or state of floating; the science of float- ing bodies. flotilla (flo-til'a), n. a fleet of small vessels. flotsam (flot'sam), n. goods lost in shipwreck, and found floating upon the sea. flounce (flouns), n. a narrow piece of cloth sewed to the skirt of a dress or petticoat, with the lower border loose and spreading; a sud- den jerk or movement of the body, indicative of impatience: v.t. to fur- nish or trim with flounces: v.i. to throw about the limbs and body. flouncing (flouns'ing) , n. material for flounces. flounder (floun'der), v.i. to strug- gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, as an animal in the mire: n. a flat sea-fish; a bootmaker's tool. flour (flour), n. the fine meal of ground wheat; a fine soft powder. flourish (flur'ish), v.i. to prosper or thrive; be vigorous; be copious or flowery in language; embellish: v.t. swing about or brandish; give flour- ishes to: n. a figure formed by lines or strokes fancifully drawn; the act of brandishing; a musical passage intended only for display; .ostenta- tious parade. flourishing (fhir'ish-ing) , p. adj. pros- perous; thriving; vigorous; osten- tatious. floury (flour 'i), adj. resembling, con- sisting of, or covered with, flour. flout (flout), v.t. to insult; treat con- temptuously; jeer: v.i. to scoff; sneer :n. an insult; scoff. flow (flo)^ v.i. to run or spread, as water; circulate; glide; rise, as the tide; melt; issue forth: v.t. to over- flow or inundate: n. a current or stream; copiousness; the rise of the tide. flower (flou'er) , n. that part of a plant which contains the reproductive or- gans; blossom; the best, or choicest, part of anything; the prime; a figure or ornamental expression: pi. a light powdery substance obtained by sub- limation: v.i. to put forth flowers; blossom or bloom: v.t. ornament or cover with flowers. [French.] floweret (flou'er-et), n. a little flower. flowering-fern (flou'er-ing-fern), n. the Osmunda regalis. flowery (flou'er-i), adj. abounding, or adorned, with flowers; highly figu- rative or embellished. flowing (flo'ing), p. adj. moving, or pouring forth, as a stream; copious; fluent ; hanging loosely or swaying. flown (flon), p.p. _of_ fly. fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v.i. to roll to and fro, as a wave; undulate; rise and fall ; be irresolute or wavering. flue (flu), n. a pipe or passage to con- vey away smoke, hot air, &c; soft downy matter; fluff. fluency (flu'en-si), n. the quality of being fluent. fluent (flu'ent) adj. possessing readi- ness and ease of speech; voluble; eloquent. fluey (flu'i), adj. like flue; fluffy. fluff (fluf), n. light down or fur nap: v.t. to spread out, as feathers: n. a flash. flumness (fluf'i-nes), n. the quality of being fluffy. fluffy (fluf'i), adj. consisting of, or cov- ered with, fluff; feathery. fluid (flu'id), adj. liquid or gaseous: n. a substance the particles of which are readily separable. fluidity (flu-id 'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being fluid. fluke (fluk), n. the broad part of an anchor which is fixed into the ground; a flounder; a parasitic dis- ease in sheep; a variety of potato; one of the two lobes of a whale's tail; a lucky stroke in billiards: v.i. to score by a lucky stroke; use the flukes in swimming: said of a whale. fluky (fluk'i), adj. like a fluke; ob- tained by chance; a sudden change in the direction of the wind. flume (flum), n. a channel for the conveyance of water. flummery (flum'er-i), n. a jelly made of flour; blanc-mange; insipidity; humbug. flung, p.t. & p.p. of fling. flunk (flungk), n. in college slang a complete failure: v.i. to fail com- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FLUNKY 341 FLYBLOW pletely; retire through fear, or confusion. flunky (flungk'i\ n. [pi. flunkies (flungk'iz)], a liveried servant; a toady; snob; a foolish, incautious speculator. Also flunkey. flunkyism (flungk'i-izm) , n. the char- acteristics of a flunky. Also flunk- eyism . fluoresce (fioo-o-res') , v.i. to exhibit fluorescence. fluorescence (floo-o-res'ens) , n. the quality existing in certain trans- parent bodies of giving off under the action of light a color differing from their own ; the property possessed by certain substances of becoming lu- minous when exposed to X-rays or other forms of _radiant energy. m fluorescent (floo-o-res'ent) , adj. per- taining to fluorescence; possessing the capacity of fluorescing. < fluoric (floo-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, fluorine. fluoride (flqo'o-rld), n. a compound of fluorine with a metallic base. fluorine (floo'o-rin), n. an elemen- tary gaseous bodj r allied to chlorine. It is the only element that will not combine wit h_ oxygen. fluoroscope (floo'er-o-skop), n. a de- vice for use in making X-ray ex- aminations on a screen covered with fluorescent material. fluor-spar (floo'er-spar), n. a trans- parent or semi-transparent mineral, composed of fluoride of calcium. Also fluorite. flurry (flur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flurried, p.pr. flurrying], to agitate, confuse, or bewilder: n. sudden commotion or excitement; hurry; a sudden gust. flush (flush), v.t. to cause to blush; excite; clean out with a rush of water; drive from cover: said of game birds: v.i. to blush; glow: n. a sudden rush of water; flow of blood to the face; sudden ex- citement or impulse; a flock of game birds suddenly started; abun- dance; bloom; growth; a hand of cards all of the same suit: said of poker and cribbage; a bog or morass: adj. level with the surface; quite full; abundant; plentifully supplied with money; vigorous: adv. so as to be level. flush-deck (flush'dek), n. a deck level from stem to stern. flushing (flushing), n. the act of cleansing out by a copious flow of water; a glow of red in the face. fluster (flus'ter), v.t. to confuse or agitate; hurry: n. agitation or con- fusion; excitement. flute (flut), n. a tubular wind-instru- ment furnished with finger-holes and keys; a long channel or groove cut in the shaft of a column; crimping or furrowing: v.t. to sound as a flute; form parallel grooves or chan- nel in ; crimp or furrow. flutina(flu-te'na) ,n.a kind of accordion, fluting (flu 'ting), n. a channel or groove; fluted work; a flute-shaped crimp. flutist (flu'tist), n. a performer on the flute. flutter (flut'er), v.i. to move or flap the wings rapidly; move rapidly ana irregularly; be in agitation or un- certainty: v.t. to throw into con- fusion: n. a quick and irregular mo- tion; vibration; state of excitement or anxiety. flutter- wheel (flut'er-hwel), n. a water-wheel connected with a chute. fluty (flu'ti), adj. flute-like in tone. fluvial (flu'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, growing or living in, or caused by, rivers. Also fiuvatile. flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue of matter; flow of the tide; a substance added to assist in the reduction of a metal by fusion: v.t. to melt or fuse. fluxion (fluk'shun), n. the act of flow- ing or melting; matter that flows: pi. in mathematics, the analysis of in- finitely small variable quantities. fly (fli), v.i. [pt. flew, p.p. flown, p.pr. flying], to move through, or rise in, the air with wings; pass swiftly; be driven through the air; move rapid- ly; run away; part with violence; burst; fade: v.t. to avoid or shun; cause to fly or float in the air; flut- ter: n. [pi. flies (fliz)], a two-winged insect of many species, including the house-fly, Musca domestica; an arti- ficial fly used in angling ; m a disease in turnips; a hackney carriage: adj. wide awake. [Slang.] flyblow (fli'blo), n. the egg or larva of a fly: v.t. & v.i. [p.p. flyblown. ate, arm, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not,* boon, book-; hue, hut ; think, fTien. FLYING 342 FOLDER p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in meat, &c, and taint it. flying (fiTing), n. the action of the verb to fly: p. adj. adapted for flight; floating; waving; brief, or hurried. flying-bridge (fll'ing-brij), n. a tem- porary bridge. flying-buttress (fll'ing-but'res), n. an arched brace for strengthening and supporting a part of a building which rises above the rest. flying- fish (fli'ing-fish) , n. a fish with long pectoral fins, which has the pow- er of sustaining itself in the air for a short time. flying- jib (fll'ing-jib), n. a sail beyond the jib. flying- squirrel (fli'ing-skwer'el), n. a squirrel having parachute-like folds of skin attached to the legs, enabling it to make very long leaps. fly-wheel (fiThwel), n. & heavy wheel in a machine which regulates its motion. foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, ass, or camel: v.i. to bring forth young :_ said of a mare, &c. foam (iom), n. the white substance formed on a liquid by violent agita- tion or fermentation; spume: v.t. to cause to foam: v.i. to gather foam: froth. fob (fob), n. a small pocket, especially for a watch: v.t. to cheat. focal (fo'kal), adj. pertaining to, or placed at, a focus. focal distance (dis'tans), n. the dis- tance between the optical center of a lens or mirror and the point where the rays converge. focus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses (fokus- ez),foci (fo'si)], the point where a sys- tem of rays of light or heat meet after being reflected or refracted; any central point: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. focused, p.pr. focusing], to bring to a focus or center. Also focalize (fo'kal-iz). fodder (fod'er), n. food for horses, cattle, or sheep: v.t. to feed with fodder. foe (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill- wisher; an adversary in war. foehn (feyn), n. a warm, dry, Alpine wind, prevalent in Switzerland. [German.] foeman (fo'man), n. {pi. foemen (fo'men)], an adversary in war. foetal, same as fetal. foetus, same as fetus. fog (fog), n. condensed watery vapor near the surface of the sea or land; bewilderment; a cloud or haze ob- scuring a photographic plate; the after-grass of autumn; winter pas- ture; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fogged, p.pr. fogging], to become foggy. fog- bank (fog'bangk), n. a dense mass of fog at sea, appearing like land in the distance. foggily (fog'i-li), adv. in a foggy manner; dimly. fogginess (fog'i-nes), n. the state of being foggy. foggy (fog'i), adj. abounding in, or filled with, fog; bewildered; obscure; obtuse_. fogy (fo'gi), n. [pi. fogies (fo'giz)], a person of old-fashioned or eccen- tric habits. Also fogey, fogie. [Erse.] Foh (fo), n. the Chinese name for Buddha. Fohist (fo'lst), n. a Chinese follower of Buddha. foible (foi'bl), n. a failing or imper- fection in character; the weakest part of the blade in a sword. foil (foil), v.t. 10 baffle or frustrate; defeat : n. a long, thin fencing weap- on with a button on the end; the trail of hunted game; a thin plate, or sheet of metal; a contrast to set something off to advantage; a small arc in the tracery of a Gothic win- dow, &c. foist (foist), v.t. to place in wrong- fully or surreptitiously; palm off slyly Twith in, into, upon]. Fokker (fok'er), n. a very efficient fighting aeroplane of great speed em- ployed in 1916 by the Germans in the European War; said to have its machine gun so mounted as to fire through the propeller shaft. fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part over another; inclose; wrap up; shut up in a pen or fold: n. a part bent or doubled over another; a plait; a pen for sheep; a bend of a stratum; flock of sheep; the Church. folder (fold'er), n. one who, or that which, folds; a name for various in- struments or contrivances for fold- ing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^en. FOLDEROL 343 FOOLERY folderol (fol'de-rol) , n. mere non- sense; an idle fancy or conceit; a silly trifle. folding (folding), n. the act or process of doubling one part over another. folding- doors (fold'ing-dorz), n.pl. a pair of doors hung on opposite side- posts and meeting in the middle. foliaceous (fo-li-a'shus), adj. resem- bling, shaped like, or having, leaves; consisting of thin plates or laminae. foliage (f6'li-aj), # n. leaves collective- ly; the artistic representation of leaves, flowers, &c, as in archi- tectural decoration. [Latin.] foliated (fo'li-a-ted), p. adj. _ beaten, formed into, or covered with, thin plates; splitting into laminae: deco- rated with leaf-like ornamentation. foliation (f o-li-a/shun) , n. the act of leafing; the act or process of beating a metal into thin plates; lamina- tion: said of a mineral; the number of the leaves of a book. folio (fo'li-6), n. a book of the larg- est size formed by folding a sheet of paper once; a page of MS. or print- ed matter; the right and left hand pages of a ledger, &c; in legal doc- uments 72 words of MS., 100 words in congressional proceedings; a case for music, &c: adj. having a sheet of paper folded once: v.t. to page. foliole (fo'li-ol), n. a leaflet. foliose (fo'li : 6s), adj. resembling a leaf; covered with jeaves. folk (folk or fok), n. people in gen- eral: nation or race; one's relatives. folk-lore (folk' or foklor), n. popular traditions, customs, beliefs, max- ims, etymologies, &c. folk-song (folk' or fok'song), n. a pop- ular song or ballad, illustrative of the common life of the people. follia (fol-le'a), n. a kind of musical composition consisting of variations on a given air. follicle (fori-kl), n. a seed-vessel; a very small tube or cavity; a sim- ple gland. follicular (fol-ik'u-lar)* adj. like a fol- licle. follow (fol'6), v.t. to go or come after; pursue; succeed in order; ac- company; attend; espouse the opin- ions or cause of; imitate or conform to; watch or attend to closely; to practice: v.i. to go or come after an, other; result: n. a particular stroke in billards or croquet. follower (fol'o-er), n. one who follows anocher; a disciple, attendant, or dependent; one of the same sect or party; a maidservant's sweetheart. following (f ol'o-ing) , adj. succeeding- n. vocation or calling; disciples or adherents collectively. folly (fori), n. [pi. Jollies (fol'iz)], want of understanding; foolishness; unbecoming conduct ; criminal weak- ness; sin. foment (fo-ment'), v.t. to bathe with warm or medicated liquids; excite; stir up or instigate. fomentation (f o-men-ta'shun) , n. the act of fomenting ; warm or _ medi- cated liquids applied to a diseased part; incitement. fomes (fo'mez), n. [pi. fomites (fo'mi- tez)], a porous substance, as wool, &c, capable of retaining germs, and thus communicating contagiom [Latin.] fond (fond), adj. affectionate; lov- ing ; ardently attached or devoted ; partial to; injudiciously, foolishly indulgent (with of). fondle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat with tenderness; handle tenderly: v.i. to exhibit fondness, fondling (f on'dling) , n. one who, or that which, is fondled. fondu (fong-du'), adj. in calico printing and paper hangings, the gradual blending of one color into another. [French.] font (font), n. a stone receptacle to hold the water used in baptizing; a complete assortment of a particular kind of type. fontal (font'al), adj. pertaining to a font. fontanel (fon-ta-nel'), n. one of the six open spaces in the skull of an infantj a set on food (food), n. nutriment; material, fool (fool), n. a person devoid of rea- son or intelligence; idiot; one who acts in a foolish manner; a victim or butt ; a compound of crushed gooseberries with cream: v.t. to make a fool of; treat with contempt; dis- appoint. __ foolery (fool'er-i), n. [pi. fooleries ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FOOLHARDINESS 344 FORCEPS (fool'er-iz)], habitual folly; absurd conduce or action. foolhardiness (f ool'har-di-nes) , n. a courage without sense. foolhardy (f ool'har-di) , adj. foolishly bold; daringly rash; regardless of consequences. fooling (fooring), n. foolish speech or conduct; buffoonery; banter; idle interference^ foolish (fool'ish), adj. acting with- out reason or judgment; weak minded; silly; ridiculous; trifling; contemptible. foolishly (f ool'ish-li) , adj. in a foolish manner. foolishness (f ool'ish-nes) , n. folly. foolscap (foolz'kap), n. a size of pa- per about 17 in. x 14 in.: originally water-marked with the cap and bells formerly worn by professional jest- ers. foot (foot), n. [pi. feet, (fet) ], that part of the leg on which an animal walks or stands; the lower part, base, foundation, or end, of any- thing; that part of a boot or stock- ing which receives the foot ; a meas- ure = 12 in.; infantry soldiers; a certain number of syllables consti- tuting pare of a verse: v.t. to add a foot to, as a stocking; add fig- ures in a column, and place the total at the bottom: v.i. to dance; go on foot. football (foot'bawl), n. a large india- rubber ball encased in leather, used in the game of football. footing (foot'ing), n. ground or sup- port for the feet ; tread ; a firm or as- sured position; dance; an entertain- ment given by a new employee, &c, to his fellow workmen; state or con- dition. footman (foot'man), n. [pi. footmen (f oot'men) j f> a livery servant who at- tends a carriage, waits at table, &c. footpad (foot'pad), n. a highwayman who robs on foot. foot-pound (foot'pound), n. the unit of energy — work required to raise 1 lb. through a space of 1 ft. foots (foots), n.pl. the sediment of oil or sugar. fop (fop), n. a dandy; pretentious fool. foppery (fop'er-f) , n. [pi. fopperies (fop'er-iz) ], dandyism. foppish (fop'ish), adj. affected in dress and manners., for (for), prep, in place of; on account of; for the sake of; notwithstand- ing; to the number or amount of: conj. because; since: prefix, mean- ing thoroughly, before, greatly, with a privative, or negative force. forage (for'aj), n. food for horses and cattle; a search for provisions: v.i. to wander about in search of pro- visions: v.t. to supply with forage. foraging (for'aj-ing), n. the act of searching for forage. foramen (fo-ra/men), n. [pi. foram- ina (fo-ram'j-na) ], short passage or opening, as in a bone, or ovule. foraminated (f o-ram'i-na-ted) , adj t furnished with small holes or fo ramina. Also foraminate. foray (for'a), n. a predatory expedi* tion in border warfare: v.t. to plun- der or ravage. forbade (for-bad'), p.t. of forbid. forbear (for-bar'), v.t. [p.t. forbore (for- bor'), p : p. forborne (for-born') , p.pr. forbearing], to abstain from; excuse; spare: v.i. to restrain one's self; be patient: n. an ancestor. Also fore- bear. [Scotch.] forbearance (f or-bar'ans) , n. patience; indulgence; self-command. forbid (for-bid'),.^. [pi. forbade, p.p. forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding], to prohibit ; command not to do : oppose. forbidding (f or-bid'ing) , p. adj. repel- lent; disagreeable. m force (fors), n. active power; vigor; strength; energy; violence; power to persuade or convince; validity; legality; efficacy; meaning; troops; armament; a trained or organized body; unlawful violence to property or person; any cause that produces, or tends to produce, motion, or a change of motion, in a body; a wa- terfall: v.t.^ to compel; overpower by strength; impel; push; press; strain; cause to grow or ripen by artificial means: v.i. to endeavor. forced (forst), p. adj. strained; af- fected. forcemeat (fors'met), n. meat chop- ped fine and seasoned. # forceps (for'seps), n. pincers or pli- ers for seizing and extracting any- thing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, nait ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FORCIBLE 345 FORETOP forcible (for'si-bl), adj. character- ized by mental or physical power; vigorous; violent. forcibly (f or'si-bli) , adv. in a forcible manner; vigorously; violently. ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a stream, &c, which can be crossed by men or animals: v.t. to wade through or pass over without swimming. fordable (ford'a-bl), adj. possessing a ford ; allowing passage. ! ore, a prefix meaning before, in front, much used in composition: its meaning is usually self-evident. fore-and-aft (for and aft), the entire length of a ship. forearm (for'arm), n. the arm be- tween the wrist and elbow: v.t. to prepare for attack or resistance be- fore the time of need. forebear. See under forbear. forebode (for-bod'), v.t. to presage, es- pecially evil ; feel a presentiment of : v.i. to foretell_(evil). forebow (for'bo), n. the pommel of a saddle. forecast (for'kast), n. a previous con- trivance; foresight; prediction of the weather: v.t. (for-kasf). to plan or calculate beforehand; foresee; pre- dict. forecastle (fok'sl), n. the part of a vessel forward of the foremast, where the seamen take their meals and sleep. foreclose (for-kloz'), v.t. to cut off from the right of redemption: said of a mortgage. forefather (for'fa-£/ier), n. a male an- cestor. Forefather's Day (for'fa-^erz da), n. Dec. 21, the day when the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, Mass., 1620: observed as an anniversary in New England. foregather (for-ga^'er), v.i. to assem- ble; as^ocia_te (with with). forego (for-go')i v.t. [p.t. forewent, p.p. foregone, p.pr. m foregoing], to re- nounce or refrain from; give up: v.t. precede. forehead (for'ed) n. that part of the ace between the eyes and the hair; brow. foreign (for'en), adj. belonging to another nation or country; alien; exotic; extraneous; remote. forel (for'el), n. sl kind of parchment used for covers of books. foreland (for'land), n. point of land pro jecting^ into the sea; headland. forelock (for'lok), n. a lock of hair growing on the forehead; a linchpin. foreman (for'man), n. [pi. foremen (for 'men) ], the spokesman of a jury; an overseer. foremost (for'most), adj. chief; first. forensic (f o-ren'sik) , adj. pertaining to, or used in, courts of justice or public debate. forensic medicine (med'i-sin), n. medical jurisprudence. forereach (for-rech'), v.t. to gain upon: v.i. to forge ahead in stays: said of a vessel. forerun (for-run'), v.t. [p.t. foreran, p.p. forerun, p.pr. forerunning], to run before; precede; announce. forerunner (for-run'er), n. a messen- ger sent before; herald; something that precedes a person or event. foresail (for 'sal), n. a large square sail, the principal one on the foremast. foreshore (for'shor), n. that part of a beach or shore situated between the high and low water marks. foreshorten (f or-short'n) , v.t. to de- pict (figures as they appear to the eye when viewed obliquely) so as -to convey the impression of full length. foreskin (for 'skin), n. the fold of skin cohering the end of the penis. forest (for'est), n. a large extent of ground covered with trees; wood- land; an uncultivated tract of land, more or less covered with trees and undergrowth: adj. pertaining to a forest; rustic; sylvan: v.t. to cover with trees or forest. forestall (for-stawl') v.t. to be before- hand with; anticipate; buy up in advance. forestay (for'sta), n. a strong rope, reaching from the foremast-head W the bow of a vessel to strengthen the foremast. forester (for'est-er), n. one skilled in forestry, or an officer who has charge of a forest; an inhabitant of a forest or wild region. forestry (f or'est-ri) , the art of cul- tivating forests or managing timber, foretop (for'top), n. the platform at the head of a foremast. ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think , then. FORETOPMAST 346 FORMALITY foretopmast (for 'top-mast), n. the mast immediately above the fore- mast. forever (for-ev'er), adv. without end; throughout all eternity. forewarn (for-worn'), v.t. to inform or caution beforehand. forfeit (for'fit), n. a fine or penalty; v.t. to lose (some position, right, or advantage) by breach of conditions, omission, or conduct: adj. alienated or lost. [Old French.] forfeiture (for'fi-tur), n.the act of for- feiting; that which is forfeited; pen- alty. forfend (for-fend'), v.t. to ward off. forgave (for-gav'), P-t. of forgive. forge (forj), v.t. to fashion (a piece of metal) by heating and hammer- ing; form into shape; invent; coun- terfeit, with intent to defraud; im- pel forward: v.i. to be guilty of the crime of forgery ; go slowly or with difficulty: n. an open fire in which a blacksmith heats irons by forced draught, and fashions the metal while hot ; a place where metal is forged; smithy; workshop. forger (forj'er), n. one who commits the crime of forgery ; a fabricator. forgery (for j'er-i), n. the act of coun- terfeiting the handwriting of another with intent to defraud; the act of counterfeiting coin. forget (for-get'), v.t. [p.t. forgot: p.p. forgotten, p.pr. forgetting], to lose the remembrance of; overlook or neglect; slight. forgetable (f or-get'a-bl) , adj. liable to be forgotten. forgetful (for-get 'fool) , adj. apt to for- get; careless; negligent; heedless. forgetfully (for-get'foo-li), adv. in a forgetful manner. forgetfulness (for-get'f ool-nes) , n. the quality of being forgetful; loss of remembrance; neglect. forget-me-not (f or-get'me-not) , n. a perennial plant with small bright skyblue flowers. < forgivable (f or-giv'a-bl) , adj. that may be forgiven. forgive (for-giv'), v.t. [p.t. forgave, p.p. forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to pardon; remit, as a sin, offense, debt, &c: v.i. to exhibit forgiveness. forgiven (for-giv'n), p.p. of forgive. forgiveness (f or-giv'nes) , n. pardon; remission. forgotten (for-got'n), p.p. of forget. fork (fork), n. an instrument with two or more prongs; anything re- sembling, or branching like, a fork; the branch or space caused by the junction of two roads or rivers: v.t. to raise, throw, or dig with a fork; steal: v.i. to branch off. forked (forkt), adj. shaped like a fork; opening into two or more parts; zigzag, as lightning. forlorn (for-lorn'), adj. abandoned; de- serted; destitute; miserable; bereft; hopeless. forlorn-hope (for-lorn-hop'), n. a body of men detached for some ser- vice of exceptional peril; a well-nigh hopeless enterprise. form (form), n. the external appear- ance or shape of anything; image; likeness; orderly arrangement; beau- ty; symmetry; determinate shape or structure; established practice, or ritual; a mold or pattern; an offi- cial formula; a long bench without a back; a class; state of high con- dition or fitness; the bed or seat of a hare; types, plates, &c, imposed in a chase ready for printing (forme) : v.t. to give shape to; create; mold to a particular pattern; conceive or imagine; constitute; devise; adjust: v.i. to take shape. formal (for'mal) , adj. according to form or established rules; precise; ceremonious ; conven tional ; essential ; having the outward form without the inward reality. formaldehyde (f or-mal'de-hid) , n. a gas obtained by the partial oxida- tion of methyl alcohol, used largely as a disinfectant and as an anti septic. formalin (for'ma-lin), n. a 40 pei cent, solution of formaldehyde, used for preserving specimens for biolog- ical work. Also formol. formalism (f or'ma-lizm) , n. exact and scrupulous observance of outward forms and conventional usages, es- pecially in religious duties. formalist (f or'ma-list) , n. a scrupulous observer of outward forms. formality (f or-mal'i-ti) , n. [pi. for- malities (for-mal'i-tiz)], strict ad- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. FORMALLY 347 FORTITUDE herence to external or customary forms; ceremony; method or mode. formally (f or'ma-li) , adv. in a formal manner. formate (for'mat), n. a salt of for- mic acid. formation (f or-m'a/shun) , n. the act of forming; that which is formed; structure; figure; production; a group of strata of nearly the same age having certain common charac- teristics. formative (for'ma-tiv) , adj. giving or serving to form; plastic; germinal: n. a word formed by adding a pre- fix, or suffix. former (for'mer), adj. preceding in time or place; first mentioned: n. sl maker; author. formerly; (f or'mer-li) , adv. anciently; some time ago. formic (for'mik) , adj. pertaining to, or produced by, ants; derived from formic acid. formic acid (as'id), n. & colorless corrosive acid consisting of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, obtained from oxalic acid and glycerine: originally obtained from the bodies of red ants. formicant (f or'mi-kant) , adj. weak: said of the pulse. [Latin.] formication (f 6r-mi-ka'shun) , n. irri- tation of the skin, resembling that made by the creeping of ants. formidable (f or'mid-a-bl) , adj. excit- ing dread; fearful; powerful. formidably (f or'mid-a-bli) , adv. in a formidable manner. formless (form'les), adj. without form. formula (for'mu-la), n. [pi. formulas (f or'mu-laz) , formulae (for'mu-le)], a prescribed form, rule, or model; a group of sj^mbols, expressing the composition of a chemical compound ; a formal statement of faith or doc- trine; a prescription; the expression of a rule by algebraic symbols. formulary (f or'mti-la-ri) , n. [pi. for- mularies (for'mu-la-riz)], a book of stated and prescribed forms, or of prayers, ritual, &c; a formula. formulate (f or'mu-lat) , v.t. to put into the form of, or reduce to, a formula; fix or state, in definite terms. formyl (for'mil), n. the hypothetical base of formic acid. fornicate (for'ni-kat), v.i. to com- mit fornication: adj. arched; vaulted. fornication (for-ni-ka/shun), n. the illicit sexual • intercourse of un- married persons; adultery; idolatry; an arching or vaulting. fornix > (for'niks), n. [pi. fornices (for'ni-sez)], in anatomy, an arch- shaped part; the upper shell of an oyster. forsake (for-sak'), v.t. [p.t. forsook (for-sook'), p r p. forsaken (for-sak'n), p.pr. forsaking], to leave; desert; abandon; ^to part from. forsooth (f or-sooth') , adv. verily; in truth. forswear (f or-swar') , v.i. [p.t. forswore (for-swor')> V-V- forsworn (for- sworn'), p.pr. forswearing], to swear falsely; commit perjury: v.t. to deny on oath; abjure. fort (fort), n. an inclosed fortified place; castle; fortress. fortalice (f ort'a-lis) , n. a small fort, or fortified outwork. [French.] forte (fort), n. one's strong point, or special talent. forte (for-ta/), adv. used as a musical term, strongly. Also fortissimo, very strongly. [Italian.] forth (forth), adv. onward in lime, place, or order; forward; abroad; away. forthcoming (f orth-kum'ing) , adj. ready, or about to appear: n. a com- ing forth. forthwith (f orth-wi^') , adv. imme- diately. fortieth (f or'ti-eth) , adj. next in or- der after 39th: n. one of 40 equal parts. fortification (f or-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the art or science of fortifying; a mili- tary defensive work; a strengthen- ing. fortifier (f 6r'ti-fi-er) , n. one who forti- fies. fortify (for'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. forti- fied, p.pr. fortifying], to strengthen against attack by military works; make strong; encourage or confirm: v.i. to erect military works of de- fense. fortitude (f or'ti-tud) , n. mental strength to endure suffering or ad- versity with courage; patient en- durance. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; booh, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FORTNIGHT 348 FOUNTAIN-HEAD fortnight (fort'nlt), n. fourteen days, fossiliferous (f os-il-if 'er-us) , adj. con« fortnightly (fort'nit-li), adv. once taining fossils. every fourteen days. fossilize (fos'il-Iz), v.t. to petrify: v.i, fortress (fqrt'res), n. a large perma- to become antiquated. nent fortified place for defense or foster (fos'ter), v.t. to nourish; nurse; security; castle_. rear up; sustain or support; cherish. fortuitous (for-tu'i-tus), adj. happen- foster-brother (fos'ter-bru^'er), n. a ing by chance; accidental. brother by nursing, but not by- fortuity (for-tu'i-ti), n. [pi. fortuities birth. (for-tu'i-tiz)], an accidental occur- foster-child (fos'ter-child) , n. a child rence; chance. nursed or reared by one who is not fortunate (for'tii-nat), adj. happening its parent. by good fortune; lucky; auspicious; f other (fo^'er). Same as fodder. successful. fought (fawt), p.t. & p.p. of fight. fortunately (for'tu-nat-li), adv. luck- foul (foul), adj. offensive, morally or ily; auspiciously. physically; dirty; impure; scurri- fortune (for'tun), n. the good or ill lous; filthy; hateful; loathsome; dis- that happens to mankind; chance; graceful; unfair; cloudy and stormy; fate; estate; wealth; possessions; contrary, as a wind; thick with future destiny. weeds, &c; entangled, as an anchor: fortune-hunter (f or'tun-hun'ter) , n. n. a wilful collision: v.t. to make one who seeks to marry an heiress, foul or dirty; sully or defile; come or wealthy woman. into collision with: v.i. to becomo forty (for'ti), adj. one more than 39: foul or dirty. n. the sum of 10 and 30. foulard (fdo-lard'), n. a light silk, or forum (fo'rum), n. [pi. fora (fo'ra), silk-cotton washable dress fabric; a forums (fo'rumz)], the public place silk handkerchief for wear round the of meeting in ancient Rome, where neck or head. the law courts, public offices, &c, found, p.t. & p.p. of find. were situated: hence a place of found (found), v.t. to lay the basis public resort, or court of law. [Latin.] of; build; fix firmly; establish; orig- forward (for'werd), adv. onward; in inate; form by melting a metal and advance; toward the forepart: adj. pouring it into a mold; cast. situated near the front; early in sea- foundation (f oun-da'shun) , n. the son or preparation; ready; prompt: basis or lowest part of a structure; presumptuous; unreserved; not over groundwork; the principles or origin modest; eager; earnest; imperti- of anything; an endowment or en- nent: inter j. on! v.t. to help for- dowed institution; the first stitches ward; quicken or hasten; improve; in knitting or crocheting. transmit. founder (foun'der), n. one who forwarder (f or'werd-er) , n. one who founds or originates; builder; one forwards or promotes; a merchant who casts metal: v.t. to sink by fill- who transmits goods; the workman ing with water; disable or make who forwards the rough work in lame: said of a horse: v.i. to fill and book-binding to the finisher. sink; go lame. forwardness (f or'werd-nes) , n. wo foundling (found 'ling}, n. a child state or quality of being forward; found whose parents is unknown. impertinence; pertness. foundry (found'ri), n. [pi. foundries forwards (for'werdz), adv. another (found 'riz)], the place where metal form of forward. casting is carried on. fossil (fos'il), n. any organic body fount (fount), n. a fountain or which by burial in the earth's strata spring; original source. has become petrified; a person an- fountain (foun'tan), n. a natural or tiquated in his ideas : adj. pertain- artificial spring of water ; the head ing to, of the nature of, or converted or source of a river; a jet or spout into, a fossil; dug from the earth: of water; the first cause or origin. antiquated. fountain-head (foun'tan-hed) , n. the ate, arm, at, awl' me, n?erge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOUNTAIN-PEN 349 FRACAS spring from which a stream flows; the first source. fountain-pen (foun- tan-pen') , n. a pen having a reservoir of ink in the holder. four (for), adj. consisting of 1 more than 3; a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 3 and 1; a four-oared boat, or its crew. fourchette (f oor-shet') , n. a forked surgical instrument; the wish-bone of a bird; the frog of a horse's foot. fourflusher (f or'flush-er) , n. in American slang, a person who makes pretenses, and comes to an ignomini- ous exposure; the name is derived from the game of poker, where a flush is a hand containing five cards of one suit. A four-flusher is one who "bluffs" and pretends to have the whole five, but is found to have only an incomplete flush of four cards — counting nothing; a boaster; a pretender. fourfold (for 'fold), n. a quantity four times as much: adj. four times told. fourgon (foor-gong'), n. a military ammunition wagon, baggage car- riage, or forge L Fourierism (foo'ri-er-izm), n. the socialistic and cooperative system advocated by Fourier, the French socialist. four-in-hand (f or'in-hand) , n. a coach drawn by four horses and driven by one person; a necktie, worn tied in a knot so as to leave the ends hanging vertically: adv. with a team of four horses. fourneau (foor-no'), n. the chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed. [French.] four-o'clock (f or'o-klok) , n. a flower, the Marvel of Peru. fourscore (for'skor), adj. eighty. fourteen (for'ten), adj. consisting of 4 more than 10 : n. the sum of 4 and 10. fourteenth (for'tenth), adj. fourth in order after tenth: n. one of fourteen equal parts. fourth (forth), adj. next in order after third: n. one of four equal parts; a musical interval oi two tones and one semitone. Fourth, n. the fourth day of July; Independence Day. fourthly (forth'li), adv. in the fourth place. fovilla (fo-vil'a), n. the gummy fer- tilizing protoplasmic liquid of pollen grain. [Latin.] fowl (foul), n. a gallinaceous bird, especially the domestic cock or hen; poultry; birds collectively : v.i. to catch or kill wild birds for sport or food. fowler (foul'er), n. one who catches or kills wild birds for sport or food. fowling (fouTing), n. the act or prac- tice of catching or shooting wild birds. fowling-piece (f ouring-pes) , n. a light gun used for ordinary sporting. fox (foks), n. a canine mammal with a long bushy tail, belonging to the genus Vulpes, notorious for its cun- ning: hence a sly, cunning person; a small strand of rope, formed by twisting several rope-yarns together: v.t. to make sour, or turn reddish; repair: said of boots; watch slyly: v.i. to turn sour or become reddish; act as a spy. fox-bats (foks'batz), n. a genus of bats with a fox-like head. fox-brush (foks 'brush) , n. the tail of a fox. foxed (fokst), v. adj. stained, as tim- ber, or spotted, as prints, books, &c, with a reddish discoloration; re- paired with leather: said of a boot, foxglove (foks'gluv), n.^ a plant of the genus Digitalis, especially the purple foxglove, the* leaves of which are used medicinally. fox- grape (foks'grap), n. a variety of grape. foxhound (foks'hound), n. one of a breed of dogs used for fox-hunting. foxiness (f oks'i-nes) , n. sly cunning, or shrewdness; the state of being de- cayed, or sour. fox-squirrel (foks'skwer-el), n. the North American tree squirrel. foxtail (foks'tal), n. the name of vari- ous species of grass ; the tail of a fox. foxy (foks'i), adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, a fox; cunning; crafty; reddish-brown in color. foyer (fwa-ya/), n. the lobby of a theater. [French.] fracas (fra/kas), n. a noisy quarrel. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. FRACTION 350 FRATERNAL fraction (frak'shun), n. a part bro- ken off ; act of breaking; the state of being broken; a part of a unit, as M. fractional (frak'shun-al), adj. per- taining to, or constituting, a fraction; very small. fractious (frak'shus), adj. unruly; cross. fracture (frak'tur), n. a part broken; a break caused by violence; separa- tion; the direction in which a min- eral breaks so as to show its texture : v.t. to break, or crack, as a bone, &c. fragile (fraj'il), adj. easily broken; weak; delicate. fragileness (fraj'il-nes), n. the state of being fragile. fragility (fra-jil'i-ti), n. the state of being fragile. fragment (frag'ment), n. a part broken off from a whole; an imper- fect part. fragmental (frag-ment'al) , adj. per- taining to, or composed of, frag- ments, disconnected; made of parts of preexistent rock; conglomerate. Also fragmentary. fragrance (fra'grans), n. the state or quality of being fragrant. Also fragrancy. fragrant (fra/grant), adj. sweet-smell- ing- fragrantly (fra/grant-li) , adv. with a pleasant odor. frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; weak, physically or morally; infirm: n. a basket made of rushes. # f raise (fraz), n. palisading formed of inclined or horizontal stakes. framable (fram'a-bl), adj. capable of being framed. frame (fram), n. something con- structed or composed of parts fitted and joined together; that on which anything is held or stretched; any contrivance for inclosing, admitting, or supporting something; a compos- itor's stand; an inclined table or planks for washing ore; shape; temper; state: v.t. to fit (one thing) into another; shape or form; adjust or regulate; invent; adapt: v.i. to wash ore on a frame. frame-bridge (fram'brij), n. a timber bridge. framer (fram'er), n. one who frames; a contriver. framework (fram'werk), n. that which incloses or supports something else. franc (frangk), n. a French coin, the unit of monetary value = 18.3 cents. franchise (fran'chiz), n. the consti- tutional right of suffrage; a particu- lar privilege or right granted by a sovereign or by a legislative body to an individual, or to a corporation; the district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends. Franco (frang'ko), n. or adj. a form used in composition to denote France, or French, as the Franco- German war. Franco (frang'ko; French, frang'ko), n. a name given in France to a mem- ber of the Franc-tireurs or volunteer sharpshooters. francoiin (f rang'ko-lin) , n. a bird al- lied to the partridge. f rangibility (franj-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being frangible. frangible (f r an Yi-h\),adj. easily broken. frank (frangk), jadj. open or ingenu- ous; candid; outspoken; unreserved: n. a signature that exempts mail- matter from payment of postage; a letter privileged to go post-free: v.t. to send or have conveyed free of charge. Frank (frangk), at the time of the Crusades, the name by which Christian Europeans were known in the East. frankincense (f rangk'in-sens) , n. a fragrant inflammable resin burnt as incense. franklin (frangk'lin), n. a small land- holder; a freeman. [Old French.] frankly (frangk'li), adv. candidly, openly. frankness (f rangk'nes) , n. candor; openness. frantic (fran'tik), adj. violently mad or distracted; outrageous; trans- ported by passion. frantically (fran'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a frantic manner. frap (frap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. frapped, p.pr. f rapping], to strengthen or draw together by ropes crossing each other; undergird. frappe (frap-pa'), adj. chilled with ice. [French.] fraternal (fra-ter'nal) , adj. pertain- ing to, becoming, or like, brothers. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FRATERNITY 351 FREEZABLE fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti) , n. [pi. fra- ternities (fra-ter'ni-tiz)], brotherly relationship ; a body of men associat- ed together by a common bond of interest, especially of a religious character; men of the same pro- fession or class. fraternize (fra'ter-niz), v.i. to asso- ciate or hold fellowship as brothers. fratricide (fra/cri-sid), n. the crime of killing a brother; one who kills a brother. fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; trick; cheat; a humbug. f raudulence (fraw'du-lens) , n. deceit- fulness; trickery; unfairness. fraudulent (fraw'du-lent), adj. charac- terized by, founded on, or obtained by, fraud. fraught (frawt), adj. laden; charged,. fraxin (fraks'in), n. a crystalline substance obtained from the bark of the ash tree. Also fraxinin. fray (fra), n. a riot; quarrel; a chafe or rub: vJt. to chafe or wear away. fraying (fra'ing), n. the act of wearing away by friction; the peeling off of the velvet of a deer's horn. freak (frek), n. sudden or capricious change of mind, or whim; a prank; an abnormal animal or plant: v.t. to variegate; spot or streak. freakish (frek'ish), adj. eccentric; frolicsome; whimsical. freckle (frek'l), n. a brownish spot in the skin: v.t. to mark with freck- les: v.i. to become freckled. free (fre), adj. [comp. freer, superl. freest], without restraint; at lib- erty; permitted; liberal; generous; open; free from guilt; independent; familiar; licentious; not arbitrary or despotic; spirited; not attached or fixed ; uncombined ; invested with the franchise, &c. (with oj) : v.t. to set at liberty; emancipate; rid or exempt; clear: adv. gratuitously. free-board (fre'bord), n. that part of the side of a ship between the up- per side of the deck and the water- line. freebooter (fre'boot-er), n. one who roves about for plunder or pillage; buccaneer.^ free city (sit'i), n. a city having an independent franchise and govern- ment, like the old Hanse towns in Germany — Hamburg, Breme, Lii- beck and others. See Hanse. freedman_ (fred'man), n. [pi. freed- men (f red 'men)], a slave who has been legally emancipated. freedom (fre'dum), n. the state of being free; liberty; independence; ease # in performance; particular privilege; absence of conventional- ity; undue familiarity. free-hand (fre'hand), adj. drawn by the hand without the aid of instru- ments. free-handed (fre-hand'ed) , adj. gener- ous; liberal. freehold (fre'hold) , n. an estate or tene- ment held by fee-simple, fee- tail, or for life. free-lance (fre'lans), n. one of a class of mediaeval soldiers who sold their services to fight for the highest bid- der; one who acts, speaks, or writes irrespectiveof any party. freeman (fre'man), n. [pi. freemen (fre 'men)], one in the enjoyment of liberty ; one possessed of # certain franchises or municipal privileges. Freemason (fre'ma-sn), n. a member of a secret society of great antiquity, consisting formerly of skilled crafts- men; now a social association professing principles of brotherly love, charity, and mutual aid. Freemasonry (fre-ma'sn-ri), n. the system, rites, &c, of the Freemasons. free port (fre port), n. a port where no duties are levied on merchandise. Free-soil (fre'soil), adj. opposed to the extension of slavery: said of the party formed at Boston, United States, 1848, to restrict slavery. freestone (fre'ston), n. a sandstone suitable for working. freethinker (f re : think'er) , n. one who forms his opinions independently of others; one who rejects revelation in religion, and dogmatic belief; a latitudinarian. free trade (trad), n. trade with other countries unrestricted by tariffs or customs duties.^ free-will (fre-wil') , _ adj. voluntary; holding the theological doctrine that man is free to exercise his will for good or evil. freezable (frez'a-bl), adj. that may be frozen. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FREEZE 352 FRICASSEE freeze (frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. frozen, p.pr. freezing], to congeal or harden into ice; kill by cold: v.i. fco be congealed with cold; be chilled with cold; be at or below the tem- perature of 32°. freezing-point (frez'ing-point), n. 32° above 0° in the Fahrenheit scale (0° Centigrade) , at which water freezes. freight (f rat) , n. t the goods with which a vessel is loaded; cargo; goods carried by rail; the sum paid or charged for the conveyance of goods: adj. used for conveying goods: v.t. to load with goods for conveyance; hire or charter. freightage (frat'aj), n. charge for freight; cargo_. freight-car (frat'kar), n. a railway car for transporting freight. freighter (frat'er), n. one who freights a ship or car; shipper; a vessel for conveying freight. French (french), adj. pertaining to France, its inhabitants, or language. Frenchify (french'i-fi), v. [p.t. & p.p. frenchified, p.pr. frenchifying], to infect with French manners, char- acteristics, or customs. French leave (french-lev'), n. depart- ure without ceremony or notice. frenzied (fren'zid), p. adj. affected with frenzy; delirious. frenzy (fren'zi), n. \pl. frenzies (fren'- ziz)], violent agitation; temporary madness; fury: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fren- zied, p.pr. frenzying], to throw into a frenzy; render mad. # frequency (fre'kwen-si) , n. the re- peated occurrence of a thing at short intervals. frequent (fre'kwent), adj. recurring often: v.t. (fre-kwent') to resort to, or visit often. [Latin.] frequentative (fre-kwen'ta-tiy) , adj. in grammar, noting repetition, as certain verbs. frequently (fre'kwent-li), adv. often; repeatedly. fresco (fres'ko), n. [pi. frescos, fres- coes (fres'Jkoz)], a method of wall- painting in water-colors on fresh plaster: v.t. to decorate or paint in fresco. [Italian.] fresh (fresh), adj. new; recent; un- faded; uninjured by time; in good condition; not forgotten; healthy; strong and active; not wearied; live- ly; brisk; pure and cool; not salt; inexperienced; forward; intoxicated: n. a spring; freshet; the union of fresh and salt water in a river. freshen (fresh'en), v.t. to make fresh; render less salt;- revive; slacken (a rope) to relieve the part exposed to friction: v.i. to become vigorous; grow fresh; lose saltness. freshet (fresh'et), n. a flood caused by melting snow or heavy rain. freshman (fresh'man), n. [pi. fresh- men (fresh 'men)], a college student in his first year. fresh- water (fresh 'waw-ter) , adj. per- taining to, living in, found in, or formed in, fresh water; accustomed to river navigation or the coasting trade. fret (fret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fretted, p.pr. fretting], to wear away by fric- tion; injure by rubbing; corrode; agitate; vex; irritate; make rough on the surface; ornament with raised or interlaced work; varie- gate: v.i. to be worn away by fric- tion or corrosion; be agitated or irritated; utter peevish complaints: n. the act or process of fretting; an ornament formed by small bands or fillets interlacing each other at right angles; perforated or interlaced or- namental work; an agitation on the surface of a liquid; chafing, or irri- tation; a small piece of ivory or wood on the keyboard of certain stringed instruments. fretful (fret'fool), adj. peevish; irri- tated. fret-saw (fret'saw), n. a long, thin, narrow saw with fine teeth, used for cutting frets. frette (fret-ta/), adj. decorated with fretwork. Also fretted. fretwork (fretVerk), n. carved, raised, or open ornamental work. friability (f ri-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being friable. Also friableness. friable (fri'a-bl), adj. readily crum- bled, or reduced to powder. friar (frfer) , n. . one of a mendicant order of monks in the Roman Cath- olic Church. fricassee (f rik-a-se') , n. a dish of ate, arm, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F, E. WRIGHT, *%:£ WOLF ^IMALS A FRICATIVE 353 FRIT chicken, rabbit, or other meat cut into small pieces, stewed and fried with gravy or sauce: v.t. to make into, or dress like, a fricassee. [French.] fricative (frik'a-tiv) , n. a name for certain letters, as th, sh, zh, produced by the friction of the breath issuing through the narrow aperture of the organs of articulation. friction (frik'shun), n. the act of rub- bing; attrition; resistance to the motion of a body, caused by contact with the surface upon which it moves; the act of rubbing to stimu- late the circulation of the blood vessels; irritation or disagreement caused by divergence of opinion. frictional (frik'shun-al) , adj. pertain- ing to, or produced by, friction. Friday (frl'da), n. the sixth day of the week: named from the Scandi- navian deity Frigga, the goddess of love. fried (fiid), p.t. & p.p. of fry. friend (frend), n. one attached to another by affection, regard, or es- teem; an intimate acquaintance; a supporter or favorer of a cause, &c; an ally; a term of salutation. Friend, n. a member of the Society of Friends. friendless (frend'les), adj. without a friend. friendliness (frend 'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being friendly. friendly (frend'li), adj. pertaining to a friend; having the characteristics of a friend; amicable; affable; genial; convenient; favorable: adv. amicably. friendship (frend 'ship), n. intimacy; united with affection or esteem; mu- tual attachment; good-will. Friesian (fre'zian), adj. pertaining to Friesland, its inhabitants, or its language. Also Frisian. Friesland (frez'land), n. a northern province of Holland bordering on the German Ocean. The Dutch form of the word is Vriesland. frieze (frez), n. the middle part of the entablature of a column between the architrave and cornice: usually ornamented with sculpture, &c; a coarse woolen cloth with a rough shaggy nap on one side. frigate (frig'at), n. in the old navies a warship with an upper flush deck, carrying from 24 to 50 guns. frigate-bird _ (irig'at-berd) , n. a swift raptorial bird allied to the pelican. frigeratory (frij'er-a-to-ri) s n. a cool- ing or refrigerating chamber. fright (frit), n. a sudden and vio- lent fear; alarm; a person whose dress or appearance is ridiculous. frighten (frit'n), v.t. to terrifs*. frightful (frit 'fool), adj. _ terrible; dreadful; alarming; shocking; gro- tesque. frightfully (frit'foo-li) ; adv. terribly; grotesquely. frigid (frij'id), adj. without warmth; wmtery; cold in temperament; stiff; formal; dull. \ frigidity (fri-jid'i-ti), n. the state of being frigid^ coldness. frijole (fre-hol'e), n. a bean much cultivated in Mexico as an article of food when ground and fried. frill (fril), n. a pleated or crimped edging of fine linen to a garment, as a shirt front, &c; ruffle: pi. af- fectation of manner; ornamentation of dress, &c: v.i. to ruffle or shiver the feathers with cold: said of a hawk: v.t. to make into a frill. frilling (fril'ing), n. gathered trimming or edging for garments. Frimaire (f re-mar'), n. a month of the French Revolutionary calendar, Nov. 21st to Dec. 20th. fringe (frinj), e n. an ornamental bor- der of hanging cords. &c; any bor- der or edging resembling a fringe: v.t. to border with, or as with, a fringe. frippery (frip'er-i), n. old clothes or furniture; the p'ace where old clothes are sold; trade in second- hand clothes: adj. trumpery; con- temptible. [French.] frisk (frisk), v.i. to gambol or dance in frolic: n. a gambol, dance, or frolic. frisket (fris'ket), n. a light frame for holding _ down the paper while che impression # is being printed. f riskiness (fris'ki-nes), n. the state or quality of being frisky. frisky (fris'ki), adj. lively in action; sprightly; gay; frolicsome. frit (frit), n. the mixture of sand ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 23 hue, hut ; think, then. FRIT-FLY 354 FROST and fluxes from which glass is made after being calcined and baked in a furnace prior to fusion: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fritted, p.pr. fritting], to decom- pose and melt partially. frit-fly (frit'fll), n. a small fly inju- rious to wheat. frith (frith), n. an inlet of the sea at the mouth of a river; estuary [Scotch]. Also firth; a kind of weir for capturing fish. fritter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by de- grees; cut up as meat into small pieces for frying: n. a small piece of meat cut for frying; a small cake with meat or fruit in it. frivolity (f ri-yol'i-ti) , n. [pi. frivoli- ties (fri-vol'i-tiz)], levity; a trifling act, thought, or action. frivolous (friv'o-lus) , adj. trifling; trivial; petty; silly; inclined to levity. frizette (fri-zet'), n. a small piece of hair worn as a bang. Also fri- sette. frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; form into little hard burrs: said of the nap of cloth: n. that which is frizzed, as hair. frizzle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot coals; curl or frizz: n. a crisped lock of hair. fro (fro), adv. away from; backward. frock (frok), n. a loose upper gar- ment worn by children and women ; dress; a monk's habit; a coarse over-gaiment worn by laborers, &c. ; an undress regimental coat. frock-coat (frok'kot), n. a close-fitting strait-bodied coat with wide skirts of the same length before and be- hind. frog (frog), n. a small tailless am- phibious animal of the genus Rana; a tender horny substance growing in the middle of the sole of a horse's foot; a spindle-shaped button or toggle used for fastening military cloaks, ladies' mantles, &c; a section of a railway line where the rails diverge. frog- eater (f rog'e-ter) , n. a term of derision applied by the English to the French during the Napoleonic wars and later. frogged (frogd), adj. ornamented or fastened with frogs. See frog. frogging (frog'ing), n. ornamentation with frogs; fishing with frogs as live bait. frolic (frol'ik), n. a scene of merry- making or gaiety; a sportive out- burst; wild prank: adj. sportive; merry or gay: v.i. to indulge in tricks of mirth and levity ; play wild pranks. frolicsome (f rol'ik-sum) , adj. full of frolic. from (from), prep, out of, away; since; noting source or beginning, distance, logical or physical se- quences. frond (frond), n. the union of a leaf and a branch; the leaf of a fern, palm, or seaweed. frons (fronz), n. [pi. frontes (fron'- tez)], the forehead. [Latin.] - front (frunt), n. the forehead; the forepart or foremost of anything; van; the most conspicuous part; impudence or boldness ; a false shirt- bosom or dickey : adj. situated at the front: v.t. to stand, or be situated, opposite to, or over against: v.i. to have the front turned in a particular direction. [French.] frontage (frunt'aj),7i.the front part of a building or its area. frontal (frun'tal), adj. pertaining to the front or forehead: n. something worn on the forehead; an ecclesias- tical hanging in front of an altar; a small pediment over a window or door. frontier (frun-teV), n. the boundary or limits of a country: adj. pertain- ing to, or situated near, the boun- dary of a country; contiguous. frontispiece (fron'tis-pes), n. an illus- tration facing the front page of a book. frontlet (frunt'let) , n. a fillet or band worn on the forehead; a Jewish phylactery; the margin of the head of a bird behind the bill. fronton (fron'ton), n. the entrance to a building ornamented. frost (frost), n. minute frozen parti- cles of moisture ; the temperature of the atmosphere which causes the congelation of water; hoar-frost; an enterprise ending in failure: v.t. to cover with frost or any thing resembling frost. See frosting. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FROSTED 355 FUGITIVE frosted (frost'ed), p. adj. covered with, resembling, or injured by, frost. frostily (frost'i-li) , adv. with frost, or excessive cold; gruff; ill-tempered. frosting (frosting), n. a preparation of fine sugar and white of egg for cov- ering cakes; rough powdered glass used in decorative work and to ren- der windows opaque. frosty (frost'i), adj. [comp. frostier, su- per!, frostiest], producing, or accom- panied with, frost; frozen; hoary; cold or distant in manner. froth (froth), n. the mass of bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid by agitation, or fermentation; foam; superficial knowledge; vapid elo- quence. frothily (f roth'i-li) , adv. in a frothy manner. frothiness (froth 'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being frothy. frothy (froth 'i), adj. [comp. frothier, superl. frothiest], full of, or com- posed of, froth; empty; frivolous: unsubstantial. frousy. Same as frowzy. frow (frou), n. a German or Dutch woman; slattern; (fro) potato : flour ; a tool used for cleaving shingles, staves, &c. _ froward (fro'werd), adj. perverse; wayward. frown (froun), n. a contraction of the brows indicative of displeas- ure, &c: v.i. to contract the brows to indicate displeasure, &c; scowl; lower. frowzy (frou'zi), adj. musty; untidy. froze (froz), p.t. of freeze. frozen (froz'en), # p. adj. congealed, benumbed, or killed with cold; icy; wanting in warmth of feeling or sympathy. Fructidor (f ruk-ti-dor') ,. n. the name of one of the months in the French Revolutionary calendar; Aug. 18th to Sept. 16th. fructify (f ruk'ti-fl) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fructified, p.pr. fructifying], to make productive; fertilize: v.i. to Dear fruit. fructose (fruk'tos), n. sugar in ripe fruit or honey. frugal (fru'gal), adj. thrifty; eco- nomical. frugality (f rii-gal'i-ti) , n. thrift; economy. frugally (fm'ga-li), adv. with economy frugivorous (fru-giv'o-rus) , adj. fruit* eating ._ fruit (frut), n. the product of a tree or plant containing the seed; prod= uct; result or profit; offspring: v.i, to produce fruit. [French.] fruitage (frut'aj), n. fruit collectively \ product. fruiterer (frut'er-er) , n. one who deals in fruit. fruitful (frut 'fool), adj. yielding fruit; prolific. fruitfully (frut'foo-li), adv. abun- dantly. fruitfulness (frut'f ool-nes) , n. the quality of being fruitful. fruition (f ru-ish'un) , n. the bearing of fruit; realization; enjoyment de- rived from use or possession. fruity (frut'i) L adj. full-flavored ; rich c frumenty (f ru'men-ti) , n. food made of wheat and boiled milk. frustrate (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat or disappoint; thwart; nullify: adj. vain; useless; void. frustrum (frus'trum), n. [pi. frustra (frus'tra)], that part of a solid next the base, as a cone, pyramid, &c. t which is left after cutting off the top. [Latin.] fry (frl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fried, p.pr. frying], to cook or roast with fat in a pan over a fire: v.i. to be cooked with fat in a pan; be subjected to intense heat: n. a dish of things fried; a swarm of young fish. fuchsia (fu'shi-a), n. a garden plant with handsome pendulous elongated flowers. [German.] fuddle (fud'l), v.t. to stupefy with drink; intoxicate: v.i. to become intoxicated. fudge (fuj), ft. a made-up story; a home-made candy : inter j. nonsense; v.t. to make or do in a bungling , careless manner. fuel (f ii'el) , # n. combustible material for supplying a fire; anything that serves to inflame or sustain passion or excitement. fugacious (fu-ga'shus) , adj. fleet- ing; volatile; falling off very early . [Latin.] fugal (fu'gal), adj. pertaining to a fugue. fugitive (fu'ji-tiv), adj. unstable; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; rule, hut ; think, then. FUGITIVELY 356 FUNAMBULIST volatile; fleeting; not permanent; fleeing from danger, pursuit, or duty: n. one who flees from danger, pursuit, or duty; a runaway or de- serter; one who takes shelter with another power to escape punish- ment. [Latin.] fugitively (fu'ji-tiv-li), adv. in a fugitive manner. fugleman (fti'gl-man), n. [pi. fugle- men (fu'gl-men)], a trained soldier who stands in front of a line of men and leads them by his movements in their drill [fugelman should be flugel- man from the German Flugelmann) . fugue (fug) ^ n. a musical composi- tion in which the parts follow each other with repetitions at certain intervals. [French.] fuguist (ftig'ist), n. a composer or per- former of fugues. fulcrum (fuTkrum), n. [pi. fulcra (ful'kra), fulcrums (ful'krumz)], that part of a lever on which it rests. fulfill (fool-fir), v.t. to complete or accomplish; execute; perform or carry out, as that which is prom- ised, foretold, or anticipated. fulfillment (f ool-fiTment) , n. accom- plishment; completion; execution. fulgency (ful'j en-si), n. brightness; splendor. fuliginous (f ool-ig'irnus) , adj. sooty; dusky; dark brown or black. [Latin.] full (fool), adj. filled; having no empty space; well supplied ; stored ; satu- rated; satiated; copious; rounded out; plump; expressing much; clear; distinct; sonorous; having the whole disk illuminated; said of the moon: n. the highest state, extent, or measure: v.i. to pucker: v.t. scour and thicken, as cloth, in a mill: adv. without diminution or qualification; directly; quite. [Full is used in composition to express full extent or degree, % its meaning being generally self-evident, as /w7Z-armed, fidl- fledged, _&c] full age (aj), n. the age of twenty-one years, at which time men and women in some States receive the franchise. full-back (fool'bak), n. in football, the player furthest from the goal of the opposing side. full-butt (fooFbut), adv. meeting di- rectly and violently. full-dress (fool'dres), n. dress required for formal or ceremonial occasions. full-drive (fool'driv), adv. with full speed or vigor. fuller (fool'er), n. one who fulls cloth. fuller's- earth (f ool'erz-erth) , n. a soft clay used for fulling cloth and the removal of grease, being used for washing clothes during the centuries before soap was made. fully (fooFi), adv. completely; abun- dantly. fulminate (ful'mi-nat) , v.t. to cause to explode; send out or utter (a threat or denunciation, as a papal bull): v.i. to thunder; make a loud, sudden noise; detonate: n. a de- tonating compound formed of a salt of fulminic acid. fulminating powder (ful'mi-nat-ing pou'der), n. an explosive substance which on being struck detonates with a loud report. fulminic acid (ful-min'ik as'id), n. an acid composed of cyanogen and oxygen. fulsome (ful'sum), adj. offensive; gross. fulvous (ful'vus), adj. tawny; saf- fron-colored. fulwa (ful'wa), n. the butter-tree of India; the butter obtained from it. fumarole (fu'ma-rol), n. & small hole from which volcanic smoke issues. fumble (fum'bl), v.i. to grope or feel about; handle or attempt something in an awkward manner: v.t. to man- age awkwardly. fume (fum), n. vapor or exhalation, especially of a narcotic or suffocat- ing nacure; mental irritation or agi- tation: v.i. to emit smoke; pass off in gas or vapor; to be in a passion: v.t. fill with gas or vapor; exhale. [Latin.] fumigate (fu 'mi-gat), v.t. smoke; per- fume; disinfect by the action of smoke or vapor. fumitory (fti'mi-to-ri) . n. a plant, the leaves of which were formerly used as a specific for skin diseases. fun (fun), n. mirth; drollery; sport: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. funned, p.pr. fun- ning], to indulge in fun. funambulist (fu-nam'bu-list) , n a rope-walker or -dancer. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FUNCTION 357 FUR function (fungk'shun), n. the dis- charge or performance of any duty, office, or business ; faculty ; power ; the office of any organ, animal or vegetable; public or official cere- mony; any mathematical quantity considered as formed from another quantity, the change in the one af- fecting the other correspondingly: v.i. to perform a function; act. functional (fungk'shun-al), adj. per- taining to, or performing, a function; official. functionary (f ungk'shun-a-ri) , n. [pi. functionaries (fungk'shun-a-riz)], one who holds an office, or discharges some trust; an official. fund (fund), n. established stock or capital; money set apart for carry- ing out some permanent or tempo- rary object; a permanent debt due by a government on which interest is paid at a certain rate per cent.; a stock in reserve: v.t. to place in, or convert into, a fund: pi. money. [Latin.] fundament (fun'da-ment) , n. the base of the body; anus; foundation. [Latin.] fundamental (f un-da-ment'al) , adj. pertaining to a foundation or basis; essential; primary: n. a primary or essential principle; basis; the note on which a chord is formed [Mus.]. fundamental bass (bas), n. that part in musical harmony which contains the fundamental notes. fundamentally (fun-da-ment'a-li) , adv. in a fundamental manner. funded (fund'ed), p. adj. converted into a permanent loan; invested in the public funds. funded debt (det), n. that part of a public debt for the payment of the interest of which certain funds are appropriated. funding (fund'ing), n. the act or proc- ess of converting money lent to the government into a permanent fund bearing a fixed rate of interest; in- vestment in government stocks or funds. fundus (fun'dus), n. the base or depth of anything. [Latin.] funeral (fu'ner-al), n. the ceremony of burying a dead human body and the procession of mourners accom- panying it: adj. pertaining to, be- fitting, or used at, a funeral. [Latin.] funereal (f u-ne're-al) , adj. pertaining to, or suitable for, a funeral; mourn- ful; sad. funereally (fu-ne're-a-li) , adv. in a funereal manner. fungous (fung'gus), adj. pertaining to the nacure of fungi; spongy; ex- crescent; growing up suddenly. fungus (fung'gus), n. [pi. fungi (fun'ji), funguses (fung'gus-ez)], a cryptog- amous plant not containing chloro- phyll, as a mushroom, toadstool, &c. ; a spongy excrescence. [Latin.] funicle (fu'ni-kl), n. a small cord, ligature, or rope. [Latin.] funicular (f u-nik'u-iar) , adj. per- taining to, composed of, or resem- bling, a funicle or funiculus; rope- shaped, or, used of something worked by a rope or ropes, as "funic- ular railway." _ funiculus _(fu-nik'u-lus), n. [pi. fu- niculi (fu-nik'u-li)], a small cord, ligature, or fiber; a little stalk or cord-like appendage uniting a seed with the placenta. funk (fungk), n. cowardice; fright: v.i. to be in a state of cowardly fear [English]; to kick backwards [Scottish]. funnel (fun'el), n. a wide-mouthed, conical vessel terminating in a spout for pouring liquids into close vessels; the chimney of a steam- ship or steam-engine. f unneled (f un'eld) , adj. having, or re- sembling, a funnel. funning (fun'ing), n. merry jesting. funny (fun'i), adj. [comp. funnier, su- perl. funniest], comical; droll; pro- voking laughter; ludicrous; queer; curious; strange: n. a long narrow clinker-built pleasure boat rowed with sculls. funny-bone (fun'i-bon), n. the lower part of the elbow over which the nerve of the ulna passes, and on being struck causes a temporary paralysis which passes away in a few minutes. fur (fer), n. the soft hair of certain animals, growing thickly upon the skin; morbid matter collected on the tongue; the calcareous coating on the interior of a boiler, &c: pi. the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FURBELOW 358 FUSTIAN dressed skins of fur-bearing animals, used for apparel or ornament: adj. consisting, lined, or trimmed, with fur: v.t. [p.t. furred, p.pr. furring], to cover, line, or trim with fur; cover with a calcareous deposit or morbid matter. furbelow (fer'be-lo), n. an ornament of feminine attire. furbish (fer'bish), v.t. to make bright by rubbing, polishing, or burnish- ing; renovate. furcate (fer'kat), adj. forked. furious (fu'ri-us), adj. full of fury; frenzied; mad; tempestuous. furl (ferl), v.t. to roll up and secure to something, as a sail, flag, &c. furlong (fer'long), n. 1-8 Ji of a mile. furlough (fer'lo), n. leave of absence: v*.t. to grant leave of absence to. furnace (fer'nas), n. a chamber or ap- paratus for producing a violent heat to reduce ores, metals, &c. furnish (fer'nish), v.t. to supply with what is requisite; fit out; equip: v.i. to improve in flesh and condi- tion: said of a racehorse. furnishing (f er'nish-ing) , n. the act of providing with furniture. furniture (fer'ni-tur), n. the necessary equipments of a house, ship, or a trade; outfit; equipage; trappings of a horse. furore (fii'ror, or fu : ro're), n. a great outburst of excitement or en- thusiasm. [Italian.] furrier (fer'i-er), n. one who pre- pares or sells furs; fur-dresser. furrow (fer'o), n. a trench made in the ground by a plow; a groove; wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves or wrinkles in. furry (fer'i), adj. covered with, or consisting of, fur. further (fer^/ier), adj. more distant; additional: adv. to a greater dis- tance or degree; moreover; also: v.t. to promote; help forward. furtherance (f er^/ier-ans) , n. ad- vancement. furthermore (f er'^er-mor) , adv. more- over; besides. furthermost (f er'^er-most) , adj. most remote. furthest (fer'^/iest), adj. most distant in time or degree: adv. at, or to, the greatest distance. furtive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; secret; stealthy. [Latin.] fury (fu'ri), n. [pi. furies (fu'riz)], violent or uncontrollable rage; mad- ness; one of the three avenging dei- ties of Greek mythology, usually called Tisiphone, Alecto, and Me- gaera; a termagant woman. [Latin.] furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, belonging to the bean family. fuse (fuz), v.t. to liquefy by heat; melt: v.i. to become melted by heat; blend, as if melted: n. a small tube filled with an inflammable material, or a cord impregnated with such material, used for exploding gun- powder, &c. fusee (fu-ze'), n. a kind of match, used for igniting tobacco; a grooved cone in a watch, &c, around which the chain is wound. [French.] fusel-oil (fu'zel-oil) , n. an oily ooi- sonous product produced in rectify- ing grape-, potato-, or corn-spirit. fusible (fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing fused. fusil (fu'zil), n. the old flint-lock musket. [French.] fusileer (fu-si-ler'), n. the name of sev- eral British line regiments, as the Royal Irish Fusileers. The name denotes that, when fusils were in use, those regiments served as infantry. Also fusilier. fusillade (fu-si-ladO, n. a simulta- neous discharge of firearms: v.t. to shoot down or kill by a fusillade. fusinist (fu'zin-ist) , n. an artist who draws with charcoal crayons. [French.] fusion (fu'zhun), n. the act or process of melting by heat; the state of be- ing fused or melted; union by, or as by, melting; the union of two political parties, or of sections of two parties, as in Great Britain, the Liberal Union party. Fusionist (fu'zhun -ist), n. one who has joined a fusion party in politics. fuss (fus), n. unnecessary or irritat- ing activity, especially in small mat- ters; disorderly bustling about; con- fusion; stir: v.i. to worry. fussy (fus'i), adj. making a fuss. fustanelle (fus-ta-nel') , n. the short white skirt worn by modern Greeks. fustian (fus'chan), n. a kind of coarse twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £ften. FUSTINESS 359 FYKE velveteen, &c; an inflated or pre- tentious style in writing or speak- ing; bombast: adj. made of fustian; bombastic. fustiness (fus'ti-nes), n. the state or quality of being fusty. fusty (fus'ti), adj. [comp. fustier, su- perl. fustiest], ill : smelling ; moldy; meddlesome; officious. futile (fu'til), adj. vain; useless. f utilely (fu'ti-li) ,adv. in a futile manner. futility (f Q-til'i-ti) , n. the quality of being futile. futtocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the upright curved ribs of a ship springing from the keel. futtock- shrouds (f ut'ok-shrouds) , n. pi. che short shrouds which go to the shrouds above. future (fti'tur), adj. that will be here* after: n. time yet to come; a tense in grammar; a commodity, &c, sold for future delivery. [Latin.] futurity (f u-tur'i-ti) , n. [pi. futurities (fu-tur'i-tiz)], time to come; future events. fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute particles of down, wool, &c: v.i. to fly off in fuzz. fuzzy (fuz'i), adj. covered with, or like, fuzz : n. a term applied by the British troops to the black followers of the Mahdi in the Soudan. Usually Fuzzy- Wuzzy. fy. Same as fie. fyce and fice (fis), n. a small cur dog- a whelp. fyke (fik), n. a kind of fish-trap = ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. Q G, the seventh letter in the later Roman alphabet and in the al- phabet of most Western coun- tries since 300 b. c. Until that time, this character was used for what we now call c (the hard gut- tural) and g (the sonant guttural). In the old Italic alphabet, the seventh letter was Z. Out of C there was, for convenience, devel- oped a second character G. Both sounds indicated by them were " hard," — c like c in cat, and g like q in get. About the fourth century a. d., c before e or i took the soft sound ofs,and# the soft sound of g in gin. gab (gab), n. idle chatter; loquacity; a hook on the eccentric rod of a steam-engine; the mouth [Scotch]: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gabbed, p.pr. gab- bing], to chatter. gabardine (gab-er-den') , n. a coarse smock frock formerly prescribed for Jews. [Spanish.] gabble (gab'l), v.i. to utter rapidly without sense: v.i. to chatter inco- herently: n. rapid, incoherent talk. gabion (ga/bi-un), n. a large cylin- drical bottomless basket filled with earth: used for purposes of military defense, &c. [French.] gabionnade (ga-bi-o-nad') , n. a de- fensive work formed of gabions. gable (ga'bl), n. the triangular end of a building. gablet (ga/blet), n. a small ornamen- tal gable: used for the summit of niches, &c. gaby (ga/bi), n. a stupid, foolish boy. gad (gad), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gadded, p.pr. gadding], to roam about in a purposeless manner: n. the act of roaming about without an object; an iron or steel pointed mining tool; a gadfly. gadfly (gad'fli), n. [pi. gadflies (gad'- fliz)], a fly that stings cattle. gadolinite (gad'o-li-nlt) , n. a silicate of yttrium. gadwall (gad'wawl), n. a large fresh- water duck, esteemed as game. Gael (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander. Gaelic (gal'ik), adj. pertaining to, or belonging to, the Celtic inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands, or to their language: n. the language of the Gaels. Also Gadhelic. gaff (gaf), n. a large hook for landing salmon, &c; a boom or yard to extend the upper edge of a fore-and- aft sail; a low-class theater, &c, admission to which is a penny: v.t. to seize or land with a gaff. gaffer (gaf'er), n. an old man, espe- cially a countryman. gag (gag), n. something placed in the mouth to hinder speech: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gagged, p.pr. gagging], to stop the mouth of, with, or as with, a gag; silence by force; introduce one's own words, &c, into: said of an actor, &c. gage, gauge (gaj), n. a standard of measure; the number of feet a ves- sel sinks in the water; position of one ship to another and the wind; a measuring^ rod; the distance be- tween the rails of a railway line: v.t. to ascertain the capacity or contents of; estimate. gageable (gaj'a-bl), adj. that may be gaged. gager (gaj'er), n< one who gages. Also gauger. gagger fgag'er), n. one who gags; a T- shaped piece of iron used by foun- ders. gaggle (gag'gl), v.i. to make a noise like a goose; cackle. gahnite (gan'it), n. a greenish and dark-brown mineral; zinc-spinel. Also automolite. gaiety (ga/e-ti), n. same as gayety. gaily (ga'li), adv. same as gayly. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GAIN 361 GALLIC jain (gan), n. advantage; profit; a mortise: v.t. to obtain, as profit or advantage; earn; win; arrive at: v.i. to improve or make progress; increase ;_ advance. [Icelandic] gainsay (gan-sa'), v.t. [p.l. & p.p. gain- said, p.pr. gainsaying], to contra- dict; speak against; oppose. gairish, same as garish. gait (gat), n. manner of walking; way or course. gaiter (gat'er), n. a covering of cloth for the ankle, fitting over the top of the boot' a shoe with a cloth top. gala (ga/la), n. a festive show; pomp. galactic (ga-lak'tik), adj. pertaining to the secretion or flow of milk; per- taining to the Milky Way. galactine (gal-ak'ten), n. a gelatin- ous body resembling peptone, con- tained in milk and blood. galanga (ga-lang'ga) , n. the name for various species of Alpinia, from the rootstocks of which an aromatic medicine, used in China, is obtained. galantine (gal-an-ten'), n. a dish com- posed of chickens, veal, or other white meat, boned, seasoned, tied up, boiled, truffled, and served cold in its own jelly. [French.] galatea (gal-a-te'a) , n. a cotton fabric with blue and white stripes. Galaxy (gal'aks-i), n. the Milky Way. galaxy, n. an assemblage of splendid persons or things. galbanum (gal'ba-num), n. an odor- ous and bitter gum resin used in medicine. gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less violent than a tempest; a quarrel; noisy merriment; bog myrtle. galeate (ga/le-at), adj. wearing, cov- ered with, or shaped like, a helmet. galena (ga-le'na), n. sulphide of lead. galiot (gal'i-ot), n. a heavily-built iwo-masted trading vessel. galipot (gai'i-pot), n. a white resinous juice which exudes from pine trees. gall (gawl), n. the bile; anything very bitter; malignant feeling; ran- cor; the gall-bladder; the morbid excrescence of plants caused by in- sects; gall-nut; a wound caused by friction; low-lying marshland wich rank vegetation: v.t. to break the skin of by friction; wear away; vex; fret; harass; impregnate with an infusion of gall-nuts: v.i. to fret: be vexed, &c. gallant (gal'ant), adj. brave; high- spirited; chivalrous: n. a person of sprightly and gay manners; a beau. gallant (gal-anf), adj. showing cour- tesy and respectful deference to women: n. a man who is attentive to women (used either in a good or bad sense): v.t. to pay court to; accompany or escort. gallantly (gal'ant-li) , adv. bravely (gal-ant'li) , politely. gallantry (gal'ant-ri) , n. [pi. gallant- ries (gal'ant-riz) ], bravery; heroic courage ; polite and deferential atten- tion to women; court paid to women for immoral purposes; intrigue. gallate (gal 'at), n. a salt of gallic acid. galiatin (gal'a-tin), n. coal tar oil used in the Bethell process for preserving timber. galleass (gal'e-as), n. a large low-built three-masted vessel propelled by sails and oars, and carrying twency or more guns. galleon (gal'e-on), n. a large Spanish three-decked vessel, formerly used as a warship, or as a merchantman for trading to South America. galleried (gal'er-id), adj. furnished w T ith galleries. gallery (gal'er-i), n. [pi. galleries (gal'er-iz)], a long apartment serving as a means of communication to others; corridor; the upper seats of a theater, church, assembly-room, &c; a building, or room, used for the exhibition of works of art, &c; a covered passage in a w T ork for de- fense, or for communication; a bal- cony at the stern of a large ship. galley (gal'i), n. [pi. galleys (gal'iz)], a low, flat, one-decked vessel pro- pelled by oars, and sometimes with sails, formerly rowed by slaves or convicts; an open boat used by British men-of-war, river police, and customs officers; the cook-house of a ship ; a flat, oblong frame for hold- ing composed type. Gallic (gal'ik), adj. pertaining to an- cient Gaul, or modern France. gallic •acid (as'id), n. an organic crystalline compound found in gall- nuts, tea, &e. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GALLICAN 362 GAMBOISED Galilean (gal'i-kan), adj. pertaining to Gaul, or France, or the Roman Caoholic Church in France. Gallicism (gal'i-sizm) , n. a French idiom. Gallicize (gal'i-siz), v.t. to conform to the French idiom. galling (gawl'ing), p. adj. chafing; irritating. gallinipper (gal'i-nip-er) , n. a large mosquito. gallipot (gal'i-pot), n. a small glazed earthenware jar. gallium (gal'i-um), n. a metallic ele- ment. gallivant (gal'i-vant), v.i. to flirt; idle or gad about with women. gallivat (gal'i-vat), # n. a large, two- masted, quick-sailing boat, used by Malay pirates. gallnut (gawl'nut), n. a round ex- crescence produced on the oak by the puncturing of the leaf -buds by an insect, the gall-beetle. The gall contains tannin, and is used in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, &c. gallon (gal'un), n. a liquid measure = 4 quarts: a dry measure = l-3th of a bushel. galloon (gal-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, or worsted fabric used for dress trim- mings; a. thin tape made of metal woven in silk, worsced, &c, used for uniforms. gallop (gal'up), n. the rapid forward springing movement of a horse; the act of riding at a gallop: v.i. to run with leaps, like a horse; ride a horse at a gallop; hasten. gallopade (gal-o-pad') , < n. a lively dance; music appropriate to it; a curvetting or sidelong gallop. galloper (gal'up-er), w. one who gallops. galloway (gal'o-wa), n. a small horse bred at Galloway m Scotland. gallows (garoz), n. a wooden struc- ture consisting of two uprights with a cross bar on the top; used for hang- ing criminals; execution by hanging. gallstone (gawl'ston), n. a concre- tion formed in the gall bladder or biliary duct. galoot (ga-loot') , n. a term in Ameri- can slang having various shades of meaning, as with the other words, "chap," " fellow," "cur," "cuss," "bloke," "buffer," &c, not neces- sarily denoting dislike but rather a lack of respect. galore (ga-lor'), adv. in great plenty. [Erse.] galosh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe of india-rubber. Also golosh. galvanic (gal T van'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to galvanism; voltaic; spasmodic. galvanic- psych ometer (gal-van 'ik- si-kom'e-ter) , n. an electrical device for detection of falsehood. galvanism (gal'van-izm) , n. that branch of electric science which treats of currents arising from the chemical action of certain bodies placed in contact, or an acid on a metal. Named from the Italian scientist, Luigi Galvani (1737-1798), the discoverer of universal elec- tricity. gal vano graph y (gal-va-nog'ra-fi) , n. a method of reproducing by the elec- trotype process copies of stone and metal objects, so as to resemble a copper-plate engraving. galvanometer (gal-va-nom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the presence, extent, and direction of an electric current. galvanometry (gal-va-nom'e-tri), n. the art, science, or process of measur- ing currents of electricity. galvanoscope (gal-van'os 7 kop) , n. an instrument for measuring delicate currents of electricity. gambler (gam'ber), n. a vegetable extract used medicinally as an as- tringent, and for tanning and dyeing. gambit (gam'bit), n. an opening in chess in which a pawn, or piece, is sacrificed to obtain a favorable posi- tion for the action of the more im- portant pieces. gamble (gam'bl), v.i. to practice gam- ing; play for money; risk money on an event or contingency: v.t. to squander in gaming (with away). gambler (gam'bler), n. one who gambles, ^specially one who gambles as a business. gamboge (gam-boj'), n. a yellow gum- resin obtained from Cambodia, used as a pigment, and as a drastic pur- gative. gamboised (gam'boizd), adj. quilted or padded. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. GAMBOL 363 GARDEN gambol (gam'bol), n. a dancing or skipping about for joy or sport; frolic: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gamboled, p.pr. gamboling], to skip about sportively; frolic. gambrel (gam'brel), n. the hock of a horse; a bent stick, resembling a horse's leg, used by butchers. gambrel-roof (gam-brel-roof ') , n. a curved roof. game (gam), n. a sport or diversion; fun; frolic; a single match at play; the advantage required in order to win; wild animals pursued and killed by shooting or hunting; any object of pursuit: pi. athletic con- tests: adj. . pertaining to game; ready; plucky: v.i. to play at any sport or diversion; play for a stake. game-cock (gam'kok), n. a cock bred and trained for fighting. game-fowl (gam'foul), n. one of a breed of fancy poultry, of a pugna-= cious disposition, kept for fighting. gamely (gam'li), adv. pluckily. gamesome (gam'sum), adj. merry; sportive. gamey (gam'i), adj. having the flavor of game. gamin (gam'in), n. a precocious street chijd; street Arab. gaming (gam/ing), n. the act of play- ing games for stakes; gambling. gammon (gam'un), v.t. to impose upon (a person by inducing him to believe improbable stories), hoax; to de- feat at the game of backgammon; cure by salting and smoking; attach or fix a bowsprit to a ship : n. a hoax; imposition; the buttock of a hog salt 3d and smoked: inter j. nonsense! gamut (gam'ut), n. the lines and spaces upon which musical notes are written or printed: hence entire range or extent. gander (gan'der), n. a male goose. gang (gang), n. persons associated for some purpose; a part of a ship's crew selected for special duty; a lode or course; a discreditable po- litical faction; the matrix in which an ore is imbedded. gangboard (gang'bord), n. a plank with pieces of wood fastened on it for going on board a vessel. ganger (ganger), n. the foreman of a gang of workmen, especially of nav- vies or platelayers. ganglion (gan'gli-on) , n. [pi. ganglia (gan'gli-a), ganglions (gan'gli-onz)], a healthy and natural enlargement in the course of a nerve; an encysted tumor on a tendon, a weeping sinew. ganglionic (gan-gli-on'ik), adj. per- taining to a ganglion. gangrene (gan'gren), n. the first state of mortification: v.t. to mortify: v.i. to become mortified. gangrenous (gan'gre-nus), adj. mor- tifying. gangster (gang'ster), n. a desperate character, one of a gang, especially used of the East Side of New York. gangway (gang'wa). n. a passage, way, or avenue, into or out of any inclosed space; that part of a ship's side, within or without, by which persons enter or depart; the part of a ves- sel on the spar deck, forming a pas- sage along each side, from the quar- ter deck to the forecastle; more properly termed the waist. gannet (gan'et), n. a species of sea- bird allied to the pelican, and weigh- ing about seven pounds. gantlet, same as gauntlet. gaol, same as jail. gap (gap), n. an opening; cleft; passage; hiatus; breach: v : t. [p.t. & p.p. gapped, p.pr. gapping], to make a gap in. gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, &c; yawn; open as a fissure or chasm: n. yawn; the opening be- tween the mandibles of birds: pi. a disease in poultry. garage (ga-razh'), n. a stable or sta- tion for automobiles; from the French garer to shelter or secure. garb (garb), n. sl dress; external form: v.t. to clothe. garbage (garb'aj), n. offal; refuse. garble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by sifting; select such parts of as are wanted or may serve some particu- lar purpose. garboard (gar'bord), n. the first plank fastened to the keel on the outside. garcon (gar-song'), n. a boy; waiter. [French.] garden (g'ir^dn), n. a piece of ground ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GARDENER 364 GASELIER set apart for the cultivation of flow- ers, fruit, vegetables, &c.; a place specially delightful or fertile: v.t. to cultivate as a garden: v.i. to lay out and cultivate a garden. gardener (gar'dn-er), n. one who tends a garden. gare (gar), n. coarse wool growing on the legs of sheep. garfish (gar'fish), n. a marine fish with a long body and spear-like snout. Gargantuan (gar-gan'tu-an) , adj. gluttonous ; monstrous ; derived from the hero of Rabelais' novel. > garget (gar'get), n. a disease in cattle. gargle (gar'gl), n. a medicinal liquid for washing the throat and mouth: v.i. to wash the throat and mouth with a gargle. gargoyle (gar'goil), n. in Gothic architecture, a projecting stone waterspout, often in the form of a grotesquely-shaped man or animal. [Old French.] # garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di) , n. a loose blouse-shaped - shirt, usually red, named after the Italian adventurer, Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882). garish (gar'ish), adj. gaudy; dazzling. garland (gar'land), n. a chaplet or wreath made of flowers, &c, a col- lection of choice extracts, of prose or poetry; a netted provision-bag used by sailors; in heraldry, a wreath of laurel, or oak-leaves and acorns: v.t. to deck or adorn with a garland. garlic (gar'lik), n. a bulbous-rooted plant of the lily family, with a strong pungent taste and smell that is unpleasant to many. garment (gar'ment), n. any article of clothing: pi. clothing collectively. garner (gar'ner), n. a granary: v.t. to store for preservation in, or as in, a granary; gather up. garnet (gar'net), n. a precious stone. garnish (gar'nish), v.t. to adorn; em- bellish with something laid round a dish: n. an ornament or decoration; something laid round a dish as an embellishment. g garnishee (gar-nish-e') , n. the person in whose hands the property of an- other is attached pending the satis- faction of the claims of a third party. garnishment (gar'nish-ment), n an embellishment; a warning or sum- mons; especially a notice to a party not to pay money, &c, to a de- fendant, but to appear in court. garniture (gar'ni-tur) , n. embellish- ment. garpike (gar'plk), n. the garfish. garret (gar'et), n. the uppermost room of a house. garrison (gar'i-sn), n. a body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified place; a fortified place with troops, guns, &c: v.t. to furnish (a fortified place) with troops. garrot (gar'ot), n. a kind of tourniquet ; a sea-duck. garrote (gar-rot'), n. an instrument for strangling a criminal: used in Spain; strangulation: v.t. to exe- cute with a garrote or by stran- gling; seize by the throat so as to render a person helpless and then to rob him. garroter (gar-rot'er), n. one who is guilty of the crime of garroting. garrulity (gar-roo'li-ti), n. incessant and inconsequent loquacity. garrulous (gar'u-lus), adj. character- ized by garrulity; verbose. garter (gar'ter), n. an elastic band, &c, by which a stocking is held up on the leg; the distinctive badge of the Order of the Garter, the highest order of British knighthood (insti- tuted about 1348 by Edward III.) : v.t. to bind or fasten with a garter; invest with the Order of the Garter. garter-fish (gar'ter-fish), n. a long thin-bodied fish. garter- snake (gar'ter-snak), n. an innocuous yellow striped snake, common in America. garth (garth), n. a fish-weir. gas (gas),n. [pi. gases (gas'ez)], mat- ter in its most rarefied state: op- posed to fluid, and solid; carburet- ted hydrogen used for lighting and cooking; empty talk: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gassed, p.pr. gassing], to im- pose upon by empty talk: v.i. to boast or indulge in empty talk. gasconade (gas-kun-ad'), n. boastful or blustering talk: v.u to bluster; boast. gaselier (gas'e-ler), n. a gas-burning chandelier. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GASEOUS 365 GAUGER gaseous (gas'e-us), adj. having the na- ture or form of gas. gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping wound: v.t. to cut deep. gasify (gas'i-fi), v.L {p.t. & p.p. gas- ified, p.pr. gasifying], to convert into gas. gasket (gas'ket), n. a flat plaited cord by which the sails are furled or tied to the yard; hemp, &c, used for packing the piston of a steam-engine, &c; a thin round piece of rubber, metal, &c, placed between two flat surfaces to make a water-tight joint. gasogene (gas'o-jen), n. an apparatus for making aerated beverages. gasolier, another form of gaselier. m gasoline (gas'o-len), n. a volatile in- flammable colorless product of pe- troleum: used for heating purposes, &c. gasometer (gas-om'e-ter) , n. a circu- lar hollow reservoir for storing gas, open at the bottom and closed at the top; an apparatus for measuring gases. gasometry (gas-om'e-tri), n. the science or process of measuring gas. gasoscope (gas'o-skop) , n. an instru- ment for detecting the presence of inflammable gas. gasp (gasp), n. a convulsed pain- ful effort to catch the breath: v.i. to catch the breath with difficulty; crave earnestly: v.t. to breathe out in gasps (with away). gasping (gasp'ing), n. convulsive or difficult breathing. gassing (gas'ing), n. pretentious talk. gassy (gas'i) ,adj. impregnated with gas ; given to pretentious talk; inflated. gastero, a Greek prefix, meaning the stomach: found in various compound scientific words, as gasteropod. Also gastro. Gasteropoda (gas-ter-op'o-da), n.pl. a division of univalve mollusks, which move by means of a broad muscular foot under the belly, in- cluding the snails and slugs. Also gastropod. gasteropodous (gas-ter-op'o-dus), adj. pertaining to the gasteropoda. gastralgia (gas-tral'ji-a), n. neuralgia of the stomach; stomachache. gastric (gas'trik), adj. pertaining to the stomach. [Greek.] gastric juice (jus), n. a thin acid fluid secreted in the mucous membrane of the stomach; the chief agent in digestion. gastritis (gas-tri'tis) n. inflammation of the stomach. gastro- cephalitis (gas-tro-sef-a-ll'tis) , n. inflammation of the stomach and brain. gastro- enteritis (gas-tro-en-te-rl'tis) , n. inflammation of the stomach and intestines. gastronomic (gas-tro-nom'ik) , adj. pertaining to gastronomy. Also g as- tronomical. gastr onomically (gas-tro-nom 'i-ka- li), adv. in a gastronomic manner. gastronomist (gas-tron'o-mist) , n. an epicure. gastronomy (gas-tron'o-mi) , n. the art of good eating, or the prepara- tion of food. gatch (_gach), n. plaster. gate (gat), n. a frame of wood, iron, &c, closing an entrance or passage, usually moving on hinges; a large entrance to a city, castle, &c; an avenue; entrance; power. gather (ga£/i'er), v.t. to assemble; collect; bring into one' place; pick up; glean; pluck; accumulate; puck- er or plait; infer: v.i. to congregate ; generate pus; increase; ripen: n. a plait or pucker in cloth, made by drawing thread through the folds. gathering (ga^/i'er-ing), n. the act of assembling together; an assemblage; a charitable contribution; an ab- scess or suppurating tumor. gatling gun (gat'ling gun), n. a cannon with numerous small barrels, which are discharged in succession by turning a handle. Named from Dr. R. J. Gatling, of Indiana, who invented it in 1861. gaud (gawd), n. finery ; ornament. gaudily (gaw'di-li), adv. in a gaudy manner. gaudiness (gaw'di-nes) , n. the quality of being gaudy. gaudy (gaw'di), adj. [comp. gaudier, superl. gaudiest], showy; vulgarly gay or fine. gauge (gaj^, same as gage. gauger (gaj'er), n. one who gauges; an officer of excise who ascertains the contents of casks. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^en. GAUGING 366 GEMEL-WINDOW gauging (gaj'ing), n. the art or science of measuring the contents of ves- sels of capacity. Gaul (gawl), n. an inhabitant of an- cient Gaul or France. gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and lean. gauntlet (gant'let), n. a military or naval punishment, formerly prac- ticed, by which the culprit was compelled to run between two lines of soldiers or sailors, who chastised him with rods, ropes, &c; a series of unpleasant events; "running the gauntlet" was a common torture among the American Indians; a mailed glove, or one with a long wrist-extension. Also gantlet. gauntleted* (gant'let-ed), adj. wear- ing a gauntlet. gaur (gawr), n. a large, fierce, dark- colored ox found in Indian jungles; Bengal bison. Gautama (gou-ta-ma/) , n. a Vedic tribe or race from which Buddha de- scended. The name is also given to Buddha himself. See Buddha. gauze (gawz), n. a very thin light transparent silk or cotton fabric; light open-work material, as wire gauze. gauzy (gaw'zi), adj. thin and semi- transparent, like gauze. gave (gav), p.t. of give. gavel (gav'el), n. a small mallet; a small unbound sheaf; toll or cus- tom: v.t_. to bind into sheaves. gavial (ga'vi-al), n. a crocodile with a long slender snout. gavot or gavotte (ga-vof), n. a lively, but dignified, dance of the minuet class; a dance-tune in common time. [French.] gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton. gawkiness (gaw'ki-nes), n. the state of being gawky. gawky (gaw'ki), adj. awkward; un- gainly: n. a tall awkward person. gay(ga), adj. lively; merry; full of spirits; cheerful; Sportive; given to pleasure; licentious. [French.] gayety (ga/e-ti), n. [pi. gayeties (ga'e- tiz], the state or quality of being gay; merriment; pleasure. gayly (ga/li), adv. merrily; finely. gaze (gaz), v.i, to look earnestly and fixedly: n. a steady, fixed look. gazelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, elegant, swift-footed antelope, with large, soft, black eyes. [Arabic] gazette (ga-zef), n. English govern- ment bi-weekly newspaper contain- ing official announcements; news- paper: v.t. to publish in a gazette. gazetteer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a diction- ary of geographical names. gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap- paratus; tackle; harness; dress; the moving parts of machinery: v.t. to put gearon; harness; dress. gearing (ger'ing) , n. a train of toothed wheels for transmitting motion; ropes and tackle. gear-wheel(ger'hwel), n. a cog-wheel. gecko (gek'o) , n. the wall-liaard. gee (je), v.i. to turn to the off side (common to cattle or horses) ; to move ; stir. See haw. geese (ges), vl. of goose. gelatin (jel a-tin),' n. a transparent nitrogenous animal substance found in bones, hoofs, connective tissue, etc., from which it is extracted by boiling, etc.; animal jelly. Also gel- atine. gelatinate (jel-at'i-nat), v.t. to con- vert into gelatin or a jelly-like sub- stance: v.i. to be converted into gel- atin. Also gelatinize. gelatinous (jel-at'i-nus), adj. consist- ing of or resembling gelatin. gelatin process (pro'ses,) n.a method of photo-engraving by taking a neg- ative on a gelatin film impregnated with a bichromate. gelation (je-la'shun), n. solidification. geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: said of horses; deprive of any essential part. gelding (gel'ding), n. castration; a young horse which has been cas- trated. gelid (jel'id), adj. intensely cold; icy. gelidity (jel-id'i-ti),~ n. intense cold; iciness. gelose (jel'os), n. a vegetable gum- my isinglass prepared from seaweed and Chinese moss. gem (jem), n. a precious stone; leaf- bud; any perfect or rare, object; jewel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gemmed, p.pr. gemming], to adorn with, or as with, gems. gemel- window ( j em-el- win'do), n. a window with two bays. ate, 'arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GEMINATE 367 GENET geminate (jem'i-nat), adj. growing or occurring in pairs. gemination (jem-i-na'shun), n. dupli- cation. Gemini (jem'i-nl), n.pl. one of the signs in the zodiac (Castor and Pollux) ; the Twins. gemmule (jem'ul), n. a small bud; an ovule; a kind of cell produced by certain molds. gemmy (jem'i), adj. full of, set with, or resembling, a gem; spruce. gemot (ge-mot'), n. an assembly; the court of the hundred, or local court, among the Anglo-Saxons. gemsbok (gemz'bok), n. the South African antelope. [Dutch.] genappe (je-nap'), n. a smooth worsted yarn, used for fringes, &c. gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. [pi. gen- darmes], in France and Belgium, an armed policeman. gendarmerie (zhang-darm'e-re) , n. gendarmes collectively. gender (jen'der), n. the grammatical distinction of sex, expressed by suf- fixes, prefixes, or by a different word : v.t. to produce: and engender. genealogical (je-ne- or jen-e-a-loj'i- kal), adj. pertaining to genealogy; exhibiting descent. genealogist (jen-e-al'o-jist), n. one skilled in tracing pedigrees or genealogy. genealogize (jen-e-al'o-jlz), v.i. to trace family lineage. genealogy (jen-e-al'o-ji), n. [j)l. gene- alogies (jen-e-al'o-jiz)], family pedi- gree ; lineage ; the science that treats of tracing pedigrees. genera, pi. of genus. general (jen'er-al), adj. relating to a whole genus, kind, class, order, or race ; not special or particular ; pertaining to the majority; not re- stricted; usual; ordinary; common; extensive but not universal; indefi- nite; taken as a whole; senior or highest, as Postmaster-General: n. the whole; the chief part; a general principle or statement; the popu- lace; the commander of an army di- vision or brigade; the highest title in the army of the United States ; the chief of a religious order; the roll of a drum to summon troops [usually generate]. [Latin.] generalissimo (jen-er-al-is'i-mo), fu a commander-in-chief. [Italian.] generality (jen-er-al'i-ti), n. [pi. gen* eralities (jen-er-al'i-tiz)], the state of being general: opposed to specific; bulk; majority. generalization (jen-er-al-i-za'shun) 9 n. the act- or result of generalizing; aB induction. generalize (jen'er-al-iz), v.t. to reduce to, or arrange in, a genus or genera; infer inductively, as a general prin ciple from particular instances. generally (jen'er-a-li) , adv. commonly \ in the main ; without exact limi- tation. generalship (jen'er-al-ship), n. the office, rank, or military skill of a general; skilful tactics or leadership, generate (jen'er-at), v.t. to produce; procreate; originate; trace out or form by motion. generation (jen-er-a'shun), n. the act or process of generating; a single succession in natural descent ; people of the same period; progeny. generative (jen'er-a-tiv) adj. pertain- ing to generation; having the power to generate. generator (jen'er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, generates ; a machine in which steam or gas is produced; the principal sound or sounds by which other musical sounds are pro- duced. generic (je-ner'ik), adj. pertaining to a genus, kind, or class: opposed to specific; comprehensive. Also generical. generically (je-ner'i-ka-li), adv. with respect to a genus or generic charac- teristics. generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. [pi. gen- erosities (jen-er-os'i-tiz)], the qual- ity of being generous; liberality; magnanimity; munificence. generous (jen'er-us), adj. character- ized by liberality; munificent; boun- tiful ; high-minded ; honorable ; strong ; stimulating. genesis (jen'e-sis), n. the act or process of producing or originating; begin- ning. genet (jen-et'), n. an animal allied to the civet, valued for its fur; the fu? of a cat made in imitation of genet s Also genette. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book., hue, hut ; think, then. GENET 368 GEOGRAPHER genet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish horse. Also jennet. genetic (je-net'ik), adj. pertaining to or based on genesis. genial (je'ni-al), adj. kindly and sym- pathetic in disposition; cordial; con- tributing to cheerfulness and life; agreeably warm and cheerful. geniality (jeVui-al'i-ti), n. the quality of being genial; cheerfulness. geniculate (je-nik'u-lat), adj. having knee-like joints. genie, (je'ne), same as jinn. [Arabic] genii, pi. of genius. genital (jen'i-tal), adj. pertaining to generation. genitival (jen-i-te'val), adj. pertain- ing to the genitive case. genitive (jen'i-tiv), n. a grammatical case, indicating origin, possession, or relation. [Latin.] genius (jen'ius), n. innate bent of mind or disposition; remarkable aptitude or natural endowment for some special pursuit, &c; character or essential principle; embodiment; a person possessed of high mental powers or faculties [pi. geniuses (jen / ius-ez)],agoodorevil spirit sup- posed to preside over the destinies of men [pi. genii (jen'e-e)]. genoblast (jen'o-blast) , n. the nu- cleus of an impregnated ovum. m Genoese (jen-o-ez'), adj. pertaining to Genoa, or to its inhabitants. Also Genovese. genre (zhang'r), n. a style of paint- ing or sculpture representing some scene of common life. gens (jenz), n. [pi. gentes (jen'tez)], among the ancient Romans, a clan, house, or subdivision of a curia. genteel (jen-tel'), adj. graceful or ele- gant in manners or dress; polite; well bred. gentian (jen'shian), n. a bitter herb with tonic roots. Gentile (jen'til), adj. belonging to a non- Jewish people: n. one who is not a Jew. gentility (jen-til'i-ti), n. [pi. gentilities (jen-tiri-tiz)], high or gentle birth; good breeding; social status and re- finement. [Latin-French.] gentle (jen'tl), adj. mild and refined in manner and disposition; kindly; moderate in action; peaceful; docile; easy; well born or descended: n. the larva of the flesh-fly; a trained fal- con. gentle-folk (jen'tl-folk) , n.pl persona of good birth and breeding. gentleman (jen'tl-man), n. [pi. gentle- men (jen'tl-men)], one wlio is en- titled to bear a coat of arms; a well- bred and honorable man; a person of independent income; a term of politeness, used in addressing an as- sembly. gentlewoman (jen'tl-woom'an), n. [pi. gentlewomen (jen'tl-wim'en)], a woman of good birth and breeding; a lady. gently (jen'tli), adv. in a gentle man- ner. gentry (jen'tri), n. the upper class of society. [French.] genuflection (jen-u-flek'shun), n. bending of the knee, especially Ui worship. Also genuflexion. genuine (jen'u-in), adj. real; linaduV terated; belonging to, or derived from, the original or true stock; not hypocritical; open. genus (je'nus), n. [pi. genera (jen'- er-a)], that which has under it sev- eral species or sub-genera, having certain common characteristics; in logic, a class made up of two or more species or subordinate classes. geo, a prefix, meaning earth, forming the first element of many scientific words, as greobotanical, pertaining to geographical botany. [Greek.] geocentric (je-o-sen'trik) , adj. per- taining to the center of the earth; having the earth as the center; viewed from the earth as a center. geode (je'od), n. a rounded nodule of stone, usually hollow and lined with crystals. geodesy (je-od'e-si),*n. the science of measuring large portions of the earth's surface; the determination of the earth's figure and size. geodetic ( je-o-det'ik) , adj. pertaining to, determined by, or carried out by, geodesy. Also geodetical. geodetically (je-o-det'i-ka-li), adv. by geodesy. geodetic line (lin), n. the shortest line between any two points on the earth's surface. geographer (je-og'ra-fer), n. one who ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GEOGRAPHICAL 369 GESTICULATOR is versed in, or a writer on, geog- raphy . geographical (je-o-graf'i-kal), adj. pertaining to geography. geographically (je-o-graf'i-ka-li), adv. with reference to geography. geography (je-o 'ra-fi), n. [pi. geog- raphies (je-og'ra-fiz)J, the science that describes the surface of the earth, and its division into conti- nents, kingdoms, &c. [Greek.] geological (je-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to geology. geologically (je-o-loj'i-ka-li), adv. ac- cording to_geology. geologist (je-ol'o-jist), n. one versed in geology. geology (je-ol'o-ji), n. the science that investigates the structure of the earth, the successive physical changes it has undergone, and the causes which have operated in pro- ducing such alterations in the crust of the globe. [Greek.] geometer (je-om'e-ter), n. a geometri- cian. geometric (je-o-met'rik), adj. pertain- ing to geometry. Also geometri- cal. geometrician (je-om-e-trish'an), n. one who is skilled in geometry. geometry (je-om'e-tri), n. that branch of mathematics that treats of the measurements of lines, angles, sur- faces, and solids^ [Greek.] geophagism (je-of'a-jizm), n. the habit of earth - eating, common among some Indian and negro tribes, and in South Australia. [Greti:.] georgic (jor'jik), adj. pertaining to husbandry or rural: n. a poem on agriculture. [Greek.] geotropism (je-ot'ro-pizm) , n. a ten- dency in the roots of certain plants to turn in the direction of the earth. geranium (je-ra/ni-um) , n. a plant of various species, cultivated for its handsome scarlet or white flowers. germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary form of an organism; origin; first prin- ciple. [French.] German (jer'man), adj. pertaining to Germany, its inhabitants, or lan- guage [Celtic-Latin] ; of the same stock or parentage; germane. germander (jer-man'der), n. a wild plant of the mint family with a blue flower, used sometimes as a substi- tute for hops. germane (jer-man'), adj. related; akin; relevant; appropriate. Germanic (jer-man'ik), adj. pertain- ing to Germany; Teutonic. Germanism (jer'man-izm), n. a Ger- man idiom, custom, or character- istic; love of German institutions. germanium (jer-ma/ni-um), n. one of the metallic elements. Germanize (jer'man-Iz), v.t. to make German, in language, customs, &c. German- millet (jer'man-mil'et), n. an edible grain obtained from a grass. German-silver (jer'man-sil'ver), n. a white alloy of zinc, nickel, and copper. German-text (jeVman-tekst'), n. a black letter type similar to Old English and modern German. germicide (jer'mi-sld) , n. a sub- stance used to destroy disease germs. [Latin.] germinal (jeVmi-nal), adj. pertaining to a germ or seed-bud. Germinal (zher-mi-nar), n. a month in the French Revolutionary Calen- dar; March 21st to Arpil 19th. germinant (jer'mi-nant), adj. sprout- ing; gradually developing. germinate (jer'mi-nat), v.i. to sprout or bud; begin to develop into a higher form. germination (jer-mi-na/shun), n. the first act of growth in a seed, bud, or germ. germule (jer'mul), n. a small or in- cipient germ. gerrymander (ger'i-man-der) , v.t. to divide, as a state, voting district, &c, so as to give an unfair advan- tage to a particular political party; misrepresent. [American political slang.] gerund (jer'und), n. the verbal noun in Latin. gerundive (je-run'div), n. the verbal adjective in Latin. gestation (jes-ta/shun), n. pregnancy. gestatory (jes'ta-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to gestation. gesticulate (jes-tik'u-lat), v.i. to make gestures or motions, as in speaking or attracting attention. gesticulator (jes-tik'u-la-ter), n. one who gesticulates. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 34 hue, hut ; think, then. GESTURE 370 GILD gesture (jes'tur), n. a movement of giantism (ji'ant-izm), n. that period the face, body, or limbs, to express of the world's history when men were ideas, emotions, &c. supposed to have been giants; a get (get), v.t. [p.t. got, p.p. got, got- rare disease due to dropsical condi- ten, p.pr. getting], to obtain; pro- tions, whereby children grow to cure; win; gain; acquire; deserve; unusual height. meet with; realize; learn; pro- giaour (zhoor) , n. the term applied create; prevail upon; to depart by Mohammedans to unbelievers, [with qbj. as "get thee hence"]: v.i. especially Christians. [Turkish.] to arrive at; become; find time, op- gibber (jib'er), v.i. to speak inco- portunity, &c; depart quickly. herently. getter (get'er), n. one who gets or ac- gibberish (jib'er-ish), n. rapid inco- quires. herent talk: adj. incoherent. getting (get 'ing) n. acquisition; profit, gibbet (jib'et), n. a gallows: v.t. to get-up (get'up), n. style, as of dress, hang on a gibbet; expose to public &c. scorn or ridicule. gewgaw (gu'gaw), n. a showy trifle, gibbon (gib'un), n. a long armed geyser (gi'ser), n. an intermittent anthropoid ape of Southern Asia, not or boiling spring from which gibbosity (gib-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. gibbos- water or mud is ejected. Also gey- ities (gib-os'i-tiz)], a round or swell- sir, ing prominence. ghastliness (gast'li-nes) , n. the gibbous (gib'us), adj. protuberant; ir- quality or state of being ghastly. regularly rounded; between full and ghastly (gast'li), adj. death-like; pale; half -full: said of the moon; hump- haggard; cadaverous; horrible. backed. [Latin.] ghaut (gawt), n. in India, a moun- gibe (jib), n. a scoff; taunt; sneering tain pass; chain of mountains; a or sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer flight of steps to a river, or to a at; taunt: v.i. to use gibes; cast re- temple where persons are burned proaches; sneer; scoff, after death ("burning ghaut"); ap- giblet (jib 'let), n. one of the edible proach; a wharf. Also ghat. internal parts of a fowl, goose, &c„ gherkin (ger'kin), n. a small cucum- gid (gid), n. a disease in sheep. ber used for pickling. [Danish.] giddiness (gid'i-nes), n. the state of Ghetto (get'q), n. [pi. ghettos (get'- being giddy. oz), ghetti (get'i)], the Jews' giddy (gid'i), adj. [comp. giddier, quarter. [Italian.] super] . giddiest], having a confused ghi or ghee (ge), n. butter clarified un- whirling sensation in the head; friv- til it becomes a liquid. [Hindu.] olous; fickle. ghittern (git'tern). See gittern. gift (gift), n. something given or be- ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a de- stowed; present; donation; offering; ceased person; apparition; the soul; benefaction; natural talent, breath of life; shadow; remotest gifted (gift'ed), adj. talented, likelihood; a false image due to gig (gig), n. a two-wheeled open some defect in a lens. chaise drawn by one horse; a rotary ghostly (gost 'li), adj. pertaining to the machine for raising nap on cloth; soul; spiritual; supernatural. a long ship's boat, rowed by alter- ghoul (gool), n. a supposed demon nate oars, and usually reserved for who robs graves and feeds on the the commanding officer ; a racing flesh of the dead. [Arabic] boat; a whirligig; a fish-gig: v.u giant (ji'ant), n. a man of extraor- [p.t. & y.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], dinary bulk or stature; one pos- to fish with a fish-gig. sessed of great physical or intellec- gigantic ( ji-gan'tik) , adj. huge; co- tual power; one of a race of mon- lossal. strous size who, acc@rding to classic giggle (gig'l). #•*-. to laugh in a nerv- mythology, assailed the gods: adj. ous, foolish, tittering manner: n. like a giant; huge: fern, giantess (ji'- a nervous, silly laugh, ant-es). gild (gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gilded, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GILDING 371 GIRDLE gilt, p.pr. gilding], to overlay or wash with gold; give a fair external appearance to; illuminate: n. an- other form of guild. gilding (gild'ing), n. the art or process of overlaying or covering with gold; gold-leaf, powder, &c, applied to a surface; a superficial covering de- signed to give a fair external ap- pearance. gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ of aquatic animals, especially fishes; the wattle of a fowl; a deep, nar- row glen through which a rivulet flows: pi. the thin spore-bearing lamellae, or plates, under a cap of certain fungi, as a mushroom. gill (jil), n. l-4th of a pint; ground- ivy; a wanton girl; sweetheart. gilling (gil'ing), n. & salmon of the second year. gillyflower (jil'i-flou-er), n. one of various plants of the mustard fam- ily, as the wall-flower, stock, &c. gilt (gilt), adj. covered with, or yel- low like, gold: n. gilding. gimbal (jim'bal), n. one of two brass rings moving within each other at right angles: used for suspending a mariner's compass, chronometer, &c. gimcrack (jim'krak), adj. showy, but of no value; trumpery: n. a pretty, useless thing; toy. gimlet (gimlet), n. a small boring- tool with a pointed screw at the end: v.t. to make a hole in with a gimlet. gimp (gimp), n. kind of interlaced silk twist or trimming interwoven with wire or cord; used for furni- ture, dresses, &c. : v.t. to border with gimp. gin (jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic liquid flavored with juniper berries; a trap or snare; a machine for clear- ing cotton fibers from the seeds; a portable hoisting-machine; a pile- driving machine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ginned, p.pr. ginning], to catch in a trap; clear cotton. ginger (jin'jer), n. the scraped and dried root of a pungent aromatic East & West Indian plant. [French.] gingerade (jin-jer-ad'), ?i. t an aerated beverage flavored with ginger. Also ginger-ale. ginger-beer (jin-jer-ber'), n. an ef- fervescent beverage made from ginger, yeast, cream of tartar, and sugar. gingerbread (jin'.ier-bred), n. sl dark colored cake made of flour, ginger, molasses, sugar, &c. gingerly (jin'jer-li), adv. cautiously; daintily. gingerol (jin'jer-ol), n. the active principle of ginger. gingham (ging'am), n. a cotton dress-cloth dyed in the yarn before weaving ; an umbrella. gingival (jin-ji'val), adj. pertaining to the gums. _ gingko (ging'ko), n. a Japanese tree with handsome foliage; the maiden- hair tree. [Japanese.] gin-mill (jin'mil), a bar-room. [Amer- ican slang.] gin-palace (jin'pal-as), a brilliantly lighted drinking place. [English slang.] ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb with an aromatic root, much valued in China as a tonic. [Chinese.] m m . Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies (jir/siz)], one of a wandering, dark-skinned, and dark-eyed race, of Eastern, prob- ably Hindu, origin; the language of the Gipsies (Romany) ; a person of dark complexion; a hoydenish girl: y.i. [p.t. & p.p. gipsied, p.pr. gipsy- ing], to picnic or camp out. in the woods. Also Gypsy. giraffe (ji-raf), n. the camelopard. girandole (jir'an-dol), n. a branch- ing chandelier; a kind of rotating firework. [French.] girasol (jir'a-sol), n. a variety of opal; the fire-opal. Also girasole. girba (gir'ba), n. a stiff leather water vessel, used in Africa. gird (gerd), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. girded, girt, p.pr. girding], to surround with a flexible substance; bind; encircle; gibe; taunt. girder (gerd'er), n. the main beam in a floor. girdle (ger'dl), n._ a belt or zone for the waist; anything that encompass- es like a girdle; a circular band round the shaft of a column: v.t. to bind with, or as with, a girdle; en- close; to make a cut round the bark of the trunk of a tree and so kill it. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GIRL 372 GLASS girl (gerl), n. a female child; young unmarried woman. girt (gert), p.t. of gird: p.adj. moored so taut by two cables as not to swing to the wind or tide. girth (gerth), n. the band by which the saddle is kept secured on a horse; the circumference of a tree, animal, &c ; anything that binds or encircles. gist (jist), n. the substance of a mat- ter; main point; object. gittern (git 'era), n. a cithern, but also called ghittern. give (giv), v.t. [p.t. gave, p.p. given, p.pr. giving], to bestow; confer without price or reward; grant; yield; deliver; supply; enable; emit: v.i. to give gifts; yield to pressure; grow moist: n. elasticity. gizzard (giz'ard), n. the muscular part of the intestinal canal in cer- tain birds. glabrous (gla/brus), adj. bald; smooth. [Latin.] glace (gla-sa/) , adj. iced or cooled : n. a thin shiny silk. [French.] glacial (gla/shi-al) , adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or caused by, ice. glaciate (gla/shi-at) , v.t. to cover over with, or as with, ice. glacier (gla'shi-er), n. avast accumula- tion of ice and snow found in the valleys and ravines of lofty moun- tains which moves slowly down the slopes till it melts or breaks off into icebergs. [French.] glacis (gla/sis), n. a sloping bank of earth directly in front of a fortifica- tion and designed for its defense; a protective slope on an ironclad to throw off hostile shot. [French.] glacure (gla/sur), n. sl thin glaze on tKe finer sorts of pottery. glad (glad), adj. [comp. gladder, su- perl. gladdest], in a state of hilarity; joyous; gay; pleased; cheerful; satis- fied. gladden (glad'n), v.t. to make glad: v.i. to rejoice. glade (glad), n. an open space or passage in a wood or forest; an open space surrounded by ice. gladiate (glad'i-at), adj. sword- shaped. gladiator (glad'i : a-ter) , n. in ancient Rome a professional swordsman who fought in the arena with other men or animals; a combatant. [Latin.] gladiatorial (glad-i-a-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to gladiators or their combats. gladiolus (gla-di'o-lus), n. the sword- lily. gladsome (glad'sum), adj. joyous; gay; pleased; cheerful. Gladstone (glad'ston or 'stun), n. a four-wheeled two-seated pleasure- carriage ; a long narrow traveling bag with a wide mouth. glair (glar), n. the white of egg, used as size or varnish; any sticky or glairy matter. glairy (glar'i), adj. consisting of glair. glaive, same as glave. glamour (glam'er), n. sl charm on the eyes causing them to see things differently from what they are in reality; fascination; witchery: v.t. to fascinate. Also glamor. glance (glans), n. a sudden shoot rf light ; quick passing look of the eyo ; a quick momentary view; a lustrous ore: v.i. to shoot a sudden ray; view with a quick movement of the eye: v.t. to shoot or dart suddenly or ob- liquely; allude to in passing. gland (gland), n. a bodily organ by which secretion is carried on : small secreting organ for sap in plants; an acorn; a name for various me- chanical contrivances. [Latin.] glanders (gland'erz), n.pl. a conta- gious disease in horses, in which mucus is discharged profusely from the nostrils. glandular (gland 'u-lar) , adj. pertain- ing to, resembling, or having glands; covered with hairs tipped with glands: said of a plant. glandule (gland'ul), n. a small gland. glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling light; overpowering luster; a fierce piercing look: v.i. to shine with a dazzling overpowering light; look with fierce piercing eyes; be exces- sively gaudy in dress or ornamt cita- tion : adj. having a smooth slippery surface, as ice. glaring (glaring), p.adj. emitting or reflecting a dazzling light ; gaudy. glass (glas), n. a hard, brittle, trans- parent substance formed of silica and certain metallic oxides; an in- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GLASSWORT 373 GLIZADE strument or vessel made of glass; a drinking glass, or the quantity contained in it; a mirror; lens; a telescope, or barometer: adj. per- taining to, or made of, glass; vitre- ous: v.t. to mirror, or reflect in a ' mirror; glaze. grlasswort (glas'wert), n. a plant from which a soda is obtained; used in glass-making. glassy (glas'i), adj. resembling glass. o;lauberite (glaw'ber-It), n. a min- eral formed of sulphate of lime, and sulphate of soda. iflauber's-salt (glaw'berz-sawlt), n. sulphate of soda, used medicinally as a strong purgative. Named from Dr. J. R. Glauber, a German phy- sician (1604-1663). glaucoma (glou-ko'ma), n. a disease of the eye which first affects the aqueous humor, thus intensifying the pressure on the globe, increases far-sightedness, dimness of vision and at last, blindness. [Greek.] glaucous ^ (glaw'kus), adj. sea-green; green with a bluish-grey tinge; cov- ered with bloom of a bluish-white color. [Greek.] glave (glav), n. a cutting weapon fixed to a pole, somewhat resembling a halberd, formerly used by foot sol- diers. Also glaive. glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with glass; overlay with a transparent substance resembling glass: v.i. to become glassy or glazed: n. the vitreous or glassy coating on potter's ware. glazier (gla/zher), n. one whose busi- ness is to set glass in windows, &c. glazing (gla'zing) , n. a glaze; the operation of setting g ass, or apply- ing a glaze; window-panes; glass; semi-transparent colors passed thinly over other colors to tone down their effect. gleam (glem), n. a stream or shoot of light; brightness: v.i. to emit brightness; shoot, or dart, as rays of light. glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as grain that the reapers have left; collect little by little, or piece by piece; infer: v.i. to gather gleanings: n. a collection made by gleaning; a col- lection, as of herrings. gleaning (glen'ing) , n. the act # of collecting after reapers ; that which is collected laboriously from various sources. glebe (gleb), n. land belonging to a parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- fice; in mining, a plot of land con- taining_ore. glede (gled), n. the kite. glee (gle), n. gaiety; mirth; exhila- ration; a musical composition for voices in_ harmony. gleeful (gle'fool), adj. merry, joyous. gleet (glet), a thin mucous discharge resulting from gonorrheal disease. glen (glen), n. a narrow valley; a secluded hollow between hills. glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: n. the tongue; smooth talk. glide (gild), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. glided, p.pr. gliding], flow or move along smoothly and noiselessly; to slur [Music]: n. the act of gliding; a gliding movement; a slur. [Music] gliff (glif), n. a glimpse; brief inter- val; sudden fear. [Scotch.] glim _ (glim) , n. a light or candle. [Thieves' slang.] glimmer (glim'er), v.i. to shine faintly and intermittently: n. a faint inter- mittent light; sheen. glimpse (glimps), n. a weak, faint light; transient view; slight trace: v.t. to catch a glimpse of: v.i. to glance; appear for the moment. glin (glin), n. a haze on the horizon at sea, indicative of a storm. glint (glint), n. a flash; a gleam. glioma (gll-o'ma), n. a tumor m of rapid growth on the brain, spinal cord, or auditory nerve. [Greek.] glissade (gli-sad'). n. the^act of slid- ing down a glacier; a glide in danc- ing \v.i. to slide, especially down a glacier. glissando (gli-san'do) , n. in pianoforte playing, a run by sliding the fingers over the keys; in violin-playing, a quick slur. [Italian.] glisten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkle with light; shine: n. a glitter. glitter (glit'er), v.i. to sparkle with light; gleam; be showy, attractive, or specious: n. brilliancy; specious luster. glizade (gli-zad'), n. a sliding move- ment of the foil in fencing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GLOAM 374 GLOSSOGRAPH gloam (glom), v.i. to begin to grow dark, like twilight; exhibit sullen- ness or gloom. gloaming (glom'ing), n. twilight: adj. pertaining to twilight. gloat (glot), v.i. to stare or gaze ear- nestly or with admiration, often in a bad sense with feelings of lust and cruelty. global (glo'bal), adj. pertaining to a globe; world-wide. globate (glo'bafc), adj. globe-shaped. globe (glob), n. a spherical body; ball; the terraqueous earth [with the]; a sphere on which are repre- sented the divisions of the earth, &c. (terrestrial globe), or the heaven- ly bodies (celestial globe). [Latin.] globe- fish (glob 'fish), n. & fish capable of inflating itself to a globular shape. globeflower (glob'flou-er), n. a plant of the crowfoot family with globular- shaped flowers. globe-trotter (glob-trot 'er), n. an ex- tensive traveler. globi, a prefix in various scientific words, meaning a ball, or ball- shaped. [Latin.] globin (glo'bin), n. a constituent of red blood corpuscles. globular (glob'u-lar)," adj. globe-like; spherical. Also globose. globule (glob'ul), n. a small spherical particle; a minute homoeopathic pill; a blood- or lymph-corpuscle. globulin (glob'u-lin), n. an albumi- nous proteid substance forming one of the constituents of the blood and cellular tissue of plants. glome (glom), n. a roundish cluster of flowers. glomerate (glom'er-at), adj. gath- ered into a roundish head or mass. glonoin (glon'o-in), n. a pure nitro- glycerine. _ gloom (gloom), n. partial darkness; obscurity; melancholy; depression; sadness; sullenness: v.i. to be, or become, . cloudy or partially dark ; present a gloomy aspect: v.t. to make gloomy; deject or sadden. gloomily (gloom'i-li), adv. in a gloomy manner. gloominess (gloom'i-nes), n. the state of being gloomy. gloomy (gloom'i), adj. [comp. gloomier, superl. gloomiest], overspread with, or enveloped in, darkness; dismal; melancholy ; dispirited ; cheerless ; morose. gloria (gl5'ri-a), n. an ascription of praise, especially the Gloria in Ex- celsis and Gloria Patri; a musical setting of these. [Latin.] glorification (glo-ri-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of glorifying ; exaltation to honor and dignity; a jollification. glorify (glo'ri-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glori- fied, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in honor and dignity; magnify and honor in worship; adore; beautify. gloriole (glo'ri-ol), n. a circle of light. gloriosa (glo-ri-o'sa), n. a genus of plants of the lily family, with bright red or yellow flowers. glorious (glo'ri-us), adj. full of glory; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; exalted. glory (glo'ri); n. [pi. glories (glo'riz)], splendor ; magnificence ; brightness ; praise ascribed in adoration; distinc- tion; renown; honor; the Divine perfection or presence; the felicity of heaven; in art, a circle of rays surrounding the head of a saint: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gloried, p.pr. glorying], to rejoice or exult [with in]. [Latin. 1 gloss (glos), n. luster from a polished surface; specious show; an explana- tion or comment to elucidate some difficulty or obscurity in the text; a plausible, specious representation: v.t. to explain by notes or com- ments; palliate by plausible repre- sentation; varnish; make glossy: v.i. to annotate. glossa (glos'a), n. [pi. glossse. (glos'e)], the tongue, especially of insects. glossarial (glos-a/ri-al) , adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, a glossary. glossary (glos'a-ri), n. [pi. glossaries (glos'a-riz)], a dictionary of obsolete, obscure, or technical words. glossily (glos'i-li), adv. in a glossy man- ner. glossiness (glos'i-nes) , n. superficial luster. glossitis (glos-i'tis) , n. inflammation of the tongue. glosso, a prefix in scientific words meaning tongue, or tongue-like, as glossoceie, protrusion of the tongue due to inflammation. [Greek.] glossograph (glos'o-graf ) , n. an in- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GLOSSOGRAPHER 375 GLYPHOGRAPHY strument for recording the vibra- tions of the tongue in speaking. glossographer (glos-og'ra-f er) , n. one who collects and makes a study of the marginal comments written in books or manuscripts. giossography (glos-og'ra-fi) , n. an an- atomical description of the tongue; the science of expounding the glosses written in ancient books. glossology (glos-oro-ji), n. that branch of anthropology which treats of the classification of languages; compar- ative philology. glossonomy (glos-on'o-mi), n. the sci- ence of language and the law T s which govern it. glossy (glos'i), adj. [corny, glossier, superl. glossiest], having a lustrous smooth surface; smooth and plausi- ble. glottal (glot'al), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis. glottic (glot'ik), adj. pertaining to the tongue. glottis (glot'is), n. the small elastic oblong opening at the top of the windpipe. glove (gluv), n. a hand-covering with a separate sheath for each finger: pi. boxing-gloves: v.t. to cover with, or as with a glove. glover (gluv'er), n. a maker or seller of gloves. gloving (gluv'mg), n. glove-making. glow (glo), v.i. to shine with intense heat; radiate heat and light; be in- candescent; be red or flushed; be animated with passion, love, zeal, &c: n. intense or shining heat; in- candescence; redness, or brightness of color; passion; ardor. glower (glou'er), v.i. to stare with a threatening or angry countenance; frown. glow-worm (glo'werm), n. a beetle, the wingless female of which emits a shining green light at night. Gloxinia (gloks-in'i-a) , n. a genus of tropical plants with bell-shaped flowers. gloze (gloz), v.t. to gloss over. glucic acid (gloo'sik as'id), n. a col- orless honey-like compound obtained by the actionof acids from cane-sugar. glucinum (gloo-sl'num), n. & metallic element resembling magnesium. glucose (gloo'kos), n. the particular form of sugar existing in many animal and vegetable organisms: it is pro- duced for commercial use by the ac- tion of sulphuric acid on sta^chc [Greek.] glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid ce- ment made by boiling some animal substance to a jelly: v.t. to unite or cement with glue. gluey (gloo'i), adj. like glue; sticky, glum (glum), adj. gloomy; moody? sullen. glume (gloom), n. the husk of corn or grasses. glut (glut), n. a superabundance: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting] 9 to fill to _repletion ; oversupply. gluten (gloo'ten), n. a tough grey al- buminous substance obtained from wheat and other grains. glutinous (gloo'ti-nus), adj. viscid; gluey. glutton (glut'n), n. one who eats to excess; a carnivorous animal; the wolverine. [Latin.] gluttonize (glut'n-Iz), v.i. to act as a glutton. gluttonous (glut'n-us), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, gluttony. gluttony (glut'n-i), n. [pi. gluttonies (glut'n-iz)], the act or habit of eating to excess. glyceric (glis'er-ik), adj. obtained from glycerin. glyceride (glis'er-Id), n. an ether of glycerin. glycerin (glis'er-in), n. a sweet color- less viscid liquid obtained from oils, fat, etc.; used extensively in various manufactures and medicine. Alsc glycerine. [Greek. I glycerol (glis'er-6l), n. another name for glycerin. glycogen (giT'ko-jen), n. a white in= soluble starch-like substance ob tained from the fivers of animals .^ glycol (gll'kolor'Ko), n. a viscid liq- uid intermediate between glycerin and alcohol. glyph (glif), n. a perpendicular flut- ing. glyphic (glif'ik), adj. pertaining to carving or sculpture: n. a hiero- glyphic. [Greek.] a glyphography (glif-og'ra-fi) , n. a method of producing engravings in ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GLYPTIC 376 GOBLIN relief for printing, similar to electro- typy, after etching the picture on a copperplate covered thinly with wax. glyptic (glip'tik), adj. pertaining to engraving on gems; figured: n.pl. the art of engraving designs on pre- cious stones, ivory, &c. glyptograph (glip'to-graf ) , n. a design cut or engraved on a gem. gnarl (narl), n. a knot on the trunk or branch of a tree. gnarled (narl'd) , adj. full of knots ; distorted. gnash (nash), v.t. to strike together, as the teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth in anger or agony. gnat (nat), n. a small stinging winged insect of several species, allied to the mosquito. gnaw (naw), v.t. to bite off, or eat away, by degrees; corrode; bite in agony, rage, or despair; fret: v.i. to exercise the teeth in biting re- peatedly; act as if by continual biting. gneiss (nis), n. a crystallized rock composed of quartz, mica, and feld- spar. [German.] gnome (nom), n. a fabulous deformed, diminutive goblin, supposed to dwell in the earth, watching treasure, or to be the guardian spirit of miners (also called Kobold) ; [German] a pithy or sententious saying. [Greek.] gnomic (no'mik), adj. dealing in, or containing, pithy or sententious say- ings; . didactic. Also gnomical. gnomide (no 'mid), n. a female gnome, supposed to keep guard over dia- monds. gnomiometrical (no-mi-o-met'ri-kal) , adj. employed in the measurement of angles. _ gnomon (no'mon), n. the style which by its shadow on a dial shows the time of day; the figures made up of the two complements of a parallelo- gram, together with either of the parallelograms about the diameter. gnomonics (no-mon'iks) , n.pl. the science of dialing. gnosiology (no-si-oro-ji), n. that branch of philosophy that treats of the principles of cognition. gnosis (no'sis), n. higher knowledge or insight. See epistemology. Gnostic (nos'tik), adj. pertaining to the Gnostics or the adherents of Gnosticism. Gnosticism (nos'ti-sizm), n. a system blending religion and Greek and Oriental philosophy (1st- 6th cen- tury, A. D.) intermediate between Christianity and paganism; teach- ing that knowledge rather than either religion or philosophy was the true key to salvation. gnu (noo), n. a ruminant horned ani- mal with a head resembling a buf- falo, of the antelope kind, inhabit- ing South Africa. [Hottentot.] go (go), v.i. [p.t. went, p.p. gon^, p.pr. going], to depart; proceed; .move on; pass from one state oj place to another; conduce; contrib- ute; be habitually used or said; pass current ; succeed ; fall out or terminate; move by mechanism; strike, as a clock; act in harmony with; fit or suit; be expended: n. the fashion; enterprise or push; difficulty or scrape; a drink [Eng- lish], as "a go of gin." goa (go 'a), n. the Tibetan gazelle. goad (god), n. a pointed stick to urge on cattle: v.t. to urge on with, or as with, a goad; stimulate: v.i. to act as a goad. goaf (gof), n. [pi. goaves (govz)], a place left in tne old workings of a coal mine; the coal : waste left there. goal (gol), n. the winning post at a race or at football: hence, the end aimed at. goat (got), n. a ruminating horned quadruped with long hair. goatee (go-te r ), n. a goat-like tuft of hair upon the chin; also called an imperial, from Napoleon III, who wore one. gobble (gob'l), v.t. to swallow hasti- ly or greedily: v.i. to utter a cry like a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; a quick straight stroke in putting at golf. gobelin (go'be-lin, go'blin, go-be- lang'), n. a superior kind of French tapestry. go-between (go'be-twen) , n. an inter- mediary. goblet (gob'let) , n. a drinking-vessel with a stem and without a handle. goblin (gob'lin), n. an evil, mis- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, //ien. GOBY 377 GOLDF1SP chievous spirit; gnome; fairy. [French.] goby (go'bi), n. [pi. gobies (go'biz)], a fish of peculiar shape. go-by (go'bi), n. avoidance; evasion. »o-cart (go'kart), n. a contrivance for teaching children to walk; a child's cart; a light village cart. God (god), n. the Supreme Deity, and self -existent Creator or Up- holder of the Universe. [Uncertain etymology; not from "good."] ;od, n. a supernatural being conceived of as possessing divine powers or attributes; idol; a person or thing deified or honored to excess; an oc- cupant of the upper gallery of a theater. godchild (god'child), n. one for whom one is sponsor at baptism. goddess (god'des), n. a female deity; a woman of superior charms or excel- lence. godfather (god'f a-^er) , n. one who acts as sponsor to another at bap- tism: v.t. to act as godfather to. Godhead (god'hed), n. the Divine es- sence, nature, and attributes; the Supreme Deity. godhood (god'hood), n. divinity. godless (god'les), adj. showing no re- gard to sacred things; impious. godliness (god'li-nes), n. piety; devo- tion. godly (god'li), adj. devout; pious. God-man (god'man), n. the union of deity and manhood in Jesus Christ. godmother (god'mu^-er), n. a female sponsor at_baptjsm. godroon (go-droon'), n. fluting or beading of olive_ shape. God's-acre (godz'a-ker), n. a church- yard or burial place. godsend (god'send), n. unexpected assistance or acquisition. Godspeed (god'sped), n. a parting, wishing success. godwit (_god'wit), n. a curlew-like bird. goer (go r er), n. one who, or that which, goes. goffer (gofer), v.t. to form flutes in; crimp. goffering (gqf 'er-ing) , n. fluting for frills, &c; indented ornamentation on the edge of a book. goggle (gog'l), v.t. to strain or roll the eyes: adj. staring; prominent: n. a strained or affected rolling o! the eyes: pi. a particular kind of spectacles for protecting the eyes from dust, excessive light, &c. going (go'ing), n. the act of depart- ing or moving; state of roads. goitre (goi'ter), n. a swelling of the glands in the front part and side of the neck; prevalent in mountainous districts. [French.] goitrous (goi'trus), adj. affected with goiter. Golconda (gol-kon'da) , n. a mine of wealth; from the now ruined city of Golconda in India, famed in the sixteenth century for its great wealth, and for the cutting and polishing of diamonds carried on there. gold (gold) , n. a metallic element, soft, ductile, and of a bright yellow ^olor when pure; money; wealth; pre- cious or pure quality ; in archery, the bull's-eye. gold-beater (gold^be-ter) , n. one whc beats gold into thin leaves for gild- ing. gold-bug (goldt>ug), n. one who advo- cates gold as the only money-stand- ard. [American slang.] gold-carp_(gold'karp), n. the goldfish. golden (gold'n), adj. formed of, con- sisting of, or resembling, gold; shin- ing; lustrous like gold; bright; most valuable; excellent. Golden Age (aj), n. the fabled prime* val age of perfect human happiness and innocency. golden number (num'ber), n. a number which shows the year of the moon's cycle. golden- pheasant (gold'n-f ez-ant) , n a handsome Chinese pheasant. golden rod (rod), n. a t^ll plant o* the aster family with yellow flowers Golden Rule (rool), n. the rule te treat others as we ourselves wisb to be treated (cf. Matthew vii. 12) Goldfields (gold'fsldz), n.pl. aurifer= cus deposits and diggings in Au- stralia, Alaska, California, Soutt Africa, &c. goldfinch (gold'finch) , n. a beaut if uj singing bird with yellow-streaked wings and a red throat. goldfish (gold'fish), n. an orange-color- ed fresh-water fish of the carp family ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GOLDILOCKS 378 GOOSE goldilocks (gol'di-loks) , n. a common name for various plants with yellow flowers, as the buttercup. goldsmith (goldsmith), n. a worker in gold, or dealer in gold-plate. golf (golf), n. a game played with a small gutta-percha ball and club- headed sticks, the object being to drive the ball into a series of small holes with the fewest possible strokes: v.i. to play golf. Golgotha (gol'go-tha), n. (the place of a skull) the place where Jesus Christ was crucified. [Greek, from Hebrew.] golgotha, n. a burial place. gommer (gom'er), n. milled amel- corn (an inferior wheat) : much used in parts of Germany as an in- gredient in soups. gomphiasis (gom-fi'a-sis), n. loose- ness of the te_eth. [Greek.] gomuti (go-moo 'ti), n. a tough hair- like fiber obtained from the sago- palm: used for cordage. [Malay.] gonad (gon'ad), n. a germ-gland. gonagra (go-nag'ra), n. gout in the knee. gondola (gon'do-la), n. a long nar- row Venetian pleasure boat partly covered and propelled by one oar; a flat-bottomed boat or railway car used for carrying coal, &c. [Italian.] gondolier (gon-do-leV) , n. the rower of a gondola. gondolino (gon-do-le'no) , n. a racing gondola. gone (gawn), p. adj. ruined; lost, char- acterized by faintness or weakness; carried away: said of a spar, &c. goneness (gawn'nes), n. & state of weakness or collapse. goner (gawn'er), n. one who is lost or ruined. gonfalon (gon'f a-lqn) , n. standard or ensign, usually with streamers. gong (gong), n. a tambourine-shaped instrument of bronze, which is struck by a padded stick and emits a booming sound. [Malay.] goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring angles. gono, a prefix in many scientific words, meaning generation, repro- duction, as monoblast, a reproductive cell or bud. [Greek.] gonophore (gon'o-for), n. the genera- tive bud or receptacle of a hydro- zoan; in plants, an elongated re- ceptacle elevating the pistil and sta- mens above the floral envelope. gonorrhoea (gon-6-re'a), a venereal dis- ease. [Greek.] good (good), adj. m [comp. better, su- perl. best], having excellent quali- ties; proper, fit for, adapted, or con- ducive to, any particular object; pious; moral; kind, well-disposed; favorable ; beneficial ; convenient ; useful; unblemished; adequate; ex- pedient; reliable; well-informed; full; not irritable: n. that which contrib- utes to happiness; moral qualities; prosperity; benefit: pi. household furniture; merchandise: inter j. an expression of assent or pleasure. good-hye (good-bi'), w. a parting; words of farewell: adj. concerned with a parting, as "a good-bye kiss." Good-bye is contracted from God be with yon, like the French adieu. Good Friday (fri'da), n. a fast held in commemoration of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ on the Friday before Easter Day. goodliness (good'li-nes) , n. grace; physical beauty. goodly (good'li), adj. [comp. goodlier, superl. goodliest], good-looking; no- ble; considerable; pleasant. goodman (good'man), n. the master of a house. goodness (good'nes), n. the state or quality of being good; benevolence; excellence. goods and chattels (chat'lz), n. per- sonal property. goodwife (good'wif), n. [pi. goodwives (good'wivz)], the mistress of a house. goodwill (good-wil'), n. benevolence- kindly feeling; the value a business has over and above stock-in-trade, &c; the money paid for such value; friendly disposition. goody (good'i), adj. affectedly or weakly pious; namby-pamby: n. [pi. goodies (good'iz)], a person af- fectedly or weakly pious; a poor old rustic woman; a kind of sweetmeat. goose (goos), n. [pi. geese m (ges)], a web-footed domesticated bird of the genus Anser; a tailor's smoothing iron (pi. geese) ; a silly person. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GOOSEBERRY 379 GOTHIC gooseberry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. goose- berries (gooz'ber-iz)], the fruit of a shrub of the genus Ribes; the shrub itself: adj. maple of gooseberries. goose-flesh (goos'flesh), n. a rough- ened condition of the skin like that of a plucked goose, caused by cold, fear, &c. gooseneck (goos'nek), n. a bent iron fitted to the extremity of a boom or yard. goosewing (goos'wing), n. a studding- sail; the lower corner of a fore-sail or square main-sail when the body of the sail is furled. gopher (go 'fer), v.i. to mine unsys- tematically: n. a North American burrowing, rat-like rodent; a wood mentioned in the Old Testament (Gen. vi. 14). Gordian (gor'di-an), adj. pertaining ' to the Phrygian King Gordius, or to the intricate knot tied by him in his harness, which Alexander the Great cut with his sword as the only way of getting loose. gore (gor), n. congealed or clotted blood; a triangular piece sewn into a dress, sail, &c; a narrow or tri- angular piece of land: v.t. to pierce as with a horn; furnish with gores; said of a garment, &c. gorge (gorj),n. the throat; gullet; that which is gorged or swallowed; a meal that fills to repletion; a nar- row passage between mountains or hills: v.t. to swallow with greediness or in large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. to feed greedily. [French.] gorged (gorj'd), adj. having a gorge; in heraldry, bearing a crown or the like about the neck. gorgeous (gor'jus), adj. glittering in various colors; splendid: showy; in- clined to magnificence. [Old French.] gorget (gor'jet), n. a protective piece of armor for the throat or neck ; a cres- cent-shaped breast-plate. [French.] Gorgon (gor'gun), n. one of three sis- ters (Medusa, Stheno, Euryale) in Greek mythology whose aspect was so terrible that any one who beheld them was turned to stone. gorgoneia (gor-go-na'a), n.pl. masks in the form of Gorgons' heads; architectural ornaments made to resemble Medusa's head. gorilla (go-ril'a), n. an African an- thropoid ape some 5 ft. in height with powerful limbs; the largest ape known. gormand (gor'mand) and gourmand (goor'mand), n. a greedy or ravenous eater; glutton; a connoisseur in table delicacies. [French.] gormandize (gor'man-dize) , v.i. to eat greedily or voraciously. gorse (gors), n. the common furze; whim. gorsy (gors'i), adj. covered with gorse. gory (gor'i), adj. covered or stained with gore. goshawk (gos'hawk), n. a raptorial bird of the hawk family. gosling (goz'ling), n. a young goose; a catkin. Gospel (gos'pel), n. the announce- ment of the salvation of mankind by Jesus Christ; the history of the life and doctrine of Jesus Christ, con- tained in the four canonical books of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; a selection from these in the Church service; the general doc- trines of the New Testament ; some- thing received as infallibly true: adj. pertaining to the Gospel. The word Gospel is Anglo-Saxon, wrongly said to mean "God-story." Its true significance is "Good-story" or "glad tidings," thus translating the Latin Evangelium (Greek Evan- gelion). gospeler (gos'pel-er) , n. an evangelist; the priest who reads the Gospel at the altar. gossamer (gos'a-mer) , n. a very fine spider's web which floats in the air; a very thin soft filmy strong gauze: adj. very thin, like gossamer; flimsy. gossip (gos'ip), n. familiar or idle talk; scandal; a babbler; formerly a spon- sor, neighbor, or friend: v.i. to tell idle tales about others; tattle; chat. gossoon (gos-soon r ), n. a lad. [Irish from French garcon.] got, p.t. of get. Goth (goth), n. one of an ancient Teutonic tribe that overran the Ro- man Empire (3rd and 4th centuries A.D.) ; an uncivilized person, espe- cially one who is destitute of artis- tic taste. Gothic (goth'ik) , adj. pertaining to the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. GOUGE 380 GRACKLE Goths or their language; denoting governmental (guv-ern-men'tal) , adj. the style of architecture, character- pertaining to, connected with, or pro- ized by high and pointed arches, ceeding from, the government, clustered columns, &c: n. the Ian- governor (guv'ern-er) , n. one who is guage of the Goths; the Gothic or invested with high authority; chief pointed style of architecture. ruler; tutor; a mechanical device gouge (gouj), n. a rounded hollow for regulating the speed of an chisel for cutting grooves or holes; engine, &c. a swindle: v.t. to scoop out with a gown (goun), n. a woman's outer gouge: v.i. force* out the eye with garment, or dress; a long loose robe the thumb or finger. [Old French.] worn by university or professional gouger (gouj 'er)» n. one who, and that men; a long loose outer covering which, gouges; a swindler. or wrapper, as a dressing-gown, &c. goulash (goo'lash), n. & highly sea- gowned (gound), adj. attired in a soned Hungarian stew. [Magyar.] gown. gourami (goo'ra-mi), ft. an Oriental gownsman (gounz'man), ft. one who fish, cultivated for food. Also go- wears a gown professionally; a ramy . clerical, legal, or university dignitary ; gourd (gord), n. a plant and fruit an undergraduate, opposed to towns- of various species of the genus Cu- man. curbita, the shell of which is used gowt (gout), ft. a sluice in an em- for holding liquids; a gourd-shaped bankment for letting out water, vessel. [French.] grab (grab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grabbed, gourmand (goor-mang') , ft. a glutton, p.pr. grabbing], to seize suddenly who regards the quantity of his and forcibly; snatch: n. a sudder food. [French.] and forcible seizure; a large East gourmet (goor'ma), ft. an epicure who Indian coaster with two or three regards the quality of his food. masts. [French.] grace (gras), ft. any excellence, char« gout (gout), ft. a painful inflamma- acteristic attraction, or endowment, tory disease of the joints or extremi- natural or acquired; elegance of ties, especially of the great toe; action or language; beauty; embel- a clot of blood. [French.] lishment; the unmerited favor and gouty (gout/i), adj. pertaining to, or love of God towards man in Christ; affected with, gout. divine sanctifying, regenerating, govern (guv'ern), v.t. to control by and preserving influence; spiritual authority; regulate; direct; man- excellence; virtue; a brief prayer age; steer; restrain; require to be before or after meals* a respectful in a particular mood, case, &c: v.i. title of address applied to an arch- to exercise authority; administer bishop or duke, or a duke s wife; be- the law. [Latin.] havior or demeanor; indulgence or governance (guv'ern-ans) , ft. govern- privilege; in music, an act, vote, or ment; control. decree of the governing body of a governante (goo'ver-nant), ft. a gover- university or college: v.t. to adorn ness ; duenna. [French.] or embellish ; honor . [Latin.] governess (guv'ern-es) , ft. a lady who graceful (gras fool), adj. lull ol grace trains and instructs children; an or beauty; easy and elegant m man- instructress ; teacher. ner or demeanor. governing (guv'ern-ing) , p. adj. ex- gracefully (gras foo-li), ad v. in a grace- ercising control; prevalent; ruling. ful manner. government (guv'ern-ment) , n. the grace-note (gras not), ft. an orna- act of governing; administration of mental note in music, public affairs; established state of gracious (gra/shus), adj. showing or legal authority; executive power; bestowing grace, kindness, or mer- self-control; relation between two cy; affable; polite, words by which one determines the grackle (grak'l), ft. a # starlmg-nke case or mood of another. bird; a jack-d aw. [Latin.] ^ ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. GRADATE 381 GRAMMALOGUE gradate (gra/dat), v.t. to produce in grades; blend by gradation. gradatim (gra-da'tim), adv. by de- grees. [Latin.] gradation (gra-da/shun) , n. a regu- lar advance or progress, step by step ; regular arrangement ; _ a grad- ual blending of one tint into an- other; series; order._ gradatory (grad'a-to-ri) , adj. pro- ceeding by gradations; suited for walking: n.pl. (gradatories) a^ se- ries of steps leading from a cloister into a church. #rade (grad), n. a step or degree in rank, dignity, quality, order, &c; the rise or descent of a railroad, &c: v.t. to level and prepare (ground) for laying the rails of a railway; arrange in a regular series: v.i. to take rank. _ gradient (gra'di-ent) , adj. advancing by steps; walking or running on legs; ascending or descending in a certain proportion: n. the incline of a railway or road; in meteorology, the rate of atmospheric pressure or temperature. gradine (gra/den), _ n. a sculptor's toothed chiselj a tier of seats. gradual (grad'ii-al), adj. proceeding by degrees; step by step; regular and slow: n. a response sung after the Epistle; an ancient book of an- thems or scripture sentences; so called because some were chanted on the steps of the pulpit. Also grad- uate, grail. graduate (grad'u-at), n. one on whom an academical degree has been con- ferred: v.t. to mark with degrees or a scale; temper: v.i. to take or re- ceive an academical degree; change by degrees: adj. having been gradu- ated. graduation (grad-u : a/shun) , n. the conferring or reception of an academi- cal degree; regular progression; a marking into degrees or parts. graduator (grad'u-a-ter) , n. an instru- ment for dividing lines into equal minute parts; an electro-magnet for making and breaking gradually a telegraphic circuit. gradus (gra/dus), n. a dictionary of Greek and Latin prosody used in the English public schools (Gradus ad Parnassum, step to Parnassus, that is, to learning). graffito (graf-fe'to), n. [pi. graffiti (graf-fe'te)], rude writing, or pic- tures scrawled, on ancient build- ings, as at Rome and Pompeii. graft (graft), n. a small shoot of a tree inserted > into another tree: hence something, incorporated with a foreign stock: an unlawful or ir- regular perquisite; a bribe: v.t. to insert as a shoot in another tree; join so as to receive support from another thing; in surgery, to trans- plant (tissue): v.i. to practice graft- ing; to accept bribe money. [French.] grafter (grafter), n. one who in a posi- tion of trust or political office takes "graft/' dishonest gain, or unlawful perquisites, by use of his position. grail (gral), n. a dish or chalice, espe- cially the Holy Grail, the cup used by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper; but according to other legends, the sacrificial platter used at our Lord's last Passover. grain (gran), n. any minute hard mass; a single seed of corn; the smallest particle or amount; a unit of weight = l-20th of a scruple, l-24th of a pennyweight; the ar- rangement of particles in a body; texture; a red dye obtained from cochineal insects: pi. the refuse of malted barley : v.t. form into grains ; to paint in imitation of the grain of wood. grainer (gran'er), n. one who imitates the grain or texture of wood; a graining tool. [Old French.] graining (granting), n. painting in imitation of the grain or texture of wood; a process in dyeing; the peb- bling of paper or leather in bookbind- ing. gram (gram), n. the unit of weight in the metric system, 15.43 grains troy. Also gramme. grama- grass (gra'ma-gras), n. a low pasture grass of the West and South- west United States. gramercy (gram'er-si) , inter j. great thanks. [French.] graminivorous (gram-i-niv'o-rus) , adj. feeding on grasses. [Latin.] grammalogue (gram'a-log) , n. in phonography, a word represented by a single sign. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRAMMAR 382 GRANULAR grammar (gram'er), n. the art of speaking or writing a language cor* rectly; the science that treats of the principles that govern the correct use of language. grammarian (gra-ma/ri-an) , n. one who is versed in grammar; a phi- lologist. grammatical (gra-mat'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to grammar, or its rules. grammatically (gra-mat'i-ka-li), adv. in a grammatical manner. grammaticism (gra-mat'i-sizm), n. a point in grammar. grammaticize (gra-mat'i-siz), v.t. to render grammatical. gramma tist (gram'a-tist), n. a petty grammarian. gramme (gram), n. see gram. gr ammo petal ous (gram-6-pet'a-lus) , adj. having the petals very narrow. gramophone (gram'o-f on) , n. an in- strument for recording and repro- ducing speech. grampus (gram 'pus), n. a large ceta- cean, akin to the porpoise; a corpu- lent person. [Spanish.] granadilla (gran-a-dil'a) , n. the edi- ble fruit of a species of passion- flower. [Spanish.] granary (gran'a-ri), n. [pi. granaries (gran'a-riz)], a store-house for grain; a country where grain is the chief product. [Latin.] grand (grand), adj. high in dignity or power; illustrious; chief; great; magnificent; splendid; sublime; no- ble; of striking excellence or im- pressive dignity; conceived or ex- pressed in dignified language; com- prehensive; complete; the second degree of parentage or descent: n. a grand piano. [Latin.] grandam (gran 'dam), n. a grand- mother; an old woman. grandchild (grand'child) , n. the child of one's son or daughter. granddaughter (gran'daw-ter) , n. the daughter of one's son or daughter. grandee (gran-de'), n. sl Spanish no- bleman of the highest rank, who alone has the privilege of wearing his hat in the royal presence. Conversely, if the Spanish king asks anyone to be covered in his presence, the person so honored becomes at once a grandee. grandeur (gran'jur), n. greatness; vastness; sublimity; splendor of ap- pearance ; social distinction and dis- play; elevation of thought, senti- ment, or demeanor. [French.] grandfather (grand 'f si-thei) , n. the father of one's father or mother. grandiloquent (gran-dil'o-kwent) v adj. speaking in, or characterized by, a lofty or bombastic style. grandiose (gran'di-os) , adj. really or affectedly grand or impressive. grandparent (grand'par-ent), n. thr parent of one's parent. grandsire (grand'sir) , n. a grandf athei ; male ancestor. grandson (grand 'sun), n. the son of one's son or daughter. Grand Vizier (viz'er), n. the chiei minister of the Turkish Empire, un- der the old regime. m grange (granj), n. a farm with its dwelling-house, appurtenances, &c; a local lodge ol the Patrons of Hus- bandry, a powerful agricultural as- sociation in_the United States. Granger (granj 'er), n. a member ot the so-called Granger Party, most prominent in 1 892-6 . granite (gran'it), n. a -massive crys- talline rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. [Italian.] granitic (gra-nit'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or formed of, granite. granitoid (gran'i-toid) , adj. resem- bling granite. granivorous (gra-niv'o-rus) , adj. eat- ing grain; living on seeds. granny (gran'i), n. abbreviation of grandmother. grant (grant), v.t. to give or confer, especially in response to a request; admit as true (what has not been proved); concede; transfer the title of, for any good consideration: n. the act of granting; a gift; a be- stowing; an allowance; the thirty conveyed; an admission or conces- sion. [Old French.] grantee (grant-e'), n. the person to whom property is transferred In- deed, &c. granter (grant 'er), n. one who grants. grantor (grant'er), n. one who trans- fers property by deed, &c. granular (gran'u-lar) , adj. composed of, or resembling, grains or granules, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GRANULATE 383 GRATUITY granulate (gran'u-lat) , v.t. to form' into grains or small masses; roughen the surface of: v.i. to become granu- lar. granule (gran'ul), n. a small grain or particle. [Latin.] _ granulose (gran'u-los) , n. the more soluble part of starch-grains in plants, capable of being formed into sugar. grape (grap), n. the fruit of the grape- vine; a vine of the genus Vitis; grape-shot. [French.] grapery (grap'er-i), n. a vinery. grape-shot (grap'shot), n. a cluster of small cannon balls arranged in tiers of three shots each between plates, so as to disperse when fired. graphic (graf'ik), m adj. pertaining to the art of writing or delineating; vividly described; well delineated; life-like. Also graphical. [Greek.] graphically (graf 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a graphic manner. graphite (graf -it), n. a metallic variety of carbon. graphitic (gra-fit'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, graphite. grapho, a prefix meaning writing or delineation, as graphophone, an in- strument resembling the phono- graph, but having a rubber cylinder instead of one of wax. [Greek.] graphology (graf-ol'o-ji), n. the art of describing character by the hand- writing. graphometer (graf-omVter) , n. an instrument for measuring the de- grees in an angle. graphophone (graf'o-f6n),n. see under grapho. graphotype (graf 'o-tlp) , n. a chemical process for producing surface-blocks speedily; the chalk process. grapnel (grap'nel), n. a kind of small anchor usually with flukes; heavy tongs used for lifting stone, ice, &c. grapple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast hold of: v.i. struggle or contend in close fight: n. a close fight ; a seizing; close hold, as in wrestling, &c; a mechanical device for taking hold of anything. grasp (grasp), v.t. to seize or catch at; hold by clasping or contracting: v.i. to endeavor to seize; struggle or grapple; lay hold of greedily; encroach: n. a seizure of the hand; reach of the hand; power of seiz- ure; hold; intellectual capacity. grasping (grasp'ing), p.adj. avaricious. >ass (gras), n. field or hill pasture; herbage having hollow-jointed stalks, a husky calyx, and the seed single; springtime; that which is subject to decay: v.t. to cover with grass or turf ; bleach, by exposure on grass; pasture or graze. grasshopper (gras'hop-er), n. a small nimble insect of the locust kind. grassiness (gras'i-nes), n. the sts/te of being grassy. grass- widow (gras-wid'o) , n. a wife whose husband's whereabouts are unknown. grassy (gras'i) , adj. abounding in, cov- ered with, or like, grass. grate (grat), n. a framework of iron bars to hold fuel; a set of bars: v.t. to rub or wear away by the friction of a rough body; produce a sound by the friction of rough or hard surfaces; grind down; furnish with a grate: v.i. make a harsh noise; produce mental irritation. grateful (grat'fool), adj. thankful; pleasurable. gratefully (grat'f oo-li) , adv. in a grate- ful manner. graticulation (gra-tik-u-la/shun) K n. the art of dividing a plan, &c, into small squares for reduction or en- largement. [Latin.] gratification (grat-i-fi-ka/shun) , % n, the act of gratifying; satisfaction; pleasure; reward, or recompense. gratify (grat'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grati- fied, p.pr. gratifying], to afford pleasure to; indulge; delight; hu- mor. [Latin.] grating (grat'ing), n. an open frame- work or _ lattice of bars: p.adj. harsh; irritating. gratis (gra'tis), adv. gratuitously. [Latin.] . gratitude (grat/i-tud) , n. the state of being grateful; appreciation of favors received; thankfulness^ grattoir (grat-twar') , n. a chipped stone or flint implement. [French.] gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus) , adj. free- ly bestowed; voluntary; without cause or provocation; granted with- out merit or claim. gratuity (gra-tu'i-ti) , n. [pi. gratuities ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GRAVAMEN 384 GREAVES (gra-tu'i-tiz)], a donation or present; free gift. gravamen (gra-va'men) , n. cause of complaint or action. grave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; thoughtful; sedate; important; in grammar, the grave, or long-sound- ing accent; plain; slow in move- ment; very deep in pitch [Mus.]: n. an excavation in the earth for the reception of a dead body; place of interment: v.t. to shape or carve by cutting with a chisel; engrave. [Latin.] gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with gravel; run aground on a beach: said of a vessel; embarrass; lame a horse by gravel under the shoe: n. fragments of rock coarser than sand, # and m frequently intermixed with it; a disease occasioned by the presence of calculi or small stones in the bladder and kidneys. gravelly (grav'e-li), adj. composed of, or abounding in, gravel. gravely (grav'li) ,adv. in a grave manner. graver (grav'er), n. a cutting tool used by engravers and sculptors; an en- graver, or carver in stone. gravestone' (grav'ston), n. a stone erected to mark a grave. graveyard (grav'yard), n. a burial place; a cemetery. gravid (grav'id), adj. heavy with child. [Latin.] gravied (gra/ved), adj. covered, or served with, gravy. gravimeter (gra-vim'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the spe- cific gravity of liquid or solid bodies. gravimetric (grav-i-met'rik), adj. de- termined by weight. graving (grav'ing), n. the act of en- graving or incising; the clearing of the bottom of a ship. gravitate (grav'i-tat) , v.i. to be acted upon or attracted by the force of gravity; be naturally attracted. gravitation (grav-i-ta'shun), n. the force which attracts material bodies to each other. [Latin.] gravity (grav'i-ti), n. that force which tends to draw all bodies towards the center of the earth; weight; im- portance; seriousness; solemnity; weight of guilt; lowness of a tone or note [Mus.]. gravy (gra/vi), n. [pi. gravies (gra'viz)], the fatty juice from roasting flesh. gray, another from of grey. grayling (gra/ling), n. sl fresh-water fish of the salmon family. graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat grass; move along while grazing: n. a slight rub or touch. grazier (gra/zher), n. one who pas- tures cattle or breeds them for the market. grease (gres), n. soft animal fat; oily matter; inflammation of the hoof and fetlock in horses, with a fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or rub with grease; cause to move easi- ly; bribe. [French.] greaser (grez'er), n. one who, or that which, greases; a Mexican. [Amer- ican slang.] greasily (gres'i-li), adv. in a greasy manner. greasiness (gres'i-nes) , n. the state of being greasy. greasy (gres'i) , adj. [comp. greasier, su~ perl, greasiest], resembling, smeared, or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- ous; foggy; muddy. great (grat), adj. large; chief; prin- cipal ; weighty ; marvelous ; emi- nent; illustrious; high in rank or position; sublime; noble; able; ac- complished ; long-continued ; mag- nanimous ; high-minded ; wealthy ; sumptuous; proud; swollen; preg- nant; intimate; denoting a step of ascending or descending consanguin- ity: n. the whole, or gross; noble, or influential, people. Greater Britain (grat'er-brit'n), n. the federal colonies of Great Britain. Great Father (fa^/ier), n. a name ap- plied by American Indians to the President of the United States. greatness (grat'nes), n. the quality of being great. great primer (prim'er), n. a size of type (see type). Great Seal (sel), n. the chief official seal of a kingdom, government, state, &c. Great Spirit (spir'it), n. the title applied to the Supreme Being by the American Indians. greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- tect the legs from the ankle to the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7ien. GREBE 385 GREGARIOUS knee; the sediment of melted tal- low. grebe (greb), n. a four-toed tailless diving bird. Grecian (gre'shan), adj. pertaining to Greece; a native or inhabitant of Greece; a Greek scholar. Grecian bend (bend), n. a fashion prevalent among women in 1868, of bending the body forward in walk- ing. Grecism (gre' izm), n. a Greek idiom or Greek manner, acting or behaving. Grecize or Graecize (gre'slz), v.t. to make Grecian; translate into Greek: v.i. to imitate the Greeks in language, manner, &c. Greco or Graeco- "(gre'ko), as Grseco- Roman, Graeco-Italian, &c, a pre- fix meaning Greek. greed (gred), n. avarice ; greediness. greedily (gred'i-li), adv. in a greedy manner. greediness (gred'i-nes) , n. the quality of being greedy. greedy (gred'i), adj. [comp. greedier, superl. greediest], voracious; glut- tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous. Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Greece or the Greeks; Hellenic: n. a Grecian; a gambler, blackleg; the language of ancient and modern Greece; something unintelligible. Greek Church (cherch), n. the East- ern or Oriental Church which differs from the Roman or Western Church in denying the supremacy of the Pope, and accepting the rule of four Patriarchs — at Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem; with a Holy Governing Synod for the Russian Empire of which it is the established church. Its official style is The < Holy Oriental Or- thodox Catholic, Apostolic Church. It separated from the Roman Church in the eleventh century. It is in communion with the Church of Eng- land. Greek- cross (grek'kros), n. a cross with four equal arms. Greek- fire (grek'fir), n. an inflam- mable material used by the ancient Greeks in warfare : said to have been inextinguishable in water. Greek orders (or'derz), n.pl. in architecture, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. green (gren), adj. having the color of growing grass or plants; of a color composed of blue and yellow; fresh ; flourishing ; unripe ; not salted ; immature; inexperienced; raw; pale; sickly; not four months old: said of a goose: n. the color of growing grass or plants; a color composed of blue and yellow; a grass plot or common: v.t. to make green: v.i. to become green. greenback (gren'bak), n. paper money (U. S. legal : tender note) with a green back, first issued in 1862. greenfinch (gren'finch) , n. the green grosbeak. greenfly (gren'fli), n. a green plant- louse. greengoods (gren'goodz), n.pl. a criminal's term for money (see greenback), or more often for coun- terfeit paper money. greengoods man (gren-goodz man'). See bunco. green-grocer (gren'gro-ser) , n. one who sells fresh vegetables. greenhorn (gren'horn), n. a simple- ton; novice; awkward person. greenhouse (gren'hous), n. a conserva- tory. greenroom (gren'room), n. the actors' retiring-room in a theater. green sickness (sik'nes), n. chloro- sis. greensward (gren'sward) , n. a stretch of green turf; a lawn. greeny (gre-ni), adj. unsophisticated; unused to city life: n. a simpleton; one who has had no experience. greet (gret), v.t. to salute in kind- ness or respect; congratulate: v.u to exchange greetings. greeting (gret'ing), n. salutation; wel- come. gregale (gra-ga/la), n. a cold dry northeast wind prevailing at Malta; the euroclydon. [Italian.] gregarian (gre-ga/ri-an) , adj. living in herds; common. [Latin.] gregarina (greg-a-ri'na) , n. a very minute parasite belonging to the Protozoa. gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us) , adj. asso- ciating or going together in herds; fond of company. ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 25 hue, hut ; think, #/ten. GREGE 386 GRIMY S*eg© (grej), n. raw silk. regorian calendar (gre-go'ri-an kal'en-der), n. the reformed calendar introduced, 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII. and observed until 1752, when the modern calendar was generally adopted, except in Russia and Sweden. Gregorian chant (chant), n. the mediaeval system of choral music, in- troduced by Pope Gregory the Great ; plain song. gremial (gre'mi-al), n. an ecclesias- tical vestment worn by a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. [Latin.] grenade (gren-ad'), n. an explosive shell fired by a fuse and thrown by hand. [Spanish.] grenadier (gren-a-der') , n. originally a foot soldier who threw grenades: now a soldier of the [English] Grenadier Guards. [French.] grenadine (gra-na-den') , n. a species of plum which in France is made into a sort of syrup, also called gre- nadim, and drunk with water. grenadine (gren-a-den') , n. a dress fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool; a dyestuff. gres (gra), n. a fine stoneware made in Germany and Belgium. [French.] grew (groo), p.t. of grow. grey (gra), adj. of a white color with a mixture of black; hoary; mature: n. the color of white mixed with black ; a grey horse. greybeard (gra/berd), n. an old man. greyhound (gra/hound), n. a slender swift hound used for coursing. gribble (grib'bl), n. a small crustacean living in the water, and boring holes through water-logged timber. griddle (grid'l), n. a broad shallow pan, used for cooking cakes ; a large sieve for sifting ore. griddle-cake (grid'1-kak) , n. a thin butter cake or flannel-cake. See flannel-cake, flapjack. gride (grid), v.t. to jar harshly. gridelin (grid'e-lin) , n. a color mixed of white and red, or a grey violet gridiron (grid'irn), n. a grated iron utensil for broiling meat or fish; a contrivance for examining and re- pairing the hulls of ships; the foot- ball field; the name is often given to sandy bars which somewhat re- semble the gridiron. grief (gref), n. mental pain on ac* count of present or past trouble; that which causes sorrow or sad- ness; physical pain. [French.] grievance (grevans), n. a sense of wrong or oppression; just or sup- posed ground of complaint; an in- justice; cause of annoyance. grieve (grev), v.t. to cause to experi- ence grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to be in sorrow; lament. grievous (grev'us), adj. causing grief or sorrow; hard to be borne; painful; oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- atious. griffin (grif'in), n. a fabulous animal with the body and legs of a Hon, the wings and beak of an eagle, and with listening ears; a watchful chaperon. Also griffon and gryphon. grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; cricket; the sand-eel ; from its skipping arises the familiar saying: "as merry as a grig." grill (gril), v.t. to broil; torment, as if by grilling: v.i. to be broiled: n. a gridiron; grilled meat. [French.] grillade (gril-ad'), n. the act of grill- ing; grilled meat. grillage (gril'aj), n. an arrangement of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in loose or marshy soil for erections. grille (gre-la/), n. lace with a back- ground of parallel bars. grille (gril), n. an open grating or screen of wrought metal; a kind of frame for hatching fish. [French.] grim (grim), adj. [comp. grimmer, superl. grimmest], of a forbidding aspect; stern and surly; hideous; frightful; cruel; unyielding. grimace (gri-maV), n, % a distortion of the countenance; smirk: v.i. to make- grimaces. grimalkin (gri-m'awl'kin) , n. an oldi she-cat; a name sometimes given to an old woman [Middle -English: literally "gray-moll"]. grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty or grimy. grimily (grim'i-li), adv. in a grimy manner. griminess (grim'i-nes) , n. the state of being grimy. grimy (grim'i) , adj. full of grime. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book! hue. hut ; think, then. GRIN 387 GROGGY grin (grin), n. the act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of with- drawing the lips and showing the teeth: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. grinned, p.pr. grinning], to set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth so as to show them, as in laughter or scorn. grind (grind), v.t. [p.t & p.p. ground, p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or re- duce to powder by friction; sharpen or smooth by friction; grate; oppress; harass; prepare for examination; study hard: v.i. to perform the act of grinding; be rubbed together; turn a mill: n. the act of grind- ing; hard study for an examina- tion; laborious and tedious work. In college slang, a practical joke. grinder (grind 'er), n. one who, or that which, grinds; a molar tooth; one who coaches pupils for an examina- tion. grindstone (grind 'ston) , n. a flat, cir- cular stone for sharpening tools, &c. grinningly (grin'ing-li) , adv. with a grin. grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; a holding fast; that by which any- thing is held firmly; a particular mode of grasping » the hand, as among Freemasons; grasping pow- er; a small ditch or trench: v.t. to grasp, or seize: v.i. to take fast hold. See grippe. gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the hand or arms ; a squeeze ; pressure ; pinching distress: pi. colic: v.t. to hold with closed fingers; grasp; hold tightly; seize; clutch; oppress; pinch: v.i. to take firm hold. griping (grip'ing), adj. distressful; avaricious. grippe (grip, or grep),n. a peculiarly exhausting form of influenza. Also grip. [French.] gripper (grip'er), n. one who, or that which, grips; a mechanical device for seizing and holding. grisaille (gri-zaT or gri-za'ya), n. a method of painting in grey tints, so as to represent a solid body in bas- relief. [French.] grisette (gre-zet'), n. a Parisian shop- girl; a French girl of the operative class who dresses coquettishly (see cocotte) ; a moth. griskin (gris'kin), n. a hog's spine. grisly '(griz'li), adj. terrible; savage- looking. See grizzly. grison (gri'sun), n. a carnivorous mammal of South America resem- bling a weasel. grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; ground corn; provision or supply. gristle (gris'l), n. cartilage. _ gristly (gris'li), adj. cartilaginous^ grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, as sand, &c. ; a hard sandstone com- posed of sharp silicious grains; the coarse part of meal; firmness of character; courage: pi. oats hulled and coarsely ground. grittiness (grit'i-nes) , n. the state of being gritty. gritty (grit'i), adj. composed of, con- taining, or resembling, grit; cour- ageous. grizzly (griz'li), adj. somewhat grey: n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce bear whose habitat is the western part of North America. groan (gron), n. a low, deep sound uttered in pain or sorrow; a deep, rumbling sound expressive of dis- approbation or ridicule; a low, dis- mal sound, as of the wind: v.i. to utter a groan; lament; be burdened: v.t. to express disapproval of by groans. _ groat (grot), n. formerly a silver coin current in England, value 4d, or in U. S. money, eight cents; a trifling sum: pi. hulled oats. grocer (gro'ser), n. one who sells groceries. _[01d # French.] grocery (gro'ser-i), n. [pi. groceries (gro'ser-iz)], tea, coffee, sugar, spices, &c. (usually pi.) ; a grocer's shop; a grog-shop. grog (grog), n. a mixture of .spirits and water; spirituous Hquor: v.t. to make into grog by the addition of water. groggery (grog'er-i), n. a low drinking place; a grog-shop. grogginess (grog'i-nes) , n. the state of being groggy^ [Pugilists' slang.] grogging (grog'ing), n. the extraction of spirits from empty casks by hot water. groggy (grog'i), adj. tipsy; moving ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. *l * GROG-SHOP 388 GROW with an unsteady gait: said of horses ; staggering as if dazed : said of a pugilist. grog-shop (grog'-shop). See grog- gery. groin (groin), n. the depressed part of the human body between the thigh and the belly; the angular curve made by the intersection of two arches: v.t. to build or form into groins. grommet (grom'et), n. a ring formed of a strand of rope laid round; an eyelet of metal; a cannon-wad made of rope, and rammed between the powder and the ball. groom (groom), n. a man or boy who has charge of horses; a bridegroom; the title of several officers of the royal household: v.t. to feed and take care of, as a groom does a horse; to curry and brush. groomsman (groomz'man), n. one who attends a bridegroom ; a best man. groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- row, especially as cut by a tool; set- tled habit or routine: v.t. to form or cut a groove in. grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way with the hands, as in the dark; seek blindly: v.t. to search out, as in the dark, by feeling with the hands. gros (gro), n. a heavy silk fabric. grosbeak (gros'bek), n. the name of various warblers with a large stout beak, allied to the finches. grosgrain (gro 'gran), n. a stout double-corded silk. [French.] gross (gros) , adj. bulky ; thick ; coarse ; rude ; indelicate ; flagrant ; dull ; heavy ; corpulent; dense; whole: n. 12 dozen; main body; mass; entire amount. m grossuline (gros'u-lin) , n. a prin- ciple obtained from certain acid fruits, as gooseberries. Also grossa- line. grot (grot), n. a grotto [Poet.]. grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- tically or oddly formed; extrava- gant; < whimsical; ridiculous: n. whimsical ornamentation, figures, or scenery; or the uncouth in art. grotto (grot'o), n. a natural or arti- ficial cavern in the earth or in rocks. [Italian.] grotto- work (grot'6-werk) , n. orna- mental work in imitation of grottos. grouch (grouch), n. a fit of bad tern* per-, sulkiness. Same as grudge. grouchy (grouch'i) , adj . bad temperedo ground (ground), n. the earth or soil; surface of a floor or pave- ment; land; territory; country; es- tate; foundation; cause or reason; origin; original principle; a funda- mental or preparatory part in va- rious arts; plain song: pi. dregs or sediment: v.t. to place or set on/ or in, the ground; settle in first principles; base; run aground: v.i. to take the ground ; place dependence on: adj. fundamental: p.t. & p.p. of grind. ground-hog (ground'hog) , n. the woodchuck; the aardvark. groundless (ground'les) , adj. without foundation ; unreasonable. ground-rent (ground'rent) , n. the rent paid by a tenant for the use of land, generally for a long term of years, often ninety-nine. groundsel (ground'sel) , n. a weed of the aster family with yellow flowers. ground-swell (ground'swel) , n. a broad, deep, heavy, rolling sea, caused by a distant storm or earth- , quake. group (groop), n. a small crowd or assemblage; a cluster; an assem- blage of figures or objects forming an artistic whole; a division of organisms with certain characteris- tics ; the chief division of a geological system: v.t. to form into a group. grouse (grous), n. red and black heath-game ; partridge ; pheasant ; prairie-hen. grout (grout), n. mortar or cement mixed with gravel, used for founda- tions and joints of masonry; a fine plaster for ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. to surround or fill in with grout. grouty (grout'i),. cross; sulky; dreg-| gy. grove (grov), n. a small wood; a row of trees shading an avenue. grovel (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; move with the body prostrate on the ground; be mean or debased. groveler (grov'el-er) , n. one who grovels. groveling (grov'el-ing) , p. adj. lying prostrate; mean; undignified. grow (gro), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. grown, ate, arm, at, awl me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GROWL 389 GUARD p.pr. growing], to cultivate: v.i. to increase in stature or size by nat- ural organic development; be pro- duced by vegetation; increase; flour- ish; thrive; become; advance; be- come fixed or attached. growl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl or murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur like a dog; grumble. growler (groul'er), n. one who, and that which, growls; a North Amer- ican perch; a four-wheeled cab; pitcher or pail of beer. Those who carry it to and fro are said "to work the_ growler." . grown (gron), p.p. of grow. growth (groth), n. the progressive increase of animal or vegetable bod- ies; advancement; increase; prog- ress; result; effect. grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grubbed, p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root out of the ground; provide with food: v.i. to drudge or toil; per- form dirty work: n. the larva of a beetle, moth or other insect; food. grubber (grub'er), n. one who, or that which, grubs. grub-stake (grub'stak), n. the money or other assistance given to a miner to help him continue his exploration: v.t. to give aid to a miner who is not in luck. grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard with envy or discontent ; give or take with reluctance: n. secret malice or ill-will; an old dislike or quarrel. gruel (groo'el), n. a light semi-liquid food made of oatmeal, &c, for in- valids. gruelling (groo'el-ling) , n. a severe beating, or chastisement. gruesome (groo'sum), adj. horrible of aspect; inspiring gloom or hor- ror. gruff (gruf), adj. rough or surly in voice or mannerj harsh; hoarse. gru-gru (groo'groo), n. the larva of a South American weevil, cooked for food as a delicacy. grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmur discontentedly; find fault. grumbling (grum'bling) , n. the act of murmuring discontentedly. grume (grum),_n. a clot. grumous (groo'mus), adj. consisting of clustered grains; thick or clotted. grumpily (grump'i-li), adv. in a grumpy manner. grumpiness (grump'i-nes) , n. the state of being grumpy. grumpy (grump'i), adj. surly; cross; low-spirited. grunt (grunt), n. the guttural noise of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a hog. Gruyere (groo-yar'), n. a Swiss 01 French cheese made from skim-milk. gryposis (gri-po'sis), n. an ingrow- ing of the nails. [Greek.] grysbok (gris'bok), n. a South Afri- can antelope. [Dutch.] guaco (gwa'ko), n. tropical Ameri- can plant, used as a specific for snake-bites and resembling the Vir- ginian snakeroot (Aristolochia Ser- pentina) . Guaiacum (gwi'a-kum), n. a genus of tropical American and West In- dian shrubs and trees from which a resin, extensively used in medicine, is obtained. [Spanish.] guan (gwan), n. sl gallinaceous bird of South America. guanaco (gwa-na'ko), n. the wild llama of the Andes. [S. American.] guaniferous (gwa-nif'er-us),ad;. yield- ing guano. guanine (gwa'nin), n. a principle found in guano, pancreatic juice, &c. guano (gwa'no), n. the dung of sea- birds found in thick layers in West- ern South America (especially Peru) and Africa, yielding a valuable manure. [Peruvian.] There is also made for commerce an artificial guano, from various animal products, as fish-guano, &c. guarantee (gar-an-te') , n. an en- gagement made by a third person to secure the fulfillment of an agree- ment; one who becomes surety for the performance of another's acts: v.t. to undertake that another shall perform a certain stipulation; war- rant; be responsible for. Also guar- anty. guarantor (gar'an-tor) , n. one who guarantees, or makes, a guaranty. guaranty (gar'an-ti), n. the legal form of guarantee. guard (gard), v.t. to watch over or protect; preserve by caution; shield ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. GUARDED 390 GUILTY . or defend: v.i. be cautious (with found in the clefts and cavities of against) : n. security or defense rocks. against injury or attack; a state guib (gwib), n. a West African ante- of vigilance or caution; attention; lope. any contrivance or device for se- guidable (gid'a-bl), adj. that may be curity; a brakeman or gateman on a guided. train; a man or body of men em- guidance (gid'ans), n. direction; ployed for defense or control. leading. guarded (gard'ed), p. adj. defended; guide (gid), n. one who leads or di- careful; cautious; circumspect. guardian (gard'i-an), n. one who has the care of the person or property of another; a warden: adj. protect- ing; tutelary. guard-ship (gard'ship), n. a warship rects; conductor; director; a soldier or other person who obtains infor- mation for an army; that by which one directs his course; a guide-book: v.t. to lead or direct ; influence ; regu- late; govern by counsel. [French.] stationed at a port or harbor for its guide-book (gld'bqok), n. a hand- book for the direction of travelers. guidon (gi'dn), [French, ge-dong'], n. the forked flag of a troop of light cavalry or mounted artillery; the officer who carries it; the flag of ' a guild or confraternity. guild (gild), n. a fraternity; corpora- tion; association. Also gild, pertaining to a governor or to his guilder (gild'er), n. the Dutch florin, office. [Latin.] value about 40.2 cents. gudgeon (guj'un), n. a small edible guile (gil), n. deceit; cunning; du- fresh-water fish; a person who is plicity. easily imposed upon; an iron pin guileful (girfool), adj. full of guile. or shaft on which a wheel revolves, guileless (gil'les), adj. free from guilt protection or for other services guardsman (gardz'man), n. [pi. guardsmen (gardz'men)], an officer or soldier of the British Guards. guava (gwa'va), # a tree of tropical America yielding a pear-shaped fruit, from which a jelly is made. gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al) ,adj, guerdon (ger'dun), n. a reward. Guernsey (gern'zi), n. a breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey. guernsey (gern'zi), n. a close-fitting knitted woolen shirt. or wrong; sinless; sound and right in respect to anything charged against him. guillemot (gil'e-mot), n. a species of auk. guerrilla (ger-il'ya), n % one of an ir- guilloche (gil-losh'), n. a series of in- regular force engaged in harassing an enemy in small bands; petty warfare : adj. belonging to, or consisting of , guerrillas; pertaining to irregular warfare. [Spanish.] guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the act of guessing: v.t. to hit upon at ran- dom; believe or think: v.i. to con- jecture. guess-work (ges'werk), n. random conjecture; work performed by guess. guest (gest), n. one who is enter terwoven or twisted ornaments. guillotine (gil'o-ten), n. an apparatus for beheading a criminal by means of a heavy knife sliding in two up- right grooves: it was named after Dr. J. I. Guillotin, a French phy- sician who invented it: v.i. (gil-o- ten'), to behead with the guillotine. guilt (gilt), n. the state of one who is liable to a penalty; sin; crim- inality. guiltily (gilt'i-li), adv. in a guilty manner. tained at the house or table of an- guiltiness (gilt'i-nes) , n. the state of other. being guilty. guff (guf), n. folly, nonsense. [Vul- guiltless (ghVles), adj. free from gar.] guilt; innocent. guffaw (guf -f aw'), n. a rude boister- guilty (gilt'i), adj. [comp. guiltier, ous laugh. superl. guiltiest], justly chargeable guffer (guf'er), n. the eel-pout. with a crime; wicked; criminal; not guhr (goor), n. a loose earthy deposit innocent. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GUIMPE 391 GUNNY guimpe (gamp), n. a chemisette worn with a low-necked gown. [French.] guinea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, for- merly current in England, value 21s. or about $5. (Named from Guinea, in Africa, whence the gold was supposed to have come.) Guinea (gin'e), n. in American slang, a term applied to_ Italians. guinea-fowl (gin'e-f oul) , n. a grey- ish-blue gallinaceous bird.with white spots s originally from Guinea. guinea-pig (gin'e-pig), n. m a small do- mesticated South American rodent, allied to the cavy. guipure (gwe-pur'), n. a kind of lace or gimp. [French.] guise (giz), n. external appearance; dress; mien. [French.] guitar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed in- strument, on the principle of the violin,_ played with the fingers. gula (gu'la), n. [pi. guise (gu'le)], the gullet; throat. [Latin.] # gular (gti'lar), adj. pertaining to the gula. gulch (gulch), n. a rocky or rough narrow valley. gules (gulz), n. the tincture red; in- dicated in a blazon without color by perpendicular lines. [French.] gulf (gulf), n. an arm of the sea ex- tending into the land, iatermediate in size between a bay and sea; a deep place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- pool; something insatiable. Gulf stream (strem), n. a vast and important warm ocean-current flow- ing out from the Gulf of Mexico, and then to the north, where it raises the temperature on the coast near which it approaches. gull (gul) , n. a web-footed sea-fowl with long wings; one who is easily cheated: v.t. to cheat; deceive; im- pose upon. gullet (gul'et), n. the throat; oesopha- gus. gullible (gul'i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing easily deceived. gully (gul'i), n. [pi. gullies (gul'iz)], a channel or hollow worn by water; narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or -plate. gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down eagerly or in large draughts: n. the act of gulping; swallowing. gum (gum), n. the soft fleshy part of the jaws by which the teeth are surrounded; a semi-transparent vis- cid vegetable substance that exudes from certain trees and shrubs and hardens on the surface: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gummed, p.pr. gumming], to smear or unite with gum. [French.] gum arable (ar'a-bik), n. a gum ob- tained from various species of acacia. gumbo (gum'bo), n. a dish or soup made from the gummy pods of the okra; a Creole patois; prairie mud. gum- game (gum-gam), n. in Ameri- can slang a trick or piece of mischief. gum m in ess (gum'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being gummy. gummy (gum'i), adj. like gum. # gumption (gump 'shun), n. quickness of perception; common sense. gun (gun), n. an instrument for dis- charging shot, by the force of an ex- plosive; the term is also applied to a cannon, and, per contra, to a pistol: v.i. to shoot with a gun. gunboat (gun'bot), n. & warship of light draught, next in size to a cruiser, carrying several guns. guncotton (gun'kot-n), n. a highly explosive substance formed by the action of nitric and sulphuric acid upon cotton, or some other vegetable fibre. gun-fire (gun'fir), n. the hour at which the morning and evening gun is fired. gunjah (gun'ja), n. the hemp plant of India, whose dried leaves and roots are smoked. Gunjah is the same as bhang, hashish, and Indian hemp. gunman (gun'man), n. a criminal char- acter ready to kill with firearms for hire. gun- metal (gun'met-al) , n. an alloy of copper and tin. gunnel, same as gunwale. gunner (gun'er), n. one who works a gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- officer in the navy who has charge of the ordnance of a war-vessel and or dnance-st ores . # gunnery (gun'er-i), n. the science of artillery. gunning (gun'ing) , n. the shooting of game with a gun. gunny (gun'i), n. [pi. gunnies (gun'iz)], ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. GUNPOWDER 392 GYMNASIUM a coarse heavy sackcloth of jute or gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; a hemp. [Bengali.] sudden and violent outburst of pas- gunpowder (gun'pou-der) , n. an ex- sion. plosive substance composed of sul- gustatory (gus'ta-to-ri) , adj. pertain- phur, nitre and charcoal (see smoke- ing to the taste. less powder) ; a fine kind of green tea. gustf ul (gust 'fool) , adj. full of gusto. gun-shy (gun'shi), adj. fearing the gusto (gus'tq), n. zest; relish. sight or report of a gun; timid? gusty (gust'i), adj. characterized by Gunter's chain (gun'terz^ chan), n. gusts. a surveyor's chain used in measur- gut (gut), n. the intestinal canal; an ing land, 66 ft. long, and divided in intestine; catgut; a narrow channel 100 links of 7.92 in. each. Named or strait: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gutted, from Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), p.pr. gutting], to extract the en- an English mathematician. trails of; eviscerate; to plunder, or Counter's scale (skal), n. a large plane empty entirely, scale, with various lines of numbers gutta-percha (gut-a-per'cha), n. a engraved upon it, by means of which reddish-brown horn-like substance; surveyors' and navigators' calcu- the inspissated juice of the gutta- lations are determined. percha tree (Isonandra gutta) of the gunwale (gun'l), n. the upper edge Malay Archipelago. of the side of a ship. gutter (gut'er), n. a channel for carry- gurgitation (ger-ji-ta/shun), n. a ing away water: v.t. to cut into state of boiling, or whirling round. small channels ; furnish with gut- gurgle (ger'gl), v.i. to flow or run ters: v.i. to run in drops. with a purling bubbling sound: n. guttering (gut'er-ing) , n. a making a purling, bubbling noise. into hollows ; the act of falling in gurglet (ger'glet), n. a porous earthen drops; material for making gutters, vessel for cooling water, much used guttural (gut'er-al), adj. pertaining in India. _ m to, or produced in, the throat: n. a Gurkha (gur'ka), n. a British Hindu sound produced in the throat, in or soldier from Nepal (employed in near the palate. In English, k, c European War, in 1914-1916). and g (hard), q, ng, h, and some- gurnet (ger'net), n. an edible sea-fish times ch, are gutturals. with a large angular head and rough gutturally (gut'er-a-li), adv. in a gut- bony skin. Also gurnard. tural manner. giirrah (gur'a), n. a plain coarse guy (gi), n. a rope, chain, &c, to Indian muslin. [Hindu.] swing and keep steady a heavy body; gurry (gur'i), n. in India, a small na- an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes tive fort ; crude oil from fish livers. [English] ; a person oddly or dowdily guru (gur-6o r ), n. in India a name dressed: v.t. to steady or guide with given to a teacher. [Hindu.] _ a guy; ridicule; delude. gush (gush), n. a sudden and violent guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily flow of a liquid from an inclosed and immoderately: n. intoxicating space; outburst; an extravagant liquor; a drunken debauch, display of sentiment: v.i. to issue guzzler (guz'ler), n. an immoderate with violence and rapidity; flow drinker. copiously; be extravagantly senti- guzzy (guz'i), n. an East Indian cotton mental. cloth. gusher (gush'er), n. one who or that gwiniad (gwin'i-ad), n. a Welsh which, gushes; an oil well that dis- trout; the powan. Also guiniad. charges its contents without the aid gymn, a Greek prefix meaning naked, of machinery. The original Gusher destitute of, occurring in many corn- Well in Pennsylvania yielded oil pound words. Also gymno. at the rate of 60,000 barrels a day. gymnanthous ( jim-nan'thus) , adj. gusset (gus'et), n. a small triangular without calyx or corolla. piece of cloth inserted in a garment gymnasium (jim-na'zi-um), n. [pi. to strengthen or enlarge a part. gymnasia (jim-na/zi-a)], a building ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then* GYMNAST 393 GYROSTAT where gymnastic exercises are prac- ticed ; a school for the higher branch- es of literature and art; in ancient Greece, a place for athletic exer- cises, provided with baths, &c, also, in connection with it, apartments in which philosophic discussions were carried on. gymnast Cjim'nast), # n. one who prac- tices, or is expert in, gymnastics. gymnastic (jim-nas'tik), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, gymnastics. gymnastics (jim-nas'tiks), n.pl. ath- letic exercises; the art of developing the physical powers by exercise. gymnogens (jim'no-jens), n.pl. plants having naked seeds, or not inclosed in an ovary. gymnotus (jim-n6'tus), # n. the elec- tric eel of South America. gyne, a Greek prefix meaning woman, female. Also gyneco. gynecocracy (ji-ne-kok'ra-si) , n. fe- male rule or supremacy. Also gyne- ocracy. gynecology (ji-ne-kol'o-ji) , n. that branch of medical science which treats of the functions and diseases of women. [Greek.] gyneolatry (ji-ne-ol'a-tri) , n. excessive homage paid to women. gynethics (jl-neth'iks) , n. the study of woman's relation to ethics and also the ethics of woman. [Greek.] gypsum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of lime; plaster of paris. Gypsy, same as Gipsy. gyrate (jl'rat), v.i. to revolve round a central point; rotate; wheel. gyratory (jl'ra-to-ri), adj. revolving in a circle. gyre (jir), n. a fetter for the legs: v.t. to fetter. gyro, a Greek prefix in various scien- tific words meaning a circle, round. gyro-car (jl'ro-kar), n. the car used on a gyroscope railway. gyropter (ji-rop'ter), n. a flying ma- chine raised by a gyroscopic rotary lifter. gyroscope (ji'ro-skop), n. an instru- ment for demonstrating the laws of rotation; used to steady torpedo boats and other vessels; to give steadiness to flying machines. gyroscope-railway (ji'ro-skop-ral'wa) , n. a single-rail railway, the cars to be kept upright by the rotation in opposite directions of two powerful gyroscopes. gyrostat ( jl'ro-stat) , n. an instrument for demonstrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. H H, the eighth letter in the English alphabet. Its form is derived direct- ly through the Latin from Greek and Phoenician. It was long a "silent letter," but is be oming less so every day. As a chemical sym- bol it stands for Hydrogen. ha (hii) , inter j. an expression of wonder, joy, hesitation, (fee, its meaning being dependent on the tone in which it is uttered: v.i. to expre s wonder, &c; hesi ate. haaf (haf), n. a deep-sea fishing-bank off s the Shet lands ._ habeas corpus (ha'be-as kor'pus, in Latin, "have the body"), a writ to produce a p isoner at a stat d time and place to declare the cause of his detention. haberdasher (ha 'er-dash-er) 5< n. a dealer in small wares, as ribbons, lace, tapes, needles, &c. haberdashery (hab-er-dash'er-i) , the wares sold by a haberdasher; a haberdasher's shop. habergeon (hab'er-jun), n. a coat of mail covering th') neck and breast. habiliment (ha-biri-ment), n. an article of clothing: pi. d.ess. habilitate (ha-biri-tat) , v.i. ■ o be- come qualified. habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of conduct; general condition or ten- dency; disposition; established cus- tom; dress; a woman's riding-dress the distinctive dress worn by mem- bers of a religious order: v.t. to dress; furnish with a habit. habitable (hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit to be dwelt in. habitant (ab'it-ang), n. a dweller: permanent resident; a farmer of French descent, in Canada and Louisiana. [French.] habitat (hab'i-tat), n. the natural lo- cality of animals, plants, &c, in their wild state; geographical range. habitation (hab-i-ta'shun) , n. resi- dence or place of abode; natural locality; a Primrose League lodge. habited (hab'i-ted), p.adj. wearing a habit or dress. habitual (ha-bit'u-al), adj. formed or acquired by us.; customary; in- veterate. habitually (ha-bit'u-a-li), adv. by habit. habituate (ha-bit'u-at), v.t. to make familiar by use or custom; familiar- ize. habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- tomary manner or mode; familiar- ity. habitue (ha-bit'u-a), n. one who habitually frequents a place of amusement, &c. [French.] hacienda (a-the-en'da, or has-i-en'- da), n. in Spanish America, a large plantation on which the owner is resident; an isolated farm; an es- tablishment for raising stock, farm produce, &c. [Sprrish.] hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly and into small pieces; injure by cutting; notch; kick (the shins of another) at football; let out for hire: n. a notch; hollow irregular cut; a horse let out for hire; a kick on the shins at football; a carriage let out for hire; a hackney-coach; a literary drudge; a drying frame for fish; a place where green bricks are dried; a feeding rack. hackberry (bak'ber-ri), n. a large North American forest-tree, with an edible fruit. hackbut (hak'but), n. an arquebus or old-fashioned fire-arm. [Dutch.] hacking (hak'ing), adj. notching; ir- ritating and wearing: said of a cough: n. the stacking of bricks for drying; a particular method of mas- sage; a process in gem cutting. hackle (hak'l), v.t. to dress or comb e i£te, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HACKMAN 395 HALATION as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; mangle in cutting: n. an implement with sharp spikes for cleansing flax or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- row feather in the neck of a cock, used for making artificial flies for angling; a feather fly for angling. hackman ■ (hak'man) , n. a man who drives a hack (hackney coach). hackmatack (hak'ma-tak) , n. the red American larch, or tamarack. hackney (hak'ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hackneyed, p.pr. hackneying], to wear out by constant use; make commonplace: adj. let out for hire; common or trite: n. a hackney- coach; a horse kept for hire; a nag. See hack. hackney-coach (hak'ni-koch) , n. a li- censed carriage that plies for hire. hackneyed (hak'nid), p. adj. worn out; commonplace. had, p.t. of have. haddock (had'ok), n. sl sea-fish of the cod family. Hadean (ha-de'an), adj. pertaining to Hades or the world of the dead. [Greek.] Hades (ha/dez), n. the abode and state of the dead. See Sheol, Purgatory, Hell. hading (had'ing), n. the deviation from the vertical of a vein or stra- tum; underlay. hadji (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan who has made his pilgrimage to Mecca and is thereafter regarded by his people as a very holy man. (Also hajj, and howadji.) haema, a Greek prefix meaning blood, occurring in many scientific words. Also hsem, hsemat, hsenH^ hemo. haemachrome (hem'a-krom) , n. the coloring matter of the blood. h aemadr omomet er (hem-a-dro-mom'- e-ter),n. an instrument for determin- ing the velocity of the flow of blood. haemal (he'mal) , adj. pertaining to the blood. haemalopia (hem-a-lo'pi-a) , n. dis- ease 01 the eye in which objects ap- pear red. haematemesis (hem-a-tem'e-sis) , n. vomiting of blood from the stomach. haematic (he-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to the blood: n.pl. that branch of physiology that treats of the blood. haematoid (hem'a-toid) , adj. blood- like. haemoglobin (hem-6-glo'bin) , n. same as hemoglobin. haemoptysis (he-mop 'ti-sis), n. same as hemoptysis. haemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n. same as hemorrhage. haemorrhoids (hem'o-roids) , n.pl, same as hemorrhoids. haft (haft), n. a handle of a tool or knife: v.t. to furnish with a haft or handle. hag (hag), n. a witch; an ugly old woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- sitic in the bodies of other fish. haggard (hag'ard) , adj. worn and anx- ious in appearance ; lean and hollow- eyed. haggle (hag'l), v.i. to higgle. hah a (ha/ha), n. a sunken hedge, [English.] Hahnemanian (ha-ne-man'yan), n. a homceopathist. Hahnemanism, n. the medical sys- tem known as homoeopathy, founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843). haik (ha/ik), n. an outer woolen gar- ment with colored stripes worn by the Arabs. [Arabic.^ hail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: v.t. to pour down or out like hail; call to or salute. hair (har), n. one of the small horny fibrous tubes with a bulbous root growing out of the skin of a mam- mal; the mass of such horny fibrous tubes; minute hair-like filaments on the surface of plants. hairdresser (har'dres-ser), n. a bar- ber; a coiffeur. hairsplitting (har'split-ing) , adj. mak- ing over sub tie or very minute dis- tinctions, in reasoning or statement. hairspring (har'spring) , n. a very fine spring to regulate the balance wheel of a watch. hair-trigger (har'trig-er) , n. a sec- ondary trigger of a gun, or pistol. hairy (har'i), adj. covered with, abounding in, or resembling, hair. hajj (haj), n. See hadji. hake (hak), n. an edible sea-fish cog- nate with the cod. halation (ha-la'shun) , n. a halo on a photographic plate. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. *k HALBERD 396 HAME halberd (hal'berd), n. a mediaeval weapon consisting of a long staff to which an axe was affixed with a spear -like point. [Old French.] halcyon (hal'si-un), adj. pertaining to the kingfisher; peaceful; happy; calm: n. the kingfisher, from the fable that its hatching season was in calm weather . [Greek . ] hale (hal), adj. sound bodily; healthy; hearty: v.t. to drag or draw by vio- lence. half (haf), n. [pi. halves (havz)], one of two equal parts; a school term; in football, a half-back: adv. equally; partly: adj. consisting of a half; ap- proximating. half-and-half, n. a mixture of ale and porter, or of old and new ale. half-blood (haf'blud), n. one whose parents are of different races; rela- tionship between persons who have one parent in common. half-breed (haf 'bred), n. a person of mixed blood; as, an Indian half- breed. half-caste (haf'kast), n. a person of an East Indian parent on one side and of a European on the other. See Eu- rasian. halibut (hal'i-but), n. a large edible flatfish. halicore (hal'i-kor), n. the dugong. hall (hawl), n. a large room for the transaction of public business, en- tertainments, &c; a court of jus- tice; the first large room of a house; a manor-house; a college dining- room; the dinner served there; the public room of a corporation or guild; at Oxford and Cambridge a minor college. hallelujah (hal-e-loo'ya,), n. (Hebrew, Praise ye Jehovah) an ascription of praise to God; a musical composition having as its theme such an ascrip- tion of praise: adj. singing, or con- taining, hallelujah. Also alleluiah. hallelujah lad (lad), n. a youth who becomes a member of the Salvation Army. hallelujah lass (las), n. a female member of the Salvation Army. halliard, same as halyard. hall-mark (hawl'mark), n. the official mark of the Goldsmiths' Company and other English assay offices, at- testing the quality of the gold and silver articles on which it is im- pressed: hence a mark or proof of genuineness. halloo (hal-loo') and hullo (hul-lo'), inter j. an exclamation to call atten- tion to or cheer one; a shout to at- tract attention, or to cheer or urge on: v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. Also holloa. hallow (hal'6), v.t. to consecrate; de- vote to sacred purposes ; revere. Halloween (hal-o-en'), n. the Eve of All Saints or All Hallows,_Oct 31. hallucination (hal-loo-si-na'shun) , n. belief in something imaginary; de- lusion; error. [Latin.] halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of light round the sun or moon, caused by refraction; a ring of light. [Latin.] halogen (hal'o-jen), n. an element as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluo- rine, which forms saline compounds by combining with other elements. [Greek.] haloid (haroid), adj. resembling salt; a halogenetic salt. halt (hawlt), n. the act of limping; a stop in marching: adj. crippled or lame: v.i. to be lame; limp; be du- bious or hesitate; to stop in march- ing. halter (hawl'ter), n. one w r ho halts; a rope for hanging criminals ; a rope for leading or holding a horse: v.t. to put on, or secure with, a halter. halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two equal parts; fasten together, as tim- bers. halves, pi. of half. halyard (hal'vard) , n. a rope or tackle for hoisting a sail, flag, &c. Also halliard. ham (ham), n. the hinder part of the thigh; a thigh of an animal, espe- cially a pig, salted and smoked; a house; village: in place — names of Anglo-Saxon origin, as Tottenham. Hamamelis (ham-a-me'lis) , n. an or- der of shrubs, to which the witch- hazel belongs, and from which a medicinal extract is obtained. Hamburg (ham'berg), n. a rich kind of black grape; a breed of black do- mestic fowl; a large and fierce rat. hame (ham), n. one of the curved fcte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HAMERKOP 397 HANG bars on the collar to which the traces of a draught horse are fastened. hamerkop (ham'er-kop), n. an Afri- can bird with hammer-shaped feath- ers on its head. [Dutch.] hamfatter (ham'fat-er), n. a term of derision applied in cheap theaters to actors who fail to please the specta- tors. [American slang.] hamiform (ham'i-form),. adj. hook- shaped. [Latin.] hamlet (ham 'let), n. a small village. hammer (ham'er), n. an instrument with a handle and iron head for driv- ing nails, beating metals, &c.; any- thing resembling a hammer in its ac- tion or shape: v.t. to beat with, or as with, a hammer; forge; beat; work in the mind: v.i. to work hard. hammer -beam (ham'er-bem) , n. % a horizontal piece of timber projecting from the inside of a walk hammer- cloth (ham'er-kloth), n. the cloth which covers a coach-box. hammock (ham'ok), n. a swinging bed usually of network or canvas. > hamper (ham 'per), n. a large wicker- work basket for carrying food, &c; the rigging of a ship: v.t. to put into, or inclose in, a hamper; em- barrass; perplex; impede. hamshackle (ham'shak-1) , v.t. fasten the head of an animal to one of its forelegs, as a horse. hamster (ham'ster), n. a species of grain-storing rat with two cheek- pouches and a short tail. hamstring (ham'string), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. hamstrung, p.pr. hamstringing], to lame by cutting the tendons of the ham: n.pl. the strong sinews at the back of the knee. hand (hand), n. the divided and ter- minal extremity of the human arm connected withthe wrist, a similar organ terminating the fore-limb of certain animals; something resem- bling a hand in appearance or use a measure of 4 in.; dexterity in manipulation or performance; pos- session; style of writing; an employe who labors with his hands; cards held; a game; pledge of betrothal; nearness; gain; advantage; agency of ; index of any kind ; turn of m a player to serve the ball at tennis, &c; a large piece of plug tobacco: v.t. to give or transmit with, or aa with, the hand; assist or lead with the hand: adj. pertaining to, or used by, the hand. handicraft (hand'i-kraft) , n. the work or skill of an artificer; manual skill, or labor: adj. pertaining to manual labor. handily (han'di-li), adv. in a handy manner. handiness (han'di-nes) , n. the state or quality of being handy. handiwork (han'di-werk) , n. work done, or produced by, the hands. handkerchief (hang'ker-chif ) , n. a piece of linen, silk or cotton cloth for wiping the face or nose; a pocket- handkerchief. handle (hand'l), n. that part of a tool, vessel, &c, grasped by the hand; an instrument or occasion: v.t. to touch or feel with the hand; manage; manipulate; discourse on; act toward or treat; buy, sell, or in- vest in: v.i. to work with the hands. handmaid (hand'mad), n. a female servant or attendant. Also hand- maiden. handscrew (hand'skroo) , n. a lift- ing-jack. handsel (hand'sel), n. an earnest given to make good a contract; the act of using anything for the first time; a gift, especially at the time of the Xew Year: v.t. to give a handsel to; use or do for the first time. [English.] handsome (hand'sum), adj. pleasing to look upon; well-formed; graceful; liberal; generous; ample. handy (hand'i), adj. [comp. handier, superl. handiest], dexterous; skilful; convenient; close at hand; manage- able. handcuff (hand'kuf), n. a manacle that may be locked around the wrist. handicap (han'di-kap), n. a condition imposed to equalize chances in a race or contest. handyman (han'di-man) , n. a facto- tum; a jack of all trades; one who can turn his hand to anything. hang (hang), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hung, hanged, p.pr. hanging], to suspend; to fasten to something so as to be movable; suspend by the neck; display; attach or fasten; furnish with ornaments or drapery suspended ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HANGAR 398 HARASSING or fastened to the walls, &c: v.i. to be suspended; bend forward; be dependent upon; dangle; cling; be in a deadlock: n. method of hang- ing; manner of doing or using; gen- eral tendency ; slope. hangar (hang'gahr), n. a shed or shelter for housing balloons and aeroplanes. hangdog (hang'dog), adj. of degraded or sneaking appearance. hanger (hang'er), n. one who hangs; that by which something is hung or suspended; a kind of cutlass once carried by sailors when in action. hanging (hanging) ,j).adj. suspended or dangling; suggesting or involving death by hanging: n. the act of put- ting to death by the punishment of the halter: pi. drapery for a room. hangman (hang'man), n. [pi. hang- men (hang'men)], a public execu- tioner. hangnail (hang'nal), n. a small piece of skin hanging from the root of a finger-nail; an agnail. hanif (ha-nef), n. an orthodox Mo- hammedan; a monotheistic Arab, before the time of Mohammed. hank (hangk), n. two or more skeins of thread, silk, wool, &c, fastened together; one of the wooden rings to which a fore-and-aft sail is bent ; a withy or rope for fastening a gate: v.t. to form into hanks. hanker (hang'ker), v.i. to desire eagerly (with after). hanky-panky (hang'ki-pang'ki) , n. jugglery: adj. tricky; cheating. hansard (han'sard), n. the officially printed proceedings t of the parlia- ment of Great Britain, said to have been first published by Luke Han- sard (1800). Hanse (hans), n. a confederacy of merchants or commercial towns. / [Old French.] Hanseatic (han-se-at'ik) , adj. per- taining to the Hanse towns (Liibeck, Bremen, and Hamburg), or their confederacy. Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik-leg) , aleague of the important commercial cities in Germany, chiefly from the twelfth to the fourteenth century, when they numbered eighty-five cities and towns. After 1669 their league gradually dissolved, and in 1889 it was ended, the cities having merged in the German Empire. Hanse town (hans'toun), n. & town confederated with another for mutual trade and protection. hansom (han'sum), n. a two-wheeled cab. Hanuman (ha/nu-man), n. the mon- key god well known in India; also an old grey ape. hap (hap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. happed, p.pr. happing], to happen; befall casually: v.t. cover or wrap [Scotch]: n. chance; a casual event; a cloak or wrapper [Scottish]. haphazard (hap'haz-ard), n. chance; accident: adv. by chance. hapless (hap'les), adj. unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy. haply (hap'li) , adv. by chance ; perhaps. happen (hap'n), v.i. to chance; occur. happify (hap'i-fl), v.t. to make cheer- ful and happy. happily (hap'i-li), adv. successfully; by good fortune; felicitously. happiness (hap'i-nes), n. the state of being happy; good fortune; felici- tousness. happy (hap'i), adj. [comp. happier, superl. happiest], enjoying pleasure or good; successful; prosperous; lucky; living in concord; satisfied; propitious; felicitous. happy- go- lncky (hap'i-go : luk'i), adj. easygoing, careless, taking every- thing as it comes. haptic (hap'tik), adj. relating to the sense of touch. harakiri (ha'ra-ke'ri), w. formerly, in Japan, a method of suicide by rip- ping open the bowels, permitted to nobles and military officers so as to escape the indignity of a public exe- cution or official disgrace. Called also "happy despatch" : hari-kari (wrong- ly). Harakiri means "belly cut/ ' harangue (ha-rang'), n. a public ad- dress or oration, especially extem- pore: v.i. to deliver a harangue: v.t. to address by 'a harangue. harass (har'as), v.t. to annoy or vex; fatigue or weary with labor or im- portunity; to tire out and annoy an enemy by incessant petty attacks. harassing (har'as-ing) , p. adj. fatigu- ing; annoying. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tf/ien. HARBINGER 399 HARMONICA harbinger (har'bin-jer), n. a pre- cursor; forerunner: v.t. announce; foretell; usher in. harbor (har'ber), n. a port or haven for ships; any place of refuge or safety; formerly an inn or lodging: v.t. to shelter or protect; cherish. harborage (har'ber-aj), n. a port or anchorage for ships. hard (hard), adj. compact and solid; firm; not easy to be pierced or broken; unyielding; .difficult °f ac " complishment ; laborious ; oppres- sive; severe; keen; austere; inflex- ible; unfeeling; exacting; not easily granted ; rough ; unprosperous ; ut- tered gutturally; stiff or formal: adv. forcibly; laboriously; diligently; tempestuously; closely; roughly; to the utmost extent ; so as to become hard; with vexation, trouble, or sorrow: n. a roadway of hard ma- terial by the sea; a pier or landing- place: pi. the refuse of flax or wool; alum and salt mixed together, used for giving a white color to bread. hard-by (hard-by'), adv. near; ad- jacent. harden (hard'n), v.t. to make hard or harder; confirm in impudence or wickedness; toughen; inure: v.i. to become hard or harder. hardihood (hard'i-hood) , n. effront- ery; boldness; physical endurance. hardily (hard'i-li), adv. with hardi- hood. hard-labor (hard-la ^Der) , n. work im- posed as an additional punishment to a term of imprisonment. hardly (hard'li), adv. with difficulty; scarcely; vigorously; severely; with- out delicacy; coarsely; unfavorably. hardness (hard'nes), n. the quality of being hard. hard-pan (hard'pan), n. in mining, a stratum of gravel or sand; a solid foundation. hardship (hard 'ship), n. oppression: severe labor or want; injustice. hard- tack (hard'tak), n. large hard cracker or biscuit baked for army and navy use. hardware m (hard'war), n. manufac- tured articles of metal. hare (har), n. a rodent, with long ears and a short tail, larger than a rab- bit, characterized by its great timidity. _ harebell (har'bel), n. a species of cam- panula, the bluebell of Scotland. harebrained (har 'brand), adj. vola- tile; wild. _ harefoot (har 'foot), n. a long narrow foot; a fast runner. harehound (har'hound), n. a harrier. harelip (har'lip), n. a malformation of the upper lip, which is divided in the middle. harem (ha/rem or ha-rem'), n. the apartments of the women and chil- dren in a Mohammedan house; the wives and concubines of a Moham- medan. Also hareem, har am. hare's-foot (harz'foot), n. a species of fern; a kind of clover; the foot of a hare used by actors in their make- up. hare's- tail (harz'tal), n. a species of cotton-grass allied to the bulrushes. haricot (har'i-ko), n. a kind of stew of meat and vegetables; the kidney- bean. [French.] hark (hark), v.i. to listen. Also harkem harlequin (har'le-kwin), n. the per- former in a pantomime who wears parti-colored garments and carries a talismanic wand: adj. fantastic or full of trickery; parti-colored. [Italian.] harlequinade (har-le-kwin-ad'), n. that part of a pantomime in which the harlequin appears; an extrava- ganza. harlot (har'lot), n.& prostitute. harlotry (haVlot-ri) , n. the trade or practice of prostitution. harm (harm), n. injury; hurt; dam- age; moral evil or wrong-doing: v.L to inflict hurt, damage, or injury upon. harmel (har'mel), n. an herb of the rue family used in the East as a vermi- fuge and disinfectant. harmful (harm'fool), adj. hurtful; in- jurious. harmfully (harm'f oo-li) , adv. injuri- ously. harmonic (har-mon'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or producing, harmony; mu- sical; concordant; harmonious; also harmonica!: n.pl. the science of mu- sical sounds. [Latin.] harmonica (har-mon'i-ka) , n. a mu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. *tf HARMONICALLY 400 HARVEST-MOON sical instrument the tones of which are produced by friction from a num- ber of musical glasses filled to vari- ous heights with water; a mouth- organ ; an oblong musical instrument consisting of a number of glass slips which are struck by a mallet. Also harmonicon. harmonically (har-mon'i-ka-li), adv. in a harmonic manner. harmonic triad (tri'ad), n. the com- mon chord, consisting of its third and perfect fifth. harmonious (har-mo'ni-us), adj. con- cordant; musical; symmetrical. harmoniphon (har-mon'i-f on) , n. a musical wind instrument with reeds and a keyboard. harmonist (har'mo-nist), n. one who is skilled in harmony; an expounder of the harmony of the Scriptures, especially of the Gospels. harmonium (har-mo'ni-um), n. a reed-organ. harmonize (har'mo-nlz), v.t. to render harmonious; cause to agree; recon- cile: v.i.^ to agree; be in peace and friendship; correspond. harmony (har'mo-ni), n. [pi. harmo- nies (har'mo-niz)], the quality of be- ing pleasing to the ear; unison; just adaptation of parts to one another, so as to form a connected whole ; ac- cord in feeling, sentiment, &c; a lit- erary work showing the agreement between parallel or similar histories or passages. harness (har'nes), n. the working gear of a horse; the accoutrement and armor of a knight; any arrangement, as of straps, &c, for performing some mechanical operation: v.t. to put harness upon; equip, as a knight. harp (harp), n. & musical stringed in- strument of triangular shape, played with the fingers: v.i. to play on the harp; dwell tediously or persistently on some particular subject (with on or upon). harping (harp'ing), n. the act of play- ing upon a harp: pi. the breadth of a ship at the bow. harpoon (har-poon'), n. a long barb- headed spear having a line attached to the staff, for striking and killing whales: v.t. to strike with a harpoon. harpsichord (harp'si-kord), n. a stringed instrument with a keyboard, the precursor of the pianoforte. harpy (har'pi), n. [pi. harpies (har'- piz)], in classical mythology, one of two winged monsters, usually called Aello and Ocypete, the daugh- ters of Neptune and Terra, with a woman's face, and the body and sharp claws of a vulture, exceedingly rapacious and filthy: hence, an ex- tortioner. harquebus (har'kwe-bus) , n. an an- cient form of fire-arm used in the fifteenth century and fired by a sort of taper. It resembles a musket without a butt. Also arquebus, later, hackbut. [French.] harridan (har'i-dan), n. an ugly ill- tempered old woman. [French.] harrier (har'i-er), n. a variety of dog used for hunting hares; a species of hawk. harrow (har'o), n. an agricultural in- strument for breaking up clods and casting earth upon sown land: v.t. to break up, tear, or draw over with a harrow; lacerate or torment. harry (har'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. harried, p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass: v.i. to make predatory raids. harsh (harsh), adj. discordant; jar- ring; rough to the ear, taste, or touch; austere. hart (hart), n. the male of the red deer. hartbeest (hart'best), n. a large Afri- can antelope. [Dutch.] hartshorn (hartz'horn), n. the antler of a hart; a volatile preparation of ammonia. hart's- tongue (hartz'tung), n. a Brit- ish fern. harum- scarum (har 'um-skar 'urn) , adj. giddy; wild; reckless. haruspex (ha-rus'peks) , n. [pi. ha- ruspices (ha-rus'pi-sez)], an ancient Roman diviner or soothsayer who foretold events by inspecting the en- trails of sacrificial victims. Also aruspex. harvest (har'vest), n. the season of reaping and gathering in the har- vest: v.t. to gather in, as corn; reap. harvest- home (har'vest-hom) , n. a harvest festival. harvest-moon (har 'vest-moon) , n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HARVEST-MOUSE 401 HAUNCH the full moon which falls near the time of the autumnal equinox, about Sept. 23. harvest- mouse (har'vest-mous) , n. a small field mouse which builds a round nest in the stalks of corn. Harveyize (har'vi-izj, v.t. to harden the face of a steel plate (particularly ar- mor plate) by the process invented by H. A. Harvey. hash (hash), n. a dish of meat chopped fine and cooked with potatoes ; a mix- ture: v.t. to chop small and mix; to beat brutally as if into pieces. hashish (hash'esh), n. an intoxicant made from Indian hemp, bhang (medical name, cannabis Indica). haslet (has'let), n. the liver, heart and lungs of a sheep. hasp (hasp), n. a clasp folded over a staple and secured with a padlock: v.t. to shut or secure with a hasp. hassock (has'ok), n. a padded mat or cushion for kneeling upon in church, &c. ; a kneeler. hast, 2nd per., sing.,pres.t. of have. haste (hast), n. quickness of move- ment; celerity; urgency; precipi- tancy; vehemence: v.t. to hasten. hasten (ha/sn), v.t. to cause to make haste; hurry; urge forward: v.i. to move with speed; be quick. hasty (has'ti), adj. [comp. hastier, superl. hastiest], precipitate; quick; speedy; eager; vehement; rash. hasty- pudding (has'ti-pud'ing) , n. a pudding of flour or Indian meal and water or milk stirred together and boiled. hat (hat), n. a covering for the head, with a crown and brim; when of scarlet and an especial pattern, a cardinal's rank and dignity. hatband (hat'band), n. a band worn round the hat; a black cloth band worn as a token of mourning. hatch (hach), v.t. to produce (young) from eggs; plot or contrive; shade by narrow lines; close with, or as with, a hatch: n. the number of young produced from eggs at a sit- ting; brood; plot; a narrow line in engraving, or drawing; a door with an opening over it; a half -door: pi. doors or openings by which a de- scent is made from one deck of a ship to another. hatch-boat (hach'bot), n. a half- decked fishing-vessel with a well for holding fish. hatchery (hach'er-i), n. a place where eggs are artificially hatched, espe- cially those of fish. hatchet (hach'et), n. a, small axe. hatching (hach'ing), n. a kind of draw- ing or engraving by narrow parallel or crossed fines. hatchment (hach'ment), n. the es- cutcheon or armorial bearings of a deceased person, placed before his house, on a tomb, or in a church. hatchway (hach'wa), n. a rectangular opening in the deck of a vessel for passage below. hate (hat), v.t. to dislike intensely; abhor; detest: n. hatred. hateful (hat/fool), adj. causing hate. hathamite (hath'a-mit) , n. an ex- plosive powder of great power. hatrack (hat'rak), or hat- tree (hat'- tre). A rack with hooks, usually standing just within the entrance of a house, to receive hats, wraps, overcoats, &c. hatred (hat 'red), n. bitter aversion; continued hostility of feeling; detes- tation. hatted (hat'ed), adj. wearing a hat. hatter (hat'er), n. a maker of hats. haubergeon (haw'ber-jun), n. a short hauberk. [French.] hauberk (hawl)erk), n. a coat of armor formed of steel rings, reaching below the knees. haughtily (haw'ti-li) , adv. in a haugh- ty manner. haughty (haw'ti), adj. [comp. haugh- tier, superl. haughtiest], proud and disdainful; arrogant; contemptu- ous. haul (hawl), v.t. to pull or draw with force; transport by drawing: v.i. to change the course of a ship; shift; said of the wind: n. a strong pull; draught of a net; quantity caught at one time; distance over which anything is drawn. haulage (hawl'aj), n. the act or pro- cess of hauling; charges for hauling. hauler (hawl'er), n. one who, or that which, hauls. haulm (hawm), n. the stalks or stems of grain, beans, &c. ; stubble. haunch (hanch), n. the fleshy part ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 26 hue, hut ; think, then. HAUNT 402 HAZE of the hip and buttock; a joint of venison or mutton; shoulder of an arch. haunt (hant), n. a place of accus- tomed resort: v.t. to visit frequently or habitually; trouble with frequent visits, as an apparition. hautboy (ho'boi), n. a wind instru- ment of the flute class: the oboe. hauteur (o-ter'), n. haughty bear- ing or spirit. [French.] Havana (ha-van'a), n. a cigar made of Cuban tobacco. have (hav), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. had, p.pr. having], to possess; take; hold or bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; bring forth; cheat; obtain the ad- vantage of. havelock (hav'e-lok), n. a piece of white washable cloth which covers a military cap and falls over the wearer 's neck to protect him from the sun. Named from Sir Henry Havelock (d. 1857), an English general in the Indian Mutiny. haven (ha'vn), n. sl sheltered anchor- age for ships; harbor; place of shel- ter and safety. haversack (hav'er-sak) , n. a strong coarse linen bag in which soldiers carry their rations when marching. Haversian canals (ha-ver'si-an ka- nalz'), n.pl. small longitudinal canals in the bones for capillary blood- vessels. Named from Dr. Clopton Havers, an English anatomist in the seventeenth century. havildar (hav'il-dar) , n % a native ser- geant of an Indian infantry regi- ment. [Hindu.] having (hav'ing) , n. the act or state of possession. havoc (hav'ok), n. wide and general destruction; devastation. haw (haw), n. the fruit of various species of hawthorn; an excrescence under the third eyelid of a horse; a hedge or inclosure; a hesitation in speech. Hawaiian (ha-wi'van), adj. pertain- ing to Hawaii, its inhabitants, or language. hawfinch (haw'finch), n. the common grosbeak. hawk (hawk), n. a name for various species of raptorial birds allied to the eagles and falcons; a forcible ef- fort to clear the throat of phlegm; a square board, with a short handle, for holding mortar: v.t. to cry, or carry about, for sale: v.i. to make a forcible effort to cough up phlegm; to fly trained hawks at birds on the wing. hawkbill (hawk'bil), n. a marine turtle that furnishes tortoiseshell: so named from its curved upper jaw. i hawker (hawk'er), n. one who cries and sells goods in the streets; ped- dler; falconer. hawkeye (hawk'I), n. a native of the State of Iowa, which is popularly called the Hawkeye State. hawk-eyed (hawk'ld), adj. keen sight- ed like a hawk. hawkmoth (hawk'moth), n. a large moth whose flight somewhat re- sembles that of a hawk. hawkweed (hawk'wed), n. a plant of the aster family with yellow flowers. hawok (ha/wok), n. the shell money of the aborigines of California. See wampum. hawse (hawz), n. that part of a ship/s bows where the hawse-holes are sit- uated. hawser (hawz'er), n. a thick rope or cable. hawthorn (haw'thorn), n. a prickly shrub or tree of the rose family. hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c, cut and dried for fodder. haycock (ha/kok), a conical pile of hay. hay-fever (ha-fe'ver), n. a catarrh, ac- companied by itching, sneezing, slight fever, and pains in the head. haymow (ha/inow), n. a mass of hay laid up in a barn. Haytian (ha/ti-an or ha'shun), adj. pertaining to Hayti or its inhabi- tants. Also, and preferably, Hai- tian. hazard (haz'ard), ' n. chance; acci- dent; risk; danger; a dice game (called "chicken hazard"); a stroke at billiards: v.t. to % run the risk of; chance; put in peril. hazardous (haz'ard-us) , adj. risky; perilous. haze (haz), n. % a slight fog or mist; dimness of sight or knowledge: v.i. to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or harass by overwork or unpleasant ate arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HAZEL 403 HEART tasks; play practical jokes upon, especially of a severe kind. hazel (haz'l), n. a, shrub or tree of the genus Corylus, bearing an edible nut. haziness (haz'i-nes), n. the state of be- ing hazy. hazing (haz'ing), adj. practice of an- noying or roughly handling mem- bers of an organization by their fellows. hazy (haz'i), adj. misty; obscure. he (he), pr. [pi. they (tha)], the masculine pronoun of the third per- son: n. a male. hea (he'a), n. a tree of the Pacific Islands bearing a fruit from which a red stain is obtained. head (hed), n. the uppermost part of the body of an animal that contains the face, brain, &c; chief or princi- pal part of anything; an individual; leader or commander ; place of honor or authority; top; fore-part; the understanding or intellect; origin or source; pitch; crisis or height; static or latent force; froth, a feeling of vanity and egotism; a pain or swell- ing, after drinking ardent spirits : adj. principal or chief; acting with the front : v.t. to lead or direct ; take the first place in; get in front of; direct the course of; oppose; strain: v.i. to go forward; come to, or form, a head. headed (hed'ed), odj. having a head; denoting understanding or intellect (much used in composition, as clear- headed, wrong-headed, light-headed, &c). header (hed'er), n. a plunge or fall foremost; one who puts heads on, as in pin-making; a machine, &c, for making or removing heads; a brick or stone with its short face in front. headfast (hed 'fast), n. a rope at the bow of a ship to secure to a wharf, &c. heading (hed'ing). n. a title: material from which casks' heads a~e made; the strip on a piece of embroidery, for s wing on to a garment: the entrance to a mine. headland (hed'land). n. a promontory. headless (hed'less), adj. lacking a head, deprived of a head. headline (hed'lin), n. a line of type dis- played conspicuously at the top of a page, chapter, column of a newspa- per, &c. : pi. the ropes at the head of a sail by which it is secured to the yard. headlong (hed 'long), adv. head fore- most; rashly; precipitously: adj. rash; precipitate; violent; thought- less. headsman (hedz'man), n. an exe- cutioner. headstrong (hed'strong) , adj. un- governable; self-willed. headwind (hed 'wind), n. a contrary * wind. heady (hed'i), adj. precipitate; in- toxicating. heal (hel), v.t. to restore to health; cure; make sound; reconcile: v.i. to become well or sound. healer (heTer), n. one who heals dis- eases of the mind or body. healing (hel'ing), p. adj. curative. health (helth), n. freedom from bod- ily pain or disease; vigor of mind; moral purity; righteousness; heal- ing power ; a toast or pledge. healthful (helth'fool) ,. adj. promoting health; salubrious. healthfully (helth'foo-li), adv~ in a healthful manner. healthiness (helth'i-nes) , n. the state of being healthy. healthy (helth'i), adj. [comp. healthier, super}, healthiest], noting a sound condition of body; enjoying, or con- tributing to, health. heap (hep), n. a pile or collection . of things thrown together; a quantity; accumulation; crowd: v.t. to form into a heap; pile up; aggregate; amass. hear (her), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. heard (herd), p.pr. hearing], to perceive by the ear; attend or listen to; give heed to; obey; accede to the wishes of; attend judicially: v.i. to have the! sense of hearing; be told of. hearing (her'ing), n. _ the sense by which sound is perceived; audience; judicial investigation. hearken, same as harken. hearsay (her'sa), n. rumor or report: adj. second hand. hearse (hers), n. a vehicle for the con- veyance of dead bodies to the grave. heart (hart), n. the organ in animals by the muscular contraction and di- ite, arm, at. awl; me. merjre, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut , think, then. HEARTACHE 404 HEAVY lation of which the blood is circu- lated through the arteries, &c; the vital, inner, or chief part of any- thing; the seat of the affections and passions; emotion; tenderness; af- fection; courage; will; spirit; en- ergy; power; resolution; secret thoughts; conscience; one of a suit of cards marked with one or more red hearts; a variety of cherry: pi. a card game. heartache (hart'ak), n. sorrow; pang; grief. heart-broken (hart'bro-ken), adj. overwhelmingly grieved. heartburn (hart'bern), n. a burning affection of the esophagus, caused by acidity of the stomach, and usually relieved by an alkali such as bi- carbonate of soda (cooking soda). hearted (hart'ed), adj. having a heart (used in compounds, denoting gen- erally affections, qualities, &c, as good-hearted, &c). hearten (hart'n), v.t. to give courage to; inspirit. hearth (harth) , n. that part of a room where the fire is made; hence the family circle. heartily (hart'i-li), adv. cordially: energetically. heartiness (hart'i-nes), n. cordiality; vigor. heartless (hart'les), adj. without feel- ing; cold; unsympathetic. heartlessly (hart'les-li) , adv. in an un- feeling manner, cruelly. heartsease (hartz'ez), n. the pansy. heartseed (hart'sed), n. a climbing plant with seeds marked with a heart-shaped scar. heart-whole (hart 'hoi), n. disengaged in one's affections; fancy-free; still unbound in the emotions. hearty (hart'i), adj. [comp. heartier, superl. heartiest], cordial; sincere; open ; warm ; strong ; vigorous ; good- natured; kind; healthy; having a keen appetite. heat (het), n. the sensation produced by a hot body ; caloric ; the state of being hot; effervescence; agitation of sudden or violent passion; ardor; vehemence; redness or flush of the face (see prickly-heat) ; a course at a race; hot weather: v.t. to make hot; warm; excite with passion or desire; make feverish; animate: v.i. to be- come hot or warm. heater (het'er), n. one who, or that which, heats, as various mechanical contrivances. heath (heth), n. a small evergreen flowering shrub, with rose-colored flowers, growing on moorlands, &c; heather; moorland, especially with heath growing upon it. heathen (he'thn), n. one who is ig- norant of the true God; a pagan; idolater; a rude, irreligious, uncul- tured person. heathendom (he'tfm-dom), n. the state or condition of being a heathen ; that part of the world inhabited by heathens. heathenish (he'tfm-ish), adj. per- taining to heathens; rude; ignorant, or uncultured. heathenism (he'^n-izm), n. igno- rance of the true God; paganism; idolatry. heathenize (he'Z/m-Iz), v-.t. to render heathen. heather (het'er), same as heath. heathy (heth'i), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, heath. heave (hev), v.t. to hoist or lift up; force from the breast, as a sigh; cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be lifted up; swell; rise and fall alter- nately; struggle or toil; pant; vomit: n. an effort or exertion upwards; lift; the act of throwing; swell or rising; haul; struggle, effort to vomit. heaven (hev'n), n. the abode of God and the blessed; the firmament or sky; a state or condition of bliss. Heaven, n. the Supreme Being. heavenliness (hev'n-li-nes) , n. su- preme excellence. heavenly (hev'n-li) , adj. pertaining to, or resembling, heaven; celestial; di* vine ; supremely excellent. heaver (hev'er), n. one who, or that which, lifts or heaves, especially one who loads or unloads goods, coal, &c. heaviness (hev'i-nes), n. the quality of being heavy; dejection; grief. heavy (hev'i), adj. [comp. heavier, su- perl. heaviest], ponderous; weighty; oppressive; grievous; laborious; ob- structive ; gravid ; dull ; dense ; pow- ttte, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. HEAVY-SPAR 405 HEEDFULLY erf ul; loud; indigestible; dayey: adv. heavily [Poet,]. heavy-spar (hev'i-spar), n. sulphate of barium. hebdomadal (heb-dom a-dal), adj. composed of seven days; occurring every seven days L [Latin.] hebetude (heb'e-tud), n. stupidity; lethargy. . . Hebraic (he-bra/ik), adj. pertaining to the Hebrews, the Jewish language or literature. The word Hebrew comes from the Hebrew form of Heber, who was regarded as the an- cestor of the race. Hebraicize (he-bra'i-siz) , v.t. to con- vert into the Hebrew idiom: v.i. to speak Hebrew, or adopt Hebrew cus- toms. Also Hebraize. Hebraist (he-bra/ist), n. one who is learned in the Hebrew language and literature. Hebrew (he'broo), adj. pertaining to the Hebrews, a Semitic race; Jew- ish: n. the Hebrew language; a Jew. [French Ebreu, from Latin Hebraeus.] Hecate (hek'a-te), n. an ancient three- fold Grecian deity possessing power over heaven, earth, and the under- world: hence identified with the three goddesses, Juno, Diana, and Proserpina. hecate, n. a witch; a hag. From the baleful figure, Hecate, in classical mythology, who was identified with the horrors of the lower world. hecato, a Greek prefix meaning a hundred. Also hecaton, hect, hecto. hecatomb (hek'a-tom), n. a sacri- fice of a hundred oxen ; any large sac- rifice or slaughter. heck (hek), n. a rack for fodder; lat- ticework; a latticework grating for catching or hanging fish upon; a bend in a stream. heckle (hek'l), v.t. to attend political meetings in order to disturb the speakers by asking them questions. [English and Scotch.] hectare (hek'tar), n. in the metric sys- tem, a French land measure = 100 ares, of 2.47 acres. hectic (hek'tik), adj. constitutional; slow, but of long continuance; per- taining to hectic fever; feverish: n. a remittent fever accompanying con- sumption, characterized by a bright pink spot or flush on the cheeks. hectogram (hek'to-gram), n. in the metric system a French weight = 100 grams or 3.53 ounces. hectograph (hek'to-graf ) , n. an appa- ratus for multiplying copies of a let- ter or drawing, &c. hectoliter (hek'to-le-tr) , n. in the met- ric system, a French liquid measure = 100 liters, or 26.42 gallons. hectometer (hek'to-me-tr) , n. in the metric system, a French measure of length = 100 meters, or 328 feet 1 inch. hector (hek'ter), v.t. to bully or blus- ter: from Hector, _the Trojan hero. hectostere (hek'to-ster), n. in the metric system, a French cubic meas- ure = 100 cubic meters. heddles (hed'dlz), n.pl. in a loom, the harness for guiding the warp threads. hedge (hej), n. a fence of bushes or shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a hedge; encircle; invest: v.i. to bet on both sides, sothat the possibility of loss will be diminished; skulk: adj. mean; contemptible; of the lowest class. hedgehog (hej 'hog), n. an insectivor- ous mammal covered on the back with spines or prickles. hedge-priest (hej'prest), n. an im- postor who pretends to be a priest and acts as one, but who has never received holy orders. hedonic (he-don'ik), adj. pertaining to hedonism. hedonism (he'do-nizm), n. the doc- trine that pleasure is the chief end of life. [Greek.] hedonist (he'do-nist) , n. one who teaches the doctrine that pleasure is the chief end of life. _ The hedonistic philosophy began with Hegasias of Cyrene in North Africa, who found- ed the so-called Cyrenaic or Hedo- nistic School. heed (hed), v.t. to regard with care; take notice of; mind; attend; re- gard: n. careful attention; regard; caution. heedful (hed'fool), adj. cautious; at- tentive. needfully (hed'f oo-li) , adv. cautiously; attentively. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HEEHAW 406 HELIOSIS heehaw (he'haw), v.i. to bray like an ass: n. the bray of an ass. heel (hel), n. the hinder part of the foot; the hinder part of a boot, shoe, or stocking; anything shaped like a heel: v.t. to furnish with a heel: v.i. lean on one side, as a ship. heel-ball (heTbawl), n. a black waxy composition used for blacking the heels of shoes, &c, and for obtain- ing rubbings of brasses, &c. heeled (held) , adj. well-armed or well- provided with money. heeler (heTer), n. a political hanger- on. heeling (hel'ing), n. the degree of in- clination of a vessel from the per- pendicular. heel-tap (heTtap), n. a small thick- ness of leather for a shoe-heel: pi. the dregs or lees at the bottom of a wine-glass or beer-mug, after it has been drunk from. heft (heft), n. a handle; an effort; weight; the greater part or bulk: v.t. to try the weight of by lifting or holding in the hand. Hegira (he-ji'ra), n. the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina (662 A.D.). Also Hejira. From this date Mohammedans begin their system of chronology and reckoning years. hegleek (heg'lek), n. an African tree yielding an edible fruit, from which an intoxicating drink is made by the natives. heifer (hef'er), n. a young cow. heigh-ho (hi'ho), inter j. an expres- sion of languor or uneasiness. height (hit), n. altitude; elevation; highest state or degree ; an eminence or hill; summit; stature. heighten (hit 'en), v.t. to make high or higher; elevate; intensify; set off; increase; aggravate; improve. heinous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; ex- tremely wicked; flagrant. heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an- other in the possession of property, title, office, mental gifts, &c. heir-apparent (ar-ap-p a/rent) , n. one whose right to succeed is indefeasi- ble at law if he outlives his ancestor. heiress (ar'es), n. a female heir. heirloom (ar'loom), n. any movable or personal chattel, which by its connection with an estate descends to the heir. heir- presumptive (ar-pr e-zump 'tiv) , n. one who will succeed as heir if his right is not barred by the birth of one nearer in succession than himself. hejira, same as hegira. held (held), pi. of hold. heliac (he'li-ak), adj. pertaining to the sun; emerging from, or passing!' into, the light of the sun. ALso heli- acal. Helianthus (he-li-an'thus) , n. a ge^ nus of plants to which the sunflower belongs. helic, a Greek prefix meaning spiral. Also helico. helical (hel'i-kal), adj. spiral-shaped. helicoid (hel'i-koid), adj. coiled like the shell of a snail: n. a spirally- curved geometrical figure. helicopter (hel-i-kop'ter), n. a direct lift flying machine ; one with pro- pellers designed to raise it vertically in the air. helio, a Greek prefix meaning sun, caused by, or like, the sun or sunlight, as Aerograph, an instrument for taking a photograph of the sun, or for signaling by reflecting sunlight from one mirror to another. heliocentric (he-li-o-sen'trik) , adj. having the sun as the center. heliochromotype (he-H-o-kro'mo-tip) , n. a photograph reproducing the color of the subject. heliochromy (he-li-ok'ro-mi) , n. the art or process of obtaining photo- graphs in natural colors. heliograph (he'li-o-graf ) , see under helio. heliogravure (he-li-o-grav'ur) , n. pho- to-engraving or -etching. heliolatry (he-li-ol'a-tri) , n. worship of the sun. heliometer (he-li-om'e-ter) , n. a, micrometer for measuring small angles in the heavens. heliophag (he'li-o-f ag) , n. that part of an animal that absorbs sunlight. helioscene (he'li-o-sen) , n. a kind of sun-blind. helioscope (he'li-o-skop) , n. a form of refracting telescope for observing the sun. heliosis (he-li-o'sis) , n. the produc- tion of spots on leaves by the con- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HELIOSTAT 407 HELPFUL tinued action of the sun's rays; sun- stroke. heliostat (he'li-6-stat) , n. an instru- ment by which signaling is carried on by means of a mirror, moved by clockwork. heliotrope (he'li-o-trop), n. a plant whose flowers follow the course of the sun; a green-colored variety of chalcedony with small red spots; bloodstone; the color of the flowers of heliotrope^ bluish-pink. heliotropic (he-li-o-trop'ik), adj. char- acterized by heliotropism. Also he- liotropical. heliotropism (he-li-ot'ro-pizm) , n. the movements of flowers or leaves towards the_ sun. heliotype (he'li-o-tip) , n. an impres- sion from a photograph taken on a gelatine plate hardened with alum. helium (he'li : urn) , n. an element first discovered in the spectrum of the sun and supposed to be peculiar to that body. It has recently been discovered on the earth, and a gas arising from radium has been ob- served to change into this element. helix (he'liks), n. [pi. helices (he'li- sez)], a spiral line, as of a line coiled round ; a circumvolution ; the margin of the external ear; a small volute; a genus of molluscs, containing the shell snails. hell (hel), n. the place of the dead or of departed souls (more correctly Sheol or Hades) ; the place of punish- ment for the wicked after death: hence any place or condition of extreme misery or evil; a gambling- house. Hellas (hel'as), n. the name by which the Greeks spoke of their own coun- try. hellebore (hel'e-bor), n. the Christmas rose. In past centuries a medicine was distilled from it for the attempt- ed cure of madness. Hellene (hel-en'), n. a Greek. Hellenic (he-len'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the ancient Hellenes or Greeks, or to Grecian art and literature. [Greek.] Hellenism (hel'en-izm) , n. a Greek idiom; Grecian culture and the love of the beautiful in art, &c. Hellenist (hel'en-ist), n. a Jew who spoke and wrote Greek; one learnjd in Greek. Hellenistic (hel-le-nist'-ic) , adj. des- cribing the later Greek as written by Hebrews; as the Greek of the New Testament. Hellenize (hel'en-iz), v.t. to cause to conform to Greek standards or usages; make Hellenic. hell-hound (hel'hound), n. a fear- ful creature imagined by some to exist, having the shape of a huge dog breathing fire. hello (hero) and hullo (hul'o), familiar terms of greeting among friends, and especially boys and men. Also largely used in making telephone calls. hello-girl (hel'o-gerl), n. a term familiarly applied to a telephone operator. [Vulgar.] hell-to-breakfast (hel-to-brek'f ast) , an advbl. phrase, an expression used in popular speech to denote distance covered at a reckless pace, as "he rode hell-to-breakfast." helm (helm), pi. the apparatus for steering a ship; tiller; the place of its direction and government; a hel- met [Poet.]: v.t. to guide or con- duct. helmet (hel'met), n. metal or leather armor for the head; the hooded upper lip of a flower. helminthology (hel-min-thol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology that treats of worms. [Greek.] helo, a Greek prefix meaning nail, oc- curring in various scientific words, as helodont, having nail-like teeth: heloderm, a Mexican poisonous lizara with nail-like scales. helot (he'lot), n. a slave in ancient Sparta; slave or serf. [Greek.] helotry (he'lot-ri), n. the condition of a helot; body of helots. Also helot age. help (help), v.t. to give assistance to; aid; support; sustain; succor; re- lieve; avoid; prevent; distribute food to at table; remedy; cure: v.i. to lend aid; be available or useful: n. assistance; aid; support; succor; relief; that which forwards or pro- motes; a portion of food served at a meal; a hired servant. helpful (help 'fool), adj. affording help. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HELPLESS 408 HEPATOGASTRIC helpless (help 'less), adj. without help; unprotected. helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter) , adv. in hurry and confusion. helve (helv), n. the handle of an axe, &c. Helvetian (hel-ve'shan) , adj. per- taining to Switzerland: n. a Swiss. Also Helvetic. hem (hem), n. the edge of a garment doubled and sewn; an ejaculatory sound: v.t % [p.t. & p.p. hemmed, p. pr. hemming], to form a hem on; to shut in; environ: v.i. utter the ejaculation hem. hema, a Greek prefix meaning blood, occurring in many scientific words. Also hem, hemato, haema, haem, haemato. hematin (hem'a-tin), n. the red col- oring matter in the blood. Also haematin. hemi, a Greek prefix meaning half, as Ziewi-sphere, half a sphere or globe. henii crania (hem-i-kra'ni-a) , n. a pain on one side of the head. hemihedral (hem-i-he'dral) , adj. hav- ing only half the normal number of planes or faces: said of crystals. hemiopia (hem-i-o'pi-a), n. a defect in vision in which only the half of an object is seen. hemiplegia (hem-i-ple'ji-a), n. paral- ysis of one side of the body. hemisphere (hem'i-sfer) , see under hemi. hemistich (hem'i-stik) , n. in poetry, an incomplete line, or the half of a line. hemlock (hem'lok), n. a wild poison- ous plant of the parsley family : hem- lock spruce, an evergreen tree of the pine family: the lumber made from the hemlock tree. hemmer (hem'er), n. one who, or that which, hems; an attachment to a sewing machine for hemming. hemming (hem'ing), n. the action of the verb to hem; hems collectively. hemo. See haema. hemoglobin (hem-o-glo'bin), n. an albuminoid substance in the blood forming the chief constituent of the red corpuscles. hemoptysis (hem-op'ti-sis), n. spit- ting of blood. hemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n. bleeding from the lungs, arteries, veins, &c. hemorrhoids (hem'o-roidz), n.pl. bleeding piles. hemp (hemp), n. a plant of the net- tle family, the tough fiber of which is used for cordage and various kinds of coarse linen; in the East, a narcotic and intoxicant, hashish, is obtained from Indian hemp. hempen, (hemp'en), adj. pertaining to, or made of, hemp. hemstitch (hem'stich), n. a particular kind of ornamental stitching. hen (hen), n. the female of a bird, especially the domestic fowl. henbane (hen'ban), n. a poisonous coarse hairy wild herb of the night- shade family deadly to fowls. hence (hens), adv. from this place, source, or time; in consequence of this: inter j. away! begone! henchman (hench'man) , n. [pi. hench- men (hench'men)], formerly, a male attendant or servant; groom; one who serves in a political campaign under another for pecuniary consid- erations. See heeler. hendeca, a Greek prefix meaning eleven, as hendecahedron, a solid figure having eleven plane faces. hendecagon (hen-dek'a-gon) , n. a plane figure having eleven sides and eleven angles. hendecasyllable (hen-dek-a-sil'a-bl) , n. a metrical line or verse of eleven syllables. henna (hen 'a), n. a tropical shrub from the powdered leaves of which a cos- metic paste is made: used in the East to dye the nails, hair, &c, a reddish-orange color. henpecked (hen'pekt), adj. governed by one's wife. hepar (he 'par), n. sulphide of cal- cium. hepat, a Greek prefix meaning the liver. Also hepato, as hepatocele, hernia of the liver. hepatic (he-pat'ik), adj. pertaining to the liver. hepatite (hep'a-tit), n. foetid sul- phate of barium. hepatocele (hep'a-to-sel), see under hepat. hepatogastric (he-pat-o-gas'trik), adj. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, ^en. HEPT 409 HERESY pertaining to the liver and the stomach. hept, a Greek prefix meaning seven. Also hepta, as heptachord, a series of seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- cal instrument. heptad (hep'tad), n. sl chemical atom or element that has the equivalence of seven atoms of hydrogen. heptaglot (hep'ta-glot), adj. written in seven languages. heptagon (hep'ta-gon), n. a plane fig- ure having seven sides and seven angles. heptagonal (hep-tag'o-nal) , adj. hav- ing seven sides or seven angles. heptahedron (hep-ta-he'dron), n. a solid figure with seven sides. h ep tan exah edr a 1 (hep-t a-heks-a-he '- dral), adj. having seven ranges of faces one above the other, each range containing six faces. heptarchy (hep'tar-ki), n. [pi. hep- tarchies (hep'tar-kiz)], a government by seven rulers, especially the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in England. her (her), pron. the objective and possessive case of the personal pro- noun she. herakla (he-rak'la), n. an antelope of equatorial Africa. herald (her'ald), n. formerly an offi- cial who proclaimed peace and war, bore messages from a sovereign to a commander, superintended coro- nations and other public ceremonial functions, &c. ; an official whose duty it is to grant, record, and blazon arms, trace pedigrees, &c. ; a precursor: v.t. to introduce; proclaim. [Old French.] heraldic (he-rardik), adj. pertaining to heralds or heraldry. heraldically (he-rardi-ka-li) , adv. ac- cording to the rules of heraldry. heraldry (her'ald-ri) , n. the science that treats of armorial bearings, and of determining pedigrees, &c. herh (erb, or herb), n. a plant with a soft and succulent stem that, after flowering, withers away. herbaceous (her-ba'shus), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, or feeding upon, herbs. herbage (her'baj), n. herbs collec- tively; grass; pasturage; the right of pasture on the lands of another. herbal (her'bal), adj. pertaining to herbs: n. a book descriptive of plants. herbarium (her-ba/ri-um), n. [pi. her- baria (her-ba/ri-a)], a systematic col- lection of dried plants for purposes of study; a building where such a collection is kept. herbiferous (her-bif 'e-rus) , adj pro- ducing herbs. herbivora (her-biv'o-ra) , n.pl. mam- mals that feed on herbs or vegeta- bles. herbivorous (her-biv'o-rus) , adj. feed- ing on herbs. Herculean (her-ku'le-an) , adj. per- taining to Hercules, the hero of classical mythology, possessed of superhuman strength: hence of ex- ceeding strength and power; huge; vast; very difficult. herd (herd), n. a collection of beasts or cattle feeding or driven together; crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to unite or associate, as beasts; crowd together. - here (her), adv : in, or to, this place; at this point ; in the present life or state; onjbhis occasion. hereby (her-bi'), adv. by virtue of this; near. hereditable (he-red 'it-a-bl), adj. that may be inherited. Also herita- ble. hereditably (he-red 'it-a-bli), adv. by way of inheritance. hereditament (her-e-dit'a-ment), n. property inherited. hereditarily (he-red 'i-ta-ri-li) , adj. by way of inheritance. hereditary (he-red'i-ta-ri) , adj. pass- ing from an ancestor to a descen- dant ; transmitted from parent to offspring. heredity (he-red'j-ti), n. the trans- mission of physical or mental char- acteristics or qualities from parent to offspring; the tendency of an organism to reproduce the charac- teristics _of the progenitor. herein (her-in'), adv. in this. hereinafter (her-in-af 'ter) , adv. in this (deed, book, &c.) after or subse- quently. heresy (her'e-si), n. [pi. heresies (her'e-siz)], an opinion or doctrine at variance with fundamental truths ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HERETIC 410 HERSCHEL commonly received as orthodox, es- pecially if leading to division. heretic (her'e-tik) , n. one who holds, or maintains, heretical opinions. heretical (he-ret'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or having the character of, heresy; subversive of, or contrary to, orthodox belief. heretically (he-ret'i-ka-li), adv. in a heretical manner. heretofore (her-too-f or') , adv. pre- viously; hitherto. heritable (her'i-ta-bl), same as heredit- ably heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that passes from an ancestor to a de- scendant; a birthright or inherit- ance; the people of God. hermaphrodite (her-maf 'ro-dit) , adj. having the sexual characteristics of both male and female in the same individual: n. an animal with both the male and female sexual organs; a plant having stamens and pistils in the same floral envelope; a brig square-rigged forward and schooner- rigged aft. [Greek.] hermaphroditic (her-maf -ro-dit'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a hermaphrodite. hermeneutics (her-men-u'tiks) , n. the gift of expounding difficult sub- jects, and especially the Bible and the classics. hermetic (her-met'ik), adj. perfect- ly closed and air-tight. Also her- metical. hermetically (her-met'i-ka-li), adv. in an m air-tight manner, by means of fusion. hermit (her'mit), n. one who retires from society and lives in solitude, especially for devotional contempla- tion; an anchorite. hermitage (her'mi-taj), n. the abode of a hermit; a variety of red and white French wine. hermit-crab (heVmit-krab), n. one of a genus of crabs that live in the empty shells of univalve mollusks. hern (hern), n. the heron Also hernshaw. hernani (her-na/ni) , n. a woolen or silk dress fabric. hernia (her'ni-a), n. a protrusion of some part of the intestine, or of some other internal organ; rupture. hernial (her'ni-al), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, hernia. herniotomy (her-ni-ot'o-mi) , n. the operation of cutting for strangulated hernia. [Greek.] hernshaw (hern'shaw), see hern. hero (he'ro), n. [pi. heroes (he'roz)], a demigod; a man of distinguished courage, moral or physical; the chief character in a play, novel, poem, &c. heroic (he-ro'ik), adj. having the qualities of a hero; producing he- roes; larger than life; venturesome; drastic. Also heroical: n.pl. ex- travagant or boastful language. Heroic Age (aj), n. the age in which the demigods or heroes of Greek antiquity are fabled to have lived. heroically (he-ro'i-ka-li), adv. like a hero. heroic verse (vers), n. epic poetry; the hexameter verse in Greek and Latin poetry; in English, an iambic measure of ten syllables. See in the Introduction the section on Versification. heroine (her'6-in), ji. the principal female character in a play, opera, novel, &c. heroism (her'o-izm), n. qualities of a hero. heron (her'un), n. a wading bird with a long neck and long legs. [Greek.] heronry (her'on-ri), n. a place where herons breed. hero-worship (he'ro-wer'ship) , n. ex- cessive admiration of distinguished men, such as was Carlyle's in his essay called "Hero Worship." herperto, a Greek prefix meaning lizard. herpes (her'pez), n. a skin disease, characterized by small clusters of vesicles on inflamed surfaces. herpetology (herrpe-toro-ji), n. that branch of zoology that treats of rep- tiles and amphibians. [Greek.] Herr (her) , n. mister, or sir. [German.] herring (her'ing) , n. an edible sea-fish moving in shoals. # herring-bone (her'ing-bon) , n. a kind of cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work in such a stitch. Herschel (her'shel), n. the planet Uranus, first named after the English astronomer, Sir John Herschel. ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HERSE 411 HIBERNAL herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the form of a harrow set with spikes. hesitancy (hes'i-tan-si) , n. hesita- tion; suspense ._ hesitate (hes'i-tat) ; v.i. to be in sus- pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- late; stammer. Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, especially Venus. Also Hesperus. _ Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez), n.pl. in Grecian mythology, the four daugh- ters of Nox (Xight) and grand- daughters of Hesperus, who guarded the golden apples given by Gaia to Hera on her "marriage with Zeus (Jupiter) ; the garden containing the golden apples protected by an en- chanted dragon. Hesperus (hes'per-us) , same as Hes- per. Hessian (hesh'an), adj. pertaining to Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- ants; a venal politician: pi. top- boots with tassels in front (now obsolete) . Hessian- fly (hesh'an-fli) , n. a small fly, the larvae of which are very destructive to corn crops. They ap- peared in Pennsylvania soon after the Hessian (British) mercenary troops in the Revolutionary War: hence the name. hest (hest), n. _a behest; command. hetserism (he-te'rizm), n. open con- cubinage in ancient Greece; a sys- tem of communal marriage among certain tribes. hetero, a Greek prefix meaning another, abnormal, different, unequal. Also heter, as heterocercal, having the upper lobe of the # tail longer than the lower lobe: said of certain fish. heterodox (het'er-o-doks), adj. devi- ating from an accepted doctrine or standard of faith, &c; heretical: opposed to orthodox. heterodoxy (het'er-o-dok-si) , n. [pi. heterodoxies (het'er-o-dok-siz)], an unorthodox doctrine or opinion; heresy. heterogeneity (het-er-o-je-ne'i-ti), n. difference in kind ; dissimilarity. heterogeneous (het-er-o-je'ne-us), adj. opposite or dissimilar in character, quality, structure, &c, not homo- geneous. heterogenesis (het-er-o-jen'e-sis), n. the doctrine that certain organisms can produce offspring differing in structure and habit from the parent, but reverting in subsequent genera- tions to the original type. heterologous (het-er-ol'o-gus) , adj. ab- normal in type or structure; con- sisting of different elements, or of the same elements in varying pro- portions. heter omorphism (het-er-o-mor'fizm) , n. a deviation from the natural form or structure. heteronymous (het-er-on'o-mus) , adj. differing from_the normal type. _ heulandite (hu'land-it), n. a vitre- ous transparent brittle mineral, a silicate of alumina and lime. Named after H. Heuland, an English min- eralogist. hew (hu), v.t. [pi. hewed, p.p. hewn, hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or shape, as with an axe or other sharp instru- ment; hack; chop; form laboriously. hexa, a Greek prefix meaning six. Also hex, # as hexachord, a six-stringed musical instrument. hexad (heks'ad), n. a chemical ele- ment, atom, or radical that can be combined with, or replaced by, six atoms of hydrogen. hexagon (heks'a-gon), n. a plane figure having six angles and six sides. hexagonal (heks-ag'o-nal) , adj. six- sided. hexahedron (heks-a-he'dron) , n. [pi. hexahedra (heks-a-he'dra)], a solid bounded by six plane faces. hexameter (heks-am'e-ter), n. a line consisting of six feet. In Greek and Latin verse the feet depend on the length of the syllables, i.e. quantity, in English verse, on the accent of the syllables, i.e. rhythm. hexapod (heks'a-pod) , n. an animal with six legs, as insects. hexiology (heks-i-oro-ji) , n. the science of habits and environment. hiatus (hl-a/tus), n. a break; vacan- cy; gap; the concurrence of two vowels in two successive _ syllables. hihernaculum (hi-ber-nak'u-lum) , n. [p/.hibernacula (hi-ber-nak / u-la)],the winter quarters of a hibernating an- imal; the bud-scales of a winter bud. hibernal (hi-ber'nal) , adj. wintry. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HIBERNATE 412 HIGH-FLOWN hibernate (hi'ber-nat), v.i. to pass hierarchic (hi-er-ark'ik) , adj. pertain- the winter in a state of torpor, as ing to a hierarch, or a hierarchy. certain animals; to winter. [Latin.] Also hierarchical. Hibernia (hi-ber'ni-a) , n. Ireland as hierarchism (hfer-ark-izm), n. church named by the Romans and now government by a hierarchy, used as a poetical term. The hierarchy (hi'er-ark-i), n. [pi. hier- Greeks called the island Ierne, so archies (hi'er-ark-iz)], the higher that finally it had a number of and lower clergy of a church; priest- names — Hibernia, Ibernia, Ierne, hood; rank of holy beings, as angels; and Iernia. m in biology, a series of systematic Hibernian (hi-ber'ni-an) , adj. per- groups. taining to, or characteristic of, hieratic (hi-e-rat'ik), adj. pertaining Hibernia or Ireland. to priests; sacred; consecrated. Also Hibernianism (hl-ber'ni-an-izm) , n. hieratical. an Irish idiom. Also Hibernicism. hiero, a Greek prefix meaning sacred, Hiberno- Celtic (hi-ber'no-sel'tik) , as /lierophant, a priest who, in adj. pertaining to the Kelts of Ire- ancient Greece, initiated novices land or their language : n. native into the sacred mysteries. Irish. Also Hiberno-Keltic. hieroglyphic (hi-er-6-glif 'ik) , n. a Hibiscus (hi-bis'kus) , n. a genus of sacred character or symbol: pi. the plants, shrubs, &c, of the mallow picture writings of the t ancient family. Egyptians, &c: adj. pertaining to hiccatee (hik-a-te'), n. an American hieroglyphics; emblematic. fresh water tortoise. hieroglyphically (hi-er-o-glif 'i-ka-li) , hiccough (hik'up), n. a short con- adv. by hieroglyphics. vulsive cough: v.i. to utter a short hierology (hi-er-ol'o-ji), n. the science convulsive cough. Also hiccup. of hieroglyphics. hickory (hik'o-ri), n. [pi. hickories higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- (hik'o-riz)], an American nut-bear- sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- ing tree of the genus Carya. pute about trifles. hid, p. adj. concealed; not known; se- higglety-pigglety (hig'1-ti-pig'l-ti), cret. Also hidden. adv. in confusion; topsy-turvy. hidalgo (hi-dal'go), n. in Spain, a high (hi), adj. % elevated in place; nobleman of the lowest rank: fem. lofty; exalted in degree or quality; hidalga. See fidalgo . chief ; head ; honorable ; noble ; strong ; hide (hid), v.t. [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, powerful; intense; tempestuous; p.pr. hiding], to conceal; secrete; full or complete; near to the wind; not to confess; disguise; whip: v.i. tainted; shrill; acute: n. an ele- to lie concealed: n. an animal's skin vated place: adv. aloft; profoundly; raw or dressed; formerly a measure eminently; aloud; luxurious, of land. high-church (hi-cherch 7 ) , adj. attach- hidebound (hid'bound), adj. having ing great importance to the prerog- the skin close or contracted; preju- ative and authority of the Church, diced; bigoted. its sacraments, its theory of the hideous (hid'e-us), adj. offensive to Apostolic Succession, and its priest- the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; hood, dreadful; horrible. high-colored (hi-kuFerd), adj. having hiding (hid'ing), n. concealment; a a strong, deep, or glaring color; beating. flushed; vivid; exaggerated. # hie (hi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hied, p.pr. highest (hi'est), adj. most high, hieing], to excite; speed: v.i. to highfalutin (hi-f a-lu'tin) , adj. bom- hasten, bastic: n. bombastic speech. hierarch (hi'er-ark), n. the chief ruler high-farming m (hi'f arm-ing) , adj. of an ecclesiastical body ; the leader using fertilizing manures exten- of an angelic host; in ancient sively. Greece, an officer who had charge high-flown (hi'flon), adj. elevated; of votive offerings. proud; extravagant; inflated. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HIGH-FLYER 413 HINNY high-flyer (hl'fll-er), n. an extrava- gant, somewhat dissipated person. hiirn- handed (hl-hand'ed) , adj. vio- lent; arbitrary. high- jinks (hi'jingks), n. sportive jollification usually among men of mature age, and high station. highland (hi'land), n. a mountainous region: pi. the mountainous districts of Scotland. high life (llf), n. fashionable society; its manner of living. highlows (hi'loz), n.pl. laced shoes reaching to the ankle. [English.] highly (hl'li), adv. in a high manner; in a great degree ; with high esteem or opinion; proudly; arrogantly. high mass (mas), n. a mass, usually at the high altar, at which a dea- con and a subdeacon assist the cele- brant. highness (hi'nes),n.the state or qual- ity of being high; a title of honor applied to persons of princely rank (with a possessive pronoun). high priest (prest), n. a chief priest, especially; the principal priest of the Jewish hierarchy. highroad (hi'rod), n. a chief road; highway; an easy course or method. high-roller (hi-rqrer), n. a person who lives expensively and recklessly. [American.] high-sign (ni-sin'), n. a jocular ex- pression for a signal among friends, denoting anything in general, but usually an invitation to drink. highstrung (hi'strung) , adj. strung to a high pitch; extremely sensitive. hight (hit), p. adj. called. high-toned _ (hi'tond), adj. high pitched; high principled; fashion- able. [Vulgar.] high water (m'waw-ter) , adj. pertain- ing to high tide, or its height or time. highway (hi'wa), n. a public road; a ^course or path. highwayman (hi'wa-man), n. [pi. highwaymen (hl'wa-men)], one who robs on the public road. high wine (win), n. a distillage of wine; brandy containing a large percentage of alcohol. hike (hik), v.i. to stride over long distances of country on a tramp or march. hiker (hi'ker), n_. one who hikes. hilarious (hi-la'ri-us) , adj. merry: exhilarated. hilarity (hi-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. hilarities (hi-lar'i-tiz)], noisy merriment; ex- hilaration. hill (hil), n. an elevation less than a mountain; a small mound or heap: v.t. to draw earth about. Hillelism (hh"el-izm), n. a doctrine based upon the teaching of Hillel, the Babylonian Jew (112 B.C.), viz., "What is hated to thee, do not unto thy fellow-men.' ' hilly (hil'i), adj. abounding with, or characterized by, hills; rugged. hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially of a sword. him (him), pron. the objective case of he. hind (hind), n. the female of the stag or red deer ; a farm servant ; peasant: adj. backward; hinder. hinder (hlnd'er), adj. belonging to, or constituting, the back or rear of anything. hinder (hin'der), v.t. to obstruct or impede: v.i. to impose obstructions or impediments. hindermost (hmd'er-most), adj. same as hindmost. hindmost (hmd'most), adj. farthest from the front; in the extreme rear. Hindoo, preferable spelling is Hindu. hindrance (hin'drans), n. obstruc- tion. Hindu (hin'doo), n. a native of Hin- dustan belonging to the Aryan race; Brahman: adj. pertaining to the Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- doo. Hinduism (hin'doo-izm) , n. Brah- rrianism, more or less modified from the original cult. Hindustani (hin-doo-sta'ne) , n. the official and common language oi India; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook on which a door, &c, turn or swing; the joint of a bivalve shell; that on which anything depends or turns: v.t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. hinny (hin'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hin- niea, p.pr : hinnying], to neigh: n. the offspring of a horse and a she ass. Also whinny. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HINT 414 HITCH hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention casually: n. a suggestion; distant allusion. hip (hip), n. the upper fleshy part of the thigh; haunch; the coxa of an insect; the rafter at the junction of two sloping roofs; the fruit of the briar or dog-rose; melancholy: inter j. an huzzah: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hipped, p.pr. hipping], to sprain or fracture the hip of; affect with mel- ancholy ; build with a hip ; throw by a cross-buttock in wrestling. hipp, a Greek prefix meaning horse. Also hippo, as ftippophagy, the prac- tice of eating horse-flesh. Hippocampus (hip-o-kam'pus) , n. [pi. Hippocampi (h:p-6-kam'pI)], a genus of small osseous fishes, having the head and shoulders somewhat re- sembling that of a horse. hippocampus, a sea-horse; the name of two eminences on the lateral ventricles of the brain (hippocam- pus major and hippocampus mi- nor). hippodrome (hip'o-drom), n. an an- cient Greek race-course for eques- trian games and chariots; a circus; a fraudulent contest or race, the result of which has been previously arranged: v.t. to arrange such a fraudulent contest. [Greek.] hippo griff (hip'o-grif), n. a fabulous winged monster, half horse, half griffin. hippology (hip-ol'o-ji), n. the study of the horse, its structure, habits, &c. hippophagy (hip-pof'a-ji), n. the practice of eating horse-flesh, as in France. hippopotamus (hip-o-pot'a-mus), n. [pi. hippopotami (hip-o-pot'a-mi) , hippopotamuses (hip-o-pot'a-mus- ez)], a large pachydermatous aquatic animal of Africa; the river-horse. hircine (her'sin), adj. resembling a goat; smelling like a goat: n. an oily product with a foetid smell found in the fat of goats and sheep. [Latin.] hire (hir), v.t. to engage for temporary service at a certain price; bribe; let or lease: n. recompense or considera- tion paid for the use of anything; wages; bribe. hireling (hir'ling), n. one who serves for hire: adj. mercenary. hirsute (her'sut), adj. hairy; shaggy. his (hiz), pron. poss. case of he. Hispanic (his-pan'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to Hispania or Spain. Hispanicism (his-pan'i-sizm) , n. a Spanish idiom. hispid (his'pid), adj. bristly. hiss (his), n. a noise, made by forc- ing the breath between the tongue and upper teeth, resembling that of a serpent or goose: v.i. to utter such a sound, especially as expressing dis- approbation or contempt. hist (hist), inter j. silence! hark! histo, a Greek prefix meaning tissue, as Atsfography, a description of or- ganic tissues. histology (his-tol'o-ji) , n. the science of animal tissues; microscopic anat- omy. historian (his-to'ri-an), a writer or deep student of history. historic (his-tor'ik) , adj. pertaining to, contained in, or celebrated in, his- tory: relating to the past. Also his- torical. historiographer (his-to-ri-og'ra-f er) , n. a writer of history, especially an official historian. historiography (his-to-ri-og'ra-fi) , n. the writing of history, or of the history of history. history (his'to-ri), n. [pi. histories (his'to-riz)], a narration of faets and events arranged chronologically or otherwise with their causes and effects; knowledge of facts. histrionic (his-tri-on'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to actors or the stage ; theatri- cal; also histrionical : n.pl. the art of theatrical representation. [Greek.] histrionically (his-tri-on'i-ka-li) , adv. theatrically. histricnicism (his-tri-on'i-sizm) , stage effect; affectation. hit (hit), v.t. [p.t. & .p.p. hit, p.pr. hitting], to strike; give a blow to; touch (the mark); attain to; suit: v.i. to clash or collide; succeed: n. a stroke or blow; a lucky event; felicitous remark. hitch (hich), n. a catch; that which acts like a catch; impediment; a pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to become entangled or caught; move ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. HITCHING 415 HOG by jerks; strike the feet together, as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; pull up with a jerk. hitching (hich'ing), n. a fastening in harness. hither (hith'er), adv. to this place: adj. on the side nearest to the speaker. hive (hiv), n. [pi. hives (hivz)], an artificial receptacle or house for bees; a swarm of bees inhabiting a hive; a busy assemblage or society: v.t. to gather or put into a hive; harbor: v.i. to live or take shelter together. hives (hivz), n.pl. nettle-rash; croup. hive-syrup (hiv-sir'up) , n. the com- pound syrup of squills used as a remedy for croup. See squills. ho (h6),_ inter j. stop! hold! . # hoar (hor), adj. white; grey with age; ancient. hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure laid up secretly; an accumulation of things: v.t. to collect and lay up: v.i. to lay up store. hoarding (hording), n. the act of stor- ing up; a fence of rough boards in- closing a building site. [English.] hoar-frost (hor'frost), n. white par- ticles of frozen dew or moisture. hoarhound (hor'hound), n. a white woolly aromatic herb ; a sweet lozenge made with an infusion of hoarhound, and used as a popular remedy for sore throat. hoarse (hors), adj. rough and harsh in sound, as the voice when affected by a cold. hoarsely (hors'li), adv. in a hoarse manner. hoarseness (hors'nes), n. the state of being hoarse. hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive trick; practical joke: v.t. to take in, or delude, by a hoax. hob (hob), n. the flat part of a grate on which things are placed to be kept warm; a sprite or demon, as "to raise hob." hobble (hob'l), v.i. to walk with a limp or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- ward step. hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a close- fitting skirt shaped to the figure of the wearer; drawn in by bands be- tween the knees and ankles, render* ing walking difficult and awkward. hobbly (hob'li), adj. rough or uneven. hobby (hob'i), n. [pi. hobbies ('iz)] t a favorite pursuit or object; an ambling nag; a kind of falcon. hobby-horse (hob'i-hors), n. a stick with a horse's head, across which children sit; a wooden or rocking- horse. hobgoblin (hob-gob 'lin), n. a goblin, sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- ful appearance: hence an alarming apparition. hobnail (hob'nal), n. a short thick nail with a large head: used for protect- ing the soles of heavy boots. hobnob (hob'nob), v.i. to drink famil- iarly with; associate intimately to- gether. hobo (ho'bo), n. an idle itinerant workman; a tramp. m hock (hok), n. the joint between the knee and the fetlock; the back part of the human knee-joint; any white Rhine wine (from Hochheimer) : v.t. to pawn. hockey (hok'i), n. an outdoor game played with a ball and clubs curved at one _end. hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [pi. & p.p. ho- cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or trick; to stupefy or render insensi- ble by means of drugged liquor in order to cheat or rob : n. a trick or juggle: drugged_ liquor. hocus-pocus (ho'kus-po'kus), n. a juggler's formula; words repeated before a trick. [Mediaeval.] hod (hod), n. a wooden trough, af- fixed to a long handle, for carrying mortar or bricks; a coal-scuttle; a male ferret. hod-carrier (hod'kar-i-er), n. a man who carries a hod; hodman. hodge-podge (hoj'poj), n. a medley oi ingredients, as in a hodge-podge pudding. hodman (hod'man), n. a bricklayer's laborer; a hod-carrier. hoe (ho), n. an agricultural tool for cutting weeds, &c: v.t. to cut, or till, with a hoe; clear from weeds. hog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of rough broom used for scrubbing a ship's bottom under water; a grasp- ing, gluttonous person: v.t. [p.U ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HOGSHEAD 416 HOLY ORDERS & p.p. hogged, p.pr. hogging], to crub (a ship's bottom) under water; to cut (the hair) short: v.i. to droop at both ends: said of a ship. hogshead (hogz'hed), n. a measure of capacity = 52^6 imperial gals, or 63 wine gals.; a large barrel or cask. hoiden. See hoyden. hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise with tackle; heave: n. an apparatus for lifting goods from a lower to a higher floor, &c; a lift. hoity-toity (hoi'ti-toi'ti) , inter j. an exclamation of surprise, rebuke, &c. hold (ho'ki), n_. a New Zealand fish. hoky-poky (ho'ki-po'ki), n. a com- mon kind of ice-cream sold in slabs. hold (hold), v.t. [v.t. held, p.p. held, hoiden, p.pr. holding], to grasp and keep in the hand; clutch; retain; keep; possess; connect; judge or consider; entertain; contain; cele- brate; use: v.i. to cling; adhere; stand good; continue; proceed; re- frain; maintain an opinion: n. the act of holding; a grasp or clutch; an embrace; support; a fortified place; that part of a vessel where the cargo is stored. holdfast (hold'fast), n. a hook or sup- port: adj. tenacious. holding (hold'ing), n. anything held tenure or right of possession; a farm held of a superior. hold-up (hold'up), n. the act of a high- way robber halting wayfarers to rob them; the blocking of a railway train by a band of criminals: v.t. to perform any of the above acts; also to prevent the passage of a bill in a legislative body, usually by corrupt means; to suppress; check; interfere with. hole (hoi), n. a cavity; hollow place; pit; perforation; the burrow of an animal; mean habitation; a difficulty or dilemma. holiday (hol'i-da), n. a day of gaiety and joy in celebration of some event, &c; a day of freedom from labor: adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous; gay. holiness (ho'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being holy; freedom from 6in; moral and spiritual purity; sacredness; a title of the Pope. holland (hol'and), n. fine unbleached linen, glazed or unglazed: pi. a kind of gin holloa (ho.-o ,, v.i. to shout to one at a distance: n. a shout. Also hullo. hollow (horo), adj. having a void space within: .opposed to solid; sunken; superficial; unreal: n. a cavity; pit; groove; space between hills or elevations; insincere; deep; low: v.t. to make hollow: adv. completely ; thoroughly. hollow- ware (horo- war), n. cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, &c. holly (hol'li), n. a shrub or tree of the genus Ilex, with glossy, prickly leaves and red berries. hollyhock (hori-hok), n. a tall bien- nial plant of the mallow family with large flowers. holm (hom), n. an evergreen oak; low flat land by the side of a river; a small river island. holo, a Greek prefix meaning whole, en- tire, as /zofocryptic, undecipherable. holoblastic (hol-6-blas'tik), adj. wholly germinal. holocaust (hol'6-kawst), n. a sacrifice wholly consumed by fire. holocryptic (hol-o-krip'tik),see under holo. holograph (horo-graf ) , n. a document entirely in the handwriting of the author, as "a holograph will." holographic (holo-graf'ik), adj. per* taining to a holograph. holster (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol- case usually carried at the saddle- bow. _ holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a burrow or hiding place. holy (ho'li), adj. \comp. holier, su- perl. holiest], pure; morally and spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi- nently good; pious; sacred; conse- crated. holy day (da), a religious festival. Holy Ghost (gost), the same as Holy Spirit. Holy Land (land), n. Palestine. Holy of Holies (ho'li 9V ho'lez), n. the innermost room in the taber- nacle and temple, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. Only the high-priest ever entered it, and then upon the Day of Atonement alone. holy orders (ho'li-6r-derz), n. the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. HOLY ROOD 417 HOMOGRAPH state of being a member of the priesthood; little used outside the Catholic, and the various branches of the Anglican, Churches. Holy Rood (rood), n. a cross or crucifix, especially one over the en- trance to the chancel in a church. Holy Spirit (spir'it), n. God; the third person of the Trinity. holystone (ho'li-ston), n. a large flat piece of stone used for scouring the snip's decks': v.t. to scrub (a deck) with a holystone. homage (om'aj), n. respect paid by external action; deference; rever- ence ; the ceremony _ by which a tenant or vassal promised fealty and service to his feudal lord. [Archaic] homalo, a Greek prefix, meaning even, plane, as homaloid&l, flat; plane. home (horn), n. one's abode or resi- dence; dwelling-place of a man and his family ; fatherland ; habitat ; a benevolent or charitable institution: adj. pertaining to one's abode or country; domestic: to the point de- signed; near; effective: adv. to or at home; to the_ uttermost; closely. homeliness (hom'li-nes), n. the state of being homely; plainness; rudeness. homely (hom'li), adj. plain-featured; uncultured; rude. In England, be- nevolent, kindly, homelike. home-made (hom'mad), adj. of household or domestic manufacture, as home-made bread. homeopathic (ho-nie-o-path'ik) , adj of or pertaining to homeopathy; ex- tremely small in quantity. Also homoeopathic . homeopathist (ho-me-op'a-thist), n. one who practices or believes in homeopathy. homeopathy (ho-me-op'a-thi), n. the medical system introduced by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843). which seeks to cure diseases by the administration of medicines in mi- nute quantities to produce in the patient symptoms similar to those the same medicine would produce in a healthy person. Also homoe- opathy. Homeridae (ho-mer'i-de), n.pl. the po- etical descendants of Homer; the rhapsodists who recited the Homeric poems. home rule (horn rool'),n. local self- government, especially that form of government for Ireland advocated by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish party. homesick (hom'sik), adj. ill because of absence from home; nostalgic. homesickness (hcm'sik-nes), n. state of being homesick; nostalgia. homespun (hom'spun), n. a heavy, woolen cloth, woven to imitate that which was formerly spun a* home. homestead (hom'sted), n. a dwellings house with the adjacent land; orig- inal abode. homicidal (hoin'i-sl-dal), adj. per- taining to, or having a tendency to, homicide. homicide (hom'i-sld), n. the killing of a human being; one who kills another. homiletic (hom-i-let'ik), adj. per- taining to homiletics. Also homi- letical. homiletics (hom-i-let'iks), n.pl. that branch of theology which treats of sermons and their composition. homilist (hom'i-list), n. a preacher. homily (hom'i-li), n. [pi. homilies (hom'i-liz)], a plain religious dis- course or sermon. homing (hom'ing), adj. returning home: said of carrier pigeons. hominy (horn'i-ni), n. Indian-corn soaked so as to remove the hull, and then coarsely ground. homo, a Greek prefix meaning like, sapie, similar, as homocercal, lobed alike, as the tail of a mackerel. homocentric (ho-mo-sen'trik) , same as concentric. homoeopathy, same as homeopathy. homogeneity (ho-mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. similar it j". homogeneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us), adj. uniform; composed of similar parts or elements. homogenesis (ho-mo-jen'e-sis) , n. a mode of reproduction in which the offspring of a higher organism passes through the same cycle of existence as the parent. homogenous (ho-moj'e-nus), adj. of the same origin. Also homogenetic. homograph (ho'mo-graf), n. a word spelled the same way as another ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 37 hue, hut ; think, then. HOMOLOGOUS 418 HOOF word, but haying a different mean- ing, and derived from a different root, as grave = a tomb, grave = seri- . ous. homologous (ho-mol'o-gus), adj. iden- tical. homologue (ho 'mo-log), n. the same organ or part in different animals, but varying in form and functions, as a hand, fin, &c. homology (hd-mol'o-ji), n. affinity of structure. homomorph (ho'mo-morf), n. a sim- ilar character or mark. homonym (ho'mo-nim), n. a word alike in sound, but differing in meaning, as pair, pare, pear. homophone (ho'mo-fon) , n. a letter representing the same sound as an- other. homophonous (ho-mof ; o-nus) , adj. alike in sound, but differing in mean- ing. homotype (ho'mq-tip), n. that part of an animal which corresponds to another part. hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. honest (on'est), adj. upright; just; sincere; honorable; equitable; fair; righteous; chaste; frank or open. honesty (on'es-ti), n. the quality of being honest. honey (hun'i), n. a sweet, viscid, syrupy substance collected by bees from flowers; sweetness; darling or sweet one : adj. _ resembling honey : v.t. to talk to in an endearing or flattering manner. honey-bee (hun'i-be), n the common hive-bee. honey-boy (hun'i-boi), n. a term of endearment. [Vulgar.] honeycomb (hun'i-kom), n. the waxen hexagonal cells made by bees to con- tain their honey, eggs, &c; any structure resembling a honeycomb: v.t. to fill with holes, &c, so as to leave only thin partitions. honeydew (hun'i-du), a saccharine secretion from the leaves of cer- tain plants; a sweet substance se- creted by aphids; a variety of to- bacco. honey-locust (hun'i-lo-kust), n. a large American tree of the bean family. honeymoon (hun'i-moon), n. the first month after marriage. honeysuckle (hun'i-suk'l) , n„ a climb- ing plant with fragrant flowers honiton (hon'i-tun), n. sl kind of lace called after Honiton in Devonshire, where it was first made by refugees from France (1793-1800). honk (honk), inter j. the cry of the Ca- nadian mid-goose in flight. honor (on'er), n. respectful regard; esteem; worship; reputation; ex- alted rank; fame; magnanimity; scorn of meanness; self-respect; chastity; an outward mark of high esteem; glory; a title used in ad- dressing certain officials; one of the four highest trump cards in whist: pi. in a university examination, the highest class: v.t. to treat with re- spect, deference, or civility; revere or worship ; bestow marks of honoi upon (with with)\ dignity; ac- knowledge; accept and pay when due. honorable (on'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of, or conferring, honor; distinguished in rank ; high-minded ; illustrious ; upright; indicating honor; a title of distinction. honorably (on'er-a-bli), adv. in an honorable manner. honorarium (on-o-ra/ri-um) , n. a fee paid to a professional man. honorary (on'er-a-ri), adj. done, or conferred, as an honor. hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or covering for the head; a monk's, woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- ing cover for a carriage; an orna- mental fold hanging down the back denoting a university degree; some- thing resembling a hood; a cowl: v.t. to cover or furnish with, or as with, a hood: suffix = state, con- dition, or quality, as man/wod hardihood. hoodlum (hood'lum), n. originally a Calif ornian rough or bully; a rowdy. Also hooligan. hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or thing that causes ill-luck : v t to ban. m . hoodwink (hood'wingk), v.t. to de- ceive; blindfold. hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs, also hooves (hoovz)], the horny substance cover- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book t hue, hut ; thinks then. ^ HOOK 419 HORIZONTAL ing the feet of certain mammals, as horses, &c; an animal with hoofs. hook (hook), n. a curved piece of metal, bone, &c; to hold or catch something; a fish-hook; sickle; a trap; an instrument for lopping or cutting; a cape or headland: v.t. to catch with, or as with, a hook; to gore or attack with the horns. hookah (hook'ah), n. a pipe with a long flexible tube which draws the smoke through a vase containing perfumed water. Also hooka and huqa. [Arabic] hooked (hookt), p.adj. curved like a hook. hooker (hook'er), n. one who, or that wnich, hooks; a fishing-smack; a small Dutch vessel; any clumsy, ill-fitted, old craft. hook-worm (hook Verm), n. a par- asite which invades the human body by the feet and produces inanition by sucking the blood. hooligan (hoo'li-gan), n. a rowdy; a noisy, coarse young man who haunts the streets at night and begs or steals for a livelihood. The name originated in Australia, but is now used all over the English speak- ing world. hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. a metal or wooden band to hold together the staves of a cask, &c; the band of a finger-ring ; a kind of crinoline ; a large circular ring of metal or wood used by children for trun- dling; anything curved like a hoop; a whoop; the noise made in whoop- ing-cough: v.t. to bind or secure with a hoop; encircle. hooper (hoop'er), n. sl cooper; the wild swan. hooping (hoop'ing), n. material for making hoops; hoops collectively. hooping-cough, same as whooping- cough. hoopoe (hoo'po), n. a bird with an erect crest and handsome plumage. hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout: v.t . to jeer or drive with contemptuous shouts: v.i. to utter a hoot. hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cattle, in which the abdomen is distended. hop (hop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hopped, p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im- pregnate with hops: v.i. to proceed by short leaps on one leg; skip with both legs; limp; to pick hops: n. a jump on one leg; a dance; a twin- ing plant the ripened cones m of which are used in brewing to im- part a bitter taste to malt liquors: adj. pertaining to hops. hope (hop), n. the desire of good accompanied by expectation; antici- pation; confidence; the object of hope: v.t. to expect with confidence or desire: v.i. to cherish a desire for good; trust confidently. hopeful (hop 'fool), adj. full of hope; promising success. hopefully (hop'foo-li), adv. in a hopeful manner. hopeless (hop'les), adj. without hope ; devoid of cheerfulness ; despairing. hoplite (hop lit), n. an ancient Greek heavy-armed foot -soldier. hopper (hop'cr), n. one who, or that which, hops; a name for various leaping insects; a wooden trough or unnel through which grain passes into a mill ; mechanism in a piano for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- ket used in sowing grain; a hop- picker; the basin of a water-closet. hoppet (hop'et), n. a hand-basket; a dish for measuring ore. hopple (hop'l), v.t. to hobble. hoppy (hop'i), adj. full of, or tasting like, hops. hops, see under hop. hopscotch (hop'skoch), n. a children's game, in which a flat stone is driven from one numbered compartment to another by the player while he hops. horal (ho'ral), adj. pertaining to, or lasting, an hour; hourly. Also horary. [Latin.] horde (hord), n. a nomadic tribe or clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a vast multitude: v.i. to live, or act' together, in hordes. [Turkish.] hordeine (hor'de-in), n. a starch-like substance obtained from barley. horehound, same as hoar hound. horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular line where the sky and earth, or sea, appear to meet: hence the limit of one's mental vision. horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- lel to, or situated near, the horizon; level: opposed to vertical. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HORIZONTALLY 420 HORSE-PISTOL horizontally (hor-i-zon'ta-li), adv. in a horizontal direction. horn (horn), n. a hard projecting, usually curved, protuberance on the head of certain mammals, especially- hoofed animals; a thickened form of tissue; anything made of horn, or like horn; a wind instrument; one of the extremities of the moon when in crescent form. hornbeak (horn'bek), n. the garfish. hornbeam (horn'bem), n. a small tree yielding a tough wood: used for cogwheels, &c. hornbill (horn'bil), n. a bird with a • large horn-crested bill, allied to the kingfishers. hornblende (horn'blend) , n. a dark- green or black-colored mineral with a horn-like cleavage. horn-book (horn'book), n. a primer consisting of a printed sheet con- taining the first nine numerals, the alphabet, and the Lord's Prayer. It was framed like a slate and faced over with a thin, transparent sheet of horn, to preserve the printing. The horn-book ceased to be used not long after the time of Queen Eliza- beth, but the name was long ap- plied to any primer. horned (hornd), adj. having horns; horn-shaped. hornet (hor'net), n. a small wasp which inflicts a severe sting; hence a waspish, disagreeable person. horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- ance of the moon at her first and last quarter. hornpipe (horn 'pip), n. a lively dance, especially by sailors; an ob- solete wind instrument. hornwrack (horn'rak), n. sea-mat. horny (horn'iX adj. like horn. horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechanism, as a clock, &c, for marking the hours. horology (ho-rol'o-ji), n. the art of measuring time, or of constructing timepieces. horometer (ho-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring time. horoscope (hor'o-skopj , n. a repre- sentation of the heavens at any time, especially at one's birth. horoscopy (ho-ros'ko-pi) , n. the art of casting horoscopes and determin- ing the destiny of persons from them; a horoscope. [Greek.] horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bristling. horrible (hor'i-bl) , adj. terrible ; dread- ful. [Latin.] horribleness (hor'i-bl-nes), n. the state of being horrible. horribly (hor'i-bli), adv. terribly; dreadfully. horrid (hor'id), adj. dreadful; terrible; hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. horrific (hor-if 'ik) , adj. causing horror. horrify (hor'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- fied], to fill or strike with horror. horripilation (hor-ip-i-la/shun), n. a shuddering sensation as of the hair standing on end, or goose-flesh. horror (hor'er), n. excessive fear ac- companied with shuddering; ex- treme dread; great disgust: pi. ex- treme depression; delirium tremens (with the). hors de combat (or de cong'ba), prep. phr. out of the fight; disabled. [French.] hors-d'ceuvre (or-doovr'), n. a side dish. [French.] horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- mal, used for riding or drawing burdens; a male of the species; cav- alry; a framework or machine for the support of anything; a foot- rope to support the foot of a sailor under a yard or the bowsprit; work charged for before it is executed: v.t. to mount on, or furnish with, a horse; carry on horseback; place astride: y.i. to get on horseback: adj. noting something coarse or large. horse-billiards (hors'bil-yerdz) , n. a name given to the game of shuffle- board when played at sea, on ships. horse-chestnut (hors'ches-nut), n. a very tall chestnut tree bearing a non-edible fruit resembling chest- nuts — first imported from the Old World but now indigenous to Amer- ica. horse-fly (hors'fli), n. a large fly that stings horses. horse-laugh (hors'laf), n. a coarse, noisy laugh. horsemanship (hors 'man-ship), n. the act of riding, and of training and managing horses. horse-pistol (hors'pis-tol), n. an old- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HORSE-PLAY 421 HOT-POT fashioned pistol generally canned in the bow of a rider, rather than in a holster. horse-play (hors'pla), n. rough, noisy conduct, usually observed among yo- kels and ill-bred, half -grown youths. horse-power (hors'pou-er) , n. the theoretical unit of work of a steam- engine =33,000 lb. raised 1 ft. in 1 minute. horseradish (hors'rad-ish), n. a plant with a long root having an acrid pun- gent taste and used as a condiment. horseshoe (hors'shoo), n. a U-shaped metal shoe to protect the hoof of a horse; anything U-shaped: the king crab. horseweed (hors'wed), n. the fleabane. horsey (hors'i), adj. pertaining to horses. hortative (hor'ta-tiv), adj.- inciting; giving exhortation. Also hortatory. hortensial (hor-ten'shal) , adj. per- taining to, or fitted for, a garden. horticultural (hor-ti-kul'tu-ral) , adj. pertaining to horticulture. horticulture (hor-ti-kul'tur) , n. the art of cultivating gardens,. horticulturist (hor-ti-kul'tur-ist) , n. one who is_ skilled in horticulture. hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. an exclama- tion of praise and glory to God. The literal meaning is "Save, I pray!" [Hebrew.] hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for the legs; stockings; flexible tub- ing for conveying water, &c. hosier (ho'zher), n. one who deals in hosiery. hosiery (ho'zher-i), stockings, under- clothing, &c; a manufactory for such goods. hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- vent for the reception and enter- tainment of travelers. [French.] hospitable (hos'pit-a-bl), adj. receiv- ing and entertaining friends or strangers. hospital (hos'pi-tal) , n. an institution for the medical treatment and care of the sick. [French.] hospitality (hos-pi-tal'i-ti) , n. [pi. hospitalities (hos-pi-tal'i-tiz)], the practice of entertaining friends and strangers with kindness and liber- ality. host (host), n. a crowd; multitude; army; one who entertains another in public or. private; a landlord of an hotel or inn; an organism on which another is parasitic; the con- secrated bread or wafer of the Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian and Lu- theran Church. [Latin.] hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who remains in the hands of another as a pledge for the fulfilment of cer- tain conditions; a pledge. hostel (hos'tel), n. a hostelry; at Ox- ford and Cambridge, a small un- endowed college. hostelry (hos'tl-ri), n. an inn or lodg- ing-house_. hostess (host'es), n. a female host. hostile (hos'til), adj. showing ani- mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- nant: n. a hostile Indian. hostility (hos-til'i-ti) , n. [pi. hos- tilities (hos-til'i-tiz)] the state of being hostile; antagonism; enmity; animosity: pi. acts of warfare. hostler (hosier), n. one who takes charge of horses at an inn. Also ostler. hot (hot), adj. [comp. hotter, superL hottest], having much heat; burn- ing; fiery; passionate; lustful; ar- dent; furious; pungent; acrid; unen- durable; near to the object sought for. hotbed (hot 'bed), n. a bed of earth covered with glass and made warm by the fermentation of manure, for rearing plants. hotchpotch (hoch'poch), n. a mix- ture of various ingredients; a thick broth of meat _ and vegetables [Scotch]; a commixture of property for division; a mess. Also hodge- podge. hot-dog (hot-dog'), n. a name given humorously in the U. S. to a Frank- furter sausage when served hot. hotel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn or lodging-house. hothead (hot'hed), n. one who is given to anger; a high-tempered person. hothouse (hot'hous), n. a glazed building artificially heated for rear- ing tender plants. hot-pot (hot'pot), n. a dish prepared by stewing mutton chops over ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. HOTPRESS 422 HUB sliced and fried tomatoes, highly house-maid (hous'mad), n. a domes* seasoned. tic employed in the lighter duties, hotpress (hot'pres), v.t. to gloss paper such as caring for the rooms, an- or linen by passing it between heated swering bells, and waiting at table. rollers. • housing (houz'ing), n. a saddle hotspur (hot'sper), n. a man of cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of hasty and precipitate valor: adj. sl horse. hot-headed. hovel (hov'l), n. a mean habitation; Hottentot (hot 'en-tot) , n. one of an hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in s aboriginal South African race in hovel. Cape Colony; the language spoken hover (huv'er), vA. to flutter over by the Hottentots, characterized by or about; stand in suspense or ex- a peculiar click so as often to be pectation; move about in a neigh* called "the click language." See borhood. click. how (hou), adv. in what manner; to fhoudah, same as howdah. what degree or extent; for what hough, same as hock. reason. hound (hound), n. a particular breed howadji (hou-wad'ji). Same as of hunting dog; a despicable, mean hadji. fellow: v.t. to chase with, or as howbeit (hou-be'it), adv. nevertheless. with, hounds; incite; set upon. howdah (hou'da), n. a protected houndfish (hound'fish) , n. a kind of seat for riding on an elephant or shark. camel. Also houdah. [Hindu.] hour (our), n. the l-24th part of a howel (hou'el), n. a cooper's smoothing day; 60 minutes; a particular time: plane. pi. life; in the Roman Catholic however (hou-ev'er), adv. in whatever Church, nrayers repeated at stated manner or degree; at all events: times during the day; the book con- conj. notwithstanding; yet. taming such devotional exercises howitzer (hou'itz-er), n. a short can- Hour (our), n. one of the Horse, non, formerly used for throwing anciently regarded as goddesses of shells. the hours and seasons. [Latin.] m howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of hour-glass (our'glas), n. a device a dog or wolf ; the cry of one in pain for measuring time by running sand or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or through the narrow neck of a glass wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain vessel. or distress; roar, like the wind; cry hour! (hoo'ri), n. [pi. houris (hoo'riz)], down by clamor: v.t. to utter in a one of the dark-eyed nymphs of the loud wailing tone. Mohammedan paradise. [Persian.] howler (houTer), n. one who howls; a house (hous), n. a building for resi- coward; one who yields too readily dence; place of abode; household af- (see squealer); a South American fairs; manner of living; family or monkey of the genus Mycetes. race, especially of high rank; one of howling (houTing), p. adj. filled with the divisions of a legislative or ec- howls or howling; dreary; dismal; clesiastical body; a quorum of the extreme. members of such a body ; a mercan- howsoever (hou-so-ev'er) , adv. in what tile firm; in astrology, the station manner soever; although. of a planet in the heavens, or the hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted 12th part of the heavens; a square coasting-vessel: inter j. ho! on a chess-board ; (houz) v.t. to hoyden (hoi'den),n. a tomboy; a romp; place in a house ; shelter or lodge : a girl given to noisy play and prac- v.i. to take shelter. tical jokes. house-boat (hous'bot), n. a covered hub (hub), n. the nave of a wheel: boat fitted up as a river residence. the peg at which quoits are thrown; household (hous'hold), n. a family a kind of steel punch used in coin- living together: adj. domestic; per- ing, &c; a hilt; a jutting obstruct taining to a family or home. tion. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HUBBUB 423 HUMANITY hubbub (hub 'bub), n. uproar. huccatoon (huk-ka-toon') , n. a kind of cotton cloth. buck (huk), n. a German trout. buckaback (huk'a-bak), n. a rough kind of linen or cotton cloth: used for toweling. buckle (huk'l), n. the hip; a haunch. hucklebacked (huk'1-bakt) , adj. round-shouldered. huckleberry (huk'1-ber-i) , n. [pi. huckleberries (huk'1-ber-iz)], the edi- ble berry of any species of Gaylus- sacia; the whortleberry; said fa- miliarly to an acquaintance, as " You're my huckleberry." huckster (huk'ster), n. one who re- tails small articles ; a mean, tricky fellow. huddle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd together in a disorderly manner; collect closely; place or perform in haste or disorder: v.i. to come in a crowd or haste (with on, up, over) : n. confusion; crowd. hue (hu), n. color tint; a shouting clamor. hue and cry (hu and krl'), n. in law, the common process of pursuing a felon, that is, by shouting after him, this being the duty of good citizens. huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; treat with insolence; bully; remove (a piece at checkers) when one's opponent fails to take with it: n. fit of petulance; sudden offense taken. hug (hug), n. a close embrace; a par- ticular grip in wrestling: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hugged, p.pr. hugging], to embrace closely; fondle; hold fast; keep close to. huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. hugely (htij'li), adv. immensely; ex- ceedingly. hugeness (hiij'nes), n. vastness; enor- mous bulk. hugger-mugger (hug'er-mug'er) , adj. to act secretly; to confuse: adv. slovenly; confusedly. Huguenot (hfi'ge-not or -no), n. a name applied to French Protestants of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. [Origin doubtful.] hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, especially if old or dismantled: pi. old dismasted ships formerly used as convict prisons (with the). hulking (hulk'ing), adj. unwieldy^ bulky. hull (hul), n. outer covering, especially of grain or nuts; the body or frame of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the hull or husk of; strike or pierce (the huD of a vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i. to drift to and fro upon the sea, like a ship without sails. _ hullabaloo (hul'a-ba-loo) , n. uproar; noisy contention. [A folk-word, probably Irish, and suggesting "hullo" and "hurly-burly."] hum (hum), n. the noise of bees and other insects in flight: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hummed, p.pr. humming], to make such a noise: v.t. to sing in a low undertone; set or keep going in an energetic manner: inter j. a sound with a pause implying hesitation or consideration. human (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, man or man- kind ; having the qualities of a man ; not divine. humane (hu-man'), adj. having the feelings proper to man; benevolent t kind; compassionate; elevating. humanely (hu-man'li), adv. in a hu- mane manner. humaniculture (hu'ma-ni-kul-tur),rie humanism. humanism (hu'man-izm) , n. culture derived from classical training, liter- ature and art ; human nature. humanist (hii'man-ist), n. a student of the humanities; one versed in the knowledge of human nature. humanistic (hu-man-is'tik) ^ adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, the humanities. humanitarian (hu-man-i-ta'ri-an) , n. a philanthropist; an anti Trinitar- ian who rejects the doctrine of Christ's divinity; one who believes that the duty of man consists of acting rightly to others ; a perfection- ist: adj. philanthropic. humanity (hu-man'i-ti) , n. [pi. hu- manities (hu-man'i-tiz)], mankind; the state or quality of being human or humane; philanthropy; kindness; benevolence: pi. classical learning and literature, and the insight into* human thought and feeling through- out the centuries since Greece and Rome evolved the greatest monu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book % hue, hut ; think, then. HUMANIZE 424 HUN merits of intellectual and spiritual greatness. It is therefore impossi- ble for one acquainted only with the literature and art of recent centuries to be a humanist. humanize (hu'man-iz), v.t. to render human; soften._ humankind (hu 'man-kind) , n. hu- man species. humanly (hu'man-li), adv. after the manner of men. humble (hum'bl), adj. having a low estimate of one's self; modest; meek; submissive; lowly; mean; ob- scure: v.t. to make submissive; sub- due; bring low; mortify; humiliate. humble-bee (hum'bl-be) , n. a bumble- bee. Also bumble-bee. humble-pie (hum'bl-pi), n. a pie made of the humbles, or entrails, of a deer. Figuratively, when a per- son humiliates himself and retracts from fun, he is said "to eat humble pie." See crow. humbles (hum'blz), n.pl. entrails, es- pecially of a deer. humboldtine (hum'bol-tin) , n. a yel- lowish crystalline mineral; natural ferrous oxalate. humbug (hum'bug), n. a fraud or imposition under fair pretenses; sham; a plausible deceiver; a spirit of trickery or deception: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. humbugged, p.pr. humbug- ging], to cheat or impose upon; hoax. humbugger (hum'bug-er) , n. one who humbugs. humbuggery (hum'bug-er-i) , n. [pi. humbuggeries (hum'bug-er-iz)], im- position. humdrum (hum'drum), adj. dull; monotonous; commonplace. humeral (hu'mer-al), adj. pertaining to the shoulder. humero, a Latin prefix meaning shoulder. humerus (hu-mer-us), n. [pi. humeri (hti'mer-ri)], the arm from the shoulder to the fore-arm; the cylin- drical bone of that part. humid (hu'mid), adj. damp; moist. humidity (hu-mid'i-ti) , n. dampness; moisture. humidor (hu'mid-or), n. a receptacle for keeping tobacco moist. humiliate (hu-nnTi-at) , v.t. to put to shame; humble; abase. humiliation (hu-mil-i-a/shun) , n. the act of humiliating ; the state of being humiliated ;mortification ; abasement. humility (hu-miL'i-ti) , n. [pi. humili- ties m (hu-mil'i-tiz)], the state or quality of being humble; modesty; self-abasement. humite (hu'mlt), n. a variety of chondrocyte. hummer (hum'er), n. a familiar word, used of one who is immensely ener- getic, full of life and of a rather vulgar activity. humming-bird (hum'ing-berd) , n. a very small bird of the family Tro- chilidse, with brilliant metallic plu- mage. hummock (hum'ok), n. a large mass of floating ice; a hillock or mound. hummum (hum'um) and hammam (ham'am), n. a Turkish bath. [Turkish.] humor (hu'mer), n. wit; merri- ment ; the tendency to look at things from the mirthful or incongruous side; caprice; proud conceit; tem- per; petulance; peevishness; mois- ture of the body and eye; disease: v.t. to indulge; yield to a particular desire of. humorist (hii'mer-ist) , n. one who gratifies his own humor; a droll per- son; one whose writing or conversa- tion is characterized by humor. humorous (hu'mer-us), adj. full of, or characterized by, humor ; comical ; diverting. humorsome (hu'mer-sum) , adj. char- acterized by humor; laughable; capricious. hump (hump), n. a protuberance on the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- ert (one's self) . humpty-dumpty, (hump'ti-dump'ti) , adj. characterized by short limbs and a round body; a nursery hero, Humpty Dumpty. humulin (hu'mu-lin), n. the bitter narcotic principle in hops. humulus (hu'mu-lus), n. a genus of twining plants, containing the hops. humus (hu'mus), n. vegetable mold. Hun (hun), n. one of an ancient Tar- tar race, which in the ninth century, A.D., overran and devastated Eu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HUNCH 425 HURRY-SCURRY rope. Their representatives to-day are found in Russia, Hungary, Fin- land, and Poland, being commonly styled Turanians. hunch (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to push with the fist or elbow; push with a sudden jerk; a popular superstition makes a hunch the source of luck; so "I've a hunch on so-and-so" means that the speaker thinks that he knows all about it, or that he is sure to get gain from it. hunchback (hunch'bak), n. a person with deformed neck and shoulders. As indicated above, popular super- stition makes him a source of luck, so that before a heavy game of cards, gamblers will touch the hump with a piece of money "for luck." hundred (hun'dred), adj. 10 times 10: n. the number of 10 times 10; the symbol (C, or 100) denoting it; a division of an English county. hundredth (hun'dredth) , adj. the ordinal of 100: n. one of 100 equal parts. hundredweight (hun'dred- wat) , n. the l-20th part of a ton. hung, p.t. of hang. Hungarian (hung-ga/ri-an) , adj. per- taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, or language. The Hungarian name is Magyar (ma/yar). hunger (hung'ger), n. keenness of appetite; pain or uneasiness caused by want of food; strong desire: v.i. to feel the pain of hunger; to have a longing or earnest desire. hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik) : n. the effort to enforce release from impris- onment by refusing to take food, es- pecially of suffragettes. hungrily (hung'gri-li) , adj. in a hun- gry manner. hungry (hung'gri), adj. [comp. m hun- grier, superl. hungriest], having a keen appetite; feeling pain or un- easiness for want of food: # emaciated ; eagerly desirous; unfertile: said of land. hunk (hungk), n. a lump or large piece. hunky (hunk'i), adj. well done; in good trim. Also hunky-dory. [Slang.] hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue/ or chase, as game or wild animals; follow closely; search after: v.i. to follow the chase: n. pursuit of game or wild animals; pack of hounds; an association of huntsmen; district hunted over by hounds; a search. hunter (hunt'er), n. a huntsman; a horse or hound trained for hunting; a hunting-watch. hunting (hunt'ing), n. the act or practice of one who hunts; pursuit; search. hunting- Dox(hunt'ing-boks), n. tem- porary residence while hunting. [English]. hunting- watch (hunt'ing-woch) , n. a watch having its face protected with a metal cover. huntress (hunt'res), n. a female hunter. huntsman (huntz'man), n. [pi. huntsmen (hunt z 'men)], a hunter; one who has the management of a pack of hounds. hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence of osiers or branches; a fence to be leaped over in steeplechasing; a rude frame on which criminals were formerly dragged to execution: v.t. to cover or inclose with hurdles. hurdy-gurdy (her'di-ger'di), n. a stringed instrument somewhat re- sembling a violin, played by a wheel ; a barrel organ; a miner's camp. hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- hemence: n. the act of throwing. hurly-burly (her'li-ber'li) , n. tumult; great commotion. hurrah (hoo-ra/), inter j. a shout of joy, triumph, applause, &c. : v.i. to utter such a shout in applause, &c. [Originally Russian.] hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of extreme violence characterized by fitful changes of the wind. hurricane- deck (hur'i-kan-dek) , n. the bridge-deck of a steamship; the upper deck of a river steamer. hurried (hur'id), p. adj. exhibiting, or characterized by, haste; hasty. hurry (hur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, p.pr. hurrying], to impel to greater speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to act or move with haste: n. haste; urgency; precipitation; confusion. hurry-scurry (hur'i-skur'i) , n. con- fused bustle. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 30 hue, hut ; think, then. HURT 426 HYDRA hurt (hert), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, hut (hut), n. a small house or cabin; p.pr. hurting], to cause or inflict a temporary erection for lodging pain in; wound; grieve; injure; im- troops. pair or damage: n. a wound; in- hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or chest; jury; damage or loss. a coop or pen; a mining trough for hurtful (hert 'fool), adj. injurious; washing ore: v.t. to store; to wash harmful. (ore) in a hutch. hurtfully (hert'foo-li) , adv. so as to huzzah (huz-ah'), same as hurrah, hurt. •• hyacinth (hl'a-sinth) , n. a handsome hurtle (hert'l), v.t. to move violent- bulbous flowering plant of the genus ly; impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash Hyacinthus bearing spiky flowers, in collision. white, pink, or red, and either single hurtleberry (hert'1-ber-i), same as or double; a variety of zircon, used whortleberry, and huckleberry. as a jewel. [Greek.] husband (huz'band), n. a married hyacinthine (hi-a-sinth'in) , adj. per- man: v.t. to manage or use with taining to the hyacinth; like Hya- economy. cinthus, the handsome youth killed husbandman (huz 'band-man), n. [pi. by Apollo and transformed into husbandmen (huz 'band-men)], a til- the hyacinth: hence handsome; ler of the soil ; farmer. m beautiful. husbandry (huz'band-ri), n. agricul- Hyades (hi'a-dez), n.pl. the five stars ture; frugality. m m in the face of the constellation Tau- hush (hush), inter j. be still! silence! rus, supposed by the ancients to adj. quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- bring rain when they rose with the lence: v.t. to make silent; soothe. sun. Also Hyads. [Greek, from husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- the verb to rain.] ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t. hyaena (hi-e'na), n. sane as hyena, to remove husks from. hyal, a Greek prefix meaning glass, huskily (hus'ki-li), adj. hoarsely. as hyaline, like glass: also hyalo: huskiness (hus'ki-nes) , n. the state hyalogr&phy, the art of writing or of being husky. m # engraving upon glass. husking-bee (hus 'king-be) , n. asocial hyaline (hi'a-lin), adj. glassy; trans- gathering to assist in husking corn. parent. husky (hus'ki), adj. [comp. huskier, hyalography (hl-a-log'ra-fi) , n. the superl. huskiest], consisting of, or art of engraving on glass, like, husks; worthless; rough or hybrid (hl'brid), n. a mongrel; an hoarse: said of the voice; physically animal or plant produced by inter- strong: n. an American Indian breeding different species or varie- sledge-dog. ties ; a compound word the elements hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light-armed of which are derived from different cavalry soldier. languages. [Greek.] hussy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies (huz'iz)], hybridize (hi'brid-iz) , v.t. to cause to a fast girl; worthless woman. interbreed and thus produce hybrids. hustings (hust'ings), n.pl. in England hydatoid (hl'da-toid) , adj. watery: n. a court held in the Guildhall before the membrane around the aqueous the Lord Mayor, Recorder and humor of the eye; the aqueous hu- sheriffs of London; formerly the mor itself. stand from which Parliamentary hydr and hydro, a Greek prefix mean- candidates, when nominated, ad- ing water, also the presence of hydro- dressed the electors. gen. hustle (hus'l), v.t. to push roughly; Hydra (hi'dra), n. in classical my- jostle; mob; shake together in con- thology, the water serpent with nine fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- heads slain by Hercules; each of rity. these on being cut off became two; hustler (hus'ler), n. one who works an evil which grappled with, appears hard, but with more noise and fuss to intensify; a genus of fresh-water than are necessary. polyps which multiply on division. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HYDRACID 427 HYENA hydracid (hl-dras'id) , n. an acid con- taining hydrogen but no oxygen. Hydrangea (hi-dran'je-a), n. a genus of shrubs of the saxifrage family with showy flowers. hydrant (hl'drant), n. a plug with a valve connected with a water main for extinguishing fires. hydrate (hl'drat), n. a chemical com- pound containing a definite quantity of water: v.t. to combine with water to form a hydrate. hydraulic (hi-draw'lik), adj. pertain- ing to fluids in motion: n.pl. the science of liquids in motion and the application of the forces which in- fluence the motions of water for practical purposes. hydric (hi'drik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen in combina- tion; pertaining to water. hydride (hi'drld), n. a chemical com- bination of hydrogen with another element. hydriodic (hil-dri-od'ik) , adj. com- posed of hydrogen and iodine. hydro. See hydr. hydro- aeroplane (hi'dro-a'er-o-plan) , n. a flying machine for use both on water and in air. hydrocarbons (hl-dro-kar'bonz), n.pl. a general name for bitumens, mineral resins, and fats which are composed of hydrogen and carbon. hydrocele (hi'dro-sel), n. dropsy of the scrotum. hydrocephalus (hi-dro-sef 'a-lus) , n. dropsy of the brain. _ hydrochlorate (hi-dro-klo'rat), n. a salt of hydrochloric acid_. hydrochloric (hl-dro-klo'rik) , adj. composed of hydrogen and chlorine. hydrocyanic (hl-dro-si-an'ik), adj. composed of hydrogen and cyano- gen. hydrocyanic acid (as'id), n. prussic acid. It has a taste by which its presence is easily recognized, re- sembling that of bitter almonds. As a poison, it is very deadly, caus- ing instantaneous death. hydrodynamic (hi - dro - di - nam'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or derived from, the pressure of water: n.pl. the science that treats of w_ater pressure. hydrofluoric (hl-dro-flu-or'ik) , adj. composed of hydrogen and fluorine. hydrofluoric acid (as'id), n. a volatile fuming acid used in etching glass. hydrogen (hl'dro-jen), n. & colorless gaseous, inflammable substance, which liquefies under great pressure, and is the lightest element yet known, being 14J times fighter than air: when combined with oxygen it produces water. Hydrogen is the standard unit for the estimation of atomic weights and volumes. hydrography (hi-drog'ra-fi) , n. the art of measuring and mapping the water surf ace of the earth, as oceans, lakes, coast-lines, &c, with relative data as to their depth, tides, beds, &c. hydrokinetics (hl-dro-ki-net'iks) , n.pl. that branch of physics which treats of fluids in motion. hydrology (hl-drol'o-ji), n. the science of water, its property, laws, phe- nomena, &c. hydrometer (hi-drom'e^-ter), n. an in- strument for determining the specific gravity, strength, &c., of fluids. hydropathic (hl-dro-path'ik), adj. pertaining to hydropathy: n. an es- tablishment where patients reside while under hydropathic treatment. hydropathy (hl-drop'a-thi^n. the cure of disease by water treatment. hydrophobia (hi-dro-fo'bi-a), n. a disease caused by the virus from the saliva of a mad dog, resulting in convulsions, an unnatural dread of water, and final death. hydrophyte (hl'dro-flt), n. a water plant. hydroplane (hi'dro-plan), n. an at- tachment for a boat to lessen fric- tion when the boat is speeded. hydrostat (hl'dro-stat), n. an ap- paratus for the prevention of boiler explosions; an electrical contrivance for indicating the leakage or over- flow of water. hydrostatic (hl-dro-stat'ik), adj. per- taining to hydrostatics: n.pl. that branch of physics that treats of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids. hydrotherapy (hl-dro-ther'a-pi), n. treatment of disease by water; water-cure. hydro thermal (hi-dro-ther'mal), adj. pertaining to the action of hot water. hyena (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HYETAL 428 HYPOBLAST wolf -like carnivorous quadruped. Also hyaena. byetal (hi'et-al), adj. pertaining to rain, or rainfall. hyetograph (hi-et'o-graf), n. a chart showing the rainfall over various areas. hyetology (hi-et-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of meteorology treating of rainfall, its distribution, representation on charts, &c. Hygeian (hi-je'an), adj. pertaining to Hygeia, the goddess of health. [Greek.] hygeian, adj. pertaining to health, or hygiene. hygiene (hl-jen'), n. the science of health, its preservation, and the laws of sanitation. hygienic (hi-ji-en'ik), adi. pertaining to hygiene. hygiology (hi-ji-ol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence of hygiene; a treatise on hy- giene. hygro, a Greek prefix meaning moist, wet, as hygrometer, an instrument for measuring the amount of moisture contained in the atmosphere. hygrometer (hl-grom'e-ter) . See un- der hygro. hygrometry (hi-grom'e-tri) , n. that branch of physics that treats of the moisture of the atmosphere. hygroscope (hi'gro-skop) , n. an ap- paratus for indicating atmospheric moisture. hylozoism (hi-lo-zo'ism) the doctrine that life and matter can not be separated. This belief is very old and was taught by the Stoics in Greece. hymen (hi'men), n. marriage, from Hymen, the Grecian god of mar- riage; the virginal membrane. hymeneal (hi-men-e'al) , p. adj. per- taining to marriage ; nuptial. hymn (him), n. a sacred ode expres- sive of praise or adoration: y.t. to sing hymns to; adore or praise by hymns. [Greek.] hymnal (him'nal), n. a collection of hymns for public worship. hymnology (him-nol'o-ji), n. the study of hymns, their origin, use, lore, &c. hyocephalus (hi-o-sef Vlus) , adj. pig- headed; dumb. [Greek.] hyoid (hi'oid), adj. shaped like the Greek letter T, v ; n. a U-shaped bone supporting the tongue. hyoscyamus (hi-o-sl'a-mus) , n. liter- ally (in Greek) "hog's bean," but generally known in English as hen- bane. A plant of the _ nightshade family (Solanacece) . It is very poi- sonous. From it is compounded the hypnotic, hyoscine, which must be taken in very small doses (fo gr.). It is used as a sedative in cases of acute delirium tremens. hyper, a Greek prefix meaning over, be- yond, excess, and in chemistry highest. hyperbola (hy-per-bo'la), n. a curve formed by the section of a cone when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone ma_kes. hyperbole (hi-per'bo-le) , n. a figure of speech which expresses more or less than the truth. hyperbolic (hi-per-bpl'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or containing, hyperbole; exaggerated ; pertaining to, or of the nature of, a hyperbola._ hyperborean (hi-per-bo're-an), adj. arctic. hyperdulia (hi-per-doo'li-a) , n. an excessive veneration of the Virgin Mary, and the images of the Saints. hyphen (hi'fen), n. a mark (-) joining two words or syllables: v.t. to join by such a mark. hypnal (hip'nal), n. a coal-tar product in the form of a white insoluble powder, used as a hypnotic. hypno, a Greek prefix meaning sleep, as hypnosis, sl hypnotic state or trance. hypnogogic (hip - no - gqj'ik) , adj. bringing on sleep; somniferous. hypnosis (hip-no'sis) , n. pertaining to, or producing hypnotism. hypnotic (hip-not'ik) , adj. producing sleep: n. any . drug or medical treatment that produces sleep. hypnotism (hip'no-tizm), n. a meth- od of inducing a trance-like sleep: a method of medical treatment by hypnotism. hypnotize (hip'no-tiz), v.t. to produce, or subject to, hypnotism. hypo, hyp, a Greek prefix meaning under, beneath. hypoblast (hi'po-blast), n. the under layer of the blastoderm. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. "VS HYPOCHONDRIA 429 HYSTEROTOMY hypochondria (hip-o-kon'dri-a) , n. a disease attended with extreme melancholy, and anxiety respecting one's state of health. Also hypo- chondriasis. hypochondriac (hip-o-kon'dri-ak) , n. one who is affected with hypochon- dria: adj. pertaining to, or affected with, hypochondria. hypocrisy (hi-pok'ri-si) , n. a feigning to be what one is not; dissimulation; false profession. hypocrite (hip'6-krit), n. one who practices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. hypodermic (hl-po-der'mik) , adj, n- serted under the skin: n. sl medi ae thus injected. hypogastric (hl-po-gas'trik) , adj. per- taining to the hypogastrium. hypogastrium (hi-po-gas'tri-um) , n. [pi. hypogastria (hi-po-gas'tri-a) ], the middle part of the lower region of the abdomen. hypopyon (hip-o'pi-on) , n. extrava- sation of blood around the eye; a black eye. hyporcheme (hip'or-kim), n. a Greek choral ode sung to the hypor- chesis dance. hyporchesis (hipor-ke'sis) , a Greek cnoral dance. hypostasis (hi-pos'ta-sis) , n. a basis; groundwork; postulate or funda- mental principle. hypostoma (hip-os'to-ma) , n. an or- gan or part below the mouth. hypostrophe (hip-os'tro-f e) , n. a turn- ing about ; a return. hypostyle (hip'6-stil), n. a roof sup- ported by columns; a covered colon- nade; pillared hall or court. hypotaxis (hip-o-taks'is) , n. in syntax, the subordination of one sentence to another, the first then becoming a clause. Opposed to parataxis. hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) , n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite the right angle. Also hypothenuse. hypothesis (hl-poth'e-sis) , n. [pi. by= potheses (hi-poth'e-sez) ], something assumed for the purpose of argument ; a theory to explain some fact which may or may not prove to be true; supposition ; con j ect ur e . hypothetic (hi-po-thet'ik), adj. based on hypothesis; conjectural. Also hypothetical. hypothetically (hl-po-thet'i-ka-li), adv. by hypothesis. hypsi, a Greek prejix meaning high, exceptionally high, _ as hypsibr&chy- cephalic: adj. having a high broad skull, as certain races. Also hypso. hypsometer (hip-som'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring altitudes by atmospheric pressure. hypsometry (hip-som'e-tri) , n. the art of determining altitudes by atmos- pheric pressure. hypsosis (hip-so'sis), n. the elevation of the Host or of the Cross. hypural (hip-u'ral), a. below the tail. hyrax (hi'raks), n. a small hare-like mammal, the coney of the Bible. hyson (hl'son), n. a Chinese green tea. hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant with blue flowers; an unidentified plant mentioned in the Bible. hysteria (his-te'ri-a) , n. a nervous af- fection, mainly of women, character- ized by choking sensations, parox- ysms of laughter or weeping, and frequently simulating other dis- eases. hysterical (his-ter'i-kal) , adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, hysterics; vio- lently emotional. hysterically (his-ter'i-ka-li) , adv. in a hysterical manner. hysterics (his-ter'iks) , n.pl. hysteria. hysteroid (his'ter-oid) , adj. resem- bling hysteria. m hysterotomy (his-ter-ot'o-mi), n. the operation of cutting out, or into, the womb. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, Dot ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ' I I. The ninth letter in the alphabet of Western Europe. In the early- Greek it was in form a very narrow- upright Z. Later it was straightened into its present form. The dot was not placed over the minuscule or small i before the fourteenth cen- tury. I (I), pron. [pi. we (we)], nom. case, sing, of the pronoun of the first per- son; the word by which the speaker or writer denotes himself : n. in meta- physics, the object of consciousness; the ego. Iambic (i-am'bik), adj. consisting of, or employing, iambics: n. an iam- bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse. iambus (i-am'bus), n. a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, of which the first is short and the second is long (*-), or, in accentual versi- fication, a foot of two syllables, in which the stress accent falls on the second syllable ( v * ) . Unrhymed iambic lines of five feet each are called blank verse; if rhymed, heroic verse. ibex (I'beks), n. a genus of wild goats, having very large recurved horns, the best known species of which is the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. Ibis (I 'bis), n. a genus of large wad- ing birds, having a long, curved beak, of which the most notable spe- cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient Egyptians. ice (Is), n. frozen water or other fluid; a frozen confection, as ice-cream : v.t. to convert into ice; freeze; pre- serve in ice, cover with concreted sugar; frost. Ice Age (aj), n. the glacial epoch when a great part of the earth was covered with ice which shifted in great masses, rocks and other drift from one part of the world to another. Thus, in this, the Quaternary Age, the State of Maine was covered to a depth of 3,000 feet by ice; and rocks from the St. Lawrence river were carried as far west as the Rocky Mountains. iceberg (Is'berg), n. a large mass of ice detached from a glacier, and floating in the sea. ice boat (bot), n. a strong steamboat used to break a channel through ice ; a boat mounted on runners and propelled by sails on ice. ice-cream (Is-krem'), n. cream, fla- vored and sweetened, after which it is beaten in an ice-cream freezer until frozen. ice-field (Is'feld), n. an extensive sheet of floating ice. ice-floe (Is'flo), n. a smaller sheet of floating ice. ice-pack (Is'pak), n. a field of broken and drifting ice, consisting of great masses packed together. ichneumon (ik-nu'mun), n. an ani- mal of the weasel kind, found in Egypt, where it was anciently wor- shipped; it tracks out and devours the eggs of the crocodile. ichneumon-fly (ik-nu'rnun-fli) , n. an insect which lays its eggs in the bodies of other insects. ichnolite (ik'no-lit), n. a stone im- pressed with a fo_ssil footprint. ichnology (ik-nol'o-ji), n. that branch of science which treats of fossil foot- prints. ichor (I'kor), n. in classical mythol- ogy, the ethereal fluid which ran, in- stead of blood, in the veins of the gods; modern] a thin, watery, acrid serum from an ulcer or wound. ichthyic (ik'thi-ik), adj. fish-like. ichthyo, a Greek prefix meaning a fish, as ichthyolite, a fossil fish ; the impression of a fossil fish. Also ichthy. ichthyography (ik-thi-og'ra-fi) , n. a treatise on fishes. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ICHTHYOLITE 431 IDEOGRAPHIC lehthyolite (ik'thi-o-llt), see under ichthyo. Ichthyology (ik-thi-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology which treats of fishes, their structure, classification &c. Ichthyosaurus (ik'thi-o-saw'rus), n. an extinct genus of huge fossil fish- lizards. ichthyosis (ik-thi-6'sis) , n. a disease in which the skin presents the form of hard dry scales and plates as in a fish. icicle (I'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of ice formed by the freezing of drip- ping water. icily (I'si-li), adv. in an icy manner; coldly. iciness (I'si-nes), n. the state of being icy; coldness. icing (I'sing), n. a coating of concrete sugar. icon (I'kon), n. [pi. icons (I'konz), icones (I'kon-ez)], in the Greek Church, a sacred image or picture. Also eikon, ikon. icono, a Greek prefix meaning image, as iconoclasm, image breaking. iconoclast (I-kon'6-klast), n. an im- age breaker; one who attacks super- stitions or shams. icos, a Greek prefix meaning twenty, as zcosahedral, having twenty plane faces. icosahedron (I-kos-a-he'dron) , n. a solid bounded by twenty plane faces. ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in prosody and music, rhythmical or metrical accent or stress. [Latin.] icy (I'si), adj. [comp. icier, superl. iciest], pertaining to, or resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; chilling; indifferent. idea (I-de'a), n. a mental image or picture; a conception of what ought to be; an abstract principle; opin- ion; belief; plan. ideal (I-de'al), adj. existing in imagi- nation only; visionary; conforming to a standard of perfection; per- fect: n. a mental conception, or an individual regarded as the standard of perfection. idealize (I-de'al-iz), v.t. to make ideal; embody in an ideal form; represent (natural objects) so as to show their most important characteristics only: v.i. to form ideals. idealism (I-de'al-izm) , n. m art, the effort to realize, by elimination and combination, the highest type of any natural object; the doctrine that all our knowledge of objects is a knowl- edge of ideas. idealist (I-de'al-ist), n. one who pur- sues the ideal; one who holds the doc- trine of idealism ; a visionary. idealistic (I-de-al-is'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to an ideal; relating to idealism or idealists^ ideality (I-de-al'i-ti) , n. the quality of being ideal; the faculty to form ideals.. ideally (I-de'a-li), adv. according to an ideal; mentally. ideation (I-de-a/shun) , n. the shaping of ideas. idem (I'dem), p. the same; and as a prefix used in expressing ideas of sameness. (Pronounced in Latin, id' em.) identate (i-den'tate), n. to cause what- ever has been seen objectively, as in pictures or books, to return subjec- tively as one or more ideas. identical (I-den'ti-kal) , adj. express- ing sameness; differing in no essen- tial point. identically (I-den'ti-ka-li), adv. in an identical manner. identical note (not), n. a note in terms agreed upon by two or more powers, intended to influence an- other power. identifiable (I-den'ti-fi-a-bl) , adj. that may be identified. identify (I-den'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, prove to be, or consider as, the same. identism (I-dent'ism), n. The doc- trine that subject and object are the same. This is Schelling's theory. identity (I-den'ti-ti), n. essential or practical sameness. ideograph (I'ue-o-graf ) , n. a symbol, figure, or hieroglyph, not naming but suggesting the idea of an object. Also ideogram. ideographic (I-de-o-graf 'ik) , adj. rep- resenting ideas by symbols inde- pendently of sounds. Also ideo- graphical. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book J hue, hut ; think, then. IDEOGRAPHY 432 IGNITE Ideography (I-de-og'ra-fi) , n. the di- rect representation of ideas by sym- bols. Ideologist (I-de-ol'o-jist), n. one oc- cupied with ideas or ideals; a theo- rist. ideology (I-de-ol'o-ji), n. the science of ideas ; the system of philosophy origi- nated by Condillac, which derives ideas exclusively from sensation. tdeomotion (I-de-o-mo'shun), n. un- conscious muscular motion arising from a dominant idea. Ideomotor (I-de-o-mo'ter), adj. caus- ing unconsciously by an idea. Jues (Idz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman calendar, the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months. idio, a Greek prefix meaning one's own, peculiar, as Olograph, a private or trade mark. idiocy (id'i : o : si), n. the state of be- ing an idiot; mental imbecility. Also idiotcy. idiograph (id'i-o-graf ) , see under idio. idiom (id'i-um), n. a turn of expression peculiar to a language; the distinc- tive characteristics of a language idiomatic (id'i-o-mat'ik), adj. pecu- liar to a language; given to, or marked by, the use of idioms Also idiomatical. idiomatically (id-i-o-mat'i-ka-li) , adv. according to the idiom. idiopathic (id-i-o-path'ik) , adj. charac- terizing a disease not produced by another. idiopathy (id-i-op'a-thi) , n. an in- dividual or personal affection; a primary disease not arising from another. idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si) , n. [pi. idiosyncrasies (id-i-o-sin'kra-siz)], pe- culiarity of constitution or tempera- ment ; a characteristic peculiar to an individual. idiot (id'i-ot), n. one of weak intellect; a foolish person. idiotic (id-i-ot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. idiotically (id-i-ot'i-ka-li) , adv. in an idiotic manner. idle (I'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; unemployed; unused; useless; vain; of no importance; irrelevant; averse to labor; futile; lazy: v.i. to be in- active or without employment: v.t to spend in idleness; waste (time): usually with away. idler (I'dler), n. one who idles; a lazy person; one who has constant day duty on board ship, and does not keep night watch. Ido (e'do), n. a universal language claimed to have the virtues of Vola- piik and Esperanto without their faults. idol (I'dol), n. an image of a divinity, employed as an object of worship ; a person or thing loved to excess. idolater (I-dol'a-ter) , n. an idol-wor- shipper ; one who pays divine honors to images, &c; one who loves a per- son or thing to excess. idolatress (I-dol'a-tres) , n. a female idolater. idolatrous (l-dol'a-trus) , adj. per- taining to, or practicing, idolatry; marked by undue reverence oi affection. idolatry (I-dol'a-tri) , n. [pi. idolatries (I-dol'a-triz)], the paying of Divine honors to idols, images, or any creat- ed object; the ascription of Divine power to natural agencies; excessive admiration, veneration, or love for any person or thing. [Greek.] idolize (I'dol-Iz), v.t. to make an idol of; love or admire to excess. idyl (I'dil), n. a short, highly-wrought pastoral poem; applied also to de- scriptive and narrative poems of greater length; a description of sim- ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also idyll. [Greek.] idylist (I'dil-ist), n. a pastoral poet, or painter. idyllic (I-dil'ik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an idyl; pas- toral. if (if), conj. on the condition; sup- posing that; whether; although. igneous (ig'ne-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling fire, or produced by fire. ignis fatuus (ig'nis fat'u : us), n. a me- teoric light seen to flit above the ground in marshy places, &c; a mis- leading influence. Popularly known as Will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'-Lantern, Corpse-candle. ignite (ig-nit'). v.t. to set on fire; to make incandescent with heat; sub- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IGNITER 433 ILLUMINATE ject to the action of intense heat: v.i. to take fire; glow with heat. igniter (ig-nit'er), n. one who, or that which, ignites; a time exploder for igniting the powder of a torpedo. ignitible (ig-ni'ti-bl), adj. capable of being ignited ; easily kindled. ignition (ig-nish'un) , n. the act of ig- niting; the state of being ignited. ignoble (ig-no'bl), adj. of low birth or station; of mean character or qual- ity; of little value. ignobly (ig-no'bli), adv. in an ignoble manner; basely. ignominious # (ig-no-min'i-us) , adj. marked with ignominy or public dis- grace ; shameful ; deserving disgrace ; despicable. ignominy (ig'no-min-i), n. [pi. igno- minies (ig'no-min-iz)], loss of one's good name; public disgrace or dis- honor ; cause or_source of disgrace. ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus), n. an ig- norant person, especially an igno- rant pretender to knowledge. [Latin, "We do not know."] ignorance (ig'no-rans) , n. the state of being ignorant; want of knowledge. ignorant (ig'no-rant), adj. destitute of knowledge ;_ uninstructed ; illiterate. ignore (ig-nor'), v.t. to be ignorant of; treat as unknown; disregard; throw out as false or unsupported by sufficient evidence: said of a grand jury rejecting a bill. [Latin.] iguana (i-gwa'na), n. a large trop- ical and edible American lizard, having a dew-lap under the throat. ihlang-i-lang. See ylang-ylang. il, a Latin prefix, another form of in when followed by Z, meaning not, as z71iterate, illegible. ileum (il'e-um), n. the lower part of the small intestine. Ilex (I'leks), n. a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs represented by the holly. iliac (il'i-ak), adj. pertaining to the ileum, or to the ilium, or flank bone. ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or up- per part of the hip-bone. ill (il), adj. [comp. worse, superl. worst], bad or evil; contrary to good ; causing or attended by evil or suffering in a bad or disordered state physically or morally; sick; -dis- eased; unfriendly; not proper; un- skilful; vicious: n. evil; misfortune; disease; harm; mischief: adv. not well; not easily. illapse (fl-lapsf), n. a gliding in or into, especially a divine influx; in- spiration. [Latin.] illation (il-la'shun), n. an inference, deduction, or conclusion. illegal (il-le'gal), adj. not according to law; unlawful. illegality (u-le-gaTi-ti), n. the state of being illegal; unlawfulness. illegible (il-lej 'i-bl) , adj. difficult to read or decipher. illegibility (il-lej-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being dirficult to be read or de- ciphered. illegitimacy; (il-le-jit'i-ma-si), n. the state of being illegitimate; specifical- ly, the state of having been born out of wedlock. illegitimate (il-le-jit'i-mat), v.t. to render, prove or declare illegiti- mate; to bastardize: adj. born out of wedlock. illiberal (il-lib'er-al), adj. not gener- ous; niggardly; narrow minded. illicit (il-lis'it), adj. not authorized or allowed; unlicensed; unlawful. Illicium (il-lis'i-um), n. a genus of shrubs of the magnolia family, con- taining the Japanese incense plant. illimitable (il-lirn'it-a-bl), adj. im- measurable; vast; infinite. illimitableness (il-lim'i-ta-bl-nes) , n. the state or quality of being illimit- able. illision (il-lizh'un) , n. the act of strik- ing into or against. _ illiteracy (il-lit'er-a-si) , n. ignorance of letters. illness (il'nes), n. the condition of be- ing ill; disease; sickness. illogical (il-loj'i-kal), adj. contrary to the rules_of logic. illude (il-lud'), v.t. to mock; deceive; delude. illuminant (il-lu'mi-nant), adj. per- taining to illumination: n. anything which illuminates or affords light. illuminate (il-lu'mi-nat) , v.t. to give light to ; decorate with lights, in token of rejoicing; enlighten^ thiow light upon ; make plain ; elucidate ; adorn, as a manuscript, with miniature pictures in colors and gold: v.i. to display lights in token of rejoicing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 28 hue, hut ; think, then. ILLUMINATION 434 IMBRICATE Illumination (il-lu-mi-na/shun) , n. supply of light; the act of illuminat- ing, or state of being illuminated, especially the festive decoration of houses or cities with lights; the art of illumining books or manuscripts; a design in an illuminated work; intellectual light; inspiration. Illuminator (il-lu'mi-na-ter) , n. one who, or that which, gives light; one who illuminates books, manuscripts, &c; a condenser or reflector; an il- luminant. Illumine (il-lu'min), v.t. to illuminate. Illusion (il-lu'zhun), n. deceptive ap- pearance; false show; hallucination. illusionist (il-lu'zhun-ist), n. one sub- ject to illusion; a sleight-of-hand performer. illusive (il-lQ'siv), adj. deceiving by il- lusion; deceptive; illusory. illusively (il-lu'siv-li), adv. in an il- lusive manner. Ulusiveness (il-lii'siv-nes) , n. decep- tion; false show. illusory (il-lu'so-ri) , adj. causing illu- sion; fallacious; deceptive. illustrate (il-lus'trat and il'lus-trat), v.t. to make clear or intelligible; ex- plain by examples; elucidate by means of pictures L &c. [Latin.] illustrated (il-lus'trat-ed) , p. adj. hav- ing illustrations. illustration (il-lus-tra'shun), n. the act of illustrating; the state of being illustrated; that which illustrates; a comparison or example which ex- plains or corroborates; a picture designed to elucidate the text. illustrative (il-lus'tra-tiv), adj. tend- ing to illustrate, elucidate, or exem- plify. illustratively (il-lus'tra-tiv-li), adv. by way of illustration. illustrator (il'lus-tra-ter) , n. one who illustrates; one who exemplifies something in his own person; one who draws pictorial representations. illustrious (il-lus'tri-us), adj. distin- guished by greatness; eminent; re- nowned; glorious; famous; honored. im, a Latin prefix representing in when followed by b, m, or p. image (im'aj), n. an imitation of any person or thing; a statue, effigy, or bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- ness; a mental picture, conception, or idea; an extended metaphor; th^ figure of an object formed by rayb, of light: v.t. to form, or reflect, an. image of; represent to the mental vision; imagine. imaged (im'ajd), adj. decorated with human figures, as porcelain. imagery (im'aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries (im'aj-riz)], representation by im- ages; images collectively; figures in discourse; forms of the fancy. imaginable (im-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that may be imagined or conceived. imaginably (im-aj'i-na-bli), adv. in a conceivable manner; possibly. imaginary (im-aj'i-na-ri), adj. exist- ing only in imagination; unreal; Uto- pian. imagination (im-aj-i-na'shun), n. the image-forming power of the mind, or the power of the mind which modi- fies the conceptions, especially the higher forms of this power exercised in art and poetry, usually termed the plastic or creative power ; a con- ception or idea; fancy; invention. imaginative (im-aj'i-na-tiv), adj. pro- ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- dowed with, imagination; inventive; fanciful. imaginatively (im-aj'i-na-tiv-li), adv. in an imaginative manner. imaginativeness (im-aj 'i-na-tiv-nes) , n. the quality of being imaginative. imagine (im-aj 'in), v.t. to form a men- tal picture of ; produce by the imagi- nation; conceive; conjecture; think; suppose : v.i. to form a mental image; fancy; to surmise. imam (i-mawm'), n. a Mohammedan priest who leads the people in their devotions when they assemble in mosques. In Turkey he also per- forms the rite of circumcision. imbecile (im'be-sil) , adj. without strength, especially of mind; feeble- minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble mind. imbecility (im-be-sil'i-ti) , n. [pi. imbe- cilities (im-be-siri-tiz)], mental or physical weakness. imbibe (im-bib'), v.t. to drink in; ab- sorb, as if by drinking; receive or absorb into the mind: v.i. to drink; absorb moisture. imbricate (im'bri-kat) , v.t. to lay in order, one lapping over another, like ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMBROGLIO 435 IMMENSE tiles or shingles: v.i. to overlap seri- ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a gutter tile or pantile; overlapping like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or the leaf -buds of plants; decorated with a pattern resembling lapping tiles or scales. imbroglio (im-bro'lyo), n. a confused mass of things; intricate and per- plexing state of affairs; misunder- standing; entanglement; strife; per- plexity^ complicated plot. [Italian.] imbrue (im-broo'), v.t. to wet or moist- en; soak; drench, especially in blood. imbrutalize (im-broo'tal-Iz), v.t. to turn into a brute; to make brutish. imbue (im-bu') v.t. to cause to absorb; tinge deeply ; dye ; to tincture deeply, as the mind with certain principles. imitable (im'i-ta-bl), adj. capable of, or worthy of, imitation. imitate (im'i-tat), v.t. to produce a semblance of, in form, color, quali- ties, conduct, and the like; use as a model or pattern; to take example by; to counterfeit; copy. Imitation (im-i-ta/shun) , n. the act of imitating^ that which is produced by imitating; the repetition of the same melodic theme or phrase, either in g a different key, or in another voice or part: adj. made in imita- tion; not genuine. # imitative (im'i-fcartiv), adj. inclined to, or aiming at, imitation; formed after a model. imitatiyely (im'i-ta-tiv-li), adv. in an imitative manner. imitator (im'i-ta-ter) , n. one who imi- tates. immaculate (im - mak'fi - lat) , adj. without blemish; unspotted; unde- fined; pure. Immaculate Conception (kon-sep'- shun), n. a dogma of the Catholic Church to the effect that the Virgin Mary was born immaculate and with no trace of original sin. This doc- trine was not necessary to faith from the twelfth to the nineteenth century, then it was formally pro- nounced by Pope Leo IX. ex cathedra (Dec. 8, 1854) ._ immaculately (im-mak'u-lat-li), adv. in an immaculate manner ._ immaculateness (im-mak'u-lat-nes) , n. spotless purity. immanency (im'ma-nen-si) , n. the state of being immanent or near to anything. Immanuel (im-man'u-el) , n. a name given in prophecy of the coming Messiah and applied to Christ as the fulfilment of this prophecy. [Hebrew, "God is with us."] immaterial (im-ma-te'ri-al) , adj. not consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- embodied; unimportant. immaterialism (im-ma-te'ri-al-izm) , n. idealism; spiritualism. immaterially (im-ma-te'ri-a-li) , adv. without matter; in an unimportant manner or degree. immature (im-ma-tuT') , adj. not ripe; not fully grown or developed; not finished or perfected ;_ crude. immatured (im-ma-turd') , adj. not matured; not ripened. immaturely (im-ma-tur'li) , adv. crudely. immatureness (im-ma-tur'nes) , n. immaturity. immaturity (im-ma-tur'i-ti) , n. un- ripeness ; incompleteness. immeasurable (im-mezh'ur-a-bl) , adj. not to be measured; immense; limit- less; vast. immeasurability (im-mezh-ur-a-bil'- i-ti) , n. the quality of not being meas- urable. immeasurableness (im-mezh'ur-a-bl- nes), n. boundless extent. immeasurably (im-mezh'ur-a-bli) , adv. to an indefinite extent or de- gree. immediate (im-me'di-at), adj. di- rectly related without an intervene .ing medium; next; direct; approxi- mate; instant. immediately (im-me'di-at-li), adv. di- rectly; proximately; instantly. immediateness (im-me'di-at-nes), n. the quality of being immediate; promptness. immemorial (im-me-mo'ri-al), adj. extending beyond the reach of mem- ory, record, or tradition: as imme- morial usage or custom. immemorially (im-me-mo'ri-a-li) , adv. from time out of mind. immense (im-mens'), adj. immeasur- able; boundless; vast; very great or large; very good or fine: n. infinite space; immensity. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not : boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMMENSELY 436 IMMUTABLE Immensely (im-mens'li) , adv. to an immense degree; exceedingly. Immenseness (im-mens'nes) , n. the state of being immense; immensity. Immensity (im-men'si-ti) , n. [pi. im- mensities (im-men'si-tiz)l, the char- acter of being immense ; immeasure- ableness; infinite space; vastness in extent or bulk. Immerge (im-merj'), v.t. to plunge into or under anything, especially a fluid; immerse: v.i. to disappear by entering into any medium, as the moon into the shadow of the earth. Immerse (im-mers'), v.t. to plunge into or m under anything, especially a fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an occupation; baptize by immersion. Immersed (im-merst'), p. adj. deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid; deeply occupied, engrossed, or involved; growing wholly under water: said of a plant. Immersion (im-mer'shun), n. the act of immersing; the state of being immersed; baptism by dipping the whole person into water. Immigrant m (im'i-grant) , adj. pass- ing or coming into, as a new habitat or place of residence: n. one who, or that which, immigrates. Immigrate (im'i-grat), v.i. to come into a new place of residence, es- pecially to a country to settle there. Imminence (im'i-nens), n. the condi- tion of being imminent; nearness; impending evil or danger. Imminent (im'i-nent), adj. threaten- ing or about to fall or occur imme- diately: said especially of misfor- tune or peril. Immobility (im-mo-bil'i-ti) , n. fixed- ness in place or state. Immoderate (im-mod'er-at) , adj. not moderate; not confined to custom- ary or just or reasonable limits; extravagant; intemperate. Immoderately (im-mod'er-at-li), adv. excessively; unreasonably. Immoderateness (im-mod'er-at-nes) , Ki. want of moderation; excess. Immodest (im-mod'est) , adj. forward; arrogant; wanting in the restraint required by decency; indelicate; un- chaste. immodesty (im-mod'es-ti) , n. want of modesty, delicacy, or proper re- serve; arrogance; unchastity. immolate (im'q-lat), v.t. to kill as a sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; make a sacrifice of. immoral (im-mor'al), adj. contrary to the moral law, or to the public good; vicious; dissolute; dishonest; unprincipled. immorality (im-mo-ral'i-ti) , n. the quality of being immoral; an im- moral act or practice. immorally (im-mor'a-li) , adv. in an immoral manner. immortal (im-mor'tal) , adj. not mor- tal or subject to death; imperishable; ever-living: n. one who is immor- tal: pi. the gods of classical my- thology. immortality (im-mor-tal'i-ti) , n. ex- emption from death or oblivion; un- ending existence. immortalize (im-mor'tal-iz) , v.t. \o render immortal; bestow lasth^g fame upon. immortally (im-mor'ta-li) , adv. eter^ nally. immortelle ( jm-mor-tel') , n. [ph immortelles (im-mor-telz')], a plant whose flowers may be dried without losing their form or color; an ever- lasting. immovability (im-moov-a-bil'i-ti) , n< fixedness. immovable (im-mo5v'a-bl) , adj. in* capable of being moved ; fixed ; stead- fast; unchanging; unfeeling: n.ph land, or things fixed to, or running with, land, as trees, buildings. immune (im-mun'), adj. exempt, as from a disease: n. one who is ex- empt from any^ particular disease by reason of having had it. immunity (im-mun'i-ti) , n. [pi. im- munities (im-mun'i-tiz)], exemption from any duty, office, or tax; free- dom from natural or usual liability ; special privilege (usually in pi.). immunize (im-mun'Iz), v.t. to render immune. immure (im-mur'), v.t. to enclose within walls; shut up in prisbn; con- fine. immutability (im-mut-a-bil'i-ti), n. unchangeableness . immutable (im-mtit'a-bl) , adj, un* ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMP 437 IMPEDITIVE changeable ; invariable ; unaltera- ble; permanent. Imp (imp), n. an offshoot or graft from a tree; a young, little, or inferior devil; a hobgoblin; sprite; a pert or mischievous child. impact (im'pakt), n. collision. impair (im-par'), v.t. to make worse; lessen in quantity, value, excellence, or strength: v.i. to become worse; deteriorate. impairment (im-par'ment) , n. di- minution; injury. impale (im-pal'),^. to fix on a stake; put to death by transfixing on a sharp upright stake; surround with, or as with, a paling or palisade; in heraldry, to join (two coats of arms) on one shield, pale wise. impalpable (im-pal'pa-bl), adj. not to be perceived by the touch; not material; incorporeal; not (readily) apprehensible by the mind; intangi- ble; unreal. Jmpanel (im-pan'el) , v.t. to enter the names of (jurors) on a piece of parchment called a panel; summon to serve on a jury; draw from the panel and swear in. [Latin.] imparity (im-par'i-ti), n. inequality; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, quantity, &c; want of correspondence. impart (im-part/), v.t. to bestow a share or portion of; give; to com- municate knowledge of; make known: v.i. to give a share. impartial (im-par'shal) , adj. free from partiality; equitable; fair; just; unprejudiced. impartiality (im-par-shi-al'i-ti) , n. freedom from bias; fairness. impartially (im-par'sha-li), adv. just- ly; fairly; without prejudice. impartialness (im-par'shal-nes) , n. impartiality. impartible (im-par'ti-bl) , adj. can- able of being imparted or communi- cated; indivisible. impassable (im-pas'a-bl), adj. not to be passed; not admitting passage; impervious. impassableness (im-pas'a-bl-nes), n. the state of being impassable. impassably (im-pas'a-bli), adv. in an impassable manner; in a man- ner incarable of suffering from ex- ternal causes; exempt from harm or pain; not to be moved to passion s sympathy, or any sign of emotion. impassioned (im-pash'und), p. adj. moved to strong feeling; animated; excited. impassive (im-pas'iv), adj. apathetic; unmoved. impassively (im-pas'iv-li) , adv. in an impassive manner. impassiveness (im-pas'iv-nes), n. real or apparent insensibility. impassivity (im-pas-siv'i-ti) , n. the state m or _ condition of being tem- porarily inactive. impatience (im-pa/shens) , n. the state of being impatient. impatient (im : pa/shent), adj.^ in- tolerant of pain, delay, opposition, control, or circumstances; exhibit- ing or expressing impatience (with at) ; eager (with for) . impawn (im-pawn'), v.t. to put in pawn; deposit_ as security; pledge. impeach (im-pech'), v.t. to call in question; accuse before a tribunal of official misconduct; challenge the credibility or validity of: as a wit- ness or a document. impeachment (im-pech'ment) , n. the arraignment of a public officer for malfeasance in office; a discrediting or calling in question. impeccability (im-pek-a-bil'i-ti) , n. exemption from sin, error, or wrong- doing. impeccable (im-pek'a-bl) , adj. not liable to sin; faultless. impecuniosity (im-pe-ku-ni-os'i-ti) , n. want of money; poverty. impecunious (im-pe-ku'ni-us) , adj without money; poor. impede (im-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- der. impediment (im-ped'i-ment), n. that which impedes progress or activity; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance. impedimenta (im-ped-i^men'ta) , n.pl. encumbrances; traveling equipage; baggage, especially military bag- gage; military supplies. impedimental (im-ped-i-men'tal), adj. of the nature of an impediment? impeding. impeditive (im-ped'i-tiv) , adj. causing long hindrance or delay in struct* ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPEL 438 IMPERSONALITY Impel (im-pcl')., v.t. \p.t. & p.p. im- pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or urge forward or on; constrain to any kind of motion or action. Impellent (im-perent), adj. having the quality of impelling: n. a motive or impelling power. Impend (im-pend'), v.i. to hang over; be ready to fall; be at hand. Impendent (im-pend'ent) , adj. im- pending. Impending (im-pend'ing) , p. adj. over- hanging ; suspended so as to menace ; close at hand. Impenetrability (im-pen-e-tra-biri-ti) n. incapability of being penetrated ; that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time. Impenetrable (im-pen'e-tra-bl) , adj. not penetrable; not admitting en- trance; having the property of being impenetrable ; impervious. Impenitence (im-pen'i-tens) , n. the state of being impenitent; hardness of heart; stubborn wickedness. Also impenitency. Impenitent (im-pen'i-tent) , adj. not contrite; finally negligent of the duty of repentance; obdurate: n. one who finally neglects the duty of repentance; a hardened sinner. Imperative (im-per'a-tiv) , adj. ex- pressing command; peremptory; ob- ligatory : n. that mood of a verb that expresses command, entreaty, or exhortation. Imperatively (im-per'a-tiv-li), adv. peremptorily. Imperceptibility (im-per-sep-ti-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of being im- perceptible. Imperceptible (im-per-sep'ti-bl), adj. that cannot be immediately per- ceived by the senses, or easily ap- prehended by the mind. Imperceptibly (im-per-sep'ti-bli), adv. so as not to be readily perceived. Imperfect (im-per'f ekt) , adj. wanting in completeness, correctness, or ex- cellence; wanting in some organ es- sential to normal activity; incom- plete; defective; faulty. Imperfection (im-per-f ek'shun) , n. incompleteness; faultiness; a defect or blemish, physical, mental, or moral; failing. imperforate (im-per'f o-rat) , adj. hav« ing no perforations or pores. imperial (im-pe'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to an empire or emperor; nt or suit- able for one who wields supreme au- thority; of superior size or excel- lence; royal; sovereign: n. a size of paper, 30 in. x 22 in.; a tuft of hair left unshaven on the lower lip and chin (so called from Napoleon III., who set this fashion). See goatee. imperialism (im-pe'ri-al-izm) , n. the system of imperial government; the policy of imperial federation; policy of territorial expansion. imperialist (im-pe'ri-al-ist) , n. one who favors or upholds imperialism. imperialistic (im-pe-ri-al-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, or favoring, imperial- ism. imperialization (im-pe-ri-al-i-za/- shun), n. the establishment or ex- tension of imperial power. imperialize (im-pe'ri-al-iz), v.t. to in- vest with imperial character, style, or power; bring to the form of an em- pire. imperially (im-pe'ri-a-li), adv. in an imperial manner. imperil (im-per'il), v.t. to put in peril; endanger; jeopardize. imperious (im-pe'ri-us), adj. domi- neering, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- gent; imperative. imperishable (im-per'ish-a-bl) , adj. indestructible; not subject to decay; permanently enduring. impermeability (im-per-me-a-bil'i- ti), n. the property of being imper- meable. impermeable (im-per'me-a-bl) , adj. not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance; impervious; impenetrable. impermeably (im-per'me-a-bli) , adv. so as to be impermeable. impermeator (im-per'me-a-ter) , n. a contrivance for uniformly supplying oil to the cylinder of a steam- engine. impersonal (im-per'sun-al) , adj. want- ing personality or conscious indi- viduality; not referring to a particu- lar person: n. an impersonal verb. impersonality (im-per-sun-al'i-ti) , n. absence of personality. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPERSONALLY 439 IMPLY impersonally ( im-per 'sun-a-li) , adv. in an impersonal manner. impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb used without a personal subject, or (in English) with only the imper- sonal it. impersonate ( im-per 'sun-at), v.t. to invest with personality ; embody as a person; represent as a personality; to represent the person or character of, especially on the stage. impersonator (im-per'sun-a-ter), n. one who impersonates; an actor. impertinence (im-per 'tin-ens) , n. that which is impertinent or irrelevant, as in speech or manners; a thing of no value ; a trifle; forwardness; rudeness; in law, matter which is immaterial in substance. impertinent (im-per 'tin-ent), adj. not pertinent ; of no relation to the matter in hand; not to the point; inapposite; inapplicable; rude; un- civil, or offensive in behavior: n. one who interferes in things which do not concern him; a forward, ill- mannered person. imperturbability _ (im-per-ter-ba-bil'- i-ti), n. the quality of being imper- turbable. imperturbable (im-per-ter'ba-bl), adj. not easily disturbed, agitated, or disconcerted; self-contained, cool, calm. impervious (im-per'vi-us) , adj. not to be passed through or penetrated; im- penetrable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance. impetigo (im-pe-ti'go), n. running tet- ter; a skin disease due to a sort of fungus which propagates it. [Latin.] impetrative (im-pet'ra-tiv), adj. using prayer for one's own personal good, without any thought for that of others. [Latin.] impetuosity (im-pet-u-os'i-ti), n. ve- hemence; violence; force. [Latin.] impetuous (im-pet'u-us), adj. rush- ing with force and violence; vehe- ment in feeling; acting with sudden energy; precipitate. impetus (im'pe-tus), n. the force with which any body is driven or im- pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- mentum. [Latin.] impiety m (im-pl'i-ti) , n. [pi. impieties (im-pi'i-tiz) ], want of piety; disre- gard of the Supreme Being; ungodli- ness; an act of irreverence or wicked- ness; violation of natural duty tow- ards others, as disobedience to parents. < [Latin.] impinge (im-pinf), v.i. strike or dash; clash; come in collision (with on, upon, or against). impious (im'pi-us), adj. irreligious; wicked; profane. impish (imp'ish), adj. having the mis- chievous character of an imp. # implacability (im-pla-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. a state of irreconcilable enmity or un- appeasable anger. Also implacable- ness. implacable (im-pla'ka-bl) , adj. not to be pacified or appeased; constant in anger or enmity; relentless. implacably (im-pla'ka-bli) , adv. with unappeasable resentment. implant (im-plant'), v.t. to infix for growth; cause to take root; ingraft. implead (im-pled'), v.t. to sue or pros- ecute; accuse; impeach. impleadable (im-pled'a-bl), adj. not admitting of any plea or evasion. implement (im'ple-ment), # n. that which supplies a want, or is a requi- site to an end, especially an instru- ment, tool, or utensil. [Latin.] implement al (im-ple-men'tal), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, the use of implements. implicate (im'pli-kat), v.t. to infold; involve, entangle; bring into con- nection with. [Latin.] implication (im-pli-ka'shun), n. en- tanglement; that which is implied; an inference not expressed but un- derstood; deduction. implicit (im-plis'it) : adj. implied; rest- ing on implication or inference; trusting in the word or authority of another; submissive; blind; tacit; unreserved. implore (im-plor'), v.t to entreat (a person or for a thing) earnestly, numbly and importunately: v.i. to beg; cry; supplicate. imploring (im-plor'ing) , p. adj. sup- plicating imply (im-pli/) v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by implication; mean or signify by fair inference; express indirectly; in- sinuate; tactless. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7ien. J IMPOLICY 440 IMPOTENT impolicy (im-pol'i-si) , n. the quality of being impolitic; want of policy; in- expediency. impolite (im-po-llf) , > adj . wanting in good manners; boorish; coarse. impolitely (im-po-lit'li) , adv. ill-man- neredly; discourteously. impoliteness (im-po-llt'nes) , n. inci- vility; rudeness. # impolitic (im-pol'i-tik) , adj. contrary to good policy; unwise; injudicious; indiscreet. imponderability (im-pon-der-a-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of having no weight. imponderable (im-pon'der-a-bl) , adj. not capable of being weighed; hav- ing no (sensible) weight: n. a term applied to the hypothetical universal medium, ether. [Latin.] imporosity (im-po-ros'i-ti), n. absence of pores; compactness. imporous (im-po'rus), adj. without pores; solid. import (im-porf), v.t. to bring int© a country from abroad: opposed to ex- port; bring in from without, as ir- relevant matter into a discussion; bear in meaning; imply; signify; betoken; be of interest or conse- quence to; concern: v.i. to be of moment: n. (im'port) merchandise brought into a country from abroad (usually in pl.)\ meaning; purport; significance; importance. importance (im-por'tans) , n. the quality of being important; high place in public estimation; high self- esteem. important (im-ppr'tant), adj. of much import or significance; momentous; bearing weight or consequence; of high standing; pompous. importation (im-por-ta r shun) , n. the act or practice of bringing mer- chandise into a country from abroad ; that which is imported; one who, or that which, is recently introduced. importunate (im-por'tu-nat) , adj. persistent; unreasonable or trouble- some in solicitation; not to be re- pulsed; urgent. > importunately (im-por'tu-nat-li), adv. with persistent solicitation. importunateness (im-por'tu-nat-nes) , n. importunity. importune (im-por-tun') , v.t. to ha- rass with perpetual petitions or de- mands: v.i. to beg persistently or urgently. importunity (im-por-tu'ni-ti) , n. [pi. importunities (im-por-tu'ni-tiz)], per- sistent solicitation or demand ; inces- sant insistence; urgency. impose (im-poz'), v.t. to place upon: as, to impose the hands in confirma- tion or ordination; lay upon, as a burden, punishment, or charge; to palm off; lay (pages of type) on an imposing-stone or the bed of a press, and secure them in a chase: v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- tice deception (with upon). imposing (im-poz'ing), p. adj. adapted to impress; commanding; stately; grand; impressive: n. in printing, the arrangement of pages or columns into forms. imposition (im-po-zish'un), n. a lay- ing upon, especially of hands in or- dination or confirmation; the fixing of a meaning upon the terms of a proposition; that which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; a trick, fraud, or deception; a duty formerly imposed at the pleasure of the British king on imports and exports without con- sent of Parliament. See impost. impossibility (im-pos-i-biTi-ti), n. character of being impossible; that which cannot be, or be supposed to be, done. impossible (im-pos'i-bl) , > adj. that cannot be done; inconceivable. impost (im'post), n. that which is im- posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty, especially a customs-duty lev- ied by government on imports; the top member of a pillar on which the arch rests. impostor (im-pos'ter), n. one who im- poses upon others by an assumed character or false pretensions. imposture (im-pos'tur) , n. deception, especially that which is practiced under an assumed character or by false pretensions. impotence (im'po-tens) , n. the state of being impotent in body or mind; feebleness; want of capacity; de- ficiency of means to achieve an end. impotent (im'po-tent), adj. wanting in physical, intellectual, or moral power; weak; deficient in capacity; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPOUND 441 IMPRIMIS unable to beget; lacking self-re- straint. Impound (lm-pouncT), v.t. to shut up in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; confine; hold in the custody of a court. impoverish (im-pov'er-ish), v.t. to make poor; reduce to poverty; cause to deteriorate in quality or productiveness. Impoverishment (im-pov'er-ish- ment), n. the act of impoverishing; the state of being impoverished; in- digence; deterioration. impracticability ; (im-prak-ti-ka-bil'- i-ti) , n. the quality of being imprac- ticable. Impracticable (im-prak'ti-ka-bl) , adj. not to be effected by the means em- ployed, or at command; not easily dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- ble; intractable. Jmprecate (im'pre-kat) , v.t. to invoke, especially an evil or curse, upon; curse; wish evil to. [Latin.] Imprecatory (im'pre-ka-to-ri) , adj. invoking evil or a curse. Impregnability (im-preg-na-bil 'i-ti) ,n. the quality of being unconquerable; the condition of being immune to pregnancy. impregnable (im-preg'na-bl) , adj. not to be captured, as a fortress; not to be overcome, as virtue. impregnably (im-preg'na-bli), adv. so as to defy attack. impregnate (im-preg'nat), v.t. to make pregnant; fecundate; fertilize; infuse an active principle, or the par- ticles of another substance, into; imbue; saturate. impresario (im-pra-sa/re-o) , n. the manager of an opera or concert company; one who engages singers and brings them before the public. imprescriptible (im-pre-skrip'ti-bl) , adj. not founded on prescription; not to be alienated or lost by lapse of time; independent of external authority; inalienable; self -evidenc- ing. impress (im-pres'), v.t. to mark, stamp, or print by pressure; to af- fect forcibly, or stamp deeply on, the mind; to imprint; inculcate; compel to enter the public service as soldiers or sailors, especially to carry off forcibly to serve in the navy ; seize for the public service, as money or provisions: n. (im'pres) a mark made by pressure; an image or fig- ure; a mark of distinction; char- acteristic; stamp; an impression or image fixed in the mind. [Latin.] impressibility (im-pres-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being impressible. impressible (im-pres'i-bl) , adj. capable of being impressed; susceptible of impressions. impression (im-presh'un) , n. the mark made by a stamp or mold; style or character formed by external force or influence; an image in the mind caused by something external to it; the immediate effect produced upon the mind by a sensation, passion, or emotion; an indistinct or vague notion, remembrance, or belief; 4 a copy taken by pressure from type; number of copies printed at once; an edition. impressionable (im-presh'un-a-bl) , adj. capable of receiving impressions; susceptible. impr essional (im-presh'un-al) , adj. pertaining to impressions. impressionism (im-presh'un-izm), n. the doctrine that natural objects should be painted — in literature des- cribed — so as to reproduce only their larger and more immediate effect or impression, without selection or elaboration of details. impressionist (im-presh'un-ist), n. one who, in art or in literature, ad- heres to the theory of impressionism, impressionistic (im-presh-un-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, impressionism. impressive (im-pres'iv) , adj. capable of making impression. impressively (im-pres'iv-li), adv. in an impressive, affecting, or touching manner. impressiveness ^ (im-pres'iv-nes) , n the quality of being impressive. impressment (im-pres'ment) , n. the act of seizing for public use, or of compelling to enter the public serv- ice. imprimatur (im-pri-ma/ter) , n. li- cense to print; hence, license or ap- proval in general; sanction. [Latin. j imprimis (im-prl'mis), adv. in the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, hook; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPRINT 442 IMPULSIVE first place: a word introducing the first of a series of particulars in an enumeration. [Latin.] Imprint (im-print'), v.t. to mark by- pressure; to stamp, as letters and words on paper, by means of inked types; print; impress deeply, as on the mind or memory: n. (im'print) an impression, impress, or mark left by something; the publisher's or printer's name, usually with time and place of issue, on the title-page or at the end of a book or other pub- lication. [Old French.] Imprison (im-priz'n), v.t. to put into a prison; detain in custody; re- strain or confine in any way; in- carcerate. Imprisonment (im-priz'n-ment), n. state of being shut in, or as in, prison; confinement. Improbability (im-prob-a-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. improbabilities (im-prob-a-biri- tiz)], unlikelihood; an improbable event. Improbable (im-prob'a-bl) , adj. un- likely ; not to be expected. Improbably (im-prob'a-bli) , adv. in an improbable manner. improbity (im-pro'bi-ti), n. want of probity or rectitude; dishonesty. impromptu (im-promp'tu), adv. with- out preparation; offhand; extem- pore : adj. extemporaneous ; thrown off on the spur of the moment: n. an extemporaneous speech. [Latin.] improper (im-prop'er), adj. not well adapted or suited to the purpose; not according to nature, usage, &c; erroneous ; unseemly. Improper fraction (frak'shun), n. a fraction whose numerator is equal to, or greater than, its denominator. Impropriety (im-pro-pn'e-ti), n. [pi. improprieties (im-pro-pri'e-tiz)], the quality of being improper ; unsuitable- ness; that which is improper in act, expression, &c. Improvable (im-proov'a-bl) , adj. capa- ble of being improved. improve (im-proov'),£>.£. to make bet- ter; turn to account; intensify: v.i. to grow better. improvement (im-proov'ment) , n. advancement of anything from good to better; profitable use or applica- tion of anything; that by which the value of anything, especially prop- erty, is advanced: pi. betterments. improver (im-proov er) , n. one who, or that which, improves; usually said of a device for improving a woman's dress, hair, or complexion. improvidence (im-prov'i-dens), want of foresight or thrift. Improvident (im-prov'i-dent), adj. lacking foresight or thrift; wanting care to provide for the future; care- less. Improvisation (im-prov-i-sa'shun) , n. the act of improvising; the act of composing poetry or music extem- poraneously; an impromptu. improvisator (im-proy'i-sa-ter) , n. an improviser. Also improvisatore. Improvise (im-pro-viz'), v.t. to com- pose extemporaneously, especially verse or music; bring about on a sudden, or without previous prepa- ration; devise on the spur of the moment, or for a special occasion: v.i. to compose extemporaneously; do a thing in an offhand way. imprudence (im-proo'dens), n. want of prudence; carelessness of conse- quences; inattention to one's in- terest. [Latin.] imprudent (im-proo'dent), adj. want- ing prudence; not attentive to con- sequences or interest; indiscreet; in- judicious. impudence (im'pu-dens), n. want of modesty ; shamelessness ; rudeness ; forwardness. [Latin.] impudent (im'pu-dent) , adj. shame- less; immodest; offensively forward; intentionally disrespectful. Impugn (im-pun'), v.t. to attack by arguments; contradict; gainsay. impugnable (im-pun'a-bl) , adj. that may be impugned or gainsaid. impulse (im'puls), n. force communi- cated suddenly; the result of an im- pelling force ; a mental force directly urging to action; a sudden deter- mination not arising from reflection. impulsion (im-pul'shun) , n. the act of impelling; the state of being im- pelled; instigation. impulsive (im-pul/siv) , adj. having the power of impelling; actuated by, or resulting from, impulse ; passion- ate; acting by momentary impulse, not continuously. ate, ar^n, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPULSIVELY 443 INAUGURATOR Impulsively (im-pul'siv-li) , adv. by impulse. Impulsiveness (im-pul'siv-nes) , n. the quality of being_ impulsive. Impunity (im-pun'i-ti) , n. freedom from punishment, injury, or loss. impure (im-pur'), adj> mixed with ex- traneous matter; unchaste; unclean; dirty; not accurate or idiomatic: said of a language or style. Impurely (im-pur'li), adv. in an im- pure manner. impurity (im-pur'i-ti) , n. [pi. impuri- ties (im-pur'i-tiz)], uncleanness; a physical or moral blemish. imputable (im-put'a-bl), adj. that may be imputed, charged, or as- cribed. imputation (im-pu-ta'shun), n. the act of imputing or charging; any- thing imputed or charged, especially in the way of discredit ; censure ; re- proach; insinuation; the doctrine that the sin of Adam is attributed to his posterity, and the righteousness of Christ to the believer. impute (im-put'), v.t. to charge, at- tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault ; attribute (sin or righteousness) as derived from another. in, a Latin prefix meaning in, within, inside, not. In (in), prep, or adv. in, within; after verbs of motion, into. inability (in-a-bil'i-ti), n. want of power; incapacity. inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), adj. not to be obtained or approached. inaccurate (in-ak'u-rat), adj. sloven- ly-minded; unsure; failing in pre- cision. Inaction (in-ak'shun) , n. sluggishness; failure to perform an act; slowness. Inadequate (in-ad'e-kwat), adj. un- fit; incapable; insufficient. inadmissible (in-ad-mis'si-bl), adj. not to be allowed; not permissible. inadvertence (in-ad-ver'tens), n. want of attention; oversight; mistake. Also inadvertency. inadvertent (in-ad-ver'tent), adj. in- attentive; heedless; careless; uncon- scious. inalienability (in-al-yen-a-biri-ti), n. the quality of being inalienable. Inalienable (in-al'yen-a-bl) , adj. that cannot, or should not, be alienated, surrendered, or transferred to an- other. inalienably (in-aTyen-a-bli) , adv. so as to be inalienable. _ inamorata (in-a-mo-ra/ta), n. sl wom- an with whom one is in love; sweet- heart; mistress. [Italian.] inamorato (in-a-mo-ra'to) , n. a man who is in love; a lover. [Italian. J inane (iman'), adj. empty; void; senseless; silly; pointless; frivolous: n. infinite void; space. [Latin.] inanimate (in-an'i-mat), adj. not ani- mate, or animated; dead; spiritless; lifeless. inanition (in-a-nish'un) , n. empti- ness; exhaustion from lack of nour- ishment^ inanity (in-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities (in-an'i : tiz)], emptiness; mental vac- uity; frivolity: pi. vanities. inappreciable (in-a-pre'shi-a-bl) , adj. not to be appreciated or estimated; of no consequence. inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by uniting (a scion) to a stock without separating the scion from its parent tree. inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. not uttered with intelligible distinct- ness; incapable of speech; not ar- ticulated; not jointed, segmented, or valved. inarticulately (in-ar-tik'u-lat-li), adv, in an inarticulate manner. inartistic (in-ar-tis'tik), adj. contrary to the laws or principles of art; un- able to appreciate works of art. inasmuch (in-jaz-much') , adv. in a like degree; seeing that (with as) ; be- cause. inattentive (in-at-ten'tiv), adj. not giving due heed; careless. inaugural (in-aw'gu-ral) , # adj. per- il aining to an inauguration: n. an inaugural address. inaugurate (in-aw'gu-rat) , v.t. to in- duct into office with appropriate ceremonies; invest with office in a formal manner; consecrate; make a formal beginning of; initiate, as a new policy ; celebrate the first public use of by an opening ceremony. [Latin.] inauguration (in-aw-gu-ra'shun) , n* the act of inaugurating. inaugurator (in-aw'gu-rat-er) , n. one who inaugurates, or initiates. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book J hue, hut ; think, then. lNAUGUliATORY 444 INCENTIVE inauguratory (in-aw'gu-r a-to-ri) , adj. pertaining to inauguration. inauspicious (in-aw-spish'us) , adj. ill- omened; unlucky* unfavorable; un- fortunate. inbeing (in'be-ing), n. inherent exist- ence; inherence; inseparableness. inboard (in'bord), adv. and adj. with- in the ship; not projecting over the bulwarks. inbond (in'bond), adj. a term applied to a brick or stone laid lengthwise across a wall. inbreed (in-bred'), v.t. to breed or de- velop within; breed from animals closely related. Xnca (ing'ka), n. the Peruvian chief or a member of the royal race in Peru (which claimed descent from the sun) previous to the Spanish conquest under Pizarro, in 1531; any one of the aboriginal Peruvian race, whose language, called Quichua, is still spoken in the Sierras. [Spanish.] incalculable (in-karku-la-bl) , adj. be- yond calculation. incalculably (in-kal'ku-la-bti) , adv. immeasurably. [Latin.] incalescence (in-kal-es'ens), n. the state of growing warm. Also incales- cency. incalescent (in-kal-es'ent), adj. in- creasing in heat. [Latin.] incandesce (in-kan-des'), v.t. to cause to glow with heat: v.i. to glow with heat. incandescence (in-kan-des 'ens), n. white heat. Also incandescency. incandescent (in-kan-des'ent) , _ adj. glowing; white with heat. [Latin.] incandescent lamp (lamp) , n. a lamp in which the light is produced by a thin strip of non-conducting material contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an electric current. incantation (in-kan-ta/shun) , n. a magical charm said or sung; en- chantment. incantatory (in-kan't a-to-ri)^ adj. dealing by enchantment ;_magical. incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to deprive of capacity or natural pow- er; render incapable or unfit; dis- qualify; disable. [Latin.] incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti) , n. lack of power, physical or mental; legal dis- qualification. incarcerate (in-kar'ser-at) , v.t. to im- prison; confine. [Latin.] incarceration (in r kar-ser-a'shun) , n. imprisonment ; confinement ; con- striction, as of a hernia. incarcerator (in-kar'ser-a-ter) , n. one who incarcerates. incarnate (in-kar'nat) , v.t. to clothe with flesh; embody in flesh: v.adj, embodied in flesh; flesh-colored. incarnation (in-kar-na'shun) , n. the act of clothing with, or of assuming , ( flesh; embodiment inhuman form; a striking exemplification or personi- fication; the assumption of human nature by the Son of God; the pro- cess by which a wound heals by being filled with new flesh. [Latin.] incase (in-kas'). v.t. to enclose in A case. Also encase. incast (in'kast), n. something thrown in for "good measure' ' after a pur- chase or bargain [Scotch]. In Louisiana, an incast is called lag- niappe (la-ni-yap'). incastellate (in-kas'te-lat), v.t. to con* fine in a castle; to imprison. incastellation (in-kas-te-la'shun), n. imprisonment in a castle. incautious (in-kaw'shus), adj. want- ing in caution ; unwary. incavo (in-ka'vo) , the hollowed part in an intaglio or an engraved work. [Italian.] incendiarism (in-sen'di-a-rizm) , the act of an incendiary; burning; ar- son. incendiary (in-sen'di-a-ri) , adj. per- taining to arson or the malicious burning of property; tending to excite passion or violence; inflam- matory; seditious: n. one guilty of arson; one who excites passion or violence; a seditious agitator. incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in-* flame with anger; provoke; irritate; (in'sens), perfume with incense: n. any aromatic material which ex- hales perfume when burned, especial- ly olibanum, the frankincense of the Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks and Romans; any gratifying odor, as of flowers; homage; odor of spices and gums burned in religious rites. [Latin.] incentive (in-sen'tiv) , adj. inciting; encouraging: n. incitement; en- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. INCEPTION 445 INCLINED couragement ; motive; spur; stimu- lus. Inception (in-sep'shun), n. reception; beginning; the formal qualification of a master of arts, previous to tak- ing his degree. [Latin.] Inceptive (in-sep'tiv), adj. beginning; noting beginning: n. an inceptive word or phrase. incertitude (in-ser'ti-tud) , n. as want- ing in sureness; doubtfully. incessant (in-ses'ant) , adj. unceasing; ceaseless; continuous. incest (in'sest), n. sexual commerce between persons related within the prohibited degrees_of marriage. incestuous (in-ses'tu-us) , adj. guilty of, or involving, incest. inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a small quantity or degree; a critical moment: v.t. to driye by small de- grees; deal out sparingly: v.i. move slowly. inchoate (in'ko-at), adj. just begun; incipient; elementary; incomplete. inchoately (in'ko-at-li) , adv. rudimen- tarily. inchoative (in-ko'a-tiv), adj. incip- ient; rudimentary: n. an incep- tive. incidence (in'si-dens) , n. the direc- tion in which a ray of light or heat falls upon a surface. incident (in'si-dent) , adj, falling upon, as a ray of light on a reflecting sur- face; apt to occur; appertaining; occurring accidentally; casual; sub- ordinate: n. occurrence; that which happens beside the main design; casualty; episode; event; accident. incidental (in-si-den'tal) , adj. casual; subordinate: n. something casual or subordinate: pZ. minor expenses. incidentally (in - si - den'ta - li) , adv. casually. incinerate (in-sin'er-at) , v.t. to burn to ashes. incineration (in-sin-er-a'shun) , n. cre- mation. incinerator (in-sin'er-a-ter) , n. a fur- nace or retort for reducing substances to ashes. [Latin.] incipience (in-sip'i-ens), n. incipient state; beginning; commencement. Also incipiency. incipient (in-sip'i-ent), adj. beginning to be or to appear; initial. incise (in-siz'), v.t. to cut into; to cut or gash; to engrave. incision (in-sizh'un), n. a cut made with a sharp instrument; notch. incisive (in-sl'siv), adj. having the quality of cutting into; sharp; trenchant; pertaining to the incisor teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive edge or tooth of the mandible of a beetle. [Latin.] ^ incisively (in-si'siv-li), adv. with in- cision. incisiveness (in-si'siy-nes), n. the quality of being incisive. incisor (in-si'ser), n. a cutting tooth; one of the teeth in front of the ca- nines in both jaws. incisorial (in-si-so'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to, or having the character of, an incisor tooth. incisory (in-si'so-ri), adj. cutting. incitation (in-sl-ta'shun) , n. the act of impelling to action ; an attempt to urge, encourage, or move. incite (in-sif). v.t. to move to action; stir up; spur on; encourage; im- pel. [Latin.] incitement (in-sit'ment), n._ an in- citing cause; incentive; impulse; encouragement. incitive (in-si'tiv) , adj. likely to incite to action. incivility (in-si-viri-ti) , n. [pi. inci- vilities (in-si-viri-tiz)], lack of civil- ity or courtesy; impoliteness. inclemency (in-klem'en-si) , n. [pi. in- clemencies (in-klem'en-siz)], want of clemency ; severity of temper; stormi- ness; adversity. inclement (in-klem'ent) , adj. not clement ; unmerciful ; tempestuous. inclination (in-cli-na/shun) , n. a lean- ing; deviation from usual direc- tion or position; tendency of the mind; disposition; a slope or de- clivity; slant; propensity. incline (m-khn'), v.i. % to deviate from the normal direction or position; lean; bow; have a mental bent or tendency; be disposed: v.t. to cause to lean; direct; bow (as in rever- ence or civility); give a tendency to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an in- clined plane; gradient. inclined (m-kllnd'), p. adj. having a tendency; sloping; disposed; bent into a convex curve. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; hoon, book: hue, hut ; think, £7?en. INCLINED PLANE 446 INCOMPATIBLE Inclined plane (plan) , n. a plane that makes an angle with the plane of the horizon; one of the mechan- ical powers. inclinometer (in-kli-nom'e-ter) , n, an apparatus for determining the mag- netic inclination or dip; a dipping needle; clinometer. inclose (in-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- compass; surround; put into an envelope; put into the same envel- ope (with another letter); sepa- rate from common lands by a fence. Inclosure (in-klo'zhur), n. the act of inclosing, or state of being inclosed, especially the act of separating land from a common by a fence ; that which is inclosed; that which in- closes, as a fence ; something in- closed with a letter in an envelope, as a bill, check, &c. [Latin.] include (in-klood') ; v.t. to inclose; hold as in an inclosure; confine within something; comprise or com- prehend, as a genus the species. included (in-kloo'ded) , p. adj. in- closed; contained; not projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla of a flower. inclusion (in-kloo'zhun) , n. the act of including; the state of being in- cluded; that which is included. inclusive (in-kloo'siv), adj. inclosing; including; comprehending the ex- tremes in the sum, as from Monday to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in both Monday and Saturday. inclusively (in-kloo'siv-li), adv. so as to include. incognito (in-kog'ni-to) , adj. un- known or disguised: adv. in dis- guise; under an assumed name: n. a great personage who travels under an assumed style; the assumption of a character or title to avoid recog- nition; state of being unrecognized. Fern. adj. The adv. is often famil- iarly abbreviated to incog, and then used like an indeclinable adj. for both sexes. incoherence (in-ko-he'rens) , n. want of cohesion; looseness; want of con- nection; incongruity; inconsequence Incoherency. incoherent (in-ko-he'rent) , adj. with- out cohesion; incongruous; incon- secutive. incohesion (in-ko-he'zhun) , n. want of cohesion. incombustible (in-kom-bus'ti-bl) , adj. that cannot be consumed by fire: n. an incombustible substance. income (in'kum), n. the gain which proceeds from labor, business, prop- • erty , or capital ; annual receipts of a person or corporation. incomer (in'kum-er), n. one who comes in; one who succeeds another as a tenant. incoming (in'kum-ing), p. adj. coming in; accruing: n. the act of coming in; that which comes in; income. incommensurability (in-kom-men- su-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being incommensurable. Also in- commensur ableness . incommensurable (in-kom-men'su- ra-bl), adj. having no common mea- sure; having no common divisor except unity : n. one of two (or more) quantities that have no common measure. incommensurate (in - kom - men'su- rat), adj. not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable; not suf- ficient in measure; inadequate. incommensurately (in-kom-men'su- rat-li), adv. not in equal or due measure. incommiscible (in-kom-mis'i-bl), adj. not capable of mixture. incommode (in-kom-od'), v.t. to give inconvenience or trouble to; dis* turb. incommodious (in-kom-mo 'di-us) , adj. tending to incommode; trouble- some; inconvenient. incommunicable (in-kom-mu'ni-ka- bl), adj. that cannot be communi- cated or told. incomparable (in-kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. not admitting of comparison; un- equaled; transcendent; peerless. incomparably (in-kom'pa-ra-bli), adv. beyond comparison. incompatibility (in-kom-pat-i-bil 'i- ti), n. irreconcilableness. Also in- compatibleness. incompatible (in-kom-pat'i-bl) , adj. incapable of harmonious subsistence or combination; inconsistent; incon- gruous: n.pl. persons or things ir- reconcilably disagreeing with each other. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INCOMPATIBLY 447 INCONTROVERTIBLE incompatibly (in-kom-pat'i-bli), adv. in an incompatible manner. incompetence (in-kom'pe-tens) , n. inability, a physical, intellectual, or moral ; insufficiency ; inadequacy ; lack of qualification or jurisdiction. Also incompetency. incompetent (in-kom'pe-tenu) , adj. wanting ability; inadequate; want- ing qualification or fitness; incapaci- tated; inadmissible. incomplete (in-kom-plet') , adj. not fully finished or developed; not hav- ing all its parts; imperfect; defec- tive. incompletely (in-kom-plet'li) , adv. im- perfectly. incompleteness (in-kom-plet 'nes) , n. imperfection. incomprehensible (in-kom-pre-hen'- si-bl), adj. illimitable; not to be un- derstood or grasped by the mind; in- conceivable. incompressible (in T kom-pres'i-bl) , adj. incapable of being reduced in volume by pressure; resisting pres- sure. inconceivability (in-kon-sev-a-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of being incon- ceivable. inconceivable (in-kon-sev'a-bl) , adj. incapable of being conceived or im- agined; incredible. inconceivably (in-kon-sev'a-bli) , adv. beyond the power of conception. inconcinnity (in-kon-sin'i-ti) , n. lack of harmony; failure to agree. inconclusive (in-kon-kloq'siv) , # adj. leading to no conclusion in evidence or argument; unconvincing; reach- ing no definite result in action; inef- fective; inefficient^ inconclusively (in-kon-kloo'siv-li) , adv. in an inconclusive manner. incondensible (in-kon-den'si-bl) , adj. incapable of being made more dense or compact, or of being reduced to liquid form. incongruity (in-kon-gr6o'i-ti)_, n. [pi. incongruities (in-kon-groo'i-tiz)], want of mutual fitness; unsuitable- ness of one thing to another. incongruous (in-kong'groo-us) # , adj. reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to one another; inharmonious; inap- propriate. inconnu (ang-kon-nu') , adj. unknown: n. an unknown person. Feminine inconnue. [French.] inconsequence (in-kon'se-kwens) , n. the quality of being inconsequent ; want of logical sequence ; inconclu- siveness. inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent) , adj. not following from the premises; illogical; out of proper relation; irrel- evant. inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl) , adj. not deserving consideration; unimportant. inconsiderably (in-kon-sid'er-a-bli) , adv. very little : inconsiderate (in-kon-sid'er-at), adj. without consideration; thoughtless. inconsiderately (in-kon-sid'er-at-li) , adv. thoughtlessly. inconsistency (in-kon-sis'ten-si) , n. [pi. inconsistencies (in-kqn-sis'ten- siz)], the quality of being inconsist- ent; incongruity. inconsistent (in-kon-sis'tent), adj. lacking coherence or agreement; dis- crepant; lacking uniformity; self- contradicting ; incongruous. inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl), adj. not to be consoled or comforted. inconsolably (in-kon-so'la-bli), adv. in an inconsolable manner or de- gree. inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us) , adj. not easily perceived ; so small as to escape notice; hardly discernible. inconstancy (in-kon's tan-si), n. changeableness. inconstant (in-kon'stant) , adj. ^ sub- ject to change; unstable; variable; fickle; capricious. incontestable (in-kon-test'a-bl) , adj. not admitting of question or dispute; incontrovertible. incontestably (in-kon-test'a-bli) , adv. indisputably. incontinence (in-kon'ti-nens) , n. lack of restraint, especially undue in- dulgence of the sexual passions; li- centiousness; involuntary discharge. Also incontinency. [Latin.] incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent) , adj. un- restrained; unchaste: n. an unchaste person. incontrovertibility (in-kon-tro-ver- ti-bil'i^ti), n. the state or quality of being incontrovertible. incontrovertible (in-kon-tro-ver'ti- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INCONTROVERTIBLY 448 INCRUST bl), adj. not admitting of contro- versy; indisputable. incontrovertibly (in-kon-tro-ver'ti- bli), adv. indisputably. inconvenience (in-kon-ve'niens), n. want of convenience; unfitness; troublesomeness ; that which incom- modes; disadvantage. Also incon- veniency: v.t. to put to inconveni- ence; incommode; annoy; molest. inconvenient (in-kon-ve'nient), adj. disadvantageous; inopportune; un- fit; inexpedient. inconvertibility (in-kon-ver-ti-bil'i- ti) , n. the quality of being inconver- tible. inconvertible (in-kon-veVti-bl) , adj. incapable of being converted into, or exchanged for, something else. incorporate (in-kor'po-rat) , v.t. to combine into one body; give a body to ; embody ; unite ; associate ; unite intimately; assimilate; blend; form into a corporation recognized by law: v.i. to unite with another body so as to form a part of it; be mixed or blended with: v.adj. incorpo- rated; united in one body. incorporation (in-kor-po-ra'shun) , n. combination; assimilation; mixture; formation of a body corporate; a corporation. incorporator (in-kor-po-ra-ter) , n. one who incorporates; an original mem- ber of an incorporated society. incorporeal (in-kor-po're-al), adj. not corporeal; immaterial; intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law. incorporealist (in-kor-por're-al-ist) , n. one who believes that the spirit may exist separate from the body. incorporeality (in-kor-por-e-al'i-ti) , n. the lack of material substance; absence of body. incorporeally (in-kor-por'e-a-li) , adv. immaterially. incorrect (in-kor-ekf) , adj. not ac- cording to model or rule; faulty; not according to fact; inaccurate; not in accordance with morality or good manners; improper. [Latin.] incorrigible (in-kor'ri-ji-bl), adj. bad; beyond correction or amendment; irreclaimable. incorrigibleness (in-kor'ri-ji-bl-nes) , n. the quality of being incorrigible. Also incorrigibility. incorrigibly (in-kor'ri-ji-bli), adv. ir- reclaimably. incorrodible (in-kor-rod'i-bl) , adj. in- capable of being corroded. incorrupt (in-kor-upf), adj. free from physical or moral taint; unim- paired, upright ; especially above the influence of corruption or bribery; honest. [Latin.] incorruptibility (in-kor-upt-ti-bil'i- ti), n. incapability of corruption. incorruptible (in-kor-upt'ti-bl) , adj. incapable of physical corruption, de- cay, or dissolution; not liable to moral perversion or contamination; especially incapable of being bribed. incorruptibly (in-kor-upt'i-bli), adv. in an incorruptible manner. incorruption (in-kor-up'shun), n. ex- emption from corruption. incrassation (in-kras-sa'shun), n. a swelling or increase of bulk caused by fat. [Latin.] increase (in-kres'), v.i. to become greater in any respect; augment; multiply; grow; wax, as the moon: v.t. to make greater in any respect; enhance; aggravate; enlarge: n. (in'kres), a growing larger; that which is added to the original stock; increment; produce; profit; issue; offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. incredibility (in-kred-i-biri-ti) , n. the quality of being incredible. Also in- credibleness. incredible (in-kred'i-bl) , adj. surpass- ing belief; hard to believe; unimagin- able; inconceivable. incredibly (in-kred'i-bli) , adv. in an incredible manner. incredulity (in-kre-du'li-ti) , n. the quality of being incredulous; scep- ticism; disbelief. . incredulous (in-kred'u-lus) , adj. hard of belief; sceptical; unbelieving. increment (in'kre-ment) , n. increase; augmentation; produce. increscent m (in-kres'ent) , p.adj. in- creasing; in heraldry, denoting the new moon, with the horns towards the dexter side. incriminate (in-krim'i-nat) , v.t. to charge with a crime; criminate; ac- cuse. incrust (in-krusf), v.t. to cover with, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INCRUSTATE 449 INDEFENSIBLE or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form a decorative covering. Also encrust. incrustate (in-krus'tat) , adj. covered with earthy matter; growing firmly to. the pericarp: said of seeds. incrustation # (in-krus-t a 'shun) , n. % a crust; covering; an incrusted or in- laid object or substance; a covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c, attached to the masonry. [Latin.] incubate (in'ku-bat), v.t. to sit upon (eggs) to hatch them; hatch out: v.i. to brood; in medicine, to go through the stage_ of incubation. incubator (in'ku-ba-ter) , n. one who, or that which, incubates; especially an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- ficially. incubus (in'ku-bus), n. [pi. incubuses (in'ku-bus-ez), incubi (in'ku-bi)], the nightmare; in the superstition of the Middle Ages, a demon believed to cause nightmare, and the birth of de- formed children; a heavy weight or burden. See succubus. [Latin.] inculcate (in : kurkat), v.t. to impress upon the mind by frequent admoni- tions. inculpate (in-kul'pat), v.t. to charge with wrong-doing; to censure. incumbency (in r kum'ben-si), n. [pi. incumbencies (in : kum'ben-siz)], the act or state of being incumbent ; full possession and exercise of any office ; state of holding a benefice. incumbent (in-kum'bent) , adj. lying upon; imposed as a duty: n. the holder of an office; a clergyman in possession of a benefice. incur (in-ker'), ^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- curred, p.pr. incurring], to become liable to, by one's own action; con- tract, as a debt._ incurability (in-kur-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being_ incurable. incurable (in-kur'a-bl) , adj. incapable of being cured ; beyond the power of skill or medicine; irremediable; in- corrigible: n. a person diseased be- yond cure. [Latin.] incurably (in-kur'a-bli) , adv. without remedy. incursion (in-ker 'shun), n. an in- road; raid; invasion. incurvate (in-ker'vat) , p. adj. bent in- ward; curved. indebted (in-det'ed), p. adj. being in debt; lying under an obligation. indebtedness (in-det'ed-nes), n. debt; the state of obligating. [Latin.] indecency (in-de_'sen-si), n. [pi. in- decencies (in-de'sen-siz)], want of decency, modesty, or good manners; that which is indecent, grossly vulgar, or obscene; in law, the public exhibition of something indecent. indecent (in-de'sent) , adj. violating propriety in language, behavior, &c. ; indelicate; obscene. [Latin.] indecision (in-de-sizh'un) , n. want of decision; a wavering of the mind; irresolution. indecisive (in-de-si'siv) , adj. not bring- ing to a decision or final issue; in- conclusive. indecisively (in-de-si'siv-li) , adv. in an indecisive manner. indeclinable (in-de-kli'na-bl) , adj. that cannot be declined, or varied by declension: n. a word that cannot be declined. indeclinably (in-de-kli'na-bli) , adv. without declension. indecorous (in-dek'o-rus) , adj. vio- lating decorum, or any accepted rule of conduct. [Latin.] indecorum (in-de-ko'rum) , n. vio- lation of decorum or propriety; breach of etiquette or civility. indeed (in-ded'), adv. in fact, in truth. indef atigability (in-de-f at-i-ga-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of being indefati- gable. indefatigable (in-de-f at'i-ga-bl) , adj. not to be wearied out; not yielding to fatigue; unremitting in labor or effort. [Latin.] indef atigably (in-de-f at 'i-ga-bli) , adv. without yielding to fatigue; per- sistently. indef easibility (in : de-f e-zi-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being indefeasible. indefeasible (in-de-f e'zi-bl) , adj. not to be defeated or made void, as a title. [Latin.] indef easibly (in-de-f e'zi-bli) , adv. so as not to be set aside or made void. indefectible (in-de-f ek'ti-bl) , adj. sub- ject to no defect, failure, or decay. indefensible (in-de-f en'si-bl) , adj. that cannot be defended, maintained, or justified. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 29 hue, hut ; think, then. INDEFENSIBLY 450 INDIAN Indefensibly (in-de-fen'si-bli), adv. so as. to admit of no defense. indefinable (in-de-fi'na-bl), adj. that cannot be defined. [Latin.] indefinably (in-de-fm'a-bli) , adv. in an indefinable manner. indefinite (in-def 'i-nit) , adj. not de- fined; not precise; vague; having no particular limit ; large beyond the comprehension of man, though not absolutely infinite; too numerous or variable to be easily counted. indefinitely (in-def 'i-nit-li) , adv. to an indefinite degree ; without de- terminate limitation. indelibility (in-del-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being indelible. Indelible (in-deri-bl) , adj. not to be blotted out, effaced, or obliterated. indelibly (in-deri-bli) , adv. so as to be indelible. Indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si) , n. [pi. in- delicacies (in-del'i-ka-siz)], want of delicacy; that which is offensive to refined taste. [Latin.] indelicate (in-del'i-kat), adj. offensive to modesty or propriety; coarse; in- decent. indelicately (in-del'i-kat-li) , adv. in an indelicate manner. indemnification (in-dem-ni-fi-ka/- shun), n. the act of securing against loss; reimbursement of loss. indemnify (in-dem'ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnify- ing], to secure or insure against loss or damage; reimburse. [Latin.] Indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti) , n. [pi. in- demnities (in-dem'ni-tiz)], security against loss, damage, or punish- ment; compensation for loss. indent (in-dent'),. v.t. to make a dent or depression in; dent; cut into points like teeth; notch; bind out by indenture, as an apprentice: n. a notch in the margin; a covenant. Indentation (in-den-ta'shun) , n. a small hollow or depression, as from a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or recess in a margin. indented (in-den'ted) , p. adj. notched in the margin like a row of teeth; ziz-zag; in heraldry, notched or ser- rated. Indenture (in-den'tur) , n. a covenant or deed, formerly in duplicate, with the edges notched so as to corre- spond: v.t. to bind by indenture, as an apprentice. independence (in-de-pend'ens) , n. freedom from support or governance by others; a competency; self-re- liance. [Latin.] Independence Day (da) July 4th, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, observed as a na- tional holiday in the United States and its dependencies. independent (in-de-pen'dent) , adj. not dependent, supported by, or governed by, another; having a competency; not subject to bias or influence; free; irrespective: n. one who supports measures or men in- dependently of any organized party. indescribable (in-de-skrib'a-bl), adj. that cannot be described. indestructible (in-de-struk'ti-bl) , adj. not to be destroyed. indestructibly (in-de-struk'ti-bli), adv. so as to be indestructible. indeterminate (in-de-ter'min-at), adj. not determinate, settled, or fixea; indefinite; not precise; having an indefinite number of values or solu- tions. indeterminately (in-de-ter'min-at-li) , adv. indefinitely. index (in'deks), n. [pi. indexes (in'- deks-ez), indices (in'di-sez)], that which points out or indicates; an al- phabetical table of the contents of a book; the figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quan- tity; the exponent: v.i. provide with an index. index-finger (in'deks-fing'ger) , n. the fore-finger. Indiaman (in'di-a-man), n. [pi. India- men (in'di-a-men)], a large vessel formerly employed in the India trade. Indian (in'di-an), adj. pertaining to the Indies, to the West Indies or to the American Indians; made of maize or Indian corn: n. an East In- dian, West Indian or Anglo-In- dian; one of the aborigines of Amer- ica, or a Red Indian. [Because Columbus believed that in his first voyage to America he had reached India, he called the country India, hence the confusion between the West Indies and the East Indies. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INDIAN CORN 451 INDIRECT The name India ultimately comes from the Sanskrit, sindhu (river), but both the Greeks and Romans knew Hindustan as India] > Indian corn (korn), n. a native Amer- ican plant, known as maize. Indian- file (in'di-an-f II) , n. single file. Indian red (red), n. a silicate of iron, imported from the Persian Gulf. Indian Summer (sum'er), n. sum- mer-like weather, with calm and ab- sence of rain, occurring in autumn. Indian yellow (yel'o), n. a bright yellow pigment. india-rubber (in'di-a-rub'er) , n. a gummy substance imported from Brazil and the Congo State and hardened by chemical processes ; the product of the rubber tree; caout- chouc. indican (in'di-kan), n. a substance obtained from the various indigo- producing plants, decomposing, by the action of acids, into sugar, in- digo-blue, indigo-red, and indiglucin. indicant (in'di-kant) , adj. indicating: n. that which points out a remedy for a disease. indicate (in'di-kat), v.t. to point out ; show; suggest; hint; point out, as a remedy. indication (in-di-ka'shun) , n. the act of indicating; that which indicates; information; token; evidence; sign; symptom. > indicative (in-dik'a-tiv), adj. pointing out; bringing to notice; noting that mood of the verb which indicates, predicates, or affirms: n. the indica- tive mood. indicatively (in-dik'a-tiv-li) , adv. so as to indicate. indicator (in'di-ka-ter) , n. one who, or that which, indicates; the part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, especially an apparatus for ascertaining and recording the variations of pressure or vacuum in the cylinder of a steam engine. indicatory (in'di-ka-to-ri), adj. serv- ing to indicate. indict (in-dlf), v.t. to charge with a crime, by the presentment of a grand jury. indictable (m-dit'a-bl) , adj. liable to be indicted ; punishable. indictment (in-dlt'ment), n. a writ- ten accusation against a prisoner presented by a grand jury to a court. indifference (in-dif 'er-ens) , n. the state of being indifferent; impartial- ity; absence of preference or in- terest ; unconcernedness ; unimpor- tance; condition of being indifferent in character or quality; mediocrity. indifferent (in-dif 'er-ent) , adj. uncon- cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- gardless. indigence (in'di-jens), n. the state of being indigent ; poverty ; want. Also indigency. indigene (in'di-jen), n. a native; aborigine. indigenous (in-dij'e-nus), adj. born or produced in a country; not exotic; not imported; innate; inherent; native. indigent (in'di-jent), adj. destitute; needy. indigested (in-di-jest'ed), adj. undi- gested, as food; crude; not softened by heat. indigestibility (in-di-jest-i-bil'i-ti), Ti- the quality of being indigestible. indigestible (in-di-jest'i-bl), adj. not digestible, physically or mentally. indigestibly (in-di-jest'i-bli), adv. so as not to be digested. indigestion (in : di-jes'chun), n. diffi- culty in digesting food; dyspepsia. indignant (in-dig'nant) , adj. affected with indignation; inflamed with mingled anger and disdain. indignation (in-dig-na/shun) , n. anger at what is unworthy, unjust, dishon- orable, or base; anger mingled with contempt or disgust. indignity (in-dig'ni-ti) , n. [pi. indig- nities (in-dig'ni-tiz) ], an action in- tended to lower the dignity of an- other; insult. [Latin.] indigo (in'di-go), n. a blue dye-stuff obtained from the indigo plant by decomposition of the glucoside in- dican. In 1880, the German chemist, Adolf Baeyer, produced it by syn- thesis from coal tar. [Spanish, but ultimately Greek.] indirect (in-di-rekf), adj. not straight or rectilinear; not directly m result- ing from a cause; not reaching the end aimed at by the most direct method; not straightforward or fair. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. INDISCREET 452 INDORSE Indiscreet (in-dis-kref), adj. wanting in discretion; imprudent. indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'un), n. want of discretion; imprudence; an im- prudent act. indiscriminate t (in-dis-krim'i-nat), adj. undistinguishing; promiscuous. indiscriminately (in-dis-krim'i-nat- li), adv. without distinction. indiscriminative (dis-krim'in-a-tiv) , adj. making no distinction. ^dispensability (in-dis-pen-sa-bil'i- ti) , n. incapability of being dispensed with. indispensable (in-dis-pen'sa-bl) , adj. that cannot be dispensed with; ab- solutely necessary. [Latin.] indispensably (in-dis-pen'sa-bli) , adv. unavoidably. indispose (in-dis-poz'), v.t. to disin- cline; unfit. [Latin.] indisposed (in-dis-pozd') , adj. slight- ly ill in health; disinclined. indisposition (in 7 dis : po-zish'un) , n. slight illness; disinclination. indisputability (in-dis-pu-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being_ indisputable. indisputable (in-dis-pu'ta-bl) , adj. too evident to admit of dispute; un- questionable. [Latin.] indisputably (in-dis-pu'ta-bli) , adv. unquestionably^ indissolubility (in-dis-o-lu-bil'i-ti) , n. incapability of being dissolved or liquefied; perpetuity of obligation. indissoluble (in-dis'o-lu-bl) adj. not dissoluble or dissolvable. [Latin.] indistinct (in-dis-tingkt'), adj. not distinct to the senses or the mind; undefined; indefinite; confused. indistinguishable (in-dis-ting'gwish- a-bl), adj. incapable of being distin- guished, discriminated, or perceived. indistinguishably (in-dis-ting'gwish- a-bli), adv. so as not to be dis- tinguished. indite (in-dit'), v.t. to compose; write. indium (in'di-um), n. a rare metallic element found in zinc-blende. individual (in-di-vij 'u T al), adj. exist- ing as a single indivisible entity; pertaining to, or characteristic of, a single person, or thing: n. a single person, animator thing. [Latin.] individualism (in-di-vij 'u-al-izm), n. the quality of being individual; a social system in which each indi- vidual works for himself alone; the theory of government which dis- countenances the interference of the State in the affairs of the individual. individualist (in-di-vij 'u-al-ist ) , n. one who holds the theory of indi- vidualism: adj. individualistic. individualistic (in-di-vij -u-al-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to individualism or to individualists. individuality (in-di-vij -u-al'i-ti) , n. the condition of being individual; separate or distinct existence; dis- tinctive character. individualize (in-di-vij'u-al-iz), v.t. to invest with individuality ; distinguish. individually (in-di-vij 'u-a-U), adv. sep- arately; personally. individuate (in-di-vij 'u-at), v.t. to mark as distinct. indivisibility (in-di-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. the property of being indivisible. indivisible (in-di-viz'i-bl), not separ- able .into parts: n. that which is indivisible; an element, infinitely small, assumed to admit of no further division. Indo, a prefix meaning conneeted with^ India, as /ndo-Chinese, per- taining to Indo-China. indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- able; intractable. indocility (m : do-sil'i-ti) , n. the qual- ity of being indocile. indoctrinate (in-dok'tri-nat) , v.t. to imbue with learning, principles, or doctrines. Indo-European (in-do-u-ro-pe'an) , adj. pertaining to the family of Aryan (or Caucasian) languages extending from India over Europe but excepting the Turkish, Hungarian, Bohemian, Finnish, Polish, and Russian, which were called " Turanian" or Ural- Altaic and also by other names. indolence (in'do-lens) , n. love of ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- ness; supineness. indolent (in'dq-lent) , adj. indulging in ease; avoiding labor; lazy. indomitable (in-dom'i-ta-bl) , adj. un- tamable ; irrepressible ; invincible. m indoor (in'dor), adj. performed within doors. indorse (in-dors'), v.t. to write on the back of, as a check, &c; sanction: approve. Also endorse. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INDORSEE 453 INEBRIETY indorsee (in-dors-e') , n. & person to whom a check, &c, is indorsed or assigned. indorsement (in-dors'ment), n. the act of writing on the back of a check, &c; that which is so written; ap- proval; sanction. indorser (in-dors'er), n. one who in- dorses. Also indorsor. Indra (in'dra), n. in India the supreme goddess of rain and of the firmament. indubitable (in-du'bi-ta-bl) , adj. too evident to be doubted; unqestion- able. indubitably (in-du-bi-ta-bli), adv. be- yond doubt. induce (in-dus'), v.t. to lead on; in- fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- fect; cause; to infer by induction; produce by magnetic or electric in- duction. [Latin.] induced (in-dusf), p. adj. caused by induction. inducement (in-dus'ment), n. that which induces; motive; in pleading, an introductory statement. inducible (in-dus'i-bl) , adj. capable of being induced, caused or inferred. ir»duct (in-dukf), v.t. to introduce; install into an office; put into pos- session of a benefice. inductance (in-duk'tans) , n. the capacity for induction possessed by an active electric circuit on itself, or on neighboring circuits. induction (in-duk'shun) , n. the act of inducting; the introduction of a person into an office; the introduc- tion of a clergyman into a benefice; the process of discovering and prov- ing general propositions from par- ticular cases; a conclusion drawn from a process of induction; elec- trical or magnetic influence without direct contact. [Latin.] inductional (in-duk'shun-al) , adj. per- taining to 7 or produced by, induc- tion; inductive. inductive (in-duk'tiv) , adj. proceed- ing by induction; producing induc- tion; operating by induction; sus- ceptible of being acted on by induction. inductive philosophy (fil-os'o-fi) , 11. the name given by Bacon to ex- perimental science, or science found- ed on induction, by which one rea- sons from a number of facts to a great central fact. See deduction. inductive science (si'ens), n. any branch of science which admits of, and employs, the inductive method. See deduction. inductivity (in-duk-tiy 'i-ti) , n. spe- cific inductive capacity. inductometer (in-duk-tom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the degree or rate of electric induction. inductor (in-duk'ter) , n. one who in- ducts; that part of _ an electric ap- paratus which acts inductively. indue (in-du'), v.t. to clothe or invest; furnish; supply; endow. [Latin.] indulge (in-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or complaisant to; humor; give free course to: v.i. to gratify one's self. indulgence (in-dul'jens), n. forbear- ance from restraint or control ; per- mission; license; excess; forbearance of present payment; toleration. indulgent (in-dul'jent), adj. disposed to indulge ; complaint ; showing favor; kind. indulgently (in-durjent-li), adv. with indulgence. induline (in'du-lin), n. a coal-tar dve- stuff of a dark blue color. Also in- dulin. indurate (in'du-rat), v.i. to grow hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- feeling or obdurate. # industrial (in-dus' tri-al) # , adj. per- taining to productive industry. industrialism (in-dus'tri-al-izm), n. a state of society marked by the pre- dominance of industrial pursuits. industrially (in-dus'tri-a-li), adv. with reference to industry or industrial- ism. industrious (in-dus 'tri-us), adj. char- acterized by diligence or industry; hard working. industry (in'dus-tri) , n. [pi. indus- tries (in'dus-triz)], steady applica- tion to business or labor; productive labor ; an industrial art ; a particular branch of work or trade. inebriate _ (in-e/bri-at), v.t. to make drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- tally or emotionally: n. an habitual drunkard. [Latin.] inebriation (in-e-bri-a'shun) , n. in- toxication. inebriety (in-e-brl'e-ti) , n. intoxica- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INEFFABLE 454 INEXPERT tion, especially habitual drunken- ness. Ineffable (in-ef'a-bl), adj. unspeak- ble; inexpressible; too sacred for utterance. [Latin.] ineffably (in-ef'a-bli), adv. unspeak- ably. ineffaceable (in-ef-fas'a-bl), adj. that cannot be rubbed out. ineffective (in-ef-ekt'iv), adj. not producing the desired effect; in- effectual. [Latin.] ineffectively ( in-e-f ek'tiv-li), adv. without effect. ineffectual (in-e-f ek'tu-al) , adj. not producing the desired effect; un- availing. Ineffectually (in-e-f ek'tu-a-li), adv. in vain. inefficacy (in-ef 'i-ka-si) , n. lack of efficacy. inefficiency (in-e-fish'en-si) , n. in- competency. inefficient (in-e-fish'ent) , adj. not producing, or not capable of produc- ing, the desired effect; incapable. inelastic (in-e-las'tik), adj. lacking or deficient in elasticity. inelegance (in-ere-gans) , n. [pi. inele- gances (in-el'e-gan-sez)], want of any quality required by good taste. inelegant (in-ere-gant) , adj. offensive to good taste. ineligible (in-el'i-ji-bl), adj. unworthy of choice; unsuitable; legally dis- qualified for choice or election. iueligibly (in-eri-ji-bli), adv. in an ineligible manner. ineptly (in-ept'li), adv. unsuitably; foolishly. inequality (in-e-kwal'i-ti) , n. m [pi. inequalities (in-e-kwal'i-tiz)], differ- ence, especially of rank or station; unevenness ; # changeableness ; inade- quacy; deviation of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. [Latin.] inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl) , adj. not according to equity; unjust. inequitably (in-ek'wi-ta-bli) , adv. un- justly; unfairly. inequity < (in-ek'wi-ti) , n. lack of equity; injustice. inert (in-ert'), adj. having no power of motion or action; lifeless; slug- gish. [Latin.] m inertia (in-er'shi-a), n. lack of activ- ity; inertness; sluggishness; that property of matter by virtue of which it tends to remain at rest, if resting, or to more uniformly in a straight line, if moving (vis inertia) . inestimable (in-es'ti-ma-bl) , adj. not to be estimated; beyond measure or price; incalculable; invaluable. inestimably (in-es'ti-ma-bli), adv. above estimation. inevitability (in-ev-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. im- possibility of being avoided. Also inevitableness. inevitable (in-ev'i-ta-bl) , adj. not to be evaded; unavoidable. inevitably (in-ev'i-ta-bli) , adv. un- avoidably. inexact (in-egz-akt'), adj. not precise, correct, accurate, or punctual. inexactness (in-egz-akt 'nes) , n. want of precision. inexcusable (nv-eks-ku'za-bl) , adj. incapable of being excused; unpar- donable. inexcusably (in-eks-kii'za-bli) , adv. without excuse. inexhaustible (in-egs-awst'i-bl), adj. not to be exhausted or spent; un- failing; unwearied. [Latin.] inexhaustibly (in-egs-awst'i-bli) , adv. in an inexhaustible manner or degree. inexorability (in-eks-o-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. incapability of being moved by prayers. Also inexorableness. inexorable (in-eks'6-ra-bl), adj. not to be moved by prayers; unyielding; unrelenting. [Latin.] inexorably (in-eks'o-ra-bli) , adv. in- flexibly. inexpediency (in-eks-pe'di-en-si) , n. unsuitableness ; inadvisability. Also inexpedient. inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. unsuitable to circumstances; in- advisable. [Latin.] inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv) , adj. cheap. inexperience (in-eks-pe'ri-ens) , n. want of experience, or of the knowl- edge that comes by experience. inexperienced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst) , adj. lacking experience; unpracticed; un- skilled; unversed. inexpert (in-eks-perf), adj. unskilled; lacking the knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. ate,, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit-; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INEXPIABLE 455 INFER Inexpiable (in-eks'pi-a-bl) , adj. that cannot be expiated, atoned for, or satisfied. Inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl) , adj. not to be explained, made plain, or intelligible; not to be interpreted or accounted for. inexplicably (in-eks'pli-ka-bli), adv. so as not to be explained. inexplosive (in-eks-plo'siv), adj. not liable to explode. inexpressible (in-eks-pres'i-bl), adj. incapable of being expressed, uttered or described. inexpressibly (in-eks-pres'i-bli) , adv. unspeakably. inexpressive (in-eks-pres'iv) , adj. lacking expression or distinct sig- nificance. inextensibility (in-eks-ten-si-biTi-ti) , n. the quality of being inextensible. inextensible (in-eks-ten'si-bl), adj. that cannot be extended or stretched. inextinguishable (in-eks-ting'gwish- a-bl), adj. unquenchable. inextinguishably (in-eks-ting'gwish-a- bli), adv. so as not to be extinguished. inextricable (in-eks'tri-ka-bl), adj. not extricable; not permitting ex- trication; not to be freed from intri- cacy or perplexity. inextricably (in-eks'tri-ca-bli), adv. beyond disentanglement. infallibility (in-fal-i-bU'i-ti), n. the quality of being infallible^ infallible (in-f al'i-bl) , adj. incapable of erring; unerring; certain; un- failing. [Latin.] infallibly (in-f al'i-bli) , adv. without error or failure. infamous (in'fa-mus), adj. having a notoriously bad reputation; odious; scandalous. Infamously (in'f a-mus-li) , adv. shame- fully; wickedly. Infamy (in'fa-mi), n. infamous char- acter; public disgrace; ignominy. [Latin.] > Infancy (in'fan-si), n. the state of be- ing an infant; early childhood; the first age of anything; in law, the period of life from birth to the age of twenty-one. [Latin.] Infant (in'f ant), n. a young child; popularly a child under two years; in law, a person who has not attained his legal majority, or the age of twenty-one: adj. pertaining to in* fancy, or to the legal period of in- fancy; infantile; incipient. Infanta (in-f an'ta), n. a royal prin- cess of the house of Spain. The titles of Infanta and Infante were also used in Portugal before that country became a republic, in 1910. Infante (in-f an' ta), n. the male heir to^ the Spanish throne; a Spanish prince of the royal house. inf anticidal (in-f an'ti-si-dal) , adj. per- taining to infanticide. infanticide (in-f an'ti-sid) , n. the murder of an infant born alive ; one who kills an infant. [Latin.] infantile (in'f an-til) , adj. pertaining to infants or infancy; child-like; childish. m infantry (in'f an-tri) , n. foot soldiers, except engineers and men of the army service corps. [French.] infatuate (in-fat'u-at), v.t. to make extravagantly foolish; to inspire with fatuous passiom [Latin.] infatuation (in-f at-ii-a 'shun), n. ex- travagant folly; fatuous passion. infect (in-fekt'), v.t. to communicate some (especially bad)^ quality to; taint, especially with disease, physi- cal or moral. [Latin.] infection (in-f ek'shun) , n. the act of infecting; that which infects; con- taminating; taint; communication of disease from the sick to the healthy; an infectious disease. infectious (in : f ek'shus) , adj. com- municable by infection; sympathetic; communicating infection; demoral- izing. infecundity (in-f e-kun'di-ti) , n. bar- renness. [Latin.] infelicitous (in-f e-lis'i-tus) , adj. m un- fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; ill-timed. [Latin.] infelicity (in-fe-lis'i-ti), n. # [pi. in- felicities (in-fe-lis'i-tiz)], misfortune; unhappiness ; inappropriateness ; an infelicitous act or expression. infelt (in'felt), adj. felt within; heart- felt. . infer (in-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inferred, p.pr. inferring], to derive by induc- tion or deduction; accept as a fact or consequence; imply: v.i. to con- clude . [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. INFERABLE 456 INFLAMMABILITY inferable (in-f er'a-bl) , adj. capable of being inferred. Inference (in'f er-ens) , n. the act of inferring; the conclusion; deduction; induction. Inferential (in-f er-en'shal) , adj. hav- ing the nature of an inference; de- duced by inference. Inf erentially (in-f er-en'sha-li) , adv. by way of inference. inferior (in-f e'ri-er) , adj. lower in place, rank, or quality; secondary; subordinate; between the earth and the sun; below the horizon; growing below another organ: n. one who ranks below another; a subordinate. inferiority (in-f e-ri-or'i-ti) , n. lower state or quality. Infernal (in-f ei 'nal) , adj. pertaining to the Tartarus of the ancients, the lower regions, or regions of the dead; pertaining to or resembling hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish. infernally (in-f er-na-li) , adv. in an infernal manner. infernal machine (ma-shen'), n. an apparatus maliciously designed to explode to the destruction of life or property. Inferno (in-fer'no), n. [pi. inferni (in-fer'ne) ], a place or position of torment. [Italian.] Infest (in-f est'), v.t. to attack; haunt; overrun. [Latin.] Infidel (in'fi-del), adj. rejecting all re- ligion; rejecting a religion which claims to be divinely revealed, espe- cially the Christian religion; mani- festing unbelief: n. one who rejects Christianity as a divine revelation; formerly applied to a Mohammedan, Jew, or heathen. [Latin.] infidelity (in-fi-del'i-ti) , n. [pi. in- fidelities (in-fi-deri-tiz) ], disbelief in all religion, especially disbelief in Christianity; breach of trust; violation of the marriage contract by adultery. infield (in'f eld), n. in baseball, the space within the base line, 30 yds. x 30 yds. infiltration (in-fil-tra/shun) , i n. ^ the act of infiltrating; that which infil- trates; morbid condition of an organ due to accumulation of substances introduced from without. [French.] infinite (in'fi-nit), adj. indefinitely extensive; immeasurable: n. the Infinite Being ; the Absolute ; the Unconditioned; a quantity greater or less than any assignable quan- tity of the same kind; an inde- terminate. [Latin.] infinitely (in'fi-nit-li) , adv. beyond any conceivable degree; vastly. infinitesimal (in-fin-i-tes'i-mal) , adj. infinitely small: n. a quantity less than any assignable quant it v. infinitesimally (in-fin-i : tes'i-ma-li) , adv. by infinitesimals; in infinitely small quantities; in an infinitesimal degree. infinitive (in-fin'i-tiv) , adj. the term applied to that verb-form which sim- ply expresses the general sense of the verb without limitation to person or number: n. the infinitive mood; a verb in the infinitive mood. infinitude (in-fin'i-tud) , n. the state of being infinite; unlimited extent; infinity. # infinity (in-fin'i-ti) , n. [pi. infinities (in-fin'i-tiz) ], the state of being infinite; unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; absolute per- fection; an infinite quantity. infirm (in-ferm'), adj. feeble in body or health; weak-minded; vacillat- ing; insecure; debilitated; irreso- lute; precarious. [Latin.] infirmary (in-fer'ma-ri) , n. [pi. in- firmaries (in-fer'ma-riz)], a hospital for the sick and injured. infirmity (in-f er'mi-ti) , n. [pi. in- firmities m (in-fer'mi-tiz) ], the state of being infirm; debility; imbecility; weakness of body or of mind; mal- ady; failing; foible. infix (in-fiks/), v.t. to fix or fasten in; implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- thing infixed; an element equivalent to a prefix or suffix inserted in the body of a word. [Latin.] inflame (m-flam/),'t^. to set on fire; fire with passion; excite; provoke; irritate; put into a state of inflam- mation: v.i. to become inflamed. inflamed (in-flamdO, p. adj. heated; exasperated; in heraldry, repre- sented as burning, or decorated with tongues of flame. inflammability (in-flam-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being inflam- mable. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, ^en. ^ INFLAMMABLE 457 INFREQUENCE inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), adj. easily set on flame; combustible ; easily excited; excitable. inflammably (in-flam'a-bli), adv. in an inflammable manner. Inflammation (in-fla-ma'shun), n. a morbid process, characterized, when external, by pain, redness, heat, and swelling. [Latin.] Inflammatory (in-flam'a-to-ri) , adj. tending to excite passion, tumult, or sedition; tending to produce, accompanied by, or indicative of, inflammation. inflatable (in-flat'a-bl), adj. capable of being inflated. [Latin.] Inflate (in-flat/), v.t. to swell, or dis- tend, with air or gas; puff up; elate; expand or raise artificially, as prices. inflationist (in-fia'shun-ist), n. one in favor of an increased issue of paper money. inflator (in-fla'ter), n. a mechanical appliance for producing inflation. inflatus (in-fla'tus), n inspiration; afflatus. inflect (in-flekf). v.t. bend; turn from a direct line ; modulate ; vary the terminations of; decline; conjugate: v.i. to undergo grammatical change of termination. inflected (in-flek'ted), -p. adj. bent or turned fron a direct line or course ; having inflections ; bent or turned in- ward or downward. Inflection (in-flek shun) , n. a bend or bending; modulation of the voice; variation of nouns, verbs, &c., by declension and conjugations; diffrac- tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. Inflectional (in-flek'shun-al) , adj. ex- hibiting grammatical inflections. Also inflexional. Inflective (in-flek'tiv), adj. capable of bending. Inflexibility (in-fleks-i-biri-ti),n. in- capability of being bent; stiffness; obstinacy. Inflexible (in-fleks'i-bl), adj. not to be bent; rigid; stiff; not to be moved by prayers ; inexorable ; not to be varied or changed; unalterable; stubborn. Inflexibly (in-fleks'i-bli), adv. rigidly; inexorably. Inflict (in-flikt'), v.t. to cause by, or as if by, striking; cause to be suffered; impose as a punishment. [Latin.] inflorescence (in-flo-res'ens) , n. the mode or principle of floral arrange- ment exhibited by any species of plant; a group of flowers rising upon a common main axis. [Latin.) influence (in'flu-ens), n. energy or potency tending to produce effects insensibly and invisibly; power aris- ing from character or station; elec- trical induction: v.t. to exercise in- fluence on, physically or morally. influential (in-flu-en'shal) , adj. hav- ing or exerting influence. influentialiy (in-flu-en'sha-li) , adv. so as to influence. influenza (infiu-en'za) , n. an epidemic catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, and nervous prostration. [It ah an.] influx (in'fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; continuous importation; the point at which a stream flows into another or into the sea. [Latin.] inform (in-form'), v.t. to animate; mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give information. informal (in-f or'mal) , adj. not accord ing to form, custom, or rule; irreg- ular; unceremonious; deficient in legal form. See form. informality (in-for-mal'i-ti) , n. [pi. informalities (in-f6r-mal'i-tiz)], want of regular, customary, or legal form. informally (in-f or'ma-li) , adv. in an informal manner. informant (in-for'mant), n. one who gives information. information (in-f or-ma'shun) , n. com- municated knowledge or intelligence; a suit instituted on behalf of the government; a declaration made be- fore a magistrate to induce him to issue a summons or warrant. informer (in-form'er), n. one who in- forms a magistrate of a violation of the law, or sues for a penalty under some statute. infra, a Latin prefix, meaning below, fur- ther en, as m/ra-axillary, situated below the axil. infraction (in-frak'shun) , n. a viola- tion, or breach, especially of law; infringement. [Latin.] infrangible (in-f ran 'ji-bl), adj. that cannot be broken, separated, or vio- lated; inviolable. infrequence (in-f re'k wens) , n. the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. INFREQUENT 458 INIMICALLY state of being infrequent; rareness. Also infrequency. infrequent (in-fre'kwent), a dj. seldom occurring. infringe (in-frinj'), v.t. to violate or break, as a law: v.i. to encroach: followed by on or upon. [Latin.] infringement (in-frinj 'ment), n. vio- lation or breach, as of a law, patent, trademark, &_c. infuriate (in-f u'ri-at) , v.t. to enrage; madden. infuse m (in-f uz')., v.t. to introduce, as by pouring; instil; make an infusion of. infusible (in-fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of being infused. infusion (in-f u'zhun) , n. pouring in, or something poured in or mingled; instillation, as of good principles; a liquid extract obtained by steeping a vegetable substance in hot or cold water without boiling. [Latin.] Infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n.pl. the name of several classes of active Protozoa. ingate (in'gat), n. the aperture in a mold through which the melted met- al enters. ingenious (in-je'nius), adj. having in- genuity or inventive skill; clever. ingenue (ang-zha-nu r ), n. an artless girl or young woman; an actress who acts such a character in a play. ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. clever- ness in contriving or inventing; skill. ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), adj. frank; open; sincere; artless; candid. inglorious (in-glo'ri-us), adj. without glory; disgraceful; shameful. ingot (in'got), n. a cast mass of metal. ingraft (in-graff), v.t. to graft into another; to fix deeply. ingrain (in-gran'), v.t. to dye with grain or kermes; dye with any deep, lasting color; impregnate deeply: adj. (in'gran), dyed prior to being manufactured. ingratiate (in-gra/shi-at) , v.t. to in- sinuate (one's self) into the favor of another; secure favorable reception for (with into) . ingratitude (in-grat'i-tud), # n. ab- sence of gratitude; insensibility to kindness. ingredient (in-gre'di-ent) , n. a com- ponent part of a compound body; part. [Latin.] Ingress (in'gres), n. entrance. ingulf, same as engulf. inhabit (in-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; occupy as a place of residence: v.i. to reside; remain. [Latin.] inhabitable (in-hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit for habitation. inhabitant (in-hab'i-tant), n. one who, or that which, inhabits; a permanent resident. inhabitation (in-hab-i-ta/shun) , n. the act of inhabiting; continued residence. inhalant (in-ha/lant) , n. an apparatus for inhaling; that which is inhaled. inhalation (in-ha-la'shun) , n. the act of inhalingj inspiration. inhale (in-hal'), v.t. to draw into the lungs. [Latin.] inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), adj. inmusical; discordant. inhere (in-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist in something else; be an essential part of. inherence (in-her'ens) , n. the state of being inherent. Also inherency. inherent (in-her'ent) , adj. existing inseparably in something else; in- nate. inherit (in-her'it), v.t. to possess from an ancestor by right of succession; receive by nature from one's ances- tors; become divinely endowed with: v.i. to come into possession of prop- erty as the heir. [Latin.] inheritance (in-her'i-tans) , n. the ac + of inheriting ; that which is inherited; a possession. inhibit (in-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) from exercising his spiritual func- tions. [Latin.] inhibit! ve (in-hlb'i-tiv), adj. restrain- ing; preventing the commission . of an act. inhospitable (in-hos'pi-ta-bl), adj. not hospitable; affording no shelter; barren; cheerless. inhuman (in-hu'man), adj. cruel; un- feeling. [Latin.] inhumanity (in-hu-man'i-ti), n. [vl. inhumanities (in-hu-man'i-tiz)], the quality of being inhuman; cruelty. inhume (in-hum'), v.t. to bury; inter. inimical (in-im'i-kal) , adj. hostile ; ad- verse. [Latin.] inimically (in-im'i-ka-li), adv. as an enemy; adversely. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INIMITABLE 459 INNOCENCE inimitable (in-im'i-ta-bl) , adj. match- j less. [Latin.] i inimitably (in-im'i-ta-bli) , adv. in an inimitable manner. # iniquitous (in-ik'kwi-tus) , adj. wick- ed; unjust. [Latin.] iniquity (in-ik'kwi-ti), n. [pi. iniqui- ties (in-ik'kwi-tiz)], wickedness; in- justice; crime; evil. initial (in-ish'al), adj. placed at the beginning; incipient: n. sl letter placed at the beginning of a word, &c: pi. the first letters of a per- son's name placed separately: v.t. to mark with an initial. [Latin.] initiate (in-ish'i^at), v.t. \o instruct in the first principles of anything; set on foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- teries or secrets. m initiation (in-ish-i-a'shun) , n. the act of initiating; formal admission. initiative (in-ish'i-a-tiv) , adj. intro- ductory: n. an introductory or first step; power of commencing, espe- cially legislative_ projects. initiator (in-ish'i-a-ter), n. one who initiates. initiatory (in-ish'i-a-to-ri) , adj. intro- ductory. inject (in-jekf), v.t. to throw or cast in; introduce, as a liquid, by me- chanical means. [Latin.] injection (in-jek'shun), n. the act of injecting; that which is injected; an enema. injector (in-jek'ter), n. one yvho, or that which, injects, especially an apparatus _ for filling the boilers of steam-engines with water. injudicious ^ (in- ju-dish 'us), adj. not judicious; indiscreet; unwise. injunction (in-jungk'shun) , n. the act of enjoining; that which is en- joined; command, order, or precept; a writ of equity _ or prohibition to restrain certain proceedings. [Latin.] injure (in'jur), v.t. to hurt; harm; damage, physically or morally. injurious (in-joo'ri-us), adj. hurtful, physically or morally; unjust; detri- mental. injury _ (in'joo-ri), n. # [pi. injuries (in'joo-riz)], that which occasions harm morally or physically; detri- ment; loss; damage. [Latin.] injustice (in-jus'tis), n. the quality of being unjust; violation of another's rights; injury; wrong. ink (ingk), n. a fluid or viscous ma- terial used for writing, printing, &c: v.t. to spread ink upon; color or blacken with ink. [Old French.] inkiness (ingk'i-nes) , n. the state of being inky. inkling (ingk'ling), n. an intimation; hint. ink-pools (ingk'poqlz), _ n. shallow basins filled with ink into which a boy or man is made to gaze steadily in order that he may be hypnotized and thus read the present and the future. The custom is prevalent among occultists and mystics in India. inky (ing'ki) , adj. consisting of, or like, ink; discolored with ink; black. inland (inland), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the interior of a country; remote from the sea; not foreign: adj. towards the interior. inlay (in-la/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlaid, p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- face) by laying in pieces of ivory, wood, metal, &c: n. materials for inlaying. inlet (in-let'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlet, p.pr. inlet ting], to inlay; insert: n. (in'let), an entrance; a small bay or creek. inly (in'li), adv. inwardly; secretly. inmate (in 'mat), n. one who lodges in the same house with another, ap- plied to hospitals, prisons, &c. inmost (in'most), adj. deepest within. Also innermost. inn (in) , n. a house for the reception and entertainment of travelers; tav- ern; in England, a college of com- mon law professors and students. innate (in-naf), adj. inborn; native. inner (in'er), adj. internal; interior; esoteric: n. that part of a target which is between the outer and the bull's-eye. innervate (in'er- vat), v.t. to supply with force or nervous energy. Innings (in'ings), n.pl. in base-ball, the turn of a side or player to bat ; lands reclaimed from the sea. innocence (in'o-sens), n. freedom from guilt; purity; simplicity of heart; harmlessness; mental imbe- cility. Also innocency. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. J INNOCENT 460 INSECTA Innocent (in'o-sent), adj. free from guilt or wrong-doing; blameless; pure in heart and life; weak in in- tellect. innocuous (in-nok'u-us) , adj. harm- less. innovate (in'o-vat), v.i. to make alter- ations or changes in something al- ready established; introduce new things. innovator (in'o-va-ter) , n. one who Introduces, or seeks to introduce, new things. innoxious (in-nok'shus) , n. harmless. innuendo (in-u-en'do) , n. [pi. innuen- dos, -does (in-u-en'doz)], an oblique hint or insinuation. [Latin.] innumerability (in-nu-mer-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being innumerable. Also innumerableness. innumerable (in-nu'mer-a-bl) , adj. that cannot be counted: very nu- merous. [Latin.] innumerably (in-nu'mer-a-bli) , adv. without number._ innutrition (in-nu-trish'un) , n. the condition of having no capacity for digesting and assimilating food. innutritious (in-nu-trish'us) , adj. not affording nutrition or nourishment. inoculate (in-ok'u-lat) , v.t. to commu- nicate a disease to by the insertion of infectious matter into the system: v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by the insertion of buds. [Latin.] inodorous (in-o'do-rus), adj. lacking odor; having no smell. inoffensive (in-of-f en'siv) , adj. not objectionable; not unpleasant; giv- ing no offense. inogen (in'o-jen), n. a nitrogenous compound supposed by some physi- ologists to decompose between the muscles when they are in action, and to be renewed as soon as action ceases. inoil (in-oil'), v.t. an old English expression for unction; to anoint. inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not in action; having no effect. inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), adj. unseasonable; inappropriate. inordinate (in-or'di-nat) , adj. im- moderate; excessive. inordinately (in-6r'di-nat-li) , adv. im- moderately. inorganic (in-or-gan'ik), adj. desti- tute of organs; not produced by living organisms. [Grseco-Latin.] inquest (in'kwest), n. a coroner's in- quiry with a jury into the cause of a sudden -death from any cause; a judicial inquiry. [Latin.] inquietude (in-kwi'e-tud), n. dis- turbance of body or mind; unrest. inquire (in-kwlr'), v.i. to seek for or after by questions; make inquiry (with for, into, after, about) . [Latin.] inquiry (in-kwir'i), n. [pi. inquiries (in-kwir'iz)], the act of inquiring; search by question; investigation; question; research. inquisition (in-kwi-zish'un) , n. in- quiry ; examination ; a judicial in- quiry in criminal matters. inquisitive (in-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. given to asking questions; prying; curious. inquisitor (in-kwiz'i-ter), n. one who makes inquiries or investigates. inquisitorial (in-kwiz-i-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to an inquisitor or to his office; prying. inroad (in'rod), n. a hostile incursion. insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), adj. not healthful; unwholesome. insane (in-san'), adj. mentally de- ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- ish. [Latin.] insanity (in-san'i-ti) , n. derangement of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- ness. insatiable (in-sa'shi-a-bl), adj. that cannot be satisfied or appeased. inscribe (in-skruV), v.t. to write or engrave upon; address in a formal dedication; draw (one figure within another). [Latin.] inscription (in-skrip'shun), n. the act of inscribing on wood, stone, silver, gold; that which is inscribed; a dedicatory address; entry in a roll or register. inscriptive (in-skrip'tiv), adj. in- scribed. inscrutability (in-skroo-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being inscrutable. inscrutable (in-skroo'ta-bl) , adj. not to be penetrated by inquiry or reason; incomprehensible. [Latin.] insect (in'sekt), n. one of a numerous class of articulate animals, the In- sect a; anything very minute or con- temptible. [Latin.] Insecta (in-sek'ta), n.pl. a class of ar- ttte, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. INSECURE 461 INSPIRE oiculate animals having three pairs of legs, two pairs of wings, and the body divided into three segments — head, thorax, and abdomen. insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. apprehen- sive of, or exposed to, danger or loss. insensate (in-sen'sat) , adj. destitute of sense or mental perception; soul- less; mad; brutish. insensibility (in-sen-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being insensible; apathy. insensible (in-sen'si-bl), adj. that cannot be felt or perceived mentally or physically ; heedless ; callous ; sense- less. insert (in-serf), v.t. to place in or among; introduce into. insertion (in-ser'shun), n. the act of inserting; that which is inserted, as. lace or embroidery in a garment, words in writing, &c. inset (in'set), n. a leaf or leaves in- serted in a newspaper, magazine, &c: v.t. (in-set') to set in; im- plant. inshore (in'shor) , adv. near or towards the shore. inside (in'sid), adj. interior ; being within: adv. & prep, within; in less time or space: n. that which is with- in; inner part; contents; entrails; an inside passenger; the place of influence because of intimacy. insidious (in-sid'i-us) , adj. treacher- ous; deceitful; operating secretly. insight (in'sit), penetration; intui- tion. insignia (m-sig'ni-a) , n.pl. badges of honor or office. [Latin.] insignificance (in-sig-nif 'i-kans) , n. unimportance. insignificant (in-sig-nif'i-kant), adj. without importance, force, influence, or meaning; trivial; contemptible. insincere (in-sin-seV), adj. deceitful; dissembling; not to be trusted; un- sound. insinuate (in : sin'u-at), v.t. to in- gratiate, as into the confidence or affections of; suggest or hint in- directly; introduce as by a winding motion; worm in: v.i. work one's self into the confidence or affection of another. [Latin.] insinuation (in-sin-u-a/shun) , n. the act of insinuating; an indirect or sly hint. insipid (in-sip'id), adj. without flavor; tasteless. # [ Latin. ] insipidity (in-siypid'i-ti), n. the quality of being insipid. insist (in-sisf), v.i. to urge or press, as a wish or command; be persistent or peremptory. insistence (in-sist 'ens), n. the act of insisting. .Also insistency. insistent (in-sist 'ent), adj. urgent; conspicuous; entirely on the ground, as the hind toe of a bird; supported by something else. insobriety (in-so-bri'i-ti) , n. intem- perance. insolence (in'so-lens) , n. contemptu- ous or overbearing language or manner; offensive impertinence; in- sulting behavior. insolent (in'so-lent), adj. overbearing or contemptuously offensive to oth- ers; insulting; grossly rude. [Latin.] insolubility (in-soL-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being insoluble. insoluble (in-sol'u-bl) , adj. that can- not be dissolved; not soluble; in- explicable. insolvency (in-sol'ven-si) , n. [pi. in- solvencies (in-sol'ven-siz)], the state of being insolvent. insolvent (in-sol'vent) , adj. unable to pay all debts; bankrupt: n. one who cannot pay all his debts; a bankrupt. insomnia (in-som'ni-a) , n. sleepless- ness. [Latin.] inspect (in-spekf), v.t. to examine critically; test officially; superin- tend. [Latin.] inspection (in-spek'shun), n. the act of inspecting; careful or critical scrutiny. inspector (in-spek'ter), n. one who inspects or oversees; an official who superintends some matter of public interest; a police officer ranking next below a superintendent. inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun) , n. the act of drawing air into the lungs; creative influence of genius; elevat- ing influence derived from associa- tion with great minds, scenery, &c; the supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit on sacred teachers. inspiratory (in-splr'a-to-ri) , adj. per- taining to inspiration. inspire (in-spir'), v.t. to draw (air) into the lungs; breathe into; imbue ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INSPIRIT 462 INSTRUMENT with ideas; exhilarate or enliven; communicate officially: v.i. to inhale air or any other influence. [Latin.] inspirit (in-spir'it), v.t. to infuse spirit into; animate; exhilarate; cheer. inspissate (in-spis'at), v.t. to thicken by boiling or evaporation. 1-spy (I-spi'), phrase used by children when the one known as " It " detects the hiding-place of another child. instability (in-sta-bil'i-ti) , n. want of stability or firmness; inconstancy; fickleness. install (in-stawl'), v.t. to set in a seat; give a place to; place in an office or rank. installation (in-stawl-a'shun), n. the act of installing; induction of one into an office or rank; the whole of a system of machinery when set up and arranged for practical workng. [Latin.] installment (in-stawl'ment), n. the act of installing; payment of part of a sum of money due; one of a number of parts of anything produced. instance (in'stans), v.t. to refer to, or offer as an example: n. something offered as an illustration or exam- ple; earnest solicitation. instant (in'stant), adj. urgent; imme- diate; passing; current: n. a par- ticular moment of time; point of duration. [Latin.] instantaneous (in-stan-ta/ne-us), adj. acting or occurring in a moment; position at a particular moment. instanter (in-stan'ter), adv.. imme- diately. [Latin.] instantly (in'stant-li) , adv. at once. instate (in-staf), v.t. to put in office or rank. instead (in-sted'), adv. in room or place: followed by of. instep dn'step), n. the arched fore- part of the upper side of the human foot; that part of a horse's hind-leg which reaches from the ham to the pas tern- joint. instigate (in'sti-gat) , v.t. to provoke or urge on (in a bad sense) ; incite. instigator (in'sti-ga-ter) , n. one who instigates. instill (in-stil'), [v. t. p.t. & p.p. in- stilled, p.pr. instilling], to infuse slowly; pour in by drops; hence, to impart gradually/ instinct (in'stingkt), adj. animated; stimulated from within: n. natural impulse in animals. [Latin.] instinctive (in-stingk'tiv), adj. acting or prompted by instinct; spontane- ous. institute (in'sti-tut) , v.t. to establish; set up; fix; originate; set in opera- tion; ordain; invest with the spir- itual part of a benefice: n. estab- lished law; a maxim or principle: pi. a book of laws or principles, especially Roman laws such as the so-called Institutes of Justinian; a society for the promotion of some special interest, either artistic or scientific, as the Institute of France in Paris, Cooper Institute in New York; the American Institute of Arts and Letters; the Hispanic Society in New York, the Historical Society in Philadelphia, &c. institution (in-sti-tu'shun), n. the act of instituting; that which is instituted or established; a corporate bodjr or society for promoting a particular object ; the building where such a society meets. [Latin.] institutional (in-sti-tu'shun-al) , adj. pertaining to institutions; elemen- tary. insti tutionalism (in-s ti- tu'shun-al- izm), n. a belief in the management of affairs by rules and set precepts. Opposed therefore to individualism. institutionalist ■ (in-sti-tu'shun-al-ist ) , n. one opposed to individual action, and prefers the rule of institutive. institutor (in'sti-tu-ter), n. a founder; a cleric appointed by the bishop to institute a clergyman into a spir- itual benefice. instruct (in-strukt')., v.t. to teach; educate; furnish with orders or di- rections. [Latin.] instruction (in-struk'shun) , n. the act of instructing; education; an order, &c. instructional (in-struk'shun-al) , adj. pertaining to instruction. instructive (in-struk'tiv), adj. tending to instruct; conveying instruction. instructor (in-struk'ter), n. one who instructs. instrument (in'stroo-ment), n. that by which anything is effected; a tool or implement; a mechanical con- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, irit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut : think, then. INSTRUMENTAL 463 INTELLECT trivance for producing musical sounds; agent; a writing containing the terms of a contract, as a deed. instrumental (in-stroo-men'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or done by, an instru- ment ; conducive to some end ; helpful. instrumentality (in-s t roo-men- tal'i- ti), n. [pi. instrumentalities (in-stroo- men-tari-tiz)], a subordinate or auxiliary agency; means. _ . instrumentation (in-stroo-men-ta/- shun), n. the arrangement of music for a combination of instruments; music thus arranged; use or method of using an instrument. Insubordinate (in-sub-6r'di-nat), adj. not submitting to authority ; mutin- ous. insubordination (in-sub-6r-di-na'- shun), n. the state of being insub- ordinate. insufferable (in-suf 'er-a-bl) , adj. in- tolerable. insufferably (in-suf 'er-a-bli) , adv. in- tolerably. Insufflation (in-suf -fla'shun) , n. in past years, the blowing upon or into the face of a layman, either to drive out a supposed demon, or to breathe in the Holy Spirit. [Latin.] insular (in'su-lar), adj. pertaining to an island, or to the inhabitants of an island, their customs, &c; iso- lated; narrow. [Latin.] insularity (in-su-lar'i-ti) , n. the state of being insular ; narrowness of opinions, &c; same as insularism. insulate (in'sti-lat), v.t. to place alone, or in a detached situation; separate by a non-conductor from other con- ducting bodies. insulation m (in-su-la/shun) , n. the act of insulating; the state of being in- sulated. insulator (in'su-la-ter) , n. one who, or that which, insulates; a non- conductor of electricity, heat, or sound. insult (in 'suit), n. an affront or in- dignity; gross abuse in word or ac- tion: v.t. (in-sulf) to treat with gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, by word or act. insuperable (in-su'per-a-bl) , adj. not to be overcome; invincible. [Latin.] insupportable (m-sup-port'a-bl), adj. not to be endured; unbearable. insurable (in-shur'a-bl) , adj. capable of being insured against loss, dam- age, &c. ; proper to' be insured. insurance (in-shur'ans), n. the act or system of insuring against loss or damage; a contract entered into to secure against loss by fire, &c, by the payment of a specified sum; premium paid. [Old French.] insure (in-shur'), v.t. to contract on certain conditions to secure against loss or damage by fire, &c; make sure or secure. insurgent (in-seVjent), adj.^ rising against constituted authority: n, a rebel. [Latin.] insurrection (in-ser-rek'shun), n. ac- tive or open hostility to constituted authority ; rebellion. insurrectionary # (in-ser-rek'shun-a- ri), adj. pertaining to, or engaged in, insurrection; seditious. intact (in-takt'), adj. entire; unin- jured. [Latin.] intaglio (en-ta'lyo), n. [pi. intaglii, -glios (en-ta'lye, en-ta/lyoz)], a gem or stone having a design cut in the surface; incised carving. m [Italian.] intake (in'tak), n. that which is taken in as profit on a farm (opposed to outgo) ; said of a channel which takes in water at a certain point (opposed to outlet) ; the drawing in of the breath of man or beast. integer (in'te-jer), n. the whole; a whole number: opposed to fraction. integral (in'te-gral), adj. constitut- ing a whole; complete; pertaining to an integer: n. the whole made up of parts. integrant (in'te-grant) , adj. making part of a whole; necessary to con- stitute an entire thing. integrate (in'te-grat), v.t. to bring together the parts of; give the sum total of: v.i. to pass from a complex and unstable state to one relatively simple and stable. m integrity (in-teg'ri-ti), n. uprightness; virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- paired or unbroken state of any- thing. integument (in-teg'u-ment) , n. an external covering or skin. intellect (in'tel-ekt) , n. the .mind or understanding ; superior intelli- gence; acquired knowledge. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then INTELLECTUAL 464 INTERJECTION Intellectual (in-tel-ek'tu-al), adj. per- taining to, or apprehended by, the intellect; mental; ideal. in telleetualism (in-tel-ek'tu-al-izm) , n. intellectual power or quality; the doctrine thao all knowledge is derived from Dure reason intellectuality (in-tel-ek-tu-al'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being intel- lectual. Intellectually (in-tel-ek'tu-a-li), adv. by means of the intellect. Intelligence (in-teri-jens), n. in- tellectual capacity; understanding; mind; acquired knowledge; notifi- cation; news. Intelligent (in-tel'i-jent), adj. en- dowed with intelligence or under- standing; exhibiting knowledge; clever; acute; discerning. Intelligible (in-tel'i-ji-bl), adj. ca- pable of being understood; clear. Intelligibly (in-tel'i-ji-bli), acfo. clearly. intemperance (in-tem'per-ans) , m n. want of moderation or self restraint; excess, especially in the use of al- coholic liquors. [Latin.] Intemperate (in-tem'per-at), adj. characterized by want of modera- tion or self restraint; excessive; addicted to alcoholic liquors. [Latin.] Intend (in-tend'), v.t. to purpose; mean. Intendant (in-tend'ant) , n. a superin- tendent; an administrator. [French.] Intended (in-tend'ed) , n. an affianced lover. Intense (in-tens'), adj. increased to excess; strained; forced; ardent; vehement^ [Latin.] Intensify (in-ten'si-fi), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. intensified, > p.pr. intensifying], to render more intense; heighten. Intensity (in-ten'si-ti), n. [pi. inten- sities (in-ten'si-tiz)], the state < or quality of being intense; density, as of a negative plate; the force or energy of any physical agent. # Intensive (in-ten'siv), adj. serving to intensify ; giving force or emphasis to. Intent (in-tent'). adj. having the mind strained or closely fixed on a subject; anxiously diligent; con- stantly or assiduously directed (with on) : n. purpose; aim. Intention (in-ten'shun), n. purpose; fixed design; end or aim; project. intentioned (in-ten'shund) , adj. hav= ing intentions. inter (in-teV), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- terred, p.pr. interring], to oury. inter, a Latin prefix meaning between, among, and very frequent in English. intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat), v.t. to in- sert between or among. intercede (in-ter-sed'), v.i. to mediate as a friend between persons at vari- ance; plead for another; interpose. intercept (in-ter-sepf) , v.t. to stop and seize in the way; cut off; ob- struct; include between two points of a line. intercession (in-ter-sesh'un) , n. the act of interceding; mediation; a prayer for persons of different conditions. intercessor (in-ter-ses'er) , n. a medi- ator. interchange (in-ter-chanj'), v.t. to exchange: v.i. to succeed alternately; n. exchange^ intercourse (in'ter-kors), n. connec- tion, correspondence, or communica- tion between individuals, nations, &c; mutual exchange; fellowship, interdict (in-ter-dikt'), v.t. to restrain or forbid; cut off from the spiritual services of the Church. interest (in'ter-est), v.t. to engage the attention; awaken concern in; cause to take a share in: n. advantage; influence; personal concern: benefit; profit; premium paid for the use of money. interesting (in'ter-est-ing), p. adj. en- gaging the attention or curiosity; exciting the feelings or emotions. interfere (in-ter-fer') , v.i. to interpose or meddle in the affairs of others; oppose; come into collision; act reciprocally so as to modify the result; injure the fetlock by striking it with the opposite hoof. interference (in-ter-f er'ens) , n. the act of interfering. interim (in'ter-im), n. intervening time or period: adv. in the mean- while. [Latin.] interior (in-te'ri-er), adj. not ex- terior; inner; internal; remote from the coast or frontier: n. the inside; the inland; home department of a government. interjection (in-ter-jek'shun), n. an ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INTERLARD 465 INTERROGATORY ^ exclamation; a word thrown in to express sudden emotion, feeling, &c. interlard (in-ter-lard') , v.t. to mix fat and lean meat together for variety; hence, to introduce jokes or saw T s in talk. interleave (in-ter-lev') , v.t. to insert a leaf in: as to interleave a book with blank leaves or illustrations. interline (in-ter-lln') , v.t. to draw a line under; in writing, to underscore words, usually for emphasis; to write between the lines of a manu- script or book. interlinear (in-ter-lin'e-ar) , adj. writ- ten or printed between other lines, as a translation: n. a translation which has the English words, for instance, WTitten under the foreign words above. This way of teaching languages has been called the Lan- castrian System, because it _was earnestly advocated by Joseph Lan- caster (about 1800) . interlocutory (in-ter-lok'u-to-ri), adj. conversational; intermediate; not final. interloper (in'ter-lo-per), n. an in- truder. interlucent (in-ter-hVsent) , adj. shin- ing between or among various ob- jects. interlude (in'ter-lud) , n. a short en- tertainment given between acts of a play, &c; a short instrumental passage played between the stanzas of a hymn, acts of an opera, &c. intermediary (in-ter-me'di-a-ri), adj. intervening: n. an agent; go-between; medium. intermediate # (in-ter-me'di-at),^ adj. existing or lying in the middle; inter- vening. intermembral (in-ter-mem'bral) , adj. lying or existing between the mem- bers of thebody. interment (in-ter'ment), n. burial. intermezzo (in-ter-met'zo) , n. an interlude of a musical character, performed between the acts of an opera. [Italian.] interminable (in-ter'min-a-bl), adj. without end or limit; boundless. intermission (in-ter-mish'un) , n. in- terruption; pause; temporary ces- sation between paroxysms of a disease. intermit (in-ter-mit'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to cause to cease for a time; interrupt; suspend. intermix (in-ter-miks'), v.t. to mix together. Same as intermingle. intern (in-tern'), v.t. to confine within: place under arrest ; confine in a neu- tral country vessels or combatants of a belligerent power: n. a junior physician resident in a hospital. [French.] # internal (in-ter'nal) « m adj. pertaining to the center; interior; inward; not foreign; domestic. international (in-ter-nash'un-al), adj* pertaining to two or more nations in common. internecine (in-ter-ne'sin), adj. mu- tually destructive; deadly. interpellate (in-ter-pel'at) , v.t. to question. interpleader (in-ter-pled'er) , n. the discussion m of a point incidentally occurring in law. interpolate (in-ter'po-lat) , v.t. to in- sert in a book or writing new or spurious matter, interpolater (in-ter'po-la-ter), n. one who interpolates. interpose (in-ter-poz') , . v.t. to place between; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. to intercede; come between. interpret (in-ter'pret) , v.t. to explain the meaning of; expound; construe. interpretation (in-ter-pre-ta'shun) , n. the act of interpreting; explanation. interregnum (m-ter-reg'num), n. the period between two reigns, govern- ments, or ministries; time of abey- ance. interrogate (in-ter'6-gat) , v.t. to ques- tion: v.i. to ask questions. interrogation (in-ter-o-ga'shun)^ n. the act of interrogating; a question; inquiry ; a mark ( ?) denoting a ques- tion. interrogative (in-ter-rog'a-tiv) , adj. denoting or containing a question or inquiry: n. a word used in asking a question. interrogatively (in-ter-rog'a-tiv-li) , adv. by questions. interrogator (in-ter'o-ga-ter) , n. one who interrogates. interrogatory (in-ter-rog'a-to-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or expressing, a ques- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 30 hue, hut ; think, then. INTERRUPT 46b INTRACELLULAR tion: n. a question in writing put to a party to a suit. interrupt (in-ter-rupt'), v.t. to stop or hinder by breaking in upon; break the continuity of ; cause to be de- layed; end suddenly. interruption (in-ter-rup'shun), n. the act of interrupting; hindrance; ob- struction; intervention; sudden ces- sation. intersect (in-ter-sekf), v.t. to cut or divide mutually: v.i. to cross each other. intersection (in-ter-sek'shun) , n. the act or state of intersecting; place of crossing; the point or line in which two lines or two planes cut each other. intersperse (in-ter-spers'), v.t. to set or scatter here and there. interstellar (in-ter-stel'ar) , adj. per- taining to, cr situated in, space be- tween the stars. interstice (in-ter'stis), n. a narrow space between things closely set; crevice. interstitial (in-ter-stish'al), adj. per- taining to, containing, or existing in interstices. intertidal (in-ter-ti'dal) , adj. living between high- and low-water mark. interurban (in-ter-er'ban) , adj. unit- ing or belonging to two cities: n. something, such as a car-line, tube, or ferry-boat that unites two closely related cities. interval (in'ter-val) , n. time or space between ; distance between two given musical sounds. intervale (in'ter-val), n. a tract of low ground situated between hills, or by the banks of a river. intervene (in-ter-ven') , v.i. to come, or be situated, between; interpose; interfere. intervention (in-ter-ven'shun) , n. the act of intervening; interposition; mediation. interview (in'ter-vu), v.t. to visit, as a notable personage, to obtain par- ticulars respecting himself or his opinions: n. a personal conference or meeting. [French.] intestacy (in-tes'ta-si), n. the state of dying without a will. intestate (in-tes'tat) , adj. dying with- out having made a valid will; n. one who dies without having made a will. intestinal (in-tes'ti-nal), adj. pertain- ing to, or found in, the intestines. intestine (in-tes'tin) , adj. internal; not foreign: n.pl. the bowels; en- trails. intimacy (in'ti-ma-si) , n. [pi. intima- cies (in'ti-ma-siz)], close or con- fidential friendship. intimate (in'ti-mat), adj. close in friendship; well acquainted; famil- iar; confidential; complete: v.t. (in'* ti-mat) to indicate; make known. intimately (in'ti-mat-li), adv. in an intimate manner. intimation (in-ti-ma'shun), n. an indirect suggestion or hint ; announce- ment. intimidate (in-tim'i-dat), v.t. to make afraid. intinction (in-tingk'shun), n. a knowl- edge of _dyeing. into (in'too), prep, noting passage^ in- wards; inclusion or comprehension. intolerable (in-tol'er-a-bl) , adj. un- bearable. intolerably (in-tol'er-a-bli) , adv. in an intolerable manner. intolerance (in-tol'er-ans) , n. want of toleration of the opinions or prac- tices of others; inability to bear or endure. intolerant (in-tol'er-ant) , adj. bigoted \ unable to bear_ or _ endure (with of). intonation (in-to-na'shun), n. the act or manner of sounding musical notes; modulation of the voice; act of intoning. intone (in-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- tone. in toto (in to'to), adv. wholly; on the whole. [Latin.] intoxicant (in-toks'i-kant), n. that which intoxicates. [Grseco-Latin.] intoxicate (in-toks'i-kat), v.t. to make drunk by spirituous liquors; excite unduly. intoxication (in T toks-i-ka'shun), n. the act of intoxicating; extreme ex- citement. intra, a Latin prefix meaning within, as m^ramural, within the walls of a city or the precincts of a university, intracellular (in-tra-sel'u-lar) , adj. within and around the walls of a cell. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; We, hut ; think, then INTRACTABILITY 467 INVALIDATE Intractability (in-trak-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being intrac- table. intractable (in-trak'ta-bl) , adj. un- manageable. Intractile (in-trak'til) , adj. incapable of being drawn out; not extensible. Intrados (in-tra/dos) , n. the interior and lower line or curve of an arch. Intramural (in-tra-mu'ral) , see under intra. Intransigent (in-tran-se'zha-ant) , and intransigent (in-tran'si-jent), n. one who is politically or socially irreconcilable to the existing order. [French and Spanish.] Intransitive (in-tran'si-tiv) , adj. not passing over to or requiring an object: said of certain verbs. Intransitively (in-tran'si-tiv-li) , adv. in an intransitive manner. Intrench (in-trench'), v.t. to fortify with a wall and ditch. Intrepid (in-trep'id), adj. bold; fear- less. intrepidity (in-tre-pid'i-ti) , n. fear- lessness. Intricacy (in'tri-ka-si), n. [pi. intrica- cies (in'tri-ka-siz)], the quality of being intricate; perplexity. Intricate (in'tri-kat), adj. entangled or involved. intrigant (in-tri-gang'), fem. intri- gante (in-tri-ganf), n. a person given to intrigue, secret affairs, or plot that is not creditable. The words are spelled in French intri- guant and intriguante. Intrigue (in-treg') , v.i. to carry on a secret plot ; engage in clandestine love affairs: n. a secret plot; clandes- tine love affair. Intrinsic (in-trin'sik), adj. pertaining to that which is inherent; real; genuine. Intrinsically (in-trin'si-ka-li), adv. in- herently. Intro, a Latin prefix meaning within, into, as introcession, a depression or sinking of parts inwards. Introduce (in-tro-dus'), v.t. to con- duct or bring in; bring into use or notice; bring into acquaintance; in- sert. introduction (in-tro-duk'shun) , n. the act of introducing; presentation; a preface. introductory (in-tro-duk'to-ri) , adj> serving to introduce. Also unpro- ductive. introflexed (in-tro-flekst'), adj. bent inwards. introit (in-tro'it), n. Latin "he en- ters;" an anthem, psalm, or other religious formula which is sung or intoned when the priest enters the chancel, or when the Communion begins. intromission (in-tro-mish'un) , n. in- sertion: introduction. intromit (in-tro-mit') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. intromit ted, p.pr. intromitting], to admit; insert. introspection (in-tro-spek'shun) , n. looking into one's self; self-examina- tion, as to one's thoughts and acts and motions. The keen vision of one's own personality. introspective (in-tro-spek'tiv) , adj. prone to introspection. intrude (in-trud'), v.i. to thrust one's self in without invitation or wel- come: v.t. force in. intrusion (in-tru'zhun) , n. the act of intruding ; encroachment ; unlawful entry into vacant lands or tene- ments. intrust (in-trust'), v.t. to deliver in trust; confide to the care of. intuition (in-tu-ish'un) , n. instinctive knowledge or feeling; immediate perception. intuitive (in-tu'i-tiv) , adj. perceived immediately by the mind. intuitively (in-tu'i-tiv-li) , adv. with- out reasoning. inundate (in-un'dat), v.t. to fill with an overflowing abundance; flood. inundation (in-un-da/shun) , n. over- flow; flood. inure (in-ur'). v.t. to habituate, or ac- custom, toughen ._ in vacuo (in vak'u-o), in a vacuum. [Latin.] invade (in-vad'), v.t. to enter (a coun- try) with a hostile army; infringe upon; violate. invalid (in-val'id), adj. of no force or authority; null and void: n. (in'va- lid), one who is weak or infirm in health; a disabled soldier or sailor: v.t. to register as an invalid; affect with disease. invalidate (in-val'i-dat) , v.t. to weak- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hii<\ hut ; think, then. INVALIDITY 468 INVIOLABLE en or destroy the force or validity of. Invalidity (in-va-lid'i-ti) , n. want of legal force or argument. invaluable (in-varu-a-bl) , adj. price- less. Invariable (in-var'i-a-bl) , adj. con- stant. Invariably (in-var'i-a-bli) , adv. con- stantly. Invasion (in-va'zhun) , n. the act of in- vading; hostile incursion; encroach- ment. invective (in-vek'tiv) , n. a violent ut- terance of censure, sarcasm, or abuse: adj. abusive. inveigh (in-va'), v.i. to rail against persons or things with vehemence ; utter censure or reproach; declaim. inveigle (in-ve'gl), v.t. to entice; se- duce. invent (in-vent'), v.t. to find out by original study or contrivance; devise or contrive; originate. [Latin.] invention (in-ven'shun) , n. the act of inventing; the thing invented; dis- covery; creative faculty; concoc- tion; fabrication. inventive (in-ven'tiv) , adj. able to invent; quick at contriving; ready in expedients. inventively (in-ven'tiy-li) , adv. by the faculty of invention. inventiveness (in-ven'tiv-nes), n. the inventive faculty. inventor (in-ven'ter) , n. one who invents. inventory (in'ven-to-ri) , n. [pi. in- ventories (in'ven-to-riz)], a cata- logue or list of goods, furniture, &c. ; account: v.t. to draw up an inventory or catalogue of. inverisimilitude (in-ver-i-si-miri- tud), n. lack of plausibility; having no resemblance to truth; incredu- lity. [Latin.] inverse (in- vers'), adj. contrary in tendency, direction, or effect; recip- rocal; inverted. inversely (in-vers'li), adv. in an in- verse order or ratio. inversion (in-ver'shun) , n. the act of inverting; the state of being in- verted; contrary change of order or position. inversive (in-ver'siv) , adj. pertaining to, or causing, inversion. Inversive Magi (in-ver'siv ma'ji) or Brethren, teachers who are adept and learned priests from Tibet, where they have acquired deep knowledge of the Buddhistic doc- trines: masters of occultism. invert (in- vert'), v.U to turn upside down. [Latin.] Invertebrata (in-ver-te-bra'ta) , n.pl. one of the sub-divisions of the ani- mal kingdom, including those ani- mals which have no vertebrae or spinal column. invertebrate (in-ver'te-brat) , n. one of the Invertebrata: adj. having no backbone; having no force of char- acter; weak. invest (in- vest'), v.t. to place or lay out, as money; clothe, as with office, authority, or dignity; surround: v.i. to make an investment. investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), v.t. to ascertain by careful inquiry; search; examine. [Latin.] investigation (in-ves-ti : ga'shun), n. the act of investigating; inquiry; search. investigator (in-ves'ti-ga-ter), n. one . who investigates. investiture (in : ves'ti-tur) , n. the act or right of giving legal possession; the ceremony of inducting a bishop into his office. investment (in-vest'ment) , n. the act of laying out money produc- tively; money so invested; the act of besieging or blockading. investor (in-ves'ter), n. one who in- vests. inveteracy (in-vet'er-a-si) , n. the state of being inveterate. [Latin.] inveterate (in-vet'er-at), adj. deep- rooted; habitual. invidious (in-vid'i-us) , adj. likely to provoke ill-will or envy; unpleas- ant. [Latin.] invigorate (in-vig'o-rat) , v.t. to give vigor to; strengthen; animate. [Latin.] invincibility (in-vin-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being invincible. invincible (in-vin'si-bl), adj. uncon- querable. [Latin.] inviolability (in-vT : o-la-biri-ti), n. the state or quality of being in- violable. inviolable (in-vi'o-la-bl), adj. that ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. INVISIBILITY 469 IRADE cannot be profaned or injured* un- broken. Inviolate. [Latin.] invisibility (in T viz-i-biri-ti), n. the state of being invisible. invisible (in-viz'i-bl), adj. that can- not be seen. [Latin.] invitation (in-vi-ta'shun) , n. the act of inviting; polite solicitation; the words or document by which one is invited. # [Latin.] invitatory (in-vi'ta-to-ri), adj. con- taining, or using, invitation. invite (in-vif), v.t. to ask, solicit, or summon; request the presence of; persuade; allure. inviting (in-vlt'ing), p.adj. tempting; seductive. invocation (in-vo-ka'shun) , n. the act or form of invoking. invoice ^ (in' vois) , n. a document an- nouncing the despatch of goods with their prices, &c. : v.t. to state or in- sert in an invoice. [French.] invoke (in-vok'), .v.t. to address in prayer or supplication ; solicit (aid or protection). [Latin.] involuntarily (in-vol'un-ta-ri-li) , adv. not willingly. involuntary (in-vol'un-ta-ri), adj. without will or choice; not spon- taneous. involute (in'vo-lut), adj. folded or rolled inwards, as certain leaves and flowers; coiled spirally: n. a par- ticular kind of curve turned inward at the margin. involution (in-vo-lu'shun), n. the act of involving or infolding; complica- tion; return of an organ or tissue to its normal size after distention; the process of raising an arithmetical or algebraical quantity to a given power, as 3 4 = 81. involve (in-volv'), v.t. to complicate; entangle; surround; embroil; re- sult as a logical consequence; mul- tiply a quantity into itself any given number of times. [Latin.] invulnerability (in-vul- ner : a-biri-ti) , n the quality of being invulnera- ble. invulnerable (in-vul'ner-a-bl) , adj. that cannot be wounded or injured; without any weak point. [Latin.] inwall (in-wawr), v.t. m to enclose within walls. Same as immure. inward (in'ward), adj. situated with- in; in the mind: adv. interior; to- wards the center. Also inwards. inwardly (in'ward-li) , adv. in an in- ward manner; secretly. inwrought (in-rawt'), p.adj. worked in; adorned with figures or pat- erns. io (I'o), n. the peacock butterfly. iod, a Greek prefix, indicating the pres- ence of iodine. Also iodq. > iodic (I-od'ik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, iodine. iodide (I'o-dld), n. a compound of iodine. iodine (I'o-din), n. a non-metallic element, which, when heated,, gives off a rich violet vapor. iodize (I'o-diz), v.t. to treat with iodine. iodizm (I'o-dizm), n. a morbid con- dition caused by overdoses of iodine. iodoform (1-0 'do-form), n. a crystal- line compound formed by the action of iodine on alcohol and potash. A valuable antiseptic. iodol (I'o-dol), n. an antiseptic spe- cific used for wounds and cutaneous diseases. ion (I'on), n. the name given by Faraday to a substance resulting from the decomposition of a body by electrolysis. Ionian (i-q'ni : an), adj. pertaining to Ionia, or its inhabitants. Also Ionic. Ionic order (I-on'ik or'der), n. an order of classic architecture, char- acterized by the volute, or ram's- horn scroll, of its capital which is suggestive of Assyrian influence in Greek art. ionization (I-on-i-za'shun) , n. the act of ionizing or rendering gas capable of conveying an electric current. iota (I-o'ta), n. the Greek letter (0, which from its being used under the vowels a, t), u) {iota subscriptum) t denotes anything small or insignifi- cant ; the same as jot. ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. ipecacuanha. ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a) , n. the root of a South American plant: used in me_dicine. [Portuguese.] irade (i-ra'de), n. an imperial decree when Turkey was a despotism. [Turkish]. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. IRAN IRRITABLE Iran (I'ran), n. the political na the modern Kingdom of Persia. Iranian (I-ra'ni-an), n. a Persian. Iranian Languages (lang'gwej-ez), n. the whole g:oup of languages com- prising that of the cuneiform inscrip- tions (time of Darius), Zend (as Old Bactrian), Palatine and modern Persian. Seethe Prefatory Sections in this book under Etymology. irascibility (I-ras-i-biTi-ti), n. qual- ity of being i /ascible. irascible (I-ras'i-bl) , n. easily excited to anger. [Latin.] irascibly (I-ras'i-bli), adv. in an iras- cible manner. irate (I-rat'), adj. angry; enraged. ire (Ir), n. anger; wrath. [Latin.] iridescence (ir-i-des'ens), n. the ex- hibition of colors like those of the rainbow. [Latin.] iridescent (ir-i-des'ent), adj. exhibit- ing iridescence. Iridium (I-rii'i-um), n. a metallic element of the platinum group, hard, silvery, and formed with other elements like it. iris (I'ris), n. [pi. irises, irides (I'ris-ez, fri-dez)], the pupil of the eye; the rainbow. [Greek.] iriscope (I'ri-skop), n. an apparatus for showing the prismatic colors. irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to be- come tired. irksome (erk'sum) , adj. tedious ; weari- some. iron (I'ern), n. the most common and useful of the metals; an instrument made of iron; anything especially hard or durable: pi. fetters: adj. pertaining to, resembling, or made of iron: v.t. to smooth with an iron; implement; furnish with iron; fetter. Iron Age (aj), n. the last prehistoric age, characterized by the use of iron for weapons, &c; the last of the four ages of classic mythology. ironclad (I'ern-klad) , n.a warship pro- tected wholly or partially with iron or steel plates: adj. covered or pro- tected with iron armor. ironical (I-ron'i-kal) , adj. express- ing one thing and meaning another. ironwood (I'ern-wood), n. a name for the timber of trees of exceptional hardness and durability. irony (I'ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a mode of speech conveying the op« posite of what is meant. [Greek.] irradiance (ir-ra/di-ans) , n. the act of sending forth luminous rays; luster. Irradiancy. [Latin.] irradiate (ir-ra/di-at), v.t. to shed light upon; illuminate; brighten: v.i. emit rays of light. irradicate (ir-rad'i-kat) , v.t. to root deeply. irrational (ir-rasrTun-al), adj. desti- tute of reason; absurd. irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl), adj. that cannot be reclaimed; practi- cally lost. irredeemable (ir-re-derr/a-bl), adj. not to be replaced Ly an equiva- lent. Irredentist (ir-re-den'tirt), n. one of an Italian party fo: n cd about 1877 with the purpose of le covering from Austria all provinces that were largely composed of Italians. Italia Irredenta, or "Italy Unredeemed. " irregular (ir-reg'u-lar), adj. not ac-= cording to rule; variable; vicious. irrelevant (ir-rel'e-vant), adj. not con- nected with the subject in hand. irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj. not to be rectified or repaired. irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. not to be restrained. irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj. free from blame; innocent. irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not to be opposed successfully. irresolute (ir-res'o-lut), adj. infirm of purpose. irrespective (ir-re-spek'tiv), adj. re- gardless (with of). irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. not answerable or amenable. irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj. lacking in reverence or respect. irrevocable (ir-rev'o 7 ka-bl) , adj. that cannot be recalled;' not alterable. irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl), adj. capable of being irrigated. irrigate (ir'i-gat), v.t. to moisten (land) by # causing water to flow over by artificial means. [Latin.] irritability (ir-i-ta-bil'i-ti) , m n. the quality or state of being irritablee Irritableness. irritable (ir'i-ta-bl) , adj. easily pro- voked to anger; easily stimulated to perform some physical function. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. IRRITANT 471 IT irritant (ir'i-tant), n. anything which causes irritation. [Latin.] irritate (ir'i-tat), v.t. to make angry; excite heat and redness in. irritation (ir-i-ta/shun) , n. the act of irritating; the state of being irri- tated; exasperation; vexation. irruption (ir-rup'shun), n. a bursting or rushing in; sudden invasion. is (iz), 3rd p., sing., pres., indie, of be. is, Greek prefix meaning equal. Also iso: as isanthous, having equal flowers; isothermal, having the same mean summer temperature. isagon (I'sa-gon), n. & figure with equal angles. [Greek.] Ishmaelite (ish'ma-el-it) , n. a de- scendant of Ishmael: hence a social outcast. isinglass (I'zin-glas) , n. a white semi-transparent substance prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of the sturgeon, cod, &c. The name is often given to mica from their simi- larity of appearance; but it means "sturgeon-bladder." [Middle Dutch.] Islam (is'lam), n. the Mohammedan religion; the whole body of Moham- medans and the countries where the religion of Mohammed is professed. [The word Islam means " submis- sion/ ' i. e. submission to God and the practice of Mohammedanism.] island (I'land), n. a tract of land surrounded by water; anything re- sembling an island. isle (II), n. an island [Poet.]. islet (I'let), n. a small island. Ism (izm), n. a system or theory. £so, Greek prefix. See is. isobar (I'so-bar), n. a line which con- nects places on the earth's surface having the same atmospheric pres- sure at the sea level. isobaric (I-so-bar'ik) , adj. of equal barometric pressure; pertaining to, or showing, isobars. Also isobaro- metric. iso chromatic (I-so-kro-mat'ik), adj. having the same color. isochronous (I-sok'ro-nus) , adj. oc- curring in equal times. isoclinal (I-so-kll'nal) , adj. having the same dip or inclination. isodynamic (I-so-di-nam'ik) , adj. hav- ing equal force. isogeothermal (I - so - je - 6-ther'mal) , adj. noting imaginary lines con- necting places on the earth's sur- face which have the same mean annual temperature. isolate (is'o-lat), v.t. to place alone; place in a detached situation; insu- late; obtain in an uncombined form. isolation (is-o-la'shun) , n. the state of being isolated. isomeric (I-so-mer'ik) , adj. having the same elements in the same propor- tions, but with different physical characteristics. isometric (I-so-met'rik), adj. having equality of measure. isomorphism (I-so-mor'fizm) , n. the quality of having the same crystal- line form, but formed of different elements. isonomy (i-son'5-nii, v n. equality of social and political rights. isosceles (I-sos'e-lez) , adj. having equa/ sides. isotherm (I'so-therm) , n. an ima^ inary line connecting those places on the earth's surface which hav« the same mean temperature. isothermal (I-so-ther'mal) , see undei is. Israel (iz'ra-el), n. the patriarch Jacob; the twelve tribes of Israel ; at present the whole body of the Jewish people. [Hebrew, literally "Fighter for God."] Israelite (iz'ra-el-it), n. a descendant of Israel; a Jew. issue (ish'u), n. the act )i passing or flowing out; egress; that which flows or passes out; discharge; flux; publication; offspring; lineal de- scendants: produce of the earth; profits of land, &c; essential pomta in pleading or debate; result: v.t. to send out; publish; put into cir- culation: v.i. to come or pass out; arise, as from a source; flow; pro- ceed; be descended; end. isthmian (ist'mi-an), adj. pertain- ing to an isthmus. isthmus (ist'mus), n. a neck of land connecting two larger portions. It (it), pers.pron. y 3d person. It is used half-derisively of a person who thinks himself the most important of all about < him; in children's games, " It " is often one of the players who tries to catch the others or avoid being caught by any of them. If ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; ooon, boot *n~ie, hnt : think, then ITALIAN 472 IZZARD he catches another, that one be- comes "It" in turn. Italian (i-tal'yan), adj. pertaining to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. Italic (i-tal'ik), adj. pertaining to Italy; noting a slender, sloping kind of type {italic) : used for emphasis, &c: n.pl. italic type, first made in Italy about the year 1500. Italicize (i-tal'i-siz) , v.t. to write or print in italics. Italiote (i-tal'i-ot), n. a Greek inhabi- tant of Italy or an Italian inhabi- tant of Greece. Also Grseco-Ital- ian. Italy (it'a-li), n. a long peninsula in the south of Europe extending into the Mediterranean. The name Italy was given to it by Greeks and Romans because of its fine grazing land. [Latin, (v)itulus, "a calf."] ita-palm (I'ta-pam), n. a tall South American palm, supplying the na- tives along the Orinoco and Amazon with food, drink and rope and ham- mock materials. Itch (ich) , n. a parasitic cutaneous disease causing great irritation; a constant and teasing desire for some- thing: v.i. to feel a particular un- easiness in the skin, causing a de- sire to scratch the part affected; have a constant and teasing desire for. item (I'tem), n. a separate article or particular; a newspaper paragraph: adv. also. [Latin.] itemize (I'tem-ize), v.t. to give the items or details of an account. iterate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat. [Latin.] iteration (it-er-a/shun) , repetition. iterative (it'er-a-tiv) , adj. repeating. itineracy (i-tin'er-a-si) , n. the prac- tice of itinerating. itinerancy (I-tin'er-an-si) , n. a passing from place to place, especially in the discharge of some official func- tion, as by a judge on circuit, a preacher, &c. itinerant (I-tin'er-ant) , adj. passing from place to place: n. one who itinerates. itinerary (I-tin'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or done on, a journey; traveling from place to place: n. a traveler's guide or route-book; a diary of a journey; plan of a projected ex- cursion. itinerate (I-tin'er-at) , v.i. to travel from place to place. ivoride (I'vo-rid), n. a variety of arti- ficial ivory. ivory (I'vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, white dentine which forms the tusks of the elephant, walrus, &c: adj. made of, or like, ivory. [Old French.] ivory palm (pam), n. the palm from which the ivory nuts used in turning as an imitation for ivory are obtained. ivorytype (I'vo-ri-tlp) , n. & particular kind of photographic picture with an ivory-like surface. ivy (I'vi), n. a clinging evergreen plant of the genus Hedera. Izar (iz'ar) , n. the yellow star Bootes; a Mohammedan woman's outer veil- like garment. [Arabic] izard (iz'ard), n. another name for the ibex. izzard (iz'ard), n. a very ancient name for the letter z. Hence "From a to izzard" means from beginning to end. [Greek zeta, Old French ezed.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £/ien. J J, the tenth letter of the English al- phabet and the latest to be added to it. Before the tenth century, J was merely an ornamental form of I. Later it was used as a semi-vowel, but until the seventeenth century this distinction was not strictly en- forced by English teachers. jabber (jab'er), v.i. to talk rapidly and indistinctly; chatter. jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a red variety of zircon. jack (jak), n. a pike; in bowls, a small ball serving as a mark to be aimed at; the male of some animals; tim- ber cut short of its usual length; a flag used for signaling; the knave in cards; a leathern coat of mail; a name applied to various kinds of levers or mechanical labor-saying appliances, as & jack-screw, roasting- jack, &c: v.t. to lift with a jack. Jack-a-dandy _ (jak-a-dan'di), n. a trifling, conceited fellow. jackal (jak'al), n.a dog-like carniv- orous animal which hunts in packs; one who does base work for an- other. [Arabic] jackanapes (jak'a-naps), n. a con- ceited or upstart fellow. jackass (jak'as), n. the male ass; don- key. jackboots (jak'bootz), n.pl. large boots reaching above the knee. jackdaw (jack'daw), n. a glossy species of crow. jacket (jak'et), n. a short tailless coat: a covering to prevent radiation of heat: v.t. to clothe with a jacket; beat. Jack-in-the-green (jak-in-the-gren') , n. a youth carrying green boughs through a valley at May-time. [Eng- lish.] Jack Ketch Oak-ketch'), n. the hang- man or public executioner. From John Ketch, a public executioner un- der James II., who incurred much odium. He died in 1686. jack-knife (jak'nif), n. a large, cheap, pocket-knife for common use. Jack- o'- dreams (jak-o-dremz'), n. a dreamy, irresponsible fellow. jack-snipe (jak'srrip), n. a small snipe, m and also sandpiper. The snipe in England and America are not alike, but they receive the same name. jackstays (jak'staz), n.pl. ropes stretched along the yard of a ship to fasten the sails to. Jacobite (jak'o-blt), n. an adherent of James II. .of England and his de- scendants. jaconet (jak'6-net), n. a fine soft white cotton material somewhat resem- bling cambric ; nainsook. Alsojacco- net. jacqueminot (zhak'mi-no) , n. a deep red perpetual rose named after the French general, J. F. Jacqueminot (1787-1852). jade (jad), n. m a tired or worn-out horse; a vicious woman; a young woman (contemptuously or humor- ously) ; a silicate of magnesia and lime of green color: much used for ornaments, &c: v.t. to tire by long- continued labor; harass. jag (jag), n.a notch; projecting point; denticulation ; a small load; a condi- tion of partial intoxication: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jagged, p.pr. jagging], to cut into notches or teeth. jaguar (jag'gwar, Spanish ha-gwar'), n. a fierce animal of South America, re- sembling the leopard; the American tiger. [Brazilian.] jail (jal), n. a prison; a lock-up. jalap (jal'ap), n. the root of Ipomoea purga: used medicinally as a purga- tive. jam (jam), n. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar; a squeeze; block; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 33 Me, hut; think, then. JAMB 474 JEAN crush: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jammed, p.pr; jamming], to squeeze or crush; press in tightly ; block up by crowd- ing. jamb (jam), n. one of the upright sides of a doorway, window-opening, or fireplace. jamboree (jam-bo-re'), n. a carouse; a spree. [Slang.] janapa (jan'a-pa), n. an East Indian hemp, from which gunny bags, &c, are made. [Hindu.] jangle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel or wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- tion; chatter. janissary (jan'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. janis- saries (jan'i-sa-riz)], formerly the foot-guard of the Turkish sultans. [French from Turkish.] janitor (jan'i-ter), n. a door-keeper. Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. the doc- trine set forth by Bishop Cornelius Jansen of Louvain in opposition to the Jesuits. This teaching was ac- cepted by many Catholics, but was interdicted in 1642. It was pro- fessedly based on the writings of St. Augustine and taught natural de- pravity, to be removable by good works. January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month of the year; named from the Latin god, Janus. Japan (ja-pan'), n. an empire consist- ing of the original Japanese islands north-east of China, of Corea, part of Manchuria on the mainland, and Formosa, another island. The name means "sunrise," and their national flag displays the rising sun ; but Japan is itself < a Chinese word, the native name being Nippon. japan (ja-pan'), n. work varnished and lacquered after the Japanese style of ornamentation; a kind of varnish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. japanned, p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, or lacquer, with japan; make black and glossy. Japanese (jap-a-nez'), adj. pertain- ing to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. the name of various species of Japanese plants. Jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot or vessel; a shake produced by a sud- den shock; jolt; harsh sound; con- flict of opinion or interest: v.t. [p.t, & p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: v.i. to interfere or clash; emit a harsh sound. jardiniere (zhar-din-yar'),ri. an orna- mental flower-stand of porcelain or terra-cotta or silver. jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, unin- telligible talk; a mixture of two or more languages ; the peculiar phrase- ology of a party, sect, &c. jashawk (jas'hawk), n. a young hawk bred in the nest. jasmine (jas'min), n. a plant of the genus Jasminum with fragrant flow- ers. jasper (jas'per), n. an opaque, many- shaded variety of quartz: when pol- ished it is made into a variety of ornamental articles. jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- acterized by yellowness of the eye- balls, skin, &c, caused by biliary derangement : hence a mental condi- tion likely to be gloomy or depressed. It is seldom dangerous and is more a symptom than a disease. jaunt (jant), n. a short excursion or ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; take a short excursion. jauntily (jant'i-li), adv. in a jaunty manner. jaunty (jant'i), adj. airy; gay; showy. Java (ja'va), n. the most important of the Dutch East Indies. [Sanskrit.] Javanese (jay'a-nez), adj. pertaining to Java, its inhabitants, or language. javelin (jav'e-lin), n. a light spear. jaw (jaw), n. the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are placed; mouth ; a mechanical contrivance for holding the inner end of a vessel's boom. jay (ja), n. a crow-like, chattering bird with handsome plumage; a\ greenhorn; a block-head; a poor actor. [American slang.] jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- acterized by, jealousy; anxiously- suspicious or watchful. jealousy (jel'us-i), n. suspicious fear or watchfulness, especially the fear of being supplanted by a rival. jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- ton cloth. [Old French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JEER 475 JEWEL jeer (jer), v.t. to scoff at; ridicule; v.i. to speak in a derisive or sarcas- tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pi. tackle by which the lower yards of a vessel are hoisted or lowered. Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord; God of the Hebrews ; now often written and pronounced Yahweh. jehu (je'hu), n. one fond of driving, especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 20) ; a coachman. jejune (je-jun'), adj. empty; void of interest. jejunum (je-ju'num), # n. [pi. jejuna O'e-ju'na)], that portion of the small intestines between the duodenum and ileum. [Latin.] Jelly (jel'i), n. [pi. jellies (jel'iz)], the stiffened gelatinous juice of fruit, meat, &c, after boiling; any semi- transparent soft gluey substance: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly- ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. jemmy (jem'i), n. [pi. jemmies (jem'- iz)], a short crowbar used by burg- lars. Also, in this country, jimmy. jennet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish horse. Also genet. jenny (jen'i), n. a machine for spin- ning ; used in composition for female, as jenny-wren, jenny-ass, &c. jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to loss or injury; hazard. Also jeop- ardize. jeopardy (jep'ar-di), n. hazard; peril. jerboa (jer-bq'a), n. the leaping mouse of Africa, with long hind legs. jereed (jer-ed'), n. a javelin, used in Turkey and Persia in mock battles; a game played with jereeds. Also jerid. [Arabic and Turkish.] jeremiad (jer-e-ml'ad), n. lamenta- tion, especially over modern degener- acy: from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah. Jerk (jerk), v.t. to give a sudden pull, twist, or push to; throw with a sudden quick movement; cut into long strips and dry in the sun, as beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist or push; spasmodic movement; jerked beef; charqui. [Chilean.] jerkin (jer'kin), n. a short coat or jack- et; close waistcoat; young salmon. Jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, and of bad materials, as a jerry- built house. jerry-builder (jer'i-bil-der), n. a con* tractor who builds with cheap ma- terials and so is responsible for houses that are unsafe to live in. Jersey (jer'zi), adj. pertaining to the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel, or to its breed of cattle: n. a close- fitting thick woolen shirt; fine yarn wool; of or pertaining to New Jersey. jess (jes), n. a leathern strap fastened to the leg of a hawk, to which the leash is attached. jesse (jes'e), n. sl large branched can- dlestick used in churches; symboliz- ing the genealogical tree of Jesse and of Jesus Christ. jest (jest), n. a joke; humorous pleas- antry; fun; a laughing-stock: v.i. to joke ; make merriment ; make game of. Jesuit (jez'u-it), n. a member of the Catholic Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. Jesuitism (jez'fi-it-izm), n. the princi- ples, system, or practices charged against the Jesuits by their enemies; the Jesuits: hence, subtle duplicity; disingenuousness. Also Jesuitry. Jesuit's bark (bark), n. cinchona. jet (jet), n. a stream of water sud- denly emitted; a deep black vari- ety of lignite, black amber; a gas branch; tube for running molten metal into a mold: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, •jetted, p.pr. jetting], to spout out; v.i. to shoot or jut out. [French.] jetsam (jet'sam), n. that part of a ship's cargo which is thrown into the sea to lighten the vessel in case of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also jetsom, jetson. jettison (jet'i-sun), n. the act of throw- ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- sel in case of peril: v.t. to throw overboard to lighten a vessel. jetty (jet'i), n. [pi. jetties (jet'iz)], a structure extending into the water, used as a pier, mole, or wall, to re- strain or direct currents; projection of a building: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, p.pr 1 jetting], to jut out or project. Jew (joo) , n. an Israelite ; Hebrew. Fern, Jewess. [Hebr. Yehilddh, Judah.] jewel (joo'el), n. a valuable ornament; gem; precious stone; anything of great value or dear to one: v.t. to adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- nish with jewels. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, hook ; hue, hut ; think, f//en. JEWELER 476 JOCKEY jeweler (joo'el-er), n. one who makes or deals in jewels. jewelry (joo'el-ri), n. jewels collective- ly; the art or trade of a jeweler. Jewish (joo'ish), adj. pertaining to the Jews, their language, customs, &c. Jewry (joo'ri), n. Judaea; a district in a city inhabited by Jews; ghetto. jew's-harp (jooz'harp), n. a small lyre- shaped^ musical instrument with a thin metal tongue which, when placed between the teeth and vi- ^ brated, emits a twanging sound. jib (jib), n. a large triangular sail projecting beyond the bowsprit; the projecting arm or beam of a crane; a jibbing horsey pd. [p.t. & p.p. jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- lessly backwards or sideways: said #- of a horse. [Old French.] jib-boom (jib 'boom), n. a spar be- yond the bowsprit, on which the jib is set. jibe, another form of gibe. jiffy (jif'i), n. an instant. jig (jig), n. a quick lively dance, or music for such a dance; a particular kind of fish-hook: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jigged, p.pr. jigging], to dance a jig: v.t. jerk up and down. jigger (jig'er), n. one who jigs; a name for various mechanical contrivances and appliances; another form of chigoe, an African insect » which lays poisonous eggs under the toenails of the white traveller. jig- jog (jig'jog), n. a jolting motion. Jill (jil), n. a young woman; sweet- heart, the feminine of Jack; the female of a ferret. jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: v.t. to encourage (a lover) and then dis- card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- tice deception in love. jimmy (jim'i), n. a burglar's tool. See jemmy. jimson-weed (jim'sun-wed) , n. stra- monium. jingal (jing'gl), n. a clumsy and very heavy musket, mounted upon a swivel-rest. It is used mainly in China, India, and Burma. [Hindu.] jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling metallic sound; a little bell or rat- tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered two-wheeled Irish car: v.i. to sound with a jingle. jingo (jmg'go), n. [pi. jingoes (jing'- goz)], one of a party of Englishmen, mainly Conservatives, who, at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, wished Great Britain to go to war with Russia: named from a popular song of the day which con- tained the mild oath "by jingo!" Jingoism (jing'go-izm), n. the jingo military spirit. jinrikishaw (jin-rik'i-shaw) n. a small Japanese two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one or more men. Also jinnksha and 'rickshaw. {Japanese, meaning "strongman carriage."] jitney (jit'-ne), n. colloquial for five- cent piece. [Western U. S.] jitney-bus (jit'-ne-bus), n. a vehicle, usually a second-hand automobile, charging a five-cent fare, in competi- tion with regular transportation companies. jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'soo), n. an ancient Japanese system of wrestling. It means "muscle-breaking." jo (jo), n. a sweetheart. [Scotch.] job (job), n. a piece of work, espe- cially of a temporary or chance na- ture; any scheme for making money or securing private advantage at the public expense ; any event or circum- stance; a sudden stroke or thrust with a pointed instrument: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let out for hire; buy up (goods) and retail them; punch suddenly with a sharp instrument: v.i. buy and sell, as a stock-broker; perform job work; let out or hire horses; work for one's own advantage under the guise of public zeal. jobber (job'er), n. a middleman, es- pecially one who acts as agent be- tween a stock-broker and the public ; one who transacts public busi- ness for his own private inter- ests. jobbery (job'er-i), n. [pi. jobberies (job'er-iz)], low intriguing for private advantage or political ends. job-lot (job-lot'), n. a miscellaneous collection of articles offered for sale in one batch. joekey (jok'i), n. [pi. jokeys (jok'iz)], one who rides a horse in a race; groom; a dealer in horses; cheat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jockeyed, p.pr. jock^ ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JOCOSE 477 JOLLY eying], to cheat or deceive; jostle against by riding unfairly. jocose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; hu- morous. jocosity (jo-kos'i-ti), n. the quality of being jocose. jocular (jok'ti-lar), adj. making jokes. jocularity (jok-u-lar i-ti), n. merri- ment. jocund (jok'und), adv. jovial; sport- ive; gay. jocundity (jo-kun'di-ti), n. the state or quality of being jocund. jodel (yo'del). See yodel. jog (jog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jogged, p.pr. jogging], to push or shake slightly, usually with the elbow or hand, by way of reminder; stimulate: v.i. to travel along with a slow trotting motion: n. a slight push or shake; slow trot; stimulant. John Bull (jon-bool'), n. a name typifying the bluff, hearty, preju- diced but 103-al Englishman. John Bull is said to have been the organ- ist to King James I, and to have composed "God Save the King." John Chinaman (jon-chi'na : man), n. a popular name for any Chinese. John Company (jon-kum'pa-ni), n. a name formerly used in England of the now extinct East India Com- pany. John Doe (jon-do'),^. a fictitious name used in legal forms, when the actual name has not yet been discovered. In case the individual is a woman, she is styled Jane Doe. So a second unknown plaintiff or defendant may be styled Richard Roe. johnny-cake (jon'i-kak), n. a flat cake, mixed with Indian meal, milk or water, and quickly prepared at an ordinary fire. Johnny Crapaud (jon'i kra'po), n. a name given derisively by the English to the French. " Johnny Toad" is the meaning, and came from the alleged fondness of the French for frogs. Johnny Raw (jon-i-raw'), n. a new- comer, freshly arrived from England to the bush. [Australian.] Johnny Reb (jon-i-reb')» n. a nick- name given to the Confederate troops by the Federals in the Civil War, See Yank. join (join), v.t. to unite; connect; associate; add or annex; to unite in marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- tact; be associated or in unity with: n. a joint or union. joinder (join'der), n. in law, the coupling of two or more causes of action into the same declaration. joiner (join'er), n. one who, or that which, joins, especially an artisan who finishes the woodwork for houses, &c. , joinery (join'er-1), n. joiner's work. joint (joint), n. the place where two or more things join; articulation of limbs; node or internode; hinge; a fissure dividing rock masses into blocks; one of the larger pieces into which a carcass is cut up; a place of low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. produced by the action of two or more; united in or sharing: v.t. cut or divide into joints, as meat. joint- stock company (joint 'stok kum'pa-ni), n. a company the stock or capital of which is divided into transferable shares. jointure (joint'ur), n. landed estate or tenements settled on a woman in consideration of her marriage, to be enjoyed by her after the death of her husband: v.t. to settle a jointure upon. joist (joist), n. a horizontal timber to which the boards of a floor or laths of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to fur- nish with joists. joke (jok), n. something said or done to excite mirth; jest; sport: v.i. to make jokes: v.t. to cast jokes at; rally. [Latin.] joker (jok'er), # n. a jester; an extra card, the highest trump card at euchre. jokesmith (jok'smith),7i. a professional joker; one who jokes consciously, and because he feels that he must. jollification (jol-i-fi-ka/shun), n. mer- ry-making. jollity (jol'i-ti), n. the state of being jolly. jolly (jol'i), adj. [comparative jollier, sit- perlative j oiliest ], # full of life and mirth; gay; inspiring mirth; excel- lent; most remarkable; companion- able: adv. exceedingly^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jollied, p.pr. jollying], to joke ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JOLLY-BOAT 478 JUDGE or rally; to treat well for the pur- pose of obtaining some advantage. jolly-boat (jol'i-bot), n. a ship's small boat._ jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden jerks: v.i. to have a jerky motion: n. a sudden jerk, an unpleasant sur- prise. Jonah (jo'na), n. a person who is sup- posed to bring bad luck, especially on shipboard. Tennyson uses the word " a Jonah " in his poem " The Wreck," stanza 7. jonquil (jon'kwil), n. a bulbous plant with fragrant flowers. Also jon- quille. jorum (jo'rum), n. a large drinking bowl. josh (josh), v.t. to make good-natured sport of any one; to flatter. See jolly, at the end. joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol. jostle (jos'l), v.t. to push against; el- bow. jot (jot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jotted, p.pr. jottingl, to make a memorandum of (with down) : n. a tittle. See iota. joule (joul), n. the unit of electrical force in the centimeter-gram-second system. [French.] journal (jer'nal), n. a record of news or events; diary; a book in which particular transactions are entered from the day-book; a ship's log- book; the bearing part of the shaft of a machine. [French.] journalese (jer-nal-ez'), n. sa'd ironi- cally of newspaper writing as though it were in a new kind of language. journalism (jer'nal-izm), n. a news- §aper or periodical literature: the in- uence exercised by such literature ; the profession of a journalist. journalist (jer'nal-ist), n. an editor, or contributor to a journal or newspa- per; one who keeps a journal. journalistic (jer-nal-is'tik), adj. per- taining to journals, journalists, or journalism. journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one place to another; a day's work or travel: v.i. to travel from one place to another. [French.] journeyman (jer'ni-man), n. [pi. jour- neymen (jer'ni-men)], a mechanic who has served his apprentice- ship. joust (joost), n, a mediaeval mock combat with blunted lances between two mounted knights: v.i. to engage in such a combat. jovial (jov'i-al), adj. convivial; merry. joviality (jo-vi-al'i-ti), n. conviviality; mirth. jovially (jo'vi-a-li), adv. with jovial- ity. Jovian (jo'vi-an), adj. resembling or relating to the God Jove or Jupiter; majestic, awe-inspiring. jowl (joul), the jaw or cheek; head of a fish. joy (joi), n. exhilaration of spirits; gaiety; gladness: v.i to rejoice or be glad. [French.] joyful (joi'fool), adj. full of joy. joyless (joi'les), adj. without joy; destitute of gladness. joy-ride (joi'rid), n. a wild, reckless, automobile ride; usually indulged in without authorization, by the chauf- feur or others; frequently ending in disaster. jubilant (jqo'bi-lant), adj. express- ing exultation; triumphant. jubilate (joo'bi-lat), v.i. to express ex- ultation. jubilation (joo-bi-la'shun), n. a shout- ing for joy; declaration of tri- umph. jubilee (joo'bi-le), n. a Jewish festival celebrated every 50th year, to com- memorate the del'verance of the Is- raelites from Egyptian bondage; the 50th anniversary of any event; a year of special indulgence granted by the Pope every 25th year. [French from Hebrew.] Judaean joo-de'an), adj. pertaining to Judaea. Judaism (joo'da-izm), n. the religious rites and doctrines of the Jews; con- formity to Jewish rites and doc- trines. judge (juj), n. the presiding official in a court of law, having authority to hear and determine civil and criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- seur; one of the chief rulers of the Israelites from the death of Joshua to the kingship of Saul: v.t. to ex- examine and pass sentence upon ; dis- tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a conclusion by comparison and con- sideration; hear and determine a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JUDGMENT 479 JUNCTURE case, and pass sentence. [French from Latin.] judgment (juj'ment), n. the act of judging; a judicial decision; mental faculty of deciding correctly by the comparison of facts and ideas; pen- etration ; intelligence ; criticism ; opin- ion; punishment inflicted by God; the final trial of mankind by God (with the) ; judgment-day. judicature (joo'di-ka-tur), ft. a court of justice; power of dispensing jus- tice by legal trial and judgment. judicial (joo-dish'al), adj. pertaining to courts of justice or to the admin- istration of justice; proceeding from, or inflicted by, a court of justice; im- partial. judicially (joo-dish'a-li), adv. in a ju- dicial manner. judiciary (joo-dish'i-a-ri), adj. per- taining to courts of justice; passing judgment: n. judges collectively; that branch of a government con- cerned with the administration of civil and criminal law. judicious (joo-dish'us), adj. prudent; discreet. Judy (joo'di), n. the wife of Punch in " Punch and Judy " ; in English dia- lect, a wife; in China, a courtesan, the word being so applied by for- eigners of all nationalities, but prob- ably imported by English sailors. jug, v.t. to put into a jug; to cook in a jug; to imprison: v.i. to imitate the cry of a nightingale; to nestle together as birds: n. an earthenware vessel with a handle, used to carry liquids; a jail or prison. Juggernaut (jug'er-nawt) , n. a title of Krishna or Vishnu, "the lord of the world," as he is worshipped at JPuri in 120 temples, while the land for twenty miles around is sacred to him. The name is used of any thing to which men give a devotion which destroys them ; for his believers for- merly threw themselves under the huge car of Juggernaut and sought to be crushed by it. [Hindu.] juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by arti- fice: v.i. to conjure: n. a trick by sleight of hand; imposture. jugglery { jug'ler-i) , n. [pi. juggleries (jug'ler-iz) ], legerdemain; impost- ure. jugular (jug'u-lar), adj. pertaining to the neck or throat or jugular vein: n. a jugular vein. juice (joos), n. sap; the fluid parts of animal bodies. juicy (joo'si), _adj. full of juice. jujube (joo'joob), ft. a kind of lozenge; the edible fruit of a shrub ; the shrub itself, which grows densely in parts of India. [Greek.] julep (joo'lep), n. a drink composed of brandy or < whisky sweetened and flavored with mint; a mixture of sugar and water as a vehicle for ad- ministering medicine. [French.] Julian (jSo'lian), adj. pertaining to Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- endar as adjusted by Julius Caesar 46 B.C.: replaced by the Gregorian year (New Style) in England, 1752. julienne (zhoo-li-en') , n. a clear meat soup with chopped carrots, &c. July (joo-ll'), ft. the seventh month of the year, named from Julius Caesar, who was born in it. jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused mass ; a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a confused mass ; throw together with- out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- fusedly. jumbo (jum'bo), n. a huge person or animal, an expression derived from a once famous elephant named Jumbo: adj. larger than usual, as " a jumbo squab." jump (jump), ft. a spring or bound; the space dumped; in mining, a fault: v.t. to cause to spring or bound; leap over; to take possession of (a mining claim) during the ab- sence of its owner: v.i. to spring upward or forward. jumper (jump'er), ft. one who, or that which, jumps; a name applied to certain religious sects who practice dancing under religious excitement; a hooded Arctic fur jacket; a long, loose workman's jacket; a one-piece frock, with low neck and short sleeves, worn over a chemisette. junction (jungk'shun) , ft. the act of being joined; union; a point or place of union. juncture (jungk'tur), n. the point or line at which two bodies are joined; joint; articulation; particular or critical occasion. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, t/ien. JUNE 480 JUVENESCENCE June (joon), n.- the sixth month, named from Juno, the wife of Jove. jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense -tropical thicket of forest trees, brushwood, tall grasses, reeds, and creepers. junior (joon'yer), adj. younger; of lower standing; pertaining to youth: n. the younger of two; one of lower standing. The abbreviation Jr. is written after the name of a mem- ber of a family who has an older relative of the same name still living. Thus John Brown, Jr., may be the son, the grandson, or the nephew of John Brown, Si*, (senior). juniority (joon-yor'i-ti), n. junior state. juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the berries of which are used in flavor- ing gin. junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old cable, rope, &c, used for making mats, oakum, &c; hard salt ship beef; a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel with a square bow and high stern, having the mast in one piece. [Span- ish.] junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation of curds and cream; a variety of sweetmeat; excursion; picnic; vi. to participate in an excursion or pic- nic. junta (jun'ta), n. a legislative assem- bly or council. [Spanish.] junto (jun'to), n. [pi. juntos ('toz)] f a secret council of state; faction; ca- bal. [Spanish.] jupon (zhoo-pong') , n. a petticoat. Also jupe (zhoop). [French.] juridical (joo-rid'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to law, judicial proceedings, or jurisprudence. jurisconsult (joo-ris-kon'sult), n. a jurist. [Latin.] jurisdiction (joo-r is-dik 'shun), n. le- gal authority ; extent of power ; dis- trict over which any authority ex- tends. jurisprudence (joo-ris-proo'dens), n. legal science; system of laws of a country. jurist (joo'rist), n. one skilled in legal science. juror (joo'rer), n. a juryman. jury (joo'ri), n. a body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law and sworn to inquire into or decide on the evidence before them ; a commit- tee of experts selected to award prizes, &c, at a public exhibition, &c. jury-mast (joo'ri-mast), n. a tem- porary mast. jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- gally enforced. [Latin.] just (just), adj. comformable to di- vine or human laws; upright; im- partial; faithful; exact; regular; fair: adv. exactly; barely; nearly; almost; perfectly. [Latin.] juste- au- corps (zhust-o-cor'), n. a seventeenth century female gar- ment; an eighteenth century long- skirted, close-fitting man's coat. [French.] justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- ing just; rectitude in dealing with others; impartiality; a judge or magistrate. justiciary (jus-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi. jus- ticiaries (jus-tish'i-a-riz)], a judge. justifiable (jus-ti-fl'a-bl) , adj. defensi- ble. justifiably (jus-ti-fi'a-bli), adv. so as to be justifiable. justification (jus-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of justifying; vindication or de- fense ; the act of acceptance of a man by God as justified by the merits of Jesus Christ. [Latin.] justify (jus'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p. v. justi- fied, p.pr. justifying], to show or prove to be just or right; vindicate; pardon, accept and treat as just on the ground of faith and repentance: v.i. to conform to each other by proper spacing, as lines of type. jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, p.pr. jutting], project beyond the main body. Jute (joot), n. a member of one of the low German tribes that with Saxons and Anglos invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D., and after which Jutland was named. jute (joot), n. the fiber of an East Indian plant used for ropes, bag- ging, mats, &c. [Bengali.] Juvenalia (joo-ve-na/li-a) , n.pl. sa- tirical writings after the manner of the great Roman satirist Juvenal (first century, A.D.). juvenescence (joo-ve-nes'ens), n. a growing young. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7ien. JUVENESCENT 481 JUZAIL juvenescent (joo-ve-nes'ent), adj. be- coming young. juvenile (joq've-nil), adj. youthful ; characteristic of, or suitable to, youth: n. a young person. Juvenilia (joo-ve-nil'i-a), n.pl. youth- ful writings, such as those published by Tennyson, Dickens, Poe, Willis, and others, and often suppressed in later years. [Latin.] juvenility (joo-ve-ruTi-ti), n. youth- fulness. juxta, a prefix meaning near, [Latin.] juxtabasal (jux-ta-ba/sal), a. next to the basal or lowest part. juxtaposition (juks-ta-po-zish'un), n« nearness, closeness. juzail (ju'zel), n. a heavy Afghan rifle. [Afghan.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, boek i 31 hue, hut; think, then. K JSL, Tne eleventh letter of the English alphabet. As a capital letter, it appears to have been formed out of the Egyptian hierarchic pictograph representing a bowl. In both early Greek and Latin the character represented a "hard" sound, as it does in our language to-day, op- posed to S. But K was in Greek at one time a letter called Koppa o, apparently Q. Q was finally lost except as a numeral in Greek, and as part of a diphthongal combina- tion, qu, in Latin. Kaaba (ka'ba), n. the shrine at Mec- ca towards which all Mohammedans turn when praying, because it is believed by them to have been built by Abraham to enclose a ruby sent to him from heaven. Kaffir (kaf'er or, better, ka-fer'), n. any member of one of the Bantu tribes of South Africa; cognate with the Zulus ; the Kaffir language ; one of a non-Mohammedan race of Northern Afghanistan; an infidel. Also Kafir. The Kaffirs have no such name for themselves, but are so called by Mohammedans, this word meaning "unbeliever." # [Arabic] kaftan (kaftan), n. a kind of vest worn in Oriental countries. Also caftan. [Arabic] kago (kag'o),_n. a Japanese palanquin. kailyard (kal'yard), n. a cabbage garden. [Scotch.] Hence recent popular novelists who write of homely life have been grouped to- gether as the Kailyard School of English Literature. Kaiser (kl'zer), n. the title of the em- perors of Germany, Austria and Bulgaria. The Russian title, Czar, is in reality the same, since all three come from the Ccesar of Roman im- perialism (properly pronounced kl'- sar). kaki (ka/ke), n. the Japanese date- plum. kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. kaleidoscope (ka-ll'do-skop) , n. an optical instrument which by an ar- rangement of mirrors causes objects viewed through it to appear in a variety of symmetrical and beautiful patterns. kalendar, kalends, see calendar. kali (ka/le), n. a species of glass- wort, the ashes of which are used in glass manufacture; caustic potash [Arabic]; a Persian carpet [Per- sian]. Kali (ka/le), n. in Hindu mythology, the wife of Siva, and thus the god- dess of destruction. Also called Durga. [Sanskrit, "black."] kalif, same as caliph. Kalmuck (kal'muk), n. one of a tribe of people extending loosely from Western China to the Volga. They are probably descended from the ancient Scythians ; adj. pertaining to the Kalmucks or their language. kalmuck, n. a rough hairy kind of cloth. Kama (ka/ma), n. in Persian poetry the god of sensual love. kami (ka/mi), n. a Japanese title equivalent to English Lord. kamis (ka-mes'), n. a long shirt worn by Mohammedans. [Arabic] The word has been Europeanized so as to give us chemise. Kanaka (ka-na/ka), n. a native Hawaian of low ca°t? I kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'), n. a her- bivorous marsupial mammal pecu- liar to Australia, having short fore- legs and long powerful hind legs, with which it leaps. kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. china or porce- lain clay. [Chinese.] karat, same as carat. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. KARYO 463 KER.N EL karyo, a Greek -prefix meaning nucleus, occurring in various scientific words. katakana (kat-a-ka'na), n. the square style of writing of the Japanese. kava (ka'va), a plant indigenous to the Hawaiians; a beverage, sooth- ing and slightly narcotic, made from this plant. [Hawaiian.] kavass (ka-vas'), n. a courier or in- ferior officer in the Turkish military or diplomatic service. [Turkish.] kayak (ka/yak), n. an Eskimo seal- skin canoe. Also kaiak, kajak. kazoo (ka-zoo A ), w. a small instrument for making noise. < It consists of a wooden pipe in which a bit of cat-gut is inserted. % When one blows through the mouthpiece a harsh and hideous noise is made. kea (ke'a), n. a New Zealand parrot, which feeds on carrion and attacks sheep. keckle (kek'l), v.t. to preserve (a rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- ing of canvas, &c. kedge (kej), n. a light anchor used in warping: v.t. to warp. keel (kel), n. the chief and lowest timber of a vessel extending from stem to stern and supporting the whole frame: hence a ship; a low, flat-bottomed coal-barge; the lowest petals of the corolla of a papiliona- ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; give up. keel-boat (keTbot), n. a large covered freight boat. keelhaul (kel'hawl), v.t. to drag under water beneath the bottom of a ship from one side to the other; formerly a naval punishment; reprimand sternly. keelson (kel'sun), n. a beam or timber laid on the middle of the floor tim- bers over the keel of a vessel to strengthen it. Also kelson. keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- ing; bitter; acute [Anglo-Saxon]: n. a shrill bitter wail of lamentation for the dead. [Erse.] keening (ke'ning), n. the act of keen- ing or wailing for the dead. keep (kep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kept, p. pr. keeping], to have the care of; guard; preserve; maintain; do; ob- serve; fulfil; supply with the neces- saries of life; detain; confine: v.i, to remain in any state or condition: n. subsistence; the stronghold or dorijon of a mediaeval castle. keeping (kep'ing), n. care; custody; charge; subsistence; harmony: con- gruity. keepsake (kep'sak), n. something kept as a souvenir of the giver. keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. keg (keg), n. a small barrel. kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes of sea-weeds, from which iodine is ob- tained; a large coarse seaweed or wrack. kelpie (kel'pi), n. a malevolent water- sprite, supposed to take the form of horse. [Celtic] Kelt, same as Celt. kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair or wool; refuse of fur. ken (ken), n. view; knowledge^ v.t, [p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], to know; descry. [Scotch.] kendal (ken'dal), n. a coarse green cloth, first made near Kendal Green, in Westmoreland, England. kennel (ken'el), n. a house for a dog or pack of hounds; lair of a fox; street gutter; vile lodging: v.L to confine in a kennel: v.i. to live in a kennel. [Old French.] keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance played with numbered balls, cards, and buttons 1 [French.] kenosis (ken-o'sis), n. literally empty- ing. In theological language, the self-imitation of Christ in becoming man. kepi (ka/pe), n. a military cap with a straight vizor. [French.] keratin (kerVtin), n. the principal constituent of hair, nails, and horn. kerite (ke'rit), n. an insulating ma- terial made of vulcanized rubber. m kermes (ker'mez), n. the dried bodies of a cochineal insect (Coccus ilicis), furnishing a scarlet dye; an oxysul- phide of antimony of a deep cherry color. [Arabic] kermess (ker'mes), n. an open-air festival. [Dutch.] kern (kern), n. the overhanging part of a type. kernel (ker'nel), n. a grain or seed; the edible substance of a nut or fruit stone; essence. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. KEROSENE 484 KINDRED kerosene (ker'o-sen), n. refined petro- leum. [Greek.] Kerry (ker'i), n. an Irish breed of cattle. kersey (ker'zi), n. a coarse smooth- faced cloth. kerseymere (ker'zi-mer) ., n. cassimere. kestrel (kes'trel), n. a kind of Euro- pean hawk. ketch (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- masted, fore-and-aft rigged vessel, now almost obsolete. ketchup (kech'up), n. a sauce pre- pared from tomatoes, mushrooms, &c. Also catsup and catchup. kettle (ket'l), n. a metallic vessel for boiling liquids. kettledrum (ket'1-drum), n. a hemi- spherical copper .drum; afternoon tea party. key (ke), n. a portable metal instru- ment for operating a lock; an in- strument by which something is turned, secured, or operated upon; fundamental tone or note of a musi- cal composition; solution; literal translation; v.t. fasten or connect with a key. key (ka), n. a quay, or place for land- ing. [French.] key (ka), n. a low narrow island usually containing coral. [Spanish.] keynote (ke'not), n. the fundamental note; ruling principle. keystone (ke'ston), n. central stone of an arch. khaki (ka'ki), n. a light drab-colored cloth much used for undress uni- form since the Boer War of 1899. [Anglo-Indian.] khan (kan), n. an Asiatic prince, chief, or governor ; in India, a title given to a caravanserai. [Persian.] khanate (kan'at), n. the jurisdiction of a khan. khedeviate (ke-de'vi-at) , n. the juris- diction of the khedive. khedive (ke-dev'), n. the official title of the Viceroy of Egypt, first be- stowed upon him by the Sultan of Turkey in 1868. [Turkish.] kick (kik), n. a blow with the foot; a recoil: v.t. to strike with the foot: v.i. recoil; resist. kickshaw (kik'shaw), n. something fanciful or out of the way; a deli- cacy. [French, quelquechose.] kid (kid), n. the young of the goat, or its soft skin used for gloves, &c. ; a child; a small wooden tub: adj. made of kid: v.i. [v.t. & p.p. kidded, p.pr. kidding], to bring forth a kid: v.t. to furnish or cover with kid; humbug. kiddle (kid'l), n. a wicker fish-weir. kidnap (kid'nap), v.t. to get forcible and illegal possession of (human be- ings, especially children). kidney (kid'ni), n. [pi. kidneys (kid'- niz)], one of two oblong flattened organs which separate the urine from the blood; anything resembling a kidney ; sort or kind. kilerg (kil'erg), n. a unit of energy = 1,000 ergs. kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; de- stroy; slay. kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or pile for burning, drying, or hardening. kilogram (kil'o-gram), n. 1,000 grams = 2.2046 lbs. kiloliter (kil'o-le-tr) , n. 1,000 liters = 220 imperial gals, (about). kilometer (kil'o-me-tr) , n. 1,000 me- ters = 3,280.8 feet. kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or philibeg of the Scottish Highland- ers: v.t. to form into broad, flat plaits; tuck up. [Gaelic] kimono (kim'o-no), n. the loose outer robe of the Japanese. [Japanese.] kin (kin), n. consanguinity; relation- ship; kindred; a Chinese lute. kind (kind), adj. benevolent; indul- gent; affectionate; sympathetic: n. genus or species; quality; variety; sort. kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten) , n. a school for young children in which they are taught by diverting object lessons, &c. [German.] kindle (kind'l), v.t. to set fire to; in- flame. kindliness (klnd'li-nes) , n. kindly dis- position. kindly (kind'li), adj. [comp, kindlier, superl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv. in a kindly manner. kindness (kmd'nes), n. the state or quality of being kind; a kind act. kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- ture or character; cognate: n. rela- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. KIXEMACOLOR 485 KNAPWEED tionship by birth or marriage; con- sanguinity. kmemacolor (km-e-ma-kul'er) , n. a colored moving picture, approximat- ing the natural colors of objects. kinematics (kin-e-mat/iks), n. the science of pure motion. kinesthesia (kin-es-the'si-a), n. the sense of muscular effort. kinetic (kin-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, or imparting, motion; active: n.pl. that branch of dynamics # which treats of the action of forces in caus- ing or influencing motion. kinetograph (kin-et'to-graf ) , n. an ap- paratus for taking series of photo- graphs of moving objects such as can afterwards be reproduced on a screen, as if in actual motion. kinetophonograph (kin-et'to-fo'no- graf), n. an apparatus combining the phonograph and the kinetograph. kinetoscope (kin-et'o-skop), n. an ap- paratus for exhibiting moving pic- tures. king (king)^ n. a male sovereign or ruler; a piece or card representing a king in a game; one who is spe- cially distinguished in the same class or kind. kingdom (kmg'dum), n. the territory ruled by a king cr queen; royal au- thority; any sphere of influence. kingfisher (king'fish-er) , n. a fish-eat- ing bird with bright blue and green or slate-blue and white plumage. kingwood (king'wood), n. a hard vio- let-tinted wood imported from Bra- zil: used in cabinet-making. kink (kingk), n. a twist in a, rope or thread when doubled; whim: v.t. & v.i. to form kinks. kinkajou (king'ka-joo), n. a South American carnivorous mammal with a long prehensile tail. kinnikinick (km-i-ki-nik'), n. the leaves of the sumac, willow, &c, as smoked by the American Indians. kino (kl'no), n. an astringent gum, used in medicine, tanning, &c. kinsfolk (kins'fok), n. relatives. kiosque (ki-osk'), n. a Turkish open pavilion or summer house; small booths used for newsoaper stands, &c. kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a calf or small cattle. kipper (kip'er), n. a salmon after spawning; a salmon, herring, &c, cut open, salted, and smoke-dried; a salmon that has remained too long in fresh water: v.t. to cure, as a salmon. [Gaelic] kirk (kerk), n. a church; the Church of Scotland (with the). [Gaelic] kirtle (ker'tl), n. an upper garment; petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. kismet (kis'met) , n. fate. [Arabic] kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress with the lips; a slight touch: v.t. to sa- lute with the lips; touch slightly: v.i. to caress mutually with the lips. kit (kit), ri. a small wooden tub; a small violin; traveling necessaries, outfit, &c; set; a large bottle; a family or brood. kitcat (kit'kat), n. a portrait 28 x 36 in., showing half the length. The name was derived from the Kit- Cat Club in London, every member of which was painted in a panel of that size by Sir Geoffrey Kneller between 1700-1720. kitchen (kich'en), n. a room set apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj. pertaining to the kitchen. kitchenette (kich-en-et'), n. sl very small kitchen, especially in a studio- apartment. kite (kit), n. sl rapacious bird of prey; a light frame of wood cov- ered with paper or linen for flying in the air; a fight lofty sail; an ac- commodation bill. kith (kith), n. acquaintance. kitten (kit'n), n. a young cat. kittiwake (kit'i-wak), n. a gull kiwi (ke'wi), n. a New Zealand bird with a long bill. kleptomania (klep-to-ma/ni-a), n. a form of insanity manifesting itself in an irresistible propensity to steaL kleptomaniac (klep-to-ma/ni-ak) , n. one who is under the influence of kleptomania. [Greek.] knack (nak), n. adroitness; dex- terity. knacker (nak'er), n. a horse-slaugh- terer; dealer in worn-out horses. knapsack (nap'sak), n. a leather or cloth traveling-case carried on the back. knapweed (nap 'wed), n. a purple-flow- ered plant; bachelor's button. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mat; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. KNAVE 486 KNOT knave (nav), n. a dishon-^t or de- ceitful person; a court-card with the figure of a soldier or servant. knavery (nav'er-i), n. [pi. knaveries (nav'er-iz)], dishonesty; fraud; de- ceit. knavish (nav'ish) , adj. dishonest ; mis- chievous. knead (ned), v.t. to work into a mass, as dough; operate upon in massage; mold. .knee (ne), n. the articulation # of the leg and thigh bones; anything re- sembling a knee: v.t. to connect or strengthen with knees. knee-breeches (ne'brich-ez), n.pl. breeches reaching just below the knee. knee-cap (ne'kap),n. a flattened oval bone on the forepart of the knee- joint; patella. Also kneepan. kneel (nel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall upon, the knees. knell (nel), n. the sound of a bell when struck, especially a funeral bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound or toll, as a funeral bell. Knickerbocker (nik'er-bok-er) , n. a person descended from one of the early Dutch residents of Man- hattan or Albany. knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz) , n. pi. wide breeches gathered in below the knee. knick-knack (nik'nak) , n. a little orna- mental trifle; kickshaw. knife (nif)^ n. [pi. knives (nivz)], a cutting instrument with a sharp- edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to stab with a knife. knight (nit) , n . one who holds non- hereditary rank, next below a baro- net, but entitling him to the prefix Sir; in mediaeval times, one of gentle birth, who, after serving as an es- quire, was admitted by certain cere- monies to military rank; a cham- pion; lover; one of the pieces in chess: v.t. to confer the honor of knighthood upon. knightage (nit'aj), n. knights collec- tively. knight- bachelor (nit-bach'e-ler), n. one who has received knighthood di- rectly from the hands of the sov- ereign by accolade; differing thus from the knight who gets his rank through membership in an order, ae in the Order of the Bath, the Order of the Indian Empire, &c. knight-errant (nit-er'ant) , n. [pi. knights-errant], in the Middle Ages, a knight who went in quest of ad- venture, to* show his prowess, chiv- alry, &c. knight-errantry (nit-er'ant-tri) , n. the practices or customs of knights- errant. knighthood (nlt'hood), n. the charac- ter, rank, or dignity, of a knight. Knight Templar (nit-tem'plar), n. [pi. knights templar], one of a great military order founded in the twelfth century to defend the Temple at Jerusalem and the future of the Latin Kings there. The Templars were suppressed in 1312 by Philip IV of France. knit (nit)", v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knitted, p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or draw together; weave together by nee- dles; contract. knitting (nit'ing), n. the work of a knitter; the netted fabric thus wo- ven; union. knob (nob), n. the rounded handle of a door, &c; round protuberance; knoll. knobby (nob'i), adj. full of knobs. knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke with something hard or heavy; rap; severe criticism; mockery: v.t. to give a blow to; drive or strike against: v.i. to strike a blow with something hard or heavy; to criti- cise severely; to mock. knock-out (nok'out), n. a mechanical device for throwing out finished work; a knock-down blow ending a fight. knock-out drops (nok'out-dropz), n, a narcotic, usually chloral, acfminis- tered by thieves to their victims so as to stupefy them prior to robbery. knoll (not), n. a rounded hillock; hilltop. knop (nop), n. an architectural or- nament of clustered leaves and flow- ers; button. knot (not), n. an interweaving or tying of thread or cord, &c; any- thing resembling a knot; entangle- ment; difficulty; a hard part in a ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: l»«v»n, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. KNOTTING 487 KRYPTON piece of wood; part of a tree where the branches shoot out; a division of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a nautical mile = 2,025 yds.; bond of union; group; the red-breasted sand-piper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knotted, p.pr. knotting], to tie in a knot; unite firmly or closely : v.i. form knots or joints; make knots for fringe. knotting (noting), n. a kind of lace work; a paint of red lead, &c, for protecting metal. knotty (not'i), adj. [comp. knottier, superl. knottiest], full of knots; rugged; difficult. knout (nout), n. a leathern whip consisting of leather thongs mingled with wires; formerly used as^ a punishment in Russia: v.t. to punish with the knout. [Russian.] know (no), v.t. [p.t. knew, p.p. known, p.pr. knowing], to perceive with the mind; understand clearly; have knowledge of; distinguish: v.i. to be informed. knowing (no'ing), p. adj. having knowl- edge; intelligent; shrewd; cunning; stylish. knowledge (nol'ej), n. clear percep- tion of a truth or fact; erudition; skill from practice; acquaintance; information. knuckle (nuk'l), n. the projecting joint of the fingers; the knee-joint of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend the fingers; yield or submit. knur (ner), n. a hard knot or pro- tuberance. Also knurl. koa (ko'a), n. a Hawaiian tree of the Acacia genus yielding a valuable timber. kobold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf goblin or sprite frequenting houses, mines, and caves, where he guards great treasures of gold and silver. This myth is found nearly all over the world. [German.] kodak (ko'dak), n. a portable camera for taking instantaneous m photo- graphs^ v.t. to take an instanta- neous picture of. [Coined word.] koff (kof), n. a Dutch fishing-vessel. kohl (kol), n. powdered antimony, used in the East for imparting lus- ter to the eyes. [Arabic] kohlrabi (kol'ra-bi), n. & variety of cabbage. [German.] kokra-wood (kok'ra-wood), n. the wood of an Indian tree, used for making flutes, &c.,_and in turnery. koniscope (kon'i-skop), n. an appa- ratus for determining the amount of dust contained in the air. [Greek.] kopi (ko'pi),_n. an African peasant. kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock. _ [Dutch.] Koran (ko-ran', Arabic koo-ran'), n. "the Book"; the sacred writings of all the Mohammedan peoples. It is divided into 114 surahs or chap- ters. kosher (ko'sher), adj. pure, clean, ac- cording to Jewish ordinances: said of meat. koto (ko'to), n. a Japanese musical instrument, somewhat resembling the zither. koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous beverage made by the Tartars from fermented mare's milk. A like drink is made in Western countries from cow's milk, sugar and yeast. Also kumiss. Prussian.] kowtow (kq-tou'), n. a Chinese form of salutation from an inferior to a superior by touching the ground with the forehead: v.i. salute by the kowtow. Also kotow. kraal (krawl), n. an African village consisting of a group of huts sur- rounded by a palisade; a single hut; a cattle-pen. [Dutch.] kraken (kra'ken), n. a sea-monster said to have been seen off the Nor- wegian coast. Kremlin (krem'lin), n. a Russian citadel, especially that of Mos- cow. kreutzer (kroit'ser), n. an Austrian copper coin = Y^ of a cent; former- ly a German coin = 2-3 of a cent. kriegspiel (kreg'spel), n. a military game with blocks to represent the various sections of an army as if in actual warfare. Kriss Kringle (kris'kring-gl), n. the saint of Christmas time, St. Nicholas ; the Christ-child. [German.] krone (kro'na), n. [pi. kroner (kro'ner)], a coin (crown) current in Teutonic and Scandinavian coun- tries = 27 cents. krypton (krip'ton), n. a recently discovered gaseous chemical ele- ment. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, nrt ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. KSHATRIYA 488 KYMOGRAPH kshatriya (ksha-tre'ya), n. the warrior caste of such Hindus as were Aryan. Ku-Klux-Klan (koo-kluks-klan') , n. a secret society formed after the American Civil War, to prevent violence to person and property from either blacks or whites of low character. After a time the Klan itself abused its influence, and it was finally put down by Federal troops. Kurd (koord), n. one of the Kurdish tribe; a native of Kurdistan. \ Kurdistan (koor-dis-tan') , n. a ter- ritory of some 50,000 sq. miles, oor- dering on Armenia, and the Persian possessions. Its people are of the Iranic branch of the Indo-European stock, and are governed indifferent Is and loosely by Turks and Per- sians. kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vel- lum leaves in which gold is placed to be beaten. [French.] kyanize (ki'an-iz), v.t. to impreg- nate (wood) for preservation with a solution of corrosive sublimate. kymograph (ki'mo-graf ) , n. an ap- paratus for determining the pres- sure of blood. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; bue, hut; think, then. L L, the letter L in English is a sound (el) and not a name. In this re- spect it differs from the Egyptian hieratic character, which was the picture of a lioness. The Phoeni- cians called it lamed, " an ox-goose " ; the Greeks lamda, " a head." But the Latin here broke away from pic- ture-writing and used a simple char- acter, differing in this even from the Anglo-Saxons, who called the letter, lagu, " a lake." L is one of the most melodious sounds that any language knows, being, like R, a pure liquid. R, in fact, often changes to I, not only in English, but in many languages by the phonetic process called lallation. As an abbreviation, L. (pronounced el) is used in some American cities to denote "eZevated railway." In the country, people speak of the wing of a house as an L (el). la (la), n. the sixth note of the scale [Mus.]. laager (la'ger), n. an extemporized camp for defense, formed with wag- ons, &c: v.t. to protect by a laager. [South African Dutch.] Labarum (lab'a-rum), n. a Roman standard bearing upon it the sym- bols of Christ, adopted in token of gratitude, by the emperor Constan- tine, who won a great victory oyer Licinius, the first after his conversion to Christianity, 323 A.D. label (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, &c, attached to anything to indi- cate its destination, ownership, &c; codicil; a projecting molding: v.t. to mark with, or affix, a label; classify. labial (la'bi-al), adj. formed by the lips: n. a letter representing a sound so formed. labiate (la'bi-at), adj. lipped. labiodental (la-bi-o-den'tal), adj. formed by the lips and teeth. labionasal (la-bi-o-na/zal), adj. a sound formed by the lips and nose. labium (la/bi-um), n. [pi. labia (la'- bi-a)], a lip or lir>-like organ. labor (la/ber), n. toil or exertion, phys- ical or mental; effort; difficulty; pain; parturition: v.t. to cause to toil; fabricate: v.i. to exert muscu- lar strength; use mental efforts; be hard pressed; take pains; move slowly; pitch and roll heavily; suf- fer the pains of childbirth. [Latin.] laboratory (lab'or-a-to-ri) , n. [pi. lab- oratories (lab'or-a-tcnriz)], a place where scientific experiments and op- erations are carried on. Labor Day (da), n. a holiday ob- served in nearly every State and Territory in the United States, for the recognition of Labor as a dis- tinct function of a numerous class. The holiday usually falls on the first Monday in September. laborious (la-bo 'ri-us), adj. difficult; toilsome. labradorite (lab'ra-dor-it) , n. a feld- spar displaying an iridescent play of colors. labrum (la'brum), n. [pi. labra (la/- bra)], the lip-like shield of an in- sect's mouth. [Latin.] labrus (la'brus), adj. thick lipped. laburnum (la-ber'num), n. an orna- mental tree with pendent yellow flowers. labyrinth Qab'i-rinth), n> a ser i es f intricate winding passages: from the structure said to have been made in Crete by Dsedalus; a maze; inex- plicable difficulty; the winding cavi- ties of the internal ear; a series of troughs through which ore slime is passed and the metallic particles de- posited. [Greek.] lac (lak), n. a resinous substance formed on certain trees by an in- sect (Carteria lacca)', the inspis- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 34 hue, hut ; think, then. LACE 490 LAG sated sap of various trees [Persian]; the sum of 100,000 rupees = $50,- 000 (about). lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or silver, &c, curiously woven; a cord used for binding or fastening: v.t. to fasten with a lace; adorn with lace; beat. lacerate (las'er-at), v.t. to rend; wound. laceration (las-er-a'shun) , n. the act of rending; a harrowing of the feel- ings; a rent. Lachesis (lak'e-sis), n. the second of the three Fates in ancient mythol- ogy- Clotho spins the thread of destiny, Lachesis measures its prop- er length, and Atropos cuts it. In homeopathic pharmacy, lachesis is the name given to the dried poison of the lance-headed viper. [Greek.] lachrymal (lak'ri-mal), adj. pertain- ing to tears. lachrymose (lak'ri-mos) , adj. tearful; sad. lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute of: v.i. to be in need; to be deficient; come short: n. want; failure. lackadaisical (lak-a-da/zi^kal), adj. affectedly pensive or sentimental. lackey (lak'i), n. a menial attendant; footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a lackey: v.i. act servilely. laconic m (la-kon'ik), adj. expressing much in few words. Also laconical. laconically (la-kon'i-ka-li) , adv. briefly. lacquer (lak'er), n. a varnish consist- ing of shellac dissolved in alcohol and variously colored: v.t. to var- nish with lacquer. lacrosse (la~kr6s')i n. a Canadian game resembling football, but played with a netted bat (crosse). lact, a Latin prefix meaning milk, as lactic, adj. pertaining to milk. Also lacti, lacto. lactarine (lak'ta-rin) , n. a prepara- tion of casein or milk curds: used extensively in calico printing. lactation (lak-t a/shun) , n. secretion of milk ; the act or period of suckling. lacteal (lak'te-al), adj. pertaining to, or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pl. the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the intestines to the tho- racic-duct. lactic. See under lact. lactic acid (lak'tik as'id), n. sl bittes acid contained in sour milk. lactometer (lak-tom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for ascertaining the spe- cific gravity of milk. lacuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi. lacunae (la-ku'ne)], a blank space; hiatus; small pit or hollow. [Latin.] lacustrine (la-kus'trin) , adj. pertain* ing to a lake. lad (lad), n. a boy or youth; com-* rade. ladder (lad'er), n. a framework con- sisting of two parallel side pieces connected by bars, &c, forming steps at suitable distances; any- thing by which one climbs or as^ cends. laddie (lad'i), n. a lad. [Scotch.] lade (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, v.p. laded, laden, p.pr. lading], to load; bur- den; heave or throw out. lading (lading), n. the act of loading; freight. Ladino (la-de'no), n. the court lan- guage of the noblest Castilians in Spain. The word means Latin and shows how the patriciate of Spain looks back to its proud ancestry among the Romans who conquered their country. ladle (lad'l), n. a deep spoon for serv- ing out liquids: v.t. to dip up with a a ladle. ladrone (la-dron'), n. a robber; ban- dit; guerrilla. [Spanish.] lady (la'di), n. [pi. ladies (la/diz)], a well-bred woman; the title of the wife of a knight or a superior in rank to him ; the daughter < of a duke, marquis, or earl; the mistress of a house. ladybird (lfi'di-berd) , n. a red coleop^ terous insect marked with black spots. lady-fish (la/di-fish), n. a small fish resembling a herring, found chiefly in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. ladyship (la'di-ship) , n. the rank or title of a lady (with her or your). Laetare (la-ta're), n. Mid-Lent Sun- day, so called because the introit for that day begins with the joyous cry Laetare. lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, p.pr. ate, arm, at, awl; me, mer^e, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut ; think, then. LAGER BEER 491 LAjMP lagging], to move slowly; loiter; stay behind: v.t. cause to be ar- rested or punished: adj. long de- layed; last: n. retardation of me- chanical movement. lager beer (la'ger ber), n. a German beer suitable for storing. laggard (lag'erd), n. a slow person; loiterer: adj. backward; slow. lagniappe (la-ni-ap'), n. something over as good measure, in making a purchase or exchange. A word used mainly in Louisiana (New Or- leans) . lagoon (la-goon'), n. a shallow lake formed at the mouth of a river or near the sea; marsh or fen. Lagthing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- gian Upper House of Parliament. laic (la/ik), adj. pertaining to the laity. laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked with fine parallel ribbed lines: said of paper. lain (Ian), p.p. of lie. lair (lar), n. the covert of a wild beast. laity (la/i-ti), n. the people, as dis- tinguished from the clergy. lake (lak), n. & large body of water surrounded by land; a pigment. lallation (lal-la/shun), n. an uncon- scious preference for I in place of r. The Chinese language affords the most striking instances of this as an actual working principle in lan- guage. lama (la'ma), n. a Tibetan Buddhist priest, monk, or nun, who causes an especial form of Buddhism to be known as Lamaism. Lamar ckism (la-mark'izm) , n. a phil- osophical theory propounded by the Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829), who taught that species may be al- tered or even evolved by the strong effort in an organism to adapt it- self to new conditions; and that the succession of these efforts may in time bring about hereditary changes contrary to the views of Darwin and Weismann. lamasery (la-mas 'er-i), n. the convent or abbey devoted to Lamaistic Bud- dhists, and occupied by them. lamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; one who is gentle or innocent; an inexperienced speculator: v.i. to bring forth lambs. lambent (lam'bent), adj. playing about; flickering; touching lightly. lambkin (lam'kin), n. a little lamb. lambrequin (lam'bre-kin) , n. a fes- tooned drapery, hanging from the upper part of a window, doorway, &c. [French.] lambskin (lam'skin), n. the skin of a lamb dressed with the fleece on and frequently colored. lambs wool (lamz'wool), n. the wool of lambs; a beverage composed of ale with nutmeg, sugar, and the pu]p of roasted apples. - # lame (lam), adj. crippled or disabled in the limbs; not sound or efficient: v.t. to cripple or disable. lamella (la-mel'a), n. [pi. lamellae (la-mere)], a thin scale or plate. lamellar (lam'e-lar), adj. composed of lamellae. lamely (lam'li), adv. in a lame man- ner; inadequately. lameness (lam'nes), n. state of being lame. lament (la-menf), v.t. to mourn for: v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- sion of sorrow; lamentation. lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl) , adj. to be lamented; mournful; pitiable. lamentably (lam'en-ta-bli), adv. in a lamentable manner. lamentation (lam-en-ta/shun) , n. grief audibly expressed; outcry. Lamia (lam'i-a), n. in Greek mythol- ogy, a beautiful woman who was in reality a vampire, enticing young men to t her cavern and there revelling in their flesh and blood. lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae (lam'i-ne)], a thin plate or scale; a coat or layer lying over another; blade of a leaf or petal. [Latin.] laminar (lam'i-nar), adj. composed of thin plates. Also laminary. laminate (lam'i-nat) , adj. composed of, or arranged in, laminae. lamination (lam-i-na'shun) , n. divisi- bility or division into thin plates. Lammas and Lammas Day (lam 'as da) , a feast of the Catholic Church held on August first, to celebrate the imprisonment of St. Peter; also when > quarter day fell on August first in Scotland and England, it was so called even by Protestants. lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burning ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LAMPBLACK 492 LAP oil, &c, with a wick; any device for landscape (land'skap), n. the generai producing artificial light. aspect of a country, or a picture lampblack (lamp'blak), n. finely representing it. divided charcoal or soot: v.t. to Landsthing (lans'ting), n. the Up- apply lampblack to. per House of the Danish Parliament lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal (Rigsdag). written satire designed to bring the Landsturm (lant'sturm) , n. the last subject of it into contempt: v.t. to reserve of the German army, onh satirize by a lampoon. called out in time of war. [German J lamprey (lam'pre), n. an eel-like fish. Landtag (lant'takh), n. the Parlia- lanate (la'nat), adj. woolly. ment of Prussia, as apart from a lance (lans), n. a long shaft of wood State of the German Empire. A with a spear head; a thrust with a local parliament. [German.] lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; Landwehr (lant'var), n. the first re- cut open with a lancet. serve or militia of the German army, lancelet (lans'let), n. the amphioxus. [German.] lanceolate (lan'se-o-lat) , adj. taper- lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- ing to a point at either end, as cer- tween hedges, walls, &c; narrow tain leaves. street. lancer (lan'ser), n. a cavalry soldier language (lang'gwej), n. human armed with a lance: pi. a kind of speech; the speech of one nation or quadrille. race as distinguished from that of lancet (lan'set), n. a surgeon's knife; a another; style or expression peculiar lancet-shaped or pointed window. to an individual. [French.] lancewood (lans'wood), n. a tough languid (lan'gwid), adj. wanting ener- elastic wood used in coachbuilding, gy; weak. &c. > languish (lan'gwish), v.i. to become lanciform (lan'si-f orm) , adj. lance- weak or spiritless; pine away; look shaped. with tenderness or wistfulness. land (land), n. the solid portion of languor (lang'gwer), n. the state of the surface of the globe; the earth; being languid; dulness; listlessness a country or district; real estate: lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. v.t. to set on shore; capture and lanky (langk'i), adj. tall and thin, bring on shore; win: v.i. to come or lanner (lan'er), n. a species of hawk go on shore; disembark. lanolin (lan'o-lin), n. an unctuous landau (lan'do), n. a kind of carriage. substance obtained from the wool landaulet (lan-do-lef), n. a small of sheep, &c. one-seated landau; also an automo- lantern (lan'tern), n. a transparent bile of landaulet type. [French.] case for holding or carrying a light; landgrabber (land'grab-er) , n. one the light-room of a lighthouse; a who gets possession of public land small tower on the roof of a building by means of fraud. to admit light and air. landgrave (land'grav), n. a count or lanthanum (lan'tha-num) , n. a rare graf who had privileges superior metallic element. Also lanthanium. to other counts and grafs, es- lanyard (lan'yaxd), n. a piece of rope, pecially as to land, rents, &c. cord, &c, for seizing or fastening Fern, landgravine. [German.] the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. landlord (landlord), n. one who has Laocoon (la-ok'o-on) , n. a remarkable tenants holding under him; the marble group found in 1506 and now keeper of a hotel or inn. preserved at the palace of the landlordism (land'lord-izm) , n. the Vatican. It represents the story action of landlords collectively, es- told in Vergil (ii) where the priest, pecially with respect to their landed Laocoon, is attacked and with his interests. two sons is crushed by serpents. landlubber^ (land'lub-er) , n. one not a lap (lap), n. the loose part of a gar- sailor, ment which may be doubled at pleas- landrail (land'ral), n. the corncrake. ure ; part of the body or clothes from ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LAPDOG 493 LASHING the waist to the knees of a person seated; a name for various pieces of mechanism; one length of a course which has to be passed over more than once in a race; the act of lapping: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lapped, p.pr. la ping], to bend and spread over; lick up: v.i. to lie partially on something else. lapdog (lap 'dog), n. a small pet dog. lapel (la-pel'), n. part of a coat which laps over. lapid, a Latin prefix meaning stone. lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- daries (lap'i-da-riz)], an artificer who cuts and sets precious stones; a connoisseur or dealerin gems. lapis lazuli (la/pis laz'u-li), n. a rich blue stone from which ultramarine was originally obtained. [Lat. Arab.] Lapp (lap), n. a Laplander; the lan- guage of the Lapps. lappet (lap'et), n. a little loose flap. lapsable (laps'a-bl), adj. capable of lapsing. lapse (laps), v.i. to glide or slip slowly away; fall by degrees; com- mit a slight fault or fail in duty; pass to another proprietor by negli- gence or death; slide or fall anew into sin: n. a gliding or passing away slowly; slight fault or mis- take; omission to present to a bene- fice within a certain time. lapsus (lap'sus), n. a slip or mistake. lapwing (lap'wing), n. a plover-like bird. larboard (lar'bord), n. the term used formerly for the port or left-hand side of a ship. larcenous (lar'se-nus) , adj. thievish. larceny (lar'se-ni), n. theft. larch (larch), n. a coniferous tree. lard (lard), n. the fat of swine melted down: v.t. to cover with lard; insert strips of bacon in before roasting: hence to mix. lardaceous (lar-da/shus) , adj. per- taining to, or resembling, lard. Also lardy. larder (lar'der), n. a pantry; house- hold provisions. large (larj), adj. great in size; bulky; wide; extensive; comprehensive. largely (larj'li), adv. to a large extent; boastfully; before the wind: said of a vessel. largeness (larj'nes), n. the state of being large. largess (lar'jes), n. a gift or bounty. lariat (lar'i-at), n. a rope or lasso, especially of horsehair used by cattle- herders and plainsmen, in North and South America. [Spanish.] lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird of the genus Alauda; a frolic. larking > (lark'ing), p.adj. catching larks; indulging in a frolic. larkspur (lark'sper), n. a plant with showy blue spurred flowers. larmier (lar'mi-er), n. a corona or dripstone. larrup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or flog. larva (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae (lar've)], an insect in the first stage of its metamorphosis after leaving the egg. larval (lar'val), adj. pertaining to a larva. larviparous (lar-vip'a-rus), adj. pro- ducing young in the state of larvae. laryngeal (lar-in-je'al), adj. pertain- ing to, or situated near, the larynx. laryngectomy (lar-in-jek'to-mi), n, the operation of cutting away a part of the larynx. laryngismus (lar-in-jis'mus), n. a spasmodic affection of the glottis. laryngitis (lar-in-jl'tis) , n. inflamma- tion of the larynx. laryngo, a Greek prefix meaning larynx, as laryngoscope, an instru- ment furnished with mirrors for in- specting the larynx. laryngotomy (lar-in-got'6-mi), n. the surgical operation of cutting into the windpipe. larynx (lar'ingks), n. the upper part of the trachea or windpipe. [Greek.] lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian sailor employed on a European ves- sel. [Hindu.] lascivious (las-siv'i-us) , adj. lustful; wanton; exciting lust. [Latin.] lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a sound- ing blow; whip; scourge with satire; fasten or bind with a cord or rope: v.i. to apply the whip; flog: n. the thong of a whip; a scourge; stroke with anything pliant; sarcasm or satire. [Latin.] lasher (lash'er), n. one who lashes; a weir. lashing (lash'ing), n. a cord, rope, &c 3 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LASS 494 LAUGHING-STOCK to secure or bind anything; a whip- ping. lass (las), n. a young woman; girl. lassie (las'i), n. a lass. [Scottish.] lassitude (las'i-ttid) , n. weariness; lan- guor. lasso (las'o), n. a rope, usually of hide, with a noose, used for catching wild horses and cattle: v.t. to catch with a lasso. last (last), adj. coming after all oth- ers in time, place, or order; lowest; utmost; least likely: adv. on the last time or occasion; finally: v.i. to re- main in existence or operation; en- dure: n. a wooden implement for shaping boots and shoes. lasting (lasting), adj. durable; perma- nent: n. a twilled fabric used for making women's shoes. lastly (last'li), adv. in the last place. latch (lach), n. a door catch: v.t. to secure or fasten with a latch. latchet (lach'et), n. a shoe string. late (lat), adj. [comp. later, superl. latest], coming after the usual time; tardy; long delayed; far in the day or night; recent; recently deceased: adv. after delay; recently. lateen (la-ten 7 ), n. a triangular sail used on boats on the Mediterranean Sea, and the Swiss lakes. lately (lat'li), adv. not long ago. latency (la/ten-si), n. the state of be- ing latent. latent (la'tent), adj. concealed; in- visible. lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, proceeding from, or acting upon, the side. Lateran (lat'er-an), n. the Papal pal- ace, and the church of St. John Lateran at Rome, the cathedral of the Pope. [Latin.] lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. lathe (l&th), n. & machine for turn- ing and polishing articles of wood, metal, &c. lather (la^'er), n. froth made by moistened soap; profuse sweating: v.t. to coyer with lather. m Latin (lat'in), adj. nertaining to, writ- ten, or expressed in, Latin; pertain- ing to Latium, ancient Rome, its in- habitants or language, or the races and languages derived from Rome; Roman; Roman Catholic: n. an an- cient Roman; the language of an- cient Rome and its literature. Latin Cross (kros), n. a cross having the lowest limb longer than the two sides and top. Latinism (lat'in-izm) , n. a Latin idiom. Latinist (lat'in-ist), n. a Latin scho'ar. Latinity (la-tin'i-ti) , n. purity of Lat- in style or idiom. Latinize (lat'in-iz), v.t. to give Latin terminations, or characteristics, to; translate into Latin. latitude (lat'i-tud) , n. distance on the earth's surface as measured by de- grees north or south from the equa- tor; breadth; extent; freedom from rules; laxity; range or scope. latitudinal (lat-i-tu'di-nal) , adj. per- taining to latitude; in the direction of latitude. latitudinarian (lat-i-tu-di-na/ri-an) , adj. wide in range or scope ; tolerant in speculative religious opinions: n. one who holds latitudinarian views. latrine (la-tren'), n. sl urinal or place of easement. [French.] latten (lat'en), n. metal in thin sheets. latter (lat'er), cdj. the second of two things previously mentioned; re- cent; modern. lattice (lat'is), n. crossed open work of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or cross with a lattice. laud (lawd), yX. to praise highly; extol: n. praise; worship or hymn of praise. laudable (lawd'a-bl), adj. commend- able. laudanum (lawd'a-num) , n. a prepa- ration of opium, weaker than mor- phine. laudator (lawd'a-ter) , n. one who praises. laudatory (lawd'a-to-ri) , adj. expres- sing praise. laugh (laf), n. a convulsive sound caused by^ merriment: v.i. to ex- press merriment, &c, by a laugh; appear gay, pleasant, &c; jeer (with at) : v.t. to express or utter with laughter. laughing-gas (laf 'ing-gas) , n nitrous oxide used as a temporary anes- thetic. laughing-stock (laf 'ing-stok) , n. ob- ject of laughter. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LAUGHTER 495 LAZILY laughter (laf'ter), n. convulsive mer- riment . launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause to slid? into the water, as a vessel; hurl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put to sea; expatiate in language; plunge; enter on a new career: n. the act of launching a vessel; plunge; the largest boat of a man- of-war; a large open pleasure-boat usually propelled by steam, gas, or electricity. laundress (lawn'dres), n. a washer- woman. laundry (lawn'dri), n. [pi. laundries (lawn'driz)], a place where clothes are washed and ironed. laureate (law're-at). adj. decked or invested with laurel: n. one crowned with laurel ; poet-laureate. In Eng- land, originally expected to write for the diversion or laudatism of the court, but now doing so at his pleas- ure only, or on the occasion of some great national event, as a battle (Tennyson's "Balaklava") or the death of a monarch (Austin's Elegy on Queen Victoria) . laurel (law'rel), n. an evergreen shrub; crown or wreath of laurel: hence honor; distinction. laureled (law'reld), adj. crowned with laurel. lava (la/va), n. molten volcanic mat- ter. [Italian.] lavatory _(lav'a-to-ri) , n, [pi. lavatories (lay'a-to-riz)], a place for washing; retiring-room. [Latin.] lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. lavender (lav'en-der) , m an aromatic plant gruwn for its oil and for the delicate perfume which is in its oil. laver (la/ver), n. a large vessel for ^ashing in, especially the brazen laver of the Jewish tabernacle and temple used by the priests. lavish (lav'ish), adj. profuse; extrav- agant: v.t. expend or bestow with profusion; squander; waste. law (law), n. a rule of action estab- lished by authority; edict, statute, or custom; act or enactment of a legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- dicial process; rule or axiom of science or art; the Mosaic code. lawful (law'fool), adj. agreeable or comformable to law; just; legal. lawfully (law'f oo-li) , adv. legally, justly. lawless (law'les), adj. not obedient to or controlled by law; not according to law; ungoverned; unruly. lawn (lawn), n. a plot of grass kept closely mown; fine cambric used for the sleeves of a bishop's gown: hence the office of a bishop. t lawn- tennis (lawn-ten'is) , n. an out- door game played with rackets, balls, and a net. lawsuit (law'sut), n. an action at law. lawyer (law'yer), n. one skilled in legal knowledge; one, especially a solicitor, who practices in the law- courts; a skilled exponent of the Mosaic law. lax (laks), adj. loose; vague; weak. laxative (laks'a-tiv), adj. loosening; purgative. laxity (laks'i-ti), n. the state or qual- ity of being lax. Also laxness. lay (la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. laid, p.pr. lay- ing], to put or place; spreaa over; cause to lie down; settle; calm; bring forward; wager; deposit; exercise; set or place secretly; impose; im- pute: v.i. to produce eggs: n. rela- tive arrangement; particular busi- ness; share of profits; a simple song- adj. pertaining to the people, as dis- tinguished from the clergy; non- professional. layer (la/er), n. a stratum, row, or bed; runner of a plant fastened down and covered with earth for propagation. layette (la-et')» n.. the preparations for the comfort and care of an ex- pected infant. [French.] lay- figure (la-fig'ur), n. an artist's jointed model for hanging drapery upon; a mere puppet. laying (la'ing), n. a sitting of eggs; the first coat of plaster. layman (la/man), n. [pi. laymen (la/men)], one of the people, as dis- tinguished from a clergyman; a non- professional man. lazaretto (laz-a-ret'o), n. a hospital for persons suffering with infectious diseases; a ship's store-room. Also lazaret. [Italian.] lazily (la/zi-li), adv. in a lazy man- ner. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LAZINESS 496 LEAVE laziness (la/zi-nes), n. indolence; slug- gishness. lazulite (laz'u-llt), n. an azure blue mineral. lazy (la/zi), adj. [comp. lazier, superl. laziest], idle; indolent; slothful. lazzarone (laz-a-ro'ne) , n. [pi. laz- zaroni (laz-a-ro'ni)], a Neapolitan loafer who seldom works. [Italian.] lea (le), n. a meadow. leach (lech), v.t. to pass water through (ashes) to form lye. lead .(led), n. a soft heavy ductile bluish-grey metal; a plummet for sounding depths at sea; a thin strip of type-metal for separating lines; a stick of graphite; a sheet of lead: adj. consisting, wholly or partially, of lead: v.i. to furnish with lead. lead (led), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. led, p.pr. leading], to conduct with the hand; guide or conduct; precede; allure; induce; spend or use: v.i. to take precedence; act as a, leader; play the first card or domino: n. guidance; precedence; the right to play first. leaded (led'ed), p. adj. separated by leads; set in, or covered with, lead. leaden (led'en) , adj. made of, or colored like, lead; heavy; sluggish. leader (led'er), n. one who leads; the chief editorial article of a news- paper; tendon; the foremost horse in a string. leaderette (led-er-ef) , n. a short newspaper leader, leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one of the thin flat parts of a plant; anything thinly beaten; something resembling a leaf; part of a book containing two pages; a valved part of a table, shutter, &c. leafage (lef'aj), n. leaves collectively. leaflet (lef'let), n. a small leaf; a tract or folding circular. leafy (lef 'i) , adj. [comp. leafier, superl. leafiest], full of leaves. league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- tual interests as in the Land League in Ireland; the Golden Circle be- fore our Civil War, &c. ; confederacy; three geographical miles: v.t. to com- bine for mutual interests: v.i. to con- federate. leak (lek), n. a hole which lets in water: v.i. to let water in or out through a hole, &c. leakage (lek'aj), n. the state of a ves- sel that leaks; allowance for loss by leakage. leal (lei), adj. true-hearted. [Scotch.] lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, leant, p.pr. leaning], to incline or deviate from an upright position: v.t. to cause to lean; rest: adj. thin; sterile. lean-to (len'too), n. a building whose rafters rest on another building; penthouse. leap (lep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. leaped, leapt, p.pr. leaping], to pass over by leaping; jump or spring over: v.i. to jump; vault: n. the act of leaping; jump; spring; the space passed in leaping. Leap Year (yer), n. a year of 366 days, when February has 29 days every year divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 but not by 400. learn (lern), v.t. [p.t. t & p.p. learned, learnt, p.pr. learning], to acquire knowledge of; fix in the mind: v.i. to gain or receive knowledge or skill. learned (lern'ed), p. adj. erudite; skilled. learning (lern'ing), n. skill in litera- ture, languages, or science; knowl- edge acquired. lease (les), n. a written contract for the letting of land or tenements for a specified number of years; period: v.t. to let by; a written contract; take a lease oi._ leasehold (les'hold), n. property held by lease: adj. held on lease. leash (lesh), n. a thong by which a hawk or hound is held; a brace and a half; three; a band by which anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind by a leash. least (lest), adj. smallest in degree, size, value, importance, &c: adv. in the lowest or smallest degree. leather (le^/er), n. the tanned and curried skin of an animal; anything made of, or resembling, leather. leatherback (lei/i'er-bak), n. the soft- shelled turtle. leatherette (\eth-er- et') , n. imitation leather. leathern (let'em)., adj. made of, or resembling, leather. leave (lev), n. permission granted; departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. LEAVEN 497 LEGGINGS left, p.pr. leaving], to depart from; forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist from; refer for decision: v.i. to de- part; go away. leaven (lev'n), v.L to produce fer- mentation in; taint; imbue: n. fer- ment mixed with a body to render it light; any influence working silently and strongly that causes changes in things or opinions. lecher (lecb'er), n. a lewd man. lecherous (lech'er-us) , adj. lustful. lechery (lech'er-i), n. lustfulness; lewdness. lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading desk of a church. lection (lek'shun), n. leading; a por- tion of the Scriptures to be read in the church service. lectionary (lek'shun-a-ri) , n. a table of lessons. lector (lek'ter), n. one of the minor orders of the Roman Catholic Church; a reader. lecture (lek'tur) , n. a formal discourse on any subject; reprimand: v.i. to deliver a lecture: v.t. to reprimand. ledge (lej), n. a shelf; ridge; layer; edge. ledger (lej'er), n. the principal account book of a mercantile house. ledger-line (lej'er-lln), n. the line either above or below the staff [Mus.]. lee (le), n. the side # or quarter to- wards which the wind blows; calm or sheltered side. leech (lech), n. an aquatic worm fur- nished with a sucker, used in medi- cine for bleeding: formerly the name for a physician: v.t. to bleed with leeches. leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of the onion family with a bulbous root. leer (ler), n. ^ a sly, sidelong look indicative of malice, triumph, or lasciviousness : v.i. to look with a leer. lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor. leeward (le'werd and loo'ard), n. in the direction towards which the wind blows: n. lee side. leeway (le'wa); n. the lateral drift of a vessel to leeward of her course; arrears. left (left), adj. opposite to right: n. the side opposite to right: p.t."& p.p. of leave. left-handed (lef t-han'ded) , adj. using the left hand with greater strength or dexterity than the right; awk- ward; malicious; irregular. leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by which men and animals walk, espe- cially in man between the knee and the ankle; anything resembling a leg, especially if used as a support; a covering for the leg; one of the fielders in cricket. legacy (leg'a-si), n. [pi. legacies (leg'a- siz)], a gift by will of money or property; bequest. legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; permitted or authorized by law; legitimate. legalism (le'gal-izm) , n. close adher- ence or conformity to law; the observance of the strict letter or the law rather than its spirit. legality (le-gal'i-ti) , n. conformity to law. legalize (le'gal-iz), v.t. to make lawful; sanction. legally (le'ga-li), adv. lawfully. legal-tender (le-gaMen'der) , n. money issued by legislative act and whose acceptance in payment of debts is obligatory^ legate (leg'at), n. a papal ambassa- dor; envoy. legatee (leg-a-te'), n. a person to whom a legacy is bequeathed. legatine (leg-a-tenO , adj. pertaining to a legate. legation (le-ga'shun) , n.an embassy; ambassador; the official residence of an ambassador. legato (le-ga'to)^ adv. a term or direc- tion in music indicated by a curve, and meaning "smoothly," i.e., that the transition of one note to one on another s-ale should be done glid- ingly. [Italian.] legend (lefend), n. a romantic or non-historical story; myth; fable; inscription, as on a coin, coat of arms, &c. [Latin.] legendary (lej'end-a-ri), adj. fabulous; mythical. legerdemain (lej 'er-de-man') , n. sleight of hand ; nimbleness of touch and movement as in juggling. [French.] legged (legd or leg'ed), adj. having legs. leggings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long gaiters. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 32 hue, hut ; think, then. •LEGHOKlN 498 LENS Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or hat made of finely plaited Leghorn straw ; a variety of domestic fowl. legibility (lej-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being legible. Also legibleness. legible (leg'i-bl), adj. capable of being read; clear; distinct; apparent. legibly (lej'i-bh), adz;. clearly; distinctly. legion (le'jun), n. a division of the ancient Roman army, numbering under the Republic about 4000 men, and later 6000 men. The name is also given to other military or semi-military bodies, either under the control of the State as the Legion of Honor in France, or other- wise, as the Loyal Legion in this country; a great number; host. [Latin.] legionary (le'jun-a-ri) , adj. pertain- ing to, or consisting of, legions; in- numerable: n. a soldier of a Roman legion. [Latin.] legislate (lej'is-lat), v.i. to make or enact a law: v.t. to effect by legis- lation. [Latin.] legislation (lej-is-la'shun), n. the act of making a law or laws. legislative (lej'is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to, or enacted by, legislation; having the power to legislate: n. the legislature. legislator (lej'is-la-ter), n. a lawgiver; a member of a legislative assembly. Legislature (lej'is^-la-tur), n. that body in a state which is invested with the power of enacting and repealing laws; the legislative body of a state or territory. [Latin.] legitimacy m (le-jit'i-ma-si), n. the state of being legitimate; lawfulness of birth. legitimate (le-jit'i-mat), adj. lawful; born in wedlock; real; logically cor- rect: v.t. to make, or sanction as, lawful; render legitimate. Also le- gitimize. legitimately (le-jit'i-mat-li), adv. in a legitimate n leipoa (ll-po'a), n. the native pheas- ant of Australia. leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj. free frombusiness ; unoccupied. leisured (le'zhurd), adj. having lei- sure. leisurely (le'zhur-li) , adj. done at lei* sure; deliberate: adv. at leisure. lemma (lem'ma), originally the theme of a lyric song ; in mathe- matics a minor proposition subor- dinate to the principal one, and solved by like principles. [Greek.] lemon (lem'un), n. the acid fruit of Citrus Limonurn\ m the color of a lemon: adj. pertaining to, or of the color of, a lemon. lemonade (lem-un-ad') , n. a beverage of sweetened or aerated water fla- vored with lemon. lemur (le'mer), n. a small nocturnal animal allied to the monkeys; in Roman mythology, the ghosts of those who had no burial, and who appeared as mischief-makers to the farmers. The feast of the Lemuralia, on May 9th, 11th, and 13th, was held for the purpose of pacifying the Lemures. lend (lend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lent, p. pr, lending], to grant to another for temporary use; accommodate: v.i, to make a loan. lene (le'ne), adj. unaspirated. length (length), n. the measure of anything from end to end; extent; duration; reach; forty-two lines of an actor's part. lengthen (lengthen), v.t. to make long or longer: v.i. to grow longer. lengthily (length'i-li) , adv. at great length. lengthwise ( length 'wiz) , adv. in the direction of the length. lengthy (length'i), adj. long and tiresome. _ leniency (le'ni-en-si) , n. clemency. lenient (le'ni-ent) , adj. mild; merci- ful. legitimation (le-jit-i-ma'shun), n. the lenitive (len'i-tiv), adj. assuaging; act of making legitimate or lawful. legume (le-guna'), n. a two-valved seed-vessel having its seeds attached to one side only, as a pea-pod. [French.] legumin (le-gu r min), n. vegetable casein. emollient. lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- ity. leno (le'no), n. a kind of cotton gauze. len 5 ? (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, glass adapted for changing the di- rection of rays of light and thus ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. LEXT 499 LEUCORRHCEA magnifying or diminishing the ap- parent size of objects; the crystal- line humor of the eye. Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday to Easter eve. Lenten (lent'en), adj. pertaining to Lent. lenticular (len-tik'u-lar) , adj. dou- bly convex. lentil (len'til), n. a leguminous plant: pi. its orbicular seeds, used for food. Leonid (le'o-nid), n. one of the me- teors that fall in showers during November of certain years, their chief point being in the constellation Leo. leonine (le'o-nln), adj. like a lion; powerful; kingly = leopard (lep'ard)^ n. sl large cat-like beast of prey, with a beautiful spot- ted skin. leper (lep'er), n. one affected with lep- rosy. leprosy (lep'ro-si), n. m [pl. t leprosies (lep'ro-siz)], a chronic skin disease characterized by ulcers and white scaly scabs. leprous (lep'rus), adj. infected with leprosy; covered with white scales; unclean. lepto, a Greek prefix meaning small, slender, delicate, occurring in various scientific words, as leptocephsily, smallness and narrowness of the skull, as in certain races. Also lept. lese-majeste (las-ma-zhes-ta'), n. a crime against royalty or the sover- eign power; treason^ [French.] lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid change in a function or organism. less (les), adj. (used as comparative of little), not so much; smaller: adv. in a smaller or lower degree: n. a smaller quantity: suffix meaning absence of a quality, without, as soulZess, worthZess, &c. lessee (les-e')i n. a person to whom a lease is granted lessen (les 'en), v.t. to make less; re- duce. lesser (les'er), adj. a double compara- tive of less. lesson (les'n), ??. that which a pupil learns, or repeats, or does for a tutor; instruction # or lecture given at one time; exercise; precept; a portion of Scripture read at divine service, a, (Latin, "We command"), n. a writ issued by a superior court directing the person or inferior court to whom it is issued to perform some specified act. mandarin (man-da-ren'), n. in China, an official or magistrate, of whom there are nine classes, each being dis- tinguished by a particular kind of button worn on the cap ; a variety of orange: v.t. to dye (silk, &c), an orange color produced by the action of dilute nitric acid on the fiber; a small orange whose skin is loose and easily removed from its fruit. mandarinate (man-da-ren'at) , n. mandarins collectively. mandarin duck (duk), n. an Asiat- ic duck with handsome plumage. mandatary (man'da-ta-ri) , n. a per- son to whom a mandate is given ; one to whom the Pope has, by his pre- rogative, given a mandate or order for his benefice. Also mandatory. mandate (man'dat), n. an order; com- mand; Papal rescript._ mandatory (man'da-to-ri), adj. con- taining a mandate ; directory. mandible (man'di-bl), n. the jaw; in vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, both jaws: in insects and crusta- ceans, the anterior pair. mandolin (man'do-lin) , n. a musical instrument of the guitar kind. mandrake (man'drak), n. sl plant of the nightshade family, with narcotic properties. mandrel (man'drel), n. the shank of a lathe on which the work to be turned is placed; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. Also mandril. mandrill (man'dril), n. the blue-faced baboon of Africa. Also mandril. mane (man), n. the long hair on the neck of certain quadrupeds, as the horse. manege (ma-nazh'), n. # the art of horsemanship ; the training of horses; a school for horsemanship. manes (ma/nez), n.pl. the shades of the departed; the deities of the in- fernal regions. [Latin.] maneuver, manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver), n. adroit management or operation in military or naval affairs ; skilful or dexterous management; stratagem: v.i. to perform maneuvers with troops or war vessels; manage with adroitness or address. manful (man'fool), adj. courageous; resolute. manfully (man'f oo-li) , adv. bravely; resolutely. manganate # (mang'ga-nat) , n. a salt of manganic acid. manganese (mang'ga-nez) , n. a grey- colored, hard and brittle metallic element. mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- ease of dogs, cattle, &c. manger (manner), n. a feeding trough for horses or cattle. manginess (man'ji-nes) , the state of being mangy. mangle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacerate; mutilate; hack; to smooth with a mangle: n. a machine for smoothing linen. mangier (mang'gler), n. a meat-chop- ping machine; one who mangles. mango (mang'go), n. [pi. mangoes ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 36 hue, hut ; think, then. MANGO-FISH 522 MANOMETER unang'goz)], the fruit of the mango tree. mango-fish (mang'go-fish), n. a, hand- some yellow-colored edible fish of the Ganges. mangosteen (mang'go-sten), n. a deli- cious fruit of the size of an orange growing in Java and the Moluccas. Also mangostan. mangrove (mang'grov), n. an East and West Indian tree yielding < an edible fruit : its bark is used in tanning. mangy (man'ji), adj. affected with the mange; unkept. man-handle (man'han-dl), v.t. to m.iwl; bruise, mistreat. manhood (man'hood), n. human na- ture; manliness. mania (ma/ni-a), n. violent insanity; intense excitement; excessive or un- reasonable desire. maniac (ma'ni-ak), adj. affected with mania: n. a madman. manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of the hands, nails, &c; also one who engages in manicuring. manifest (man'i-fe^t), adj. clear; plain; apparent: v.t. to make manifest; place beyond doubt: n. the invoice of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- tom-house officials. manifesto (man-i-fes'to) , n. [pl. m mani- festoes (man- i-fes'toz)], a public dec- laration concerning political meas- ures or intentions. manifold (man'i-fold) , adj. various in kind or quality; numerous; multi- plied; complicated: adv. many times: v.t. to reduplicate by means of a manifold- writer. manifold- writer (ri'ter), n. an ap- paratus for reduplicating a writing by means of thin tracing paper. manikin (man'i-kin), n. a dwarf; a model of the human body for ana- tomical study. Also mannikin. manila, manilla (ma-nil'a), n. a kind of cheroot manufactured at Manila in the Philippine Islands; a hemp used for ropes, matting, &c, made from the fibers of Musa textilis, allied to the banana. manioc (man'i-ok), n. a tropical plant from the roots of which tapioca, cas- sava and manioca are prepared. maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of scarf worn on the left arm by a priest at mass; a company in an ancient Ro- man legion. manipulate (ma-nip 'ii-lat ),?;.£. to op- erate or work by means of the hands; treat ; control the action of, by man- agement; falsify: v.i. % to use the hands, especially in scientific opera- tions, or mechanical processes. manipulation (ma-nip-u-la/shun) , n. the act or process of manipulating; manual dexterity ; falsification. manipulative (ma-nip 'u-la-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or performed by. manipulation. manipulator (ma-nip 'u-la-ter), n. one who manipulates. manis (ma/nis),n. the scaly ant-eater. Manitou (man'i-too), n. the Great Spirit of the North American Indi- ans. manliness (man'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being manly. manly (man'li), adj. having the ehar- acteiistics of a man; courageous, noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like a man. manna (man'a), n. a name given by the Israelites to the food miracu- lously supplied in the wilderness (Ex. xvi. 15) ; the sweet laxative juice exuded from certain species of ash of Southern Europe. manner (man'er), n. method; mode of action; habit; custom; sort; mien; aspect; style; fashion: pi. deport- ment; morals; behavior. mannerism (man'er-izm), n. a pecu- liarity of style, action, or bearing, especially if constrained 01 affected. mannerist (man'er-ist), n .one who carries characteristic peculiarities to excess. mannerly (man'er-li), adj. polite; complaisant; respectful: adv. po- litely; respectfully. mannish (man'ish), adj. masculine. manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver), see maneu- ver. Man- of- blood (man-ov-blud), n. the Puritan designation for King Charles I. of England. man-of-war (man-ov-wawr'), n. [pi. men-of-war], a large ship of war. manometer (ma-nom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for determining the den- sity of the air or other gas from its elastic force. ite, arm, at, awl me, mcrgr*s met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. MANOR 523 MARA CD manor (man'er), n. the district over which a Lutial lord held authority, and subject to the jurisdiction of his court-baron; the land belonging to a lord, or so much as he formerly re- served for his own use ; a tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a fee-farm rent to the owner. manorial (ma-no 'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a manor. mansard roof (man'sard roof), n. a roof which has on all sides two slopes, the lower being steeper than the upper. The mansard roof gets its name from the French architect Mansard, and was once largely built in France. manse (mans), n. the residence of a Presbyterian parochial minister. [Scotch.] mansion (man'shun), n. a large and handsome dwelling house. manslaughter (man'slaw-ter), n. the unlawful killing ^ of a human being, but without malice or premeditation. mantel (man'tel), n. & narrow orna- mental slab above a fireplace. Also mantelpiece. mantelet (man-tel-et'), n. a kind of movable parapet for the protection of the pioneers; a small mantel; a besieging party. Also mantlet. mantilla (man-til'a) , n. a lady's light cloak or hood. [Spanish.] mantle (man'tl), n. & loose cloak or cape; the external fold of the skin of the body of mollusks; a conical Qet-work that becomes incandescent when heated: used over a gas jet, &c, to increase the brilliancy of the light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a mantle; conceal: v.i. expand or spread out. mantua-maker (man'tu-a-ma'ker) , n. a dress-maker. manual (man'u-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, the hands: n. a handy compendium; the service book of the Roman Catholic Church; the keyboard of an organ or harmo- nium. manufactory (man-u-fak'to-ri), n. [pi. manufactories (man-u-fak'to- riz)], the place where goods are manufactured. manufacture (man-u-f ak'tur) , v.t. to make or fabricate from raw mate- rials; produce artificially: v.i. to ha occupied in manufactures: n. the conversion of raw materials into articles for use.' the thing manu- factured. manufacturing (man-u-fak'tur-ing), adj. pertaining to. or used in, manu- facture. manumission (man-u-mish'un) , n. the act of liberating from slavery; emancipation. manumit (man-u-nnV), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. manumitted, p.pr. manumit- ting], to set free from slavery. manure (ma-nur'). n. any_ fertilizing substance used _ for enriching the soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing substances. rnanus (ma'nus), n. the hand. manuscript (man'u-skript), adj. writ- ten: n. a book or paper written by hand. Manx (mangks), adj. pertaining to the Isle of Man, to its inhabitants, or to the old language of the island. See key. many (men'i), adj. [co?np. more, superl. most], numerous; consisting of a great number: n. & great num- ber; multitude; people. Maori (ma'o-ri, or mou'ri), adj. per- taining to the Mao: is, or aborigines of New Zealand, or to their lan- guage. map (map), n. a representation of the earth or some portion of it on a plane surface ; a representation of the heavens: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mapped, p.pr. mapping], to delineate or lay down in a map; describe clearly; sketch or plan. [Latin.] maple (ma 'pi), n. a tree of several species of the genus Acer, from one of which the rock-maple sugar is extracted. mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, p.pr. marring], to disfigure: injure; damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- ment; injury. marabou (mar'a-boo), n. a large Af- rican stork, with handsome feathers. marabout (mar'a-boot), n. a Mo- hammedan saint, who professes to cure diseases by supernatural power. marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. maraud (ma-rawd'), v.i. to rove in search of plunder. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MARBLE 524 MARLINE-SPIKE marble (mar'bl), n. a, hard lime- stone of various colors capable of taking a fine polish; anything re- sembling marble; a small ball of marble or stone: adj. made of, or like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: v.t. to stain or vein like marble. March (march), n. the third month of the year, named from Mars, the Roman god of war. march (march), n. a regular, meas- ured walk, especially of soldiers; steady onward movement ; a musical composition for the accompaniment of troops; frontier; borderland: v.t. to cause to move in a regular meas- ured walk, as troops: v.i. to move with regular, steps, or in military form. marchioness (mar'shun-es) , n. the wife or widow of a marquis. marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram) , n. a message sent by Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy. Mardi Gras (mar'de gra), n. Shrove Tuesday, the last day of Carnival. mare (mar), n. the female of the horse. mare's-nest (marz'nest), n. some fancied discovery which proves to be a hoax. mare's- tail (marz'tal), n. an aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris; a cir- rhus cloud. margarine (mar'ga-rin) , n. artificial butter. Also oleomargarine. margin (mar'jin), n. border; the part of a page at the edge not printed upon ; reserved amount ; latitude : v.t. to furnish with a margin; enter on the margin of a page. marginal (mar'gi-nal) , adj. pertain- ing to, or placed on, a margin. marginalia (mar-ji-na/li-a), n.pl. mar- ginal notes. marginate (mar'jin-at), adj. having a margin. Also marginated. margosa (mar-go'sa), n. an East In- dian tree yielding a valuable oil and tonic bark. margot (mar'got), n. a variety of perch. mar gra vat e (mar 'gra- vat ) , n. the do- main or jurisdiction of a margrave. margrave (mar 'gra v), n. a German title of nobility. Fern, margravine. marigold (mar'i-gold) , n. a plant with showy yellow flowers of various genera. marine (ma-ren'), adj. pertaining to, living in, or formed by, the sea; naval; near to the sea; used at sea: n. a soldier who serves on a war- ship; the navy of a nation; naval affairs; collective shipping of a country. [Latin.] mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. marionette (mar-i-o-nef) , n. a pup- pet moved by strings. marital (mar'i-tal), adj. pertaining to marriage. maritime (mar'i-tim), adj. pertaining to, connected with, or bordering upon, the sea; naval. marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus of aromatic plants, containing the sweet marjoram. mark (mark), n. a visible sign by which anything is known; impres- sion; evidence; target; a character made as a substitute for writing; an old Scotch coin = 273^ cents; a current German coin and monetary unit = 24 M cents; a former Euro- pean unit of weight = about 8 ounces: v.t. to make a mark upon; notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- guish; take notice of; single out: v.i. to observe critically; take note. markedly (mark'ed-li) , adv. distinctly; publicly. marker (mark'er), n. one who, or that which, marks; a counter in card- playing; one who registers the score at billiards. market (mar'ket), n. a public place for the sale or purchase of commodi- ties; market place; rate or price: v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. marking (marking), adj. having the quality to produce a mark: n. the mark made; arrangement of marks or coloring. marksman (marks'man), n. [pi. marksmen (marks 'men)], one skilful in shooting. marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- gled with clay and carbonate of lime : used as a manure: v.t. to manure with marl; to wind with marlines. marline (mar'lin), n. a two-stranded cord used for winding round ropes, splicing, &c. marline-spike (mar'lin-splk) , n. a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MARLING 525 MARTINGALE pointed piece of iron used for open- ing the strands of a rope in splicing. Also marling-spike. marling (marking), n. the act of winding with marlines. m marly (mar'li), adj. containing, or like, marl. marmalade (mar'ma-lad) , n. a con- fection made of oranges or other fruit. marmose (mar'mos), n. a species of small opossum. marmoset (mar'mo-zet) , n. a species of small American monkey. marmot (mar'mot), n. the Alpine rat; prairie dog. maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- gitive slave in the West Indies; one who is marooned: v.t. to place and abandon on a desert island: adj. of a brownish-crimson color. marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- trates some plan by his officious in- terference. marque (mark), n. a license granted by a state to a private vessel to make reprisals at sea on the ships of another nation. Hence this license is called "a letter of marque and reprisal." marquetry (mar'ket-ri) , n. inlaid work. marquis (mar'kwis), n. a nobleman ranking next below a duke. [French.] Fern, marchioness. [Latin and Old High German.] marquisate (mar'kwis-at) , n. the dignity, or lordship of a marquis. marriage (mar'aj), n. the act of le- gally uniting a man and woman in wedlock; marriage ceremony. marriageability (mar-aj-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being marriageable. marriageable (mar'aj-a-bl), adj. fit, or of an age, to be married. married (mar'id), p.adj. united in wed- lock; conjugal. marrow (mar'o), n. the medulla or oily tissue which fills the cavities of bones; the essence of anything; a vegetable marrow. marrow-bone (mar'6-bon), n. a bone containing marrow: pi. the knees. marrow-fat (mar'o-iat), n. a late variety of pea. marry (mar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. married, p.pr. marrying], to unite as husband and wife; wed: v.i. to enter into the state of wedlock: inter j. By Mary! forsooth! Mars (marz), n. one of the planets: from the Roman god of war. Marseillaise # (mar-sa-yaz'), n. the French national anthem, composed by Rouget de l'lsle, 1792, at the time of first French Revolution. Under Napoleon III. (1852-1870) it was suppressed but restored at the open- ing of the Franco-Prussian War. marseilles (mar-salz'), n. a double cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. marsh (marsh), n. a swampy tract of land. marshal (mar'shal), n. an official of high rank who superintends and regulates state ceremonials; a pur- suivant ; in the French army, the highest military officer; _ a sheriff: v.t. to arrange or dispose in order. marshiness (mar'shi-nes) , n. the state of being marshy. marshy (mar'shi) , adj. swampy ; grow- ing in marshes. marsupial (mar-su'pi-al) , adj. per- taining to the Marsupialia: n. one of the Marsupialia. Marsupialia (mar-su-pi-a/li-a) , n.pL a sub-class of mammals that carry their young in a marsupium or ex- ternal pouch, as the opossum and kangaroo. mart (mart), n. a market; purchase and sale. martagon (mar'ta-gon), n. a variety of lily with purple-red flowers; the Turk's cap. marten (mar'ten), n. a small carniv- orous animal of the weasel kind. martial (mar'shal) , adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, war; military. martial law (law T ), n. a code of reg- ulations enforced by the military power and applicable to civilians in^ time of w T ar, insurrection, or when the habeas corpus act is suspended. martially (rnar'sna-li), adv. in a mar- tial manner. m martin (mar 'tin) , n. one of several spe- cies of birds allied to the swallow. m martinet (mar-ti-net') , n. a strict dis- ciplinarian: pi. small fines fastened to the leech of a sail. martingale (mar'tin-gal) , n. a broad strap passing from the nose-band to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; b66n, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MARTYR 526 MASTER the girth of a horse, between its fore legs, to keep its head down; a lower stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- boom. martyr (mar'ter), n. one who testifies by his death to his faith or principles ; one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put to death for adherence to some be- lief, especially Christianity ; perse- cute; torture; destroy. martyrdom (mar'ter-dum) , n. the death or sufferings of a martyr. martyr olo gist (mar-ter-ol'o-jist), n. a writer of martyrology. martyrology (mar-ter-ol'o-ji), n. a register or history of martyrs. marvel (mar'vel), n. something extra- ordinary and" astonishing ; a prodigy : v.i. to be struck with astonishment; wonder. marvelous (mar'vel-us), adj. exciting wonder; incredible. Marxism (marks'izm), n. the doctrines of Karl Marx (1818-1883); another name for State Socialism, which would have all capital concentrated in the hands of the government which would distribute it equably among the people. mascle (mas'kl), n. a lozenge-shaped scale of a coat of armor; in her- aldry, a lozenge perforated. mascot (mas'kot), n. sl person or thing that brings good fortune. Feminine mascotte. [French.] masculine (mas'ku-lin), adj. pertain- ing to, having the qualities of, or suitable for, a man; manly; power- ful; robust; coarse; noting the male gender in grammar. mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy mass; a mixture of bran and water for horses; bruised malt, &c, steeped in hot water for making wort: v.t. to mix with hot water (as malt) in brewing; convert into a mash or soft pulpy state; to inspire love in. masher (mash'er), n. one who imperti- nently m endeavors to make himself attractive to, or engage the attention of, women. [Slang.] mask (mask), n. a cover or partial cover to conceal the face; pretext or subterfuge; a masquerade: v.t. to conceal with, or as with, a mask cover or hold in check: v.i. to take part in a masquerade ; be disguised. mason (ma'sn), n. a builder in stone; a Freemason. Masonic (ma-son'ik), adj. pertaining to Freemasons or to their craft. masonry (ma'sn-ri), n. the art or occu- pation of a mason; materials used by masons; Freemasonry. masque (mask), n. a masquerade. masquerade (mas-ker-ad'), n. a ball or festive gathering where masks are worn; a disguise: v.t. to cover with a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part in a masquerade. mass (mas), n. a large quantity; lump; body of things collectively; the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church; a mu- sical setting for certain parts of such a celebration: pi. common people (with the) : v.t. & v.i. to collect into a mass or body massacre (mas'a-ker), n. indiscrimi- • nate slaughter with unnecessary cruel- ty: v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately with unnecessary cruelty. massage (ma-sazh'), n. a method of medical treatment by rubbing or kneading the body. masse (ma-sa/), n. in billiards, a sharp stroke made with the cue perpen- dicular or nearly so. masseter (mas'e-ter), n. the short thick muscle that raises the lower jaw. masseur (ma-ser'), n. one who per- forms the operation of massage. Feminine masseuse 'ma-sez'). [French.] massicot (mas'i-kot), n. yellow oxide of lead. massive (mas'iv), adj. weighty; heavy; bulky; imperfectly and irregularly crystallized. massively (mas'iv-li), adv. in a mass. massiveness (mas'iv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being massive. massy (mas'i), adj. massive. mast (mast), n. a long round piece of timber or iron tube, either entire, or formed of parts, raised vertically on the keel of a vessel to support the sails; acorns and beech-nuts. masthead (mast'hed), n. the top part of a mast: v.t. to send to the mast- head as a nautical punishment. master (mas'ter), n. one who rules or commands others; director; em- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MASTERLESS 527 MATHEMATICAL ployer; owner; head of a household, college, school, &c; an expert; com- mander of a merchant-vessel; a uni- versity degree; appellation given to boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or overcome: v.i. excel. masterless (mas'ter-les), adj. without a master or guardian. inastery (mas'ter-i), n. dominion; pre- eminence ; eminent skill. m mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained from the mastic tree; used as a var- nish. masticable (mas'ti-ka-bl) , adj. ca- pable of being masticated. masticate (mas'ti-kat), v.t. to grind with the teeth; chew._ mastication # (mas-ti-ka'shun) , n. the act of masticating; chewing. masticator (mas'ti-ka-ter), m n. one who, or that which, masticates; a machine for mincing meat or cutting leather, &c, into small pieces. masticatory (mas'ti-ka-to-ri), adj. adapted for chewing. mastiff (mas'tif), n. a variety of large dog. mastodon (mas y to-don) , n. an extinct genus of mammals, allied to the ele- phant. mastoid (mas'toid) , adj. breast-like. masturbation (mas-ter-ba'shun) , n. self-pollution. mat (mat), n.^ a texture of various fibrous materials, used for cleansing the feet, &c; a web of rope^yard; an ornamental article on which to place things at table: v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. matted, p.pr. matting], to cover with mats ; entangle or inter- weave. matador (ma-ta-dor') , n. the man who kills the bull in a bull-fight ; one of the three principal cards at omber and quadrille. [Spanish.] match (niach), n. anything that read- ily ignites; a lucifer; anything which agrees with or suits another thing; an equal; game or contest; mar- riage; one to be gained in marriage: v.t. to be equal to; set against or oppose as an equal: v.t. to harmonize with; to equal. matchboard (mach'bord), n. sl thin plank used for wainscoting, &c. matchlock (mach'lok), n. an old kind of musket fired by applying burning tow to the fire-pan. matchmaker (mach'mak-er) , n. one who seeks to arrange marriages. mate (mat), n. a companion or asso- ciate; an equal; the male and female of animals associated for propaga- tion; an officer in the merchant ser- vice ranking below the captain; checkmate: v.t. to match; be equal to; marry. mate (ma'ta), n. a tea made of the dried leaves of Brazilian holly; used largely in South America. matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- posed of_various kinds of fish. mater (ma/ter), n. (Latin, a mother) one of the two membranes (dura mater, pia mater) covering the brain. materfamilias (ma'ter-fa-mil'i-as), n. the mistress of a family or house- hold. material (ma-te'ri-al) , adj. consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; essential: n. the substance of which anything is made. materialism (ma-te'ri-al-izm), n. the doctrine that all spiritual phenomena are the result of organized matter. materialist (ma-te'ri-al-ist), n. one who holds the doctrine of material- ism. materialistic (ma-te-ri-al-is'tik), adj. pertaining to materialism. materiality (ma-te-ri-al'i-ti) , n. ma- terial existence. materialize (ma-te'ri-al-iz), v.t. to invest with material characteristics. materially (ma-te'ri-a-li), adv. es- sentially. materia medica (ma-te'ri-a med'i- ka), a name for the various sub- stances employed in medicine. materiel (ma-tanrihel') . n. the baggage, munitions, provisions of an army, &c. [French.] maternal (ma-ter'nal) , adj. motherly. maternally (ma-ter'na-li), adv. like a mother. maternity (ma-ter'ni-ti), n. the char- acter or relationship of a mother. math (math), n. a mowing; mathe- matics. mathematical (math-e-mat'ik-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, mathematics ; theoretically precise. Also mathematics. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, tlien. MATHEMATICALLY 528 MAUL-STICK mathematically (math-e-mat'i-ka-li) , adv. by mathematics. mathematician (math-e-ma-tish'an) , n. one who is skilled in mathematics. mathematics (math-e-mat'iks), n. the science of number and space. matico (ma-te'ko), n. a Peruvian plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful styptic to stop blood. matin (mat 'in), adj. pertaining to the morning or to matins: n.pl. morning prayer; in the Roman Catholic Church the first canonical hour. matinee (mat-i-na/), n. a reception or musical or dramatic perform- ance held in the daytime. [French.] matriarch (ma'tri-ark) , n. a mother who in one period of ancient his- tory ruled the family, and also the tribe. At this time, men were not husbands, but were merely chosen by any woman according to her fancy. See polyandry. matriarchate (ma-tri-ark'at) , n. the position and rank of a matriarch or a woman ruler. See patriarchate. matricidal (mat'ri-si-dal) , adj. per- taining to matricide. [Latin.] matricide (mat'ri-sid), n. the murder of a mother by a son or daughter; one who murders one's mother. matriculate (ma-trik'u-lat), v.t. to admit to the membership of a college or university by entering one's name in a register: v.i. to be admitted as a member or student of a college, &c. matriculation (ma-trik-u-la/shun) , n. the act of registering and admitting as a matriculated student. # [Latin.] _ matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. pertaining to marriage; nuptial; connubial. matrimonially (mat-ri-mo'ni-a-li), adv. in a matrimonial relation. matrimony (mat'ri-mo-ni) , n. mar- riage. [Latin.] matrix (ma/triks), n. [pi. matrices (mat'ri-sez)], the womb; the cavity in which anything is formed or cast; a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or mineral is embedded; the five col- ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) from which all others are formed in dyeing. [Latin.] matron (ma'tron), n. a married woman, especially one who has borne children; the lady superin- tendent of a hospital or institu- tion. matronage (ma'tron-aj), n. matrons collectively. matronly (ma'tron-li) , adv. matron- like; elderly; sedately. matronymic (mat-ro-nim'ik) , n. a man's or woman's name derived from that of a mother. matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly reduced. [French.] matted (mat'ed), adj. covered with a mat; closely tangled together. matter (mat'er), n.^ that which oc- cupies space, and is perceptible by the senses; body; substance; thing of importance; business; event; indefi- nite amount; pus; set-up type: v.i. to signify; be of importance. matties (mat'iz), n.pl. Scotch herrings of moderate size with small milts and roes. matting (mat'ing), n. mats collective- ly; material for mats; ornamental matwork. mattock (mat'ok), n. sl pickaxe hav- ing one of its ends flat. mattress (mat'res), n. a quilted hair- or straw-stuffed bed; a spring mat- tress ; a mat made of trees or shrubs. maturation _ (ma-tu-ra'shun) , n. the process of ripening or coming to ma- turity. mature (ma-tur'), adj. [comparative maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; full-grown; ready for application or use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- turity: v.i. to become ripe. maturely (ma-tur'li), adv. in a mature manner. maturity (ma-tur'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being mature; ripeness; full development. matutinal (ma-tu'ti-nal) , adj. pertain- ing to the morning ; early . [Latin.] maudlin (maud'lin), adj. easily moved to tears; excessively sentimental; tipsy. mauger (maw'ger), prep, in spite of; notwithstanding. Also maugre. [Old French.] maul (mawl), n. a large wooden ham- mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a rough manner. See mell, maul- stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick used by painters as a rest for the hand. Also mahl-stick. [German.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. MAUSOLEUM 529 MEANTIME mausoleum (maw-so-le'um) , n. a stately tomb or. monument. mauve (mov) , n. a soft lilac or pur- ple color, the first of aniline dye- stuffs discovered by Sir W. H. Per- kin. mavis (ma/vis), n. the song-thrush. maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- mals; the craw of a bird. mawkish (mawk'ish), adj. loathsome; affectedly sentimental. maxilla (maks-il'a) , n. [pi. maxillae (maks-il'e)], the upper jawbone. maxillary (maks'il-a-ri) , adj. pertain- ing to the jaw or jawbone. maxillif orm (maks-il'i-f orm) , adj. shaped like the cheek or jawbone. maxim (maks'im), n. an established principle or truth; proverb; aphor- ism. [Latin.] maximite (maks'im-it), n. a power- ful explosive invented by Sir Hiram Maxim. maximum (maks'i-mum), n. and adj. the greatest possible out of any class of things. See minimum. maxixe (maks-isch') , n. a dance of Brazilian origin, with complex steps and turns, enjoying popularity in the United States in 1912-1914. May (ma), n. the fifth month of the year. Its name is from the Latin Maia, the mother of Mercury, who was the goddess of growth. may, n. the English hawthorn. may, v. aux. [p.t. might (mlt)], to be able; be allowed. Maya (ma/ya), n. the name of a tribe in Central America, whose members show signs of once having had a much higher civilization, like the Aztecs in Mexico. Maya (ma/ya) » w. in the Buddhist philosophy the illusion of the per- sonified will of the Creator. May-apple (ma/ap-1), n. the yellowish fruit of a North American plant, the mandrake, also known as hog-apple. May-fly jma'fli), n. an insect which may exist for a long while in the larval condition; but on attaining adult life, it merely propagates its kind and then dies. mayhem (ma/hem), n. the crime of attacking another so as to pre- vent his defense, and especially by mutilating him; as, for example, biting or tearing off an ear or a nose. The word is the same as maim. mayor (ma/er), n. the chief magis- trate of a city or borough. mayoralty (ma/er-al-ti) , n. the office, or term of office, of a mayor. Maypole (nia/pol), n. a pole around which May festivities are held. maze (maz), n. bewilderment; a laby- rinth: v.t. to bewilder. mazuma (ma-zoo'ma), n. money. [Slang.] mazurka (ma-zerka), n. a lively Polish dance; music set to such a dance. Also mazourka. [Polish.] # mazy (maz/i), e adj. intricate; bewil- dering; winding. mead (med), n. a fermented liquor of honey, water, and spices; a meadow. meadow (med'o), n. a tract of rich pasture land; land yielding hay; low grass land by the banks of rivers. meadowy (med'o-i), adj. containing meadows. meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; poor; barren; lean; weak. [French.] meagerly (me'ger-li), adv. thinly; poorly. meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a repast. mealy (me'li) , adj. consisting of , sprink- led with, or having the qualities of, meal. mealy-mouthed (me'li-moutfid), adj. using soft words; unwilling to tell the truth in plain words. mean (men), adj. [comparative mean- er, superlative meanest], wanting in dignity or honor; vulgar; inferior; insignificant; humble; _ sordid; stingy; middle; not excessive: n. the middle point, quantity, value, or de- gree; average: pi. resources; prop- erty: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. meant, p.pr. meaning], to have in the mind or intention; signify: v.i. to have an intention. meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or flow round: v.i. to have a winding course; be intricate. The name of a river in AsiaJNIinor. meaning (men'ing), n. intention; sense. meant (ment),_pi. & p.p. of mean. # meantime (men'tim), adv. in the in- tervening time. Also meanwhile. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEASLES 530 MEDIC measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious disease characterized by fever and small red spots on the skin; a dis- ease of swine and of trees. [Danish.] measly (mez'li), adj. & colloquial term of reproach, meaning that the per- son described is singularly mean and contemptible. measurable (mezh'er-a-bl) , adj. ca- pable of being measured. measurably (mezh'er-a-bli) , adv. in a measurable manner; in a limited degree. measure (mezh'er), n. the standard by which the volume or extent of any- thing is compared; extent or dimen- sions of a thing; proportion; a divisor leaving no remainder ; an instrument for measuring; musical time; meter; law or statute: pi. strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the extent, size, or volume of; mark out; estimate; allot; determine by rule or standard: v.i. to take measure- ments; be equal or uniform. measured (mezh'erd) , adj. determined by a standard : uniform ; steady ; moderated. measurement (mezh'er-ment) , n. the act of measuring; quantity ascer- tained by measuring; size; area; ca- pacity. meat (met), n. animal flesh. mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled workman: pi. the science of the laws of matter and motion, especially the science of machinery. [Greek.] mechanical (me-kan'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to the principles of mechan- ics; pertaining to, or produced by, machines or machinery; done auto- matically, as from force of habit. mechanically (me-kan'i-ka-li) , adv. in a mechanical manner. mechanical powers (pow'erz), n.pl. powers obtained by the application of a small force, viz., the lever, in- clined plane, wheel and axle, screw, pulley and wedge. mechanician (mek-a-nish'an) , n. one skilled in mechanics or machinery. mechanism (mek'a-nizm) , n. parts of a machine; mechanical construction. medal (med'al), n. a coin-shaped piece of metal impressed with a device or inscription to commemorate some event, distinguished person, or ideal- ized group. The medal reached its perfection in the fifteenth century with Pisano. The side bearing the head is called the obverse and the other side, the reverse. [French.] medallic (me-dal'ik), adj. pertaining to medals. medallion (me-dal'yun), n . a large antique medal; a round or oval tab- let with figures in bas-relief. medallist (med'al-ist) , n. an engraver of medals; one who has gained a medal as a reward or prize. meddle (med , l), v.i. to interpose or interfere officiously. meddler (med'ler), n. an officious per- son; busybody. meddlesome (med'1-sum), adj. offi ciously intrusive. mediaeval (med-i-e'vd), adj. char- acterizing the period of history be- tween the sixth and fifteenth cen- turies A.D., usually known as the Middle Ages. mediae valism (med-i-e'val-ism), n. the spirit of the Middle Ages, espe- cially as to art, philosophy, literature and religion. median (me'di-an), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the middle of anything; a median line is an imag- inary line drawn between the two symmetrical halves of the body down the back. In geometry also a median line is one drawn from any angle of a triangle to the middle point of the opposite side. When these median lines intersect its place of intersection is called the median point. [Latin.] mediate (me'di-at), v.i. to interpose as a mutual friend between parties to effect a reconciliation. [Latin.] mediation _ (me-di-a r shun) , n. the act of mediating; reconciliation. mediator (me'di-a-ter), n. one who me- diates; an intercessor. mediatorial (me-di-a-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a mediator or me- diation; intercessory. Also media- tory. mediatorially (me-di-a-to'ri-a-li), adj. by mediation. medic (med'ik), adj. colloquial abbre- viation for "medical," meaning " medical student " or " doctor of medicine." ate, arm, at, awl; me. merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. MEDICAL 531 MELANESIA** medical (med'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, medicine. medically (med'i-ka-li), adv. accord- ing to the rules and principles of medicine. medicament (med'i-ka-ment), n. a medicine or healing application. medicate (med'i-kat), v.t. to impreg- nate or tincture with anything me- dicinal. medicinal (me-dis'i-nal) , adj. having the properties of, or used in, medi- cine. medicinally (me-dis'i-na-li), adv. med- ically. medicine (med'i-sin), n. the science which relates to the treatment and alleviation of disease; a specific for the cure of disease. [Latin.] medicine-man (med'i-sin-man), n. among certain tribes, as the North American Indians, a conjurer who professes to drive away evil spirits or disease by magical arts. mediocre (me'di-o'ker), adj. of me- dium excellence; ordinary. mediocrity (me-di-ok'ri-ti) , n. of moderate degree; a person of or- dinary abilities. [Latin.] meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to think upon; design. [Latin.] meditation (med-i-ta/shun) , n. the act of meditating; deep thought. meditative (med'i-ta-tiv), adj. dis- posed to meditation. meditatively (med'i-ta-tiv-li) , adv. with meditation. meditativeness (med'i-ta-tiv-nes), n. the state or quality of being medita- tive. medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. media, mediums (me'di-a, me'di-umz)], a mean; anything intervening; agency; space or substance in which bodies exist or move; a size of paper 24 x 19 inches ; middle term of a syllogism ; a person through whom communica- tions from the spirit world are con- veyed; the liquid vehicle with which dry pigments are ground. [Latin.] medley (med'li), n. mixture or con- fused mass of different ingredients. [Old French.] medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow of bones; pith of plants. [Latin.] . medullary (me-duTa-ri) , ad;, pertain- ing to, consisting of, or like, marrow or medulla. medullin (me-dul'in), n. a variety of cellulose found in the pith of certain plants. Medusa (me-du'sa), n. [pi. medusae (me-du'se)], in classical mythology, one of the three Gorgons whose fine hair was turned into snakes, and whose glance changed into stone all who looked on her. [Greek.] medusa, n. the sea-nettle or jelly- fish. meed (med), n. recompense; reward. meek (mek), adj. [comparative meek- er, superlative meekest], gentle; sub- missive ; yielding ; mild of temper. meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi- sion. Also mere. [Scottish.] meerschaum (mer'shum), n. a clay- like silicate of magnesia from which pipe-bowls are made; a pipe of this material. [German, "sea-foam."] meet (met), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. met, p.pr. meeting], to come up to from a dif- ferent direction; confront; encoun- ter; receive: v.i. to assemble; be united: n. a meeting of huntsmen; the place of meeting: adj. fit; suit- able; appropriate. meeting (met'ing), n. an assembly; junction; a congregation. meg, a Greek prefix meaning great, powerful. Also mega, megalo, as we^acephalous: adj. having a large head. megafog (meg'a-fog), n. a fog-sig- nalling device. megaphone (meg'a-fon), n. a new form of speaking-trumpet for increasing the volume of the voice. [Greek.] megrim (me'grim), n. a sick or neu- ralgic headache, usually on one side of the head: pi. vertigo _in a horse. melancholia (mel-an-ko'li-a)-, n. a form of insanity characterized by great depression of spirits. [Greek.] melancholic (mel-an-kol'ik) , adj. af- fected with melancholy ; depressed in spirits; dejected. melancholy (mel'an-kol-i) , n. great depression of spirits; melancholia: adj. depressed in spirits; hypochon- driac. Melanesian (mel-an-e'zhan), adj. re- lating to the islands lying between New Guinea and* Fiji; one of the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MELANGE 532 MEMORIALIST negroid inhabitants of any Melane- sian island. melange (ma-langzh') , n. a confused mixture ; medley. [French.] melanin (mel'a-nin), n. the black pig- ment cells of the eye and skin. melanism (mel'an-izm), n. excess of the coloring pigment in the skin. melanite (mel'an-it), n. a black var- iety of garnet. melee (ma-la/), n. a hand-to-hand conflict; scuffle; affray. melilot (meri-lot), n. a species of sweet-scented trefoil or clover. melinite (mel'in-it), n. a powerful explosive. meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to im- prove or make better. melioration (mel-yo-ra/shun) , n. im- provement. mell (mel), v.t. to beat or bruise. The word is cognate with maul, and the pugilistic mill, mellifluent (mel-if 'flu-ent) , adj. smooth; sweetly flowing. Also mel- lifluous. melligenous (mel-ij'e-nus), adj. hav- ing the qualities of, or producing, honey. mellow (mel'o), adj. fully ripe; not hard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small reed organ. melodious (me-lo'di-us), adj. full of, or produced by, meloay; musical. melodist (mel'6-dist), n. a composer of melodies. [Greek.] melodize (mel'o-diz), v.t. to make me- lodious: v.i. compose melodies. melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma) , n. a play characterized by sensational or ro- mantic incidents. [Greek.] melodramatic (mel-o-dra-mat'ik) , adj. pertaining to melodrama; highly " sensational. melody (mel'o-di), n. [pi. melodies (mel o-diz) ], the arrangement of dif- ferent musical sounds for a single voice or instrument; tune. melon (mel'un), n. a plant of the cu- cumber family with edible fruit. [French.] mel o type (mel'o-tip), n. a method of producing photographs so that their development may be deferred. Melpomene (mel-pom'e-na), n. the muse who presided over tragic poetry, according to the Greek and Roman belief. She is usually rep- resented as bearing a tragic mask. melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change from a solid to a liquid state; dissolve; soften to love and tenderness. melton (mel'tun), n. a kind of thick broadcloth with an unfinished sur- face. Named from the manufac- turer. member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- gan, essential part of anything; one of an association or community. membrane (mem 'bran), n. a thin fold or layer of tissue forming the covering of some part or organ. membranous (mem'bra-nus) , adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, membranes. memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- mentos (me-men'toz)], a souvenir; memorial. [Latin.] Memnonium (mem-no 'ni-um), n. (1) a name usually but incorrectly given to a great temple in Egypt, built by King Rameses II. It should therefore be called the Rameseum. (2) An Egyptian cemetery. memoir (mem 'war), n. a history written from personal experience and knowledge; a biography: pi. a record of investigations on a sub- ject; transactions or journal of a learned or scientific society. memorabilia (mem-o-ra-bil'i-a) , n.pl. things worthy of remembrance or record. memorable (mem'or-a-bl) , adj. wor- thy of remembrance; remarkable; notable. memorably (mem'or-a-bli) , adj. so as to be remembered. memorandum (mem-o-ran'dum) , n, [pi. memoranda (mem-o-ran'da)], a note to assist the memory; brief record of something to be remem- bered; summary or outline. memorial (me-mo'ri-al), adj. com- memorative; preservative of, or con- tained in, the memory: n. an in- formal diplomatic paper; a written representation of facts addressed to the government, a public body, &c. memorialist (me-mo'ri-al-ist) , n. one who prepares, signs, or presents a memorial. ate, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. MEMORIALIZE 533 MERCERIZE memorialize (me-mo'ri-ar-iz) v.t. to petition by means of a memorial. memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memoriea (mem'o-riz)], that faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous occurrences, facts, thoughts, &c, and recalls them. mem-sahib (mem-sa-heb') , n. the Hindu word for a European lady. Sahib is a white man, and Sahiba is the true feminine. menace (men'as), n. a threat: v.t. to threaten. menacingly (men'a-sing-li) , adv. in a threatening manner. menage (ma/nazh), n. management; one's establishment or household. [French.] menagerie (men-azh'er-i or men-aj'- e-ri), n. a place where wild animals are kept ; a collection of wild animals for exhibition. mend (mend), v.i. to repair (that which is broken or worn); make good or better; reform; increase: v.i. to grow better; improve. mendacious (men-da'shus), adj. given to falsehood; lying; false. mendacity (men-das 'i-ti) , n. [pi. men- dacities (men-das 'i-tiz)], falsehood; habitual lying. Mendelian (men'de'li-an) , n. of or per- taining to the theory of heredity put forward by the Austrian monk Gregor Johann Mendel, known as Mendel's law. mendicancy (men'di-kan-si) , n. the state of being a beggar; begging. Also mendicity. mendicant (men'di-kant) , adj. prac- ticing begging ; reduced to beggary : n. a beggar; a begging friar. menhaden (men-ha/dn), n. an Amer- ican fish allied to the herring, yielding a valuable oil. Called also moss- bunker, bunker, bug-fish, and white- fish. menial (me'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a retinue of servants; pertaining to, or suitable for, servants; mean; servile: n. a domestic servant; one who performs servile work. [Old French.] meninges (men-in'jez), n.pl. the three membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord. [Greek.] meningitis (men-in-ji'tis) , n. inflam- mation of the meninges. [Greek.] meniscus (me-nis'kus) , n. [pi. menisci (me-nis'si), meniscuses (me-nis'kus- ez)], a crescent; a lens convex on one side and concave on the other. [Greek.] menses (men'sez), n.pl. the cata- menial discharge. Also menstrua- tion. menstrual (men'stroo-al) , adj. oc- curring monthly. menstruum (men'stroo-um) , n. a solvent. [Latin.] mensurable (men'su-ra-bl) , adj. measurable. mensuration (men-su-ra/shun),n. the act or process of taking the measure or dimensions of anything; measure- ment. mental (men'tal), adj. pertaining to the mind; intellectual. [Latin.] _ mentally (men'ta-li), adv. in the mind; in thought or idea; intellectually^ menthol (men'thol), n. a crystalline substance resembling camphor: used as a counter-irritant. [Latin.] menthyl (men'thil), n. the base of menthol. mention (men'shun), n. a brief no- tice; casual remark; hint: v.t. to speak briefly of; notice casually; name. [Latin.] Mentor (men'ter), n. a wise and faith- ful counselor: from Mentor, the friend and tutor of Ulysses. menu (men-u'), n. a bill of fare. [French.] Mephistophelian (mef-is-to-f e'li-an) , adj. pertaining to, or like, Meph- istopheles: hence scoffing, relent- less, and cynical. mephitic (me-fit'ik), adj. poisonous; noxious; offensive to the smell. Also mephitic al. [Greek.] mercantile (mer'kan-til) , adj. com- mercial. [Latin.] mercenarily (meVse-na-ri-li) , adv. in a mercenary manner. mercenary (mer'se-na-ri) , n. [pi. mer- cenaries (mer'se-na-riz)], a soldier hired into foreign service; one who serves for pay: adj. serving for pay or reward ; venial ; sordid . [Latin . ] mercer (meVser) , n. a dealer in textile fabrics. mercerize (mer'ser-iz) , to treat cot- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MERCERY 534 MERRIMENT ton cloth in such a manner as to give it a luster like that of silk. mercery (mer'ser-i) , n. the commodi- ties in which a mercer deals. merchandise (mer'chan-dis), n. goods, wares, or commodities, bought and sold. merchant (mer 'chant), n. one who traffics or trades on a large scale, especially with foreign countries; a shopkeeper: adj. pertaining to, or employed in, trade; mercantile. [French.] merchantman (mer'chant-man) , n. [pi. merchantmen (mer'chant-mei})], a trading vessel. merciful (mer 'si-fool) , adj. full of, or exercising, mercy ; tender-hearted ; compassionate. mercifully (mer'si-f oo-li) , adv. with mercy or compassion. merciless (mer'si-les), adj. destitute of mercy; unfeeling; cruel. mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al) , adj. active; volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made of, or caused by, mercury; mer- curial ointment is an ointment con- taining crude mercury in particles. Mercury (mer'ku-ri), n. one of the planets; from Mercurius, the messen- ger of the gods. [Latin.] mercury, n. one of the elements, - popularly known as quicksilver. mercy (mer'si), n. [pi. mercies (mer'- siz)], the disposition to forgive, spare, or pity; clemency; forbearance; com- passion; beneficence. mere, same as meer. mere (mer), adj. [superlative merest], such and no more; simple; entire; absolute. merely (mer-li), adv. simply; purely; only. meretricious (mer-e-trish'us) , adj. pertaining to prostitutes; lustful; tawdry. [Latin.] merganser (mer-gan'ser), n. a duck- like bird found in England and the United States. The feminine bird has its feathers more diversified in color, but otherwise there is no especial difference. [Latin.] merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or lost. merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- idation of two estates, conforming them into one estate; the placing of the operations of two or more com- peting interests under the control of a single body. [Latin.] mericarp (mer'i-karp) , n. one of the carpels of an umbelliferous fruit. meridian (me-rid'i-an) , _ adj. pertain- ing to mid T day: n. mid-day; noon; highest point or culmination; an imaginary great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith and nadir of any given place, and cutting the equator at right angles. [Latin.] meridional (me-rid'i-o-nal) , adj. per- taining to the meridian; southern. meridionally _ (me-rid'i-o-na-lij, adv. in the direction of the meridian. meringue (ma-rang'), n. a' light con- fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or jam. merino (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos (me-re'noz)], a breed of sneep with a fine wool; the wool of such sheep: adj. pertaining to, or made of, the wool of the merino sheep. merit (mer'it), n. excellence; worth. deserved reward: pi. essential cir- cumstances: v.t. to earn; be entitled to; be deserving of. meritorious (mer-i-to'n-us), adj. hav- ing merit ; deserving of reward or praise. merk (merk), n. an ancient Scottish coin, the same as the mark of Con- tinental countries. ($0.28.) merle (merl), n. the blackbird [Poet.]. merlin (mer'lin), n. a small falcon. mer ling (merl'mg), n. the whiting merlion (mer'li-on), n. a buzzard. merlon (mer'lon), n. that part of a parapet included between two em- brasures. mermaid (meVmad), n. a fabled ma- rine creature having the upper part like a woman and the lower part like a fish. merman (mer'man), n. the male of the mermaid. Merovingian (mer-o-vin'je-an), adj. the name given to the first dynasty ever founded in France. This was in 486 A. D., and the first king was the Salian Frank, Clovis. merrily (mer'i-li), adv. in a merry manner. merriment (mer'i-ment), n. mirth; fun ; frolic ; gaiety. Also merriness. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. MERRY 535 METABOLIAN merry (mer'i), adj. [comparative merri- er, superlative merriest], full of mirth and good humor; gay; sportive; jo- vial; pleasant. merry-andrew (mer-i-an'droo) , n. a buffoon. merry-dancers (mer-i-dan'serz) , n.pl. the Aurora Borealis. merry-go-round (mer'i-go-round), n. a circular frame fitted with wooden horses or seats, on which persons ride at fairs, by mechanical aids. merry- thought (mer'i-thawt), n. the forked bone (furcula) of a fowl's breast; commonly called the '"wish- bone." merveilleuses (mer-va-yez/), n. won- derful women; a name given to the brilliant and extraordinarily wicked creatures who swarmed at the French court under the Directory (1786-99), and who were also called Incroyables (Impossibles) . mesa (ma/sa), n. elevated table-land. [Spanish.] mesalliance (ma-za-le-angs'),.w. mar- riage with one of lower social posi- tion. [French.] mesh (mesh), n. an opening or inter- stice of a net ; brewers' grains. mesial (mez'i-al), adj. middle. mesjid (mez'jid), n. a mosque. [Ar- abic] mesmeric (mez-mer'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or produced by, mesmerism. mesmerism (mez'mer-izm), n. the art of inducing an abnormal state of the nervous system in which the thoughts and actions of the patient are controlled by the will of the op- erator; animal magnetism. Mesmer- ism, under this name, was first known to the world as a serious phenomenon by F. A. Mesmer (1733-1815), who in Paris excited the fashionable world to a high degree, and for a time the phi- losophers, among them Benjamin Franklin. mesmerist (mez'mer-ist), n. one who practises the art of mesmerism. Also mesmerizer. mesmerize (mez'mer-iz), v.t. to in- duce the mesmeric state. mesne (men), adj. middle; interven- ing. meso, a Greek prefix meaning middle,in- termediate, as raesoblast, the interme- diate layer of the blastoderm of an ovum; Tnesocarp, the middle layer of a pericarp. mesosperm (mes'o-sperm), n. the second membrane _of a seed. Mesozoic (mes-o-zo'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the Secondary Age or era of reptiles. mess (mes), n. a number of persons who sit down to table together, es- pecially soldiers or sailors; a state of dirt or confusion: v.t. to eat to- gether: v.t. to furnish with food; dirty. message (mes'aj), n. a communica- tion, written or verbal, sent from one person to another; an official com- munication. messenger (mes'en-jer), n. one who conveys a message ; an office servant who carries messages ; a herald or harbinger; an official of the bank- ruptcy court. Messiah (mes-I'a), n. Christ the Anointed One. Also Messias. Messianic (mes-i-an'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to the Messiah. Messidor (mes-e-dor'), n. month in the French Revolutionary Calendar, from June 19th to July 18th. messieurs (mes'yers), n.pl. sir» Messrs. used in addressing business communications. messmate (mes'mat), n. one who has sat at table with the same men for a time long enough to establish a real intimacy. It is usually on ship- board that men become messmates. See mess ; bunkie_. messuage (mes'waj), n. a dwelling house with its adjacent buildings and land for the use of the household. mestee (mes-te'), n. the offspring of a white and a quadroon. mestizo (mes-te'zo), n. [pi. mestizos (mes-te'zoz)], the offspring of a Spaniard or Creole and an Indian. Also mestino. met, p.t. & p.p. of meet. meta, a Greek prefix meaning between, over, after, duplicate, resembling, change from one state to another. metabasis (me-tab'a-sis), n. transition. metabolian (met-a-bo'li-an), n. an insect of the sub-class Metabola which undergo complete metamor- phosis. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. METABOLIC 536 METEORIC metabolic (met-a-bol'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or undergoing, change or metamorphosis. metabolism (me-tab'o-lizm), n. the continuous process by which living cells or tissues undergo chemical change accompanied by swift altera- tions in temper or character. metacarpal (met-a-kar'pal) , adj. per- taining to the metacarpus. metacarpus (met-a-kar'pus) , n. that part of the hand which is between the wrist and the fingers. metacenter (met-a-sen'ter), n. that point in a floating body on the posi- tion of which its equilibrium or sta- bility depends. metagenesis (met-a-jen'e-sis), n. alter- nation of generation. metal (met'al), n. an elementary sub- stance having certain physical char- acteristics, as luster, ductility, mal- leability, insolubility, is fusible by heat, and a conductor of electricity; molten glass; small stone cubes; ef- fective power or caliber of the guns of a warship: pi. the rails of a rail- road: v.t. to cover with metal. [Latin.] metallic (me-tal'ik), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, metal. metallic oxide (oks'id), n. a com- pound of metal with oxygen. metallic salt (sa wit), n. a salt which has a metallic oxide as its base. metalliferous (me-tal-if'er-us), adj. yielding metal or metallic ores. metallography (me-tal-og'ra-fi), n. the science of metals; a treatise on metals. metalloid (met'al-oid), n. a non-metal- lic elementary body: adj. resembling a metal; non-metallic. metallurgic (me-tal-er'jik), adj. per- taining to metallurgy. Also metal- lurgical. metallurgist (met'al-er-jist), n. one who is skilled in metallurgy. metallurgy (met'al-er-ji), n. the art or process of working metals and of separating them from their ores. metamorphic (met-a-mor'fik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, meta- morphism. metamorphism (met-a-mor'fizm) , n. the process by which stratified rocks under pressure, heat, chemical ac- tion, &c, have changed from their original structure, as limestone to marble. metamorphose (met-a-mor'foz), v.t to change into a different form. metamorphosis (met-a-mor-fo'sis), n. change of form, shape, or structure; transformation, as of a chrysalis into a butterfly. metaphor (met'a-for), n. a figure of speech by which one word is em- ployed for another of which it is the image; a compressed simile. metaphoric (met-a-f or 'ik), adj. per- taining to, or comprising, a meta- phor; not literal: figurative. Also metaphorical. metaphorically (met-a-f or'i-ka-li) , adv. >in metaphors. metaphrastic (met-a-f r as 'tik), adj. calling a thing by its opposite; us when an affectionate parent calls a child " young rascal ! " or " you scamp!" while intending these as pet- words. metaphysical (met-a-fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or according to the rules of, metaphysics; ontological. metaphysically (me t-a-fiz 'i-ka-li) , adv. by the rules of metaphysical science. metaphysician (met-a-fi-zish'un) , n, one who is skilled in metaphysics. metaphysics (met-a-fiViks), n. men- tal philosophy. metapsychics (met-a-sik'iks), n. the philosophy of spiritistic phenomena, metastasis (me-tas'ta-sis), n. the pass- ing of the specific symptoms of a dis- ease from one part of the body to another. This may happen in rheu- matism, gout, and mumps; and the cause of it is still obscure. metathesis (me-tath'e-sis) , n. trans- position of the .letters of a word or syllable, as third for the early thrid (Anglo-Saxon), thridda. metempsychosis (me-tem-si-ko'sis) , n. transmigration of the soul after death into the body of another man or lower animal. meteor (me'te-or), n. a transient lu- minous body in the sky; falling or shooting star; anything that daz- zles or excites wonder for the mo- ment. meteoric (me-te-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, or like, a meteor. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, bock ; hue, hut ; think, then. METEORITE 537 MICACEOUS meteorite (me'te-er-It), n. a stone or metallic body which, in its passage through space, has fallen upon the earth. meteorography (me-te-er-og'ra-fi), n. the registration of meteorological phenomena. [Greek.] meteorologic (me-te-er-o-loj'ik), adj. pertaining to the atmosphere, or its phenomena, or to meteorology. Also meteorological. meteorologist (me-te-er-ol'6-jist), n. one who is skilled in meteorology. meteorology (me-te-er-ol'o-ji), n. the science of the atmosphere and its various phenomena. [Greek.] meter (me'ter), n. an instrument for registering automatically the amount measured by it. Also metre. meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhyth- mic arrangement of syllables in verse; unit of length in the decimal system = 39^7 inches. [Greek.] meterage (me'ter-aj), n. measure- ment; cost of measuring. methinks (me-thingks') , v.i. [p.t. methought] . In this really compound expression, me is the object of thinks, a transitive verb meaning "it seems. " [Anglo-Saxon.] Hence, methinks is equivalent to "it seems to me." method (meth'od), n. regular ar- rangement of things; system; or- der; classification. methodical (me-thod'i-kal) , adj. char- acterized by, or arranged with re- gard to, method; systematic. Also methodic. methodically (me-thod'i-ka-li), adv. in a methodical manner. Methodism (meth'q-dizm), n. the doctrines and worship of the Metho- dists. Methodist (meth'6-dist) , n. one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wesley: adj. pertaining to the Metho- dists. methodize (meth'o-dlz) , v.t. to reduce to method; systematize. methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- bon radical of methyl alcohol, or wood spirit. methylated (meth-i-la/ted) }adj. mixed with or containing methyl. methylene (meth'i-len), n. an in- flammable liquid obtained from the distillation of wood. Also methene. meticulous (me-tik'u-lus) ; adj. over- cautious; excessively timid. metonymy (me-ton'i-mi) , n. a figure of speech in which one word is used for another related to it, as "the steel" for the sword. metre (me'ter) . See meter. metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to the decimal system of weights and measures. metrical (met'ri-kal) , adj. pertaining to meter, measurement, or rhythm. metrically (met'ri-ka-li) , adv. in a metrical manner. metrograph (met 'ro-graf ) , n. an ap- paratus for indicating the mileage run by a locomotive, and the number and time of stoppages at stations. metrology (met-rol'o-ji), n. the science of weights and measures. metronome (met'ro-nom) , n. an in- strument which beats musical time by means of a short pendulum. metronymic (met-ro-nim'ik) , adj. de- rived from one's mother or female ancestor. metropolis (me-trop'o-lis), n. the cap- ital or chief city of a kingdom or coun- try ; the seat or see of_a metropolitan. metropolitan (met-ro-pori-tan), adj. pertaining to the capital city of a kingdom or country, or to anarch- bishopric: n. the presiding bishop of a country or province; an arch- bishop. [Greek.] mettle (met'l), n. constitutional ar- dor or spirit; fortitude. [Latin.] mettlesome (met'1-sum), n. high spir- ited. mew (mu), n. the cry of a cat; a sea- gull: pi. stables for carriage horses: v.t. to shed or molt (the feathers): v.i. to cry like a cat. Mexican # (meks'i-can), adj. belonging to Mexico and its people, who are of mixed Spanish and Aztec race. mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a low intermediate story between two higher ones; a window in such a story. [Italian.] mezzotint (mez'o-tint), n. & variety of copper engraving. Also mezzo- tint o. [Italian.] mica (ml'ka), n. a mineral divisible into thin transparent plates. micaceous (mi-ka'shus) , adj. pertain- ing to, consisting of, or like, mica. Hte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note north, not ; boon, book ; 37 hue, hut ; think, then. MICE 538 MIDDLING mice, pi. of mouse. mico (mi'ko), n. a small South Amer- ican monkey; a Japanese solid oil or butter. micro, a Greek prefix meaning small, as microcosm, a small universe or com- munity. microbe (mi'krob), n. a minute mi- croscopical organism found in the blood of animals, especially those suffering from_ disease; bacterium. microbic (mi-krob'ik), adj. pertaining to, or caused by, a microbe. Also microbial. microbicide (mi-krob'i-sid), n. an agent for destroying microbes or bacteria. microcephalous (mi-kro-sef 'a-lus) , adj. having small heads or brains (crania) . micrococcus (mi-kro-kok'us) , n. [pi. micrococci (ml-kro-kok'si)], a genus of bacteria, a source of fermentation and of zymotic disease. microcosm (mi'kro-kozm) , see under micro. microcoustic (mi-kro-koos'tik) , adj. pertaining to, or serving to increase, indistinct sounds: n. an instrument for the deaf, to augment faint sounds. microcrith (mi'kro-krith), n. the weight of an atom of hydrogen. microcyte (mi'kro-sit) , n. a minute elementary granule in the blood, es- pecially present in disease. micrograph (ml'kro-graf ) , n. a kind of pantograph for executing very minute engraving or writing. micrography (ml-krog'ra-n) , n. the description of microscopic objects. microhm (mi'krom) , n. the 1,000,000th part of an ohm. micrometer (mi-krom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring < minute distances, or apparent diameters used with a microscope or tele- scope. micromillimeter (ml-kro-mil'i-me- ter), n. the 1,000,000,000th part of a meter. microphone (mi'kro-f on) , jt. an in- strument for intensifying very minute sounds. microphotography (mi-kro-fo-tog'ra- fi), n. photographing in miniature. microphyte (mi'kro-fit) , n. a micro- scopic vegetable growth. microscope (mi'kro-sk5p) , n. an opti- cal instrument for magnifying mi- nute objects so as to render them visible for purposes of investiga- tion. microscopic (mi-kro-skop'ik), adj. pertaining to, or determined by the aid of, a microscope. Also micro- scopical. microscopically (mi-kro-skop'i-ka-li) , adv. by, or as by, a microscope. microscopist (ml-kros'ko-pist), n. one skilled in microscopy. microscopy (mi-kros'ko-pi) , n. the use of the microscope; microscopic investigation. microspore (mi'kro-spor), n. a very minute reproductive spore found in the capsules of lycopods. microtome (mi'kro-tom), n. an in- strument for making very thin sec- tions in botanical laboratories. [Greek.] microvolt (mi'kro-volt) , n. the 1,000,- 000th part of a volt. microzyme (mi'kro-zim) , n. a minute organism occurring in the air and found in the human blood, acting as a ferment in producing certain zymotic diseases. mid (mid), adj. middle: prefix \ as midday: n. a midshipman. midden (mid'n), also kitchen-mid-' den (kich'en-mid'n), n. a mound littered with sea-shells, and the re- mains of animal bones, together with rude stone implements. Such are found all over the world and mark the eating-places of pre-historic people. The word midden means dung-hill y or muck-pile. [Danish.] middle (mid'l), adj. equally distant from the extremes; mean; medial: n. the point equally distant from the extremes ; central part ; the waist. Middle Ages (aj'ez), n.pl. the period between the sixth and fourteenth centuries A.D. middleman (mid'1-man), n. in trade and commerce the one who stands between the producer and the con- sumer, taking a profit from each. middlemost (mid'1-most) , m adj. situ- ated in, or nearest, the middle. middling (mid'ling), adj. of middle rank, size, or quality; moderate: n.pl. the coarser part of flour. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. MIDDY 539 MILL middy (mid'di), n. [pi. middies (mid'- diz)], a midshipman. midge (rnij), n. a gnat. midget (mij'et), n. a very tiny gnat; also applied to a baby. midriff (mid'rif), n. the diaphragm separating the cavity of the chest from the stomach. midshipman (mid'ship-man), n. [pi. midshipmen], in the British navy, a junior officer ranking next above a cadet. In the American navy the midshipman was the lowest of offi- cers, but is now called a " naval cadet," and upon promotion be- comes an " ensign." midst (midst) , n. the middle. midwife (mid'wif), n. [pi. midwives (mid'wivz)], a woman who assists at childbirth. midwifery (mid'wif-er-i) , n. obstetrics. mien (men), n. external appearance; air; look; carriage. might (mit), n. power; strength; force: p.t. of may. mightily (mit'i-li), adv. with great power or strength; vehemently; in a great degree. mightiness (mit'i-nes), n. a greatness; power; a title of dignity. mighty (mit'i), adj. [comp. mightier, superl. mightiest], powerful; strong; influential; momentous; wonderful; huge: adv. very; exceedingly. mignon (min-yong'), adj. pretty; delicate. [French.] mignonette (minyyun-et'),.^. a fra- grant annual with greenish flower and orange-colored stamens. migrant (mi'grant), adj. migratory. migratory (mi'gra-to-ri), adj. remov- ing or passing from one place of abode or resort to another; roving; nomad. Mikado (mi-ka/do), n. the Japanese emperor, as the spiritual and tem- poral head of the empire. t It is by his supreme virtue that his people believe themselves to have grown powerful. milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- perl. mildest], gentle in temper and disposition; gentle; soft; placid; moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- ter; lenitive. mildew (mil'du), n. a disease of plants produced by small fungi: spots of mold on cloth, &c, caused by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: v.i. be affected with mildew. mile (mil), n. a measure of length varying in different countries; the English statute mile, in. use in this country, # contains 1,760 yds., the geographical or nautical mile l-60th of a degree of latitude or 2,025 yds. (nearly). mileage '(miFaj), n. an allowance for expenses per mile; length in miles. milfoil (mil'f oil) , n. a composite plant with finely divided leaves. militancy (miTi-tan-si) , n. warfare; militarism. militant (mil'i-tant) , adj. warlike; fighting; serving as a soldier. militarism (miTi-ta-rizm) , n. military spirit, policy, or government. military (miTi-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining to soldiers or to arms ; warlike ; mar- tial; n. soldiers collectively; army; troops. militate (mil'i-tat) , v.i. to be, or stand, opposed; operate against (with against) . militia (mi-lish'a), n. citizens en- rolled and trained for the internal defense of a State. milk (milk), n. a white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the^ nourishment of their young, especially the milk of the cow; the white juice of certain plants: v.t. to draw milk from; sup- ply with milk. milk-leg (milk'leg), n. white swell- ings that appear upon the limbs of pregnant women. milksop (milk'sop), n. an effeminate, weak person. See mollycoddle. milk-tooth (milk'tooth) , n. the fore- tooth of a foal; one of the tempo- rary first set of teeth in the young of mammals. Milky Way (milk'i wa/), n. a broad luminous band^ in the heavens, from horizon to horizon, consisting of in- numerable stars; the galaxy. See nebula. mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding and reducing a substance to small particles; a manufactory; a prize fight. (See mell and maul} ; a money of account = 1-1, 000th of a dollar; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7ien. MILLBOARD 540 MINE v.t. to reduce to fine particles in a mill; press or stamp, as the edges of coins ; full (cloth) ; roll into bars, as metal; thrash. millboard (mil'bord), n. a kind of thick pasteboard. millennial (mil-len'ni-al) , adj. of or pertaining to the millennium. millennium (mil-len'i-um) , n. the space of 1,000 years, especMly that period during which Satan will be bound and Christ will reign on earth (Rev. xx. 1-4). [Latin.] milleped (mil'e-ped) , n. an insect with numerous feet, belonging to the genus Julus. Also millepede. millepore (mil'e-por), n. a coral of the genus Millepora, having a smooth surface, perforated with very small pores. miller (mil'er), n. one who keeps or works a flour mill. millet (mil'et), n. a grain-bearing plant. [French.] mi Hi, a Latin prefix meaning 1,000th part of y as rat'ZZmmpere, the 1,000th part of an ampere. milliard (mil'i-ard, or me-lyar'), n. one thousand millions. m [French.] millier (me-lya/), n. in the metric sys- tem, a ton = 1,000,000 grams. milligram (nnTi-gram), n. the 1,000th part of a gram = .0154 grain Eng- lish. Also milligramme. [French.] milliliter (mil'i-li-ter) , n. the 1,000th part of a liter = .06102 cubic in. millimeter (mil'li-me-ter) , n. the 1,000th part of a meter = .03937 in. milliner (mil'in-er), n. one who makes women's bonnets, hats, headdresses, &c. [From Milan in Italy.] millinery (mirii-ner-i) , n.the articles made and sold by a milliner. milling (miring), n. the act of grind- ing in, or passing through, a dress- ing mill; the process of making & serrated edge on a coin, &c. million (mil'yun), n. the number of ten hundred thousand; an indefi- nitely large number. [French.] millionaire (mil-yun-ar') , n. a person who is worth a million; one very rich. millionth (mil'yunth), adj. being one of a million: n. one of 1,000,000 parts. millpond (mil'pond), n. a reservoir of water for driving a mill. millrace (mil'ras), n. a current of wa* ter that drives a mill. millstone (mil'ston) , n. one of two flat cylindrical stones for grinding grain. milt (milt), n. the spleen; the sper- matic organ of a male fish: v.t. to im- pregnate the ova of (a female fish) . mime (mim), n. a comic Greek and Roman play representing real per- sons and events ; an actor in a mime. mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf ) , n. a machine for multiplying copies of a letter, drawing, etc. mimetic (mi-met 'ik), adj. imitative. Also mimetical. mimic (mim'ik), adj. inclined to imi- tate; imitative: n. one who mimics or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- cule by imitation. [Greek.] mimicker (mim'ik-er), n. a mimic. mimicry (mim'ik-ri), n. ludicrous imi- tation for sport or ridicule; close ex- ternal likeness. minaret (min'a-ret), n. a tall slen- der turret attached to a mosque surrounded with several balconies from which the muezzin calls the people to prayers. [Spanish and Turkish.] minatory (min'a-tori) , adj. threaten- ing. mince (mips), v.t. to cut or chop into minute pieces ; extenuate or suppress ; v.i. to talk with affected elegance; walk with short steps or in a prim manner. mince-meat (mins'met), n. meat chopped very fine, especially with suet, raisins, lemon peel, &c. mince- pie (mins-piO, n. a pie with upper and lower crusts, enclosing mince-meat. mincing (mins'ing), adj. affectedly elegant. mind (mind), n. the intellectual or ra- tional faculty in man; the under- standing or intellect; soul; mem- ory; intention; opinion: v.t. to at- tend to ; heed ; obey. minded (mlnd'ed), # p. adj. having a mind; disposed or inclined. mindful (mlnd'fool), adj. bearing in mind; observant; attentive. mine (mm), pron. belonging to me: n. an excavation in the earth from which minerals, precious stones, &c, are e'xtracted; a tunnel under an en- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MINERAL 541 MINT emy's works to blow them up ; a rich source of wealth: v.i. to carry on min- ing operations ; practice secret meth- ods: v.t. to undermine or sap. mineral (min'er-al), n. any inor- ganic body found on the surface or in the earth : adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, or impregnated with, a mineral. mineralize (min'er-al-iz) , v.t. to con- vert into a mineral ; impregnate with mineral matter: v.i. to make excur- sions to collect minerals. mineralogist (min-er-al'o-jist) , n. one skilled in the knowledge of min- erals. mineralogy (min-er-al'o-ji), n. the science of minerals. mingle (ming'gl), v.t. to intermix; join or combine; blend; compound: v.i. to be mixed or united with. miniature (min'i-a-tur) , n. a very small painting, especially a portrait on ivory, &c: adj. done on a very small scale; diminutive; minute. minim (min'im), n. the smallest liquid measure; a single drop; a musical note = 2 crotchets; one of an order of mendicant friars founded by St. Francis of Paola, fifteenth century; a small fish. minimize (min'i-mlz), v.t. to reduce to a minimum. minimum (min'i-mum), n. [pi. mini- ma (min'i-ma)], the least quantity; trifle. See maximum. mining (mln'ing), p. adj. pertaining to mines; burrowing in the earth: n. the act of making mines or work- ing them. minion (min'yun), n. a size of type intermediate between nonpareil and brevier (see type) ; a servile flat- terer or dependent. [French.] minister (min'is-ter) , n. a servant; one subordinate to another ; agent ; one intrusted with the direction of af- fairs of state; a clergyman or pastor of a church authorized to preach and administer the sacraments: v.t. to supply; administer: v.i. to serve in some office, clerical or lay; supply necessaries. ministerial (min-is-te'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to ministry or service, official or clerical; pertaining to a minis- ter of the state or of religion. ministerialist (min-is-te'ri-al-ist) , n. a supporter of the ministry in office. ministerially (min-is-te'ri-a-li) , adv. in a ministerial manner. ministrant (min'is-trant) , adj. serving as a minister. ministration (min-is-tra'shun) , n. the act of ministering; administra- tion; service. ministry (min'is-tri) , n. [pi. ministries (min'is-triz)], the agency or service of a minister of religion; the office, duties, or functions of a minister of state ; ministers of state collective- ly; term of ministerial office. minium (min'i-um), n. red oxide of lead. miniver (min'i-ver), n. the Siberian squirrel or its fur. Also minever. mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- mal allied to the weasel, yielding a valuable fur. minnow (min'o), n. a fresh-water fish of small size. minor (mi'ner), adj. smaller; less; inconsiderable; less by a semitone [Music]: n. one of either sex who is under the age of twenty-one; in logic, the term or premise contain- ing the subject of the conclusion. minority (mi-nor'i-ti) , n. [pi. mi- norities (mi-nor'i-tiz)], the smallest number: opposed to majority; the state of being a minor. minotaur (min'o-tawr) , n. in classic mythology, a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. The creature lived in a labyrinth on the island of Crete, and was slain by Theseus of Athens with the help of Ariadne. minster (min'ster), n. the church of a monastery ; a cathedral church. minstrel (min'strel), n. in medieval times, one of an order of men who traveled from place to olace singing their musical compositions to the accompaniment of a harp; a poet or musician. minstrelsy (min'strel-si) , n. the art or occupation of minstrels; minstrels collectively; a collection of ballad poetry. mint (mint), # n. the place where money is coined by government au- thority; source of unlimited supply; place of invention or fabrication; an ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MINTAGE 542 MISCIBLE odoriferous plant yielding a pungent essential oil: v.t. to coin or stamp (money); invent. [Latin.] mintage (mint'aj), n. coin, &c, pro- duced in a mint; duty paid to the mint for coining gold or silver. mint julep (ju'lep), n. a drink com- pounded of brandy, _ sugar, and crushed ice, flavored with mint. minuend (min/ii-end), n. that num- ber from which another number is to be subtracted. [Latin.] minuet (min-u-et'), n. a slow graceful dance; music for such a dance. minus (mi'nus), n. the sign (-) of subtraction. minute (mi-nut'), adj. very small; pre- cise: n. "(min'it), l-60th part of an hour or of a degree; an official note; memorandum. minute-gun (min'it-gun) , n. a gun fired at intervals of a minute, in honor of some distinguished man or great event. < ■ minutely (mi-nut 'li), adv. in a mi- nute manner; exactly. minute-man (min'it-man) , n. a man who is ready for service at a minute's notice. Such men were enrolled largely at the time of the American Revolution. minuteness (mi-nut 'nes) , n. the quality of being minute; exactness. minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e) , n.pl. smaller or minor details or -particulars. [Latin.] minx (mingks), n. a pert, wanton girl. Miocene (mi'o-sen), adj. pertaining to the middle division of the Ter- tiary formation. miracle (mir'a-kl), n. a supernatural occurrence or act ; wonder or marvel. miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. per- formed super naturally ; wonderful. mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- mospheric illusion by which the im- age of a distant object is seen as if inverted. [French.] mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge and fix in mud: v.i. to sink in mud. miriness (mir'i-nes), n. the state of being miry. mirror, (mir'er), n. a looking-glass; speculum; pattern: v.t. to reflect as in a mirror. mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. mirthful (merth'f ool) , adj. merry ; fes- tive. mirthfully (merth 'f oo-li) , adv. in a mirthful manner. mirthless (merth'les), adj. destitute of mirth; morose; sad. t miry (mi'ri) , adj. abounding in, or cov- ered with, mire. mirza (mer'za), n. a Persian title- equivalent to prince. mis, a Latin prefix meaning wrong, wrongly, ill, error, divergence. misadventure (mis-ad-yen'tur) , n. an unlucky accident ; misfortune. misalliance (mis-a-ll'ans)^n. an im- proper alliance by marriage, espe- cially with one of lower social status. [Also French, mesalliance.] misanthrope (mis'an-throp), n. a hater of mankind. misanthropic (mis-an-throp'ik), adj. hating mankind. Also misanthropi- cal. misanthropy (mis-an'thro-pi) , n. ha- tred of mankind. [Greek.] misapprehend (mis-ap-re-hend'), v.t. to misunderstand; misconceive. misappropriate (mis-a-pro'pri-at), v.t. to apply to a wrong use or purpose, as trust-money, &c. miscarriage (mis-kar'aj), n. failure; misbehavior; premature parturition. miscarry (mis-kar'i), v.i. [j).t. & p.p. miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to go wrong; be unsuccessful; bring forth young prematurely. miscellanea (mis-e-la'ne-a) , n.pl. a collection of miscellaneous matters, or things. miscellaneous (mis-e-la'ne-us) , adj. consisting of several kinds mixed to- gether; promiscuous. miscellany (mis'e-la-ni), n. [pi. mis- cellanies (mis'e-la-niz)], a mixture of various kinds, a book containing a variety of literary compositions. mischance (mis-chans'), n. misfor- tune; mishap. mischief (mis'chif), n. harm; injury; hurt; damage; misfortune. mischievous (mis'chi-vus), adj. pro- ducing injury or damage; hurtful; inclined to mischief. miscihle (mis'i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing mixed. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MISCONCEIVE 543 MISTLETOE misconceive (mis-kon-sev'), v.t. to conceive wrongly; misjudge; mis- apprehend. misconception (ims-kon-sep'shun), n. false opinion; misapprehension. miscreant (mis'kre-ant), n. an un- scrupulous villain; vile wretch; adj. ■ unscrupulous. misdemean (mis-de-men'), v.t. to be- have (one's self) ill. misdemeanant (mis-de-men'ant) , n. one guilty of a misdemeanor. ■ misdemeanor (mis-de-memer) , n. evil conduct; a crime less than a felony. miser (mfzer), n. a covetous man who denies himself the comforts of life to hoard up money. [Latin.] miserable (miz'er-a-bl), adj. wretch- ed; very unhappy; worthless; des- picable; very mean or poor. miserably (miz'er-a-bli), adv. in a miserable manner. m misericorde (mi-za/ri-kord) , n. a long, slim dagger used in the Middle Ages to pry open the edges or scales of armor in order to put a knight to death. [French.] miserly (miz'er-li), adj. penurious ; like a miser. misery (miz'er-i), n. extreme pain, distress, or misfortune; great un- happiness. misfit (mis'fit), n. non-fitting cloth- ing; a person unfitted for the posi- tion he occupies. misly (miz'li), adj. raining in minute drops. misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), n. a wom- an-hater. [Greek.] misogyny (mi-soj'i-ni), n. hatred of women. misplace (mis-plas'), v.t. to put in a wrong place; place on an improper or undeserving object. misprision (mis-prizh'un) , n. in law, a high offense under the degree of a capital one, but bordering upon it. misprision of felony (fel'o-ni), n. concealment of a felony by one who is cognizant thereof, but without consenting to it. misrepresent (mis-rep-re-zenf) , v.t. to represent falsely or incorrectly, wilfully, or through carelessness. Miss (mis), n. [pi. misses (mis'ez)], a title of address prefixed to the name of an unmarried lady. miss, n. failure to hit, reach, per- ceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail to hit, &c; omit or pass by; do without; feel the want of: v.i. to fail to hit; fly wide of the mark. missal (mis'al), n. the book containing the order of service for the Roman Catholic Mass. missel (miz'l), n. the mistlethrush. missile (mis'il), n. a weapon or thing thrown, or designed to be thrown, to injure another. missing (mis'ing), p. adj. lost; wanting. mission (mish'un), n. # the act of sending, or state of being sent with certain powers, especially to propa- gate religion; embassy; delegation; commission; a series of special re- ligious services , # missionary (mish'un-a-ri) , n. [pi. missionaries (mish'un-a-riz)], a per- son who is sent to # propagate religion, especially in foreign parts: adj. per- taining to missions or missionaries. missioner (mish'un-er) , n. a mission- ary; one who has charge of, or con- ducts, a mission. missive (mis'iv), n. a letter or mes- sage: adj. sent specially. Miss Nancy (mis nan'si) , n. a simper- ing, lady-like man who makes him- self ridiculous by his effeminacy. misspell (mis-spel')> v.t. (p. t. and p.p. misspelled), to spell incorrectly. mist (mist), n. visible watery vapor in the atmosphere, at or near the earth's surface; fog; anything that dims or # obscures the vision: v.t. to coyer with, or as with, mist: v.i. to rain in minute drops. mistakable (mis-tak'a-bl) , adj. liable to be mistaken. mistake ^ (mis-tak') , v.t. [pi. mistook, p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to misunderstand ; misconceive ; mis- judge: v.i. to err in judgment or opinion: n. an error in judgment; misconception; fault. Mister (mis'ter), n. a title of address prefixed to a man's name, and for- merly written and pronounced Mas- ter ; abbreviated in writing Mr. mistiness (mis'ti-nes), n. the state of being misty; obscurity; dimness. mistletoe (miz'l-to), n. an evergreen plant parasitic on apple trees, and less commonly on the oak. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MISTRAL 544 MOCCASIN mistral (mis-tral') , n. a cold, dry, northwest wind that blows over the Gulf of Lyons and the adjacent Mediterranean countries. It chills and has a depressing effect on all who feel it. mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who exercises authority or governs; the female head of a family, school, &c. ; a woman well skilled in anything; a woman courted and beloved; sweetheart; a kept woman. Mistress (mis'tres), n. a title of ad- dress prefixed to the name of a married woman; abbreviated Mrs. (mis'iz) . • misty (mis'ti) , adj. [comp. < mistier, superl. mistiest], characterized by, or obscured with, mist; dim; ob- scure; clouded. misunderstand (mis-un-der-stand') , v.t. to take in a wrong sense; miscon- ceive. misunderstanding (mis-un-der- stand'ing), n. misconception; dis- agreement. mite (mit), n. a minute insect of the division Acarida often found in cheese ; a small coin formerly current ; a very small object or quantity. miter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- dress of the high priest of the Jews; a kind of crown cleft in the middle, worn by archbishops, bishops, and sometimes by abbots on special oc- casions; the dignity of a bishop; the junction of moldings at an angle of 45°: v.t. to adorn with a miter; join at 45°. _ [Grseco-Latin.] mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render less severe or rigorous or painful; soften; alleviate. mitigation (mit-i-ga'shun) , n. the act of mitigating; alleviation. mitigative (mit'i-ga-tiv), adj. allevi- ating. mitigator (mit'i-ga-ter) , n. one who, or that which, mitigates. mitigatory (mit'i-ga-to-ri), adj. tend- ing to mitigate. mitrailleuse (me-tra-I-yez'), n. a breech-loading gun formed of many barrels fitted together, and capable of being fired simultaneously. In- vented by the French in 1869, and named from the word mitraille (grape-shot) . mitral (mi'tral), adj. pertaining to, or shaped like, a miter. mitriform (mi'tri-form), adj. shaped like a miter; conical. mitten (mit'n), n. a fingerless winter glove; a fingerless cover for the hand or wrist. mittimus (mit'i-mus) (Latin "We send"), n. a warrant of commitment to prison ; a writ transferring a rec- ord out of one court to another. mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend into one mass or compound; join: v.i. to become united in a com- pound; associate; mingle. mixture (miks'tur), n. the state of being mixed; a compound or mass formed by mixing, especially one in which the particles of each in- gredient retain their property. mizzen (miz'n), n. the hindmost of the fore- and aft-sails of a vessel. mizzle (miz'l), v.i. to rain in very mi- nute drops; to take one's self off: n. fine rain. mizzly (mizli), adj. drizzling; misty. mnemonic (ne-mon'ik), adj. assist- ing the memory. [Greek.] mnemonics (ne-mon'iks) , n.pl. the art or science of assisting the mem- ory. moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low sound from, or as from, pain or sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- sion of sorrow or pain. moat (mot), n. a ditch round a for- tress, &c: v.t. to surround with a moat. mob (mob), n. the populace; a rude disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly crowd; crowd about and annoy. mobcap (mob'kap), n. a woman's plain headdress or cap. [English.] mobile (mo'bil), adj. easily moved. mobility (mo-bil'i-ti) , n. suscepti- bility of motion. mobilization (mo-bil-i-za/shun) , n. the act of mobilizing. mobilize (mo'bil-iz), v.t. to call into active military service; place troops on a war footing. mobocracy (mob-ok'ra-si) , n. the rule, or ascendency, of the mob. moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. a sandal or shoe worn by the American Indians; a poisonous American snake. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MOCHA 545 MOISTEN mocha (mo'ka), n. a kind of coffee from Mocha, a seaport of Arabia. mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; mimic in sport, contempt, or derision; de- ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- talize: n. derision; ridicule: adj. false; counterfeit. mockery (mok'er-i), n. derision; ridi- cule; delusion; imitation. mocking (mok'ing;, p. adj. derisive; mimicking. mocking bird (berd), n. an American thrush noted for mimicry of the notes of other birds. modal (mo'dal), adj. pertaining to mode or form; indicating some mode of expression. modality (mo-dari-ti) , n. the fact of being a mode; in law, the quality of being suspended by a condition. mode (mod), n. form; custom; fashion, manner; variety of a syllogism. model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- thing to be made, or reproduced ; ex- ample for imitation; standard copy; a person who poses as a subject for a painter or sculptor: adj. serving as a pattern or model: v.t. to form after > a model, especially in some plastic material: v.i. to practice modeling. [French.] modeler (mod'el-er), n. one who models. modeling (mod'el-ing) , n. the act or art of making a model, especially of a work of art in some plastic material. moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to keep within bounds; lessen; qualify: v.i. to become less violent or intense; ^preside as a moderator: adj. (mod'er- at), kept within bounds; not extreme or excessive ; restrained ; frugal; calm; reasonable; mild. [Latin.] moderately (mod'er-at-li), adv. in a moderate manner. moderation (mod-er-a'shun) , n. the act of moderating; the state of being moderate; freedom from ex- cess; equanimity. moderator (mod'er-a-ter) , n. one who, or that which, moderates or re- strains; the presiding officer in a church meeting. modern (mod'ern), adj. pertaining to the present time; recent: n.pl. people of modern times. [French.] modernize (mod'ern-Iz) , v.t. to rendei modern in usage or taste. modest (mod'est), adj. restrained by a due sense of propriety; diffident; decent; chaste. [Latin.] modesty (mqd'es-ti), n. the quality or state of being modest; propriety of behavior or manner; chastity; dif- fidence ; moderation. modicum (mod'i-kum), n. a little. modification (mod-i-a-ka/shun) , n. the act of modifying; the state of being modified; slight change in form. modify (mod'i-fl), v.L [p.t. & p.p. modified, p.pr. modifying], to change slightly in form; vary; qualify; re-. duce. modiste (mo-dest'), n. a fashionable dressmaker. [French.] modulate (mod'u-lat), v.t. to vary the sound of; change the key or mode of: v.i. to pass from one musi- cal key to another. _ modulation (mod-u-la'shun) , n. the act of modulating ; the state of being modulated. modulator (mod'u-la-ter) , n. one who, or that which, modulates; in the tonic sol-fa system, a chart to indicate its modulations. Mogul (mo-gul'), odj. pertaining to the Mongolians: n. a person of the Mongolian race. The Emperor of Delhi was_ called the Great # Mogul. mohair (mo'har), n. a fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat ; an imitation of such a fabric. Mohammedan (mo-ham'e-dan), adj. pertaining to Mohammed, or to Mo^ hammedanism; n. an adherent of Mohammedanism. Also Mahometan, Mahomedan, Mussulman, Moslem. Mohammedanism _ (md-ham'e-dan- izm), n. the religion, doctrines, or institutions founded by Mohammed. [Muhammad, Arabic, meaning "he is praised."] # moiety (moi'e-ti), n. one of two equal parts or shares; half. [French.] moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge. moire (mwar-ra'), n. watered_silk. moire-antique (mwar-ra 'an-tek'), n. a superior variety of watered silk. moist (moist), adj. containing water or other liquid; humid; damp. moisten (mois'n), v.t. to make moist. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 35 hue, hut; think, 2/ien. MOISTURE 546 MONADISM moisture (moist'ur), n. a moderate degree of dampness; slight wetness. moke (mok), n. a donkey. molar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth or grinder: adj. used for, and capable of, grinding. molasses (mo-las'ez), n. a coarse syrup drained from sugar-cane; a finer syrup is called treacle, a name oftener used in England than the United States. [Spanish.] mold, mould (mold), n. a fine soft soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- stance of which anything is com- posed; a minute fungoid growth of decaying animal or vegetable mat- ter; the matrix in which anything is cast or shaped; character: v.t. cover with mold; cause to become moldy; fashion in, or as in, a mold: v.i. to become moldy. molder, moulder (mol'der), v.t. to turn into dust by natural decay: v.i. to crumble to mold; waste away by degrees: n. one who molds. moldiness, mouldiness (mol'di-nes), n. the state of being moldy. molding, moulding (mol'ding), n. the act of molding ; anything made in or by a mold; ornamental strip: used on a wall, picture frame, &c. moldy, mouldy (mol'di), adj. cov- ered with or having mold. mole (mol), n. a dark-colored mark or small protuberance on the skin; a small soft-furred burrowing ani- mal with small eyes of the genus Talpa; a pier or breakwater. molecular (mo-lek'u-lar) , adj. per- taining to, consisting of, produced by, or existing between, molecules. molecularity (mo-lek-u-lar'i-ti) , n. molecular state. molecule (moFe-knl), n. the smallest quantity of an element or compound which can exist separately. moleskin (mol'skin), n. a twilled fustian cloth with a soft surface resembling a mole's fur. molest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or interfere with; trouble; vex. [Latin.] molestation (mol-es : ta/shun) , n. the act of molesting; interference; an- noyance. moll (mol), n. a woman of low repute, living in the streets, or with crimi- nals. [Vulgar.] mollifier (mol'i-fl-er) , n. one who mollifies. mollify (mol'i-11), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mollified, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; soften; assuage. [Latin.] Mollusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a divi- sion of the Invertebrata comprising animals with a soft fleshy body, and covered more or less with a calca- reous shell, as the snail, &c. molluscan (mo-lus'kan) , adj. pertain- ing to the Mollusca. Also mollus- cous. mo Husk (mol'usk), n. one of the Mol- lusca. mollycoddle (mol'i-cod-1) , n. an ef- feminate, weak, simpleton; a girl-boy. See milksop. Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- nites to whom human sacrifices were offered. Also Molech. [Hebrew, "the God."] molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the feathers, hair, skin, &c. molten (mol'ten), adj. melted; made of melted metal. molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num) , n. a rare metallic element. moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest possible portion of time; an instant; importance; value; the product of a force and the perpendicular of its line of action from the point on which it acts. [Latin.] momentarily (mo-men-ta/ri-li) , adv. for a moment; from moment to moment. momentary (mo'men-ta-ri), adj. last- ing only for, or done in, a moment. momentous (mo-men'tus), adj. very important. momentum (mo-men'tum) , n. im- petus; the product of the mass by the velocity of- a ^moving body. [Latin.] monachism (mon'a-kizm) , n. mo- nastic life or system. Also monas- ticism. [Greek.] monad (mo'nad), n. an ultimate atom; a simple primary constituent of mat- ter; one of the smallest flagellate Infusoria; an elementary organism or cell; a univalent atom or radical. monadism (mo'nad-izm), n. the appli- cation of the theory of the monad to any system or physical fact. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MUX A.N DUO L> 547 MONKE1 monandrous (mo-nan'drus), adj. opposed bo puLyandrous. Having one husband instead of several. [Greek.] monarch (mon'ark), n. sl supreme ruler; sovereign; the chief of its class or kind: adj. supreme. [Greek.] monarchic (mon-ar'kik) , adj. pertain- ing to a monarch or to monarchy; vested in a monarch. Also monar- chical. monarchism (mon'ar-kizm) , n. the principles of monarchy; preference for monarchy. monarchist (mon'ar-kist) , n. an ad- vocate for, or supporter of, mon- archy. monarchy (mon'ar-ki), n. [pi. mon- archies (mon'ar-kiz)], government in which the supreme power, either absolute or limited, is vested in a monarch, kingdom, or_ empire. monasterial (mon-as-te'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a monastery, or to mo- nastic life. monastery (mon'as-ter-i) , n. [pi. mon- asteries (mon'as-ter-iz)], a home for religious retirement for men. monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- ing to monasteries, monks, their rules, &c. Also monastical. < monastically (mo-nas'ti-ka-li), adv. in a monastic manner. monasticism (mo-nas'ti-sizm) , n. monachism; the rule of monks. mondaine (mon-dan'), n. a woman of fashion. [French.] Monday (mun'da), n. the second day of the week. Named after the moon — "Moon-day." monetary (mun'e-ta-ri) , adj. per- taining to money. monetary unit (u'nit), n. the stand- ard of the currency of a nation, as the pound in England, or the gold dollar in the United States. monetization (mun-e-ti-za/shun) , n. the act of monetizing. monetize (mun'e-tiz), v.t. to convert into money; give a standard or cur- rent value to. money (mun'i), n. [pi. moneys (mun'- iz)], coin; specie; gold, silver, or other m metal stamped by legal authority and used as currency; any currency used as money; wealth. [Latin.] moneyed (mun'id), adj. possessed of money; wealthy. moneyless (mun'i-les), adj. lacking money; impecunious. money-mad (mun-i-mad') , n. frantic for the possession of money ; intense- ly eager to get money. monger (mung'ger), n. a dealer. Mongol (mqng'gol), qdj. m pertaining to Mongolia, or to its inhabitants, or to one of the great divisions of mankind, of which the Mongols and Chinese are the type: n. a member of the Mongol race. Also Mongo- lian. [The word m_angol = bT8we.] mongoose (mon'goos), n. a small ichneumon that preys on snakes. [Mahrati.] mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a mixed breed or kind; n. anything of mixed breed or kind, as a dog, &c. monism (mo'nizm), n. the doctrine of the unity of substance; the identity of matter and mind. monist (mo'nist), n. sl supporter or advocate of monism. [Greek.] monistic (mo-nis'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to monism. > monition (mo-nish'un) , n. admoni- tion; warning; notice. monitive (mon'i-tiv), adj. admoni- tory. monitor (mon'i-ter), n. one who warns or admonishes; a senior pupil se- lected to instruct or discipline the younger scholars ; heavily-armed tur- reted iron-clad; a genus of large lizards. [Latin.] m monitorial (mon-i-to'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to, or performed by, a monitor. monitorially (mon-i-to'ri-a-li), adv. in a monitorial manner. monitory (mon'i-to-ri) , adj. giving monition. moni tress (mon'i-tres) , n. a female monitor. monk (mungk), n. a man who de- votes himself exclusively to a reli- gious life and lives in community with others similarly bound by vows to chastity, obedience, and poverty. [Greek.] monkey (mung'ki), n. [pi. monkeys (mung'kiz)], a quadrumanous mam- mal, of the species Simiidae; a name for various mechanical contrivances ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MONKEY 548 MONSOON (such as monkey-boat, monkey-wrench, etc.) ; a name of contempt, especially for one of mischievous propensities. [French, then Italian, a diminutive, meaning "little ape."] monkey, v.i. completea by with. A slang term meaning to play tricks with, as "do not monkey with the buzz-saw." monkey-boat (mung'ki-bot) , n. a small dock-boat. monkey-jacket (mung'ki-jak-et), n. a short closely fitting thick jacket. monkhood (mungk'-hood) , n. the character or condition of a monk; monks collectively. monkish (mungk'ish), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a monk ; monastic. monkshood (mungks'hood) , n. aconite. mono, a Greek prefix meaning one, sin- gle, alone. Also mon, as monobasic: adj. having only a single atom or equivalent of base, monocle, an eye- glass for one eye. monocular (mo-nok'u-lar), adj. adapt- ed for use for one eye; with one eye only. monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive poem or song for one voice. monogamy (mo-nog'a-mi) , n. mar- riage of one wife only; marrying only once. monogenesis (mon-o-gen'e-sis) , n. a sexual reproduction from a single cell. monogram (mon'o-gram) , n. a cipher or character formed by the inter- . weaving of two or more letters. monograph (mon'o-gra'f ) , n. a paper or treatise written on one par- ticular subject or some branch of it. monolith (mon'o-lith) , n. a pillar or column formed of a single stone: adj. monolithic. monologue (mon'o-log), n. a dramatic scene in which one person only speaks; soliloquy. monomania (mon-o-ma'ni-a) , n. men- tal derangement in regard to one subject only. monomaniac (mon-o-ma/ni-ak) , adj. pertaining to, or affected with, monomania: n. one affected with monomania. monometallism (mon-o-met'al-izm) , n. the legalized use of one metal only as the basis of legal tender. monoplane (mon'o-plan) , n. an aero« plane or flying machine, composed of a single plane, as contrasted with the biplane, q.v. monopolist (mo-nop'o-fist), n. one who has a monopoly or monopolizes. monopoly (mo-nop'o-fi), n. in com- merce, the control of some article that is widely sold and limited in amount. A comparatively few per- sons secure the possession of this commodity, undersell and ruin their weaker rivals, and thus possess a monopoly of whatever the thing may be, whether coal, oil, wheat, sugar, &c. The exclusive right to sell con- stitutes a monopoly contrary to both public policy and the statutes, as giv- ing a few the right to fix prices at their own will and not by the laws of trade in open competition. [Greek.] monopolize (mo-nop'o-llz), v.t. to acquire the possession of, so as to be the only seller. monorail (mon'o-ral), n. a railway in which only one rail is used. monotone (mon'o-ton), n. a recita- tion on a single note or key ; a picture produced in a single tint or tone: v.t. to recite (as prayers) on a single note. monotonous (mo-not'o-nus) , adj. con- tinued in the same unvarying tone. monotony (mo-not'o-ni), n. dull uniformity of tone; unvarying or irksome sameness. monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a type- setting machine that casts single letters, instead of whole fines. monseigneur (mong-sa-nyer') , n. [pi. messeigneurs (ma-sa-nyeV) ], formerly a title in France given by courtesy to persons of high birth or rank, espe- cially to the Dauphin ; a title of French bishops. monsieur _(me-syer'), n. [vl. mes- sieurs (ma-syeV) ], a French title of courtesy, equivalent to Sir or Mr.; formerly the title of the eldest brother of the King of France. [French, "my lord."] monsignore (mong-se-nyor') , n. [pi. monsignori (mong-se-nyor'e) ], an ecclesiastical title conferred by the Pope on prelates of the papal house- hold,' equivalent to Lord. monsoon (mon-soon'), n. a periodical ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue^ hut : think, then. MONSTER 549 MOOT-COURT wind in the Indian Ocean blowing from the southwest from April to October, and from the northeast during the other part of the year. monster (mon'ster), n. anything out of the usual course of nature; prodigy; something greatly de- formed; a person remarkable for extreme wickedness, cruelty, &c: adj. of unusual size. [Latin.] monstrosity (mon-stros'i-ti), n. [pi. monstrosities (mon-stros'i-tiz) ], the state or quality of being monstrous; an unnatural production. monstrous (mon'strus), adj. out of the common course of nature; wonderful; huge; horrible; enor- mous. monte (mon'ta), n. a gambling game resembling faro and played with the Spanish pack of forty cards. [Spanish.] month (munth), n. one of the twelve divisions of the year, either calen- dar or lunar. monthly (munth'li), adj. continued, performed, or happening, in a month : adv. once each month: n. a maga- zine or periodical published each month. monument (mon'u-ment), n. any- thing that perpetuates the memory of a person or event. [Latin.] monumental (mon-u-men'tal), adj. pertaining to, or serving as, a monu- ment; lasting. monumentally (mon - u - men'ta - li) , adv. by way of a monument or memorial. moo (moo), v.i. to make the noise of a cow; low: n. the lowing of a cow. mood (mood), n. style; manner; temper of mind; variation in the form of a verb to express the man- ner of action or being; in logic, the form of a syllogism with regard to the quantity and quality of the three propositions by which it is formed; in music, the same as mode. [Latin.] moodily (mood'i-li), adv. in a moody manner. moodiness (mood'i-nes) , n. moody disposition. moody (mood-i), adj. [comp. moodier, superl. moodiest], abstracted and pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. moon (moon), n. the satellite that revolves round the earth; satellite of a planet ; a month (Indian) ; a crescent-shaped outwork: v.i. to wander and look about in an ab- stracted and listless manner. moonsail (moon'sal), n. a sail car- ried at the very top of the mast. Also moonraker. moonshine (moon'shln), n. moon- light; show without reality; smug- gled intoxicants. __ moonshiner > (moon'shl-ner) , n. a distiller of illicit whisky ; a smuggler of whisky. [Americanism.] moonstone (moon'ston), n. a trans- lucent stone of yellowish or yellow- white color exhibiting beautiful pearly reflections. moonstruck (moon'struk) , adj. lu- natic. moonwort (moon'wert), n. a fern with crescent-shaped fronds. moony (moon'i), adj. crescent- shaped; weakly sentimental; in- toxicated. Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race dwelling in Barbary in Northern Africa. [Literally "black."] moor (moor), n. an extensive tract of waste land covered with heather, &c, sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. to secure (a ship) by a cable and anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable and anchor. moorage (moor'aj), n. a mooring place. moor-cock (moor'kok), n. the male of the red grouse. Also moor-fowl. mooring (mooring), the act of securing a vessel to a particular place; the cables, anchors, &c, laid at the bottom of a harbor, &c, to which a vessel is moored: pi. the place where a vessel is moored. moorstone (moor'ston), n. a variety of Cornish granite, used for building. moose (moos), n. a large North American deer resembling the Euro- pean elk. moot (moot), v.t. to propose for dis- cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on a supposed case: n. a discussion on a supposed case: adj. subject or open for discussion or debate. moot-court (moot'cort), n. a mock court for the practice of law students. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. MOP 550 MORMON mop (mop), n. an instrument for washing floors, decks, &c, consist- ing of a bundle of cloth, rags, &c, fastened to the end of a long handle ; a fair at which servants are hired: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mopped, p.pr. mop- ping], to_rub or dry with a mop. mope (mop), v.i. to be silent, dull or dispirited. moppet (mop'et), n. a pet. moquette (mo-kef), n. a carpet, somewhat finer than Brussels or Axminster, and woven with a short velvety pile. [French.] mora (mo'ra), n. a South American tree the wood of which is used for shipbuilding and furniture, and its bark for tanning; an Italian game of guess played with the fingers. moraine (mo-ran'), n. a fine of rocks and gravel at the edges and base of glaciers. moral (mor'al), adj. pertaining to morality or morals; conformed to right; subject to, or influenced by, the moral law; virtuous; practical- ly sufficient; serving to teach a moral: n. inner meaning: pi. moral philosophy or ethics; conduct of life; behavior. [Latin.] morale (mo-ral'), n. moral condition; that mental state which renders a man capable of endurance and of exhibiting courage in the pres- ence of danger. [French.] moralist (mor'a-list) , n. one who moralizes; one who teaches or prac- tices the duties of life. morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. [pi. moral- ities (mo-raFi-tiz)], the doctrine^ or practice of the duties of life; ethics; virtue ; formerly a kind of allegorical play. moralize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to apply or explain in a moral sense ; render moral: v.i. to make reflections on good or evil. morally (mor'al-i), adv. according to the rules of morality; ethically; vir- tuously ; practically. moral philosophy (fil-os'o-fi) , n. ethics. morass (mo-ras'), n. a_swamp; fen. moratorium (nior'a-to-ri-um) , n. an emergency extension of period al- lowed for payment of debt, as de- clared by several governments on the outbreak of the European War in 1914. Moravian (mo-ra/vi-an) , adj. pertain- ing to Moravia, in Austria, or to a Protestant sect, the Moravians or United Brethren. morbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to disease; sickly; unhealthy. [Latin.] morbidity (mor-bid'i-ti) , n. a morbid state. morbific (mor-bif 'ik) , adj. producing disease. mordant (mor'dant), adj. biting into or fixing colors; sarcastic: caustic: n. a substance that has a chemical af- finity for coloring matter, and serves to fix certain colors in dyeing. more (mor), adj. [comp. of many and much, superl. most], greater in num- ber, quality, extent, &c; additional; longer: adv. to a greater degree, &c; again; besides: n. a greater quantity, number, &c; something further or additional. moreen (mo-ren/), n. a stout woolen embossed or figured fabric. morel (mor'el), n. a small fungus used for food and flavoring. Also moril. moreilo (mo-rel'o), n. a dark-red cherry: used < for making cherry- brandy. [Italian.] moreover (mor-6'ver), adv. besides; further. Moresque (mo-resk'), adj. Moorish or Arabesque: n. such decoration or architecture. [French.] _ morganatic (mor-ga-nat'ik) , adj. de- noting the marriage of a man of royal rank with a woman of inferior degree, whose children are legitimate but cannot inherit their father's rank or possessions, except such property as he leaves them by will. morgue (morg), n. a place where the bodies of persons found dead are ex- posed for identification. [French.] moribund (mor'i-bund) , adj. dying. moringa (mo-ring^a) , n. a highly scented East Indian tree, yielding the ben-nut and ben-oil. morion (mo'ri-un), n. an open hel- met without beaver or vizor. Morisco (mo-ris'ko), n. a Moor; the Moorish language. [Spanish.] Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MORMONISM 551 MOSAIC Smith, who professed to have found the Book of Mormon. The sect, called also Latter Day Saints, for- merly practiced polygamy, and has its headquartersin Utah. Mormonism (Mor'mun-izm), n. the doctrines and practices of the Mormons. morning (morn'ing), n. the early part of the day: poet, morn: adj. per- taining to, occurring, or performed, in the morning. morning watch (woch), n. watch on shipboard from 4 a. m. to 8 a.m. morocco (mo-rok'o), n. a fine kind of grained leather of goatskin or sheepskin; first prepared in Moroc- co, Africa. _ morone (mo-ron'), n. a dark crimson color. morose (mo-ros'). adj. sullen; aus- tere; gloomy. morosely (mo-ros'li), adv. in a morose manner. moroseness (mo-ros'nes), the quality or state of being morose. morphia (mor'fi-a), n. the narcotic principle of opium. Also morphine. morphinism (mor'fin-izm), n. a mor- bid state occasioned by the excessive use of morphia. morphological (mor-fo-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to morphology. Also morphologic. morphology (mor-fol'o-ji), n. the science of the forms in the organisms of animals and plants. morris (mor'is), n. a Moorish dance with tambourines, bells, castanets, &c, common in Old English pa- geants and revels; an old game played with men and counters on squares. Also morrice. [French.] Morris-chair (mor'is-char), n. an easy chair, the back of which can be raised or lowered at the pleasure of the sitter. morrow (mor'o), n. the next day. morse (mors), n. the walrus; a clasp for fastening a cope. [Russian.] morsel (mor'sel), n. a small piece. t mort (mort), n. a salmon in its third year; a note or notes sounded on a hunting horn to notify the death of game. mortal (mor'tal), adj. subject to death; causing death; fatal; pun- ishable with death; violent; ex- treme ; tedious ; pertaining to human beings: n. a human being; man, as subject to death. [Latin.] mortality (mor-tal'i-ti), n. the condi' tion of being mortal; mankind; fre- quency or number of deaths in ratio to population. mortally (mor'tal-li) , adv. so as to cause death; fatally; extremely. mortar (mor'ter), n. a vessel in which substances are pounded with a pes- tle; a short piece of ordnance used for throwing shells at high angles of elevation; a building cement of lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster or secure with mortar. mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- veying property to a creditor as security for the payment of a debt; the deed by which such conveyance is made: v.t. to convey or make over to a creditor as security; pledge. mortgagee (mor-ga-je'), n. the person to whom a mortgage is made or given. mortgager (mor'ga-jer), n. the per- son who grants a mortgage. Also mortgagor. mortification (mor-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of mortifying ; gangrene ; subjugation of the passions and ap- petites by abstinence; humiliation; vexation; chagrin. mortify (mor'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mortified, p.pr. mortifying], to de- stroy the vital functions of; produce gangrene in ; subdue by penance or austerities ; humble ; depress ; chagrin : v.i. to be subdued; practice austeri- ties; become gangrenous. mortifying (mor'ti-fi-ing), adj. tend- ing to mortify; humiliating; vexa- tious. mortise (mor'tis), n. sl hole made in wood to receive a tenon: v.t. to cut or make a mortise in. mortmain (mort'man), n. alienation of lands or tenements to any cor- porate body. [French.] mortuary (mor'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. mor- tuaries (mor'tu-a-riz), a building for the dead pending burial: adj. per- taining to the burial of the dead. Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c 5 ate. arm. at. awl: me. mer^e, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut: think, then. MOSAIC 552 MOTTO given through him, or in his writ- ings. mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a design, or form of artistic work, formed by the union of very minute pieces of glass, stone, &c, of various colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco or metal. [Greek.] Moselle (mo-zel'), n. a light white wine, sometimes dry and some- times sparkling; its choicest vintage comes from along the Moselle river. Moslem (mos'lem), adj. pertaining to Mohammedans: n. a Mohammedan or Mussulman. Literally, * 'those who have submitted." mosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan temple. [Turkish.] mosquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect of the genus Culex, the females of which puncture the skin of men and animals, causing great cutaneous ir- ritation and pain. [Spanish.] moss (mos), n. soft peaty moorland; a natural order of cryptogamous bog plants, the musci, with simple narrow leaves and of cellular struc- ture; a lichen. moss-rose (mos'roz), n. a fragrant va- riety of rose with a moss-like calyx. most (most), adj. [superl. of more], greatest in number, quantity, or de- gree: n. the greatest number, part, quantity, or value. mot (mo) 1 n. a witty saying. [French.] mote (mot), n. & popular assembly for the discussion and management of affairs; a very small particle. motet (mo-tef), n. a short vocal composition of a sacred character; anthem. moth (moth), n. a lepidopterous in- sect or its larva?, which feed upon cloth, fur, &c; anything that grad- ually gnaws away. mother (mu^'er), n. female parent, especially one of the human race; one who has given birth to a child; origin or source; the female superior of a religious house; a thick # slimy substance or film concreted in liq- uids: adj. native; producing others: v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter. mother-in-law (muth'er-in-law), n. the mother of one's husband or wife. motherless (mutf/i'er-les) , adj. deprived of one's mother. mother-of-pearl (muth'er-ov-perl') , n. the hard, silvery internal layer of various kinds of shells. motion (mo 'shun), n. the act, pro- cess, or state of moving; passage of a body from one place to another; animal life and action; impulse, de- sire, or passion; internal activity; a proposition made in a deliberative as- sembly; evacuation of the bowels: v.i. to make a significant movement or gesture. [Latin.] motivate (mo'ti-vat), v.i. to study the motives of a person so as to acquire a knowledge of his character. motive (mo'tiv), adj. causing motion; able or tending to move: n. that which moves or excites to action; inducement^ reason; stimulus; in art, leading idea, or conception. motive power (pou'er), n. any nat- ural agent, as wind, water, steam, or electricity, employed to produce motion in a machine. motley (mot'li), adj. covered with parts of various colors; heteroge- neous. motmot (mot'mot), n. any one of various species of beautiful jay-like South American birds. [Named from its cry.] motor (mo'ter), n. a machine trans- mitting power; a device for trans- forming heat, etc., into mechanical motion: adj. imparting motion. motor boat (bot) , n. a boat moved by a gasoline or other light motor. motor car (kar), n. a vehicle propelled by means of petroleum, electricity, &c. motorcycle (mo'ter-si-kl) , n. a bi- cycle propelled by a motor. motordrome (mo'ter-drom), n. a track where automobile and motorcycle races are held. motorite (mo'to-rit), n. a com- pound of gun-cotton and nitro-glyc- erine. motorman (mo'ter-man), n. one who operates a motor car. motor-zone (mo'ter-zon),?!. any space that is reserved for the use of motors and those in them. motto (mot'o), n. [pi. mottoes (mot'oz) ], a concise sentence added ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MOUFLON 553 MOVABLE FEASTS to a device, or prefixed to anything, suggesting some guiding principle. [Italian.] mouflon (moof'lon), n. the wild large- horned sheep of Corsica and Sar- dinia. Also moufflon. [French.] moujik (moo-zhek'), n. a Russian peasant. mould. Seemold. moulin (moo-lang'), n. a deep crack intersecting a glacial rivulet. [French.] moulinage (moo'lin-aj), n. the process of reeling off silk in its raw state and dressing it prior to dyeing. moulinet (moo'li-net), n. a kin 1 of turnstile; the dru.n or capstan of a machine for hoisting. moult. See molt. mound (mound), n. an artificial bank of earth or stone, originally for de- fensive purposes; hillock; a small globe surmounted by a cross, sym- bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or fortify, with a mound. Mound Builders (bil'derz), n.pl. a pre- historic race formerly dwelling in the valle}^ of the Mississippi, who erected large earthen mounds. mount (mount), n. a hill or moun- tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- ing above the level of the surround- ing land; a mound for defense or at- tack; rampart; cardboard on which a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- nish with horses; prepare for use by fixing on, or in, something else: v.i. to rise up; project; tower; get on horseback. mountain (moun'tn), n. a large mass of rock or earth rising above the level of the adjacent country; usu- ally over 2,000 feet; anything very large. mountaineer (moun-tn-er') , n. one who dwells among, or climbs, moun- tains: v.i. to climb mountains. mountainous (moun'tn-us), adj. full of, or resembling, mountains. mountain- sickness (moun'tn-sik- nes), n. a form of nausea which some persons feel when they ascend to a great height above the sea-level. mountebank (moun'te-bank) , n. a quack-doctor; boastful pretender. mounted (moun'ted), p. adj. seated or serving on horseback; placed on a suitable support. mounting (moun'ting), n. the act of mounting, embellishing, or equips ping. mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- ment ; be sorrowful ; wear mourn- ing: v.t. to grieve for; bewail. mourner (morn'er), n. one who mourns; one _who_ attends a funeral. mournful (morn'fool), adj. causing, or expressing, sorrow; doleful; sad. mournfully (morn'f oo-li) , adv. in a mournful manner. mourning (morn'ing), n. expression of grief; lamenting; the dress of a mourner. mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis) ] t a small rodent of the genus Mus, that infests houses, granaries, &c: v.i. (mouz) to watch for, or catch, mice; watch for something in a sly manner; pry curiously: v.t. to tear, as a cat tears a mouse. mousseline-de-laine (moo'se-len-de- lan'), n. a woolen dress material of very light texture. mousseline-de-soie (moo'se-len-de- swa'), n. a thin, gauze-like dress ma- terial made of silk and cotton; silk- muslin. moustache (moos-tash'), n. the better spelling for the hair which grows over the upper lip. [French.] See mustache. mouth (mouth), n. the opening in the head of an animal by which it receives food and utters sounds; en- trance or opening; exit; instrument of speaking; grimace: v.t. (mouth) to utter with an affected swelling or pompous voice: v.i. make grimaces. mouthful (mouth'fool), n. [pi. mouth- fuls (mouth'foolz) ], as much as can be put into the mouth at one time; small quantity. mouthpiece (mouth'pes), n. that part of an instrument which is held in or applied to the mouth; a spokes- man. movability (moov-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being movable. movable (moov'a-bl), adj. capable of being moved or conveyed; changing from one time to another: n.pl. goods, wares, or furniture. movable feasts (fests), n.pl. certain ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MOVABLY 554 MUFTI Church festivals, the date of which is determined by Easter. movably (moov'a-bli), adv. so as to be moved. __ move (moov), v.t. to cause to change place or position; impel; set in mo- tion; rouse to action; influence; propose formally: v.i. to change place or position; go from place to place; stir; take action; change res- idence: n. theact of moving. movement (mooy'ment), n. the act or manner of moving; change of place or position; motion; excitement; emotion; agitation; the going mech- anism of a watch or clock; any single part in a musical composition. movie (moov'e), n. a photoplay, or moving picture show (colloq.). moving (moov'ing), p. adj. causing motion, or change of position; stirring the passions or affections; pathetic: n. the act of changing one's residence. moving- pictures (moov'ing-pik- turz'), n. an application of photogra- phy in such a way that the negatives can be made to represent a series of continual and plausible movements. See cinematograph. moving platform (plat 'form), n. a sys- tem of moving platforms or continu- ous trains going at different rates of speed. mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to cut down with, or as with, a scythe: v.i. to cut grass with a scythe. mowing (mo'ing), n. the act of cut- ting grass with a scythe; meadow land. mown (mon), p.p. of mow. much (much), adj. [comparative more, superlative most], great in quantity or amount; long in duration; many in number: adv. to a great degree or extent; often or long; nearly: n. a great quantity; something consider- able or unusual. mucilage (mu'si-laj), n. a gummy or gelatinous substance; gum of plants.. mucilaginous (mu-si-laj'i-nus), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or se- creting, mucilage or gum. muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure with dung. muckiness (muk'i-nes) , n. the quality or state of being mucky. muck-raker (muk'rak-er), n. any one, especially a journalist or public man, who brings to light the civic evils of his time, and who exaggerates them. The expression is first found in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress." muckworm (muk Verm), n. a grub or larva bred in manure; a miser. mucky (muk'i), adj. consisting ol muck; miry; nasty; filthy. mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, resembling; or secreting, mucus ; vis- cous or slimy. mucous membrane (mem 'bran), n. the moist, glandular lining of*the cav- ities and canals of the human body. mucus (mu'kus), n. the viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane; a gummy or slimy substance found in certain plants. mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; mire. muddle (mud'l), v.t. to make a mess of or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make partially drunk; squander: n. a con- fused state; intellectual dulness or bewilderment. muezzin (moo-ez'zn), n. a Moham- medan priest who from a minaret of some mosque calls the faithful to prayer, especially at sunrise or sun- set. [Arabic] muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylindrical cover of fur, &c, to keep the hands warm in cold weather; a stupid, spiritless fellow; failure to hold a ball when catching it: v.t. to handle awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball), when almost catching it. muffet (muf'et), n._ a child's muff. muffetee (muf-e-te'), n. a fur or worsted wristband. muffin (muf 'in), n.'a soft light spongy round cake. muffle (muf'l), v.t. to wrap up closely and warmly; cover or conceal the face of; cover up so as to deaden sound: f.i. to speak indistinctly: n. a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven used in assaying metals. muffler (muf'ler), n. a wrapper. mufti (mufti), n. [pi. muftis (muf'tiz)], a doctor or official exnounder of Mohammedan law; civilian dress worn by a naval or military officer when off duty. [Turkish.] iite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MUG MULTUM mug (mug), n. an earthenware or metallic drinking vessel; the face. mugginess (mug'i-nes), n. the state of being muggy. rauggy (mug'i), adj. warm, damp, and close; moldy. mugwump (mug'wump), n. an in- dependent member of any political party with which he acts only so long as its principles are his own. [Origi- nally a New England rustic word.] Muhammadan (mu-ham'a-dan), same as Mohammedan. The word is never used by Mohammedans of one an- other. mulatto (mu-lat'o), n. [pi. mulattoes (mu-lat/oz)], the offspring of negro and white parents. [Spanish.] Fem- inine, ^mulatress. m [French.] mulberry (mul'ber-i) , n. [pi. mulber- ries (mul'ber-iz)], the tree or fruit of the genus Morus; dark purple. mulch (mulch), n. half rotten straw, litter, &c, used to protect the roots of trees, plants, &c. : v.t. to cover, or protect, with mulch. mulct (mulkt), v.t. to punish with a fine: n. a fine, especially for some misdemeanor. [Latin.] mule (mul), n. the offspring of a male ass and a mare; a stubborn obstinate person; a machine for spinning cotton, &c. [Latin.] muleteer (mul-e-ter') , n. a mule driver. mulish (muTish), adj. like a mule; stubborn. mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a snuff-box made of the end of a horn ; a very thin soft kind of muslin; an inferior kind of madder ; dust m or rubbish; failure: v.t. to warm, spice, and sweeten (wine, ale, &c.) : v.i. to brood, to be introspective, to dwell long and deeply on some theme, often in a morbid way. mullah (mul'la), n. the Turkish term for a holy man who dwells or has a station in a mosque whence he calls the faithful to prayer at the pre- scribed hours. Also mollah. [Turk- ish.] mull3in (mul'in), n. a coarse her- baceous plant. muller (mul'er), n. a flat-bottomed pestle used for grinding pigments or drugs. mullet (mul'et), n. an edible marine fish, much esteemed for the table. mullion (mul'yun), n . an upright bar or division between the lights of win- dows, screens, &c, in a Gothic arch: v.t. to furnish with, or divide by, mullions. mult, multi, Latin prefixes meaning many; as, smjftanguiar, havmg many angles, rai^florous, having many flowers. multigraph (muTti-graf ) , n. a machine for manifolding letters, office forms, &c, in typewriter type. multimillionaire (nmTti-mil-yan- ar'), n. one who is possessed of many millions. The French call such ■ a one, multimilliardaire. multiple (muTti-pl), adj. consisting of many parts ; repeated many times : n.a number or quantity which con- tains another an exact number of times without a^ remainder. multiplex (muTti-pleks) , adj. mani- fold. [Latin.] multiplicand (mul-ti-pli-kand') , n. the number or quantity to be multiplied. muitiplicate (mul'ti-pli-kat) , adj. con- sisting of many. multiplication (mul-ti-pli-ka'shun) , n. the act or process of multiplying; operation by which any given num- ber or quantity is multiplied. multiplicity (mul-ti-plis'i-ti) , n. the state of being manifold; a great number. multiplier (mul'ti-pll-er) , n. one who, or that which, multiplies or increases ; the number or quantity by which an- other is multiplied. multiply (muTti-plI), v.t. [p.t.^ & p.p. multiplied, p.pr. multiplying], to cause to increase in number; make more by natural generation, produc- tion, or addition; repeat (any given number or quantity) as often as there are units in another number or quantity: v.i. to increase in num- ber or extent. multitude (muTti-tud), n. a great number; crowd; assembly; populace (with the). multitudinous (mul-ti-tu'di-nus) , adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a multitude; numerous. multum (mul'tum), n. a mixture of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MUM 556 MUSCATEL the extracts of quassia and liquorice used for adulterating beer. mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; a kind of strong ale: inter j. be si- lent! mumble (mum'bl), v.t. & v.i. to mut- ter or speak indistinctly; chew gently with closed lips. [Danish.] Mumbo- Jumbo (mum'bo-jum'bo), n. a West African idol or object of su- perstitious reverence or dread; vul- gar bugbear. mum-chance (mum'chans), n. a bargain made silently without dis- pute or haggling. mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- guise one's self for sport. mummer (mum'er), n. one who makes sport in disguise; a masker; actor. [Old French.] mummery (mum'er-i), n. masquer- ading; buffoonery; hypocritical par- ade or disguise. mummiform (mum'i-f orm) , adj. like a mummy. mummy (mum'i), n. [pi. mummies (mum'iz)j, a dead body embalmed after the manner of the ancient Egyptians; a kind of wax used in grafting trees; a rich brown color from bitumen. mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the lips with the mouth nearly closed; nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play the beggar; to mutter; impose upon. mumper (mump'er), n. a begging im- postor. mumpish (mump'ish), adj. sulky. mumps (mumps), n. contagious febrile disease characterized by a swelling of the parotoid glands. munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew with an audible crunching noise. mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining to the world. [Latin.] mundil (mun'dil), n. a richly em- broidered turban. municipal (mu-nis'i-pal) , adj. per- taining to a city, corporation, state, or local self-government. [Latin.] municipality (mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti), n. [pi. municipalities (mu-nis-i-pari- tiz)], a corporate town or city; a division of the country. [France.] municipal law (law), n. the com- mon law of a city or country. municipally (mu-nis'i-pal-i) , adv. in a municipal manner. munificence (mu-nif 'i-sens) , n. the quality or state of being munificent ; liberality. munificent (mu-nif 'i-sent) , adj. char- acterized by great liberality in giving ; bountiful. muniment (mu'ni-ment) , n. a strong- hold or fortification; a legal record defending a title; title-deed or char- acter. [Latin.] munitions (mu-nish'unz) , n.pl. mili- tary stores or material. mural (mu'ral), adj. pertaining to, growing on, or resembling, a wall. murder (mer'der), n. homicide with malice aforethought: v.t. to kill with premeditated malice; mangle; mar or ruin. murderer (mer'der-er) , n. one who is guilty of murder. Feminine murder- ess. murderous (mer'der-us) , adj. per- taining to, guilty of, or attended with, murder. muriate (mu'ri-at), n. a salt of muri- atic acid. muriatic (mu-ri-at'ik), adj. derived from sea salt. murine (mu'rin), adj. pertaining to a mouse or mice. [Latin.] murk (merk), n. darkness. murkily (merk'i-li), adv. darkly. murkiness (merk'i-nes) , n. the state of being murky. murky (merk'i), adj. dark; gloomy; obscure. murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- tinct sound, as of a running stream; a complaint in a low muttering tone: v.i. to make a low continued noise like the hum of bees; mutter in discontent; grumble. murra (mer'a), n. a delicate kind of handsome ancient ware made of fluor-spar. [Latin.] " murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious and fatal disease among cattle. murrey (mur'i), n. dark red. muscardine (mus'kar-din) , n. a fun- gus which causes fatal disease in silk- worms. muscatel (mus-ka-tel') , n. a variety of rich musky wine; the grapes which produce it; a sweet fragrant pear. Muscadel, muscadine. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MUSCLE 557 MUSSULMAN muscle (mus'l), n. a highly contractile organ of fibrous tissue by which movement in an animal body is ef- fected; muscular strength. muscled (mus'ld), adj. having muscles. Muscovite (mus'ko-vit), n. a Russian. muscovy duck (mus'ko-vi duk), n. a large duck of tropical America. muscular (mus'ku-lar) , adj. per- taining to, consisting of, or per- formed by, muscles; strong; vig- orous; brawny. muscularity (mus-ku-lar'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being muscular. Muse (muz), n. any one of the nine classical goddesses who presided each over one of the nine liberal arts. muse (muz), v.i. to study in silence; meditate; be absent-minded: v.t. to meditate on. musette (mu-zet'), n. a small bag- pipe; a soft melodious air. museum (mu-ze'um), n. a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curi- osities, or of works of art; the building containing such a collection. The. greatest museum in ancient times was at Alexandria; in modern times, the British Museum in London. mush (mush), n. boiled Indian corn meal. mush (mush), an exclamatory word used by the sledge-drivers of Alaska and the Yukon district to urge on their animals (huskies). Mush! is therefore very much like get-up! It is probably derived from the Chinook Indians. mushroom (mush'room), n. an edible fungus Agaricus campestris, or simi- lar edible fungi; an upstart: adj. made from, or resembling, musn- rooms; upstart; ephemeral. music (mu'zik), n. the art or science of harmonic sounds ; harmony or melody; musical score or composi- tion. [Greek.] musical (mu'zi-kal), adj. pertaining to, producing, or consisting of, music; harmonious; melodious. musicale (mu-zi-kal'), n. a social musical party. [French.] musically (mu'zi-ka-li) , adv. in a musical manner. musicalness (mu'zi-kal-nes) , n. mu- sical quality. music- drama (mu'zik-dra'ma) , n. the name given to # the form of opera evolved by Richard Wagner in his long life (1813-1883). In the music-drama equal importance is given to the music and the words. Indeed, Wagner wrote his own li- bretti, and did so with great care and literary skill ; whereas the ear Her French and Italian operas had books of little or no merit. In the music- drama, stirring words and splendid music are blended together in an impressive whole. [Greek.] musician (mu-zish'an) , n. one skilled in the science of music ; one who sings, or plays on a musical instrument. musing (muz'ing), n. meditation; adj. meditative. musk (musk) , n. a strong-scented sub- stance obtained from the male musk- deer [ Sanskrit -French ] ; a small plant with a musk-scented perfume. musk-deer (musk'der) , # n. a small hornless deer which yields musk. musk-duck (musk'duk), n. the Mus- covy duck; an Australian duck. musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- merly used by infantry. musketeer (mus-ket-er') , n. a soldier armed with a musket. musketoon (mus-ket-oon') , n. short musket. musketry (mus'ket-ri) , n. firearm prac- tice. musk-ox (musk'oks), n. an Arctic bovine animal. muskrat (musk'rat), n. an aquatic rodent of North America which emits a musky secretion. Also musk- beaver, musquash. muslin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin cot- ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of muslin. The name is derived from Moslem. See Mussulman. muslinet (muz-lin-ef) , n. a coarse muslin. musquash (mus'kwash), same as muskrat. muss (mus), n, a confused struggle; disorder : v.t. to disorder, as clothing. mussel (mus'el), n. a marine edible bivalve. [Latin.] Mussulman (mus'ul-man) , n. [pi. Mussulmans (mus'ul-manz)], a Mo- hammedan, or Moslem. The word is derived from Moslem. See Mu- hammedan. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; thick. 1Hpi\. MUSSY 558 MYO mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered ! [Col- loq.] must (must), n. unfermented ex- pressed grape juice: v.t. to make moldy and sour: v.i., pr.t. only; to be obliged morally or physically. mustache (mus-tash') , n. hair worn on a man's upper lip. Also moustache. mustang (mus'tang), n. the small, hardy, semi- wild horse of the prai- ries. [Spanish.] mustard (mus'terd), n.a plant and its seed of the genus Sinapis; a con- diment made from the ground seed. muster (mus'ter), n. an assembly of troops for review or active service; register of troops mustered; assem- blage; collection: v.t. to assemble, as troops for review or active service: v.i. to meet in one olace. [O. French.] mustily (mus'ti-li), adv. in a musty condition. mustiness (mus'ti-nes) , n. the state of being musty. musty (mus'ti), adj. [comp.^ mustier, superl. mustiest], spoiled with damp, mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. mutability (mu-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being subject to change; instability. mutable (mu'ta-bl), adj. susceptible of change. [Latin.] mutableness (mu'ta-bl-nes) , n. the quality or_state of being mutable. mutably (mu'ta-bli), adv. in a mutable manner. mutation (mu-ta/shun) , n. altera- tion; change. mute (rmit), adj. silent; dumb; not pronounced or sounded: n. one who is dumb or remains silent; an under- taker's assistant who stands before the door of a house at a funeral; a consonant which is not pronounced, or intercepts the sound; a contriv- ance to deaden or soften the sound of a musical instrument. [Latin.] mutely (mut'li), adv. silently. muteness (mut'nes), n. the quality or state of being mute. mutilate (mti'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a limb or essential part of; render im- perfect; maim. [Latin.] mutilation (mu-ti-la 'shun), n. the act of mutilating. mutilator (mu'ti-la-ter) , n. one who mutilates. mutineer (mu-ti-ner') , n. one who it guilty of mutiny: v.i. to mutiny. mutinous (mu'ti-nus), adj. disposed to, or guilty of, mutiny; seditious. mutiny (mu'ti-ni), n. insurrection against, or forcible resistance to, constituted authority, especially of soldiers or sailors against their offi- cers: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. mutinied, p.pr. mutinying], to rise against consti- tuted authority. [French.] mutism (mu'tizm), n. the state or habit of being absolutely deaf and dumb. A deaf-mute. mutoscope (mu'to-skop) , n. a form of kinetoscope, worked by hand. mutter (mut/er), y.i. to utter words in a low voice with compressed lips ; murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: n. indistinct utterance; murmur. [Danish.] mutton (mut'n), n. the flesh of sheep. [French.] mutual (mu'tu-al), adj. reciprocal. [Latin.] mutualism (nuVtii-al-izm) , n. the ethical doctrine of mutual depen- dence in social development. mutuality (mu-tti-ari-ti) , n. recipro- cation. mutually (mu'tu-a-li) , adv. recipro- cally. muzzle (muz'l), n. the projecting mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; snout; the mouth of a gun, &c; a fastening or cover for the mouth of a dog, &c, to prevent biting: v.t. to secure the mouth of with a muzzle. muzzy (muz'i), adj. absent-minded; muddled. my (mi), poss. pron. belonging to me. myalgia (mi-arji-a), n. stiffness or cramp in the voluntary muscles. [Greek.] mycoderm (mi'ko-derm), n. a cryto- gamic plant which forms on the sur- face of fermenting liquids. [Greek.] mycology (mi-koro-ji), n. the branch of botany that treats of fungi or mushrooms. myelitis (ml-el-i'tis), n. inflammation of the spinal cord. [Greek.] mylodon (mi'lo-don), n. a huge ex- tinct fossil edentate animal. mynheer (min-har'), n. sir [Dutch]; a Dutchman. myo, a Greek prefix meaning muscle, as ate, arm, at, awl me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hot ; think. f7?en. MYOLOGY 559 MYXOMYCETES rai/odynamics, the science of muscu- lar action. myology (mi-ol'o-ji), n. a description of the muscles. myopia (ml-o'pi-a), n. short-sighted- ness. See presbyopia. myosotis (ml-o-so'tis), n. a genus of the borage group of plants. Its flowers are pink, blue, or white. The myosotis that grows in swamps (myosotis palustris) > is the true forget-me-not, and is largely cul- tivated. [Greek.] myriad (rrnVi-ad), n. the number of 10,000; a very large number: adj. innumerable. [Greek.] myriagram, myriagramme (mir'i-a- gram), n. in the metric system, 10,000 grams. myrialiter, myrialitre (mir'i-a-le- ter), n. in the metric system, 10,000 liters. myriameter, myriametre (mir'i-a- me-ter), n. in the metric system, 10,000 meters. myriare (mir'i-ar), n. in the metric system, 10,000 ares. Myrmidon (mer'mi-don) ^ n. one of a tribe of Thracian warriors who ac- companied Achilles to the Trojan War. [Greek.] myrmidon, n. a brutal or unprinci- pled follower or subordinate. myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy resin of m Balsamodendron myrrha, growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. [Greek.] :. 7rtle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant ever- green shrub of the genus Myrtus. myself (mi-self')> pron. [pi. ourselves ('our-selvz')L I or me in person: used emphatically or reflexively. mystagogue (mis'ta-gog) , n. an ini- tiator into, or interpreter of, the Greek mysteries; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who keeps and exhibits relics. [Greek.] mysterious (mis-te'ri-us) , adj. not clear to the understanding; obscure; incomprehensible. mystery (mis'ter-i), n. [pi. mysteries (mis'ter-iz)], something secret, ob- scure, or unexplained; that which is beyond human comprehension; for- merly a trade or handicraft: pi. among the ancients, sacred rites and ceremonies to which the initiated only were admitted, as at Eleusis, where the well educated were taught that their mythology was only allegory, and where the doctrine of the immortality of the soul was preached ; religious dramas or miracle plays in the Middle Ages. [Greek.] mystic (mis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, mystery or mysticism; allegorical; emblematical; obscure; occult. Also mystical: n. a believer in mysticism. m mystically (mis'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a mystic manner. < mysticism (mis'ti-sizm), n. the doc- trines of the Mystics, who prof essed a pure, sublime, and disinterested devotion, and who aspired, through the inward perception of the mind, a more direct intercourse with God than is afforded by revelation; ob- scurity of thought or teaching. mystification (mis-ti-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of mystifying; the state of being in a dreamy mood. mystify (mis'ti-fi), v.t.\p.t. & p.p. mys- tified, p.pr. mystifying], to involve in mystery ; obscure ; bewilder ; puzzle. myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic fic- tion; a fabulous narrative founded on some event, especially in the early^ existence^ of a people, and em- bodying their ideas as to their own origin, their gods, natural phenom- ena, &c. [Greek.] mythic (mith'ik), adj. pertaining to myths. Also mythical. mythically (mith'i-ka-li) , adv. in a mythical manner. mythological (mith-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to mythology; mythical. my tholo gically (mith - o - lo j 'i - ka - li) , adv. according to mythology. mythologist (mith-ol'o^jist), n. a stu- dent of, or one skilled in, mythology. mythology (mith-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. myth- ologies (mith-ol'o-jiz)], the col- lected body or system of the traditions or legends of a people in which are embodied their beliefs concerning their origin, gods, heroes, &c; the science of myths; a treatise on myths. myxomycetes (miks-p-ml-se'tez) , n. pi. organisms forming a network of creamy filaments on decaying wood, leaves, &c. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. N N, the fourteenth letter in the English language. It is a liquid nasal among the consonants and affiliates equally with ra, r, and I. Cf. com-mingle ; cor-relate; and col-loquy. The char- acter is possibly derived from the Phoenician -Nun (Greek nu), mean- ing a fish. nab (nab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nabbed, p.pr. nabbing], to catch or seize unexpectedly. nabee (na-be'), n. a powerful poison prepared in the East Indies from the root of Aconitum ferox. nabob (na'bob), n. in India, a deputy or administrator under the extinct Mogul Empire ; one who has amassed wealth in India; a very wealthy man. [Hindustani.] nacarat (nak'a-rat), n. a pale red color; fine linen or crape dyed such color. [Hindustani.] nacelle (na-sel'), n. the bar protecting the sides of a dirigible. nacre (na/ker), n. mother-of-pearl. nacreous (na'kre-us), adj. t having an iridescent luster ; resembling mother- of-pearl. nadab (na'dab), n. the high-priest of the Persians. nadir (na'der), n. that part of the heavens directly under our feet, or directly opposite to the zenith. naevose (ne'vos), adj. freckled. maevus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. [Latin.] nag (nag), n. a small saddle-horse: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nagged, p.pr. nag- ging], to scold or find fault with con- tinually: v.i. to find fault constantly. naga or nag (nag'a or nag), a snake, usually a cobra. [Hindustani.] naggy (nag'i), adj. disposed to nag. Nagri (nag'ri), n. a group of the Nagri alphabets of which in India there are many. The Deva-nagri is the literary type. nahoor (na-hoor'), n. a species of wild Nepaul sheep. Naiad (na/yad), n. a water-nymph. naif (na-ef), adj. noting an uncut jewel with a natural luster, as a naif gem. Also anything sinmJe and rather winning because of it- lack of art. Feminine, naive. nail (nal), n. the horny substance at the ends of the human fingers anc 1 toes; the claws of a bird or other animal; 234 inches: a pointed piece of metal usually furnished with a head for fastening woodwork, &c: v.t. to fasten with nails; to secure or make certain; to hold down tight- ly, as to an argument; to expose, as to nail a lie. nainsook (nan'sook), n. a thick kind of muslin. [Hindu.] naive (na-ev r ) , adj. _ artless ; ingenu- ous; unaffectedly simple; mas. naif. [French.] naivete (na-ev-ta/), n. natural, un- affected simplicity or ingenuous- ness. naked (na'ked), adj. unclothed; bare; unarmed; defenseless; exposed to view; plain ; without addition or ornament; without glasses. namaycush (nam'a-kush), n. the great American trout. # [Indian.] namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi) , adj. weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty or fine. name (nam), n. that by which a per- son or thing is called; designation; character; reputation; fame; au- thority: v.t. to give an appellation or designation to; nominate; specify; mention byjiame. nameless (nanVles), adj. without a name; unknown; not fit to be men- tioned. namely (nam'li) , adv. that is to say : namesake (nam'sak), n. one having the same name. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. NANCY 561 NATANT Nancy or Miss Nancy (mis nan'si), n. a man whose manner is timid, af- fected, and effeminate. nankeeR (nan-ken'), n. a buff-colored cotton cloth, originally from the district of Nankeen in China. nanny-goat (nan'i-got), n. a she- goat. See billy-goat. nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; a game at cards (Napoleon) ; the woolly substance on the surface of cloth; pile; downy covering of plants; top of a hill: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. napped, jp.pr. napping], to doze. nape (nap), n. the back of the neck. napery (nap'er-i) , n. table-linen; linen underclothing. naphtha (nap'tha), n. a clear, volatile, inflammable, bituminous, liquid hy- drocarbon exuding from the earth, or distilled from coal-tar, &c; rock- oil. In ancient times, naphtha was the easiest to distil, and so was the oil used by the Egyptians in their turpentine lamps, in tombs and temples. naphthalic (nap-tharik) , adj. pro- duced from naphtha. napkin (nap 'kin), n. a small cloth, specifically one used at table for wiping the hands, &c. napoleon (na-po'le-on), n. a gold coin formerly current in France, value 20 francs, or in U. S. money about $4.86. It was the same coin as the lquis before 1830, and the 20 franc piece now. nappy (nap'i), adj. covered with nap or pile; drowsy. narceine (nar'se-in), n. an alkaloid obtained from opium. Narcissus (nar-sis'us), n. a genus of ornamental bulbous plants with handsome fragrant flowers, includ- ing the daffodils. narcissus, n. a plant of the genus Narcissus. narcosis (nar-ko'sis), n. stupefaction from the effects of a narcotic. [Greek.] narcotic (nar-kot'ik), adj. producing coma or torpor: n. a medicine to alleviate pain and produce sleep, and in excessive doses causing death. nareotine (nar'ko-tin), n. the active narcotic principle of opium. nard (nard), n. spikenard; an aro- matic unguent prepared from it. nardine (nard'in), adj. pertaining to, or like, nard. narghileh or narghile (nar'gil-a), n. a pipe whose stems run through a bowl filled with water. [Turkish.] Also called hookah and hubble-bubble. narrate (nar-raf), v.t. to tell; recite; give an account of; write, as a story. narration (nar-ra/shun) , n. the act of narrating; statement, written or verbal. [Latin.] narrative (nar'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to narration: n. recital of a story or event; tale. narrator (nar-ra/ter) , n. one who nar- rates. narrow (nar'o),ad/. of little breadth or extent; limited; straitened; con- tracted in mind; bigoted; ungener- ous; within a little distance: v.t. to lessen the breadth or extent of; confine or contract; restrict: v.i. to become narrow; not to take ground enough: said of a horse: n.pl. a strait or narrow passage between two seas. narwhal (nar/hwal), n. a cetaceous mammal allied to the whale, with a large projecting tusk; the sea uni- corn. It is found near the Arctic 'Circle. Also narwal, narwhale, nar- val. [Swedish.] nasal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, af- fected by, or pronounced through the nose: n. a letter pronounced through the nose. [Latin.] nascent (nas'ent), adj. beginning to grow or exist. # [Latin.] nastiness (nas'ti-nes) , n. the quality or state of being nasty. Nasturtium (nas-ter'shi-um), n. a genus of plants, including the water- cresses. nasturtium, n. a plant of the gera- nium family, having aromatic flow- er-buds. nasty (nas'ti), adj. [comp. nastier, su- perl. nastiest], dirty, nauseous; fil- thy; obscene; foul; serious. > natal (na/tal), adj.^ pertaining t to one's birth or birthday; indige- nous. natant (nat'ant), adj. swimming; in ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 36 hue, hut ; think, then. NATATION 562 NAUSEATE heraldry, floating on the surface: said of fish. natation (na-ta'shun) , n. the act or art of swimming. [Latin.] natatorium (nat-a-to'ri-um), n. a swimming pool. nation (na'shun), n. the inhabitants of one country or united under the same government; people ethnologi- cally or linguistically allied. [Latin.] national (nash'un-al) , adj. pertain- ing to a nation; public; general; attached to one's country. nationalism (nash'un-al-izm) , n. the state of being national^ national idiom, characteristic, or independ- ence. nationality (nash-un-al'i : ti) , n. na- tional character; patriotism; nation. nationalize (nash'un-al-iz), v.t. to render national. nationally (nash'un-a-li) , adv. as a nation. native t (na/tiv), adj. pertaining to the time and place of birth; pro- duced by nature; not acquired; in- nate: n. one who is born in a cer- tain country or place; an oyster cul- tivated artificially. nativ5sm (na'tiv-izm), n. in philoso- phy, the doctrine of innate ideas; the advocacy of the claim of natives, as opposed to that of naturalized citi- zens. nativity (na-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, and manner of birth; astrological representation of the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth. Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with the). natrolite (na/tro-lit) , n. a hydrated silicate of aluminum and soda. natron (na/tron), n. native carbonate of soda. [Arabic] natterjack (nat'er-jak), n. the yel- low-backed rush toad, remarkable for its deep voice. nattily (nat'i-li), adv. tidily; neatly. nattiness (nat'i-nes), n. the quality of being natty. natty (nat'i), adj. tidy; neat; smart. natural (nat'u-ral), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or in the course of, nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- curring in the ordinary course of things; treating of mind and mat- ter; not revealed, as religion; true to life; unassumed; affectionate by nature ; illegitimate ; unconverted ; according to the usual diatonic scale of C [Music]: n. a sign (h) used to correct the previous power of a sharp or flat [Music]; an idiot.- natural history (his'to-ri), n. the scientific description of the earth and its various productions, espe- cially the animal kingdom. naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), n. state of nature; natural religion; the denial of supernatural interference with natural laws; in literature, an at- tempt to draw nature as it is. naturalist (nat'u-ral-ist) , n. one skilled in natural history; one who believes in naturalism. naturalistic (nat-u-ral-is'tik) , adj. realistic. naturalize (nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to make natural; acclimatize: invest (a for- eigner) with the privileges of a natu^ ral-born citizen or subject. naturalization (nat-u-ral-i-za/shun) , n. % the act of investing a foreignei with the rights and privileges of a natural-born citizen. naturally (nat'u-ra-li) , adv. according to nature; spontaneously. naturalness (nat'u-ral-nes), n. the state of being natural; conformity to truth or reality. nature (na/cher or nat'ur), n. the universe; essential qualities; spe- cies; natural order of things; con- stitution; personal character or natural disposition; nudity. nature-faker (nat'ur-fak'er), n. one who puts forward misleading state- ments about natural phenomena, . habits of animals, &c. naught (nawt), m n. nothing: adj. worthless: adv. in no degree. naughtily (nawt'i-li), adv. in a naughty manner. / naughtiness (nawt'i-nes), n. the state of being naughty; misbehavior. naughty (nawt'i), adj. bad; perverse or mischievous. nausea (naw'shi-a), n. a strong sensa- tion of sickness; sea-sickness; loath- ing or disgust. [Latin.] nauseate (naw'shi-a t), v.t. to affect, with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel dis« gust; be inclined to vomit. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. NAUSEATION 563 NECESSITATE nauseation (naw-shi-a/shun) , n. the act of nauseating; the state of being nauseated. nauseous (naw'shus), adj. loathsome; abhorrent. nautch (nawch), n. in India, a dance performed by girls; dancing exhibi- tion. [Hindustani.] nautical (naw'ti-kal), adj. pertain- ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; maritime. Also nautic. nautically (naw'ti-ka-li), adv. in a nautical manner. nautilus (naw'ti-lus) , n. [pi. nautili (naw'ti-li)], any member of a genus of cephalopods, including those furnished with a chambered spinal univalve shell; a kind of diving- bell. [Latin.] naval (na'val), adj. pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of ships; maritime. nave (nav), n. the middle or body of a church, extending from the chan- cel to the principal entrance; the center of a wheel in which the spokes_ are inserted. [Latin.] navel (nav'el), n. the depression in the center of the lower part of the ab- domen, indicating where the umbili- cal cord was joined to the fcetus. navigability (nav-i-ga-bil'i-ti) ; n. the quality or state of being navigable. navigable (nay 'i-ga-bl) , adj. capable of being navigated. navigably (nav'i-ga-bli) , adv. in a navigable manner. navigate (nav'i-gat), v.i. to pass on the water by a ship or vessel; sail: v.t. to pass over in a ship or boat; steer or manage in sailing. navigation (nav-i-ga/shun) , m n. the act of navigating; the science of navigating ships. navigator (nav'i-ga-ter) , n. one who navigates; one skilled in the science of navigation. navvy (nav'i), n. a laborer employed in constructing railways^ canals, &c. navy (na'vi), n. the ships of war belonging to a nation, or their offi- cers and men. [Latin.] nay (na), adv. no; not only so, but: n. a refusal or denial. Nazarene (naz-a-ren') , n. a native of Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, His followers, and the early Chris- tians as a term of contempt; in the Early Church, one of a sect of Ju- daizing Jews. Nazarite (naz'a-rit), n. a Jew devoted by vow to God to a life of purity (Num_vi.). neap (nep), adj. low: applied to the tides which occur in the beginning of the second and fourth quarters of the moon. neaped (nep't), adj. left aground by the tide: said of a ship. Neapolitan (ne-a-pol'i-tan) , adj. per- tainingto Naples or its inhabitants. near (ner), adj. [comp. nearer, su- perl. nearest], not far distant in time, place, or degree; close; inti- mate; dear; familiar; literal; nar- row; parsimonious; on the left side: adv. at a little distance; al- most: prep, close to: v.t. to ap- proach; come near to. near- sight (ner 'sit), short-sightedness; myopia. See myopia, presbyopia. neat (net), n, cattle of the bovine genus : adj. pertaining to bovine ani- mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple and elegant ; chaste; unadulterated. neatsfoot (netz'foot), n. the foot of an ox or cow. neb (neb), n. a bird's beak, mouth; nose or snout. nebula (neb'u-la),^. [pi. nebulae (neb'u- le)], a faint misty patch of light in the heavens produced by groups of stars too remote to be seen singly, or by masses of diffused gaseous matter; a slight white spot on the cornea. See Milky Way. nebular (neb'u-lar), adj. pertaining to nebulse. nebulosity (neb-u-los'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being nebulous. nebulous (neb'u-lus), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a nebula; cloudy; hazy; perplexed. necessarily (nes-e-sa'ri-li) , adv. by necessity. necessariness (nes'e-sa-ri-nes), n. the state of being necessary. < necessary (nes'e-sa-ri), adj. that can- not be otherwise; essential; indis- p_ensable: n. [pi. necessaries (nes'e- sa-riz)], things requisite. necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat) , v.t. to make necessary; compel; render unavoid- able; constrain. ate, arm, at, awl; me., merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. NECESSITOUS 564 NEGOTIATE necessitous (ne-ses'i-tus), adj. very poor ; destitute ; needy . necessity (ne-ses'i-ti) , n. the state of being necessary; that which is un- avoidable; compulsion; extreme poverty: pi. things necessary for hu- man life. [Latin.] neck (nek), n. that part of the body between the head and trunk; a long narrow part, as of land or a vessel. necklace (nek'las), n. a string of beads or ornaments, as pearls, dia- monds, and lapis lazuli, worn round the neck. necr ©logical (nek-ro-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to a register of deaths. necrology (nek-rol'o-ji), n. a register, or account, of the dead. necromancer (nek'ro-man-ser) , n. one who practices necromancy; a conjurer. necromancy (nek'ro-man-si) , n. the pretended art of predicting future events by communication with the dead. necromantic (nek-ro-man'tik) , adj. pertaining to, or done by, necro- mancy. necropolis (nek-rop'o-lis) , n. "city of the dead;" a cemetery. [Greek.] necrosis (nek-ro'sis) , n. mortification and death of a bone; a disease in plants, characterized by small black spots. nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- thology, the wine of the gods: the honey of plants; any delicious bev- erage. nectareous (nek-ta're-us) , adj. pro- ducing, or sweet like, nectar. nectarine (nek'ta-rin), n. a variety of peach. nectary (nek'ta-ri), n. that part of a flower which secretes a saccharine fluid. Nectarium. nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed before the maiden name of a mar- ried woman. [French.] # need (ned), n. necessity; urgent want; exigency; poverty: v.t. to want: v.i. to be necessary or wanted. needful (ned'fool), adj. necessary; needy. needfully (ned'f oo-li) , adv. necessarily. needle (ned'l), n. a small sharp-point- ed steel instrument furnished with an eye to hold thread; anything re- sembling a needle ; the polarized steel of a mariner's_ compass. needle-gun (ned'1-gun), n. a breech- loading gun, the cartridge of which is exploded by a needle, invented about 1863. needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; indis- pensably. needy (ned'i), adj. very poor; neces- sitous. ne'er (nar), adv. contraction of never. nefarious # (ne-far'i-us), B adj. ex- tremely wicked; vile; infamous. negation (ne-ga'shun), n. denial; ab- sence of certain qualities. [Latin.] negative (neg'a-tiv), adj. implying negation; denying; refusing; having the power of veto ; noting a quantity to be subtracted: n. a proposition by which something is denied ; a word expressing denial; a photo- graph in which the lights and shadeo of the object are the opposite of those in nature: v.t. to dismiss or reject by vote. negatively (neg'a-tiv-li) , adv. in & negative manner; not positively or with assurance. neglect (neg-lekt'), n. omission; habit- ual negligence ; disregard ; careless- ness: v.t. to omit by carelessness or design; slight; disregard. neglectful ( neg-lekt 'fool) , adj. in- dicating, or accustomed to, neglect; careless. neglectfully (neg-lekt'f oo-li) , adv. with neglect. negligee (neg-li-zha/) , n. a loosely fit- ting dress or gown; easy and un- ceremonious dress in general: adj. carelessly arranged or attired. [French.] negligence (neg'li-jens), n. careless- ness. negligent (neg'li-jent), adj. careless. negligible (neg'li-ji-bl), adj. that may be neglected; of little account or value. negotiability (ne-go-shi-a-bil'i-ti) , n, the quality of being negotiable. negotiable (ne-go'shi-a-bl), adj. cap- able of being negotiated, trans- ferred, or exchanged. negotiate (ne-go'shi-at) , v.i. to treat with others in business or private affairs; hold intercourse respecting a treaty, &c: v.t. to conclude by ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. NEGOTIATION 565 NEPTUNIAN treaty, bargain, or agreement; sell. negotiation (ne-go-shi-a'shun) , n. the act of negotiating or transacting business; treaty. [Latin.] negotiator (ne-go'shi-a-ter), n. one who negotiates^ negotiatory (ne-go'shi-a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to negotiation. Negrillo (ne-gril'o), n. a young negro. Negrito (ne-gre'to) , n. one of a diminu- tive negro-like race of the Malay Archipelago_. [Spanish.] negro (ne'gro), n. [pi. negroes (ne'- groz)], an African^ black. Fern, ne- gress: adj. pertaining to, or charac- teristic of, negroes. [Spanish.] negroid (ne'groid), adj. of the negro type, as, for instance, the Melanesians and Polynesians. [Hispano-Greek.] negus (ne'gus) , n. a beverage of hot water and wine, sweetened and spiced. Named from the inventor, one Col. Negus. Negus, n. the native title of the ruler of Abyssinia. [Abyssinian.] neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of a horse. neighbor (na/ber), n. one who dwells near to another; an intimate: adj. near to another; adjacent: v.t. to adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or friendly. neighborhood (na'ber-hood) , n. adja- cent district; vicinity; the state of being neighbors. neighboring (na/ber-ing) , adj. living or being near. neighborliness (na/ber-li-nes) , n. the state of being neighborly. neighborly (na/ber-li) , adj. like, or be- coming, a neighbor; social; civil; friendly: adv. in the manner of a neighbor. neighing (na/ing), n. the cry of a horse. neither (ne' or m'ther), pron. & conj. not either. Nemean (nem'e-an), adj. pertaining to Nemea, or to the ancient games held by the Greeks at Nemea in Ar- golis. Nemesis (nem'e-sis), n. retributive vengeance : from Nemesis, the aveng- ing deity of the Greeks. neo, a Greek prefix meaning new, young, recent, as neoplastic, recently formed. neodymium (ne-o-dim'i-um) , n. a metallic element found in cerite. Neolithic (ne-o-lith'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, the later or polished StoneAge. neologism (ne-ol'o-jizm), n. a new word or phrase introduced into a language; new religious doctrines. neologist (ne-ol'o-jist), n. an innova- tor in language or religion, especially one who holds doctrinal views op- posed to the orthodox interpretation of revealed religion. neologize (ne-ol'o-jiz), v.i. to intro- duce new words, phrases, or doctrines. neology (ne-ol'o-ji), n. neologism; doc- trines or rationalistic theological in- terpretation at variance with ortho- dox belief. neon (ne'on), n. a recently discovered element existing in atmospheric air. neontology (ne-on-tol'o-ji), n.the sci- entific study of existing species. neophyte (ne'o^fit), n. a novice; one recently baptized; a convert: adj. recently entered. [Greek.] neoplasm (ne'o-plazm) , < n. tissue growth more or less distinct from that in which it occurs. neoplastic (ne-o-plas'tik) , adj. newly formed. neoplasm (ne'o-plasm) , n. the res- toration of tissue by granulation, or autoplasty. neo-salvarsan (ne'o-sal'var-san) , n. [new salvarsan] a modification of salvarsan. neoteric (ne-o-ter'ik), adj. recent in origin. nepenthe (ne-pen'the) , n. a drug sup- posed by the ancient Greeks to have the power of causing forgetfulneas of sorrow. JGreek.] nephew (nef 'u) , n. the son of a brother or sister. nephritis (ne-fri'tis), n. inflammation of the kidneys. nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. a prefer- ence shown in bestowing patronage to one's relatives. [Latin.] Neptune (nep'tun), n. the god of seas, rivers, storms, and horses; born of Rhea and Jupiter. The Greeks called him Poseidon. Neptunian (nep-tun'i-an), adj. per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. NEREID 566 NEVE taining to the classic deity Neptune, or to the sea; deposited by the agency of the sea. Nereid (ne're-id), n. a sea nymph. neroli (ner'o-le), n. the essential oil of orange flowers. Named from the Princess Neroli. _ nervation (ner-va'shun) , n. arrange- ment of nerves. nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey fibers which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain and originate motion; tendon; sinew; strength; manliness; the strong vein of a leaf: v.t. to invigorate or strengthen. [Franco-Latin.] nervine (ner'vin), n. a tonic for the nerves. nervous (ner'vus), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, nerves; having weak nerves; easily agitated; vigor- ous in style. nest (nest), n.^ the bed or dwelling chosen by a bird for incubation, and the rearing of its young; the place where eggs are laid and hatched; a cozy residence; a number of boxes one fitting inside another: v.i. to build and occupy a nest. nest-egg (nest'eg), n. an egg left in a nest to keep the hen from forsaking it; money forming a nucleus. nestle (nes'l), v.i. to he close and snug; take shelter: v.t. to cherish. nestling (nest'ling), n. a young bird in the nest or just taken from it: adj. recently hatched. net (net), n. an instrument of twine knotted into meshes m for catching birds, fish, &c; anything* resembling or made like a net ; a snare : m adj. clear of all charges or deductions:, opposed to gross: v.t. [p.t. & p.p.' netted, p.pr. netting], to make into a net or network ; take with a net ; snare; produce as clear profit: v.i. to form network. nether (neth'er), adj. lying beneath; lower ; belonging to the regions below. nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of the genus Urtica: v.t. to provoke or irritate. nettlerash (net'1-rash) , n. a cutaneous eruption resembling the effects of a nettle sting. neural (nu'ral), adj. pertaining to the nerves. neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a), n. acute pain in a nerve. _ neuralgic (rm-ral'jik), adj. pertaining to neuralgia. neurasthenia (nu-ras-the'ni-a) , n. brain and nerve exhaustion, as from influenza, &c. neuration (nu-ra/shun) , n. the vena- tion of the wings of an insect; nerve distribution. neurilemma (nu-ri-lem'a), n. the fi- brous sheath of a nerve. neurine (nu'rin), n. nerve matter. Also neurin. neuritis (nu-ri'tis) , n. inflammation of a nerve, or disorder of the nervous system. neuro, a Greek prefix meaning nerve, as neurography, a treatise on the nerves. neuroglia (nu-rog'li-a), n. the delicate connective tissue between the nerve- fibers of the_brain_and spinal cord. neurology (nu-rol'o-ji), n. a scientific description of_the nerves. neuroma (nu-ro'ma), n. a fibrous tu» mor occurring in a nerve trunk. neuropathic (nu-ro-path'ik) , adj. per* taining to, or suffering from, ner- vous disease ; affecting the nerves. neurosis (nu-ro'sis), n. nervous die*- ease. neurotic (nu-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, seated in, or affecting, the nerves; characterized by a morbid hysteri- cal style: n. a nerve tonic. neurotomy (nu-rot'o-mi), n. dissec- tion of the nerves. neuter (nii'ter), adj. of neither sex; intransitive: n. a flower having nei- ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile sexless insect, especially the work- ing bee. [Latin.] neutral (nu'tral), adj. unbiased; in- different; taking no part on either side in a contest; neither very good nor very bad; neither acid not al- kaline; said of chemical salts. neutrality (nu-trari-ti) , n. the state of being neutral. neutralize (nu'tral-iz), v.t. to make neutral; render inactive. neutrally (nu'tra-li) , adv. in a neutral manner. neutral tint (tint), n. a dull grey. neve (na-va'), ft. the granular com- pressed snow which forms glacier ice. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. NEVER 567 NIELLO never (nev'er), adv. not at any time; in no degree. nevertheless (ney-er-^e-les'), adv. notwithstanding; in spite of that. new (nu), adj. recent in origin; mod- ern; novel; lately made, produced, invented, or discovered; recently entered upon or commenced; not previously used ; fresh. newel (nu'el), n. in a winding stair- case, the m central upright pillar around which the steps turn. new-fangled (nu-fang'gld), adj. new- fashioned. Newfoundland (nu'f ound-land) , n. a large variety of dog, originally from Newfoundland. (Notice the differ- ence between this and Newfound- land', the name of the country.) news (nuz), n. recent intelligence; tidings. newsboy (nuz'boi), n. a boy whose occupation is to sell newspapers, chiefly on the streets. newspaper (nuz'pa-per), n. a paper published periodically, usually daily or weekly, containing the most re- cent intelligence. New Style (stil), n. the Gregorian or present style of computing the cal- endar: opposed to the former or Julian _met hod. newt (nut), n. an eft; salamander. New Thought (nu thawt), n. an op- timistic belief that circumstances may be controlled by the mind, by a new thought, acting in harmonj* with universal love. It has many ad- herents in the United States of America. Newtonian (nu-to'ni-an), adj. per- taining to, ' discovered by, or in- vented by, Sir Isaac Newton, the philosopher, or to his system. next (nekst), adj. [superl. of nigh and near], nearest in time, place, degree, or rank: adv. immediately succeed- ing. nexus (neks'us), n. a connection or tie. [Latin.] nib (nib), n. a bird's beak; the point of anything, especially a pen. nibble (nib'ty, v.t. & yd. to bite by little at a time; continue to bite at gently and quickly, as a fish: n. a small bite; a seizing to bite. niblick (nib'lik), n. & heavy iron golf club with a cup-shaped head to aid in jerking the ball out of holes. nice (nis), adj. fastidious; precise; squeamish; minutely discriminative; delicate; refined; socially agreeable; pleasing to the palate; scrupulously exact. [French.] nicely (nis'li), adv. in a nice manner. niceness (nls'nes) , n. the state or quality of being nice; delicacy of perception or touch. nicety (nls'e-ti), n. delicate manage- ment; fastidious delicacy; preci- sion; minute accuracy: pi. table delicacies. niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall for a statue. [French.] Nick (nik), n. an evil water spirit; the Devil (with old). nick (nik), n. exact or critical point of time; winning throw at dice: v.t. to cut in nicks or notches; touch at the lucky moment; cheat; steal. nickel (nik'el), n. a greyish-white duc- tile metal; a five-cent coin, made of nickel and copper alloy. [Swedish.] nickelodeon (nik-el-od'e-on), n. an amusement # place for moving pic- tures, admission to which is five cents. nickname (nik'nam), n. a name given in derision or familiarity: v.t. to give a nickname to; call by an op- probrious name. nicolite (nik'o-llt), n. arsenical nickel ore. nicotine (nik'o-tin), n. an acrid, poi- sonous alkaloid extracted from to- bacco. Also nicotin. Named from the French diplomat, Nicot, who first introduced this kind of tobacco into France (1562). nidana (ni-da'na), n. a band; a rope or halter; a cause; any one of the twelve links which form the Bud- dhist chain of causality. nidge (nij), v.t. to dress (stones) with a pick. nidincation (nid-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of building a nest, rearing young, &c. nidus (ni'dus), n. a nest or hatching place. niece (nes), n. the daughter of a brother or sister. [French.] niello (ni-el'o), n. a kind of orna- mental engraving on brass. [Italian.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. NIGGARD 568 NITRIC niggard (nig'ard), adj. meanly cov- etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also niggardly: n. one who is meanly covetous; a miser. niggardliness (nig'ard-li-nes) , n. the state of being niggardly; stinginess. niggardly (nig'ard-li) , adv. like a niggard. nigh (ni), adj. near in time or place; adjacent; closely allied by blood or friendship: adv. near; almost: prep. near to. nighness (ni'nes), n. nearness; prox- imity. night (nit), n. the time from sunset to sunrise; period of darkness; death; intellectual or moral darkness. night-hawk (nit 'hawk), n. a person who prowls at night; in cities a cab- man who takes drunkards into his cab to rob them. nightingale (nit'in-gal), n. a small bird which sings with a sweet note at night ; philomel. nightmare (nit'mar), n. # a dreadful dream accompanied with oppres- sion on the chest and a feeling of helplessness; an incubus. night-rider (nlt'rid-er), n. a name given in the West to persons who band together for violence and crime. nightshade (nit'shad), n. a genus of plants of which the belladonna is best known. nihilism (ni'hil-izm), n. scepticism which denies that anything, even ex- istence, can be known; an extreme socialist movement in Russia to destroy existing institutions and found a new order of things with communistic rights of land and property. [Latin, "nothing."] nihilist (ni'hil-ist), n. a supporter oi nihilism. nihilistic (m-hil-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to nihilism. nil (nil), n. nothing. [Latin.] nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- tive; alert; lively; brisk. nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the halo or cloud of light surrounding the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns; a rain-cloud. nine (nin), adj. containing one more than eight: n. the sum of 1 and 8. ninefold (nm'fold), adj. nine times re- peated. ninepins (nm'pinz), n.pl. a game in w T hich nine pins or pegs of wood are set up to be bowled at with wooden bowls or balls 1 nineteen (nin'ten), adj. consisting of nine and ten: n. the sum of nine and ten. nineteenth (nm'tenth), adj. being one of 19 equal parts: n. a nine- teenth part. ninetieth (nm'ti-eth) , adj. next after 89th: n. a ninetieth part. ninety (nin'ti), adj. containing 9 ten times: n. the number containing times 10; the symbol (xc. 90) ex* pressing such a number. ninny (nin'i), n. a simpleton. ninth (ninth), adj. the ordinal of niiv,' n. one of nine equal parts. niobite (nl'o-bit), n. a black mineral. niobium (ni-o'bi-um), n. a metalliu element present in niobite. nip (nip), n. a pinch, as with th (ob-la/shun) , n. an offering or sacrifice; anything presented in religious worship. obligation (ob-li-ga/shun) , n. the bind- ing power of a vow, promise, or contract ; the state of being indebted for a favor; in law, a bond to which a penalty is annexed on fail- ure of due performance. [Latin.] obligatory (ob'li-ga-to-ri). adj. mor= ally or legally binding. oblige (o-bllj'), v.t. to constrain by force, morally, legally, or physically; bind by some favor or kindness rendered; render a favor to; gratify. [Latin.] obligee (o-bli-je'), n. one to whom a bond is given. obliger (6-blIj'er), n. one who obliges. obliging (o-bllj 'ing), p. adj. complai- sant; civil or courteous. obligor (o-bli-jor'), n. one who is bound by abond. oblique (ob-lek'), adj. deviating from a right line; not parallel; not di- rect or straightforward. [Latin.] oblique angle (ang'gl), n. an angle greater or less than a right angle. oblique case (kas), n. in grammar, any case except the nominative. obliquely (ob-lek'li), adv. in an oblique manner or direction. obliqueness (ob-lek'nes) , n. the state or quality of being oblique; slanting direction; moral error. Also, and better, obliquity. obliterate (ob-lit'er-at) , v.t. to efface or wear out; destroy by the effects of time or other means. [Latin.] obliteration (ob-lit-er-a/shun) , n. the act of obliterating; effacement. oblivion (ob-hVi-un), n. the state of being blotted out from memory ; for- getfulncss. [Latin.] oblivious (ob-hVi-us), adj. forgetful oblong (ob'long), adj. t longer than broad: n. a geometrical figure of such shape. obloquy (ob'lo-kwi), n. reproachful language; calumny; slander; re- proach. obnoxious (ob-nok'shus), adj. deserv- ing of censure or- disapproval; hate- ful; offensive; unpopular. oboe (6'bo-e), n. a musical wind in- strument of the reed class; hautboy; an organ stop. obole (o'bol), n. sl French coin used in the Middle Ages, less in value than the denier which was a half- cent. obolus (ob'o-lus), n. an ancient Greek coin, value 11 cents; an Attic weight = l-6th of a drachma. obovate (ob-6'vat) , ad[/.inversely ovate. obscene (ob-sen'), adj. offensive to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OBSCENELY 577 OBTUSE chastity; impure in language or ac- tion; indecent; filthy. [Latin.] obscenely (ob-sen'li), adv. in an ob- scene manner. obscenity (ob-sen'i-ti), n. impurity in language or action; indecency. Also obsceneness. obscure (ob-skur'), adj. without light or distinctness; dark; not easily un- derstood; illegible; secluded; hum- ble: v.t. to darken or dim; dis- guise; render less visible or intel- ligible; tarnish; make mean. < [Latin.] obscurely (ob-skur'li) , adv. in an ob- scure manner. obscureness (ob-skur'nes) , n. the state or quality of being obscure. .Also obscurity. obsecrate (ob'se-krat),_i>i. to implore. obsecration (ob-se-kra'shun) , n. en- treaty. obsequies (ob'se-kwiz), n.pl. funeral rites. [Latin.] obsequious (ob-se'kwi-us) , adj. ser- vile; compliant to excess. [Latin.] observable (ob-zer'va-bl) , adj. cap- able of being observed; worthy of observation; remarkable. observably (ob-zer'va-bli) , adv. re- markably. observance (ob-zer'vans) , n. the act of observing; performance of rites; rule of practice. observant (ob-zer'vant) , adj. taking notice; attentive; mindful. observation (ob : zer-va/shun), n. the act of observing; attention; that which is observed; remark; note. observatory (ob-zer'va-to-ri), n. [pi. observatories (ob-zer'va-to-riz)], a building fitted up for astronomical research. observe (ob-zerv'), v.t. to keep in view; take notice of; celebrate; practice ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make observations. JLatin.] observing (ob-zerv'ing), p. adj. giving particular attention to; observant. obsess (ob-ses') v.t. to exert an influ- ence over, as by an evil spirit. obsession (ob-sesh'-un), n. the act or state of being vexed or besieged by some foreign personality; an idea that dominates the mind and con- trols it. obsidian ( ob-sid'i-an), n. volcanic lava of a glassy appearance used by the Aztecs before the Mexican Con- quest for making arrow-heads, etc. obsolescence (ob-so-les'ens), n. the state of becoming obsolete. obsolescent (ob-so-les'ent), adj. be- coming obsolete. obsolete (ob'so-let), adj. gone out of date; disused; imperfectly devel- oped, obsoleteness (ob-so-let'nes), n. the state of being obsolete; indistinct- ness. obstacle (ob'sta-kl), n. that which hinders or opposes. [Latin.] obstetric (ob-stet'rik), adj. pertain- ing to midwifery. [Latin.] obstinacy (ob'sti-na-si), n. the state or quality of being obstinate; stub- bornness. Also obstinateness. obstinate (ob'sti-nat), adj. pertina- ciously adhering to one's _ opinion or purpose; stubborn. [Latin.] obstinately (ob'sti-nat-li), adv. in an obstinate manner. obstreperous (ob-strep'er-us), adj. clamorously noisy; turbulent. obstruct (ob-strukt') , v.t. to block up or impede; hinder from passing; in- terrupt. [Latin.] obstruction (ob-struk'shun) , n. an impediment. obstructionist (ob-struk'shun-ist), rt. a member of a legislative assembly who makes use of its rules that will deliberately hinder the progress of public business. obstructive (ob-struk'tiv) , adj. caus- ing obstruction. obtain (ob-tan'), v.t. to get possession of; gain; acquire; win; procure: v.i. to be established in practice or use. [Latin.] obtainment # (ob-tan'ment) , n. the act of obtaining. obtrude (ob-trood'), v.t. to thrust in or upon; urge or offer with unreason- able importunity: v.i. to enter un- invited. [Latin.] . obtrusion (ob-troo'zhun), n. the act of obtruding. obtrusive (ob-troo'siv), adj. inclined or apt to intrude. obtrusively (ob-troo'siv-li) , adv. by way of obtrusion. obtuse (ob-tus') , adj. not pointed or acute; greater than a right angle; dull. fte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; bdon, book 37 hue, hut ; think, then. OBTUSELY 578 OCTAHEDRON obtusely (ob-tus'li), adv. in an obtuse manner. obtuseness (ob-tus'nes) , n. the state or quality of being obtuse; blunt- ness; mental dulness. obverse (ob-vers'), adj. bearing the head: said of a coin or medal; nar- rower at the base than the top: said of a leaf or radicle: n. (Vers) the side of a coin or medal having the face or head upon it ; opposed to reverse. [Latin.] obversely (ob-vers'li), adv. in an ob- verse form. obvert (ob-verf), v.t. to turn towards; face. [Latin. ]_ obviate (ob'vi-at), v.t. to remove, as difficulties or objections. _ [Latin.] obvious (ob'vi-us), adj. evident. ob volute (ob'vo-lut), adj. arranged so as to overlap, as the margins of an organ or part of a plant. oca (o'ka), n. a South American plant with a tuberous root resembling the potato. Occamite (ok'a-mit), n. a follower of William of Occam, a Franciscan monk in the fourteenth century, who advocated Nominalism. See Nom- inalism. occasion (ok-ka'zhun) , n. occurrence; state or position of affairs; opportu- nity; incidental cause or need; exi- gence: v.t. to cause or influence di- rectly or indirectly; give rise to. • occasional (ok-ka'zhun-al) , adj. inci- dental or casual. occasionally (ok-ka'zhun-a-li) , adv. incidentally or casually. Occident (ok'si-dent) , n. the West; the countries west of Asia and the Turkish dominions. [Latin.] Occidental (ok-si-den'tal) , adj. of or belonging to the Occident: n. a na- tive of the Occident. occipital (ok-sip'i-tal), adj. pertain- ing to the occiput. [Latin.] occiput (ok'si-put), n. the hinder part of the skull or head. occult (ok-kulf), adj. hidden; secret; invisible. [Latin.] occultation (ok-kul-ta/shun) , n. tem- porary disappearance or obscura- tion: said of one heavenly body when another conceals it from sight. occulted (ok-kult'ed), adj. hidden from the vision, as a star, &c. occultism (ok-kult'izm), n. Eastern theosophy; mysticism in general. occultly (ok-kult'li), adv. in an occult manner. occult sciences (si'en-sez), n.pl. magic, alchemy, and astrology. occupancy (ok'ti-pan-si) , n. the act of taking and holding in possession. occupant (ok'u-pant), n. one who has possession. occupation (ok-u-pa'shun) , n. the act or state of occupying; business, em- ployment, or calling. occupier (ok'u-pi-er), n. one who oc- cupies. occupy (ok'u-pi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. occu- pied, p.pr. occupying], to take pos- session of ; hold or keep in possession, as for use; fill or cover; employ: v.i. to traffic. [Latin.] occur (ok-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. oc- curred, p.pr. occurring], to happen or take place; come to the mind; be found or met with. [Latin.] occurrence (ok-ker'ens) , n. an acci- dent, event, or incident. ocean (o'shun), n. the vast expanse of salt water covering more than 3-5ths of the globe; any one of its chief divisions; an immense expanse: adj. pertaining to the great expanse of salt water. [Latin.] oceanic (o-she-an'ik) , adj. pertaining to, occurring in, or produced by, the ocean. oceanography (o-shun-og'ra-fi), n. the science which deals with the combined oceans of the world — their tides, currents and all their numer- - ous phenomena. ocelot .(o'se-lot), n. the Mexican cat. ocher (o'ker), n. a fine yellow or brown- colored clay; used as a pigment. octa, a Latin prefix meaning eight . Also octo, as octachord, an instrument of 8 strings; a system of 8 sounds; octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves to the sheet (18mo). octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure of 8 sides and 8 angles. octagonal (ok-tag'o-nal) , adj. having 8 sides and 8 angles. octahedral (ok-ta-he'dral), adj. hav- ing 8 equal, sides. octahedron (ok-ta-he'drun), n. a solid figure contained by 8 equal equilat- eral triangles. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OCTANGULAR 579 OFFEND octangular (ok-tang'gu-lar) , adj. hav- ing 8 angles. octant (ok'tant), n. the 8th part of a circle. octave (ok'tav), n. an eighth, or an in- terval of 12 semitones; the 8th day after a church festival, the festival itself being included; a small cask of wine = l-8th of a pipe: adj. con- sisting of 8. octavo (ok-ta/vo), n. a sheet of print- ing paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 pages (8vo) : adj. having 8 leaves or 16 pages to the. sheet. octennial (ok-ten'i-al) , adj. recurring every 8th year; continuing 8 years. octennially (ok-ten'i-a-li) , adv. every eight years. octillion (ok-til'yun), n. in French and American numeration the num- ber represented by 1 followed by 27 ciphers; in English numeration 1 followed by 48 ciphers. [French.] octodecimo (ok-to-des'i-mo) , adj. con- sisting of 18 leaves or 36 pages to a sheet: n. a book of such size (18mo.). octogenarian (ok-to-je-na/ri-an), n. one who is eighty years old: adj. eighty yearsold. [Latin.] octopod (ok'to-pod) , n. an animal with eight feet. octopus (ok'to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses (ok'to-pus-ez)], a genus of Cephalo- pods having 8 arms, containing the cuttle-fish. octoroon (ok-to-roon'), n. the off- spring of a white person and a quadroon, and therefore seven- eighths white. octuple (ok'tu-pl), adj. eight-fold. ocular (ok'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, depending on, or formed by, the eye; known from actual sight. [Latin.] oculiform (ok'u-li-form), adj. eye- shaped. oculist (ok'ti-list), n. one who is skilled in the treatment of eye diseases. odd (od), adj. not paired or matched with another; not even; not exactly divisible by two; unusual; peculiar; eccentric. Odd Fellow (od'fel-o), n. a member of the order of the benevolent society of Odd Fellows, founded in the eigh- teenth century. oddity (od'i-ti), n. a person or thing that is peculiar; eccentricity; strangeness. oddments (od'ments), n. pi. odds and ends that one picks up in small shops and elsewhere. odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; advan- tage; superiority; excess of either compared with the other; probabil- ity^ more than an even wager. ode (od),_n. a short song; lyric poem. odeum (o-de'um), n. under the Greeks a roofed theater, used for musical re- hearsals or performances by way of rivalry. [Greek.] odious (o'di-us), adj. offensive; un- popular. odium (o'di-um), n. hatred; dislike. [Latin.] odometer (o-dom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for registering the number of revolutions of a carriage-wheel, to which it is attached. _ [Greek.] odontograph (o-don'to-graf ) , n. an arrangement for marking the out- lines of gear-teeth. < [Greek.] odontoid (6-don'toid) , adj. tooth- like. odontology (o-don-tol'o-ji), n. dental science ; a treatise on the teeth. odontoscope (o-don'to-skop), n. an instrument for viewing the human teeth. A small mirror is inserted in the mouth and then a small but brilliant electric light gives the im- age of the teeth in the mirror. odor (o'der), n. a scent; estimation. [Latin.] odoriferous (o-der-if 'er-us) , adj. dif- fusing fragrance. odorous (o'der-us), adj. emitting an odor or scent; fragrant. o'er (or), same as over. oesophagus. See esophagus. oestrus (e'strus), n. sl gadfly. [Greek.] of (ov), prep, from; out of; belong- ing to; according to; proceeding from. off < (of) , adj. most distant m K noting the right-hand # side in driving, or the left-hand side of the bowler at crick- et: adv. away from: prep, not on; distant from: inter j. begone! offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. off-cast (of'kast), n. whatever is cast away, rejected, or scorned. offend (of -fend'), v.t. to displease or make angry; molest or annoy; pain ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OFFENSE 580 OLDEN or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- thing displeasing. [Latin.] offense (of -fens') , n. any cause of anger or displeasure; insult; injury; assault. offensive (of-f en'siv) , adj. causing dis- pleasure ; annoying ; disagreeable ; disgusting; used in attack: n. the act of attacking (with the). offensively (of-fen'siv-li), adv. in an offensive manner. ofiensiveness (of-f en'siv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being offensive. offer (of er), v.t. to present for accept- ance or refusal; proffer; present in worship or sacrifice; bid as a price or reward: v.i. to be ready; express a willingness; attempt or make an attempt: n. a proposal made; price offered; first advance. [Latin.]^ offering (of er-ing) , n. that which is of- fered; a sacrifice; oblation. office (of is), n. public or private busi- ness; employment; function; act of worship; formulary of devotion; act of kindness; service; apartment for the transaction of business: pi. the outlying buildings of a mansion. [Latin.] officer (ofis-er), n. a person commis- sioned to perform a certain public duty: v.t. to furnish with officers. official (of-fish'al) , adj. pertaining to an office or public duty; from the proper authority: n. one who holds a civil office. officialism (of-fish'al-izm) , n. govern- ment by officials; official routine. officially (of-fish'a-li), adv. by the prop- er officer ; in an official manner. officiate (pf-fish'i-at) , v.i. to perform the duties of an office. officinal (of-fis'i-nal) , adj. noting drugs officially recognized by the Pharma- copoeia. officions\(of-nsh'us), adj. too forward in offering services; meddling. offing (ofing), n. that part of the sea with deep water off the shore. offscouring (of skour-ing) , n. refuse. off scum (ofskum), n. dregs; filth. offset (of set), n. a young shoot or bud; a sum or account placed as an equivalent for another; in survey- ing, a perpendicular let fall from the main line to an outlying point. offside (of sid), n. the side to the right hand of the driver. offspring (of spring), n. children; de- scendants. often (of en), adv. many times; fre- quently. ogee (o-je'), n. a wave-like molding, one side convex, the other concave; a cyma. ogham (og'am), n. the name given to any Celtic alphabet that is found to have been used before the ninth century, A.D., in Britain and Ire- land especially. The alphabet is fabled to have been named after the Celtic hero, Ogma, and consists of twenty letters. ogle (o'gl), v.t. to look fondly at with a side glance: n. a side glance. ogre (o'ger) , n. an imaginary man- eating monster or giant. Feminine ogress. [French.] ogreish (o'ger-ish), adj. like an ogre. oh (o), inter j. an exclamation of won- der, pain, or anxiety. ohm (6m), n. the unit of electrical resistance, named after Dr. G. S. ^Ohm, the German electrician. oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable fatty liquid obtained from various animal and vegetable substances: v.t. to lubricate with oil. [German.] oilcake (oil'kak), n. the substance that remains after the oil has been ^ expressed, as from flaxseed. oilcloth (oil'kloth), n. painted canvas for floor covering. oil-color (oil'kul-er), n. a pigment made by grinding a coloring sub- stance in oil; a painting executed in oil-colors. oil-engine (oil' en'gin), n. an internal combustion engine of which the fuel supply is oil, usually petroleum, in- jected as a spray. oiliness (oil'i-nes), n. oily quality; greasiness. oily (oil'i), adj. containing, or like, oil; greasy; unctuous; flattering. ointment (oint'menfc), n. an unctu- ous substance applied to a wound or injured part. okapi (ok-ap' e) , n. an animal allied to the giraffe, recently discovered in Africa. old (old), adj. [comp. older, superl. oldest], aged; decayed by time; an- cient ; out of date ; long practiced. olden (ol'den), adj. ancient; bygone. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OLDISH 581 OM oldish (old'ish), adj. somewhat old. Old Style (stil), n. the old mode of reckoning time according to the Julian year of 365M days. See New Style. oleaginous (6-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; unctuous. _ oleander (o-le-an'der), n. an ever- green shrub with handsome fragrant flowers. oleaster (o-le-as'ter), n. the wild olive. oleate (o'le-at), n. a salt of oleic acid. olefiant (o-lef 'i-ant) , adj. noting a gas formed by heating 2 volumes of sul- phuric acid with 1 volume of alcohol. olefiant gas (gas), n. heavy car- buretted hydrogen. define ^ (o'le-fm), n. a hydrocarbon containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of carbon. oleic (o'le-ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, oil. oleic acid (as'id), n. an oily acid ob- tained from the saponification of lin- seed and other oils, or in the making of soap. oleiferous (o-le-if 'er-us) , adj. produc- ing oil. oleine (o'le-in), n. the pure liquid part of oil or fat. Also olein. oleo, a Latin prefix meaning oily, per- taining to oil, or oily. oleograph (6'le-o-graf), n. a litho- graph in oil-colors. oleomargarine (o-le-o-rnar'gar-in) , n. imitation butter made from milk and animal fat. Also margarine. oleometer (6-Ie-om'e-ter), n. an instru- ment for testing and determining the relative density of oils. oleo-oil (o'le-o-oil), n. oil obtained from animal fat. Literally ' 'oily- oil." olfactory (ol-f ak'to-ri) , adj. pertain- ing to, or used in, smelling: n. organ of smell (usually pi) . olibanum (o-lib'a-num), n. a gum resin; the frankincense of the an- cients. [Arabic] oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. one of an oli- garchy. [Greek.] oligarchal (ol-i-gar'kal), adj. pertain- ing to an oligarchy. oligarchy (ol'i-gar-ki) , n. [pi. oligar- chies (bri-gar-kiz)], government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a few ; a state so governed. olive (ol'iv), n. a plant of the genus Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawny yel- low color: adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, the olive. [Latin.] olive-branch (oriv-branch), n. the branch of the olive: the emblem of peace. olivenite (ol-i-ve-nit'), n. the same as peridot. See peridot. olivet (ol'i-vet), n. an imitation pearl made for traffic with savage races. olivii (ol'i-vil), n. & crystalline sub- stance obtained from the gum of the olive tree. olivine (ol'i-vin), n. a variety of chrys- olite somewhat resembling a # pale emerald. Also (and better) olivene. olla (ol'ya), n. a wide-mouthed cook- ing vessel of earthenware found in all Spanish and Spanish- American countries. [Spanish.] olla podrida (ol'ya po-dre'da), n. a savory stew made in Spanish coun- tries, from bits of flesh, peppers, vegetables, and other ingredients. Olympiad (6-lim'pi-ad), n. in an- cient Greece, the interval (4 years) between the two celebrations of the Olympic games: a system of chro- nology reckoning from the first Olympiad, 776 B.C. and ending 394 A.D. [Greek.] Olympian (o-lim'pi-an), adj. dwelling on Olympus; n. one of the twelve great gods who were supposed by the Greeks to live upon Olympus. Olympic (o-lim'pik), adj. pertaining to Olympia in Elis, where the Olym- pic games were celebrated. Also Olympian: n.pl. the Olympic games of ancient Greece, celebrated every four years in honor of Zeus of Mt. Olympus. Om (om), the great word, hardly to be uttered by the Brahmin of India, for it expresses most nearly the es- sence of the Divine _ Spirit. The three great gods (Aditi, Varuna, and Mithra) have their spiritual es- sence in the mystic letters O M (originally A U M). Hence the word which comes from them is most sacred and is uttered to Brahm only on occasions of great solem- nity. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merjrp. met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. OMBER 582 OPAL omber, ombre (om'ber), n. a card game. ombrometer (om-brom'e-ter), n. & rain-gage used in automobiling. omega (5-me'ga), n. the last letter of the Greek alphabet: hence the last; end. omelet (om'e-let), ft. a kind of pan- cake of eggs. &c. [French.] omen (6 'men), n. a sign of some fu- ture event: v.t. to portend or prog- nosticate. [Latin.] ominous (om'i-nus), adj. foreboding evil; inauspicious. omission (5-mish'un), ft. neglect or failure to do something required; something omitted. [Latin.] omit (o-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. omitted, p.pr. omitting], to leave out; neg- lect; fail to mention. omni, a Latin prefix meaning all, en- tirely, as omnipresent. omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public four-wheeled carriage for passenger traffic. omnipotence (om-nip'o-tens), ft. un- limited power. omnipotent (om-nip'o-tent), adj. hav- ing unlimited power. Omnipotent, n. God (with the). omnipresence (om-ni-prez'ens), ft. universal presence. omniscient (om-nish'ent), adj. know- ing all things; infinitely wise. [Latin.] omnivorous (om-niv'er-us) , adj. feed- ing upon animal and vegetable food ; all-devouring. on (on), prep, upon; in contact with the upper part; at; near: adv. for- ward; onward: adj. noting the side to the right of the batsman in crick- et: inter j. go on! onager (on'a-jer)^ n. the wild ass. onanism (o'nan-izm), n. masturba- tion, from Onan in the Old Testa- ment. once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- merly; one time. one (wun), adj. t single in number; some way; individual: n. [pi. ones (wunz)], the number one or its symbol; an individual. onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; weighty; oppressive. onion (un'yim), n. a bulbous-rooted plant of the genus Allium: used in cookery. [Latin.] only (on'li), adj. single; one and no more: adv. singly; merely. onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-5-pe'ya) , n. the formation of words to resemble the sounds made by the thing sig- nified, as buzz, a bee; tick-tick, a watch, &c; the use of words so formed, or the word itself. [Greek.] onomatopoetic (on-o-mat-o-po-et'ik) , adj. formed by onomatopoeia. Also onomatopoeic . onset (on'set), n. an assault; attack. onslaught (on'slawt), n. a furious at- tack. ontogenesis (on-to-jen'e-sis), n. the history of the evolution of individual organisms. Also ontogeny. ontological (on-to-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to ontology; metaphysical. ontologist (on-tol'o-jist), n. a meta- physician who studies phases of pure being. From the Greek on, "being." ontology (on-toro-ji), n. the logic of pure being; metaphysics. onus (6'nus), n. a burden; duty; ob- ligation. onward (on'werd), adj. advancing; progressing: adv. in advance. Also onwards: inter j. forward! onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. oolite (5'o-llt), n. a limestone com- posed of grains like the roe of a fish. oolitic (o-o-lit'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, or like, oolite. oology (5-ol'o-ji), n. a treatise on birds' eggs; the scientific study of birds' eggs. oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black tea, the flavor of which resembles green tea ; Also oulong. [Chinese.] oomiak (55 'mi-ak), n. an Eskimo fish- ing and transport boat. Also oomi- ac, umiak. oosperm (5'o-sperm), n. a fertilized ovum. ootheca (5-o-the'k'a) , n. the egg-case of certain mollusks and insects con- taining the eggs. ooze (55z), n. soft mud or slime; gen- tle flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i. to flow gently; percolate. opacity (5-pas'i-ti) , n. opaqueness; the character of not being transparent. opah (o'pa), n. the king : fish. opal (o'pal), n. a precious stone of milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- 2 ous colors. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. OPALESCE 583 OPIUM opalesoe (o-pal-es'), v.i. to exhibit a play of various colors like the opal. opalescence (o-pal-es'ens) , n. the qual- ity of being o_palescent. opalescent (o-pal-es'ent)^ adj. re- sembling opal in its reflection of light. opaline (o'pa-lin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, the opal. opaque (o-pak'), adj. not transparent. opaqueness (6-pak'nes), n. the quality or state of being opaque; see opacity. ope (op), v. & adj. same as open [Poet.]. open (op'n), adj. not shut; unfastened; clear of trees; unsealed; clear; un- reserved; public; generous; frank; sincere; enunciated without closing the mouth: v.t. to make open; be- gin; expand; break the seal of: v.i. to unclose itself; commence; begin to appear; bark in view or the scent of game: said of a dog. open door (dor), n. a political term for international free trade, chiefly used in connection with oriental countries. opening (op 'n-ing), n. an aperture; op- portunity: adj. first in order. opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. See music-drama. [Italian.] opera-bouffe fop'er-a-boof), n. a comic opera. opera-cloak (op'er-a-klok), n. a lady's evening dress cloak worn at an opera, theater, &c. opera- glass (op'er-a-glas), n. a small binocular glass used in operas, thea- ters, &c. operameter (op-er-am'e-ter) , n. an instrument for recording the number of revolutions made by the shaft or wheel of a machine. operate (op'er-at), v.i. to work; pro- duce a certain effect; perform a sur- gical operation: v.t. to cause to per- form certain work: as, to operate a machine. [Latin.] operatic (op-er-at'ik) , adj. pertaining to the opera. operation (op-er-a'shun) , n. the act of operating; agency; effect; manipu- lation; surgical performance with instruments; a series of movements by an army or fleet. operative (op'er-a-tiv), adj. having the power of acting; efficacious; vigor- ous : n. an artisan or skilled workman. operator (op'er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, operates. operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- sical drama. [Italian.] ophicleide (of'i-klid), n. a large brasa keyed musical instrument of the horn class. Ophidia (o-fid'i-a), n.pl. an order of reptiles, including the serpents. [Greek.] ophidian (6'fid'i-an) , adj. pertaining to the Ophidia; snake-like: n. one of the Ophidia; a reptile. ophiological (of-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to ophiology. ophiology (of-i-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of natural history which treats of serpents. ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a) , n. in- flammation of the eye or eyeball. Also ophthalmitis. [Greek.] ophthalmic (of-tharmik) , adj. per- taining to the eye. ophthalmologist (of-thal-mol'o-jist) , n. one who is skilled in diseases of the eye. ophthalmology (of-thal-moro-ji), n. the science that treats of the eye and its diseases. [Greek.] ophthalmoscope (of-thal'mo-skop) , n. an instrument for examining the interior of the eye. ophthalmoscopy (of-thal-mos'ko-pi) f n. examination of the eye. opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- pounded with opium to induce sleep or rest; narcotic; anything that soothes: adj. narcotic; soothing; in- ducing sleep or quiet; causing rest, dulness or inaction. [Latin.] opine (o-pln'), v.i. to think; be of opinion. [Latin.] opinion (o-pin'yun), n. belief or judg- ment; estimation; persuasion. opinionated (o-pin'yun-a-ted), adj. firm or obstinate in one's opinions. opinionative (o-pin'yun-a-tiv) , adj. fond of preconceived ideas; self -con- ceited. opinionatively (o-pin'yun-a-tiv-li) f adv. obstinately. opium (o'pi-um), n. the dried juice of the capsules of the white poppy, used as a narcotic, and also as an anodyne. Opium is a single sub- stance from a blending of codeine, morphine, and narcotine, which ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ; J OPOBALSAM 584 OPTIONAL constitute a mass of alkaloids. [Latin.] opobalsam (op-o-bawl'sam) , n. balm of Gilead. opodeldoc (op-o-del'dok) , n. a soap liniment : used for sprains, &c. opossum (o-pos'um), n. an American and Australian marsupial carnivor- ous mammal. opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; adverse; antagonistic: n. one who opposes, especially in argument or debate; adversary. opportune (op-per-tun') , adj. well- timed; seasonable. [Latin.] opportunely (op-per-tun'li) , adv. sea- sonably. opportuneness (op-per-tun'nes) , n. seasonableness. opportunism (op-per-tun'izm), n. sacrifice of principle to circum- stances, especially in politics. opportunist (op-per-tun'ist) , n. one who takes advantage of circum- stances to promote the political in- terests of his party; or one who guides his political conduct by what is apparently the wish of the ma- jority. _ Such a course is not un- patriotic in itself, since rulers often hold that their duty is to follow rather than to guide. opportunity (op-per-tu'ni-ti) , n. con- venient time or occasion. opposable (op-poz'a-bl), adj. that may be opposed. oppose (op-ooz'), v.t to act against; contend with; resist; place as an obstacle; check. § [Latin.] opposite (pp'po-zit), adj. placed or standing in front ; contrary ; adverse ; antagonistic. oppositely (op'po-zit-li), adv. in front; adversely. oppositeness (op'po-zit-nes) , n. the state or quality of being opposite. opposition (op-po-zish'un) , n. the act or state of opposing; hostile resist- ance ; contrariety ; obstacle ; the situ- ation of two heavenly bodies when their longitudes differ by 180°; the collective body of opponents to the existing administration or govern- ment. oppositionist (op-po-zish'un-ist) , n. one of the party that opposes an ad- ministration or government. oppress (op-pres'), v.t. to burden; crush by hardship or severity; lie heavily upon. oppression (op-presh'un) , n. the act of oppressing; state of being op- pressed; hardship; calamity; in- justice; lassitude; dulness. oppressive (op-pres'iv) , adj. unrea- sonably burdensome; unjustly se- vere; tyrannical; overpowering; heavy. oppressively (op-pres'iv-li) , adv. in an oppressive manner. oppressiveness (op-pres'iv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being oppressive. oppressor (op-pres'er) , n. one who op- presses. opprobrious (op-pro 'bri-us) , adj. ex- pressive of opprobrium; reproachful and contemptuous; disgraceful. opprobrium (op-pro 'bri-um) , n. re- proach with disdain or contempt; ignominy. opsiometer (op-si-om'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the limits of distinct vision. optative (op'ta-tiv), adj. expressing de- sire or wish ; a mood in Greek gram- mar denoting expression of desire. optic (op'tik), adj. pertaining to vision. Also optical: n.pl. the sci- ence of the properties of light and vision. optically (op'ti-ka-li) , adv. by optics or vision. optician (op-tish'un) , n. one skilled in optics; one who makes or sells optical instruments. optigraph (op'ti-graf), n. a kind of camera for copying landscapes. optimism (op'ti-mizm), n. the doc- trine that everything in the present state of existence is for the best. See pessimism. [Latin.] optimist (op'ti-mist), n. one who holds the doctrine of optimism. optimistic (op-ti-mis'tik) , adj. char- acterized by optimism; sanguine. optimistically (op-ti-mis'ti-ka-li) , adv. hopefully. option (op 'shun), n. power or right of choice; wish; selection; on the Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell or buy stock in a time bargain at a stated price. [Latin.] optional (op'shun-al), adj. left to one's wish or choice. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OPULENCE 585 ORDER opulence (op'u-lens), n. wealth. Also opulency. [Latin.] opulent (op'u-lent), adj. wealthy; rich. opus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera- (op 'er-a)], a work; musical composition. [Latin.] or (or), conj. the correlative of either. oracle (or'a-kl), n. among < the an- cients, the response of a deity or in- spired priest to some inquiry; the deity who gave the answer ; the place where a deity might be consulted; the Jewish temple; a prophetic dec- laration; a prophet or person of reputed wisdoim [Latin.] oracular (o-rak'u-lar) , adj. of the nature of an oracle; uttering ora- cles; dogmatically magisterial; am- biguous; venerable. oral (o'ral), adj. verbal. orally (o'ra-li), adv. verbally. orange (or'enj), n. a tree (Citrus Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- ored and juicy fruit; the color of such fruit: adj. .pertaining to an orange; orange-colored. [French.] orangeade (or-enj-ad'), n. a beverage made from orange-juice. orange-book (or'enj-book) , n. name applied, from the color of the covers, to the collections of state papers is- sued from time to time by the Rus- sian government, as in the European War, 1914-1916. Orangeman (or'enj-man) , n. [pi. orangemen (or'enj-men)], a member of a political society of Irish Prot- estants: named from William III., Prince of Orange, who defeated and dethroned James II., in 1688, and became King of England. orangery (or'enj-ri), n. a place for the cultivation of oranges. orang-outang (o'rang'oo-tang), n. the great anthropoid ape of the East- ern Archipelago. Also ourang-ou- tang. [Malay, ''forest man."] oration (o-ra'shun), n. a formal pub- He speech delivered on an occasion of special importance; harangue. orator (or'a-ter), n. one who makes an eloquent oration. [Latin.] oratorical (or-a-tor'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to an orator or to oratory ; rhetorical. oratorically (or-a-tor'i-ka-li) , adv. in a rhetorical manner. oratorio (or-a-to'ri-o) , n. 2l musical composition having a sacred theme as its subject. [Italian.] oratory (or'a-to-ri) , n. the art of an orator; eloquence: n.pl. oratories, a small chapel, especially one for pri- vate devotion. orb (orb), n. a circular body: sphere; the eye; circuit. [Latin.] orbed (orbd), adj. spherical. Orbicu- late. orbicular (or-bik'u-lar) , adj. orb- shaped. orbit (or'bit), n. the bony cavity of the eye; the path described by a heavenly body during its periodical revolution. orbital (or'bi-tal), adj. pertaining to an orbit. orchard (or'cherd), n. an inclosure of fruit trees. orchestra (or-kes'tra), n. in the an- cient Greek theater the place where the chorus danced; (or'kes-tra), in a modern theater, &c, the place oc- cupied by the musicians ; the parquet ; the body of musicians. [Greek.] orchestral (or-kes'tral) , adj. pertain- ing to, suited to, or performed by, an orchestra. orchestration (6r-kes-tra'shun) , n. musical arrangement or instrumen- tation for an orchestra. orchid (or 'kid), n. a handsome flower, often of fantastic shape, of the genus Orchis. [Greek.] •rchis (or'kis), n. Orchis (or'kis), n. a genus of plants with curiously-shaped roots and flowers. [Greek.] orcin (or'sin), n. a coloring substance obtained from lichens. ordain (6r-dan'), v.t to appoint; in- stitute; invest with ministerial or priestly functions. [Latin.] ordeal (6r-de'al), n. an ancient method of trial by fire, water, combat, &c, to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person: hence a severe trial or test. order (or'der), n. method or regular ar- rangenent; settled mode of proce- dure; rule; regulation; command; class; rank; degree; a religious fra- ternity; an association of persons possessing a common honorary dis- tinction; a division intermediate be- tween a class or sub-class and a ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 40 hue, hut ; think, then. V ORDERING 586 ORIEL family; in architecture, a system of constructing and ornamenting col- umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite: pi. the three orders (bishop, priest, deacon) of the Christian ministry in an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- ders): v.t. to regulate or manage; command; conduct; direct: v.i. to give a command or order. [Latin.] ordering (or'der-ing) , n. arrangement; distribution. orderly (or'der-li), adj. well regulated ; methodical; performed in good or- der; peaceable; on military duty: n. a soldier who attends upon an offi- cer to carry his orders: adv. method- ically. ordinal (6r'din-al), adj. noting order: n. a number noting order; a book containing the form of service for ordination. ordinance (or'di-nans) , n. an estab- lished rule, rite, or law. ordinarily (6r'di-na-ri-li) , adv. ac- cording to established rule or meth- od; usually. ordinary (qr'di-na-ri) , adj. according to established order; usual; cus- tomary; commonplace; mediocre; plain; a meal for all comers at fixed charges (English usage) ; an eccle- siastical judge; a prison chaplain; in heraldry, that part of the escutcheon contained between straight and other lines. ordinate (or'di-nat), n. a straight line in a curve terminated on both sides by the curve and bisected by the diameter. ordination (6r-di-na/shun) , n. the act of conferring holy orders; the state of being ordained or appointed. ordnance (ord'nans), n. artillery. ore (or), n. metal as extracted from the earth in its natural state or combined with some other sub- stance. oread (o 're-ad), n. a mountain nymph. [Greek.] organ (or'gan), n. an instrument; means of communication or convey- ance; that part of a living structure by means of which some function is discharged or work performed; a wind instrument. [Greek .J m organic (6r-gan'ik) , adj. pertaining to, composed of, containing, or pro- duced by, organs ; instrumental. Also organical. organically (or-gan'i-ka-li) , adv. in an organic manner; with, or by means of organs. organicalness (or-gan'i-kal-nes), n. organic quality. organism (or'gan-ism) , n. organical structure. organist (or'gan-ist) , n. a performer on the organ. organization (6r-gan-i-za/shun) , n. organic structure; act of organizing; a political group controlling elections, etc. organize (or'gan-iz), v.t. to form or furnish with organs; to arrange a task in suitable parts so that it may be performed efficiently. organogeny (6r-gan-oj'e-ni), n. or- ganic development. organography (6r-gan-og'ra-fi) , n. a scientific description of the organs of animals or plants. organology (6r-gan-oro-ji), n. that branch of physiology which treats of animal organs. organon (or'ga-non), n. a body of rules for # regulating scientific or philosophical investigation. Fran- cis Bacon's great philosophical work was called Novum Organum, or new body of doctrine. [Greek.] organoplasty (or-gan-6-plas'tik), adj. producing, or evolving, organic tissue. organotherapy (or'gan-o-ther'a-pi) , n. treatment of disease by preparations from organs of animals. organzine (or'gan-zin), n. thrown silk of very fine texture; a fabric made from it. orgasm (or'gazm), n. immoderate ex- citement; height of venereal excite- ment in coition. - orgues (orgz), n.pl. pieces of timber pointed and shod with iron; gun- barrels pointed in parallel order for firing simultaneously. [French.] orgy (or'ji), n. a drunken revel, espe- cially at night : pi. secret rites in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus), dis- tinguished by wild revelry. [French, from Greek.] oriel (o'ri-el), n. a large bay window. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ORIENT 587 ORPHIC Orient (o'ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n. the East. [Latin.] orient (o'ri-ent), v.t. to define the po- sition of with reference to the East. Oriental (o-ri-en'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the East ; pro- ceeding from Asia or the East: n. an inhabitant of Asia or the East.^ oriental (o-ri-en'tal), adj. precious; pure; valuable: said of gems. Orientalism (6-ri-en'tal-izm) , n. an idiom or custom characteristic of the East. Orientalist (o-ri-en'tal-ist) , n. one who is skilled in Oriental languages, subjects, &c. orientate (6'ri-en-tat), v.t. & v.i. to turn towards the East. orientation (o-ri-en-ta'shun), n. the determination of the position of the east; eastward position; the faculty possessed by certain birds of finding their way home from long distances. orifice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or aper- ture. [Latin.] oriflamme (or'i-flam), n. the ancient royal standard of France, a red flag split at one end and forming flame- shaped streamers. [French.] origin (or'i-jin), n. beginning; first existence; source; cause; derivation. original (o-rij'i-nal), adj. .first in or- der; having power to originate; not copied: n. that from which anything is copied, &c. ; the language in which a work is written; archetype; an eccentric person. [Latin.] originality (o-rij-i-nal'i-ti) , n. origi- nal state or quality. originally (o-rij'i-na-li), adv. at first. original sin (o-rij'i-nal sin), n. the inherent tendency of mankind to sin, derived from Adam and by some imputed to his descendants. originate (o-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring into existence: v.i. to rise; com- mence. origination (6-rij-i-na'shun) , n. first production; source; method of pro- duction. originator (o-rij'i-na-ter), n. one who originates. _ orillon (o-ril'yun), n. sl mound of earth faced with a wall to protect a cannon. [French.] oriole (6'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. [French.] orlop (6r1op), n. the lowest deck of a ship. ^ [Danish.] ormolu (or 'mo-loo), n. bronze or cop- per gilt in imitation of gold. ornament (or'na-ment), n. anything that adorns or beautifies; embellish- ment: v.t. to adorn, beautify, or decorate. ornamentally (or-na-men'ta-li) , adv. so as to adorn. ornamentation (or-na-men-ta'shun) n. decoration. ornate (6r-naf), adj. ornamented. ornately (or-nat'li), adv. in an ornate manner. ornith, a Greek prefix meaning bird. Also ornitho, as ornitholite, the re- mains of a bird in a fossil state. ornithological (6r-ni-tho-lo j 'i-kal) t adj. pertaining to ornithology. ornithologist (or-ni-thol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in ornithology. ornithology (or-ni-thol'o-ji), n. the scientific study of the structure, habits, &c, of birds. ornithopter (6r-nith-op'ter) , n. a flying machine with flapping wings, in imitation of a bird. No such machine has proved successful. orographic (or-o-graf 'ik) , adj. per- taining to orography. Also oro- graphical. [Greek.] orography (o-rog'ra-fi) , n. the sci- ence that treats of mountains, moun- tain systems, their height, &c. Also orology. oroide (o'ro-id) , n. an alloy of tin and copper resembling gold and used for making cheap jewelry. orotund (o'ro-tund), adj. character-' ized by fullness, clearness, strength and smoothness : said of the voice or manner of utterance: n. sl quality of voice thus characterized. [Latin.] orphan (or 'fan), n. a child bereft of one or both parents: adj. bereft of parents. [French, from Greek.] orphanage (6r'fan-aj), n. the state of an orphan ; an institution for orphans* orphaned (or'fand), adj. bereft of pa- rents. Orphic (or'fic), adj. belonging or per- taining to the Greek Orpheus, in whose name, about 350 B. C., there was formed a mystic brotherhood, devoted to prayer and to life and death in nature. ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mlto, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. ORPHICA 588 OSMOSIS Orphica (or'fi-ka), n.pl. the writings of the Orphic brotherhood, concerning their beliefs and their mysteries. orphrey (or'fri), n. an embroidered band or bands of gold or silver on the front of an ecclesiastical vest- ment from the neck downwards, es- pecially on a cope. [Old French.] orpiment (or'pi-ment) , n. yellow sul- phuret of arsenic; king's yellow. orpin (or'pin), n. a yellow color of various shades of intensity. [Greek.] orpine (or'pin), n. a succulent plant with fleshy leaves: so named from its yellow color. orrery (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus to illustrate by balls mounted on rods the motions, magnitudes, and posi- tions of the planets of the solar sys- tem. Named from Lord Orrery (1715).. orris (or'is), n. gold or silver lace; the iris . [Old French . ] orris-root (or'is-root) , # n. the dried roots of the Florentine orris: used as a delicate perfume. Same as Iris-root. [Greek.] ortho, a Greek prefix meaning straight, right , true. orthoclase (or'tho-klaz) , n. potash; feldspar. orthodio graph (6r-th6-di'o-graf ) , n. a device for taking X-ray pictures of the internal organs of the human body. orthodox (or'tho-doks) , adj. holding, or in accordance with, the received or established belief or doctrine, es- pecially as taught in the formularies of a particular church. orthodoxy (or'tho-dok-si) , n. m con- formity to orthodox belief or opinion; soundness of belief or doctrine. orthoepy (or-tho'e-pi) , n. correct pro- nunciation. orthogonal (or-thog'o-nal) , adj. rec- tangular. ortho graph er (or-thog'ra-f er) , n. one skilled in orthography. Also or- thographist. orthographic (6r-tho-graf 'ik) , adj. pertaining to orthography; correct- ly spelt. Also orthographical. orthographically (6r-tho-graf 'i-ka-li) , adv. according to the rules of orthography. orthography (6r-thog'ra-fi) , n. the art of spelling and writing words correctly. orthopaedia (or-tho-pe'di-a) , n. the prevention and cure of deformities, especially in children. ortolan (or'to-lan), n. a small bird, allied to the bunting: much es- teemed for its flesh. [French.] os (os), n. (Latin) [pi. ossa (os'a)], a bone; the mouth (pi. ora). Oscan (os'kan), adj. relating to one of the lazy peoples of Italic stock, or to their customs or language: n. an Oscan, a dweller in Campania and elsewhere outside of Latium. [Latin, originally Obscus.] oscillate (os'i-lat), v.i. & v.t. to swing backwards and forwards; vibrate. oscillation (os-i-la/shun) , n. a swing- ing backwards and forwards ; vi- bration. [Latin.] oscillator (os'i-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, oscillates; a device for producing electric currents of a constant period, independently of variations in its driving force. oscillatory (os'i-la-to-ri), adj. swing- ing; vibrating. osculate (os'kti-lat), v.t. & v.i. to kiss; touch. [Latin.] osculation (os-ku-la'shun) , n. kiss- ing. osculatory (os'ku-la-to-ri), adj. per- taining to kissing: n. a tablet or board on which the picture of Christ or the Virgin Mary is painted for worshippers to kiss. # osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs of which are used in basket-making; matter in muscular fiber containing those constituents to which its taste when cooked is due. Osiris (os-i'ris), n. the best loved of the Egyptian gods; husband of Iris and father of Herns. . Oslerize (os'ler-iz), v.t. to remove by compulsory death persons who have reached the age when their useful- ness is on the decline. A pre- scription erroneously ascribed to Sir William Osier, the eminent surgeon. osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic element in platinum ore. It is of a clear blue color and has a meteoric origin. [Greek.] osmosis (os-mo'sis), n. the mixing of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OSMUND 589 OUBLIETTE fluids or gases through an inter- vening porous membrane or wall. Also osmose. osmund (os'mund), n. the flowering fern of the genus Osmunda. osnaburg (os'na-berg), n. a coarse linen. [From Osnaburg in Ger- many.] osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. ossein (os'e-in), n. gelatinous tissue in bone. osseous (os'e-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, bone. [Latin.] osseter (qs'e-tar), n. a species of stur- geon, yielding a fine kind of isin- glass. ossicle (os'i-kl), n. a little bone: pi. a hard structure of small size, as the calcareous plates of the starfish. ossiferous (os-if 'er-us) , adj. producing, or containing, bone. ossification (os-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. con- version of soft animal tissue into bone. ossify (os'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ossified, p.pr. ossifying], to convert into bone or into a bone-like substance; harden: v.i. to become bone. ostensibility (os-ten-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being ostensible. ostensible (os-ten'si-bl) , adj. appar- ent; held forth to view; plausible. ostensibly (os-ten'si-bli) , adv. in ap- pearance. ostensiye (os-ten'siv) , adj. showing; exhibiting. ostentation (os-ten-ta'shun), n. out- ward show or appearance ; ambitious or vain display. ostentatious (os-ten-ta'shus)^ adj. fond of show; intended for vain dis- play; gaudy. osteodentine (os-te-o-den'tin), n. a substance forming the teeth of verte- brate animals and structurally in- termediate between bone and den- tine, osteogenesis (os-te-o-jen'e-sis) , n. bone formation. osteologist (os-te-ol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in osteology. osteology (os-te-ol'o-ji), n. that part of anatomy treating of bones, their structure, &c. osteopathic (os-te-o-path'ik), adj. per- taining to osteopathy. osteopathist (os-te-op'a-thist), n. one skilled in, or who practices, osteop- athy. osteopathy (os-te-op'a-thi), n. a sys- tem of therapeutics in which the treatment is by manipulation of the bones, muscles and nerve centers, with t regard to the chemical and physical properties of the osseous tissues. [Grseco-Latin.J osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-ko'ma), n. softening of the bones. [Greek.] ostitis (os-ti'tis), n. inflammation of the bones. ostler (os'ler), n. a man who attends to horses at an inn. Also hostler. [Old French.] ostracism (os'tra : sizm), n. banish- ment by ostracizing. ostracize (os'tra-siz), v.t. to banish by popular vote: from the ancient cus- tom in Athens of banishing a citizen by throwing a shell, inscribed with the name of the person to be ban- ished, into an urn; exclude from public or private favor. [Greek. ]^ ostrich (os'trich), n. a swift running African bird, valued for its feathers. Ostrogoth (os'tro-goth), n. an Eastern Goth. other (uth'er), adj. noting something besides; different; contrary. otherwise (u^/i'er-wiz), adv. in another manner; in other respects: conj. else. otherworldliness(u//?-e>-werld'li-nes), adv. in an unworldly, impractical manner. otherworldly (u£/i-er-werld'li) , adj. unearthly: strange in appearance; acting in things remote from the rest of mankind. _ otoscope (o'to-skop), n. an instru- ment for examining the interior of the ear. [Greek.] otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- mal of the weasel family, which feeds on fish. otto, another form of attar. Ottoman (ot'o-nian), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Turks or their government: n. a Turk. Also Othman. ottoman (ot'o-man), n. a cushioned seat; a movable cushioned foot- rest. oubliette (oo-bli-et'), n. a small, dark cell in an old French castle, where ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. OUGHT 590 OUTWORK \ihe intense blackness and stillness were used to destroy the reason of prisoners immured there. [French.] ought (awt), v.i. to be under obliga- tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n. anything. ounce (ouns), n. a weight l-16th of a pound avoirdupois; l-12th of a pound troy; a carnivorous animal resembling the leopard. our (our), pron. pertaining to, or be- longing to, us. our ang-ou tang. See orang-outang. ourselves (our-selvz'), pron.pl. we or us, not others. ousel, ouzel (oo'zel), n. the Euro- pean blackbird. [French.] oust (oust), v.t. to eject. out (out), adv. without; not within or at home; abroad; gone forth; not in office or employment; in a state of extinction; to the end; at a loss; without restraint; not actively engaged in a game; in an error; loudly: inter j. begone!: n. one who is not in office. out-and-out, adj. thorough: adv. com- pletely; thoroughly. outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking out; an eruption. outcast (out'kast), adj. cast out; re- jected: n. one who is an exile. outcrop (out'krop), n. the exposure of strata at the earth's surface: v.i. to crop out at the surface. outcry (out'krl), n. clamor; tumult. outfit (out 'fit), n. a fitting out for a voyage or expedition; equipment. outgo (out'go), n. one's expenses or what one gives out in a definite time. Opposed, therefore, to income. outgoings (out'go-ings), n.pl. ex- penses. out-herod (out-her'od) , v.t. to exceed the cruelty or violent character of Herod the Great: hence to exceed in any evil. outlander (out'lan-der), n. a foreigner; one who comes from a land without. This word is German, Dutch, and English, but more used in the late Boer States of South Africa. (Aus- lander, Uitlander, Outlander.) outlandish (out-land'ish) , adj. for- eign; extraordinary; vulgar. outlaw (out 'law), n. one who is de- prived of legal benefits and protec- tion: v.t. to deprive of legal benefits and protection. outline (out'lin), n. a line bounding or defining a figure; first sketch: v.L to sketch out. outport (out'port), n. a port or harbor at some distance from the chief port. output (out 'put), n. the amount of material sold in any field of labor or commerce. Thus "the literary out- put," "the output of corn," "the iron output." [Vulgar.] outrage (out'raj), n. open and exces- sive violence; wanton abuse or mis- chief: v.t. to commit an outrage upon; insult indecently: v.i. to act in an outrageous manrer. [French.] outrageous (out-raj 'us), adj. violent; excessive; exceeding all bounds. outre (oo-tra'), adj. overstrained: exaggerated . [French . ] outrider (out'ri-der) , n. a servant on horseback who rides in advance of a carriage. outrigger (out'rig-er), n. a projecting spar or beam for extending sails or ropes; a boat with projecting row- locks. outright (out'rit), adv. completely; at once. outside (out'sid), n. the external part of anything; superficies; utmost; a passenger on the top of a bus, &c: pi. the exterior sheets of a ream of paper: adj. pertaining to, or situ- ated upon, the outside; exterior. outspan (out-span'), v.i. to loose sad- dle; dismount, and then unyoke the cattle; spreading out the camp in a fan-like way for protection and easy recall. [Dutch.] outspoken (out'spo-kn), adj. candid. outstanding (qut-stand'ing), adj. pro- jecting; unpaid. outward (out'werd), adj. external; to or from the exterior; visible: ex- trinsic. outward-bound (out'werd-bound'), adj. sailing to foreign parts. outwards (out'werdz), adv. towards " the outside; to foreign parts. Also outward. outwit (out-wif), v.t. to overreach, or defeat, by superior skill or cunning. outwork (out'werk), n. a, defense con- structed beyond the main body of a fort, &c. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OUZEL 591 OWING ouzel, see ousel. ova, pi. of ovum. oval (o'val), adj. shaped like an egg; elliptical: n. anything egg-shaped. ovarian (6-va'ri-an) , adj. pertaining to the ovary. [Latin.] ovaritis (o-va-ri'tis) , n. inflammation of the ovaries. ovarotomy (o-va-rot'6-mi) , n. the surgical operation by which one or both ovaries are removed. ovary (o'va-ri), n. [pi. ovaries (o'va- riz)], the organ in a female animal in which the ova or first germs of fu- ture life are formed; the hollow seed-case of a plant. ovate (o'vat), adj. egg-shaped. ovate-oblong (o'vat-ob'long), odj. longer th_an_oval. ovation (o-va'shun), n. among the ancient Romans, a minor triumph of a general for an inferior victory at which sheep # (oves) were sacrificed; an enthusiastic demonstration of public esteem. [Latin.] oven (uv'n), n. sl place or apparatus for baking or heating. Dutch oven means a sort of baking-pot which when surrounded by hot coals is used for baking. over (6'ver), prep, superior in posi- tion, authority, dignity, excellence, or value; above; upon; across; cov- ering; more than: adv. from begin- ning to end; from one to another; from side to side; in excess; on the surface; throughout: adj. beyond; superior: n. in cricket, the number of balls _delivered by one bowler. overfire (o-ver : f Ir') ,. v.t. to apply ex- cessive heat in firing a piece of cer- amic work. overhaul (o-ver-hawl') , v.t. to exam- ine thoroughly; overtake; gain upon: said of a ship. overlander (o-ver-lan'der), n. a trav- eler; one who makes his way as an emigrant by land in wagons, as did the pioneers who after the Revolu- tion moved westward to Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Kansas, Michi- gan and finally to the Pacific slope. overplus (6'ver-plus) , n. excess. overpower (o-ver-pou'er), v.t. to bear down or crush by superior force; vanquish. over- production (6-v e r-p r o-d u k'- shun), n. supply in excess of the demand. overseer (o-ver-ser') , n. the superin- tendent of some department of a business; one who superintends the poor. overshot wheel (o'ver-shot hwel), n. a water wheel which is driven by water flowing over its top. overt (o-verf), adj. open; public. overtake (o-ver-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to catch by pursuit; come upon as a punish- ment; take by surprise. overthrow (o-ver-thro'), v.t. to turn upside down; demolish; vanquish; destroy: n. (6'ver-thro) , ruin; defeat; in cricket, a ball missed by the wicket-keeper when returned to him. overtones (o'ver-tonz), n.pl. har- monics. overture (o'ver-tur), n. an offer or proposal; opening; an introductory symphony before the commencement of an opera. [French.] overweening (5 - ver - wen'ing) , adj . conceited. overwhelm (o-ver-hwelm') , v.t. to crush or destroy utterly. overwise (o-ver-wiz / ), adj. affectedly wise. ovicular (o-vik'u-lar), adj. pertaining to an egg; oviform. [Latin.] oviparous (o-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- ing young by eggs. ovoid (o'void), adj. egg-shaped. Also ovoidal. ovolo (o'vo-lo), 7i. a round or convex egg-shaped molding. ovoplasm (o'vo-plazm), n. the proto- plasmic substance or yolk of an egg. ovo viviparous (o-vo-vi^-vip'a-rus) , adj. producing eggs containing the young in a living state, as certain animals. ovule (oVul), n. the germ borne by the placenta of a plant, and subse- quently developing into a seed. ovum (oVum), n. [pi. ova (o'va)], the germ or body in the ovary which, when impregnated, develops in the fcetus; an egg-shaped ornament. owe (5), v.t. to be indebted, or under obligation to; be obliged to pay: v.u to be in debt. owing (o'ing), p. adj. due as a debt; ascribable to; imputable to. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OWL 592 OZOSTOMIA owl (oul), n. a raptorial nocturnal bird characterized by its hoot. owlet _(oul'et) , n. a young owl. own (on), adj. belonging to; peculiar or proper to: v.t. to possess or hold by right; concede or acknowledge. owner (on'er^ n. lawful proprietor. ownership (on'er-ship), n. rightful possession. ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen (oks'n)], an ani- mal of the bovine genus, especially a castrated bull. oxalate (oks'a-lat), n. a salt of oxalic acid. oxalic (oks-al'ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, oxalis, a genus of plants with a bitter taste, contain- ing the wood-sorrel. [Greek.] oxalic acid (as'id), n. a poisonous acid obtained from sawdust : oxidability (oks-id-a-bil'i-ti) , n. capa- bility of being converted into an oxide. oxidable (oks'i-da-bl), adj. capable of being converted into an oxide. oxidate (oks'i-dat), same as oxidize. oxidation (oks-i-da'shun), n. the operation of converting into an oxide. oxide (oks'ld), n. a compound of oxygen and a base. See ozone. oxidize (oks'i-diz), v.t. to convert into an oxide: v.i. to be converted into an oxide. Also oxidate. oxlip (oks'lip), n. a variety of primula. oxy, a Greek prefix occurring in various scientific words, meaning the pres- ence of oxygen. oxygen (oks'i-jen), n. a colorless in- odorous gas, which with nitrogen and argon constitutes l-5th by vol- ume of the atmosphere, and in com- bination with hydrogen forms water. [French, from Greek.] oxygenate (oks'i-jen-at), v.t. to com- bine with oxygen. Also oxygenize. oxygenation (oks-i-jen-a'shun), same as oxidation. oxy hydrogen (oks-i-hi'dro-jen), adj. consisting of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, as in the oxy hydro- gen-blowpipe by which an intense heat is produced by the combination of the two gases. [Greek.] oxytone (oks'i-ton), adj. having an acute sound; having the last sylla- ble accented: n. an acute sound. oyer (o'yer), n. a hearing or trial of legal causes. [Old French.] oyer and terminer (ter'min-er) , n. a court constituted by commission to hear and determine specified causes. [Old French, oyer, " to hear."] oyez (o'yes), inter j. the introductory cry of an official or public crier de- manding silence. It literally means "hear ye." oyster (ois'ter), n. a bivalve mollusk of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed as a delicacy. oyster-bed (ois'ter-bed), n. the place where oysters are found and farmed. In the South these places are called "oyster-rocks," and in the Gulf of Mexico, "oyster-reefs." oyster-plant (ois'ter-plant), n. & plant whose root, when cooked, has the flavor of oysters; salsify. oyster-rake (ois'ter-rak) , n. a rake with a long handle and spreading iron head; used in raking oysters in from beds in deep water. ozena (o-ze'na), n. a syphilitic dis- ease of the nose. ozocerite (o-zo-se'rite), n. paraffin wax. ozone (o'zon), n. an allotropic form of oxygen present in the atmosphere, especially after electrical disturb- ance, with . a characteristic odor. It is a remarkably strong oxidizing agent, bleaching and disinfecting. It rapidly oxidizes rubber (caou- tchouc), and even silver. [Greek.] ozone-box (o'zon-boks), n. a box lined with several sheets of fine gauze. It contains papers chem- ically prepared to detect the pres- ence of ozone. ozonium (o-zo'ni-um), n. a fungus which causes root-rot in cotton. ozonize (o'zo-niz), v.t. to charge with ozone. ozonometer (o-zo-nom'e-ter), n. an instrument for determining the presence and amount of ozone in the atmosphere. ozostomia (o-zo-sto'mi-a), n. bad breath, due to a diseased stomach. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. p P, the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, traced through the Greek and Latin alphabets to the Hebrew pe, meaning a mouth, of which it was probably a picture. Our present form of the letter is essentially that of the Roman. As a "surd labial stop" it corresponds to the vocalic b; with which it often interchanges. Thus Greek, episcopos; Eng. bishop; Span- ish, obispo; Sanskrit, pad, Eng., foot, again English keeps the p as in sap while Sanskrit has sabar (nectar), and Latin, lubricus. In chemistry, P is the symbol for phosphorus. pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa. pabulum (pab'ii-luai), n. food; nour- ishment. [Latin.] paca (pak'a), n. a small South Ameri- can rodent of a dark-brown color spotted with white. pace (pas), n. a step; manner of walking; length of one's movement of the foot in walking; a linear measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. to measure by steps or paces: v.i. to walk deliberately ; amble. [Latin.] paced (past), p. adj. having a par- ticular manner of walking. pacha. Same as pasha. pachycarpous (pak-i-kar'pus), adj. having a very thick pericarp. [Greek.] pachydactyl (pak-i-dak'til) , n. an animal with thick toes. [Greek.] pachydermatous (pak-i-der'ma-tus) , adj. thick-skinned. pacific (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace-mak- ing; mild; peaceful; tranquil: n. the Pacific Ocean. [Latin.] pacification (pa-sif-i-ka/shun) , n. the act of peace-making; conciliation. pacificator (pa-sif 'i-ka-ter) , n. a peacemaker. Pacific Slope (pa-sif'ik slop), n. a general name for the Pacific coast of the United States, which slopes west- ward from the Rocky Mountains. pacifier (pas'i-fl-er), n. one who paci- fies. pacify (pas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paci- fied, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or ap- pease; reconcile. pack (pak), n. a large > bundle tied up for carriage; dogs in Alaska; set of playing-cards; great number or quantity; gang; weight of wool = 240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for hunting: v.t. to bind and press to- gether, as goods for carriage; load; dismiss summarily or unceremoni- ously; select and put together for an unjust object: v.i. to become firmly pressed; depart or remove in haste. [Danish. 1 package (pak'aj), n. a bundle or bale of goods. [French.] packet (pak'et), n. sl small pack, or parcel; a vessel sailing between two or more ports for the conveyance of passengers, mails, and merchan- dise at regular intervals. paco (pa'ko), n. the alpaca; an earthy oxide of ircn containing par- ticles of native silver. [Peruvian.] pact (pakt), n. an agreement. [Latin.] pad (pad), n. a soft cushion; a thick mass of sheets of blotting paper for writing upon; a slow-paced horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. padded, p.pr. pad-, ding], to travel slowly: v.t. stuff with padding. padding (pad'ing), n. material used for stuffing; the act of impregnating cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- ter for filling out a newspaper or magazine article, &c. paddle (pad'l), v.i. to row slowly; play in the water: v.t. to propel by pad- dle or oar; to spank: n. sl short broad car; an oar blade; one of the floats for propelling a steamship. paddle-wheel (pad'1-hwel) , n. a wheel ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: l»«v»u. look; $8 Inie, hut ; think, then. J PADDOCK 594 PALAEOGRAPHY with floats for propelling a steam- ship. paddock (pad'uk), n. a small field or enclosure adjacent to a stable for horses. padlock (pad'lok), n. a lock with a link to pass through a staple or eye: v.t. to fasten with a padlock. padrone (pa-dro'na), n. a person who owns barrel organs and lets them out on hire; in Italy, a con- tractor for labor. [Italian.] paean (pe'an), n. a triumphal song. [Greek.] psedobaptism (pe-do-bap'tizm), n. infant baptism. Also pedobaptism. [Greek.] paeony. Same as peony. pagan (pa/gan), n. a heathen; idola- ter : adj. heathen ; idolatrous. [Latin.] paganism (pa'gan-izm), n. heathen- ism; idolatry. page (paj), n. a boy attending on a person of distinction; a boy in liv- ery; a male attendant on a legisla- tive body; one side of the leaf of a book; episode: v.t. to mark or num- ber in pages. [Latin.] pageant (paj'ent), n. a theatrical show or spectacle; anything merely showy. [Old French.] pageantry (paj'ent-ri), n. ostenta- tious display. paginal (paj'i-nal), adj. consisting of pages. [Latin.] pagination (paj-i-na'shun) , n. the marking, numbering, or making, into pages. Alsopaging. pagoda (pa-go'da), n. a Buddhist temple; a Hindu idol temple; an idol; a gold or silver coin current in India. [French from Persian, "idol-temple."] paid (pad), p.t. & p.p. of pay. paidology (pa-dor o-ji), n. scientific child study. [Greek.] pail (pal), n. an open vessel of wood or metal furnished with a handle for carrying water, &c. pailful (pal'fool), n. the quantity that a pail will hold. pain (pan), n. physical or mental suffering; penalty: pl. % diligent ef- fort; throes of parturition: v.t. m to cause physical or mental suffering; render uneasy. [French.] painful (pan'fool), adj. full of, of causing, pain. painfully (pan'foo-li), adv. so as to cause pain. painfulness (pan'f ool-nes) , n. the state or quality of being painful. painless (pan'les), adj. without pain. paint (pant), v.t. to represent by delineation and colors; depict; be- smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. to practice painting; rouge: n. a coloring substance or pigment; rouge. [Old French.] painter (pant'er), n. one whose oc- cupation is to paint; an artist who is skilled in depicting subjects in colors; a rope for fastening a boat. painter's- colic (pant'erz-kol'ik) , n. lead-poisoning. painting (pant'ing), n. the act, art, or occupation of laying on colors; the representation of objects by delinea- tion and colors; a picture; vivid verbal description. pair (par), n. two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and used together; couple; married couple: v.t. to join in couples: v.i. to be joined in couples; to suit or to be adapted to each other; in a legisla- tive body, to offset votes, or agree to a pair-off. [French.] pair-off (par'of), n. an agreement by two members on opposing sides of a measure to abstain from voting when the votes if cast would neu- tralize each other. pajamas (pa-ja'maz), n.pl. loose trousers of silk; also a kind of sleep- ing costume. [Hindu.] pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; ac- complice. [Slang.] palace (pal'as), n. the residence of a sovereign or bishop; a magnifi- cent house or building. [Latin.] paladin (paFa-din), n. a knight-errant, especially one of the twelve knights of Charlemagne or Arthur. [French.] palseo, a Greek prefix meaning ancient, as paleolithic : adj. noting the earli- est division of the Stone Age. palaeographist (pal-e-og'ra-fist) or paleographer (pal-e-og'ra-fer), n. a person skilled in ancient writings. palaeography (pal-e-og'ra-fi), n. the science which leads one to study parchments, and ancient writings ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PALEONTOLOGIST 595 PALL-MALL of all kinds, and to detect imposture in such writings. palaeontologist (pa-le-on-tol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in paleontology. palaeontology (pal-e-on-tol'o-ji), n. the study of remote antiquity in all its forms, especially in its arts, its language, and its customs. [Greek.] Palaeozoic (pa-le-o-zo'ik), adj. noting the fossiliferous strata in which the earliest forms of life appear. palaestra (pal-es'tra), n. the wrestling place of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Often used figuratively as a place of strife and final triumph. [Greek.] palanquin (pal-an-ken') , n. in India and China, a covered conveyance for one passenger borne on the shoulders of men. [French, from Sanskrit.] palatable (para-ta-bl) , adj. agreeable to the taste; savory. [Latin. ] # palatal (pal'a-tal), adj. pertaining to, or uttered by means of, the palate: n. a letter pronounced by means of the palate. [Latin.] palate (pal'at), n. the roof of the mouth; taste or relish. [Latin.] palatial (pa-la/shal) , adj. -pertaining to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. palatinate (pa-lat'i-nat), n. the prov- ince or dignity of a palatine. [Latin.] palatine (para-tin), adj. invested with royal privileges and rights, as certain counties: n. one who is thus invested. [French.] palaver (pa-la'ver), n. a public con- ference; superfluous or idle talk; chatter: v.t. to talk over; deceive by words: v.i. to confer; chatter. [Spanish, palabra, "word."] pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or ruddy complexion; wan; wanting in color; of a faint luster [French]: n. a narrow board used in fencing; a pointed stake; space inclosed by- rails; limit; district or territory: v.i. to turn pale: v.t. to inclose with, or as with, pales. [Latin.] palette (pallet), n. a thin oval wood or porcelain plate for mixing and holding colors. [French.] palfrey (pawl'fri), n. a small saddle- horse for a lady's use. Pali (pa'le), n. the sacred language of the Buddhists, allied to Sanskrit. palimpsest (pal'imp-sest or pa-limp'- sest), n. a parchment manuscript which, after the writing upon it has been partially erased, is used again, the former writing being more or less discernible. > [Greek.] palindrome (pal'm-drom) , n. a word, verse, or sentence which reads the same backwards or forwards, as the sentence ascribed to Napoleon: " Able was I ere I saw Elba." paling (paring) , n. a fence constructed* of pales; materials for a fence oi pales. See pale. m palingenesis (pal-in-jen'i-sis), n. new birth or regeneration; inherited evolution. [Greek.] palisade (pal-i-sad'), n. a fence or fortification formed of stakes driven into the ground and pointed at the top: v.t. to inclose or fortify with stakes. [French.] palish (parish), adj. somewhat pale. pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by the Pope to an archbishop on his consecration (also pallium); a cof- fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; lose strength. palladium (pal-a'di-um) , n. any safe- guard of a liberty, or privilege: from the statue of Pallas at Troy, said to have fallen from heaven, and on the preservation of which de- pended the safety of the city [Latin]; a rare grayish metal found with plat- inum. pallet (pal'et), n. a pallette; a name for various tools used in gilding, pottery, horology, &c. ; a small piece of the mechanism of a watch; a small rough bed. [French.] palliate (pal'i-at) , v.t. to excuse or cover over; extenuate; lessen or abate. palliation (pal-i-a'shun), n. the act of palliating ; extenuation ; mitigation. palliative (pal'i-a-tiv) , adj. tending to lessen or mitigate. pallid (pal'id), adj. pale; wan. pallium, see under pall. Pall Mall (pel-mel'), n. a fashionable street in London, once a ground for exercise, but now lined by clubs and other _ handsome buildings. The name is ultimately derived from the French through the Latin palma, "the hand," and malleus, "a mallet." pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. a game for= ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PALLOR 596 PANDEMONIUM merly played with a ball which was driven through an iron ring by a mallet. pallor (parer), n. paleness. [Latin.] palm (pam), n. the inner part of the hand; a linear measure of varying length (from 3 to 4 in.); a tree of various species of the order Palmse; a palm branch symbolical of victory or rejoicing: v.t. to conceal in the palm of the hand; impose upon by fraud (with off). [Latin.] palmate (pal'mat), adj. resembling a hand with the fingers outstretched; web-footed. palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the Holy Land who carried a palm branch as a tokenof his pilgrimage. palmetto (pal-met'o), n. a species of palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. palmist (pa/mist), adj. pertaining to palmistry. palmistry (pa'mis-tri), n. the pre- tended art of foretelling the future by examination of the lines and marks of a person's hand. palmitin (parmi-tin), n. a solid fatty substance obtained from vegetable oils, &c. Palm Sunday (sun'da), n. the Sunday next before Easter, held in com- memoration of Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem. palmy (pam'i), adj. abounding in palms; flourishing; prosperous. palpability (pal-pa-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being palpable. Also palpableness. palpable (pal'pa-bl), adj. easily per- ceived; obvious. [Low Latin.] palpably (parpa-bli), adv. obviously. palpitate (pal'pi-tat), v.i. to beat or throb. [Latin.] palpitation (pal-pi-ta'shun) , n. ab- normal beating or throbbing of the heart. palsied (pawl'zid), p. adj. affected with palsy. palsy (pawl'zi),n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to par- alyze. [Contracted from paralysis, Greek.] palter (pawl'ter), v.i. to trifle; act insincerely. paltry (pawl'tri), adj. worthless; con- temptible. pampas (pam'paz), n.pl. in South America, vast treeless plains cov* ered with luxuriant pasture. [Span- ish.] pamper (pam'per), v.t. to feed luxuri- ously; satiate. [French.] pampero (pam-pa/ro), n. & strong southwest wind that blows across the pampas of South America. [Spanish.] pamphlet (pam'flet), n. a small un- bound book, usually on some current topic, of one or more sheets stitched together. [Old French.] pamphleteer (pam-flet-er') , n. a writer of pamphlets: v.i. to write pamphlets. pan, a Greek prefix meaning all, univer- sal, as pan-Anglican, Pan-Slavic, Pan-American: n. a broad shallow vessel ; that part of an old flint- lock which held the priming. panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. a universal remedy or medicine. [Greek.] panada (pa-na-da/), n. a bread pulp; bread soaked in sweetened boiled water and flavored with nutmeg. [French.] pancake {pan'kak), n. a thin fried butter cake. pancratic (pan-krat'ik) , adj. excelling in gymnastic exercises: from an athletic contest (pancratium) of the ancient Greeks. pancreas (pan'kre-as), n. a large fleshy gland (the sweetbread) situ- ated under and behind the stomach secreting a fluid that assists in the process of digestion. [Greek.] pancreatic (pan-kre-at'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or secreted by, the pan- creas. pancreatin (pan'kre-a-tin) , n. an albuminoid principle in the fluid of the pancreas. Pandean (pan-de'an), adj. pertaining to the god Pan, the tutelary deity of shepherds. Pandean-pipes (pan-de'an-pips') : n.pl. a musical wind instrument consisting of short reeds of varying length blown by the breath. Also Pan's-pipes. Pandect (pan'dekt), n. the digest of the Roman or civil law. Usually Pandects. [Greek.] pandemonium (pan-de-mo'ni-um), n. a place or abode of general disorder. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PANDER 597 PANTOMIMIST pander (pan'der), v.i. to be an agent for the gratification of another's passions. [Latin.] pandour (pan-door'), n. one of the foot-soldiers formerly levied in Pan- der, Hungary, for the Austrian army. They were noted for their ferocity and lack of discipline. pane (pan), n. a square of glass; a piece in variegated work. [French.] panegyric (pan-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation or eulogy in praise of some person or event; encomium. " [Greek.] panegyrize (pan'e-jir-iz), v.t. to praise or commend highly: v.i. to bestow praise. panel (pan'el), n. a piece of board, the edges of which are inserted in a frame; a thin board on which a pic- ture is painted; a schedule contain- ing the names of persons summoned to serve as jurors; the jury; in Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: v.t. to form with panels. [Low Latin.] panetela (pan-e-ta/la) or panatela (pan-a-te'la) , adj. shaped in the fashion of a panatela cigar — long and slim. [Spanish.] pang (pang), n. a violent sudden pain; agony, mental or physical. panhandle (pan'han-dl), n. a strip of land extending between one state and another, as (especially) the West Virginia Panhandle. panic (pan'ik), n. a sudden fright; a kind of millet: adj. suddenly and violently alarming: said of fear. From the Greek god, Pan. pannier (pan'ni-er), n. one of two bas- kets suspended across the back of a horse, for carrying market pro- duce. panoplied (pan'o-plid) , adj. furnished with a complete suit of armor. panoply (pan'o-pli), n. a complete suit of armor. [Grseco-French.] panopticon (pan-op'ti-kon), n. a prison so arranged that the warder on duty can see all the prisoners with- out himself being visible; a kind of panorama; a room for the exhibi- tion of novelties. [Greek.] panorama (pan-o-ra'ma), n. a picture, viewed from a central standpoint, of several scenes unrolled and made to pass before the spectator. [Greek.] panoramic (pan-o-ram'ik;, adj. per* taining to, or like, a panorama. Panslavic (pan-slav'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to all the Slavie races or Pan' slavism. Panslavism (pan-slav'izm), n. a Rus- sian movement for the political union of all the Slavic races. pansy (pan'zi), n. the heart's-ease; also called Johnny-jump-up; a spe- cies of violet developed by care into a splendid blossom of purple and gold. [French.] pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly: desire ardently _ (with for or after): n. rapid breathing: pi. abbreviation for trousers. pantagraph, same _as pantograph. pantaloon (pan-ta-loon') , ». a buffoon in a pantomime. pantamorphic (pan-ta-mor'nk), adj. taking all shapes. _ pantheism (pan'the-izm), n. the doc- trine that the universe in its totality is God. pantheist (pan'the-ist), n. a believer in pantheism. pantheistic (p an-t he-is 'tik), adj. per- taining to pantheism. Pantheon (pan'the-on), n. a temple dedicated to all the Gods, and espe- cially that of ancient Rome dedicated to Mars and Jupiter. It is still standing. panther (pan'ther), n. a fierce feline carnivorous animal. Fern, pan- ther ess. [Latin.] pantile (pan' til), n. a curved tile. pantochr onometer (pan-t o-kro-nom '- e-ter), n. an instrument which com- bines the sun-dial, compass, and a time-dial. [Greek.] pantograph (pan'to-graf), n. an in- strument for copying drawings, de- signs, &c, on an enlarged or re- duced scale. Also pantagraph. panto meter (pan-torn 'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring angles, ele- vations, distances. [Greek.] pantomime (pan'to-mim) , n. a repre- sentation in dumb show; a popular Christmastide theatrical entertain- ment with music, dancing, &c. pantomimic (pan-to-mim'ik), adj. pertaining to a pantomime. pantomimist (pan'to-mim-ist), n.one who acts in pantomime. ate, arm, at, aw! me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PANTRY 598 PARAFFIN pantry (pan'tri), n. a provision closet. pap (pap), n. soft food for infants; a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of fruit. [Swedish.] papa (pa-pa', or pa'pa), n. a word of endearment for father. In Latin it means the Pope. [Found in many- languages, as a reduplicated form of pa.] papacy (pa/pa-si), n. the office, dig- nity, or authority, of the Pope; popes collectively; Roman Catholic religion. papal (pa/pal), adj. pertaining to the Pope, or the Church of Rome. papaw (pa-paw'), n. an East Indian fruit tree. [Portuguese.] paper (pa'per), n. a thin flexible substance made of various materials, as linen, straw, &c, used for writing or printing upon; a newspaper; an essay or literary contribution; writ- ten instrument; bank-notes or bills of exchange: adj. made of paper; thin: v.t. to cover with paper. [French.] See papyrus. papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- taining paper and writing materials. papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha'), n. paper pulp molded and made into trays, &c, and japanned. [French.] papilla _(pa-pil'a), n. [pi. papillae (pa-pil'e)], a small nipple: pi. minute elevations on the tongue. [Latin.] papillary (pap'il-er-i), adj. pertain- ing to a nipple or the papillae; cov- ered with papillae. papoose (pa-poos'), n. a young child. [North American Indian.] pappus (pap 'us), n. the feathery sub- stance on the seed of certain plants: the calyx of a composite flower. [Greek.] pappy (pap'i), adj. resembling pap. paprika (pa-pre'ka), n. a condiment resembling cayenne pepper though less hot; much liked by the Hunga- rians, who use it almost excessively. See goulash. Papuan (pa'pu-an), adj. one belong- ing to the Papuan race, oftenest found in New Guinea, which island is widely known as Papua. Their language is a variety of the Mela- nesian: n. a Papuan. papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papyri (pa-pi'ri)], a species of Egyptian reed, from the rind of which the ancients made paper; a manuscript on papyrus. [Greek.] par (par), n. state of equality; nomi- nal and market value. [Latin.] para, a Greek prefix meaning beyond, beside j divergence as paracentric. parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical method of conveying instruction by means of a fable or short fictitious narrative; a comparison or simili- tude. [Latin.] parabola (par-ab'o-la), n. one of the conic sections formed by the inter- section of the cone by a plane par- allel to one of its sides. [Greek.] parabolic (par-a-bol'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed like, a parabola; allegorical. Also parabolical. paraboloid (pa-rab'o-loid), n. a solid generated by the revolution of a parabola on its axis. parachute (par'a-shoot), n. an um- brella-shaped apparatus for descend- ing from a balloon. [Franco-Latin.] Paraclete (par'a-klet), n. a title of the Holy Ghost, the Comforter, and Advocate. [Grseco-Roman.] parade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious dis- play; show; military display; place of assembly for exercising troops: v.t. to marshal in military order; make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, or walk about ostentatiously. [French.] paradigm (par'a-dim), n. an exam- ple or model; example of the gram- matical inflection of a word. [Greek.] paradise (par'a-dis), n. the garden of Eden; a park; any place of happiness; heaven ; the top gallery in the theater where those who occupy the cheap seats are in slang called "the gods. [French, from Old Persian.] paradox (par'a-doks) , n. something apparently absurd or incredible, yet true; a tenet contrary to received opinions. [Greek.] paradoxical (par-a-doks'i-kal), adj. of the nature of a paradox. paradoxically (p ar-a-doks 'i-ka-li), adv. in a paradoxical manner. paraffin (par'a-fin), n. a white crys- talline substance obtained by dis- tillation from wood and shale, is of a waxy nature so that it is used for waterproofing, and for preserving ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PARAGOGE 599 PARATHES1S objects from the action of the atmos- phere. The obelisk in Central Park is coated with paraffin. paragoge (par-a-go'je), n. the addi- tion of a letter or syllable to the end ofaword, as "got," "gotten." [Greek.] paragon (par'a-gon), n. something of extraordinary excellence; model or pattern of perfection: v.t. to equal ji compare. paragraph (par'a-graf), n. a small sub- division of a connected discourse; a short passage; a reference mark (f); an item of newspaper intelli- gence. paragraph er (par-ag'ra-f er) , n. a writer of newspaper paragraphs. paragraphic (par-a-graf'ik), adj. con- sisting of paragraphs. Also para- graphical. parallax (par'al-laks) , n. the apparent angular shifting of an object caused by change in the position of the ob- server, especially the difference in the apparent position of a heavenly body and its true place. parallel (par'al-lel), adj. lying side by side; extended in the same direction and equidistant at all points; hav- ing the same direction or tendency; corresponding: n. a line equidistant to all. points from another line; re- semblance or likeness: pi. trenches in front of a fortified place parallel to the defenses: v.t. to place so as to be parallel; correspond to. parallelism (par'al-lel-izm), n. the state or quality of being parallel; correspondence. parallelogram (par-al-lel'o-gram), n. a plane 4-sided figure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. parallelopipedon (par-al-lel-o-pip r e- don), n. a regular solid figure bounded by six parallelograms, of which the opposite pairs are equal and parallel. paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis) , n. loss of the power of sensation of one or more parts of the body; palsy. [Greek.] paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, affected by, or inclined to, paralysis: n. one who is affected with paralysis. paralyze (par'a-llz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], to af- fect with paralysis; unnerve; ren- der useless or ineffective. paramount (par'a-mount), adj. su- perior to all others; eminent or chief: n. the highest in rank or authority. [Old French.] paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a form of monomania. [Greek.] paranoiac (par-a-noi'ak), n. one af- fected with paranoia; a monoma- niac. parapet (par'a-pet), n. a wall breast- high; a rampart to protect troops from the fire of an enemy. [French.] paraphernalia (par-a-f er-na/li-a) , n.pl. the apparel, jewels, &c, of a wife which she possesses over and above her dowry; ornaments of dress gen- erally; equipment. [Greek.] paraphrase (par'a-fraz), n. a free translation or explanation; a hymn based on some Scriptural passage: v.t. make a free translation of; ex- plain in many words: v.i. to make a paraphrase. paraphrastic (par-a-fras'tik) , adj. free or clear in explanation; of the na- ture of a paraphrase. Also para- phrastical. paraphrastically (par-a-fr as'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a paraphrase. paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a), n. paraly- sis of the lower half of the body. parasite (par'a-slt), n. one who fre- quents the table of a rich man and gains his favor by flattery; a hang- er-on; an animal or plant nour- ished by another to which it at- taches itself. [Greek.] parasitic (par-a-sit'ik) , adj. of the nature of a parasite; meanly servile or fawning; living at the expense of another animal or plant. Also para- sitical. parasitically (par-a-sit'i-ka-li), adv. like a parasite. parasitism (par'a-sit-izm), n. the state or behavior of a parasite. parasol (par'a-sol), n. a lady's sun- shade. [French.] parataxis (par-a-taks'is), n. a loose ar- rangement of sentences: opposed to syntax. m Specifically it means the use of simple sentences instead of compound sentences with sub- ordinate clauses. [Greek.] parathesis (pa-rath'e-sis), n. appo- sition; in printing or writing, bracketed matter. ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. j PARBOIL 600 PARK parboil (par'boil), v.t. to boil par- tially. parbuckle (par'buk-1), ft. a, rope formed into a double sling for hoisting casks, &c: v.t. to hoist by means of a parbuckle. Parcse (par'se), n.pl. in classic my- thology, the three Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who con- trolled the destiny of every mortal. [Latin.] parcel (par'sel), ft. a small bundle or package; little part: v.t. [p.t. &p.p. parceled, p.pr. parceling], to divide into parts. [French.] parcel post (par'sel post), ft. that branch of the postal service which forwards parcels, the charges in the United States being regulated ac- cording to distance as well as weight by means of a zone system. Also parcels post. parcenary (par'sen-a-ri) , n. co-heir- ship. parcener (par'sen-er), ft. a co-heir. parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn slightly; dry to excess. parches! (par-che'zi) or pachesi (pa- che'zi), a game played by two or four persons on a board with disks or buttons, as in our backgammon. The highest throw is 25 (Hindu, pachisis) . parchment (parch'ment), ft. the skin of a sheep, goat, &c. dressed and prepared for writing upon; a deed: adj. made of, or like, parchment. pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spotted beast. pardon (par'don), v.t. to forgive; ab- solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; official remission of a penalty. pardoner (par'dn-er), ft. one who pardons; formerly, a cleric who was licensed to sell papal indulgences. pare (par), v.t. to cut away little by little; reduce or diminish. paregoric (par-e-gor'ik) , n. a tinc- ture of opium to assuage pain: adj. mitigating pain. [Greek.] parenchyma (pa-reng'ki-ma) , ft. the soft cellular tissue or pith of plants; the soft tissue of the glandular or- gans of the body. [Greek.] parenchymous (pa-reng'ki-mus) , adj. soft; spongy. Also parenchyma- tous. parent (pa/rent), n. a father or mother; origin. [French.] parentage (pa/rent-aj), ft. extraction; birth. parental (pa-ren'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or becoming, parents ; fond. parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis^ n. [pi. parentheses (pa-ren'the-sez)], an explanatory word or clause inserted in a sentence, which is grammati- cally complete without it: indicated by the marks ( ). [Greek.] parenthetical (par-en-thet'i-kal), adj. expressed in a parenthesis; using parentheses. parenthetically (par-en-thet 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a parenthetical manner. paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with general motor paralysis; softening of the brain. [Greek.] parhelion (par-he'h-on) , n. a mock sun; a bright light seen near the sun. [Greek.] pariah (pa'ri-a), ft. one of the low- est class of Hindus, having, in fact, no caste at all, and therefore living apart from others and serving for- eigners. [Tamil.] Parian (pa'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, or found in, the Isle of Paros, famed for its marble: ft. a fine porcelain used for statuettes, &c. parietal (pa-ri'e-tal) , adj. pertaining to a wall or side; forming the wall or side; said of the large lateral bones of the head; growing from the side of another organ. [Latin.] parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical district under the particular charge of priest, clergyman, or minister; a district having its own officers for the care of the poor of such a dis- trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- ing to, or maintained by, a parish. parishioner (par-ish'on-er), n. one who belongs to a parish. Parisian (pa-riz'i-an), ft. a native or inhabitant of Paris. parisyllabic (par-i-sil-ab'ik) , adj. hav- ing an equal number of syllables. parity (par r i-ti), ft. equality; like- ness. park (park), n. a large enclosed piece of ground surrounding a mansion, or used as a public place for recre- ation; the train of artillery be- longing to an army division; an ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARLANCE 601 PART artillery encampment: v.t. to in- close, or collect, in a park. [French.] parlance (par'lans), n. conversation; idiom of conversation. parley (par'li), n. a, conference, es- pecially with an enemy: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. parleyed, p.pr. parleying], to hold a conference, especially with an enemy. [Old French.] Parliament (par'li-ment), n. the supreme legislative assembly of Great Britain and Ireland, consist- ing of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. parliamentarian (p ar - li - men - 1 a, 'r i - an), n. one who is versed in par- liamentary law and usages. parliamentary (par-li-men'ta-ri), adj. pertaining to, enacted by, or in ac- cordance with the usages of, Par- liament. parlor _ (par'ler) , n. reception room ; drawing room. Parmesan (par'me-san), adj. belong- ing or referring to the province of Parma in Italy, especially to its cheese. Parnassian (par-nas'i-an) , adj. per- taining to Alt. Parnassus in Greece, the abode of the Muses; of or per- taining to poetry. parochial (pa-ro'ki-al), adj. pertain- ing to a parish; narrow-minded. parodist (par'o-dist), n. one who parodies. JGreek.] parody (par'o-di) , n. [pi. f parodies (par'- o-diz)], a burlesque imitation of a serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- odied, p.pr. parodying], to convert into a parody. [Greek.] parole (pa-rol'), n. a word of honor, especially one given by a pri oner of war that in return for conditional freedom he will return to custody on a specified day; the daily pass- word in a camp or garrison. [French.] paronym (par o-nim), n. a parony- mous word. paronymous (par-on'i-mus), m adj. words of the same pronunciation, but different in spelling and meaning, as peer (to gaze at) and peer (a mem- ber of the House of Lords) . [Greek.] paroquet, same as parrakeet. paroxysm (par'oks-izm) , n. a sudden spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden action or convulsion. [Greek.] paroxysmal (par-oks-iz'mal), adj. per- taining to, or occurring in, par* oxysms. parquet, parquette (par-kef), n* the floor space of a theater between the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. m parquetry (par'ket-ri), n. mosaic wood- work for floors. [French.] parr (par), n. a young salmon. parrakeet (par'a-ket), n. a small long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, paroquet. [French.] parricidal (par'i-sld-al), adj. per- taining to parricide. parricide (par'i-sid), n. the murderer of a father or mother. [Latin.] parrot (par'ot),.n. a tropical bird with a hooked bill, characterized by its brilliant plumage and its power of imitating the human voice. [French.] parrot-fish (par'ot-fish), n. a brilliant hued fish of the tropical seas. parry (par'i), y.£. [p.t. & p.p. parried, p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a blow. parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- matical rules a sentence into its component parts, and show the re- lation of the various parts of speech. Parsee (par-se'), n. a descendant of the old Persians, holding the Zoroas- trian faith, and now living in India. Also Parsi. [Persian.] Parseeism (par-se'izm), n. the religion of the Parsees. Also Parsiism. Parsi, same as Parsee. parsimonious (par-si-mo 'ni-us), adj. frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. parsimony (par'si-mo-ni), n. closeness in expenditure; niggardliness. [Latin.] parsley (pars'li), n. a culinary herb. [French.] parsnip (pars'nip), n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. _ [French.] parson (par'sn), n. the incumbent of a parish; a clergyman. [Latin.] parsonage (par'sn-aj), n. an eccle- siastical benefice; the residence of an incumbent. part (part), n.^ something less than the whole; piece; portion; propor- tional quantity; ingredient; share; member or organ; side or party; concern; business; portion of a work issued in numbers at stated inter- vals; any one of the characters of a play; one of the melodies in a har- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PARTAKE 602 PASCHAL mony: pi. faculties, qualities, or ac- compUsnments ; regions ; quarters : v.t. to divide into two or more pieces; v.i. to be separated; take leave. [French.] partake (par-tak'), v.i. [p.t. par- took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partak- ing], to take a part or snare in common with others. part-book (part'book) n. in music a book containing the entire part of a composition for a single person. Such scores for individuals were not known before the seventeenth cen- tury. parterre (par-tar'), n. a series of flower beds arranged ornamentally, with intervening spaces of gravel or turf. [French.] parthenogenesis (par - then - o - jen'e - sis), n. reproduction of animals or plants by means of unimpregnated germs or ova. This biological phe- nomena occurs in plant lice, some kinds of bee, and hymenoptera. [Greek.] Parthenon (par'the-non), n. the tem- ple of Athene (Minerva) at Athens; she being called "the virgin god- dess" (Parthenos). [Greek.] partial (par'shal), adj. inclined to favor oie side or party; biased. [French.] partiality (par-shj-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being partial. partially (par'sha-li) , adv. in a partial manner. participant (par-tis'i-pant), adj. shar- ing: n. one who shares or partakes. participate (par-tis'i-pat), v.i. to par- take: v.t. to have part of; share. participation (par-tis-i-pa/shun) , n. the act of sharing something with others; division into shares; com- panionship. participator (par-tis'i-pa-ter), n. one who partakes with another. participial (par-ti-sip'i-al), adj. having the nature of a participle. participle (par'ti-si-pl) , n. a, word which partakes of the nature of a verb und of an adjective. particle (par'ti-kl), n. an atom; the smallest part into which a body can be divided; a word non-inflected, or not used alone; a crumb of conse- crated bread. parti-colored (par'ti-kul-erd), adj. having various colors. particular (par-tik'u-lar), adj. dis- tinct from others; individual; pe- culiar or special; characteristic; ex- clusive; exact; minute. particularity (par-tik-u-lar'i-ti) , n. circumstantiality . particularize (par-tik'u-lar-iz), v.t. to give the particulars of: v.i. be attentive to single things or details. particularly (par-tik'u-lar-li), adv. especially. parting (part'ing), p. adj. separating; given when separating: n. division; separating; a taking leave; a divi- sion in strata. partisan (par'ti-zan), n. an adher- ent of a party or faction; a kind of halberd: adj. pertaining to, or biased in favor of, a party, &c. partisanship (par'ti-zan-ship), n. the state of being a partisan. partition (par-tish'un), n. the act or state of beirg divided; separation; distribution; a dividing wall; part where separation is made: v.t. di- vide into shares; divide by walls. partitive (par'ti-tiv) , adj. noting a part: n. a word that denotes a part or expresses partition. partly (part'li), adv. in part. partner (part'ner), n. one who is as- sociated with another, especially in a business, &c; an associate; one who dances with another; a hus- band or wife. partnership (part'ner-ship), n. the state of being a partner; union of two or more persons in the same business or profession. partook (par-took r ), p.t. of partake. partridge (par'trij), n. a well-known gallinaceous bird of the genus Perdix, preserved as game. parturition (par-tu-rish'un) , n. the act of bringing forth young. [Latin.] party (par'ti), n. [pi. parties (par'tiz)], a number of persons united together for a particular purpose; faction; one concerned in an affair; cause or side; a select company; single indi- vidual spoken of. parvenu (par've-nu), n. an upstart; one newly come to wealth or power. Paschal (pas'kal), adj. pertaining to the feast of the Passover or Easter. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PASHA 603 PASTIL pasha (pa-shaw'), n. a Turkish title given to high officials. Also pacha. pashalic (pash-aw'lik), n. the juris- diction of a pasha. Also pachalic. pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad') , n. sl lam- poon or rude satire: v.t. to lampoon or satirize. [French, from Italian.] pass (pas), v.i. to move from one place or state to another; be pro- gressive; change by degrees; be enacted; be current: v.t. to go be- yond, or through, or by; cause to move onward; omit; give authority to ; transfer ; void ; utter or pronounce : n. a narrow passage, or entrance; defile; license, state of extremity: a thrust. passable (pas'a-bl), adj. that may be passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- pable of bearing inspection; toler- able. passage (pas'aj), n. the act of passing; course or journey; entrance or exit; right of passing; legal enactment; single clause or portion of a book; migratory habits. pass-book (pas'book), n. a book which passes between a merchant and his customer and contains the entries of goods sold on credit ; a bank-book held by the depositor. passe (pas-a/), adj. past; worn out or faded. [French]. passementerie (pas-men'te-re) , n. dress-trimmings usually of beaded lace. [French]. passenger (pas'en-jer), n. one who travels in or on a conveyance; one who passes. passerine (pas'er-in), adj. pertaining to the Passer es, the order of birds which includes the swallows and sparrows. passing (pas'ing), p. adj. departing: adv. exceedingly: n. the act of going by; transit. passing-bell (pas'ing-bel), n. a bell tolled immediately after the death of a, person. passion (pash'un), n. violent agita- tion of mind in anger; strong deep feeling or excitement; love; ardor; intense desire. [Latin.] Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ in his last agonies. passionate (pash'un-at), adj. moved by passion; angry; excitable. passionately (pash'un-at-li), adv* with passion. passion-flower (pash'un-flou-er), n. a flower of the genus Passiflora. passionless (pash'un-les), adj. void of passion; calm. Passion play (pla), n. & dramatic representation of the Passion of the Saviour. Passion Sunday (sun'da), n. the fifth Sunday in Lent. Passion week (wek), n. the week following Passion Sunday. \ passive (pas'iv), adj. suffering with- out resisting ; not acting ; submissive ; quiescent. passive verb (verb), n. that form of a verb in which the object of the active verb becomes the subject. Passover (pas'o-ver), n. a Jewish feast commemorative of the passing of the destroying angel over the houses of the Israelites when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians. passport (pas 'port), n. a license to travel in a foreign country. [French.] password (pas'werd), n. a word by means of which friends are distin- guished from strangers or enemies. past (past), p. adj. having formerly been; gone by; completed: n. the time gone by; adv. along: prep, be- yond. paste (past), n. & mixture of flour, &c, with water, used as a cement; dough prepared for pies, &c. ; a com- position for making artificial gems: v.t. to fasten with_ paste. pasteboard (past'bord), n. thick stiff paper; a board on which dough is rolled. pastel (pas-tel'), n. a colored crayon. paster (pas'ter), n. strip of gummed paper with printed matter on it, for covering over other printed mat- ter, (fee. pastern (pas'tern), n. that part of a horse's hoof which lies betweeu the fetlock and the coffin point , occupying the length between the two pastern bones. pasteurize (pas'tur-iz), v.t. to inocu- late with the bacilli which produce a specific disease so as to prevent or cure it. Named from the French chemist, Louis Pasteur. pastil (pas' til), n. a small cone of aro- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, t/ien. PASTIME 604 PATINA matic paste used for fumigating a room: a medicated lozenge. Also pastille (pas-tel). pastime (pas'tim), n. diversion. pastor (pas'ter), n. a clergyman or minister having spiritual charge of a church and congregation. pastoral (pas'ter-al), adj. pertaining to shepherds, or to the care of a church; rural; addressed to the clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n. a kind of dramatic poem, delineating incidents in rural life; a bishop's pastoral letter. pastorate (pas'ter-at) , n. the office or jurisdiction of a pastor. Also pastorship. pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as pies, &c, made of light puffy dough. pasturable (pas'iar-a-bl), adj. suited for pasturing. pasturage (pas'tur-aj), n. the business of grazing cattle; pasture. pasture (pas'tur), n. land under grass for grazing cattle; grass for graz- ing: v.t. to supply with grass or pasture: v.i. to graze. pasty (past'i), adj. like paste; a small pie of crust raised without a dish. pat (pat), n. a light quick blow with the hand; a small lump of butter made up: adj. apt; exact: adv. fit- ly: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patted, p.pr. pat- ting], to strike gently and quickly with the fingers or hand. pat (pat), adv. neatly; at the moment. patch (pach), n. a piece applied to cover a hole or rent; a piece in- serted in variegated work; a plot of ground: v.t. to put a patch on; mend clumsily. _ patchouli (pa-choo'li), n. an Indian plant, from the dried roots of which a strong perfume is made. pate (pat), n. the head; crown of the head. pate-de-foie-gras (pa'ta-de-fwa-gra/), a pastry of goose-livers taken from the fowls that are kept and stuffed so that their livers are enlarged. Formerly this pastry was called Strassburg pie. It is an expensive and savory dish. [French.] paten (pat'n), n. the plate used for the bread at the Eucharist. patent (pat'ent), adj. apparent; open to the perusal of all; secured by let- ters patent; spreading widely: n, a privilege granted by letters patent, as a title of nobility, or the sole right in an invention: v.t. to grant or secure by letters patent. patentee (pat-en-te'), n. one who has secured a patent. patent-leather (pat-en t-le£/i'er), n, a varnished or japanned leather. patent-yellow (pat-ent-yel'6), a pig- ment or paint composed of oxide and chloride of lead. patera (pat'er-a), n. a shallow cir- cular dish; a flat ornament on a frieze. paterfamilias (pa-ter-f a-mil'i-as) , n. the father of a family. paternal (pa-ter'nal), adj. pertaining to, or exhibiting the characteristics of, a father; hereditary. paternally (pa-ter'na-li) , adv. in a paternal manner. paternity (pa-ter'ni-ti), n. paternal relation; authorship. paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter), n. the Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every elev- enth bead in a rosary. path (path), n. a road; footway; track; course of conduct or action. pathetic (pa-thet'ik), adj. affecting the emotions or passions; touching. pathetically (pa-thet'i-ka-li), adv. in a pathetical manner. pathogenetic (path-o-jen-et'ik), adj. producing disease. pathogeny (pa-thoj'e-ni), n. the science of the origin of diseases. pathological (path-6-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to pathology. pathologist (pa-thol'o-jist), n. one skilled in pathology. pathology (pa-thoro-ji), n. the science of diseases. pathos (pa/thos), n. expression of deep feeling ; intense half -melancholy emotion. patience (pa/shens), n. the quality of being patient or calmly enduring. patient (pa'shent), adj. suffering pain, hardship, affliction, insult, &c, with calmness and equanimity; continu- ance of labor; persevering; waiting with calmness: n. a person under medical treatment. patina (pat'i-na), n. the fine green rust with which coins, ancient ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PATNESS 605 PAW bronzes, &c, become covered by age. [Italian.] patness (pat'nes), n. appropriateness. patois (pat'wa), n. provincial dialect, as Yorkshire, Wessex and Lancashire in England ._ [Latin.] patriarch (pa'tri-ark) , n. the foun- der or head of a family; an aged man; in the Greek Church, a metro- politan dignitary of the highest rank. patriarchate (pa/tri-ark-at), n. the office, rank, or jurisdiction of a patriarch. patrician (pa-trish'an), n. one of the senators of ancient Rome; a nobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. patricide (pat'ri-sid), n. the murder or murderer of one's father. _ patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. inherited from ancestors. patrimony (pat'ri-mo-ni), n. an estate or right inherited from a father or one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical endowment or estate. patriot (pat'ri-, or pa'tri-ot), n. one who loves, and is devoted to, his na- tive country and its welfare. patriotic (pa-tri-ot'ik), adj. character- ized by patriotism, patriotically (pa-tri-ot'i-ka-li), adv. like a patriot. patriotism (pa/tri-ot-izm), n. love of one's country. patristic (pa-tris'tik) , adj. pertaining to the theology and writings of the fathers of the Christian Church. patrol (pa-trol'), n. a corporal's guard that marches round at night m to preserve order; a mounted police- man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, p.pr. patrolling], to go round as a patrol. patron (pa'tron), n. a guardian or protector; one who has the gift of a benefice. Fern, patroness: adj. giv- ing aid or exercising guardianship: tutelary. [French.] _ patronage (pa'tron-aj), n. special support; guardianship or protection; right of conferring a benefice. patronal (pa'tro-nal) , adj. performing the office of a patron. patronize (pa'tro-nlz), v.t. to act as a patron towards; support or protect; frequent as a customer. patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik) , adj. de- rived from the name of an ancestor : n. a name derived from an ancestor. patroon (pa-troon'), n. once a landed proprietor with manorial rights. Many such rights were claimed by the Dutch during their occupation of New York; and they continued to be held even after the Revolution. [Dutch.] patten (pat'en),n. a wooden shoe with an iron ring worn under the soles by women as a protection against damp ; the base of a col- umn. patter (pat'er), v.i. to strike with a quick succession of light sounds, as hail: n. the dialect of a i lass. pattering (pat'er-ing), p.aaj. making a quick succession of light blows. pattern (pat'ern), n. a model, sample, or specimen; anything cut out or formed into shape to be copied. patty (pat'i), n. a small pie. [French.] paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of number or quantity. paunch (panch, or pawnch), n. the belly; the first and largest stomach of a ruminant. pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; one who is supported by the poor rates. pauperism (paw'per-izm) , n. the state of being a pauper. pauperize (paw'per-iz), v.t. to reduce to pauperism. pause (pawz), n. cessation; tempo- rary stop; a break in writing indi- cated by the mark [ — ] ; a mark of cessation in speaking; a mark [^] in music, indicating the continuance of a note or rest: v.i. to make a short stop ; wait ; hesitate. pave (pav), y.t. to cover or lay with stones, bricks, &c: as, to pave a street. pavement (pav'ment) , n. a paved roadway or floor. paver (pa/ver), n. one whose occupa- tion is to lay pavements. pavilion (pa-vil'yun) , n. an > orna- mental domed-shaped building; a large tent; a temporary movable habitation ; summer-house. paving (pa/ving), w. pavement. pavonine (pav'o-mn) , adj. resem- bling the tail of a peacock; irides- cent : said of certain ores. [Latin.] paw (paw), n. the foot of an animal with claws: v.t. to scrape with the ate, arm,- at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, bowk ; hue, hut ; think, then. i PAWL 606 PEBBLY forefoot; handle, as with paws; caress, as a dog. pawl (pawl), n. a short bar to pre- vent the recoil of a windlass. pawn (pawn), n. something given as security for the redemption of a pledge; a common piece at chess: v.t. to give in pledge. pawnbroker (pawn'bro-ker), ft. one who lends money on the security of goods pawned with him. pawpaw (paw'paw), ft. a tree of the custard-apple family, common in the middle western United States. pax (paks), ft. a small crucifix, or a crucifix engraved on a small metal plate kissed by worshippers. pay (pa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paid, p.pr. paying], to discharge a debt to; give an equivalent for; compensate; reward; fulfil; smear with tar, pitch, &c: ft. money given for serv- ice rendered. [French.] payee (pa-e'), ft. one to whom money is paid. paymaster (pa'mas-ter) , n. one who pays or from whom wages are re- ceived, especially an officer in the army or navy whose duty is to pay the officers and men. pea (pe), ft. [pi. peas, or pease (pez) 1, a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum and its edible seed. peace (pes), ft. a state of rest or tranquillity; calm; freedom from war or disturbance. peaceable (pes'a-bl), adj. disposed to peace; calm; quiet. peaceableness (pes'a-bl-nes), ft. the state or quality of being peaceable. Also peacefulness. peaceably (pes'a-bli), adv. without agitation or tumult. peaceful (pes'fool), adj. full of peace; pacific; quiet. [French.] peacefully (pes'f oo-li) , adv. in a peace- ful manner. peace-officer (pes'of-i-ser) , n. a justice of the peace or a police-officer. Peace Tribunal (tri-bii'nal), the in- ternational court at The Hague in Holland which sits to judge disputes between different countries. peach (pech), ft. a tree with its downy edible fruit: v.i. to betray one's ac- complices. peacock (pe'kok), n. a gallinaceous bird with handsome plumage: adj. iridescent like the feathers of the peacock. peahen (pe'hen), n. a female peafowl, homologous to the peacock. pea-jacket (pe'jak-et), n. sl seaman's heavy jacket. peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- mit or jutting part of a mountain or hill; pointed end; the leather pro- jection in front of a cap; the upper outer corner of an extended sail: v.i. to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise (a sail) obliquely to the mast. peakish (pek'ish), adj. having pale thin features. peaky (pek'i), adj. having, or resem- bling, a peak; sharp-featured. [Col- loquial.] peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of thunder, bells, &c; a set of musical bells, or the changes rung by them: v.i. to give forth loud or solemn sounds. peanut (pe'nut), n. the ground-nut: in some parts of the country, called goober. pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- ish-white iridescent gem found in the mother-of-pearl oyster ; anything resembling a pearl or very precious; a white speck in the eye; a small size of type (see type): adj. pertain- ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. to set or adorn with pearls. pearlash (perl'ash), ft. an impure carbonate of potash. pearliness (perl'i-nes), ft. the quality of being pearly. pearly (perl'i), adj. resembling, or con- taining, pearls; -clear; transparent. peasant (pez'ant), ft. a countryman :< rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. peasantry (pez'ant-ri), ft. peasants collectively. pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. peastone (pe'ston), ft. pisolite. peat (pet), n. • decayed vegetable matter resembling turf cut out of bogs: used as fuel. pebble (peb'l), ft. a roundish stone; transparent rock crystal used for spectacles, &c. pebbly (peb'li), adj. full of pebbles. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; htie, hut ; think, then. PECAN 607 PEDOBAPTISM pecan (pe'can), n. a species of North American hickory and its fruit- peccability (pek-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being subject to sin. peccable (pek'a-bl), adj. liable to sin. peccadillo (pek-a-diro), n. a trifling fault. peccancy (pek'an-si), n. sinfulness. peccary (pek'a-ri), n. a South Amer- ican mammal allied to the hog. peccavi (pek-a'vl), # (Latin, I have sinned),' a word in colloquial use, expressive of contrition for commit- ting a fault. peck (pek), n. one-fourth of a bushel; quick sharp stroke with the beak: v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up with the beak ; eat. pecker (pek'er), n. one who pecks; a woodpecker. pectic acid (pek'tik as'id), n. an acid found in various fruits. pectin (pek'tin), n. the gelatinizing principle of certain ripe fruits. pectinate (pek'tin-at), adj. shaped like the teeth of a comb. Also pectinated. pectoral (pek'to-ral) , adj. pertaining to, good for, or worn on, the chest: n. the breastplate of the Jewish high-priest; a medicine for chest complaints; a pectoral fin. [Latin.] peculate (pek'u-lat), v.i. to appro- priate public money to one's own use ; embezzle. [Latin.] peculation (pek-u-la'shun) , n. the act of appropriating public money to one's own use. peculator (pek'u-la-ter), n. one who peculates. peculiar (pe-kii'lyar), adj. one's own; appropriate; individual; strange: n. a church or parish exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocese] to which it belongs. [Latin.] peculiarity (pe-ku-li-ar'i-ti) , n. [pi. peculiarities (pe-ku-li-ar'i-tiz) ], some- thing peculiar or characteristic. peculiarly (pe-ku'lyar-li), adv. in a peculiar manner. pecuniarily (pe-ku/ni-ar-i-li) , adv. as regards money. pecuniary (pe-ku'ni-ar-i) , adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, money; monetary. pedagogic (ped-a-goj'ik), adj. per- taining to a pedagogue or to the science of teaching. [Greek.] pedagogics (ped-a-goj'iks), n. the science of teaching. pedagogism (ped'a-gog-izm) , n. the occupation or manners of a peda- gogue. pedagogist (ped-a-goj'ist), n. one who treats of pedagogics. pedagogue (ped'a-gog), n. a school- master; pedant. pedagogy (ped'a-go-ji), n. pedagogics. pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a foot : n. a key or lever attached to a musical instrument and moved by the foot, to modify the swell or tone: v.t. to work the pedal of a bicycle. pedant (ped'ant), n. one who makes an ostentatious display of his learn- ing. pedantic (pe-dan'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, ped- antry. pedantically (pe-dan'ti-ka-li) , adv. like a pedant. pedantry (ped'an-tri) , n. ostentatious display of learning. pedate (ped'at), adj. palmate, with the two lateral sections lengthened and lobed. peddle (ped'l), v.i. to travel about sell- ing small wares; be busy about trifles: v.t. to retail in small quan- tities. peddler, pedler, pedlar (ped'ler), n. one who peddles. peddling (ped'ling), adj. trifling. pedestal (ped'es-tal) , n. the base of a column, statue, &c. pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an), adj. go- ing on foot; walking: n. one who journeys on foot; professional walk- er. pedestrianism (pe-des'tri-an-izm), # n. the art or practice of walking; racing on foot. pedicure (ped'i-kur) , n. the care of the feet; a chiropodist. [Latin.] pediform (ped'i-f orm) , adj. foot- shaped. pedigree (ped'i-gre), n. lineage; gene- alogy. pediment (ped'i-ment) , n. the trian- gular or circular ornament over the entablature, &c, of a building. pedler. See peddler. pedobaptism, same as paedobaptism. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PEDOMETER 608^, PENALTY pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter) , n. a watch- shaped instrument for recording paces and distances in walking. peduncle (ped-ung'kl) , n. a flower- stalk. peduncular (ped-ung'kfi-lar) , adj. of or pertaining to a peduncle. pedunculate (ped-ung'ku-lat) , adj. having, or growing upon, a pedun- cle. Also pedunculated. peel (pel), v.t. to strip the skin, bark, or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. skin or rind; a baker's long flat wooden shovel; a contrivance for hanging up printed sheets to dry. peeler (peTer), n. one who peels; a pillager; a policeman, named from Sir Robert Peel, who established the London police force. peen (pen), n. the point of a mason's hammer. peep (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry, as young birds; to look through a crevice or hiding place; look slyly; begin to appear: n. the cry of a chicken; a sly look; a beginning to appear. peepul- or pippul-tree (pe' or pip'- pul-tre), n. the sacred tree of Buddha in India. White men call it the "bo-tree." peer (per), n. one of the same rank; an equal; associate; a nobleman who is a member of the House of Lords: v.i. to appear; look narrowly. peerage (per'aj), n. the rank or dig- nity of a peer; peers collectively; a book giving information respecting the nobility. peeress (per'es), n. a peer's wife; a lady of noble rank. peerless (per'les), adj. without an equal. peevish (pev'ish), adj: fretful; diffi- cult to please. peewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. peg (peg), n. a small pointed wooden pin; a piece of wood serving as a nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pegged, p.pr. pegging], to fasten or mark out with pegs. Pegasus (peg'a-sus) , # n. the winged horse of the muses in Greek legend; used of poetic inspiration. peignoir (pa-nwar r ), n. a loose dress- ing-sack. pelage (pel'aj), n. the hair or similar covering of a mammal. pelagic (pe-laj'ik), adj. pertaining to the ocean. pelerine (perer-in), n. a lady's long cape with tapering ends. pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth; used in a bad sense. pelican (pei'i-kan), n. a large aquat- ic bird with a huge axe-shaped bill. pelisse (pe-les'), n. a lady's silk habit; a hussar's jacket. [French.] pellagra (pel-a'gra), n. a disease marked by skin eruptions and dis- turbance of the digestive and nervous systems, frequently fatal, held by some authorites to be due to the eat- ing of spoiled corn-meal, or products of diseased Indian corn. pellet (pel'et), n. a little ball. pellicle (pel'i-kl), n. a thin skin or film. [French.] pellitory (pel'i-to-ri), n. a perennial plant of the nettle family, growing on old walls. pell-mell (permei) , adv. with confused violence. [French.] pellucid (pel-u'sid), adj. perfectly clear; transparent. [Latin.] pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow from something thrown: v.t. to strike by throwing something: v.i. to fall heavily, as rain. peltry (pel'tri), n. skins of furred animals collectively. pelt- wool (pelt'wool), n. wool from dead sheep. pelvic (pelVik), adj. pertaining to the pelvis. [Latin.] pelvis (peFvis), n. the bony cavity in the lower part of the abdomen. pemmican (pem'i-kan), n. lean meat, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes. pen (pen), n. a small inclosure; coop; an instrument for writing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. penned, p.pf. penning], to shut up or confine in a small inclosure; write. penal (pe r nal), adj. enacting, inflict- ing, or incurring punishment for crime; punitive. penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to subject to penalty; to punish. penally (pe'na-li), adv. by way of punishment. penalty (pen'al-ti), n. legal punish- ment either on the person or by a fine; fine or forfeit; an extra weight carried by a racehorse. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PENANCE 609 PENKNIFE penance (pen'ans), n. self-imposed suffering, as an expression of con- trition for sin; repentance; in the Roman Catholic Church one of the sacraments by which sins are par- doned after confession and satisfac- tion. Penang-lawyer (pe-nang'law'yer), n, a species of bamboo found in Penang, from which are cut the thin canes that bear the peculiar name given above. Penates (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- hold gods of the ancient Romans. pence (pens), pi. of penny. [Latin.] penchant (pang-shang'), n. a strong inclination or taste. [French.] pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush used by artists; a pointed instru- ment of black lead, colored chalk, &c; a collection of rays of light converging to a point: v.t. to write, sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. penciled (pen'sild), p.adj. written, drawn, or painted, with a pencil; radiating. penciling (pen'sil-ing), n. the art of writing, sketching, or painting with a pencil. pendant (pen'dant), n. anything hanging for ornamentation; an ear- ring or locket; a pennant. pendency (pen'den-si) , n. suspense; indecision. Also pendence. pendent (pen'dent), adj. hanging; pro- jecting; swinging. pending (pending), adj. undecided; hanging in suspense. Pendragon (pen-drag'un), n. in Celtic Britain, a noble who for urgent rea- sons of state was made dictator with plenary powers. The name is Welsh, meaning " head leader." pendulous (pen'du-lus), adj. hanging; oscillating. pendulum (pen'du-lum), n. a heavy body suspended so that it may vi- brate backwards and forwards about a fixed point by the force of gravity, as in a clock. penetrability (pen-e-tra-bil'i-ti), n. the susceptibility of being entered or passed through by another body. penetrable (pen'e-tra-bl), adj. that may be penetrated; susceptive of impression. penetralia (pen-e-tra/li-a), n.pl. the inner part of a temple, house, &c.\ mysteries. penetrant (pen'e-trant), adj. pene- trating; subtile; acute. penetrate (pen'e-trat), v.t. to pierce into; enter; bore or perforate; reach the mind; affect deeply; reach the interior. penetrating (pen'e-tra-ting), p.adj. piercing; sharp; discerning. Also penetrative. penetration (pen-e-tra'shun), n. the act of penetrating; mental acuteness. penetratiyeness (pen'e-tr -tiv-nes), n. the quality of being penetrative. pen-fish (pen'Csh), n. a kind of eel pout. penguin (pen'gwin), n. a large sea- fowl with rudimentary wings. peninsula (pe-nin'sii-la), n. a por- tion of jutting land nearly sur- rounded by water, and connected with the mainland by an isthmus. When the English speak of the Peninsula, they always mean the Spanish Peninsula (Spain and Portu- gal) where the great Peninsular War was fought by them against Napo- leon. peninsular (pe-nin'su-lar), adj. per- taining to, or shaped like, a penin- sula. penis (pe'nis), n. the male organ of generation. [Latin.] penitence (pen'i-tens), n. sorrow for sin; state of being penitent. penitent (pen'i-tent), adj. repentant: n. one who is penitent ; one under ec- clesiastical censure, but admitted to penance; one who is under the di- rection of a confessor. penitential (pen-i-ten'shal), adj. per- taining to, o e pres ing, penitence; of the nature of penance: n. in the Roman Catholic Church a book treating of the rules and degrees of penance. penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri) , _ adj. pertaining to penance: n. a penitent; a house of correction; a state pris- on; a home for fallen women; an office at the papal court, that grants dispensations, absolutions, &c; the official who presides over such a court . penknife (pen'nlf), n. a small pocket- knife; opposite to jack-knife. ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; $a hue. hut : think, then. PENMAN 610 PEPPERCORN penman (pen'man), n. an author; one who writes a good hand. penmanship (pen'man-ship) , n. the art, or style, of writing. pennant (pen'ant), n. a long narrow strip of bunting at the mast-heads of men-of-war. pennate (pen'at), same as pinnate. penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without money; destitute. pennon (pen'on), n. a small swallow- tailed flag or streamer. penny (pen'i), n. [pi. pennies (pen'iz) (denoting number), pence (pens), (denoting amount or value)], a bronze coin = 1-12 of a shilling, or 2 cents. [English.] pennyroyal (pen-i-roi'al) , n. an aro- matic herb of the mint family. pennyweight (pen'i- wat), n. a weight = 24 grains troy. penological (pe-no-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to penology. penologist (pe-noro-jist) , n. a student of penology. penology (pe-nol'o-ji), n. the scientific study of punishments, prison man- agement, &c. pensile (pen'sil), adj. hanging. pension (pen'shun), n. a stated allow- ance paid for past services, as to the state, &c; money paid instead of tithes ; a continental boarding house or school (pang-si-angO : v.t. to grant a pension to. pensionary (pen'shun : a-ri) , adj. con- sisting of, or maintained by, a pen- sion: n. a person in receipt of a pen- sion. pensioner (pen'shun-er) , n. one who receives a pension, especially a dis- charged soldier. pensive (pen'siv), adj. thoughtful; sad. pensively (pen'siv-li) , adv. in a pensive manner. pensiveness (pen'siv-nes) , n. thought- fulness; melancholy. pent, p.t. & p.p. of pen (to shut up). penta, a Greek prefix meaning five, as pentachord, an instrument with five strings; musical scale of five sounds. Also pente. pentad (pen'tad), n. an element which combines with or replaces a monad. pentagon (pen'ta-gon) , n. a figure of five sides and five angles. pentahedral (pen-ta-he'dral) , adj. having five sides. pentahedron (pen-ta-he'dron) , n. a solid figure having five sides. pentahexahedral (pen-ta-heks-a-he'- dral), adj. exhibiting five ranges of faces, one above another, each range containing six faces. pentamerous (pen-tam'e-rus), adj. consisting of five parts. pentameter (pen-tam'e-te~r) , n. a verse consisting of five feet or meters. pentastyle (pen'ta-stil) , n. a building with five columns in front. Pentateuch (pen'ta-tuk) , n. the first five books of the Old Testament. Pentecost (pen'te-kost) , n. a Jewish festival kept the fiftieth day after the second day of the Passover; Whit- suntide, commemorative of the de- scent of the Holy Ghost. pentecostal (pen-te-kos'tal) , adj. per- taining to Pentecost. penthouse (pent'hous), n. a shed with a slanting troof projecting from a main wall or building. penult (pe'nult), n. the last syllable of a word but one. Also penultima. penultimate (pe - nuTti - mat) , adj. last but one. [Latin.] penumbra (pe-num'bra), n. a partial shadow on the exterior of the perfect shadow of an eclipse; the boundary of light and shade in a picture. penurious (pe-nu'ri-us) , adj. miserly; sordid. penury (pen'ii-ri), n. want of the ne- cessities of life; poverty. [Latin.] peon (pe'on), n. a Mexican laborer; an Indian native soldier or consta- ble; a pawn at chess. [Spanish.] peony (pe'o-ni), n. a perennial plant with handsome flowers of the genus Paeonia. people (pe'pl), n. [pi. people, peoples (pe'plz)], persons generally; commu- nity; inhabitants; race, kindred, or family; the commonalty: v.t. to stock with people or inhabitants. pepper (pep'er), n. a hot pungent spice made of the ground seeds of Piper nigrum; the name is also given to ground capsicum, but distin- guished from black pepper by the prefixed adjective "red. peppercorn (pep'er-korn), n. the small ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7&en. PEPPERMINT 611 PEREGRINATION berry of the pepper-plant: hence anything insignificant. peppermint (pep'er-mint), n. an aromatic herb; the cordial prepared from it. pepperwort (pep'er-wert), n. sl cress. peppery (pep'er-i), adj. like pepper; fiery; pungent. pepsin (pep 'sin), n. a nitrogenous fer- ment contained in gastric juice; a preparation from the stomach of a pig used in medicine to aid digestion. Also pepsine. [Greek.] peptic (pep'tik), adj. pertaining to, or promoting, digestion: n. a medicine to aid digestion: pi. the science of digestion. peptones (pep'tonz), n.pl. the pro- ducts of the action of pepsin. per, a Latin prefix meaning through, over the whole extent by, very, as per- ambulate, to walk over; per diem, by the day, &c. peradventure (per-ad-ven'tur) , adv. by chance. perambulation . (per- am-bu-la 'shun), n. the act of passing through; a survey made by traveling; the annual survey of a parish boundary. perambulator (per-am'bu-la-ter), n. one who perambulates; a baby car- riage: an instrument for measuring road distances. percale (per-kal'), n. cotton fabrics with a linen finish. perceivable (per-se'va-bl) , adj. dis- cernible by the mind. perceivably (per-se'va-bli) , adv. per- ceptibly. perceive (per-seV), v.t. to obtain knowledge of by the senses; under- stand; discern. per cent. (per-sent'), by the hundred. percentage (per-sent 'aj), n. propor- tional allowance per cent. percept (per 'sept), n. the knowledge (mental image) acquired through the medium of the senses, conceraing various objects. See concept. perceptibility (per-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being perceptible. perceptible (per-sep'ti-bl), adj. that may be perceived. perceptibly (per-sep'ti-bli), adv. so as to be perceived. perception (per-sep'shun), n. the act, state, or faculty of receiving knowl- edge of external things by the me- dium of the senses; idea, notion, or conception. perceptive (per-sep'tiv), adj. having the faculty of perceiving. perceptivity (per-sep-tiv'i-ti) , n. the power of perception or thinking. perch (perch), n. a fresh-water fish [French]; a measure of length = 53^ yards, 1^40th of a rood; anything on which birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or roost: v.t. to place on a perch. perchance (per-chans'), adv. per- haps. perchlorate (per-klo'rat), n. sl com- pound of perchloric acid and a base. perchloric (per-klo'rik), adj. noting an acid having 7 equivalents of oxygen to 2 of chlorine. perchloride (per-klo'rid), n. a com- pound of an excess of chlorine with a base. percipience (per-sip'i-ens), n. the act of perceiving. [Latin.] percipient (per-sip'i-ent), adj. per- ceiving: n. one _who perceives. percolate (per'ko-lat), v.i. to pass through small spaces. percolation (per-ko-la/shun) , n. filtra- tion. percolator (per'ko-la-ter), n. a fil- tering machine or vessel; a coffee- pot fitted with a filter. percussion (per-kush'un) , n. violent collision; shock produced by the collision of bodies; impression of sound on the ear; the medical ex- amination of a part of the body by tapping it gently so as to determine its condition by the sound pro- duced. percussion-cap (per-kush'un-kap), n. a small copper cap containing fulminating powder, which, placed on the nipple of a gun, explode? the powder when struck by the lock. percussive (per-kus'iv), adj. striking against . perdition (per : dish'un) , n. total de- struction; ruin; utter loss of the soul or of happiness in a future state. perdu (per-dii') , adj. forlorn; hidden: n. one lying in ambush: adv. in am- bush or a post of danger. [French.] peregrination (per-e-gri-na/shun), n. the act of traveling about. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. PEKEGMNATOR 612 PERIODICAL peregrinator (per'e-grin-a-ter) , n. a traveler. [Latin.] peremptorily (per-emp'tor-i-li), adv. in a peremptory manner. peremptoriness (per-emp'tor-i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being peremptory. peremptory (per-emp'tor-i), adj. posi- tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- cussion or hesitation. [Latin.] perennial (per-en'i-al) , adj. lasting through the year; perpetual; noting plants that continue more than two years. [Latin.] perennially (per-en'i-a-li), adv. so as to be perennial; perpetually. perfect (per'fekt), adj. complete; with- out defect or blemish; blameless; pure; fully skilled or accomplished; in grammar, the tense that expresses completed action: v.t. to make per- fect; complete or finhh. [Latin.] perfectibility (per-fek-ti-biri-ti) , n. the capacity for becoming perfect. perfectible (per-fek'ti-bl), adj. cap- able of being made perfect. perfection (pcr-fek'shun), n. the state of being perfect; supreme excellence. perfidious (per-fid'i-us), adj. false to trust; treacherous; faithless. perfidy (per'fi-di), n. violation of a trust reposed. _ [Latin.] perforate (per'fo-rat), v.t. to pierce or bore through; make a hole through. perforation (per-fo-ra/shun), n. the act of piercing or boring through; a hole bored through. [Latin.] perforator (per'fo-ra-ter), n. one who, or that which, perforates. perforce (per-fors'), adv. by force; violently. perform (per-form'), v.t. m to do or carry out; execute; achieve; fulfil: v.i. to act a part. performance (per-form'ans), n. the act of performing; execution; com- pletion; deed or feat; an enter- tainment. perfume (per-fum'), v.t. to impreg- nate with a pleasant odor; scent: n. (per'fum) a sweet-smelling scent. perfumery (per-fum r er-i), n. perfumes in general. [French.] perfunctorily (per-f ungk'to-ri-li) , adv. carelessly. perf unctoriness (per-f ungk'to-ri-nes) , n. carelessness. perfunctory (per-f ungk'to-ri), adj. done carelessly or negligently with the purpose of getting rid of the duty; negligent. [Latin.] perhaps (per-haps'), adv. possibly. peri (pe'ri), n. in Persian mythology, a descendant of a fallen spirit ex- cluded from paradise; a fairy. peri, a Greek prejix, meaning around y as pmbolos, a wall or court sur- rounding a temple. perianth (per'i-anth), n. a floral en- velope. pericardiac (per-i-kar'di-ak) , adj. per- taining to the pericardium. Also pericardial. pericarditis (per-i-kar-di'tis) , n. in- flammation of the pericardium. pericardium (per-i-kar'di-um), n. the membrane that surrounds the heart. pericarp (per'i-karp), n. the seed- vessel of a plant. pericarpial (per-i-kar'pi-al), adj. per- taining to a pericarp. periclase (per'i-klaz), n. a magnesian mineral. periclinal (per-i-kli'nal) , adj. dipping on all sides from a central axis. pericranium (per-i-kra/ni-um), n. the membrane that surrounds the cra- nium. peridot (per'i-do), n. a semi-precious stone, the same as chrysolite, and not particularly different from oli- vene, whose greenish color it shares. perigee (per'i-je), n. that point in the orbit of the moon, or of a planet, nearest the earth. perihelion (per-i-he'li-on), n. [pi. perihelia (per-i-he'li-a)], that point in the orbit of a planet, or a comet, nearest the sun. peril (per'il), n. exposure to injury; danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t. to ex- pose to danger or risk. [French.] perilous (per'il-us), adj. full of peril; hazardous; dangerous. perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. the out- er boundary of a plane surface. period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or cy- cle ; interval of time ; the time taken by a planet to revolve round the sun ; length of duration ; conclusion ; a dot [.] to mark the end of a sen- tence; in rhetoric, a complete sen- tence. periodical (pe-ri-od'i-kal), adj. per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PERIODICALLY 613 PERMISSIVELY taining to a period, or to periodicals; occurring at regular intervals. Also periodic: n. a publication issued at stated inter vajs, as a magazine. periodically (pe-ri-od'i-ka-li), adv. at stated intervals. periodicity (pe-ri-o-dis'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being periodical. periosteal (per-i-os'te-al), adj. per- taining to the periosteum. periosteum (per-i-os'te-um), n. the vascular nervous membrane which covers the bones. periostitis (per-i-os-ti'tis), n. inflam- mation of the periosteum. Peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik), adj. per- taining to the philosophy of Aristotle who instructed his disciples while he walked about the Lyceum: n. a dis- ciple of Aristotle. peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik) , adj. walk- ing about: n. one who is accustomed or compelled to walk. peripheral (pe-rif 'er-al) , adj. per- taining to a periphery. periphery (pe-rif 'er-i) , n. [pi. periph- eries (pe-rif'er-iz)], the circumfer- ence of a circle, ellipse, or similar figure. periphrasis (pe-rif 'ra-sis) , n. circum- locution. periphrastic (per-i-fras'tik), adj. cir- cumlocutory. Also periphrastical. periphrastically (per-i-f ras'ti-ka-li) , adv. by periphrasis. perique* (pa-rek'),-.n. a strong, high flavored tobacco, used mainly to strengthen the milder brands. periscope (per'i-skop)^ n. an instru- ment for seeing over intervening ob- jects; used jin guiding submarine boats. periscopic (per-i-skop'ik), adj. view- ing all round, and so constructed as to increase the distinctness of ob- jects when viewed at an oblique an- gle. Also periscopical. perish (per'ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- tality; decay or die; be destroyed or come to nothing. perishability (per-ish-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being perishable. Also perishableness. perishable (per'ish-a-bl), adj. liable to perish; mortal. perisperm (per'i-sperm) , n. albumen of a seed. peristaltic (per-i-stal'tik), adj. per« taining to the peculiar worm-like movement of the intestines by which their contents are forced onward. [Greek.] peristyle (per'i-stll) , n. an open court in the interior of a house surrounded by a row of columns. perisystole (per-i-sis'to-le), n. the interval that ensues on the contrac- tion of the heart before the dilation (diastole) which follows. peritoneal (per-i-tq-ne'al) , adj. per- taining to the peritoneum. peritoneum (per-i-to-ne'um) , n. a thin serous membrane which covers the abdominal viscera. peritonitis (per-i-to-nl'tis), n. im- flammation of the peritoneum. perityphlitis (per-i-ti-nl'tis), n. same as appendicitis. [Eng. Med.] periwig (per'i-wig), n. a small wig. periwinkle (per'i-wing-kl) , n. a peren- nial creeping plant; a small uni- valve mollusk. perjure (per'jur), v.i. to swear false- ly. [Latin.]_ perjury (per'jur-i), n. the act of swear- ing falsely when on oath. perk (perk), v.t. to make trim or smart: v.i. to hold up the head in a smart or saucy manner; peer. perky (perk'i), adj. jaunty; smart. permanence (per'ma-nens) , n. the state or quality of being permanent; duration. Also permanency. permanent (per'ma-nent), adj. last- ing ; durable ; continuing in the same state. [Latin.] permeability (per-me-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being per- meable. permeable (per' me-a-bl) , adj. that may be passed through. permeate (per'me-at), v.t. to penetrate and pass through the pores or in- terstices of. [Latin.] permeation (per-me-a'shun), n. the act of permeating. permissible (per-mis'i-bl) , adj. that may be permitted. permission (per-mish'un) , n. the act of permitting; leave; license. permissive (per-mis'iv) , adj. granting permission or license ; not forbidding. permissively (per-mis'iv-li), adv. by permission. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PERMIT 614 PERSONAL permit (per-mit'), vd. [p.t. & p.p. per- mitted, p.pr. permitting], to allow without command ; consent to ; toler- ate: n. (per'mit) a written license from an officer of customs to re- move dutiable goods; permission. [French.] permitter (per-mit'er), n. one who permits. per mutable (per-mut'a-bl), adj. in- terchangeable. permutation (per-mu-ta'shun) , n. the exchange of one thing for an- other; the arrangement m of any de- terminate number of things or let- ters, in all possible orders, one after the other. [Latin.] pernicious (per-nisn'us) , adj. % highly injurious or hurtful; destructive. pernickety (per-nik'i-ti) , adj. trim; attentive to trifles; overnice; fussily particular. [Colloq.] peroration (per-o-ra'shun), n. the concluding part of an oration. peroxide (per-oks'id), n. the oxide of a base which contains the largest pro- portion of oxygen. peroxidize (per-oks'i-diz), v.t to oxi- dize to the greatest degree. perpend (per-pend'), v.t. to weigh in the mind; to consider carefully. [Latin.] perpendicular (per-pen-dik'u-lar) , adj. standing at right angles to a given line or surface; perfectly upright: n. a perpendicular line. perpetrate (per'pe-trat) , v.t to com- mit; perform (in a bad sense). perpetration (per-pe-tra/shun), n. the act of perpetrating. perpetrator (per'pe-tra-ter), n. one who perpetrates. perpetual (per-pet'u-al), adj. never ceasing; not temporary. perpetually (per-pet'u-a-li) , adv. con- tinually. perpetuate (per-pet'u-at), v.t to make perpetual; preserve from extinction or oblivion. [Latin.] perpetuation (per-pet-u-a'shun) , n. tne act of perpetuating. perpetuity (per-pe-tu'i-ti) , n. the state m of being perpetual ; endless duration. perplex (per-pleks') , v.t. to make diffi- cult to be understood; make anx- ious; puzzle; embarrass or confuse. perplexity (per-pleks 'i-ti), n. em- barrassment; doubt; intricacy. perquisite (per'kwi-zit), n. a gift or allowance in addition to regular wages or salary; that which is gained, as distinct from that which is in- herited. [Latin.] perron (per'on), n. a staircase outside a building leading to the first floor. perry (per'i), n. the fermented juice of pears. persecute (per'se-kut), v.t to harass or t ill-treat, especially for religious opinions; annoy with importunity. persecution (per-se-ku'shun), n. the act of persecuting; the state of being persecuted. [Latin.] persecutor (per'se-ku-ter) , n. one who persecutes. perseverance (per-se-ve'rans) , n. the act or state of persevering; continu- ance in grace. persevere (per-se-ver') , v.i. to persist in any enterprise or business under- taken; continue steadfastly. • Persian (per'shan), adj. pertaining to Persia, to its inhabitants, or to its language: n.pl. sculptured draped male figures used as columns. See Iran. persiflage (per'si-flazh), n. a light, flippant manner of talking; banter. persimmon (per-sim'un), n. an Ameri- can plum-like fruit ; the tree yielding it. [Amer. Indian.] persist (per-sisf), v.i. to continue steadily in any course commenced; persevere. [Latin.] persistence (per-sis'tens) , n. the state or quality of being persistent; ob- stinacy. Also persistency. persistent (per-sis'tent) , adj. continu- ing; constant; persevering; not fall- ing off. person (per'sn), h. a human being or individual; consisting of body and soul; one's self; one of the three states of a subject or object of a verb, as speaking, spoken to, or spoken of. [French.] personage (per'sn-aj), n. a man or woman, especially one of distinction. personal (per'sn-al), adj. pertaining to men or women; relating, or peculiar, to a person and his private affairs; pertaining to the external appear- ance; done in person; denoting the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PERSONALITY 615 PERVERSE person; movable; opposed to real: n. movable property or goods; op- posed to lands and tenements (real estate) . personality (per-sn-al'i-ti) , n. that which constitutes distinction of per- son; application of remarks (usually- offensive) to some individual. personally (per'sn-a-li) , -adv. in per- son; particularly; individually. personalty (per'sn-al-ti) , n. personal estate, or all kinds of movable prop- erty. personate (per'sn-at), v.t. to repre- sent by an assumed character; counterfeit; assume the character of, for fraudulent purposes, as in voting. Also impersonate. personator (per'sn-a-ter), n. one who assumes the character of another. personification (per-son-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of personifying. personify (per-son'i-f I) , v.t. [v.t. & p.p. personified, p.pr. personifying], to represent as endowed with personal qualities. personnel (per-son-el'), n. the per- sons employed in any public service, especially the army and navy, as dis- tinguished from the materiel, arms, stores, &c. perspective (per-spek'tiv) , adj. per- taining to, or in accordance with, the art of perspective: n. a vista or view; the art of representing objects on a plane surface as they appear to the eye. [Latin.] perspectively (per-spek'tiv-li) , adv. according to the rules of perspective. perspectograph (per-spek'to-graf ) p> n. an optical instrument for drawing mechanically the points and outlines of objects. perspicacious (per-spi-ka/shus), adj. mentally acute; quick-sighted. perspicacity (per-spi-kas'i-ti) , n. the quality of being perspicacious; acute- ness of sight or discernment. N perspicuity (per-spi-ku'i-ti) , n. free- dom from obscurity ; mental clear- ness; lucidity. perspicuous (per-spik'u-us) , adj. men- tally clear; easily understood; evi- dent; clear. perspiration (per-spi-ra/shun) , n. ex- cretion by the pores of the skin; sweat. perspire (per-spir'), v.i. to excrete by the pores of the skin; sweat. persuade (per-swad'), v.t. to influence by argument, advice, entreaty, &c; draw or incline the will of; exhort, induce; prevail upon._ persuasibility (per-swa-si-bil'i-ti), n. the capability of being persuaded. Also persuasibleness. persuasion (per-swa/zhun) , n. the act or art of persuading ; the state of be- ing persuaded. persuasive (per-sw T a/siv) , adj. having the power to persuade; influencing the will or passions: n. an incitement. persuasively (per-swa'siv-li), adv. so as to persuade. persuasiveness (per-swa/siv-nes), n. the quality of being persuasive. pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or have relation. pertinacious (per-ti-na'shus), adj. un- yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- cious. pertinacity (per-ti-nas'i-ti), n. the quality of being pertinacious. m pertinence (per'ti-nens), n. suitable- ness; fitness. Also pertinency. pertinent (per' ti-nent) , adj. fitting or appropriate; relevant. perturb (per-terb'), v.t. to agitate; disturb; disquiet. [Latin.] perturbation (per-ter^ba'shun) , n. mental agitation or disquietude; an irregularity or deviation in the move- ment of a heavenly body in its orbit. peruke (per-ook'), n. a kind of wig. perusal (pe-roo'zal), n. the act of perusing; study or examination. peruse (pe-rooz'), v.t. to read with care and attention; examine. Peruvian (pe-roov'i-an), adj. pertain- ing to Peru. Peruvian bark (bark),' n. cinchona from which comes quinine. Cin- chona was first found in Peru, but the trees are now raised extensively in India. pervade (per-vad'), v.t. to penetrate; extend or be diffused all over; per- meate. [Latin J pervasion (per-va/zhun) , n. the act of pervading. perverse (per- vers'), adj. obstinate? untr act able; petulant. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; Me, hut ; think, then. PERVERSELY 616 PETROLOGY perversely (per-vers'li) , adv. in a per- verse manner. perverseness (per-vers'nes) , n. the quality or state of being perverse; disposition to thwart or annoy. Also perversity. perversion (per-veV shun) , n. the act of perverting; the state of being per- verted ; a turning from truth or pro- priety; misapplication. perversity (per-ver'si-ti), same as per- verseness. perversive (per-ver'siv) , adj. tending to pervert. pervert (per-verf), v.t. to turn from the true end or proper purpose ; mis- apply: n. (per'vert) one who has been perverted, especially from truth to error. pervious (per'vi-us), adj. admitting passage; permeable. pesade (pe-zad'), n. the motion of a horse when he raises or lifts up his fore quarters without advancing. pesky (pes'ki), adj. troublesome; an- noying. [Amer. Slang.] peso (pa 'so), n. a dollar. [Spanish.] pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- trine that the present state of exist- ence is essentially evil; the tendency to exaggerate in thought the evils of life: opposed to optimism. [Latin.] pessimist (pes'i-mist), n. a one who holds the doctrine of pessimism; one who looks on the worst side of every- thing. pessimistic (pes-i-mis'tik), adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, pessi- mism; gloomy. pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- ease; plague; > anything very mis- chievous or injurious. [Latin.] pester (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy. pestiferous (pes-tif er-us) , adj. con- veying pestilence ; physically or mor- ally noxious. [Latin.] pestilence (pes'ti-lens) , n. an infec- tious or contagious disease. pestilent (pes'ti-lent), adj. noxious to health, morals, or society. pestilential (pes-ti-len'shal), adj. per- taining to, or producing, a pesti- lence; pernicious; destructive. pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for pounding substances in a mortar. pet (pet), n. any person or animal that is fondled; a sudden fit of peevish- ness or slight passion: adj. favorite: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. petted, p.pr. petting], to fondle or indulge. petal (pet'al), n. one of the separate parts of the corolla of a flower; a flower-leaf. [Greek.] petaled (pet'ald), adj. having petals. Also petalous. petard (pe-tard/), n. a bell-shaped ex- plosive machine used for bursting open gates, &c. < [French.] peter (pe'ter), v.i. in mining, to become exhausted; to lose power or value (with out). petiole (pet'i-ol), n. the footstalk of a leaf connecting the blade with the stem. petit (pet'i), adj. small; inconsiderable [French]. Feminine petite (pe-tef). petition (pe-tish'un) , n. an earnest supplication or prayer; a foimal sup- plication from an inferior to a su- perior; a paper or document contain- ing a written request: v.t. to solicit earnestly; present a petition to. petitionary (pe-tish'un-a-ri) , adj. con- taining a petition. petit jury (pet'i joo-ri), n. a trial jury as distinguished from a grand jury. Also petty jury. petit-maitre (pet'i-ma'tr), n. sl fop who affects women's society. [French.] petrel (pet'rel), n. sl web-footed, strong-winged, oceanic bird, that ap- pears in its flight to walk upon the water. petrescence (pe-tres'ens) , n. the act of becoming converted into stone. petrifaction (pet-ri-fak'shun), n. the , process of changing animal or vege- table substance into stone; a fossil. petrif active (pet-ri-f ak'tiv) , adj. hav- ing power to petrify. petrify (pet'ri-fl),' v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- rified, p.pr. petrifying], to change into stone; fix in silent amazement or fear; render callous, obdurate, or hard: v.i. to become stone or of a stony hardness. _ [Latin.] petroleum (pe-tro'le-am), n. an in- flammable dark yellowish-brown bi- tuminous liquid issuing from certain rocks; mineral oil. [Gr2eco-Latin.J petrology (pe-trol'o-ji), n. the sci- entific study of rocks, and their mineral and chemical composition. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, booK btie, hut ; think, then. PETTICOAT 617 PHENOMENAL petticoat (pet'i-kot), n. a woman's loose underskirt. pettifogger (pet'i-fog-er) , n. a lawyer who practices in petty cases. pettily (pet'i-li), adv. in a petty man- ner. pettiness (pet'i-nes), ft. smallness; un- importance. pettish (pet'ish), adj. fretful; petu- lant. petty (pet'i), adj. trifling; small; in- considerable ; unimportant ; contemp- tible. petty jury. See petit jury. petulance (pet'ti-lans) , n. peevishness; caprice. Also petulancy. petulant (pet'ii-lant) , adj. peevish ; ca- pricious. [Latin.] Petunia (pe-tu'ni-a) , ft. a South Amer- ican genus of ornamental plants with handsome flowers. petunia, n. a plant of the genus Pe- tunia, or its flower. pew (pti), n. an inclosed seat in a church: v.t< to furnish with pews. [Old French, from Latin.] pewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. Also peewit. pewter (pu'ter), n. an alloy of tin, lead, antimony, &c: adj. made of pewter. pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper coin of Germany = }/i cent. phaeton (fa/e-ton), n. an open four- wheeled carriage. phagocyte (fag'o-sit), n. a leucocyte which feeds upon larvae and bac- teria and eliminates harmful sub- stances in man; but in time it is it- self devoured by the adult human being. Thus the phagocyte is a great purifier and safeguard from dis- ease for man. [Greek.] phalanges, pi. of phalanx. phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. phalanges (fa-lan'jez)], among the ancient Greeks, a square battalion of heavy- armed infantry drawn up in close rank: hence any close compact body : pi. the small bones of the fin- gers and toes. phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or specter. phantasmagoria (f a n-t a z-m a-g 6'- ri-a), n. a magic lantern. [Greek.] phantom (fan'tom), n. an apparition; soil it; fancied vision. Pharisaic (f ar-i-sa'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Phari- sees ; formally religious ; hypocritical, Also pharisaical. Pharisaism (f ar'i : sa-izm) , n. the doc- trines and practices of the Pharisees. Pharisee (far'i-se), ft. one of a religious sect among the Jews characterized by their strict observance of the let- ter of the law, and rites and cere- monies; one who observes the letter rather than the spirit of the law; a mere formalist. [Latin, from He- brew.] pharmaceutic (f ar-ma-su'tik) , adj. pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also pharmaceutical: n.pl. pharmacy. pharmaceutist (far-ma-su'tist), ft. one who prepares medicines. Also phar- macist. pharmacology (far-ma-kol'o-ji), ft. a treatise on pharmacy. pharmacopoeia (f ar-ma-ko-pe'ya) , ft. an official publication containing the list of drugs of the Materia Medica, and directions for the preparation of medical appliances. [Greek.] pharmacy (far'ma-si), ft. the art of preparing and compounding medi- cines; a drug-store. pharos (fa/ros), ft. a lighthouse. [Greek.] pharyngeal (fa-rin'je-al), adj. per- taining to the pharynx. pharynx (far'ingks), ft. the muscu- lar or membranous sac at the upper part of the esophagus. [Gre_ek.] phase (faz), ft. [pi. phases (fa'sez)], the illuminated surface shown by a planet, or the moon; aspect; appear- ance; transparent green quartz. Also phasis. [Greek.] pheasant (fez 'ant), ft. a gallinaceous bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- served for sport. [French.] pheasantry (fez'ant-ri), ft. a place where pheasants are bred and pre- served. phenix (fe'niks), ft. a fabulous bird, said to live 500 years in the Arabian desert, and to rise rejuvenescent from its ashes after immolating it- self on a funeral pyre; hence the emblem of immortality. Also phoe- nix. [Greek.] phenol (fe'nol).ft. carbolic acid. phenomenal (fe-nom'en-al), adj. per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PHENOMENALISM 618 PHONETICALLY taining to, or consisting of, phenom- ena. phenomenalism (f e-nom'i-nal-izm) , n. the metaphysical doctrine that visible things are really phenomena. phenomenalist (fe-nom'e-nal-ist), n. a believer in phenomenalism. phenomenon (fe-nom'e-non) , n. [pi. phenomena (fe^nom'e-na)], an ap- pearance, especially one of unusual occurrence; something as it is per- ceived by experiment or observation. phenyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro-carbon radical of phenol. phial (fi'al), n. a small glass bottle or vessel: v.t. to put or keep in a phial. Also vial. [Greek.] philander (fil-an'der), v.i. to be a sen- timentalist; to make harmless and rather foolish love. [Greek.] philanthropic (fil-an-throp'ik), adj. loving mankind; benevolent. Also philanthropical. philanthi opically (fil-an-throp'i-ka- li), adv. benevolently. philanthropist (fil-an'thro-pist) , n. one who loves and seeks to benefit mankind. philanthropy (fil-an'thro-pi) , n. love of mankind; benevolence. [Greek.] philatelist (nl-at'e-list), n. a collec- tor of postage stamps: adj. pertain- ing to philately. [Modern Greek.] philately (fil-at'e-li), n. the system- atic collection of postage stamps. philharmonic (fil-har-mon'ik), adj. loving harmony; noting a musical society. [Greek.] Philippic (fi-lip'ik), n. a speech of vehement invective: from one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. The name is also given to the orations of Cicero against M. Antonius. (Mark Antony.) Philistine (fil-is'tin or fil'is-tin), n. an ancient inhabitant of the southwest- ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, a non-academical person; an uncul- tured person or one of narrow views: adj. characteristic of the Philistines; narrow-minded; prosaic. Philistinism (fil-is'tin-izm), n. the manners or modes of thought of a modern Philistine. philological (fil-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to philology. philologist (fil-oro-jist) , n. one skilled in philology. Also philologer. philology (fil-ol'o-ji), n. the scientific study of languages and their struc- ture and mutual relation. [Greek.] philomel (fiFo-mel), n. the nightin- gale. [Greek.] philopr ogeniti veness (fil-o-pro- j en'- i-tiv-nes), n. the instinctive love of offspring. philosopher (fil-os'o-f er) , n. a student of philosophy; one noted for calm judgment and practical wisdom. philosophic (fil-o-sof 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or in accordance with, philosophy; rational; wise; calm. Also philosophical. philosophically (fil-o-sof 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a philosophic manner. philosophize (fil-os'o-fiz), v.i. to rea- son like a philosopher. philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. the knowl- edge of the causes of all phenomena both of mind and matter ; a particular philosophic system; calmness of temper. [Greek.] philter, philtre (fil'ter), n. a love charm or potion. phiz (fiz), n. abbreviation of physiog- nomy. [Vulgar.] phlebotomy (fle-bot'o-mi), n. t the act or practice of opening a vein to let blood. [Greek.] phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in the air-passages of the throat; cold- ness; sluggishness. [Greek.] phlegmatic (fleg-mat'ik), adj. abound- ing in phlegm; sluggish; dull. phlegmaticaily (fleg-mat'i-ka-li), adv. in a phlegmatic manner. Phlox (floks), n. a genus of North American bright-colored flowering plants ; any one of these plants. Phoebus (fe'bus), n. Apollo ; the sun. Phoenician (fe-nish'an), adj. per- taining to ancient Phoenicia, or to its inhabitants. phoenix, same as phenix. phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj. pertaining to the voice or sounds; representing the simple elementary sounds. Also phonetical: n.pl. the science of sounds, especially of the human voice. [Greek.] phonetically (f o-net'i-ka-li) , adv. by sounds. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PHONICS 619 PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY phonies (fon'iks), n.pl. the science of sounds; acoustics. phonogram (f 6 'no-gram), n. articu- late sound as recorded by the phono- graph; a written character repre- senting a particular sound. phonograph (fo'no-graf), n. a letter or character indicating, a distinct spoken sound; an instrument to re- cord or reproduce articulate speech or sounds. [Mod_ern Greek.] phonographic (fo-no-graf ik) , adj. pertaining to, or representing, artic- ulate sounds, or to phonography. phonography (f o-nog'ra-fi) , n. a de- scription of sounds uttered by the human voice; a systemof shorthand, in which every sound is represented by a separate character or mark. phonology (fo-nol'o-ji), n. the science of articulate sounds. phonoscope (f o'no-skop) , n. an instru- ment which by means of electricity translates vibrations of sounds into visible figures. phonotype (fo'no-tfp), n. a phonetic type. phonotypy (fo'no-ti-pi), n. & method of printing each vocal sound by a distinct type. phormium (for'mi-um), n. New Zea- land flax. phosphate (fos'fat), n. a salt of phosphoric acid. phosphide (fos'fid), same as phos- phuret. phosphite (fos'fit), n. a salt of phos- phorous acid. phosphorate (f os 'fo-r at), v.t. to com- bine with phosphorus. phosphoresce (fos-fo-res'), v.i. to emit light like phosphorus. phosphorescence (f os-f o-res'ens) , n. emission of light under certain con- ditions by substances at common temperatures ; faint light. phosphorescent (fos-fo-res'ent), adj. luminous. phosphoric (fos-for'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, like, or obtained from, phos- phorus. Phosphorous. phosphorous acid (fos'for-us as'id), n. an acid formed by the union of 1 atom of phosphorus and 3 atoms of oxygen. phosphorus (fos'for-us), n. a yellow- ish, wax-like, inflammable, non- metallic element, luminous in the dark. phosphuret (fos'fu-ret), n. a combina- tion of phosphorus with a metallic base. phosphureted (fos-fu-ret'ed), adj. combined with phosphorus. photo, a_Greek prefix meaning light. photo (fo'to), n. vulgar for a photo- graph. photochromy (fo'to-kro-mi), n. the art or process of photographing in colors. photogen (fo'to-jen), n. an inflamma- ble hydro-carbon; paraffin. photoglyphy (f o-tog'li-fi) , n. a process of engraving by which photographs are etched into metal plates by the action of light and chemicals. photograph (f o'to-graf ) , n. a photo- graphic picture: v.t. to take a pic- ture of by means of photography. photography (f o-tog'ra-fi) , n. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of fight on certain sub- stances sensitized by various chem- ical processes. photogravure (f o-to-gra-vur') , n. the process of producing by photography on a sensitized surface an incised engraved metal plate from which im- pressions may be printed: v.t. to produce by such a process. photoheliograph (f o-to-he'li-o-graf ) , n. a photographic telescope or camera moved by clockwork, for depicting solar spots, transits_, &c. photophone (fo'to-fon), n. an instru- ment for communicating sounds by the agency of fight. photoplay (fo'to-pla), n. a play pre- sented on a screen by moving pic- tures. photosphere (fo'to-sfer), n. the lumi- nous envelope of the sun. phototherapy (fo-to-ther'a-pi), n. the light pure; treatment of diseases by bringing strong electric or solar light to bear upon the affected parts. phototype (fo'to-tip), n. a block pro- duced by photography horn, which engravings, &c, can be printed; the process itself. photozincography (fo-to-zing-kog'- ra-fl), n. a process by which zinc blocks are prepared for printing from. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PHRASE 620 PIAZZA phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; style or manner: v.t. to style; ex- press in peculiar words. . [Greek.] phraseology (fraz-e-ol'o-ji), n. style, manner, or peculiarity, of expres- sion; a collection of phrases. phrenic (fren'ik), adj. pertaining to the diaphragm. phrenitis (fre-nl'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the brain. phrenological (fren-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to phrenology. phrenologically (f ren - 6 - loj 'i - ka - li) , adv. according to phrenology. phrenologist (fren-ol'oyjist), n. one who believes in, or is skilled in, phren- ology. phrenology (fren-ol'o-ji), n. the science of the human mind or brain, as connected with the moral, in- tellectual, and sensual dispositions of the individual, which are sup- posed to be indicated by the un- dulations on the cranium. phthisic (tiz'ik), n. asthma; phthisis. phthisical (tiz'ik-al), adj. pertaining to, or caused by, phthisic or phthisis. phthisis (ti'sis), n. pulmonary con- sumption. [Greek.J phycology (fl-kol'o-ji), n. the study of the algae or seaweeds. phylactery (fi-lak'ter-i) , n. [pi. phy- lacteries (fi-lak'ter-iz)], a small square box containing a thin strip of parchment upon which certain texts from the law are inscribed, worn by pious Jews upon the fore- head and left wrist. [Graeco-Latin.] phyllophore (fiTo-for), n. the summit of a stem bearing leaves. It is usually a palm-tree. phylloxera (fi-loks-e'ra), n.an insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) which punc- tures the roots and leaves of vines and causes their destruction. physeter (fi-se'ter), n. the sperm whale. physic (fiz'ik), n. the science of med- icine, or the art of healing; medi- cine^ a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. physicked, p.pr. physicking], to ad- minister medicine to; cure. physical (fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to nature, or to material things; per- ceptible to the senses ; pertaining to physics; medicinal. physician (fi-zish'an) , n. one legally , qualified to prescribe remedies for diseases. physicism (fiz'i-sizm), n. material- ism. physicist (fiz'i-sist), n. a student of natural science. physico, a Greek prefix, meaning of, or pertaining to, nature, as physico- theology, ^tneology illustrated by natural philosophy. physics (fiz'iks), n.pl. physical science or natural philosophy. physiognomist (fiz-i-og'no-mist), n. one who is skilled in physiognomy. physiognomy (fiz-i^og 'no-mi), n. the science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the countenance; the face; outward appearance. physiological (nz-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to physiology. physiologist (fiz-i-ol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in physiology. physiology (fiz-i-ol'o-ji),n. the science that treats of the vital functions performed by the organs of animals and plants. physique (fi-zek'), n. physical organ- ization. [French.] pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or jum- bled type: v.t. to jumble or throw into disorder, as_ printing type. piacular (pi-ak'u-lar), adj. expia- tory; requiring sacrifice; atrocious. pia mater (pi'a ma/ter), n. a deli- cate vascular membrane which in- vests the brain and spinal cord. pianist (pi'an-ist), n. a performer on the piano. piano (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte. piano (pi-an'o), adv. as a musical term, written in the score, softly: pianissimo (pi-an-is 'si-mo), very softly. [Italian;]_ pianoforte (pi-an'o-f ort) , n. a stringed musical instrument, the notes of which are produced by hammers acted upon by keys. piano-player (pi-an'o-pla'er) , n. an apparatus attached to a piano caus- ing it to play automatically. Also pianola (pi-an-o'la). piazza (pi-az'a), n. an open square sur- rounded by buildings or colonnades; a walk under a roof supported by pillars. [Italian.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PIBCORX 621 PIED pibcorn (pib'korn;, n. a Welsh mu- sical pipe : pibroch pe'brokh n. the wild mar- tial music of the Scottish bagpipes. pica pi'ka . n. a size of type, used as a standard of measurement in printing v see type : a vitiated ap- petite for unnatural kinds of sub- stances, as coal sand, chalk, . an in- tensely I >rmed by the action of nitric acid on indigo; car- bazotic acid. picromel pik'ro-mel . n. a greenish- yellow sweet-bitter substance found in bile. picrotoxin fpik-ro-toks'in), ^ n. the poisonous bitter principle found in the berries of Coccidus Indians. pictoglyph (pik'to-glif). n. a picture carved on a hard surface, especially on rock. pictograph ('pik'to-grafb n. a picture representing an idea; the earliest form of record. pictorial (pik-to'ri-ab. adj. pertain- ing to. or illustrated by. pictures. picture (pik'tur), n. a painting or drawing representing a person or thing: vivid representation or de- scription. [Latin.] picturesque _ fpik-tur-esk';. adj. giv- ing vivid impression of nature or reality: graphic: wild and beautiful; romantic: n. that which is pictur- esque. pidgin English pi.i'in ing'glish a jargon of English' used in commer- cial dealings with the Chinese. The word "pidgin" represents the Chi- nese pronunciation of "business." pie pi), n. the niagpie: printer's type confusedly mixed : meat or fruit cov- ered with crust and baked. piebald ' pi'bawld . adj. having patches of different colors. piece pea . a part of anything; certain quantity: literary or artistic composition: separate performance: coin: gun: person used contemptu- ously^ : v.t. to enlarge by adding a piece: patch: v.t. to join: unite by coalescence of parts. Trench/ piecemeal pes mel . adj. made of pieces or parts: single: adv. in pieces or parts. pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. ate, arm. at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, .not: boon, book; hue. hut : think, then. PIER 622 PILLORY pier (per), n. a mass of masonry supporting an arch, bridge, &c. ; tim- bers of a bridge or other building; mole or jetty; wharf; a landing place projecting into the sea. pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- cially with a pointed instrument; affect deeply; explore; dive into: v.i. to enter. piercing (pers'ing), adj. penetrating keen. pier-glass (per'glas), n. an orna- mental mirror, especially one be- tween windows. Pietism (pi'e-tizm), n. a religious awakening in the Lutheran Church of Europe during the seventeenth century. piety (pi'e-ti), n. the quality of be- ing pious; reverence for, and duty towards, God; reverence to parents. pig (pig)> n. the young of swine; a swine; pork; an oblong mass of un- forged metal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pigged, p.pr. pigging], to bring forth pigs; be huddled together. pigeon (pij'un), n. a bird of the ge- nus Columba; a simpleton; one who is easily imposed upon or swindled. pigeon-breasted (pij 'un-bres'ted) , adj. narrow-breasted like a pigeon. pigeongram (pij'un-gram), n. a mes- sage entrusted to a carrier-pigeon. pigeon-hole (pij'un-hol), n. a compart- ment for papers, &c. pigeon-toed (pij'un-tod), adj. having the toes turned inwards. piggin (pij'in), n. a small drinking vessel. pigheaded (pig'hed-ed) , adj. stupidly obstinate. pigmean (pig-me'an), adj. dwarfish. pigment (pig'ment), n. paint; color- ing matter. pigmy, same as pygmy. pignons (pin'yunz), n.pl. the edible seeds of various pine cones. pig-nut (pig'nut), n. the sweetish- bitter nut of a species of hickory; the ground chestnut. pigsty (pig'stl), n. a pen for pigs. pigtail (pig'tal), n. the tail of a pig; hair twisted into the form of a long queue and hanging down the back of the head; tobacco in long twists. pigwidgeon (pig-wij'un), n. a fairy; anything very diminutive. pike (pik), n, a weapon with a shaft and spearhead; a voracious fresh- water fish with a narrow, elongated, pointed head. pike (pik), n. a turnpike road. Fig- uratively, the world at large, or at least, the busy, bustling part of it. piker (plk'er), n. a swindler; one who seeks to take advantage of another. [Slang.] pilaster (pi-las'ter) , n. a square col- umn or pillar, inserted partly in a wall. [French.] pilchard (pil'chard), n. a marine edible fish, resembling the herring, found chiefly on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. pile (pil), n. a large beam driven into the ground to make a firm founda- tion; mass or heap, accumulation; large building; a series of plates ar- ranged to produce an electric cur- rent; nap of cloth; a fortune: pi, hemorrhoids: v.t. to heap up; collect in a mass ; accumulate ; lay on ; drive piles into. pilfer (pil'fer), v.i. to steal in small quantities. pilgarlic (pil-gar'lik), n. one who has lost his hair by disease; a wretched sneaking fellow. pilgrim (pirgrim), n. a traveler; one who travels from a distance to visit some sacred place. [French.] pilgrimage (pirgrim-aj), n. a journey, especially to so^e sacred place. pill (pil), n. a pe^et of some medicinal substance to Lc swallowed entire; something disagreeable that must be accepted: v.t. to reject by black balls in a club ballot. [Latin.] pillage (pil'aj), n. the act of plunder- ing; spoil: v.t. to plunder or spoil; lay waste. pillar (pil r ar), n. a column to support a structure ; monument ; something re- sembling a pillar, or affording sup- port. pillion (pil'yun), n. a cushion for a woman to ride on horseback behind a horseman; a soft low saddle. pillory (piror-i), n. [pi. pillories (pil'or-iz)], a wooden frame sup- ported by an upright post, having holes through which the head and hands of a person exposed to dis- grace were passed and secured: v.t. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ! PILLOW 623 PIN-WHEEL to place in a pillory; expose to pub- lic disgrace or abuse. pillow (piTo), n. a case filled with feathers, &c, to support the head of a person reposing; the block on which the inner end of a bowsprit is supported: adj. noting a kind cf lace: v.t. to place on a pillow. pilose (pl'los), adj. hairy. Also pilous. pilot (pilot), n. one who conducts a vessel in or out of a harbor or where navigation is difficult or dangerous; a guide: v.t. to guide or direct as a pilot. pilotage (pl'lot-aj), n. the act of pilot- ing; skill of a pilot; pilot's dues. pilot-cloth (pl'lot-kloth) , n. a stout thick cloth. pilot- engine (pi lot-en' j in), n. a loco- motive sent on in front to clear the line. pimento (pi-meh'to) , n. allspice. pimp (pimp), n. a procurer: v.i. to procure immoral women for others. pimpernel (pim'per-nel), n. a name for various plants of the genus Ana- gallis. pimple (pim'pl), n. a small pustule. pimpled (pim'pld), adj. having, or full of, pimples. Also pimply. pin (pin) , n. a short piece of m wire sharpened at one end and having a head at the other, used for fasten- ing articles together; anything driv- en to hold parts together^ bolt or peg; linchpin; hatpin; hairpin. pinachromy (pin-ak'ro-mi) , n. a method by means of which photo- graphs are produced in their natu- ral colors. pina-cloth (pe ny a-kloth) , n. a fine cloth made in Manila from the fibers of the pineapple leaf. pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron or covering to protect children's dresses. pinaster (pi-nas'ter) , n. the cluster- pine of southern Europe. pincers, same as pinchers. pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip* oppress or distress: v.i. to bear hard; be straitened; be mean or niggardly: n. a squeeze or nip, as with the fingers and thumb; dis- tress, or difficulty. pinchbeck (pinch'bek), n. a yellow alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 of zinc: adj. noting jewelry of inferior make. pinchers (pinch'erz), n. an instru- ment for drawing out nails, &c; nippers. Also pincers. pine (pin), n. a cone-bearing tree of the genus Pinus ; timber of the pine : v.i. to waste away from distress, anxiety, &c. pineal (pin'e-al), adj. shaped like a pine-cone. pineal body (pm'e-al bod'i) , n. a coni- cal reddish organ about the size of a pea in the brain, presumably a rudi- mentary eye. pineapple (pln'ap-l), n. a tropical plant and its cone-shaped fruit. ping (ping), n. the whistling sound of a bullet. pinion (pin'yun) t n , the last joint of a bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or secure, as by binding the arms; confine or fetter. pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red color; a flower with sharp-pointed leaves of the genus Dianthus; a narrow-sterned vessel; anything of supreme excellence: adj. of the color of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or punch with small round holes or small scallops; work in eyelet holes. pinking (pingk'ing), n. a method of ornamenting dress materials or lea- ther by scalloping the edges. pin-money (pin'mun-i), n. money al- lowed to a wife by her husband for her. private expenses: originally for buying pins. pinnace (pin'as), n. a small fight schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an eight-oared man-of-war's boat. pinnacle (pin'a-kl), n. a small polyg- onal turret or elevation above the rest of the building ; a high point like & spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. pinnate (pin'at), adj. shaped like a feather; divided into leaflets. Also ^ pinnated. pinochle (pe'nuk-1), a game of cards somewhat resembling bezique. pint (pint), ~n. one-eighth of a gallon. pintle (plnt'tl), n. a bolt; the hook which attaches the rudder to the stern of a vessel. pin- wheel (pin'hwel), n. a kind of fire- work; a toy windmill. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^en. PIONEER 624 PITA pioneer (pi-oner') , n. a soldier or per- son whose business it is to clear and repair roads, &c, before an army, sink mines, and throw up fortifica- tions; one who goes before to pre- pare the way for another: v.i. act as a pioneer. [French.] pious (pi 'us), adj. dutiful to God, or to parents; religious; devout; proceed- ing from, or actuated by, religious feeling. [Latin.] pip (pip), n. the seed of certain fruit, as lemons, oranges, and grape-fruit; a disease in fowls ; a spot on a play- ing card: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken or small bird. pipe (pip) n. any long hollow tube; a tube of clay, wood, &c, with a bowl at one end for smoking tobac- co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, or 126 wine gallons, or the quantity which it contains: v.t. to play on, or call by, a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a shrill sound. [Latin.] pipe-dream (pip'drem), n. the nar- cotic drugged condition of an opium smoker. Applied to any im- probable or delightful vision (or day dreams). [Slang.] pipeline (pip'er-in), n. the active principle of black pepper. piping (pip'jng), adj. feeble; weak; shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like boiling water: n. corded trimming for dresses. pipkin (pip 'kin), n. an earthen pot glazed on the inside. pippin (pip'in), n. a variety of apple. piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or quality of being piquant. piquant (pe'kant), adj. pungent; se- vere. [French.] pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- sentment ; wounded pride ; < punc- tilio: v.t. to wound the pride of; irritate; displease; pride or value (one's self). pique (pe-ka/) , n. a French cotton material, usually with some geomet- rical pattern. pique (pe-ka/), n. the cry of the duelist or fencer when his opponent's sword has touched him; also, touche.^ The English equivalents are "pricked" and "touched." piquet (pe-kef), n. a card game. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : nf>tp. hue, hut; think, then. piracy (pi'ra-si), n. the act or crime of a pirate; infringement of copyright. pirate (pi'rat), n. a robber on the high seas; one who infringes the law of literary or artistic copyright: v.t. to take without permission or com- pensation: v.i. to practice piracy. pirogue (pi-rog'), n. a canoe consist- ing of the hollowed trunk of a single tree; a North American narrow ferry-boat. pirouette (pir-65-ef), n. a whirling or turning about on one toe; turn- ing of a horse on the .same ground: v.i. to execute a pirouette. piscary (pis'ka-ri), n. right or liber- ty of fishing. _ piscatorial (pis-ka-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to fishing. Also piscatory. pisciculture (pis'ki-kul-tur), n. the ar- tificial breeding and rearing of fishes. pish (pish), inter j. a contemptuous exclamation: v.i. to express con- tempt. pismire (pis'mir), n. an ant. pistachio- nut (pis-ta'shi-o-nut), n. a green almond-flavored nut. pistil (pis'til), n. the seed-bearing or- gan in the center of a flower. pistillate (pis'til-at) , adj. having a pistil. pistol (pis'tol), n. a small hand-gun: v.t. to shoot with a pistol. [French.] pistole (pis-tol'), n. a Spanish gold coin of varying value: usually about $3.60. piston (pis'tun), n. a small solid cylin- der of metal or wood, fitting exactly and moving up and down the barrel of a pump, or the cylinder of a steam-engine. piston-rod (pis'tun-rod), n. the rod moving the piston and connecting it with the external machinery. pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; an abyss; shaft of a mine; a hole used for trapping wild animals; area for cock-fighting; ground floor of a theater; a hollow part of the body, as the stomach; indentation left by small-pox; Hades (with the): v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitted, p.pr. pitting], to mark with small hollows or depressions; set in competition; place in a pit. pita (pe'ta), n. a fiber used for cordage and paper, obtained from the agave. north, tint : boon, book; PIT-A-PAT 625 PLACER pit-a-pat (pit-a-pat'),. adv. with quick beating: n. a palpitation; a light quick step. pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- inous substance obtained from boiled tar [Latin]; a casting forward or down; degree or rate; slope; the de- gree of acuteness or graveness of a musical note; distance between the center of two gearing teeth; at cricket, the distance between the wickets: v.t. to smear with pitch; throw; cast headlong; set to a key- note; order regularly; fix in, or on, the ground: v.i. to settle; fall head- long; encamp; rise and fall; fix the choice (with upon). pitchblende (pjch'blend) , n. a black oxide of uranium: used in coloring glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief source of radium. ^ See radium. pitched battle (pich't bat'l), n. a battle in which the opposing forces have taken up a regular position. pitcher (pich'er), n. one who pitches; an earthen vessel for holding water; an instrument for piercing the ground. pitcher- plant (pich'er-plant) , n. an Eastern plant, the vase-like leaves of which, furnished with lids, hold water. pitchfork (pich'fork), n. a pronged fork for pitching hay, straw, &c: v.t. to lift or throw with a pitchfork. pitchiness (pich'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being pitchy. pitch-wheel (pich'hwel), n. a toothed wheel that works in another. pitchy (pich'i), adj. like, or smeared with, pitch. piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; sorrowful; sad. pitfall (pit'fawl), n. a pit lightly cov- ered so that wild beasts may fall into it; a trap. pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- stance in the center of plants; mar- row; quintessence; energy or force. pithily (pith'i-li), adv. in a pithy manner. pithiness (pith'i-nes) , n. concentrated ^ force. pithy (pith'i), adj. of the nature of or "ill " full of pith ; forcible. pitiable (pit'i-a-bl) , adj. pity. deserving pitiful (pit'i-fool), adj. moving com- passion; insignificant. pitiless (pit'i-les), adj. without pity or compassion; merciless. pitsaw (pit 'saw), n. a two-handled saw. pittance (pit'ans), n. a small allow- ance, especially of money. pitted (pit'ed), p. adj. marked with in- dentations or small_ hollows.. pituitary body (pit'u-i-ta-ri bod'i), n. a small body on the lower surface of the brain, regulating the nutri- tion of bone and other tissues.. pity (piti), n. sympathy with distress; compassion; a subject of pity or grief: v.t. [p.t. & p.p.^ pitied, p.pr. pitying], to sympathize with: v.i. to be compassionate, or affected with pity. [French.] pivot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft on which anything turns; the soldier who is stationary at the flank while the company drilling wheels round: v.t. to place on a pivot. pix, another form of pyx. [Greek.] pixy (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies (piks'iz)], a fairy. Also pixie. [Celtic] placability (pla-ka-bil'i-ti) , n.^ the quality of being placable. [Latin.] placable (pla'ka-bl), adj. that may be appeased or pacified; forgiving. placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed on a wall, &c, as an advertisement: v.t. (pla-kard'), to advertise by a placard. [French.] place (plas), n. a special spot or locality; broadway or square; sit- uation; site; residence; office; city or town; room; duty; passage in writing or a book; fortified post; precedence: v.t. to put in any place, office, &c; ascribe; settle; establish; put out at interest. [French.] placeman (plas'man), n. a govern- ment official. placenta (pla-sen'ta), n. the vascu- lar organ that connects the fetus in the womb with the mother, the after-birth; that part of the carpel of a plant to which the ovules or seeds are attached. [Latin.] placental (pla-sen'tal), adj. pertain- ing to, or having, a placenta: n. a mammal with a placenta. placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit which is not a vein. [German.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 40 hue, hut ; think, f7/en. w PLACID 626 PLANTULE placid (plas'id), adj. calm; peaceful; mild. placidity (pla-sid'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being placid. placket (plak'et), n. a petticoat; a slit in a skirt or petticoat; a wom- an's pocket. plagiarism (pla'ji-a-rism), n. the act of plagiarizing. plagiarist (pla'ji-a-rist) , n. one who steals from the writings of another and passes them off as his own pro- duction; literary theft. Also pla- giary. [Latin.] plagiarize (pla/ji-a-rlz), v.t. to steal from the writings of another. plague (plag), ji. a malignant epi- demic; anything very troublesome or annoying: v.t. to infest with dis- ease; annoy greatly. [Latin.] plaguy (plag'i), adj. vexatious. plaice (plas), n. an edible flat-fish. plaid (plad), n. a checkered woolen cloth, originally worn by the High- landers of Scotland. [Gaelic] t plain (plan), adj. flat; clear; evident; easily understood; not luxurious; homely: n. level ground; any flat expanse. [French.] plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a mournful song; the exhibiting of an action in writing by a plaintiff. plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- mences a suit in a court of law. [French.] plaintive (plan'tiv), adj. expressing grief or sorrow; sad. plaintively (plan'tiv-li) , adv. in a plain- tive manner. plaintiveness (plan'tiv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being plaintive. plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. to fold or braid; interweave. Also pleat. plan (plan), n. a, drawing on a flat surface, as of a building, &c; scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. planned, p.pr. planning], to make a plan or sketch of, on a flat surface; form in design; outline. planchet (plan'chet), n. a flat piece of metal prepared for coining. planchette (plang-shet') , n. a heart- shaped board fitted with wheels and a pencil which marks as it moves the pencil-hand by some supposed mysterious agency. [French.] plane (plan), adj. flat; level; even; without elevations or degressions : n. a flat or even surface; in geom- etry, an even superficies ; a level sur- face parallel to the horizon; a car- penter's tool for smoothing wood: v.t. to make level; make smooth with a plane. [Latin.] planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body revolving round the sun. [Greek.] planetarium (plan-e-ta'ri-um) , n. a machine to exhibit the planets, their motions round the sun, and their relative distances _ and magnitudes. planetary (plan'e-ta-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting of, or produced by, planets; erratic. planetoid (plan'e-toid) , n. any one of the small planets revolving in the space between Mars and Venus; minor planet. [Greek.] plane-tree (plan'tre), n. a large tree with broad-spreading leaves. planisphere (plan'is-fer), n. a sphere or globe projected on a plane sur- face. plank (plangk), n. a long broad piece of sawn timber thicker than a board ; an item in a political programme or policy: v.t. to cover with planks; to pay (with down). planner (plan'er), n. one who plans; a projector. piano, a Latin prefix meaning flat, as pfomo-concave: adj. flat or plane on one side, concave on the other. plant (plant), n. any vegetable or- ganism; sprout or sapling; the tools, machinery, or fixtures of any trade or business; a swindle: v.t. to put into the ground for growth, as seed; fix in the mind; establish. [Latin.] plantain (plan 'tan) , # n. % a tropical broad-leaved tree yielding an edible fruit similar to the banana. [French.] plantation (plan-ta'shun) , n. a place planted with trees; a large culti- vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c; a new settlement or colony. planter (plant 'er), n. one who plants; the owner of a plantation. plantigrade (plant 'i-grad), n. walking on the sole of the foot ; a carnivorous animal, as the bear, of the section Plantigrada. [Latin.] plantule (plant'ul), n. an embryo of a plant. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. PLAQUE 627 PLEAD plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- ures, &c, are enameled or painted. plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: v.t. to splash or dash with water; interweave the branches or twigs of: as, to plash a hedge. plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. plasma (plaz'ma), n. the colorless fluid of the blood in which the red corpuscles float ; protoplasm ; a grass- green variety of chalcedony. plaster (piaster), n. calcined gypsum used for castings , e &c. (plaster of paris); a composition of lime, sand, and water, for coating walls; a me- dicinal application for external use: adj. made of plaster: v.t. to cover with, or as with, plaster. [French.] plastic (plas'tik) , adj. capable of being formed or molded; giving form. plasticity (plas-tis'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being plastic. plastrum (plas'trom), n. an orna- mental addition to a woman's dress in front, extending from her collar to her waist. plat, same as plait. plate (plat), n. a thin piece of metal; a small shallow vessel used at table for eating from; an engraved piece of metal; household articles of gold or silver; a prize given at a race: v.t. to coat with a more valuable metal; to beat into laminae or thin plates. plateau (pla-to'), n* [pi* plateaux (pla-toz')], elevated broad flat land; table-land; a large ornamental cen- ter-dish. [French.] plate-glass (plat'glas), n. a fine kind of glass cast in thick plates; used for mirrors, &c. plate-mark (plat 'mark), same as hall- mark. platen (plat 'en), n. the flat part of a printing-press by which the impres- sion is made. [French.] platform (plat'form), n. aflat floor of wood, stone, &c, raised above the level of the ground; the place where guns are mounted on a fortress or battery; political program or policy, of which each item is called a plank. plating (pla'ting), n. the art of over- laying or covering anything with a metallic plate. platinize (plat'i-niz), v.t. to coat with platinum. platinoids (plat'in-oidz), n.pl. metals found associated with platinum. platinous (plat'i-nus), adj. containing platinum. platinum (plat'i-num), n. a greyish- white metal very hard and ductile, the heaviest of all known metals. Also the earlier form, platina. [Span- ish.] platitude (plat'i-tud) , n. insipidity; dulness; a weak, empty, trite re- mark. [French.] Platonic (pla-ton'ik) , adj. pertaining to Plato, the ancient Greek philoso- pher, or to his philosophy, or school; pure and untainted with carnal de- sires. platoon (pla-toon') , n. two files of sol- diers forming a subdivision. [French.] platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. platy, a Greek prefix meaning broad or flat, as platypus, the ornithorhyncus, from its flat, duck-like bill. platyrhine (plat'i-rin), adj. broad- nosed: noting American monkeys, thus characterized. plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. plauditory (plaw'di-to-ri), adj. ap- plauding. plausibility (plaw-zi-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being plausible; speciousness. Also plausibleness. plausible (plaw'zi-bl), adj. specious; superficially pleasing. plausibly (plaw'zi-bli), adv. in a plaus- ible manner. play (pla), n. any exercise or occupa- tion for amusement; exertion of powers; diversion; pastime; drama, tragedy, or comedy; gaming: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. played]. playful (pla'fool), adj. sportive; live- playfully (pla-f oo-li) , adv. in a play- ful manner. playfulness (pla'f ool-nes) , n. playful state or disposition. plaza (pla'za), n. an open square or market place. [Spanish.] plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; the defendant's answer to the plain- tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; ur- gent entreaty. plead (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- son in support of a cause against ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PLEADINGS 628 PLIANT another; argue before a court of law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- cuss or defend by arguments; offer as an excuse^ [French.] pleadings (pled'ingz), n.pl. the writ- ten statements of the two parties in a lawsuit. pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to the mind or senses; delightful; agreeable; cheerful; facetious. pleasantry (plez'ant-ri), n. merri- ment; lively talk; gaiety; a laugh- able trick or joke. please (plez), v.t. to gratify; give pleasure to; gain approbation from: v.i. to afford pleasure or gratifica- tion; like or choose. [French.] pleased (plez^d), p. adj. gratified. pleasing (plez'ing), p. adj. affording pleasure; agreeable. pleasurable (plezh'u-ra-bl) , adj. grat- ifying; delightful. pleasurably (plezh'u-ra-bli) , adv. in a pleasurable manner. pleasure (plezh'ur), n. gratification; agreeable emotions, mental or phy- sical; transient enjoyment; sensual gratification. pleat, another form of plait. plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining to the Plebs or Roman commonalty; pertaining to the common people: opposed to patrician: n. one of the common people. plebeianism (ple-be'an-izm), n. vul- garity. plebiscite (plab'i-set), n. a vote taken of the entire male community by universal suffrage on some special matter submitted; the decree founded on such a vote. [French.] pledge (plej), n. anything placed as a security or guarantee; pawn; host- age; a health in drinking: v.t. to give as security or guarantee; deposit in pawn; drink to the health of. pledget (pleg'et), n. a flat piece of lint placed over a wound. Pleiades (pli'a-dez), n.pl. the cluster of seven stars in the constellation Taurus; from the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, changed after death into stars. [Greek.] plenary (ple'na-ri), adj. full; com- plete. plenipotentiary (plen-i-po-ten'shi : a- ri), adj. having full power: n. a min- ister to a foreign court invested with full powers. His rank is still below that of an ambassador. [Late Latin.] plenist (ple'nist), n. one who holds the theory that all space is filled with matter. [Latin.] plenitude (plen'i-ttid) , n. fulness. plenteous (plen'te-us) , adj. abundant; amply sufficient. plentiful (plen'ti-f ool) , adj. yielding abundance; copious. plentifully (plen'ti-f oo-li) , adv. abun- dantly. plenty (plen'ti)_, n. abundance pleonasm (ple'o-nazm) , n. use of more words than necessary in speak- ing or writing. [Greek.] pleonastic (ple-o-nas'tik), adj. redun- dant, unnecessarily repeated. pleonastically (ple-o-nas'ti-ka-li), adv. redundantly. plet (plet), n. a kind of birch-rod, used in Russian prisons. [Russian.] plethora (pleth'6-ra) , n. excessive fulness of blood; overabundance. \ plethoric (pleth'o-rik) , adj. having excess ofblood. [Greek.] pleura (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae (ploo'- re)], a delicate serous membrane covering the interior of the thorax and each lung. [Greek.] pleural (ploo'ral), adj. pertaining to the pleura.__ pleurisy (ploo'ri-si), n. inflammation of the pleura. pleuritic (ploo-rit'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or affected with, pleurisy. Also pleuritical. pleuro, a Greek prefix meaning rib or side, as pleurodynia, rheumatism of the chest walls. pleuro- pneumonia (ploo-ro-nu-mo'- ni-a), n. inflammation of the pleura and lungs. m plevin (plev'in), n. a warrant. plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of veins, nerves, &c. [Latin.] pliability (pli-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being pliable. Also pliableness. [French.] pliable (pll'a-bl), adj. easily bent; flexible; easy to be persuaded. pliably (pli'a-bli), adv. in a pliable manner. pliancy (pli'an-si), n. pliant quality % pliant (pll'ant), adj. flexible ; easily bent; yielding to moral suasion. Ht.e, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PLICATE 629 PLURALITY plicate (pll'kat), adj. plaited; folded in the form of a fan. Also plicated. pliers (pli'erz), n. a kind of small pinchers for seizing and bending, especially small articles. plight (put), n. a dangerous or dis- tressed condition; predicament; pledge; promise: v.t. to pledge, as one's faith. plinth (plinth), n. the lowest square- shaped part of the base of a column, pedestal, &c; the projecting face at the bottom of a wall. [Greek.] plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded, p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- ly; drudge or toil; study closely. plot (plot), n. a complicated scheme, conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain of incidents in a play, novel, &c, gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plotted, p.pr. .plotting], to devise; make a plan of: v.i. to conspire; to plan against another. [French.] plover (pluv'er), n. a wading bird of various species. plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- tural implement for turning up the soil; a grooving-plane: v.t. to turn up with a plow; furrow. plowshare, ploughshare (plou'shar), n. the iron part of a plow that cuts the soil. pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or up; snatch; pick or gather; reject as a candidate in an examination: n. a pull; the hea/t, liver and lungs of an animal; courage. pluckily (pluk'i-li), ado. courageously. plucky (pluk'i), adj. [comp. pluckier, superl. pluckiest], having courage or pluck. plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c, used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to stop with a plug. plum (plum), n. & tree, Prunus do- mestica, or its well-known fruit; a raisin; a large fortune. [English.] plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- ers. plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- ally of lead, suspended at the ex- tremity of a line to indicate the per- pendicularity of work done, as a wall, &c: adj. prependicular : adv. perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by a plumb-line; make perpendicular; sound (the depth of water) by a plummet. .[Latin.] plumbago (plum-ba/go), n. a mineral of carbon and iron, used for lead pencils; a form of carbon. plumber (plum'er), n. one who is en- gaged in the business of plumbing. plumbing (plum'ing), n. the art or occupation of putting into buildings the pipes, traps, &c, for the con- veyance of water, gas, and sewage, plumb-line (plum'lin), n. a line at- tached to a mass of lead to indicate the perpendicular ; perpendicular line. plumcot (plum'kot), n. a fruit com- bining the plum and apricot. Cre- ated by Luther Burbank. plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- er worn as an ornament. plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden weight attached to a string used for sounding depths, &c. plump (plump), adj. round and sleek with fulness of flesh; in good condi- tion; downright; unqualified: adv. with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to grow plump; fall or sink down; to vote for a single candidate when one has the right to vote for two or more: v.t. to make plump: fatten. plumy (ploo'mi), adj. feathered. plunder (plun'der), n. booty; pil- lage: v.t. to take by open force; spoil; rob. plunderage (plun'der-aj), n. the em- bezzlement of goods on board ship. plunge (plunj), v.t. to put suddenly into any liquid; immerse; baptize by immersion: v.i. to fall, or rush, aa into water; dive; throw the body forward and the legs up, as a horse; bet heavily and thoughtlessly: n. the act of plunging; sudden fall. plunger (plunj 'er) , n. one who plunges ; a diver ; the long solid cylinder or pis- ton of a pump ; one who bets heavily and thoughtlessly. pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. not- ing an event or action occurring prior to some other event or action. plural (ploo'ral), adj. consisting of more than one : n. that form of a word that expresses more than one. plurality (ploo-ral'i-ti), n. the ma- jority; the greatest of three or more numbers; the excess of votes cast for any one candidate over the can- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; i56n, book ; lriie, hut ; think, then. PLURALIZE 630 POETRY didate who receives the next largest number of votes at an election where there are three or more candidates for the sameoffice. pluralize (ploo'ral-iz) , v.t. to make plural. plus (plus), n. the sign ( + ) used to denote addition: adj. more (by a certain amount) ; increased (by a specified addition) ; above zero. plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si) , ft. rule or government by the rich. [Greek.] plutocrat (ploo'to-krat) , ft. one who exercises political power or influence by virtue of his wealth. Plutonian (ploo-to'ni-an), adj. per- taining to Pluto, the god of the lower world, or to the lower regions of fire; igneous. Also Plutonic. Plutonic rocks (ploo-ton'ik roks'), n.pl. igneous rocks. pluvial (ploo'vi-al), adj. rainy. [Latin.] Pluviose g (ploo'vi-os) , ft. the fifth month in the calendar of the first French Republic. ply (pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, p.pr. plying], to work on closely; prac- tice diligently or earnestly; urge or solicit: v.i. to run regularly between two ports; work against the wind. pneumatic (nfi-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, containing, like, or moved by, air. Also pneu- matical. [Greek.] pneumatically (nu-mat'i-ka-li), adv. by air. pneumatics (nti-mat'iks), n.pl. the science that treats of the mechanical Eroperties of air and similar elastic aids. pneumatic- tire (nu-mat'ik-tir'), ft. a rubber tire inflated with compressed air, used for automobile, bicycle, or carriage wheels. pneumo, a Greek prefix meaning lung. pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a), ft. acute in- flammation of the lungs. pneumonic (nu-mon'ik), adj. per- taining to the lungs. poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon preserves to shoot or steal game v.t. to steal game from; plunder by stealth; cook (eggs) by breaking them into boiling water. poacher (poch'er), ft. one who poaches. poachy (poch'i), adj. swampy; marshy: said of land. pochard (poch'ard), ft. the sea-duck. pock (pok), ft. a pustule on the skin containing eruptive matter. pocket (pok'et), ft. a small bag in- serted in a garment for carrying small articles; a small netted bag in a billiard table for the reception of the balls; a small quantity. pod (pod), ft. the pericarp or the cov- ering of the seed of certain plants, as the pea, &c: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. podded, p.pr. podding], to swell or fill, as a pod; produce pods. podge (poj), ft. a puddle. podgy (poj'i), adj. short and fat. podium (po'di-um), ft. a low wall, usually with a plinth and cornice, in the front of an edifice to support pillars; that part of an amphithea- ter which projects over the arena; a balcony. podocarp (pod'o-karp), ft. the stem which supports the fruit of a plant. podophyllin (pod-6-fiTin), n. a purga- tive resin obtained from the root of the May-apple. poe (po'e), ft. a food made from the roots of the taro plant by the natives of Hawaii. poe bird (berd), ft. the parson bird of New Zealand, with a plumage of a dark metallic hue. poem (po'em), ft. a metrical or poetical composition; a poetic conception. poesy (po'e-si), ft. the art of compos- ing poems. poet (po'et), n. the author of a poem; one gifted in writing poetry; one who is strongly imaginative. Fem- inine poetess. [Latin.] poetaster (po'et-as-ter), ft. an inferior poet; a writer of jingles or doggerel. poetic (po-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; sublime. Also poetical. poet laureate (law're-at), ft. a court poet appointed by the British Sov- ereign, and supposed to write poems at the royal command; though in fact, all obligation has ceased and the office is a sinecure. Among the later laureates have been William Wordsworth, Robert Southey, Alfred Tennyson, and Alfred Austin. poetry (po'et-ri), ft. a metrical compo- site, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then, POGROM 631 POLICE eition produced or embellished by creative imagination ; utterance in song; poems collectively. pogrom (po'grom), n. a Russian word signifying riotous devastation, de- struction. poignancy (poin'yan-si), n.'the state or quality of being poignant. poignant (poin'yant), adj. stimulating to the palate; irritating; very pain- ful. [French.] poinsettia (pom-set 'i-a), n. a Mexi- can plant with handsome flowers. point (point), n. the sharp end of any instrument: mark or dot; indi- visible part; mark in punctuation; that which has position but no mag- nitude; a spot; exact place; critical moment; expression or force \ sting of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; small cape or' promontory; lace wrought with the needle; railway switch; unit of measurement for type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one- twelfth of a pica: v.t. to sharpen; give a point to; direct or aim; mark with points; fill the joints of (ma- sonry) with mortar and smooth them with a trowel: v.i. to indicate; show clearly. point-blank (point'blangk), adj. hor- izontal; aimed directly at the mark; direct; plain. pointed (point'ed), # p.^&y. snarpened; having a sharp point ; direct ; telling ; personal; epigrammatic; Gothic. pointer (point'er), n. one who, or that which, points; a variety of dog trained to point game. pointing (pointing), n. punctuation; the act or operation of filling in the crevices of masonry with mortar. pointless (point 'les), adj. having no point; inane; stupid. poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; equi- librium: v.t. to balance; weigh; ascer- tain or examine: v.i. to be in a state of equilibrium. poison (poi'zn), n. anything noxious or destructive to life, health, or mor- ality; venom: v.t. to infect with, or kill by, poison; administer poison to; corrupt. poisonous (poi'zn-us), adj. having the qualities of poison; deadly; injurious to health. poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push against, especially with something pointed: v.i. to grope or feel about in the dark; search. poker (pok'er), n. a metal bar for stir- ring firesj acard game. poking (pok'ing), adj. servile; drudg- ing. poky (po'ki), adj. lacking spirit or interest; slow; stupid. Polack (po'lak), n. a name given in this country (especially in Pennsylvania) to Poles. polar (po'lar), adj. pertaining to, 01 situated near, either of the poles, especially the North Pole ; pertaining to the magnetic poles. polariscope (po-lar'i-skop), n. an in- strument for exhibiting polarized light. polarity (po-lar'i-ti),?i. the property possessed by certain bodies, as in electrified or magnetized bodies, by which they arrange themselves in certain directions or tend to given poles. polarization (po-lar-i-za'shun), n. the act of polarizing; the state of being polarized. polarize (po'lar-iz), v.t. to communi- cate polarity to. pole (pol), n. a long staff; a measure = 53^2 yards; a square measure - 3034 yards; a measuring instru- ment: one of the extremities of the imaginary axis of the earth; one of the two points in a magnet in which the attractive or repellent force is concentrated; that on which any- thing revolves; the extreme oppo- site. polecat (pol'kat), n. a small carnivo- rous animal which emits a strong of- fensive odor. See skunk. polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- sialist: pi. the art of controversy; controversial writings, especially those on religious subjects. [Greek.] polemical (po-lern'i-kal) , adj. con- troversial. polemically (po-lem'i-ka-li) , adv. con- troversially. pole-star (pol'star), n. the north star (Polaris) situated in Ursa Minor, within 13^ degrees of the true pole; a guide. police (po-lesO, n. in a city, town, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. POLICEMAN 632 POLYANDRY district, an organized force of civil officers for preserving order. policeman (po-les'man), n. a member of a police force. policy (pori-si), n. [pi. policies (pol'i- siz)], the art or method of govern- ment; management of public affairs; system of regulative measures; sa- gacity in management^ course of conduct; prudence; cunning; a doc- ument given to insurers containing a contract of insurance; a warrant for money in the public funds; a gambling game. [Old French.] poliomyelitis (pol'i-o-mi'e-li-tis), n. inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, in children called infantile paralysis. polish (porish) , v.t. to make smooth or glossy by friction; make polite or refined: v.i. to become polished: n. a smooth, glossy surface; a prepara- tion for imparting a polish; refine- ment or elegance of manners. Polish (polish), adj. pertaining to Poland, its language, or to its in- habitants. polite (po-llf), adj. well-bred; refined in manner; courteous or obliging. politeness (po-llt'nes) , n. good-breed- ing; courtesy. politesse (pol-i-tes') , n. over-acted politeness. _ politic (pol'i-tik), adj. shrewd; spe- cious; sagacious: especially in pol- icy; adapted to promote the welfare of the state: n.pl. the art of govern- ment or the administration of public affairs; political opinions; party management or control. political (po-lit'i-kal), adj. pertaining to politics, or to a nation or state; derived from government. political economy (e-kon'o-mi) , n. the science that treats of wealth, its nature, production, distribution, and consumption, and the laws which regulate and govern these. politician (pol'i-tish-un), n. one who is skilled in politics; a statesman. politico- geographical (po-lit'i-ko-je- o-graf'i-kalj, adj. expressing # a man- ner of study which takes into ac- count the geographical as well as the purely political conditions in any period of history. politics, see under politic. polity (pol'i-ti), n. the form or consti- tution of the civil government of a state* constitution. polka (pol'ka), n. an old-time dance of Bohemian origin, performed by two persons; the music suitable for such a dance. poll (pol), n. the head, especially the back part of it; a register of per- sons, especially those entitled to vote at elections; an election ; number of votes recorded at an election; place where votes are cast: v.t, to lop; clip or shear; enroll in a register; bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast or deposit in a ballot box; to poll a jury is to examine each member in- dividually as to his concurrence in the verdict. pollack (pol'ak), n. a species of cod- fish. pollard (pol'ard), n. a tree lopped or polled; a stag that has cast its horns; a mixture of bran and meal; the chub-fish. pollen (pol'en), n. the fertilizing pow- der in the cells of the antlers of flowers. pollination (pol-i-na/shun) , n. the conveyance of pollen from the antler to the stigma of a flower. pollock, same as pollack. poll-tax (pol'taks), n. a capitation tax. pollute (pol-lut'), v.t. to defile; ren- der unclean; corrupt; violate. pollution (pol-lu'shun), n. the act of polluting; defilement; legal or cere- monial uncleanness. polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to hockey, played on horseback. polonaise (po-lo-naz'), n. a, dress, body and skirt made in one; a Po- lish air or dance. polonium (po-lo'nium), a radio-active element. poltophagic (pol-to-pha/gic) , adj. fine- ly chewed or masticated. [Greek.] poltroon (pol-troon/), n. a coward. poly, a prefix meaning many, much. polyandrous (pol-i-an'drus) , adj. hav- ing more than one husband at the same time. [Greek.] polyandry (pol-i-an'dri) , n. the prac- tice of a woman's having more than one husband at the same time: op- posed to monandry. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. POLYANTHUS 633 PONDEROSITY polyanthus (pol-i-an'thus) , n. a hand- some flower ; a cultivated variety of the oxlip primrose. polychromatic (pol-i-kro-mat'ik), adj. exhibiting a play of colors. polychrome (pori-krom), adj. having many colors: n. a work executed in many colors. polygamist (p5-lig'a-mist) , n. one who practices or upholds polyg- amy. polygamous (po-lig'a-mus) , apper- taining to, or practicing, polygamy. polygamy (po-lig'a-mi) , n. the prac- tice of having more than one wife at the same time. Opposed to monog- amy. polyglot (pol'i-glot), adj. contain- ing many languages: n. a book, es- pecially an edition of the Bible, in several languages. polygon (pori-gon), n. a figure having many angles. polygraph (pol'i-graf), n. a manifold writer. polyhedral (pol-i-he'dral) , adj. hav- ing many sides or faces. Also polyhedrous. polyhedric. polyhedron (pol : i-he'dron), n. a solid having many sides or faces; a poly- scope. polyp (pol'ip), n. an extensive group of radiated animals including the hydra sea-anemone, &c. Also polype, poly- pus. polypod (pol'i-pod), adj. having many feet. polypus (pol'i-pus), n. [j)l. polypi (pol'i-pi)] a fleshy tumor in the nose or uterus; a polype. polyscope (pol'i-skop), n. a multi- plying lens. polystyle (pol'i-stll), n. a building with many columns. polysyllabic (pol-i-sil-ab'ik), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, three or more syllables. polysyllable (pol-i-sira-bl) , n. a word consisting of three or more syl- lables. [Greek.] polytechnic (pol-i-tek'nik) , adj. not- ing, including, or giving instruction in, the arts and sciences: n. a school for imparting instruction in the arts and sciences. [Greek.] polytheism (pol'i-the-izm) , n. the doctrine of a plurality of gods, each taking a part in the government of the world. [Greek.] polytheist (pol'i-the-ist) , n. a believer in polytheism. polytheistic (pol-i-the-is'tik) , adj. re- lating to polytheism. polytype (pol'i-tip), n. a facsimile in metal of an engraving on wood, &c. pomace (pum'as), n. the juicy pulp which remains after squeezing out the cider from the press. pomade (po-mad'), n. a perfumed ointment for dressing the hair. Also pomatum. [French.] pomegranate (pom'gran-at) , n. a tree with an orange-like, edible fruit with a thick rind and many seeds. pommel (pum'el), n. the knob on a sword-hilt ; the high part of a saddle- bow: v.t. to beat with anything thick or bulky ; bruise. Also pummel. pommeling (pum'el-ing) , n. a beat- ing. pomology (po-mol'o-ji),^ n. the sci- ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- trees, especially apples; a treatise on fruits. Pomona (po-mo'na)^ n. the Roman goddess, who presided over fruit and vines. pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- play; grandeur; parade. pompom (pom'pom), n. a, machine gun firing an explosive shell and of larger caliber than that of the regular machine gun. pompon (pom'pon), n. a tufted orna- ment; a variety of chrysanthemum. pomposity (pom-pos'i-ti), n. the state of being pompous. Also pompous- ness. pompous (pom'pus), adj. stately: grand; self-important; ostentatious. poncho (pon'cho), n. a sort of cloak or loose woolen garment worn in Spanish America. pond (pond), n. a pool of standing water. ponder (pon'der), v.t. to weigh men- tally: v.i. to deliberate. ponderability (pon-der-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being ponderable. Also ponder ableness. ponderable (pon'der-a-bl) , adj. cap- able of being weighed. ponderosity (p o n-d e r-o s'i-t i) , n. weight. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 43 hue, hut ; think, then. PONDEROUS 634 POPULATE ponderous (pon'der-us) , adj. very heavy; weighty; important; dull. pone (pon), n. bread made of maize- meal, milk,_ &c. (Southern U.S.) pongee (pon-je'),n. a kind of light wash silk made in China. It is spun by a wild silkworm that feeds on oak- leaves. poniard (pon'yard), n. a small dag- ger: v.t. to stab with a poniard. pons asinorum (ponz-as-i-no'rum), n. "bridge of asses." The fifth propo- sition of Euclid's first book. [Latin.] pontiff (pon'tif), n. a high priest; the Pope. pontifical (pon-tif 'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to -a pontiff, high priest, or pope; papal: n. sl book containing ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies: pi. the full dress worn by an officiat- ing priest or bishop. pontifically (pon-tif 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a pontifical manner. \ pontificate (pon-tif i-kat) , n. the of- fice or dignity of a high priest or pope; the reign of a pope. pontoon (pon-toon'), n. sl buoyant structure supporting a floating mili- tary bridge; a bridge of boats. pony (po'ni), n. [pi. ponies (po'niz)], a small horse; a very small glass of beer or liquor; student's key to translation of Latin or Greek les- sons; often used adjectively to de- note something small of its kind, as a pony engine. pooh-pooh (poo-poo'), . inter j. a con- temptuous ejaculation like bah, pah, shoo! v.t. to express contempt for. pool (pool), n. a small body of water; a variety of play at billiards; the stakes in certain games or the re- ceptacle for them: v.t.^ to unite, as in mercantile risks, railway traffic, &c. poop (poop), n. the stern of a ship; the raised deck in the stern of a ves- sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break heavily over the stern of: said of waves. pooped (poopt), p. adj. having a poop ; struck on the poop by a heavy sea. poor (po(5r), adj. necessitous; having little or no means: without strength, beauty, or dignity; dejected; spirit- less; insignificant; without fertility; an expression of tenderness, com- passion, or disdain. poor-house (poor'hous), n. a house set apart by counties or districts in the United States for the care of in- digent and helpless poor. poorly (poor'li), adv. without adequate means; with scant success: adj. somewhat ill; delicate in health. poor-master (poor'mas-ter), n. the warden or keeper of a poorhouse. pop (pop), n. a short, smart, quick sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. popped, p.pr. popping], to thrust suddenly; pawn: v.i. to make a short, smart sound; move quickly; dart; come suddenly into view: adv. suddenly. In Eng- land "pop" means "ginger-pop," a sort of ginger ale. pop-corn (pop'korn), n. any variety of Indian corn or maize having small ears and small, hard grains. The grains "pop" and expand when ex- posed to heat of a fire. Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church; a title of priests of the Greek Church. popedom (pop'dum), n. the office, dig- nity, or jurisdiction of the Pope. popinjay (pop'in-ja), n. a parrot; fop. poplar (pop'lar), n. a tree of rapid growth, with a white soft wood. poplin (pop'lin), n. a fabric of silk and worsted. poppet (pop'et), n. one of the timbers that support a ship in launching; a term of endearment. poppy (pop'i), n. any plant of the genus Papaver, with bright showy flowers; from one species {Papaver somnif- erum) opium is obtained. poppy-cock (pop'i-kok), n. a boastful, conceited manner of speaking. populace (pop'u-las), n. the common people. popular (pop'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, suitable for, or pleasing to, the common people; easily understood; plebeian. popularity (pop-u-lar'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being popular; general esteem. popularize (pop'u-lar-iz), v.t. to ren- der popular. populate (pop'u-lat), v.t. to furnish with inhabitants. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. POPULATION 635 PORTION population (pop-u-la'shun), n. the inhabitants of a country, place, town, &c, collectively. populous (pop'ii-lus), adj. thickly peopled. porcelain (pors'lan), n. a fine white, thin, semi-transparent kind of earth- enware: adj. pertaining to, or made of, porcelain. [French.] porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- ported by^ pillars; portico. porcine (por'sin), adj. pertaining to swine. [Latin.] porcupine (por'ku-pm) , n. a rodent covered with spines, of the genus Hystrix. pore (por), n. a minute hole in the skin through . which perspiration passes to the surface; an opening between the molecules of a body: v.i. to look with close and steady atten- tion, as on a book. P or gy. (por'ji), n. any one of several species of surf fishes of the Pacific coast. The name is also given lo- cally to several other fishes. pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine either fresh or salted. pork-barrel (pork'bar'el), n. facetious term for a Congressional appropria- tion bill which popularizes Con- gressmen by providing benefits in the Congressman's district, chiefly applied to Rivers and Harbors and Public Buildings bills. porker (pork'er) , n. a pig. porosity (por-os'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being porous. Also por- ousness. porous (por'us), adj. having pores. porphyritic (por-fi-rit'ik), adj. hav- ing the appearance, or texture, of porphyry (por'fi-ri) : n. originally a reddish igneous rock found in Egypt, with enclosed crystals of feldspar; now applied to any rock having a feldspathic base with feldspar crystals. [Greek.] porpoise (por'pus), n. a cetaceous mammal of the genus Phocaena; the sea-hog. [French.] porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled slowly in water until it thickens. porringer (por'in-jer), n. sl small dish for porridge, &c. port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- portment or carriage; the left side of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark colored Portuguese wine from Opor- to: v.t. to turn to the port or left side of a ship: as, to port the helm. portability (port-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being portable. Also port- ableness. portable (pqrt'a-bl), adj. that may be easily carried by hand or about the person. portage (port'aj), n. carriage; cost of carriage; a break in a chain of water communication over which gooda boats, &c, have to be carried. portal (port'al), n. a gate or entrance; an arch over_a gateway or door. portcullis (port-kul'is), n. a strong harrow-shaped grating hung over the doorway of a fortified place and capable of being let down to defend the gate. Porte (port), n. the Turkish govern- ment and court: so called from the gate of the Sultan's palace where justice was administered. portemonnaie (port'mon-a), n. a purse. [French] portend (por-tend'), v.t. to indicate in advance; presage; forbode. portent (por 'tent), n. an omen, es- pecially of ill. portentous (por-ten'tus) , adj. omi- nous; foreshadowing evil; wondrous. porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; one who carries parcels, &c, for hire. Feminine porteress. [Latin.] porterage (por'ter -aj), n. money charged for carriage by a porter. portfire (port 'fir), n. a paper tube filled with powder, &c, formerly used for firing guns_. portfolio (port-fo'li-o), n. a portable case for loose papers, drawings, &c. ; the office and functions of a minister of state. porthole (port 'hoi), n. a window- shaped hole in the side of a ship, especially of a man-of-war. portico (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. porticos (por'ti-koz) ], a walk covered by a roof supported on columns; a columned porch. portiere (por-tiar'), n. a door-curtain. [French] _ portion (por'shun), n. a piece or part; allotment; dividend; final state; ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, fften. i PORTLINESS 636 POSTAL-ZONE dowry; part of an estate descending to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; en- dow with a fortune. portliness (port'li-nes) , n. the state of being portly. portly (port'li), adj. stately of mien; corpulent. portmanteau (port-man'to) , n. [pi. portmanteaux (port-man'toz)], a bag or trunk for carrying clothes or traveling necessities. [French.] portrait (por'trat), n. a picture or representation of an individual or face drawn from life ; a vivid graphic description in words. portraiture (por'tra-tur) , n. the art or practice of drawing or painting portraits; vivid delineation in words. portray (por-tra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. por- trayed, p.pr. portraying], to paint or draw the likeness of; describe in words. portrayal (por-tra/ al) , n. description. Portuguese (por-tu-gez'), adj. per- taining to Portugal, its inhabitants, or language. pose (poz), n. attitude or position: v.i. to assume an attitude: v.t. to puzzle; cause to be at a loss. poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- tion; one who, or that which, poses or puzzles._ position (po-zish'un), n. the state of . being set or placed; situation; atti- tude; principle laid down; office; so- cial status. [Latin.] positive (poz'i-tiv), adj. clearly ex- pressed; actual; direct; explicit; overconfident ; dogmatical ; settled by arbitrary appointment; having power to act directly; noting the simple form of an adjective (posi- tive degree) : affected by the sign + (positive quantity) : n. that which may be affirmed; reality; a photo- graph with the natural lights and shades restored. [Latin.] positively (poz'i-tiv-li), adv. abso- lutely; expressly. positiveness (poz'i-tiv-nes), n. the state or quality of being positive. positivism (poz'i-tiv-izm), n. a French philosophical and religious system . originated by Auguste Comte (1798- 1857), called also Comtism, and the Gospel of Reason. < It teaches that we can learn nothing except what relates to physical phenomena and comes to us through the senses. Hence Comte denies the existence of God. positivist (poz'i-tiv-ist), n. an ad- herent of positivism. posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force of men. posse eomitatus (kom-i-ta/tus) , the force of citizens which the sheriff of a county is empowered to raise to quell a_riot, &c. [Latin.] possess (po-zes'), v.t. to have as an owner; be master of; occupy; seize. possessed (po-zesf), p. adj. owned; mad. [Latin.] possession (po-zesh'un), n. the hav- ing, holding, or detention of prop- erty; the thing possessed; property or estate. possessive (po-zes'iv), adj. noting possession. possessor (po-zes'er), n. owner; one who possesses. possessory (po-zes'o-ri), adj. pertain- ing to possession. posset (pos'et), n. milk curdled with wine, &c. possibility (pos-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being possible; contingency. possible (pos'i-bl), adj. that may hap- pen or exist. [Latin.] possibly (pos'i-bli), adv. by possi- bility; perhaps. possum, same as opossum. post (post), n. a piece of timber, &c, set erect, usually to support some- thing else; a messenger or postman; established system of conveying and delivering letters; a post-office; a relay of horses; situation or office: adj. a size of paper double that of common note-paper; military sta- tion: v.t. set or -station; transmit by post; carry to the ledger; inform fully: v.i. to travel with speed: adv. speedily. post, a Latin prefix meaning after, as post-date. postage (post'aj), the fee for the con- veyance of letters by post.^ postal (post'al) , adj. pertaining to the ;postofnce or mail service. postal-zone (post'al-zon'),.™. one of the concentric zones used in the par- cels post system to adjust charges in accordance with distance. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POSTDILUVIAL 639 POTSHERD postdiluvial (post-di-lu'vi-al) , adj taking place after the deluge. poster (post'er), n. a large advertising bill. posterior (pos-te'ri-er), adj. subse- quent in time or place; hinder: n. pi. the hinder parts of an animal. posterity (pos-ter'i-ti), n. succeeding generations ; descendants. postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate or door; vaulted passage beneath the parapet and through the rampart of a castle: adj. private. post facto (post fak'to), done after the act; retrospective. [Latin.] post-febrile (post-fe'bril), adj. per- taining to what comes after fever; languor. postfix (post'fiks), v.t. to affix. post-graduate (post-grad'u-at), n. in the U. S., a person who has taken the first degree (usually the bach- elor's), usually passes on to advanced study, and if successful, receives the degree of Ph.D. posthumous (post'u-mus), adj. born after the death of the father; pub- lished after_the death of an author. postilion (pos-til'yun), n. the rider on the near leader in a carriage. postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. the superintendent of a postoffice; one who supplies post-horses. postmaster - general (post'mas-ter- jen'er-al), n. the chief officer of the postoffice department. ost-meridian (post - me - rid'i - an) , adj. after noon. post-nasal (post-na/zal), adj. lying back of the nasal tract. postpone (post-pon'), v.t. to delay; defer. postponement (p5st-pon'ment) , n. the act of deferring to a future time; temporary delay. postscript (post'skript), n. sl para- graph added to a letter after the writer's signature; appendix to a book. postulate (pos'tu-lat), v.t. to assume without proof; solicit: n. a self- evident problem; a position assumed as self-evident. posture (rjos'tur), n. attitude; placing or position of parts of the body; state: v.i. to place the body in par- ticular postures. posy (po'zi), n. a bunch of flowers, originally a motto or verse sent with a bouquet. pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for hold- ing or boiling liquids, &c. ; a mug for liquor; a quart; a vessel of earthen- ware, &c, for holding plants; a size of paper 123^ x 15 inches; a large amount: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. potted, p.pr. potting], to preserve; put into, or plant in pots ; shoot. potable (po_^ta-bl), adj. drinkable. potance (po'tans), n. the stud in which the lower pivot of the verge of a watch is placed. potash (pot'ash), n. a powerful alka- li obtained from the ashes of certain plants. Also potass, potassa. potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monad element, the metallic base of potash. potation (po-ta'shun) , n. a draught or drink. [Old French.] potato (po-ta/to), n. [pi. potatoes (po-ta/toz)], the edible tuber of a South American plant, widely cul- tivated since the seventeenth cen- tury; the plant itself. White po- tatoes are most sought, but in southern countries the batata or sweet potato is a favorite. See yam. potency (po'ten-si), n. power, physical or mental. potent (po'tent), adj. powerful; hav- ing great authority or influence. potentate (po'ten-tat), n. one who possesses great power; sovereign or monarch. potential (po-ten'shal) , adj. existing in possibility, not in reality; latent; in grammar, expressing power, possi- bility, liberty, or obligation. potentiality (po-ten-shi-ari-ti), n. possibility without reality. potentially (po-ten'sha-li), adv. in a potential manner. pother (po^'er), n. confusion; bus- tle: v.i. to make a stir: v.t. to con- fuse; tease. pothouse (pot'hous), n. a low public- house. potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. pot-pourri (po-poo-re'), n. a # med- ley, especially of musical airs; a dish composed of various kinds of meats and vegetables. [French.] potsherd (pot'sherd), n. a fragment of a broken pot. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. J POTTAGE 640 PRACTICE pottage (pot'aj), n. a kind of soup. potter (pot'er), n. a maker of pottery. pottery (pot'er-i), n. [pi. potteries (pot'er-iz)], earthenware of all kinds; the place where it is manufactured. pottle (pot'l), n. a liquid measure = 4 pints. pottoroo (pot-o-roo'), n. the kangaroo rat of Australia. Also potoroo. pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; pocket; bag or sack of an animal; cartridge-box; protuberant stomach. poulp (poolp), n. the octopus. Also poulpe. [French.] poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. poulterer (pol'ter-er), n. a dealer in poultry. poultice (pol'tis), n. a soft preparation of bread, meal, &c, applied to a sore or inflamed part of the body ; a cata- plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. poultry (pol'tri), n. domestic fowls. pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- merly used for drying ink on paper, now chiefly used for sprinkling into holes in paper in patternmaking: the talon or claw of a bird of prey: v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to fall upon and seize with, or as with, the claws. pound (pound), n. a standard weight = 16 ounces avoirdupois, or 12 ounces troy; a monetary unit = 20 shillings, or about $4.86; an inclos- ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to shut in or confine in a pound; beat; pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod. poundage (pound'aj), n. an allowance of so much in the pound. pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a liquid out of a vessel; discharge in a con- tinuous stream; send forth; give vent to; utter: v.i. to stream; rush tumultuously. pourboire (poor-bwar'), n. a~gratuity; a tip. pourparler (poor-par'la), n. [pi. pour- parlers (poor-par'laz)], a diplomatic consultation preliminary to a treaty. pout (pout), n. a poult; a thrusting out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust out the lips in sullenness; displeasure. pouter (pout'er), n. one who pouts: a species of pigeon. poverty (pov'er-ti), n. the state of being poor ; indigence ; necessity; penury; deficiency or defect, as of words, &c. powder (pou'der), n. any dry sub- stance in fine particles; gunpowder; face-powder; a medicinal prepara- tion: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle with, powder; salt. powderless (pou'der-les), adj. desti- tute of gunpowder. power (pou'er), n. the faculty of do- ing or performing something; abil- ity; energy; force; strength; rule or authority; dominion; government; influence; mental capacity; legal authority; ruler or sovereign; state or nation; supernatural being or agent; force tending to produce mo- tion; magnifying power of a lens; the product arising from the multi- plication of a number into itself. powerful (pou'er-fool), adj. having great power; mighty; forcible; strong; efficacious. powerfully (pou'er-foo-li), adv. in a powerful manner. powerless (pou'er-les), adj. wanting in power; impotent; weak. pow-wow (pou'wou), n. a North American Indian priest or conjurer; an^ incantation accompanied with noise and dancing; a noisy political meeting: v.i. frolic noisily. [N. Am. Indian and so colloq. U. S.] pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease characterized by pustules; syphilis. pozzuolana (potz-oo-o-la/na) , n. vol- canic ashes used in hydraulic or Ro- man cement. [Italian.] praam (pram), n. a flat-bottomed boat or lighter used in Holland and the Baltic. practicability (prak-ti-ka-biri-ti), n. the state of being practicable. practicable (prak'ti-ka-bl) , adj. that may be done, used or passed over; feasible; possible. [Greek.] practicably (prak'ti-ka-bli) , adv. so as to be practicable. practical (prak r ti-kal) , adj. pertaining to action or use; useful; capable of applying knowledge or theory to practice ; derived from,^or reduced to, practice. practically (prak'ti-ka-li), adv. in a practical manner. practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PRACTITIONER 641 PRECAUTIONARY customary action; dexterity ac- quired by habit ; use ; exercise of any profession; systematic exercise: v.t. to do habitually or repeatedly; per- form; exercise, as a profession: v.i. to form a habit ; exercise a profession. practitioner (prak-tish'un-er), n. one who is engaged in the exercise of any profession, especially medicine or law. prae, see pre. praecipe (pre'si-pe), n. a writ requir- ing something to be done, or the rea- son why it is not performed. [Latin.] praenomen (pre-n5'men), n. a name prefixed to the family name. [Latin.] praetor (pre'ter),- n. a Roman " magis- trate ranking next to the consul. pragmatic (prag-mat'ik) , adj. med- dling; officious; assuming business airs. Also pragmatical. [Greek.] prairie (pra/ri), n. an extensive tree- less tract of level or slightly undu- lating land covered with tall coarse grass. [French.] < prairie-dog (pra'ri-dog), n. a small burrowing rodent that lives in com- munities on the prairies. praise (praz), n. approbation; com- mendation; tribute of gratitude for benefits; renown; applause; object or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow commendation upon; honor; wor- ship; glorify. [French.] Prakrit (prak'rit), n. a special dialect spoken by persons of low station in Sanskrit plays. The word Prakrit meant originally "natural," i. e. un- polished. prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- tatiously; strut about in a shadowy or bellicose manner. prandial (pran'di-al), adj. relating to a meal, chiefly dinner. [Latin.] prank (prangk),. n. a freak or frolic; mischievous trick: v.t. to dress up in a showy _style; decorate. prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter without sense or meaning: n. tri- fling talk. Also prating. pratique (pra-tek'). n. a license to a ship to trade after quarantine, or after a certificate has been given that the vessel has not come from an infected port. [French.] prattle (prat'l), n. childish or empty talk: v.i. to talk much and lightly; chatter. prawn (prawn), < n. a small marine crustacean, allied to the shrimp. praxis (prak'sis), n. an example or series of examples for exercise. pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. prayed, v.pr. praying], to ask earn- estly; address or petition; ask with humility and reverence; supplicate. prayer (prar), n. a solemn address to the Supreme Being; entreaty; a formula of worship; that part of a petition which specifies the request or desire. [French.] prayer-book (prar'book), n. a manual of public or private devotion, con- taining forms of prayer. prayerful (prar'f ool), adj. using prayer; devotional. prayerfully (prar'foo-li), adv. in a prayerful manner; devoutly. pre, a Latin prefix meaning before, prior in time, space, or degree. preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a public discourse on a sacred subject, especially from a text of Scripture; give advice in an offensive or obtru- sive manner on religious or moral grounds: v.t. to teach publicly; to give advice, sometimes obtrusively. [French.] preadamite (pre-ad'a-mit), n. a race of people who are supposed to have lived before Adam. preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- duction or preface; the opening clauses of a statute setting forth the reasons and object of the act: commencing with the word whereas. preaudience (pre-aw'di-ens), n. the right of previous audience; preced- ence at the bar. [Latin.] prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend granted to a canon out of the es- tate of a cathedral or collegiate church. [Latin.] _ precarious (pre-ka'ri-us), adj. de- pending upon the will or pleasure of another ; uncertain ; held by a doubt- ful tenure. [Latin.] precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- tion taken beforehand; preventive measure. [Latin.] precautionary (pre - kaw'shun - a - ri) , ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 41 hue, hut ; think, then. PRECEDE 642 PREDENTIN AR1AN adj. containing, or proceeding from, precaution. precede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go before in time, place, rank, or importance. precedence (pre-se'dens), n. the act of going before in time, rank, &c; pri- ority; relative rank in social eti- quette. Also precedency. [Latin.] precedent (pres'e-dent), adj. going before; anterior: n. (pres'e-dent) something previously said or done, serving as an example to be fol- lowed; a parallel case in the past. preceding (pre-sed'ing), p. adj. going before; antecedent; former. precentor (pre-sen'ter), n. the leader of a cathedral choir, &c; the leader of the psalmody in a Presbyterian church. [Latin.] precept (pre'sept), n. an authorita- tive command; rule of action or moral conduct; maxim; written mandate. preceptor (pre-sept'ter), n. an in- structor or teacher. Fern, precep- tress. preceptory (pre-sep'to-ri), adj. giving, or containing, precepts: n. a college or religious house of the Knights Templars. precession (pre-sesh'un), n. a going forward, especially the slow but con- tinual shifting of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic from east to west {precession of the equi- noxes). [Latin.] precinct (pre'singkt), n. an outward limit or boundary; minor territorial district. [Latin.] precious (presh'us), adj. of great price or value; costly; highly es- teemed; worthless (in irony), [French.] precipice (pres'i-pis), a. a steep de- scent, especially one nearly or quite perpendicular. [Latin.] precipitance (pre-sip'i-tans), n. haste in resolving or carrying out a pur- pose. Also precipitancy. [Latin.] precipitant (pre-sip'i-tant), adj. fall- ing headlong; hasty: n. any chemical substance that causes something held in solution by a liquid to fall down in a solid state. precipitate (pre-sip'i-tat) , v.t. to throw headlong; urge on violently; hurry on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- pectedly; throw to the bottom of a vessel: v.i. to fall to the bottom of a vessel: adj. headlong; over hasty; rash: n. a substance precipitated. precipitately (pre-sip'i-tat-li), adv. in a precipitate manner. precipitation (pre-sip-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of precipitating ; rash haste ; that which is precipitated. precipitous (pre-sip'i-tus), adj. very steep; headlong; rash; hasty. precise (pre-sis')., adj. exact; strict; accurate; definite; adhering rigidly to rule; punctilious. [Latin.] precisely (pre-sis'li) , adv. in a precise manner. preciseness (pre-sis'nes) , n. the qual- ity of being precise. precisian (pre-sizh'an) , n. a punctili- ous or over precise person. preclude (pre-klood'), v.t. to shut out; hinder from access; obviate; pre- vent. [Latin.] preclusion (pre-kloo'zhun), n. the act of precluding; the state of being precluded. precocious (pre-ko'shus), adj. prema- turely ripe or developed; pertly for- ward. [French.] precocity (pre-kos'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being precocious ; prem- ature development. Also preco- ciousness. precognition (pre-kog-nish'un), n. previous knowledge or thought. preconceive (pre-kom-sev'), v.t. to form a notion or opinion of in ad- vance of exact knowledge or full information; to conceive beforehand. precursor (pre-ker'ser) , n. one who, or that which, precedes; forerunner; omen. [Latin.] precursory (pre-ker'so-ri) , adj. indi- cating something that is to happen or follow. predacious (pre : da'shus) , adj. living by prey. [Latin.] predatory (pred'a-to-ri) , adj. rapa- cious; plundering; pillaging. predecessor (pre-de-ses'er) , n. one who has preceded another in the same office, business, position, &c ; an ancestor. {Latin.] predestinarian (pre-des-ti-na/ri-an) , adj. pertaining to predestination: n. one who believes in the doctrine of predestination. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PREDESTINATE 643 PREHENSILE af- predestinate (pre-des'ti-nat), v.t. to ordain beforehand by an unchange- able purpose. predestination (pre-des-ti-na/shun) , n. the act of foreordaining; the doctrine that God has from all eternity decreed whatever comes to pass, especially, by an unchangeable purpose, the eternal life or death of man. predicability (pred-i-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being predica- ble. [Latin.] predicabie (pred'i-ka-bl), adj. capable of being predicated: n. in logic, a term that can be predicated of others, and noting genus, species, difference, property, or accident. predicament (pre-dik'a-ment) , n. in logic, a category; a peculiar situa- tion; critical condition or state. predicate (pred'i-kat), v.t. to affirm one thing of another; found: n. in logic, that which is affirmed or denied of the subject. predication (pred-i-ka/shun) , n. af- firmation. predicative nrmative. prediction declaration piophecy. predictor (pre-dik'ter) , n. one who predicts or foretells. predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the artificial peptonization of food before it is eaten, so as to avoid acid, gas and other gastric irritants. [Latin.] predilection (pre - di - lek'shun) , n. preference beforehand ; preposses- sion; partiality. [Latin.] predispose (pre-dis-poz'), v.t. to in- cline beforehand :_ adapt previously. predisposition (pre-dis-po-zish'un) , n. previous inclination or propensity; prejudice. [Latin.] predominance (pre-dom'i-nans) , n. superiority over all in and on ques- tions; prevalence over others; su- periority in strength, power, au- thority, &c. [Latin.] predominant (pre-dom'i-nant) , adj. having superior influence, &c; su- perior; controlling. predominate (pre-dom'i-nat) , v.i. to be superior in strength, power, au- thority, &c; prevail; be ascendant. (pred-i-ka'shun), n. (pred'i-ka-tiv) , adj. (pre-dik'shun) , of a future n. the event ; predomination (pre-dom-i-na'shun) , n. the act or state of predominating, preeminence (pre-ein'i-nens), n. su- periority; greatness universally con- ceded. preeminent (pre-cm'i-nent), adj. su- perior; above all others. preempt (pre-empt'), v.t. to secure or occupy by preemption; establish a right or claim to before others. preemption (pre-emp'shun), n. the act or right of purchasing before others. [Latin.] preen (pren), v.t. to cleanse, trim, and compose with the beak, as birds. preface (pref 'as), n. the introduction to a book, &c; preamble: v.t. to in- troduce by preliminary remarks: v.i. to say or do something intro- ductory. [Latin.] prefatory (pref'a-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, a preface, introductory. prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- trate or governor ; commander ; moni- tor [English]; the civil governor of a department in France. [Latin.] prefecture (pre-fek'tur), n. the office, jurisdiction, or official residence of a prefect. [French.] prefer (pre-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pre- ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard or esteem more than something else; present; place in advance. preference (pref er-ens)., n. the act of preferring; the thing preferred; choice of one thing more than anoth- er; predilection. [Latin.] preferential (pref - er - en ' shal) , adj. having a preference. preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. pro- motion, especially in the church. preferrer (pre-f er'er) , n. one who prefers. prefix (pre'fiks), n. sl letter, word, or syllable placed at the beginning of a word: v.t. (pre-fiks') to place before or at the beginning of. [Latin.] pregnancy (preg'nan : si) , ru the state of being pregnant; inventive power. pregnant (preg'nant), adj. being with young; fruitful; teeming; fertile; full of importance or significance. prehensible (pre-hen'si-bl) , adj. that may be seized. [Latin.] prehensile (pre-hen'sil) , adj. adapted for holding or seizing. [Latin.] - shun), n. sleight of hand; legerde- main. Also prestigiation. [French.] prestige (pres-tezh') , n. moral in- fluence due to past reputation, achievements, &c. [French.] presto (pres'to), adv. a musical direc- tion meaning " quickly." The su- perlative form prestissimo means " very quickly." [Italian.] presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for granted on probable grounds; sup- pose: v.i. to venture without actual leave; form confident or arrogant opinions; behave with overconfi- dence or presumption. [Latin.] presumption (pre-zump'shun) , n. the act of presuming; the thing pre- sumed; strong probability; ar- rogance or overconfidence; the assumption of the credibility of certain facts from circumstantial evidence. presumptive # (pre - zump'tiv) , adj. taken by previous supposition ; prov- ing circumstantially; arrogant. presumptively (pre-zump'tiv-li), adv. in a presumptive manner. presumptuous (pre-zump'tii-us) , adj. bold and confident to excess; arro- gant; wilful; rash. presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take for granted; imply as antecedent'. presupposition (pre-sup-o-zish'un), n. a supposition previously formed. Also presupposal. [Latin.] pretend (pre-tend'), v.t. to allege or put forward falsely; make a show of; simulate; counterfeit; assert: v.i. to put forward a claim, true or false. [Latin.] pretended (pre-ten'ded), p. adj. osten- sible; feigned. pretender (pre-ten'der), n. one who lays claim to anything under the guise of a right; one who makes a show of anything not real. pretense (pre-teps'), n. false or hypo- critical profession; unfounded claim; pretext. pretension (pre-ten'shun) , n. a claim, true or false; assumed right. pretentious (pre-ten'shus), adj. as- suming an air of superiority. preter, a Latin prejix meaning beyond, more, besides, as preternatural, &c. preterit (pret'er-it), adj. past; not- ing the tense which expresses past or completed time or action. Also preterite: n. the past tense. pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or . excuse; ostensible motive put for- ward to conceal the real one, [Latin.] pretor, same as praetor. prettify (prit'i-fi), v.t. to make pretty. prettily (prit'i-li), adv. in a pretty manner; pleasingly and elegantly. prettiness (prit'i-nes), n. the quality of being pretty; attractiveness with- out dignity; neatness with taste. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PRETTY 647 PRIMAL pretty (prit'i), adj. [comp. prettier, su- perl. prettiest], pleasing without be- ing absolutely beautiful; neatly ar- ranged or ornamented; trim; fine: adv. fairly; moderately. pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheat en biscuit, made in the form of a knot and salted on the surface. [German.] prevail (pre-val'),. v.i. to overcome; gain the advantage; operate effec- tually; obtain influence or superiori- ty; persuade (with on). [Latin.] prevalence (^rev'a-lens), n. supe- rior strength, influence, or efficacy; preponderance; general diffusion. Also pre valency. prevalent (prevalent) , adj. powerful; predominant; victorious; most gen- eral. prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat) , v.i. to evade the truth; quibble. [Latin.] prevarication (pre-var-i-ka'shun), n. a quibbling to evade the truth; devia- tion from truth or fair dealing. prevaricator (pre-var'i-ka-ter) , n. one who prevaricates. prevent (pre- vent'), v.t. to hinder, obstruct, or impede; obviate; pre- cede (as in prayer-book, " prevent us Lord"). [Latin.] prevention (pre-ven'shun), n. the act of preventing; hindrance or obstruc- tion. preventive (pre-ven'tiv) , adj. tending to prevent: n. that which prevents. preventively (pre-ven'tiv-li) , adv. in a preventive manner. preventorium (pre-ven-to'ri-um) , n. an institution for persons with tendencies to contagious diseases for purposes of warding off their development. [Modern Latin.] previous (pre'vi-us), adj. going before; anterior. prevision (pre-vizh'un) , n. fore-knowl- edge. prey(pra), n. plunder; booty; that which may be, or is, seized by a wild beast for food: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. preyed, p.pr. preying], to take booty or plunder; seize and devour an animal as prey; weigh heavily (with on or upon). priapism (pri'a-pism), n. an unnatural enlargement of the male genital organ. [Latin, from the god Priapus, who presided over gardens.] price (pris), n. the current value ot a commodity; cost;- value; recom^ pense. [French.] priceless (pris'les), adj. invaluable. prick (prik), n. sl puncture; dot or point; slender pointed instrument; a sharp stinging pain; thorn; goad; remorse; small roll; footprint of a hare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or as with, a prick; to puncture. pricking (prik'ing), n. the act of piercing with a sharp point; sensa- tion of a sharp, tingling pain. • prickle (prik'l), n. a sharp point grow- ing from the bark of a plant. prickliness (prik'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being prickly. prickly (prik'li), adv. full of prickles. prier (pri'er), n. one who pries. priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in full orders, below a bishop and above a deacon; one who officiates in sacred offices, especially by of- fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. priestcraft (prest 'kraft), n. the policy alleged to be pursued by priests for the aggrandizement of their order and material interests. priesthood (prest'hood), ~. the priest- ly order; the office of a priest. priestliness (prest 'li-nes), n. the ap- pearance or manner of a priest. priestly (prest 'ii), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a priest; sacerdotal. prig (prig), n. a conceited fellow who gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], to dress up; primp; prink; also to thieve, steal. priggish (prig'ish), adj. conceited. priggism (piig'izm), n. the manners of a p:ig. prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck with affected nicety. [Old French.] prima (pre'ma), adj. first (fern.). [Italian] primacy (prl' ma-si), n. the office or dignity of a primate. prima denna (pre'madon'a), n. the principal female singer in an opera. [Italian pi. prime donne.] primage (prf'maj), n. a small allow- ance paiel to the captain and crew of a vessel for loading or unloading a ca^go, &q. primal (pri'mal), adj. first. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. PRIMARILY 648 PRINK primarily (pri'ma-ri-li), adv. in the first place; originally. primary (pri'ma-ri), adj. in the first or- der of time, olace, or rank; chief; original; principal; preparatory: n. that which is first in rank, place, or importance: pi. large quill feathers . on the last joint of a bird's wing. primary colors (kul'erz), n.pl. red, yellow, blue. primary rocks (roks), n.pl. rocks in which no organic remains occur. primate (pri'mat), n. the highest dig- nitary in a national church; an arch- bishop. prime (prim), adj. first in order of rank, time, or importance; original; early ; excellent : n. the spring of life; first or best part; beginning or dawn; height of perfection; the first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare for firing, as a gun; lay the first coat of paint on: v.i. to serve for the charge of a gun; convey water with the steam to the cylinder of an en- gine from the boiler. [Latin.] primely (prim'li), adv. originally; ex- cellently. primeness (prim'nes), n. supreme excellence. prime number (num'ber), n. a num- ber not divisible without remainder by any number except itself and unity. primer (prim'er), n. m a manual of elementary instruction; a small prayer book; one of two sizes of type, long primer and great primer. See type. primeval (prl-me'val) , adj. of the earliest age or time; ancient. primevally (prl-me'va-li) , adv. in primeval time . priming (printing), n. the first coat of paint; powder in the nipple of a firearm. primitive (prim'i-tiy) , adj. pertain- ing to the beginning; original; not derivative; old-fashioned: n. a word in its simplest form and not derived from another. primitively (prim'i-tiv-li) , adv. origi- nally. primitiveness (prim'i-tiv-nes) , # n. the state or quality of being primi- tive. primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tur) , n. seniority of birth; right of the eld- est son to succeed to real estate. primordial (prl-mqr'di-al), adj. exist- ing from the beginning ; first in or- der; original: n. first principle or element. [Latin.] primp (primp) , v.t. to deck (one's self) in a prim or affected manner; prink. primrose (prim'roz), n. an early spring flower of a pale yellow color, of several species: adj. pale yellow. Primrose League (leg), n. a political and social organization within the British Conservative party, for the purpose of carrying out the prin- ciples of Lord Beaconsfield. He was thought (incorrectly) to be very fond of the primrose, hence the League re- ceived its name. prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- eign; the son of a king or sovereign. prince consort (kon'sort), n. the husband of a female sovereign. princely (prins'li), adj. resembling, or befitting, a prince; royal; high-born; dignified; magnificent. princess (prin'ses), n. the daughter of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. princess royal (roi'al), n. the eldest daughter of a sovereign; in Austria, she is called the Archduchess. principal (prin'si-pal) , adj. occupy- ing the first place or rank; chief in character, degree, or importance; essential: n. a principal person or thing; one who takes the lead; the chief in authority; head of a firm; a capital sum lent at interest. principality (prin-si-pari-ti) , n. the territory of a prince; the country from which he derives his title ; royal state; supreme power. principally (prin'si-pal-li) , adv. chiefly. principia (prin-sip'i-a) , n.pl. first prin- ciples. [Latin. J principle (prin'si-pl) , n. source or ori- gin; element; fundamental truth or doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- tion or conduct; reason; foundation of morality or religion; uprightness: v.t. to establish firmly in the mind. pringle (pring'gl), v.i. a verb meaning the feeling which one has in sharp cold— a combination of pricking and tingling. [Conan Doyle.] prink (pringk), v.t. to dres3 up, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. PRINT 649 PROBATE deck out, in a showy or ostentatious fashion ; to arrange with nicety. print (print), n. a mark or character made by impression; impression of type; anything that being impressed leaves its form on any substance; anything produced by printing, as a newspaper, engraving, &c: pi. en- gravings; printed, cotton cloth: v.t. to impress; fix or stamp deeply: v.i. to practice the art of printing; pub- lish books. i . m printing (printing), n. the art or act of impressing figures or characters on paper, &c: typography; the busi- ness of a printer. prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in time; former: adv. previously: n. the head of a priory or monastery, next in rank below an abbot. Fern. prioress. priorate (pri'er-at), n. the office, dig- nity, or government of a prior. priority (prl-or'i-ti), n. the state of being first in rank, time, or place; first claim. priory (pri'er-i), n. [pi. priories (pri'- er-iz)], a religious house, in dignity below an abbey. prism (prizm), n. a solid whose bases are similar, equal, and parallel, and whose sides are parallelograms; a piece of solid glass with triangular ends. [Graeco-Latin; the original meaning was "something sawed."] prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, like, formed by, or separated by, a prism. Also prism at ical. prismatic colors (kul'erz), n.pl. the seven colors into which a ray of light is decomposed when refracted from a prism. These are violet, in- digo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. See primary color s. prison (priz'n), n. a public building for the confinement of criminals, &c; jail; any placeof confinement or detention: v.t. to imprison. pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to an early period; first; original; primitive. m [Latin.] prithee (prim'e), corruption of "I pray thee." prittle- prattle (prit'l-prat'l), n. tri- fling talk; loquacity. privacy (pri'va-si), n. a state of re- tirement; place of seclusion; secrecy. private (pri'vat), adj. peculiar to one's self ; personal ; alone ; secret ; not pub- lic; secluded; unofficial: n. a common soldier. privateer (pri-va-ter'), n. a private vessel licensed by the government to seize and plunder the ships of an enemy: v.i. to cruise in a pri- vateer. privately (pri'vat-li), adv. in a private manner. privation (pri-va'shun), n. the state of being deprived of something, espe- cially of the necessaries of life; des- titution; hardship; absence. privative (priv'a-tiv) , adj. causing privation; taking away; negative: n. that which depends on the ab- sence of something else; a prefix or suffix, noting absence or negation, such as the so-called Alpha privative in Greek. privatively (priv'a-tiv-li) , adv. in a privative manner. privet (priv'et), n. an evergreen shrub. privilege (priv'i-lej), n. a law, or exemption from the common provi- sions of a law, in favor of an individual or a body; peculiar ad- vantage, right, or immunity; pre- rogative: v.t. to invest with a priv- ilege; exempt. privity (priv'i-ti), n. joint knowledge; secrecy. privy (priv'i), adj. private; secret; clandestine; admitted to the knowl- edge of something secret (with to): n. a person having an interest in a legal action ; a necessary house. prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a competition, lottery, &c. ; that which is taken from an enemy in war, es- pecially a captured vessel; a lever used for forcing or raising heavy bodies, &c.: v.t. to value; esteem; to force with a lever. [Old French.] prize-fight (prlz'fit), n. a boxing match for stakes. pro, a Latin prefix meaning before, in the place of, forth, forward, as pro and con, for and against, or both sides of an argument, &c. probability (prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. ap- pearance of truth; likelihood. probate (pro'bat), n. the official proof of wills; the official copy of a will with the certificate of probation. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 44 hue, hut ; think, then. PROBATION 650 PROCURATION probation (pro-ba/shun), n. the act of proving; evidence; proof; moral trial; novitiate; trial of abilities prior to election, &c, to office or employment. probationary (pro-ba'shun-a-ri) , adj. serving for probation or trial. Also probational. probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- ment for examining a wound: v.t. to examine with a probe; scrutinize. probity (pro'bi-ti), n. integrity; sin- cerity. problem (prob'lem), n. a question for solution; a proposition requiring something to be demonstrated. problematical (prob-lem-at'i-kal) , adj. questionable; doubtful. problematically (prob-lem-at'i-ka- li), adv. doubtfully. proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. the trunk of an elephant; the elongated snout of certain animals and insects. procedure (pro-sed'ur) , n. manner of proceeding; conduct; process. proceed (pro-sed'), v.i. to pass from one step or place to another; ad- vance; issue; make progress; carry on a legal process: n.pl. money re- sulting from a commercial trans- action. proceeding (pro-sed'ing), n. advance- ment; course of conduct; transac- tion; operation: pi. legal process; transactions of a learned or scientific society. proceeds (pro'sedz), n. the material results of an action or course; that which accrues from possession. procephalic (pro-sef-al'ik), adj. per- taining to the anterior part of the head. process (pros'es), n. progressive course; series of measures or changes; operation; projection on a bone; proceedings in a legal action. procession (pro-sesh'un) , n. a train of persons in a formal march. processional (pro-sesh'un-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, a pro- cession : n. a book relating to the rit- ual to be observed in the processions of the Roman Catholic Church. proclaim (pro-klam'), v.t. to announce officially; publish; outlaw by public proclamation. proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun) , n. an official announcement to the pub- lic; edict. proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. an in- clination; tendency. proclivous (pro-kli'vus), adj. inclined; slanting forward and upward or downward: as, proclivous teeth. proconsul (pro-kon'sul) , n. a Roman official who governed a province; a magistrate invested with consular authority without the office. proconsular (pro-kon'sul-ar) , adj. per- taining to, or governed by, a pro- consul. proconsulate (pro-kon'sul-at) , n. the jurisdiction, office, or term of office, of a proconsul. procrastinate (pro-kras'ti-nat) , v.t. to put off to a future time; defer: v.i. to be dilatory. procrastination (pro - kras - ti - na ' - shun), n. delay. procrastinator (pro-kras'ti-na-ter) , n. one who delays. procreate (pro'kre-at) , v.t. to gener- ate and produce; beget. procreation (pro-kre-a'shun), n. the begetting and production of young. procreative (pro'kre-a-tiv), adj. gen- erative. procreativeness (pro'kre-a-tiv-nes), n. the power of generating. procreator (pro'kre-a-ter), n. one who begets. Procrustean (pro-krus'te-an) , adj. pertaining to Procrustes, a fabled robber of ancient Greece, who tor- tured his victims by stretching them on an iron bed to which their limbs were made to fit by mutilation: hence strict conformity to a meas- ure or standard by violent means. proctor (prok'ter), n. t one employed to manage the affairs of another; an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- miralty, or probate court; a univer- sity official charged with the main- tenance of university regulations. proctorial (prok-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a proctor. procumbent (pro-kum'bent), adj. lying down; prostrate; trailing. procurable (pro-ku'ra-bl) , adj. ob- tainable. procuration (prok-u-ra'shun) , n. the crime of obtaining young women for immoral purposes. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PROCURATOR 651 PROFITABLE procurator (prok'u-ra-ter), n. one who manages < another's affairs, es- pecially legal jnterests. procure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or ob- tain; cause.^ procurer (pro-kur 'er), n. one who pro- cures ; one who engages in the business of procuration. Fern, procuress. prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], to goad. prodigal (prod'i-gal) , adj. extravagant in expenditure ; lavish; wasteful: n. a spendthrift; one who is lavish or wasteful. prodigality (prod-i-gari-ti) , n. the state or quality of being prodigal; extravagance; lavishness. prodigious (pro-dij 'us) , adj. enor- mous; adapted to excite wonder. prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- derful or extraordinary; a miracle; portent, produce (pro-dus'), v.t. to exhibit or bring to view; yield or bring forth; manufacture^ extend: n. (prod'us) that which is yielded or brought forth; result. producible (pro-dus'i-bl), adj. capa- ble of being produced. product (prod'ukt), n. that which is produced by nature, or made by art; work; result; the result of multiply- ing two or more numbers together. production (pro-duk'shun) , n. that which is produced; act of produc- ing; fruit; result. productive (pro-duk'tiv) , adj. having the power of producing; generative; fertile. productively (pro-duk'tiv-li) , adv. in a productive manner. productiveness (pro-duk'tiy-nes), n. a quality_of being productive. proem (pro'em), n. a preface or intro- duction. [Latin.] profanation (prof-a-na'shun), n. the act of treating^ sacred things with disrespect or irreverence; desecra- tion. profane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; ir- reverent ; irreligious ; blasphemous ; v.t. to treat with irreverence; dese- crate; violate (holy things); put to an improper use. profanely (pro-f an'li) , adv. in a pro- fane manner. profanity (pro-f an'i-ti), n. irreverence towards holy things; blasphemy. Also profaneness. profess (pro-f es'), v.t. to make open declaration of ; acknowledge or avow ; declare publicly. professed (pro-f est'), p. adj. openly declared. profession (pro-f esh'un) , n. the act of professing; open declaration or avowal; calling or vocation, espe- cially one that requires a learned education; collective body of per- sons in a profession; the entrance of a novice into a religious order under a sacred vow. [Latin.] professional (pro-f esh'un-al) , adj. per- taining to a profession: n. one who makes his living by his art, as dis- tinguished from an amateur. professionalism (pro-f esh'un-al-izm) , n. the cultivation of athletic sports for pecuniary considerations. professionally (pro-f esh'un-a-li), adv. in a professional manner. professor (pro-f es'er), n. one who makes an outward profession of religion; one who publicly teaches any branch of knowledge. professorate (pro-f es'er-at) , n. pro- fessional staff. professorial (pro-fes-so'ri-al), adj. per- taining to professors. professorship (pro-f es'er-ship), n. the office or position of a professor. proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. proficiency (pro-fish'en-si) , n. de- gree of advancement in any branch of knowledge, science, or art. proficient (pro-fish'ent) , adj. thor- oughly qualified, or skilled: n. an expert, or adept. profile (pro'fil), n. a head or portrait in a side view, outline or contour, especially of a building in vertical section: v.t. draw in profile. [French.] profilist (pro'fil-ist), n. an artist who draws profiles. profit (profit), n. pecuniary gain; benefit or advantage; emolument: v.t. to benefit; improve: v.i. to be of advantage; make improvement; re- ceive profit. profitable (prof 'it-a-bl) , adj. yielding or bringing profit ; lucrative ; advan- tageous. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PROFITABLENESS 652 PROLETARIAN profitableness (prof'it-a-bl-nes) n the quality of being profitable profitably (prof it-a-bli) , adv. with profit. profligacy (prof 'li-ga-si) , n. a profligate course of life. profligate (prof 'li-gat) , adj. abandoned to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. profligately (prof 'li-gat-li) , adv. in a profligate manner. - profound (pro-found'), adj. deep in skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; intense. profundity (pro-f un'di-ti) , n. depth of place, knowledge, skill, &c. profuse (pro-fus'), adj. liberal to ex- cess; exuberant. profusely (pro-f us'li), adv. in a profuse manner. profusion (pro-f ti'zhun) , n. lavishness ; excess; abundance. Also profuse- ness. progenitor (pro-gen'i-ter) , n. an an- cestor; forefather. prog (prog), n. a common word in England for food; like "grub" among all English-speaking peoples. progeniture (pro-gen'i-tur), n. a birth or begetting. progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; descendants; lineage. prognathous (prog'na-thus) , adj. hav- ing projecting jaws, as certain races. Also prognathic. [Grseco-Latin.] prognosis (prog-no'sis) , n. knowledge of the probable result of a disease from its symptoms; opinion so formed. The opposite of diagnosis. prognostic (prog-nos'tik), adj. fore- shadowing; foretelling: n. an omen or prediction. prognosticate (prog^nos'ti-kat), v.t. to foretell: v.i. indicate the future by present signs. prognostication (prog - nos - ti - ka'- shun), n. the act of prognosticating; a fore-token. prognosticator (prog-nos'ti-ka-ter) , n. one who foretells. program, programme (pro 'gram) , n. an outline of a public entertain- ment, ceremony, &c; a course of action prepared or announced be- forehand. progress (prog'res), n. a moving or going forward; advancement; pro- ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- gress to move forward; advance; increase in proficiency. progression (pro-gresh'un) , n. mo- tion onwards; intellectual advance; regular and gradual advance; prog- ress; a series of numbers increas- ing or decreasing by proportional differences. progressive (pro-gres'iv), adj. moving forward; making progress; improv- ing. progressively (pro-gres'iv-li), adv. in a progressive > manner; the name applied at various times to different political parties. (In Russia, Ger- many, Belgium and France.) progr essi veness (pro-gres'iv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being pro- gressive. prohibit (pro-hib'it), _ v.t. to forbid; interdict by authority; hinder. prohibition (pro-hi-bish'un), n. the act of prohibiting; interdict. prohibitionist (pro-hi-bish'un-ist), n. one who desires to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors. prohibitive (pro-nib 'i-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to prohibit. project (proj'ekt), n. a design or scheme: v.t. (pro-jekf), to throw or cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i, to jut out. projectile (pro-jek'til), u n. & bodj? thrown forward, especially through the air; a bullet, shot, shell, &c: adj. impelled or impelling forward. projecting (pro-jekt'ing), p.adj. jut- ting out. projection (pro-jek'shun), n. the act or state of projecting; that which juts out; a plan or delineation repre- sented on a plane. projector (pro-jek'ter), n. one who projects. projecture (pro-jek'tur) , n. a jutting out. prolapse (pro-laps'), n. a falling down or out of some part of the body: v.i. to fall down or out; project too much. Also prolapsus. prolate (pro'lat), adj. elongated at the poles. [Latin.] proletarian (pro-le-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- taining to the common people; low; vulgar: n. a workman; in ancient Rome, the lowest class of citizens. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PROLETARIAT 653 PRONOUNCE proletariat (pro-le-ta/ri-at), n. pro- letarians collectively. proliferous (pio-lif'e-rus), adj. pro- ducing another by budding. prolific (pro-lif 'ik) , adj. productive; fertile. prolifically (pro-lif 'i-ka-li), adv. abun- dantly. prolix (pro-liks' or 'pro'liks), adj. tedious and verbose; not concise. prolixity (pro-liks 'i-ti), n. verbosity; minute detail. prolocutor (pro-lok'u-ter) , n. the speaker or chairman of a con- vocation. prologue (pro'log), n. an introduc- tion or preface, especially verses spoken before a dramatic perfor- mance by way of introduction: v.t. to introduce by a preface. prolong (pro-long'), v.t. to lengthen; extend. prolongation (pro-long-ga/shun) , n. extension in time or space; delay or postponement. promenade (prom-e-nad') , n. a walk for pleasure, show or exercise; a public place for walking: v.i. walk for pleasure, &c. Promethean (pro-me'the-an) , adj. pertaining to Prometheus of classic mythology, who was fabled to have stolen fire from heaven and bestowed it upon men: hence life-giving or instinct with quicken- ing fire. prominence (prom'i-nens) , n. the state or quality of being prominent; a projection. Also prominency. prominent (prom'i-nent), adj. pro- jecting; conspicuous; chief; protu- berant. promiscuous t (pro-mis'ku-us) , t adj. confused; mingled; indiscriminate; not restricted to any particular per- son. promise (prom'is), n. an engagement to do or not to do something; basis for expectation; the thing promised: v.i. to assure one by a promise: v.t. to make a promise of; afford reason; to expect. promiser (prom'is-er), n. one who promises. promisor (prom-is-or/), n. one who makes a. legal promise or covenant. promissory (prom'is-o-ri), adj. con- taining a promise or covenant to do or not to do, something. promissory-note (proin'is-d-ri-not'). n. a written promise to pay a certain sum at a specified date in considera- tion of value received. promontory (prom'on-to-ri) , n. a high cape; a point of land jutting into the sea. promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, forward, or elevate; excite or stir up ; raise to higher rank. promoter (pro-mo'ter), n. one who promotes, especially one who makes it his business to float new com- panies, &c. promotion (pro-mo 'shun), n. the act of promoting; state of being promoted ; advancement ; prefer- ment. promotive (pro-mo 'tiv), adj. tending to promote. prompt (prompt), adj. ready and quick to act as occasion demands; immediate; done without delay: v.L incite to action; assist (a speaker) when at a loss for words. promptitude (promp'ti-tud), n. quickness of decision and action; readiness ; alacrity. promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. to publish. promulgation (pro-mul-ga'shun), n. publication. promulgator (pro'mul-ga-ter), n. one who promulgates. prone (pron), adj. lying with the face downwards; not erect; inclined; dis- posed. proneness (pron'nes), n. the state of being prone; propensity. prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- strument; the spike of a fork. pronominal (pro-nom'i-nal) , adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a pronoun. pronominally (pro-nom'i-na-fi), ado. as a pronoun. prononce (pro-nang-sa'), adj. pro- nounced; strongly marked; emphat- ic. [French.] pronoun (pro-noun), n. a word which refers to, or is used in the place of, a noun. pronounce (pro- nouns') , # v.t. to speak or utter distinctly; articulate; utter formally, authoritatively, or rhetori- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PRONOUNCEABLE 654 PROPITIATORY cally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- fidence or authority. pronounceable (pro-nouns'a-bl), adj. that may be pronounced. pronounced (pro-nounsf), p.adj. strongly marked or decided. pronouncement (pro-nouns'ment) , n. an emphatic declaration. pronunciamiento (pro-nun-the-a- mi-en'to), n. a proclamation. [Span- ish.] Wrongly written and pro- nounced pronunciamento. pronunciation (pro-nun-si-a'shun) , n. the act or manner of articulating words or syllables; graceful and proper public speaking. m pronunciative (pro-nun^a-tiv) , adj. pertaining to pronunciation. proof (proof) , n. testimony or con- vincing evidence; test or experi- ment; reason; argument; demon- stration; impenetrability; capability of resistance; a standard strength of spirit; an impression taken from type for correction; an early im- pression of an engraving: adj. strong to resist impression or pen- etration; capable of moral or physi- cal resistance, as " sneer-proof " " bullet-proof .'' [Old French.] prop (prop), n. a support or stay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. propped, p.pr. prop- ping], to support by something un- der or against ; sustain. propagable (prop'a-ga-bl), adj. that may be propagated. Propaganda (prop-a-gan'da) , n.pl. a society at Rome charged with the management of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. propaganda (prop-a-gan'da), t n.pl. any methods for the propagation of doctrines, principles, &c, religious or secular. pro pagan dism (prop-a-gan'dizm) , n. the act or practice of zealously prop- agating doctrines, &c. propagandist (prop-a-gan'dist) , n. one who devotes himself to the prop- agation of any system of principles, &c. propagate (prop'a-gat), v.t. to con- tinue or spreadby generation or suc- cessive production ; extend ; impel for- ward in space: v.i. to be produced by generation, or by new shoots or plants. propagation (prop-a-ga'shun), n. the act of propagating; spreading or ex- tension. propagator (prop'a-ga-ter), n. one who propagates. propel (pro-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pro- pelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive forward; urge onward by force. propellent (pro-pel'ent) , adj. that which propels. propeller (pro-pel'er) , n. one who, or that which, propels; a screw-pro- peller; vessel so propelled. propensity (pro-pen'si-ti) , n. natural tendency. proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- ticular person or thing; peculiar; fit or suitable; correct; appropriate. property (prop'er-ti) , n. [pi. properties (prop'er-tiz)], a peculiar attribute, quality, or disposition^ exclusive right of possession; the thing owned; estate; goods; attribute common to a class: pi. articles, including dresses, required by actors on the stage. prophecy (prof'e-si), n. a prediction of something to take place in the future, especially a prediction by Divine inspiration. prophesier (prof 'e-sl-er) , n. one who prophesies. prophesy (prof'e-si), v.t. [p.t. t & p.p. prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to foretell future events, especially by Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter prophecies ; preach. prophet (prof'et), n. one who foretells future events, especially one inspired by God. Feminine, prophetess.^ prophetic (pro-fet'ik), adj. pertaining to prophecy; predictive. Prophetical. prophetically (pro-f et'i-ka-li) , adv. in a prophetic manner. prophylactic (pro-fi-lak'tik), adj. guarding, or preserving, against dis- ease: n. a preventive of disease. propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti) , n. nearness of place, time, or relation- ship. propitiate (pro-pish 'i-at), v.t. to con- ciliate; make propitious: v.i. to atone. propitiation (pro-pish-i-a'shun) , n. the act of propitiating; atonement. propitiator (pro-pish 'i-a-ter) , n. one who propitiates. propitiatory (pro-pish'i-a-to-ri) , adj. capable of propitiating. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PROPITIOUS 655 PROSPECT propitious (pro-pish 'us) , adj. favor- able; disposed to be merciful. proportion (pro-por'shun) , n. com- parative relation of one thing to an- other; ratio; rate; symmetrical re- lation; rule of three; equal or just share: v.t. to form symmetrically; apportion. proportional (pro-por'shun-al) , adj. having due proportion; having the same ratio: n. sl quantity or number in proportion. proportionally t (pro-por'shun-a-li) , adv. in proportion. proportionate (pro-ppr'shun-at) , adj. adjusted to something else accord- ing to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust according to a settled rate. proportionately (pro-por'shun-at-li) , adv. in a proportionate degree. > proposal (pro-poz'al), n. that which is offered for consideration or accept- ance; offer of marriage; terms or conditions proposed. propose (pro-poz'), v.t. to bring for- ward or offer for consideration; nominate for election: v.i. to make an offer of marriage. proposition (prop-o-zish'un) , n. an offer of terms; proposal; a complete sentence, or one that affirms or de- nies something; a theorem or prob- lem for solution. propositional (prop-o-zish'un-al) , adj. pertaining to, or considered as, a proposition. propound (pro-pound'), v.t. to offer for consideration; put or set as a question. proprietary (pro-pri'e-ta-ri) , adj. be- longing to a proprietor or proprie- tary: n. a possessor in his own right; proprietors collectively. proprietor (pro-pri'e-ter) , n. one who has a legal right to anything; owner. Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. propriety (pro-prl'e-ti) , n. conformity to established rules or custom; deco- rum; fitness. propulsion (pro-pul'shun), n. the act of propelling. propulsive (pro-pul'siv) , adj. having power to propel. Also propulsory. prorogation (pro-ro-ga'shun) , n. the act of proroguing. prorogue (pro-rog'), v.t. to terminate a session of; to postpone. prosaic (pro-za'ik) , adj. like prose; commonplace; uninteresting. Also prosaical. prosaically (pro-za'i-ka-li), adv. in a prosaic manner. proscenium (pro-se'ni-um) , n. that part of the stage from the curtain to the orchestra. proscribe (pro-skrib'), v.t. to punish with civil death; outlaw; interdict. proscription (pro-skrip'shun), n. the act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- diction. proscriptive (pro-skrip'tiv), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, proscription. prose (proz), n. ordinary spoken or written language; unmetrical com- position: v.i. & v.t. to write or speak tediously: adj. unloosed from the rules of prosody, yet not necessarily; dull; tedious; common- place. See lyric prose. [Latin.] prosecute (pros'e-kut), v.t. to fol- low or pursue with the view to reach or accomplish ; accuse of a crime be- fore a legal tribunal: v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution. [Latin.] prosecution (pros-e-ku'shun) , n. the act of prosecuting; pursuit; the in- stitution and carrying on of a legal suit; prosecutor or prosecutors col- lectively. prosecutor (pros'e-ku-ter), n. one who carries on a legal suit with an- other ; one who pursues any purpose, &c. Fern, prosecutrix. proselyte (pros'e-lit), n. a convert to some religion or belief, or party; a Gentile _ convert to the Jewish law and belief: v.t. to proselytize. proselytism (pros'e-li-tizm), n. the act of proselytizing; conversion to a creed or system. proselytize (pros'e-li-tiz),t;i. to make a convert of. prosily (proz'i-li), adv. in a prosy manner. prosiness (proz'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being prosy. prosing (proz'ing), n. tedious minute- ness; dull talk. prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of grammar which treats of quantity, accent, and the laws of versification. prospect (pros'pekt), n. sl view of something distant; scene; object of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. J PROSPECTIVE 656 PROTESTANT view; expectation: v.t. (pro-spekf) to search or explore, especially for gold or valuable minerals. prospective (pros-pek'tiv) , adj. look- ing forward; acting with, or charac- terized by, foresight; in prospect. prospectively (pros-pek'tiv-li) , adv. with regard to the future. prospectiveness (pros-pek'tiv-nes), n. regard for the future. prospector (pros'pek-ter), n. one who searches for valuable minerals. prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an out- line of a proposed undertaking; sketch, or plan. prosper (pros'per), v.t. to render successful; favor: v.i. to thrive; succeed. prosperity (pros-per'i-ti), n. success- ful progress in any business or enter- prise; good fortune. prosperous (pros'per-us) , adj. success- ful; thriving. prostate gland (pros 'tat gland), n. a pale, firm glandular body, of chest- nut form, surrounding the neck of the bladder and the urethra in the male. prostitute (pros'ti-tut), v.t. to offer or hire for lewd use; devote to im- proper purposes: adj. prostituted: n. a lewd woman; a base mercenary or hireling. [Latin.] prostitution (pros-ti-tu'shun), n. the act of a prostitute. prostitutor (pros r ti-tu-ter), n. one who prostitutes himself for any base ends. prostrate (pros'trat), adj. lying at full length ; extended on the ground ; lying at mercy as a suppliant: v.t. to lay flat; throw down; bow in humble reverence. [Latin.] prostration (pros-tra/shun), n. the act of prostrating; great depression; exhaustion of the vital powers under disease. prostyle (pro'stll), n. a portico or range of columns in front of a build- ing; a temple with a portico in front. prosy (proz'i), adv. tedious; dull. protagonist (pro-tag' o-nist), n. the chief of the three actors who had speaking parts on the tragic stage in ancient Greece. [Greek.] protean (pro'te-an), adj. readily as- suming different shapes: from Pro- teus, a sea deity of classic mythol- ogy. protect (pro-tekt'), v.t. to cover over; defend; shield; shelter; support. protection (pro-tek'shun), n. the act of protecting; the state of being pro- tected; defense; shelter; security; passport ; encouragement of home in- dustry by duties on imports, boun* ties, &c. Protectionism (pro-tek'shun-izm), n» the doctrine that certain home in- dustries and produce should be en- couraged by the imposition of duties on foreign imports of the same kind. protectionist (pro-tek'shun-ist), n* one who advocates or supports protectionism; one who opposes free trade unless it be reciprocal. protective (pro-tek'tiv), adj. serving to protect; defensive. protector (pro-tek'ter), n. one who protects, especially from injury or oppression; guardian. Fern, protec- tress. protectorate (pro-tek'ter-at) , n. gov- ernment or defense by a protector. protege (pro-ta-zha/), n. one who is under the protection, guardianship, or care of another. Fern, protegee, [French] proteids (pro'te-idz), n.pl. a class of nitrogenous compounds, as albumen, fibrin, casein, &c, which form ani- mal tissue. protein (pro'te-in), n. the gelatinous, semi-transparent substance obtained from albumen, fibrin or casein, the essential principle of food. protest (pro-test'), v.i. to affirm with solemnity; make a solemn declara- tion against some public act or meas- ure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to declare formally to be insufficient- ly provided for by deposit or pay- ment; said of a note or bill of exchange: n. (pro/test) a solemn declaration of opinion against some- thing; a document containing rea- sons for dissent ; a formal declaration by the holder of a bill of exchange of its non-payment or non-accept- ance by the drawer. [Latin.] Protestant (prot'es-tant), n. a mem- ber of any of those bodies of Chris- tte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book % hue, hut ; think, then. PROTESTANTISM 657 PROVENQAL tians that protest against the spirit- ual supremacy of the Church of Rome: originally one of the party who adhered to Luther after the sec- ond Diet of Speyers, 1529: adj. per- taining to Protestants or Protestant- ism. Protestantism (prot'e's-tant-izm), n. the doctrines or religion of Prot- estants. protestation (prot-es-ta/shun) , n. a formal declaration of dissent ; solemn affirmation. prothonotary (pro-thon'o-ta-ri), n. a chief clerk or notary; the principal clerk or registrar in certain courts; one of the chief secretaries of the Papal Chancery. [Foreign.] proto, a Greek prefix meaning first, as profomartyr, &c. protocol (pro'to-kol) , n. one who is deputed to draw up the draft of a treaty or other official document; who draws up a strict account of what took place at a secret official meeting; one who arranges with othe?.' diplomats the order and pro- cedure of certain events or cere- monies. [Old French.] protocol (pro'to-kol), n. the rough draft of a treaty, diplomatic des- patch, &c. protomartyr (pro-to-mar'ter), n. the first of the Christian martyrs, St. Stephen. protoplasm (pro'to-plazm), n. a semi- fluid albuminous substance, regard- ed as the ultimate basis of physical life, from which all living organisms are formed and developed. This is true of animals and vegetables alike. The substance is viscid, gummy, and often granular. protoplasmic (pro-to-plaz'mik), adj pertaining to, or formed of, proto- plasm. [Greek.] protoplast (pro'to-plast), n. the orig- inal germ or germ cluster. protoplasta (pro-to-plas'ta), n. the very original cell of protoplasm. protoplastic (pro-to-plas'tik), adj. relating to protoplasta. prototype (pro' to-tlp), n. the original from which _ot hers are copied. protoxide (pro-toks'id), n. a compound of one equivalent of oxygen with one of another element. Protozoa (pro-to-zo'a), n.pl. the fust or lowest division of the animal king- dom containing animals of the sim- plest type of organization, in cells or groups of cells that are difficult to divide. protozoan (pro-to-zo'an) or proto- zoon (pro-to-zo'on), n. a singlu cell or group of cells belonging to the division Protozoa. protract (pro-trakt'), v.L to draw out or lengthen in time; prolong; defer. protracter (pro-trak'ter) , n. one who protracts. protraction (pro-trak'shun), n. the act of protracting; delay; the act of laying down on paper the dimensions of a plot of land, &c. protractor (pro-trak'ter), n. a mathe- matical instrument for laying down angles on paper: used in surveying, &c; a surgical instrument for draw- ing out extraneous bodies; a muscle that draws forward any part. protrude (pro-trud'), v.t. to thrust out or push forward: v.i. to shoot for- ward; projec^ [Latin.] protrusion (pro-tru'zhun), n. the act of protruding; the state of being protruded. protrusive (pro-tru'siv) , adj. thrust- ing or impelling forward^ protrusively (pro-tm'siv-li) , adv. in a protrusive manner. protuberance (pro-tu/ber-ans) , n. a swelling; a prominence; tumor. protuberant (pro-tu'ber-ant), adj, swelling; prominent. proud (proud), adj. having exces- sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty mien; pleased; grand; gratified. provable (proov'a-bl) , adj. capable of being proved. prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try by an experiment or test; establish or ascertain by argument or other evidence; ascertain the genuineness of ; experience ; endure ; try by suffer- ing; show or demonstrate the accu- racy of (a calculation). [Old French. j proven (proov'en), adj. proved. Provencal (pro-vang-sal'), adj. per- taining to, or from, Provence, France, or to its language or its in- habitants: n. the language of Pro- vence. ate, arii), at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 42 hue, hut ; think, then. PROVENDER 658 PRUDISH provender (prov'en-dcr), n. dry food for beasts, as hay, (fee. proverb (prov'erb), n. a short familiar pithy saying, expressing some well- known truth or common fact of ex- perience; adage. [Latin.] proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al), adj. per- taining to proverbs ; mentioned in, or like, a proverb; widely spoken of or well-known. provide (pro-vid'),.^. to make ready beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a preliminary condition: v.i. to pro- cure supplies; make preparations (with for or_ against). provided (pro-vld'ed) , conj. on condi- ion. providence (prov'i-dens) , n. timely care or preparation; economy; pru- dence; foresight and care of God for his creatures; an event directly caused by the power of God. Providence (prov'i-dens), n. God as exercising his providence. provident (prov'i-dent), adj. careful for the future; prudent; economical. providential (prov-i-den'shal) , adj. effected by, or proceeding from, Di- vine providence. providentially .(pro v-i-d e n's h a-1 i), adv. in a providential manner. province (prov'ins), n. a division of an empire or state; a dependent coun- try; region; jurisdiction of an arch- bishop; proper office or business; department of knowledge: pi. the country districts^ provincial (pro-vin'shal) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, a province; rustic: n. one who belongs to a province; countryman. provincialism (pro-vin'shal-izm) , n. an idiom or dialect peculiar to a province. provision (pro-vizh'un), n. the act of providing; the things provided; measures taken beforehand; accu- mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to supply with food. provisional (pro-vizh'un-al) , adj. pro- vided for present use; temporary. provisionally (pro-vizh'un-a-li), adv. in a provisional manner. proviso (pro-vi'zo), n. a conditional clause or stipulation in a deed. provisory (pro-vi'zo-ri) , adj. condi- tional. provocation (prov'o-ka/shun), n. that which excites to anger or resentment; act of provoking. provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv) , adj. tending to provoke; inciting: n. any- thing that tends to provoke; incite- ment. provoke ^pro-vok'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; enrage or irritate; ex- asperate. provost (prov'ust, or pro-vo'), n. the head of a college; superintendent or president ; chief dignitary of a cathe- dral; chief magistrate of a city or town. [Scotch.] prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. prowess (prou'es), n. bravery; valor. prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- ily as for prey or plunder: n. a rov- ing for prey or plunder. proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. imme diate. proximately (proks'i-mat-li), adv. im- mediately. proximity (proks-im'i-ti) , n. immedi- ate nearness in place, blood, or alli- ance. proximo (proks'i-mo) , adv. in or of the next or coming month. [Latin.] proxy (proks'i), n. [pi. proxies (proks'« iz)], the agency of a substitute; the document by which one person is authorized to act or vote for another. prude (prood), n. a woman who af- fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- cessive virtue. [French.] prudence (proo'dens), n. the quality of being prudent ; wisdom applied to practice. prudent (proo'dent), adj. practically wise ; careful of the consequences of measures or actions; judicious; cau- tious; circumspect. prudential (proo-den'shal) , adj. pro- ceeding from, or influenced by, pru- dence. prudery (proo'der-i), n. affected nice- ness or scrupulousness in conduct; manners of a prude. Also prudish- ness. prud'homme (pru-dom'), n. # in France, one of a board of concilia- tion of masters and workmen to set- tle trade disputes. prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; affectedly precise, nice, or scrupu= lous. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PRUNE 659 PUBLICAN orune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t. to cut superfluous twigs or branches from (a vine, bush or tree); trim. [French.] prunella (proo-nel'a) , n. a smooth woolen stuff used for shoes and gaiters; a kind of dried plum. prurience (proo'ri-ens) , n. the state or quality of being prurient. Also pruriency. _ [Latin.] prurient (proo'ri-ent), adj. having an eager desire for, or characterized by, lewdness; itching. Prussian-blue (prush'an-bloo'), n. a rich blue color obtained from fer- rocyanide of iron. prussiate (prus'i-at), n. a salt of prussic acid. prussic acid (prus'ik as'id), n. hydro- cyanic acid, a deadly posion. pry (pri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pried, p.pr. prying], to inspect closely or with keen scrutiny: n. close inspection: impertinent peeping. psalm (salm), n. a sacred song. [Greek.] psalmist (salm'ist), n. a composer of psalms, especially of any of the Scriptural psalms. psalmodist (salm'o-dist) , n. one who composes or sings psalms. psalmody (salm/o-di), n. the art or practice of singing psalms. Psalter (sawl'ter), n. the Book of Psalms; the Prayer Book version of the Psalms. psaltery (sawl'ter-i), n. a stringed mu- sical instrument, used by the ancient Hebrews. pseudo, a Greek prefix meaning false, spurious, as pseudoblepsis, false or deceptive vision. pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- tious name. pseudoscope (su'do-skop),^. an opti- cal instrument which exhibits bodies in reversed relief. pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression of contempt. psoriasis (so-ri'a-sis), n. the itch. psychiatry (si-ki'a-tri) , n. the cure of mental diseases. psychiatrist (si-ki'a-trist), n. a special- ist in the cure of mental diseases psychical (si'ki-kal), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the human soul, spirit, or mind; spiritualistic; psychological. Also psychic. psychics (sik'iks), n. the science of the mind; the study of obscure men- tal phenomena. Also psychism. psychogenesis (sl-ko-jen'e-sis), n. the' development of mind as given in consciousness. [Greek.] psychological (si-ko-loj'i-kal), adj, pertaining to psychology. psychologically (si-ko-loj'i-ka-li), adv, in a psychological manner. psychologist (si-kol'o-jist) , n. one skilled in psychology. psychology (si-kol'o-ji), n. the science of mental phenomena and their classification and analysis; mental philosophy; metaphysics. psychometry (si-kom'e-tri), n. the science of divining mental processes. psychophysics (si-ko-fiViks), n. the science which treats of the correlation of mind and matter. psychotherapy (si-ko-ther'a-py), n. a method of healing diseases by mental or spiritual treatment. pteropod (teVo-pod), n. an individ- ual of the Pteropoda, a class of ma- rine cephalopods. Ptolemaic (tol-e-ma'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to Ptolemy, the Greek geog- rapher and astronomer, or to his system of astronomy which sup- posed the earth to be the center or fixed point of the universe, and that the heavenly bodies moved around it, ptomaines (to , manz) ; n.pl. a class of alkaloids of a highly poisonous nature, originating in decaying or dead matter. puberal (pu'ber-al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, puberty. puberty (pu'ber-ti), n. the age at which the generative powers begin to be developed. pubescence (pu-bes'ens) , n. the state or age of puberty; soft, short, downy hair. pubescent (pu-bes'ent), adj. arriving at the age of puberty; covered with soft, downy hairs. public (pub'lik), adj. pertaining to a nation, state, or community; be- longing to the people; circulating among all classes; open; generally known; common to all: n. the people in general. [Latin.] publican (publi-kan), n. one who ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *7ien. PUBLICATION 660 PULL keeps a public-house; among the ancient Romans, a farmer of the public revenues; a collector of tolls, tribute, or customs. [Latin.] publication (pub-li-ka/shun), n. the act of publishing or making public; the act of publishing a book, &c. public-house (pub'lik-hous), n. an inn; tavern; hotel. publicist (pub 'li-sist), n. a writer on international law, or on current events of political or social interest. publicity (pub-lis'i-ti), n. the state of being public; notoriety. publicly (pub'lik-li), adv. in a public manner. publish (pub'lish), v.t. to make known; announce or proclaim; divulge; print and offer for sale; put into cir- culation. puce (pus), adj. dark-brownish pur- ple. [French.] Puck (puck), n. a mischievous sprite or elf. [Irish.] pucker (puck'er), v.t.& v.i. to gather into small folds; wrinkle: n. a small fold or wrinkle. pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of food made of flour and various in- gredients; an intestine stuffed with meat, &c; quantity of yarns, mat- ting, or oakum. puddle (pud'l), n. a small pool of dirty water; clay worked together with sand: v.t. to make muddy; ren- der watertight with puddle; convert (pig-iron) into wrought-iron. pueblo (pweb'lo), n. [pi. pueblos (pweb'loz)], a building constructed of adobe or sun-dried brick by the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. puerile (pu'er-il), adj. pertaining to children; juvenile; boyish; trifling. puerility (pu-er-il'i-ti), n. the quality of being puerile; childishness. puerperal (pu-er'per-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or following, childbirth. puff (puf), n. a short quick blast; sudden forcible breath; a fungous ball filled with dust; anything light and porous or swollen; a light kind of tart; exaggerated praise or adver- tisement: v.i. to expel air from the mouth with a sudden forcible blast; breathe quick and hard; swell with air; blow in contempt; move with hurry: v.t. to drive with a puff; swell, as with wind; praise in exag* gerated terms. puffer (puf'er), n. one who puffs; one who praises in exaggerated terms; one who is hired to force up bids at sales. puffin (puf 'in), n. a diving bird with a short thick projecting beak, allied to the auk. puffiness (puf'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being puffy. puffing (puf 'ing)> n. exaggerated praise, especially with the view to advertise- ment; quick and hard breathing; p. adj. praising in exaggerated terms, puffy (puf'i), adj. distended with air or other light matter; windy; bombas* tic; tumid. pug (pug), n. a small dog with face and nose like a bull-dog's; imp ov elf; plastic clay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. Eugged, p.pr. pugging], to line or 11 up with plastic clay or any other material. pugging (pug'ing), n. the act or opera- tion of working up clay for bricks; any substance to deaden sound be- tween spaces. t pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. the art or . practice of boxing or fighting 'with the fists; prize-fighting. [Latin.] pugilist (pu'jil-ist), n. a prize-fighter; boxer. pugilistic (pu-jil-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to pugilism. pugnacious (pug-na'shus), adj. dis- posed to fight; quarrelsome. pugnacity (pug-nas'i-ti), n. inclination to fight ^ quarrelsomeness. puisne (pu'ne) , adj. younger or inferior in rank: said of judges. [French.] puissance (pu'is-ans), n. power; strength. [French.] puissant (pu-is'ant), adj. powerful \ strong ._ puke (piik), v.i. & v. I. to vomit. pukka (puk'ka), adj. solid, complete, genuine. [Anglo-Indian.] pule (piil), v.t. to whine. puling (puling), adj. whining; in- fantile. pull (pool), v.t. to draw towards one; pluck; rend or tear; drag or haul: v.i. to tug: n. the act of pulling; struggle; contest; private influence exerted to secure political or other favor. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PULLET 66X PUNCTURE pullet (pool'et), n. a young hen. pulley (poolTi), n. a small wheel turn- ing about an axis, and having a groove in which a rope works. pulmonary (pul'mon-er-i)', adj. pro- vided with lungs. . pulmonic (pul-mon'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to the lungs: n. a medicine for diseases of the lungs. [Latin.] pulmotor (pool'mo-tor) , n. a device for artificially restoring respiration in cases of asphyxiation. pulp (pulp), n. the soft fleshy part of bodies, as of fruit; any soft uniform mass: v.t. to reduce to a soft mass; extract or separate the pulp from. pulpiness (pulp'i-nes), n. pulpy state. pulpit (pooFpit), n. an elevated or inclosed desk in a church from which the sermon is delivered; preachers or preaching. [Greek.] pulpy (puFpi), adj. consisting of, or like, pulp; soft; succulent. [French.] pulque (pool'ka), a Mexican beverage made from the juice of the agave. pulsate (pul'sat)_, v.i. to throb; beat. pulsation (pul-sa/shun) , n. a throb or beat, especially of the heart. pulsative (puTsa-tiv) , adj. beating or throbbing. Also pulsatory. pulse (puis), n. the rhythmic beating of the heart or arteries; vibration: leguminous plants or their seeds, as peas, beans, &c: v.i. to beat or throb, as the pulse. pulsimeter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. an in- strument applied over an artery, to ascertain the force or movement of the pulse. pulsometer (pul-som'e-ter), :;. a kind of steam-condensing vacuum-pump. pulu (pu'loo), n. a kind of vegetable silk obtained from the fibers of a fern-tree of Hawaii. pulverization (pul-ver-i-za'shun), n. the act of pulverizing. pulverize (puTver-iz), v.t. to reduce to powder. _ puma (pu'ma), n. a large cat-like carnivorous animal of America; mountain lion. pumice (pum'is), n. a hard, light, spongy, volcanic lava or rock. Also pumice-stone. See pomace. pump (pump), n. a machine for rais- ing water or other liquid; a light low shoe or slipper: v.t. to raise (water or a liquid) by means of a pump; free from water by a pump; extract (information) by artful questions. [French; also Danish.] pumpkin (pump'kin, colloq. pung'kin), n. a plant of the gourd family and its fruit. § As an edible it is much esteemed in the northern part of the United States. [Old French.] pun (pun), n. a play upon words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], to play upon words similar in sound but having a different meaning. punch (punch), n. a tool for stamp- ing or perforating; a beverage of rum, whiskey, &c, water, lemon- juice, and sugar, the name coming from the Sanskrit pmicha, "five," be- cause of the five ingredients which compose it: tea, arrack, lemons, sugar and water; a blow or thrust; the buffoon of a puppet-show; Pun- chinello; a short fat person; v.t. to perforate with a punch; to strike with the fist. puncheon (pun'chun), n. a liquid measure of 84 wine-gallons. Punchinello (punch-i-nero), n. the thick-set, hump-backed figure in a puppet-show. [Italian.] punctate (pungk'tat), adj. dotted with small spots; pointed. punctiform (pungk'ti-form), adj. point-shaped. punctilio (pungk-til'i-o) , n. a nice point in conduct or ceremony; lormal exactness. punctilious (pungk-tiFi-us) , adj. very nice or precise in conduct or cere- mony; exact to excess. punctual (pungk'tu-al), adj. observing, or done at, the exact time. punctuality (pungk-tu-ari-ti) , n. the quality pf^ being punctual; the characteristic of keeping the exact time of an appointment or engage- ment. punctually (pungk'tu-al-i) , adv. in a punctual manner. punctuate (pungk'tu-at) , v.t. to mark with points; divide into sentences by points. punctuation (pun gk-tu-a ''shun), n. the act or art of dividing sentences by points or stops. puncture (pungk'tur), n. a small hole or wound made by a pointed instru- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PUNDIT 662 PURIFICATIVE ment: v.t. to make a hole in, or pierce, with a pointed instrument. pundit (pun'dit), n. a learned Brah- man; one versed in the Sanskrit lan- guage, laws, and Hindu religion; or a solemn pretender to learning Also pandit. pung (pung), n. a rough sleigh. pungent (pun'jent), adj. stinging or pricking; piercing; keen; biting; sarcastic; caustic. Punic (pu'nik), adj. pertaining to the Carthaginians, or to their language; treacherous; perfidious. [Phoenician.] punish (pun'ish), v.t. to cause loss or pain to as a penalty for a crime or fault; chastise; correct. punishment (pun'ish-ment) , n. pain, loss, or penalty, inflicted for a crime or fault. punitive (pu'ni-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or inflicting, punishment. punk (pungk), n. wood decayed by the fungus that covers it; a composition made into sticks and intended to burn for a long time and ignite fire- works, fire-crackers, and other ex- plosives; a worthless argument; non- sense. punkah (pung'ka), n. a large fan swung to and fro in tropical coun- tries, especially in India, to freshen or stir the heated air in a house. punster (pun'ster), n. one addicted to, or skilled in, punning. punt (punt), n. a flat-bottomed boat for fishing: v.i. to play basset, „om- ber, or faro against the banker or dealer. puny (pii'ni), adj. [com]), punier, su- perl. puniest], inferior in strength or size; weak; feeble; petty. pupa (pu'pa), n. [pi. pupae (pu'pe)], a chrysalis. The third stage of de- velopment through which go those creatures that have a regular course of evolution. pupil (pii'pil), n. a young person who is under the care of a tutor; scholar; ward; in law, a boy or girl under the age of puberty (14 and 12 years respectively); the opening in the iris through which rays of light pass to the retina. [Latin.] puppet (pup'et), n. a small doll or image, especially one moved by wires in a mock drama; one who is under the influence and control of another. [French.] puppy (pup'i), n. a whelp; young dogj a conceited young man. [French.] pur (per), n. the low murmuring of a cat when pleased; v.t. to signify by purring; v.i. utter a low murmuring sound. Purana (poo-ra'na), n. an ancient legend or mass of sacred tradition contained in the Puranas, of which there are eighteen of chief impor- tance, since they comprise the whole body of Hindu mythology. purblind (per'blind), adj. seeing ob- scurely. purchase (per'chas), v.t. to obtain by paying an equivalent; acquire; buy; expiate or recompense by a fine or forfeit ; obtain at the expense of some sacrifice, labor, &c: n. the act of purchasing; thing purchased or bought; mechanical advantage. pure (pur), adj. [comp. purer, superl. purest], free from moral or physical defilement; chaste; unpolluted, una- dulterated; clean; holy; real; mere; absolute. [Latin. ] purely (pur'li), adv. in a pure manner; absolutely. pureness (pur'nes), n. the state or quality of beingpure. purgation (per-ga/shun) , n. the act of purging; the act of clearing from imputed guilt. [Latin.] purgative (per'ga-tiv) , adj. serving to purge. purgatorial (per-ga-to'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to purgatory. purgatory (per'ga-to-ri), n. in the doctrine of the Catholic Church, the state after death in which the souls of the faithful departed are purified from venial sins by suffering: adj K cleansing; expiatory. purge (perj), v.t. to cleanse or free from impurities or guilt; make clear or pure; clear from accusation; de- fecate: v.i. to have frequent evacua- tions: n. a cathartic medicine. purging (perj'ing), n. diarrhea or dys- entery; looseness of the bowels. purification (pu-ri-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of purifying; state of being puri- fied; ceremonial cleansing from guilt or uncleanness. purificative (pu'ri-fi-ka-tiv), adj. able ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PURIFIER 663 PURVEYANCE or tending to purify, tory. purifier (pu'ri-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, purifies. purif orm (pu'ri-f orm) , adj. like pus. purify (pu'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. puri- fied, p.pr. purifying], to render pure; free from guilt or ceremonial un- cleanness; free from impurities, cor- ruptions^ or barbarisms. Purim (pu'rim), n. a Jewish feast (Feast of Lots) observed annually to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews (Esther ix.). purism (pu'rizm), n. affectation in the precise use of words in literary style. purist (purest), n.one who is scru- pulously precise in matters of lit- erary style or the choice of correct words. puristic (pur-is'tik), adj. pertaining to purism. Puritan (pur'i-tan), n. one who pro- fesses great purity in religious doc- trine and practice, especially one of a body of Nonconformists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who insisted on rigid adherence to n. design; end or to intend or re- to have an inten- AIso purifica- purple (per'pl), adj. of the color of blended blue and red; regal; livid; dyed with blood: n. purple color; purple robe, originally worn only by royalty; imperial government; car- dinalate: v.t. to render, or dye, pur- ple. purport (per'port), n. meaning; de- sign; signification: v.t. to mean or sig- nify. purpose (per'pus), aim desired: v.t. solve; design: v.i. tion. purposeful (per'pus-fool), pressly intended. purposely (per'pus-li), adv. intention- ally. purr (per J, see pur. purse (pers), n. a small bag or recep- tacle for money; sum of money; treasury; v.t. to pucker or wrinkle. purse-proud (pers'proud), adj. puffed up with the possession of riches. purser (pers er), n. a, commissioned officer having charge of the pro- visions, clothing, and money of a ship; a paymaster. adj. ex- the letter of Scripture in points of purslane (pers'lan), n. an annual with doctrine and practice: adj. pertain- ing to the Puritans or their doctrine or practice. Also puritanic, puri- tanical. puritanically (pur-i-tan'i-kal-i) , adv. after the manner of the Puritans. puritanism (pur'i-tan-izm) , n. the doctrines and practices of the Puri- tans. purity (pur'i-ti), n. the state or Qual- ity of being pure ; chastity; cleanness ; freedom from adulteration; free- dom from sinister motives, foreign idioms, or barbarisms. purl (perl), n. sl warm spiced ale, or gin; an embroidered or puckered border; a stitch in knitting; the con- tinued murmuring sound of a shal- low stream: v.t. 'to fringe or embroi- der with a waved edging; invert (stitches) in knitting: v.i. to ripple or flow with a gentle manner. purlieus (per'luz), n.pl. adjacent dis- tricts. purlin (per'lin), n. a piece of timber ly- ing horizontally to support rafters. Also purline. purloin (per-loin'), v.t. to steal. succulent fleshy leaves sometimes used for salad. pursuant (per-sii'ant), adj. done in consequence or in prosecution of anything; agreeable: adv. in conse- quence of. pursue (per-su'), v.t. to follow for some end; take and proceed in; prose- cute; chase; seek: v.i. to go on or continue. [Old French.] pursuer (per-su'er), n. one who pur- sues. pursuit (per-suf), n. the act of pur- suing; prosecution; chase; occupa- tion; attainment. pursuivant (pers'swi-vant), n. an at- tendant or follower; state messen- ger. [Old French.] pursy (pers'si), adj. fat, thick, and short-winded ; asthmatical. purulence (pu'ru-lens), n. generation of pus. purulent (pu'ru-lent) , adj. consisting of, or containing, pus. purvey (per-va/), v.t. to provide; pro- cure: v.i. to purphase provisions. purveyance (per-va/ans), n. the pro- curing of provisions; provisions pro- fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PURVEYOR 664 PYRAMIDAL vided ; the right formerly accorded to royalty of buying up provisions without the owner's consent. purveyor (per-va'er), n. one who pro- vides provisions. purview (per'vu), n. extent; proviso; body of a statute. pus (pus), n. the white or yellowish- white matter secreted in sores, &c. push (poosh), v.t. to press against with force; urge forward; drive by pressure: v.i. to make a thrust or effort; press hard: n. a thrust; force applied; effort; assault; exigence; extremity; persistent endeavor; pus- tule or pimple. push-cart (poosh'kart) , n. a small cart pushed about the streets by itinerant venders of miscellaneous articles. pushing (poosh'ing), adj. enterprising; energetic. pusillanimity (pu-sil-a-nim'i-ti), n. cowardice. pusillanimous (pu-sil-an'i-mus) , adj. cowardly ; mean-spirited; faint-heart- ed. puss (poos), n. a cat: hare. Diminu- tive, pussy. pustular (pus'tu-lar) , adj. covered with glandular pustule-like excres- cence. Pustulate. pustule (pus'tul), n. a small elevation of the skin, or pimple containing pus. put (poot), v.t. to place in, or bring into, any state or condition; cause; drive into action; incite; propose; apply; lay or deposit; throw in; state in language; shoot out or send forth; in golf, to drive into a hole with a short, careful stroke (put) [p.t. & p.p. putting]: n. (put) in golf, a short, careful stroke. putative (pii'ta-tiv), adj. reputed. putlog (poot'log), n. a short piece of timber used for a bricklayer's plat- form or in scaffolding. putrefaction (pu-tre-f ak'shun) , t n. the act or process of putrefying; decomposition; rottenness. putrefactive (pu-tre-f ak'tiv) , adj. per- taining to, or tending to, putrefac- tion. putrefy (pu'tre-fi), p.t. [p.t. & p.p. putrified, p.pr. putrefying], to cause to rot or decay by the decomposition of organic bodies; rot; corrupt: v.i. to become putrid. putrescence (pu-tres'ens) , n. a putrid state. putrescent (pfi-tres'erit), adj. per- taining to putrefaction; becoming rotten. putrescible (pu-tres'i-bl), adj. liable, or tending ,_ to become putrid. putridity (pu-trid'i-ti) , n. putrid state. Also putridness. putter (poot'er), n. a long straight stick used in golf to send the ball into one of the holes on the green; and token when a short, careful stroke is needed. puttock (put'ok), n. a hawk or kite. putty (put'i), n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin, used for polishing; a compound of whiting and linseed- oil used in glazing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. puttied, p.pr. puttying], to cement with putty. puzzle (puz'l), n. something that tries the ingenuity, perplexes, or causes embarrassment: v.i. to be puzzled: v.t. to perplex; entangle. pyemia, pyaemia (pl-e'mi-a) , n. blood- poisoning. pygmean (pig-me'an) , adj. dwarfish. pygmy (pig'mi), n. one of the fabled dwarfish races near the ocean who waged war with the cranes; one of a small race mentioned by Herodotus, and found in Central Africa by H. M. Stanley, the explorer. Also pigmy. pyjamas, same as pajamas. pyloric (pi-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to the pylorus. pylorus (pl-lo'rus), n. the lower and right opening of the stomach leading to the small intestines. pyr, a Greek prefix, meaning fire. Also pyro, as p^racanth, a plant with name-colored flowers; pyrosco-ge, an instrument for measuring the inten- sity of radiating heat. pyramid (pir'a-mid), n. a solid body standing on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, having its triangu- lar sides terminating in a point at the apex: pi. sepulchral monuments of such shape, as in Egypt; a game at billiards. pyramidal (pir-am'i-dal) , adj. shaped like a pyramid. Also pyramidic, pyramidical. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PYRAMIDICALLY 665 PYX pyramidically (pir-a-mid'i-ka-li) , adv. in the shape of a pyramid. pyramoid (pir'a-moid) , n. a solid re- sembling a pyramid. Also pyrami- doid. pyre (pir), n. a funeral pile. \ [Greek.] pyrites (pi-ri'tez), n: a native com- pound of sulphur with iron, copper, &c. ; often mistaken for rough gold. pyro. See pyr. pyrocollodion (pi-ro-kol-lo'di-un), n. a smokeless powder, used by Rus- sia. pyro- electric (pl-ro-e-lek'trik) , adj. becoming electric by the action of heat. pyromania (pl-ro-ma'ni-a) , n. an in- sane impulse to destroy by fire. pyrometer (pi-rom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring the temper- ature or expansion of bodies under the influence of high degrees of heat. It operates usually by the effect of intense heat upon solid substances, but sometimes on gases. pyroscope (pi'ro-skop), see under pyr. pyrotechnic (pi-ro-tek'nik) , adj. per- taining to fireworks or the art of making them. pyrotechnics (pi-ro-tek'niks) , n. fire- works or the art of making them. Also pyrotechny. pyrotechnist (pl-ro-tek'nist) , n. one skilled in the manufacture of fire- works. pyroxyline (pi-roks'i-lin) , n. any ex- plosive substance made by steeping a vegetable fiber in nitric or nitro- sulphuric acid and drying it after washing it with water. Pyroxyle. pyrrhic (pir'ik), n. a metrical foot of two short syllables; an ancient Greek military dance: adj. pertaining to such a dance. Pyrrhic victory (pir'ik vic'to-ri), n. an expression meaning a victory won at so great a cost as to be as bad as a defeat. From Pyrrhus of Epirus, who first so characterized one of his battles against the Romans. Pythian (pitb'i-an), adj. pertaining to Delphi, or to Apollo, or to the priestess (pythoness) at Delphi. Pythian games (gamz), n.pl. one of the four great national games of an- cient Greece, celebrated every 5th year near Delphi, in honor of Apollo. Pythidae (pith/i-di or -de), n.pl. a family of variously named snakes. pythogenic (pi-tho-jen'ik), adj. pro- duced by filth or putrid matter, as typhoid fever, &c. Python (pi'thon), n. a genus of large serpents; the serpent or dragon slain by Apollo at Delphi, where he es- tablished the Delphic oracle and the Pythoness or priestess. [Greek.] python (pi'thon), n. a large non-ven- omous rock-serpent nearly allied to the boa. pythoness (pl'thon-es), n. the priest- ess of Apollo, who gave oracular answers at the temple of Dephi; a witch. pythonic (pi-thon'ik) , adj. pertaining to prophecy; oracular. pythonism (pi'thon-izm), n. the art of predicting future events by divina- tion, after the manner of the ancient oracle at Delphi. pythonist # (pi'thon-ist), n. one who believes in the oracles and religious worship at Delphi. pyuria (pi-yu'ri-a) , n. a diseased con- dition in which the urine is charged w^ith pus. [Greek.] pyx (piks), n. in the Roman Catholic Church, the box or receptacle in which the consecrated wafer or host is placed; the box in which selected coins are placed at the mint to be tested prior to their issue. [Graeco- Latin.l ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. 45 Q (ku), at present the seventeenth let- ter of the English alphabet. The character is Phoenician, -Greek, and Latin, but in Germanic ages of type within the chase. French.] quoit (kwoit), n. a circular ring of iron to be pitched so as to circle a fixed upright piece of wood or metal: pi. the game thus played. quondam (kwon'dam), adj. former. [Latin.] quorum (kwo'rum), n. the number of members of a body or corporation competent to transact business by law or constitution. [Latin.] quota (kwo'ta), n. the part or share assigned to each. quotation (kwo-ta'shun) , n. the act of quoting; that which is quoted; current price. quotative (kwo'ta-tiv), adj. 'quoting; of the nature of a quotation. quote (kwot), v.t. to adduce (a pas- sage) from some author or speaker, for authority m or illustration; give the current price of. m quoth (kwoth), v.t. said. quotha (kwoth'a), inter j. indeed! quotidian (kwo-tid'i-an) , adj. recur- ring daily. [Latin.] quotient (kwo'shent), n. the number resulting from the division of one number by another. [Latin.] quotum (kwo'tum), n. share, propor- tion. Qu'ran (koo-ran'), the Arabic form of Koran. ate, arm, at, awl ; m6, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. A R R, the eighteenth letter of the alpha- bet was derived directly from the old Indo-European group of sounds through the Greek rho. Its form is differentiated from Roman P and also from rho (P) by the little tag at the place where the curve meets the stem. Phonetically it is a liquid and before a consonant changes to a semi-vowel. In Latin, between two vowels, it often represents an orig- inal S. This is called rhotacis?n (r-ing) and is illustrated, also, in the Germanic group of languages; as, for instance, German, eisen, Eng- lish, iron. Pronounced carelessly it often glides into L. raad (rad), n. a legislative assembly. [Dutch.] rabbet (rab'et), n. a groove cut longi- tudinally in the edge of a plank, &c, so that another may fit into it: v.t. to groove and unite by a rab- bet. rabbi (rab'i or 'I), n. [pi. rabbis (rab'- iz)], a Jewish doctor or interpreter of the law; but not a priest. In Western countries a rabbi may have semi-priestly relations to a congrega- tion but his rights are limited very carefully. The word comes from the Hebrew verb "to be great" and its simplest form is rao, "teacher." Rabbi means "my m teacher" (or master). Also rabbin. rabbinical (ra-bin'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to the rabbis, their doctrines, learning, and language: n. later Hebrew. rabbinism (rab'in-izm), n. rabbinic phraseology. rabbinist (rab'in-ist), n. one who ad- heres to the Talmud and the rar>- binic traditions. Also rabbinite. rabbit (rab'it), n. & burrowing rodent animal, esteemed for food and its fur. [Old Dutch.] rabbit-warren (rab'it-wor'en), n. a place where rabbits burrow and breed. [Dutch and French.] rabble (rab'l), n. a noisy crowd or mob, especially of the lower orders. rabboni (ra-bo'ni), n. my (our) mas- ter; the highest title of distinction among the ancient Jews. It means in Hebrew, "our teacher," and is granted only to one whom three rabbis have separately saluted as "rabbi." Rabelaisian (ra-be-la'zhen) , adj. joc- ular, witty, indecent, like the writ- ings of the French priest, Frangois Rabelais (d. 1553). Thus one speaks of "Rabelaisian humor" as of a par- ticular type, resembling that of Dean Swift. rabid (rab'id), adj. mad; enthusiastic to excess. t [Latin.] rabies (ra/bi-ez), n. canine madness; madness caused by the bite of a dog; hydrophobia. [Latin.] raca (ra'ka), adj. worthless: a term of great contempt among the ancient Jews. [Hebrew.] raccoon (ra-koon'), n. a badger-like animal of North America with a valuable fur. Also racoon. race (ras)* n. a rapid course, as of an animal or river; contest of speed [Anglo-Saxon]; career; de- scent or lineage; breed or variety [German]; root [Latin]: pi. horse- races: v.i. to run swiftly; contend in running: v.t. to cause to contend in a race. [Anglo-Saxon.] raceme (ra-sem'), n. a flower cluster. racemose (ras'e-mos), adj. growing in racemes. racer (ra'ser) , n. a race horse, bred for speed. raceway (ras'wa), n. a channel for water as in a mill-race. racbitis (ra-ki'tis), n. the same as rickets. See rickets. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hfie, hut : think. /7ien. RACIAL 673 RADIO-TELEGRAPHY racial (ra/sial), adj. pertaining to race or lineage. racily (ra'si-li), adv. in a racy manner; amusingly with a touch of malice in it. raciness (ra'si-nes), n. "the state or quality of being racy. rack (rak), n. an instrument for stretching or straining; an engine for stretching the limbs to extort a confession; a frame in which arti- cles are arranged; a grating above a manger for holding hay; a straight toothed bar working in the pinions of a wheel; an inclined plane on which ore is washed and separated; thin, broken, vapory clouds; entire ruin: v.t. to stretch or strain forcibly on, or as on, the rack; torture; wrest; perplex; exhaust; decant or strain off. rackabones (rak'a-bonz), n. American expression for a very thin man. racket (rak'et), n. a clattering noise; a network bat used in tennis ; a snow- shoe: pi. tennis: v.i. to make a clat- tering noise; frolic; play tennis: v.t. to strike, as with a racket. [French.] racketing (rak'et-ing) , n. noisy, con- fused mirth. racking-pace (rak'ing-pas), n. m the pace of a horse somewhat quicker and shorter than an amble. rack-rent (rak'rent), n. rent raised to its utmost value: the full value of the place rented. raconteur (ra-kong-ter'), n. a very in- teresting talker and teller of anec- dotes. [French.] racoon, same as raccoon. racquet, another form of racket. racy (ra'si), adj. having a strong fla- vor; mentally exciting; piquant. radial (ra'di-al), adj. pertaining to, or like, or using as, a ray; pertaining to the radius of the forearm. radiance (ra/di-ans) , n. brightness shooting in rays; brilliant bright- ness; splendor. Also radiancy. radiant (ra'di-ant), adj. emitting rays of light or heat; shining; brilliant: n. the point from which a shower of meteors proceeds; a straight line proceeding from a given point about which it revolves; the luminous point from which light emanates. radiate (ra/di-at), v.t. to send out as rays: v.i. to emit, or issue forth in, rays: adj. having rays. [Latin.] radiation (ra-di-a'shun), n. the emis- sion or diffusion of rays of light or heat from one luminous or heated body to another. radiator (ra'di-a-ter), n. the body from which rays radiate ; a chamber, coil, drum, &c, in an apartment, heated by steam, hot air, or hot water, &c, for radiating warmth into the apartment. radical (rad'i-kalK adj. pertaining to the root or origin; fundamental; original; underived; extreme: n. a simple underived word; letter be- longing to the root ; one of the ultra- liberal party; the base of a chemi- cal compound (also radicle). radically (rad'i-ka-li) , adv. essentially; entirely. radicate (rad'i-kat), v.t. to plant deep- ly and firmly: v.i. to take root: adj. deeply planted or rooted. radicle (rad'i-kl), n. that part in the embryo in the seed of a plant which becomes the root; in chemistry, the same as radical. _ [Latin.] radio - active (ra/di-o-ak'tiv), adj. emitting Becquerel rays; exhibit- ing the properties possessed by radium. radio-activity (ra'di-o-ak-tiv'i-ty), ft. the power of # emitting rays, as by radium, actinium, &c L radiochemistry (ra/di-o-kem'is-tri), n. that branch of chemistry which deals with radio-active bodies and radio- activity. radiofy (ra/di-o-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. radiofied, p.pr. radiofying], to cause to become radio-active by exposing to the influence of radium. radiograph (ra'di-o-graf ) , ft. a picture obtained by means of radiography: v.t. to produce a likeness of by means of radiography. radiography (ra-di-og'ra-fi), ft. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of Roentgen rays upon certain sensitive salts. radiometer (ra-di-om'e-ter), n. an instrument revolving in a vacuum, which under the influence of light exhibits the energy of the solar rays. radio-telegraphy (ra'di-o-te-leg'ra- fi), ft. the art of sending electric ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RADIO-TELEPHONY 674 RAILLERY currents through the air; wireless rage (raj), n. excessive and uncon- telegraphy. trolled anger; vehemence; extreme radio -telephony (ra/di-o-te-lef'o-ni), violence; enthusiasm; extreme de- ft, telephoning through the air with- sire or eagerness: v.i. to be furious out wires; wireless telephony. with anger; prevail fatally, as a dis- radiotherapy (ra/di-o-ther'a-pi) , n* ease; be violently agitated, as the treatment of disease by radio-activ- sea; ravage. [French.] ity, as by the X-ray, or by a radio- rageful (raj 'fool), adj. full of rage, active element such as radium or ragg, same as ragstone. thorium. ^ ragged (rag'ed), adj. rent or worn radish (rad'ish), n. a root of the into rags; clothed in tattered gar- Raphenus cativus. Its flesh is ments; destitute; rough; jagged. _ pungent and "bites." raging (raj'ing), p.adj. acting with radium (ra/di-um), n. a radio-active fury; violent; vehement; frantic: n. element recently discovered in pitch- fury; violence. blende by Madame Curie, possessing raglan (rag'lan), n. a loose cloak, the property of giving off luminous with or without sleeves, named after and actinic rays, accompanied by Lord Raglan in the Crimean War. heat, without loss of weight. Ragnarok (rag'na-rok), n. the time radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii (ra'di- when the world shall be destroyed, I)], a straight line from the center to according to Norse mythology. The the circumference of a circle; ex- word is Icelandic and means "the terior bone of the forearm; ray of a twilight of the gods," as does the flower; anything like a radius, as title of Wagner's famous opera, the spoke of a wheel. [Latin.] G otter ddmmerung. radix (ra/diks), n. a root; a primitive ragout (ra-goo'), n. a dish of stewed word; base of a system of loga- and very savory meat, rithms. [Latin.] ragstone (rag'ston), n. any hard, raffle (raf'l), n. a kind of lottery in coarse-textured rock. which each participant deposits a rag- tag (rag'tag), n. a miscellaneous part of the value of a thing in con- collection of tramps and beggars, sideration of the chance of gaining. There is also the expression rag-tag raft (raft), n. pieces of timber fas- and bobtail. tened together for transport by rag- time (rag'tim), n. syncopated floating; a floating wooden frame- time, characteristic of negro melo- work: v.t. to carry on a raft. dies. raft (raft), n. in familiar language a ragwort (rag'wert), n. a common crowd. [Americanism, for "raff," plant with jagged leaves, used in England.] 'rah (ra), exclam. n. a corruption of rafter (rafter), n. an inclined beam hurrah, and much used by college supporting the roof of a house: v.t. students in their parades or meet- to form into, or furnish with, raft- ings. ers. m raid (rad), n. a hostile or predatory rafting (rafting), n. the business of incursion: v.t. to make a raid upon, floating rafts. [Icelandic] raftsman (rafts'man), n. a man who rail (ral), n. a bar of timber or metal manages a raft upon a river. extending from one support to an- rag (rag), n. a fragment of cloth; a other; wooden or iron fence; a rail- low-class newspaper: pi. worn-out way; a wading bird with a harsh or tattered garments; mean dress. cry: v.i. to bawl; use opprobrious ragamuffin (rag Vmuf-in) , n. a low, language; scoff: v.t. to inclose with disreputable fellow. rails; despatch by rail. rag-baby (rag-ba/bi), n. a figure much railing (ral'ing), n. material for rails; used from 1890 to 1897, to typify the fence made of posts and rails: adj. People's Party because of its ad- insulting or reproaching, vocacy of paper-money secured by raillery (ral'er-i), n. good-humored silver only. irony or satire; banter. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^en. RAHLEUR 675 RAMPANT railleur (ral-yer'), n. a banterer. [French.] rail- splitter (ral'split'er), n. one who splits logs into fence-rails; a member of one of certain Lincoln clubs, in allusion to a nick-name of Abraham Lincoln. _ railway (raJ'wa), n. a way or road laid with two parallel iron or steel rails along which cars are drawn by steam power, electricity, &c. Also railroad. raiment (ra/ment), n. clothing. rain (ran), n. water in drops dis- charged from the clouds: v.i. to fall in drops from the clouds ; drop^ like rain: v.t. to pour down like rain. rainbow (ran'bo), n. the bright- colored arc formed in the heavens by the refraction or reflection of the sun's rays falling upon watery par- ticles in that part of the heavens op- posite to the sun. rainfall (ran'fawl), n. the amount of rain that falls on any given area. raininess (ran'i-nes), n. the state of being rainy. rainy (ran'i), adj. abounding with rain. raise (raz), v.t. to cause to rise; lift up ; elevate ; originate > or pro- duce; promote; rouse; increase; construct; levy; collect; cause to appear; cause to swell. [Icelandic] raisin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. [French.] rajah (ra/ja), # n. a Hindu king, prince, or chief. Rajput (raj-poot'), n. a Hindu of royal descent or of the higher mili- tary caste. The province of Raj- putana is named from the Rajputs. Also Rajpoot. rake (rak), n. a toothed implement for smoothing the soil [Anglo-Saxon] ; a loose liver [Icelandic]; inclination or slope; that part of the bow or stern of a ship that projects beyond the keel [A. S.]: v.t. to gather or smooth with a rake; collect together; scour; fire upon, so as to sweep the deck of a vessel in a longitudinal direction: v.i. to slope from the perpendicular. [A. S.] rake-hell (rak'hel), n. same as rake. rakish (rak'ish), adj. dissolute; de- bauched. rale (ral), n. a sound in addition to the natural respiration, as the tracheal rale or death-rattle. rally (ral'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rallied, p.pr. rallying], to collect and ar- range, as troops in confusion; re- unite; attack with raillery; banter or satirize humorously: v.i. to re- turn to order; recover strength; ex- ercise raillery: n. the act of recover- ing order, or of regaining strength; good humored satire; horseplay, as in a pantomime. [French.] ram (ram), n. the male of a sheep, one of the signs (Aries) of the zodiac; a military engine for batter- ing; a hydraulic engine; an iron- clad with a steel beak: v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. rammed, p r pr. ramming], to _ push or press with force. Rama- chandra (ra'ma-chan'dra), n. the hero of a famous legend of Hindu literature; the Ramayana. [Sanskrit.] ramble (ram'bl), v.i. to wander or rove about; visit many places; be desul- tory: n. a roving or wandering from place to place. [Icelandic] ramenta (ra-men'ta), n.pl. the thin brown scales which cover the stems of ferns. [Latin.] ramie (ram'e), n. the so-called China grass, or its fiber; now being used extensively in place of cotton. Also ramee. ramification (ram-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. a division or separation into branches; sub-division; manner of producing branches. ramify (ram'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rami- fied, p.pr. ramifying], to divide into branches, or divisions: v.i. to shoot into branches; become divided or sub-divided. [Latin.] rammer (ram'er), n. one who, or that which, rams; an instrument for for- cibly driving anything; a rod for forcing down the charge of a gun. ramose (ra/mos), adj. branched; pro- ducing branches. [Latin.] ramp (ramp), v.i. to climb like a plant; spring; leap violently: n. a leap or bound. rampage (ram'paj), v.i. to # prance about with unrestrained spirits; be furious: n. a state of excitement. rampant (ram 'pant), adj. overleaping ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. RAMPART 676 RAPINE restraint or natural bounds; in her- official or keeper of a park or for- 'aldry, standing upright on the hind est; a variety of dog. [English.] legs. [French.] rank (rangk), n. t a row or line, espe- rampart (ram 'Dart) , n. a mound or cially of soldiers placed abreast ; wall surrounding a fortified place; station or position; grade; dignity; protection from assault or danger: eminence: v.t. to draw up in line; v.t. to fortify with a rampart. include in a particular class, or [French.] order, or division: v.i. to hold a ramrod (ram'rod), n. a rod used for certain position [French]: adj. luxu- ramming down the charge of a gun. riant in growth; excessive; coarse; ramshackle (ram'shak-1) , adj. loose; rancid. out of repair. rankle (rangk'l) , v.i. to grow more rank ramus (ra'mus), n. a branch. [Latin.] or strong; fester; become mentally ran, p.t. of run. disquieted or irritated. ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm, ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search nii- Also ranche, rancho. [Spanish.] nutely; rummage; plunder. ranchero (ran-cha'ro) , n. a herds- ransom (ran'sum), v.t. to free from man. [Spanish]. captivity, slavery, or punishment, rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, by a payment; atone for; redeem unpleasant, sour smell or taste. from the bondage of sin: n. price [Latin.] paid for release from captivity, &c, rancidity (ran-sid'i-ti) , n. rancid con- or for goods captured by an enemy; dition. Also rancidness. price paid for procuring the pardon rancor (rang'ker), n. implacable en- of sin and the redemption of the mity: deep spite or malice. sinner. rancorous (rang'ker-us) , adj. malig- rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be nant ; spiteful. noisily wordy; to rave in extravagant rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or or violent language: n. noisy; empty border; a part of the Transvaal. declamation. [Old Dutch.] [Dutch.] ranter (rant'er), n. one who rants; a randan (ran'dan), n. a boat pro- boisterous preacher; a member of a pelled by. three rowers, one in the sect known as the Ranters, center using two oars and the others rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, sharp one oar each. blow; knock: v.t. to strike sharply: random (ran'dum), n. want of direc- n. a quick, sharp blow; something tion or method; chance: adj. done of no value, haphazard; left to chance, or with- rapacious (ra-pa'shus) , adj. given to out method. # plunder; seizing forcibly; greedy; ranee (ran'e), n. a Hindu queen or avaricious. [Latin.] princess; rajah's wife. Also rani, rapacity (ra-pas'i-ti), n. the quality rang, p.t. of ring. of being rapacious. Also rapa- range (ranj), v.t. to set or arrange ciousness. in a row; place in proper order; rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying rove over; sail along in a parallel away by force; the seizure and car- direction: n. a rank or row; order nal knowledge of a woman against or class; space or room for excur- her will; a plant of the cabbage sion; extent of discourse or roam- family, from the seeds of which an ing; power; an extended kitchen oil (colza oil) is expressed. [Latin.] grate; distance to which a shot, &c, rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or can be projected. [French.] swift; expeditious: n.pl. a swift cur- range-finder (ranj'fm-der), n. an rent in a river where the channel is instrument invented by Capt. Arthur descending. t [Latin.] Nazro, U.S.N. , to enable the opera- rapier (ra'pi-er), n. a long thin tor in a ship or fortress to find the sword, used for thrusting. [French.] exact distance of the enemy at the rapine (rap 'in, or /In), n. the act of moment of firing. plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- ranger (ranj'er), n. a rover; the chief lage; violence. [Latin.] , ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RAPPORT 677 RATIO rapport (rap-pcr'), n. harmonious rela- tion; affinity. The French phrase is en rapport (an-rap-por'). rapprochement (ra-prosh'mang) , n. the act of coming together; an understanding. [French.] rapscallion (rap-scal'yun) , n. a ras- cal. rapt (rapt), p. adj. transported; rav- ished. Raptores (rap-to'rez), n.pl. an order of birds characterized by the strength of their claws and bills, including the eagles, owls, &c. [Latin.] raptorial (rap-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to the Raptores. Also raptorious. rapture (rap'tur), n. extreme pleasure or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. raptured (rap'turd), same as rapt. rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- ture; almost raw. [Latin.] rare- bit (rar 'bit), n. cheese toasted until it begins to melt, then served with cayenne pepper and other con- diments; often with a dash of ale. See Welsh rabbit. rarefaction (rar-e-f ak'shun) , n. the act of rarefying or rendering less dense. rarefy (rar'e-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make rare, thin, or less dense; expand: v.i. to become less dense. rarely (rar'li), adv. seldom. rareness (rar'nes), n. the state or quality of _being rare rare-ripe (rar'rip), adj. ripe before the usual season: n. an early fruit. rarity ^ (rar 'i-ti), n. a rare article; ex- ceptional excellence; rareness. rascal (ras'kal), n. a mean fellow; a scoundrel; one who is guilty of mean offenses. rascaldom (ras'kal-dum), n. rascals collectively. rascality (r-as-kal'i-ti) , n. the state of being a rascal; petty villainy or dishonesty. rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; precipitate; acting without caution or reflection: n. a slight cutaneous eruption. rasher (rash'er), n. a thin slice of ba- con. Rasores (ra-so'rez), n.pl. an order of birds, including the barn fowls, pheasants, partridges, &c, who scratch the ground in search of food. rasorial (ra-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to the Rasores. rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as with, a rough instrument; file with a rasp: n. a kind of rough file. raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- berries (raz'ber-iz)j, a shrub and its well-known fruit. rasure (ra'zur), n. erasure. [Latin.] rat (rat), n. an animal of the mouse family but larger and more vora- cious; one who deserts his party;; a workman who works during a strike, or for less than the usual wages: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. ratted, p.pr. ratting], to desert one's party; to act the rat, said of a workman; to catch rats. rat (rat), n. a roll of artificial hair over which a woman's own hair is combed. ratable (rat'a-bl), adj. assessed at a certain value; liable to be assessed. ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar into which a click drops; the wheel of a clock which causes it to strike. ratchet (rach'et), n. the detent which stops a ratchet-wheel. ratchet-wheel (rach'et-hwel), n. a circular ratch. rate (rat), n. ratio or proportion; price fixed or stated; comparative value; degree; a tax or assessment; speed at which anything is done or performed; class of warship: v.t. to estimate; settle or fix the value, rank, or degree of; scold vehemently and hastily: v.i. to make an esti- mate; be placed in a certain class or rank. [Latin.] rather (raf/i'er), adv. sooner; more willingly; on the contrary; prefer- ably to the other. rathskeller (raths'kel-er) , n. a restau- rant and beer-cellar. [German.] ratification (rat-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of ratifying; confirmation. ratifier (rat'i-fi-er), n. one who rati- fies. ratify (rat'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ratified, p.pr. ratifying], to approve and sanc- tion; settle or confirm; establish. ratio (ra/shi-o), n. [pi. ratios (ra'shi- oz)], the relation or proportion of one thing or quantity to another. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RATIOCINATE 678 RAVISH ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v.i. to reason deductively; argue. ratiocination (rash-i-os-i-na'shun) , n. the act or process of reasoning; de- ducing conclusions from premises. ratiocinative (rash-i-os'i-na-tiv) , adj. argumentative. [Latin.] ration (ra'shun), n. an allowance: pi. allowance of provisions given per man for daily subsistence: v.t. tc furnish with rations. rational (rash'un-al) , adj. agreeable to, or consistent with, reason; nei- ther extravagant nor foolish; wise; judicious. rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. & series of reasons assigned for any opinion, action, &c. rationalism (rash'un-al-izm) , n. a system or doctrine which, rejecting revelation, makes reason the sole guide in the interpretation of Scrip ture and dogma. rationalist (rash'un-al-ist), n. one who upholds or supports rationalism. rationalistic (rash-un-al-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like, rationalism. rationality (rash-un-al'i-ti) , n. the quality of being rational; power of reasoning ; reasonableness ; mental sanity. rationalize (rash'un-al-iz), v.t. to interpret as a rationalist ; convert to rationalism: v.i. to rely solely on reason or as a rationalist. rationally (rash'un-a-li), adv. in a rational manner; in accordance with reason. ratlins (rat'linz), n.pl. small horizon- tal ropes, extending over the shrouds forming ladder-like steps. Also rat- lines. rats (rats), inter j. a vulgar cry, ex- pressive of indifference and con- tempt. ratsbane (rais'ban), n. poison for rats; arsenious acid. rattan (ra-tan'),. n. one of the long, smooth, reed-like stems of several species of palms; a rattan walking stick. [Malay.] ratteen (ra-teen'), n. a thick woolen quilted or twilled stuff. rattinet (rat-in-ef), n. an inferior kind of ratteen. ratting (rat'ing), n. the act of de- serting one's party; the act of catch- ing rats; working for less than cur- rent prices. [English slang.] rattle (rat'l), v.i. to produce rapidly sharp noises; speak rapidly or nois- ily; ride rapidly: v.t. to cause to make a rapid, sharp noise; stun with noise; drive rapidly; scold: n. a succession of rapid, sharp noises; noisy, rapid, empty talk; a child's toy for rattling. rattle, v.t. to confuse, to confound, to draw into a state of bewilderment. [Slang.] rattler (rat'ler), n. one who or that which rattles; a rattlesnake. rattlesnake (rat'1-snak), n. a venom- ous snake with hard bony rings on the tail producing a rattling sound when in motion. rattling (ratling), adj. making m a rapid succession of sharp, noisy sounds; quick: adv. very: n. noise produced by a rattle. raucous (raw'kus), adj. hoarse. [Latin.] ravage (rav'aj), v.t. to lay waste; pillage; plunder or sack: n. destruc- tion by violence or decay; devasta- tion; ruin. [French.] rave (rav), v.i. to wander in the mind or be delirious; rage as a madman. ravel (rav'l), v.t. to unweave or un- twist; involve or entangle: v.i. to be unwoven or untwisted; busy one's self with perplexities. ravelin (rav'lin), n. a detached work with two embankments making a salient angle. ravelings (rav'el-ingz), n.pl. threads detached by untwisting. raven (ra'vn), n. a large bird of the crow family noted for its deep black color: adj. raven-color ed. # raven (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or seize, by violence; devour with greediness or voracity: n.- violence; plunder; prey. [Old French.] ravening (rav'n-ing), n. eagerness for plunder. ravenous (rav'n-us), adj. devouring with rapacity; eagerly voracious; eager for gratification. ravine (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep hol- low, worn by the action of a stream or torrent; mountain gorge. [French.] ravish (rav'ish), v.t. to seize and to carry away by force; have sexual ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RAVISHMENT 679 REALISM intercourse with (a woman) without her consent; transport with delight or rapture. [French.] ravishment (rav'ish-menc), n. forcible violation of chastity; rape; abduc- tion; transport; rapture. raw (raw), adj. uncooked; crude; without skin; sore; not spun or twisted; in the natural state; un- tanned; undiluted; unripe; inexperi- enced; cold and damp: n. a sore. rawboned (raw'bond), adj. with little flesh on the bones. raw-head (raw'hed), n. an imaginary horror, a head cut, slashed, and covered with blood: hence the full phrase, "raw head and bloody bones." rawhide (raw/hid), n. a cowhide whip. rawish (raw'ish), adj. somewhat raw. ray (ra), n. a line or pencil of light proceeding from a radiant point; light; beam of intellectual light; perception or apprehension; the out- er whorl of a floret; a radius; a cartilaginous fish of the genus Raia, as the skate, &c: v.t. to shoot forth, as a ray: v.i. shine forth. [French.] rayah (ra'ya), n. in Turkey, a non- Mohammedan. raze (raz), v.t. to level to the ground; blot out; efface; graze or shave. razee (ra-ze'), n. a large warship cut down to a smaller size and inferior class. [French.] razor (ra'zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used for shaving. See safety-razor. razor-back hog (ra'zer-bak hog') or simply razor-back, n. a wild pig found in the West-Southern States. It is noted for its speed, which is remarkable. razor-bill (ra'zer-bil) , n. the auk. razure, same as rasure. razzia (rat'si-a), n. a raid. [French.] razzle-dazzle (raz'l-daz'l), v.t. to intoxicate; to confound and confuse: n. a state of intoxication; a debauch: inter j. the cry of a drunkard. re, a Latin prefix noting repetition or retrograde action. reach (rech), v.t. to touch with the extended hand; stretch forth; arrive at; gain; penetrate to; include: v.i. to be extended so as to touch; en- deavor to obtain something; the power of reaching or attaining; dis- tance that can be reached; limit of power or ability; stretch of water or stream. reach-me-down (rech'me-doun), adj. ready-made; second-hand: n. a gar- ment, such as those hung in front of second-hand shops. Also hand-me- down. [Slang.] reaction (re -ak 'shun), n. reverse or return action. read (red), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. read (red), p.pr. reading], to observe and apprehend the meaning of (some- thing written, printed or inscribed) ; peruse; discover by observation; study: v.i. to perform the act of reading; peruse written or printed matter. readable (red'a-bl), adj. fit to be read; worth reading; legible. reader (red'er), n. one who reads; one who reads praj-ers in church; a cor- rector of the press; a university lecturer ; a reading-book. readily (red'i-li), adv. in a ready manner; quickly; easily; willingly. readiness (red'i-nes), n. the state of being ready; promptness; cheerful- ness. reading (red'ing), adj. addicted to reading: n. perusal of books; lec- ture; public recital; variation; ver- sion or interpretation of a particu- lar passage in a book or MS.; ob- servation made bj examining a scientific instrument; formal recital of a bill by the proper officer before a legislative assembly. readjust (re-ad- just'), v.t. to adjust or put in order again. ready (red'i), # adj. [comp. readier, superl. readiest], prepared at the moment; quick; prompt; fit for a purpose; willing; near; about to do or be; dexterous. real (re'al), adj. actually existing; not fictitious; genuine; true; per- taining to things fixed, as lands or tenements; not personal [Latin]: n. (ra'al), a Spanish coin = 5 cents (about) . real estate _ (es-tat) , n. lands and all appertaining to them. realism (re'al-izm), n. the representa- tion of nature or social life as it actually appears; the doctrine that ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. REALIST 680 REBUT the objects immediately known are real existences ; a phrase of the same doctrine which teaches that whatever is taught us by our senses is unreal, but that God alone is real. [Latin.] realist (re'al-ist), n. one who holds the doctrine of, or practices, realism. realistic (re-al-is'tik), adj. pertaining to realism and realists. reality (re-al'i-ti), n. [pi. realities (re-al'i-tiz)], actual existence; fact; truth. realization (re-al-i-za/shun) , n. the act of realizing, or of making and believing real; conversion of money into real property, or the contrary. realize (re'al-iz), v.t. to bring into act or being; make real; convert into real property or money; bring home to one's self; achieve; complete. really (re'a-li), adv. with actual exist- ence; in truth. realm (relm), n. royal jurisdiction or territory; kingdom; empire; state. [Old French.] realty (re'al-ti), n. real estate. ream (rem), n. 20 quires, or 480 sheets of paper; 500 sheets (long ream). [French.] reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a scythe, sickle, or corn-cutting machine; per- form the operation of reaping; gather in; receive as a reward. rear (rer), n. the part behind the rest; last in order; background; that part of a fleet or army behind the other: v.t. raise or lift up; exalt; build; educate; bring to matur- ity: v.i. to assume an erect posture: adj. pertaining to the rear. rear-admiral (rer'ad'mir-al) , n. an officer ranking next below the vice- admiral, or, in the United States navy, below the admiral. reason (re'zn), n. that mental faculty in man which enables him to deduce inferences from facts, and to distin- guish between right m and wrong; right judgment; efficient or final cause; cause for opinion or act; premise of an argument, especially the minor :v.i. to infer conclusions from premises; v.t. to persuade by reasoning. [French.] reasonable (re'zn-a-bl), adj. endowed with reason; rational; equitable; moderate; fair. reasonableness (re'zn-a-bl-nes) , n, the quality or state of being reason- able; moderation. reasonably (re'zn-a-bli) , adv. in a reasonable manner. reasoning (re'zn-ing), n. the exercise of the faculty of reason; argumen- tation; reasons adduced or employed. reasonless (re'zn-les), < adj. lacking reason; imbecile; void of correct thought. reassure (re-a-shur'), v.t. to restore confidence; to make certain. Reaumur (ra-o'mer), n. a thermome- ter devised by Baron Reaumur in 1737 and since then much used upon the continent of Europe. Its zero (0) is fixed at the melting point, while 80° is taken as the point where water boils. rebate (re-baf), n. a return to ship- pers by transportation companies of part of charges paid: v.t. to make blunt; make obtuse; abate or dimin- ish. [French.] rebel (reb'el), n. one who revolts from his allegiance or defies consti- tuted authority: adj. rebellious: v.i. (re-bel') [p.t. & p.p. rebelled, p.pr. rebelling], to take up arms and re- sist lawful or constituted authority; rise against authority. [Latin.] rebeller (re-bel'er), n. one who rebels. rebellion (re-bel'yun) , # n. insurrection against, or open resistance to, law- ful or constituted authority; revolt. rebellious (re-bel'yus), adj. opposing lawful or constituted authority. rebind (re-bind'), v.t. to recover, bind again, as a book. rebound (re-bound'), v.i. to start or leap back; re-echo; to reverberate: n. the act of rebounding; a leaping or flying back. rebuff (re-buf), n. a beating back; sudden check or resistance; defeat; refusal: v.t. repel; refuse. [O. French.] rebuke (re-buk r ), n. reprimand or re- proof; chastisement: v.t. to repri- mand or chide; chastise. [French.] rebus (re'bus), n. [j)l. rebuses (re'bus- ez) ], an enigmatical representation of a word or phrase by pictures or figures instead of words; in heraldry, a coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of the wearer. [Latin.] rebut (re-buf), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; nnte, mit : note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, tlien. REBUTTAL 681 RECIPROCATION butted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat back; oppose by argument or proof; repel: v.i. in law, to put in or re- turn an answer. [Old French.] rebuttal (re-but'al), n. the act of re- butting. rebutter (re-but'er), n. one who re- buts; the answer of a plaintiff to the rejoinder of a defendant. recalcitrant (re-kal'si-trant) , adj. re- fractory. recall (re-kawl'), v.t. to call back; re- member; revoke; withdraw: n. revo- cation: political, the power of re- calling from office an elected official of whom the people disapprove. This principle has been in operation in certain American States for only a few years. recant (re-kant'), v.t. to withdraw or retract; abjure. [Latin.] recantation (re-kan-ta/shun), n. the act of recanting; a declaration re- calling and contradicting a former one. recapitulate (re-ka-pit'ti-lat), v.t. to go over, or summarize (the chief points of a discourse, argument, &c.) [Latin.] recapitulation (re-ka-pit-u-la'shun) , n. the act of recapitulating. recaption_ (re-kap'shun), n. reprisal. recast (re-kasf), v.t. to cast once more, or to cast after the first firing. LTsed in metallurgy and iron-work. recede (re-sed'), v.i. to fall back or re- trograde; retreat: v.t. to cede back to a former possessor. [Latin.] receipt (re-set ), n. the act of receiv- ing; reception; a recipe; written acknowledgment m of anything re- ceived: v.t. to give a receipt for; sign in acknowledgment of. receivable (re-sev'a-bl) , adj. capable of being received. receive (re-seV), v.t. to take or obtain from another in any manner; ac- cept; obtain; entertain; gain knowl- edge of; suffer; take in, as stolen goods. receiver (re-sev'er), n. one who, or that which receives; one who buys stolen goods; a person appointed by a court to manage property in con- troversy. recency (re'sen-si), n. lateness of time; newness. Also recentness. recension (re-sen'shun) , n. review or revision, especially critical revision of the text of an author; the text thus revised. [Latin.] recent (re'sent), adj. of late origin or occurrence; new; modern; fresh; newly arrived; subsequent to man's existence. [Latin.] recently (re'sent -li) , adv. in a new, fresh manner; having to do with what is of recent occurrence. receptacle m (re-sep'ta-kl), n. a vessel or place into which anything is re- ceived; basis of a flower. [Latin.] receptibility (re-sep-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being receivable. reception (re-sep'shun), n. the act of receiving; the state of being re- ceived; welcome; entertainment; ad- mission; formal or official receiving of a person. receptive (re-sep'tiy), adj. having the quality of receiving or containing; capable of receiving mental im- pressions. recess (re-ses'), n. withdrawal; state of being in retirement; seclusion; remission of business; cavity in a room or alcove; niche. recession (re-sesh'un), n. the act of receding or withdrawal. recessional (re-sesh'un-al) , n. the anthem sung in churches at the close of the service, while the clergy are leaving the chancel; a famous poem by Rudyard Kipling written at the end of the Boer War. recherche (re-sher-sha'), adj. un- common; rare; exquisite. [French.] recipe (res'i-pe), n. sl medical pre- scription; formula for compounding anything. [Latin, "take."] recipient (re-sip 'i-ent), n. one who receives: adj. receiving. reciprocal (re-sip 'ro-kal), adj. mutual; alternating; mutually interchange- able. reciprocally (re-sip'ro-ka-li), adv. mu- tually. reciprocate (re-sip'ro-kat), v.t. to give and receive mutually: v.i. to alternate: interchange. reciprocating (re-sip 'ro-kat-ing) , adj. moving backwards and forwards. reciprocation (re-sip-ro-ka/shun) , n. interchange of acts; reciprocal mo- tion. ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 4G hue, hut ; think, £7ien. RECIPROCITY 682 RECONCILE reciprocity (res-i-pros'i-ti) , n. recip- rocal obligation or right; equal mu- tual rights or benefits to be yielded or enjoyed between individuals, or (in international law) between na- tions. recision (re-sizh'un) , n. the act of cutting off. [Latin.] recital (re-si'tal), n. the act of recit- ing; rehearsal; narrative; a musical entertainment by one performer. recitation (res-i-ta/shun) , n. a public reading; delivery of a composition committed to memory; the composi- tion so delivered. recitative (res-i-ta-tev') , adj. per- taining to recitation; words spoken in the sounds of the musical scale; chant. Also recitativo [Italian]: adj. uttered musically; chanted. recitatively (res-i-ta-teVli), adv. in a recitative manner. recite (re-sif), v.t. to repeat aloud from memory; enumerate; rehearse; recapitulate. [Latin.] reck (rek), v.t. & v.i. to care for; heed. reckless (rek'les), adj. heedless of con- sequences; careless; thoughtless. recklessness (rek'les-nes) , n. care- lessness ; thoughtlessness ; heedless- ness. reckon (rek'n), v.t. to count or com- pute; number; estimate by rank: v.i. to calculate; charge to account; pay a penalty; reason with one's self and conclude from argument; think or suppose. reckoning (rek'ning), n. computation; calculation; statement of accounts between debtor and creditor; money charged by a host ; estimated posi- tion of a ship by its progress and course. reclaim (re-klam'), v.t. to call back; demand the return of; reform; bring under cultivation [Latin.] reclinate (rek'li-nat) , adj. reclined, as a leaf. [Latin.] reclination (rek-li-na/shun) , n. the act of reclining. recline (re-klin'), v.t. to cause to lean or lie back; lean to one side: v.i. to rest or repose. recluse (re-kloos'), n. one who lives in retirement; hermit; anchorite: adj. retired from the world; soli- tary; secluded. [Latin.] recluseness (re-kloos'nes), n. retire- ment from society. Also reclusion. reclusive (re-kloo'siv), adj. affording retirement from the world or society. recognition (rek-og-nish'un) , n. the act of recognizing; the state of be- ing recognized ; remembrance ; recol- lection ; formal avowal. recognizable (rek'og-niz-a-bl) , adj. capable of being recognized. recognizance (re - kon'i - zans) , n. avowal; acknowledgment; badge or token; a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate or court to do, or abstain from doing, some par- ticular act. [French.] recognize (rek'og-mz), v.t. to know again; acknowledge; avow; admit with a formal acknowledgment: v.i. to enter into recognizance. recognizer (rek'og-niz-er) , n. one who recognizes. recognizor (re-kon'i-zer) , n. in law, one who enters into a recognizance. recoil (re-koil), v.i. to start back in dread or disgust; to rebound. recollect (rek-ol-ekf), v.t. to call to memory; (re-kol-ekt'), to gather together again. recollection (rek-ol-ek'shun) , n. mem* ory; that which is remembered. recommend (rek-om-end'),. v.t. to commend to another; introduce favorably; advise. [Latin.] recommendation (rek - om - en - da'- shun), n. the act of recommending; favorable introduction. recommendatory (rek-om-en'da-to- ri), adj. that recommends. recommit (re : kom-it'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recommitted, p.pr. recommit- ting], to commit anew; refer back to a committee. [Latin.] recommitment (re-kom-mit'ment), n. the act of recommitting; state of being recommitted. Also recom- mittal. recompense (rek'om-pens), n. an equivalent given in return; reward; compensation: v.t. to give back as an equivalent ; make amends for; repay or requite. reconcilable (rek-on-sil'a-bl) , adj. ca- pable of being reconciled. reconcile (rek r on-sil), v.t. to restore to friendship or favor after estrange- ment; adjust; harmonize. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RECONCILIATION 683 RECTILINEAL reconciliation (rek-^n-sil-i-a'shun), n. the act of reconciling; the state of being reconciled; renewal of friend- ship; expiation or atonement. Also reconcilement. reconciliatory (rek-on-sil'i- a- to-ri), adj. tending to reconcile. recondite (rek'on-dlt), adj. deep; ab- struse; hidden from view; secret. reconnaissance (re-kon'a-sans) , n. the act of reconnoitering. reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o-noi'- ter), v.i. to make > a survey of, es- pecially for military purposes. [French.] reconsider (re-kon-sid'er), v.t. to con- sider again; to review with care, especially with a view of reversing a previous action. reconstruct (re-kon-strukf), v.t. to build anew. reconstruction (re-kon-struk'shun) , n. in American political history the period from the close of the Civil War (1875) to the presidency of Mr. Hayes (1877), during which time the Southern States gradually resumed their old place in the Union. record (re-kord'), v.t. to remember, or cause to be remembered; register or enroll; celebrate: n. (rek'erd) an authentic memorial; register; for- mal writing or copy of an official document; in sports, the best per- formance; a disk or cylinder to record airs for mechanical musical instruments: pi. public documents. recorder (re-kord'er) , n. one who, or that which, records; one whose official duty is to register writings or transactions. recount (re-kount'), v.t. to go over or narrate in_detail. [French.] recoup (re-koop'), v.t. to indemnify or make good. recourse (re-kors'), n. a going to for aid or protection; application of ef- fort for a particular purpose or end. recover (re-kuv'er), v.t. to regain; re- trieve; cure; obtain as compensa- tion; obtain by judgment in a court of law; cover again: v.i. to regain health, strength, or any former state; be successful in a lawsuit. recovery > (re-kuv'er-i) , # n. the act of recovering; restoration to health; legal right to something after judg- ment of a court. [French.] recreant (rek're-ant), adj. cowardly; mean-spirited; apostate; false: n. a mean-spirited creature; a coward; an apostate. [French.] recreate (rek're-at), v.t. to reanimate, especially after toil; gratify: v.i. to take recreation; to create anew. recreation (rek-re-a'shun), n. refresh- ment after toil, &c; amusement: n. (re-kre-a'shun) the act of creating anew; a new creation. recreative (rek're-a-tiv) , adj. rein- vigorating. recriminate (re-krim'i-nat), v.i. to return one accusation with another: v.t. to accuse in return. ^ recrimination (re-krim-i-na'shun) , n. the act of recriminating. recriminatory (re - krim'i - na - to - ri) , adj. retorting an accusation or charge. recrudescence (re-kroo-des'ens) , n. the state of becoming sore again; a sharp relapse. recrudescent (re-kroo-des'ent) , adj. becoming sore or raw again. recruit (re-kroof), v.t. to supply with new soldiers; restore to health; re- pair by fresh supplies: v.i. to obtain fresh supplies; recover health: n. a soldier newly enlisted; supply of any want. [French.] recruiting (re-kroot'ing), n. the en- listing of recruits for the army. rectangle (rek'tang-gl) , n. a 4-sided figure with 4 right angles, or angles of 90°. [Latin.] rectangled (rek'tang-gld), adj. having one or more right angles. rectangular (rek-tang'gu-lar), adj. right-angled. rectifiable (rek'ti-fl-a-bl) , adj. capable of being rectified. t rectification (rek-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of setting right; repeated dis- tillation of a spirit to concentrate it or render it purer; reduction of a curve to a right line. rectify (rek'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recti- fied, p.pr. rectifying], to set right; adjust; refine by distillation. rectilineal (rek-ti-lin'e-al) , adj. bound- ed by straight lines; right- or straight-lined; straight. Also recti- linear. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. J RECTILINEALLY 684 REDOUBT rectilineally (rek-ti-lin'e-a-li) , adv. in a straight line. rectitude (rek'ti-tud) , n. Tightness of principles and practice; honesty; moral integrity. [Latin.] rector (rek'ter), n. in the Episcopal church, a clergyman who has charge of a parish; the head of a university or of a public school [Scotch]; the superior of a convent or religious house. rectorate (rek'ter-at) , n. the office of a rector. Also rectorship. rectorial (rek-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a rector. rectory (rek'ter-i), n. the house of a rector; the benefice of a rector, with the rights appertaining to it. rectum (rek'tum), n. the lowest part of the great intestine. [Latin.] recumbency (re-kum'ben-si), n. the state of leaning or reclining. Also recumbence. [Latin.] recumbent (re-kum'bent) , adj. re- clining; idle. recuperate (re-ku'per-at) , v.t. & v.i. to recover. [Latin.] recuperation (re-ku-per-a'shun) , n. recovery. recuperative (re-ku'per-a-tiv) , adj. pertaining to, or tending to, re- covery. Also recuperatory. recur (re-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. re- curred, p.pr. recurring], return to the mind; return; happen at a stated interval; have recourse. recurrence (re-kur'ens), n. return; re- sort. [Latin.] recurrent (re-kur'ent), adj. returning repeatedly. recurvate (re-kur' vat) , adj. bent back. recusancy (rek'u-zan-si), n. noncon- formity. recusant (rek'u-zant), adj. refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy in religion; nonconforming: n. a non-conformist. red (red), n. one of the true primary colors varying from scarlet to pink: adj. red-colored. redan (re-dan'), n. a V-shaped field- work or rampart with the apex to- wards the enemy; a projection in a wall. The Redan is specifically the redan at the siege of Sebastopol which was taken by the allies but re- covered by the Russians. redbreast (red'brest), n. the robin, redcap (red'kap), n. a kind of gold- finch. red-coat (red'kot), n. sl British soldier. [Colloq.] redden (red'n), v.t. to make red: v.i. to become red; blush. reddish (red'ish), adj. somewhat red. rede (red), n. advice; counsel. [Scotch.] redeem (re-dem'), v.t. to ransom from bondage; rescue; make atone- ment for; perform; recover; make good use of; ransom from sin and its consequences. [Latin.] redeemer (re-dem'er), n. one who redeems. Redeemer, n. Jesus Christ, the Sa- vior. [Latin, Redemptor.] redemption (re-demp'shun), n. re- purchase; release; ransom; freeing of an estate from a mortgage; salva- tion of mankind by Jesus Christ. redemptioner (re-demp'shun-er), n. an emigrant to the United States who sells his services for a certain term, as payment for his passage out from Europe. redemptive (re-demp'tiv), adj. per- taining to redemption, or serving to redeem. redemptory (re-demp'to-ri), adj. paid for ransom. redgum (red'gum), n. strophulus; a lofty Australian gum-tree, yielding a gum resin used in medicine; riding- coat. red-handed (red-hand'ed), adj. fresh from the commission of a crime. red-hot (red-hot'), adj. heated to red- ness; very enthusiastic. redingote (red'ing-got), n. a long coat. [French.] redivivus (red-i-vi'vus) , adj. come to life again. red-letter day (red-let'er da), n. a lucky day: from the Saints' days printed in red-letter in the church calendars. redolence (red'o-lens) , n. perfume; fragrance. redolent (red'o-lent) , adj. emitting a sweet smell; fragrant. redouble (re-dub'l), v.t. to repeat again and again; to increase greatly. redoubt (re-douf), n. a field-work for strengthening or fortifying a military position without flanks. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. REDOUBTABLE 685 REFINEMENT redoubtable (re-dout'a-bl) , adj. for- midable ; valiant ; terrible to enemies. redound (re-dound'), v.i. to tend or contribute; be in excess. - redowa (red'o-wa), n. a Bohemian . dance; music for such a dance. redress (re-dres'), v.t. to amend or set right; compensate; relieve from; to dress again: n. the reparation of wrong; relief. redressible (re-dres'i-bl), adj. capable of being redre_ssed. redsear (red'ser), v.t. to break or crack under the hammer, as iron when hot. redshank (red'shangk) , n. the red- legged sandpiper; a Highlander. red-snow (red'sno), n. an Arctic lichen or fungus. redstart (red'start), n. a small red- tailed migratory song-bird. red-tape (red-tap'), n. red-colored tape used for tying official docu- ments; excessive official formality. red-tapism (red-tap'izm), n. govern- ' ment by strict official routine. reduce (re-dus'), v.t. to bring into a lower state; degrade; diminish; con- quer; shorten; reclaim to order; bring or change (numbers or quan- tities) from one denomination into another; bring into classes. reducible (re-dus'i-bl), adj. capable of being reduced. reduction (re-duk'shun), n. the act of reducing; the state of being re- duced; diminution; conquest or sub- jugation; the changing of quantities from one denomination to another; the process of converting a metallic oxide into metal by the expulsion of the oxygen contained in it. redundance (re-dun'dans) , n. super- fluity; excess. Also redundancy. redundant (re-dun'dant) , adj. super- fluous. reduplicate > (re-dup'li-kat), v.t. to double again; repeat; multiply. reduplication (re-dup-li-ka/shun) , n. the act of reduplicating. re-echo (re-ek'o), v.t. to echo back: v.i. to resound. reed (red), n. sl large, coarse grass, of the genus Arundo, with jointed hollow stems; a pastoral t pipe; mouth tube of a musical instru- ment; the comb-shaped part of a loom which beats the weft up to the web; an arrow. reef (ref), n. that part of a sail which can be reduced by being drawn in by small ropes running in eyelet holes; a chain of rock lying at or near the surface ^ of the water: v.t. to reduce the size of (a sail) by means of reefs. reefer (refer), n. one who reefs; a short jacket of heavy cloth. reek (rek), n. smoke; steam; v.i. to emit smoke or steam. _ [Danish.] reel (rel), n. a turning frame for wind- ing yarn, &c; bobbin; an angler's implement for winding his line upon; a lively Scotch dance: v.t. to wind on a reel: v.i. to stagger; oerform a reel. [Gaelic] reenforce (re-en-fors'), v.t. to strengthen with new force, assistance or support. Also_ reinforce. reenforcement (re-en-fors'ment), n. additional support. reeve (rev), n. a bailiff or steward; the female of the ruff: v. t. to pass a rope's end through any hole. refection (reyfek'shun), n. a light re- past. [Latin.] refectory (re-fek'to-ri), n. an eating room or hall. refer (re-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. referred, p.pr. referring], to submit to another person or authority for information, corroboration, or decision: v.i. to al- lude: have relation; appeal. referable (ref er-a-bl) , adj. that may be referred; as_cribable. referee (ref-er-e 7 ), n. one to whom anything is referred for decision; an umpire. reference (refer-ens), n. the act of referring; allusion; one who, or that which, is referred to; trial or deci- sion by referees. referendum (ref 'er-en-dum) , n. the reference of a legislative act to the people for final decision. referential (ref-er-en'shal) , adj. per- taining to, or referring to, something else. refine (re-fin'), v.t. to separate from impurities; clear from dross; pol- ish; educate or improve: v.i. to be- come fine or pure; improve in ac- curacy or delicacy. [French.] refinement (re-f In'ment) , n. the act ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, init ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. REFINERY 686 REFRACTED of refining; state of being refined; elegance ; polish ; purity of taste, mind, morals, &c.; affectation of elegant or subtle improvements. refinery (re-f In'er-i) , n. [pi. refineries (re-fin'er-iz)], a place where any- thing is refined or purified. refit (re-fit '), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. refitted, p.pr. refitting], to make fit for use again; prepare or fit afresh: v.i. to repair damages, especially dam- ages of ships: n. the renewal of that which is damaged or worn, especially of parts of a ship. reflect (re-field/), v.t. to throw back, especially rays of light or heat after striking on any substance: v.i. to be thrown back, as rays of light, consider in the mind; cast reproach or censure (with upon). [Latin.] reflectible (re-flekt'i-bl), adj. capable of being reflected. reflecting (re-flekt'ing), p.adj. making reflection; thoughtful; casting re- proach or censure. reflection (re-flek'shun), n. the act of reflecting; state of being reflected; that which is reflected; the turning of thought back upon past experi- ences or ideas; attentive considera- tion; reproach. Also reflexion. reflective (re-flek'tiv) , adj. throwing back images or rays ; considering the operations of the mind or things of the past; reflexive. reflectively (re-flek'tiv-li) , adv. in a reflective manner. reflectiveness (re-flek'tiv-nes) , n. the power or habit of reflection. reflector (re-flek'tgr) , n. one who, or that which, reflects; a polished sur- face reflecting rays of light or heat. reflex (re'fleks), adj. bent or turned back; directed backwards; illumi- nated by light reflected from another part of the same picture; noting the action of the motor nerves acting independently of the will under stimulus from impressions made on the sensory nerves: n. reflected light, &c. reflexibility (re-fleks-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being reflexible. reflexible (re-fleks'i-bl), adj. capable of being reflected. reflexive (re-fleks'iv) , adj. reflective; having respect to something past; referring back to the grammatical subject. refluent (ref'lu-ent), adj. flowing or surging back. reflux (re'fluks), n. a flowing back. reform (re-form'), v.t. to make better; change or return to a former good state; introduce improvement in or change for the better; amend; cor- rect; form again or anew: v.i. to abandon evil for that which is good; become better, or amended: n. amendment; change for the better, especially political change; correc- tion. [Latin.] reformation (ref-or-ma'shun) , n. the act of reforming; state of being reformed; amendment; political re- dress; the act of forming again or anew. Reformation, n. the great religious movement (sixteenth century) under Martin Luther '(with the). reformative (re-f orm'a-tiv) , adj. form- ing again. reformatory (re - f orm'a - to - ri) , adj. tending to reform: n. an institution for the detention and reformation of juvenile offenders. reformed (re-formd'), p>adj. restored to a previous good state; amended, as noting the Protestant churches. Reformed Ckurch (cherch), n. that section of the Protestant Church which on the Continent separated from Luther, and adopted the the- ology and ecclesiastical polity of Calvin. Reformed Episcopal Church (e-pis- ko-pal cherch), n. the religious body organized in New York City, Dec. 2, 1873, by a group of members of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who objected to excessive display and show in the rites of the Church, and the growing influence of the clergy. Bishop Cummins of Kentucky se- ceded and was their first bishop. reformer (re-f orm'er) , n. one who effects a reformation, religious, moral, or political. refract (re-frakf), v.t. to break the natural course of, or bend from a straight line. [Latin.] refracted (re-frak'ted) , p.adj. bent back at an acute angle; bent from a direct course. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. REFRACTING 687 REGELATION refracting (re-frak'ting), p. adj. having the power to turn rays from a direct course. refraction (re-frak'shun) , n. the change from a straight line which a ray of light or heat assumes when passing through a smooth surface into a medium of greater density at any angle other than 90°. refractive (re-frak'tiv), adj. pertain- ing to refraction. refractorily (re-frak'to-ri-li) , adv. in a refractory manner. refractoriness (re-frak'to-ri-nes) , n. perverse obstinacy; difficulty of fusion or malleability. refractory (re-frak'to-ri), adj. sullenly or perversely obstinate; difficult of fusion, &c. refrain (re-fran'), v.L to restrain: v.i. to forbear; abstain from action: n. burden of a song repeated at the end of each stanza. [Latin.] refrangibility (re-fran-ji-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being refrangible. Also refrangibleness. refrangible (re-fran'ji-bl) , adj. capable of being refracted. [Latin.] refresh (re-fresh'), v.t. to revive after fatigue or exhaustion; reinvigorate ; restore. [French.] refreshing (re-fresh'ing) , adj. reani- mating; reinvigorating ; cooling. refreshment (re-fresh'ment), n. the act of refreshing; m state of being refreshed; that which refreshes, as food or rest. refrigerant (re-frij'er-ant), adj. cool- ing; refreshing: n. a substance that cools; a cooling medicine. Also re- frigerative. [French.] refrigerate (re-frij'er-at), v.t. to cool, or keep cool, as by a refrigerator. refrigeration (re-frij-er-a'shun) , n. act of cooling. refrigerator (re-frij'er-a-ter), n. an apparatus or vessel for preserving or cooling things by means of ice, &c. refrigeratory (re-frij'er-a-to-ri), adj. cooling. refuge (ref'uj), n. protection from danger or distress; shelter or asy- lum; stronghold; expedient or re- source. [Latin.] refugee (reMi-je'), n : one who flees for protection, especially from politi- cal or religious persecution. refulgence (re-fuTjens), n. bright- ness; flood of light; splendor. Also refulgency. [Latin.] refulgent (re-ful'jent), adj. casting a bright light; brilliant; splendid. refund (re-fund 7 ), v.t. to pay back again. [Latin.] ref usable (re-fuz'a-bl), adj. capable of being refused. refusal (re-fuz'al), n. the act of refus- ing; rejection; right to take the preferencej option. refuse (re-fuz'), v.t. to deny or reject, as a demand or request: v.i. to de- cline_ to accept ; not to comply : n. (ref 'tis), waste or worthless mat- ter; rubbish: adj. rejected; worth- less. refutable (re-fut'a-bl), adj. capable of being refuted. refutation (ref-u-ta'shun) , n. the act of refuting; that which is re- futed. refute (re-fuf), v.t. to prove to be false or erroneous ; repel ; disprove. regain (re-gan'), v.t. to recover pos- session of; get back; reach again. regal (re'gal), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a king; kingly; royal. regale (re-gal'), v.t. to entertain with something to delight the senses; feast sumptuously: v.i. to feast. regalia (re^-ga/lia) , n.pl. the ensigns of sovereignty, as the crown, &c; royal rights or prerogatives; decora- tions of an order or office. regard (re-gard'), v.t. to observe par- ticularly; heed; esteem; consider; respect; value: n. attention; respect; consideration; reference: pi. good wishes. regardant (re-gard'ant) , adj. in herald- ry, looking backwards or behind. regardful (re-gard'fool), adj. taking notice. regarding (re-gard'ing), prep, con- cerning. regardless (re-gard'Ies) , adj. having no regard or care; indifferent. regardlessly (re-gard'les-li), n. in a careless, indifferent manner. regatta (re-gat'a),n. a sailing or row- ing match for prizes. regelation (re-jel-a'shun), n. the act of freezing two pieces of ice with moist surfaces together at 32° F. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, £7* en. REGENCY 688 REHASH regency (re'jen-si), n. the office or jurisdiction of a regent; a body in- structed with the duties of a regent. regeneracy (re-jen'er-a-si), n. the state of being regenerated. regenerate (re-jen'er-at), v.t. to renew the heart of and cause to turn to the love of God; produce anew: adj. renewed; reformed. regeneration (re-jen-er-a'shun), n. the act of regenerating ; the state of being regenerated; formation of new tissue to supply that which has been lost. regenerative (re-jen'er-a-tiv), adj. re- newing. regeneratory (re-jen'er-a-to-ri), adj. having the power to regenerate. regent (re'jent), adj. exercising vi- carious authority: n. one who gov- erns in the interim during the mi- nority, absence, or disability of the sovereign; a university teacher; a member of a board of superintend- ence of colleges and schools in the state of New York. [Latin.] regent-bird (re'jent -berd), n. an Australian honey-eater with hand- some plumage. regicidal (rej'i-sl-dal), adj. pertain- ing to a regicide or to regicide. regicide (rej'i-sid), n. the murder, or murderer ,_ of a king. regime (ra-zhem'), n. mode; system or rule of governemnt, social or political. [French.] regimen (rej'i-men), n. systematic regulation of diet or habit; rule; the grammatical regulation of one word by another. regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a number of companies of soldiers united into one body under the command of a colonel. [French.] regimental (rej-i-men'tal), adj. per- taining to a regiment: n.pl. the uni- forms worn by the troops of a regi- ment. regimentation (rej-i-men-ta/shun) n. enforced socialism. region (re'jun), n. a tract of land; country. register (rej'is-ter), n. an official writ- ten record ; the book containing such Record; a list of persons entitled to vote; an organ stop; musical com- pass or range. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not hue, hut ; think, tlten. registrar (rej'is-trar), n. an official who keeps a register or record . registration (rej-is-tra'shun) , n. the act of inserting in a register. registry (rej'is-tri), n. the place where a register is kept. reglet (reg'let), n. a flat, narrow molding; a slip of wood used for separating lines or filling blank spaces in printing. regnal (reg'nal), adj. pertaining to a reign. regnant (reg'nant), adj. reigning; ex- ercising royal authority; prevalent . regression (re-gresh'un) , n. retro- gression. regret (re-gref), n. mental sorrow or concern for anything, as for past conduct or negligence; remorse: v.t. [j).t. & p.p. regretted, p.pr. regret- ting], to remember with sorrow; bewail the loss or want of. regretful (re-gret'fool), adj. full of re- gret. regretfully (re-gret'foo-li), adv. with regret. regrettable (re-gret'a-bl), adj. admit- ting of, or causing, regret. regular (reg'ii-lar), adj. according to rule, order, or established usage; consistent; governed by rule; uni- form; methodical; exact; fully qual- ified; having sides or surfaces com- posed of equal figures or lines: n. a soldier belonging to a standing army ; one who is under monastic rule. regularity (reg-u-lar'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being regular; con- formity to rule; uniformity; method or certain order. regulate (reg'u-lat), v.t. to make regu- lar; adjust by rule. regulation (reg-u-la/shun), n. the act of regulating; order; method; rule. regulator (reg'ti-la-ter) , n. one who. or that which, regulates; a lever for regulating motion"; lever of a watch : an accurate timepiece. regulus (reg'u-lus), n. a metal contain- ing more or less impurities of the ore. regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i. to be thrown or poured back. rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), v.t. to reinstate; to restore to a former place or rank. rehash (re-hash'), n. literally to hash boon, book ; REHEARSAL 689 RELATIVENESS over, rechopping the meat and vege- tables ; but oftener used figuratively of repeating something not very at- tractive, until every one is weary of it. rehearsal (re-her'sal), n. a recital in private prior to a public perform- ance. rehearse (re-hers'), v.t. to repeat, as what has already been said or writ- ten ; tell or narrate ; recite before public performance. ?ei (ra), n. [pi. reis(raz)], a Portu- guese and Brazilian money of account, the 1,000th part of a milree. m Equals one mill (l-10th of a cent) in U. S. money. Also rea, ree. Reichsrath (rlkhs'rat), n. the parlia- ment of the Austrian empire. Reichstag % (rikhs'takh), n. the Ger- man parliament. reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sovereign authority; rule; be predominant: n. supreme power or influence; time during which a sovereign rules. reimburse (re-im-bers') , v.t. to re- fund. reimbursement (re-im-bers'ment), n. refunding. rein (ran), n. the strap of a bridle; an instrument for curbing, restrain- ing, or governing; power: pi. the kidneys, or parts about them; loins; the heart [Old Testament]: v.t. to govern with a bridle; restrain; con- trol: v.i. to check a horse with the reins. [French.] Reincarnation (re-in-kar-na/shun) , n. a return to body and flesh, after hav- ing left them for a more spiritual state. The possibility of Reincar- nation is held by the Christians as well as bv the Brahmans. [Latin.] reindeer (ran'der), n. a large Arctic deer, long domesticated in Scandi- navia and Siberia. reinforce (re-in-fors'), v.t. same as re- enforce. reinforcement (re-in-fors'ment), n. same as reenf or cement. reinstate (re-in-staf) , v.t. to restore to a former state. reiteration (re-it-er-a'shun) , n. repe- tition. reiterative (re-it 'er-a-tiv) , n. a word or part of a word reduplicated; a verb noting reproduction or inten* sive action. reject (re-jekt'),. v.t. to throw away as useless or vile; refuse; renounce; discard. rejective (re-jek'tiv), adj. tending to reject. rejection (re-jek'shun), n. the act of rejecting. rejoice (re-jois'), v.i. to feel or express joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to make joyful. rejoicing (re-jois'ing) , n. expression, subject, or experience, of joy or gladness. rejoin (re-join'), v.t. to unite again after separation: v.i. to answer a reply; answer as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication. rejoinder (re-join'der), n. an answer to a reply ; in law, the defendant's an- swer to the plaintiff's replication. rejuvenate (re-ju've-nat), v.t. to make young again. relapse (re-laps'), v.i. to fall back from a state of convalescence; return to a former bad state or habit: n. a falling into a former bad state; re- turn of a disease after convalescence or partial recovery. relapsing (re-laps'ing), p.adj. subject to relapse. relate (re-laf), v.t. to tell; describe; recite; narrate: v.i. to refer. related (re-la/ted), p.adj. told or de- scribed; allied by kindred or blood relationship. relation (re-la 'shun) , n. the act of re- lating; the thing related; mutual connection between two or more things; proportion or ratio; connec- tion by birth or marriage; kinsman or kinswoman. relationship (re-la 'shun-ship), n. the state of being related by kindred, affinity, or other alliance. relative (rel'a-tiv), adj. having, or expressing, relation; pertinent; be- longing to or connected with; re- lating to a word, sentence, or clause: n. that which has relation to some- thing else; a person connected by kinship or consanguinity; a wora which relates to its antecedent. relatively (rel'a-tiv-li) , adv. compare tively. relativeness (rel'a-tiv-nes) , n. the ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north not ; boon, book ; M hue, hut; think, then. RELATOR 690 RELY state or guality of being relative. Also relativity. relator (re-la/ter), n. one who relates; a prosecutor. relax (re-laks'), v.t. to slacken; make less close; render less tense, rigor- ous, or severe; divert, as the mind; loosen, as the bowels; make lan- guid: v.i. to take relaxation; become less severe or close. relaxation (re-laks-a/shun) , n. the act of relaxing; state of being relaxed; diminution of tension; diversion or recreation. relay (re-la'), v.t. [v.t. & p.p. relaid, p.pr. relaying], to lay a second time: n. fresh post-horses or hunting dogs to relieve others; .new supply; a subsidiary electric circuit. release (re-les'), v.t. to set free; dis- charge; free from obligation or pen- alty: n. liberation from restraint, penalty, pain, &c; discharge from an obligation. relegate (rel'e-gat), v.t. to banish; consign. relegation (rel-e-ga'shun) , n. the act of relegating. relent (re-lent'), v.i. to grow less hard or severe; become more tender; yield. relenting (re-lent 'ing) , n. the act of becoming less hard or more tender or compassionate. relentless (re-lent'les), adj. pitiless; having no regard for another; with- out mercy. relentlessly (re-lent 'les-li) , adv. m as if caring nothing for another; in the manner of one who is merciless ; piti- less. relessee (re-les-e') , n. the person to whom a deed of release is granted. ■ Also releasee. relessor (re-les'er), n. the person who grants a deed of release. relevancy (rel'e-van-si) , n. applica- bility; pertinence. Also relevance. relevant (rel'e-vant) , adj. applicable; related; pertinent. reliability (re-li-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being reliable. Also reliableness. reliable (re-H'a-bl) , adj. trustworthy. reliably (re-ll'a-bli) , adv. so as to be re- lied on. reliance (re-li'ans), n. confidence; trust. reliant (re-li'ant),'acy. having reliance. relic (rel'ik), n. that which is left after the loss or decay of the rest; memorial or souvenir; remains of a person deceased; body or other me- morial of a saint held in religious reverence. relict (rel'ikt), n. a widow. [Latin.] relief (re-lef), n. that which mitigates pain, grief, &c; release from some post of duty; assistance given to the poor; aid; redress; the projection of a sculptured design from the plane surface. relier (re-li'er), n. one who relies. relievable (re-lev'a-bl) , adj. capable of being relieved. relieve (re-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, suffering, grief, &c; mitigate; alle- viate; help; release from a post of duty. religion (re-lij'un), n. any system of faith or worship ; love and obedience towards God; piety; monastic vow or state. [Latin.] religious (re-lij'us), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or set apart for, religion; godly; pious; devotional; conscientiously exact or strict ; bound by monastic vows: n. one who is bound by monastic vows. religious-house (re-lij'us-hous), n. a monastery or nunnery. relinquish (re-ling'kwish) , v.t. to for- sake or abandon; quit; leave with reluctance; desist from; renounce a claim to. relinquishment (re-ling'kwish-ment) , n. the act of relinquishing ; abandon- ment. reliquary (rel'i-kwa-ri) , n. [pi. reli- quaries (rel'i-kwa-riz)], a depository for relics ; a casket or small chest for holding relics. relique (rel-ek'), n. a relic. [French.] relish (rel'ish), v.t. to like the taste of; use with pleasure; enjoy: v.i. to have a pleasing taste: n. sensa- tion of flavor; taste; savor; zest; a savory dish; enjoyment given by anything; pleasure; inclination. reluctance (re-luk'tans), n. unwil- lingness. Also reluctancy. reluctant (re-luk'tant) , adj . unwilling; disinclined. rely (re-H'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. relied, p.pr. relying], to lean upon with confi- dence; trust or have confidence in. ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. REMAIN 691 REMORSELESS remain (re-man'), v.i. to continue; stay; last; endure; be left in a par- ticular state or place; be left after or out of a greater number: n.pl. a d eacLbody ; the literary works of an au- thor published after his death; ruins. remand (re-mand'), v.t. to recommit or send back; remit in custody to a future time: n. the act of remand- ing; state of being remanded. remark (re-mark 7 ), v.t. to note or ob- serve; express; say: n. notice or ob- servation; comment. remarkable (re-mark'a-bl) , adj. worthy of notice or remark; ex- traordinary; strange; famous; un- common. remarkably (re-mark'a-bli) , adv. in a remarkable manner. remasticate (re-mas'ti-kat) , v.t. to masticate food over and over .in accordance with the theory of Fletcherism. See Fletcherism. Rembr antesque (Rem - bran - tesk') , adj. after the manner of the great Dutch painter (1617-1690), who was most remarkable for use of light and shade (chiaroscuro), producing vivid effects. remediable (re-me'di-a-bl), adj. ad- mitting remedy. remediably (re-me'di-a-bli) , adv. in a way that may be remedied. remedial (re-me'di-al), adj. affording, or intended for, a_ remedy. remedially (re-me'di-a-li), adv. by way of remedy. remedy (rem'e-di), n.^ [pi. remedies (rem'e-diz)], that which cures a dis- ease, or counteracts an evil ; a re- storative; an efficacious medicine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remedied, p.pr. remedying], to repair or remove something evil from. remember (re-mem'ber), v.t. to re- call to mind; attend to; keep in mind with gratitude, regard, or rev- erence. remembrance (re-mem 'brans) / n. power of remembering; memory; length of time during which anything can be remembered; recollection. remembrancer (re - mem ' brans - er), one who, or that which, reminds; recorder. remind (re-mind'), v.t. to bring to the remembrance of; put in mind. reminiscence (rem-i-nis'ens), n. re- covery of ideas ; memory ; that which is remembered. reminiscent (rem-i-nis'ent) , adj. hav- ing recollection. remise (re-mlz'), v.t. to resign or surrender by deed: n. the surrender of a claim by deed. remiss (re-mis'), adj. careless in the performance of duty or business; heedless; dilatory. remission (re-mish'un), n. the act of remitting; pardon; abatement; re- laxation, remit (re-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remit- ted, p.pr. remitting], to pardon; transmit, as money, bills, &c; send back: v.i. moderate or abate in vio- lence or force. remittal (re-mit'al), n. surrender; transmission. remittance (re-mit'ans), n. that which is remitted; the sending of money, bills, &c, in payment; the sum so transmitted. remittent (re-mit'ent) , adj. increasing and abating alternately. remnant (rem'nant), n. that which is left after a part has been re- moved; remainder. remonetize (re-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to re- store to circulation in the shape of money. remonstrance (re-mon's trans), n. strong representation against some- thing complained of; expostulation (historically), the Great Remon- strance made by the English Parlia- ment to King Charles I (1641), reminding him of his arbitrary and illegal acts. remonstrant (re-rnon'strant), adj. expostulatory ; n. one who takes part in a remonstrance. remonstrate (re-mon'strat) , v.i. to urge or put forward strong reasons against some act or course com- plained of; expostulate. remorse (re-mors'), n. anguish of mind caused by the sense of guilt; sympathetic sorrow; compunction. remorseful (re-mors 'fool), adj. full of remorse. remorsefully (re-mors'foo-li), adv. with remorse. remorseless (re-mors'les) , adj. cruel; merciless. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. REMOTE 692 RENOVATOR remote (re-mot'), adj. distant in time or space; far; primary; alien;, for- eign; inconsiderable. remotely (re-mot 'li), adv. at a dis- tance. remoteness (re-mot'nes), n. dis- tance. removability (re-moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being removable. removable (re-moov'a-bl), adj. cap- able of being removed. removal (re-moov'al) , > n. the act of removing or displacing; change of place; dismissal; act of putting an end to. remove (re-moov'), v.t. to put from its place; withdraw; cut off, or kill: v.i. to change place; change resi- dence: n. change of place: removal; promotion; class. removed (re-moovd'), p. adj. remote; displaced. remunerable (re-nm'ner-a-bl) , adj. that may be remunerated. remunerate (re-mu'ner-at) , v.t. to re- ward as an equivalent for service; recompense. remuneration (re-mu-ner-a'shun) , n. payment for service; recompense; reward. remunerative (re-mu'ner-a-tiv) , adj. yielding an equivalent return for outlay; lucrative; profitable. remuneratory (re-mu'ner-a-to-ri) , adj. yielding remuneration; profitable. Renaissance (re-na-sans'), n. revival of letters and arts in the fifteenth century; in Italy and in France in the sixteenth century; the style of architecture that succeeded the Gothic; the classic decorative style revived by the artist Raphael. In literature there was a reversion from the dull and pedantic writings of the schoolmen to the freer, vivid pagan- ism of Greece and Rome. Also Re- nascence. [French.] renal (re'nal), adj. pertaining to the kidneys. renard and reynard (ra/nard), < n. the fox, so-called in animal stories. [French.] renascent (re-nas'ent), adj. coming again into being. rencontre (rang-kong'tr), n. a casual meeting in opposition or contest; collision: v.i. to meet an enemy un- expectedly; to come in collision. Also recounter. rend (rend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rent, p.pr. rending], to tear apart with violence; split; lacerate: v.i. to- be- come rent. render (ren'der), v.t. to return; pay back; make up; deliver; afford; yield; furnish; reproduce; translate; cause to be boiled down; exhibit: n. payment of rent. rendering (ren'der-ing) , n. a transla- tion; version; execution; first coat of plaster. rendezvous (ran'da-voo or ren'de-voo) , n. appointed place of meeting, espe- cially for warships or troops: v.i. to assemble. [French.] rendition (ren-dish'un) , n. surrender; translation. rendrock (rend'rok), n. a high-power explosive manufactured from nitro- glycerin. renegade (ren'e-gad), n. one who re- nounces his faith; apostate; traitor; deserter. [French.] renege and reneague (re-neg')» v.i. to fail to follow suit at cards, when one has in his hands cards of the same suit ; hence to be unmindful of an ob- ligation. renew (re-nu'), v.t. to make new again; restore; renovate; reinvigorate : v.i. to be made new; begin afresh; grow again. renewal (re-nu'al), n. the act of re- newing ; state of being renewed ; reno- vation; revival. reniform (ren'i-f orm) , adj. kidney- shaped. rennet (ren'et), n. the inner mem- brane of a calf's stomach: used for coagulating milk. renounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; reject publicly and finally; repudi- ate; reject: v.i. in card playing, not to follow suit: n. failure to follow suit. renouncement (re-nouns 'ment), same as renunciation. renovate (ren'o-vat), v.t. to make new again; restore to a previous condi- tion, or to a good state; repair. renovation (ren-o-va/shun) , n. re- newal; state of being renovated. renovator (ren'o-va-ter) , n. one who, or that which, renovates; restorer. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, th^r\, RENOWN 693 REPLICATION renown (re-noun'), n. celebrity; fame; distinction: v.t. to make famous. renowned (re-nound'), p. adj. cele- brated; famous; illustrious; distin- guished. rent (rent), n. sl tear; fissure; schism; periodical payment for the use of property: p.t. & p.p. of rend. [French.] rental (rent'al), n. amount of rent; schedule of rents of an estate; rent- roll. renter (rent'er), n. one who holds an estate or tenements by payment of rent; one who collects rent. rentes (rant), n.a name given to all public securities of the French government. rent-roll (rent'rol), n. a schedule of income derived from rents. renunciation (re-nun-si-a'shun), n. disavowal; rejection. rep (rep), adj. having a fine corded surface: n. a dress fabric with a fine corded surface. topair (re-par'), v.i. to go to a (speci- fied) place; betake one's self: v.t. to restore after injury; mend; reno- vate; make amends: n. restoration after injury; state of a building. reparable (rep/a-ra-bl), adj. capable of being repaired. _ reparation (rep-a-ra'shun), n. restora- tion to a good condition; amends or compensation; restitution. reparative (re-par'a-tiv), adj. amend- ing defects; repairing. repartee (rep-ar-te') , n. a ready, witty reply. repast (re-p_asf), n. a meal; victuals. repav (re-pa'), v.t. to give back that which is due. repeal (re-pel'), v.t. to revoke or abro- gate; annul: n. revocation; abro- gation. repeat (re-pet'), v.t. to do or speak a second time; iterate; recite; quote from memory: n. repetition; a sign in music directing a part to be re- peated. repeater (re-pet 'er), n. one who, or that which, repeats; revolver; a watch that strikes the hours, when a spring is pressed; a decimal in which the same figure or figures are repeated; one who illegally votes more than once at the same election. repel (re-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- pelled, p.pr. repelling], to drive back resist; check the advance of: v.i. to act in opposition to force impressed check or drive inwards. repellent (re-pel'ent), adj. driving back; tending or able to repel; rt*- pulsive. • repent (re-pent'), v.i. to feel pain or sorrow on account of something done or left undone, especially for sin committed leading to repent- ance; change from past evil: v.t. to regret. [Old Testament.] repentance (re-pen'tans), n. contri- tion. repentant (re-pen'tant) , adj. peni- tent. reperception (re-per-sep'shun), n. the second perception of something which has been perceived before. repertoire (rep-er-twar') , n. a repos- itory; stock of dramas, songs, &c. ready for use. [French.] repertory (rep'er-to-ri), n. a store- house; treasury. repetition > (rep-e-tish'un) , n. the act of repeating; recital from memory. repine (re-pin'), v.i. to fret one's self; murmur; complain; feel discontent. replace (re-plas'), v.t. to put back in its place; to supersede. replenish (re-plen'ish) , v.t. to fill up again; fill or stock in abundance. replenishment (re-plen'ish-ment), n, the act of replenishing; state of being replenished. replete (re-plef), adj. completely filled; full. repletion (re-ple'shun), n. the state of being too full; plethora. replevin (re-plev'in) , n. an action to recover goods wrongfully seized, on security being given to try the case; writ for replevying. replevy (re-plev'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- plevied, p.pr. replevying], to recover by wit goods wrongfully seized, on giving security to try the right to them at law. replica (rep'li-ka), n. a copy of an original picture^ or statue executed by the same artist or sculptor. replicate (rep'li-kat),_ac(/. folded back, replication (rep-li-ka'snun) , ??. a # re- ply; echo; repetition; the plaintiff's answer to the plea of the defendant, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, boob % hue, hut ; think, then. REPLIER 694 REPTILIAN replier (re-pli'er), n. one who replies. reply (re-pli'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. replied, p.pr. replying], to answer; respond: n. an answer; response; rejoinder. report (re-port/), v.t. to give an ac- count of; relate; tell from one to another; circulate publicly; take down (spoken words) : v.i. to make a statement: n. an official statement of facts; description, an account of a meeting, &c; rumor; hearsay; noise. reportorial (re-por-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, or constituted by, re- porters. reposal (re-poz'al), n. state of repose. repose (re-poz'), v.t. to lay to rest; re- fresh by rest; compose; lay, place, or rest, as confidence or trust (with in or on): v.i. to sleep; recline: n. sleep ; quiet ; mental rest ; certain parts in a picture which tranquilize its aspect. repository (re-poz 'i-to-ri), n. [pi. re- positories (re-poz 'i-to-riz)], a ware- house for the storing and safe keep- ing of goods; shop or warehouse. repousse (re-poos'a), n. ornamental metal work formed in relief and chased. reprehend (rep-re-hend') , v.t. to cen- sure. reprehensible (rep-re-hen'si-bl) , adj. deserving censure; culpable. reprehensibly (rep-re-hen'si-bli) , adv. in a reprehensible manner. reprehension (rep-re-hen'shun) , n. censure; reproof. reprehensive (rep-re-hen'siv) , adj. given to, or containing, reproof. Also reprehensory. represent (rep-re-zent') , v.t. to ex- hibit the image of; show; describe; give an account of; personate or act the part of ; reproduce ; to present again (re-pre-zenf). representation (rep-re-zen-ta'shun) , n. the act of representing; that which represents ; portrayal ; description ; likeness; image or picture; dramat- ic performance; body of representa- tives; statement of arguments or reasons. representative (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv) 'adj. having the power or character of an- other; exhibiting a similitude; typi- cal: n. one who is authorized to act for another or others ; deputy or dele- gate, especially one chosen by a body of electors ; a member of the popular branch of Congress or of a State Legislature; he who, or that which, represents or exhibits a likeness. repress (re-pres'), v.t. to check or re- strain; crush; quell. repression (re-presh'un) , n. the act of repressing. repressive (re-pre^'iv), adj. serving to repress. repressively (re-pres'iv-li) , adv. so as to repress. reprieve (re-prev'), v.t. to grant a re- spite to; delay the execution of: n. temporary suspension of a criminal sentence. reprimand (rep'ri-mand), v.t. to re- prove severely; reprove publicly and officially: n. a severe reproof. reprint (re-print'), v.t. to print a new edition or copy of: n. (re'print), a new edition or copy. reprisal (re-priz'al), n. an act of war ostensibly by way of retaliation for an injury suffered. See marque. reproach (re-proch'), v.t. to censure severely; upbraid: n. severe blame mingled with contempt; object of scorn; shame or disgrace. reproachful (re-proch'f ool) , adj. con- taining, or expressing, reproach. reproachfully (re-proch'f oo-li) , adv. in a reproachful manner. reprobate (rep'ro-bat), v.t. to con- demn strongly or with detestation; disown: adj. abandoned; depraved: n. a profligate person. reprobation (rep-ro-ba'shun) , n. the act of reprobating; abandonment to eternal destruction; condemnation. reproduction (re-pro-duk'shun), n. the act of producing again, either an organism, a mental image, or a work of art. reproof (re-proof), n. censure; re- buke. reprove (re-proov'), v.t. to censure or blame; reprimand; rebuke. reptile (rep 'til), n. an animal of the class Reptilia that creeps or crawls on the ground; a mean, groveling person: adj. creeping; crawling; groveling. reptilian (rep-til'i-an) , adj. pertaining to, or like, a reptile. Also reptilious. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. REPUBLIC 695 RESCUE republic (re-pub 'lik), n. a state or country in which the supreme power is vested in representatives elected by popular vote; commonwealth. republican (re-pub'li-kan), adj. per- taining to, characteristic of, or con- sisting of, a republic: n. one who favors republican government. Republican (re-pub'h-kan), n. a mem- ber of the Republican party, one of the two principal political parties in the United States. [Latin.] republicanism (re-pub'li-kan-izm), n. the principles of a republican govern- ment; attachment to such prin- ciples. republicanize (re-pub'li-kan-iz),"^. to form into a republic ; convert to re- publican ideas. republication (re-pub-li-ka/shun) , n. the act of republishing; re-impres- sion of a printed book ; second pub- lication. republish (re-pub'lish), v.t. to pub- lish anew; print a new edition of. repudiate _(re-pu'di-at) , v.t. to dis- own or disclaim; refuse to pay or acknowledge ; disavow. repudiation (r e-p u-di-a/shun) , n. the act of repudiating; disavowal; re- jection. repudiator m (re-pu'di-a-ter), n. one who repudiates. repugnance (re-pug'nans) , n. aver- sion; reluctance; dislike. Also re- pugnancy. repugnant (re-pug'nant), adj. highly distasteful or offensive; contrary; hostile. repulse (re-puls'), v.t. to drive back; beat off; repel: n. the state of being driven back or repelled; refusal; denial. repulsion (re-pul'shun) , n. the act of driving back; state of being re- pelled; the power by which certain bodies recede from each other. repulsive (re-pul'siv), adj. tending to repel; forbidding; disgusting. repulsively (re-pul'siv-li), adv. in a repulsive manner. repulsiveness (re-pul'siv-nes), n. the state or quality of being repulsive. reputable (rep'ti-ta-bl), adj. es- teemed; honorable; respectable. reputably (rep'u-ta-bli), adv. in a rep- utable manner. reputation (rep-u-ta'shun), n. good " name or character; honor; credit. repute (re-puf), g v.t. to estimate; deem: n. estimation; character; rep- utation. request (re-kwesf), n. desire ex- pressed; petition; prayer; demand; entreaty: v.t. to ask for. requiem (re'kwi-em), n. a mass, or musical setting of a mass, for the repose of the soul of a person de- ceased. require (re-kwir'), v.t. to ask for or claim as by right or authority; de- mand; exact; need. [Latin.] requirement (re-kwir'ment), n. the act of requiring; that which is re- quired; demand; necessity. requisite (rek'wi-zit), adj. needful; indispensable: n. anything requisite. requisitely (rek'wi-zit-li), adv. in a requisite manner. requisiteness (rek'wi-zit-nes), n. ne- cessity. requisition (rek-wi-zish'un), n. the act of requiring; that which is re- quired; demand, especially a written one: v.t. to demand; make a req- uisition upon. requital (re-kwlt r al), n. retaliation. requite (re-kwit'), v.t. to make re- turn for treatment, good or evil; recompense; retaliate; revenge. reredos (rer'dos), n. a decorated screen behind the altar of a church, often so large as to extend the entire length of the altar. On special celebrations it is ornamented in the richest and most splendid way. [Franco-Latin.] reremouse (rer'mous), n. the bat.. rescind (re-sind'), v.t. to annul; re- voke. rescission (re-sizh'un), n. the act of annulling. rescript (re'skript), n. an edict or de- cree, especially of an emperor or pope in answer to some question of jurisprudence officially submitted to him, and having the force of a law. rescue (res'ku), v.t. to set free from danger, restraint, or violence; lib- erate; deliver: n. deliverance from clanger, restraint, or violence; forci- ble retaking of persons or goods de- tained by legal authority. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RESEARCH RESOLUTION research (re-serch/), n. laborious, care- ful inquiry or investigation: v.t. to search again; investigate carefully and diligently. resemblance (re-zem'blans), n. like- ness. resemble (re-zem'bl), p.t. t to have a likeness to; have similarity to. resent (re-zenf), v.t. to consider as an injury or affront; take ill; be angry in consequence of. resentful (re-zent'f ool) , adj. easily provoked to anger; full of resent- ment. resentfully (re-zent'f oo-li) , adv. with resentment. resentment (re-zent'ment), n. strong anger or displeasure; deep sense of injury. reservation (rez-er-va'shun) , n. any- thing kept back or reserved; clause, proviso, or limitation, by which something is reserved; public land reserved for some particular use, as schools, &c. reserve (re-zerv'), v.t. to keep in store; hold back for future use; re- tain: n. closeness or caution in speaking or acting; taciturnity: pi. troops kept for the support of an army or to meet any con- tingency. reservoir (rez'er-vwar), n. a place where anything (usually fluids and liquids) is collected and stored up for use. [French.] reset (re-set'), v.t. to set again. reside (re-zid'), v.i. to dwell or in- habit; live. residence (rez'i-dens), n. place of abode; domicile; act of residing. residency (rez'i-den-si), n. in India, the official residence of the British Minister. resident (rez'i-dent) , adj. pertaining to one who resides; thus, Minister Resident in diplomacy differs from a Minister Plenipotentiary, by hav- ing a lower rank. residential (rez-i-den'shal), n. per- taining to, containing or suitable for, residents. residual (re-zid'u-al), adj. remain- ing after a part has been taken away. residuary (re-zid'u-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or constituting, the residue; relating or entitled to the remainder of an estate, &c, after deducting legal expenses. _ residue (rez'i-du), n. remainder. residuum (re-zid'ti-um) , n. that which is left after a chemical process. resign (re-zln'), v.t. to yield to an- other; surrender formally; withdraw from; submit calmly; sign again (re-sin'). resignation (rez-ig-na/shun), n. the act of resigning; state of being re- signed; calm submission or acqui- escence; patience. resilient (re-sil'i-ent), adj. springing back. resin (rez'in), n. a solid inflammable substance obtained from various trees which exude it in the form of gum. resinous (rez'in-us), adj. containing, consisting of, or like, resin. resist (re-zisf), v.t. to oppose; with- stand; thwart; strive against: v.i* to make opposition or resistance. resistance (re-zis'tans), n. the act ia> resisting; opposition; power of a body that acts in opposition to an- other; in photography, contrast of light and shade. resistant (re-zis'tant), adj. offering re- sistance: n. one who, or that which, resists. resistibility (re-zist-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being resistible. resistible (re-zist'i-bl), adj. capable of resisting. resistibly (re-zist'i-bli), adv. in a re- sistible manner. resistless (re-zist'les) , n. irresistible. resoluble (rez'o-lu-bl), adj. capable of being melted or resolved. resolute (rez'o-lfit), adj. determined; having a fixed purpose; decided; firm; steady. resolutely (rez'o-lut-li), adv. in a reso- lute manner. resoluteness (rez'o-lut-nes), n. the state or quality of being resolute. resolution (rez-o-lu'shun), n. the act of resolving ; state of being resolved ; analysis; fixed determination; con- stancy of purpose; formal proposal in a legislative assembly or public meeting; solution. resolution of forces (for'sez), the dividing of a force into two or more, ate, arm, at, awl ; me merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RESOLUTIVE 697 RESPONSIBLE which would have the same effect as if it acted alone. resolutive (rez'o-lu-tiv), adj. having the power to dissolve. resolvability (re-zol-va-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being resolvable. Re- sol vableness. resolvable (re-zol'va-bl) , adj. capable of being resolved. resolve (re-zolv'), v.t. to reduce to constituent parts; analyze; clear or separate; solve; settle in an opin- ion; decide; determine by vote; dis- perse, as a tumor, &c; carry a dis- cord into a concord [Music]: v.i. to determine; pass a formal resolution. resolved (re-zolvd'), p. adj. determined; firm. resolvent (re-zol'vent) , adj. having the power of resolving; causing solu- tion: n. a medicine to disperse a tumor, &c. resonance (rez'o-nans), n. the qual- ity of being res_onant. Also resonancy. resonant (rez'o-nant), adj. returning sound. resort (re-zorf), v.i. to betake one's self; go often; have recourse; ap- ply: n. place much frequented; con- course; resource. resound (re-zound'), v.i. & v.t. to re- verberate; be re-echoed; spread the fame or renown of; send back sound; echo; sound again (re-sound'). resource (re-sors'), n. source of help or supply; an expedient to which one resorts: pi. money; means of any kind. resp (resp), n. a disease of sheep. respect (re-spekf), n. regard; ex- pression of esteem ; deference ; man- ner of treating others; respectful de- meanor; point, reference, or particu- lar: pi. expression of good- will or regard: v.t. to honor or esteem; have relation to. [Latin.] respectability (re-spek-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being respect- able. respectable (re-spek'ta-bl) , adj. cap- able or worthy of respect; held in good repute; moderate in excellence or number. respectably (re-spek'ta-bli) , adv. in a respectable manner. respectful (re-spekt'f ool) , adj. char- acterized by respect. respectfully (re-spekt'foo-li), adv. with respect. respecting (re-spek'ting) , prep, con- cerning. respective (re-spek'tiv), adj. relating to a particular person or thing; not absolute; relative. respectively (re-spek'tiv-li) , adv. as each belongs to each; not abso- lutely. respir ability (re-spir-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being respirable. Re- sp irableness. respirable (re-spir'a-bl) , adj. that may be, or is fit to be, breathed. respiration (res-pi-ra'shun) , n. the act or process of breathing; relief from toil. respirator (res'pi-ra-ter) , n. a net- work contrivance for covering the mouth and protecting the lungs from cold, fog, &c. respiratory (res'pi-ra-to-ri), adj. per- taining to, or serving for, respira- tion. respire (re-spir'), v.t. to draw air into the lungs and expel it again; breathe; inhale: v.t. to breathe in and out, as air. respite (res'pit), n. pause or tempo- rary cessation of anything; delay; interval of rest; reprieve: v.t. to grant a respite to; suspend the exe- cution of. resplendence (re-splen'dens) , n. bril- liant luster; intense light. Also resplendency. resplendent (re-splen'dent) , adj. shin- ing with brilliant luster; intensely bright. respond (re-spond'), v.i. to answer or reply; be liable for payment: v.t. to pay: n. & short anthem sung be- tween the reading of the lessons. < respondent (re-spon'dent) , adj. giving response: n. one who answers or re- plies; one who maintains a thesis in reply; one who answers to a suit at law. respondentia (re-spon-den'shi-a) , < n. a loan on the security of a ship's cargo. response (re-spons') , n. the act of an- swering; reply; in a liturgical ser- vice, the answer of the congregation to the priest. responsible (re-spon'si-bl) , adj. in- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : cote, north, not ; boon, book ; £1 hue, hut ; think, then. RESPONSIBLY 698 RETAIL volving responsibility; answerable; liable. responsibly (re-spon'si-bli) , adv. in a responsible manner. > responsive (re-spon'siv) , adj. answer- ing; correspondent. responsively (re-spon'siv-li) , adv. in a responsive manner. responsiveness (re-spon'siv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being respon- sive. rest (rest), n. cessation from motion or disturbance; quiet; peace; re- pose; sleep; death; place of quiet or renose; trust; interval of silence and its sign [Music]; remainder: v.i. to cease from motion or action; repose; be quiet; sleep; die; stand: v.t.'to lay to rest; place. restaurant (res'to-rant), # n. a house for refreshment; an eating-house. restaurateur (res-to-ra-ter') , n. the keeper of a restaurant. [French.] restful (rest 'fool), adj. full of rest; quiet. restfully (rest'f oo-li) , adv. in a restful manner. restitution (res-ti-tu'shun) , n. the act of making good any loss, injury, or damage; compensation; amends. restive (res'tiv), adj. unwilling to go forward; stubborn; uneasy. restively (res'tiv-li), adv. in a restive manner. restiveness (res'tiv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being restive. restless (rest'les), adj. constantly act- ive or moving restorable (re-stor'a-bl) , adj. capable of being restored. Restoration (res-to-ra'shun) , n. the act of restoring; renewal; repair; historically, in England the Restora- tion of Charles II to the throne after Oliver Cromwell's death (1660). The subsequent period of Charles's reign (to 1685) is known as the Period of Restoration, and for the brilliant though dissolute manners of the court. restorative (re-stor'a-tiv), adj. ca- pable of restoring: n. a re-invigorat- ing medicine. restoratively (re-stor'a-tiv-li) , adv. so as to restore. restore (re-stor'), v.t. to bring back to its former strength; repair; rebuild; heal or cure; re-invigorate; renew; amend; reclaim; store again. restrain (re-stran'), v.t. to check; re- press. restraint (re-strant'), n. the act of restraining: state of being restrained ; limitation. restrict (re-strikt') , v.t. to confine or limit. restriction (re-strik'shun) , n. the act of restricting; limitation; confine- ment. restrictive (re-strik'tiv) , adj. imposing restraint. restrictively (re-strik'tiv-li) , adv. with restriction. result (re-zulf), v.i. to follow as a consequence; to come to a decision; ensue; decree: n. conclusion or con- sequence. resultant (re-zult'ant) , adj. following as a result: n. a single force com- pounded of two or more forces and representing their combined effects. resulting (re-zult'ing) , p. adj. follow- ing as a result or consequence. resume (ra-zu-ma/), n. a summary. # resume (re-zum'), v.t. to take up again after interruption; begin again; take back. resumption (re-zump'shun), n. the act of resuming. resurrection (rez-er-ek'shun) , n. a rising again from the dead; moral revival. resurrectionist (rez-er-ek'shun-ist) , n. formerly a man who disinterred dead bodies for sale for anatomical pur- poses. resuscitate (re-sus'i-tat) , v.t. to re- vive from apparent death; revivify. resuscitation (re-sus-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of resuscitating; state of being re- suscitated. resuscitative (re^sus'i-ta-tiv) , m adj. tending to resuscitate; restorative. resuscitator (re-sus'i-ta-ter), n. one who, or that which, resuscitates. ret (ret), v.t. [p.t. & % p.p. retted, p.pr. retting], to steep in water to sepa- rate the fibers of a substance, as flax, by incipient rotting. [Old Dutch.] retail (re-tal'), v.t. to sell in small quantities; sell second-hand: n. (re'- tal) sale of goods in small quanti- ties: adj. dealing in small quantities or second-hand. ate,, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RETAIN RETRIBUTION retain (re-tan'), v.t. to hold or keep in possession; detain; engage by a fee prepaid. _ retainer (re-tan'er), n. one who, or that which, retains; a dependent; at- tendant; preliminary retaining fee paid to counsel. retaliate (re-tal'i-at), v.t. to return by giving like for like (usually in an ill sense). retaliation (re^-tal-i-a/shun), n. the act of retaliating. retaliative (re-tal'i-a-tjv), adj. return- ing like for like; vindictive. Also retaliatory. retard (re-tard'), v.t. to hinder or ob- struct; delay; keep back. retardation (re-tar-da/shun), n. the act of retarding; hindrance; post- ponement. retardative (re-tar 'da-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to retard. retch (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; strain in vomiting. retention (re-ten'shun) , n. the act of holding back; power of retaining, especially ideas. # retentive (re-ten'tiv) , adj. having the power to retain. retentiyely (re-ten'tiv-li), adv. with retentiveness. retentiveness # (re-ten'tiy-nes) , n. the quality of being retentive. < reticence (ret'i-sens) , n. silence; re- serve. reticent (ret'i-sent), adj. silent; re- served. reticular (re-tik'u-lar) , adj. formed with interstices. reticulate (re-tik'u-lat), adj. formed of, or resembling, network. reticule (ret'i-kul), n. a lady's hand- bag or workbag; made of network. retiform (re'ti-form), adj. net- shaped. retina (ret'i-na), n.^ one of the coats of the eye, containing the ends of the sensory nerves which receive the impressions which give rise to vision. retinitis (ret-i-ni'tis), n. inflammation of the retina. retinue (ret'i-nti), n. the suite or at- tendants of a prince or person of distinction; train. retire (re-tir'), v.i. to go to a place of privacy; withdraw; retreat; recede; withdraw from business, official, or active life; to go to bed. retired (re-tird'), adj. secluded from society; having given up business, &c; private. retirement (re-tir'ment) , n. the act of retiring; privacy; solitude. retiring (re-tlr'ing) , adj. reserved, not obtrusive; assigned, as a pension, to an official retiring from the public service, &c. retort (re-tort'), v.t. to return, as an argument, incivility, censure, accu- sation, &c: v.i. to make a retort: n. censure, incivihty, &c, returned; sharp reply; a vessel used in distil- ling and decomposing substances. # retouch (re-tuch'), v.t. to touch again; improve by going over a work of art to restore faded parts, &c. retrace (re-tras'), v.t. to trace back to the beginning. retract (re-trakt'), v.t. to draw, or take back; recall; rescind; recant: v.i. to withdraw^ something pre- viously said or written: n. the prick of a horse's foot in nailing a horse- shoe. retractation (re-trak-ta/shun) , n. the act of retracting; recantation; dis- avowal. Also retraction. retractible (re-trak'ti-bl), adj. capa- ble of being retracted.. Also re- tractile, retractable. retractor (re-trak'ter), w. one who re- tracts; a muscle or instrument for drawing back. retreat (re-tret 7 ), n. the act of with- drawing or retiring; retirement or seclusion; place of privacy; shelter; the retiring of an army or body of troops from the face of an enemy or an^ advanced position; signal for re- tiring from an engagement, or to quarters: v.i. to withdrawto seclu- sion or place of safety; retire before an enemy. retrench (re-trench'), v.i. cut down expenses. retrenchment (re-trench'ment), n. curtailment; reduction of expenses; a military work constructed inside another to resist an enemy who has forced the outer one. retribution (ret-ri-bu'shun) , n. re- ward or punishment suitable to the action; distribution of rewards or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RETRIBUTIVE 700 REVERE punishments in future life at the final judgment. retributive (re-trib'u-tiv), adj. re- warding for good deeds and punish- ing for offenses. Also retributory. retrievable (re-trev'a-bl), adj. capable of being retrieved. retrievabieness (re-trev'a-bl-nes) , n. the state of being retrievable. retrieyably (re-trev'a-bli), adv. in a retrievable manner. retrieve (re-treV), v.t. to recover; re- store; regain: v.i. to act as a re- triever . f etriever (re-trev'er) , n. a variety of dog trained to fetch game. retro, a Latin prefix meaning back, backwards, as retrospect, a review of the past. retroactive (ret-ro-ak'tiv), adj. hav- ing or intended to have a retrospect- ive effect. retrocede (ret-ro-sed'), v.t. to cede or grant back retrocession (re-tro-sesh'un), n. the act of going back. retrograde (ret'ro-grad), adj. going or moving backwards; apparently moving from east to west as a planet; becoming less highly organized: v.i. to go backwards. retrogression (ret-ro-gresh'un) , n. the act of going backward. retrogressive (ret-ro-gres'iv), same as retrograde. retrospect (ret'ro-spekt), see under retro. retrospection (ret-ro-spek'shun) , n. the act or faculty of looking back on the past. retrospective (ret-ro-spek'tiv), adj. looking back on things past; re- ferring to past things. retrospectively (ret - ro - spek ' tiv - li) , adv. in a retrospective manner. retroversion (ret-ro-veVshun), n. a turning or falling backward. return (re-tern'), v.i. to come back again to the same place or state; revisit; retort: v.t. to repay; re- store; requite; elect; reply or report officially: n. the act of going back or returning; retrogression; repay- ment; requital; restitution; remit- tance; advantage; profit; official re- port . returning officer (re-tern'ing of'i-ser), n. an official whose duty it is to preside at an election, make returns to writs, juries, &c. retuse (re-tils'), adj. very blunt; hav- ing the extremity broad and slight- ly depressejl [Latin.] reunion (re-un'yun), n. a festive gathering of familiar friends or as- sociates; act of reuniting. reunite (re-u-nlt'), v.t. to unite again; reconcile after variance: v.i. become, united again. reveal (re-veT), v.t. to make known; disclose : n. m the vertical side of a doorway, window, &c. reveille (rev-el-e' or re-val'ye), n. the beat of a drum, or bugle-call at daybreak to awaken soldiers, [Latin.] revel (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous feast: v.i. to feast with joyous or clamorous merriment. revelation (rev-e-la'shun) , n. the act of revealing or making known, espe- cially Divine truth; that which iy revealed, especially by God to man. reveler (rev'el-er), n. one who revels. revelry (rev'el-ri), n. boisterous fes- tivity. revenge (re-venj'), v.t. to inflict pain or punishment because of; exact ret- ribution for; avenge: n. the act of revenging; malicious injuring in re- turn for an injury or offense re- ceived; retaliation; malice. revengeful (re-venj 'fool), adj. vin- dictive. revengefully (re-venj 'foo-li), adv. vin- dictively. revenue (rev'e-nu), n. the general income of a State, derived from the annual taxes, excise, customs, &c; annual profits from lands, &c. reverberate (re-ver'ber-at), v.t. to send back, as sound; re-echo: v.i.l to be driven back, or reflected, as 1 sound or light. reverberation (re-ver-ber-a'shun), n. the act of reverberating. reverberator^ (r e-v e r 'b e r-a-t o-r i) , adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, or produced by, reverberation: n. a domed furnace which reflects the flame upon a vessel placed with- in it, without being in contact with the fuel. revere (re-ver'), v.t. to regard with ate, arm, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; i'v°. hnt : think, then. REVERENCE 701 REVOLUTION fear mingled with respect and affec- tion; reverence. reverence (rev ' er - ens) , n. venera- tion ; honor ; respect ; ' act of obei- sance; a title given to the clergy (with his, your) : v.t. to regard with reverence. reverend (rev'er-end), adj. worthy of reverence. Reverend (rev'er-end), n. a title given to a clergyman or the clergy. reverent (rev'er-ent), adj. showing, or expressive of, reverence; humble; submissive. reverential (rev-er-en'shal) , adj. pro- ceeding from reverence; respectful. reverentially (rev-er-en'sha-li) , adv. with reverence. reverie (rev'er-i), n. deep musing; wakeful dreaminess ; irregular train of thoughts or fancies in meditation. reversal (re-ver'sal) , n. the act of reversing; overthrow or annulling; repeal. reverse (re-yers'), adj. turned back- ward; having an opposite direction; made or declared void: v.t.^ to turn upside down; change entirely: n. the contrary or opposite; back of a coin or medal; change; vicissitude; defeat. reversible (re-vers'i-bl) , adj. capable of being reversed. reversion (re-ver'shun) , n. right to future possession m or enjoyment; tendency of an animal or plant to revert to its original form, &c. reversionary (re-ver'shun-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or involving, right of reversion. revert (re- vert'), v.t. to turn back; change; reverse: v.i. to return or fall back; return to the original owner or his heirs. revertible (re-vert'i-bl) , adj. capable of being reverted. revest (re-vest'), v.i. to return to a former owner. revetement (re-vet'ment) , n. in fortifi- cation, a strong wall erected round the lower part of the rampart; a re- taining wall. [French.] review (re-vu'), v.t. to consider over again; re-examine ; look back; re- vise; examine critically; inspect (troops, &c.) ; write a critical notice of: n. the act of reviewing; re-ex- amination; survey of the past; criti- cism, especially of a new publica- tion; a periodical with criticisms on new books, essays, &c; inspection of troops, &c. [French.] revile (re-vu"), v.t. to address with op- probrious or contumelious language^ reproach. revise (re- viz'),, v.t. to review and amend; examine for correction: n= a revision; second proof-sheet. revision (re-vizh'un) , n. the act of ex- amining for correction; that which is revised. revival (re-vi'val), n. the act of re- viving; recovery; renewal of life, renewed performance of; reproduc- tion; spiritual awakening. revivalism (re-vi'val-izm) , n. an in- terest in revivals of religion, or the methods of procedure to promote such. revivalist (re-vi'val-ist) , n. one who promotes revivals. revive (re-viv 7 ), v.i. to recover life;; return to vigor or activity, espe- cially from a state of languor, neg- lect, &c: v.t. to restore to life again? renovate; reproduce. revivify (re-viv'i-fl) , v.t.^ [j).t. & p.p. revivified, p.pr. revivifying], to re* animate; quicken. revocable (rev'o-ka-bl) , adj. that may be revoked. revocation (rev-o-ka'shun) , n. the act of revoking; recall; repeal; reversal, revoke (re-vok'), v.t. to recall; repeal: annul: v.i. to fail to follow suit at cards (see renege) : n. the act of re- voking at cards. revolt (re-volt'), n. rebellion against constituted authority; insurrection: v.i. to turn away in disgust; to rebel; v.t. overturn; shock. revolting (re-volt'ing), p. adj. disgust* ing; repellent. revolute (rev'o-hit), adj. rolled back* wards. revolution (rev-o-lu'shun) , n. the act of revolving; rotation; change or al- teration of system ; motion of a point or line about a center; recurrence or succession; fundamental and sudden change in the government of a coun- try. In history there have been three great revolutions: the English Revolution when Charles I was de~ ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l hue, hut ; think, f7ien. REVOLUTIONARY 702 RHEUMATIC throned (1642) ; the American Revo- lution (1775) ; and the French Revo- lution (1789). It is to be noted that a revolt, or insurrection is not called a Revolution unless it is successful, and a change of government actu- ally accomplished. [Latin.] revolutionary (rev-o-lu'shun-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, tending to pro- duce, or constituting, a revolution: n. a revolutionist. revolutionist (rev-o-lu'shun-ist) , # n. one who organizes or takes part in a revolution. revolutionize (rev-o-lu'shun-iz), v.t. to cause a revolution or entire change of government or any sys- tem. revolve (re-volv'), v.i. to turn round, as on an axis; roll in a circle; rotate: v.t. to cause to turn or roll round; meditate or reflect upon. revolver (re-vol'ver) , n. one who, or that which, revolves; a pistol with revolving barrels, fired successively without reloading. revolving (re-vol'ving) , adj. turning round. revulsion (re-vul'shun) , n. sudden and violent change, especially of feeling; diversion of the cause of a disease from one part of the body to an- other. revulsive (re-vul'siv) , adj. having the power of, or tending to, revulsion. reward (re-ward'), n. something given as a return for good or ill received; recompense^ retribution; punish- ment; gift in token of approved merit: v.t. to give in return for good or ill received; recompense; punish. reynard (ran'ard), n. the fox. Rhadaman thine (rad-a-man'thin) , adj. sternly just and inflexible; from Rhadamanthus, one of the three judges in classic mythology who de- cided the fate of the souls of the de- parted in the lower world, the other two being Minos and iEacus. rhapsodic (rap-sod'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or connected with, rhapsody; unconnected; confused. Also rhap- sodical. [Greek.] rhapsodist (ran'so-dist), n. one who makes or recites verses, especially one whose profession was to recite the Homeric or other epics. rhapsodize (rap'so-diz), v.i, to write or utter rhapsodies. rhapsody (rap'so-di), n. [pi. rhapso- dies (rap'so-diz)], any unconnected or rambling composition, composed under the influence of excitement; part of an epic poem for recitation at one time. rhea (re'a), n. the South American ostrich. Rhenish (ren'ish), adj. pertaining to the river Rhine: n. Rhine wine. rheochord (re'o-kord), n. a metallic wire used for measuring the resist- ance or variability of an electric current. rheometer (re-om'e-ter) , n. an instru- ment for measuring the intensity of an electric current. rheometry (re-om'e-tri), n. the art of measuring the intensity and velocity of electric and_ other currents. rheomotor (re'o-mo-ter), n. an appa- ratus by which an electrical current is generated. rheophore (re'o-for), n. the connect- ing wire of an electric or galvanic ap- paratus. rheoscope (re'o-skop), n. an appara- tus for detecting an electric current. rheostat (re'o-stat), n. an apparatus for regulating an electric current. rheotome (re'o-tom), n. an appara- tus for interrupting an electric cur- rent at stated intervals. rheotrope (re'o-trop), n. an apparatus for periodically reversing the direc- tion of an electric current. rhesus (re'sus), n. a monkey, held sa- cred in certain parts of India. [Latin.] rhetoric (ret'o-rik), n. the art of speaking with elegance and force; declamation; oratory. [Greek.] rhetorical (re-tor'i-kal) , # adj . pertain- ing to rhetoric; figurative; declama- tory. rhetorically (re-tor 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a rhetorical manner . rhetorician (ret-o-rish'an) , n. a teach- er of rhetoric, or one skilled in the art; an orator. rheum (room), n. the increased ac- tion of the vessels of any organ, es- pecially the lungs or nostrils, pro- * ducing an increased discharge of secretions. rheumatic (roo-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RHEUMATISM 703 RICH ing to, or affected by, rheumatism. Also rheumatical. rheumatism (roo'ma-tizm), n. a pain- ful disease of the muscles and joints accompanied by swelling and stiff- ness. rhino (ri'no), n. money [Slang]: a Greek prefix meaning the nose. Also rhin. rhinoceros (ri-nos'er-os), n. a large pachydermatous animal allied to the elephant, with one or two horns on the snout. [Greek.] rhinoplasty (ri'no-plas-ti), n. a surgi- cal operation by # which a new nose is formed or partially restored by in- grafting new flesh. _ rhinoscope (rl'no-skop) , n. an instru- ment m furnished with a mirror for examining the passages of the nose. rhizome (ri'zom), n. a thick stem run- ning along or under the ground, pro- ducing roots below and shoots above. Also rhizoma. _ rhodium (ro'di-um), n. one of the metallic elements, rare and of ex- treme hardness. rhodo, a Greek prefix meaning a rose. Rhododendron (ro-do-den'dron) , n. a genus of ornamental evergreen shrubs with large handsome rose- like nowers._ rhodopsin (ro-dop'sin), n. the visual purple of the retina. rhomb, same as rhombus. rhombic (rom'bik), adj. rhombus- shaped. rhombohedral (rom-bo-he'dral) , adj. pertaining to, or formed like, a rhombohedron. rhombohedron (rom-bo-he'dron) , n. a solid figure bounded by six rhombic planes. rhomboid (rom'boid), n. a four-sided figure having its opposite sides equal, and its angles not right angles: adj. lozenge-shaped. Also rhomboidal. rhombus (rom'bus), n. a four-sided figure whose sides are equal and the opposite sides parallel, but which has two of its angles obtuse and two acute; a genus of flat fishes, contain- ing the turbot, &c. Rhotacism (ro'ta-sizm), n. the change by which the Latin letter s, when between two vowels, took on the sound of r. This occurred in the third century, B. C. and continued only for a_while. See S. rhubarb (roo'barb), n. a plant whose leaf -stalks are used for culinary purposes, and its roots in medicine as a purgative. rhumb (rum), n. a circle making any given angle with the meridian; a point of the compass. rhumb-line (rum'lln). n. the track of a ship which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence of the sound of the last word or syl- lable of one verse or line to the sound of the last word or syllable of anoth- er; harmonical succession of sounds; poetry: v.i. to accord in sound; make verses or rhymes: v.t. put into rhyme. Rime (more correctly). rhythm (rithm), w. the # correspon- dence measure, or time, in poetry or prose; cadence. rhythmic (rith'mik), adj. pertaining to rhythm; harmonical; periodical. Also rhythmical. rhythmically (ritfi'mi-ka-li), adv. in a rhythmic manner. rib (rib), n. one of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax; anything resembling a rib; a piece of timber to shape and strengthen the side of a ship: the main vein of a leaf: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ribbed, p.pr. ribbing], to furnish, or inclose, with ribs; form with grooves. ribald (rib 'aid), adj. low; obscure; filthy: n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, li- centious fellow. _ ribaldry (rib'ald-ri), n. obscenity. ribbon (rib 'on), n. sl fillet or strip of silk, &c; narrow strip. rice (ris), n. a valuable food grain produced extensively in hot coun- tries. [Franco-Persian.] rice-bird (ris'berd), n. the bobolink. rice-paper -(ris'pa-per), n. a kind of paper prepared from pith: used in China, &c, for painting upon. rich (rich), adj. abounding in money or possessions; wealthy; opulent; sumptuous; valuable; splendid; fer- tile; fruitful; high-flavored; mel- low; full of beauty; vivid; sweet or harmonious in sound: n. rich people ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, booi? , hue, hut ; think, tfften. RICK 704 RIGHT collectively (with the): pi. wealth; affluence. rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as of hay or corn, and usually thatched or sheltered: v.t. to pile or heap in a rick. rickets (rik'ets), n. a disease affecting children, characterized by softness and curvature of the bones, due to the absence of lime. Also rachitis. rickety (rik'et-i) , adj. t affected with rickets ; feeble in the joints : unsteady; shaky; said also of buildings and things without life. ricochet (rik-o-sha/ or -o-shet'), n. the rebounding of a shot or shell, &c, along the ground or from the surface of the water: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rico- chetted, p.pr. ricochetting], to bound by touching the earth or the surface of water and glancing off: v.t. to cause to ricochet. [French.] rid (rid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rid, p.pr. ridding], to set free; deliver; clear or destroy by violence: adj. clear; . free. riddance (rid'ans), n. the act of rid- ding or clearing away ; deliverance. ridden (rid'n), p.p. of ride. riddle (rid'l), n. an enigma; puzzling question; something ambiguous; a large sieve: v.t : to solve, as a riddle; to sift by a riddle; perforate with, or as with, shot. riddlings (rid'lingz), n.pl. broken ore of medium size obtained by sifting. ride (rid), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. rode, p.p. ridden, p.pr. riding], to be borne along, as on horseback or in a ve- hicle; practice horsemanship; man- age a horse well; sit, float or rest on; to sit on so as to be carried; manage insolently at will: n. excur- sion on horseback or in a vehicle; drive; road. rideau (re-do'), n. a small mound to cover a camp from the approach of the enemy. [French.] rider (rld'er), n. one who rides on, breaks, or manages, a horse; an ad- ditional clause to a document; sub- sidiary problem. ridge (rij), n. anything formed like an animal's back, as a continuous range of hills, &c; crest of a roof: v.t. to form or furnish with a ridge; wrinkle. ridgy (rij'i), adj. rising in ridges. ridicule (rid'i-kul), n. words or ac- tion designed to bring the subject of it into contempt; banter; mockery: v.t. to treat or address with ridicule; expose to contempt; laugh at. ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus) , adj. de- serving or exciting ridicule; prepos- terous; absurd; ludicrous; droll. ridiculously (ri-dik'u-lus-li) , adv. in an absurd or foolish manner. riding (rid'ing), p. adj. employed for traveling: n. a road put through a wood or ground for riding upon. ridotto (ri-dot'd), n. a public assem- bly ; a public entertainment of music and dancing. _ [Italian.] rifacimento (re-f a-chi-men'to) , n. re- making, recasting, as a book or play. [Italian.] rife (rif), adj. prevalent, common. Rifnan, n. characterizes anything re- lating to the Riff pirates, a savage and murderous people on the nor^ thern coast of Morocco. riff-raff (rif'raf), n. refuse; the rab- ble. rifle (ri'fl), n. a musket with the bai- rel spirally grooved: pi. troops armed with rifles: v.t. to groove spi- rally; pillage. [Danish.] rifle-bird (ri'fl-berd), n. an Australian bird. rifle-corps (rl'fl-kor), n. a body armed with rifles. rifler (rl'fler), n. a plunderer. rift (rift), n. an opening or split in anything; fissure: v.t. to cleave or. split. rig (rig), n. a practical joke or frolic; dressy manner of fitting the masts and rigging to the hull of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rigged, p.pr. rig- ging], to furnish or fit with rigging; dress (with out)_. rigadoon (rig-a-doon') , n. an old-fash- ioned lively dance performed by one couple. , [Gaelic] rigger (rig'er), n. one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a vessel; a band-wheel with a flat or slightly curved rim. rigging (rig'ing), n. the cordage or ropes by which the masts of a ves- sel are supported, and the sails ex- tended or furled. right (rit), adj. according to truth, ate, iirm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. RIGHT-ANGLE 705 RINSE justice, or law; correct; fit; true; exact; most direct; noting the side opposed to the left; most conven- ient; well performed; rising perpen- dicularly; adv. in a right line; just- ly; n. uprightness; truth; justice; rectitude; propriety; virtue; legal claim; the right side: v.t. to set up- right; make right or straight; cor- . rect; do justice to: v.i. to recover the vertical position: inter j. well done! right-angle (rit/ang-gl), n. an angle of 90°, formed by one straight line standing perpendicular to another. righteous (rit'yus), adj. just; equita- ble; honest; holy; deserved. righteousness (rit'yus-nes) , n. the quality of being righteous; holiness; justice; moral integrity. rightful (rit'fool), adj. having a just claim; accordant with justice. rightfully (rit'foo-li), adv. in a right manner. rightfulness (rit'fool-nes), n. justice. rigid (rij'id), adj. not pliant; stiff; inflexible; strict; stern; severely just. [Latin.] rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want of plia- bility; stiffness; resistance to change of form. riglet, same as reglet. rigmarole (rig'ma-rol) , n. foolish, disconnected talk; long story. rigol (rig'ol), n. a circle; diadem. rigor (rig'er), n. stiffness or severity; exactitude; strictness; severity of climate. [Latin.] rigorism (rig'er-izm) , n. austerity or severity in principle or practice; obedience to the law; the philosoph- ical doctrine that self-control makes happiness. rigorist (rig'er-ist) , adj. pertaining to rigorism; one who is very austere or severe. rigor mortis (ri'gor mor'tis), n. stiffness of the body caused by death. rigorous (rig'er-us), adj.^ character- ized by, or exercising, vigor; stern; inflexible; scrupulously accurate. Rigsdag (rigz'dag), n. the Danish parliament. Rig- Veda (rig-va'da), n. the oldest and most important of the Vedas or sacred books of the Hindus. [San- skrit, "the knowledge of praise."] rill (ril), n. a small stream or rivu- let: v.i. to run in a small stream. rim (rim), n. a border or margin; raised border; brim: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rimmed, p.pr. rimming], to furnish with a rim. rime (rim), n. hoar-frost; another form of rhyme: v.i. to congeal into hoar-frost. rimose (ri'mos), adj. full of, or cov- ered with, cracks. Also rimous. rimple (rim'pl), n. sl wrinkle or fold: v.t. to become wrinkled. rimy (rim'i), adv. frosty. rind (rind), n. the outer covering of fruit, &c; bark: v.t. to strip the rind from. rinderpest (rin'der-pest) , n. a ma- lignant and contagious disease in cattle; cattle plague. ring (ring), n. a circle; anything cir- cular in form; small hoop worn on the finger or used as a means of at- tachment; circular area or course; combination for private ends; pu- gilists or betting-men collectively (with the) : v.i. [p.t. rang, p.p. rung, p.pr. ringing], to sound as a bell when struck; practice the art of ringing bells; tingle: v.t. to cause to sound, as metal when struck; sound aloud or abroad. ringdove (ring'duv), n. the wood- pigeon. ringing (ring'ing), p. adj. sounding like a bell ; resonant : n. the act of sound- ing as a bell; sound as of a bell ring- ing. ringleader (ring'le-der) , n. the head of a riotous body or faction. ringless (ring'les), adj. without rings; having no rings. ringlet (ringlet), n. a little ring; curl. ring- ousel (ring'oo-zl), n. a kind of thrush. - ringworm (ring'werm), n. a, conta- gious cutaneous disease, usually on the scalp, characterized by distinct circular patches. rink (ringk), n. a long clear space on the ice used for curling; a ground for skating upon: v.i. to skate on a rink. rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse lightly with clean water; cleanse repeatedly; give a final cleansing to after wash- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 45 hue, hut ; think, then. RIOT 700 RITUALISTIC ing : n. a cleansing with a second application of clean water. riot (ri'ot), n. uproar; tumult; noisy revelry; luxurious excess; disturb- ance of the public peace by more than three persons: v.i. to raise an uproar; go to excess in sensual in- dulgence; be highly excited. rioting (n'ot-ing), n. reveling; up- roar. [Old French.] riotous (rl'ot-us), adj. indulging in riot or excess ; licentious ; noisy ; tur- bulent; seditious. rip (rip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ripped, p.pr. ripping], to divide by tearing or cut- ting ; cut asunder ; disclose ; undo the seam of: v.i. to swear (with out): n. a rent or tear; a rogue or loose woman. riparian (ri-pa'ri-an) , adj. pertain- ing to the banks of a river. [Latin,] ripe (rip), adj. brought to maturity or perfection; ready for harvest; fit for use; complete; resembling ripe fruit. ripely (rip'li), adv. in a ripe manner. ripen (rip'en), v.t. to make ripe; bring to perfection: v.i. to grow ripe. ripeness (rip'nes) , n. the state or qual- ity of being ripe ; maturity. riposte (ri-posf), n - a lunge in return after a parry in fencing; a quick, witty retort. [French.] ripper (rip'er), n. one who, or that which, rips; something or somebody super-excellent. ripping (rip'ing), p. adj. exciting; joy- ous; startlingly interesting. [Eng- lish.] ripple (rip'l), n. a small curling wave on the surface of water; the sound made by such waves; large comb for cleansing flax: v.t. to cover with small curling waves; cleanse with a ripple. rippling (rip 'ling), n. the breaking of, or sound made by, ripples; the act of cleansing flax by a ripple. riprap (rip 'rap), n. a loose foundation of stones in deep water on a soft bottom. rise (riz), v.i. [p.t. rose, p.p. risen, p.pr. rising], to ascend; get up from the ground or recumbent position; begin to stir; swell in quantity or extent; grow upward; spring; tower up; appear above the horizon; come in view or existence; be promoted; thrive; be hostile; close a session; ascend from the grave: n. the act of rising; ascent; elevated place; ap- pearance above; origin; source; in- crease of price or vedue, social ad- vancement or distinction; anger (in " take theme out of"). risibility (riz-i-biFi-ti) , n. inclination to laughter. Also risibleness. [Latin.] risible (riz'i-bl), adj. having the fac- ulty or power of laughing; inclined to laugh ; causing laughter. risibly (riz'i-bli), adv. laughably. rising (riz'ing), n. insurrection; an as- cent; closing^ of a session: adj. in- creasing, as in wealth or influence; appearing above the horizon; reviv- ing from death. risk (risk), n. possibility of loss or in- jury; hazard; peril; danger: v.t. to hazard; venture upon. risky (risk'i), adj. hazardous; danger- ous; approaching indelicacy. risorial (ri-so'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to, or exciting, laughter. risotto (re-sot 'o), n. an Italian dish of rice with onions, &c, fried in but- ter. rissole (ris'ol), n. a savory mince in- closed in a thin batter paste and fried. [French.] rite (rit), n. a solemn religious act; external religious observance. ritornello (re-tor-nel'o) , n. a short introduction or concluding sympho- ny; repetition or burden of a song. Also ritornelle. [Italian.] ritual (rit'u-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or prescribing, rites: n. manner of performing divine serv- ice; a book of rites, or manner of service; body of rites used in the Church. [Latin.] ritualism (rit'u-al-izm) , n. a system of ritual or prescribed forms of re- ligion ; excessive observance of forms in divine worship; Tractarianism ; Anglo-Catholicism, especially as em- phasized by the use of Eucharistic vestments. ritualist (rit'u-al-ist) , n. one who ad- vocates, or is skilled in, ritual; an Anglo-Catholic. ritualistic (rit-u-al-ist'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, ritu- alism; pertaining to ritualists. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. _ HITUALLY 707 ROD ritually (rit'u-al-i), adv. by rites. rival (ri'val) n. one who strives to equal or excel another in the same object or pursuit; competitor; an- tagonist : adj. having the .same claims; emulous: v.t. to strive to equal or excel: emulate. [Latin.] rivalry (ri'val-ri), n. competition; emu- lation. rive (rlv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. riven, p.pr. riving], to be split or torn asunder: n. a rent, tear, or split. river (riv'er), n.^ large running stream of water flowing into the sea or an- other river; copious flow. [Latin.] river-horse (riv'er-hors) , n. the hippo- potamus. rivet (riv'et), n. a short metal bolt clinched by hammering: v.t. to se- cure with, or as with, a rivet; clinch; make firm or secure. rivose (ri'vos), adj. marked with ir- regular grooves or furrows. rivulet (riv'u-let), n. a little stream. rix-dollar (riks'dol-ar), n. a small sil- ver continental coin of varying value. [Dutch.] roach (roch), n. a fresh-water fish; a cockroach. [Old French.] road (rod), n. a public way for trav- eling upon; path; way: pi. a place where ships may ride safely at an- chor. Roadstead. roadster (rod'ster), n. a horse suited for travelling; a bicycle for road- work; an automobile that makes steady speed; a vessel which works by tides. roam (rom), v.i. to wander about without any definite object; ramble: v.t. to wander over. [Old French.] roan (ron), adj. of a bay or dark color with a shade of red: n. a roan color; grained sheepskin leather. roan- tree (ron'tre), same as rowan. roar (ror), n. the deep full cry of a large animal; a cry as in distress; any loud noise; loudly expressed mirth; sound of the wind or sea; v.i. to utter a roar: v.t. to utter in a roar. roaring (ror'ing)^ n. the act or sound of roaring ; a disease of horses : adj. noisy; brisk. roast (rost), v.t. to cook before a fire; heat too violently or to excess; parch by exposure to heat; burn (broken ore to free it from extrane- ous matter); to banter or ridicule; criticise severely: v.i. to be roasted: adj. roasted: n. that which is roasted. rob (rob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. robbed, p.pr. robbing], to steal; plunder. robber (rob'er), n. a thief. |01d French.] robbery (rob'er-i), n. theft; the felo- nious and forcible taking away the money and goods of another, robe (rob), n. a loose outer garment; state dress; an elegant gown; dressed skin of a buffalo : v.i. to put on robes: v.t. to invest with a robe ; dress ; array. robin (rob 'in), n. the redbreast. roburite (rob'er-it), n. a flameless ex- plosive used extensively in mining operations. robust (ro-busf), adj. hardy; strong; vigorous; muscular. [Latin.] roc (rok), n. sl fabulous bird of great size and strength. rochet (roch'et), n. a linen vestment worn by a bishop resembling a sur- plice open at the sides. [Old French.] rock (rok), n. a large mass of stone or stony matter; any mineral de- posit ; natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay; firm or immovable defense; a movement backwards and for- wardf ; distaff: v.t. to cause to move backwards and forwards; lull to sleep: v.i. to move backwards and forwards. rocket (rok'et) , n. a firework made of a case filled with saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal, fastened to a stick, and which, on being ignited, is pro- jected through the air. rockiness (rok'i-nes), n. the state of being rocky. rock-oil (rok'oil), n. petroleum. rock-ruby (rok'roo-bi) , n. a fine bluish red variety of garnet. rock- wood (rok'wood), n. ligniform as- bestos. rocky (rok'i) , adj. full of, or resembling, rocks; stony; hard; inflexible; feel- ing ill (Slang) . rococo (ro-ko'ko), adj. noting a florid, debased style in the ornamentation of buildings, furniture, &c, preva- lent during the reigns of Louis XIV. and XV. of France: hence noting bad taste in ornamentation. [French.] rod (rod), n. a long twig or shoot of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. RODE 708 ROMANIC any woody plant; a wand: instru- ment of punishment; cane; a fish- ing-rod; scepter; measure of length, 5>i yards. rode (rod), p.t. of ride. rodent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: n. any animal of the Rodentia, an order of Mammalia, containing the rats, mice, squirrels, &c. rodeo (ro-da/o), n. a gathering to- gether of cattle on a ranch. [Span- ish.] rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad') , n. bluster; brag; from Rodomonte in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso: v.i. to bluster or brag. [French.] roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the roe- buck; the female of the hart; the spawn or sperm of fishes. Roentgen rays (rent 'gen raz), n. a form of radiant energy emanating from the surface of an electrically excited vacuum tube opposite the cathode electrode, having power of penetrating objects impervious to light or heat rays, affecting sensi- tive photographic films, and excit- ing fluorescence in certain salts. Also called X-rays. rogation (ro-ga'shun) , n. a litany; supplication. [Latin.] Rogation Days (daz), n.pl. the Mon- day, Tuesday, and Wednesday be- fore Ascension Day. rogue (rog), n. a dishonest person; knave; a sly, mischievous person; wag; term of endearment. [Old French.] roguery (rog'er 7 i), n. knavish or dis- honest practices; cheating; mis- chievous or waggish conduct. roguish (rog'ish), adj. fraudulent; dis- honest ; somewhat mischievous or sly. roil (roil), v.t. to render turbid; vex ^or irritate. [Old French.] role (rol), n. a part or character in a ry, &c; function or part. [French.] (rol), v.i. to turn like a wheel or on an axis; move in a circular direc- tion; be moved with violence; rock; wallow; make a long deep sound: v.t. to revolve; inwrap; move on wheels; spread flat under a roller: n. the act of rolling; that which rolls; a writing or paper rolled upon it- self; an official document; list or register; kind of fancy bread; con- tinued deep sound, as of a drum beaten, thunder, &c; twist of to- bacco. roller (rol'er), n. one who, or that which, rolls; a cylinder used for grinding, smoothing, flattening, &c; long heavy wave; long broad band- age; a kind of crow. rollick (rol'ik), v.i. to move or act with a careless, swaggering air. rollicking (rol'ik-ing), adj. jovial; careless; swaggering. rolling (rol'ing), adj. moving on, or as on, wheels; undulating; used for rolling: n. a circular motion; undu- lation; lateral oscillation of a ship. roly-poly (ro'li-po'li), n. a game in ; which by # rolling a ball into a certain hole it wins; a kind of jam pudding. Romaic (ro-ma'ik), adj. pertaining to the vernacular language of mod- ern Greece. Roman (ro'man), adj. pertaining to Rome, the Romans, or to the Church of Rome; noting the ordinary type used in printing: opposed to italic; written in letters, not in figures, aa VI. [Latin.] Roman candle (kan'dl), n. a kind of firework. Roman Catholic (kath'o-lik) , adj. pertaining to the Church of Rome, of which the Pope is the head: n. a member of the Church of Rome. * Roman Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm) , n. the doctrines and practices of the Roman Church. romance (ro-mans'), n. a work of fic- tion or adventure; novel; fable: v.i. to invent and tell fictitious stories; exaggerate; he. Romance (ro-mans'), adj. pertaining to the dialects of Latin and the lan- guages which grew out of classic Latin, spoken in the old Roman provinces. Roman cement (se-ment'), n. a strong cement used in building and hydraulic engineering. Romanesque (ro-man-esk') , n. that style of architecture and ornamen- tation in vogue during the period of the later Roman Empire: n. the dia- lect of Languedoc. u f Romanic (ro-man'ik), adj. pertaining to Rome, or the Romanesque dia- lects. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite 5 mit : note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. \ ROMANTIC 709 ROSEATE romantic (ro-man'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, romance; extravagant; fanciful; ideal; full of wild and fantastic scenery. romanticism (ro-inan'ti-sizm) , n. the state or quality of being romantic; the reactionary movement begun in Germany in the eighteenth century in opposition to cold classical literary forms. Romany (rom'a-ni), n. a Gipsy; Gipsy language. romp (romp), n. an unrestrained, boisterous girl; rough play or frolic: v.i. to play in a boisterous, unre- strained manner. ronde (rond), n. a kind of type. rondeau (ron'do), n. [pi. rondeaux (ron'doz)], a little poem of thirteen verses or lines; a light air or jig [Mus.]. Also rondo. rondel (ron'del), n. sl poem of fourteen lines; small round tower. Rontgen rays. See Roentgen rays. rood (rood), n. forty square poles or perches; a_cross or crucifix. rood-loft (rood'loft), n. the gallery in a church over the entrance to the choir where the rood was fixed. roof (roof), n. the top covering of a house or other building; canopy; palate of the mouth: v.t. to cover with a roof. roof-garden (roof 'gar-dn) , n. a sum- mer pleasure resort, of Eastern ori- gin, on the roof of a convenient building. roof -tree (roof'tre), n. a roof-beam; roof; home. rook (rook), n. a bird of the crow family; a swindler or sharper; the castle in chess: v.t. & v.i. to swindle or cheat. rookery (rook'er-i) , n. a group of nests on trees where rooks resort; colony of rooks; place of low resort; low slum. room (room), n. unoccupied place or space; apartment of a house; free- dom to act; opportunity; place of another; a deep blue dye: v.i. to lodge. roomily (room'i-li), adv. spaciously. roominess (room'i-nes) , n. spacious- ness. roomy (room'i), adj. spacious. roorback (roor^bak), n. a He; ficti- tious report made for the purpose of influencing an election. roost (roost), n. the pole, perch, &c, upon which a bird rests at night; number of fowls resting together: v.i. to sit or sleep upon a perch, &c; lodge. rooster (roos'ter), n. the domestic cock. root (root), n. that part of a plant that descends and fixes itself in the earth by which the plant is nour- ished; edible root; anything resem- bling a root; foundation; basis, or origin; fundamental note of any chord [Music]; that quantity which multiplied by itself produces a given quantity; the part of a word which expresses its primary or essential meaning, as distinguished from a derivative: v.t. to fix by the root; plant in the earth; implant deeply; to dig or burrow with the snout; eradicate_(with out) : v.i. to take root. rootlet (rootlet), n. a radicle. rope (rop), n. a thick cord, usually over one inch in circumference, of several strands twisted together; small cable; halter; series of things connected: v.t. to fasten or draw with a rope; curb (a horse) so as to prevent him winning a race: v.i. to draw into viscous threads. ropiness (rop'i-nes), n. tendency to draw out into viscous filaments ; par- tial viscosity. ropy (rop'i), adj. like a rope; viscous. Roquefort (rok'for), n. a French mold-streaked cheese made from ewe's milk. rorqual (ror'kwal), n. a whale with dorsal fins. [Swedish.] rosaceous (ro-za'shus), adj. composed of several petals arranged in a cir- cular form; consisting of roses. rosary (ro'za-ri), n. [pi. rosaries (ro'za- riz)], a garland or chaplet; a string of threaded beads by which prayers are counted ; the prayers repeated as thus counted. rose (roz), f n. & plant of the genus Rosa or its well known flower; rose- color; knot of ribbons; rosette; a perforated nozzle: v.t. of rise. [Latin.] roseate (ro'ze-at), adj. rose-colored; rose-like; blooming. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ROSEBUD 710 ROUGH rosebud (roz'bud), n. the flower of the rose just before it has opened. By analogy a young girl, still gentle and innocent. rose-diamond (roz'di-a-mund), n. a diamond cut into twenty-four tri- angular facets. roselite (ro'se-lit), n. a vitreous min- eral named after the mineralogist, G. Rose. It crystallizes in the tric- tinic system. rosemary (roz'ma-ri), n. a sweet- smelling evergreen shrub from which an aromatic water is distilled. In Southern Europe it bears a blue flower. [Old French.] Rosetta Stone (ro-zet'a ston), n. the famous slab of basalt containing a decree of Ptolemy V in three lan- guages. It is now in the British Museum. rosette (ro-zet'),. W. a cluster of rib- bons arranged like a rose. rose- window (roz'win-do), n. a cir- cular window with compartments branching from the center. rosewood (roz'wood) , n. a Brazilian wood used as a veneer. rosily (roz'i-li), adv. with a rosy glow. rosin (roz'in), n. another form of resin; specifically, inspissated tur- pentine: v.t. to rub with rosin. ross (ros), n. the outer rough bark of trees; tan bark: v.t. to remove the outer bark or rough surface of. roster (ros'ter), n. list or muster-roll showing how the duties of military officers, regiments, &c, are regu- lated. rostral (ros'tral), adj. pertaining to, or .like, a beak. rostrate (ros'trat), adj. furnished with a beak or beak-like process. rostrum (ros'trum), n. [pi. rostrums (ros'trumz), or rostra (ros'tra)], the beak of a bird; in ancient Rome, a pulpit or elevated platform in the Forum, adorned with the beaks or prows of ships taken from the ene- my, and from which orators ad- dressed the people: hence a pulpit or platform; the prow of an ancient war vessel. [Latin.] rosy (roz'i), adj. like a rose; red; blooming; charming; very favorable. rot (rot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rotted, p.pr. rotting], to putrefy or become de- composed; decay: v.t. to make pu- trid or corrupt: n. putrefaction; de- composition; nonsense. rotary (ro'ta-ri), adj. turning on an axis; pertaining to rotation. Also rotatory. _ [Latin.] rotate (ro'tat), v.t. to revolve on, or as on, an axis; cause to turn: v.i. to turn round like a wheel: adj. wheel- shaped. rotation (ro-ta'shun), n. the act of turning round on an axis, like a wheel ; regular succession. rotative (ro'ta-tiv), adj. revolving. rotator (ro-ta'ter), n. that which im- parts a circular motion; a muscle having such power. rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri), same as ro- tary. rote (rot), n. mechanical repetition, or learning without understanding. rotifer (ro'ti-fer), n. an individual of the Rotifera, the wheel-animalcules. rotor (ro'ter), n. the part of a dyna- mo which rotates. rotten (rot'n), adj. putrefied; decom- posed; unsound; a general term of reproach. [Slang.] rottenstone (rot'n-ston), n. a soft stone used as a polishing powder. rotund (ro-tund'), adj. spherical. rotunda (ro-tun'da), n. a circular domed building. Also rotundo. rotundity (ro-tun'di-ti) , n. roundness. rouble or ruble (roo'bl), n. a Rus- sian silver coin of varying value, used as a monetary unit (about 60 cents). roue (roo a/), n. a fashionable sensual- ist; confirmed rake; debauchee. rouge (roozh), n. a cosmetic of red color used for imparting a tint to the cheeks and lips; a kind of lake color; v.i. to color or pamt with rouge. rouge-et-noir (roozh-a-nwar'), n. a gambling game -played with cards and a table marked with two black and two red diamond-shaped spots. rough (ruf), adj. having inequalities on the surface; rugged; not smooth or plane; uneven; uncut; unpol- ished; harsh to the ear; uncivil; austere; cruel; unfeeling; violent; boisterous; hard-featured; shaggy; vague: adv. roughly: v.t. to shape out roughly; furnish (a horse) with roughened shoes; break in (a horse). ate> arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ROUGHEN 711 ROWEN roughen (ruf'en), v.t. to make rough: v.i. to become rough. roulade (roo-lacT), n. a flourish or rapid movement [Music]. rouleau (roo-lo'), n. a little roll, espe- cially of coins made up in paper. roulette (roo-lef), n. a game of chance played with a revolving disc and ball; a wheeled instrument for mak- ing dotted lines. [French.] rounce (rouns), n. the handle of a printing press. round (round), adj. m circular ; spheri- cal; globular; cylindrical^ plump; corpulent ; whole ; > considerable ; large: adv. on all sides; circularly; from one side or party to another: n. a circle, sphere, or globe; cir- cuit or tour; routine; step of a ladder; constantly recurring series; cycle; round dance; accustomed walk; volley of firearms; a song in which all the company take part: prep, about; on every side of; around: v.t. to make round; travel or pass round: v.i. to go the rounds, as a patrol, &c; grow or become round. [Old French.] roundabout (round'a-bout), adj. in- direct ; encompassing : n. a merry-go- round; a short coat or jacket. roundel (roun'del), n. & circle; roun- delay; a small circular Norman shield; semi-circular bastion. .roundelay (roun'de-la), n. an ancient song or dance in which the passages are repeated. roundhand (round'hand) , n. penman- ship in well-rounded letters. Roundhead (round'hed), n. a con- temptuous epithet applied to the Puritans by the Cavaliers, from the close-cut hair of the former. roundhouse (round 'hous)^ n. for- merly a lockup; the cabin on the after part of a ship's deck; a build- ing having stalls for the housing of locomotives. roundly (round'li), adv. in a round • form; straightforwardly. round number (num'ber), n. a num- ber divisible by ten. round- robin (rounder ob 'in), n. a pe- tition having the signatures written in a circle so as not to show who signed it first. roundsman (roundz'man), n. a po- lice inspector who visits the officers on their beats. round- tower (round'tow-er), n. an ancient circular tapering tower, as in Ireland, with a conical top, usu- ally near a church or monastery. round-up (round'up), n. the driving in of cattle on a ranch ; a sort of in- spection of animals; sometimes, a forced levy of men. rouse (rouz), v.t. to awaken; stir to thought or action; drive (game) from a covert. rouser (row'zer), n. & gay fellow; one given to drink and song. rousing (rouz'ing), p. adj. stirring; ex- citing; startling; exceeding. roust (roust), v.t. to disturb. roustabout (roust'a-bout), n. an idler or loafer ; a laborer on a steam vessel. rout (rout), n. total defeat and flight of an army; resulting disorder from such defeat; tumultuous crowd; up- roar; a large evening party; the at- tempt of three or more persons to avenge some common wrong by an illegal act: v.t. to defeat and put to disorderly flight. route (root), n. way or road trav- eled; course; journey; march. routine (roo-ten'), n. course of busi- ness or official duties regularly pur- sued; regular habit or practice. roux (roo), n. a thickening for soups, &c, of melted butter and flour. rove (rov), v.i. to wander or ramble: v.t. draw through an eye. rover (rov'er), n. a robber; wanderer; fickle person. roving (rov'ing), p. adj. rambling. row (ro), n. line, file, or rank; ex- cursion in a row-boat; noisy dis- turbance (rou) : v.i. to labor with an oar; be impelled by oars: v.t. to impel by means of oars: as to row a boat. row (row), n. a rough, noisy dispute. rowan (ro'an), n. the mountain-ash. Also roan. rowdy (rou'di), n. a rough, riotous fellow: adj. rough and riotous. m rowdyism (rou'di-izm) , n . rude, riot- ous conduct; blackguardism. rowel (row'el), n. the small sharp- pointed wheel of a spur ; flat ring on a horse's bit. rowen (row'en), n. aftermath. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ROWLOCK 712 RUDE rowlock (ro'lok), n. the crutch or hollow in the gunwale of a boat in which the oar rests in rowing. royal (roi'al), adj. pertaining to a king or to the crown; befitting or like a king; majestic; kingly; no- ble; magnificent; specially patron- ized or founded by a king, or in his service: n. a size of paper, 25 x 20 in.; one of the shoots of a stag's head; the highest sail of a ship; a gold coin formerly current in England: pi. the first regiment of foot in the British army (with the). [French.] royalism (roi'al-izm) , n. adherence to the principles or cause of royalty or government by a king. loyalist (roi'al-ist) , n. an adherent of a king or government by a king. royally (roi'a-li), adv. in a royal man- ner. royalty (roi'al-ti), n. [pi. royalties (roi'al-tiz)], the character, or status, of a king; person of a king or sover- eign; a certain sum paid to the crown or other proprietor on the produce of a mine, &c; a percentage for the use of a patent or copyright; royal manor. Roy ston- crow (rois'ton-kro) , n. the hooded crow. rub (rub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rubbed, p.pr. rubbing], to apply pressure with motion to the surface of; clean or scour; wipe; polish: v.i. to make a friction; get through difficulties; fret: n. the act of rubbing: that which is rubbed; friction; obstruc- tion; pinch; jibe. [Gaelic] rubber (rub'er), n. one who, or that which, rubs; india-rubber; coarse file or whetstone; in card-playing, two games out of three, or the win- ning game: v.i. to pry, or peer. rubber-neck (rub'er-nek), n. a per- son who twists and turns his head and neck to gratify his curiosity. rubbish (rub'ish), n. mixed # or waste fragments; ruins of buildings; any mingled mass; anything of no value; nonsense. rubble (rub'l), n. rough undressed stone; builders' rubbish. rubescent (roo-bes'ent) , adj. becom- ing red. rubican (roo'bi-kan), adj. noting a bay, or grey-black color, with white or light-grey on the flanks: said of a horse. Rubicon (roo'bi-kon), n. the river which separated Caesar's Gallic province from .Italy, by crossing which he committed himself to war with Pompey; hence, any irrev- ocable step_._ rubicund (roo'bi-kund), adj. inclined to red. [French.] # rubidium (roo-bid'i-um) , n. a metal- lic element. [French.] rubied (roo'bid), adj. ruby-colored. rubigo (roo'bi-go), n. rust or mildew on plants. [Latin.] ruble, see rouble. rubric (roo'brik), n. the directions for liturgical use in prayer-books, for- merly printed in red; title or direc- tion printed in red: v.t. to rubri- cate: adj. pertaining to, or marked in, rubrics; red. rubricate (roo'bri-kat), v.t. to mark or distinguish, with red. ruby (roo'bi), n. [pi. rubies (roo'biz) ], a precious stone, varying in color from carmine-red to crimson; a size of type used in England,' smaller than nonpareil and larger than pearl; adj. ruby-colored; red. ruche (roosh), n. frilled or plaited lace, silk, &c, for edging dresses, &c. Also ruching: v.t. to make, or ornament with, a ruche. [French.] ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or crease:' n. a wrinkle or crease; a heap; a fag-end; the crowd of horses that come in at the end of a race. ruction (ruk'shun), n. a row; disturb- ance. [Irish slang.] rudder (rud'er), n. the frame of wood or metal by which a vessel is steered; anything that directs or governs. ruddiness (rud'i-nes), n. redness of complexion denoting perfect health; redness. ruddle (rud'l), n. red ochre. ruddock (rud'ok), n. the robin red- breast. ruddy (rud'i) , adj. appro aching~to red- ness; florid; fresh-colored; flesh- colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ruddied, p.pr. ruddying], to make ruddy. rude (rood), adj. [comp. ruder, su- perl. rudest], rough; barbarous; uncultivated; harsh; ignorant; un- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £ften. RUDEL1 713 RUMOR polite; tempestuous; robust; strong; rugged; crude. [Latin.]' rudely (rood'li), adv. in a rude man- ner. rudeness (rood'nes), n. the state of being rude; rude conduct; incivility; unskilful ness._ rudiment (rood'i-ment)^ n. first principle; anything in its first or undeveloped state: v.t. to instruct in first principles. rudimentary (rood-i-men'ta-ri), adj. pertaining to, or containing, first principles; in an undeveloped state. Also_rudimental. rue (roo), v.t. to lament or be sorry for; repent of: n. an herb of bitter taste and strong odor, used as a medicine 1 rueful (roo^fool), adj. mournful; sad. ruefully (roo'foo-li), adv. mournfully; sadly. ruff (ruf), n. a large frilled collar; anything plaited; a small fresh- water fish (also ruffe) ; a kind of snipe (Fein, reeve) ; a kind of pigeon: v.t. to disorder or ruffle; trump at whist instead of following suit. ruffian (ruf'i-an), n. a brutal, boister- ous fellow; any base, low character, as a robber, &c. [Old French.] ruffle (ruf'l), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, or disarrange; furnish or adorn with ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. to grow rough or turbulent; flutter: n. & plaited article of dress; agitation; discomposure; low roll of a drum; usually a_mark of honor. [Dutch.] rufous (roo'fus), adj. yellowish-red. rug (rug), n. an adjustable floor cov- ering, usually of a textile heavier than carpeting; a coarse warm nap- py woolen cloth, used as a coverlet or wrap. rugae (roo , je) 1 n.pl. wrinkles. rugate (roo'gat), adj. wrinkled; ridged. Also rugose, rugous. rugged (rug'ed), adj. having an un- even surface; rough; shaggy; bru- tal; uncouth; crabbed. ruin (roo'in), n. overthrow; destruc- tion; downfall; loss of happiness; cause of destruction or decay; ruined building, &c: v.t. to pull down, de- stroy, subvert, overthrow, or impov- erish. [Latin.] ruined (roo'ind), adj. demolished; de- stroyed; decayed. ruinous (roo'in-us), adj. fallen into ruin; decayed; consisting of ruins; destructive; hurtful. rukh (rook), n. a great expanse of forest and jungle. [Hindu.] rule (rool), n. standard or guide; maxim or precept; government; law or regulation; canon; an instru- ment for drawing fines; method of performing any operation; order made between parties to a suit on motion, or to regulate the practice of a court: v.t. to govern or control; settle as by a rule; manage or re- strain; est ab fish by a decision; mark with lines: v.i. to decide; ex- ercise superior authority. [Old French.] ruler (rool'er), n. one who rules or gov- erns; an instrument for ruling lines. ruling (rool'ing), -p. adj. governing or having control; marking with lines; predominant: n. a rule laid down by a judge or court. rum (rum), n. spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar- cane, or from molasses: adj. strange; odd. rumble (rum'bl), v.i. to make a low, heavy, continued sound: n. a rum- bling sound; seat for servants be- hind a carriage. rumbling (rum'bling), adj. making a rumble: n. same as rumble. rumen (roo'men), n. the first stom- ach of a ruminant animal. ruminant (roo'mi-nant), adj. chewing the cud : n. an animal that chews the cud. [Latin.] ruminate (roo'mi-nat), v.i. to chew the cud; meditate or muse; ponder: v.t. to chew again. _ rumination (roo-mi-na r shun) , > n. the act of chewing the_cud; meditation. ruminator (roo'mi-na-ter), n. one who muses or meditates on any subject. rummage (rum'aj), v.t. to search carefully for; ransack: v.i. to make a careful search: n. a careful search- ing. rummage sale (sal), n. a sale of un- claimed goods at the docks or at a warehouse, &c; sale of miscellane- ous articles for a charitable object. rumor (roo'mer), n. popular report; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 48 hue, hut ; think, then. RUMP 714 RUSTIC current story : v.t. to circulate by re- port. [Latin.] ramp (rump), n. the end of the back- bone of an animal, with its adja- cent parts; buttocks; fag-end. rample (rum'pl), n. a fold or plait: v.t. to fold or plait; make uneven. rumpus (rum 'pus), n. great disturb- ance. ran (run), v.i. [p.t. ran, p.p. run, p.pr. running], to pass quickly with the legs over the ground; extend; move swiftly; flee for escape; contend in a race; sail; flow; melt; pass; shoot; discharge matter ; make sudden pres- sing demands; continue in time: v.t. to cause to move swiftly; push; force; fuse or melt; smuggle; start as a candidate; pursue in thought: n. the act of running; course run; flow or discharge; free access; dis- tance sailed; sudden pressing de- mand; pair of mill-stones; preva- lence; large grazing ground; in cricket, distance run between the wickets. runagate (run'a-gat), n. a fugitive renegade. runcinate (run'si-nat) , adj. having the lobes (of a leaf) convex before and straight behind. rundle (run'dl), n. the step of a ladder. nines (roonz), n.pl. runic letters or poetry. rung (rung), v.t. of ring: n. step of a ladder; a floor-timber in a ship; spar. runic (roo'nik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, runes: n. the alphabet of the earliest Teutonic and Celtic nations the letters of which consisted principally of straight lines. runlet (run 'let), n. a rivulet; a small barrel containing about eighteen gallons. runnel (run 'el), n. a little brook. runner (run'er), n. one who runs; racer; messenger; keel to support a sleigh; roller; slender, prostrate, shooting sprig; revolving millstone; rope to increase the mechanical power of a tackle. running (run'ing), adj. moving swiftly; kept for a race; being in motion ; continuous ; discharging pus : n. the act of moving swiftly; that which runs or flows; discharge of pus. runt (runt), n. a dwarf animal, usually a pig; stump. rupee (roo-pe'), n. an East Indian coin, worth about forty-eight cents. rupture (rup'tur), n. the act of bursting or breaking; state of being broken or violently burst asunder; breach or interruption of friendly relations; hernia: v.t. to burst or break violently asunder; to affect with hernia: v.i. to suffer a breach or disruption. [Latin.] rural (roo'ral), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the country or ag- riculture; rustic. [Latin.] rural dean (den), n. an ecclesias- tic having the supervision of the churches in a rural deanery or dis- trict. ruralist (roo'ral-ist) , n. one who leads a rural life. ruralize (roo'ral-iz), v.t. to render rural: v.i. to become rural. rurally (roo'ra-li), adv. as in the coun- try. ruse (roos), n. a trick; stratagem. rush (rush), v.i. to move or press forward with impetuosity; enter with undue eagerness: n. a driving forward with eagerness and haste; a plant of many species growing on wet ground; anything worthless or of little value. rusk (rusk), n. a kind of light bis- cuit. Russ (rus), n. same as Russian, or Muscovite. russet (rus'et), adj. reddish-brown; homespun; coarse: n. russet color; homespun cloth; a variety of apple. russety (rus'et-i), adj. russet-colored. Russia leather (rush'a leth'er), n. a strong soft leather prepared from the hides of sheep' and cattle steeped in oil of birch. rust (rust), n. the reddish matter formed on iron and steel ; red oxide of iron; anything resembling rust; mildew on cereals ; loss of power by inactivity: v.i. to contract rust; de- generate in idleness: v.t. to cause to contract rust; impair by time or inactivity. rustic (rus'tik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the country; ru- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RUSTICALLY 715 RYTIDOSIS ral; artless; unpolished; unadorned: n. a countryman; peasant. [Latin.] rustically (rus'ti-ka-li), adv. in a rural manner. rusticate (rus'ti-kat), v.i. to reside in the country: v.t. to banish for a time from college. rustication (rus-ti-ka/shun) , n. resi- dence in the country; temporary banishment from a college. rusticity (rus-tis'i-ti), n. rural man- ners or simplicity; rudeness. rustily (rus'ti-li), adv. in a rusty condition. rustiness (rus'ti-nes), n. the state of being rusty. rustle (rus'l), v.i. to make a soft whispering sound, as the rubbing together of silk or dry leaves; to bestir one's self: n. a rustling. rustler (rus'ler), n. one who rustles; an enterprising, successful man; see hustler. rustless (rust'les), adj. not liable to, or free from, rust. rustling (rust 'ling), n. the soft whis- pering sound made by rubbing silk or dry leaves together; rustle. rustre (rus'ter), n. an overlapping scale in mail armor. rusty (rus'ti), adj. covered with rust; impaired by inactivity; rust- covered. rut (rut), n. the sexual desire of deer ana certain other animals ; the track of a wheel ; groove or hollow : v.i. \p.L & p.p. rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be moved with sexual desire, as deer, &c: v.t. to_cut into ruts. rutabaga (roo-ta-ba'ga), n. a variety of turnip larger than the common one, and of_a yellowish color. [Swedish.] ruth (rooth), n. pity; compassion; tenderness ; sorrow. ruthenium (roo-the'ni-um), n. a springy metallic element platinum ore found first in the Ural Moun- tains. ruthless (rooth les), adj. cruel; piti- less. rutilant (roo' til-ant), adj. shining. rutile (roo'til), n. red oxide of tita- nium. rutilous (ru'ti-lus), n. a shining red color. [Latin.] ruttish (rut'ish), adj. lustful; wan- ton. rye (ri), n. a hardy cereal. rynd (rind), n. the supporting iron bar of an upper millstone. ryot (ri'ot), n. a name given by the Anglo-Indians to a farmer, tiller of the soil. rytidosis (rit-i-do'sis), n. the decay or shriveling of the outer coat or cornea of the eyeball. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. s S, the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet. The picture-letter from which it took its form was a Semitic character called " tooth" and roughly resembling one. Phonetically s is called a vocal alveolar spirant, or more briefly, a sibilant or "hissing letter." This is its most frequent sound. When it represents an origi- nal Indo-European s, it remains s In words of Latin origin, ti before a vowel is represented in English by the sound sh; as redemptio, redemp- tion (shun). As a symbol in chem- istry, S stands for sulphur. sabaoth (sa-ba/oth), n.pl. armies; hosts. [Hebrew.] Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta/ri-an) , adj. per- taining to the Sabbath or to Sab- batarianism: n. a rigid observer of the Sabbath; one who keeps the Sabbath on the seventh day. Sabbatarianism (sab-a-ta/ri-an-izm) , n. the tenets and practices of the Sabbatarians. Sabbath (sab'ath), n. the seventh day of the week, observed by the Jews as a day of rest, commencing from sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday; the Christian Sunday . Sabbatical (sa-bat'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or resembling, the Sab- bath. Also Sabbatic. Sabbatical year (yer), n. among the ancient Jews, every seventh year, in which the lands and vineyards of the Israelites were allowed to remain fallow. In modern colleges a leave of absence with salary every seventh year. Sabellian (sa-bel'y an) , n. one of a tribe that dwelt in central Italy, from early times. The members of a sect which held that the Trinity alone is God, and that the three Persons were merely emanations from it. saber, sabre (sa/ber), n. a cavalry sword: v.t. to cut, wound, or kul with, or as with, a saber. Sabian (sa'bi-an),. adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Sabianism. Sabianism (sa/bi-an-izm) , n. the worship of the heavenly hosts, as symbolical of the Deity. Sabine (sa'bin), adj. pertaining to an Italian race, subsequently merged into the Roman. sable (sa'bl), n. a kind of weasel of marten valued for its handsome, dark, glossy fur; it is found chiefly in Siberia, and the true sable (Russian sable) is very costly, when compared with the North American or Japa- nese animals; in heraldry, black: adj, dark-colored; black. sabot (sa-bo'), n. a wooden shoe worn by the peasantry of France, &c. sabotage (sa'bo r tazh'), n. injury to the work or establishment of an employer by workmen to reduce output and enforce demands. Sac (sak)~ n. a member of a now extincf tribe of Algonquin Indians. sac (sak), n. a bag or membranous receptacle; cyst; an ancient privi- lege of a lord of a manor to hold a court. saccade (sak-ad'), n. a sudden check with the bridle; strong pressure of the bow of a violin against the strings. saccharine (sak'a-rin), adj. pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar: n. the uncrystallized sugar of malt- wort. Saccharine is a coal-tar prod- uct, discovered by Dr. Ira Rem- sen. It is three hundred times sweeter than cane sugar and hence is used by those who are com- pelled by disease to eat no sugar. [Latin.] saccharize (sak'a-rlz), v.t. to convert into sugar. Also saccharify. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SACCHAROID 717 SADDLERY saccharoid (sak'a-roid),- adj. having a texture resembling loaf-sugar. saccharometer (sak-a-rom'e-ter), n. an instrument for determining the quantity of sugar in liquids. saccholactic (sak-o-lak'tik) , adj. ob- tained from the sugar of milk; mu- cic acid. saccule (sak'ul), n. a little sac or cyst. sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal) , adj. per- taining to priests or to the priest- hood; priestly. [Latin.] sacerdotalism (sas-er-do'tal-izm), n. sacerdotal spirit or system ; tendency to emphasize the priestly office or its sacred character. sacer do tally (sas-er-do'ta-li) , adv. in a sacerdotal manner. sachem (sa/chem), n. a North Amer- ican Indian chief. sachet (sa-sha/), n. a small bag or cushion filled with a perfume. [French.] sack (sak) , n. a bag, especially a large coarse bag, for holding grain, &c; quantity contained by a sack; loose garment or cloak; a Spanish dry wine; plunder or pillage by soldiery of a town taken by storm; dismissal (with the): v.t. to plunder or pillage; ravage; dismiss from service. sackbut (sak'but), n. an ancient musical instrument of the lyre kind; a sort of trombone. sackcloth (£ak'kloth), n. coarse mate- rial of which sacks are made; coarse rough cloth worn as a token of mourning. sackful (sak'fool), n. the quantity a sack will hold. sacking (sak'ing), n. coarse material used for making sacks. sacrament (sak'ra-ment) , n. a sign or pledge of grace; an outward and visible sign of an inward and spir- itual grace, instituted by Jesus Christ; holy baptism, the eucharist, Lord's supper. [Latin.] sacramental (sak-ra-men'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or constituting, a sacrament; solemnly pledged. sacramentally (sak-ra-men'ta-li) , adv. in a sacramental manner. sacred (sa/kred) , adj. pertaining to religion or to religious uses. sacrifice (sak'ri-fls) , n. the act of sac- rificing or offering to a deity, es- pecially a victim on an altar; that which is so offered; destruction or giving up one thing for another; goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer to God or a deity in worship; destroy or surrender to gain some other object; devote with loss; kill; sell at a loss: v.i. to offer sacrifice. sacrificial (sak-ri-fish'al) , adj. per- taining to, consisting in, or offering, sacrifice. Also sacrificatory. sacrificially (sak-ri-fish'a-H) , adv. by sacrifice. sacrilege (sak'ri-lej), n. the crime of appropriating to one's self or to sec- ular use what is consecrated to God or religion; breaking into a church and committing felony. sacrilegious (sak-ri-le'jus) , adj. vio- lating sacred things; guilty of sacrilege; profane. sacrilegist (sak'ri-le-jist) , n. one guilty of sacrilege. sacring-bell (sa'kring-bel) , n. the sanctus-bell, rung when the Host is elevated at high mass. sacrist (sa'krist), n. a cathedral offi- cial who copies the music for the choir; minor canon; sacristan. sacristan (sak'ris-tan), n. one who has the care of church vessels and movables. sacristy (sak'ris-ti) , n. an apartment in a church where the sacred vessels, vestments, &c, are kept; vestry. sacrosanct (sak'ro-sangkt) , adj. pre- eminently sacred or inviolable.' sacrum (sa/krum), n. a triangular- shaped bone at the base of the ver- tebral column. sad (sad), adj. [comp. sadder, superl. saddest], full of grief; mournful; sorrowful ; dark-colored. sadden (sad'n), v.t. to make sad or sor- rowful; tone down: v.i. to become sad. saddle (sad'l), n. a seat, usually of leather, for riding on horseback; anything resembling a saddle; block of wood nailed to the lower yard- arm: v.t. to place a saddle upon; burden or embarrass. saddle-bow (sad'l-bo), n. the pieces which form the pommel or arched part of a saddle. saddlery (sad'ler-i) , n. the business of a saddler; articles made by a saddler. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, tfften. SADDUCEE 718 SAIVA Sadducee (sad'ti-se), n. one of the an- cient Jewish sect or school that adhered to the written law and de- nied the resurrection of the dead. safari (sa-far'e), n. a word of Arabic origin, meaning an expedition and all its belongings. safe (saf), adj. free from danger, in- jury, or damage, secure; securing from harm; no longer dangerous; sound; sure: n. a fire- or burglar- proof iron or steel chest. [Old French.] safe-conduct (saf-kon'dukt) , n. a guard or passport which ensures a safe passage. safeguard (saf'gard), n. one who, or that which, guards or protects; de- fense; protective warrant granted to a foreigner: v.t. to protect or guard safely. safely (saf'li), adv. in a safe manner. safety (saf'ti), n. freedom from danger, injury, or damage; safe keeping; a bicycle with medium-sized wheels of equal height. safety-lamp (saf 'ti-lamp) , n. a wire- gauze covered lamp used in mines. safety-valve (saf 'ti-valv) , n. an auto- matic valve in a boiler which opens when the steam exceeds a certain pressure. saffron (saf 'run), n. a bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, the dried stig- mas of which yield a deep yellow dye; deep yellow: adj. saffron-col- ored. sag (sag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sagged, p.pr. sagging], to sink down or yield; incline from an upright or horizontal position; incline to lee- ward: v.t. to cause to give way or incline. sagacious (sa-ga/shus) , adj. mental- ly quick and discerning; judicious; wise; acute. sagacity (sa-gas'i-ti) , n. a readiness of apprehension; discriminative in- telligence; acute practical judgment. sagamore (sag'a-mor), n. a North American Indian chief. sagas (sa'gaz), jt.pl. a class of prose epics embodying the myths and he- roic tales of the ancient Scandi- navians. sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; well-judged; discriminating; charac- terized by wisdom; grave: n. a man of experienced wisdom and of ven- erable age; an aromatic herb. sagely (saj'li), adv. in a sage manner. sageness (saj'nes), n. wisdom; sa- gacity. sago (sa'go), n. a kind of granulated food-starch from the pith of certain palms. sagoin (sa-goin'), same as saguin. saguaro (sa-gwar'o), n. the giant cactus of Mexico. saguin (sag'win) , n. a South American monkey. Also sagoin, sagouin. sagum (sa'gum), n. an ancient Ro- man military cloak. sahib (sa-heb'), n. a term of address used in India and Persia to a Euro- pean gentleman; feminine, sahiba (sa-heb'a). saic (sa'ik), n. a Turkish or Grecian vessel common in the Levant. said (sed), p.t. & p.p. of say. saiga (si'ga), n. the antelope of the Russian steppes. sail (sal), n. a sheet of canvas spread to catch the wind by means of which a vessel is driven forward in the water; ship or vessel; an excursion in some vessel : v.i. to be moved by a sail or sails; commence a voyage; swim; glide through the air; pass smoothly along: v.t. to pass over in a ship ;_ navigate. sailer (sal'er), n. a vessel that sails, with special reference to its speed, or manner of sailing. sailing (sal'ing), n. the art of naviga- tion; the act of moving through water, or of setting sail. sailor (sal'er), n. a mariner; seaman. saint (sant), n. a holy or sanctified person; one eminent for piety and virtue, especially one canonized by the Church of Rome; one blessed in heaven: pi. a name applied to them- selves by the Mormons: v.t. to can- onize: v.i. to act as a saint. [French.] sainted (sant'ed), p.p. canonized: adj. pious; holy; departed to heaven. saintliness (sant'li-nes) , n. the quality of being saintly. saintly (sant'li), adj. like, or befitting, a saint. sais (sas), n. a native servant in India. saiva (sl'va), n. a devotee of the deity Siva. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^en. SAJOU 719 SALPRUNELLA sajou (sa-joo'), n. a South American monkey. sake (sak), n. end; purpose; cause; account; regard; reason. saki (sak'i), n. Japanese rice-beer; a South American monkey, with a non-prehensile hairy tail. sal, a prefix meaning salt, as sal- volatile, aromatic spirit of ammonia. salaam (sa-lam/), n. an Oriental form of salutation or respect, mean- ing "peace." [Arabic] salable (sal'a-bl), adj. marketable. salacious (sa-la'shus) , adj. lustful; impure. salacity (sa-las'i-ti), n. lustfulness. Also salaciousness. salad (sal'ad), n. raw herbs cut up and dressed with vinegar, oil, &c. salad-days (sal'ad-daz), n.pl. years of youthful inexperience. salamander (sal'a-man-der) , n. an amphibious animal resembling a newt, and fabled by the ancients to live in fire. [French.] salamandrine (sal-a-man'drin) , adj. resembling a salamander; fire-resist- ing or -enduring. salaried (sara-rid), p. adj. having a salary. salary (sal'a-ri), n. recompense, usu- ally periodically, for services ren- dered; stipend. sale (sal), n. the act of selling; ex- change of a commodity for an agreed price; market; auction; demand. salicin (sari-sin), n. & bitter substance extracted from the willow and pop- lar; the acid (salicylic acid) is used as an antiseptic. Salic law (sal'ik law), n. law of the Salian Franks excluding females from succession to the French throne. salience (sa/li-ens), n. the state of being salient. salient (sa'li-ent), adj. leaping; prom- inent; noting any^ angle less than two right angles; in heraldry, in a leaping position; the advanced wedge or body of attacking troops. saliferous (sa-lif'er-us), adj. yielding salt. salina (sa-ll'na), n. a salt-marsh; salt-works. [Latin.] salination (sal-i-na'shun), n. the act of steeping or washing in salt liquor. saline (sa'lln), adj. consisting of, containing, or like, salt: n. a salt- spring. saliva (sa-ll'va), n. the watery fluid or spittle secreted in the mouth. > salival (sa-li'val), adj. pertaining to or secreting saliva. Also salivary. salivant (sal'i-vant), adj. exciting salivation: n. a substance to excite salivation. salivate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to. produce an abnormal secretion in the mouth of. salivation (sal-i-va/shun), n. the act of producing an abnormal secretion of saliva. sallet (sal'et), n. a light helmet. sallow (sal'o), adj. of a pale, sickly, yellow color; a small tree of the willow kind. sally (sari), n. [pi. sallies (sal'iz)], a sudden rushing forth of troops to attack the besiegers; sudden out- bur ct of wit or fancy; excursion; wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sallied, p.pr. sallying], to rush out^as troops from a besieged town; issue or rush forth suddenly. sallyport (sal'i-port), n. a postern or passage for troops to sally out. salmagundi (sal-ma-gun'di) , n. a compound of chopped meats with other ingredients, seasoned, &c; medley. [French.] salmi (sal 'mi), n. a ragout of roasted game and other ingredients stewed in wine. [French.] salmon (sam'un), n. a marine fish of the genus Salmo, which ascends fresh-water rivers to _spawn. salmon- peel (sam'un-pel), n. sl young salmon. salmon- trout (sam'un-trout), n. a sea-trout, resembling the salmon, but of smaller size. salon (sa-16ng'), n.a saloon^ fine art gallery: pi. fashionable circles or assemblage_s J [French.] saloon (sa-loon'), n. a hall or state apartment; large reception room; fine art exhibition; bar-room or grogshop. salpicon (sal'pi-kon), n. chopped meat, bread, and vegetables, re- cooked in sauce. salpinx (sal'pingks), n. the eusta- chian tube. [Greek.] salprunella (sal-proo-nel'a), n. nitrate of potash fused and cast into balls. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut ; think, ^en. SALSIFY 720 SAMPHIRE salsify (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of the aster family, which from the flavor of its edible root is called oyster- plant and vegetable oyster. salt (sawlt), n. chloride of sodium, used for seasoning and the preserva- tion of meat, &c, obtained from the earth or by the evaporation of sea water; anything like salt; the com- bination of an acid with a base; wit; piquancy (attic salt); a sailor: v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: adj. flavored, seasoned, or impreg- nated, with salt. saltant (sal'tant), adj. leaping; danc- ing; in heraldry, same as salient. saltarello (sal-ta-rel'o) , n. a viva- cious Spanish and Italian dance; music for such a dance. saltatory (sal'ta-to-ri) , adj. dancing. salt-cellar (sawlt 'sel-ar), n. a small dish for holding salt. saltern (sawl'tern), n. a salt manu- factory. salt-horse (sawlt-hors'), n. salted beef or pork. [Sailors' slang.] saltier, saltire (sal'ter), n. a St. Andrew's cross. [French.] saltish (sawl'tish), adj. somewhat salt. saltless (sawlt 'les), adj. without salt; insipid. saltpetre (sawlt-pe'tr), n. the com- mercial name for nitre. It is im- portant in the manufacture of gun- powder. [French.] salubrious (sa-loo'bri-us), adj. healthy. salubrity (sa-loo'bri-ti), n. healthf ill- ness. Also salubriousness. salutarily (sal'u-ta-ri-li), adj. in a salutary manner. [Latin.] salutariness (sal'ii-ta-ri-nes) , n. the state or quality of being salutary. salutary (sal'u-ta-ri) , adj. healthful; wholesome; beneficent. salutation (sal-u-ta/shun), n. act or manner of saluting; greeting, or act of paying respect. salutatory (sa-lu'ta-to-ri) , adj. salut- ing; greeting: n. the opening oration at the commencement in American schools and colleges; any address of welcome. salute (sa-luf), n. a mark of military respect shown by raising the hand to the helmet, &c; a kiss; greeting; salvo of artillery, lowering of a flag, &c, as a mark of honor: v.t. to address with kind wishes; wel- come; greet with a kiss or bow; honor by a salvo of artillery, low- ering a flag, &c: v.i. to make a salute. [Latin.] salvability (sal-va-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being salvable. salvable (sal'va-bl), adj. capable of be* ing saved. salvage (sal'vaj), n. compensation given to those who assist at saving a vessel or cargo at sea; the goods or vessel saved. salvarsan (sal'var-san) , n. an arsenical compound for the treatment of syph- ilis introduced by Dr. Paul Ehrlich; also known as 606. salvation (sal-va/shun) , n. the act of saving; spiritual deliverance from sin and death. [Latin.] Salvation Army (ar'mi), n. a religious organization formed on a quasi-mili- tary model. Salvationist (sal-va/shun-ist), n. a member of the Salvation Army. salve (sav), n. a healing ointment; a remedy or soothing application. salver (sal'ver), n. a tray on which anything is presented. salvo (sal'vo) , n. a discharge of a num- ber of pieces of artillery, intended as a salute; general, simultaneous cheering; {in law) an exception or reservation. sal-volatile, see under sal. Samaritan (sa-mar'i-tan) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, Sa- maria, or the Samaritans; noting certain characters used by the He- brews prior to the captivity: n. a native of Samaria; a kind, charita- ble person (Luke x. 30-37) . sambur (sam'ber), n. the elk of the hill- country of India. same (sam), adj. identical in kind or degree; exactly alike; before-men- tioned. sameness (sam'nes), n. identity; simi- larity. samovar (sam'o-var), n. a Russian tea-urn. samp (samp), n. hulled Indian corn. sampan (sam'pan), n. a Chinese fish- ing boat, frequently used as a resi- dence. samphire (sam'fer), n. a marine plant ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SAMPLE 721 SANGUIFY growing usually on cliffs, and used as a pickle. sample (sam'pl), n. a specimen; model; pattern; part shown as in- dicative of the quality of the whole: v.t. to show something similar; take a sample of sampler (sam'pler), n. a pattern; a piece of ornamental needlework for practice, &c. sample-room (sam'pl-room), n. a room in a hotel where liquors are secretly dispensed. [American slang.] sanability (san-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being sane. Also sanablene_ss. sanable (san'a-bl), adj. curable. sanativeness (san'a-tiv-nes) , n. power of healing. [Latin.] sanatorium (san-a-to'ri-um), n. a health retreat ; an institution for the care of invalids or the treatment of particular diseases. sanatory (san'a-to-ri) , adj. conducive to health. sanctincation (sangk-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of sanctifying ; # state of being sanctified; consecration. »anetifier (sangk'ti-f I-er) , n. one who sanctifies. [Latin.] sanctimonious (sangk-ti-mo'ni-us) , adj. having the appearance of, or affecting, sanctity; hypocritical. sanction (sangk'shun) , n. the act of ratifying, or giving authority to; authority; custom: v.t. to give sanc- tion to; countenance. sanctitude (sangk'ti-tud) , n. holiness. sanctity _ (sangk'ti-ti) , n. purity ; % in- violability ; sacredness ; solemnity ; a saint. sanctuary (sangk'tu-a-ri) , m n. [pi. sanctuaries (sangk'tu-a-riz)], the most retired and sacred part of a temple; consecrated place; temple; part of a church around the altar; inviolable asylum; shelter; refuge. sanctum (sangk'tum), n. sl sacred or private place. sanctum sanctorum (sangk-to'rum) , n. a most holy place; in the Jewish Temple, the Holy of Holies; a place of the utmost privacy. sanctus bell (sangk'tus bel) , n. a bell rung at the more solemn parts of the mass. sand (sand), n. fine particles of crushed or worn rock: pi. tracts oi sand; hours or time one has to live: v.t. to sprinkle with sand. sandal (san'dal), n. a kind of shoe fastened by straps to the foot; a loose slipper; the official shoe of a Roman Catholic prelate or abbot. sandaled (san'dald), adj. wearing san- dals. sandalwood (san'dal-wood), n. a white-;Colored, odoriferous wood, used in cabinet-making. Sandal and sandalwood designate also any one of a number of trees grown in India and Burmah, from which oil of a delicate and delightful flavor is extracted. sandarac (san 7 da-rak) , n. a kind of resin or gum, used in varnishes. Also sandarach. sander ling (san'der-ling), n. a small wading-bird. sanders (san'derz), n. red sandalwood. sandiver (san'di-ver) , n. a saline scum which forms on glass when fused; glass-gall. sandix (san'diks), n. sl kind of red lead. sandpiper (sand'pi-per), n. a name for various birds of the snipe and woodcock family. sandwich (sand'wich), n. two thin slices of bread with ham, &c, be- tween; anything like a sandwich: v.t. to place between two other persons or things. The name comes from Lord Sandwich (about 1660). sandy (sand'i), adj. composed of, abounding in, of the color of, or covered with sand; shifting; un- stable. sane (san), adj. mentally sound or healthy. saneness (san r nes), n. the state or quality of being sane. sang, p.t. of sing. sangaree (sang-ga-re r ) , n. a beverage of wine or brandy and water spiced with nutmeg. sangfroid (sang-frwa/) , n. cool in- difference or composure. [French.] sanguiferous (sang-gwifer-us), adj. conveying blood. [Latin.] sanguify (sang'gwi-fi) , v.i.[p.t. & p.p. sanguined, p.pr. sanguifying], to form or produce blood: v.t. to con- vert into blood. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 46 hue, hut; think, then. SANGUINARY 722 SARACENIC sanguinary (sang'gwi-na-ri), adj. at- tended with much bloodshed; blood- thirsty; murderous; cruel. sanguine (sang'gwin), adj. warm and ardent in temper; hopeful; confi- dent: n. blood color: v.t. to stain with blood. sanguinely (sang'gwin-li) , adv. in a sanguine manner. sanguineness (sang'gwin-nes) , n. the quality or state of being sanguine; plethora; heat or ardor of tempera- ment; hopefulness. sanguineous (sang-gwin'e-us) , adj. pertaining to, abounding with, or constituting, blood; of a blood color. Sanhedrim g (san-he'drim), n. the great judicial council of the ancient Jews, composed of seventy-one priests, scribes, and elders, presided over by the high priest. Also Sanhedrin. sanies (sa'ni-ez), n. a thin reddish discharge from a wound or sore. sanitarian (san-i-ta'ri-an), adj. of or pertaining to the laws of health; having regard to the public health: n. one versed in, or devoted to, sani- tary studies; an advocate or pro- moter of sanitary measures. sanitarium (san-i-ta/ri-um), n. a sanatorium, especially one where the treatment is phophylactic instead of therapeutic. [Latin.] sanitary (san'i-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining to, connected with, or tending to promote, health, especially by legis- lative enactment; hygienic. sanitation (san-i-ta'shun) , n. hygiene. sanity (san'i-ti), n. saneness. sank (sangk), p.t. of sink. sansculotterie (sanz-koo-lot're), n. the French Revolutionists collec- tively; extreme republicanism. sansculottes (sanz-koo-lof), n. a fel- low without breeches, that is to say, wearing only a workman's blouse; a term of contemnt applied to the French Revolutionists. sans- gene (sang- j an r ) , n. a state of irre- sponsibility ; carelessness. [French.] Sanskrit (san'skrit), n. the ancient sacred language of the learned Hin- dus. Also see Prakrit. Santa Glaus (san'ta klaws) ; n. in nursery folk-lore, the friend of children who brings presents on Christmas Eve. [Dutch.] sap (sap), n. the watery circulating juice of a plant; alburnum of a tree; vital fluid; an excavated trench for approaching a fort; an ardent student: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sapped, p.pr. sapping], to deprive of vitality; undermine: v.i. to study ardently, as for an examination; proceed by secretly undermining. sap-head (sap'hed), n. a term of re- proach for one who is thought to be silly or unintelligent. So sappy. sapid (sap 'id), adj. savory. sapience (sa/pi-ens), n. knowledge; wisdom. [Latin.] sapient (sa'pi-ent), adj. wise; saga- cious. sapless (sap'les), adj. without sap; without energy; nerveless. sapling (sap 'ling), n. a young tree. sapodilla (sap-6-cUTa) , n. a tropical tree yielding a large fruit, the seeds of which are used in medicine. saponaceous (sap-o-na/shus), adj. re- sembling, or having the qualities of, soap; unctuous. saponification (sa-pon-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. conversion into soap. [Latin.] saponify (sa-pon'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. saponified, p.pr. saponifying], to con- vert into soap by combination with an alkali. saporific (sap-o-rif'ik), adj. produc- ing taste. saporous (sap'o-rus), adj. having, or stimulating flavor. sappan (sap'an), n. an Asiatic dye- wood. sapper (sap'er), n. one who saps; a sol- dier employed in sapping or digging trenches. sapphire (saf'ir), n. a precious stone of a blue color, a variety of corun- dum. sappiness (sap'i-nes), n. the quality of being sappy. sappy fcap'i).. adj. full of sap; juicy. sappy (sap'i), adj. silly, conceited, foolish. saraband (sar'a-band) , n. a Spanish dance; music for such a dance. Saracen (sar'a-sen), n. the mediaeval name for an Arab or Mohamme- dan. Saracenic (sar-a-sen'ik) , adj. per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SARCASM 723 SATIETY taining to, or characteristic of, the Saracens. [French.] sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cut- ting, satirical expression. [French.] sarcastic (sar-kas'tik), adj. bitterly satirical. Also sarcastical. sarcastically (sar-kas'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a sarcastic manner. sarcenet (sars'net), n. a thin, fine kind of woven silk, used for ribbons, lin- ings, &c. Also_ sarsenet. sarcocarp (sar/ko-karp), n. the fleshy part of a fruit. sarcocol (sar'ko-kol) , n. an inspissated sap or gum-resin of an African tree. Sarcocollin. sarcode (sar'kod), n. animal proto- plasm. sarcoderm (sar'ko-derm), n. the fleshy layer between the interior and ex- terior covering of a seed. sarcodic (sar-kod'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, sarcode. sarcoid (sar'koid), adj. flesh-like. sarcoHne(sar'ko-lin) , adj. flesh-colored. sarcolite (sar'ko-lit) , n. a flesh-colored mineral occurring in the volcanic rocks of Vesuvius. sarcological (sar - ko - lo j ' i - kal) , adj. pertaining to sarcology. sarcology (sar-kol'o-ji), n. that part of anatomy that treats of the soft parts of the body. sarcoma (sar-ko'ma), n. a fleshy tumor. Also- sarcosis. sarcophagous (sar-kof 'a-gus) , adj. feeding on flesh. sarcophagus (sar-kof 'a-gus) , n. a limestone used by the Greeks for coffins, having the property of eating away the flesh ; a stone coffin. sarcotic (sar-kot'ik), adj. flesh-forming. sard (sard), n. a precious stone, a deep blood-red variety of carnelian. sardine (sar-den'), n. a species of pil- chard, abundant in the Mediterra- nean, and preserved in oil for ex- portation; (sar 'din) a precious stone mentioned in Rev. iv., the sardius. sardonic (sar-don'ik) , adj. forced, bitter, or heartless: said # of a laugh or smile; from a Sardinian herb, reputed to cause convulsive motions of the cheek and lips when eaten. Also sardonian. sardonyx (sar'do-niks) , n. a variety of agate. sargasso (sar-gas'o), n. the floating sea- or gulf- weed of the North At- lantic. Also sargassum. sarment (sar'ment), n. a prostrate fili- form stem or runner of a plant. sarsaparilla (sar-sa-pa-ril'a) ? n. a twining shrub found in Mexico, &c, the root of which is used as a medi- cine. [Spanish.] sarsenet (sars'net), same as sarcenet. sartorial (sar-to'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to a tailor. [Latin.] sartorious (sar-to'ri-us), n. the muscle of the thigh by means of which the legs can be crossed; the tailor's muscle. sash (sash), n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn round the waist or oyer the shoulder; a frame for holding panes of glass: v.t. to furnish with sasin (sas'in), n. the Indian antelope. sassafras (sas'a-fras), n. a tree allied to the laurel, with a fragrant root, wood, and flowers. sassoline (sas'o-lin), n. native boracic acid. Also sassohn. sat, p.t. of sit. Satan (sa'tan), n. the Devil. [French.] satanic (sa-tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Satan; diabolical; infernal; very malicious. satanism (sa'tan-izm) , n. the evil disposition of Satan ; a sect of persons who worship Satan, holding services in his honor, reading the prayers of the Church backward, defiling the Eucharist, and in every way dis- playing a satanic and diabolical spirit. satchel (sach'el), n. a small bag for carrying books, papers, &c; any handbag. [Old French.] sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appe- tites or desires of. sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or cot- ton fabric made in imitation of satin. satellite (sat'el-it), n. a small planet revolving round a larger one; an obsequious attendant. > [Latin.] satiable (sa'shi-a-bl) , adj. capable of being gratified or satiated. [Latin.] satiate (sa'shi-at), v.t. to fill, or grat- ify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. glutted. satiety (sa-ti'e-ti) , n. fulness of grati- fication beyond desire; repletion. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; line, hut ; think, then, SATIN 724 SAUSAGE satin (sat/in), n. a closely woven glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, satin. [French.] satinet (sat-in-ef), n. a thin kind of satin; a glossy cloth woven with wool and cotton made to resemble satin. satiny (sat'in-i), adj. like satin. satire (sat'ir), n. a species of poetry in which vice and folly are held up to ridicule by sarcasm, burlesque and parody. [Latin.] satiric (sa-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or -containing, satire; addicted to satire. Also satirical. satirically (sa-tir'i-ka-li), adv. in a satiric manner. satirist (sat'i-rist) , n. a writer of satire; one who satirizes. satirize (sat'i-nz), v.t. to assail or ridicule with satire and mockery. satisfaction (sat-is-f ak'shun) , n. the act of satisfying; the state of being satisfied; contentment; gratification; payment; redress ^conviction. satisfactory (sat-is-f ak'to-ri) , adj. giving satisfaction or content; mak- ing redress; relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty. [Latin.] satisfy (sat'is-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. satis- fied, p.pr. satisfying], to gratify to the fullest degree; free # from doubt or uncertainty; pay in full; dis- charge: v.i. to give satisfaction; make atonement or payment. # satrap (sa/trap), n. a kind of viceroy among the ancient Persians. satrapy (sa/tra-pi), n. the government or jurisdiction of a satrap. saturable (sat'Q-ra-bl), adj. capable of being saturated. saturant (sat'u-rant), adj. impregnat- ing to the full: n. a substance that neutralizes acid in the stomach. saturate (sat'u-rat), v.t. to soak or im- bue. saturation (sat-u-ra'shun) , n. the act of saturating; the state of being sat- urated; impregnation of one sub- stance by another until the latter can contain no more. Saturday (sat'er-da), n. the seventh day of the week named after the Roman god, Saturn. Saturn (sat 'era), n. the planet next beyond, and next in magnitude to, Jupiter; the ancient Italian god of seed-time and harvest. Saturnalia (sat-er 7 na'li-a) , n. an an- cient Roman festival in honor of the god Saturn, in which all classes, in- cluding slaves, took part: hence un- restrained revelry. Saturnalian (sat-er-na/li-an) , adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Saturnalia; dissolute; riotously mirthful. Saturnian (sa-ter'ni-an), adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, the god Saturn, or to the golden age of purity and happiness; a name given to an ancient form of Latin verse. saturnine (sa'ter-nm) , adj. under the influence of the planet Saturn; dull; morose; gloomy; phlegmatic. satyr (sa'ter) , n. a sylvan Greek deity, attendant on Bacchus, represented with long, pointed ears, short horns, a man's body, and the legs of a goat. sauce (saws), n. a liquid condiment or seasoning for food; any mixture used as a relish; pertness: v.t. to put sauce into; render pungent; treat with pertness. [French.] sauce-box (saws'boks), n. a pert, im- pudent person. saucer (saw'ser), n. a shallow piece of china, &c, in which a tea or coffee cup is placed. saucily (saw'si-li), adv. in a saucy manner. sauciness (saw'si-nes), n. impudent pertness or boldness. " saucy (saw'si), adj. [comp. saucier, su- perl. sauciest], pert; impudent. sauerkraut (sour'krout) , n. a pickle of chopped cabbage packed in layers with salt between, which causes fer- mentation. [German.] saul (sawl), n. an Indian timber tree, used for building purposes, and yielding the resin called dammar. saunter (san'ter or sawn'ter), v.i. to wander about idly; loiter; linger: n. a place for sauntering; idle walk or ramble. saurian (saw'ri-an), n. any individ- ual of the Sauria, an order of four- legged reptiles having the body fur- nished with scales, as the crocodile and lizard. sauroid (saw'roid), adj. lizard-like. saury (saw'ri), n. a kind of pike. sausage (saw'saj), n. the gut of an animal stuffed with seasoned minced ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. SAUTE 725 SCABIES meat; minced meat seasoned with sage, salt, pepper, &c. [French.] saute (so : ta'), n. a method of cooking by tossing the material in a frying pan of particular construction. sauterne (so-tern'), n. a, French white wine. savable (sav'a-bl), adj. capable of being saved. savage (sav'aj), adj. uncivilized; wild; cruel; fierce; pitiless; uncultivated; enraged: n. % a human being in a rude, uncivilized state; barbarian; a fierce, brutal person. [French.] savagely (sav'aj-li), adv. in a savage manner. savagery (sav'aj-ri), n. the state of be- ing wild or uncivilized; barbarism; brutal roughness. savanna (sa-van'a), n. an extensive open plain or meadow. Also sa- vannah. [Old Spanish.] savant (sa-vang'), n. a man of learn- ing or science. [French.] save (sav), v.t. to bring out of dan- ger or preserve from evil; rescue; deliver from spiritual death; pre- vent; lay by; take advantage of: v.i. to be economical: prep, except; not including. m saveloy (sav'e-loi), n. a sausage made of highly seasoned pork, and then dried before eating. savin (sav'in), n. an evergreen tree or shrub with a dark foliage with bluish-green berries: the young leaves and branches yield an active volatile oil used in medicine. Also savine. saving (sav'ing), # adj. preserving; frugal; parsimonious; reserving: n. an exception or reservation: pi. money, &c, saved: prep, with ex- ception in favor of. savingly (sav'ing-li), adv. in a saving manner. savior (sav'yer), n. one who saves. Saviour, n. Jesus Christ, the Re- deemer (with the). savoir-faire (sav-war-far'), n. instinc- tive knowledge of what is correct. savonette (sav-o-nef) , n. a hard ball of toilet soap, composed of various ingredients. [French.] savor (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; rel- ish; scent; characteristic property: v.i. to have a particular flavor or smell; exhibit tokens of: v.t. to taste or smell with delight. sayoriness (sa'ver-i-nes), n. the qual- ity of being savory. savory (sa'ver-i), n. an aromatic plant. savoy (sa-voi'), n. a kind of winter cabbage with crisp curled leaves. saw (saw), n. a cutting steel instru- ment with a toothed edge; a proverb or wise saying: v.t. to cut with, or as with, a saw: v.i. to be cut with a saw: p.t. of see. sawfish (saw'fish), n. a fish with a long bony snout furnished with spines or teeth. sawfly (saw'fll), n. an insect with a saw-like apparatus for depositing ita sawyer (saw'yer), n. one who saws tim- ber into planks; a tree in a river, whose branches, partly above water, sway up and down by the force of the current. saxhorn (saks'horn), n. a musical wind instrument, used in military bands. Saxon (saks'n), adj. pertaining to the Saxons, a race of people formerly inhabiting North Germany, their country or language; Anglo-Saxon: n. a member of the Saxon race ; a native of the kingdom of Saxony in Germany. saxophone (saks'o-fon), n. a brass musical instrument with a single reed and clarinet mouthpiece, y (sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. said (sed), p.pr. saying], to utter in words; declare; speak; decide; allege; pronounce; intone: v.i. to speak; relate; answer: imper. tell me: n. something said; speech; remark. saying (sa'ing), n. the act of speak- ing; expression; saw; adage. scab (skab), n. an incrustation formed over a wound; a contagious disease in sheep; a workman who refuses to join a strike, or who takes the place abandoned by a striker. scabbard (skab'ard), n. the sheath in which the blade of a sword is kept: v.t. to put into a scabbard. scabbiness (skab''i-nes), n. scabby state. scabby (skab'i), adj. covered with, or full of, scabs; affected with scab. scabies (ska/bi-ez), n. the itch. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SCABROUS 726 SCANT scabrous (ska'brus), adj. rough to the touch; uneven; dotted; scaly. scad (skad), n. the shad or horse mackerel. scaffold (skaf'old), n. sl temporary timber stage or structure; an ele- vated platform for the execution of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or sup- port with a scaffold. scaffolding (skaf 'old-ing) , n. a scaf- fold ; materials for erecting scaffolds ; framework. scalable (skal'a-bl), adj. capable of being scaled. scalawag (skal'a-wag), n. a scamp; scapegrace. [Americanism.] Holy Land; a curving or recess: v.t. to cut the edge or border of, in scallops or curves. [French.] scalloped- oysters (skol'opt-ois'terz) , n.pl. oysters baked with bread crumbs, &c. scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the top of the head from which the hair grows; the skin and hair of the head torn off by the North Ameri- can Indians in token of victory: vi. to deprive of the scalp: v.i. to make a small quick profit by slight fluctuations ' of the market; to sell railway tickets at less than the com- pany's rates. [Latin.] scald (skawld), v.t. to burn with hot scalpel (skal'pel), n. a small keen- liquid or steam; injure by contact edged knife used in surgery. . with any hot fluid; expose to violent scalper (skal'per), n. one who scalps; a heat over a fire or hot liquid: n. a person who buys and sells the un- s burn or injury to the skin or flesh used parts of railway tickets, from a hot liquid or steam; scab or scaly (skal'i), adj. covered with, or scurf on the head; one of the old like, scales; mean; caddish. Scandinavian poets, who recited or scammony (skam'o-ni), n. an in- spissated sap obtained from the root of a species of convolvulus, used as a cathartic. scamp (skamp), n. a rascal; worth- less fellow; rogue: v.t. to execute or perform in a superficial or careless manner and with bad material, a balance; an instrument or ma- scamper (skam'per), v.i. to run with chine for weighing; the small bony speed; hasten away: n. a hasty or horny plates covering a fish, cer- flight. tain reptiles, and insects; any thin scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & j).p. scanned, plate or layer; the thin oxide which p.pr. scanning], to examine by count- ing the metrical feet or syllables; scrutinize or examine carefully. scandal (skan'dal), n. offense occa- sioned by the faults of another; something uttered that is false and injurious to the reputation; oppro- brium; defamation. [French.] tive to fruit-trees: v.t. to strip or scandalize (skan'dal-iz) , v.t. to offend clear of scales; weigh; climb over, by some supposed improper action as by a ladder; clamber up; ascend or conduct. by steps or by climbing: v.i. to scandalous (skan'dal-us) , adj. giving separate and come off in layers. offense to the conscience or moral [Latin.] sense; exciting condemnation or op- scalene (ska-len'), adj. having the probrium. sides and angles unequal; said of a Scandinavian (skan-di-na/vi-an) , adj. triangle. pertaining to Scandinavia, its lan- scallop (skorop), n. a marine bi- guage, literature, or people. Also valve fish, having the edge of its Scandian. shell in the form of a series of scant (skant), adj. [comp. scanter, sang heroic poems (also skald). scaldic (skawld'ik), adj. pertaining to, or composed by, the scalds. Also skaldic. scalding (skawld'ing) , p. adj. burning as witha hot liquid or steam. scale (skal), n. the dish of a balance; forms on the surface of iron forg- ings; incrustation on the interior of a boiler; a series of steps; gradu- ated measure; series of all the tones [Music]; relative dimensions; basis for a numerical system; a scale- insect, or bark-louse, very destruc- curves; the shell was formerly worn by pilgrims who had visited the superl. scantest], not full or abun- dant; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SCANTILY 727 SCAVENGE stint; treat illiberally; limit: v.i. to fail or become diminished. scantily (skant'i-li) , adv. in a scanty manner. scantiness (skant'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being scanty. Also scant ness. scantling (skant'ling) , n. a piece of timber cutor sawn of small size; the size to which a piece of timber is to be cut. scanty (skant'i), adj. [comp. scantier, swperl. scantiest], narrow; barely suf- ficient; s_cant. scape (skap)^ n. the shaft of a col- umn where it leaves the base: v.t. & v.i. to escapeJPoet.] scapegoat (skap'got), n. among the ancient Jews one of the two goats determined by lot, over whose head the high priest confessed the sins of the people, after which it was sent away into the wilderness: hence one who bears the blame for others. scapegrace (skap'gras), n. a graceless, unprincipled fellow. scapple (skap'l), v.t. to rough-dress (stone) preparatory to hewing. scapula (skap'u-la), n. the shoulder- blade. [Latin.] scapular (skap'u-lar), adj. pertaining to the scapula or shoulder; in the Roman Catholic Church, part of the habit of certain religious orders; two pieces of cloth worn over the shoulders from motives of devotion. Also scapulary. [Latin.] scar (skar), n. a mark caused by a wound; mark or blemish; a pre- cipitous rock or bank; the parrot- fish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scarred, p : pr. scarring], to mark with, or as with, a scar: v.i. to form a scar. scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn beetle, scarabaeus; a gem or seal cut in the form of a beetle worn as a charm by the ancient Egyptians. scarce (skars), adj. not common; not plentiful; not equal to the demand. scarcely (skars'li), adv. seldom; rarely; with difficulty. scarceness (skars'nes), n. the state of being scarce. Also scarcity . # scare (skar), v.t. to strike with sud- den terror; frighten: n. a sudden fright or panic. scarecrow (skar'kro), n. anything fan- tastic set up in fruit gardens, &c, to scare away birds; a vain cause of terror. scarf (skarf), n. a light handkerchief or tie for the neck; sash: v.t. throw on loosely; dress with a scarf; to unite (two pieces of timber) at the ends by a kind of dovetail. scarfing (skarf 'ing), n. the formation of a beam out of two pieces of tim- ber. scarf skin (skarf 'skin) , n. the cuticle. scarification (skar-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of scarifying. scarificator (skar'i-fi-ka : ter), n. a siu> gical instrument used in scarifying. scarifier (skar'i-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, scarifies; a scarificator; an agricultural instrument for stir- ring the soil. scarify (skar'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scari- fied, p.pr. scarifying], to scratch or cut; make small incisions in by a lancet or scarificator: as, to scarify the skin; to stir up and prepare for planting: as, to scarify the soil. scarlatina (skar-la-te'na) , n. scarlet fever of a mild form. scarlet (skar 'let), n. a bright red color; cloth of such a color: adj. of a scar- let color. scarlet fever (fe'ver), n. contagious febrile disease characterized by a scarlet eruption. scarlet runner (run'er), n. a variety of bean. scarp (skarp), n. a slope or declivity, nearly perpendicular; the slope of a ditch at the foot of a parapet: v.t. to cut perpendicularly or nearly so, scary (ska'ri), adj. causing, or sub- ject to, sudden fright. scathe (ska^/i), v.t. to injure or hurt: n. injury or harm. scathing (ska^'ing), adj. injurious; hurtful; very severe or bitter. scatter (skat'er), v.t. to strew or throw loosely about; disperse or dissipate: v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated. scatterbrained (skat 'er-br and) , adj. giddy. scaup (skawp), n. a species of duck. scavage (skav'aj), n. garbage, muck, and street dirt of all sorts which a scavenger removes. scavenge . (skav'enj), v.t. to cleanse, as streets, from mud and filth. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SCAVENGER 728 SCHOOL scavenger (skav'enj-er), n. a man em- ployed to clean the streets; any ani- mal that devours refuse or any other deleterious matter, as the scavenger- beetle, the fiddler crab, the buzzard, &c. [Old French.] i scenario (sha-na're-o), n. the sketch of a plot or chief incidents of a li- bretto or play. [Italian.] scene (sen), n. the time, place, or cir- cumstance, &c, in which anything occurs: part of a play; the imagi- nary place where the action of a play is supposed to take place; spec- tacle; exhibition; display of feeling or passion between two or more per- sons. scenery (sen'er-i), n. the appearance of anything presented to the vision; general aspect; combination of nat- ural views; painted representation on a stage. scenic (sen'ik), adj. pertaining to scen- ery or to the stage; dramatic. Also scenic al. seenographic (sen-o-graf'ik), adj. drawn in perspective. scenographically (sen-6-graf 'i-ka-li) , adv. in perspective. scenography (sen-og'ra : fi) , n. the art of drawing in perspective. scent (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; chase followed by means of the scent: v.t. to perceive by the olfac- tory nerves; smell; perfume: v.i. to hunt animals by the sense of smell. scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. a staff borne by a sovereign as the emblem of authority; royal mace: v.t. to in- vest with regal authority. [Greek.] schatchen (shat'shen), n. one whose business it is to arrange marriages; a marriage-broker. [Yiddish.] schedule (sked'ul), n. a written or printed paper or parchment contain- ing a list, or inventory; list or docu- ment annexed to a larger instru- ment, as a will, &c: v.t. to place in a schedule. schematic (ske-mat'ic) , adj. typical or archetypical in nature; showing a general plan and consistent con- stitution of the whole. Thus "a schematic mollusk," one complying or showing a general likeness to other mollusks. scheme (skem), n. a connected com- bination of things for the attain- ment of a certain end; plan; con- trivance; purpose; plot: v.t. to de- sign or plan; plot: v.i. to form a scheme or plan. [Greek.] Schiedam (ske-dam'), n. Holland gin: also known as schnapps. [German.] schiller (shil'er), n. the peculiar bronze-like luster in certain minerals. schism (sizm), n. a split or division, especially permanent division or separation in the Christian Church; sin of causing such a division. schismatic (siz-mat'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, or implying, schism. Also schismat- ical: n. one who creates or takes part in a schism. [Greek.] schist (shist), n. any rock that splits into slates or slabs. [French.] schistose (shist'os), adj. like schist; fissile. Schizomycetes (skiz-6-mi-se'tez), n. a class of very small organisms, as bacteria, &c. schnapps (shnaps), n. Holland gin, the same as Schiedam. scholar (skol'er), n. a student; dis- ciple; man of letters; an undergrad- uate on the foundation of a college. scholarly (skol'er-li), adj. like a scholar: adv. in the manner of a scholar. scholarship (skol'er-ship), n. high at- tainments in literature or science; learning; erudition; maintenance for a scholar, awarded by an educational institution. [Graeco-Latin.] scholastic (sko-las'tik), adj. pertain- ing to a scholar or to schools; scholar- like; characteristic of the mediaeval schoolmen; formal. scholasticism (sko-las'ti-sizm), n. the scholastic philosophy of the Mediaeval Period; relating largely to logic, metaphysics, and formal theology that the people generally could not understand. scholiast (sko'li-ast), n. a commen- tator or annotator, especially of the classics. scholium (sko'li-um), n. [pi. scholia (sko'li-a)], a marginal or explanatory note, especially on the text of a classic author. school (skool), n. a place where in- struction is given; scholars or pu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, 'merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SCHOOLING 729 SCOOP pils collectively; a mediaeval sem- inary for teaching theology, logic, and metaphysics ; disciples of a par- ticular teacher; canon, precepts, or body of opinion; examination hall; any means of knowledge; a shoal or great number, as of fish: v.t. to train or instruct; chide or admon- ish. [Late Latin.] schooling (skool'ing), n. strict educa- tion. schoolman_(sko6rman), n. [pi. school- men (skool'men)], a philosopher of the Middle Ages. schooner (skoon'er), n. a vessel with two masts, sometimes three, rigged fore and aft; a tall_ beer-glass. Schottische (sho-tesh'),. n. a dance in 2/4 time, and resembling the polka, though a little slower in the move- ment. schweitzerkase (shvits'er-ka-ze), n. Swiss 3heese. sciagraph (si'a-graf), n. the vertical section of a building showing its in^ terior. sciagraphy (si-ag'ra-fi) , n. the art or i science cf projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. sciatic (si-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affecting, the hip. sciatica (sl-at'i-ka), n. neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. science (si'ens), n. systematized'knowl- edge of any one department of mind or matter; acknowledged truths and laws, especially as demonstrated by induction, experiment, or observa- tion. scientific (si-en-tif 'ik) , adj. pertaining to, used in, or skilled in, science; skilful. scientifically (si-en-tif'i-ka-li), adv. in a scientific manner. scientism (si'en-tizm), n. the theories and practices of scientists. scientist (sl'en-tist), n. one skilled in, or devoted to, science. scilicet (siTi-set), adv. namely. [Lat- in.] scimitar (sim'i-ter), n. an Oriental sword with a curved blade having its edge on the convex side. Also scimeter. [Old French.] scintilla (sin-tiTa), n. a spark; the least particle; a trace. scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to emit sparks, fire, or igneous particles; twinkle. [Latin.] scintillation (sin-ti-la/shun) , n. the act of scintillating; a spark or flash; twinkle. sciolism (si'o-lizm), n. superficial knowledge. [Latin.] scion (sl'on), n. the sprout or shoot of a plant; a descendant; heir. scioptic (si-op'tik), adj. pertaining to the art of exhibiting luminous im- ages in a darkened room or camera obscura. Also scioptric. sciopticon (si-op'ti-kon), n. a magic lantern for exhibiting photographs. scire facias (si-re fa/shi-as), a writ to enforce the execution of judg- ments, &c, or to annul them. [Latin, "Make them understand."] scissors (siz'erz), n.pl. a cutting in- strument resembling shears but smaller. scissors-telescope (siz'erz-tel'e-skop) , n. a stereotelescope of a type fre- quently employed in military opera- tions, with its arms in a scissors-like arrangement ; much used in the European War, 1914-1916. sclerosis (skle-ro'sis), n. the harden- ing of a tissue of the body, as in the membrane of the eye, or those of the brain. sclerotic (skle-rot'ik) , adj. hard; not- ing the firm white outermost mem- brane of the eyeball. sclerotitis (skle-ro-tl'tis) , n. inflam- mation of the sclerotic coat. scoff (skof), n. an expression of scorn or contempt; ridicule; derision: v.i. to exhibit scorn or contempt: v.t. to treat or address with derision. scoffer (skof 'er) , n. one who treats an- other with mockery and ridicule. scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or rudely; rail in a loud or violent manner: v.t. to find fault with: n. one who habitually scolds, especially a rude, clamorous woman. scollop, same as scallop. sconce (skons), n. a bulwark; small fort; protection; a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick; tube in a candlestick for inserting the candle; the head; mulct or fine; a small, thin cake of oatmeal, &c. [Gaelic] scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; deep shovel; kind of scuttle: v.i. to take ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; * 9 hue, hut ; think, then. SCOOT 730 SCRAP out or up with a scoop; ladle out; make hollow. scoot (skoot), v.i. to walk or run hastily. scope (skop), n. room or opportunity for free outlook or action; aim or intention; design: a Greek suffix meaning an instrument for viewing, as microscope. scopolamine (skop'o-lam-in) , n. an anaesthetic and soporific recently em- ployed to secure painless childbirth [twilight sleep]. It is an alkaloid, identical with hyoscine. scorbutic (skor-bu'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, scurvy. scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn or roast superficially; cause pain by heat; to go at a high rate of speed. scorcher (skorch'er), n. something that goes at high speed, as a race- horse or automobile; the driver of same. [Colloq.] scorching (skorch'ing) , v. going at racing speed. score (skor), n. a notch made as a reckoning; the number 20; line or groove; bill; account; behalf; sepa- rate parts of a musical work: v.t. to notch or furrow; keep account of. scoria (sko'ri-a), n. [pi. scoriae (-e)], volcanic cinder; slag formed after the fusion of metallic ores. scoriaceous (sko-ri-a/shus), adj. per- taining to, or resembling, scoria. scorn (skorn), n. extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disdain; object of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme contempt or disdain. scorner (skorn'er), n. one who scorns, especially one who holds religion in derision. scornful (skorn 'fool), adj. full of scorn; contemptuous ; disdainful. scorpion (skor'pi-un), n. an indi- vidual of the genus Scorpio, fur- nished with lobster-like claws, and armed with a poisonous sting in the tail; a painful scourge. Scot (skot), n. a Scotchman. Scotch (skoch), adj. pertaining to Scotland, its inhabitants, or its dia- lect. Also Scottish. scotch, n. a wedge, &c, to prevent slipping or rolling; a slight cut: v.t. to cut or wound superficially. scotia (sko'ti-a), n. the hollow molding in the base of an Ionic column. Scotticism (skot'i-sizm), n. a Scottish idiom. scoundrel (skoun'drel), n. a man without honor or virtue; low, worth- less fellow. scour (skour), v.t. to clean by fric- tion; cleanse from grease, dirt, and make bright; pass swiftly along; search thorough^; purge. scourge (skerj), n. a whip with thongs used as a punishment: v.t. to whip severely; afflict or harass greatly. scout (skout), n. a person sent out to obtain and bring in information, es- pecially of the movements, &c, of an enemy; a college servant; in cricket, a fielder: y.i. to act as a scout: v.t. to treat with scorn. scovel (skuv'l), n. a mop for sweep- ing a baker's oven. scow (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed boat with square ends: v.t. to trans- port in a scow. scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the brows in frowning or displeasure; look sullen or angry: n. the wrinkling of the brows in displeasure or anger; frown. scrabble (skrab'l), v.i. to scrawl or scribble; make irregular, unmeaning marks: v.t. to mark with irregular lines or letters. scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, lean, or rough; something merely skin and bones ; to choke. [Slang.] scraggily (skrag'i-li) , adv. in a scraggy manner. scragginess (skrag'i-nes) , n. scraggy state or quality. scraggy (skrag'i), adj. lean, thin and rough ; rough, with irregular points. scramble (skram'bl), v.i, to clamber with the hands and feet; seize or catch hold of anything with eager- ness and roughness: v.t. to toss to- gether at random; mix and cook in a confused mass: as, to scramble eggs: n. a rude, eager struggle; act of scrambling. scranch (skranch), v.t. to grind with the teeth with a crackling sound; craunch. scrap (skrap), n. a small or detached ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, but ; think, then. SCRAPBOOE 731 SCRIPT piece; fragment; a scrimmage: v.i. to engage in a scrimmage. [CoMoq.] scrapbook (skrap'book), n. a blank book for the pasting in of newspaper extracts, &c. scrape (skrap), v.t. to make a harsh or grating noise on; rub with some- thing sharp; clean by rubbing; re- move by scraping; gather laborious- ly by small gains _ or savings: v.i. barely succeed, as in passing an ex- amination; play awkwardly or in- harmoniously on the violin; bow by awkwardly drawing back the foot: n. the act, noise, or effect of scrap- ing; a drawing back of the foot awkwardly; difficulty; perplexity. scraper (skrap'er), n. one who, or that which, scrapes; an instrument for scraping; an awkward violinist miser. scrapple (skrap'l), n. a dish, famous in Philadelphia and its vicinity. It consists of beef and pork hashed fine, and after Indian meal has been stirred into it, it is then fried in thin slices. scratch (skrach), v.t. to mark or tear the surface of with something pointed; wound slightly; tear or dig with the claws; erase; remove the name of (especially that of a horse) from a race: v.i. to use the nails or claws in tearing or digging; score by a fluke: n. a mark or tear made by scratching; a superficial wound; a kind of wig; a line across the prize ring, up to which boxers are brought when they commence fighting: adj. taken at haphazard. scratches (skrach'ez), n.pl. dry scabs between the heel and pastern-joint of a horse. scratch race (ras), n. a race in which the competitors are unrestricted by conditions or are chosen by lot. scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i. to write or draw irregularly or hastily; scrib- ble: n. hasty, irregular, or illegible writing; scribble. scrawny (skraw'ni), adj. lean and bony; raw-boned; wasted. scream (skrem), n. a sharp, shrill cry as of fear or pain: v.i. to utter such a cry. screamer (skrem'er) , n. a South Amer- ican wading-bird; an exaggerated statement, or excessively funny joke. screech (skrech), n. a harsh, shrill cry: v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill cry. screed (skred), n. wooden rules for running moldings; loud, shrill sound; a fragment or piece; a harangue; a piece of poor prose or verse. screen (skren) , n. a light movable par- tition for protection ; coarse sieve ; the surface on which a moving picture is thrown; a partition separating the chancel from the rest of a church: v.t. to shelter or conceal; protect; pass through a coarse sieve. screw (skroo), n. a cylinder of metal or wood grooved spirally ; one of the six mechanical powers; screw-pro- peller: v.t. to press with a screw; apply a screw to; twist; force or squeeze; oppress by_ exactions. screw-propeller (skroo-pro-pel'er), n. a spirai-bladed wheel at the stern of a steam-vessel for propelling it; the vessel thus propelled. scribble (skrib'l), v.t. to write has- tily and carelessly: v.i. write care- lessly and without regard to correct- ness: n. hasty, careless writing. scribbler (skrib'ler), n. one who scrib- bles; a literary hack, or petty author. scribe (skrib) , n. a writer; clerk; aman- uensis; a teacher or copyist of the Jewish law. [Latin.] scribe (skrib), v.t. to cut, mark, or bcre with a sharp instrument; to adjust (in joinery). scriber (skrlb'er), n. a sharp pointed instrument for scribing. scrim (skrim), n. a kind of fabric of cotton or linen for making blinds, &c. scrimmage (skrim'aj), n. a general row or tussle. scrimp (skrimp), v.t. to make small, narrow, or short; limit or straiten: v.i. to be parsimonious or miserly: adj. short; narrow; curtailed: n. a niggard or miser. scrimpness (skrimp'nes) , n. scanti- ness. scrip (skrip) , n. a satchel ; schedule ; certificate; writing; certificate of stock subscribed to a bank or other company. script (skript), n. a piece of writing; style of writing; type in imitation ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book , hue, hut ; think, then. SCRIPTURAL 732 SCUM of writing; original document or in- strument. scriptural (skrip'tur-al), adj. pertain- ing to, contained in, or according to, the Scriptures; Biblical. scripturalism (skrip'tti-ral-izm), n. adherence to the letter of the Scrip- tures. scripturally (skrip'tu-ra-li), adv. in a scriptural manner. Scripture (skrip'tur) , n. sacred writing ; Biblical text: pi. the books of the Old and New Testaments: the Bible. scrivener (skriv'ner), n. one who draws up contracts, prepares writ- ings, &c. ; formerly a broker or finan- cial agent. scrofula (skrof'u-la), n. a disease caused by the formation and deposi- tion of tubercle in the organs and tissues of the body; king's evil. scrofulous (skrof'u-lus), adj. pertain- ing to, of the nature of, or affected with, scrofula. scroll (skrol), n. a roll of paper or parchment; a convoluted spiral or- nament ; a flourish to a signature. scrotum (skro'tum), n. the pouch which contains the testes. scrouge (skrouj), v.t. to crowd or squeeze. scrub (skrub), v.t. [pret. & p.p. scrubbed, p.pr. scrubbing], to rub hard; wash with rubbing or a wet brush: v.i. to clean or scour: n. one who labors hard and lives meanly; a sorry fellow; a worn-out brush: adj. mean or small; untrained; in base- ball or foot-ball, a scrub-team is a body of players got together hastily for purposes of practice. scrubby (skrub 'i), adj. mean and small; stunted in growth; covered with brushwood; unshaven. scruff (skruf), n. the nape of the neck. scrunch (skrunch), v.t. to crunch. scruple (skroo'pl), n. 1-3 of a dram, or 20 grains; hesitation, especially from conscientious motives: v.i. to hesitate from conscientious motives. Scrupulosity (skroo-pu-los'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being scrupu- lous; nice or conscientious regard to exactness or propriety; precision. . Also scrupulousness. scrupulous (skroo'pu-lus), adj. full of scruples; conscientious; exact; care- ful; strict. scrutinize (skroo'ti-niz), v.t. to in- spect or examine closely. scrutinous (skroo'ti-nus) , adj. closely inspecting or examining; precise; careful; captious. scrutiny (skroo'ti-ni) , n. close inspec- tion or examination; minute in- quiry ; examination of votes recorded at an election. scud (skud), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scudded, p.pr. scudding], to run quickly; run before a gale of wind with little or no sail spread: n. the act of scud- ding; vapory clouds driven by the wind. scuffle (skuf '1) , v.i. to fight or strug- gle confusedly, especially hand to hand: n. a struggle for mastery with close grappling; confused conflict; fight. scull (skul), n. one of a pair of short oars; an oar used at the stern of a boat to propel it: v.i. to impel a boat with a scull or sculls. scullery (skul'er-i), n. [pi. sculleries (skul'er-iz)], a place where culinary utensils, &c, are kept and cleansed. scullion (skul'yun) f> n. a servant em- ployed in the menial work of a scul- lery. sculpin (skul'pin), n. a North Ameri- can fish with a large head furnished with sharp spines. sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who practices the art of sculpture. Fem- inine, sculptress. sculptural (skulp'tu-ral), adj. per- taining to sculpture. sculpture (skulp'tur), n. the art of carving, cutting, or hewing stone or other material into images of men, animals, &c; carved work or figure: v.t. to represent in, or fashion by, sculpture. sculpturesque (skulp-tiir-esk'), adj. resembling, or having the character of, sculpture. scum (skum), n. extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the sur- face of liquids when boiled or fer- mented ; scoria of metals in a molten state; anything worthless or vile: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scummed, p.pr. scum- ming], to form a scum: v.t. to clear ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SCUPPER 733 SEAL impurities from the surface of; skim. scupper (skup'er), n. a hole or tube in the side of a ship to carry off deck water. scurf (skerf), n. minute, white, flaky scales formed on the skin, especially on the scalp; dandruff; loosely ad- herent matter. scurff (skerf), n. the bull-trout. scurfiness (skerf' i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being scurfy. scurfy (skerf 'i), adj. [cqmp. scurfier, superl. scurfiest], pertaining to, pro- ducing, covered with, or like, scurf. scurrile (skur'il), adj. befitting a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly op- probrious or jocosely indecent. scurrility (skur-il'i-ti) , n. [pi. scurrili- ties (skur-il'i-tiz)], vulgar, vile, or indecent jocularity. [Latin.] scurrilous (skur'il-us) , adj. using the low, indecent language of the vul- gar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; con- taining low indecency or abuse. scurry (skur'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scur- ried, p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or move rapidly along: n. hurried move- ment. scurvily (sker'vi-li), adv. in a scurvy manner. scurviness (sker'vi-nes) , n. scurvy state or quality; meanness. scurvy (sker'vi), adj. affected by scurvy; scabby; vile; contemptible; mean; paltry: n. a condition of anaemia, caused by deficiency of vegetable food or lime juice, causing great weakness, emaciation, &c. scut (skut), n. the short, erect tail of a fox, deer, &c. scutch (skuch), v.t. to dress (flax or cotton) by beating. scutcheon (skuch'un), n. an escutch- eon; shield for a keyhole. scutt (skut), n. any frowsy, ill-be- haved person. [Erse.] scuttle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or hurry: v.t. to cut a hole or holes in (a ship) to sink it: n. a quick or short run ; a pan for holding coals ; lid or door closing or covering an opening in a roof, &c; hatchway or small opening in the deck of a ship. scutum (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta (sku'ta)], a shield; a shield-like plate. jcymitar, same as scimitar. scythe (sith), n. a curved cutting in* strument used for mowing grass, &c> Scythian (sith'i-an), adj. pertaining to ancient Scythia, along the Black Sea, to its language, or its inhabit^ ants. 9 sdeath (sdeth), interj. a mediaeval exclamation expressing impatience or disdain. [Contracted from " God's death!"] sea (se), n. an expanse of salt water, less in extent than an ocean, and usually forming a part of, or con- necting with, an ocean or larger sea; an inland body of water ; the ocean ; a billow or large wave ; swell of the ocean in a tempest; a large quan- tity; the great brazen laver of the Jewish Temple. sea-bar (se'bar), n. the sea-swallow, sea-hat (se'bat), n. a kind of flying- fish. sea- hear (se'bar), n. the polar bear. sea-calf (se'kaf), n. the common seal. sea-cow (se'kou), n. the manatee; du- gong; walrus. sea- cucumber (se-ku'kum-ber), n the trepang. sea-devil (se-dev'il), n. a fish with a large head and great mouth, the sea- angler. sea-dog (se'dog), n. the common seal an old sailor. sea-elephant (se-el'e-f ant) , n= a va- riety of seal with a proboscis some- what like_ that of the elephant. seafarer (se'fa-rer), n. a sailor. seafaring (se'f ar-ing) , adj. following the occupation of a sailor. sea-fennel (se-fen'el), n. samphire. sea-fox (se'fpks), n. a variety of shark- sea-gage (se'gaj), n. the draught of a ship; a self -registering apparatus for deep-sea soundings. sea-hog (se'hog), n. the porpoise. sea-horse (se'hors), n. the walrus; the hippocampus. seal (sel), n. a carnivorous marine mammal, valuable for its skin and oil; a stamp or die engraved with some device, motto, or image, used for making an impression in relief on wax, &c; wax or other soft sub- stance set to an instrument, and impressed with a seal; any act oi confirmation or ratification; that which seals or fastens; drain-trap 3 tte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ' hue, hut ; think, then. SEA-LEGS 734 SECESSIONIST v.t. to fasten with a seal; set or af- fix a seal to; ratify or confirm; keep secure or secret; among the Mor- mons, to set apart an additional wife. sea- legs (se'legz), n.pl. ability to walk on a ship's deck, when the vessel is pitching or rolling. sea-lemon (se'lem-un), n. a marine gasteropodus mollusk of the genus Doris. sea- leopard (se'lep-ard), n. a variety of seal. sea- lion (se'li-un), n. a name for sev- eral large species of seals. seam (sem), n. the line formed by the sewing of two pieces of material to- gether; line of junction or union; narrow vein between two thicker strata; thin layer; piece of needle- work: v.t. to form a seam upon or of; join with a seam; scar; knit with a particular kind of stitch: v.i. to crack open. sea-mew (se'mu), n. a species of gull. seamless (seniles) , adj. without a seam ; all of one piece. seamstress (sem'stres), n. a needle- woman. seamy (sem'i), adj. showing, or like, seams. seamy- side (sem'i-sid), n. the worst side. seance (sa-angs'), n. a session as of some deliberative body ; a meeting of spiritualists for evoking manifesta- tions; a select scientific gathering. sea- pheasant (se'fez-ant), n. the pin-tail duck. sea-purse (se'pers), n. the horny en- velope of the skate, and certain sharks, in which they deposit their sear (ser), v.t. to burn to dryness on the surface; cauterize; brand; ren- der callous or insensible. search (serch), v.t. to seek for; go over and examine; explore; inspect: v.i. to make inquiry; seek: n. theact of seeking or looking for something: investigation; examination; pursuit, quest. search-light (serch'lit), n. an electric light so arranged that by revolving it a tract of land or sea can be seen at night. search-warrant (serch'wor-ant), n. a warrant issued by a magistrate au- thorizing a police officer to search a house for stolen property. seared (serd), adj. hardened; cal- lous ; indifferent ; cauterized. seascape (se'skap), n. a picture rep- resenting a scene at sea. season (se'zn), n. any particular time as distinguished from others; one of the four divisions of the year: v.t. to mature ; prepare by drying and hard- ening, or removing natural juices; . render palatable; spice moderately; * v.i. to become mature, acclimated, inured, or seasoned. seasonable (se'zn-a-bl) , adj. occurring or done in good, or proper, time; op- portune. seasonableness (se'zn-a-bl-nes) , n. the state or quality of being season- able. seasonably (se'zn-a-bli), adv. oppor- tunely. seasoning (se'zn-ing) , n. that which is added to give relish or piquancy to food ; anything added to increase en- joyment. seat (set), n. that on which anyone sits; chair; post or authority; sta- tion; site; residence; mansion: reg- ular or appropriate place of sitting; posture on horseback, &c; place in Congress or other legislative body: v.t. to place on a seat; cause to sit down; establish; place in any site or position; instal; fix. secant (se'kant), adj. cutting into v two parts: n. a right line from the center of a circle through one ex- tremity of an arc, produced till it meets the tangent from the other extremity of the same arc ; the num- ber expressing the ratio of this line to the radius of the circle. [Latin.] secco (sek'o), n. painting on dry plas- ter: adj. dry. [Italian.] m secede (se-sea) , v.i. to withdraw from fellowship, communion, or associa- tion. seceder (se-sed'er) , n. one who se- cedes. secession (se : sesh'un) , n. the act of seceding; withdrawal or separation from the communion or association of others; withdrawal of a State from the Federal Union. Secessionist (se-sesh'un-ist) , n. an up- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; booD, book ; hue, hut ; thick, then. SECLUDE 735 SECTARY holder of secession; one who took part with the Southern States in the Civil War of 1861-65. seclude (se-klood'), v.t. to keep apart from the company or society of oth- ers; exclude. seclusion (se-kloo'zhun), n. separa- tion or withdrawal from the society of others ; privacy. seclusive (se-kloo'siv), adj. keeping in seclusion. second (sek'und), adj. immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place, or time; next in value, excellence, merit, dignity, or importance; inferior; subordinate- being of the same kind as another that has preceded; below in pitch [Music]: n. one or that next the first in place, rank, excellence, or power; one who attends on the prin- cipal at a duel; backer; the l-60th part of a minute of time or of a de- gree: pi. coarse flour: v.t. to follow; act as an assistant or supporter of; assist; support, as a motion, &c, by adding ones voice to that of the pro- poser. [Latin.] secondarily (sek'und-a-ri-li) , adv. in a secondary manner or degree. secondariness (sek'und- a-ri-nes) , n. the state or quality of being second- ary. secondary (sek'und- a-ri) , adj. suc- ceeding next in order to the first; of second place, origin, &c; not pri- mary; subordinate; inferior; de- puted; revolving round a primary planet ; noting rocks intermediate between the Primary and Tertiary, the Mesozoic : n. a delegate or deputy. secondary battery (bat'er-i), n. a storage battery. In military lan- guage, a battery placed to support another which occupies the firing point and has heavier artillery. secondary- color (sek'und-a-ri-kul'- er), n. a color produced by the mix- ture of two primary colors in equal proportions. secondary -tints (sek'und-a-ri-tintz) , n.pl. subdued tints, as grey. secrecy (se'kre-si), n. [pi. secrecies (se'kre-siz) ], the state or quality of being hidden; concealment; retire- ment; solitude; habit of keeping secrets; discretion. secret (se'kret), adj. hidden or con- cealed; removed from sight; kept from the knowledge or view of all except those concerned; silent; pri- vate: n. that which is concealed; something unknown o'r undisclosed. secretarial (sek-re-ta'ri T al) , adj. per- taining to, or befitting, a secre- tary. secretary (sek're-ta-ri) , n [pi. secre- taries (sek''re-ta-riz) ], a confidential person employed to assist another in conducting correspondence, &c; one who transacts the business of a Government department, company, &c. ; an escritoire. secretary-bird (sek're-ta-ri-berd), n. a South African predatory bird having a crest of feathers which resemble, when depressed, pens stuck in the ear secretaryship (sek're-ta-ri-ship), n. the office, or term of office, of a sec- retary. secrete (se-kref), v.t. to hide or con- ceal; separate from the blood, sap, &c. secretion (se-kre'shun) , n. the act of secreting or separating from a circu- lating fluid; any substance or fluid secreted. secretive (se-kre'tiv) , adj. given to secrecy; causing, or promoting se- cretion. secretiveness (se-kre'tiv-nes) , n. the quality of being secretive; the phren- ological organ which impels to se- crecy, reserve, or concealment. secretory (se-kre'to-ri) , adj. perform- ing, or connected with, the office of secretion. sect (sekt), n. a number of persons who, following a teacher or leader, are united by # a common attachment to some particular religious or phil- osophical doctrines. sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, a sect: n. a member of a sect; dissen- ter. sectarianism (sek-ta'ri-an-izm), n. the spirit, tendency, or principles of a sect; adherence to some particular sect. sectarianize (sek-ta'ri-an-Iz) , v.t. to imbue with a sectarian spirit, &c. sectary (sek'ta-ri), n. [pi. sectaries ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SECTILE 736 SEDGY (sek'ta-riz) ], a member or adherent of a sect ; sectarian. sectile (sek'til), adj. capable of being cut. section (sek'shun), n. the act of cut- ting, or separation by cutting; part or division; slice; the line formed by the intersection of two surfaces ; divi- sion or subdivision of a chapter or statute; distinct part of a country, people, community, or class; one of the squares of 640 acres each into which public lands are divided; l-36th of a township; division of a genus; vertical plan of any struc- ture as it would appear if cut by # an intersecting plane; part of a musical period. [Latin.] sectionalism (sek'shun-al-izm) , n. lo- cal patriotism. sectionally (sek'shun-a-li) , adv. in a sectional manner. sector (sek'ter), n. that part of a circle included between two radii and the arc; a mathematical instru- ment for laying down plans, meas- uring zenith distances, &c. sectorial (sek-to'ri-al), adj. adapted for cutting; noting one molar tooth on each side of both jaws, having the crown adapted for cutting. secular (sek'u-lar), adj. pertaining to this present world, or to things not sacred; worldly; temporal; extend- ing over, or occurring in, a long period of time; not bound by mo- nastic vows: n. an ecclesiastic not bound by monastic vows; a layman; a church official whose duties are confined to the vocal department of the choir. [Latin.] secularism (sek'u-lar-izm) , n. the principles or tenets of the secular- ists. secularist (sek'u-lar-ist) , n. one who objects to religious teaching in ele- mentary schools; one who, discard- ing the forms of religion, maintains that the duties and problems of this present life should be the primary objects of man's concern. secularity (sek-u-lar'i-ti) , n. supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness. secularization (sek-u-lar-i-za'shun) , n. the act of secularizing. secularize (sek'u-lar-iz), v.t. to con- vert from sacred to secular or com- mon use; render worldly or unspirit- ual ; convert from regular or monastic into secular as in France of late years. secund (se'kund), adj. arranged on one side only; unilateral. secure (se-kur'), adj. free from fear or danger; safe; protected; confi- dent; relying upon (with of): v.t. to make safe; protect; guarantee; make fast; confine effectually; gain possession of; put beyond hazard of losing or not receiving (with against or from). [Latin.] securely (se-kur'li), adv. in a secure manner. security (se-kur'i-ti), n. [pi. securities (se-kur'i-tiz)] , the state or quality of being secure; freedom from fear or danger; assurance; certainty; something given to secure the fulfil- ment of a contract; pledge; evidence of debt or property; one who be- comes surety for another; something given or done to secure good be- havior. sedan (se-dan'), n. a portable covered chair or vehicle for the conveyance of one person, used in the eighteenth century, and carried by two men by means of a pole on either side. Also sedan-chair. sedate (se-daf), adj. calm; composed; quiet; seriousj unruffled. # [Latin.] sedately (se-dat'li), adv. in a sedate manner. sedateness (se-dat'nes), n. tranquil- lity; composure. sedative (sed'a-tiv), adj. allaying nervous irritation and irritability; assuaging pain: n. medicine having such an effect. sedentarily (sed'en-ta-ri-li), adj. in a sedentary manner. sedentariness {sed'en-ta-ri-nes), n. the quality or state of being seden- tary. m y sedentary (sed'en-ta-ri), adj. accus- tomed to pass much time in a sit- ting posture ; characterized by much sitting; remaining in one place; in- active. sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of the genus Carex, growing in swamps. sedgy (sej'i), adj. overgrown with sedge. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ^1 SEDILIA 737 SEGMENTATIOJN sedilia (se-dil'i-a), n.pl. seats on either side of the altar set apart for the clergy. sediment (sed'i-raent) , n. the matter which subsides or settles at the bot- tom of a liquid; dregs; lees. sedimentary (sed-i-ment'a-ri), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, or con- sisting of, sediment. sedition (se-dish'un) , n. any offense against the state less grave than in- surrection or treason; tumultuous assembly of people in opposition to lawful authority; the stirring up of such opposition. [Latin.] seditious (se-dish'us) , adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, sedition. seduce (se-dus'), v.t. to entice from the Eaths of rectitude, duty, or virtue, y flattery, promises, &c; persuade to a surrender of chastity. eeducement (se-diis'ment), n. the act of seducing; seduction; means employed to seduce. seducer (se-dus'er), n. one who seduces, especially one who persuades a wom- an to surrender her chastity. Fem- inine seductress. seducible (se-dus'i-bl), adj. capable of being seduced. seduction (se-duk'shun) , n. the act of seducing; the act or crime of induc- ing a woman to surrender her chas- tity. seductive (se-duk'tiv), adj. tending to seduce or lead astray; enticing. seductively (se-duk'tiv-li), adv. in a seductive manner. seductiveness (se-duk'tiv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being seductive. sedulity (se-du'li-ti) , n. steady dili- gence. [Latin.] sedulus (sed'u-lus), adj. steadily in- dustrious and persevering in busi- ness and endeavor; diligent; un- tiring. see (se), n. the authority of the Pope or papal court; diocese or jurisdic- tion of an archbishop or bishop: v.t. [p.t. saw, p.p. seen, p.pr. seeing], to perceive by the eye; observe; per- ceive mentally; experience; pay a visit to; meet or associate with; es- cort or accompany: v.i. to have the faculty of sight or of perceiving; discern; examine; take care or heed. seed (sed), n. that part of a plant that contains the embryo of the fu- ture plant; semen; first principle or . source; offspring; descendants; race or birth: v.i. to sow, or shed the seed: v.t. to sprinkle with seed. seediness (sed'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being seedy; shabbiness; exhaustion or wretchedness. seedy (sed'i), adj. abounding with, or run to, seeds; having the flavor of weeds; shabby; exhausted and mis erable. seeing (se'ing), n. the act or power of sight: conj. inasmuch as; consid- ering; since. seek (sek), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. sought c p.pr. seeking], to go in search of c look for; resort to; inquire for: v.i. to make search or inquiry; try or endeavor. seem (sem), v.i. to appear; look; have the resemblance of truth or fact; pretend. seeming (sem'ing) , adj. apparent ; spe- cious: n. appearance; show, espe= cially false show. seemliness (sem'li-nes), n. the state 01 quality of being seemly; propriety, decency; comeliness. seemly (sem'li), adj. fit or becoming, decent ; proper ; comely ; suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or char= acter. seen (sen), p.p. of see. seer (ser), n. one who foresees future events; prophet; one who sees. seesaw (se'saw), n. a reciprocating motion; a game played with a plank balanced on some support enabling those who sit at each end to move up and down alternately: v.i. to move up and down with a recipro* eating motion. seethe *(seth) , v.t. to boil; decoct 01 prepare for food in a hot liquor: v.i, to be hot; be in a condition of boil- ing. segment (seg'ment), n. a part divided or set off; section; a part cut off from a figure by a line or plane: v.i. to divide into segments. segmental (seg-ment'al), adj. per= taining to, consisting of, or like, a segment. segmentation (seg-men-ta/shun) , n. the act of dividing into segments. 6te. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l 49 hue, hut ; think, then. SEGREGATE 738 SELL state of being divided into seg- ments. segregate (seg're-gat), v.t. to sepa- rate from others. segregation (seg-re-ga'shun), n. the act of segregating; state of being segregated. Seidlitz (sed'litz), adj. noting effer- vescent powders used as a gentle aperient: n. a sparkling mineral water, whose source is at Seidlitz in Bohemia. seignior (sen'yer), n. a title of honor in use in Southern Europe; a lord or fee of a manor. seigniorage (sen'yer-aj), n. something claimed or taken by virtue of sover- eign prerogative ; a charge levied on bullion brought by private persons to the mint to be coined. seigniorial (sen-yor'i-al), adj. pertain- ing to the lord of a manor. seine (san), n. a large fishing-net. seismic (sis'mik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, an earthquake. seismograph (sis'mo-graf), n. an in- strument for recording the undula- tory motions, duration, and direction of an earthquake. Also seismome- ter, seismoscope. [Greek.] seismographic (sis-mo-graf'ik), adj. indicated by a seismograph. seismography (sis-mog'ra-fi), n. a de- scription of earthquakes. seismologist (sis-mol'o-jist), n. one skilled in seismology. seismology (sls-mol'o-ji), n. the scien- tific study of earthquakes. seizable (sez'a-bl), adj. capable of being seized. seize (sez), v.t. to take possession of forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; take hold of; comprehend. seizin (sez 'in), n. the act of taking pos- session; thing possessed; possession. Also seisin. seizor (sez'er), n. in law, one who takes possession. seizure (sez'ur), n. the act of seizing; sudden attack, as of a disease. selah (se'la), n. a Hebrew word used in the Psalms, supposed to indicate a pause. seldom (sel'dum), adv. rarely. select (se-lekf), adj. more valuable or excellent than others; chosen or picked out as more valuable than others; nicely chosen; choice; supe- rior: v.t. to take by preference from among others; choose. selection (se-lek'shun), n. the act of selecting; the thing selected. selectman (se-lekt'man), n. [vl. select- men (se-lekt'men)], one of a board of town officials concerned with its management, the enforcement of lo- cal laws, care of the poor, &c, elected annually in New England. selector (se-lekt'er), n. one who selects. selenate (sel'e-nat), n. a salt of selenic acid. selenic (se-len'ik), adj. pertaining to, containing, or derived from, sele- nium. selenium (se-le'ni-um), n. a non- metallic elementary substance, re- sembling lead. selenocentric (se-le-no-sen'trik), adj. as seen or calculated from the center of the moon. selenograph (se-le'no-graf), n. & map or delineation of the moon's sur- face. selenographic (se-le-no-graf'ik), adj. pertaining to selenography. selenography (se-le-nog'ra-fi), n. a description of the moon, its features, and phenomena; the art of delineat- ing the moon's surface. [Greek.] self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], one's own person; personal interest; personality; personification; iden- tity; selfishness: adj. very; particu- lar. self- consciousness (self-kon'shus- nes), n. a strong thought of one's self at all times ; a feeling that others are watching you and your acts as very important. selfish (selfish) , adj. attentive only to one's own interests; influenced in actions from motives of private ad- vantage; egotistical. self-sufficiency (self-suf-ish'en-si), n. the state of being or feeling sufficient for one's own needs. sell (sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sold, p.pr. selling], to transfer to another for . an equivalent, as property, goods, &c; make a matter of sale or bar- gain of; vend; betray for a pecuni- ary reward* v.i. to practice selling; be sold: n. & hoax; an imposition. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; htie r hut ; think, then. SELTZER WATER 739 SENSATIONALISM Seltzer water (selt'zer waw'ter), n. a mineral water, mildly stimulative. selvage (sel'vaj), n. the edge of cloth so closed by complicating the threads as to prevent raveling; woven bor- der. Also selvedge. selvages (sel-va-je'), n. a kind of skein of rope yarns, used for stoppers, &c. selvedged (sel'vejd), adj. having a sel- vage. Also selvaged. selves, pi. of self. semaphore (sem'a-for), n. a tele- graphic apparatus for signaling by means of arms, lanterns, flags, &c. semblance (sem'blans), n. likeness; re- semblance; exterior; appearance. semen (se'men), n. sperm; seed of plants. semester (se-mes'ter) , n. a half-year course, as in a university. semi, a Latin prefix meaning half, partially. semibreve (sem'i-brev) , n. a note equal to four crotchets. semicolon (sem'i-ko-lon), n. a mark in punctuation (;). seminal (sem'i-nal) , adj. pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed; primary; radical; original. seminary (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. semi- naries (sem'i-na-riz)], a place of edu- cation; school, academy, or college. semi- tangent (sem'i-tan'jent), n. the tangent of half an arc. Semite (sem'it), n. one of the Semit- ic race; a descendant of Shem: adj. Semitic. Semitic (se-mit'ik), adj. pertaining to Shem, or to his descendants; not- ing, or belonging to, one of the great divisions of races and languages to which Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, Assyrian, &c, belong. sempstress (semp'stres), n. a woman who does needlework. sen (sen), n. a small Japanese coin. senary (sen'a-ri), adj. of, or contain- ing, 6. Senate (sen'at), n. the upper house of Congress or of a State legisla- ture; the upper house of legislature in various countries; a body of el- ders, elected or appointed in ancient Rome from the nobility and invested with supreme legislative authority. senate (sen'at), n. an assembly or body of elders; a legislative body generally. senator (sen'a-ter), n. a member of a senate. senatorial (sen-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, or befitting, a senator or a senate; entitled to elect a senator. send (send), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sent, p.pr. sending], to throw, cast, or impel; cause to go in any manner ; dispatch ; cause to be or happen ; grant ; inflict ; v.i. to dispatch a messenger; pitch, as a vessel. Senegalese (sen'e-gal'ez), n. a native of the French African colony of Sen- egal. Negro Senegalese troops were largely employed by the French army in the European War, 1914-1916. senile (sen'il), adj. pertaining to, char- acteristic of, or occasioned by, old age. [Latin.] senility (sen-iri-ti) , n. the state or quality of being senile ; old age. senior (sen'yer), adj. prior in age, dignity, = rank, or office; elder: n. one older than another; one older in dignity, rank, or office; a student in the fourth or final year of his college. seniority (sen-yor 'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being senior. senna (sen'a), n. the dried leaves of several plants of the genus Cassia, used as a cathartic medicine. sennight (sen 'it), n. the space of seven nights and days. sennit (sen'it), n. braided cordage. senor (sa-nyor'), n. a Spanish title of courtesy, equivalent to Mr. or Sir. Feminine sefiora (sa-nyo'ra). senorita (sa-nyo-re'ta), n. a Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady, equivalent to Miss; a young lady. sensate (sen'sat), adj. perceived by or through the senses. [Latin.] sensation (sen-sa'shun) , n. perception by the senses; an impression made on the mind or brain by the senses; spiritual or physical affections; state of excited feeling or interest, or its cause. sensational (sen-sa/shun-al) , adj. per- taining to, having, or causing, sensa- tion; fitted to excite great interest; emotional. sensationalism (sen-sa/shun-al-izm) n. sensational writing or language; ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. SENSATIONALIST 740 SENTIMENTALISM the philosophical doctrine that our ideas are the outcome of impressions originating solely in sensation and consist of sensations transformed. sensationalist (sen-sa'shun-al-ist) , n. an advocate of philosophical sensa- tionalism; a sensational writer or speaker. sense (sens), n. the faculty by which objects are perceived physically, or mentally; discernment; understand- ing; conviction; good mental capac- ity; correct judgment; opinion; meaning; signification; moral per- ception. senseless (sens'les), adj. incapable of sensation; without sensibility or feeling; unconscious; foolish; stupid; nonsensical; opposed to reason or sound judgment. sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. sen- sibilities (sen-si-bil'i-tiz)], the state or quality of being sensible; acute- ness of perception or emotion; deli- cacy of feeling; capacity of being sen- sitive. Also sensibleness. sensible (sen'si-bl), adj. capable of be- ing perceived by the senses or the mind; having moral perception; easily affected; delicate; judicious; reasonable; intelligent. sensibly (sen'si-bli) , adv. in a sensible manner; with intelligence or good sense; appreciably. sensitive (sen'si-tiv) , adj. having keen sense or feeling ; quickly and acute- ly alive to impressions from exter- nal objects; easily affected or moved; pertaining to, or depending upon, sensation. sensitively (sen'si-tiv-li) , adv. in a sen- sitive manner. sensitiveness (sen'si-tiv 7 nes) , n. the state or quality of being sensitive. Also sensitivity. sensitize (sen'si-tlz), v.t. to render sen- sitive; render capable of being acted upon by the actinic rays of the sun, X-rays, &c. sensorial (sen-so'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to the sensorium. Also sensory. sensor i- motor (sen'so-ri-mo'ter) , adj. relating or pertaining to sense and motion. Opposite to idiamotor. sensorium (sen-so'ri-um), n. the cen- tral seat of sensation or conscious- ness ; the brain. sensual (sen'shu^al) , adj. pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the senses; not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; voluptuous; devoted to the indulgence of the passions or appe- tites. sensualism (sen'shQ-al-izm) , n. sensu- ality ; the philosophical doctrine that all ideas or operations of the under- standing have their origin in sensa- tion and are transformed sensations. sensualist (sen'shu-al-ist) , n. one who is sensual; a believer in the doctrine of sensualism. sensuality (sen-shu-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being sensual; in- dulgence of the bodily appetites. sensualize (sen'shu-al-Iz) , v.t. to make sensual; debase by the indulgence of carnal gratifications. sensuous (sen'shu-us) , adj. pertaining to, or addressed to, the senses; con- nected with sensible objects; full of passion. sent, p.t. & p.p. of send. sentence (sen'tens), n. judgment, opinion, or decision; judgment pro- nounced by a court; series of words so arranged as to convey a complete thought, followed by a dot or full point: v.t. to condemn by judgment of a court. sententious (sen-ten'shus) , adj. short and energetic; terse; comprising sentences; abounding in axioms or maxims. sentience (sen'shi-ens) , n. the state or quality of being sentient. Also sentiency. sentient (sen'shi-ent) , adj. having the faculty or faculties of sensation and perception. sentiment (sen'ti-ment) , n. a thought prompted by passion or feeling; opinion; thought; feeling; sensibil- ity; prevailing- feeling; maxim; a toast; thought expressed in striking language; sentence or passage ex- pressive of some wish. sentimental (sen-ti-men'tal), adj. having, expressing, or given to, sen- timent; appealing to sentiment rather than reason; artificially or affectedly tender; romantic. sentimentalism (sen-ti-men'tal-izm) , n. the quality of being sentimental. Also sentimentality. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SENTIMENTALIZE 741 SEQUENCE sentimentalize (sen-ti-men'tal-iz) , v.i. to think or act in a sentimental manner; affect sentiment. sentimentally (sen-ti-men'ta-li) , adv. in a sentimental manner. sentinel (sen'ti-nel) , n. m one who watches or guards, especially a sol- dier on guard: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, a sentinel; watch over or guard. sentry (sen'tri), n. [pi. sentries (sen'- triz)], a sentinel, guard or watch. sepal (sep'al or se'pal), n. one of the leaf-like divisions of the calyx en- closing the corolla of a flower. separability (sep-a-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being separable or divisible. separable (sep'a-ra-bl), adj. capable of being separated or divided. separate (sep/a-rat), v.t. to part or di- vide; disunite; disconnect; set apart from a number for a particular pur- pose; withdraw: v.i. to part; be dis- united; withdraw from each other: adj. divided from the rest; discon- nected; not united; distinct. # separately (sep'a-rat-li), adv. in a sep- arate state or manner. separation (sep-a-ra/shun) , n. the act of separating; state of being sepa- rated; disconnection; legal disunion of married persons ; repeal of a union between two or more coun- tries or states. sepia (se'pi-a), n. [pi. sepias (se'pi-az)], the European cuttle-fish; a dark- brown pigment prepared from the black secretion or ink of the cuttle- fish. sepoy (se'poi), n. [pi. sepoys (se'poiz)], an Indian native employed as a sol- dier in the British service in India. sepsin (sep'sin), n. a toxinous pto- main. sepsis (sep'sis), n. infection by patho- genic bacteria; a putrefactive con- dition. sept, a prefix meaning seven, as sept- angular: adj. having seven angles. September (sep-tem'ber), n. the ninth month of the year. In the Roman year, beginning with March, it was the seventh month, hence its name. septemvir (sep-tem'ver) , n. [pi. sep- temviri (sep-tem'vi-ri) ], in ancient Rome, one of seven men associated together in office. septenary (sep'te-na-ri), adj. consist- ing of, or lasting, seven years. septenate (sep'te-nat), n. a period of seven years; the period during which the President of the French Republic holds office: adj. growing in sevens. septennial (sep-ten'i-al) , adj. occur- ring once in, or containing, seven years. septennially (sep-ten'i-a-li) , adv. once in seven years. septet (sep-tef), n. a musical com- position for seven voices. Also septette. septfoil (sept'foil), n. the plant tor- ijientil; in architecture, an orna- mental f oliation with 7 lobes ; a sym- bolical figure composed of 7 equal segments of a circle typical of the 7 sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church. septi, a Latin prefix meaning seven, as septilateral: adj. seven-sided. septic (sep'tik), adj. haying the power to promote putrefaction: n. a sub- stance having such an effect. septicemia, septicaemia (sep-ti-se'- mi-a), n. blood-poisoning, caused by the absorption of septic matter into the circulation. Also septemia, sep- taemia. septillion (sep-til'yun) , n. m in the French system of numeration, fol- lowed in the United States, a niim- ber expressed by unity with 24 ciphers annexed; in the English sys- tem, a number expressed by unity with 42 ciphers annexed. septin (sep'tn), same as sepsin. septuagenarian (s e p-t u-a-j e-n a/r i- an), n. a person seventy years old. septuagenary (sep-tu-aj'e-na-ri), adj. consisting of 70: n. the number 70. Septuagesima (sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma), n. the third Sunday before Lent. septuple (sep'tu-pl), adj. sevenfold. sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker), n. a grave or tomb; place of burial: v.t: to bury; entomb. sepulchral (se-pul'kral) , adj. pertain* ing to a sepulcher, or to monuments erected to the dead; deep, grave, or hollow toned. sepulture (sep'ul-tur), n. burial. sequel (se'kwel), n. succeeding part or result; continuation; consequence. sequence (se'kwens), n. order of suc- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SEQUENT 742 SERGEANCY cession; series; result; suit of cards in the same order; regular alternate succession of similar chords. sequent (se'kwent), adj. following; consequent: n. a sequence. sequentially (se-kwen'sha-li) , adv. by succession. sequester (se-kwes'ter) , v.t. to sepa- rate from the owner for a time; take possession of the property of another until some claim is paid or established; withdraw; seclude: v.i. to renounce, as a widow any interest in the estate of a husband. Also sequestrate. sequestered (se-kwes'terd) , adj. se- cluded: retired. sequestration (se-kwes-tra/shun) , n. the act of sequestering, especially the act of seizing property by the State during dispute or for the benefit of creditors; the collecting of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy for the use of the next incumbent; re- tirement; seclusion. sequestrator (sek'wes-tra-ter) , n. one who sequesters property or takes possession of it for a time. sequin (se'kwin), n. a gold coin first issued by the Venetian republic in the thirteenth century. Its coinage continued until it became known over all Europe. Its value was about $2.25 in United States gold. Sequoia (se-kwoi'a) , n. a genus _ of gigantic trees of the cypress family, comprising the redwood and " big tree " of California. seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. the palace of the late Sultan of Turkey at Con- stantinople, especially that part where the women are kept; a harem. serai (se-ra'i), n. in the East, a pal- ace; seraglio; caravansary or inn. seralbumin (ser-al-bu'min) , n. the albumin of the blood. serang (se-rang'), n. the boatswain of a crew of Lascars; the captain of a small vessel in the Malaysian waters. [Malay.] serape (sa-ra/pa), n. a Mexican blanket or shawl worn by men. serapeum (ser-a-pe'um) , n. a temple of Serapis, there being several of them of great antiquity and grand- eur in Egypt to-day. seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs, sera- phim (ser'af s, ser'a-fim)], an angel of the highest order. seraphic (se-raf'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, or like, seraphs; sublime; angelic. seraphically (se-raf'i-ka-li), adv. in the manner of a seraph. Seraphim (ser'a-fim), n. plural of seraph. Order of the Seraphim, a royal order of Sweden. seraphine (ser'a-fen), n. a kind of small harmonium. Serapis (ser-a/pis), n. a manifesta- tion of the Egyptian deity Apis when he appeared as a bull in the upper world. seraskier (ser-as-ker'), n. a Turkish general or commander of land forces, especially the commander-in-chief or minister of war. Also serasquier. Serbonian (ser-bo'ni-an) , adj. not- ing the lake or bog of Serbonis in ancient Egypt, which appeared like solid land, but engulfed those who ventured upon it: hence pertaining to any difficulty or complication from which there is no way of ex- trication. sere (ser), ad. dry; wiltered [Poet.]. serein (se-rang'), n. fine rain that falls from a clear sky. serenade (ser-e-nad') , n. evening mu- sic in the open air; music sung or played by a lover in a spirit of gal- lantry under the window of a lady; piece of music for such an occasion: v.t. to entertain with a serenade. serene (se-ren'), adj. clear and calm; unclouded; placid; unruffled. serenely (se-ren'li), adv. in a serene manner; unruffled; calmly. serenity (se-ren'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being serene; calmness of mind; equanimity of temper; cool- ness, composure. Also sereneness. serf (serf), n. the lowest class of ser- vants or slaves "in the Middle Ages, who were attached to the land and transferred with it; a villein or feu- dal slave; formerly in Russia, one of the peasant class- [Latin.] serfage (serf'aj), n. the state or condi- tion of a serf. Also serfdom ; serfism. serge (serj), n. a twilled woolen stuff. sergeancy (sar'jen-si) , n. the office of a sergeant. Also sergeantcy, ser- geantship. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SERGEANT 743 SERVIETTE sergeant (sar'jent), n. a non-commis- sioned officer ranking next above a corporal. [French.] sergeant-major (sar'jent-ma/jer), n. a warrant officer who is attached to each company or troop and assists the adjutant. serial (se'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a series; published in successive parts or numbers: n. a periodical; a tale issued in parts. serially (se'ri-a-li), adv. in a series. seriatim (ser-i-a/tim), adv. in regular order. seric (ser'ik), adj. belonging to the Chinese whom the Romans called Seres and from whom they got their first silk by way of India. _ sericeous (se-rish'us), adj. silky. sericulture (ser'i-kul-tur), n. the cul- ture of silkworms. series (se'rez), n. a number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like rela- tion; sequence; an infinite number of terms in succession, increasing or diminishing in a certain ratio. serin (ser'in), n. a kind of fincbu serio-comic (se-ri-o-kom'ik), adj. hav- ing a mixture of seriousness and comicality. m See tragi-comic. serious (se'ri-us), adj. grave in man- ner or disposition; in earnest; not trifling; religious; solemn. sermon (ser'mun), n. a discourse on a text of Scripture; homily; serious exhortation. sermonize (ser'mun-iz) , v.i. to com- pose or write a sermon; preach: v.t. to preach a sermon to. serosity (se-ros'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being serous; the thin watery fluid part of the blood exud- ing from serum. serous (se'rus), adj. pertaining to se- rum; thin; watery. serpent (ser'pent), n. a reptile of the order Ophidia, with a very long body without feet, and moving by contractions and undulations of the body; a bass wind instrument; a kind of firework; a subtle, treacher- ous, malicious person. [Latin.] serpentine (ser'pen-tm) , adj. pertain- ing to, like, or having the qualities of, a serpent; moving or winding like a serpent; zigzag; subtle: n. a rock composed of a hydrated silicate of magnesia, susceptible of a fine pol- ish (with the) . Serpentine, an artificial lake in Hyde Park, London, named from its windings and curves. It covers fifty acres and was created by order of Queen Caroline, wife of George II, in 1730. serpent- worship (ser'pent-wer'ship) , or ophiolatry (of-i-ol'a-tri), the worship of the snake, traces of which strange religion are found in almost every country in the world, but more clearly in India, where the Brahmins say that the great serpent Naga was nearly allied to the gods, Vishnu and_Siva. serrate (ser'at), adj. notched on the edge like a saw. Also serrated. serried (ser'id), adj. crowded; pressed together. serum (se'rum), n. the thin yellowish fluid secreted by the serous mem- branes. serumtherapy (se-rum-ther'a-pi), n. treatment of infectious diseases by inoculation with the serum of ani- mal blood in which the pathogenetic bacteria have been _ attenuated or weakened by successive infusion. servant (ser'vant), pi. one who is in the personal service of another; a domestic; a subordinate. serve # (serv) , v.t. to work or perform duties for; yield obedience to; wait on; treat or requite; present (a writ): v.i. to be a servant; to suit; be in subjection; discharge the du- ties of an office or employment. service (ser'vis), n. the condition or occupation of a servant; duty re- quired or performed in any office; naval or military duty ; spiritual obe- dience and reverence; course of dishes at # table; waiting at table; labor, assistance, or kindness to an- other; number of conveyances ply- ing between places ; musical composi- tion for devotional use; profession of respect. serviceable (ser'vis-a-bl) , adj. useful; beneficial. serviceableness (ser' vis-a-bl-nes) , n. the state or quality of being service- able. serviette (ser-vi-ef), n. sl table-nap- kin. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. * SERVILE 744 SEVENTEEN servile (ser'vil), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or befitting, a slave or servant; meanly submissive or obsequious; cringing; fawning; not belonging to the original root; not sounded; said of a letter. servilely (ser'vi-li), adv. in a servile manner. servility (ser-vil'i-ti) , n. mean submis- sion m or obsequiousness ; baseness. Servileness. servitude (ser'vi-tud) , n. the condi- tion of a servant or slave; state of slavish dependence; bondage. sesame (ses'a-me), n. a plant yield- ing flat seeds from which an oil is expressed. sesamoid bones (ses'a-moid bonz), n.pl. small bones formed at the ar- ticulation of the great toes, fingers, &c. sesqui, a Latin prefix meaning a whole and a half, as ses^moxide, an oxide containing three atoms of oxygen and two atoms of a metal. sessile (ses'il), adj. without a foot- stalk. [Latin.] session (sesh'un), n. the actual sitting or assembling of a court, council, or legislative body; the time be- tween the first meeting and the pro- rogation, dissolution, or final ad- journment of a parliament, congress, or legislature. sessional (sesh'un-al) , adj. pertaining to a session, especially of an ecclesias- tical court. sesterce (ses'ters), n. an ancient Ro- man coin, value about four cents. sestertium (ses-ter'shi-um) , n. a sum of 1,000 sesterces. sestet (ses'tet), n. the last six lines of the second division of a sonnet. set(set), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. set, p.pr. set- ting], to place or put in any po- sition; fix; plant; make stable; render motionless; spread, as sails; replace; make to agree with some standard; start by fixing the key- note; regulate or adjust; value; as- sign or prescribe; mark (game); compose, as type, &c. : v.i. to sink be- low the horizon; strike root; be fixed closely or firmly; congeal; apply one's self; flow or tend; start (with out): adj. fixed or established; reg- ular; determined; firm; formal; ob- stinate; immovable: n. the act of setting; direction; number of per- sons associated together; clique; number of things of the same kind intended for use together; a young plant for growth; number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; descent below the horizon; flow; per- manent twist; in lawn tennis, a series of as many games as will en- able one side to win six. settee (se-te')» n. a long seat with a back for several persons; a Medi- terranean single-decked vessel with . a very long, sharp prow, and lateen sails. setter (set'er), n. one who, or that which sets; a species of hunting- dog. setting (set'ing), n. the act of one who, or that which, sets; direction of a current of wind; that which sets or holds, as the mounting of a jewel; hardening. settle (set'l), v.t. to place or set in a fixed State ; establish ; cause to sink or subdue; free from uncertainty; compose; fix by a legal act; liqui- date; pay; clear of dregs; make pure or clear; colonize: v.i. to be- come fixed, stationary, or perma- nent; descend or stop; grow calm or clear; sink to the bottom, or by its own weight; cease from agita- tion; adjust differences or accounts; marry and establish a home. settle (set'l) , n. an old-fashioned bench with a back. settlement (set'1-ment), n. the act or state of being settled; establishment in life, business, condition; jointure granted to a wife; liquidation, pay- ment, or adjustment; subsidence; a colony newly settled ; legal residence. settler (set'ler), n. sl colonist; some- thing that finally settles or decides a contest. set-to (set-too'), n. a contest in box- ing; argument. seven (sev'n), n. the sum of six and one; the symbol representing seven units : adj. consisting of one more i than six. sevenfold (sev'n-fold), adv. seven times as much. seventeen (sev'n-ten), adj. one more than sixteen. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SEVENTEENTH 745 SEXTON seventeenth (sev'n-tenth) , adj. noting the next after the sixteenth. seventh (seventh), adj. next in order after the sixth: n. one next in order after the sixth; one of seven equal parts; the interval of five tones and a semi-tone. seventieth (sev'n-ti-eth),^'. next in order after the sixty-ninth: n. one of seventy equal parts. seventy (sev'n-ti), n. [pi. seventies (sev'n-tiz)], the sum of ten times seven; the symbol representing sev- enty units. seven-up (sev-n-up'), n. a card game. sever (sev'er), v.t. to divide or sep- arate with violence; cut open or through; keep distinct or apart: v.i. to make a separation or dis- tinction; be rent asunder; part; dis- tinguish. several (sev'er-al), adj. distinct; sepa- rate; consisting of a number more than two, but not many; different; various. severally (sev'er-a-li) , adv. separately; individually. severalty (sev'er-al-ti), n. a state of separation from the rest, or from all others. severance (sev'er-ans) , n. the act of severing; the state of being severed; separation; partition. severe (se-ver'), adj. strictly adher- ing to rule; strict; austere; rigid; harsh; grave; serious; inclement; in- flexible; painful; critical^ [Latin.] severely (se-ver'H), adv. in a severe manner. severity (se-ver'i-ti) , n. [pi. severities (se-ver'i-tiz)], the quality of being severe; harshness; rigor; gravity; ex- actness; strictness; inclemency. Sevres (sa/vr), n. a highly glazed china or porcelain manufactured at Sevres, France. sew (so), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. sewed or sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite or fasten together with a needle and thread: v.i. to practice sewing. sewage (sti'aj), n. the foul matter carried off by a sewer. sewer (su'er), n. a pipe or channel to carry off the used or surface water and foul matter of a town, &c; (so'er), one_who_ sews. sewerage (su'er-aj), n. drainage by sewers; the system of sewers of a town, &c. sex, a Latin prefix meaning six, as sexennial: adj. occurring once in, or lasting, six years. sex (seks), n. the physical distinction between male and female ; one of the two divisions of animals and plants, based on such distinction; women in general (with the) . sexagenarian (seks-a-je-na/ri-an), n» one who is sixty years old. sexagenary (seks-aj'e-na-ri), adj. per- taining to, or noting, the number 60. Sexagesima (seks-a-jes'i-ma), n. the second Sunday before Lent, about sixty days before Easter. [Latin.] sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), adj. pertaining to, or based on, the num- ber 60. sex-hygiene (seks 'hi- j en'), n. educa- tional and other measures for main- taining mental and physical health in relation to sex. sexless (seks'les), adj. having no sex; neuter. sex-problem (seks'prob-lem), n. a term applied to many questions that arise as to the relation of the sexes, for instance, celibacy, marriage, in- continence, the right to vote, di- vorce, etc. sextain (seks'tan), n. a six-lined stanza. sextant (seks'tant), n. the sixth part of a circle; an instrument for measur- ing angular distances between ob- jects, used especially at sea for de- termining latitude and longitude. sextet, sextette (seks-tet'), n. a band of six singers or players. _ sextile (seks'til), adj. noting the as- pect or position of two planets when distant from each other 60°. sextillion (seks-til'yun) , n. in the French system of enumeration, fol- lowed in the United States, the 7th power of a thousand = 1 with 21 ciphers annexed; in the English sj'stem, a million raised to the 6th power = 1 with 36 ciphers annexed. sexto (seks'to), n. [pi. sextos (seks'- toz)], a book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves. sexton (seks'tun) , n. an inferior official of a church whose duty it is to at- fcte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 50 hue, hut ; think, then. SEXTUPLE 746 SHAKER tend to burials, the church, &c. Fern, sextoness. sextuple (seks'tu-pl), adj. sixfold. sexual (seks'u-al), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, based on, or dis- tinguishing, sex; pertaining to the organs of generation. sexuality (seks-ii-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being distinguished by sex. sexualize (seks'ii-a-llz) , v.t. to attri- bute sex to. sexually (seks'u-a-li), adv. in a sexual manner; with reference or relation to sex. shabbily (shab'i-li), adv. in a shab- by manner. shabbiness (shab'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shabby. shabby (shab'i), adj. [comp. shabbier, superl. shabbiest], threadbare or worn, as clothes; mean in appear- ance or conduct ; despicable. shack (shak), n. shabby old house; hut; log cabin, but often built with very expensive carelessness and sim- plicity. Same as bungalow. shack (shak), n. liberty of winter pasturage from harvest to seed- time; a tramp. shackle (shak'l), n. anything that confines the hands or legs or ob- structs free action, as gyves ; fetters ; handcuffs; the bar of a padlock: v.t. to fetter; embarrass or hinder; unite or fasten with a shackle. shad (shad), n. an anadromous fish, valued as food. shade (shad), n. comparative ob- scurity caused by the interception of the rays of light; darkness; a shady place; gradation of light; screen or cover; the soul after death: pi. wine vaults: v.t. to screen from light or heat; shelter; paint in ob- scure colors; mark with gradation of light or color. shadily (shad'i-li), adv. in a shady manner. shading (shad'ing), n. the act of mak- ing a shade; representation of light and shade. shadow (shad'o), n. shade within de- fined limits; shade or deprivation of light representing on a surface the forms of the body which intercepts the rays of light; dark part of a pic- ture; obscurity or darkness; protec- tion or security ; reflected image ; faint representation ; inseparable companion; small degree; a detect- ive: v.t. to shade; darken or cloud; conceal or screen; represent typi- cally; attend closely as a shadow; follow and watch closely, as a de- tective. shadowiness # (shad'o : i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shadowy. shadowing (shad'o-ing) , n. shading. shadowy (shad'o-i), adj. full of, or causing, shade or shadows ; sheltered from light or heat; dim; unreal; typi- cal. shady (shad'i), adj. [comp. shadier, superl. shadiest], abounding in, or causing, shade; sheltered from the glare of light or heat; pertaining to darkness; dubious; equivocal. shaft (shaft), n. an arrow; anything resembling an arrow; the long nar- row entrance to a mine; carriage- pole; handle; part of a chimney; body of a column between the base and the capital. shafting (staffing) , n. a system of shafts for transmitting power. shag (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; rough, woolly hair; a bushy mass. shagginess (shag'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being shaggy. shaggy (shag'i), adj. rough with long hair or wool; rough; rugged. shagreen (sha-gren'), n. the skins of various animals, as horses, don- keys, prepared without tanning, and grained to resemble the skins of sharks; the rough skin of sharks and dogfishes prepared as leather: adj. made of shagreen. [Turkish.] shah (sha), n. the sovereign of Persia. shake (shak), v.t. [p.t. shook, p.p. shaken, p.pr. shaking], to cause to shiver; move with a quick, short motion; agitate; make afraid; give a tremulous note; to vibrate: v.i. to tremble or quake. shakedown (shak'doun), n. a tem- porary bed. shaken (shak'n), p. adj. agitated; cracked or split. Shaker (shak'er), n. one of a religious communistic sect that practices dancing in worship. Feminine, Sha- ker ess. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SHAKERISM 747 SHARPEN Shakerism (shak'er-izm) , n. the doc- trines or tenets of the Shakers. Shakespearean (shak-sper' e-an) , adj. pertaining to, resembling, or char- acteristic of, Shakespeare or his works. Also Shakespearian, Shak- spearian. shakiness (shak'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being shaky. shako (shak'o) , n. a kind of military cap. shaky (shak'i), adj. [comp. shakier, superl. shakiest], in a shaking con- dition; feeble; full of cracks; un- sound. shale (shal), n. a husk; a laminated argillaceous rock. shall (shal), v.i. & auxil. [p.t. should (shood)], to be under obligation: used in the future tense of the verb. shalloon (shal-oon') , n. a kind of twilled worsted stuff. shallop (shal'op), n. a schooner-rigged two-masted boat; a small boat or canoe. shallot (shal'ot), n. the eschalot. shallow (shal'o), adj. having little depth; not profound; superficial; trifling; a flat place where the water is not deep; shoal: v.i. to become shallow. sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, or make-believe; imposture; counter- feit: adj. feigned; false; unreal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shammed, p.pr. sham- ming], to make false pretenses: v.t. to make a pretense of in order to de- ceive. shamble (sham'bl), v.i. % to walk awkwardly and unsteadily; shuffle: n.pl. a slaughter-house; meat-mar- ket. shambling (sham'bling) , n. an awk- ward, unsteady pace. shame (sham), n. a painful sensation caused by the sense of guilt, im- propriety, or dishonor; that which causes shame; reproach incurred or suffered; modesty or decorum: v.t. to make ashamed; cause to blush; cover with disgrace. shamefaced (sham'fast), adj. bashful. shameful (sham 'fool), adj. causing shame; disgraceful; indecent. shamefully (sham'foo-li), adv. in a shameful manner. shameless (sham'les), adj. devoid of shame; indifferent to disgrace. shammer (sham'er), n. one who shams. shammy (sham'i),_n. chamois. shampoo (sham-poo'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shampooed, p.pr. shampooing], to rub and press (the limbs and joints) after a hot bath ; to cleanse and rub (the head) with soap, &c. : n. the act of shampooing. shampooer (sham-po§'er) , n. one who shampoos. shamrock (sham'rok^, n. a trefoil clover plant: the Irish national em- blem. shanghai (shang'hl), a well-known brand of large domestic fowls, with feathers on their legs: v.t. to drug a sailor or otherwise make him insensi- ble, and then to ship him as one of a crew that lacks men. [From Shang- hai, China.] shank (shangk), n. the leg from the knee to the ankle; long part of any instrument ; body of a type. shanty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. shapable (shap'a-bl), adj. that may be shaped; shapely. shape (shap), n. the form or figure of a thing; external appearance; pat- tern: v.t. to make into a particular form; fashion ^regulate; conceive. shapeless (shap'les), adj. without shape ; ill-formed. shapeliness (shap'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being shapely. shapely (shap'li), adj. well-formed; symmetrical; comely. shard (shard) , n. a potsherd. share (shar), n. a portion or part; part allotted or belonging to one; dividend; plowshare: v.t. to part among two or more; divide; take or possess in common; partake of or use with others: v.i. to have a share or part. sharehroker (shar'bro-ker) , n. one who deals in railway or other shares. shark (shark), n. a large voracious fish with sharp teeth; a rapaciou3, artful man-eater. sharp (sharp) , adj. having a very thin edge or fine point ; terminating in an edge or point; very thin; peaked or ridged; keen; severe; acute; subtle: n. a character (£) in music which raises a note a semitone. sharpen (sharp 'en), v.t. to make sharp ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, tfften. SHARPER 748 SHELTER or sharper ; give edge or point to ; make more acute: v.i. to become sharp; play tricks in bargaining. sharper (sharp 'er) , n. a cheat; swind- ler. Also sharp, as a card-3harp. shatter (shat'er), v.t. to break into many pieces at once; crack or rend; overthrow; dissipate* n.pl. broken fragments. shave (shav), v.t. to cut or pare off with a razor or other sharp-edged instrument; cut in thin slices; skim along or near the surface of; plun- der or fleece: v.i. to use the razor in removing hair: n. a thin slice; the operation of shaving; an in- strument for shaving hoops, &c. shaver (shav'er), n. one who, or that which, shaves; a barber; a young- ster. shaving (shav'ing) n. the act of one who shaves ; a thin slice pared off. shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth of various materials used as a loose outer covering for the shoulders, &c: v.t. to cover or wrap with a shawl. shawm (shawm), n. an ancient wind instrument. [Low Latin.] shea (she'a), n. a tropical tree yield- ing a kind of butter or solid oil. sheaf (shef), n. [pL sheaves (shevz)], a quantity of grain bound together; a bundle ; number of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver: v.t. to gather or bind into sheaves. shear (sher), v.t. [p.t. sheared, p.p. sheared or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to cut or clip, especially with shears; reap: v.i. to use shears: n.pL a cut- • ting instrument operating like scis- sors, but larger; an apparatus for raising heavy weights. shear-steel (sher'stel), n. a kind of fine steel, specially tempered, &c. shear- water (sher'waw-ter) , n. a kind of gull. sheath (sheth), n. a scabbard; any sheath-like covering. sheathe (sheth), v.t. to put into a sheath or scabbard ; case with a pro- tecting covering. sheave (shev), n. a grooved wheel in a block or pulley over which the rope runs. shebang (she-bang'), n. a house of ill- repute, or one that is dilapidated; a broken-down wagon; widely, almost anything of present concern. [Slang.] Shechinah (she-ki'na), n. the. visible presence of Jehovah manifested from the mercy-seat and reflected from the overshadowing cherubim. Also Shekinah. shed (shed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shed, p.pr. shedding], to pour out or diffuse; cause to flow out; emit: v.i. to let fall or cast off seed: n. a slight build- ing. sheen (shen), n. a brightness; splen- dor; adj. bright, glittering. Also sheeny: v.i. to shine or glisten. sheep (shep), n., s. & pi. any ruminant animal of the genus Ovis, valued for its wool and flesh; a foolish, bash- ful fellow: pi. God's people, as be- ing under the care of the Good Shep- herd, Jesus Christ. sheepish (shep'ish), adj. awkward, clumsy, shy. sheer (sher), adj. pure; unmixed; very- thin or transparent; precipitous: v.i. to deviate from the proper course. sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice of anything; broad piece of linen to cover a bed; broad piece of paper; letter; newspaper; broad expanse or surface; rope attached to a sail to extend it; open space in the bow or stern of a boat. sheik (shek, or shak), n. the head o* a Bedouin family, tribe, or clan. [Arabic] shekel (shek'el), n. an ancient Jew- ish coin or weight: pi. money. Shekinah (shek-i'na), v.i. to dwell. Same as Shechinah. [Hebrew.] sheldrake (shel'drak), n. a kind of duck. Fern, shelduck. shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz)], a flat ledge or board for holding anything; a sandbank or flat pro- jecting ledge of rock. shell (shel), n. a hard outside cover- ing; any framework; rough kind of coffin; a hollow projectile; lightly constructed boat: v.t. to strip off or remove the shell of; take out of the shell; separate from the ear or cob; throw shells upon or into: v.i. to fall off, as a shell. shellac (shel-ak'), n. crude resin lac melted and formed into thin plates. shelter (shel'ter), n. that which pro- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SHELTIE 749 SHIP tects or shields; security; asylum; harbor; defense; protector: v.t. to protect or shield from injury or vio- lence; conceal: v.i. to take or give shelter. Sheltie (shel'ti), n. a Shetland pony. shelve (shely), v.t. to place on a shelf; furnish with a shelf; dismiss from service, or postpone indefinite- ly: v.i. to incline gradually; slope. shelving (shelving), n. materials for shelves; shelves collectively. Sheol (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews the place of departed spirits; Ha- des. shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who tends sheep; a pastor. Fern, shepherdess: v.t. to tend as a shepherd. sherbet (sher'bet), n. a cooling bev- erage of water and fruit juices sweet- ened, &c. sheriff (sher'if), n. the chief executive officer of a shire (in England) or county. sheriffalty (sher'if -al-ti) , n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Better, shrievalty. sherry (sher'i) , n. a dry amber-colored wine, originally obtained from Xeres, Spain. sherry-cobbler (sher'i-kob'ler), n. a drink composed of water, ice, slices of lemon and sherry. [American.] shew, same as show. [Archaic] shibboleth (shib'o-leth), n. a word which was made the criterion to dis- tinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites, the former not being able to pronounce sh (Judges xii.): hence the criterion of a party. shied (shld), p.t. & p.p. of shy. shield (sheld), n. a broad piece of de- fensive armor, carried on the left arm; defense or protection; an es- cutcheon: v.t. to protect with, or as with, a shield; ward off or avert. shift (shift), n. a turning from one thing to another; change; substitu- tion; chemise: v.t. to change the place of; dress in fresh clothes : v.i. resort to expedients; to alter or change. shiftless (shift 'les), adj. destitute of expedients; having no means of live- lihood; lazy; improvident. shifty (shift'i), adj. full of expedients; changeable. shikar (she-kar'). v.i. to be a hunter or woodsman. [East Indian.] shikar ri (she-kar'ri), n. a hunter, woodsman, or forester. shillalah (shil-la/la) , n. an oaken cud- gel. Also shillelah, shillelagh. [Irish.] shilling (shil'ing), n. a British silver coin, valued at about 24 cents. shilling shocker (shil'ing shok'er), a cheap sensational novel. [English.] shilly-shally (shil'i-shal'i) , adv. in an irresolute, undecided manner: v.i. to hesitate: act irresolutely. Shiloh (shi'lo), n. the Messiah. [He- brew.] shimmer (shim'er), v.t. to shine un- steadily or tremulously; flicker: n. a tremulous gleam; flicker. shimose (shi'mos), n. an explosive used by the Japanese in naval bat- tles, capable of terrible execution. shin (shin), n. the forepart of the leg between the ankle and knee; shank: v.i. to climb a tree, &c, by means of the hands and legs. shindy (shin'di), n. an uproar; spree; fancy. shine (shin), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shone, g.pr. shining], to emit rays of light; e bright or beautiful; be distin- guished, eminent, or conspicuous: v.t. to cause to shine by reflected light: n. sunshine; bright weather; row ; prank ; fancy for a person. shingle (shing'gl), n. a thin piece of wood used for roofing; coarse, round, water- worn gravel: pi. a cutaneous disease which spreads round the body like a belt : v.t. to cover or roof with shingles. ~ shining (shin'ing), adj. emitting light; beaming; radiant; illustrious; dis- tinguished. Shintoism (shin'to-izm), n. the native religion of Japan, a system of nature and ancestor worship, associated with which is the pecuhar reverence paid to the Mikado. Also Shinto. Shintoist (shin'to-ist), n. an adherent of Shintoism. shiny (shin i i) l adj. [corny, shinier, superl. shiniest], diffusing light; bright. ship, a suffix meaning office, state, dig- nity, art, or skill, as lordship, horse- manship. ship (ship), n. any large vessel for ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SHIPBOARD 750 SHORTLY the conveyance of passengers or merchandise, especially one with three masts and square-rigged : # v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shipped, p.pr. shipping], to place on board a ship; carry by water; put in its place or proper position: v.i. engage for service on board ship. shipboard (ship'bord), n. the deck of a ship. shipshape (ship'shap), adj. in good order: adv. neatly. shirk (sherk), v.t. to avoid; get off; slink away from. shirt (shert), n. an undergarment. shirting (shert'ing), n. material for making shirts. shirtwaist (shert 'wast), n. a woman's overgarment or blouse. shivaree (shiv-a-re') , n. a word derived from the Low Latin, charivarium, and meaning in general a noisy gathering with grotesque costumes and dis- cordant instruments of music. Specifically it is restricted to the reception of a bride and groom on their home-coming. shiver (shiv'er), v.i. to tremble; to quiver as from cold or fear. shoal (shol), n. a large number of fish swimming together; a sand-bank; a shallow. shocking (shok'ing), adj. causing to shake or tremble; extremely offen- sive or disgusting. shod, p.t. of shoe. shoddy (shod'i), n. the wool of old woolen fabrics torn to pieces and remade with an admixture of fresh wool into new cloth: adj. made of shoddy; not genuine; sham. shoe (shoo), n. [pi. shoes (shooz)], a low covering for the foot, usually of leather; a horseshoe; anything in the shape of a shoe: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shod, p.pr. shoeing], to furnish with a shoe or shoes; tip. shoeless (shoo'les), adj. devoid of shoes; having no shoes. shone (shon), p.t. & p.p. of shine. shook (shook), p.t. of shake: n. a set of staves and headings for a cask ready to be set up; set of boards for a sugar-box: v.t. to pack in shooks. shoot (shoot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shot, p.pr. shooting], to let fly or dis- charge with a sudden force, as a bullet, &c; strike with a shot; hurl; emit; kill game in or over: v.i. to protrude or project; be shot or pro- pelled forcibly; rush along; sprout; be affected with darting pains: n. a young branch or growth; chute. shooting (shooting), n. the act of one who shoots; wounding and killing with a firearm; sensation of darting pain: adj.^ pertaining to, or suitable for, shooting. shop (shop), n. a building where goods are sold by retail; place where me- chanics carry on their trade: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shopped, p.pr. shopping], to visit shops to purchase goods. shoplifting (shop'lift-ing), n. steal- ing goods from a shop. [Colloq.] shore (shor), n. the coast or land ad- jacent to the sea, &c; a prop or sup- port: v.t. to support by a shore or shores. shoring (shor'ing), n. the act of sup- porting or strengthening by a shore; props collectively. shorn (shorn), p.t. of shear. short (short), adj. [comp. shorter, su- perl. shortest], not long either in space or time; near at hand, inad- equate; defective; deficient; not te- nacious; abrupt ; petulant ; brief ; brit- tle; crumbling in the mouth; not prolonged in sound: pi. ground grain sifted finer than bran: adv. abruptly; quickly. shortage (short 'aj), n. a deficiency in an account. shortcake (short'kak), n. a cake shortened with butter or lard, then baked. short-circuit (short-ser'kit) , v.i. to break off an electrical current so that it does not complete its entire course: v.t. to short-circuit is to kill by sud- denly breaking the electrical current when some one may be in contact with the wire: ri. a broken electric current. shortcoming (short-kum'ing) , n. a deficiency; a remissness in any duty. shorten (short 'n), v.t. to make short or shorter in time, extent, or meas- ure. shorthand (short'hand), n. a system of writing by abbreviated symbols. shortly (short 'li), adv. soon; quickly; curtly. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. SHORTNESS 751 SHRILL shortness (shqrt'nes), n. the state or quality of being short. short-sighted (short-sit'ed) , adj. the same as near-sighted; myopia. shot (shot), n. m [pl. shots and shot], the act of shooting; discharge of a fire- arm, &c; missile, especially a bul- let or ball; small balls of lead for killing game ; a marksman; range of a missile: v.t. to load with shot: p. adj. intoxicated. shot-gun (shot 'gun), n. a light gun for shooting birds and small game, with a charge of shot instead of a bul- let or bullets. shot-silk (shot'silk), n. a silk fabric having the warp and weft of two colors, thus presenting changeable tints. should (shood), p.t. of shall. shoulder (shol'der), n. the articula- tion connecting the human arm, or the foreleg of a quadruped, to the body ; that which resembles a shoul- der; a prominence; support: pi. the upper part of the back: v.t. to take upon the shoulder; assume the re- sponsibility of; jostle or thrust about with the sho_ulder. shoulder-strap (shol'der-strap) , n.a mark of military or naval rank in the nature of a strap over the shoul- der, with some device to show the grade to which the bearer has at- tained. shout (shout), n. a loud and sudden cry or outburst of joy, triumph, en- couragement, &c: v.i. to utter a loud and sudden cry: v.t, to utter with a shout. shove (shuv), n. a forcible push: v.t. to push along; drive before one: v.i, to push forward or off. shovel (shuVl), n. an implement with a broad scoop and a handle for lift- ing and throwing coal, &c. : v.t. to take and throw up with a shovel; gather up with, or as with, a shovel. shovel-board (shov'l-) or shuffle- board (shuf'1-bord), n. a game pop- ular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It consists in sliding over a smooth surface (a table, for in- stance), a number of disks, which the players propelled with the hand, holding in the palm a piece 01 money. If the player succeeded in sliding a disk into a hole or com- partment, he wins the amount of money that he held in his hand. In modern times, the game is played on platforms or the decks of ships, with large wooden disks which are shoved by poles. See horse-billards. show (sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. shown, p.pr. showing], to present to view; display; disclose; make clear; guide; direct; teach; confer or be- stow: v.i. to appear; manifest one's self: n. the act of showing; expos- ure to _ sight ; ostentatious display ; exhibition or spectacle; pretense. shower (shou'er), n. a fall of rain or hail of short duration; copious fall or supply of anything: v.t. to water copiously with rain; bestow liberal- ly: v.i. to rain in showers. showeriness (shou'er-i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being showery. showery (shou'er-i) , adj. raining or abounding in showers. showily (sho'i-li), adv. in a showy man- ner. showiness (sho'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being showy; ostentation; parade. showy (sho'i), adj. ostentatious; gay. shrank, p.t. of shrink. shrapnel- shell (shrap'nel-shel), n. a projectile filled with bullets and a bursting charge. shred (shred), n. a long narrow piece torn or cut off; piece or fragment: v.t. to tear into small pieces. shrew (shroo), n. sl scolding, vexa- tious woman; a small, insectivorous, burrowing animal, resembling a mouse. shrewd (shrood) , adj. sharp-witted or clever in practical affairs; of nice discernment ; _sagacious ; sly ; astute. shrewish (shroo'ish), adj. like a shrew. shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a shriek: n. a sharp, shrill outcry. shrievalty (shrev'al-ti) , n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Also shrivalty. shrift (shrift), n. confession to a priest; absolution. shrike (shrik), n. a bird that preys on small birds and insects and im- pales them on thorns to eat them conveniently; the butcher-bird. ; shrill (shril), adj. sharp and pierc- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SHRIMP 752 SIBILANT ing in tone: v.i. to utter an acute, piercing sound. shrimp (shrimp), n. a small shell- fish allied to the lobster; anything very small of its kind; a dwarf. shrine (shrin), n. a case or recepta- cle in which sacred relics are de- posited; any sacred place or hal- lowed object; an altar: v.t. to place in a shrine. shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.t. shrank, p.p. shrunk, p.pr. shrinking], to contract spontaneously; become wrinkled; withdraw; recoil: v.t. to cause to con- tract: n. contraction; withdrawal. shrinkage (shringk'aj), n. the act of shrinking; contraction; decrease in value. shrive (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or shrove, p.p. shriven, p.pr. shriving], to confess and absolve: v.i. to receive confession. shrivel (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn into wrinkles; contract: v.t. to cause to contract into wrinkles. shroud (shroud), n. a winding sheet or covering for the dead; anything that covers or conceals: pi. a set of large ropes supporting the masts: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a shroud; conceal. shrove (shrov), p.t. of shrive. Shrove Tuesday (ttiz'da), n. the Tuesday next before Ash Wednes- day. shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant of less size than a tree; a kind of beverage of lemon juice, spirit, &c. shrubbery (shrub 'er-i), n. [pi. shrub- beries (shrub'er-iz)], a collection of shrubs; plantation of shrubs. shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shrugged, p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw up (the shoulders) to express doubt, contempt, dislike, &c: v.i. to raise the shoulders: n. a raising or con- tracting of the shoulders. shrunk (shrungk), p.t. & p.p. of shrink. shrunken (shrungk'en) , p. adj. shriv- eled up. shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk: v.t. to deprive of shells or husks. shudder (shud'er), n. a trembling with fear or horror; cold shivering: v.i. to feel a cold tremor from fear or hor- ror; quake. shuddering (shud'er-ing) , . p.adj. trembling as with fear or horror. shuffle (shuf'l), v.t. to push from one to another; change the relative po- sitions of: v.i. to change the order of cards in a pack; evade fair ques- tions; prevaricate; drag the feet in walking or dancing: n. the act of shuffling; artifice or evasion; slov- enly, irregular gait. shuffle-board. See shovel-board. shuffler (shuf'ler), n. one who shuffles. shuffling (shuf'ling), adj. moving with a slovenly, irregular gait ; evasive. shun (shun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shunned, p.pr. shunning], to avoid; keep clear of; escape from; neglect; de- cline. shunt (shunt), v.t. to turn off, on, or as on, a side rail: v.i. to be turned aside: n. a turning off to a side rail; a short side-rail. [Briticism.] shut (shut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shut, p.pr. shutting], to close so as to prevent entrance or exit; prohibit or bar; exclude; close over: v.i. to become closed: adj. closed. shutter (shut'er), n. one who, or that which, shuts; a movable screen for a window. shuttle (shut'l), n. an instrument used in weaving; sliding thread- holder in a sewing machine. shuttlecock (shut'1-kok), n. a cork stuck with feathers and driven with a battledore. shy (shi), adj. [comp. shyer, superl. shyest], timid; shunning approach; cautious, reserved; suspicious; mod- est: v.i. to start aside from fear: v.t. to throw side wise with a jerk; fling: n. the act of starting aside from fear ; a side throw. shyly (shi'li), adv. in a shy manner. shyness (shi'nes), n. the state of being shy. shyster (shis'ter), n. one who carries on legal business in a mean and tricky manner. si (se), the seventh note of the scale [Music]. Siamese (si-a-mez'), adj. pertaining to Siam, its language, or inhabitants. sibilance (sib'i-lans), n. the state or quality of being sibilant. Also sib- ilancy. sibilant (sib'i-lant), adj. making, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SIBILATION 753 SIGN uttering, a hissing sound: n. a sibi- lant letter, as s, z. sibilation (sib-i-la'shun) , n. utter- ance with a hissing sound. nibyl (sib'il), n. a woman endowed with a spirit of prophecy. sibylline (siWi-len), adj. pertaining to, uttered, or written by, a sibyl. sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch]: adv. thus [Latin]. siccative (sik'a-tiv) , adj. drying. < sice (sis), n. the number six at dice. sick (sik), adj. ill in health; affected with nausea; indued to vomit; dis- gusted; indisposed; set apart for the sick. ' sicken (sik'n), v.i. to become sick; fall ill; be filled with disgust; decay or languish: v.t. to make sick; disgust. sickening (sik'n-ing) K adj. making sick; disgusting ; nauseating. sickish (sik'ish), adj. somewhat sick or ill; exciting disgust. sickle (sik'l), n. a reaping hook. sickliness (sik'li-nes) , n. the state of being sickly or in bad health. sickly (sik'li), # adj. ailing; weak; ha- bitually indisposed; producing dis- ease. sickness (sik'nes) , n. the state of being sick or in bad health * illness ; dis- eased condition. sida (si'da), n. a ligneous Indian fiber used as a substitute for hemp and flax. side (sid), n. the broad and long part or surface of a thing as distinguished from the end; margin; edge; part of a man or animal between the shoulder and hip; slope or declivity; party; position; line of descent; aspect; af- fectation or self-assertion [Eng. slang]: v.i. to embrace the cause or tenets of one party against another: v.t. to stand at the side of. sideboard (sid'bord) , n. a piece of din- ing-room furniture for holding din- ing utensils. sidelong (sid'long), adv. obliquely: adj. lateral. sidereal (sl-de're-al) , adj. pertaining to the stars ; astral ; measured by the apparent motion of the stars. sidereal year (yer), n. the time oc- cupied by # the earth in completing its revolution round the sun. sidewalk (sid'wawk), n. a way for the use of pedestrians. side- wheel (sid'hwel), n. a paddle wheel at the side of a steamboat. side- wheeler (sid-hwel'er) , n. a steam- boat having side-wheels. siding (sid'ing), n. a railroad track by the side of the main track, for switching, &c: adj. taking sides. sidle (sid'l), v.i. to go or move side fore- most. siege (sej), n. the surrounding and in- vesting of a place by an army to compel its surrender; continued effort to obtain possession; floor of a glass furnace: v.t. to besiege. sienna (si-en'a), n. red or brown clay obtained from Siena, Italy: used as a pigment. sierra (se-er'a), n. a chain of moun- tains with serrated ridges. siesta (se-es'ta), n. midday or after- dinner nap. [Spanish.] sieve (siv), n. sl utensil for separating the finer from the coarser parts of a substance. siffleur (si-fler'), n. a professional whistler. Fern, siffleuse. [French.] sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, or as with, a sieve; scrutinize. sigh (si), v.i. to inhale and respire with a long, deep, and audible breathing; grieve; lament: v.t. to express by sighs; mourn: n. the act of sighing. sight (sit), n. the act of seeing; per- ception: visibility; judgment; men- tal view; spectacle; view; space seen; a small piece of metal on a gun, &c, to guide the eye in aiming; large number or quantity: v.t. to see, adjust the sight of. sightless (sit'les), adj. blind: devoid of sight. sightliness (sit'li-nes) , n. the state or quality of being sightly. sightly (sit'li), adj. pleasing to the eye. sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved like the letter s. sign (sin), n. a mark, token, or sym- bol; that by which anything is known or represented; visible rep- resentation ; memorial ; indication; the twelfth part of the zodiac; omen; wonder; signboard: v.t. to represent with a sign; signify; af- fix a signature to; ratify by writing one's own name; convey formally: v.i. to make a sign or signal. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 48 hue, hut ; think, then. SIGNAL 754 SILT signal (sig'nal), n. a sign for giving notice, especially at a distance; something to attract the eye or ear: adj. memorable; distinguished; re- markable; pertaining to signals: v.t. to convey by signals ; make signals to. signalize (sig'nal-iz), v.t. to make especially conspicuous. signatory (sig'na-to-ri) , adj. signing: n. one who signs or subscribes, es- pecially for a state. signature (sig'na-tur), n. name of a person written by himself; sign- manual; mark or stamp impressed; flats or sharps after the clef to in- dicate the key [Music]. signboard (sm'bord), n. a board placed conspicuously to call public attention to something advertised. signet (sig'net), n. a seal, especially that used by a sovereign in sealing documents under sign-manual. significance (sig-nif 'i-kans), n. mean- ing or import; consequence. Also significancy. significant (sig-nif 'i-kant) , adj. de- signed or adapted to signify; ex- pressive or suggestive; important: n. a token or symbol. signification (sig-ni-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of signifying; that which is signified; meaning. significator (sig-nif 'i-ka-ter) , n. one who, or that which, signifies. significatory (sig-nif 'i-ka-to-ri) , adj. having signification signify (sig'ni-fi), y.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. sig- nified, p.pr. signifying], to show by a sign, mark, or token; denote; make known; involve; manifest: v.i. to be of_ consequence. signiory (sen'yc-r-i), n. dominion; lordship; estate; aristocracy. [Ital- ian.] sign- manual (sin-man'u-al) , n. a signature, especially a royal signa- ture. signor (sen'yor), n. sir [Italian]. Also signior. Fern, signora (sen-yor'a). signorina (sen-yor-e'na) , n. Miss. [Italian.] sign- post (sln'post), n. a board placed at intervals along the highway to direct the passer-by to his destina- tion. Sikh (sek), n. one of a warlike race inhabiting the Punjab in India. silage (sil'aj), same as ensilage. silence (si'lens), n. entire absence of sound; having no sound; taci- turnity; obscurity; oblivion: v.t. to make silent; reduce to silence by irrefutable arguments; cause to cease firing; restrain from the ex- ercise of any function, especially preaching. [Latin.] silent (si'lent), adj. noiseless; not speaking; not pronounced; taci- turn; quiet. silesia (si-le'shi-a) , n. a kind of lin- en cloth. silex (si'leks), n. flint. silhouette (sil-oo-ef), n. the out- line or profile filled in with black: v.t. to represent by a silhouette. silica (sil'i-ka), n. silicon dioxide. silicate (sil'i-kat), n. a salt of silicic acid. silicated (siri-ka-ted) , adj. combined or impregnated with silica. silicic (si-lis'ik), adj. pertaining to, derived from, compounded with, or like, silica. silico, a Greek prefix denoting the presence of silicon, as si^cofluoride. silicon (siri-kon), n. a non-metallic element. [Greek.] silk (silk), n. a fine, soft, tenacious thread spun by certain caterpillars, as that of Bombyx mori ; cloth made of silk; garment made of silk: adj. pertaining to, or made of, silk. silken (silk'en), adj. made of, or like, silk. silkiness (silk'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being silky. silky (sihVi), adj. pertaining to, made of, or resembling, silk; silken. sill .(sil), n. the foundation of any- thing in timber or stone, especially a timber at the bottom of a door or window; a young herring. % sillibub (sil'i-bub)', n. a mixture of cream, wine, or cider, forming a soft curd. Also syllabub. silliness (siFi-nes), n. the state or quality of being silly. silly (sil'i), adj. [comp. sillier, superl. silliest], weak in intellect; foolish; indiscreet. silo (silo), n. a store pit for green fodaer, potatoes, &c. silt (silt), n. mud or sand deposited by running or standing water: v.t. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SILURIAN 755 SINE to fill up or obstruct with silt: v.i. to percolate 1 Silurian (si : lu'ri-an), adj. pertaining to a division of the Paleozoic era, sometimes called the era of inverte- brates. # silvan (sir van), adj. pertaining to, in- habiting, or growing in, a wood oi grove; rustic; woody. Also sylvan. silver (sil'ver), n. a soft, white, me- tallic element, used for coins and articles of plate, &c; money, any- thing resembling silver in brightness or color: adj. pertaining to, or made of, silver; soft and clear, as the voice; gentle: v.t. to cover or coat with silver. silvery (sir ver-i), adj. covered with, containing, or like, silver; soft and clear; bright. simian (sim'i-an). adj. pertaining to, characteristic oi, or like an ape: n. an ape or monkey. similar (sim'i-lar), adj. having a gen- eral likeness or correspondence; alike. similarity (sim-i-lar'i-ti), n. resem- blance. simile (sim'i-le), # n. [pi. similes (sim'- i-lez) j, a likening bj r comparison to illustrate something. simmer (sim'er), v.t. & v.i. to boil gently. simony (sim'o-ni), n. the act t or crime of buying or selling ecclesias- tical preferment; corrupt presenta- tion of any one to a benefice: from Simon Magus, Acts viii., 18. simoom (si-mqom'), n. a hot, dry, suffocating wind which blows from the deserts of Arabia, &c, laden with minute particles of sand. Also simoon. [Arabic] simous (si'mus), adj. having a flat or snub nose. simper (sim'per), v.i. to smile in an affected or silly manner: n. affected or silly smile. simple (sim'pl), adj. [conip. sim- pler, superl. simplest], single, not complex; undivided; not blended or compounded; pure; plain; un- adorned; sincere; natural; unaf- fected; intelligible; clear; weak in intellect; humble; plain: n. some- thing unmixed or not compounded; a medicinal herb. [Lexicon.] simpleton (sim'pl-tun), n. one who ia foolish or of weak intellect. simplicity (sim : plis'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being simple; artlessness of mind; freedom from duplicity; absence of excessive or artificial or- nament; clearness: innocence; folly. simplification (sim-pli-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of simplifying. simplify (sim'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. simplified, p.pr. simplifying], to make simple; render less complex; make plain or easy. simply (sim'pli), adv.m a simple man- ner; without addition; only; mere- ly; foolishly or weakly. simulacrum (smi-u4a'krum), n. an effigy; image; likeness; ghost. [Latin.] simulate (sim'u-lat), v.t. to pretend or counterfeit ; assume the likeness of. simulation (sim^-u-la'shun), # n. the act of _ simulating or feigning that which is not true. simultaneity (sim-ul-ta-ne'i-ti), n. sameness of time. simultaneous (sim-ul-ta'ne-us) , adj. happening, done, or existing at the same time. sin (sin), n. wilful transgression of the Divine law; neglect of the laws of morality and religion; violation of propriety; transgression ; iniquity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sinned, p.pr. sin- ning], to commit sin; transgress or offend. Sinai tic (si-na-it'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or given at, Mt. Sinai. sinapism (sin'a-pizm), n. a mustard plaster. [Latin.] since (sins), adv. from that time; be- fore this or now: prep, from the time of; after: conj. because; seeing that; considering. sincere (sin-ser'), adj. true; honest; not falsely assumed; genuine; frank; upright; pure; adulterated. sincerely (sin-ser'li) , adj. in a sincere manner. sincerity (sin-ser'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being sincere; freedom from hypocrisy or pretense. Also sincereness. sine (sin), n. sl straight line drawn from one extremity of the arc of a circle perpendicular to the diameter passing through the other extremity : a prefix meaning without, as smecure ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hti«\ hut : think, /7>en. SINECURE 756 SIRDAR (sm'e-kur), any office or position for which pay is received without an equivalent in work rendered. sinecure (sin'e-kur), n. an office or position with an income attached to it but no necessary work. [Latin.] sinew (sin'u), n. a tendon; anything supplying strength. sinewy (sin'u-i), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, sinew; vigor- ous ; tough. sinful (sin'fool), adj. full of sin; wicked; impious; unholy. m sinfully (sin'f oo-li) , adv. in a sinful manner. sing (sing), v.i. [p.t. sung, sang, p.p. sung, p.pr. singing], to utter melo- dious sounds; make a shrill or hum- ming noise; celebrate in verse or poetry; cry out: v.t. to celebrate in song; chant. singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly or on the surface: n. a slight burn. single (sing'gl), adj. consisting of one only; alone; separate; unmarried; performed by one person or one on each side; straightforward; sincere; honest: v.t. to select (one person or thing) from others; separate: n. a unit: pl.^ reeled and twisted filaments of silk; in lawn tennis, a game with only one player on each side. singleness (sing'gl-nes), n. the state or quality of being single; sincerity. singleton (sing'gl-tun) , n. a single card of any suit held by a player at a deal, as at whist. singly (sing'gli), adv. individually; par- ticularly. singsong (sing'song), n. bad singing or poetry; monotonous or drawling tone: adj. monotonous. singular (sing'gti-lar) , adj. not com- plex or compound ; alone ; noting one person or thing; uncommon; unus- ual; strange; extraordinary; emi- nent; peculiar; odd; unique: n. in Grammar, the number denoting one person or thing. singularity (sing-gti-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. singularities (sing-gu-lar'i-tiz)], the state or quality of being singular; peculiarity ; oddity. sinister (sin'is-ter), adj. inauspicious; unlucky; evil; ill-omened; corrupt; dishonest; on the left hand or side. sink (singk), v.i. [p.t. sunk, sank, p.p. sunk, sunken, p.pr. sinking], to fall or go downwards; fall to the bot- tom; descend lower and lower; de- cline gradually; enter deeply; sub- side: v.t. to cause to sink; make by digging; lower in value or amount; reduce or extinguish by payment: n. a drain to carry off dirty or su- perfluous water. sinless (sin'les), adj. free from sin. sinner (sin'er), n. one who sins; an offender ; transgressor ; one who is un- regenerate. sinnet (sin'et), n. a yarn bound round ropes to prevent friction. Also sen- net. Sinology (si-nol'o-ji), n. the system- atized knowledge of the Chinese lan- guage, literature, laws, and history. [From the Greek Sines, a name for the Chinese.] sinter (sin'ter), n. crystallized rock precipitated from mineral water; scale from hammered iron. sinuate (sin'u-at), adj. having the margin alternately curved inward and outward. sinuosity (sin-Q-os'i-ti), n. a wavy line; the character of being sinuous. sinuous (sin'u-us), adj. bending in and out; winding; crooked. sinus (si'nus), n. a bay or recess; cavity or depression; fistula. [Latin.] Sioux (su), n.pl. a tribe of Indians whose racial home is in the two Dakotas. sip (sip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sipped, p.pr. sipping], to imbibe in small quan- tities; drink out of; draw into the mouth; taste: v.i. to drink a small quantity; take a fluid with the lips: n. the act of sipping; taste. siphon (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or tube having one end longer than the other, used for drawing off liquids from a higher to a lower level; the respiratory tube of a mollusk ; a siphon bottle: v.t. to convey or draw off by a siphon. Also syphon. [Latin.] siphonage (si'fon-aj), n. the action of a siphon. Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet or knight; a term of respect. [French.] sirdar (ser-dar'), n. in India, a chief; as an Anglo-Indian title it means the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SIRE 757 SIZABLE commander-in-chief of the British forces in India. sire (sir), n. sl title of respect used in addressing the sovereign; father; head of a family; male of beasts: v.t to procreate. [French.] sireasis (sir-i'a-sis) , n. sunstroke; also exposure to the sun for remedial purposes. [Greek.] siren (si'ren) , n. one of certain fabulous nymphs in Southern Italy said to have sung with such sweetness that mariners were irresistibly lured to their destruction; hence a woman dangerous from her fascinating, en- ticing wiles; a foghorn, a South American eel-like amphibian: adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like, a siren; bewitching. [Greek.] sirene (si-ren'), n. an instrument for ascertaining the number of vibra- tions per second corresponding to a note of given pitch. Sirius (sir'i-us), n. the dog-star. sirloin (ser'loin), n. the loin, or upper part of the loin, of beef. sirocco (si-rok'o), n. [pi. siroccos (si- rok'oz)], a hot, relaxing wind, from the Libyan deserts. sirrah (sir'a), n. a term of reproach or contempt. [French.] sisal-grass (sis'al-gras) , n. the pre- pared fiber of the American aloe, used for cordage, &c. siskin (sis'kin), n. a kind of finch. siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i. to make a hissing noise. sister (sis'ter), n. a female born of the same parents as another person; a female fellow-Christian; a female of the same religious society, order, or community; nun; one of the same kind or condition. sisterhood (sis'ter-hood) , n. sisters collectively; number of females be- longing to the same religious so- m ciety, &c. sister-in-law (sis'ter-in-law) , n. [pi. sisters-in-law], the sister of one's hus- ^bandorwife; wife of one's brother. Sisyphean (sis-i-fe'an) , adj. pertaining to Sisyphus, condemned by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a stone which incessantly fell back when it had reached the summit: hence inces- santly recurring; vainly toilsome. [Greek.] sit, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sat, p.pr. sitting], to rest on the lower part of the trunk of the body; perch; rest or lie; repose on a seat ; press or weigh ; occupy a seat officially; be officially engaged; incubate; hold a session: v.t. to sit upon; snub. site (sit), n. local position or situa- tion; ground-plot. sitting (sit'ing), adj. resting on the haunches; perching; incubating: n. the state, posture, or act of one who sits; a seat in a church, &c; a ses- sion; time during which one sits; set of eggsfor incubation. situate (sit'u-at), adj. placed. situated (sit'u-a-ted), adj. having a position; placed with respect to any other object. situation (sit-u-a/shun) , n. position; locality; circumstances; office; em- ployment. sitz-bath (sits'bath), n. a bath for bathing in a sitting posture. Siva (se'va), n. a god in the Hindu triad, appearing with Brahma and Vishnu. Siva is the destroying god, and his emblem is a bull. See Brahma. six (siks), adj. one more than five: n. the number greater by one than five; the symbol representing 6 units. sixfold (siks 'fold), adj. six times as many or as much. sixpence (siks'pens), n. sl small Brit- ish silver coin, value six pennies, or 123^ cents. sixpenny (siks'pen-i) , adj. worth six- pence. sixscore (siks'skor), n. & adj. six times twenty. six-shooter (siks-shoot r er). n. a six- chambered revolver. sixteen (siks'ten), adj. fifteen and one more. sixteenmo (siks'ten-mo), n. sexto- decimo. sixteenth (siks'tenth), adj. next in or- der after the fifteenth. sixth (siksth), adj. first after the fifth. sixtieth (siks'ti-eth) , # adj. next in or- der after the fifty-ninth. sixty (siks'ti), n. [pi. sixties (siks'tiz)], the product of six and ten: adj. ten times six. sizable (siz'a-bl), adj. of considerable or suitable size. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, bookj hue, hut ; think, then. SIZAR 758 SKILLFULL sizar (sizar), n. at Cambridge Uni- versity and Trinity College, Dublin, an undergraduate student who was unable to meet his own expenses, so that in part-payment of his fees, he rendered certain services to the officers of the institution. size (slz), n. a kind of thin, weak glue; magnitude or bulk: v.t. to pre- pare or cover* with size; adjust or arrange according to size or bulk; separate by means of a sieve. sizzle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hissing sound; to suffer from heat: n. a hissing sound. skald, same as scald. skate (skat), n. a kind of flat fish of the ray family; a metallic runner fitted in a frame for fastening to the boot to slide over ice: v.i. to slide on skates; an old and worn out horse; a term of reproach or dislike as "a cheap skate. " [Slang.] skedaddle (ske-dad'l), v.i. to run away, especially in terror. skeg (skeg), n. the after part of a screw vessel or a projection from it, to hold the rudder as may be neces- sary. skein (skan), n. a quantity of thread, silk, &c, coiled together. skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. the bones of an animal separated from the flesh; framework of anything; out- line; a secret annoyance; very thin person. skeletonize (skel'e-tun-iz) , v.t. to make a skeleton of. skeleton-key (skel'e-tun-ke') , n. a thin light key, the center parts of which have been almost wholly filed away. skeptic (skep'tik), n. one who doubts the truth of any doctrine or system; one who doubts the existence of God or revelation; an adherent of philo- sophical skepticism. [Greek.] skeptical (skep'ti-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, a skeptic; characterized by skepticism; doubt- ing the existence of God or Divine revelation. skeptically (skep'ti-ka-li), adv. in a skeptical manner; with doubt. skepticism (skep'ti-sizm), n. incredu- lity; doubt; the doctrine that no facts can be known with certainty beyond the range of experience; un- belief in any particular doctrine or system. sketch (skech), n. an outline; first rough draft; preliminary study: v.t. to draw the outline or give principal features of; make a sketch of: v.i. to make sketches. sketchily (skech'i-li) , adv. in a sketchy manner. sketchiness (skech'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being sketchy; incompleteness. sketchy (skech'i), adj. outlined; un- finished. skew (sku), adj. oblique; twisted: adv. obliquely. skewbald (horse) (sku'bald), adj. same as piebald, except that the animal is less presentable because his spots are white. skewer (sku'er), n. & pin of wood or metal for securing meat, &c, in form when roasting: v.t. to fasten with, or as with, a skewer. ski (ske), n.pl. long narrow nieces of wood with one end curved in front, used as snow-shoes. [Scandina- vian.] skiagraph (ski'a-graf ) , same as ra- diograph. [Greek.] skiagraphy (ski-ag'ra-fi) , same as radiography. skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or drag to retard the motion of a ve- hicle by pressure against the wheel; a fender to protect the side of a ship: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skidded, p.pr. skidding], to cause to move on, or protect with, a skid; retard by a skid: v.i. to slip along obliquely. skiddaw (skid'aw) , n. the black guille- mot. skied (skid), p.t. & p.p. of sky. skiff (skif), n. a small fight boat. skill (skil), n. expertness in any art or science; aptitude; power to dis- cern and execute. skilled (skil'd), adj. having the knowledge and ability which come from experience; possessing skill. skillet (skil'et), n. & small culinary ves- sel. skillful (skil'fool), adj. having, or dis- playing, skill* expert in any art or science; discriminating; clever; dex- terous. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SKILLING 759 SLACK skilling (skil'ing), n. the bay of a barn or slight addition to a cottage. skilly (skil'i), n. a kind of thin oatmeal broth in which meat has been boiled. skim ^skim), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skimmed, p.pr. skimming], to remove the scum from; brush ^ the surface of lightly: v.i. to pass lightly over; read super- ficially. skimmer (skira'er), n. one who, or that which, skims; a perforated ladle; a marine bird. skimp (skimp), v.t. to do carelessly or superficially: v.i. to be parsimo- nious: adj. scanty. skin (skin), n. the external covering of an animal body; hide; bark or rind; anything resembling a skin: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skinned, p.pr. skin- ning], to remove or strip the skin from; flay; fleece; cover with, or as with, skin; reduce to extremities by cheating, &c: v.i. to become covered over with skin. skinflint (skin'flint) , n. a niggard. skinful (skin'fool) , n. a stomachful. skink (skingk),^. a kind of lizard. skinniness (skin'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being skinny. skinny (skin'i), adj. consisting only of skin; very lean. Skip (skip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skipped, p.pr. skipping], to leap lightly over; omit: v.i. to leap or bound lightly; pass over unnoticed: n. a light leap or bound; omission; a wicker basket. Skipper (skip'er), n. one who, or that which, skips; the cheese maggot; the master of a merchant vessel; sea-captain. Skipping-rope (skip'ing-rop), n. a rope or length of braided hemp that children use in their play, which consists in leaping in quick succes- sion over the rope while holding one end in each hand. Skirmish (sker'mish), n. a slight combat or irregular fight between two small parties; contest: v.i. t to fight slightly or in small parties; fight irregularly. skirr (sker), v.t. to pass over rap- idly. skirt (skert), n. the lower and lbose part of a coat, dress, or other gar- ment; part below the waist; upper petticoat; midriff of animals; mar- gin or border: v.t. to cover with a skirt; border; run or pass along the edge of: v.i. to be on the border. skirting (skert'ing), n. skirts collec- tively; material for skirts; a narrow vertical board placed round the mar- gin of a floor. skit (skit), n. brief satire; burlesque. skittish (skit'ish), adj. shy; easily frightened; volatile; vivacious; wan- ton. skittles (skit'lz), n.pl. ninepins. skiver (skiv'er), n. a paring tool for leather; sheepskin split for book- binding, &c. skulk (skulk), v.i. to withdraw into a corner for concealment; lurk; avoid work in a cowardly manner: n. a skulker; a number of foxes to- gether. skull (skul), n. the bony case inclos- ing the brain of a vertebrate ani- mal. skunk (skungk), n. an American car- nivorous animal allied to the weasel, which emits a foetid secretion when pursued; a vile, contemptible fel- low: v.t. to defeat (an opponent) as at cards. sky (ski), n. [pi. skies (skiz)], the apparent vault of the heavens; re- gion of clouds surrounding the earth; climate or weather: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skied, p.pr. skying], to raise in the air; hang very high. sky-born (ski'born) , adj. heaven-born. [Poet.] sky-hoot (ski-hoot'), v.i. to rush as in a great ship, over the ocean. [Kip- ling.] skylark (ski'lark), n. a species of lark that mounts high in the air and sings as it soars. skylarking (ski'lark-ing), n. running about the rigging of a ship in sport ; frolicking. skyscraper (ski'skxa-per) , n. a lofty building; a triangular sail next above the royal. slab (slab), n. a flat piece of any- thing, especially marble or stone; a puddle; mire: adj. thick; glutinous. slabber (slab'er), n. saliva: v.i. to let saliva or liquid fall from the mouth. slab-sided (slab'sl-ded) , adj. flat-sided; tall and lanky. slack (slak), adj. relaxed or loose; ate, arm, a t, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. / SLACKEN 760 SLEAZY inattentive; easy or moderate; not busy; backward: n. that part of anything, as a rope, &c, that hangs loose. slacker (slak'er), n. one who shirks; used largely in England during the European war to designate those who avoid military duty. slag (slag), n. the dross of a metal; vitrified cinders. slaggy (slag'i), adj. pertaining to, or like, slag. slake (slak), v.t. to quench; extin- guish; mix with water: v.i. to be mixed with water. slam (slam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slammed, p.pr. slamming], to shut violently and with a loud noise ; m put down with force and ]oud noise: v.i. to strike violently or noisily: n. a vio- lent and noisy banging; an attack by ridicule. slander (slan'der), n. a false or ma- licious report; verbal defamation: v.t. to defame or calumniate. slanderous (slan'der-us) , adj. utter- ing slanders. slang (slang), n. a colloquial lan- guage or expression current at any particular period; jargon of some particular calling or class in so- ciety: v.t. to address with slang; abuse with vulgar language. slant (slant), n. an inclined plane; a sarcastic remark; a passing breeze: v.t. to give a sloping direction to: adj. inclined from a straight line. slanting (slant'ing), adj. oblique. slap (slap), n. a blow given with the open hand: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. slapped, p.pr. slapping], to strike with the open hand or with anything broad: adv. with a sudden, violent blow ; direct; quick. slapdash (slap'dash), adv. in a bold, careless, or random manner. slapjack (slap'jak), n. a kind of flat batter cake. siash (slash), n. a long cut; random cut ; slit in old costumes : vl. swampy or wet lands: v.t. to cut oy striking violently and at \ random ; cut into long slits; cut with a whip: v.i. to strike violently and at random. slashing (slashing), adj. sarcastic; se- vere. slat (slat), n. a thin, narrow strip of wood or metal used for fastening together larger pieces. slatch (slach), n. the slack of a rope; passing breeze. slate (slat), n. any rock that splits into thin plates; thin stone for roof- ing; tablet of stone for writing upon; list of candidates, prepared for nom- ination or election: v.t. to cover with slate ; register for a political appoint- ment; criticise fiercely. slatt (slat), n. a slab of stone used as a veneer. slattern (slat'ern), n. a careless, slov- enly woman. slatternly (slat'ern-li) , adj. slovenly; untidy: adv. awkwardly; untidily. slatting (slat'ing), n. the violent flap- ping of anything hanging loose in the wind; slats collectively. slaty (slat'i), adj. like slate. slaughter (slaw'ter), n. great de^ struction of life by violence; car** nage; killing of oxen, &c, for hu- man food: v.t. to slay or kill with violence ; kill (beasts) for the market. Slav (slav), n. one of the great divi- sions of the Aryan family or lan- guage: adj. Slavonic. slave (slav), n. a human being held in bondage; serf; drudge; one under the power or influence of another: v.i. to work like a slave; toil or drudge. slaver (slay'er), n. a vessel or trader engaged in the slave trade. slavery (slav'er-i), n. [pi. slaveries (slav'er-iz)], the state of entire sub- jugation to the will of another; condi- tion of a slave. slavey (slav'i) , n. a maidservant. Slavic (slav'ik), same as Slavonic. slavish (slavish), adj. pertaining to; befitting, or characteristic of, a slave. Slavonic (sla-von'ik) , adj. pertaining to the Slavs, their literature, or lan- guage. Also Slavonian, Slavic. slaw (slaw), n. sliced cabbage served as a salad. slay (sla), v.t. [p J. slew, p.p. slain, p.pr. slaying], to kill or put to death with a weapon; destroy suddenly or with violence. sleave (slev), n. the knotted or en- tangled part of silk or thread; floss. sleazy (sla/zi), adj. lacking firmness of texture; flimsy; worn thin. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, Jften. SLED 761 SLINK sled (sled), n. a carriage or vehicle mounted on runners for traveling over snow or ice. Also sledge: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sledded, p.pr. sledding], to convey or transport on a sled. sledding (sled'ing), n. the act of trans- porting on, or conveying by, a sled; snow fit for the running of sleds. sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy ham- mer ; another form of sled. sledge-hammer. Same as sledge. sleek (slek), adj. smooth; glossy. sleeky (slek'i), adj. of a sleek appear- ance; fawning. sleep (slep), n. slumber; rest; death: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slept, p.pr. sleeping], to take rest in sleep; be motionless or inactive; be dead; spin rapidly and smoothly. sleeper (slep'er), n. one who sleeps; a piece of timber supporting a railway track; a sleeping car. sleepily (slep'i-li), adv. in a sleepy manner. sleepiness (slep'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being sleepy. sleeping-sickness (slep'ing sik'nes), n. a disease, usually fatal, found es- pecially on the west coast of Africa, marked by persistent sleepiness, wasting of tissues and dropsical symptoms, caused by a trypanosome, a parasite, which enters the blood through the bite of the tse-tse fly. sleepless (slep'les), adj. without sleep; wide-awake. sleeplessness (slep'les-nes) , n. the state of being unable to sleep; in- somnia. sleepy (slep'i), adj. [comp. sleepier, su- perl. sleepiest], inclined to, or over- come by, sleep; drowsy; sluggish; lethargic. sleet (slet), n. rain mingled with snow or hail: v.i. to hail or snow with rain mingled. sleetiness (slet'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being sleety. sleety (slet'i) , adj. consisting of, or like, sleet. sleeve (slev), n. the part of a gar- ment that covers the arm: v.t. to furnish with sleeves. sleigh (sla) , another form of sled. sleight (slit), n. dexterity; cunning; artful trick. slender (slen'der), adj. small or nar- row in proportion to the length or height; feeble; slim; moderate. sleuth (slooth), n. the track of a man or b^ast as known by the scent; a detective. [Icelandic] sleuthhound (slooth'hound) , n. a bloodhound. slew (sloo), p.t. of slay. slice (slis), n. a thin broad piece of anything; a thin broad knife for taking up or serving fish; a spatula: v.t. to cut into thin broad pieces; cut into parts; divide. [Old French.] slick (slik), adv. immediately; com- pletely: n. metal ore, especially gold, crushed and prepared for working smooth; spacious in a cheap way. slide (slid), v.i. to pass smoothly over a surface without leaving it; glide; pass inadvertently or unobserved; slip: v.t. to thrust along; cause to slip: n. a smooth surface of ice for sliding upon; smooth declivity; pic- ture on glass for exhibition on a screen; fall of a mass of rock or snow down a mountain; a grace of two smqjl notes moving by de- grees. sliding-scale (slid'ing-skal) , n. a vari- able scale of wages or prices accord- ing to the state of trade. slight (slit), adj. feeble; inconsider- able; unimportant; not severe; tri- fling; slender: n. neglect; oversight: v.t. to disregard as of little value; neglect. slim (slim), adj. [comp. slimmer, su- perl. slimmest], of small diameter; weak; unsubstantial; slender. slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; any viscous substance. sliminess (slim'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being slimy. slimy (slim'i), adj. consisting of, cov- ered over with, or like, slime. sling (sling), n. an instrument for throwing stones; a throw; hanging bandage for an injured arm: v.t. [p.t. &p.p. slung, p.pr. slinging], to hurl with, or as with, a sling; hang so as to swing. slink (slingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slunk, p.pr. shnking], to creep away as if ashamed; sneak off; miscarry: said of beasts: v.t. to cast prematurely: said of beasts : adj. produced prema- turely; lean [Scotch]: n. the young ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SLINKY 762 SLUE of a beast prematurely born, espe- cially a calf; a sneak. slinky (slingk'i), adj. thin. slip, (slip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slipped, p.pr. slipping], to glide or slide; miss one's foothold; fall down; escape observa- tion; enter by oversight; move out of place; depart or escape: v.t. to con- vey secretly; cause to move quickly and smoothly; omit; part from a branch or stem: n. the act of slip- ping; an oversight or omission; in- aiscretion; strip; twig from a stock; scion; a kind of petticoat; outer cov- ering or case; liquid potter's clay; an incline for launching ships; a young sole; a fielder in cricket; a narrow pew or bench: pi. part of a theater at the sides of the stage. slipper (slip'er), n. one who, or that which, slips; a kind of loose shoe. slipperiness (slip'er-i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being slippery. slippery (slip'er-i), adj. non-adhesive; without firm hold or footing; unsta- ble; smooth; cunning. slipshod (slip'shod), adj. wearing shoes or slippers down at the heel; slovenly. slit (slit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slit orslitted, p.pr. slitting], to cut lengthwise or into long strips; split: n. a long cut; narrow opening. slither (slider), v.i. to slide. sliver (sliv'er or sliv'er), v.t. to cut into long thin, or very small pieces: n. a splinter. sloam (slom) , n. a layer of earth be- tween seams of coal. slob (slob), n. a person (usually a woman) who is fat, untidy, and stupid. slobber (slob'er), same as 3labber. sloe (slo), n. a small bitter plum. slogan (slo'gan), n. the war-cry or gathering-cry of a Highland clan. sloop (sloop), n. a one-masted vessel with a fore-and-aft rig. [Dutch.] slop (slop), n. water carelessly spilled; puddle; poor liquor or liquid food: pi. dirty water; ready-made clothing; seaman's outfit: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slopped, p.pr. slopping], to soil by letting liquid fall upon. slope (slop), n. an oblique direction; surface inclining gradually down- wards: v.t. to form with a slope; in- cline or slant; direct obliquely: v.i. to takean oblique direction; run off. slosh (slosh), v.t. to throw about any liquid in a careless way: v.i. to splash. slot (slot), n. a broad, flat wooden bar; bolt; narrow aperture; mortise; deer's track; trap-door of a stage; valley: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slotted, p.pr. slotting], to groove; trace by a slot. sloth (sloth), n. idleness; habitual in- dolence; a South American arboreal quadruped which walks slowly on the ground. slothful (sloth 'fool), adj. lazy; inac- tive. slothfully (sloth'foo-li), adv. lazily; indolently. slouch (slouch), n. a hanging down, as of the head or other parts of the body; ungainly, clownish gait; awk- ward, dull fellow: v.t. to cause to hang down; depress at the side: v.i. to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward manner. slough (slou), n. a deep muddy place; bog. slough (sluf), n. the cast-off skin of a serpent; the part that separates from a foul sore: v.i. to separate in dead matter from the sound flesh; come off, as the matter formed over a sore. slough (sloo), n. drainage-stream and marsh in a prairie. Slovak (slo'vak), n. one who belongs to the Slavic people; a dialect of the Slavs. sloven (sluv'en), n. one who is ha- bitually untidy in his dress and neg- ligent of cleanliness; one who is negligent of order and neatness. slovenliness (sluv'en-li-nes) , n. the state or quality of being slovenly. slow (slo) , adj. not quick or rapid in motion; dilatory; not prompt or quick; behind in time; not progres- sive; dull. slowworm (slo'werm), n. a small snake-like reptile; the blind-worm. sioyd, sloid (sloid), n. a system of manual training. [Swedish.] sludge (sluj), n. slush; mire. sludgy (sluj'i), adj. slushy; miry. slue (sloo), v.t. to turn about a fixed point, as a spar, &c; twist round: v.i. to turn about (with round). ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SLUG 763 SMELL slug (slug), n. a shelless mollusk, al- lied to the land-snail; a sluggard; a kind of oval bullet: pi. half -roasted ore. sluggard (slug'erd), n. one who is habitually lazy and idle. slugger (slug'er), n. a pugilist who fights without a knowledge or ap- plication of the rules and technical- ties of scientific boxers, but relies solely on his strength and endur- ance. sluggish (slug'ish), adj. habitually lazy and idle; dull; slothful; inac- tive; slow. sluice (sloos), n. a gate for excluding or regulating the flow of water in a canal, &c; stream of. water issuing through a flood-gate: v.t. to wash with water from, or as from, a sluice; wet copiously. [French.] slum (slum), n. a low, dirty street or district of a city or town, inhabited by the very poor or criminal classes: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slummed, p.pr. slum- ming], to visit slums as a fashionable amusement. slumber (slumjber), v.i. to sleep light- ly; doze; be in a state of inactivity or negligence. slump (slump), n. gross amount or mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as of shares, &c: v.t. to lump or throw into a single lot : v.i. fall or sink sud- denly. slung, p.t. of sling. slunk, p.t. of slink. slur (sler), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slurred, p.pr. slurring], to sully; soil; con- taminate; pass over superficially; disparage; pronounce indistinctly; sing or perform in a fight, gliding manner [Music]: n. a stain; slight reproach or disgrace; stigma; a mark ( ^ — s ) connecting notes that are to be sung or played legato. slush (slush), n. haK-melted snow; a greasy lubricating mixture. slut (slut), n. a dirty, untidy woman. sluttish (slut'ish), adj. untidy and dirty. sly (sfi), adj. [comp. slyer, superl. sly- est], artfully cunning; underhand and crafty; meanly insidious. slyly (sll'fi) , adv. in a sly manner. slyness (slrnes), n. the state of being sly. smack (smak), n. a quick, smart blow; loud kiss; quick, sharp noise with the lips; flavor; taste; a one- masted coasting or fishing vessel: v.t. to kiss with a quick sharp noise; strike with a quick, smart blow: v.i. make a noise with the lips after tasting something. [Dutch.] small (smawl), adj. m [comp. smaller, superl. smallest], "little in quantity or degree; inconsiderable; of little worth or ability; not large or ex- tended in dimensions; narrow-mind- ed; mean: n. the slender part of any- thing. small pica (pi'ka), n. a size of print- ing-type (see type). smallpox (smawl'poks), n. a conta- gious, feverish disease, character- ized by eruptions upon the skin. smalt (smawlt), n. a deep blue pig- ment. smart (smart), adj. causing a quick, sharp pain; poignant; sharp; clev- er; accomplished; brilliant; witty; vivacious; pretentious; showy; brisk; obtained by sharp practices: n. a quick, pungent, lively pain; poi- gnant grief: v.i. to feel a lively, pun- gent pain; endure punishment. smarten (smart'n), v.t. to make smart or spruce. smart-money (smart 'mun-i), n. mon- ey paid by a person to free him from some unpleasant difficulty, espe- cially a recruit from his enlistment; money allowed to wounded soldiers and sailors. smash (smash), v.t. to break in pieces by violence; crush: v.i. to become bankrupt: n. a breaking to pieces; bankruptcy. smasher (smash'er), n. one who, or that which, smashes. smatter (smat'er), v.i. to talk super- ficially or ignorantly; have a super- ficial knowledge of anything. smattering (smat'er-ing), n. super- ficial knowledge. smear (smer), v.t. to overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or adhe- sive; daub; pollute: n. a blot or stain. smectite (smek'tit), n. fuller's earth. smell (smel), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. smelled or smelt, p.pr. smelling], to perceive by the nose; obtain the scent of: v.i. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SMELLING 764 SMUT to affect the nose or olfactory nerves; exercise the sense of smell: n. that quality of bodies which affects the sense of smell ; odor. smelling (smel'ing), n. the sense of smell. smelt (smelt), n. a small salmonoid fish: v.t. to fuse, as an ore, to sepa- rate the metal. smerky (smerk'i), adj. jaunty; spruce. smerlin (smer'lin), n. a kind of bach. smew (smu), n. a migratory diving bird of the duck family; the white nun. smilax (smi'laks), n. a climbing plant of the lily family from South Africa. smile (smll), v.i. to express pleasure, moderate joy, love, or kindness by the countenance; look gay, cheerful, or happy; express slight contempt by a smile; favor: v.t. to express by a smile: n. the act of smiling; a look of pleasure, kindness, happiness, or slight contempt: a drink of liquor. smirch (smerch), v.t. to smear; dirty. smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile affectedly or conceitedly: n. an affected smile: adj. spruce. smite (smit), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p. smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, as with the hand or a weapon; kill; overthrow in battle; blast; chasten; affect with any passion: v.i. to strike. smith (smith), n. one who forges metal with a hammer; worker in metals. smithereen (smi^-er-en') , n. a small bit caused by a general breakage. Colloq.] smithing (smith 'ing), n. the art or process of working or forging metals into shape : smithy (smith'i), n. a smith's work- shop. smock (smok), n. a chemise; smock- frock. smock-frock (smok'frok), n. an agri- cultural laborer's loose outer shirt. smokable (smok'a-bl), adj. capable of being smoked. smoke (smok), n. the vapor or sub- stance that escapes when a sub- stance is burned; vapor; exhala- tion; act of smoking; pipe or cigar; foolish talk: v.t. to apply smoke to; hang up in smoke; dry, scent, or medicate by smoke; inhale and puff out the smoke of; expel by smoke; detect or ferret out: v.i. to emit smoke; burn tobacco in a pipe, &c; inhale and puff out smoke. smokeless (smok-les), adj. without smoke. Applied to an explosive which emits no smoke, as smokeless powder. smoke-stack (smok'stak), n. an up- right pipe or funnel on an engine or ship. smokily (smok'i-li), adj. in a smoky manner. smokiness (smok'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being smoky. smoking (smok'ing), p.adj. emitting smoke; used for smoking in. smolder (smol'der), v.i. to burn slowly or smoke without vent; exist in a stifled condition. smolt (smolt), n. a young salmon that has acquired its silver scales. smooth (smoof/i), adj. not rough; . even surfaced; f rictionless ; gently flowing; glossy; bland; soothing; flattering: v.t. to make smooth; ren- der easy; calm; regulate: v.i. to be- come smooth: n. the act of making smooth; smooth part of anything; a meadow. umote (smot), p.t. of smite. smother (smu^'er), v.t. to destroy the life of by suffocation; stifle; suppress or conceal: v.i. to be suffoj cated: n. stifling smoke or thick dust. smoulder, same as smolder. smudge (smuj), n. a smear or stain; suffocating smoke; a smoldering fire of damp combustibles emitting dense smoke for the purpose of keeping off mosquitoes: v.t. to smear or stain; blacken or stifle with smoke. smudginess (smuj'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being smudged. smug (smug), adj. affectedly precise or prim; spruce. smuggle (smug'l), v.t. to import or export secretly without paying cus- tom-house duties; convey or intro- duce clandestinely: v.i. to practice smuggling. smut (smut), n. a spot or stain made by soot or similar dirty matter; bad, soft coal; a fungoid disease affect- ing cereal grain; obscenity: v.t. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SMUTTILY 765 SNIVEL [p.t. & p.p. smutted, p.pr. smutting], to soil or blacken with, or as with, smut: v.i. to become converted into smut; give off smut. smuttily (smut'i-li), adj. in a smutty- manner. smuttiness (smut'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being smutty. smutty (smut'i), adj. soiled or stained with smut; affected with smut; ob- scene. snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty repast. snacot (snak'et) , n. a pipefish. snaffle (snaf'l), n. a_ bridle consisting of a joint in the middle and rings at the ends: v.t. to put a snaffle in the mouth of. snag (snag), n. a short rough branch; knot; trunk of a tree fixed in the bed of a river: v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. snagged, p.pr. snagging], to injure or destroy by contact with a snag. snagged (snag'd), adj. full of, or cover- ed with, snags. Also snaggy. snail (snal), n. a slimy, slow-creepmg gasteropod of the genus Helix: hence any slow-moving person; drone. snake (snak), n. a serpent: v.t. to wind round spirally; to draw out. snakish (snak'ish), adj. t snake-like. snaky (snak'i), adj. pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, a snake; deceitful; sly; cunning; in- sinuating. snap (snap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snapped, p.pr. snapping], to break short or instantaneously; produce a sharp, sudden sound; utter sharp, angry words; miss fire: v.t. to break at once ; crack ; bite suddenly and un- expectedly: n. the act of snapping: noise made by snapping; spring catch; sudden and sharp spell, as of weather; that which can be easily snapped up; a soft snap (college slang): pi. & kind of crisp cak?! adj. brisk:; offhand; made or done without due notice ; unfair. snapdragon (snap'drag-un), n. _ a plant with a corolla that shuts with a snap when opened; a social game in which raisins are snatched from a bowl of burning brandy. Snappish (snap/ish), adj. apt to snap or eager to bite; sharp in retorting; peevish; caustic; easily irritated. snapshot (snapshot), n. a quick shot with gun or rifle; instantane- ous photography. snare (snar), n. a running noose to catch an animal; an entangling de- vice ; the gut stretched across a drum- head: v.t. to catch or entangle with. snarl (snarl), v.i. to growl like an angry # dog; speak surlily: v.t. to complicate or entangle, as thread or hair: n. the act of snarling; growl; angry contention or quarrel; a com- plicated entanglement of hair, &c. snatch (snach), v.t. to take or seize abruptly and suddenly or without permission; seize and carry away: v.i. to attempt to seize anything suddenly (with at) : n. a hasty catch or seizing. sneak (snek), v.i. to creep or steal away privately or meanly; slink; act with servility and meanness; steal: n. a mean, servile fellow; petty thief. sneer (sner), v.i. to show contempt by some facial expression; insinu- ate contempt by a covert expres- sion; scoff: n. an indirect expres- sion of contempt or scorn. [Dutch.] sneeze (snez), v.i. to emit a sudden and violent rush of air through the mouth and nostrils, audibly and con- vulsively: n. the act of sneezing. snicker (snik'er), n. a half -suppressed laugh; a giggle: v.i. to laugh slyly; giggle. sniff (snif), v.i. to draw in the breath through the nose, often as an ex- pression of contempt: v.t. to smell or scent: n. the act of sniffing. snigger (snig'er), same as snicker. sniggle (snig'l), v.i. to fish for eels by thrusting the baited hook into their holes. snip (snip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. snipped, p.pr. snipping], to cut or clip off at once, as with scissors: n. a single cut with scissors; small piece. snipe (snip), n. a long-billed fen fowl; curbstone broker. sniper (snip'er), n. one who shoots from an individual ambush, or irregularly, at an enemy, as a sharpshooter, either soldier or civilian. snivel (smVel), v.i. to run at the nose; cry, as a child: n. mucus run- ning from the nose; cant. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SNIVELER 766 soc sniveler (sniv'el-er) , n. one who snivels. snob (snob), n. sl vulgar person who apes gentility; vulgar upstart; jour- neyman shoemaker; knobstick. snobbish (snob'ish), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like, a snob. snobbishness (snob'ish-nes), n. vul- gar or ostentatious show. Also snobbery ,_snobbism. \ snood (snood), n. a ribbon for bind- ing up the hair of a maiden [Scotch] ; hair-line to connect a fishing-line with the hook. snooze (snooz), v.i. to nap: n. a nap. snore (snor), v.i. to breathe through the nostrils with roughness or hoarseness in sleep: n. a noisy breathing in sleep. snout (snout), n. the projecting nose of a beast; nose of a man (in con- tempt). snow (sno), n. frozen particles of vapor in the atmosphere in the form of white feathery flakes: v.i. to fall in snow. [Dutch.] snowbird (sno'berd), n. an Arctic bird, the snow-bunting. snowdrop (sno'drop), n. a bulbous plant with pretty white flowers. snowfall (sno'fawl), n. the quantity of snow which falls during a given time. snow-line (sno'lm), n. the lowest limit of perpetual snow. snowy (sno'i), adj. white like snow; covered with, or abounding in, snow; pure. snub (snub), v .t. [p.t. & p.p. snubbed, p.pr. snubbing], to check or repri- mand with sarcasm or asperity; treat with designed contempt: n. an intended slight; reprimand. snub-nosed (snub'nozd), adj. having a short, flat nose. snuff (snuf), v.t. to draw in through the nose; smell or scent; take the snuff off, as a candle: v.i. to snort or sniff; take snuff into the nostrils: n. powdered tobacco inhaled through the nose; charred part of the wick of a candle. snuffle (snuf'l), v.i to speak or breathe hard through the nose when ob- structed: n. a speaking through the nose when obstructed ; affected nasal twang; cant: pi. obstruction of the nostrils by mucus. snuffy (snuf'i), adj. soiled with snuff. snug (snug), adj. [comp. snugger, su- perl, snuggest], concealed; lying close and warm; compact and con- venient: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snugged, p.pr. snugging], to lie close and warm (with up or together) . snuggery (snug'er-i), n. [pi. snugger- ies (snug'er-iz) ], a warm, cosy place. snuggle (snug'l), v.i. to lie close for warmth and comfort. so (so), adv. in a like manner or de- gree; in high. degree; as has been stated; for this reason; therefore; more or less : conj. on condition that; if; therefore: inter j. stop! soak(sok), v.t. to cause to suck in moisture; steep in a fluid; wet thor- oughly: v.i. to become saturated or steeped in fluid; drink excessively. soaker (sok'er), n. an habitual drunk- ard. soap (sop), n. a compound of oils or fats and an alkali used for washing and cleansing: v.t. to rub over, or wash, with soap ; wheedle. soapiness ( op/i-nes), n. the state or quality of being soapy. soapstone (sop'ston), n. a variety of steatite. soapy (sop'i), adj. covered with, or like, soap; soft and smooth. soar (sor), v.i. to fly aloft, as a bird; mount upwards with wings; rise in thought or imagination: n. sl lofty flight. sob (sob), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sobbed, p.pr. sobbing], to sigh in a convulsive man- ner with tears: v.t. to utter with a sob: n. a convulsive sigh; lamenta- tion. sobbing (sob'ing), n. the act of sighing with a short convulsive heaving of the breast. sober (so'ber)^ adj.^ habitually tem- perate, especially in the use of in- toxicating liquors; self-possessed; calm; steady; sedate: v.t. to make sober: v.i. to become sober. [Latin.] sobriety (so-bri'e-ti) , n. habitual tem- perance; calmness^ seriousness. sobriquet (so-bre-ka') , n. a nickname. [French.] soc (sok), n. certain privileges of ten- ants under the feudal system; the feudal lord's power of holding a court in a district. Also soke. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; htle, hut ; think, then. SOCIABILITY 767 SOL sociability (so-sha-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being sociable; disposition to associate and • con- verse with others. Also sociable- ness. [Latin.] sociable (so'sha-bl), adj. disposed to associate and converse with others; social; companionable; affable : n. a kind of yehicle; tricycle or bicycle for two riders; a social gathering % sociably (so'sha-bli), adv. in a socia- ble manner. Socially. social (so'shal), adj. pertaining to men as living in society; inclined to friendly intercourse, and conversa- tion; convivial; growing in groups or masses; living in communities. socialism (so'shal-izm), n. an eco- nomic theory or system of the re- construction of society on the basis of cooperation of labor and commu- nity of property. socialist (so'shal-ist), n. an advocate of socialism. socialistic (so-shal-is'tik) ; adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, so- cialism. Also socialist. sociality (so-shi-ari-ti) , n. the state or quality of being social. Also so- cialne s. socialize (so'shal-iz), v.t. to render so- cial; regulate according to social- istic principles. _ society (so-sl'e-ti) , n. [pi. societies (sq-si'e-tiz)], a number of persons united for a common interest; peo- ple collectively who live in any re- gion at any given period ; fraternity ; company; the more cultivated por- tion of any community in its social relations, &c. sociological (so-shi-o-loj'ik-al)^ adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, sociology. sociologist (so-shi-ol'o-jist), n. a stu- dent of sociology. sociology (so-shi-ol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence of the constitution, evolution, and phenomena of human society; social science. sock (sok), n. a light shoe worn by the classic actors of comedy; a short stocking; warm inner sole. sockdolager (sok-dol'a-jer), n. a blow on the jaw; a conclusive argument; whopper. socket (sok'et) , n. a hollow into which something is fitted; hollow of a can- dlestick. socle (so'kl), n. a plain plinth form- ing a low pedestal ; base of a statue, &c, Socratie (so-krat'ik), adj. pertaining to Socrates, especially to his method of teaching by question and answer. sod (sod), n. turf; sward: v.t. to cover with sod; turf. m . soda (so'da), n. impure carbonate of soda; sodium oxide. soda-water (so'da-waw-ter), n. aerated water containing bicarbonate of soda and flavored with fruit syrups, or containing ice-cream. See sondhi. sodden (sod'n), adj. boiled; satu- rated: v.i. to be soaked or seethed: v.t. to saturate. sodic (so'dik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, sodium. sodium (so'di-um), n. a metallic ele- ment sofa (so 'fa), n. a, long seat with stuffed bottom, back, and arms. soffit (sof'it), n. a small paneled ceil- ing; under part of a cornice pre- senting a flat surface. [French.] soft (soft), adj. easily yielding to pres- sure; malleable; smooth to the touch; not glaring; impressionable; effeminate; quiet; easy; couiteous; mild; kind; somewhat weak in in- tellect: n. a foolish person: adv. softly; quietly: inter j. gently! stop! soften (sof'n), v.t. to make soft or softer; tone down; palliate; as- suage; render less rude or offensive; make effeminate; melt: v.i. to be- come soft or softened. soggy (sog'i), adj. soaked; wet. soi-disant (swa-de-zang') , adj. self- styled; calling himself; would-be; pretended. [French.] soil (soil), n. the top stratum of the earth's surface; land; dirt; manure; stain: v.t. to make dirty; stain or mar: v.i. to become soiled. soiree (swa-ra'), n. an evening party for conversation and social inter- course; public evening entertain- ment with refreshments. [French.] sojourn (so'jern or so-jern'), v.i. to dwell for a time: n. a temporary residence. Sol (sol), n. the sun. sol (sol), n. the fifth note of the dia- tonic scale. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SOLACE 768 SOLITAIRE solace (sol'as), n. comfort in sorrow; consolation: v.t. to comfort in sor- row. solano (so-la'no), n. a hot oppressive wind in the Mediterranean. [Span- ish.] solar (so'lar), adj. pertaining to, meas- ured by, or proceeding from, the sun. solarize (so'lar-Iz), v.t. to expose too long in the earner a^ [Latin.] solar-year (so'lar-yer) , n. the period during which the earth makes one complete revolution round the sun, 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 52 seconds. sold (sold), p.t. & p.p. of sell. solder (sod'er), n. a metallic alloy for uniting metals: v.t. to unite by a fusible metallic cement ; join. soldier (solder), n. a person engaged in military service; a private as dis- tinguished from an officer; man of military skill: v.i. to serve or act as a soldier; make a pretense of work. sole (sol), n. the underside of the foot; bottom of a boot or shoe, &c; bottom of anything; a flat fish of the genus Solea: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, a sole: adj. alone; being or acting by one's self; unmarried. solecism (sol'e-sizm), n. a breach of the rules of syntax, or idiom of a language; impropriety; absurdity. solely (sol'li), adv. alone; singly. solemn (sol'em), adj. characterized by religious rites or ceremonies; in- spiring awe; serious; devout; for- mal; attended with a serious appeal to God. [French.] _ solemnity (sol-em'ni-ti) , n. [pi. sol- emnities (sol-em 'ni-tiz) ], a religious rite or ceremony ; ceremony adapted to inspire awe; gravity; impressive- ness; affected or mock seriousness. solemnization (sol-em-ni-za/shun), n. the act of solemnizing. solemnize (sol'em-niz), v.t. to per- form with ceremonies; celebrate. solenoid _ (so'len-oid) , n. an electro- magnetic helix. sol-fa (sol-fa/), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sol- faed, p.pr. sol-faing], to sing or vo- calize the diatonic scale to the sylla- bles do, re, mi, fa, &c. solfatara (sol-fa-ta'ra), n. a volcanic vent, which emits sulphurous and other vapors. [Italian.] solfeggio (sol-fad'jo), n. the system of arranging the musical scale with the syllables do, re, &c, instead of the letters, A, B, &c. Also solfeggiare. solferino (sol-fer-e'no), n. a bright, deep pink aniline colc^. solicit (so-lis'it), v.t. to ask for with earnestness; entreat; invite or sum- mon; endeavor to obtain: v.i. to can- vass. [Latin.] solicitation (so-lis-i-ta'shun), n. the act of soliciting; importunity; the offense of inciting to a felony; of- fense of accosting by a prostitute. solicitor (so-lis'it-er), n. one who so- licits; a person legally qualified to act for another in a court of law; an attorney; a canvasser. solicitorship (so-lis'it-er-ship), n. the office or rank of a solicitor. solicitous (so-lis'i-tus), adj. eager; anxious; apprehensive; concerned. solicitude (so-lis'i-tud), n. the state of being solicitous; concern; anxiety; carefulness. solid (sol'id), adj. having the parti- cles so close or firmly adhering as to resist impression; compact; cubic; not hollow; dense; heavy; weighty; just; unanimous: n. a body having its constituent particles firmly ad- hering together. [Latin.] solidarity (sol-i-dar'i-ti), n. com- munity of interests and respon- sibilities. solidification (sol-id-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of solidifying, the state of being solidified. solidify (sol-id'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. solidified, p.pr. solidifying], to make solid: v.i. to harden. solidity (sol-id'i-ti) , n. density; com- pactness; stability; truth; moral firmness. soliloquize (so-lil'o-kwiz), v.i. to ut- ter a soliloquy. ' [Latin.] soliloquy (so-lil'o-kwi), n. [pi. solilo- quies (so-lil'o-kwiz)], a talking or discourse to one's self; a written composition of the nature of a mono- logue. solipsism (so'lip-sizm), n. the most overpowering Egoism; the highest Eoint that Egoism can attain; the elief by any one that he is himself the entire universe. solitaire (sol-i-tar) : n. a game played ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boor, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SOLITARILY 769 SONATINA by one person ; a stud ; precious stone in single setting; hermit. solitarily (sol'i-ta-ri-li), adv. in a soli- tary manner. [Latin.] solitariness , (sol'i-ta-ri-nes), ft. the state of being solitary. solitary (sori-ta-ri) , adj. living by one's self; lonely; single; done, passed, or suffered alone; remote; unoccupied; gloomy. solitude (soFi-tud), n. the state of be- ing by one's self; loneliness; seclu- sion; desert. solo (so'lo), n. [pl : solos (so'loz)], an air, or musical piece performed oy a single instrument or by one vocalist. solograph (sol'6-graf), ft. a sun-print. soloist (so'lo-ist), ft. one who per- forms or sings a solo. solstice (sol'stis), ft. that point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north in summer, south in winter. solstitial (sol-stish'al) , adj. pertaining to, or happening at, a solstice. solubility (sol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the state, quality, or degree of being soluble or dissolvable. [Latin.] soluble (soru-bl), adj. capable of being dissolved in a fluid; capable of solu- tion. solution (so-lu'shun) , ft. the act of dissolving by means of a fluid; de- liverance; explanation. solvability (sol-va-biri-ti) , n. the state or quality of being solvable; solvency. solvable (sol'va-bl) , adj. capable of be- ing solved. solve (solv), v.t. to -explain; clear up; remove. solvency (sol'ven-si), ft. the state or quality of being solvent. solvent (sol'vent), ft. any liquid that dissolves another substance: adj. able to discharge just claims or debts; having the power of dis- solving. somatology (so-ma-tol'6-ji), ji. the science of the general principles of matter, and its properties. [Greek.] somber (som'ber), adj. dull; melan- choly; dark; gloomy. sombrero (som-bra/ro), ft. a kind of broad-brimmed hat. [Spanish.] sombrous (som'brus), adj. gloomy; dull. some (sum), a suffix meaning like, same, as winsome, gladsome, &c: adj. more or less; expressing an in- determinate number, person, or quantity; one or the other; about. somebody (sum'bod-i), n. some per- son; a person of importance. somehow (sum'how), adv. in one way or another; by some means. somersault (sum'er-sawlt), ft. a leap in which a person turns with his heels over his head. something (sum'thing), ft. a thing un- known, or not specified; part or por- tion; indefinite quantity or degree: adv. in some degree. sometime (sum'tim), adv. at a time in- definitely; formerly; once. somewhat (sum'hwot), ft. more or less: adv. in some degree or extent. somewhere (sum'hwar), adv. in one place or another. somewhile (sum'hwll), adv. once; for a while. somewhither (sum'hwi£/i-er) , adv. to some indeterminate place. somnal (som'nal), n. a white crys- talline powder in the final form, a coal-tar product, and used as a hypnotic. [Latin.] somnambulism (som-nam'bu-lizm) , ft. the act or practice of walking in sleep. somnambulist (som-nam'bu-list) , n. a sleep-walker. somniferous (som-nif 'er-us) , adj. caus- ing sleep. somnipathy (som-nip'a-thi) , ft. sleep caused by some external influence, as mesmerism. somnolence (som'no-lens), ft. sleepi- ness; drowsiness. Also somnolency. somnolent (som'no-lent) , adj. inclined to sleep. son (sun), n. a male child, or de- scendant; male issue of a parent, father or mother; pupil; native or inhabitant of a particular country. Son, ft. Jesus Christ; the Savior, (com- monly with the). sonant (so'nant), adj. sounding; vo- cal. sonata (so-na/ta), n. a musical com- position for one instrument, espe- cially the pianoforte. [Italian.] sonatina (so-na-te'na), ft. a short, sim- ple sonata. ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 49 hue, hut ; think, then. SONDHI 770 SORE sondhi (son'di), n. ice-cream into which a syrup is poured, together with nuts, or such fruits as cherries, strawberries, peaches, &c. See also college ice. Also sundae and sun- day. song (song), n. & lyrical poem or bal- lad; any poetical strain; ooetry; poem; notes of birds; mere trifle. songster (song'ster), n. one skilled in singing; a singing bird. Fern, song- stress. soniferous (so-nif'er-us), adj. pro- ducing, or conveying, sound. son-in-law (sun'in-law), n. [pi. sons-in-law (sunz 'in-law)], the hus- band of one's daughter. sonnet (son'et) , n. a short lyric poem of fourteen lines, each of five accents, with varying rhymes. sonneteer (son : et-eV), n. a composer of sonnets; minor poet: v.i. to com- pose sonnets. sonometer (so-nom'e-ter) , n. an ap- paratus for showing the relation be- tween musical notes, or testing the capacity of the auditory nerves. sonorific (so-no-rif 'ik) , adj. produc- ing sound. [Latin.] sonorous (so-no'rus), adj. giving a clear sound when struct; resonant; loud-sounding ; vocal ; deep-toned. sonship (sun'ship), n. the state or position of being a son. soon (soon), adv. in a short time; quickly; easily; early; without de- lay. soot (soot), n. finely divided carbon. sooth (sooth), n. truth. soothe (sooth), v.t. to please or calm with soft words or blandishments; comfort; allay; pacify; assuage. soothsay (sooth'sa), v.i. to predict or foretell. soothsayer (sooth 'sa-er) , n. one who foretells or prognosticates. soothsaying (sooth'sa-ing) , n. the art or practice of foretelling or making predictions. sootiness (soot'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sooty. sooty (soot'i), adj. [comp. sootier, su- perl, sootiest], pertaining to, pro- ducing, or like, spot; dusky, black. sop (sop), n. anything steeped, dipped, or softened in a liquid, especially in broth; something given to pacify: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sopped, p.pr. sop- ping], to steep or dip in a liquid. sophism (sof'izm), n. a specious but fallacious argument; fallacy. sophist (sof'isi), n. one of a body of men in ancient Greece (fifth century B. C.) who taught philosophy, elo- quence, and politics; a fallacious or captious reasoner. m [Greek.] sophistical (so-fis'ti-kal), adj. per- taining to, or m characteristic of, a sophist; fallaciously subtle; quib- bling. Also sophistic. sophisticate (so-fis'ti-kat) , v.t. to render worthless by adulteration; pervert; vitiate. sophistry (sof 'js-tri) , n. [pi. sophis- tries (sof'is-triz)], specious but falla- cious reasoning; unsound argument. sophomore (sof'o^mor), n. a student in his second academic year at col- lege. [Americanism.] sopor (so'por), n. deep sleep from which a patient is aroused with dif- ficulty. [Latin.] soporific (so-po-rif'ik), adj. causing, or tending to induce, sleep: n. an opiate or anodyne. soppy (sop'i), adj. soaked or satu- rated with a liquid; very wet. soprano (so-pra'no), n. [pi. sopranos, soprani (so-pra'noz, so-pra'ne) ], the highest kind of female voice; a singer with such a voice. sorh (sorb), n. the European moun- tain-ash, yielding a fruit called rowans. sorbefacient (sor-be-fa'shi-ent), adj. producing absorption. [Latin.] sorcerer (sor'ser-er), n. a magician, wizard, or enchanter. Fern, sor- ceress. [Old French.] sorcery (sor'ser-i), n. [pi. sorceries (sor'ser-iz)], divination by the aid of evil spirits; witchcraft; magic; en- chantment. sordid (sor'did), adj. mean; vile; base; . niggardly; meanly avaricious. sore (sor), adj. tender or painful to the touch; inflamed; painful; sensi- tive; susceptible of irritation; heavy; grievous; severe; distressing: adv. grievously; severely; deeply: n. a painful or diseased part in an animal body; ulcer; wound; sorrow; trou- ble; a hawk of the first year; a buck of the fourth year. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SORE-HEAD 771 SOURISH sore-head (sor'hed), ft. a discontented person. sorely (sor'li), adv. in a sore manner. soreness (sor'nes), n. the state or quality of being sore; tenderness. # sorghum (sor'gum), n. a cane : like grass resembling broom corn, yield- ing sugar; molasses prepared from the juice of sorghum. [Spanish.] sorority (so-ror'i-ti) , n. a word that corresponds antithetically to fra- ternity; a club or association for women only. _ [Latin.] sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. a well-known club founded by Mrs. J. C. Croly in New York, March, 1868, and incor- porated in 1869. The first woman's club ever established. sorrel (sor'el), n. a dock-like plant of the genus Rumex; a reddish-brown color. Sorrento work (sor-en'to werk), # ft. carved ornamental fretwork in olive- wood with inlaid decorations. sorrily (sor'i-li), adv. in a sorry manner. sorriness (sor'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sorry. sorrow (sor'o), n. mental pain or un- easiness caused by loss, disappoint- ment, &c; grief; distress; unhappi- less; regret; affliction: v.i. to feel mental pain or uneasiness; grieve; lament; be sad. sorrowful (sor'o-fool), adj. full of, or showing, sorrow; sad. sorrowfully (sor'o-foo-li) , adv. in a sorrowful manner. sorry (sor'i), adj. [comp. sorrier, superl. sorriest], feeling regret for the loss of some good; v.xed; pained; mean; worthless. sort (sort), n. a kind or species; class, rank, or order; manner; degree: v.t. to separate and place in different divisions or classes; select: v.i. to consort or associate. sortie (sor'te), n. the issuing of a body of troops from a besieged place to attaek_the besiegers. [French.] so-so (so'so), adv. in a mediocre man- ner; neither good nor bad. sot (sot), n. a habitual drunkard. sottish (sot'ish), adj. like a sot; stu- pid; infatuated_. sotto voce (so'to vo'cha), adv. in an undertone; with a moderate or re- strained tone of voice. [Italian.] soubrette (soo-bret'), n. a female ser- vant or attendant; in comedies, a lady's maid who acts the part of an intriguing girl. [French.] souchet (soo-sha') , n. fish served up in the water in which.it has been boiled. sough (sou, or suf), ft. a hollow mur- mur or whist ling, as of the wind: v.i. to murmur or whistle. sought (sawt), p.t.k p.p. of seek. soul (sol), n. the spiritual, rational, and immortal part in man; reason or in- tellect; conscience; fife; essence; moving or inspiring power; courage; human being. soulful (sol'fool), adj. full of soul or feeling. soulless (sol'les), adj. without a soul; senseless, spiritless"; dull; mean. sound (sound), adj. whole; entire; unbroken; healthy; not decayed; founded oh truth or right; ortho- dox; solvent; firm; safe; strong; legal; valid; laid on with force: n. the impression made on the ear by the vibrations of the air; noise; re- port; noise without signification; a strait or narrow passage of water; swimming bladder of a fish; the cuttlefish: v.t. to measure or ascer- tain the depth of: cause to make a noise; utter audibly; play udoh; ex- amine or try; probe: v.i. to make a noise or sound; play upon an in- strument; be spread or published. sounding (sound 'ing), n. the ascer- taining of the depth of water: adj. causing sound; resonan f . sounding-board (sound'ing-bord), n. a thin board in musical instruments for increasing the sound. soundless (sound'les), adj. silent. soup (soop), ft. a kind of broth, and having a great number of varieties. sour (sour), adj. having an acid, sharp, or astringent taste: changed so as to become rancid; disagreeable; cross; morose: v.t. to cause to become sour: v.i. become morose, peevish, or dis- contented; to turn from sweet to sour. source (sors), n. that from which any- thing arises or originates: spring or fountain; first cause: original. sour-erout, same as sauerkraut. sourish (sour'ish), adj. somewhat sour. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not : boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SOUSE 772 SPANNER souse (sous), n. pickle made with salt; anything steeped or preserved in pickle; a plunging in water: v.t. to steep in pickle; plunge into water; 6trike with sudden violence: v.i. to make a sudden attack: adv. with sud- den violence. soutache (sqo-tash'),. n. sl kind of braid used in trimming. soutane (soo-tan'), n. a priest's cas- sock. south (south), n. that one of the four cardinal points of the compass directly opposite the north: adv. to- ward the south: v.i. to turn or move toward the south ; come to the merid- ian: adj. pertaining to the south. South, n. the southern portion of the United States (with the). southern (su^/i'ern), adj. pertaining to, situated in, or proceeding from or toward the South. Southerner (su^'ern-er), n. a native of the South. Southron (su^'run) ? n. an English- man. [Scotch.] souvenir (soo-ve-ner') , n. a memento or keepsake. [French.] sovereign (sov'- or suv'rin), adj. royal; supreme in power ; possessing su- preme dominion; effectual: n. a king, emperor, or queen; a British gold coin = 20s. [French.] sovereignty (sov' or suv'rin-ti), n. supreme power or dominion. sow (sou), n. a female pig; oblong pieceof metal. sow (so), v.t. [p.L sowed, p.p. sown, p.pr. sowing], to scatter, as seed upon the earth; propagate; dissemi- nate; scatter on or over: v.i. to scat- ter seed for growth. soy (soi), n. a kind of fish sauce. spa (spa), n. a spring of mineral water; a watering-place, many of which are called spas; but the oldest in Europe is the fashionable Belgian resort, Spa, which first bore the name more than a thousand years ago. space (spas), n. extension; room; in- terval between lines; quantity of time; short interval: v.t. in print- ing, to make intervals between (lines or words) by separating them with thin pieces of type-metal. [Latin.] spacial (spa'shal), adj. pertaining to space. Also spatial. spacious (spa'shus), adj. extending far and widej roomy ; vast in extent. spade (spad), n. an implement for digging, &c, consisting of a broad blade of iron with a handle; one of a suit of cards having one or more figures resembling a spade; a hart three years old: v.t. to dig or work with a spade. spaghetti (spa-get 'i), n. a cord-like paste, smaller than macaroni. spalpeen (spal'pen), n. a scamp, [Irish.] span (span), n. the space from the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended ; nine inches ; a short space of time; spread or extent of an arch, &c, between its abutments or supports; yoke of oxen or horses; pair of horses similar in color har- nessed together: v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. spanned, p.pr. spanning], to meas- ure by the span of the hand ; reach from one side to the other; fetter or hobble: v.i. to be matched for run- ning in harness. spandrel (span'drel), n. a triangular space between the shoulder of an arch, and the rectangular figure formed by the moldings over it. spangle (spang'gl), n. a small plate or boss of shining metal; any glit- tering ornament, especially for a dress: v.t. to set or adorn with, or as with, spangles. Spaniard (span'yerd), n. a native of Spain. spaniel (span'yel), n. a variety of dog. Spanish (span'ish), adj. pertaining to Spain, its language, or to its in« habitants. Spanish-fly (span'ish-fll) , n. cantha- rides. Spanish- main (span'ish-man), n. the name formerly applied to the south- ern part of the Caribbean sea, and adjacent coast. spank (spangk), v.t. to strike with the open hand; slap: v.i. to move quickly: n. & sounding slap. spanker (spangk'er), n. one who, or that which, spanks: the after-sail of a ship or barque. spanking (spangk'mg-) . adj. moving with a quick, livel> step, dashing; stout; large. spanner (span'er), n. a wrench for ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boou, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SPAR r73 SPECIAL tightening up or loosening the nuts on screws. spar (spar), n. a lustrous crystalline mineral; a general name for a mast, yard, boom, &c; a contest at box- ing, or in words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sparred, p.pr. sparring], to box; con- test in words. spare (spar), v.t. to use in a frugal manner; part with without incon- venience; omit; treat tenderly: v.i. to live frugally; forbear or forgive: adj. thin or lean; scanty; parsimo- nious; superfluous; reserved. sparing (spar'ing), adj. frugal; abste- mious. spark (spark), n. a small particle o* fire or ignited substance thrown off in combustion; small shining body or transient light; small portion of anything active or vivid; gay young fellow; beau. sparkle (spark'l), v.i. to emit sparks; glisten; scintillate; flash; coruscate. spark-plug (spark'plug), n. an appa- ratus for exploding the gas in a gasolene motor by means of an electric spark. Also sparker. 6parling (spar'ling), n. a smelt. sparrow (spar'o), n. a well-known small bird of the Passerine family. sparse (spars), adj. thinly scattered; not dense; set or planted here and there. sparsely (spars'li), adv. in a sparse man- ner. sparseness (spars'nes), n. the state or quality of being sparse; thinness. Spartan (spar'tan), adj. pertaining to Sparta; hardy; undaunted; se- vere. sparterie (spar'ter-i) , n. articles spun or woven of esparto grass. spasm (spazm) n. a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of the mus- cles. [Greek.] spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or consisting in, spasms; convulsive; violent but short-lived. Also spasmodical. spasmodically (spaz-mod'i-ka-li), adv. in a spasmodic manner. spat (spat), n. the spawn of shellfish, especially the oyster; a quarrel: pi. spatter-dashes. spate (spat), n. a sudden heavy flood caused by heavy rains. spatial, same as spacial. spatter (spat'er), v.t. to sprinkle with a liquid; defame: v.i. to undergo or cause scattering or splashing in drops or small quantities: n. a small splash. spatterdashes (spat'er-dash-ez) , n.pl. leather leggings for riding ; gaiters. spatter- work (spat'er-werk), n. a method of producing in effect of a design, by carelessly spattering ink or coloring matter over a surface. spatula (spat'u-la), n. a broad, flat, thin, flexible knife for spreading plasters, paints, &_c. [Latin.] spatulate (spat'u-lat), adj. spatula- shaped. spavin (spav'in) , n. a disease of horses, characterized by a swelling in the hock joint, causing lameness. spawn (spawn), n. the ova of fishes, oysters, &c; mycelium of fungi; off- spring or product: v.i. to produce and deposit spawn; deposit eggs, as fish, &c. ; used contemptuously of a family. spawner (spawn'er) , n. a female fish. speak (spek), v.i. [p.t. spoke, p.p. spoken, p.pr. speaking], to utter articulate sounds; said of human beings; talk; say; utter a discourse or speech; make mention; convey ideas; tell; sound: v.t. to utter ar- ticulately; declare or pronounce; publish. speaker (spek'er), n. one who speaks; one who delivers a discourse in pub- lic; the presiding officer of the popu- lar branch of a legislative body, as of congress or a state legislature. speaking (spek'ing), p. adj. uttering speech; life-like: n. the act of utter- ing words. spear (sper), n. a long-pointed weapon of war and the chase used for thrust- ing or throwing ; a lance with barbed prongs for spearing fish; a shoot, as of grass: v.t. to pierce, or kill, with a spear: v.i. to shoot into a long stem. spear-grass (sper'gras), n. long stiff grass, as, Kentucky blue-grass. spearwort (sper'wert), n. a species of ranunculus. spec (spek), abbr. for speculation. special (spesh'al), adj. pertaining to, or constituting, a species; designed for a particular purpose; different ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SPECIALISM 774 SPECULATION from others ; distinctive ; uncom- mon; appropriate; limited in range or extent; specific: n. a special train. specialism (spesh'al-izm), n. devotion to a particular and restricted branch of knowledge, science, &c. [Latin.] specialist (spesh'al-ist), n. one who devotes himself to a particular branch of a profession, &c. speciality (spesh-i-al'i-ti), n. [pi. spe- cialities (spesh-i-al'i-tiz)], the spe- cial or distinctive mark of a person or thing; special department, &c. specialization (spesh-al-i-za/shun) , n. application to a special function or use ; act of specializing. specialize (spesh'al-iz), v.t. to particu- larize; assign to a specific use or function. specially (spesh'a-li) , adv. in a special manner; particularly. specialty (spesh'al-ti) , n. that for which a person is noted or disting- uished ; special contract or obligation. specie (spe'shi), n. coined money. m species (spe'shez), n. a group of indi- viduals agreeing in common attri- butes and called by a common name; a sub division of a genus ; kind ; sort. specific (spe-sif'ik), adj. pertaining to a species; definite or particular; pre- cise: n. a remedy for a particular disease. specifically (spe-sif 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a specific manner. specification (spes-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of specifying; detailed state- ment of particulars. specify (spes'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. speci- fied, p.pr. specifying], to mention or name particularly; designate ver- bally, so as to distinguish from other things. specimen (spes'i-men), n. a sample; a part of something to show the qual- ity, &c, of the whole. specious (spe'shus), adj. appearing well at first sight; plausible; osten- sible; fair. speck (spek), n. a spot; flaw; blem- ish; small particle; blubber: v.t. to spot. speckle (spek'l) , n. a small spot in any- thing different in substance or color from the thing itself: v.t. to varie- gate with spots of a different color to that of the thing itself. spectacle (spek'ta-kl) , n. something exhibited to view, especially some- thing unusual or worthy of notice; pageant; exhibition: pi. an optical instrument with two lenses mount- ed in a frame to assist the vision. spectacular (spek-tak'u-lar) , adj. per- taining to shows or exhibitions; adapted to excite wonder or admira- tion by scenic effect. [Latin.] spectator (spek-ta/ter) , n. a beholder. specter, spectre (spek'tr), n. & ghost or apparition. spectral (spek'tral), adj. ghostly; per- taining to, or produced by, the spec- trum. spectroheliograph (spek'tro-he'li-o- graf ) , n. an instrument used in photo- graphing the sun, its prominences and its gaseous envelopes. spectrology (spek-trol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence of spectrum analysis^ spectroscope (spek'tro-skop), n. an optical instrument for forming and examining spectra. spectroscopical (spek-tro-skop'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to the spectroscope. Also spectroscopic. spectroscopy (spek-tros'ko-pi) , n. that branch of science connected with the use of the spectroscope and spec- trum analysis. spectrum (spek'trum), n. [pi. spectra (spek'tra)], the colored and other 'rays of light separated by refraction through a prism and exhibited on a screen, &c. spectrum analysis (a-nal'i-sis) , n. the determination of the chemical or physical composition of a body by means of the spectrum of light which it gives forth or which passes through it: each substance in the spectrum having its own particular system of lines. specular (spek'u-lar) , adj. having m a smooth reflecting surface, as a mir- ror or speculum. speculate (spek'u-lat) , v.i. to consider or meditate upon; purchase stock, land, goods, &c, out of the usual order of trade with a view to sell them at an enhanced profit by an expected rise in the market. speculation (spek-u-la'shun) , n. in- tellectual examination ; theory ; pur- chase of stock, goods, &c, out of the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SPECULATIVE 775 SPHERULE regular order of trade for future sale at an enhanced price; game at cards. speculative (spek'u-la-tiv), adj. per- taining to, or given to, speculation; contemplative; theoretical; risky. speculator (spek'u-la-ter), n. one who engages in speculation. speculum (spek'u-lum), n. [pi. specula (spek'u-la)J, a mirror, especially a concave mirror used as a reflector; a surgical instrument for dilating cer- tain passages of the body and throw- ing light m by reflection within them for examination, &c. sped, i .t. &,_p.p. of speed. speech (spech), n. the faculty of ut- tering articulate sounds or words; expression of thought in words; act of speaking; particular language or dialect; formal discourse in public; oration. speechless (spech'les), adj. unable to speak; mute. speed (sped), n. velocity; swiftness; quickness; success: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sped, p.pr. speeding], to make haste; move quickly; fare: v.t. to prosper; favor; despatch quickly; execute; aid. speedometer (sped-om'e-ter), n. an instrument showing the velocity of a moving vehicle. speedy (sped'i), adj. [comp. speedier, superl. speediest], not dilatory or slow; prompt; quick; hasty. spell (spel), n. a charm or incanta- tion; time during which a person works; duration: v.i. to form words with the proper letters, either orally or in writing: v.t. to write, repeat, or point out the proper letters of; read with difficulty (with out). spellbinder (sperbln-der) , n. a name of humorous signification, meaning an orator who is said to " bind as by a spell." speller (spel'er), n. one who spells; a spelling-book. spelling (spel'ing), p.adj. pertaining to spelling: n. orthography. spelt (spelt), n. a kind of grain. spelter (spelt'er), n. zinc. spencer (spen'ser), n. a kind of short jacket; a four-cornered fore-and-aft sail. Spencerian (spen-ser'i-an) , adj. re- lating to the philosophy of Herbert Spencer: n. one who is a follower of Spencerianism. * Spencerism (spen'ser-izm), n. the philosophical system advocated by Herbert Spencer in his works, es- pecially the application of the prin- ciples of evolution. spend (spend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spent, p.pr. spending], to lay out, as money; give for any purpose; dispose of; consume; drain of force or strength: v.i. to incur expense. m v spendthrift (spendthrift) , adj. prodi- gal; extravagant^ n. one who is prodigal or lavish in expenditure. sperm (sperm), n. the seminal fluid of animals; spermaceti; spawn of frogs and fishes. [French.] spermaceti (sper-ma-se'ti) , n. & white waxy substance obtained from the head of the sperm-whale. spermatic (sper-mat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to semen. Also spermatical. spermatozoon (sper-ma-to-zo'on), n. the germ cell in animals and plants. spermoderm (sper'mo-derm), n. the outer coat or testa of a seed. spew (spii), v.i._to vomit. sphenoid (sfe'noid), adj. wedge- shaped. [Greek.] sphere (sfer), n. a globe or globular body; the concave or expanse of the heavens; circuit or range of knowl- edge, influence, action, &c; place of existence; social position; a solid body contained under a single sur- face, each point of which is equi- distant from a central point. spherical (sfer'i-kal), adj. globular, spherically (sfer'i-ka-li), adv. in the form of a sphere. m sphericity (sfe-ris'i-ti) , n. roundness. spherics (sfer'iks) , n. spherical geome- try and trigonometry. spherograph (sf er'o-graf ) , n. an in- strument for the practical applica- tion of spherics to navigation. spheroid (sfe'roid), n. a body resem- bling a sphere but not quite round. spheroidal (sf e-roid'al) , adj. like a spheroid. spherometer (sfe-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the curva- ture of round surfaces, and the thickness of small bodies. spherule (sfer'til), n. a little sphere. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met * mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l hue, hut; think, then. SPHINCTER 776 SPIRAL sphincter (sfingk'ter) , n. m a muscle that mioses an orifice which it sur- roands. • Sphinx (sfingks), n. [pi. sphinxes (sfingks'ez)], a fabled monster hav- ing the head of a woman and the body of a lioness; a person of enig- matical character or policy, from the custom of the Sphinx of proposing riddles to travelers and destroying those who could not solve the enig- mas. [Greek.] spicate (spl'kat), adj. having, or ar- ranged in the form of, a spike or ear. Also spicated. [Latin.] spice (spis), n. any aromatic and pungent vegetable used for season- ing food; relish; small quantity giving flavor to a greater: v.t. to season or flavor with, or as with, spice; tincture. spiceless (spls'les), adj. without spice; tame. spicily (spis'i-li) , adv. in a spicy manner. spiciness (spis'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being spicy. spick and span (spik and span') , adj. new. spicular (spik'u-lar), adj. dart-like. spiculate (spik'u-lat), adj. covered with, or having, spicules. spicule (spik'ul), n. a slender sharp- pointed body. spicy (spi'si), adj. [comp. spicier, swperl. spiciest], flavored with, con- taining, or having the qualities of, spice; aromatic; fragrant; pungent; racy. spider (spi'der), n. any individual of the genus Arachnida that spins webs to ensnare its prey; something like a spider. spiflicate (spif 'li-kat) , v.t. to threaten in jest some awful and mysterious punishment. spigot (spig'ot), n. a pointed piece of wood used to stop the vent-hole of a cask or pipe of a faucet. spike (spik), n. a large kind of nail; anything like a spike; ear of grain: v.t. to fasten with spikes; stop the vent of (a cannon) by driving a spike into it. spikelet (splk'let), n. a small spike. spikenard (splk'nard), n. an aromatic plant from which an oil, the ancient nardos, is extracted. spiky (splk'i), adj. spike-like; set with spikes. spill (spil), n. a thin strip of paper or wood for lighting a lamp, &c; a tumble or overthrow: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spilled, spilt, p.pr. spilling], to suffer to run or fall out of a vessel: v.io to fall out. spiller (spil'er), n. one who spills; a kind of fishing-line. spillikin (spiri-kin), n. a small peg of wood, &c, used for making scores in a game: pi. a game played with spillikins. spin (spin), v.t. [p.t & p.p. spun, p.j)r a spinning], to draw out and twist into threads; protract; draw out te- diously; cause to whirl rapidly; form by drawing out and twisting the materials of: v.i. to practice spinning; whirl; issue in a small stream ; move swiftly, as a bicycle : n. the act of spinning; single ef- fort ; a bicycle run. spinach (spin'aj), n. an esculent vege- table. spinal (spi'nal), adj. pertaining to the spine. spindle (spin'dl), n. the long thin rod used in spinning wheels for twisting the thread; any axis of revolution. spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, the backbone. [Old French.] spinel (spin'el), n. a mineral of va- rious colors, allied to corundum. spineless (spm'les) , adj. m having no backbone; lacking decision o£ char- acter. spinet (spin'et), n. a keyed instru- ment, allied to the harpsichord, but smaller. spinif erous (spi-nif r er-us) , adj „ thorny. Also spinose, spinous. spink (spingk), n. a kind of finch. spinneret (sphVer-et), n. an organ with which certain insects form their webs or silk. spinning- jenny (spin'ing-jen-i), n. a machine for spinning cotton. spinster (spin'ster), n. an unmarried woman. spiny (spin'i), adj. full of spines. spiracle (spir/a-kl), n. any minute passage which serves for inhaling or exhaling air or other fluid. spiral (spi'ral), adj. winding around a center like the thread of a screwy ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i hue, hut ; think, then. SPIRALLY 777 SPLASH tapering or pointed like a spire: n. a curve or curved line receding con- tinually from the center about which it revolves. [Latin.] spirally (spl'ra-li), adv. in a spiral form. spirant (spl'rant), n. a name applied to those consonants in which the breath is not entirely stopped in articulating. spire (splr) , n. a slender stalk or blade ; a tapering body; winding line; steeple; top: v.i. to shoot forth or up like a spire. spirit (spir'it), n. the soul; the in- telligent, immaterial, immortal part of man; life; disembodied soul; appa- rition; courage; energy; vivacity; power of mind, moral and intellect- ual; genius; real meaning; essence; any liquid produced by distillation; alcohol: j)l. intoxicants, as brandy, - &c; liveliness"; natural vivacity: v.t. to take away suddenly or secretly. [Latin.] Spirit, n. the third person in the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. spirited (spir'it-ed), adj. full of spirit or life; animated; vivacious; lively. spiritism (spif it-ism) , n. the science of spiritualistic phenomena. spiritless (spif it-les), adj. without spirit; depressed; dejected. spirit-rapping (spir'it - rap ' ing) , n. raps heard in spiritualistic seances. spiritual (spif it-u-al) , adj. > incor- poreal; not material; possessing the nature or qualities of a spirit; men- tal or intellectual; pure; holy; heavenly-minded; not lay or tem- poral; ecclesiastical. spiritualism < (spif it-u-al-izm) , n. the state of being spiritual; the philo- sophical doctrine that nothing is real except soul or spirit; the belief that certain alleged phenomena, as rap- ping, table-turning,. trances, &c, are caused by the presence of departed spirits who thus manifest their pres- ence; the tenets and practices of spiritualists. spiritualist (spir'it-u-al-ist), n. a be- liever in spiritualism. spiritualistic (spir-it-ii-al-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or char- acteristic of, spiritualism. spirituality (spir-it-u-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being spiritual; spiritual nature; essence as distin- guished from matter; that which belongs to the church or religion. spiritualization (spir-it-u-al-i-za'- shun), n. the act of spiritualizing. spiritualize (spif it-u-al-iz), v.t. to free from sensuality ; make spiritual ; give a spiritual meaning to. spiritually (spif it-u-a-li) , adv. in a spiritual manner; like a spirit. spirituelle (spir-it-u-el'), adj. refined; ethereal; pure. spirituous (spif it-u-us) , adj. t having the quality of spirit; pure; immate- rial; alcoholic; ardent. spirograph (spi'ro-graf ) , n. an instru- ment for recording graphically res- piratory movements. spirometer (spl-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the capacity of the lungs. spit (spit), n. a long pointed rod on which meat is roasted; small point of land or a long narrow shoal run- ning into the sea: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spitted, p.pr. spitting], to thrust a spit through; impale: [p.t. spit or spat], eject or throw out: v.i. eject saliva from the mouth; drizzle, as -rain. spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred tow- ard another, with the desire to thwart or injure; petty malice; grudge: v.t. to try to injure or thwart; annoy. spite-fence (spiff ens), n. a fence built by one of two neighbors, in such a way as to shut off the other's air and light, or else mar the at- tractiveness of his estate. spiteful (spit 'fool), adj. full of spite; malicious; malignant. spitefully (spif f oo-li) , adv. in a spite- ful manner. spitfire (spif fir), n. a very violent or passionate person. spittle (spif 1) : n. saliva; sputum. spitz-dog (spitz'dog), n. a small va- riety of Pomeranian dog. spizzerinktum (spiz-zer-ingk'tum) , n. vim; go; intense energy; the over- mastering will to succeed. splash (splash), v.t. to spatter with water, mud, &c: v.i. to dash water about: n. water or slush thrown upon anything; a noise as from ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 52 hue, hut ; think, then. SPLATTER 778 SPONSION water thrown up, or by anything striking in or upon a liquid. splatter (splat'er), v.t. to splash. splatterdash (splat'er-dash), n. up- roar; noise: pi. same as spatter- dashes. splay (spla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. splayed, p.pr. splaying], to dislocate, as the shoulder bone of a horse; slope or slant : n. a sloped surface : adj. turned or spreading outwards. spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular or- gan near the large extremity of the stomach, supposed by the ancients to be the seat of anger, melancholy, or vexation: hence a fit of ill-hu- mor, melancholy, or latent spite. spleget (splej'et), n. a wet cloth for washing a wound. splendent (splen'dent) , adj. brilliant; illustrious; shining; very conspicu- ous. [Latin.] splendid (splen'did) , adj. magnificent ; very bright; brilliant; famous; he- roic; celebrated; sumptuous. splendor (splen'der), n. the appear- ance of anything splendid; magnifi- cence; pomp. splenetic (splen-et'ik), adj. fretful; peevish; melancholy. splenic (splen'ik), adj. pertaining to the spleen. splice (splis), v.t. to unite, as two ropes, by interweaving the strands; connect, as pieces of wood or metal, by overlapping parts and making them fast together; to unite in mar- riage: n. the union of ropes, &c, by interweaving or joining. [Dutch.] splint (splint), n. a splinter; a thin piece of wood to keep a broken bone, &c, in position; a hard ex- crescence on the shank-bone of a horse. splint-coal (splint'kol) , n. a variety of coal with a slaty structure. splinter (splin'ter), n. a thin piece of wood, &c, split or rent off length- wise; fragment: v.t. to split or rend into long thin pieces; shiver: v.i. to be rent into splinters. splintery (splint'er-i) , adj. of, or like, splinters. split (split), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. split, p.pr. splitting], to divide lengthwise; tear asunder violently; cleave; rupture; disunite: v.i. burst with laughter (figuratively) ; betray confidence ; throb or ache violently. splotch (sploch), n. a stain; daub. splurge (spier j), n. a great display. splutter (splut'er), v.i. to speak has- tily and confusedly ; scatter ink upon a paper, as with a bad pen: n. a confused noise; stir; commotion. spoffish (spof'ish), adj. bustling about trifling matters. spoil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spoiled, spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to take away by force; plunder; corrupt; vitiate; ruin; destroy: v.i. to become use- less; decay: n. that which is taken from another by violence; pillage; plunder ;_ booty. [Old French.] spoke (spok), n. one of the bars of a wheel connecting the nave or center with the felly or rim; round of a ladder: v.t. to furnish with spokes: p.t. of speak. spoken (spok'n), .adj. uttered in speech; oral; speaking: p.p. of speak. spokeshave (spok'shav), n. a kind of double-handled plane for dressing curved work. spoliation (spo-li-a/shun) , n. the act of plundering or robbery, especially in time of war; injury done to a document. spondaic (spon-da/ik) , adj. pertain- ing to a spondee. [Greek.] spondee (spon'de), n. a poetic foot of two long syllables ( ) . spondyl (spon'dil), n. a vertebra. sponge (spunj), n. the porous, elas- tic, fibrous framework of any spe- cies of Spongida; any substance re- sembling sponge; a mop for cleans- ing a gun after its discharge; point of a horseshoe; parasite: v.i. to suck in like a sponge; live upon others: v.t. cleanse or wipe with a sponge; ob- tain by mean arts without cost. sponginess (spun'ji-nes), n. the state or quality of being spongy. [Latin.] spongious (spun'ji-us), adj. sponge- like. spongy (spun'ji), adj. flexible and full of small cavities; like a sponge; hav- ing the quality of imbibing fluids; wet and soft ; rainy. sponsion (spon'shun), n. the act of becoming surety for another; an en- gagement on behalf of a state pend- ing ratification . ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut : think, £7* en. SPONSON 779 SPOT sponson (spcn'sun), n. the triangular space before and abaft the paddle- boxes of a steamboat; one of the armored projections with gun ports of a warship. [Latin.] sponsor (spon'ser), n. a surety; a god- father or godmother. [Latin.] sponsorial (spon-so'ri-al), adj. per- taining to a sponsor. sponsorship (spon'ser-ship) , n. state or position of being a sponsor. spontaneity (spon-ta-ne'i-ti), n. the quality of being spontaneous; ten- dency in animal and vegetable organ- isms to undergo changes irrespective of environment. [Latin.] spontaneous (spon-ta'ne-us), adj. pro- ceedfng from # natural disposition or impulses ; acting by internal impulse or natural law. spoof (spoof), n. money. Also 'oof. [English_ slang.] spook (spook), n. a ghost. spool (spool), n. a hollow cylinder surrounded with a ridge at each end on which thread, &c, are wound: v.t. to wind on a spool. spoon (spoon), n. a small domestic implement consisting of a hollow bowl and handle for dipping in liquids and conveying them to the mouth, &c; a simpleton; a^ club used in golf: v.t. to take up in, or as in, a spoon: v.i. to act the part of a demonstrative lover. spoonbill (spoon'bil), n. a wading bird of the heron family with a spoon-like bill. spooney (spoon'i), n. a simpleton. See spoon. spoonful (spoon'f ool) , n. [pi. spoon- fuls (spoon'foolz)], as much as a spoon will hold ; small quantity. spoonily (spoon'i-li) , adv. in a spoony manner. spoony (spoon'i), n. a simpleton: adj. weak-minded; demonstratively fond. spoor (spoor), n. the track or trail of any wild animal. sporades (spor'a-dez), n.pl. stars not included in any constellation. sporadic (spo-rad'ik), adj. occurring separately or apart from others of the same kind; single. Also spo- radical. [Latin.] sporadically (spo-rad'i-ka-li) , adv. in a sporadic manner. sporadic disease (diz-ez'), n. & dis- ease, usually epidemic, attacking only a few in a particular district and not spreading. spore (spor), n. a minute grain in cryptogamous plants which performs the function of a seed; a minute ovoid body in certain organisms which gives rise to new organisms by germination. [Greek.] sporran (spor'an), n. the furry pouch worn in Highland costume in front of the kilt. sport (sport), n. diversion; jest; mirth; mockery; play; outdoor rec- reation, as hunting, shooting, &c; athletics and games of skill for which prizes are given or money staked; an animal or plant which deviates in its organism from the normal condition: v.i. to play or frolic; trifle; practice field diver- sions: v.t. to divert; exhibit or wear in public. sportful (sport 'fool), adj. full of sport; indulging in mirth or play; merry; frolicsome. sporting (sport 'ing), p. adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or engaging in, sport or sports. sporting man (man), n. [pi. sporting men], a fast man; gambler; a sports- man. sportive (spor'tiv), adj. frolicsome; merry. sportively (spor'tiv-li), adv. in a sportive manner ._ sportiveness (spor'tiv-nes), n. the state or quality of being sportive; disposition to mirth. sportsman (sports'man), n. [pi. sportsmen (sports 'men)], one who pursues the sports of the field, as hunting, &c. Fem_. sportswoman. sportsmanship (sports'man-ship), n. skill or practice in field sports. sporule (spor'ul), n. a granule with a spore. spot (spot), n. a blot or mark; dis- colored place or stain; blemish; dis- grace or reproach; locality; place; small part of a different color; dark place on a luminous disc, as of the sun or a planet; mark on a billiard table where the red ball is placed; spot-stroke: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spotted, p.pr. spotting], to mark with spots; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SPOTLESS 780 SPRINKLING discolor; stain; disgrace or blemish; mark or note so as to recognize; de- tect. spotless (spot'les), adj. without any- physical blemish or spot; morally untainted, and having no blame. spot light (lit), n. an • adjustable calcium light for throwing a shift- ing light on a stage, so as to keep a player within its rays. spot-stroke (spot'strok), n. a particu- lar stroke off the red ball when on the spot. spotter (spot'er), n. a detective. spottiness (spqt'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being spotted. spotty (spot'i), adj. marked with, or full of, spots. spousals (spou'zals), n.pl. marriage; nuptials. [Old French.] m spouse (spouz), n. a married person. spout (spout), n. the projecting mouth of a vessel; pipe for conducting a liquid; lift or shoot: v.t. to throw out forcibly and abundantly, as from a pipe ; pawn : v.i. issue with vio- lence, as from a pipe. sprag (sprag), n. a young salmon or cod. sprain (spran), n. an excessive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint without dislocation: v.t. to overstrain (the muscles or ligaments of a joint) without dislocation. sprang, p.t. of spring. sprat (sprat), n. a small fish. sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch the body carelessly when in a horizontal position; lie; stretch or toss out the limbs or move awkwardly; open ir- regularly, as cavalry; spread in an irregular manner, as a plant. spray (spra), n. a small shoot or branch of a tree, or a collection of them; small particles of water driv- en or dashed in the air; jet of fine medicated water, perfume, &c.\ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sprayed, p.pr. spraying], to throw spray upon. spread (spred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spread, p.pr. spreading], to extend in all di- rections; propagate; unfurl; open; emit; scatter; set or furnish with provisions: v.i. to be extended or propagated: n. extent; table fur- nished with provisions; feast. spread-eagle (spred'e-gl) , adj. de- fiantly bombastic : n. the figure of an eagle with its wings elevated and its legs extended: the heraldic emblem of the United States. spree (spre), n. a merry frolic; ca- rousal. sprig (sprig), n. a small twig or shoot; scion; headless brad or nail; orna- ment in the form of a spray: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sprigged, p.pr. sprig- ging], to work or adorn with sprigs; drive brads into. spright (sprit), n. a sprite. sprightliness (sprit'li-nes), n. vivac- ity. sprightly (sprit'li), adj. [comp. spright- lier, superl. sprightliest], vivacious; brisk ; animated ; airy, gay : adu. with vivacity. spring (spring), v.i. [p.t. sprang, p.p. sprung, p.pr. springing], to arise; originate; appear; shoot up; leap; bound; dart; start or rise up sud- denly; fly back; issue or proceed; warp: v.t. to start or rouse; cause to spring up; explode; crack; strain; cause to close suddenly; leap over; cause to open : n. sl leap or bound ; an elastic body used for various mechanical purposes; a flying back with elastic force ; source ; a fountain of water; one of the four seasons of the year when plants begin to grow; crack in a mast, &c. springbok (spring'bok), n. the South African gazelle. springe (sprinj), n. a gin or noose. springiness (spring'i-nes), n. elas- ticity; sponginess. springing (springing), n. the act or process of leaping; growth, the point at which an arch unites with its sup- port. springless (spring'les), adj. without springs; rigid. springtide (spring'tid), n. the tide which happens at or near the new and full moon ; springtime. m springy (spring'i), adj. elastic; light; spongy. sprinkle (spring'kl), v.t. to scatter in small drops ; baptize with a few drops of water; cleanse or purify: v.i. to rain in small drops: n. a sprinkling. sprinkling (spring'kling) , adj. scat- tering in small drops: n. a small quantity distributed in small drops; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SPRINT 781 SQUARE a small quantity distributed or scat- tered, as of people, &c. sprint (sprint), n. sl run for a short distance at full speed: v.i. to run at full speed. 6printer (sprint'er). n. a fast runner. 6prit (sprit), v.i. to bud or sprout : n. a sprout or shoot ; a small spar which raises diagonally the peak of the sail of a boat. sprite (sprit), n. a spirit; a shade; a ghost. sprout (sprout), v.i. to germinate; shoot, as the seed of a plant: n. a shoot; budjpL Brussels sprouts. spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of the genus Picea; wood of the spruce tree; a fermented beverage made from spruce leaves, &c: adj. smart; trim; neat; dandified: v.t. to dress with affected neatness. spruceness (sproos'nes), n. the state or quality of being spruce. sprung, p.t. & p.p. of spring. spry (sprl), adj. nimble; sharp. spud (spud), n. a short stout knife; a potato. spug (spug), n. a member of the Society for Prevention of Useless Giving. spume (spurn), n. froth; foam: v.i. to foam. spun, p.t. & p.p. of spin. spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; mettle. spunky (spungk'i), adj. mettlesome; plucky. spur (sper), n. a rowel with sharp points worn on the heel of boots for inciting a horse; any incentive to action; largest root of a tree; some- thing projecting; stiff, sharp spine on a cock's leg, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.Q spurred, p.pr. spurring], to pricS with a spur; incite to action;, hasten: v.i. to travel with haste ; push on. spurious (spu'ri-us), adj. not genu- ine; counterfeit; illegitimate; false. spurn (spern), v.t. to drive away, as with the foot; reject with contempt; treat with disdain : e v.i. to manifest contempt in rejecting anything: n. disdainful rejection. spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth sud- denly or violently in a stream or jet; make a sudden brief effort: v.t. to throw out in a stream or jet: n. a sudden or forcible ejection of a liquid; brief, sudden effort. sputter (sput'er), v.i. to throw out moisture in scattered drops; speak rapidly and indistinctly; spit: v.t. to emit in small particles with a crackling or spluttering noise: n. moist matter thrown out in small drops. sputum (spu'tum), n. saliva; spittle. spy (spi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spied, p.pr. spying], to discover, especially at a distance; gain sight of; detect; ex- plore; examine secretly: v.i. to scru- tinize; play the spy: n. a person who in time of war enters the enemy's camp to gain information as to its movements, &c; one who keeps watch on others; secret agent. spy-glass (spl'glas), n. a small tele- scope. squab (skwob), n. a person of short, fat figure; kind of sofa; stuffed cushion; nestling of a pigeon: adj. short and fat; bulky: adv. with a heavy fall. squabble (skwob '1), v.i. to wrangle or dispute in a noisy manner: v.t. to disarrange : said of type set up : n. a noisy wrangle ; dispute. squab-pie (skwob'pi), n. pigeon-pie. squad (skwod), n. a small party of soldiers assembled for drill, &c; any small party. [Old French.] squadron (skwod'run), n. a division of a regiment of cavalry, comprising two troops; detachment of war ves- sels employed on some particular service. squalid r (sk wo Fid), adj. extremely dirty; foul ; poverty-stricken. squall (skwawl), n. sl sudden and vio- lent gust of wind, often accom- panied with rain, sleet, &c. ; a loud scream: v.i. to scream or cry vio» lently. squally (skwawl'i), adj. gusty. squaloid (skwa'loid), adj. shark-like. squalor (skwa'lor), n. foulness, dirt. squamoid (skwa^moid), adj. scaly. squamose (skwa'mos), adj. covered with, or like, scales. Also squamous. squander (skwon'der), v.t. to spend lavishly or wastefully; dissipate: v.i. to be wasteful or prodigal. square (skwar), n. a parallelogram having 4 equal sides and 4 right an- gles; anything nearly resembling a square; an area of 4 sides having ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SQUARELY 782 STAB houses on each side; square body of troops; a mathematical instrument for measuring right angles; product of a number multiplied by itself: adj. having 4 equal sides and 4 equal angles; forming a right angle; hav- ing a straight front; true; upright; honest; just; well-set; stout: v.t. to form with 4 equal sides and 4 equal angles; multiply by itself; reduce to a given standard; adjust; regulate; make even; place at right angles with the keel: v.i. to accord or agree (with with); fit; assume a boxing attitude (with up). [Old French.] squarely (skwar'li), adv. in a square form. square measure (mezh'er), n. the square of a lineal measure. squareness (skwar'nes), n. the state or quality of being square. square-rigged (skwar'rigd), adj. hav- ing the sails extended on yards sus- pended horizontally by the middle. square-root (skwar'root) f> n. that number or quantity which, multi- plied by itself, produces the given number or quantity, as 2 is the square root of 4. squash (skwosh), v.t. to crush, espe- cially into a flat mass or pulp: n. something soft and easily crushed; something unripe and soft; unripe pea cod; shock of soft bodies; sud- den fall of a soft body; a gourd. squashiness (skwosh'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being squashy. squashy (skwosh'i), adj. easily crushed; soft. squat (skwot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. squat- ted, p.pr. squatting], to sit down on the hams or heels; cover or lie close, as an animal; to settle on public land; settle on the land of another without a title: adj. sitting on the hams and heels; crouching: n. the posture of one who squats; small vein of ore. squatter (skwot'er), n. one who squats; one who settles on new or uncultivated land without a title; in Australia and New Zealand, one who leases land for pasturing sheep from the Government. squaw (skwaw), n. a North Ameri- can Indian woman or wife. squawk (skwawk), v.i. to utter a loud, harsh noise: n. a harsh squeak. squeak (skwek), v.i. to utter a short 5 shrill, sharp cry; make a sharp dis- agreeable noise; break silence; con- fess: n. a short, shrill, sharp cry; a sharp disagreeable noise. squeal (skwel), v.i. to cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound; to turn informer: n. a sharp, shrill, pro- longed sound. Jlcelandic] squeamish (skwem'ish), adj. sickish at stomach; easily disgusted; nice to excess in taste; fastidious about trifles; scrupulous. squeegee (skwe'je), n. a hoe-shaped implement with an india-rubber edge or plate for cleaning pavements, &c. squeezable (skwez'a-bl), adj. capable of being squeezed. squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press between two bodies; crush; embrace forcibly; compress; force by compression; cause to pass: v.i. to press; push be- tween close bodies: n. the act of squeezing; compression between bod- ies; facsimile in some soft substance; a forcible embrace. squelch (skwelch), v.t. to crush; si- lence: n. a heavy blow. squib (skwib), n. a kind of firework; petty lampoon; sarcastic publica- tion: v.i. to use or write squibs or sarcastic reflections; contend in petty dispute. squid (skwid), n. a name for various 10-armed cephalopods; cuttlefish. squill (skwil), n. a genus of plants allied to the lily, used in medicine. squint (skwint), adj. looking ob- liquely; said of the eyes: v.i. to see or look obliquely; have the vision distorted: v.t. to cause to squint: n. the act or habit of looking obliquely. squire (skwir) , n. (see esquire) . Often used of a justice of the peace; a country-gentleman, a farm owner. squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; writhe. squirrel (skwer'el), n. a small, agile, reddish-brown rodent with a long bushy tail. squirt (skwert), v.t. to eject in a stream from a small orifice; spurt: n. a small stream or jet; an instru- ment for ejecting water, &c. stah (stab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stabbed ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book i hue, hut ; think, then. STABILITY 783 STAKE p.pr. stabbing], to pierce with, or as with, a pointed weapon; kill or wound; injure secretly, or by. mali- cious falsehood or slander: 'v.i. to pierce; inflict a wound: n. a thrust or wound with a sharp-pointed . weapon; a malicious injury done secretly. stability (sta-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being stable or firm; firm- ness of character; strength of pur- pose or resolution; fixedness. Also stableness. stable (sta'bl), adj. fixed; firm; con- stant: n. a building for lodging horses, cows, &c. : v.t. to put or keep in a stable: v.i. to dwell or shelter, as in a stable. stabling (sta/bling), n. the act of put- ting into a stable; accommodation. Stack (stak), n. a large quantity of hay, corn, wood, &c, piled up in cir- cular or regular form; number of chimneys standing together: v.t. to pile into a stack. Stadium (sta/di-um), n. [pi. stadia (sta'di-a)], a Greek linear measure = 606 M ft. ; the course for foot-races at the Olympic games: hence a race- course. [L^tin.] staff ( taf), n. [pi. m staves, staffs (stavz, stafs)], a stick carried for support in walking or for defense: support; p~op; pole, handle, or bar; wand as a badge of office; stanza or a series of verses; the five lines and four spaces between them on which music is written; flagstaff; an es- tablishment of officers attached to an army or its commander; number of persons engaged in any undertaking or work. Stag (stag), n. the male of the red deer; male of the ox kind, castrated at a certain age; an outside irregu- lar dealer in stocks. 6tag-beetle (stag'be-tl) , n. a beetle having, in the male, mandibles re- sembling a stag's horn. stage (staj), n. an elevated platform, especially in # a theater ; place of scenic entertainments or representa- tions; the theatrical profession; place of rest on a journey; field of action; degree of progress; coach: v.t. to put on the stage, as a play. [Old French.] stager (sta'jer), n. a horse for .draw- ing a stage coach; one who has long acted on the stage of life; a person practiced in cunning; one who is experienced; a player. stagger (stag'er), v.i. to totter or reel; begin to doubt, weary or give way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter or reel; shock; make less confident: n. a sudden reeling or tottering: pi. a disease of horses and cattle, some- times called the " blind staggers"; vertigo. staging (staj'ing), n. a temporary structure of boards and posts; busi- ness of running and managing stage coaches; style of play production. stagnancy (stag 'nan-si) , n. the state or quality of being stagnant. stagnant (stag'nant), adj. not flowing, or running in a stream; motionless; not brisk; torpid; dull. [Latin.] stagnate (stag'nat), v.i. to cease to flow or run; be motionless; become torpid, inactive, or dull; become im- pure or foul. stagnation (stag-na'shun) , n. the state or quality of being stagnant. stagy (sta/ji), adj. characteristic of the stage; unreal. staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; regu- lar; steady; not volatile. stain (stan), v.t. to blot; spot; tinge with color; dye, soil with guilt or infamy; tarnish; pollute: v.i. to take stains; become stained: n. discolora- tion; spot of color different _ from the ground; spot or blot; taint of guilt or infamy; cause of reproach ._ stainless (stances), adj. without stain, or taint. stair (star), n. one of a series of steps for ascending to a higher level; a step: pi. a flight of steps. staircase (star'kas), n. a set of steps in a house with railings, &c. staith (stath), n.an elevated staging upon a wharf with a line of rails for discharging coals, &c. stake (stak), n. a post or strong stick sharpened at one end and fixed in the ground; palisade; post to which a person condemned to be burnt was secured; hence martyr- dom; that which is pledged, wa- gered, or put to hazard; prize con- tested for; small anvil: v.t. to fasten or support with stakes ; defend with, ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. STAKE-HOLDER 784 STAND or mark out the limits of, with stakes; wager or pledge. stake-holder (stak'hol-der) , n. a per- son who holds money entrusted to him by two parties to a wager. stalactite (stal-ak'tit) , n. an icicle- Hke incrustation 01 carbonate of lime, &c, formed by percolation in caverns, &c. [Greek.] stalagmite (stal-ag'mit), n. a cone of carbonate of lime, &c, formed on the floor of a cavern in a similar manner to a stalactite. [Greek.] stale (stal), adj. not fresh or new; vapid; tasteless; worn out by use or familiarity; trite; common; de- cayed; past the prime: v.t. to make stale; wear out: v.i. to discharge urine; said of horses. stalemate (stal'mat), n. the position of a king in chess, when he cannot move without being placed in check: v.t. to subject to stalemate; bring to a stand. staleness (stal'nes), n. the state or quality of being stale. stalk (stawk), v.t. to pursue stealthily and under cover so as to kill, as game: v.i. to walk with high and proud steps; walk behind a stalking- horse: n. the stem or main axis of a plant; support which attaches a flower or fruit to a plant or tree; anything like a stalk; a high, proud, stately step. stalking-horse (stawk'ing-hors) , n. a horse, or figure of a horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself from his game; a mask. stall (stawl), n. that part of a stable where a horse or ox is kept and fed; a bench or table where goods are ex- posed for sale; small house or shed where business is carried on; seat of a church dignitary in the choir of a cathedral; canonry; reserved seat in a theater, &c: v.t. to place or keep in a stall; to hold back a train: v.i. to kennel, as dogs. stallage (stawl'aj), n. rent paid for a stall; right of erecting a stall at a fair. stallion (stal'yun), n. an uncastrated male horse kept for breeding. stalwart (stawl'wert), adj. sturdy; strong; tall and stout; brave; dar- ing. stamen (sta'men), n. the male organ of a flower. stamina (stam'in-a), n.pl. tone and vigor of the animal system; back- bone; power of endurance. staminal (stam'in-al) , adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, stamens or stamina; tonic. staminiferous (stam-in-if'er-us), adj. bearing stamens. stammer (stam'er), v.i. to hesitate or falter in speaking, especially from an impediment in speech; stutter: v.t. to utter or pronounce with dif- ficulty or hesitation: n. difficulty in pronouncing or speaking; stutter. stammering (stam'er-ing) , n. imper- fect utterance in speech: adj. hesi- tating in speech. stamp (stamp), v.t. to strike with the sole of the foot by thrusting it down- wards; crush or pulverize; impress; fix deeply ; make valid ; affix a stamp to; coin: v.i. to strike or beat the foot forcibly on the ground: n. the act of stamping; die; the impres- sion made ; official mark on dutiable things; small piece of paper having a certain device and value impressed upon it by government, required le- gally to be affixed to a letter, docu- ment, &c; currency; character or reputation; authority. stampede (stam-ped'), n. & sudden panic seizing a herd of animals caus- ing them to run violently away; any sudden flight or rush: v.t. to cause to take to sudden flight: v.i. to start off in a panic. [Spanish.] stanch (stanch), adj. firm; constant; trustworthy; zealous: v.t. to stop the flowing of, as blood. Also staunch. [Old French.] stanchion (stan'shun), n. a support or post of iron or wood. [Old French.] stand (stand), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stood, p'.pr. standing], to be erect; occupy a certain position; cease to move; be at rest or fixed; continue; re- main without injury or ruin; be safe; not to fail or yield; be obsti- nate; be firm; be placed; become a candidate; hold a course at sea; continue in force; stagnate: v.t. to endure; sustain; abide by; set in an erect position; nay for: n. a stop or halt; interruption; station for the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. STANDARD 787 STARRY hire of vehicles; raised platform for spectators ; small table ; state of per- plexity or difficulty ; resistance. standard (standard), n. an ensign or flag, especially a national ensign; that which is established by author- ity as a fixed rule or measure ; estab- lished rule or model; criterion; a standing tree not supported by a wall; proportion of weights of fine metal and alloy established by au- thority. standardize (stand'erd-iz), v.t. to make conform to a standard; to regu- late by a standard. standing (stand'ing), n. the act of stopping or of being erect on the feet; duration; maintenance of posi- tion ; reputation ; rank or status : adj. remaining erect; stagnant; lasting; established or settled; fixed. stand-oft (stand'of), n. sl draw or tie: v.t. to hold in abeyance. stand-patter (stand-pat'er) , n. one who stands by the existing order of things, especially in politics, refusing to accept change or reform, particu- larly of the tariff. standpoint (standpoint), n. a posi- tion from which one views things. standstill (stand'stil) , n. a complete pause. stanhope (stan'hop or 'up), n. & light two- wheeled carriage without a top. stannary (stan'a-ri), n. \pl. stanna- ries (stan'a-riz)], a, tin mine or works: adj. pertaining to tin mines. stannic (stan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or got from, tin. [Latin.] stanniferous (stan-if'er-us), adj. yielding tin. stannous (stan'us), adj. of, pertaining to, or containing, tin. stanza (stan'za), n. a number of lines or verses connected with and ad- justed to each other, usually ending in a pause ; part of a poem containing every variation of measure in the poem. stapes (sta'pez), n. the stirrup bone of the ear. staple (sta'pl), n. the chief produc- tion or industry of a country or dis- trict^ settled market or emporium; principal element or topic ; unmanu- factured or raw material, as cot- ton, flax, or wool fiber; loop of metal for holding a bolt, &c: adj. chief; regularly produced; established in commerce: v.t. to sort according to its staple^ as cotton, &c. stapler (sta'pler), n. one who deals in staple commodities; a wool sorter. star (star), n. any celestial body, es- pecially one that is self-luminous; anything resembling a star ; a planet supposed to influence a person's des- tiny; an ornamental rayed badge; an asterisk (*) ; a person of distin- guished eminence, especially in the theatrical profession: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. starred, p.pr. starring], to set or adorn with stars: u.i. to shine as a star; be preeminent; appear as principal actor among inferior play- ers. starboard (starHbord), n. the right- hand side of a vessel looking towards the bow: adj. pertaining to, or lying on the right side of a vessel: v.t. to put to the right or starboard side of a vessel. starch (starch), n. a widely diffuse vegetable substance: used for laun- dry purposes, &c: v.t. to stiffen with starch; make stiff ._ Star Chamber (cham'ber), n. an an- cient civil and criminal court at Westminster, notorious for its des- potism and injustice during the reign of Charles I. starched (starcht), adj. stiffened with starch; formal; precise. starchy (starch'i), adj. consisting of starch; stiff; formal; precise. stare (star), n. a fixed look with wide- open eyes; a starling: v.i. to look with fixed eyes wide open ; look ear- nestly; be very conspicuous; stand out prominently: v.t. to gaze at. stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: adv. wholly or completely. starless (star'les), adj. without stars. starling (starling), n. a passerine bird of the genus m Sturnus; piles driven round the piers of a bridge for its protection. starred (stard), p. adj. decorated with stars; influenced by the stars. starriness (star'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being starry. starry (star'i), adj. abounding in, con- sisting of, or proceeding from, stars; star-shaped. ***<*, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. STARSTONE 788 STATUE starstone (star'ston), n. a variety of sapphire; also star-sapphire. start (start), v.i. to be moved or twitched suddenly, as by sudden alarm, &c; shrink; move abruptly; set out; commence a race, career, &c; loosen: v.t. to originate or set going; rouse suddenly from conceal- ment ; empty ; dislocate ; punish with a rope's end: n. the act of starting; outset; a sudden motion or twitch; sudden fit or excitement; quick spring; starting post. star throat (star'throt), n. a humming- bird. startle (start'l), v.i. to move suddenly as by an alarm; to feel sudden alarm; v.t. to frighten suddenly; shock. starvation (star-va'shun) , n. the state of being starved. starve (starv), v.i. to suffer extreme hunger; perish with hunger or cold: v.t. subdue by famine; destroy by want of any kind. starveling (starv'ling) , adj. hungry; weak; lean: n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. stasis (sta/sis), n. arrest of the cir- culation of blood in the vessels. state (stat), n. circumstances or con- dition; position or situation-; case; quality; pomp; principal persons constituting the government of a country; legislature; whole body of people united under one government ; civil power: adj. pertaining to the body politic; used on state occa- sions; ceremonial: v.t. to express the details of; represent fully in words; narrate. [Old French.] State, n. one of the federated com- monwealths composing the United States. statecraft (stat'kraf t) , n. diplomatic and political skill. stated (stat'ed), adj. fixed; regular. statedly (stat'ed-li), adv. at fixed times. stateliness (stat'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being stately; majestic appearance. stately (stat'li), adj. [comp. statelier, mperl. stateliest], grand; majestic; dignified; displaying state or dignity. statement (statement), n. the act of stating; that which is stated; narra- tive or recital. stater (sta'ter), n. a gold coin of an cient Greece. stateroom (stat'room), n. a reserved cabin in a steamer or sleeping car. statesman (stats 'man), n. [pi. states- men (stats'men)], one who is skilled in public affairs and the art of gov- ernment; politician. statesmanship (stats'man-ship), n. the qualification or skill of a states- man. state- trial (stat'tri-al), n. a trial for political offenses. static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium ; act- ing by mere weight without produc- ing motion. Also statical: n.pl. that branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium, pressure, weight. &c, of bodies at rest. [Greek.] statically (stat'i-ka-li), adv. in a stati- cal manner. station (sta'shun), n. place where a person or thing stands; position; rank or condition of life; class or order; place on a railway for pas- sengers or goods ; district police of- fice; military quarters; post for war- vessels: v.t. to place in a certain post, rank, or situation; appoint or assign. stationary (sta/shun-a-ri) , adj. fixed; not moving ;_ not improving. stationer (sta'shun-er), n. one who sells paper, pens, pencils, writing materials, &c. [Latin.] stationery (sta/shun-er-i), n. sta- tioner's articles. statist (sta'tist), n. a statistician^ statistic (sta-tis'tik), adj. pertaining to statistics. Also statistical. statistically (sta-tis'ti-ka-li), adv. by statistics. statistician (stat-is-tish'an), n. one skilled in statistics. statistics (sta-tis'tiks), n. the science of the classification and arrange- ment of facts relating to the condi- tion of a people or class, domestic economy, health, longevity, &c. stator (sta'ter), n. the part of a dy- namo or motor which remains at rest. statuary (stat'u-a-ri), n. a sculptor; the art of carving statues; statues collectively. statue (stat'u), n. the representation of a living being sculptured or modeled ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mlt ; note, north, not ; boon, book ' hue, hut; think, /ftpn. STATUESQUE 789 STEELINESS in some solid material: v.t. to form a statue of; place, as a statue. statuesque (stat-u-esk'), adj. having the characteristics of a statue ; immo- bile. statuette (stat-u-et'). n. a little statue. stature (stat'ur), n. the natural height. status (sta/tus), n. condition; social standing or place; rank. status quo (kwo), present or previ- ous condition or position. [Latin.] statutable (stat'u-ta-bl) , adj. made or introduced by statute; according to law or statute. statutably (stat'u-ta-bli) , adv. con- formably to statute. statute (stat'ut), n. a law expressly enacted by the legislature of a coun- try or state ; written law ; an act of a corporation or of its founders, de- signed to be a permanent rule. statutory (stat'u-to-ri) , adj. enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority. stave (stav), n. [pi. staves (stavz)], one of the thin narrow strips of wood forming the sides of a cask; a pole or piece of wood of some length ; the five parallel lines and the four contained spaces on and within which the notes and rests are writ- ten [Music]: pi. of staff: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. staved, stove, p.pr. staving], to break a hole in; burst; pour out; delay or put off. Stay (sta), n. a large, strong rope which stiffens and supports a mast; stop or stand; prop or support; abode or continuance in a place: pi. pair of corsets: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stayed, p.pr. staying], to hold up or support; sustain; endure; restrain; delay; tack: v.i. to remain or abide; wait; rest; stand still; continue; cease; hold out or last. stead (sted), n. the place or room which another had or might have. steadfast (sted'fast), adj. firmly fixed or established ; steady ; constant ; uni- form. steadily (sted'i-li), adv. in a steady manner. steadiness (sted'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being steady. steady (sted'i). adj. [comp. steadier, su- perl. steadiest], fixed; regular; firm; constant in feeling or purpose; reso- lute; undeviating; unwavering; uni- form: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. steadied, p.pr. steadying], to make or keep steady or firm; make constant or resolute; regulate: inter j. be fixed. steak (stak), n. a slice of beef, &c, for broiling. steal (stel), v.t. [p.t. stole, p.p. stolen, p.pr. stealing], to take by theft or feloniously; take without leave or right; withdraw or convey clan- destinely; gain secretly and gradu- ally: v.i. to commit theft; slip in and out unperceived. stealth (stelth), n. secret means em- ployed to accomplish an object; un- derhand procedure. stealthily (stelth'i-li), adv. in a stealthy manner. stealthiness (stelth'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being stealthy. stealthy (stelth'i), adj. [comp. stealth- ier, superl. stealthiest], done or per- formed by stealth; clandestine; sly. steam (stem), n. vapor into which water is cnanged when heated to boiling-point; vapor: any exhala- tion: v.i. to emit steam; rise or pass off in steam; move by steam: v.t. to apply steam to. steamer (stem/er), n. a vessel pro- pelled by steam; road locomotive; an apparatus for steaming articles. steaminess (stem'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being steamy ; mistiness. steamy (stem' i) ,' ad j . consisting of, or like, steam. stearate (ste'a-rat), n. any salt of stearic acid. stearic (ste-ar'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, stearin. stearin (ste'a-rin), n. a constituent of most animal and some vegetable fats; tallow. steatite (ste'a-tit), ft. soapstone. steed (sted), n. a horse, especially one which is spirited. steel (stel), ft. iron refined and com- bined with carbon; any instrument of steel; anything made of steel; anything of extreme hardness; a chalybeate medicine: adj. made of, or resembling, steel: v.t. to overlay, edge, or tip with steel; make hard or invulnerable; render like steel. steeliness (steTi-nes) , ft. the state or quality of being steely. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut : think, then. STEELING 790 STERE steeling (steTing), n. the process of overlaying, edging, or pointing with steel; acierage. steely (stel'i), adj. made of, or like, steel; hard; inflexible; colored like steel. steelyard (stel'yard) , n. a kind of bal- ance, consisting of a single weight moved along a graduated beam. steening (sten'ing), n. a lining of stone, brick, &c, of a well or similar structure. steep (step), adj. rising or descending with great inclination; precipitous: n. a precipitous place: v.t. to soak in a liquid; dip; imbue. steeple (ste'pl), n. a tower or turret tapering to a point ; spire. steeple-chase (ste'pl-chas) , n. a cross- country horse-race over ground where many obstructions and ob- stacles — such as ditches, narrow bridges, and piles of stone — are or have been placed. It is really rough riding as a pastime. steepled (ste'pld), adj. furnished with, like, or_ adorned with, a steeple. steer (ster), n. a young male of the ox kind; bullock: v.t. to direct the course of (a vessel) with the helm; control; guide: v.i. to direct a ship in its course; move; be governed. steerage (ster'aj), n. the act or prac- tice of steering; that part of a ship allotted to the poorer passengers. steerage- way (ster'aj-wa), n. rate of motion through the water of a vessel sufficient to enable her to feel the effect of the helm. steeve (stev), n. the angle of elevation of a bowsprit with the horizon. Also called steeving. stegomyia (steg'o-mi-ya) , n. the ge- nus of mosquitoes which transmit the germs of yellow fever. [Greek.] stein (stm), n. a stone beer-mug hold- ing something less than a quart. steinbock (stm'bok), n. a small an- telope of South Africa. Also steen- bok. stele (sta/la), n. an upright tablet of stone, often beautifully sculptured. It was the commonest form of monu- ment for the dead among the Greeks. 'stellar (stel'ar), adj. pertaining to stars; astral; starry. Also stellary. stellate (stel'at), adj. star-like; radi- ated. [Latin.] stem (stem), n. the principal axis of a tree or plant; anything resem- bling a stem; race; pedigree; prog- eny; branch of a family; the fore- part of a vessel; the unchangeable part of an inflected word; the up- right or downright line joined to the body of a note [Music]: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stemmed, p.pr. stem- ming], to resist or check; dam up: v.i. to move forward against an ob- stacle. stemple (stem'pl), n. a crossbar of wood in a mining shaft for ascending and descending. stencil (stench), n. a strong offensive odor. stencil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate of metal with a pattern, &c, cut out, used for marking, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stenciled, jp.pr. stenciling], to mark or color with a stencil. stenograph (sten'o-graf), n. writing in shorthand: v.t. to write or report in shorthand. [Greek.] stenographer (stcn-og'ra-fer), n. a shorthand writer. Also stenogra- phist. stenographic (sten-o-graf'ik), adj. pertaining to, or written in, short- hand. stenography (stcn-og'ra-fi), n. the art of writing in shorthand. Stentor (sten'ter), n. a person with a very powerful voice: from the Greek herald in the Trojan war. stentorian (sten-to'ri-an), adj. ex- tremely loud. step (step), n. the distance measured by the foot in walking or running; pace; small distance; footstep; ac- tion ; measure ; procedure ; gait ; stair ; round of a ladder: pi. portable framework of stairs^ v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stepped, p.pr. stepping], to make a movement by a single change of the position of the foot; walk; ad- vance or retire by pacing; go or come as by chance; walk slowly: v.t. to set, as the foot ; measure by steps; fix, as a mast: prefix denoting relation by marriage only. steppe (step), n. & name for the vast barren plains of Russia. stere (star), n. in the metric system ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. STEREO 791 STIACCIATO a unit of cubic measure = 35.31 cubic feet. stereo, a Greek prefix meaning solid, firm, as stereogram, a picture repre- senting objects on a plane surface as if in relief: n. an abbr. of stereo- type. Also stereograph. stereography (ster-e-og'ra-fi) , n. the art of repressing solids by lines on a flat surface. stereometer (ster-e-om'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the solid contents of a body; an instrument for determining specific gravity. stereopticon (ster-e-op'ti-kon), n. a magic-lantern showing photographic slides as if in relief. stereoscope (ster'e-o-skop) , n. a bi- nocular optical instrument by means of which two pictures appear as one and stand out in relief . stereoscopic (ster-e-o-skop'ik) , adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or adapted to, the stereoscope. stereo telescope (ster'e-o-tel'e-skop) , n. a binocular telescope that can be arranged accurately to determine dis- tances, employed in the European War, 1914-1916, as a range-finder. stereotype (ster'e-o-tip), n. a metal plate cast from a mold taken from a page of movable types: v.t. [p.t. & p.p stereotyped, p.pr. stereotyp- ing], to cast or print in stereotype; fix permanently: adj. pertaining to, or done by, stereotype. sterile (ster'il), adj. barren: pro- ducing little or no crop; destitute of ideas. sterility (ster-il'i-ti) , n. barrenness; infecundity. [French.] sterilization (ster-il-i-za'shun), n. the act or process of rendering ster- ile; state of being sterile. sterilize (ster'il-iz), v.t. to make ster- ile; deprive of the power of repro- duction, as bacteria. sterling (sterling), adj. pure; unadul- terated; genuine; noting English money of standard value; of high merit. stern (stern), adj. harsh or severe in countenance or manners; austere; unrelenting; steadfast; being in the stern: n. the after part of a vessel. sternal (ster'nal), adj. pertaining to the sternum. sternsheets (stern'shetz), n. that part of a boat furnished with seats for passengers. sternum (ster'num), n. the breast bone. [Latin.] sternway (stern 'wa), n. movement of a vessel backwards. stertorous (ster' to-rus) , adj. charac- terized by deep snoring. stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, p.pr. stetting], to mark with the word stet (let it stand) on a proof, indi- cating that something marked for omission is to remain. stethometer (steth-om'e-ter) , n. an apparatus for measuring the exter- nal movements of the walls of the chest during respiration. [Greek.] stethoscope (steth'o-skop), n. an in- strument for examining the chest, or ascertaining diseases of the chest by sound produced in the thorax. stethoscopic (steth-o-skop'ik), adj. pertaining to, or by means of, the stethoscope. Also stethoscopical. stethoseopy (steth-os'ko-pi), n. ex- amination by the stethoscope. steve (stev), v.t. to stow in a ship's hold. stevedore (steVe-dor) , n. % one who loads or unloads a vessel in port, or stows cargo in a ship's hold. [Span- ish.] stew (stu), v.t. to boil slowly or with a simmering heat: v.i. to be boiled slowly or gently: n. a dish pre- pared by stewing; a store-pond: pi. a brothel. steward (stu'erd), n. one who man- ages the domestic concerns of a family or institution; manager of a large estate or farm; person em- ployed at a hotel, club, or on board ship to superintend culinary affairs ; a college official who superintends the kitchen arrangements; a fiscal agent; an officer of the royal house- hold; manager at races, sports, &c. stewardess (stti'erd-es), n. a woman who attends to female passengers on board ship. stewardship (stu'erd-ship) , n. the office of a steward; management. sthenic (sthen'ik), adj. characterized by morbid activity of the heart and blood vessels. [Greek.] stiacciato (ste-at-cha/to) , n. in sculp- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. STIBIAL 792 STING ture, the lowest kind of relief. [Italian.] s tibial (stib'i-al), adj. like antimony. stibialism (stib'i-al-izm), n. antimo- nial poisoning. stibium (stib'i-um), n. antimony. sticcado (sti-ka'do), n. a musical in- strument of wooden bars of gradu- ated lengths, played with a small mallet. Stick (stik), n. a small branch or shoot cut off a tree; walking stick; staff; printer's composing-stick; thrust or stab with a pointed instrument; an incompetent or dull speaker: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stuck, m p.pr. sticking], to stab or thrust; pierce; fasten; fix in; make to cohere; attach; set with something pointed; compose or set up (type): v.i. to be fixed; remain; cleave; adhere; be fastened by piercing; be stayed; hesitate (with at). stickiness (stik'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being sticky. stickle (stik'l), v.i. to wrangle or con- tend pertinaciously, especially on in- sufficient grounds, for something of little importance. stickleback (stik'1-bak), n. a spiny- ' backed fish. sticky (stik'i), adj. [comp. stickier, su- per!, stickiest], adhesive; glutinous; viscous. stiff (stif), adj. not easily bent; rigid; inflexible; stubborn; not liquid or fluid; strong; violent; not natural or easy; constrained; affected; for- mal; severe; not written with ease. stiffen (stif'n), v.t. to make stiff ; make more thick or viscous; make tor- pid: v.i. to become stiff; grow more obstinate. stiffening (stif'n-ing), n. the act of making stiff; material for making anything stiff. stiff-necked (stif'nekt), adj. inflexibly obstinate; stubborn. stifle (stif'l), v.t. to suffocate; smother; extinguish; deaden; suppress or con- ceal: v.i. to be suffocated; n. the first joint above a horse's thigh, next the buttock. stigma (stig'ma), n. [pi. stigmas, stig- mata (stig'maz, stig'ma-ta)], a mark made with a branding-iron; mark of infamy or disgrace; a letter in the earlier Greek alphabet representing st; the receptive upper part of the pistil of a flower on which the pollen which f ertilizes it falls : pi. the coun- terparts of the marks of the wounds in Christ's body, supposed to be im- pressed on the bodies of certain saints (stigmata). [Greek.] stigmatize (stig'ma-tiz), v.t. to mark with a stigma or brand; hold up to disgrace, reproach, or infamy. stile (stil), n. & set of steps to pass from one side of a fence or wall, &c, to the other; the gnomon of a sun-dial; an upright piece in fram- ing or paneling. stiletto (sti : let'o), n. a small dagger with a thin, rounded, and pointed blade; pointed instrument for mak- ing eyelet holes. still (stil), adj. at rest; without mo- tion; quiet; calm; silent; not effer- vescent: adv. to this time; neverthe- less; always; after that: v.t. to make still; calm; render motionless: n. an apparatus for distilling liquids; a room for keeping the products of the still. stillness (stil'nes), n. silence; motion- lessness. stilt (stilt), n. a pole of wood with a rest for the foot ; used in pairs in walking : v.t. to set or raise on stiltSo stilted (stilt'ed), adj. inflated; pom- pous. Stilton (stil 'tun), n. a rich kind of English cheese. stimulant (stim'u-lant) , adj. serving to stimulate; producing transient in- crease of vital energy: n.pl. medi- cines or alcoholic beverages having such an effect. [Latin.] stimulate (stim'u-lat) , v.t. to excite or rouse; animate; goad; encourage; excite greater vitality in: v.i. to act as a stimulus. stimulative (stim'u-la-tiv) , adj. hav- ing the power of stimulating: n. any- thing that stimulates. stimulator (stim'u-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, stimulates. stimulus (stim'u-lus) , n. [pi. stimuli (stim'u-li)], that which stimulates; a spur; anything exciting to action; incentive; stimulant. sting (sting), n. the sharp-pointed, poisonous weapon with which cer- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; Dote, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. STINGAREE 793 STOCKADE tain animals and insect, are fur- nished ; one of the stiff, sharp-pointed, hollow hairs of certain plants; any- thing that gives acute mental or physical pain; the thrust of a sting: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stung, p.pr. stinging], to pierce or wound with, or as with, a sting; cause acute pain to; goad. stingaree (sting-ga-re') , n. the sting- ray- stinging (sting'ing), p. adj. piercing, as with a sting; acutely painful; pun- gent; adapted for stinging. stingless (sting'les), adj. without a sting. stingy (stin'ji), adj. [comp. stingier, superl. stingiest], close and covet- ous; meanly avaricious; miserly; niggardly. stink (stingk), v.i. [p.t.^ & p.p. stunk, p.pr. stinking], to emit a strong, of- fensive odor: v.t. to cause to stink: n. a strong, offensive odor; disgust- ing smell; an unpleasant exposure. stinking (stingk'ing) , p.adj. emitting a stink. stint (stint), < v.t. to restrain within certain Limits: v.i. to stop or cease: n. a limit; quantity assigned. Also stent, and in slang, stunt. stipe (stip), n. the stalk of a frond or of a pistil; stem of a fungus. Also stipes. stipend (sti'pend), n. salary, espe- cially clerical income. [Latin.] stipendiary (stl-pen'di-a-ri) , adj. re- ceiving stipend or salary: n. one who performs services for a salary. stipple (stip'l), v.t. to engrave by means of dots; paint by small, short touches. stippler (stip'ler), n. a brush used for stippling. stipulate (stip'ti-lat), v.t. to arrange or settle definitely or by special men- tion. stipulation (stip-u-la'shun) , n. the act of stipulating; contract, agreement, or bargain; a special condition in a contract. stipulator (stip'ii-la-ter), n. one who stipulates, contracts, or covenants. stipule (stip 'til) , n. a small leaf -like ap- pendage at the base of petioles. stir/ster), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stirred, p.pr. stirring], to put into motion; move; incite; agitate; animate; rouse; in- stigate: v.i. to move or exert one 7 g self; be in motion; change place; rise in the morning: n. bustle; agita- tion; tumult; noise; public disturb- ance; excitement. stirabout (ster'a-bout), n. oatmeal porridge. stirk (sterk), n. a young bull or heifer, stirps (sterps), n. [pi. stirpes (ster'« pez)], family; race; stem; root. stirrer (ster'er), n. one who stirs. stirring (ster'ing), n. the act of mov- ing: adj. busy; bustling; exciting; stimulating. stirrup (stir'up or ster'up), n. an iron hoop suspended by a strap in which a horseman sets his foot when he mounts or rides. stitch (stich), n. a single pass of a needle and thread through^ anything made by sewing; link of yarn in knitting; sudden sharp, local pain; a furrow: v.t. to form stitches in; unite by stitches; form (land) into furrows: v.i. to practice stitching. stitching (stich'ing), n. the act of sewing; work sewn; formation of land into furrows. stithy (stith'i), n. a smith's forge; anvil. stive (stiv), v.t. to make close, hot, or sultry; stuff up; pack or press closely together: v.i. to be stifled. stiver (stiVer), n. a Dutch coin, value two cents: hence anything of little value. stoa (sto'a), n. a portico or porch. stoat (stot), n. a kind of weasel. stoccade (sto-kadO, n. a thrust in fencing. [French.] stock (stok), n. the trunk or stem of a tree or plant; pillar; log, or post; trunk into which a graft is inserted; a blockhead; race, family, or line- age; fund; capital; share of a pub- lic debt; store; cattle; stiff cravat; part of a firearm to which the bar- rel and lock are attached; founda- tion of soups, &c; a kind of flower: pi. a wooden frame in which the legs of criminals were confined; pub- lic funds; shares of capital in a cor- porate company; frame on which a ship is built: v.t. to store up; fill; supply: v.i. to take in or obtain sup- plies: adj. kept in stock; permanent, stockade (stok-ad'), n. a line of posts ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut : think, ffcen. STOCKFISH 794 STOOL used as a barrier for defense or en- closure for cattle: v.t. to surround with, or defend by, a stockade. stockfish (stok'fish), n. salted and dried fish. stockiness (stok'i-nes), n. the quality of being stocky. stockinet (stok-i-nef), n. an elastic textile fabric. stocking (stok'ing), n. a close-fitting covering for the foot and leg. stockjobber (stok'job-er), n. one who deals or speculates in stocks and shares. stockstill (stok'stil), adj. motionless. stocky (stok'i), adj. short; stout; like a shrimp. stodgy (stoj'i), adj. wet; clumsy; smug. stogy (sto'gi), n. a long, thin-rolled cigar of a coarse grade. Stoic (sto'ik), n. a disciple of the Greek philosopher Zeno, who taught that a wise man should be governed by the reason, subdue all passions, and be indifferent to pleasure or pain: one who proposes such doc- trines: adj. pertaining to the Stoics; indifferent to pleasure or pain. Sto- ical. [Greek.] stoically (sto'i-ka-li), adv. in a stoical manner. stoichiometry (stoi-ki-om'e-tri), n. the science of estimating the atomic weights, &c, of chemical elements and their compounds. stoicism (sto'i-sizm), n. the doctrines and maxims of the Stoics; real or assumed insensibility to pleasure or pain. stoke (stok), v.t. maintain and tend the fire in: as, to stoke a furnace: v.i. to act as a stoker. stoker (stok'er), n. one who supplies fuel to, and attends to the furnace of, an engine ; a fireman. stola (sto'la), n. [pi. stolse (sto'le)], a long, loose garment worn by Roman matrons. stole (stol), n. a stola; a long narrow scarf fringed at the ends, worn by bishops, priests and deacons; a woman's long fur garment for the neck and shoulders: p.t. of steal. stolen (storh), p.p. of steal. stolid (stol'id), adj. stupid; dull; im- passive. stolidity (stol-id'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being stolid ; intellectual dulness. stolon (sto'lon), n. a trailing branch or creeping sucker which sends down roots. stoma (sto'ma), n. [pi. stomata (sto'- ma-ta)], a minute breathing-pore or aperture. stomach (stum'ak), n. the principal organ of digestion in the body; ap- petite; inclination; haughtiness: v.t, to resent; put up with. [French.] stomacher (stum'a-ker), n. an orna- mental breast-covering, once worn by women. stomachic (sto-mak'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, exciting or strengthening the stomach: n. a strengthening medi- cine for the stomach. stomatic (sto-mat'ik), n. a medicine for diseases of the mouth. stone (ston), n. a hard mass of earthy or mineral matter; gem; material of stone used for building, &c; calcu- lus; hard seed shell of certain fruits; a weight of varying value, usually 14 lb. avoirdupois; insensibility; hardness: v.t. to pelt or kill with stones ; free_ from stones, as fruit . # Stone Age (aj), n. the period of civ- ilization when stone weapons, im- plements, &c, were used prior to in- troduction of bronze. stone-blind (ston 'blind), adj. quite blind. stonechat (ston'chat), n. a small British bird. stonecutting (ston'kut-ing), n. hew- ing or dressing stone. stoneware (ston'war), n. a coarse kind of pottery baked hard and glazed. stonewort (ston'wert), n. a plant of the genus Chara. stonily (ston'i-li),- adv. in a stony man- ner. stoniness (ston'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being stony. stony (ston'i), adj. [comp. stonier, su- perl. stoniest], pertaining to, of the nature of, or like, stone; rocky; hard; cruel; inflexible; pitiless. stood, p.t. of stand. stool (stool) , n. a seat without a back for one person, usually supported with 3 legs; the seat used in evacuating the bowels ; evacuation of the bowels. ete, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. STOOL-PIGEON 795 STRABOTOMY stool-pigeon (stool'pij'un), n. one who acts as a decoy for another; like a decoy duck in shooting. stodp (stoop), v.i. to bend the body downward and forward; descend from rank or dignity; submit; con- descend; sweep down on prey: n. in- clination downward and forward; descent from dignity ; condescension ; fall of a bird upon its prey; stair- way, veranda, or porch with seats. stop (stop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p stopped, p.pr. stopping], to hinder, check, or impede; render impassable; inter- cept; desist from; regulate the sounds of; deduct; suspend: v.i : to cease from any motion or action ; reside temporarily: n. the act of stopping; state of being stopped; cessation; a device for arresting or limiting musical sounds; series of organ pipes; mark used in punctua- tion: inter j. stay! cease! stopgap (stop 'gap), n. a temporary expedient. stoppage (stop'aj), n. the act of stop- ping; state of being stopped; ob- struction; deduction from pay. stopper (stop'er), n. one who, or that which, stops; that which closes a vent or hole. stopping (stop'ing), n. the act of halt- ing; stoppage; something that fills up, or closes. stopple (stop'l), n. a cork or plug: v.t. to close with_a stopple. storage (stor'aj), n. safe keeping of goods in a warehouse, &c; price for storage. _ storax (sto'raks), n. a balsamic resin. store (stor), n. a large number or great quantity; stock accumulated; abundance or plenty; warehouse; shop: pi. naval and military arms, ammunition, clothing, provisions, &c: v.t. to furnish or supply with stores; gather in quantities; accu- mulate; hoard up; warehouse. storeroom (stor'room), n. a room in which provisions or other things are kept. storied (stored), adj. furnished with stories; told in a story. stork (stork), n. a large wading bird, with long legs and large pointed bill. storm (storm), n. a violent atmos- pheric disturbance; tempest; heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail; violent commotion or agitation; tumult; ca- lamity; violent assault on a fortified place: v.t. to attack with violence or open force: v.i. to blow violently; be angry or rage. stormily (storm'i-li) , adv. in a stormy manner. storminess (storm'i-nes) , n. the state of tempest. storming (storm'ing), n. the taking of a fortified place by a vio^nt and open assault: p.adj. violently angry or raging. stormless (storages), adj. free from storms. stormy (storm'j), adj. [comp. stormier, superl. stormiest], characterized by, or proceeding from, storms ; tempest- uous; violent/ Storthing (stort'ing), n. the Norwe- gian Parliament. story (sto'ri), n. [pL stories (sto'riz)], a fictitious narrative; pretty tale; short romance; history; stage or floor of a building; division of a house reached by one flight of stairs. stoup (stoop), n. a flagon; receptacle for holy water; a liquid measure. stout (stout), adj. corpulent; thick- set; stormy; lusty; brave; resolute: n. a strong_kind of porter. stovaine (sto'vane), n. an anaesthetic injected into spinal cord, producing insensibility, in lower or upper ex- tremities. stove > (stov) , n. an apparatus for en- closing a fire for cooking or heating; hothouse: v.t. heat or dry, as in a stove: p.t. of stave. stovepipe (stov'pip), n. a pipe lead- ing from a stove to a chimney. An old-fashioned high hat was called a " stovepipe hat " (about 1840-1860), U . b. stow (sto), v.t. to fill by packing closely; lay up; pack. stowage (sto'aj), n. the act of stowing: state of being stowed; accommoda- tion for stowing things; money paid for stowage. stowaway (sto'a-wa), n. one who con- ceals himself on a vessel leaving port to obtain a free passage. strabismus (stra-bis'mus), n. squint- ing. [Greek.] strabotomy (stra-bot'o-mi) , n. a sur- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. STRADDLE 796 STRATAGEM gical operation for the removal of squinting. Straddle (strad'l), v.t. to stand or sit astride of : y.i. to stand or walk with the legs wide apart. Stradivarius (strad-i-va/ri-us) , n. a stringed instrument or specifically a violin made by Antonio Stradivari of Cremona (1650-1737). straggle (strag'l), v.i. to wander from the direct course or way; ramble; rove; roam idly about; be dispersed or scattered; occur at intervals. straggler (strag'ler), n. an idle person; a vagabond; a soldier who does not keep his place while on the march. 6tragulum (strag'u-lum), n. the man- tle, or spreading out of the wings of a bird. straight (strat), adj. not crooked; right, as a line stretched between two points; direct; upright; undi- luted; consistent in support of a candidate or party: adv. in a straight manner; direct; at once. straighten (strat'en), v.t. to make straight. straightforward (strat-f or'werd) , adj. not deviating; honest; open. straight- spoken (strat 'spo-ken) , adj. plain-spoken. straightway (strat'wa), adv. at once. strain (stran), n. stock; lineage; race; descent; tune or melody; manner of speech or action; a violent effort; injury by overexertion: v.t. to put to its utmost strength ; draw ; stretch ; in- jure by overtasking ; make uneasy or unnatural; filter: v.i. to make violent efforts. strainer (stran'er), n. one who, or that which, strains; an apparatus for fil- tering. strait (strat), adj. narrow; not broad; confined; distressful; difficult: n.pl. a narrow passage of water connect- ing two seas; difficulty; poverty. straiten (strat'en), v.t. to make nar- row; contract; confine; put into dif- ficulties; embarrass: v.i. to become narrow. strait- jacket Ustrat'jak-et), n. a kind of garment for confining mad or de- lirious persons. Also strait-waist- coat. strait-laced ^ (strat 'last) , adj. laced tightly; strict in manners or morals. strake (strak), n. the iron tire by which the felloes of a wheel are se- cured; continuous line of planking of a vessel from stem to stern; a trough for washing broken ore. stramonium (stra-mo'ni-um), n. the thorn-apple, commonly called jim- son-weed. [Greek.] strand (strand), n. the shore of a sea, ocean, or large lake ; one of the divi- sions or twists of a rope: v.t. to drive or force upon the sea-shore ; run aground; bring into a state of em- barrassment: v.i. to be lifted or be driven ashore. Strand (strand), n. a famous and crowded street in London, leading down into the old City and the Bank of England. strange (stranj), adj. belonging to another country; not domestic; novel; unusual; reserved; inexperi- enced; unfamiliar. [Old French.] strangely (stranj 'li), adv. in a strange manner. strangeness (stranj 'nes), n. the state or quality of being strange. stranger (stranj 'er), n. a foreigner; guest or Visitor; one who is un- known or acquainted; one not ad- mitted to fellowship. strangle (strang'gl), v.t. to choke; sup- press or stifle: pi. a disease in horses. strangle-hold (strang'gl-hold), n. in wrestling a grip which suffocates by compressing the wind-pipe. strangulation (strang-gti-la'shun), n. the act of strangling; state of being strangled; suffocation; close con- striction. strangury (strang'gti-ri) , n. painful voiding of urine by drops. strap (strap), n. a long, narrow piece of leather or cloth; razor-strop: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. strapped, p.pr. strapping], to fasten or bind" with a strap ; beat with a strap. strapper (strap 'er), n. one who uses a strap ; a person unusually tall. strapping (strap 'ing), adj. tall; strong; well-made; handsome. strass (stras), n. a kind of colorless glass used in making artificial gems. strata, pi. of stratum. stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. a device or scheme for defeating an enemy, especially in war; an artifice or plan ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. STRATEGIC 797 STRLE for deception of any kind, or for gain- ing some advantage. [Greek.] . strategic (stra-tej'ik), adj. pertaining to, or effected by, strategy or arti- fice. Also strategical: n.pl. the sci- ence of military warfare. strategy (strat'e-ji) , n. strategics; use of artifice or stratagem in carrying out some design. stratification (strat-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the process of being arranged or de- posited in layers. stratified (strat'i-fid), adj. arranged in strata. stratiform (strat'i-f orm) , adj. strata- like. stratify (strat'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stratified, p.pr. stratifying], to form, deposit, or arrange, in strata or lay- ers. stratum ' (stra'tum), n. [pi. strata (stra'ta)], a bed of earth or rock, consisting generally of a series of lay- ers; an artificial layer. [Latin.] stratus (stra/tus), n. a cloud appar- ently resting horizontally on the earth's surface. straw (straw), n. the stalk of grain; bundle of such stalks when cut and thrashed ; anything proverbially worthless; mere trifle. strawberry (straw'ber-i) , n. [pi. straw- berries (straw'ber-iz)], a plant of the genus Fragaria and its well-known fruit. straw- worm (straw'werm) , n. the caddis-worm. strawy (straw'i), adj. pertaining to, made of, or like, straw. stray (stra), v.i. to wander from limits or the direct path; deviate; err; v.t. to mislead: adj. gone astray; wan- dering. [Old French.] streak (strek), n. a line of color dif- ferent from the ground color; stripe: v.t. to form, or mark with, streaks; stripe. streaky (strek'i), adj. having streaks; with alternate layers of fat and lean. stream (strem), n. a current of water or other fluid ; anything flowing out of a source; river, rivulet, or brook; drift or tendency: v.L to issue or flow in a stream; run in a current; issue forth. streamer (strem 'er), n. a long narrow flag or pennon; the aurora borealis. streamless (strem'les), adj. devoid of streams. streamlet (strem'let) , n. a little stream; a rivulet; a rill. stream-tin (strem 'tin), n. diluvial ore in tin mines. streamy (strem'i), adj. abounding in, or full of , streams ; flowing in streams. street (stret), n. a public road in a city or town fined with houses on either side. street Arab (ar'ab), n. a neglected child who lives in the streets. street-car (stret'kar), n. a car that runs on a street-railway. _ street-railway (stret-ral'wa), n. a rail- way laid on the surface of the . streets, distinguished from a rail- road, elevated road, or sub-way road. strength (strength), n. the state or quality of being strong; active or passive power; muscular force; vigor; p/)wer of endurance or resistance; toughness; numbers or amount of any body, as an army; vigor of style; intensity, as of light or color; legal or moral force ; potency of liquors. strengthen (strengthen), v.t. to make strong; confirm; cause to increase in power or security: v.i. to become stronger. strenuous (stren'u-us) , adj. urgent or eagerly pressing; ardent; zeal- ous; strong; vigorous; bold; ear- nest; valiant. [Latin.] stress (stres), n. urgency; strain; pres- sure; force; importance; weight; violence; force of utterance. stretch (strech), v.t. to draw out to a greater length or width; extend or expand; strain; exaggerate: v.i. to be extended; reach; sail by the wind under press of canvas : n. the act of stretching; state of being stretched; strain; effort; extension; direction; utmost extent of meaning. stretcher (strech'er), n. one who, or that which, # stretches; a footboard used in rowing ; a frame or litter for carrying the sick or dead. stretchy (strech'i), n. elastic; easily stretched. strew (stroo), v.t. to spread by scat* tering; scatter loosely. striae (stri'e), n.pl. fine thread-like lines; slight furrows; fillets between the channels of columns. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^en. STRIATE 798 STRONG striate (strl'at), adj. marked, or & p.p. strung, p>.pr. stringing], to formed with, striae. furnish with strings; put in tune; stricken (strik'en), p. adj. far ad- thread on a string; file; deprive of vanced: p. p. of strike. [Latin.] strings. strict (strikt), adj. vigorous; exact; stringency (strin'j en-si), n. the state severe; nice to an extreme; careful; or quality of being stringent, rigidly interpreted; straight and stringent t (strin'jent), adj. severe; narrow. rigid; strict; binding; tense. stricture (strik'tur), n. a morbid con- stringiness (string'i-nes) , n. the state traction of any passage of the body, or quality of being stringy. u especially of the urethra; censure or stringy (string'i), adj. consisting of, or adverse criticism. like, string; filamentous; viscid. stride (strid), n. a long step; straddle: strip (strip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stripped, v.i. to walk with long steps; strad- p.gr. stripping], to make naked; de- dle: v.t. to pass by long steps. # pnve of a covering; skin or peel; strident (stri'dent), adj. harsh; shrill; rob or pillage; bereave; take away; grating or creaking. [Latin.] milk dry: vi. to undress: n. a long stridulation (strid-u-la/shun) , n. the narrow piece; trough for washing power possessed by certain male in- ore; waste, as destruction of fences, sects of making shrill sounds by the stripe (strip), v.t. to variegate with friction of parts of their bodies. lines of different colors; form the stridulous (strid'u-lus) , adj. produc- stripes upon; lash or whip: n. a ing a shrill, harsh, creaking sound. line or long narrow division of any- strife (strif), n. contention for su- thing of a different color to the periority; discord; conflict; quarrel; ground: stroke or weal made by a enmity; war. whip, .£. to overcome or conquer; vanquish; reduce; lower; tone down. subjacent (sub-j a/sent), adj. lying under or below; situated lower but not directly beneath. subject (sub'jekt), adj. under the power or control of another; sub- ordinate; disposed; liable: n. one who is under the power or control of another ; that which is treated in writing, speaking, &c; theme; topic; design; a dead body for dissection; substance; material; theme of a proposition: the Ego, as distin- guished from the non-Ego or object; theme of a movement [Music]: v.t. (sub-jekt'), to bring under the power or control of; render subordinate; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; SI hue, hut ; think, then. SUBJECTION 802 SUBSCRIBE enslave; subjugate; render liable; expose. subjection (sub-jek'shun), n. the act of subjecting; state of being sub- jected. subjective (sub-jek'tiv), adj. pertain- ing to the subject as opposed to the object; derived from one's own con- sciousness. subjectively (sub-jek'tiv-li), adv. in a subjective manner. subjectiveness (sub-jek'tiv-nes), ft. the state or quality of being sub- jective. Also subjectivity. subjectivism (sub-jek'tiv-izm), ft. the philosophical doctrine that knowl- edge is relative or purely subjective. subjoin (sub-join'), v.t. to affix. subjugate (sub'jii-gat), v.t. to conquer by force; bring under dominion. subjugation (sub-ju-ga/shun), n. the act of subjugating; state of being subjugated. subjugator (sub'ju-ga-ter), ft. one who subjugates. subjunctive (sub-jungk'tiv), adj. not- ing a form of the verb expressive of contingency, condition, or hypothe- sis. sublimate (sub'li-mat), v.t. to convert (a solid), by heat into vapor, which on cooling returns to the solid state; refine and exalt. sublimation (sub-li-ma'shun) , ft. the act of sublimating. sublime (sub-llm'), adj. awakening feelings of awe and reverence; high in place or excellence; exalted in na- ture; elevated in manner or style: n. that which is awe-inspiring in works of nature or art ^s distin- guished from the beautiful (with the): v.t. to dignify or exalt; ren- der noble: v.i. to be capable of sub- limation. sublimely (sub-lim'li) , adv. in a sub- lime manner. subliminal consciousness (sub-lim'- i-nal kon'shus-nes) , n. that which is beneath the threshold of conscious knowledge. sublimity (sub-lim'i-ti) , n. loftiness of style or sentiment; elevation; moral grandeur; excellence. Also sub- limeness. submarine (sub'ma-ren) , adj. under water; submerged: ft. a naval vessel that is constructed to be navigated beneath the surface of the water. submerge (sub-meij'), v.t. to place un- der water; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or lie, under water. submersible (sub-mer'si-bl) , adj. ca- pable of being submerged: n. a sub- marine. submersion (sub-mer'shun) , n. the act of submerging ; state of being sub- merged. Also submergence. submission (sub-mish'un), n. the act of submitting or yielding; obedience. submissive (sub-mis'iv) , adj. yielding to authority; obedient; humble. submissiveness (sub-mis 'iv-nes) , ft. the state or quality of being sub- missive. submit (sub-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sub- mitted, p.pr. submitting], to yield to the authority of another; surren- der; resign; refer to; comply with: v.i. to be subject; yield. submitter (sub-mit'er), ft. one who submits. submultiple (sub-mul'ti-pl) , ft. a num- ber or quantity which is contained in another a certain number of times exactly, as 4 is the submultiple of 28. subnormal (sub-nor'mal) , adj. less than normal. subordinate (sub-or'di-nat), adj. infe- rior in rank, value, power, or im- portance: ft. one who is inferior to another in rank, &c. : v.t. to place in a lower order; render subject. subordinately (sub-or'di-nat-li), adv. in a subordinate manner. _ subordination (sub-6r-di-na'shun) , ft. the act of subordinating or placing in a lower order; subjection; state of being subordinate; inferiority of rank, position, &c. suborn (sub-orn'), v.t. to procure or in- duce to commit perjury; procure by indirect means or by secret collu- sion. subornation (sub-6r-na'shun) , n. the act of inducing a person to commit perjury by bribes or persuasion. subpoena (sub-pe'na), n. a writ com- manding the attendance of a person in court as a witness under a pen-, alty: v.t. to serve with a subpoena. subscribe (sub-skrnV), v.t. to write or annex (one's name) to a paper or document; give or promise (a sum ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SUBSCRIPTION 803 SUBTREASURY of money) for some object by writ- ing one's name; publish (a book) by subscription: v.i. to give consent. subscription (sub-skrip'shun), n. the act of subscribing; name subscribed; signature; sum of money subscribed. subsequence (sub 'se-k wens), n. the act or state of being subsequent. subsequent (sub'se-kwent), adj. fol- lowing or coming after in time' or or- der; posterior. subserve (sub-serv'), v.t. to be sub- servient to; promote; serve instru- ment ally. subsessile (sub-ses'il), adj. having very short foot-stalks. subside (sub-sid'), v.i. to sink or fall to the bottom; tend downward, set- tle; abate; become tranquil or calm. subsidence (sub 'si-dens), n. the act of subsiding or sinking down; down- ward tendency. subsidiarily (sub-sid'i-a-r:-li) , adv. so as to assist. subsidiary (sub-sid'i-a-ii), adj. aux- iliary ; furnishing additional supplies : n. an auxiliary. subsidize (sub'si-dlz), v.t. to furnish with a subsidy. subsidy (sub'si-di), n. [pi. subsidies (sub'si-diz)], pecuniary aid granted by one government to another, es- pecially for war expenses; public grant or subvention to aid an enter- prise for the public convenience^ subsist (sub-sist'O . v.i. to have exist- ence; to retain the present state; inhere; have the means of livelihood. subsistence (sub-sist'ens) , n. means of support ; maintenance ; livelihood ; inherence. substance (sub'stans), n. matter or material; characteristic and essen- tial part of anything; purport; wealth or property. substantial (sub-stan'shal), adj. be- longing to, or having, substance; containing the essential parts; solid; material; corporeal; having consid- erable wealth or property: n.pl. es- sential parts. substantially # (sub-stan'sha-li) , adv. in a substantial manner; essentially. substantiate (sub-stan'shi-at), v.t. to establish the truth of by proof or competent evidence. substantival (sub-stan-ti'val) , adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a substantive. substantive (sub'stan-tiv), adj. ex- pressing existence; real; essential: n. that part of speech which expresses the existence of anything material or immaterial; noun. substantively (sub'stan-tiv-li), adv in a substantive manner; essen- tially; as a substantive or noun. substitute (sub'sti-tut), v.t, to put in the place of another; change: n. one who, or that which, is put in the place of another. substitution (sub-sti-tu'shun) , n. the act of substituting; state of being substituted. subsume (sub-sum'), v.t. to include un- der a more general class or under something else. subtangent (sub-tan'jent)^ n. the part of the axis of a curve intercept- ed between the tangent and the ordi- nate. subtend (sub-tend'), v.t. to extend un- der or be opposite to. subter, a Latin prefix _meaning under. subterfuge (sub'ter-fuj), n. an eva- sion or artifice; trick; shift. subterranean (sub-ter-a'ne-an) , adj, below the surface or beneath the earth. Also subterraneous. subtile (sut'l), adj. thin; delicately constructed; fine; delicate; refined: acute; cunning; artful. subtilely (sut'l-li), adv. in a subtile manner. subtileness (sut'1-nes), n. the state or quality of being subtile. Also sub- tility. subtle (sut'l), adj. artful; insinuat- ing; crafty. subtlety (sut'l-ti), n. acuteness of in- tellect; cunning; shrewdness. Sub- tleness. subtract (sub-trakf) , v.t. to with- draw or take away, as a part from a whole; deduct. subtraction (sub-trak'shun) , n. the act of subtracting. subtractive (sub-trak'tiv) , adj. tend- ing, or having power, to subtract. subtrahend (sub'tra-hend), n. the quantity or number to be sub- tr acted from another. subtreasury (sub-trezh'u-ri), n. a branch of the United States Treas- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, udrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SUBTRIPLE 804 SUDORIFIC ury. There is a sub treasury in the cities of New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and New Orleans. nub triple (sub-trip '1), adj. containing a third. subulate (su'bu-lat), adj. awl- shaped. suburb (sub'erb), n. an outlying dis- trict of a city or town; environs (usually pi). suburban (sub-er'ban) , adj. pertain- ing to, in, or living within, the suburbs. subvention (sub-ven'shun) , n. a gov- ernment grant or subsidy. subversion (sub-ver'shun) , n. the act of subverting; overthrow; ruin. subversive (sub-ver'siv), adj. tending to subvert. subvert (sub-vert'), v.t. to turn upside down; ruin; overthrow; corrupt. 6ubvertible (sub-vert 'i-bl) , adj. cap- able of being subverted. subway (sub'wa), n. an underground passage or railroad. sue, another form of sub. succeed (suk-sed'), v.t. to take the place of; follow: v.i. to follow in order; obtain one's wishes; be suc- cessful; accomplish something at- tempted; end with advantage; pros- per. success (suk-ses'), n. the prosperous termination of any enterprise; pros- perity. successful (suk-ses'fool) , adj. ending in success; prosperous; fortunate. successfully (suk-ses'foo-li) , adv. in a successful manner. succession (suk-ses'shun), n. the act of following in order; lineage; act or right of coming in the place of another; rotation, as of crops. successional (suk-ses'shun-al) , adj. pertaining to, or implying, succes- sion; consecutive. successive (suk-ses'iv) , adj. following in uninterrupted order; legitimate; consecutive. successively (suk-ses 'iv-li), adv. con- secutively. successor (suk-ses 'er), n. one who succeeds or follows in the place or character of another. succinct (suk-singkt'), adj. tersely ex- pressed. succor (suk'er), v.t. to help or relieve when in difficulty or distress; aid: n. relief; aid. succotash (suk'o-tash) , n. a dish of green maize and beans boiled to- gether. succula (suk'u-la), n. an axis or cylin- der without a drum, with staves to move it round. succulence (suk'u-lens), n. juiciness. succulent (suk'u-lent) , adj. juicy : said of plants replete with juices. succumb (suk-kum'), v.i. to yield; submit. succursal (suk-ker'sal) , adj. annexed and assistant, as a chapel of ease. such (such), adj. the same that, or as referred to; denoting a particular person or thing ; certain ; very great. suck (suk), v.t. to draw in with the mouth: v.i. to draw milk from the breast: n. the act of sucking; milk drawn from the breast. sucker (suk'er), n. one who, or that which, sucks; piston of a pump; a tube through which anything is drawn; shoot of a plant from the lower part of the stem; a sweet; a native of Illinois. [Slang.] sucking (suk'ing), adj. drawing with the mouth or with an instrument; very young. suckle (suk'l), v.t. to nurse at the breast. suckling (suk'ling), n. an unweaned child or animal. sucrose (su'kros), n. cane-sugar. suction (suk'shun), n. the act or pro- cess of sucking; act of drawing fluids by the removal of the atmos- pheric pressure. suctorial (suk-to'ri-al), adj. adapted to, or living by, sucking. sudarium (su-da/ri-um) , n. the cloth on which Christ is said to have mi- raculously impressed his image when He wiped his face with it on the way to Calvary. [Latin.] sudation (su-da'shun) , n. the act of sweating. sudatorium (su-da-to'ri-um), n. a sweating bath. sudden (sud'n), adj. happening un- expectedly; instantaneous; without notice; quick. sudoriferous (su-dor-if'er-us), adj. secreting perspiration. [Latin.] sudorific (su-dor-if'ik), adj. causing ate, arm, at, awl ine, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, booki hue, hut ; think, then. SUDRA 805 SULLEN perspiration: n. a medicine produc- ing such aa» i riect. Sudra (^soo'driiy, n. the lowest of the four great castes into which the Hindus are divided. suds (sudz), n.pl. soapy water. sudsy (sud'zi), adj. like suds. sue (su), v.t. to prosecute at law: v.i. to entreat ; beg ; petition ; pay court ; institute legal proceedings (with for). _ suet (su'et), n. the hard fat around the kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen. suffer (suf'er), v.t. to feel with a sense of pain; undergo; bear; be af- fected by; allow; tolerate: v.i. to feel pain or punishment; be in dis- tress; endure loss or injury. [Latin.] sufierable (suf 'er-a-bl) , adj. that may be allowed or tolerated; permissible. sufferance (suf 'er-ans) , n. patience under pain ; toleration ; negative consent; permission. suffering (suf 'er-ing) , n. the state of en- during physical or mental pain; dis- tress; loss or injury endured. suffice (suf -Is'), v.i. to be sufficient: v.t. to satisfy. [Latin.] sufficiency (suf-ish 'en-si) , n. the state or quality or being sufficient; com- petence; self-confidence; conceit. sufficient (suf-ish'ent), adj. equal to any end or purpose; adequate; competent. suffix (suf'iks), n. a letter or syllable added at the end of a word; affix: v.t. (suf-iks'), to add, as a letter or syllable at the end of a word. suffocate (suf'o-kat), v.t. to choke by stopping respirationj smother; stifle. suffocation (sui-o-ka'shun) , n. the act of suffocating; state of being suffocated. [French.] suffragan bishop (suf'ra-gan bish'- up), n. a bishop inferior to a bishop at the head of a diocese; an assis- tant bishop. suffrage (suf 'raj), n.yote, or right to vote; franchise; voice or vote given on a controverted subject : pi. united prayer of a congregation. suffragette (suf-ra-jef), n. a woman who demands the suffrage or right to vote. suffuse (suf-fuz'), v.t. to spread over as with a fluid or a color. sugar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crystal- line substance obtained from the sugar-cane, beet, &c; any substance resembling sugar; flattery: adj. per- taining to, like, made of, or yield- ing, sugar; sweet: v.t. to sprinkle or mix with sugar; sweeten; flatter. sugary (shoog'er-i), adj. like, composed of, or fond of, sugar; sweet. suggest (su-jest'), v.t. to introduce indirectly to the mind or thoughts; hint; insinuate; allude or refer to: v.i. to make suggestions. suggestion (su-jes'chun), n. the act of suggesting ; thing _ suggested ; hint. suggestive (su-jes'tiv)^ adj. contain- ing, or full of, suggestion. suggestively (su-jes'tiv-li), adv. by way of suggestion. suicidal (su-i-sid'al), adj. pertaining to, or partaking of, suicide. suicidally (su-i-sid'a-li), adv. in a suicidal manner. suicide (su'i-sid) , n. a person who kills himself; self-murder; ruin of one's own interests. [Latin.] suit (sut), n. a set of things corre- spondent to each other, as of the same kind; petition or prayer; courtship; one of four sets of a pack of cards; an action or process at law for the recovery of a right or claim: v.t. to be fitted to; fall in with; accommodate; please: v.i. to correspond or accord; agree. suitability (sut-a-biri-ti) , n. the state or quality of being suitable. Also suitableness. suitable (sut'a-bl), adj. fitting; appro- priate. suitably (sut-a-bli), adv. in a suitable manner ._ suite (swet), n. a retinue or compa- ny: series; set, as of rooms, furni- ture, &c. [French.] suitor (sut'er), n. a petitioner; sup- plicant: lover; party to a lawsuit. sulcate (sul'kat), adj. grooved. sulk (sulk), V.i. to be sulky. sulkily (sulk'i-li), adv. in a sulky man- ner. sulkiness (sulk r i-nes) , n. the state of being sulky. sulky (sulk'i), adj. [comp. sulkier, su- perl, sulkiest], silently sullen: n. a kind of two-wheeled carriage. sullen (suTen), adj. morosely silent; gloomily angry; dismal; heavy. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SULLY 806 SUN sully (sul'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied, p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; dirty; stain: n. a tarnish or stain. sulphate (sul'f at), n. a salt of sulphu- ric acid. [Greek.] sulphide (sul'fld), n. a compound of sulphur with a metal or other ele- ment. sulphite (sul'fit), n. a salt of sulphur- ous acid. sulphur (suFfer), n. a non-metallic ele- ment, brittle and of yellow color, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat. sulphurate (sul'f er-at) , v.t. to com- bine with, or subject to the action of, sulphur: adj. pertaining to, or of the color of, sulphur. sulphurator (sul'f er-a-ter) , n. an ap- paratus for bleaching by the fumes of sulphur. sulphureous (sul-fu're-us), adj. con- sisting of, impregnated with, or hav- ing the qualities of, sulphur. Also sulphurous. sulphuret (sul-fu-ref), same as sul- phide. sulphuretted (sul'f ti-ret-ed) , adj. com- bined with sulphur. sulphuric (sul-f u'rik) , adj. obtained from, or containing, sulphur. sulphuric acid (as'id), n. a heavy, corrosive liquid composed of sul- phur, oxygen, and water; oil of vitriol. sulphurous acid (sul'fu-rus as'id), n. an acid composed of 2 parts of oxy- gen and 2 parts of sulphur. sulphury (sul'f er-i), adj. like sulphur. sultan (sul'tan), n. the title of a Mo- hammedan sovereign, especially the sovereign of the Ottoman Empire, before the Turkish revolution of 1910. Feminine sultana. [Arabic] sultanate (sul'tan-at), n. the rule or dominion of a sultan. sultanship (suT tan-ship), n. the office, rank, or dignity of a sultan. sultrily (sul'tri-li), adv. oppressively. sultriness (sul'tri-nes) , n. the state or quality of being sultry. sultry (sul'tri), adj. [camp, sultrier, superl. sultriest], very hot, close, and oppressive; close and heavy with a moist heat. sum (sum), n. the aggregate of two or more things taken together; whole; total; quantity of money, substance; compendium; utmost de- gree; arithmetical problem for solu= tion: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. summed, p.pr, summing], to add into one amount ^ condense into few words. [French.] sumac (su'mak), n. a plant or shrub the dried leaves and roots of which are used in tanning, dyeing, and medicine. [French.] summarily (sum'a-ri-li), adv. in a short way or method; concisely. summarize (sum'a-riz), v.t. to state concisely. [Latin.] summary (sum'a-ri), adj. brief; laconic; compendious; done in a short way or method: n. an abridg- ment; compendium. summation (sum-a'shun) , n. the act of forming a total; aggregate. summer (sum'er), n. that part of the year which comprises the hottest months, June, July, and August; & large piece of timber to receive the ends of the joists; horizontal girder: v.i. to pass the summer: v.t. to feed or keep during the summer. summit (sum'it), n. the top or highest point. summon (sum'un), v.t. to cite or call by authority ; command to appear in court; invite; rouse to exertion: n.pl. a citation to appear in court on a certain day; document containing such a citation; authoritative call. sumpit (sum 'pit), n. the poisoned ar- row used with a sumpitan. sumpitan (sum'pi-tan), n. a kind of long blowpipe, used by the Malays. sumptuary (sump'tu-a-ri), adj. per- taining to, or regulating, expense. sumptuary laws (lawz), n.pl. laws to limit excessive expenditure on dress or other luxuries. sumptuous (sump'tu-us) , adj. ex- pensive; costly; luxurious; magifi- cent. [Latin.] sun (sun), n. the lumirous body around which the earth, and other planets, &c, of the solar system re- volve; the source of light and heat to the earth; any center of a system of worlds; anything like the sun in splendor or power; sunshine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sunned, p.pr. sunning], to expose to the sums rays; warm or dry in the sun. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book $ hue, hut ; think, then. SUNBONNET 807 SUPERFICIALITY sunbonnet (sun'bon-et), n. sl bonnet of light material, projecting beyond the face as a protection from sun- burn. sunburst (sun'berst), n. a large and brilliant diamond ornament. sundae (sun'de), n. common spelling for sondhi. See sondhi. Sunday (sun/da) , n. the first day of the week, the Christian Sabbath, or Lord's Day: adj. pertaining to Sun- day. Sunday School (skool), n. a school for religious instruction, connected with some church. sunder (sun'der), v.t. to divide or rend. sundew (sun'du), n. a plant of the genus Drosera, whose leaves secrete a dew-like viscid fluid. sundial (sun'dl-al), n. a device for measuring time by means of an upright piece of stone or metal upon a dial where the shadow moves the hours in a scale. sundries (sun'driz), n.pl. numerous small or miscellaneous articles or matters. sundry (sun'dri) , adj. various ; several. sung, p.p. of sing. sunk (sungk), p.t. & p.p. of sink. sunken (sungk'en), adj. lying on the bottom of the sea; fallen or pressed down. sunless (sun'les), deprived of sun- light; in shadow. Sunna (sun'a), n. a collection of oral laws and precepts of Mohammed handed down by tradition, and es- teemed as of equal value with the Koran by the Sunnites. sunniness (sun'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sunny. Sunnites (sun'Its), n.pl. the orthodox Mohammedans who regard the Sun- na as equally binding with the Ko- ran. sunny (sun'i), adj. pertaining to, like, proceeding from, or exposed to, the sun; bright; warm; cheerful. sunrise (sun'riz), n. the apparent rising of the sun in the East. sunset (sun 'set), n. the apparent setting of the sun in the West. sunshine (sun'shm), n. the light or rays of the sun; warmth; bright- ness. sun-spot (sun'spot), n. a dark spot appearing on the sun within 35° of the equator. sunstroke (sun'strok), n. a kind of apoplexy, caused by the intense heat of the sun's rays. sup (sup), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. supped, p.pr. supping], to take into the mouth with the lips; sip: v.i. to take supper: n. a small mouth- ful. super, a Latin prefix meaning over r above, beyond, in excess. super (su'per), n. a supernumerary; a theatrical attendant or actor with- out a part. superable (su'per-a-bl) , adj. that may be overcome. superabundance (sii - per - a - bun'- dans), n. an excessive amount of anything. superannuate (su-per-an'u-at), v.t. to pension on account of old age or infirmity. superannuation (su-per-an-u-a'shun) , • n. the state of being superannuated; pension granted to one who is superannuated. superb (su-perb'), adj. grand; proud; stately; elegant; first-rate; sumptu- ous. supercargo (su-per-kar'go) , n. a per- son or officer in a merchant vessel who superintends the cargo and commercial affairs of a ship during its voyage. superciliary (su-per-sil'i-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or situated above, the eyebrow. supercilious (su-per : sil'i-us) , adj. haughty; proud; disdainful; dic- tatorial; overbearing. superdreadnought (su'per - dred'- nawt), n. the largest type of "all- big-gun" battleship, larger and more recent than a dreadnought. supererogation (su-per-er-o-ga'shun) , n. the performance of more than is required by duty._ supererogatory (su-per-e-rog'a-t o-ri) , adj. performed beyond what is re- quired by duty. superficial (su-per-fish'al) , adj. per- taining to, or being on the surface; slight; not deep; unlearned. superficiality (su-per-fish-i-al'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being super- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUPERFICIES 80S SUPERVENE ficial; slight knowledge. Also super- ficialness. superficies (su-per-flsh'i-ez), n. super- ficial area or exterior face of a body. superfine (su'per-f In) , adj. of extreme delicacy or fineness 1 _ superfluity (sU-per-floo^i-ti) , n. [pi. superfluities (su-per-floo'i-tiz)], super- abundance; excess. superfluous (su-per'floo-us) , adj. more than enough or necessary; excessive. superfrontal (su-per-fron'tal) , n. that part of an altar-cloth which hangs over the frontal. superheat (su-per-het') , v.t. to heat to an extreme degree; heat (steam) until it resembles a perfect gas. superhuman (su-per-hu'man) , adj. more than human. superimpose (su-per-im-poz'), v.t. to place on something else. superinduce (su-per-in-dus') , v.t. to bring in or upon as an addition to something elsej superadd. superintend (su-per-in-tend') , v.t. to have, or exercise the charge or over- sight of; direct or control. superintendence (su. - per - in - ten'- dens), n. supervision; oversight; con- trol. superintendent (su-per-in-ten'dent) , n. one who superintends; overseer. superior (su-pe'ri-er) , adj. higher or above in place, position, rank, dig- nity, office, or excellence; stronger; surpassing others; unconquered; preferable ; beyond the power or in- fluence of; placed above another or- gan: n. one who is superior to oth- ers; one of higher rank or position; head of a religious house. superiority (su-pe-ri-or'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being superior; preeminence; advantage. superlative (su-per' la-tiv) , adj. supe- rior to all others; highest in degree: n. a word expressing the highest de- gree of anything. superlatively _ (su-per'la-tiv-li) , adv. in a superlative manner. superlativeness (su-per'la-tiv-nes), n. the state or quality of being super- lative. supernal (su-per'nal) , adj. pertaining to, or situated in, a higher place or region; celestial. supernatural (su-per-nat'u-ral), adj. beyond, or exceeding, the powers 01 laws of nature. supernaturalism (su-per-nat'u-ral- izm), n. the state or quality of being supernatural; the doctrine that revelation is the only means by which man acquires the knowledge of God. super naturalist (su-per-nat'u-ral-ist) , n. one who believes in the doctrine of supernaturalism. supernumerary (su-per-num'er-a-ri) , n. [pi. supernumeraries (su-per-num'« er-a-riz)], a person or thing beyond the stated or required number: adj. exceeding the number stated or re- quired. superphosphate (su-per-fos'fat), n„ a phosphate containing the greatest quantity of phosphoric acid capable of entering into combination with the base. superpose (su-per-poz'), v.t. to place over or upon. superroyal (su-per-roi'al) , adj. noting a size of paper larger than royal, 27^x 20 y 2 in. superscribe (su-per-skrib' ) , v.t. to write or inscribe, or engrave on the outside or top. superscription (su-per-skrip'shun), n. the act of superscribing; the address or direction. supersede (su-per-sed') , v.t. to set aside or render null and void by superior power; come into, or take, the place of. superstition (su-per-stish'un) , n. rev- erence for, and belief in, the super- natural, or objects which are not worthy of worship; false worship or religion; extreme observance of re- ligious rites or ceremonies. superstitious (su-per-stish'us) , adj. pertaining to, characterized by, pro- ceeding from, or addicted to, super- stition; overscrupulous and extreme in religious rites or ceremonies. superstructure (su-per-struk'tur) , n. anything built or founded on some- thing else; a building. supertonic (sii-per-ton'ik), n. in music, the note next above the keynote. supervene (sti-per-ven') , v.i. to come upon as something extraneous; oc- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; luV»u, book hue, hut ; think, then. SUPERVISE 809 SURAH supervise (su-per-viz'), r -t. to oversee. supervision (su-pe v -vizh'un) , n. the act of supervising; superintendence. supervisor (su-per-viz'er), n. an over- seer . supervisory (su-per-vl'zo-ri) , adj. ex- ercising supervision. supine (su-pln'), adj. lying on the back; indolent; car_eless; inatten- tive; negligent: n. (su'pm), a Latin verbal noun, ending in um, and w. supinely (su-pln'li), adv. in a supine manner. supineness (su-pm'nes) , n. the state or quality of being supine. supper (sup'er), n. the evening meal. supplant (sup-plant'), v.t. to displace and take the place of, as by craft; supersede. supple (sup'l), adj. flexible; yielding; servile: v.t. to make supple: v.i. to grow pliant. supplement (sup'le-ment), v.t. to add something to; fill up or supply: n. something added to render anything more complete or supply defects or errors; appendix; the quantity by which an arc or angle falls short of a semicircle. supplemental (sup-le-men'tal), # adj. serving as a supplement ; additional. Supplementary. suppleness (sup'1-nes), n. the state or quality of being supple; pliancy. suppliant (sup'li-ant), adj. beseech- ing; entreating; suing: n. one who supplicates; humble petitioner. Also supplicant. supplicate (sup'li-kat), v.t. to ask or peg humbly and earnestly; address in prayer; beseech; implore. supplication (sup-li-ka'shun), n. the act of supplicating; humble and earnest prayer or entreaty. supplicatory (sup'li-ka-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of, supplication. supplier (sup-h'er), n. one who, or that which, supplies. supply (sup-ll'), v.t. [j).t. & p.p. sup- plied, p.pr. supplying], to furnish with what is required; provide; serve instead of; fill: n. [pi. supplies (sup-liz')], the act of supplying; thing supplied; amount of money or food required for daily necessaries, as of an army, &c. (usually pi.). support (sup-port 7 ), v.t. to sustain; bear up: endure; uphold; favor; second; incur; carry on; provide for or nourish: n. the act of sup- porting; that which supports; main- tenance; livelihood; aid. m suppose ~(sup-poz'), v.t. to imagine; admit without proof; assume as true; think. supposition (sup-po-zish'un) , n. the act of supposing; thing supposed; assumption. supposititious (sup-poz-i-tish'us) , adj. supposed or imaginary; not genuine; counterfeit. suppository (sup-poz'i-to-ri), n. a med- icated mass, usually in the form of a cone, for introduction into some cav- ity of the body, where it dissolves. suppress (sup-pres'), v.t. to subdue; crush; keep in or down; quell; con- ceal; restrain the publication of; arrest the normal secretions of. suppression (sup-presh'un), n. the act of suppressing; stoppage; conceal- ment; omission. suppressor (sup-pres'er), n. one who suppresses. suppurate (sup'u-rat), v.i. to generate pus. suppuration (sup-u-ra/shun) , n. the act of generating pus; pus generated in a sore. suppurative (sup'u-ra-tiv), adj. tend- . ing to produce, or accompanied by, suppuration: n. a medicine to pro- mote suppuration. supra, a Latin prefix meaning above, beyond, over, as_s?/pmlapsarian. suprarenalin (su-pra-ren'a-lin) , n. an extract made from the suprarenal glands, a pair of small ductless bodies situated at the top of the kidneys. It is employed to check a dangerous hemorrhage. supremacy (su-prem a-si), n. the state or quality of being supreme; highest authority. supreme (su-prem'), adj. highest in power or authority; most excellent; extreme; utmost. supremely (sfi-prem'li), adv. in a supreme manner. sur, a Latin prefix, meaning over, beyond, above, upon. surah (soo'ra), n. a soft, twilled silk fabric; a chapter of the Koran. ate, iirin, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. SURAT 810 SURRENDER surat (soo-rat'), n. a kind of short coarse cotton. surbase (ser'bas), n. a cornice, or series of moldings, on the top of the base of a pedestal, &c. surcease (ser-ses'), v.i. (with from), to cease entirely. surcharge (ser-charj'), v.t. to over- load: n. an excessive load or charge. surcingle (ser'sing : gl) , n. a girth, belt, or girdle for passing around the body of a horse and securing the saddle or some burden, &c; girdle of a cassock. surcoat (ser'kot), n. a coat worn over another coat or garment. surd (serd), n. zl mathematical quantity that cannot be expressed by rational numbers, or has no root, as 3 3: adj. not expressible by ra- tional numbers; involving surds; uttered with the breath. sure (shoor), adj. fit to be depended upon; certain; reliable; infallible; firm; safe. sure footed (shoor-foot'ed), adj. not given to stumbling; not liable to err. surely (shoor'li), adv. certainly; with- out risk, hazard, or doubt. * sureness (shoor'nes), n. the state or quality of being sure; certainty. surety (shoor'ti), n. [pi. sureties (shoor'tiz)], certainty; security against loss or damage; guarantee; hostage; one who becomes jointly bound with another; bail. suretyship (shoor 'ti-ship) t> n. the state of being surety; obligation of being bound to answer for another. surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea that breaks and foams upon the shore or the rocks. surface (ser'fas), n. the exterior part or m upper face of anything ; super- ficies; outside. surf-boat (serf'bot), n. a strong, light boat for landing through the surf . surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eating or drinking; sickness caused by such excess: v.t. to feed to excess and sickness. surf-man (serf man), n. a boatman of a surf -bo at. surfy (serf'i), adj. covered with surf. surge (serj), n. a large wave or bil- low; great roll; swell: v.i. to roll or rise high. surgeon (ser'jun), n. a medical prac- titioner, especially one who prac- tices surgery. [French.] surgery (ser'jer 7 i), n. the act and art of treating injuries or diseases by man- ual operations; place where a sur- geon operates or keeps his medi- cines. surgical (ser'ji-kl), adj. of or pertain- ing to surgery. surliness (ser'li-nes) , n. surly be- havior, surly (ser'li), adj. [comp % surlier, su- perl. surliest], gloomily morose; rough; uncivil; churlish: snarling; ill-natured. surmise (ser-miz'), n. guess or conjec- ture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine without certain knowledge; suspect; conjecture; fancy. surmount (ser-mounf) , v.t. to rise above; overcome; conquer; van- quish; exceed. surname (ser'nam), n. a name added to the baptismal names; family name: v.t. to give the family name to. surpass (ser-pas'), v.t. to exceed; ex- cel; go beyond in excellence or bad- ness. surplice (ser'plis), n. a white garment worn over their other dress by the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Epis- copal and other churches in some of their ministrations. surplus (ser'plus), n. that which re- mains over and above what is re- quired; excess: adj. exceeding what is required. surprise (ser-priz'), n. the act of taking unawares ; astonishment ; sud- den emotion, confusion, or perplex- ity: v.t. to take unawares; confuse or perplex; assail unexpectedly; astonish, [French.] surprise party, (par-ti), n. a party who visit the house of a mutual friend unexpectedly, each bringing some article of food for supper. surprising (ser-priz 'ing), adj. causing surprise or astonishment; extraor- dinary. surrender (ser-ren'der) , v.t. to yield to the power of another; give up on compulsion; cede; resign : # v.i. to yield; give up one's self into the power of another: n. the act of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SURREPTITIOUS 811 SUSTENTATION yielding into the power or possession of another; a yielding or giving up. surreptitious (ser-rep-tish'us) , adj. done by stealth or fraud; unauthor- ized. [Latin.] surrey (ser'i), n. a covered four-wheeled carriage, open at the sides, but having curtains that may be rolled down. surrogate (ser'o-gat), n. the deputy of a bishop, who is authorized to issue marriage licenses. surround (ser-round'), v.t. to enclose on all sides; encompass; environ; invest: n. a precipitous place where animals are surrounded and driven over and captured. surroyal (ser-roi'al) , n. the crown ant- ler of a stag. surtax (ser'taks), n. an additional tax: v.t. (ser-taks') to impose a surtax on. surtout (ser-toot'). n. a wide-skirted coat reaching below the knees. surveillance (ser-val'yans), n. watch; oversight; inspection. [French.] survey (ser-va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sur- veyed, p.pr. surveying], to inspect or take a view of ^overlook; examine; measure and estimate, as land: n. (ser'va), the act of surveying; par- ticular view or examination; cus- toms district. surveying (ser-va 'ing) , n. the art or business of measuring land. surveyor (ser-va/er), n. one who # sur- veys; one whose business it is to measure land. survival (ser-vl'val) , n. continuance beyond the life of another; any an- cient use, custom, or belief continu- ing to the present day. survive (ser-viv'), v.t. to live longer than; outlive: v.i. to remain alive. survivor (ser-viv'er) , n. one who out- lives another; the longer-lived of two joint tenants, &c. survivorship (ser-vrv'er-ship) , n. the state of outliving another; a re- versionary benefit contingent upon some surviving life. bus, prefix, another form of sub. m susceptibility (sus-sept-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being suscept- ible; impressibility; sensibility; ca- pability. Also susceptibleness. susceptible (sus : sept'i-bl) , adj. can- able of admitting something addi- tional, or any change, influence, affection, &c; easily acted upon; impressible. Also susceptive. susceptibly (sus-sept'i-bh) , adv. in a susceptible manner. suslik (sus'lik), n. a squirrel-like ro- dent. suspect (sus-pekt'), v.t. to have a suspicion of; imagine to exist; con- jecture; mistrust: n. (sus'pekt) a per- son suspected to be guilty of some crime. suspend (sus-pend'), v.t. to make to hang by anything; delay; inter- rupt; cause to cease for a time; debar temporarily. suspender (sus-pend 'er), n. one who, or that which, suspends: pi. braces. suspense (sus-pens'), n. a state of un- certainty, doubt, or anxiety; inde- cision; act of withholding the judg- ment; temporary cessation of a man's right. suspensible (sus-pen'si-bl) , adj. cap- able of being suspended, or held from sinking. suspension (sus-pen'shun), n. the act of suspending; state of being sus- pended; a keeping in doubt; uncer- tainty; delay; interruption; tem- porary privation of power, office, privilege, or rights; continuation of a note from one chord to another •J [Music]. suspensor (sus-pen'ser) , n. something that suspends; a suspensory. suspensory (sus-pen'so-ri) , adj. that suspends: n. a suspensory band, or pouch. suspicion (sus-pish'un) , n. the act of suspecting; distrust; want of con- fidence; imagination of something wrong on slight or insufficient proof; hint; very small quantity. suspicious (sus-pish'us) , adj. full of, inclined to, or cherishing, suspicion; open to, or exciting, suspicion; doubtful. sustain (sus-tan'), v.t. to hold up or support; maintain; keep; support; nourish; bear; endure; strengthen. sustained (sus-tand'), adj. maintained at a certain pitch or level; uniform. sustenance (sus'ten-ans), n. that which supports life; food; main- tenance or support. sustentation (sus-ten-ta/shun), n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SUSURRUS 812 SWARTHINESb the act of sustaining; support or maintenance. susurrus (su-sur'us), n. a gentle whisper as of a light breeze or the distant humming of bees. [Latin.] sutler (sutler), n. a person who fol- lows an army and sells provisions, liquor, &c., to the troops. [Dutch.] Sutras (soo'traz), n.pZ. certain apho- risms summarizing the teaching of the Brahmans, and giving the es- sence of their doctrines in short, connected sentences, suttee (sut-e'), n. a Hindu widow who immolates herself on the funer- al pile of her deceased husband; a form of widow sacrifice, formerly common among the Hindus, in which the wife was burnt with her deceased husband on his funeral pile. Now forbidden by British law. sutteeism (sut-e'izm), n. the practice or rite of self-immolation among Hindu widows. sutural (su'tu-ral), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, a suture. [Latin./ suture (su'tur), n. the drawing to- gether of the edges of a wound by sewing; lines of junction of the bones of the skull; seam at the union of two margins of a plant. suzerain (su'ze-ran), n. a feudal lord, to whom fealty is due; supe- rior or paramount ruler. suzerainty (su'ze-ran-ti) , n. the office, or dignity, of a suzerain; paramount authority. swab (swob), n. a mop for cleaning decks, floors, &c; clumsy person or lubber: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swabbed, p.pr. swabbing], to rub or clean with a swab. swaddle (swod'l), v.t. to swathe or bind tightly, especially infants. swaddling-clothes (swod'ling-kloz) , n. a long strip of linen or cotton to bandage an infant. swag (swag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swagged, p.pr. s wagging], to sink down by its own weight; hang heavily; sag: n. an unequal, hobbling motion ; thieves' booty. swagger (swag'er), v.i. to bully or bluster; strut haughtily or with af- fected superiority: n. an affected or insolent manner of walking; noisy boastfulness. swain (swan), n. a peasant; rustic? lover; sweetheart. swallow (swol'o), n. a well-known migratory passerine bird; any spe- cies of swift resembling the swal- low; groove round a tackle-block; the gullet or esophagus; voracity' as much as can be swallowed at once: v.t. to take into the stomach through the esophagus; absorb; en- gulf; engage entirely; retract; put up with: v.i. to perform the act of swallowing. swallow- tailed (swol'6-tald), adj. like a swallow's tail; having ^pering or forked skirts. swam, p.t. of swim. swamp (swomp), n. wet or boggy land; soft, low land saturated with water: v.t. to plunge, overwhelm, or sink in, or as in, a swamp; overset or sink in water ; plunge into inex- tricable difficulties; ruin. swampy (swomp'i), adj. consisting of, or like, a swamp. swan (swon), n. a web-footed bird of the genus Cygnus, with a very long neck, and remarkable for its grace in swimming. swansdown (swonz'doun), n. a ma- terial that is actually or apparently the down of a swan, used for 'ress- trimming. swanskin (swon'skhV, n. a kind of soft, fine-twilled flannel; very thick, closely-woven woolen cloth used by printers. swan- song (swon 'song), n. the last work of a poet or musician, from the fabled dying song of the swan. swap (swop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swapped, p.pr. swapping], to exchange or barter: n. barter; a blow or stroke. sward (swawrd), n. the grassy sur- face of land. sware (swar), old p.t. of swear. swarm (swawrm), v.i. to throng to* gether in a crowd ; collect and rise from the hive: said of bees; breed multitudes; to climb a tree, &c, by embracing it with the arms and leg^ alternately (with up): n. a cluster of insects, especially bees; crowd or multitude in motion. swarthily (sworth'i-li) , adv. with a swarthy hue. swarthiness (sworth'i-nes) , n. the ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. SWARTHY 813 SWELL ^tate or quality of being swarthy. Also swartness. gwarthy (sworth'i), adj. of a dark or tawny hue; dark-skinned. Also swart, swart h. swash (swosh), n. a dashing or splashing of water: v.i. to dash or splash water about. swashing (swosh 'ing), adj. crushing; slashing. swashy ( swosh 'i), adj. soft like fruit too ripe. swat (swot), v.t. to smite (colloq.) : n. a loose blow with the open hand. swath (swawth), n. a line or ridge of grass or grain as cut down by the mower; sweep of a scythe in mow- ing. swathe (swa^), v.t. to bind with a bandage or roller; wrap: n. a ban- dage or roller. sway (swa) ti d. [p.t. & p.p. swayed, p.pr. swaying] f> to move backwards and forwards; influence by power or moral force; bias; govern: v.i. to incline on one side; be drawn by weight: n. the swing or sweep of a weapon; cast of the balance; any- thing moving with power and bulk ; rule; dominion; authority; con- trol; inclination or weight on one side. swear (swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, sware, p.p. sworn, p.pr. swearing], to make a solemn declaration by appealing to God for the truth of what is affirmed; give evidence on oath; use profane language: v.t. to utter or affirm by appeal to God; cause to take, or bind by, an oath. sweat (swet), n. the moisture which exudes from the pores of the skin; toil; exertion: v.i. to exude moisture through the pores of the skin; per- spire; labor; drudge: v.t. to cause to sweat; oppress by employing at an unfair rate of wages. sweater (swet'er), n. & heavy knitted outer garment, worn in^ athletic sports. sweatshop (swet'shop), n. a house or apartment whose residents do home work for dealers at unfairly low wages. Swedenborgian (swe-den-bor'ji-an) , adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the doctrines of Swedenborg, a Swedish mystic, the founder of the New Jerusalem Church. sweep (swep)_, v.t. [p.t. 6z p.p. swept, p.pr. sweeping], to brush, rub over, or clean, with a broom, &c; drive or carry along or off with force; strike with a long stroke; touch in passing: v.i. to pass with violence, speed, or pomp; pass with celerity or force; move along with a long reach: n. the act of sweeping; gen- eral destruction; range; extent; di- rection of a curve; rapid survey with the eye; extent of a stroke; chimney-sweeper; large oar; black- guard. sweepstakes (swep'staks), n.pl. tae whole money or other things staked or won at a horse-race or in gaming. sweet (swet), adj. pleasing to the senses, as smell, taste, &c; tasting like sugar; luscious; fragrant; me- lodious; soft; gentle; kind; oblig- ing; loved; not stale or putrid; fresh; not salted: n. a term of en- dearment: n.pl. confectionery; home- made wines. sweetbread (swet 'bred), n. a calf's pancreas; delicate kind of fowl. sweet-briar (sweVbir-er) , n. a thorny shrub of the rose kind; eglantine. sweet-corn (swet'korn), n. a kind of maize of a sweet taste, extensively used as a table food. sweeten (swet'n), v.t. to make sweet; render mild, kind, grateful, or pleas- ing; render less painful, difficult, or laborious; palliate: v.i. to become sweet. sweet-flag (swet'flag), n. an aromatic plant with sword-shaped leaves; calamus. sweetheart (swet'hart), n. a lover; one who is the object of a lover's af- fection. sweetish (swet'ish), adj. somewhat sweet. sweetmeat (swet 'met), n. a confec- tion made wholly or partly of sugar. sweet- potato (swet-po-ta'to) , n. a plant and its edible root; yam. sweet-william (swet-wil r yam) , n. % a beautiful flowering plant of the pink kind. swell (swel), v.i. [p.t. swelled, p.p. swelled, swollen, p.pr. swelling], to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 3 hue, hut ; think, then. SWELLING 814 SWIVEL expand or enlarge; increase in bulk; smooth, easy, gliding manner; with be inflated; rise and increase by great success or without hindrance, degrees; be puffed up; grow in vio- swindle (swin'dl), v.t. to cheat grossly lence: v.t. to heighten; cause to rise and deliberately under pretense of or increase; inflate; dilate: n. ex- fair dealing: n. a gross fraud, tension of bulk; act or state of swell- swindling (swin'dling) , adj. cheating ing; gradual increase of sound; grossly. gradual elevation of land; a dis- swine (swln), n. any animal of the tinguished personage; fop: adj. genus Sus wLh bristly skin an dandified. long snout; pig. swelling (swel'ing), p.adj. becoming swing (swing), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swung, inflated; turgid: n. the act of in- p.pr. swinging], to wave or vibrate creasing in bulk ; tumor or any mor- to and fro ; oscillate ; practice swing- bid enlargement. ing; float round with the tide; be swelter (swel'ter), v.t. to perspire pro- hanged: v.t. to move to and fro; fusely; faint with excessive heat. wave loosely^ brandish: n. the act eweltry (swel'tri), adj. sultry. or state of swinging; contrivance fo; swept, p.t. & p.p. of sweep. swinging to and fro; full course. swerve (swerv), v.i. to turn aside swinge (swinj), v.t. to whip or thrash: from any prescribed line or rule of n. sweep or swing of any thing in duty ; deviate, incline. movement ; sway ; influence. swerving (swerving), n. deviation. swingle (swing'gl), v.t. to cleanse swift (swift), adj. moving far in a (flax) by beating: v.i. to dangle: n short time; rapid; quick; ready; that part of a flail which strikes the sudden: adv. rapidly: n. a bird al- grain. lied to the swallow; a species of swingletree (swing'gl-tre) , n. th' moth; the common newt. crossbar of a carriage, &c, to the swifter (swift'er), n. a rope for confin- ends of which the traces of the horse ing the bars of the capstan in their are fastened. sockets; the foremost or aftermost swinish (swm'ish), adj. pertaining shroud; a rope used as a fender to to, like, or characteristic of, swine; a boat. bestial. swig (swig), v.t. to drink greedily of swink (swingk), v.i. to toil; drudge, any intoxicating drink. swipe (swip), n. a vigorous blow at swill (swil), v.t. to drink greedily or cricket or golf; sweeping blow: r>L grossly; inebriate: n. drink taken thin or small beer: v.i. & v.t. to de- in excessive quantities; liquid food liver a strong blow; hit out with for animals, particularly the refuse great force at cricket, &c; take and or leavings of the kitchen, as given carry away; purloin, to swine. swirl (swerl), v.i. to rush along in, swim (swim), v.i. [p.t. swam, swum, or form, eddies: n. a whirling or p.p. swum, p.pr. swimming], to float eddying motion, on water or other liquid; move pro- swish (swish), v.t. to lash; flog, gressively in the water by the Swiss (swis), adj. pertaining to Swit- hands and feet; glide smoothly; zerland, its language, or its inhabi- overflow; be dizzy: v.t. to cause to tants. [German.] swim or float: n. the act of swim- switch (swich), n. a long, thin, flexi- ming. ble rod; a movable rail for trans- swimmer (swim'er), n. one who swims; ferring a railway carriage, &c, from water-spider; water-fowl; pro tuber- one line to another; a device for ance on a horse's leg; a kind of connecting one electric circuit with dumpling. m m another: v.t. to lash or flog; shunt. swimming (swim'ing), n. the act or Switzer (swit'ser), n. Swiss. art of floating or moving progres- swivel (swiv'l), n. something fixed sively in the water by the hands and in another body so as to turn round feet. m in it; twisting link in a chain; a swimmingly (swim'ing-li), adv. in a kind of small cannon which turns ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SWIZZLE 815 SYMMETRY ona pivot: v.t. &v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swiveled, p.pr. swiveling], to turn on a swivel or pivot. swizzle (swiz'l), same as swig. swollen (swol'n), p.p. of swell. swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into a fainting fit, with apparent suspen- sion of the vital and mental pow- ers: n. the act of swooning; syn- cope. swooning (swoon 'ing), n. the act of fainting. _ swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and seize at once, as prey: v.i. to catch prey while on the wing: n. a sudden falling upon and seizing. sword (sord), n. a keen -edged wea- pon for cutting and thrusting; de- struction by war ; emblem of author- ity, power, justice, or vengeance. swore (swor), p.t. of swear. sworn (sworn), p.p. of swear: adj. bound by an oath. Sybarite (sib'a-rit), n. an effemi- nate voluptuary: from the inhabi- tants of Sybaris, Italy, an ancient Greek city noted for its luxury. m Sybaritic (sib-a-rit'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, like, or characteristic of, a Sybarite. [Greek.] sycamine (sik'a-min), n. the black mulberry-tree. sycamore (sik'a-mor), n. a tree of the maple family; the fig-mulberry of the East; the button wood. sycee (si-se'), n. pure native silver cast into small hemispherical ingots by the Chinese, and used as silver currency. sycophancy (sik'o-f an-si) , n. obse- quious or servile flattery. [Greek.] sycophant (sik'o-f ant) , n. a mean or servile flatterer, especially of great men; parasite. syenite (sl'e-nit), n. a granitic roc.^ found at Syene in Egypt. syllabary (sil-a-ba/ri), n. a list of characters representing syllables ; like an alphabet. [Greek.] syllabic (sil-ab 'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a syllable. syllabically (sil-ab 'i-ka-li), adv. in syllables. syllabify (sil-ab 'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. syllabified, p.pr. syllabifying], to form into syllables. syllable (sil'a-bl), n. that part of a word which can be uttered distinct- ly by a single effort of the voice; anything proverbially concise. syllabub, same as sillibub. syllabus (sil'a-bus), n. a table of con- tents; compendium of the heads of a discourse; abstract. syllogism (sil'o-jizm), n. an argument stated in logical form, consisting of three propositions, the first two be- ing called the premises, major and minor, and the last the conclusion which contains the matter to be proved. [Greek.] syllogistic (sil-o-jis'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or consisting of, a syllogism. Also syllogistical. syllogistically (sil-o-jis'ti-ka-li), adv. in a syllogistic form. sylph (silf), n. an imaginary being in- habiting the air; fairy. sylvan, same as silvan. sym, Greek prefix, another form of syn. symbiosis (sim-bi-o'sis), n. the more or less permanent united life of certain animal and vegetable organ- isms rendering mutual service to each other. symbiotic (sim-bi-ot'ik), adj. per- taining to symbiosis. symbol (sim'bol), n. an emblem or sign representing something else; type; mark or character used as an abbreviation ; a creed. symbolic (sim-bol'ik) , adj. pertaining to, serving as, or of the nature of, a symbol: n.pl. the study of creeds. Also symbolical. symbolically (sim-bol'i-ka-li), adv. by symbols. symbolism (simlDol-izm), n. the use of, or the being represented by, sym- bols; science of creeds. symbolize (sim'bol-iz), v.t. to repre- sent by a symbol: v.i. to have a typical resemblance ; agree. symmetrical (sim-met'ri-kal) , adj. having corresponding parts or rela- tions; harmonious; proportionate. Also symmetric. symmetrically (sim-met'ri-ka-li) , adv. in a symmetrical manner. symmetrize (sim'e-triz), v.t. to make symmetrical. symmetry (sim'e-tri), n. the due pro- portion of the several parts of a body to each other; harmony or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. SYMPATHETIC 816 SYNOPSIS adaptation of parts to each other; proportion. sympathetic (sim-pa r thet'ik) ; adj. per- taining to, expressing, or inducing, sympathy; compassionate. Also sym- pathetica!. sympathetically (sim-pa-thet'i-ka- li), adv. in a sympathetic manner. sympathize (sim'pa-thlz), v.i. to have a mutual feeling with another; be compassionate. sympathy (sim'pa-thi) , n. mutual feeling of pleasure or pain; compas- sion; reciprocal action of the organs of a body. symphonic (sim-f on'ik) , adj. agreeing in sound; pertaining to a sympho- ny. Also symphonious. symphony (sim'fo-ni), n. [pi. sympho- nies (sim'fo-niz)], harmony of sound; a musical composition for a full band of instruments; instrumental introduction or ending of a vocal composition. symposium (sim-po'zi-um) , n. [pi. symposia (sim-po'zi-a)], a banquet; a drinking together; merrymaking ; an article in a magazine in which various writers express their views on some given topic. symptom (simp'tom), n. that which indicates the existence of something else of which it is the effect; token or sign. symptomatic (simp-to-mat'ik) , adj. pertaining to, serving as, or indicat- ing, a symptom. Also symptomat- cal. symptomatic ally (simp-to-mat 'i-ka- li), adv. by symptoms. syn, a Greek prefix meaning with, to- gether, as si/nantherous : adj. having stamens united by their anthers. symeresis (sin-er'e-sis) , n. the con- traction of two vowels into one. synagogical (sin-a-goj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to a synagogue. synagogue (sin'a-gog), n. a religious assembly of Jews for worship; Jew- ish place of worship. synchronism (sing'kr5-nizm) , n. con- currence in time of two or more events ; tabular arrangement of con- temporaneous historical events. synchronize (sing'kro-niz), v.t. to cause to agree in time: v.i. happen simultaneously . synchronous (sing'krq-nus) , adj. hap- pening at the same time. Also syn- chronal. synclinal (sing'kli-nal), adj. noting a line or axis formed when strata dip in opposite directions and meet in a common central point or line. syncopate (sing'ko-pat), v.t. to con- tract by omitting a letter or letters from the middle of (a word) ; unite (the last note of one bar to the first note of the next) by a slur. syncopation (sing-ko-pa'shun), n. the act of syncopating. syncope (sing'ko-pe), n. the omission of a letter or letters from the middle of a word ; fainting caused by inter- ruption of the heart's action. syncretic (sin-kret'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, syncre- tism. syncretism (sin'kre-tizm), n. the at- tempt to blend opposite and contra- dictory tenets into one system to produce union and concord. syndie(sin'dik), n. a government offi- cial invested with varying powers in different countries; chief magis- trate; municipal or other official. syndicate (sin'di-kat), n. a body of syndics; a combination of capital- ists to promote some, special under- taking or speculation. synecdoche (sin-ek'dp-ke) , n. a rhe- torical figure in which the whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole. u synod (sin'od), n. a council or meeting of ecclesiastics for consultation on religious matters; a church council composed of several presbyters. synodal (sin'od-al), adj. pertaining to a synod or synods. synodic (sin-od'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or transacted by, a synod. Also synodical. syndicalism (sin'di-kal-izm) , n. revo- lutionary trade unionism having its origin in the movement of the French "syndicats" (labor unions) to over- turn the existing organization of society by the "general strike of members." synonym (sin'o-nim), n. a word hav- ing nearly the same signification as another. synopsis (sin-op 'sis), n. a general or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. SYNOPTIC 817 SZOPELKA collective view of any subject; sum- mary. 6ynoptic ( sin-op 'tik), adj. giving a gen- eral view of the whole or principal parts of a thing. Also synoptical. synoptically (sin-op 'ti-ka-li), adv. in a synoptical manner. syntactic (sin-tak'tik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or arranged according to, the rules of syntax. Also syntactical. syntactically (sin-tak'ti-ka-li), adv. in a syntactical manner. syntax (sin'taks), n. that part of grammar which teaches of the proper construction and arrangement of words in a sentence. synthesis (sin'the-sis) , n. [pi. synthe- ses (sin'the-sez)], composition or putting of two or more things to- gether: opposed to analysis; the method or process of deducing and combining complex ideas from simple ones. synthetic (sin-thet'ik), adj. pertain- ing to synthesis. Also synthetical. synthetically (sin-thet'i-ka-li), adv. by synthesis. syntonin (sin'to-nin) , n. muscle flbrine. syntonize (sin-to'nlz), v.t. to attune or direct wireless telegraphic mes- sages in a given direction. syphilis (sif'i-lis), n. venereal disease. syphilitic (sif-i-lit'ik) , adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with, syphilis. syphiloid (sif'i-loid), adj. resembling syphilis. syphon, another form of siphon. syren, another form of siren. Syriac (sir'i-ak), adj. pertaining to Syria, its inhabitants, or language. Also Syrian, Syringa vsi-ring'ga). n. a genus of plants, including the lilac. syringe (sir'inj), n. a small tube with a handle and worked like a pump: v.t. to inject or cleanse with a syringe. syrup (sir 'up), n. a saturated or medicated solution of sugar in wa- ter; liquid refuse of sugar. m [French.] system (sis'teni), n. combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrange- ment according to some common law; collection of rules and princi- ples; connected body of principles in science or art; method of trans- acting business. systematic (sis-tem-at'ik), adj. me- thodical; according to system. Also systematical. systematically (sis-tem-at'i-ka-li) ,adv, in a systematic manner. systematize (sis'tem-a-tiz) , v.t. to re- duce to a s_ystem. systole (sis'to-le), n. the shortening of a long syllable; contraction of auri- cles and ventricles of the heart for expelling the blood and circulating it through the body. systyle (sis'til), adj. having columns so arranged that they are distant two diameters from each other ; having a row of columns set closely together. syzygy (siz'i-ji), n. [pi. syzygies (siz'i-jiz)], the point at which the moon or a planet is in conjunction with, or in opposition to, the sun; times of new and full moon. szaibelyite (sa-bel'yrt), n. & white hydrous magnesium borate found in small translucent nodules. szopelka (tzo-pel'ka), n. the Rus- sian oboe. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book [ 53 hue, hut ; think, then. T T, the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, practically identical in appearance with the Phoenician, Greek, and Roman character. As a pictograph it was drawn to re- semble a cross, and its Semitic name tau means a cross. Phonetically, it is properly styled an unvoiced al- veolar explosive. The digraph th indicates sometimes the voiced spir- ant as in this, and sometimes the voiceless spirant as in thin. Few foreigners can readily detect the difference between the two sounds. As a symbol in music, t stands usually for tempo (time), and some- * times for tenor. tab (tab), n. a shoe latchet; tag; border of a woman's cap. tabard (tab'ard), n. a loose garment or mantle worn over armor; herald's coat. [Old French.] tabasco (ta-bas'ko), n. a pungent sauce made of red peppers. tabasheer (tab-a-sher'),~?i. a siliceous substance found in the stems of bam- boos and certain grasses, used in the East as a medicine. [Hindu.] tabby (tab'i), adj. brindled; having a variegated, wavy, m or watered ap- pearance: n. a kind of wavy or watered silk; mixture of stone or shell with mortar; tabby-cat : # v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabbying], to water or cause to look wavy. tabby-cat (tab'i-kat), n. a brindled cat. tabbying (tab'i-ing) , n. the process of passing fabrics under a calender to give them a watered, wavy appear- ance. tabef action (tab-e-f ak'shun) , n. the act or condition of wasting away. tabernacle (tab'er-nak-1), n. a tempo- rary dwelling, movable residence, or tent ; the human body as the tem- porary dwelling of the soul; the movable structure or place of wor- ship carried by the Israelites in the wilderness; receptacle for the con- secrated Host in Roman Catholic Churches; place of worship: v.i. to sojourn. [Latin.] tabernacle- work (tab'er-nak-1-werk) , n. sculptured tracery or canopy work. tabes (ta/bez), n. a gradual wasting away of the bodyj atrophy. tablature (tab'la-tur), n. a painting on walls or ceilings; single piece comprehended in one view; division of the skull into two tables. table (ta'bl), n. a flat smooth board, furnished m with legs; flat surface; persons sitting at a repast or en- tertainment; fare; entertainment; tablet; index or syllabus: pi. col- lection of many particulars brought into one view; collection of numbers or figures methodically arranged; the Ten Commandments, consist- ing of two tables; Holy Eucharist or Lord's Supper; simple member or or- nament, usually rectangular: pi. backgammon: adj. pertaining to a table: v.t. to catalogue or index; lay or place on a table (as a report) for future consideration. [French.] tableau (ta-blo'), n. [pi. tableaux or tableaus (ta-bloz')], a striking and vivid representation. [French.] tableau vivant (ye-vang'), n. a liv- ing picture ; a picturesque represen- tation by one or more silent and motionless performers suitably cos- tumed and posed. table d'hote (ta-bl dot'), n. a meal for several persons at the same hour and at a fixed price; an ordinary. tableland (ta/bl-land) , n. a plateau. tablet (tab 'let), n. small table; medi- cine in the form of a small flat disk; small flat piece of ivory, &c, for memoranda ; ancestral monument ; small flat cake, as of soap, &c. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TABLE-TALK 819 TAGLIA table-talk (ta'bl-tawk), n. infor- mal conversation at meals; often, however, instructive and entertain- ing. table-turning (ta'bl-tern-ing) , n. the movement of tables said to be caused by the agency of spirits. tablier (tab-li-a'), n. a kind of large apron or small overskirt. tabloid (tab'loid), n. a small tablet or something resembling a tablet. [A proprietary medical term.] taboo and tabu (ta-boo'), n. a reli- gious rite formerly prevalent among the Polynesians by which persons and things wore rendered sacred and inviolable; ban; prohibition: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tabooed, p.pr. tabooing], to forbid reproach to, or use of. tabor (ta/bcr), n. a small drum, beaten with one stick. Also tabour. taboret (tab'o-ret), n. a small tabor; an ornamental cushioned stool. taborine (tab'o-rin), n. a side-drum; a drum-head in a hoop of wood with jingles to increase the noise; tam- bourine. [Old French.] tabular (tab'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, or in the form of, a table; formed in plates or laminae ; set down, computed, or arranged in, tables or schedules. tabulate (tab'u-lat), v.t. to reduce to, or arrange in, tables or synopses; shape with a flat surface. tacamahae (tak'a-ma-hak), n. a kind of resin from the balsam poplar. tache (tach), n. a button; loop; catch, clasp, or other fastening. _ tachometer (ta-kom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring velocity. tachymeter (ta-kim'e-ter), n. a sur- veyor's instrument for making rapid measurements. [Greek.] tacit (tas'it), adj. implied, but not expressed verbally. taciturn (tas'i-tern), adj. habitually silent. [Latin.] taciturnity (tas-i-ter'ni-ti), n. habitual silence. tack (tak), n. a small broad-headed nail; supplement or appendage; di- rection of a vessel in regard to the trim of her sails: v.t. to fasten with tacks; fasten slightly; attach: v.i. to change the coarse of a vessel by shifting the position of her sails. tackey (tak'i), adj. ill-condition, shab= by. [Southern U. S.] tackle (tak'l), n. the ropes, rigging r &c, of a vessel; apparatus for rais- ing or lowering heavy weights con= sisting of pulleys and ropes; imple- ments or gear: v.t. to harness; seize or lay hold of; deal with or attack vigorously. tackling; (tak'ling), n. the furniture of the masts and yards of a vessel; in- strument of action; gear. tact (takt), n. nice discernment and delicate skill in saying and doing ex- actly what is expedient or suitable in given circumstances. [Latin.] tactic (tak'tik), adj. pertaining to the art of tactics. Also tactical. tactician (tak-tish'an) , n. one skilled in tactics. tactics (tak'tiks), n. naval and mili- tary evolutions; science of disposing and maneuvering naval and military forces for battle. tactile (tak'til), adj. perceptible by the touch; capable of being touched, tactility (tak-til'i-ti) , n. perceptibil- ity by the touch. tactless (takt'les), adj. without tact; blundering. tactual (tak'tu-al), adj. pertaining to the organs of touch. tadpole (tad'pol), n. the young aquatic larva of an amphibian, espe- cially that of the frog. tael (tal), n. a Chinese money of ac- count, value about $1.05; a weight of 1 1-3 oz. taffeta (taf'e-ta), n. a fine, thin, glossy silken fabric. [French.] taffrail (taf'ral), n. the upper flat part of the stern of a ship; rail round a ship's stern. Also tcfferel. taffy (taf'i), n. molasses candy; toffy; flattery. tana (taf'i-a), n. rum distilled from molasses. [Malay.] tag (tag), n. a point of metal at the end of a string or a lace; something small attached to another; anything paltry or mean; a children's game: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tagged, p.pr. tag- ging], to fix a tag to; append or tack on; follow closely and persist- ently. [Scotch.] taglia (tal'ya,), n. a peculiar com* bination of pulleys. [Italian.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book^ hue, hut ; think, then. w TAHR 820 TALLOW tahr (tar), n. the Himalayan wild goat L tail (tal), n. the end of the backbone of an animal's body, usually hang- ing loose; hinder, or inferior part of anything; anything pendant; lumi- nous appendage of the nucleus of a comet; v.i. to depart one alter an- other, as a_ crowd (with off), tallage (tal'aj), n. See tallage. tailboard (tal'bord), n. the movable board at the rear of a cart or wagon. tailing (taring), n. the part of a pro- jecting stone or brick inserted in a wall; refuse of stamped ore thrown behind the rail of the washing ap- paratus: pi. for the lighter parts of grain separated from the seed in threshing and winnowing; chaff. tailless (tal'les) , adj. lacking a tail. tailor (tal'er) , n. one whose business is to cut out and make men's clothes and ladies' costumes. Feminine tai- lor ess. taint (tant), n. corruption; infec- tion; spot or stain; disgrace: v.t. to imbue or impregnate with anything noxious; infect; corrupt: v.i. to be corrupted by incipient putrefaction. Taj Mahal (taj ma-hal'), n. the famous mausoleum of white marble built by the Emperor Shah Jehan (1628-58) at Agra, India, and con- taining the tombs of his favorite wife, Mumtazi Mahal, and of himself. take (tak), v.t. [pi. took, p.p. taken, p.pr. taking], to lay or seize hold of; obtain; receive mentally; cap- ture; engage or interest; choose; use or require; catch; assume; con- duct or lead; transport; tolerate; swallow; note or take down; make or perform (a journey or walk): v.i. to have recourse; have the in- tended effect ; please: n. the amount or quantity received or caught, espe- cially fish. taker (tak'er), n. one who takes, seizes, or captures; one who accepts a bet. taking (taking), adj. attractive; allur- ing; pleasing; infectious: n. the act of gaining possession; seizure; agi- tation: pi. receipts. talapoin (tal'a-poin), n. a Buddhist monk of Ceylon, Siam, &c; kind of monkey. talaria (ta-la/ri-a) , n.pl. the small wings attached to the ankles of Mer- cury or Hermes, the messenger of the gods. [Latin.] talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate of magnesia occurring in thin flakes. tale (tal), n. a narrative or story; fable; anecdote; reckoning; number reckoned. tale-bearer (tal'bar-er) , n. one who tells tales maliciously; an informer. talent (tal'ent), n. among the an cients, a weight, coin, or sum of money of varying value; mental ca- pacity; eminent ability; skill; clev- erness; gift. [Latin.] talented (tal'ent-ed) , adj. endowed with talentsor eminent ability. talesman (talz'man), n. a person summoned to_ make up a jury. talipes (tal'i-pez), n. club-foot. talipot (tal'i-pot), n. the gigantic fan- palm of Ceylon and India. Also taliput. [Anglo-Indian.] talisman (tal'is-man), n. [pi. talis- mans (tal'is-manz)], a magical figure cut in metal or stone supposed to possess magical virtues in averting evil, &c; something that produces an extraordinary effect. [Aiabic] talismanic (tal-is-man'ik), adj. per- taining to, or having the properties of, a talisman; magical. talk (tawk), v.i. to utter words; speak familiarly; converse; prattle: v.t. to utter; make a subject of con- versation: n. familiar converse; col- loquy; subject of discourse; rumor. talkative (tawk'a-tiv), adj. addicted to much talking. talkatively (tawk'a-tiv-li) , adv. in a talkative manner. talkativeness (tawk'a-tiv-nes), n. the quality of being talkative. talking (tawk'ing), n. the act of con- versing: adj. loquacious. talking - machine (tawk'ing - ma- chen), n. any machine that repro- duces the human voice. tall (tawl), " adj. high in stature; lofty; extravagant. tallage (tal'aj ), n. tax or toll. Also tailage. tallow (tal'o), n. the melted fat of oxen and sheep; candle-grease: v.t, to grease or smear with tallow; fat- ten. [Old Dutch], ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. TALLY 821 TANDEM tally (tal'i), n. [pi. tallies (tal'iz)], a stick notched to match another stick, used for keeping accounts ; one thing made to match or suit another: v.t. to make to correspond: v.i. to be fitted; match. tally-ho (tal'i-ho), inter j. & n. the huntsman's cry to incite his hounds; a four-in-hand coach. [French.] tallyman (tari-man), n. [pi. tallymen (tal'i-men)], one who sells goods to be paid for by instalments. tally-shop (tal'i-shop), n. a shop where goods are sold on the tally-system. tally- system (tal'i-sis-tem) , n. the practice of selling goods on credit to be paid for by instalments. talmi-gold (tal'mi-gold) , n. Abyssin- ian gold; cheap imitation of gold. Talmud (tal'mud), n. the book which contains the whole body of the Jew- ish civil and canonical laws and tra- ditions, with the commentaries and speculations of the Rabbis, consist- ing of two parts, the Mishnah and Gemara. [Chaldaic.] Talmudic (tal-mud'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or in, the Talmud. Also Talmudical, Talmudistic. Talmudist (tarmud-ist) , n. one learned in the Talmud. talon (tal'on), n. the claw of a bird of prey ; an ogee molding. talpa (tal'pa), n. a tumor on the head. talus (ta/lus), n. the ankle-bone; sloping part of a work; sloping heap of broken rocks accumulated at the foot of a cliff. [Latin.] tamability (tam-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being tamable. Tamableness. tamable (tam'a-bl), adj. capable of being tamed. tamale (ta-ma'le), n. a kind of dump- ling, made of minced chicken and corn-meal, seasoned with red pepper, wrapped in corn-husks, and boiled or cooked by steam. _ [Mexican.] tamandua (ta-man'du-a), n. the small ant-eater of South America. tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. the Amer- ican black larch. tamarin (tam'a-rin), n. a South Amer- ican monkey with a squirrel-like tail. tamarind (tam'a-rind) , n. a legumin- ous and lofty tropical tree, yielding long pods which contain a soft acid pulp. [Latin.] tamarisk (tam'a-risk) , n. a tree 01 shrub of the genus Tamarix, with small pink or white flowers and feathery branches. tambac, same as tombac. tambour (tam'ber), n. a drum-like frame on which a kind of embroidery with threads of gold, silver, and silk are worked in the figures of flowers, &c; drum; the naked part of cer- tain capitals of drum-like appear- ance; enclosure of stockade work: v.t. to embroider with, or upon, a tambour. [French.] tambourine (tam-ber-en'), n. a small hand-drum with little cymbals in- serted in the hoop ; a sprightly French stage dance. tame (tarn), adj. domesticated; spir- itless; insipid: v.t. to bring from a wild to a domesticated state; subdue, tameless (tam'les), adj. wild; not capable of being tamed. taminy (tam'i-ni), n. a kind of woolen or worsted cloth. tarn o'shanter (tam : o-shan'ter), n a woolen cap fitting tightly about the head with a large flat top. [Scottish J tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up witti clay or similar material the blast- hole in a rock to direct the course of the explosion; drive in or down by repeated gentle strokes. tampan (tarn 'pan), n. a venomous South African tick. tamper (tarn 'per), v.i. to meddle so as to injure or alter anything; use brib- ery; try small expeiiments. tampion (tamp'i-on), n. a stopper, especially for the mouthpiece of a cannon. Also tompion. tam-tam (tam'tam), same as tom- tom. tan (tan), n. the bark of the oak or other trees bruised and broken by a mill for tanning hides: adj. tan-col- ored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tanned, p r pr, tanning], to convert (a hide) into leather by steeping it in an infusion of bark or tannin; make brown by exposure to the sun; beat: v.i. tc become sunburnt. tandem (tan'dem), adv. with two horses or persons one before the other: n. a vehicle with two hor see ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; biif\ hut : think, theu. TANG 822 TAPIOCA harnessed one before the other; a bicycle or tricycle for two, one riding before the other. tang (tang), n. a strong taste or flavor ; something that leaves be- hind a taste peculiar to itself; that part of a knife, fork, tool, &c, which is inserted into the handle; sound or tone: v.i. to make a ringing sound. tangency (tan'jen-si), n. a contact or touching. [Latin.] tangent (tan'jent), adj. touching: n. a straight line that meets or touches a circle or curve, but when produced, does not cut it. tangential (tan-jen'shal), adj. per- taining to, or in the direction of, a tangent. tangerine (tan-jer-en'), n. a small or- ange. tanghin (tang'gin), n. a Madagascar tree, from the seeds of which a power- ful poison is obtained ; the ordeal-tree. tangible (tan'ji-bl), adj. perceptible to the touch; capable of being pos- sessed or realized; evident; real. tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to interweave so as to render difficult to unravel; im- plicate; embarrass; entangle; com- plicate: v.i. to be entangled: n. a knot of things interwoven confus- edly in one another; complication; perplexity; a kind of seaweed with long broad fronds. tangly (tang'gli), adj. interweaved; covered with seaweed. tango (tang'o), n. a dance which re- cently achieved great popularity in the United States, danced in synco- pated time and introducing positions of considerable variety, some of which have aroused criticism on the score of immodesty. tank (tangk), n. a large cistern or reservoir for storing water or other liquid; a kind of armor-clad tractor equipped with guns of various kinds and capable of breaking down wire entanglements and traversing ground of the roughest sort. tanner (tan'er), n. one who tans hides. tannery (tan'er-i), n. [pi. tanneries (tan'er-iz)], a place where hides are tanned; process of tanning. tannic (tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, oak-bark. tannic acid (as'id), n. an astringent principle in oak bark, and gall-nuts. Also tannin. tanning (tan'ing), n. the process of converting hides into leather. tansy (tan'zi), n. a bitter aromatic plant with small yellow flowers. tantalization (tan-tal-i-za'shun) , n. the act of tantalizing; state of being tantalized. [Latin.] tantalize (tan'tal-iz), v.t. to tease or torment by exciting hopes or fears which will not be realized; provoke: from the classic fable of Tantalus. tantalizing (tan'tal-Iz-ing), adj. teas- ing or tormenting. tantamount m (tan'ta-mount) , adj. equivalent in value or significa- tion. tantivy (tan-tiv'i), n. a gallop: adv. swiftly. tantrum (tan'trum), n. a sudden out- burst of temper or passion. tap (tap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapped, p.pr. tapping], to strike or touch lightly; broach (a vessel) to let out a fluid; put a new sole or heel on;, find a new outlet for; bore into: n. a gentle blow, or touch; pat; place where liquor is drawn and retailed; pipe through which liquor is drawn from a cask. tape (tap), n. a narrow band of linen or cotton cloth. taper (ta'per), n. small wax candle; small light: adj. growing smaller or regularly narrowed towards the point, or from the bottom to the top: v.i. to become gradually more slender: v.t. to narrow to a point. tapering (ta/per-ing), adj. gradually diminishing towards a point. tapestry (tap'es-tri), n. a textile fabric of wool or silk ornamented with a raised ; design, figures, &c. f used for hangings: v.t. [p.t : & p.p. tapestried, p.pr. tapestrying], to hang, or adorn with, tapestry. tapestry carpet (kar'pet), n. a kind of carpet somewhat resembling Brussels. tapeti (tap'et-i), n. a South American hare. tapeworm (tap'werm), n. a flat rib- bon-like intestinal worm (Taenia solium) . tapioca (tap-i-o'ka) , n. a farinaceous ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ;, hue, hut ; think, then. TAPIR 823 TASIMETER food obtained from the root of the cassava. [Spanish.] tapir (ta'per), n. a South American quadruped allied to the hog. tapis (ta-pe'), n. a carpet. [French.] tappet (tap'et), n. a small lever or projection for changing or regulat- ing motion. tapping (tap'ing), n. a tap; act of tap- ping; a surgical operation for the relief of dropsy. taproot (tap 'root), n. the main root of a plant. taps (taps), n. the military bugle call at night meaning "lights out!" It is sounded also at the burial of a soldier. tapster (tap'ster), n. one whose busi- ness is to draw liquor from a cask. tar (tar), n. a thick, dark-biown, oily, viscous substance obtained by distil- lation from pine, or fir trees, coal, &c; a sailor: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tarred, p.pr. tarring], to smear with, or as with, tar. tarantass (tar-an-tas'), n, a large four-wheeled Russian springless car- riage. tarantella (tar-an-tel'a) , n. a wild, rapid Neapolitan dance; music for such a dance. tarantula (tar-an'tu-la) , n. a large spider whose bite was formerly sup- posed to produce an irresistible mania for dancing. _ [Italian.] taraxacin (tar-aks'a-sin) , n. the bitter crystalline principle of the root of the dandelion. _ tarboosh (tar-boosh') , n. a kind of red fez with a blue tassel worn by Orientals. tardily (tar'di-li), adv. slowly. tardiness (tar'di-nes), n. slowness of pace or motion; reluctance. tardy (tar'di), adj. [comp. tardier, su- perl. tardiest], moving with a slow pace or motion; dilatory; reluctant; late. tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of the cask, package, &c, which contains the commodity which is weighed with it and for which an allowance is made. target (tar'get), n. a small shield; butt or mark set up for rifle and ar- tillery practice. tariff (tar'if), n. sl schedule or table of dutiable goods, specifying the cu^ toms rates, &c, to be paid or al- lowed on articles exported or im- ported; a duty levied according tc such a schedule: v.t. to fix a duty on tarlatan (tar'la-tan), n. a thin, trans= parent dress-muslin. [Italian.] tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain lake; marsh. tarnish (tar'nish), v.t. to diminish the luster of; sully: v.i. to lose lus- ter; become dull. taro (tar'6), n. a plant of the Arum kind, the roots of which are used for food by the South Sea Islanders. tarpaulin (tar-paw 'lin ) , n. stout water- proof canvas. tarry (tar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tarried, p.pr. tarrying], to stay behind; de- lay; linger. tarsal (tar'sal), adj. pertaining to the tarsus. tarsia (tar'si-a), n. a kind of mediaeval Italian wood inlaying. tarsus (tar'sus), n. [pi. tarsi (tar'si)], the instep, consisting of several bones: pi. the connective cartilages- of the eyelids; foot of an insect or crustacean. tart (tart), adj. sharp to the taste; acid; severe; keen: n. small open pie. tartan (tar'tan), n. woolen cloth, checkered with various colors; small Mediterranean coasting vessel: adj. made from, or like, tartan. tartar (tar'tar), n. the yellowish earthy substance deposited on the teeth. Tartar, n. an inhabitant of Tartary (also Tatar) ; a person of keen, ir- ritable temper. Tartarean (tar-ta're-an), adj. per- taining to Tartarus or Hell; in- fernal. [Latin.] _ tartar emetic (e-met'ik), adj. anti- mony combined with potassium and tartaric acid. tartaric acid (tar-tar'ik as'id), n. an acid found in the juice of grapes c berries, &c. Tartarus (tar'ta-rus) , n. the deep and sunless abyss of the infernal re- gions; Hades. tartly (tart'li), adv. in a sharp, acid,, unpleasant manner. tasimeter (ta-sim'e-ter) , n. an elec- trical instrument for measuring ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. TASK 824 TAX minute variations in temperature, moisture, motion, &c. task (task), n. business or study im- posed by another; usually a definite amount; lesson to be learned; duty; burdensome employment: v.t. to im- pose a task upon; burden. [French.] taskmaster (task'mas-ter) , n. one who oversees the performance of a task. tassel (tas'l), n. a pendent ornament of silk, wool, &c; a male goshawk; pendent flower or head of certain plants, as maize. tasseled (tas'ld), p. adj. adorned with tassels. tasset (tas'et), n. armor protecting the front of the thigh. taste (tast), v.t. to perceive by the tongue* and palate; obtain pleasure from; test by eating or sipping a lit- tle; participate in; experience: v.i. to try by the palate; have a flavor; enjoy moderately: n. the sensation produced on the tongue and palate by something taken into the mouth ; quality or flavor; relish; trial; ex- periment; intellectual relish or dis- cernment of the sublime or beauti- ful; choice of pleasures, pursuits, &c; a sample. [Old French.] tasteful (tast'fool), adj. savory; char- acterized by, or showing, good taste. tastefully (tasff oo-li) , adv. in a taste- ful manner. tasteless (tast'les), adj. insipid; with- out taste. tastily (tast'i-li), adv. with good taste. tasty (tast'i), adj. showing taste; savory. tat (tat), n. coarse cloth made from jute; pony. [East Indian.] tatt (tat), v.t. to make by tatting. tatter (ta't'er), n. a loose hanging rag: pi. rags: v.t. to make ragged; rend. tatterdemalion (tat-ter-de-mal'yun) , n. a ragged fellow. tattie (tat'i), n. a split bamboo door or window screen, over which water is made to trickle to cool the air [East Indian]. Also tatty. tatting (tat'ing), n. a kind of narrow lace for edging, made with a small hand-shuttle; art of making such kind of lace. tattle (tat'l), v.i. to talk idly or trifling- ly; prate; tell tales or secrets: n. trifling or idle talk. tattoo (tat-too'), n. a beat of drum, es- pecially for warning soldiers to re- tire to their quarters; marks or fig- ures made by puncturing the skin with a needle and rubbing a stain or dye into the wounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tattooed, p.pr. tattooing], to mark permanently (the skin) by punctur- ing it and staining .the wounds. tattooing (tat-too 'nig), n. the opera- . tion or practice of tattooing the body. [Dutch.] tau (tow), n. the Greek letter T. Taube (tow'be), n. a type of aircraft of bird-like shape [German Taube, dove]; the type came especially into notice through use by the Germans in the European War, 1914-1916. taught (tawt), p.t. & p.p. of teach. taunt (tant or tawnt), adj. lofty: n. bitter or sarcastic reproach; scoff; insulting invective: v.t. to reproach with bitter, sarcastic, or insulting language; revile. tauriform (taw'ri-form), adj. having the form of a bull. [Latin.] taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; snug; secure. tautog (taw-tog'), n. a North Amer- ican edible fish. tautological (taw-to-loj'ik-al), adj. of the nature of tautology. tautology (taw-tol'o-ji), n. repetition or sameness of words or ideas. [Latin.] tavern (tav'ern), n. an inn or public- house; a hotel. taw (taw), v.t. to dress (skins) to make them into leather: n. sl game at marbles; a marble to be played with. tawdrily (taw'dri-li) , adv. gaudily. tawdriness (taw'dri-nes) , n. the state or quality of being tawdry. tawdry (taw'dri), adj. showy or fine without elegance"; gaudily dressed. tawniness (taw'ni-nes) n. the state or quality of being tawny. tawny (taw'ni), adj. of a yellowish- brown color. taws (tawz), n.pl. a leathern strap with one end cut into fringes, used as an instrument of punishment [Scotch]. Also tawse. tax (taks) , n. a rate or duty on income or property; excise; impost; bur- densome or oppressive duty: v.t. to impose a rate or duty upon for state ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. : TAXABILITY 825 TEDIOUS or municipal purposes; burden or oppress; accuse. taxability (taks-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being taxable. taxable (taks'a-bl), adj. subject or liable to taxation. taxation (taks-a'shun), n. the act of taxing; rate or tax imposed; system of raising revenues. taxicab (taks'i-kab) , n. an auto-cab that records the time and length of trip. taxidermist (taks'i-der-mist), n. one who is skilled in taxidermy. taxidermy (taks'i-der-mi),n. the art of stuffing and arranging specimens of natural history. _ [Greek.] taximeter (taks-im'e-ter), n. the recording device in_a taxicab. taxonomy (taks-on'o-mi) , n. that de- partment of natural history which treats of the laws and principles of classification. tazza (tat'sa), n. an ornamental cup or vase with a large shallow bowl, a foot L and sometimes handles. tea (te), n. the prepared leaves of the tea plant (Thea Sinensis) ; the bev- erage obtained by the infusion of the dried leaves; afternoon repast at which tea is served; an infusion of other substances, as beef: v.i. to take te_a. [Chinese.] teach (tech), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. taught, p.pr. teaching], to impart knowledge to; instruct; inform; cause to learn or acquire skill in: v.i. to give in- struction. teachable (tech'a-bl), adj. capable of being taught; docile. teacher (tech'er), n. one who teaches; an instructor. teaching (tech'ing), n. instruction. teacup (te'kup), n. a cup in which tea is served. teak (tek), n. a very hard durable timber obtained from an Indian tree. teal (tel), n. a species of small, wild, fresh-water duck. team (tern), n. two or more horses, &c, harnessed to the same vehicle for drawing; litter; 6rood; number of persons associated together to form a side in a game, or to perform a certain piece of work. teamster (tem'ster), n. the driver of a team. team-work (tem'werk), n. work done after practice together in a team, as base-ball, foot-ball, &c. tear (ter), n. a small drop of the watery fluid secreted by the lachry- mal gland of the eye; anything tear- like, or shaped like a tear. tear (tar), v.t [p.t. tore, p.p. torn, p.pr. tearing], to separate by violence; rend; disrupt; lacerate: v.i. to be rent; rave or rant: n. a rent. tearful (ter'fool), adj. shedding tears. tease (tez), v.t. to comb or unravel, as wool or flax; separate the fibers of; irritate or annoy; vex by petty requests or raillery: n. one who teases. _ teasel (te'zl), n. a biennial plant, with hooked burrs, which are used foi raising the nap of woolen cloth. teaspoon (te'spoon), n. a small spoon in size between a dessert and an afterdinner-coffee spoon. teat (tet), n. the nipple of the female breast; mammilla. techiness (tech'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being techy. technic (tek'nik), adj. pertaining to the mechanical arts; relating to art, science, or to a particular profes- sion. Also technical: n.pl. those branches of learning which relate to the arts ; doctrine of arts in general. technique (tek-nek'), n. artistic ex- ecution. [French, from Greek.] technological (tek-no-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to technology. [Greek.] technologist (tek-nol'o-jist), n. one skilled in technology. technology (tek-nol'o-ji), n. the science of the industrial arts. # techy (tech'i), adj. peevish; irritable. tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n. the science or art of construction. ted (ted), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tedded, p.pr. tedding], to turn or spread for drying, as new-mown hay. teddy-bear (ted'i-bar), n. a name ap- plied to toy bears, in allusion to Theodore Roosevelt. Te Deum (te de'um), n. an ancient hymn of the Christian Church sung at matins and on occasions of thanks- giving: said to have been composed by Ambrosius, Bishop of Milan. tedious (te'di-us), adj. wearisome by continuance or repetition; tire- some. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. TEDIUM 826 TELESCRIPTOR tedium (te'di-um) , n. wearisomeness. tee (te), n. the mark aimed at in quoits and curling; in golf, a small mound upon which the ball is placed before first striking it, or "teeing- off"; nodule of earth from which the ball is struck at golf; umbrella- shaped flnial of a Buddhist tope; short piece of connective pipe. teem (tern), v.i. to be prolific; be full; be stocked to overflowing. teeming (tem'ing), p. adj. prolific. teen (ten), n. sorrow: pi. years of one's age ending in teen. teepee (te-pe'), n. a wigwam. teeter (te'ter), v.i. to see-saw. teeth, pi. of_ tooth. teething (teeing) , n. dentition. # teetotal (te-to'tal), adj. . pertaining to teetotalers or teetotalism. teetotaler (te-to'tal-er) , n. a total abstainer. teetotalism (te-to'tal-izm) , n. t entire abstinence from intoxicating liquors. teetotum (te-to'tum), n. an Indian amulet; a child's toy used in games of chance; a kind of refreshment house for the working classes. tegmen (teg'men), n. [pi. tegmina (teg'mi-na)], a covering; inner layer of the coating of a seed: pi. scaly coat of the leaf-buds of trees. tegument (teg'u-ment) , n. natural covering or envelope; skin. tehee (te-he r ), n. a titter: v.i. to tit- ter. teil (tel), n. the linden. teinoscope (ti'no-skop) , n. a prism- telescope for the correction of the chromatic aberration of light. [Greek.] telamon (tel'a-mon), n. [pi. tela- mones (tel-a-mo'nez)], a figure of a man, usually colossal, used as a col- umn or pilaster. [Latin.] telautograph (tel-aw'to-graf ) , n. a telegraphic instrument, invented by Elisha Gray, for reproducing writings or drawings at a distance. teledu (tel'e-doo), n. the stinking badger of Java and Sumatra. telegram (tel'e-gram) , n. a telegraphic communication. [Greek.] telegraph (tere-graf), n. an instru- ment or apparatus for communicat- ing intelligence rapidly between cer- tain points, especially by means of electricity: v.t. to convey by tele- graph. telegrapher (te-leg'ra-f er) , n. one who sends telegraphic messages; teleg- raphist. telegraphic (tel-e-graf 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, done by means of, or communicated by, telegraph. telegraphically (tel-e-graf 'i-ka-li) ,adv. by telegraph. telegraphist (te-leg'ra-fist) , n. one skilled in telegraphy. telegraphone (te-leg'ra-f on), n. a voice-reproducing instrument in which # local magnetization is the agent instead of an indented record. telegraphy (te-leg'ra-fi) , n. the sci- ence m or art of constructing and working telegraphs. telekino (tel-e-ke'no), n. an appara- tus for transmission of electrical energy for power without a conduct- ing wire. telepathy (te-lep'a-thi), n. the trans- ference of thought from one person to another by the exercise of the will. [Greek.] telephone (tel'e-fon), n. an instru- ment for transmitting sound to a distance by means of electricity: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by tele- phone. [Greek.] telephonic (tel-e-f on'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or conveyed by means of, the telephone. telephonist (te-lef 'o-nist) , n. one who is skilled in, or operates, a tele- phone. telephot (tel'e-fot), n. an attach- ment for a camera which greatly minimizes distance. telephotography (tel-e-f o-tog'ra-fi) , n. the reproduction of distant photo- graphs by aid of the telegraph. telepost (tel'e-post) , m n. a system of telegraphing by aid of a punched tape by which messages are sent with great rapidity. telescope (tel'e-skop\, n. an optical instrument for viewing objects at a distance: v.t. to drive into one an- other, as railway carriages in col- lision. telescopist (tel'e-sko-pist) , n. one who is skilled in using the telescope. telescriptor (tel'e-skrip-tor) , m n. an electrically operated typewriter. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TELESTEREOG RAPH 827 TEN *.elestereo graph (tel-e-ster'e r 6-graf ) , n. an apparatus for telegraphic trans- mission of writing, drawings and photographs. tell (tel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. told, p.pr. telling], to express or" make known by words; narrate; enumerate; ex- plain; communicate; confess. teller (tel'er), n. one who tells, nar- rates, or communicates; a bank clerk whose duty is to receive and pay money over the counter. telling (tel'ing), n. the act of relating: adj. effective. telltale (tel'tal), adj. telling tales: n. a person who officiously or mali- ciously divulges the private con- cerns of others; an automatic de- vice for counting or indicating. > telluric (tel-u'rik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, the earth or the metal tellurium. tellurium (tel-u'ri-um) , n. a rare ele- ment usually found associated with other metals. [Latin.] telotype (tel'o-tlp), n. an electric telegraph that prints the message. telpherage (i^l'fer-aj), n. a system of automatic naulage by electricity. temerity (te-mer'i-ti), n. foolhardi- ness; rashness; precipitancy. temper (tem'per), v.t. to modify or regulate; qualify; assuage; calm; bring to a due proportion; bring to a proper degree of elasticity or hard- ness: n. due proportion of different qualities or ingredients; state of a metal as to its hardness or elastic- ity; mental disposition; equanimity; mood; natural inclinations; heat of mind or passion; irritation. [French.] temperament (tem'per-a-ment)^ n. natural constitution or organization ; an unequal mixture of opposite or different qualities. temperamental (tem-per-a-ment'al) , adj. pertaining to temperament, especially to its abnormal phases. temperance (tem'per-ans), n. modera- tion, especially in respect to the ap- petites or passions; patience; so- briety; total abstinence. temperate (tem'per-at), adj. moderate; not characterized by passion or in- dulgence of the appetites; abstemi- ous; calm; not liable to excess of heat or cold. temperately (tem'per-at-li), adv. mod- erately. temperateness (tem'per-at-nes) , n, the state or quality of being tenv perate. temperature (tem'per-a-tur), n. state of a body with respect to sensible heat; degree of any quality. tempered (tem'perd), adj. constitu- tionally disposed; hardened. tempest (tem'pest), n. wind rushing with great violence, usually accom- panied by rain, hail, &c; hurricane; tumult. [Old French..] _ tempestuous (tem-pes'tu-us), adj. very stormy; pertaining to, or like, a tempest; violent. Templar (tem'plcr), n. one of a reli- gious and military order, especially in the twelfth century. template (tem'plat), n. a mold or pattern used by masons, brick- layers, &c, in cutting or setting out their work. Also templet. temple (tem'pl), n. an edifice for the worship of a deity or deities; resi- dence of a divinity; place of public worship; the flat part of either side of the head above the check-bones. temporal (tera'po-ral), adj. pertaining to time; secular; measured or re- stricted by time; civil or political, temporality (tem-po-ral'i-ti) , n. that which relates to temporal and secular routine spiritual affairs. temporarily (tem'po-ra-ri-li), adv. for a time. [Latin.] temporariness (tem'po-ra-ri-nes), n c the state of being temporary. temporary (tem'po-ra-ri), adj. exist- ing or continuing for a limited time or some special purpose. temporize (tem'po-riz), v.i. to comply with the times; yield to current opinion; parley; delay. tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to trial; test; persuade to evil; defy; allure; entice. [Latin.] temptation (temp-t a/shun) , n. the state of being tempted ; enticement, especially to evil. tempter (temp'ter), n. one who tempts; the Devil (with the). Fern. temptress. tempting (temp 'ting), adj. alluring ; seductive. ten (ten), adj. one more than 9^ ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book * hue, hut ; think, then. TEN ABILITY 828 TENSION twice 5: n. the sum of 5 and 5; ten units. fcenability (ten-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being tenable. Also tenableness. tenable (ten'a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing held, maintained, or defended. tenace (ten 'as), n. in whist, the hold- ing by the fourth hand of the best and third best of the suit led. tenacious (te-na'shus) , adj. holding fast or firmly; cohesive; tough; ob- stinate. [Latin.] tenacity (te-nas'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being tenacious ; cohesive- ness; adhesiveness. tenancy (ten'an-si), n. [pi. tenan- cies (ten'an-siz)], the holding of land or tenements on certain conditions and for a specified time; tenure. tenant (ten 'ant), n. one who holds lands or tenements on certain con- ditions and for a specified time; oc- cupant: v.t. to hold as a tenant. tenantry (ten'ant-ri), n. tenants col- lectively. [French.] tench (tench), n. a fresh-water fish of the carp kind. Jend (tend), v.t. to care for; attend; watch over or protect; accompany; swing at the turn of the tide: said of a vessel: v.i. to move in a par- ticular direction ; be directed to any end or purpose ; contribute. tendency (ten 'den-si ) , n. inclina- tion; aim; direction or course. tender (ten'der), adj. easily impressed or injured; sensitive; soft; not hard; weak and feeble; easily in- fluenced by love, pity, &c; com- passionate; pathetic; gentle; care- ful: n. a vehicle attached to a loco- motive containing coal and water; smaller vessel attending a larger one ; an offer or proposal for accept- ance; offer of a sum due in money under specified legal conditions: v.t. to offer for acceptance: v.i. to make an offer to do certain work or supply certain goods for a specified price. [French.] tenderfoot (ten'der-foqt), n. one who is new to life in a mining region or frontier district. tenderling (ten'der-ling) , n. one of the first horns of a deer; one made tender by excessive care or affection. tenderloin (ten'der-loin) , n. the ten- der part of a loin of beef, pork, &c; figuratively, the district in any city (originally New York) where money is easily made by criminals as often as by the officers of the law who con- done their acts. tenderness (ten'der-nes), n. kindness; benevolence ; sensibility ; pathos ; caution; soreness. tending (tend'ing), n. the act of at- tending; the swinging round of a vessel upon her anchor. tendinous (ten'din-us), adj. per- taining to a tendon; sinewy. tendon (ten 'dun), n. the hard bundle of fibers which connects the muscles to the bones. tendril (ten'dril), n. the slender, twin- ing part of a plant which attaches itself to a supporting body. tenement (ten'e-ment), n. a house, shop, land, &c, held by a tenant; dwelling house; suite of rooms; any kind of permanent property, as land, rents, &c. tenet (ten'et), n. a doctrine, dogma, opinion, or belief held or maintained as true. tenfold (ten 'fold), adj. & adv. ten times as much or as many. tennis (ten 'is), n. a game played with rackets. tenon (ten'un), n. the end of a timber cut wedge-shaped for fitting into a mortise in another timber: v.t. to form tenons in. tenor (ten'er), n. manner of con- tinuity; general tendency or drift; purport or substance; exact copy of a writing; the highest of adult male voices between bass and alto: adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, tenor. tenor- clef (ten'er-klef ) , n. the C clef, when placed on the third line of the . staff. tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; rigid; not lax: n. a modification in the inflection of a verb, expressing time of action. [Latin.] tensely (tens'li), adv. with tension. tenseness (tens'nes), n. the state or quality of being tense. Also ten- sility. tensile (ten'sil), adj. ductile. tension (ten'shun), n. the act of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TENSOR 829 TERMINUS stretching or straining; the state of being stretched; mental strain'; strong excitement of feeling; ex- pansive or elastic force. tensor (ten'ser), n. a muscle that stretches or tightens a membrane. tent (tent), n. a temporary shelter or habitation, usually of canvas, sup- ported by poles and ropes; Recha- bite lodge; plug or roll of lint for dilating a wound, &c; a variety of sacramental wine. [French.] tentacle m (ten 'ta-kl) , n. a process or organ in certain invertebrate ani- mals used for feeling, prehension, or locomotion. tentacular (ten-tak'u-lar) , adj. per- taining to tentacles. tentaculum (ten-tak'u-lum), n. [pi. tentacula (ten-tak'u-la)J, a tentacle. tentative (ten'ta-tiv) , adj. experimen- tal. [Latinj • tentatively (ten'ta-tiv-li) , adv. by experiment. tenter (ten'ter), n. a frame for stretch- ing cloth on by hooks; a tenter- hook: v.t. to hang or stretch on tenters. -tenter-hook (ten'ter-hook) , n. a sharp hooked nail; anything that painfully strains. tenth (tenth), adj. next in order af- ter the ninth; the ordinal of ten. tenuity (te-nu'i-ti) , n. thinness; rar- ity. [Latin.] tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slender; not dense. tenure (ten'ur), n. conditions under which a tenement is held; right or manner of holding real estate; man- ner of holding; term of holding. tepefaction (tep-e-f ak'shun) , n. the act of warming or making tepid. tepefy (tep'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tepe- fied, p.m. tepefying], to make tepid: v.i. to become tepid. [Latin.] tepid (tep'id), adj. moderately warm; lukewarm. tepidity (te-pid'i-ti) , n. moderate warmth. Also tepidness. ter, a Latin prefix meaning three times. teraph (ter'af), n. [pi. teraphim (teVa-fim)], a tutelary household god or image, consulted by the ancient Hebrews as an oracle. teratology (ter-a-tol'o-ji), n. that branch of biology which treats of malformations or deviations from the normal type of animal and plant structure. terce (ters), same as tierce. tercel (ter'sel), n. the male of the falcon. Also tassel. tercentenary (ter-sen'te-na-ri) , adj. comprising 300 years: n. a day or function commemorating some event occurring 300 years before. tercine (ter 'sin), n. the outer coat of the ovule of a plant; chorium. terebinth (ter'e-binth) , n. the turpen- tine-tree. terebinthine (ter-e-bin'thin) , adj. per- taining to, of the nature of, or like, turpentine. tergiversation (ter-jiv-er-sa'shun), n, evasion; subterfuge. < term (term), n. a limit or boundary; limited time; subject or predicate of a proposition; number of a com- pound mathematical quantity; ex- pression; condition or arrangement; word or expression noting something peculiar to an art or science; time during which the law courts are open; time during which instruc- tion is given in universities, schools, &c. ; time when rent is paid [Scotch]: pi. conditions or stipulations: v.t, to name, designate, or express. termagant (ter'ma-gant) , adj. noisy and violent: n. a noisy, violent wom- an. [Old French.] terminable (ter'mi-na-bl) , adj. liable to be terminated or brought to a close. terminal (ter'mi-nal) , adj. pertaining to the end or extremity; arranged according to the terminations: n. a limit or boundary; end; one of the ends of a conducting circuit of a dynamo, &c. [Latin.] terminate (ter'mi-nat), v.t. to limit or bound ; end : v. i. to be limited or ended . termination (ter-mi-na/shun), n. the act of terminating; a bound or limit ; end; conclusion or result; final syl- lable or letter. terminator (ter'mi-na-ter), n. one who, or that which, terminates; the dividing fine between the illuminat- ed and non-illuminated part of the moon. terminology (ter-miynol'o-ji) , n. the definition of technical terms. terminus (ter'mi-nus) , n. [pi. termim ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut : think, then. TERMITE 830 TESTAMENT (ter'mi-nl)], a limit or boundary; station at the end of a railway. termite (ter'mit), n. the white ant. termless (term'les), adj. of boundless extent or duration. tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird allied to the gull: adj. arranged in threes. ternary (ter'na-ri), adj. proceeding by, or consisting of, threes: n. the number 3. Terpsichorean (terp-si-ko-re'an) , adj. pertaining to Terpsichore or to dancing. [Greek.] terra (ter'a), n. the earth; earth. terrace (ter'as), n. a raisedlevel space or platform of earth with sloping sides, usually laid with turf; flat roof on an oriental house; large open balcony or gallery; row of houses: v.t. to form into a terrace^ terra cotta (kot'a), n. a composition of fine clay and sand used for stat- ues, &c, and hardened by heat; a work of art executed in terra cotta. terralig (ter'a-lig), n. an artificial fuel without odor or smoke. terrapin (ter'a-pin), n. a species of fresh-water tortoise, much esteemed for food. terraqueous (ter-a'kwe-us) , adj. con- sisting of land and water. [Latin.] terrene (ter-renO, adj. earthy; mun- dane. terrestrial (ter-es'tri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, existing on, or consisting of, earth; belonging to the present world; not celestial. ( [Latin.] terrestrially (ter-es'tri-a-li) , adv. in a terrestrial manner. terret (ter'et), n. one of the rings on a harness-pad through which the driving reins pass. terrible (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting or I causing fear or awe; dreadful; ex- • treme; severe. [Latin.] terribleness (ter'i-bl-nes) , n. dread- fulness. terribly (ter'i-bli), adv. violently; dreadfullv. terrier (ter'i-er), n. a breed of small doer<=;. terrify (ter'i-fi), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. terri- fied, p.pr. terrifying], to frighten or alarm exceedingly. territorial (ter-i-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to a territory; limited to a particular district. [Latin.] territorially (ter-i-to'ri-a-li) , adv. as regards territory. # territory (ter'i-to-ri) , n. [pi. territo- ries (ter'i-to-riz)], the extent of land within the jurisdiction of a state, sovereign, city, &c; large tract of land. Territory, n. an undeveloped region, under a temporary government, that ultimately may become a State; e.g. the United States and Canadian Territories. terror (ter'er), n. extreme fear; fright; one who excites extreme fear. terrorism (ter'er-izm) , n. a system of government by terror; intimidation. terrorist (ter'er-ist) , n. one who governs by terror, especially an agent of the revolutionary tribunal during the Reign of Terror in France. terrorize (ter'er-iz), v.t. to intimidate or coerce by terror. [Latin.] terry (ter'i), n. a heavy corded pile fabric. terse (ters), adj. elegantly and forci- bly concise. [Latin.] tersely (ters'li), adv. in a terse manner. terseness (ters'nes), n. quality of be- ing terse. tertian (ter'shan) , adj. occurring, or recurring, every third day: n. an in- termittent fever the paroxysms of which recur every third day. tertiary (teVshi-a-ri) , adj. of the third order, rank, or formation. [Latin.] tessellate (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay with squares or checkered work. [Latin.] tessera (tes'e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae (tes'e-re)], a cube of marble, glass, &c, used in mosaic work. [Latin.] test (test), n. anything by which the nature of a substance is tried; ex- amination by a cupel; standard; discrimination; proof: v.t. to put to the proof; compare with a stand- ard ; try ; refine in a cupel ; examine or try by means of a reagent. testa (tes'ta), n. [pi. testae (tes'te)]. the outer integument or covering of a seed; shelly covering of certain animals. [Latin.] testaceous (tes-ta'shus) , adj. consist- ing of, or having, a hard shell. testacy (tes'ta-si), n. the state or fact ; of leaving a valid will. testament (tes'ta-ment) , n. a solemn, authentic instrument in writing dis- ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. TESTAMENT 831 TEUTONIC posing of the estate of a person deceased; will. [Latin.] Testament, n. one of the two great divisions of the Bible. testamentary (tes-ta-men'ta-ri), adj. pertaining to, bequeathed by, or done by, a will. Also testamental. testate (tes'tat), adj. having left a will. testator (tes-ta/ter), n. one who makes and leaves a will. Fern, testatrix. tester (tes'ter), n. an old English coin, value 6d.; a flat canopy; one who tests. testicle (tes'ti-kl), n. one of the two glands which secrete the seminal fluid in males. testify (tes'ti-fl), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. testi- fied, p.pr. testifying], to bear wit- ness; make a solemn declaration; give evidence: v.t. affirm or declare solemnly on oath; bear witness to. testily (tes'ti-li), adv. in a testy man- ner. testimonial (tes-ti-mo'ni-al), n. sl writing or certificate bearing testi- mony to character, proficiency, &c; a present given as a token of respect ; acknowledgment of services ren- dered, &c: adj. pertaining to, or containing, testimony. testimony (tes'ti-mo-ni), n. [pi. testi- monies (tes'ti-mo-niz)], evidence; proof; solemn declaration: profes- sion; the two tables of the Law; divine revelation. testiness (test'i-nes), n. peevishness. testing (test'ing), n. the operation of refining gold and silver; assay; proof; trial. testis (tes'tis), n. [pi. testes (tes'tez)], a testicle. testudinal (tes-tu'di-nal), adj. tor- toiselike. testudinate (tes-tu'di-nat), adj. arched like a tortoise's shell. testudo_ (tes-tu'do), n. [pi. testudines (tes-tu'di-nez)], a protective cover- ing used, by the ancient Roman soldiers in besieging a city, by overlapping their shields ; a screen to shelter miners in places likely to cave in; an encysted tumor. [Latin. ] testy (tes'ti), adj. [comp. testier, su- perl. testiest], peevish; morose; ir- ritable. tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. lockjaw. tetchy, same as techy. tete-a-tete (tat-a-tat'),. n. private or confidential conversation; a kind of settee. tete-de-pont (tat-de pong'), n. [pi. tetes-de-pont], a work thrown up to defend the entrance of a bridge. tether (teth'er), n. a rope for con- fining an animal within certain lim- its; scope or freedom allowed: v.t. to confine, as an animal, within certain limits. tetra, a Greek prefix meaning four, as ^^abranchiate: adj. having four branchiae or gills. tetrachord (tet'ra-kord), n. half of the octave scale [Music]; an in- strument with four strings. tetrad (tet'rad), n. the number 4; col- lection of four things; tetravalent radical or element. tetragon (tet'ra-gon), n. a plane figure with four sides and four angles. Tetragrammaton(tet-ra-grara'a-ton), n. the mystic number 4 symbolical among the ancient Jews of the Deity. tetrahedral (tet-ra-he'dral), adj. four- sided. tetrahedron (tet-ra-he'dron), n. a solid figure bounded by four tri- angles. tetralogy (te-tral'o-gi), n. in Greek a series of four dramas, the first three being tragic, and the closing one a so-called satyric play, ending happily. tetrameter (te-tram'e-ter), n. sl verse or line consisting of four measures. tetrapod (tet'ra-pod), n. sl four- footed insect. tetrarch (te'trark), n. a Roman gov- ernor whose jurisdiction extended over the fourth part of a province; petty prince. tetrarchate (te'trark-at), n. the office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. Also tetrarchy. tetrastyle (tet'ra-stil), n. a building or portico with four columns in front. tetter (tet'er), n. a cutaneous disease characterized by itching and red- ness; herpes. Teuton (tu'ton), n. one of the Ger- man race. Teutonic (tu-ton'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Teutons ate, arm> at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. r TEUTONISM 832 THEATRICAL or the Teutonic languages, Low German, Scandinavian, . and High German. Teutonism (tu'ton-izm) , n. a German- ism. texas (teks'as), n. the pilot-house, &c, on the hurricane deck of a steamer. . text (tekst), n. that on which a com- ment is written; original words of an author; verse, &c, of Scripture forming the subject of a sermon; topic; theme for composition, argu- ment, &c. : text-hand. [Old French.] text-book (tekst'book), n. a standard book of instruction. text-hand (tekst 'hand), n. a large hand in writing. textile (teks'til), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, weaving; capable of being woven. textual (teks'tu-al), adj. pertaining to, contained in,_or serving for, a text. texture (teks'tur), n. manner of weav- * ing; web; disposition of the several parts of a body in connection with each other; filaments or fibers inter- woven; tissue. thalamus (thal'a-mus), n. the place where a nerve originates or is sup- posed to originate; receptacle of a flower. [Greek.] thalassic (tha-las'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed in, the sea. thalassography (thal-as-og'ra-fi) , n. the science of marine organisms. thaler (ta'ler), n. a German silver coin, value about 72 cents. Thalia (tha-le'a), n. the one of the nine Muses, who presided over comedy. thallium (thal'i-um), n. a rare me- tallic element. than (than), conj. used after the comparative degree of adjectives and adyerbs expressing diversity or comparison. thanage (than'aj), n. the district or jurisdiction of a thane. thanatoid (than'a-toid), adj death- like. [Greek.] thanatology (than-a-tol'o-ji), n. a treatise on, or the doctrine of, death. thane (than), n. a title of honor or dignity among the u Anglo-Saxons, held by persons having large terri- torial possessions. thaneship (than'ship), n. the dignity, state, or property of a thane. thank (thangk), v.t. to express grati- tude or obligation to. thankful (thangk'fool), adj. grateful. thankfully (thangk'foo-li), adv. grate- fully. thankless (thangk'les), adj. ungrate- ful; not gaming thanks. thanks (thangks), n.pl: an expres- sion of gratitude or obligation. thanksgiving (thangks-giv'ing), n. the act of expressing gratitude for favors and mercies; a public cele- bration of divine goodness; a day so set apart. Thanksgiving Dav (da), n. a day set apart annually, usually the last Thursday in November, for thanks- giving to God for national mercies. that (that), pron. & adj. [pi. those (thoz)], not this but the other: conj. because; since. thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, &c, used for covering the roofs of cot- tages, stacks, &c: v.t. to cover with, or as with, thatch. thaumatrope (thaw'ma-trop), n. an optical toy for showing the per- sistence of an impression on the eye after the luminous object is with- drawn. [Greek.] thaumatur gic (thaw-ma-ter'jik), adj. pertaining to, or done by, thaumatur-. gy: n. legerdemain; magical feats. thaumatur gy (thaw'ma-ter-jji), n. the act of performing miracles; legerdemain; magic. thaw (thaw), v.i. to melt or become liquid, as ice or snow; become milder or more genial: v.t. to dissolve: n. the melting of ice or snow by rise of temperature. the (the), def. art. belonging to a partic- ular class, person' or thing. thearchy (tWar-ki), n. See theoc- racy. theater, theatre (the'a-ter), n. a pub- lic building where dramatic repre- sentations are given; large room arranged for lectures, anatomical 1 demonstrations, &c; scene or sphere of action. [Greek.] theatrical (the-at'ri-kal) , adj. per- taining to, or adapted for, a theater, or scenic representations; resembling the manner of actors; histrionic, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. THEATRICALLY 833 THEORY pompous: n.pl. dramatic perform- ances. theatrically (the-at'ri-ka-li) , adv. in a manner adapted for the stage. fhftatrophone (the-at'ro-fon), n. an automatic telephone connected with a theater by which a person may hear a dramatic performance while seated at home. thebaine (the'ba-in), n. a poisonous alkaloid found in opium. Also the- bin. Theban (the 'ban), adj. pertaining to Thebes, or to its inhabitants. Theban Year (yer), n. the ancient Egyptian year consisting of 365 days, 6 hours. theca (the'ka), n. a sheath; seed-case of a fern. [Greek.] thee (the) j pron. objective case of thou. theft (theft), n. the act of stealing; robbery. theine (the'in), n. the bitter and vol- atile principle of tea, identical with caffeine in coffee. theirs (th&rz), pron. pi. possessive case of they. theism (the'izm), n. the belief in the existence of a God: opposed to atheist. _ [Greek.] theist (the'ist), n. one who believes in tne existence of a God: opposed to atheism. theistic (the-ist'ik), adj. pertaining to theism or theists. Also theistical. them (them), pron. the objective case of they. theme (them), n. the subject or topic of a discourse or dissertation; short essay on a given subject; radical of a noun or verb; series of notes se- lected as the subject of a new com- position [Musi?]. then (£/?en), conj. in consequence; therefore; in that case: adv. next; at that or another time; imme- diately. thence (thens), adv. from that place or time. theobromine (the-o-bro'min), n. an alkaloid contained in cacao-beans. theocracy (the-ok'ra-si), n. the govern- ment of a state by the immediate direction of God; the state thus governed. [Greek.] theociasy (the-ok'ra-si), n. a mixture of the worship of different deities, as of God and idols; the intimate union of the soul with God in con- templation. theocrat (the'o-krat), n. one living under a theocracy. theocratic (the-o-krat'ik), adj. per- taining to a theocracy; administered by the immediate direction of God. theodicy (the-od'i-si) , n. a vin- dication of the dealings of divine Providence, and the freedom of the uman will. theodolite (the-od'p-lit) , n. an instru- ment for measuring horizontal and vertical angles and ascertaining dis- tances and heights. theodolitic (the-od-o-lit'ik), a r lj. per- taining to, or ascertained by means of, the theodolite. theogony (the-og'o-ni), n. that branch of mythology which treats of the origin cr genealogy of ancient dei- ties*^ a poem treating of such gene- alogies. theologian (the-o-lo'ji-an), n. one versed in theology; professor of di- vinity; a divine. theological (the-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to theology. theology _(the-ol'o-ji), n. [j)l. theolo- gies (the-ol'o-jiz)], th3 science that treats of the existence, nature, and attributes of God, especially of man's relations to God; divinity. tbeophany (the-of'a-ni), n. sl mani- festation of God to man by actual experience. theorbo (the-or'bo), n. a kind of large lute with two necks. theorem (the'o-rem), n. a proposition to be proved. _ [Greek.] theoretical (the-o-ret'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or depending on, theory; not practical; speculative. Also theoretic. theoretically (the-o-ret'i-ka-li), adv. in or by theory. _ theoretics (the-o-ret'iks), n.pl. the speculative part of a science. theorist (the'o-rist), n. one who theo- rizes; speculatist. theorize (the'o-riz), v.i. to form a the- ory or theories ; speculate. theory (the'6-ri), n.\pl. theories (the'= o-riz)], an exposition of the abstract principles of a science or art consid- ate, arm, at, awl; Hie, merge, met; mire, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; &$ hue, hut : think, then THEOSOPHIC 834 THILL ered apart from practice; hypothesis; philosophical explanation of moral or physical phenomena. theosophic (the-o-sof 'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to theosophy or theosophists. Also theosophical. theosophism (the-os'o^fizm) , n. pre- tension to divine wisdom or illu- mination. theosophist (the-os'o-fist) , n. a be- liever in theosophy. Also theosoph. theosophy (the-os'6-fi) , n. a system of philosophy which professes to inves- tigate the unexplained laws of na- ture, the powers of man over nature, and the direct knowledge of God at- tained by extraordinary illumina- tion. therapeutic (ther-a-pu'tik) , adj. curative: n.pl. the art or science of curing diseases. there (#iar), adv. in that place; at that point or stage. thereafter # (£/iar-af 'ter) , adv. after- ward (in time). therefore (th&r' or £/ier'for), adv. & conj. for that or this reason; for that reason or purpose. thereupon y/iar-u-pon') , adv. in con- sequence. therm, a Greek prejix meaning heat. Also thermo. thermae (ther'me), n.pl. hot springs or baths. thermal (ther'mal), adj. pertaining to heat; warm. thermetrograph (ther-met'ro-graf ) , n. a self-registering thermometer. Also thermometrograph. thermometer (ther-mom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the degree of heat or temperature of bodies. thermometric (ther-mo-met'rik) , adj. pertaining to, made, or ascertained by, a thermometer. Also thermo- metrical. th er mometr i c ally (ther-mo-met 'ri- ka-li), adv. by means of a ther- mometer. thermopile (ther'mo-pil), n. an instru- ment for indicating slight variations of temperature. thermoscope m (ther'mo-skop) , n. an instrument indicating relative dif- ferences in temperature. thermostat (ther'mo-stat) , n. an automatic apparatus for regulating temperature. thermotie (ther-mot'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or produced by, heat: n.pl. the science of heat. thermotropism (ther-mot'ro-pizm) , n. the phenomena exhibited by some plants of turning towards the sun or source of heat. thesaurus (the-saw'rus) , n. a store- house or treasury; lexicon or dic- tionary. these, pi. of this. thesis (the'sis), n. \pl. % theses^ (the'- sez)], an essay or dissertation on some particular subject; subject set a student on which to write prior to granting him a degree; the exercise itself; in logic, an affirmation. Thespian (thes'pi-an) , adj. pertaining to Thespis, the founder of Greek drama: hence dramatic. [Greek.] theta (tha/ta), n. the Greek th (0). theurgic (the-er'jik), adj. pertaining to theurgy or alleged magic. thews (thtiz), n.pl. muscles; strength. they'(thsi\, pi. of he, she, or it. thick (thik), adj. not thin; compact; dense; not clear or transparent; misty; muddy; indistinct; dull; very intimate; closely set; crowded; following in quick succession: adv. closely; indistinctly ; _ to a great depth; fast: n. the thickest part. thicken (thik'n), v.t. to make thick or thicker; render dense; inspissate; make dark or obscure: v.i. become thick or thicker. thickening (thik'n-ing) , n. something added to a liquid mass to make it thicker. thicket (thik'et), n a close wood or cluster of trees. thickset (thik'set), adj. closely plant- ed; having a thick body: n. a close, thick hedge. thief (thef), n. [pi. thieves (thevz)J, one who takes unlawfully what is not his own. thieve (thev), v.t. & v.i. to steal. thievish (thev'ish), adj. addicted to theft ; dishonest ; obtained by stealing. thigh (thi), n. the thick muscular part of the leg between the knee and the trunk. thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart or other vehicle; floor of a coal mine. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. THILLER 835 THOROUGHFARE thiller (thil'er), n. the shaft horse. , thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup-shaped metallic protective cover for the fin- ger in sewing; anything like a thim- ble; an iron ring belonging to a sail, fitted to receive a rope. thimble- rig (thim'bl-rig) , n. a sleight- of-hand trick in which a pea is pre- tended to be hidden under one of three thimbles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -rigged, V t pr. -rigging], to cheat by means of the < thimble-rig t trick. thin (thin), adj. [comp. thinner, su- perl. thinnest], having little thick- ness; slim; slender; not dense or thick; not close or crowded; poor; slight ; meager ; not m full or well grown: adv. not thickly: v.t. to make thin; attenuate: v.i. to grow thin. thine (thm), pron. & adj. belonging to, relating to, or being the property of, thee. thing (thing), n. whatever is dis- tinct, or conceived to be distinct, from one's self or other intelligent beings; inanimate matter; part or portion; an object of pity and con- tempt: pi. clothes; furniture; lug- gage, &c. think (thingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. thought, p.pr. thinking], to have the mind occupied on some subject; form an opinion by reason; be- lieve; judge; intend or purpose; imagine; recollect; consider or re- flect; presume: v.t. to imagine. thinkable (thingk'a-bl) , adj. con- ceivable. thinking (thingk'ing) , adj. having the faculty of thought; capable of a regular train of thought: n. medita- tion; judgment. thinness (thin'nes), n. the state or quality of being thin. third (therd), adj. the next after the second: the ordinal of three; noting one of three equal parts: n. a third part of anything; an interval of three diatonic sounds and two intervals [Music]. thirst (therst),n. the sensation of a desire to drink; great desire for drink; drought; eager desire: v.i. to be thirsty. thirstily (therst'i-li) , adv. in a thirsty manuer. thirstiness (therst'i-nes), n. the state of being thirsty. thirsty (therst'i), adj. [comp. thirstier, superl. thirstiest], feeling thirst. thirteen (ther'ten), adj. 10 and 3: n. the number of lOand 3. thirteenth (ther'tenth) , adj. next in order after the twelfth: the ordinal of thirteen. thirtieth (ther'ti-eth) , adj. next in order after the twenty-ninth. thirty (ther'ti), adj. three times more than 10: n. the sum of three tens. this _(this), pron. & adj. [pi. these, (thez)], that which is present; that which is just now or last men- tioned. thistle (this'l), n. a plant with a prickly stem and leaves, of the genua Carduus. thither (thil'er), adv. to that place or end._ thole (thol), n. a pin set in the gun- wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum for the oar. thong (thong), n. a thin leather strap or string for fastening something; striking part of a whip. thoracic (tho-ras'ik), adj. pertaining to the thorax. [Latin.] thorax (tho'raks), n. the chest, con- taining the heart, lungs, &c; breast- plate or cuirass. thorit (tho'rlt), n. an isometric mineral; a powerful high explosive. thorium (tho'ri-um), n. a rare me- tallic element. Also _ thorinum. thorn (thorn), n. a prickle or spine; prickly tree or shrub; anything that troubles or annoys; care. thornback (thorn 'bak) , n. a species of spiny ray or skate. thorny (thorn'i), adj. full of thorns; harassing; annoying. thorough (thur r o), adj. passing through or to the end; perfect; fin- ished; complete. thorough bass (bas), n. the science of harmony; an accompaniment to a continued bass by means of figures [Music]. thorough-bred (thur'o-bred), adj. of pure and unmixed breed; com- pletely instructed; accomplished; high-spirited. thoroughfare (thur'o-f ar) , n. a pas- sage from one street opening to 7 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. THOROUGHLY 836 THRIVING .mother; an unobstructed way for traffic. thoroughly (thur'o-li), adv. com- pletely; fully. thorough-paced (thur'o-past), adj. going all lengths; complete. those, pi. of that. thou (thou), pron. [pi. you (u)], 2 per. sing, of I. though (tho), conj. granting, or sup- posing that; notwithstanding that; if: adv. nevertheless; however. thought (thawt), n. the act of think- ing ; that which the mind thinks ; meditation; study; care or anxiety: p.t. & p.p. of think. thoughtful (thawt Tool), adj. full of thought ; contemplative ; attentive ; considerate for others; anxious or careful. thoughtfully (thawtToo-li), adv. in a thoughtful manner; witn thought. thoughtless (thawt'les), adj. unthink- ing; heedless; inattentive; incon- siderate. thought- reader (thawt 're-der ) , n . one who practices thought-reading. thought-reading (thawt 're-ding), n. the act or art of discerning what an- other person is tninking of; mind- reading. thousand (thou'zand), adj. consisting of 1,000: n. 1,000; a large number. thousandth (thousandth), adj. next in order after 999th: the ordinal of 1,000. thraldom (thrawrdum), n. serfdom; slavery. thrall (thrawl) , n. a slave ; serf. thrash (thrash), v.t. to beat out (grain) from the husk; beat or flog soundly: o.i to perform the opera- tion of thrashing; drudge. thrasher (thrash' er) , n. one who thrashes ; a species of shark, the sea- fox; a thrashing machine. thrashing (thrash'ing), n. the opera- tion of separating grain from the husk; a sound flogging. thread (thred), n. a very thin line or cord of flax, cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance twisted and drawn out; a filament; uniform tenor; something continued in . a long course; spiral part of a screw: v.t. to pass through the eye of; pierce through. threadbare (thred'bar), adj. worn to the threads; poverty-stricken; hack- neyed; dull. threat (thret), n. a menace: v.t. & v.i. to menace. threaten (thret 'n), v.i. to use threats: v.t. terrify by menaces. threatening (thret'n-ing), n. the act of one who threatens; menace: adj. indicating a menace or some im- pending evil. three (thre), adj. noting the sum of 2 and 1 : n. a number the sum of 2 and 1. threefold (thre'fold), same as thrice. threepence (thrip'ens), n. a small British silver coin, value 6 cents. threnody (thren'6-di) , n. a dirge. thresh, same as thrash. threshold (threshold), n. the sill of a door; entrance; door; place or point of entrance. threw (throo), p.t. of throw. m thrice (thris), adv. three times; re- peatedly. thrift (thrift), n. frugality; econom- ical management; good husbandry; increase of wealth; profit; a plant. thriftily (thrift'i-li), adv. in a thrifty manner. [Icelandic] thriftiness (thrift'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being thrifty. thriftless (thrift'les), adj. without busi- ness sense; neglectful of one's affairs. thrifty (thrift'i), adj. [comp. thriftier, superl. thriftiest], characterized by economy and good management; frugal. thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause to have a shivering, tingling, or ex- quisite sensation: v.i. to penetrate, as something sharp; feel a sharp tingling or exquisite sensation run- ning through the whole body ; quiv- er: n. a thrilling sensation; quiver. thriller (thril'er), n. a cheap novel that excites the reader. [Slang.] thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t % thrived, throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. thriving], to prosper by industry, economy, and good management; increase or prosper in business, &c; grow rich; grow vigorously or lux- uriantly; increase or flourish. thriving (thriving), p. adj. increasing in wealth; prosperous or successful; growing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. THROAT 837 THUNDER throat (throt), n. the fore-part of the neck of an animal containing the windpipe and gullet ; contracting part of a vessel. &c. throatiness(throt'i-ness). n. gutteral thrush (thrush) ming], to fringe or put tufts on; play idly or unskillfully on (a stringed in- strument) with the fingers: v.i. to strum; drum. a sweet-songed bird of the genus Merula; a disease of infants characterized by minute white ulcers in the mouth and fauces; an inflammatory and sup- purating affection in the feet of horses. [Danish.] to be thrust (thrust), v.t. to nush or drive with force; urge or impel: v.i. /to push forward; enter by pushing; in- trude; attack with a pointed weap- on: n. a violent or sudden push; stab. utterance. throaty (throt'i), adj. guttural. throb (throb), v.i. to beat, as the pulse, with more than usual force; palpitate: n. a strong pulsation. throe (thro), n. agony; extreme pain especially in parturition: v.i in agony. thrombosis (throm-bo'sis), n. the obstruction of a blood-vessel by a clot of blood. [Greek.] throne (thron), n. a chair of state; sovereign power and dignity: v.t. to thrusting (thrust'ing), n. the act of place upon a throne; exalt. [Latin.] pushing with force or violence: pi. throng (throng), n. a multitude; white whey expressed from the crowd: v.t. to crowd or press to- curd. gether; annoy with numbers: v.i. to thud (thud), n. a dull sound produced come in multitudes. by a body falling on a comparatively throstle (thros'l), n. the song-thrush; a soft substance. machine for spinning wool and cotton. throstling (thros'lmg) , n. a disease in cattle, characterized by a swelling in the throat. throttle (throt'i), v.t. to strangle or thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity of robbers and assassins in India who practiced secret murder, as an act of propitiation to the goddess Kali; a ruffian. [Hindu.] choke by pressure on the windpipe: thuggee (thug-e'), n. the practice of n. the windpipe; a throt tie- valve throttle- valve (throt '1-valv), n. murder by the thugs, gism, thuggery. Also thug- valve in the steam-pipe of a boiler Thule (thu'le), n. the name given by for controlling the flow of steam to any apparatus through (throo), prep, from end to the ancient geographers to the most northern part of the world as then known. [Latin.] end of; between the sides of; in the thumb (thum), n. the short, thick midst of; among; by the agency of: adv. from end to end; from the be- ginning to the end. digit of the human hand: v.t. to handle awkwardly; soil with the thumb: v.i. to play awkwardly. throughout (throo-out'), adv. in every thumbscrew (thum'skroo), n. a screw part throve (throv), p.t. of thrive. throw (thro), v.t. [p.t. threw, p.p. thrown, p.pr. throwing], to fling or to turn with the finger and thumb; an instrument of torture for com- pressing the thumb. Also thumbi- kins. hurl; cast to a distance; cast in any thummim (thum'im), n.pl. & mys- manner; propel; overturn; put on hastily or carelessly; strip; shape or form roughly; give utterance to; terious symbol worn on the breast- plate of the Jewish high priest signifying perfection. [Hebrew/ produce; twist or wind: n. the act thump (thump), , n. a hard, # heavy of flinging or hurling; a cast of dice; distance a missile can be thrown; stroke, as of a slide-valve; potter's wheel. thrum (thrum), n. the end of a weaver's thread; coarse yarn: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrum- blow: v.t. to strike or beat with dull heavy blows: v.i. to fall or strike with a dull heavy blow. thumper (thump'er), n. one who, or that which, thumps; something huge; barefaced lie. thunder (thun'der), n. the noise ac- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book^ hue, hut; think, fften. THUNDERBOLT 838 TIDINGS companying a flash of lightning; loud noise; an alarming denuncia- tion or threat: v.i. to produce thun- der; make a loud noise: v.t. to utter with a loud and threatening voice. thunderbolt (thun'der-bolt), # n. a shaft of lightning; something re- sembling lightning in suddenness and terror; dreadful denunciation, es- pecially ecclesiastical censure; dar- ing or irresistible hero; a belemnite. thundering (thun'der-ing) , adj. emit- ting, or producing, a great noise like thunder; very great: n. the report ac- companying a discharge of lightning. thunderstruck (thun'der-struk) , p. adj. astonished or struck dumb by sudden amazement, &c. thundery (thun'der-i) , adj. produced by, or accompanied with, thunder. Also thunderous. thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. a censer. thurifer (thu'ri-f er) , n. one who at- tends the priest at mass, &c, and carries the thurible. Thursday (therz'da), n. the fifth day of the week. thus (thus), adv. in this or that man- ner; to this degree or extent; so: n. (thus) the resin of the spruce fir. thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike with something flat and heavy; thump: n. a heavy blow with something blunt and hard; thump. thwart (thwawvt), adj. crosswise; oblique: prep. & adv. across: n. a seat in a boat extending from side to side: v.t. oppose; run counter to; frustrate. thy (thl), pron. poss. case of thou. thyine (thi'in), adj. noting a kind of wood of the cedar family yielding a resin called sandarach. thylacine (thii'a-dn), n. the zebra , wolf of New Zealand. [Greek.] thyme (tim), n. a common aromatic herb of the genus Thymus. [Greek.] thyroid (thi'roid), adj. shield-shaped: noting one of the cartilages of the larynx. [Greek.] thyrsoid (ther'soid), adj. thyrsus- shaped. thyrsus (ther'sus), n. [pi. thyrsi (ther'si)], a staff or spear entwined with ivy and vine leaves and grapes with a cone at the top, carried at the festivals of Bacchus by his devotees. thyself (thi-self), emphatic *or fchy s [Greek.] . tiara (ti-a'ra), n. the triple crown worn by the Pope; a lofty headdress worn by the ancient Persians; the miter of the Jewish high priest; diadem. [French.] tibia (tib'i-a), n. the inner and larger of the two leg bones; shin-bone. tibial (tib'i-al), adj. pertaining to the tibia. [Latin.] tic (tik), n. neuralgia. Also tic-dou- loureux. tick (tik), n. a name for various par- asites which infest dogs, sheep, &c; a case for holding feathers, &c, for bedding; small mark; small, quick, distinct sound or beat; credit: v.i. to make a small, quick, distinct sound; go on credit: v.t. to mark off by a tick. ticket (tik'et), n. a label or card giving its possessor some specific right; la- bel specifying price, &c, of goods; printed list of candidates at an elec- tion: v.t. to distinguish by, or as by, a ticket. [French.] ticking (tik'ing), n. cloth used for bed-ticks. tickle (tik'l), v.t. to touch lightly so as to produce a thrilling sensation, usu- ally accompanied by laughter; grat- ify and amuse: v.i. to feel titilla- tion. tickler (tik'ler), n. one who, or that which, tickles ; something puzzling or difficult. ticklish (tik'lish) , adj. sensible to slight touches; easily tickled; critical; pre- carious; difficult; delicate to handle or achieve. tickseed (tik'sed), n. a common name for plants of the genera Corisper- mum and Coreopsis. tidal (tid'al) , adj. pertaining to the tides; ebbing and flowing like the tides. tide (tid), n. the regular rising and falling of the sea, rivers, &c; stream- time ; season ; turning point ; ten- dency; in mining, period of twelve hours: v.t. to drive with the stream: v.i. to work in or out of a river or harbor by drifting with the tide. tidily (tid'i-li), adv. in a tidy manner, tidiness (tid'i-nes), n. neatness. tidings (tld'ingz), n.pl. news. Ite, arm, at, r,wl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book \ bue, hut ; think, then. TIDOLOGY tidology (tid-ol'o-ji), n. the science of tides. tidy (tid'i), adj. [comp. tidier, superl. tidiest], kept or dressed in proper and habitual neatness; trim; neat; orderly: n. an ornamental cover lor the back of a chair, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to make neat or tidy; put in proper order. tie (ti), n. a knot or fastening; bond; obligation; beam or rod for holding two parts together; equality in num- bers; knot of hair; curved line placed over or under two or more notes, signifying they are to be slurred, or be sounded as one [Music]: v.t. to fasten with, or as with, a cord; bind; restrict; unite, as notes [Music]: v.i. to make an equal score. tier (ter), n. a row or rank especial- ly one of two or more rows placed one above the other. [Old French.] tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 gallons; sequence of three cards; thrust in fencing; a third [Music]. [Old French.] tiercel (ter'sel), n. sl male hawk. tiff (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight quarrel; small draught of liquor: v.i. to be in a fit. tiffany' (tif 'a- ni) , n. a thin gauze of silk. tiffin (tif 'in), n. a light luncheon. [Anglo-Indian.] tige (tezh;, n. the shaft of a column from the astragal to the capital. tiger (tl'ger), n. a large, fierce, rapa- cious quadruped of the genus Felis; a servant-boy in livery. [Latin.] tiger-flower (ti'ger-nou-er) , n. a flow- er of the Iris order, spotted yellow and orange. tiger-lily (ti'ger-lil-i) , n. a handsome lily having flowers spotted with orange. tiger- wood (ti'ger-wood),"n. a valuable wood yielded by a tree of British Guiana. tight (tit), adj. not loose; close; tenacious; compactly built; fitting close to the body; not leaky; taut; snug; parsimonious; ill-supplied or stringent; drunk: n.pl. closely fitting underclothing worn by actors. tighten (tit'n), v.t. to make tight. tigress (ti'gres), n. the female of the tiger. 839 TIMBER tigrine (ti'grin), adj. tiger-like. tigrish (tl'grish), adj. resembling a tiger; fierce. tilbury (til'bri), n. an old-fashioned gig. [English.] tilde (til'de), n. a mark (~) placed over n in Spanish words to indicate that between the n and the following vowel a y sound is to be introduced. tile (til), n. a thin slab of baked clay, used for roofing, &c; hat; door of a Masonic lodge: v.t. to cover with tiles; guard (the door of a lodge). tiler (til'er), n. one who roofs houses with tiles ; door-keeper of a Masonic lodge. Tyler. tiliaeeous (til-i-a'shus), adj. allied to, or like, the limetree. [Latin.] till (til), n. a money drawer in a desk or counter; a glacial deposit of unlaminated play, sand, and gravel: prep, to the time of: adv. to the time when: conj. to the degree that; un- til: v.t. to prepare (land) for seed, &c; cultivate. tillage (til'aj), n. land prepared for crops ; husbandry ; agriculture. tiller (til'er) , n. a husbandman ; handle or lever for turning the rudder of a vessel; a sprout springing from a root or stump. tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth cover- ing of a cart or wagon; cover of a boat or stern awning; a thrust; a mediaeval military exercise or pag- eant in which the combatants on horseback attacked each other with lances; a tilt-hammer: upheaval of strata to a higher angle: v.t. to cover with an awning; point or thrust with, or as with, a lance; forge with a tilt-hammer ; raise on end; incline: v.i. to run or ride and thrust with a lance. tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; til- lage ground. tilt-hammer (tilt'ham-er) , n. a heavy hammer used in iron foundries, worked by steam or hydraulic power. tilting (tilt'ing), n. the process by which blister-steel is rendered duc- tile; inclination forward; act of one who, or that which, tilts. timber (tim'ber) , n. the body or stem of a tree; wood suitable for build* ings, carpentry, shipbuilding, &c; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TIMBRE 840 TIP piece of wood for building or al- ready framed ; wooded land ; v.t. to furnish or construct with timber. timbre (tim'ber), n. tone or character of musical sound. [French.] timbrel (tim/brel), n. a kind of drum or tabret. [French.] time (tim), n. measure of duration, whether past, present, or future; particular period of duration; age or period during which anything oc- curred or a person lived; present life or existence; season; era; epoch; proper time; repetition; leisure; musical measure or duration of sounds; tense; hour of travail: v.t. to adapt to the time or occasion; do at the proper season; regulate or measure: v.i. to keep or beat time. timeliness (tim'li-nes) , n. seasonable- ness. timelock (tim'lok), n. a lock capable of being set by a clockwork attach- ment, so that it will not open except at the expiration of a certain time. timely (tim'li), adj. [comp. timelier, superl. timeliest], being or occurring in time; opportune. time-piece (tim'pes), n. any instru- ^ ment for recording time. timid (tim'id), adj. wanting in cour- n age ; m faint-hearted; fearful. timidity (tim-id'i-ti) , n. want of courage. timist (tim'ist), n. one who keeps time. [Music] timorous (tim'er-us), adj. fearful of danger; full of scruples. # timothy grass (tim'o-thi gras), n. a valuable grass used for fodder. tin (tin), n. a silvery-white, soft, malleable, m and fusible metal; thin plates of iron covered with tin; a cylindrical vessel of tin; money: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tinned, p.pr. tinning], to cover with tin, or with tinned iron; put into tins for preservation. tinamou (tin'a-moo), n. a South Amer- ican bird, resembling the partridge. tincal (ting'kal) , n. crude borax. tinctorial (tingk-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, relating to, or imparting, a color. [Latin.] tincture (tingk'tur), n. a tinge or shade of color; slight taste or quality; solution of any medicine in or by means of spirits of wine; fine or more volatile parts of a substance: v . t. to dy e or color ; tinge . [Latin . ] tinder (tin'der), n. any inflammable material used to kindle a fire from a spark, as rotten wood or scorched linen. tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike. tinfoil (tin'foil), n. tin beaten into thin leaf. ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like sound ; that part of a Chinese tem- ple which contains the idol. tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color; impregnate with something foreign; dye : n. a slight degree of some color, taste, or quality imparted to a sub- stance; tint. tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a thrill- ing sensation, or pain: v.t. to ring; cause to tingle: n. a thrilling sensa- tion or pain. tinker (ting'ker), n. a mender of metal pots, kettles, &c: v.t. to patch up: v.i. meddle in an officious man- ner. tinkle (ting'kl), n. a small, quick, sharp, ringing sound: v.i. to make such a sound: v.t. to cause to give out a tinkle. tinned (tind), adj. covered with tin; packed or put up in tins. tin-plate (tin'plat), n. iron-plate coated with tin. tinsel (tin'sel) , n. a kind of cloth over- laid or interwoven with gold and silver; thin glittering metallic plate; anything showy but of little value; adj. showy to excess; superficial; outwardly fine but really worthless: v.t. to decorate with, or as with, tinsel; make outwardly gaudy. tint (tint), n. a slight coloring dis- tinct from the principal color; hue or shade': v.t. to give a slight color- ing to. tintinnabulation (t in-ti-nab-u-la '- shun), n. a tinkling sound, as of bells. [Latin.] tinto (tin'to), n. a red Madeira wine. tintometer (tin-tom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for estimating shades of color by comparison with standard shades or tints. tintype (tin'tip), same as ferrotype. tiny (ti'ni), adj. [comp. tinier, su- perl. tiniest], very small; puny. tip (tip), n. a point or top of any- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, £7ien. TIPCAT 841 TITLE thing small; end; ferrule or nozzle; anther; gentle stroke; small pres- ent; private hint, especially in bet- ting; tilt: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tipped, p.pr. tipping], to form a point to; cover the end of; strike lightly; give private hint to; give a small pres- ent to; tilt up. tipcat (tip'kat), # ft. a game played with a small piece of wood pointed at both ends. tipper (tip'er), ft. a kind of ale. tippet (tip'et), ft. a narrow cape, or covering of cloth or fur for the neck or shoulders. tipping (tip'ing), n. the peculiar artic- ulation given to the flute by the player's tongue striking the roof of the mouth. tippie (tip'l), v.i. to drink spirits or strong liquors habitually; drink fre- quently in small quantities: n. liquor. [Norwegian.] tipsily (tip'si-li), adv. in a tipsy man- ner. tipsiness (tip'si-nes), ft. the state of oeing tipsy. tipstaff (tip'staf), n. a constable. tipster (tip'ster), n. one who supplies private information about race- horses, &c. tipsy (tip 'si), adj. intoxicated. tipsy-cake (tip'si-jkak), n. sponge cake soaked in wine and stuck over with almonds. tiptoe (tip 'to) ,n. the end of a toe : adv. on tiptoe ; stealthily : v.i. to walk or stand on tiptoe; be on the strain, or alert. tiptop (tip'top), n. the highest point or degree; best of anything: adj. most excellent. tirade (ti-rad'), ft. a long, violent, declamatory speech; strain of cen- sure or reproof; filling of an inter- val by the intermediate diatonic notes. [Italian.] tire (tir), n. a band or hoop of iron or rubber binding the felloes of wheels: v.t. to exhaust the strength of by labor; weary or fatigue; ex- haust the patience of: v.i. to become weary or fatigued. tireless (tir'les), adj. incapable of fatigue; unwearied; lacking a tire (for a wheel). tiresome (tlr'sum), adj. wearisome; tedious; fatiguing; annoying. tiresomely (tir'sum-li), adv. in a tire* some manner. tiresomeness (tlr'sum-nes) , ft. the state or quality of being tiresome. tirwit (ter'wit), ft. the lapwing. Tisri (tiz'ri), n. the seventh month of the ecclesiastical, and first month of the Jewish civil year, corresponding to part of September and October. Also Tishri. tissue (.tish'oo), ft. a woven fabric, especially thin transparent silk usea for veiling, formerly interwoven with gold or silver threads; any thin or delicate texture or fabric ; thin cellu- lar organization of parts, consisting of forms closely como acted and per- forming special functions; connected series: v.t. to form tissue of; inter- weave. [French.] tissued (tish'ood), adj. variegated. tissue-paper (tish'oo-pa-per), n. very thin, gauze-like paper. tit (tit), n. morsel or bit; small horse i titmouse ; name for various species of small singing birds. Titanic (ti-tan'ik) , adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like the Titans, the fabled giants of classic mythol- ogy: hence, huge; of enormous strength. [Latin.] titanium (ti-ta'ni-um) , n. a rare, and extremely hard metal, allied to tin: found in combination. titbit (tit 'bit), or tid-bit (tid'bit), ft. a choice morsel. tit- for- tat (tit-for-tat'), m ft. exact equivalent or fair retaliation. tithe (tith), n. the tenth part of any- thing, especially the tenth part of the annual increase of the profit arising from land, stock, &c, allotted to the support of the clergy; small part: v.t. to tax or levy a tithe of . tithing (tiding), n. the taking oj levying of tithes. titillate (tit'j-Iat), v.t. to tickle.. titillation (tit-i-la'shun) , n. a tickling or itching sensation or state of feel- ing. titivate (tit'i-vat), v.t. to make smart or adorn. titlark (tit'lark), n. any small singing bird of the genus Anthus. title (ti'tl), n. an inscription over or at the beginning of something serv- ing to designate it; name; appella- te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TITLE-DEED 842 TOILINETTE tion of dignity, rank, distinction, or preeminence; claim of right; presen- tation to a curacy as a condition of ordination: v.t. to entitle. Latin.] title-deed (ti'tl-ded), n. the instru- ment or written evidence of right of ownership of property. titmouse (tit'mous), n. [pi. titmice (tit 'mis)], a small, active, perching bird. Also tit. titrate (tit 'rat), v.t. to estimate or determine the strength of by volu- metric analysis. titration (ti-tra'shun) , n. volumetric analysis. titter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with re- straint; giggle; see-saw: n. a re- strained laugh. tittle (tit'l), n. a small particle; iota. tittle-tattle (tit'l-tat'l), n. idle, tri- fling talk. titular (tit/u-lar), adj. existing in name or title only; nominal; having the title without the duties of an office. tmesis (tme'sis) , n. the separation of a compound word by the insertion of one or more words between its parts. [Greek.] to (too) , prep, noting motion towards ; in accordance with. toad (tod), n. a batrachian reptile, re- sembling the frog, of the genus Bufo. toadeater (tod'et-er), n. a sycophant. toadfish (tod'fish), n. a fish with a large head and wide mouth, of the genus Batrachus_. toadstone (tod'ston), n.^ a local name for a kind of basaltic or igneous rock; bufonite. toadstool (tod'stool), n. a name of numerous species of non-edible fungi of the genus Agaricus. toady (tod'i), n. a sycophant: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. toadied, p.pr. toadying], to fawn upon as a sycophant: v.i. to play the sycophant* toadyism (tod'i-izm), n. sycophancy. toast (tost), n. bread scorched or browned before the fire; one who is named when a health is drunk: v.t. to brown or heat at the fire; show honor to in drinking; name when a health is drunk. [Old French.] m tobacco (to-bak'o), n. an American plant of the genus Nicotiana, the dried leaves of which are used for smoking, chewing, or as snuff. tobacconist (to-bak'o-nist) , n. a deal- er in tobacco, cigars, &c. [W. Indian.] tobine (to'bin), n. a stout, twilled, dress silk. toboggan (to T bog'an), n. a kind of sledge in which one or more persons sit for sliding down snow-covered hills or inclines: v.i. to slide down- hill by means of a toboggan. toby (to'bi), n. a large stone mug for beer and ale. tocsin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell. to-day (too-da 7 ), n. the present day*. adv. on the present day. toddle (tod'l), vd. to walk with short, tottering steps like a child: n. a tod- dling walk. toddler (tod'ler) , n. one who toddles ; a young child. toddy (tod'i), n. a sweet juice obtained from certain palms; mixture of spir- it and water sweetened. to-do (too-doo'), n. stir; commotion; bustle. toe (to), n. one of the terminal mem- bers of the foot of a man or animal; forepart of a horse's hoof; a projec- tion: v.t. to touch, reach, or strike with the toe or toes. toffy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; taffy. toga (to'gaX n. [pi. togas (to'gaz), togae (to'je)], the loose outer gar- ment worn by the ancient Romans. toga vir ills (vi-rl'lis), n. the toga as- sumed by Roman youths at the age of fourteen. together (too-ge^'er) , adv. in com- pany or association; mutually; in union or concert ; uninterruptedly. toggery (tog'er-i), n. clothes; articles. toggle (tog'l), n. a small wooden pin tapering towards both ends and grooved round its center; button or frog. toggle-joint (tog'l-joint), n. an elbow or knee joint. toil (toil), n. labor oppressive to mind or body; fatiguing exertion; snare; net: v.i. to labor or work with pain or fatigue. toilet (toi'let), n. a covering of linen, silk, &c, spread over a bedroom or dressing-room table; dressing-table; style or manner of dressing; attire. toilinette (toi-li-net') , n. a cloth the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tfften. TOILSOME 843 TONE weft of which is of woolen yarn and the warp of cotton and silk. [French.] toilsome (toil'sum), adj. laborious; wearisome. toilsomely (toil'sum-li) , adv. in a toil- some manner. toilsomeness (toil'sum-nes) , n. la- boriousness_. Tokay (to-ka'), n. a rich Hungarian wine. token (to'kn), a mark or sign; me- morial of affection, &c._: symbol of good faith or authenticity; piece of metal not coined by authority, but current by sufferance^ tola (tola), n. in British India, a weight for gold and silver = 180 grains troy. told (told), p.t. & p.p. of tell. Toledo (to-le'do), n. a sword or sword- blade of the finest temper, made orig- inally at Toledo, Spain. tolerable (tol'er-a-bl) , adj. endurable; supportable; fairly good. tolerableness (tol'er-a-bl-nes), n. the state or quality of being tolerable. tolerably (tol'er-a-bli) , adv. passably. tolerance (tol'er-ans), n. endurance; toleration. tolerant (tol'er-ant) , adj. disposed to, or favoring, toleration. [Latin.] tolerate (tol'er-at), v.t. to endure; per- mit; allow so as not to hinder or prohibit. toleration (tol-er-a/shun) , n. the act of tolerating ; allowance of that which is not wholly approved; recognition of the right of private judgment in religious opinions and modes of wor- ship differing from those of the es- tablished Church; freedom from bigotry. toll (tol), n. the sound of a bell slow- ly repeated at short intervals; a duty or tax on travelers or goods passing along a public road or bridge; tax or duty paid for some privilege: v.i. to sound or ring slow- ly, as a bell; annul: v.t. to draw or lead._ tolu (to'lu), n. a balsam produced by a South American tree (Myroxylon toluifera) . tomahawk (tom'a-hawk) , n. a hatch- et used by the North American In- dians in war and the chase: v.t. to strike, or kill with a tomahawk. toman (to'man), n. a gold coin cur- rent in Persia, value about $1.76. tomato (to-ma/ or to-ma/ to), n. [pi. to- matoes (to-ma/ or-ma'toz)]^ a plant and its well-known fleshy fruit. For- merly called love-apple. [Spanish.] tomb (toom), n. a grave, or vault; monument erected to enclose and preserve the memory of the dead: v.t. to entomb. tombac (tqm'bak), n. an alloy of cop- per and zinc. tomboy (tom'boi), n. a wild, romping girl. tom-cat (tom'kat), n. a full-grown male cat. tomcod (tom'kod), n. a small edible fish of_the cod kind. tome (torn), n. a large book. tomentose (to-men'tos) , adj. covered so closely with hairs as to be scarcely discernible; nappy. Also tomen- tous. t omentum (to-men'tum) , n. the close- ly matted down on the leaves or stems of certain plants. [Latin.] tomfool (tom'fool), n. a great fool; silly trifler. tomfoolery (tom-f ool'er-i) , n. non- sense ; absurd trifles or ornaments. tomin (to'min), n. a jeweler's weight of 12 grains. Tommy Atkins (tom'i at'kinz), n. the generic name for the British pri- vate soldier. to-morrow (too-mor'o), 'n. the day fol- lowing the present day: adv. on the day following to-day. tompion (tom'pi-on), n. the stopper or plug of a cannon ; the iron button to which a charge of grape-shot is affixed. Also tampion. tomtit (tom'tit), n. the titmouse. tom-tom (tom'tom) , n. a drum flat at one end and convex at the other: used in Africa and the East Indies. Also tam-tam. ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 40 cubic feet in ship measurement; pre- vailing fashion (tong) . tonality (ton-al'i-ti) , n. key relation- ship; accuracy of pitch. [French.] tone (ton), n. sound, or character of sound; note; quality of the voice; state of the body with reference to the healthy performance of its ani- mal functions; harmony of the col- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *7ien. TONE-DEAF 844 TOPHET ors of a painting; interval of sound; chant [Music]: v.t. to bring to a re- quired shade of color ; mitigate. tone-deaf (ton-def), adj. unable to distinguish between different tones. tongs (tongs), n.pl. & metal instru- ment with two jointed limbs for grasping anything. tongue (tung), n. the chief instru- ment of speech, and the organ of taste; power of speech; manner of speaking; dialect; idiom; discourse; mere words; fluency; clapper of a bell; anything resembling a tongue; promontory: v.t. to modulate or modify with the tongue; scold: v.i. talk; prate. tonic (ton'ik), adj. pertaining to, or based on, the key-note; increasing tension; strengthening: n. a strength- ening medicine. to-night (too-nif), n. the present night: adv. on the present night. tonite (to'nit), n. a powerful explo- sive. Tonka bean (tong'ka ben), n. the aromatic kernels of the fruit of a shrubby plant of Guiana, used for scenting snuff, &c. tonnage (tun'aj), n. the weight of goods carried in a boat or ship; car- rying capacity of a vessel ; duty or toll on vessels ; collective shipping of any port or country. tonneau (tun'o) , _ n. the body of an automobile, behind the chauffeur. tonsilitis (ton-sil-I'tis) , n. inflamma- tion of the tonsils. tonsils (ton'silz), n.pl. two almond- shaped glands situated at the two sides of the fauces of the throat. tonsorial (ton-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to shaving or to a barber. tonsure (ton'shur), n. the act of clip- ping the hair or of shaving the crown of the head; the corona thus worn by Roman Catholic clerics: v.i. to give the tonsure to. tontine (ton-ten/), n. a loan raised on life annuities with benefit accruing to the last survivor. too (too), adv. more than enough; like- wise; in addition; over and above; also. took, p.t. of take. tool (tool), n. an instrument of man- ual operation; one who acts as the instrument of another: v.t. to shape with a tool; drive, as a coach. tooling (tool'ing), n. workmanship performed with a tool: v.i. to drive rapidly. [English colloq.] toon (toon), n. the valuable dark wood of a large cedar tree of the East Indies and Australia. toot (toot), v.t. to sound, as a horn or flute : n. a blast on a horn. [Dutch.] tooth (tooth), n. [pi. teeth (teth)], one of the hard bony processes grow- ing in the jaws used for biting and chewing; any projection resembling a tooth; palate or taste: v.t. to in- dent or form into teeth. toothache (tooth'ak), n. pain in the teeth. toothless (tooth'les), adj. without teeth. toothsome (tooth'sum), adj. palata- ble. toothsomely (tooth'sum-li) , adv. pal- atably. toothsomeness (tooth 'sum-nes) , n. the quality of being toothsome. toothwort (tooth'wert) , n. a plant of various genera having indented leaves. top (top), n. the highest part; sum- mit; upper side or surface; highest person, place, or rank; crown of the head; small platform at the head of the lower mast; a child's toy: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. topped, p.pr. topping], to cover or place on the top; rise to the top of ; excel ; cut off the top of. topaz (to'paz), n. a crystallized min- eral of various colors used as a gem. topazolite (to-paz'o-lit), n. a variety of garnet. [French.] top-boots (top'bootz), n.pl. high boots with light-colored tops, used for riding, &c. tope (top), n. a mound-shaped Bud- dhist monument containing relics; grove of trees. [Hindu.] topee (to-pe'), n. a cork or pith hel- met. Also topi. toper (to'per), n. a drunkard. topgallant (top 'gal-ant), adj. situ- ated above the topmast : n. a topgal- lant mast or sail. tophamper (top'ham-per)* n. a ship's rigging, s^ars, &c. Tophet (to'fet), n. a place situated southeast of Jerusalem, in the Val- ate, arm, at, awl ; me merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TOPIC ley of Hinnom, where fire was burnt in honor of Moloch; subsequently made a burial place : hence hell. topic (top'ik), n. a subject of dis- course, conversation, or argument; theme. [French.] topical (top'i-kal), adj.^ pertaining to, or consisting of, a topic or topics ; re- lating to a place ; local. topically (top'i-ka-li), adv. in a topical manner; locally. top-knot (top 'not), n. a crest of hair or feathers on the top of the head. toplofty (top'lof-ti), adj. overbearing; arrogant. topmast (top 'mast), n. the second mast from the deck of a ship. topographer (to-pog'ra-fer), n. one who describes particular places in writing. [French_from Greek.] topographic (top-o-graf'ik), adj. de- scriptive of a particular place. Top- ographical. topographically (top-o-graf 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a topographic manner. 845 TORTOISE torture; anguish: v.t. (tor-menf) to put to extreme pain, physical or mental; torture; harass. [French.] tormentil (tor 'men-til), n. an astrin- gent root. torn (torn), p.t. of tear. tornado (tor-na/do), n. [pi. tornadoes (tor-na'doz)], a violent tempest or whirlwind_. [Spanish.] _ torose (to'ros), adj. swelling in knobs; uneven. torpedo (tor-pe'do), n. [pi. torpedoes (tor-pe'doz)], a submarine apparatus for destroying ships by explosion; kind of firework; the cramp-fish: v.t. to destroy by a torpedo. JLatin.] torpedo-boat (tor-pe'do-bot), n. a boat constructed to navigate under water and launch torpedoes at the enemy's ships or ram them. torpescent (tor-pes'ent), adj. becom- ing torpid. torpid (tor'pid), adj. numb; inactive. torpidity (tor-pid'i-ti) , n. inactivity; insensibility. [Latin.] topography (to-pog'ra-fi), n. the sci- torpify (tor'pi-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. torpi- fied, p.pr. torpifying], ' entific" description of a particular place, &c; the features of a region or locality. topping (top'ing), adj. rising above; surpassing: n. the act of cutting off the top. topple (top'l), v.t. to overturn: v.i. to fall forward ; tumble down. topsail (top 'sal), n. the sail second from the deck. topsy-turvy (top'siyter'vi), adv. in an inverted position; in confusion: adj. disordered; chaotic. to make tor- pid; Benumb. * torpor (tor'per), n. a numbness; inac- tivity. torque (tork), n. a twisted collar or necklace worn by certain ancient barbaric nations. [Latin.] torrefy (tor're-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tor- refied, p.pr. torrefying], to dry by fire; roast (ores). torrent (tor'ent), n. a violent and rap- id stream; heavy fall, as of rain; strong current, rising suddenly and rushing rapidly along. JLatin.] toque (tok), n. a close-fitting bonnet. tor (tor), n. high-pointed hill; jutting torrid (tor'id), adj. dried with heat; ex- rock, tremely hot; burning; parching. Torah (to'ra), n. the Mosaic law; Pen- torsion (tor'shun), n. the act of turn- tateuch. Also Thorah. m ing or twisting; the wrenching or torch (torch), n. a large light formed twisting of a body by lateral force of resinous wood, flax, &c, soaked in some inflammable substance, and carried in the hand; any light used in the manner of a torch; flambeau. tore (tor), p.t. of tear. toreador (tor-e-a-dor') , n. a bull fighter. [Spanish.] toreutic (to-roo'tik), adj. pertaining to carved or sculptured work, espe- cially to metallic work in basso- relievo. torment (torment), n. extreme pain; torso (tor'so), n. [pi. torsos, torsi (tor'soz, tor'se)], the trunk of a statue, especially one having the head or limbs mutilated. [Italian.] tort (tort), n. in law, any wrong, in- jury, or damage. [French.] tortile (tor'til), adj. bent; twisted' wreathed. tortilla (tor-tel'ya) , n. a thin unleav- ened cake ot maize baked on a neated iron plate. [Spanish.] tortoise (to^tis), n. a reptile of the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. TORTUOUS 846 TOUT family Testudinidse with a very hard shell or test; a testudo. [French.] tortuous (tor'tti-us), adj. crooked; twisted; wreathed; underhand; in- direct; deceitful. torture (tor'tur), n. agony of mind or body; excruciating pain; pain in- . flicted as a punishment or as a means of extorting a confession: v.t. to pun- ish with, or as with, torture; put to the rack; excruciate; vex; wrest from the true meaning. torus (to'rus), n. a large semi-circu- lar molding in the base of a column; that part of a flower on which the carpels are seated. [Latin J Tory (to'ri), n. [pi. Tories (to'riz)], in English politics, a Conservative: adj. pertaining to Conservatives. Toryism (to'ri-izm), n. the principles of the Tories or Conservatives. toss (tos), v.t. to throw with the hand; throw upward; jerk; put into violent motion; cause to rise and fall: v.i. to roll or tumble; be tossed: n. a throw- ing upward or with a jerk. tossing (tos'ing), n. the act of throw- ing upward; a rolling or tumbling. toss-up (tos'up), n. the common prac- tice of throwing a coin into the air to decide a wager; hence, an equal chance. tot (tot), n. anything small or insig- nificant; a term of endearment: pi. a series of figures in column form to be added up as an exercise in rapid calculation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. totted, p.pr. totting], to add; count up. total (to'tal) , adj. whole; complete; full; not divided: n. the whole sum or amount; completeness. totality (to-tal'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being total; entire quan- tity, amount, or sum. [Latin.] totally (to'tal-i), adv. entirely; fully. tote (tot), v.t. to carry. totem (to'tem), n. an animal used as the symbol or name of a tribe or clan. totter (tot'er), v.i. to shake as if about to fall; be unsteady; stagger; reel. tottery (tot'er-i), adj. shaking as if about to fall; unsteady. toucan (too-kan'), n. a fruit-eating tropical bird with a long curved beak. touch (tuch), v.t. to come in contact with; perceive by feeling; handle slightly ; play ; reach ; attain to ; med- dle with ; to ask for a loan ; add a fight stroke to ; affect the senses or sensi- bility of; injure or. hurt: v.i. to be in contact; call in at a port: n. the act of touching; state of being touched; contact; sense of feeling; action of the hand on a musical instrument; tried qualities; emotion or affection; single stroke on a painting, &c. touchily (tuch'i-li), adv. peevishly. touchiness (tuch'i-nes) , n. irritability. touching (tuch'ing), adj. pathetic: n. the act of coming in contact with: prep, with respect to; concerning. touchstone (tuch'ston), n. Lydian stone or basanite, used for testing the purity of gold and silver ; hence a criterion. touchwood (tuch'wood), n. dried fungus or decayed wood which easily ignites and burns slowly. touchy (tuch'i), adj. irritable ; peevish. tough (tuf), adj. flexible without being brittle; not easily broken or frac- tured; able to endure hardship; strong; firm; tenacious; viscous; difficult; not easy to masticate: n. a rough. toughen (tuf'n), v.i. to grow or be- come tough: v.t. to make tough. toughish (tuf'ish), adj. somewhat tough. toupee (too-pe'), n. a small wig, or curl. [French.] tour (tqor), n. a circuitous journey; excursion; trip: v.i. to make a tour: v.t. to make a tour or circuit of: as, to tour the country. [French.] tourhillion (toor-bil'yun) , n . an orna- mental rotating firework. [French.] tourist (toor'ist), n. excursionist. tourmaline (toor'ma : lin), n. a trans- parent aluminous mineral of various colors, some varieties of which are used as gems. [French.] tournament (toor'na-ment) , n. a mock fight by knights on horseback; con- test of skill. _Also tourney. tourniquet (toor'ni-ket), n. a surgical instrument for compressing an ar- tery and arresting hemorrhage. tousle or touzle (touz'l), v.t. to pull about roughly; put in disorder. tout (tout), v.i. to look out for custo- mers: n. one who secretly watches ate, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hfio, hut ; think, then. TOUT-ENSEMBLE S47 TRACTAMAN racehorses in training, in order to give private information to his cli- ents to guide them in betting; a touter. tout- ensemble (too-tang-sam'bl), n. the general effect of a work of art, costume, &c, regarded as a whole. touter (tout'er), n. one who hangs about to secure custom for his employer, as of a hotel, a gambling house, ire. tow (to), n. the coarse part, of flax or hemp: v.t. to drag, as a vessel, through the water by means of a rope. towage (to'aj), n. the act of towing; price paid for towing. toward (to'erd), prep, in the direction of; with a tendency to; with respect to; adv. near; at hand. Also tow- ards. towel (tou'el) ;;. a cloth for wiping the hands, &c, after washing. toweling (tou'el-ing), n. cloth for towels. tower (tou'er), n. a lofty building, square or circular, usually flat on the top; fortress; high headdress worn by women in the seventeenth cen- tury: v.i. to rise to a great height; to be lofty. towering (tou'er-ing), adj. very high; elevated; violent; outrageous. town (toun), n. any collection of houses larger than a village, and not being a city. town-hall (toun'hawl), n. sl public hall for the official business of a town. township (toun'ship), n. the district or territory into which many of the States are divided and subordinate to the county. toxemia, toxaemia (toks-e'mi-a), n. blood poisoning. [Greek.] toxic (toks'ik), adj. poisonous. toxicant (toks'i-kant), n. sl poisonous substance of any kind. toxicologist (toks-i-kol'o-jist), ??. one skilled in toxicology. toxicology (toks-i-kol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence that treats of poisons, their ef- fects, antidotes, &c. toxicomania (toks-i-ko-ma'ni-a), n. a mania for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as opium. toxin (toks'in), n. a poison produced by the action of bacteria upon or- ganic matter. toy (toi), n. a child's plaything; some- thing of no real value; bauble; play- thing: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. toyed, p.pr* toying], to dally amorously; trifle. trace (tras), n. a mark left by any- thing passing; footprint; small quan- tity: pi. the straps, &c, by which a vehicle is drawn by a horse: v.t. to delineate by marks; follow by tracks or footsteps: follow exactly. [French.] traceable (tras'a-bl), adj. capable of being traced. tracery (trasfer-i), n. an architectural ornamentation in Gothic structures. trachea (tra'ke-a), n. the windpipe: pi. the air-tubes in the bodies of in- sects (trachea?). [Greek.] tracheal (tra'ke-al) , adj. pertaining to the trachea. tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot'o-mi), n. the surgical operation of making an opening into the windpipe. traehitis (tra-ki'tis) , n. inflammation of the trachea. Also tracheitis. trachyte (trak'it), n. a term applied to the feldspathic class of igneous rocks. trachytic (tra-kit'ik), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, trachyte. tracing (tra/sing), n. the act of one who traces; regular path; mechan- ical copy by marking on thin paper over the original. track (trak), n. a mark or impression left by the foot ; beaten path; course or way; course for racing; perma- nent way of a railroad: v.t. to pursue by following the footprints or marks left behind. [Dutch.] trackage (trak'aj), n. towage. trackless (trak'les), adj. pathless; un- trodden and unmarked by human feet. tract (trakt), n. a short treatise, usu- ally on some religious subject; region of indefinite extent; expanse. tractability (trakt-a-bil'i-ti), n. docil- ity. [Latin.] tractable (trakt'a-bl), adj. docile; easi- ly instructed or managed. Tractarian (trak-ta'ri-an), n. a move- ment in the Anglican Church about 1840-45 toward Roman Catholi- cism. The greatest of the Tractari- ans was J. H. Xewman, afterwards Cardinal Xewman. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. TRACTATE 848 TRAGEDY tractate (trak'tat), n. a small book or treatise. tractile (trak'til), adj. ductile. traction (trak'shun), n. the act of drawing; state of being drawn; at- traction. tractive (trak'tiv), adj. serving, or used, to draw along; pulling. tractor (trak'ter), n. that which draws or is used in drawing. tractrix (trak'triks) , n. a curve, the tangent of which is always equal to a given line. Also tractatrix, tractory. trade (trad), n. commerce; business; buying and selling for money; deal- ing by way of sale or exchange; traffic ; persons engaged in a particu- lar business: adj. pertaining to, car- ried on by, or characteristic of, a trade: pi. the trade winds: v.i. to carry on commerce; buy and sell; traffic: v.t. to sell or exchange in commerce. trade-mark (trad'mark), n. a dis- tinguishing device affixed by a mer- chant to his goods, to show his exclusive right. trade- price (trad'pris), n. the price of an article as charged to a retailer. trader (trad'er), n. one engaged in trade or commerce; a dealer in buy- ing and selling or barter. trade-sale (trad'sal), n. an auction by and for booksellers. tradesman (tradz-man), n. a shop- keeper. A merchant is called a trader, but not a tradesman. trades-union (tradz'tin-yun), n. an organized combination of workmen for protection of their interests in any particular trade or industry. trades- unionism (tradz-un'yun-ism), n. the principles and practices of trades-unions. trades- unionist (tradz-un'yun-ist), n. a member of a trades-union. trade- wind (trad'wind), n. a name given to winds in the torrid zone, and often a little beyond it, which blow from the same quarter throughout the year, unless when affected by local causes. Their general direc- tion is from N. E. to S. W. on the north side of the equator, and from S. E. to N. W. on the south side of the equator. trading (tra/ding), p.pr. trafficking; exchanging commodities by barter, or buying and selling them; carry- ing on commerce; as, a trading com- pany. tradition (tra-dish'un), n. the delivery of opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, and customs, from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; the transmission of any opinions or practice from forefathers to descend- ants by oral communication, without written memorials. Thus, children derive their vernacular language chiefly from tradition. Most of our early notions are received by tradi* tion from our parents. [Latin.] traditional (tra-dish'un-al), adj. de- livered orally from father to son; communicated from ancestors to de- scendants by word only; transmitted from age to age without writing. [Latin.] traditionally (tra-dish'un-a-li), adv. by transmission from father to son, or from age to age. [Latin.] traduce (tra-dus'), v.t to slander [Latin.] traffic (traf'ik), n. trade; commerce, either by barter or by buying and selling. This word, like trade, com- prehends every species of dealing in the exchange or passing of goods or merchandise from hand to hand for an equivalent, unless the business of retailing be excepted. traffic, v.i. to trade; to pass goods and commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money; to barter; to buy and sell wares; to carry on commerce: v.t. to exchange in traffic. tragacanth (trag'a-kanth), n. a gum obtained from the tragacanthus oi goat's horn; it is used in coughs and catarrhs. [Latin.] tragedian (tra-ge'di-an), n. a writer or actor of tragedy. [Latin.] Fern, tra- gedienne (tra-ge T -di-enO . [French.] tragedy (traj'e-di), n. a dramatic poem representing some signal ac- tion performed by illustrious per- sons, and generally having a fatal issue. A fatal and mournful event; any event in which human lives are lost by human violence, more par- ticularly by unauthorized violence. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRAGIC 849 TRANCE tragic (traj'ik), adj. pertaining to tragedy; of the nature or character of tragedy; fatal to life; mournful; sorrowful; calamitous. tragically (traj'i-ka-li), adv. in a tragical manner; with fatal issue; mournfully; sorrowfully. tragi-comedy (traj-i-kom'e-di), n. a kind of dramatic piece in which serious and comic scenes are blended. tragi-comic (traj'i-kom'ik), adj. per- taining to tragi-comedy; partaking of a mixture of grave and comic scenes. trail (tral), n. the track or scent left by a hunter: v.t. to drag along the ground; to follow the scent of a hunter, or of game: v.i. to be drawn out at length. [Celtic-Latin.] train (tran), v.t. to draw along; to educate; to exercise; to discipline; to teach and form by practice; to form to a proper shape; to trace a lode to its head: n. something drawn along behind; the end of a robe, &c; an artifice; the after part of a gun- carriage; a retinue; a company of soldiers in order; a line of gun- powder prepared for discharging a much larger mass; a continuous line of cars on a railway; a number of cannon brought into the field. [French.] trainbearer (tran'bar-er), n. one who holds up a train. trainer (tran'er), n. one who trains up; an instructor; one who trains or prepares men, horses, &c, for athletic exercises. training (tran'ing), n. the act or pro- cess of drawing or educating; educa- tion. train-oil (tran 'oil), n. the oil procured from the blubber or fat of whales by boiling. traipse (traps), v.i. to walk sluttishly or carelessly. [A low word.] trait (trat), n. a stroke: a touch; a line; a feature. [French.] traitor (tra'ter), n. one who violates his allegiance and betrays his coun- try; one guilty of treason; one who, in breach of tiust, delivers his coun- try to its enemy, or any fort or place intrusted to his defense, or who sur- renders an army or body of troops to the enemy, unless when vanquished; or one who takes arms and levies war against his country; or one who aids an enemy in conquering hia country. Fern, traitress. See trea- son. [Old French.] traitorous (tra/ter-us), adj. guilty of treason; treacherous; perfidious; faithless; as, a traitorous officer or subject. trajectory (tra-jek'to-^ri), n. the curve which a body describes in space, as a planet or comet in its orbit, or a stone thrown upward obliquely in the air. [Latin.] tram (tram), n. one of the rails of a tramway; a tramway: v.i. to travel by tram-car. trammel (tram 'ml), n. a net used for hunting or fishing; a shackle for horses; anything that impedes prog- ress, action or freedom: v.t. to im- pede, hinder, shackle. tramontana (tra-mon-ta'na), n. a chilly north wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. [Italian.] tramontane (tra-mon-tan'), adj. liter- ally, lying or being beyond the mountain; foreign; barbarous. The Italians sometimes use this epithet for ultramontane, and apply it to the countries north of the Alps, as France and Germany, and particu- larly to their ecclesiastics, jurists, painters, &c; the French lawyers call certain Italian canonists tra- montane or ultramontane doctors; considering them as favoring too much the court of Rome. See ultramontane. tramp (tramp), v.i. to wander about; to stroll. [Dutch.] tramp or tramper (tramp'er), n. a stroller; a vagrant or vagabond. trample (tram'pl), v.t. to tread under foot ; to tread with pride, contempt, and insult. [Swedish.] trampoose (tram-poos'), v.t. to walk with labor, or heavily. tramway (tram'wa), n. a street rail- way; an electric street railway run- ning on steel rails. trance (trans), n. an ecstasy; a state in which the soul seems to have passed out of the body into celestial regions; in medicine, catalepsy, i. e.. total suspension of mental power ana voluntary motion; pulsation and ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 54 hue, hut ; think, then. TRANEEN 850 TRANSFORMATION breathing continuing; muscles flex- ible; body yielding to and retaining any given position not incompatible with the laws of gravitation. traneen (tra-nen'), n. crested dog's tail grass. [Irish.] tranquil (tran'kwil), adj. quiet; calm; undisturbed; peaceful, not agitated. tranquillity (tran-kwil'i-ti), n. quiet- ness; a calm state; freedom from dis- turbance or agitation. [French.] tranquillize (tran'kwi-liz), v.t. to make tranquil or calm. tranquilly (tran'kwi-li) , adv. quietly; peacefully. trans, a Latin prefix meaning over, across, beyond, on the other side. transact (trans-akt'). v.i. to conduct matters; to treat; to manage. transaction (trans-ak'shun), ri. the doing or performing of any business; management of any affair. transactor (trans-ak'ter), n. one who performs or conducts any business. transalpine (trans-al'pm), adj. lying or being beyond the Alps in regard transcript (tran'skript) , n. a written copy from an original. transcription (tran-skrip'shun), n. a copy. transept (tran'sept) , n. that part of a church at right angles on either side to the chancel. transfer (trans-fer') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. transferred, p.pr. transferring], to convey from one person or place to another; convey, as a right, title, &c; produce by impression, as an engraving from a lithographic stone: n. (transfer) conveyance of a right, title, property, &c, from one person to another; deed by which such a transfer is executed; removal; a sol- dier transferred from one troop or company to another; drawing or writing printed off from one surface to another. transferability (trans-f er-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being transferable. transferable (trans-f er'a-bl) , adj. cap- able of being transferred. Also transferrible . to Rome, that is, on the north or transferee (trans : f er-e') , n. the person west of the Alps. transatlantic (trans-at-lan'tik) , adj. beyond or across the Atlantic Ocean. transcend (tran-send'), v.t. to rise above; surpass; surmount; excel; exceed. [Latin.] transcendency (tran-send'en-si) , n. the state or quality of being tran- scendent; supereminence. transcendent (tran-send'ent), adj. surpassing others in excellence ; not- ing, in the Kantian philosophy, spec- ulations concerning matters outside the range of the human intellect or experience. transcendental (tran-sen-dent'al) , adj. noting that which lies beyond the limits of experience or external to the senses; speculative; metaphys- ical; vague; supereminent. transcendentalism ( tr an-sen-dent '- al-izm), n. the Kantian philosophy which affirms that the primary prin- ciples of knowledge are ascertained by the investigation of that which is a priori, or independent of experi- ence; a religious movement in the United States (1839) associated with Emerson and Channing. transcribe (tran-skrnV), v.t. to copy. to whom anything is transferred. transference (ti ans-f er'ens) , n. the act of transference, as thought-transfer- ence. transferrer ( tr ans-f er'er), n. one who makes a transfer. transfiguration (trans-fig-fi-ra/shun) , n. a change of form or appearance, especially the supernatural change in the personal appearance of Jesus Christ on the Mount. transfigure (trans-fig'ur) , v.t. to change the outward form or appearance of . transfix (trans-fiks'), v.t. to pierce through. transfixion (trans-fik'shun) , n. the act of transfixing; state of being trans- fixed. transform (trans-form'), v.t. to change the shape or appearance of; convert or change the character of; trans- mute; metamorphose; change the form of (an algebraic equation) into another of different form without al- tering its value. transformation (trans-f or-ma'shun) , n. the act of transforming; state of being transformed; transmutation; metamorphosis; change of character; conversion. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. TRANSFORMER 851 TRANSPIRATION transformer (trans-f orm'er) , n. an in- duction coil for raising or lowering electric pressure._ transfuse (trans-fuz'), v.t. to pour out of one vessel into another; instil; transfer, as blood, from the veins of a person or animal to those of an- other. transfusion (trans-f u'zhuh), n. the act of transfusing; state of being trans- fused. transgress (trans-gres') , v.i % to offend by the violation or infraction of any law, rule, &c; sin: v.t. break or vio- late. transgression (trans-gresh'un) , n. the act of violating any law or rule of moral duty; fault; offense; sin. transgressor (trans-gres'er), n. an of- fender. transient (tran'shent) , adj. fleeting; brief. transit (tran'sit), n. a passage through or over; passage of a heavenly body across the meridian of a place; pass- age of an inferior planet across the sun's disc. transition (tran-sish'un) ,n. thepassage from one place or state to another; change, as of key in music or of the subject of discourse. transitional (tran-sish'un-al) , adj. in- volving or denoting transition. transitive (tran'si-tiv) , adj. noting an action passing from a subject to an object. transitively (tran'si-tiv-li) , adv. in a transitive manner. transitiveness (tran'si-tiv-nes) , n. the state or quality of being transi- tive. transitorily (tran'si-to-ri-li) , adv. with a short continuance. transitoriness (tran'si-to-ri-nes) , n. shortness of duration. transitory (tran'si-to-ri) , adj. continu- ing but a short time; evanescent; fleeting; unstable. translate (trans-laf) , v.t. to render from one language into another; in- terpret; remove to another place or position; remove to heaven without dying. translation (trans-la'shun) , n. the act of translating; that which is trans- lated: removal; version: removal of a bishop from one see to another. translator (trans-la'ter), n. one who translates. transliteration (trans-lit-er-a'shun), n. the representation of the sounds in one language by the alphabetical signs of another; as Tidrj/ua (Greek) may be transliterated tithemi. translucent (trans-lu'sent) , adj. semi- transparent. transmigration (trans-ml-gra'shun), n. the passage from one place, state, or condition to another. Thus many have believed in the transmigration of souls, i. e., the soul, at death, en- tering another living body. See metempsychosis. tr admissibility (tr ans-mis-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being transmissible. transmissible (trans-mis'i-bl), adj. that may be passed from one to an- other, or through a body or sub- stance. transmission (trans-mish'un) , n. the act of transmitting ; the things trans- mitted; passage through. Also transmittal. transmit (trans-mit'), v.t [p.t.&, p.p. transmitted, p.pr. transmitting], to cause or suffer to pass over or through; send from one place or person to another. transmitter (trans-mit'er) K n. one who, or that which, transmits; a tele- graphic or telephonic sending instru- ment. transmutation (trans-mu-t a 'shun) f n. change from one form, nature, substance, or species, into another. transmute (trans-mut'), v.t. to change from one form, nature, substance, or species into another. transom (tran'som), n. a cross-beam over a door or over the sternpost of a vessel; horizontal mullion or cross- bar in a window. transparency (trans-par 'en-si), n. fpZ. transparencies (trans-par 'en-siz)], tne state or quality of being transpar- ent; a picture painted on a semi- transparent material through which a light shines. transparent (trans-par'ent) , adj. hav- ing the property of transmitting rays of light; clear. transpiration (tran-spi-ra'shun), ?u exhalation through the pores of the skin. ate, arm, at, awl me, merge, met : mite, mit : in hue, hut ; think, tlien >te, north, not ; boom boo! TRANSPIRE 852 TRAVELER transpire (tran-spir') , v.i. to be ex- creted through the pores of the skin; be exhaled; become known; come to pass; occur: v.t. to perspire; exhale. transplant (trans-plant'), v.t. to re- move and plant in another place ; re- move and establish. transplantation (trans-olan-ta'shun) , n. the act of transplanting. transport (trans-port'), v.t. to carry- across or from one place to another; banish as a criminal; carry away by violence of passion, or pleasure: n. (transport) conveyance for baggage or stores ; a vessel employed for car- rying troops, stores, &c, from one place to another; violent manifesta- tion of anger; rapture; ecstasy. transportation (trans-por-ta/shun) , ft. banishment for crime; convey- ance. transporting (trans-port'ing) , adj. ravishing; ecstatic. transpose (trans-poz') , v.t. to change the place or order of, by putting each in the place of the other ; change the key of; change (a term) from one side of an equation to the other by changing the sign. transposition (trans-po-zish'un) , n. the act of transposing ; state of being transposed. Also transposal. transubstantiation (tran-sub-stan- shi-a/shun), n. the doctrine that after consecration, the elements in the Eu- charist are converted into the veri- table body and blood of Christ. transude (trans-iid'), v.i. to pass or ooze through the pores or interstices of a substance. transverse (trans-vers') , adj. lying or being across or crosswise; broader than long. transversely (trans-vers'li) , adv. in a transverse direction. trap (trap), n. an instrument shut- ting suddenly with a spring for snar- ing game, vermin, and other ani- mals; snare; ambush; stratagem; a game played with a bat, ball, and shoe-shaped block of wood; a car- riage on springs; contrivance for preventing the escape of foul air from a drain; heavy igneous rock composed of feldspar, hornblende, &c: pi. baggage; portable articles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trapped, p.pr. trap- ping], to catch in, or as in a trap; ensnare; take by stratagem; furnish with a trap: v.i. to set traps for game. trapeze (tra-pez'), ft. a swinging hori- zontal bar suspended at each end by a rope, used by gymnasts. trapezium (tra-pe'zi-um) , ft. a plane figure bounded by four right lines, of which no two are parallel; the out- ermost bone of the second row of the carpus. trapezoid (trap'e-zoid) , ft. a plane figure with four sides, having two sides parallel to each other. trapper (trap'er), n. one who traps ani- mals, especially to obtain the fur. trappings (trap'ingz), n.pl. orna- mented articles of dress; superficial decorations; ornaments for horses. Trappist (trap'ist), ft. a member of a Cistercian order, founded in 1140 by Rotrou at Soligny-la-Trappe. Their vow embraces silence, long prayers, and hard manual labor. trash (trash), n. refuse; worthless or useless matter; rubbish; decayed leaves and stems of the sugar-cane. trashiness (trash/i-nes), ft. the state or quality of being trashy. trashy (trash'i), adj. [comp. trashier, superl. trashiest], worthless, use- less. trass (tras) , ft. a tuf aceous alluvium or volcanic earth, used as a hydraulic cement. Also terras. traumatic (traw-mat'ik) , adj. per- taining to, applied to, suitable for, or produced by, wounds. travado (tra-va'do), n. a sudden squall accompanied with lightning and rain. [Spanish.] travail (trav'il or trav'al) , ft. labor with pain; severe toil; parturition: v.i. to suffer the pains of" childbirth. trave (trav), ft. a wooden frame for confining a horse while being shod. travel (trav'el), v.i. to journey, espe- cially to foreign or distant places; proceed; move: v.t. to journey over: ft. the act of journeying, especially to foreign or distant places: pi. an account of occurrences and things seen during a journey. traveler (trav'el-er) , n. one who trav- els; one who journeys from place to place to solicit custom for a mercan- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TRAVERSE 853 TREATY tile house; a ring that slides along a rope or spar. traverse (tra-vers'), adj. lying or be- ing across : adv. athwart ; crosswise : n. a cross piece; something lying or placed across something else; a gal- lery or loft of communication in a church or large building ; formal de- nial of the pleadings of the opposite party in a lawsuit; parapet and trench across a ditch; the turning of m a gun to command different points: v.t. to lay or place in a cross direction; thwart; multiply; travel or pass over; survey carefully; turn and point, as a piece of ordnance; plane across the grain; deny for- mally : v.i. to turn as on a pivot ; move round; tread or move crosswise. travesty (trav'es-ti) , n. [pi. travesties (trav es-tiz)], a burlesque or parody: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. travestied, p.pr. trav- estying], to burlesque or parody. trawl (trawl), n. a large net of pecu- liar construction used in deep-sea fishing: v.i. to fish with a trawl. trawler (trawler), n. one who trawls; a fishing vessel used in trawling. trawling (trawl'ing), n. the act or pro- cess of fishing with a net which drags along the bottom of the sea. tray (tra), n. [pi. trays (traz)], a broad, flat vessel for holding or carrying dishes, glasses, &c; salver. trayful (tra/fool), n. [pi. trayfuls (tra/foolz) ], as much as a tray will contain. treacherous (trech'er-us) , adj. be- traying a trust; perfidious; faithless. treachery (trech'er-i) , n. [pi. treacher- ies (trech'er-iz)], treasonable or per- fidious conduct; perfidy; violation of allegiance_or faith; treason. treacle (tre'kl), n. a syrup drained from sugar in the process of refining; molasses. tread (tred), v.i. [p.t. trod, p.p. trod- den, p.pr. treading], to step or walk, especially to walk with a more or less stately or measured step; copu- late, as birds: v.t. to walk on; crush under the feet; subdue or vanquish. treadle (tred'l), n. that part of a loom or other machine moved by the foot. treadmill (tred'mil), n. a large wheel driven by persons treading on the steps of the periphery. treason (tre'zn), n. the offense of be- traying the State or subverting the government of the State to which the offender belongs; rebellion. treasure (trezh'ur), n. accumulated wealth; abundance; plenty; some- thing highly valued: v.t. to lay up or collect for future use ; hoard ; value highly. treasurer (trezh'ur-er) , n. one who has the charge of a treasure; a public officer who receives the money col- lected from taxes, duties, &c; one who has charge of collected funds. treasurership (trezh'ur-er-ship), n. the office of a treasurer. treasury (trezh'ur-i) , n. [pi. treasuries (trezh'ur-iz)], a place or building where the public revenues are deposited and the public debts dis- charged; that department of a gov- ernment which has charge of the fi- nances ; the officials constituting such a department; collection of valuable information or facts. Treasury note (not), n. a demand note issued by the United States Treas- ury, and by law made a legal tender for all debts, public and private. treat (tret), v.t. to handle or manage in a particular manner; behave to- wards; entertain with food or drink without cost to the guests; discourse on; manage in the application of remedies: v.i. to discuss; negotiate; agree; give a gratuitous entertain- ment: n. an entertainment given as an expression of regard ; something which affords great pleasure. treating (tret'ing), n. the practice in America of inviting every one pres- ent, or some one special friend, to drink at the expense of the tr eater. Persons thus " treated " are sup- posed to treat back in their turn, so that the practice is favorable to in- toxication. treatise (tret'is), n. a written composi- tion on some particular subject, in which its principles are discussed or explained. treatment (tret'ment), n. act or man- ner of treating ; usage ; management ; manipulation. treaty (tret'i), n. [j)l. treaties (tret'iz)], the act of treating for the adjust- ment of differences or for forming ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TREBLE 854 TREfc i Lb an agreement; league or agreement between two states, &c; negotia- tion. treble (treb'l), adj. threefold; triple; pertaining to the highest vocal or instrumental part [Music] : n. the highest vocal or instrumental part; soprano: v.t. to make threefold: v.i. to become threefold. tree (tre), n. any woody plant having a single trunk and branches; anything resembling a tree; a piece of timber; cross: v.t. to drive to a tree; place in difficulty: v.i. to take refuge in a tree. tree-calf (tre'kaf), n. a brown calf binding for a book, with conventional lines, suggesting trees, stained into it, so as to produce a beautiful effect. treenail (ter'nal), n. a cylindrical wooden pin used for securing the planks of a ship to the timbers. Also trenail. trefoil (tre'foil), n. any plant of the genus Trifolium, including the clo- vers; an ornamental foliation used in architecture resembling three- leaved clover. trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wagon, especially in search of a new settle- ment: n. a journey by wagon. [South African Dutch.] trellis (trel'is), n. a structure or frame of lattice-work for supporting vines, &c. trellis- work (trel'is-werk) , n. small bars nailed together crosswise. tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake in- voluntarily, as with fear, cold, weak- ness, &c; shudder; totter; quaver, as sound: n. an involuntary shak- ing; shiver. trembling (trem'bling) , adj. shaking as with fear; quivering. tremendous (tre-men'dus) , adj. ex- citing fear or terror; dreadful; ter- rible; terrific; marvelous. tremolite (trem'o-lit) , n. a white va- riety of hornblende. tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. a tremulous or fluttering effect in vocal or instru- mental music; mechanical device in an organ by which a tremolo is pro- duced. tremor (trem'er), n. an involuntary trembling; quivering or vibratory motion. tremulous (trem'u-lus) , adj. trem- bling; quivering; shaking; affected with fear or timidity; vibratory. trench (trench), n. a long, narrow cut or ditch excavated in the earth; open ditch for draining; an excava- tion made to interrupt the advance of an enemy, or to cover the advance of troops to a besieged place: v.t. to form a ditch in; dig or cultivate deeply: v.i. to encroach. trenchant (trench/ant), adj. sharp; keen; severe. trencher (trench'er), n. one who trenches; a large wooden plate; trencher-cap. trencher-cap (trench'er-kap) , n. a college cap. trencherman (trench 'er-man) , n. one who is fond of eating. From the time when trenchers were used, and plates less known. trend (trend), n. inclination in <* particular direction; general tend- ency: v.i. to have a particular di- rection; tend; stretch. trepan (tre-pan'), n. a cylindrical saw of peculiar construction used in the operation of trepanning: v.i. [p m .t. & p.p. trepanned, p.pr. trepan- ning], to perform the operation of trepanning: v.t. to perforate with a trepan. trepang (tre-pang'), n. the beche-de- mer; the sea-slug. [Malay.] trepanning (tre-pan'ing), n. the sur- gical operation of making a perfora- tion in the skull and taking out a piece to remove pressure on the brain. trephine (tre-fin'), n. a surgical in- strument for removing a disk of bone from the skull: v.t. to operate on with a trephine; to trepan. trepidation (trep-i-da/shun) , n. an involuntary trembling; state of ter- ror or alarm; confused haste. trespass (tres'pas), v.i. to commit any offense; sin; enter unlawfully upon the land of another; intrude; violate any recognized rule of duty or social life: n. the act of trespass- ing; any offense or injury done to the person or property of another; transgression; sin. tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of hair. trestle (tres'l), n. a movable form ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book, 8 , hue, hut; think, then. TRESTLE-BOARD 855 TRICHINA for supporting anything; frame of a table. trestle-board (tres'1-bord) , n. a draughtsman's designing board. trestle- bridge (tres'1-brii), n. a frame- bridge; a bridge of trestle-work. trestle- tree (tres'1-tre), n. one of two stout bars of timber secured hori- zontally to a mast to support the cross-trees. trestle-work (tres'1-werk) , n. a viaduct, pier, or scaffold supported on trestles connected together with crossbeams and braces. trevis (trev'is), n. a beam or cross- bar; a partition. trey (tra), n. a 3-spot at cards or dice; card with three spots. tri, a Grseco-Latin prefix meaning three, threefold, as Wangled, adj. having three angles. triable (tri'a-bl) ; adj. capable of be- ing tried or subjected to test. triad (tri'ad), n. a union of three; an element which can replace or direct- ly unite with three atoms of hydro- gen or similar monatonic element; the common chord of a tone with its third and fifth [Music]. trial (tri'al), n. an attempt or endeavor; examination by test or experience; test of virtue, &c, by suffering or temptation; proof; verification; state of being tried; judicial examina- tion. triandrian (trl-an'dri-an) , adj. hav- ing three equal and distinct stamens. Also triandrous. triangle (trf'ang-gl) , n. a plane figure bounded by three fines, and having three angles; a frame of three hal- berds to which offenders against military discipline were secured to ee iiogged; a musical instrument of steel in the form of a triangle, sound- ed by being struck with a rod. triangular (trl-ang'gu-lar) , adj. hav- ing three angles; shaped like a tri- angle. triangulate (tri-ang'gu-lat), v .t. to divide into triangles; survey by jneans of triangles. triangulation (tri-ang-gu-la'shun), n. the act of triangulating; the division of a district or a country into tri- angular portions, as in a trigono- metrical survey. tribal (tri'bal), adj. pertaining to, Of characteristic of. a tribe. tribalism (trl'bal-izm), n. the state of existing in tribes; tribal characterise tics or feeling. tribasic (tri-ba'sik), adj. noting an acid in which three equivalents of hydrogen have been replaced by a metal. tribe (trib), n. a family, race, or class, constituting a distinct _ por- tion of a people ; a family or series of generations descended from a com- mon ancestor, but kept distinct; na- tion of uncivilized people under one chief; a group of animals or plants intermediate between an order and a genus. tribrach (tri-brak), n. a poetic foot of three short syllables. tribulation (trib-u-ia/shun), n. se- vere affliction ; deep sorrow; acute trial. tribunal (tri-bu'nal) , n. the seat of a judge; court of justice. tribune (trib 'tin), n. an ancient Ro- man official elected by the people to safeguard their liberties; a bench or elevated place; raised stand or ros- trum from which speeches are deliv- ered. tribuneship (trib'un ship), n. the office or authority of a tribune; period during which a tribune held office. tributary (trib'u-ta-ri), adj. paying tribute; yielding supplies; contrib- uting to make up a greater object of the same kind: n. a state or govern- ment which pays tribute to a supe- rior; a stream or river flowing into a larger one. tribute (trib'ut), n. an annual or stipulated sum of money, &c, paid by one state to another; personal contribution made in token of ser- vices rendered or acknowledgment due. trice (tris), n. an instant: v.t. to haul; hoist and secure with a small rope. tricentenary (trf-sen'te-na-ri) , same as tercentenary. triceps (tri'seps), n. the great three- headed extensor muscle of the arm. trichina (tri-ki'na), n. [pi. trichinae (tri-kl'ne)], a nemotoid parasitic ate arm. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. TRICHINOSIS 856 TRIGONOMETRY worm, which infests the muscles of swine and human beings. trichinosis (tri-ki-no'sis), n. the dis- ease produced by the presence of trichinae in the muscles and intes- tines. Also trichiniasis. trichology (tn'kol'o-ji), n. the sci- entific study of the hair, especially for the cure of baldness. trichord (tri'kord) , n. a three-stringed instrument; a piano having three strings to each key for the greater part of its compass. trichroism (tri'kro-izm), n. the prop- erty of certain crystals of transmit- ting various colors in three different directions. trick (trik), n. a stratagem or arti- fice; wile; vicious habit or practice; deception; imposition; legerdemain; clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, or annoy; whole number of cards falling to the winner in one round: pi. frolic: v.t. to cheat; impose upon; deceive; delineate without color; decorate or set off (with out). trickery (trik'er-i), n. deception; cheating; fraud; imposture. trickily (trik'i-li) , adv. in a tricky man- ner. trickiness (trik'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being tricky. trickle (trik'l) , v.i. to flow gently down or in a small stream; run down in drops: n. a small gentle stream. trickster (trik'ster), n. & cheat; de- ceiver. tricksy (trik'si), adj. full of tricks; pretty. tricktrack (trik'trak), n. an old game resembling backgammon. tricky (trik'i) , adj. given to tricks; knavish; shifty; artful; cunning. triclinic (tri-klin'ik) , _ adj. having three unequal axes intersecting at oblique angles. triclinium (tn-klin'i-um) , n. [pi. tri- clinia (tri-klin'i-a)], a couch, usually accommodating three persons for reclining at meals; a dining-room furnished with couches on three sides. tricolor (tri'kul-er) , n. a national flag of three colors arranged in equal strips. tricontahedral (tri-kon-ta-he'dral) , adj. having thirty sides. tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), odj. having three points (cusps), as a molar tooth or a valve of the heart. tricycle (tri'si-kl), n. a three-wheeled modernized form of velocipede: v.i. to ride on a tricycle. trident (tri'dent), n. a scepter or spear with three prongs, especially the scepter of Neptune: hence sover- eignty of the sea. tridentate (tri-den'tat), adj. having three teeth or prongs. tried (trid), p. adj. proved; tested; trustworthy; faithful. triennial (trl-en'i-al) , adj. occurring in, or continuing for, three years. # triennially (tri-en'i-a-li) , adv. once in three years. trier (trl'er), n. one who tries or makes experiments; a judge; test. trifid (trl'fid), adj. three-cleft. trifle (tri'fl), n. anything of little value or importance; a light kind of dish made of s r onge-cakes soaked in sherry and covered with jam, cream, &c: v.i. to act or talk with levity; indulge in light or frivolous amuse- ments: v.t. to waste or fritter away. trifling (tri 'fling), adj. of small value or importance. trifoliate (tri-fo'li-at), adj. three- leaved. triforium (tri-fo'ri-um), n. the open gallery or arcade above the arches of a church, separating the nave arches from the aisles. trifurcate (tri-fer'kat), adj. three- forked. trig (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trigged, p.pr. trigging], to skid or stop (a wheel) : n. a skid. trigamy (trig'a-mi), n. the state of be- ing thrice married. trigger (trig'er), n. a catch which, when pulled, releases the hammer of a gun. triglyph (tri'glif), n. an ornament of the Doric frieze placed directly over each column and at equal distances. trigonal (trig'6-nal), aaj. three-cor- nered. trigonometric (trig-o-no-met'rik) , adj. pertaining to, or done by, trigo- nometry. Trigonometrical. trigonometrically (trig-o-no-mef- ri-ka-li), adv. by trigonometry . # trigonometry (trig-o-nom'e-tri), n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TRIHEDRAL 857 TRIPTYCH the science of measuring the sides and angles of triangles, and ascer- taining the relations between them by certain parts which are given. trihedral (trl-he'dral), adj. having three sides. trihedron (tri-he'dron), n. a figure having three sides. trilateral (tri-lat'er-al), adj. three- sided. trilaterally (trl-lat'er-a-li), adv. with three sides. trilinear (tri-lin'e-ar), adj. three- lined. trilingual (trl-ling'gwal) , adj. having the command of three languages. trilith (tri'lith), n. a monument formed by three stones, two upright and oneacross the others. Also tri- lithon. trill (tril), n. a shake or quaver of the voice: v.t. to sing with a quaver: v.i. to quaver. trillion (tril'yun), n. in the French system of numeration, followed in the United States, a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; in the English sys- tem, a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. trilobite (tri'lo-bit) , n. t a fossil crus- tacean of the Palaeozoic period. trilogy (tril'o-ji), n. a series of three dramas each complete in itself, but forming one poetical and historical picture. trim (trim), adj. [comp. trimmer, sw- perl. trimmest], neat; compact; in good order or service : # v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trimmed, p.pr. trimming], to decorate or adorn; make trim; ad- just; make smooth: v.i. to balance or fluctuate between parties. trimeter (trim'e-ter) , n. a line consist- ing of three meters (measures) . trimmer (trim'er), n. one who trims; time-server; joist into which others are framed. trimorphism (tri-m6r'fizm), # n. the property of # crystallizing in three forms; co-existence among individ- uals of the same species of three dis- tinct forms, unconnected by inter- mediate gradations. Trinitarian (trin-i-ta/ri-an) , adj. per- taining to the Trinity, or the doc- trine of the Trinity. Trinitarianism (trin-i-ta'ri-an-izm), n. the doctrine that there are three Persons in the Trinity. Trinity (trin'i-ti), n. the union of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost in one Godhead. Trinity Sunday (sun'da) , n. the Sun- day next after Whitsunday. trinket (tring'ket), n. anything small and of little value; small ornament or jewel. trinomial (tri-no'mi-al) , adj. consist- ing of three terms, connected by the sign + or — . trio (tre'o), n. a set of three; three united; composition for three voices or instruments. trional (tri'o-nal), n. a white crystal- line coal-tar product, eminently used in the form of a white powder, as a temporary remedy for insomnia. trip (trip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tripped, p.pr. tripping], to run or step light- ly or nimbly; take short, quick steps; stumble; err; take an excur- sion: n. a nimble, short step; stum- ble; mistake; journey. tripartite (trip'ar-tit or tri-par'tlt), adj. divided into three parts. tripe (trip), n. the stomach of a rumi- nating animalprepared for food. triplane (trl'plan), n.\ an aeroplane with three gliding planes. triple (trip'l), adj. threefold; consisting of three united; three times re- peated. Triple Alliance (trip'l al-i-ans), n. a defensive alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1883. Italy withdrew just before declaring war on Austria-Hungary in 1915 and joining the Allies in the European War. Triple Entente (trip'l an-tant), n. an understanding or informal agreement between Great Britain, France, and Russia. It was the basis for their accord in entering the European War in 1914. , triplet (xrip'let), n. three umted: pi. three children at one birth. tripod (tii'pod), n. a three-legged stool or table. tripoli (trip'o-li), n. an earthy sub- stance consisting of siliceous shells of diatoms. triptych (trip'tik), n. a, writing-tablet in three parts; a panel, usually an ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. TRIREME 358 TROPICAL altar piece, consisting of three com- partments, two of them folding over the middle one which is fixed. trireme (tri'rem), n. an ancient gal- ley with three banks of oars. trisect (tri-sekf), v.t. to divide into three equal parts. trisection (tri-sek'shun) , n. division into three parts, especially an angle into three equal parts. trisyllable (tri-sil'a-bl), n. a word of three syllables. tritagonist (tri-tag'o-nist) , n. the third of the three actors in a Greek tragedy, who have lines to speak. [Greek.] trite (trit), adj. worn out; stale. tritely (trit-li), adv. in a trite manner. triteness (trit'nes), n. the quality of being trite. Tritheism (tri'the-izm), n. the doc- trine that the three Persons in the Trinity are three distinct Gods. Triton (tri'ton), n. in classical mythol- ogy, a sea-god, son of Neptune and Venus, — represented as a man with a dolphin's tail. triturate (trit/u-rat) , v.t. to rub, grind, or bruise to powder. trituration (trit-u-r a/shun), n. the act of triturating or reducing to powder. triumph (tri'umf), n. a grand pro- cession in honor of a general who has gained a decisive victory; state of joy at success; victory; conquest: v.i. to rejoice over success; obtain a victory. triumphal (tii-um'fal), adj. pertain- ing to, indicating, or in honor of, a triumph. triumphant (tri-um'f ant) , adj. re- joicing for victory; victorious. triumvir (tri-um'ver),n. [pi. triumviri (tri-um'vi-ri)], one of three men united in office. triumvirate (trl-um'vi-rat) , n. a coali- tion m of three men in office or au- thority. triune (tri'un), adj. three in G« adj. not dressed; not arranged. unassailable (un-a-sa'la-bl), adj. in- contestable. unassuming (un-a-sum'ing), adj. not forward or arrogant; modest. unattached (un-a-tacht / ), n. not at* tached. unattainable (un-a-tan'a-bl), adj. be- yond one's reach. unau (u'naw), n. the two-toed sloth, unauthorized (un-aw'ther-Izd) , adj, without authority, or lawful per- mission. unavailing (un-a-vaTing), adj. of no avail; useless. unavoidable (un-a-void' a-bl), adj. that may not be avoided; inevit- able. unawares (un-a-warz'), adv. unmind- fully. unbalanced (un-bal'anst), adj. out of poise; mentally unsound. unbar (un-bar'), v.t. to remove a bar or hindrance from* to unfasten. unbearable (un-bar a-bl), adj. not to be tolerated. unbecoming (un-be-kum'ing) , adj. unsuited; unworthy of; not be- coming. unbelief (un-be-lef), n. skepticism. unbend (un-bend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- bent, p.pr. unbending], to free from flexure; relax; unfasten from the yards and spars : v.i. to become re- laxed; act with freedom or conde- scension. unbiased (un-bi'ast), adj. without prejudice; with no favor to one side or the other of two conflicting par- ties, or opinions. unbidden (un-bid'n), adj. not in- vited; not summoned. unbleached (un-biechf), adj. not bleached; yellow. unblemished (un-blem'isht), adj. without blemish; pure. unblushing (un - blush' ing), adj, shameless; impudent. unbolt (un-bolt'). v.t. to unfasten; to open. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book* hue, hut ; think, then. UNBOSOM UNDERCURRENT unbosom (un-booz'um), v.t. to relieve by telling one's hidden thoughts. unbounded (un-bound'ed), adj. not limited. unbridled (un-bri'dld), adj. not re- strained; unruly. unbroken (un-bro'kn), adj. whole; unsubdued; undisturbed. uncalled (un-kawld'), adj. not called or invited. uncanny (un-kan'i), adj. weird; mys- terious; dangerous; unpropitious. [Scotch.] unceasing (un-se'sing), adj. continual; ceaseless. uncertain (un-ser'tn), adj. change- able; doubtful^ not sure. unchain (un-chan'), v.t. to free from chains or bondage. uncharitable (un-char'i-ta-bl), adj. harsh; censorious. unchaste (un-chast'), adj. immodest; not chaste. unchecked (un-chekf), adj. unhin- dered; not restrained. uncial (un'shal), adj. pertaining to a large round form of letters used in ancient manuscripts. uncivil (un-siv'il), adj. rude; dis- courteous. unclasp (un-klasp'), v.t. to loose the clasp of; to undo. uncle (ung'kl), n. the brother of one's father or mother; husband of one's aunt; pawnbroker. unclean (un-klen'), ^dj. not clean; sinful. uncomfortable (un-kum'f 6r-ta-bl) , adj. uneasy; awkwardly situated. uncommon (un-kom'un), adj. not common; unusual. uncompromising (un - kom'pro - mi- zing), adj. unyielding; obstinate. unconcerned (un-kon-sernd'), adj. ' not anxious; unsolicitous. unconditional (un-kon-dish' un-al), adj. absolute. unconquerable (un-kong' ker-a-bl), adj. that cannot be conquered. unconscionable (un-kon'shun-a-bl), adj. out of all reason or expecta- tion. unconscious (un-kon'shus), adj. not conscious of self; not perceiving. unconstitutional (un - kon - sti - tu'- shun-al), adj. not authorized or con- trary to the constitution. uncontrollable (un-kon-trol'a-bJ), adj. not capable of being controlled. unconventional (un-kon-ven' shun- al), adj. not conventional; free in one's ways. uncouple (un-kup'l), v.t. to loose from being coupled; to disconnect. uncouth (un-kooth')» adj. awkward, clumsy, grotesque. uncover (un-kuv'er), v.t. to remove the cover of; to expose. uncrowned (un-krownd'), adj. not crowned. unction (ungk'shun), n. the act of anointing as a symbol of consecra- tion; ointment; anything soothing; sham fervor or suavity. unctuous (ungk'shus), adj. oily; soothing; lenitive; extremely bland. undaunted (un-dan'ted), adj. bold; intrepid. undecagon (un-dek'a-gon), n. a plane figure with eleven sides or eleven angles. undeceive (un-de-sev'), v.t. to free from deception or mistake. undecennary (un-de-sen'a-ri) , adj. eleventh; once in eleven years. Un- decennial. undecided (un-de-si'ded), adj. irreso- lute. undefiled (un-de-fild'), adj. spotless; unpolluted. undefined (un-de-find'), adj. not pre- cisely explained. undemonstrative (un-de-mon' stra- tiv), adj. not showing feeling openly; reserved. undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl) , adj. not to be denied; beyond a doubt. under (un'der), prep, beneath; sub- ordinate to; in subjection to; less than ; during the time of. underbid (un-der-bid'),. v.t. to offer less than, as at an auction. underbred (un-der-bred'), adj. lack- ing refinement. underbrush (un'der-brush), n. brush- wood or shrubs growing between trees; undergrowth. underclothes (un'der-klothz), n.pl. clothing worn under one's outer garments. undercurrent (un'der-kur-ent), n. a current below the surface of water; any influence or feeling not apparent on the surface. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, booL hue, hut ; think, then. UNDERCUT 869 UNDUTIFULLY undercut (un-der-kuf), v.t. to cut under; to strike a heavy blow up- ward. underestimate (un-der-es'ti-mat), v.t. to set too low a value on. underfed (un-der-fed'), adj. not suffi- ciently nourished. _ undergo (un-der-go'), v.t. to pass through or exrarience; suffer. undergraduate (un-der-grad'u-at) , n. a member of a university who has not taken his first degree. underground (un'der-ground), adj. situated below the surface of the ground. underhand (un-der-hand'), adj. done by meanness or fraud; clandestine. underlie (un-der-ll'), v.t. to lie be- neath; to be liable to. underline (un-der-lln'), v.t. to draw a line under. underling (un'der-ling), n. an in- ferior; a subordinate. undermine (un-der-nrin') , v.t. to weaken the base; to sap secretly. underneath (un-der-neth'), adv. be- neath; below. underpay (un-der-pa/), v.t. to give insufficient wages to. underpin (un-der-pm'), v.t. to support underneath; to prop. underrate (un-der-rat'), v.t. to under- estimate. undersign (un-der-sm'), v.t. to write or sign one's name under or at the foot of. understand (un-der-stand') , v.t. to perceive by the mind; be informed of; assume or imply; know by ex- perience: v.i. to have understanding; be informed. understanding (un-der-stand'ing) ,n. the rational faculties; intellect; in- telligence; wisdom; skill. understudy (un'der-stud-i), n. an actor who studies a role so that he may take the place of the actor play- ing it, if necessary. undertake (un-der-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. undertook, p.pr. undertaking], to take under one's management; as- sume; attempt; answer for: v.i. to take upon one's self; guarantee. undertaker (un'der-tak-er) , n. one who undertakes to perform any office or business; one who manages funerals. undertaking (un-der-tak 'ing), n. any business or project a person engages to perform. undertone (un'der-ton), n. a low tone or color. undertow (un'der-to), n. the flow of wate/ in a direction opposite to the surface current. undervalue (un-der-val'u), v.t. to value below the real worth; to es- teem lightly. under-world (un' der - werld), n Hades; the lower classes of society. underwrite (un-der-rit'),. v.t. [p.L underwrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. underwriting], to subscribe one's name to for insurance; to follow the calling of an underwriter. underwriter (un'der-rit-er), n. one who insures, as subscriptions to stocks, bonds, etc., or shipping. underwriting (un'der-rit-ing) , n. the calling of an underwriter; insur- ance. undesirable (un-de-zi'ra-bl), adj. not to be wished for. undignified (un-dig'ni-fid), adj. not consistent with dignity. Undine (un-den'), n. a water-nymph. undo (un-doo'), v.t. to reverse what has been done; to open. undress (un-dres'), v.t. to disrobe; to strip: n. (un'dres), a loose dress; the dress worn by soldiers when off duty : adj. pertaining to ordinary dress as opposed to uniform. undue (un-du'), adj. improper; ex- cessive; not legaL undulate (un'du-lat), v.t. & v.i. to wave, or move like waves; vibrate. undulation (un-du-la'shun), n. a waving motion or vibration. undulatory (un'du-la-to-ri) , adj. un- dulating; vibratory. undulatory theory (the'o-ri), n. the theory that light is caused by vibra- tions transmitted through an ethe- real medium in wave-like undula- tions. unduly (un-duli), adv. not according to duty or propriety nor in proper proportion; excessively. undurable (un-du'ra-bl), adj. not durable; not lasting. undutiful (un-dti'ti-fool), adj. not obedient; not performing duty. undutifully (un-du 'ti-foo-li), adv. not ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hu^, hut ; think, then. UNDUTIFULNESS 870 UNESSENTIAL according to duty; in a disobedient manner. undutif ulness (un-du'ti-fool-nes), n. want of respect; violation of duty; disobedience. undying (un-dl'ing), adj. not dying; not perishing; not subject to death; immortal. unearned (un-ernd'), adj. not merited by labor or services; thus the late Henry George spoke of "the un- earned increment/ 'meaning that val- ue which comes to real estate from the general activity and enterprise of the neighboring population, while the owner of the real estate may have had no share in this activity or process of enrichment. unearth (un-erth'), v.t. to drive from the earth; to uncover, as a fox. unearthly (un-erth 'li), adj. not ter- restrial. uneasily (un-e'zi-li) , adv. with uneasi- ness or pain; with difficulty; not readily. uneasiness (un-e'zi-nes) , n. a moderate degree of pain; restlessness; want of ease; disquiet. uneasy (un-e'zi), adj. feeling some degree of pain; restless; disturbed; unquiet; giving some pain; as, an uneasy garment; disturbed in mind; somewhat anxious; unquiet. uneatable (un-e'ta-bl), adj. not eat- able; not fit to be eaten. uneaten (un-e'tn), adj. not eaten; not devoured. uneelipsed (un-e-klipst'), adj. not eclipsed; not obscured. unedifying (un-ed'i-fi-ing), adj. not edifying; not improving to the mind. uneducated (un-ed'u-ka-ted), adj. not educated; illiterate. uneffaced (un-ef-fasf), adj. not- ef- faced; not obliterated. unemancipated (un - e - man'ci - pa- ted), adj. not emancipated or lib- erated from slavery. unembarrassed (un-em-bar'rast), adj. not embarrassed; not perplexed in mind; not confused; free from pecu- niary difficulties or encumbrances; free from perplexing connection. unemotional (un-e-mo'shun-al)^ adj. not emotional; not readily giving way to feeling. unemphatic (un-em-fat'ik), adj. hav- ing no emphasis. unemployed (un-em-ploid'), adj. not employed ; not occupied ; not busy ; at leisure; not engaged; not being in use ; as, unemployed capital or money. unended (un-end'ed), adj. not ended. unending (un-end'ing), adj. not end- ing. unendowed (un-en-doud'), adj. not endowed; not furnishea; not in- vested; not furnished with funds. unendurable (un-en-du'ra-bl), adj. not to be endured; intolerable. unenervated (un-en'er-va-ted), adj. not enervated or weakened. unengaged (un-en-gajd'), adj. See disengaged. un-English (un-ing'glish), adj. not English. unenlightened (un-en-lit'nd), adj. not enlightened; not illuminated. unentangled (un-en-tang'gld), adj. See disentangled. unenterprising (un-en'ter-priz-ing), adj. not enterprising; indolent; slug- gish. unenumera ted (un-e-nu 'mer-a-t ed) . adj. not numbered; not included among enumerated articles. unenviable (un-en'vi-a-bl), adj. not enviable; not an object of envy. unenvied (un-en'vid), adj. not envied; exempt from the envy of others. unequal (un-e'kwal), adj. not equal; not even; not of the same size, length, breadth, quantity; not equal in strength, talents, acquirements; not equal in age or station; inferior; in- sufficient; inadequate; not uniform; disproportionate. unequal ed (un-e'kwald), adj. not to be equaled; unparalleled: unrivaled. unequipped (un-e-kwipt ), adj. not equipped. unequivocal (un-e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. not equivocal; not doubtful; clear; evident ; not ambiguous nor of doubt- ful signification; not admitting dif- ferent interpretations. uneradicable (un-e-rad'i-ka-bl), adj. not to be eradicated ; that cannot be eradicated. unerring (un-er'ing), adj. committing no mistake; incapable of error; infal- lible. unessential (un-es-sen'shal), adj. not ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. UNEVAPORATED 871 UNFEIGNED essential; not absolutely necessary; not of prime importance; not con-r stituting the essence._ unevaporated (un-e-vap'or-a-ted) , adj. not evapcrated. uneven (ua-e'vn), adj. not even; not level; not equal; not of equal length. unevenness (un-e'yn-nes), n. surface not level; inequality of surface. uneventful (un-e-vent'fool), adj. not eventful. unexaggerated (un-egz-aj' er-a-ted), adj. not exaggerated. unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), adj. having no example or similar case; having no precedent; unprecedented; unparalleled. unexceptionable (un-ek-sep 'shun-a- bl), adj. not liable to any exception or objection; unobjectionable. unexecuted (un-eks'e-kii-ted), adj. not performed; not done; as, a task, business, or project unexecuted. unexemplary (un-egz'em-pla-ri), adj. not exemplary; not according to example. unexercised (un-eks'er-sizd), adj. not exercised; not practiced; not dis- ciplined; not experienced. unexpected (un-ek-spek'ted), adj. not expected; not looked for sudden; not provided against. unexpectedly (un-ek-spek'ted-li), adv. at a time or in a manner not expected or looked for; suddenly. unexpended (un-ek-spen'ded), adj. not expended; not laid out. unexpired (un-ek-spird'), adj. not expired; not ended. unexplained (un-ek-spland 7 ), adj. not explained; not interpreted; not il- lustrated. unexplored (un-ek-splord'), adj. not explored; not searched or examined by the eye; unknown. unexplosive (un-ek-splo'siv), adj. not explosive. unexpressed (un-ek-spresf), adj. not expressed; not mentioned or named; not exhibited. unfading (un-fad'ing), adj. not liable to lose strength or freshness of col- oring. unfailing (un-faTing), adj. not liable to fail; not capable of being ex- hausted. unfair (un-far'), adj. not honest; not impartial; disingenuous; using trick or artifice. unfairly (un-far 'li), adv. not in a just or equitable manner. unfairness (un-far 'nes), n. dishonest or disingenuous conduct or practice; use of trick or artifice. unfaithful (un-fath'fool), adj. not observant of promises, \ vows, alle- giance, or duty; violating trust or confidence; treacherous; perfidious;] negligent of duty. unfaithfulness (un-fath'fool-nes), n. neglect or violation of vows, prom- ises, allegiance, or other duty; breach of confidence or trust reposed; per- fidiousness; treachery. unfaltering (un-f awrter-ing) , adj. not faltering; not failing; not hesi- tating. unfamiliar (un-fa-rmTyar), adj. not accustomed; not common; not ren- dered agreeable by frequent use. unf amiliarity (un-fa-mil-yar'i-ti), n. want of familiarity. unfashionable (un-fash'un-a-bl), adj. not fashionable; not according to the prevailing mode. unf ashionably (un-fash'un-a-bli), adv. not according to the fashion. unfasten (un-fas'tn), v.t. to loose; to unfix; to unbind; to untie. unfatherly (un-fa'2/ier-li), adj. not becoming a father; unkind. unfathomable (un-fai/i'um-a-bl), adj. that cannot be sounded by a line. unfathomed (un-fa^'umd), adj. not sounded; not to be sounded. unfavorable (un-fa'ver-a-bl), adj. not favorable; not propitious; not dis- posed or adapted to countenance or support; not propitious; not adapted to promote any object; not kind; not obliging; discouraging. unf avorableness (un-f a'ver-a-bl-nes) , n. unpropitiousness ; unkindness ; want of disposition to countenance- or promote. unf earing (un-fer'ing), adj. not fear- ing. unfeatured (un-f e 'turd), adj. wanting regular features; deformed. unfed (un-fed'), adj. not fed; not sup- plied with food. unfeeling (un-fel'ing), adj. insensible; void of sensibility; cruel; hard. unfeigned (un-f and'), adj. not feigned ; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. UNFELT 872 UNFREQUENTED not counterfeit; not hypocritical; real; sincere. unfelt (un-felf), adj. not felt; not per- ceived. unfenced (un-fensf), adj. deprived of a fence; not fenced; not inclosed; defenseless. unfermented (un-fer-men'ted), adj. not fermented ; not having undergone the process of fermentation; as liquor; not leavened; as bread. unfertile (un-fer'til), adj. not fertile; not rich; not having the qualities necessary to the production of good crops ; Darren ; unfruitful ; bare ; waste. unfetter (un-fet'er), v.t. to loose from fetters; to unchain; to unshackle; to fre^ from restraint; to set at liberty. unfettered (un-fet'erd), adj. un- chained; unshackled; freed from restraint; not restrained. unfilial (un-firyal), adj. unsuitable to a son or child; undutiful; not be- coming a child. unfilled (un-fild'), adj. not filled; not fully supplied. unfinished (un-fin'isht), adj. not finished; not complete; not brought to an end; imperfect; wanting the last hand or touch. unfit (un-fit'), adj. not fit; improper; unsuitable; unqualified. unfit (un-fif), v.t. to disable; to make unsuitable; to deprive of the strength, skill, or proper qualities for anything. unfitly (un-fit 'li), adv. not properly; unsuitably. unfitness (un-fit'nes), n. want of suit- able powers or qualifications, physi- cal or moral; as, the unfitness of a sick man for labor, or of an ignorant man for office. unfitted (un-fit 'ed), p.p. rendered un- suitable; disqualified. unfitting (un-fit 'ing), p.pr. rendering unsuitable; disqualifying; improper; unbecoming. unfix (un-fiks'), v.t. to loosen from any fastening; to detach from anything that holds; to unsettle; to unhinge. unflagging (un-flag'ing), adj. not flagging or drooping; retaining strength. unflattering (un-flat'ter-ing), adj. not flattering; not gratifying with ob- sequious behavior; not coloring the truth to please; not affording a favorable prospect; as, the weather is unflattering. unflinching (un-flinsh'ing), adj. not flinching; not shrinking; determined. unfold (un-fold'), v.t. to open folds; to expand; to spread out; to open anything covered or close ; to lay open to view or contemplation; to disclose; to reveal; to declare; to tell; to disclose; to display. unforbidden (un-for-bid'n), adj. not forbid; not prohibited; allowed; per- mitted; legal. unforced (un-forsf), adj. not forced; not compelled; not constrained; not urged or impelled; not feigned; not heightened; natural; easy. unforcihle (un-for'si-bl), adj. wanting force or strength. unfordahle (un-ford'a-bl), adj. not fordable; that cannot be forded, or passed by wading. _ unforeseeing (un-for-se'ing), adj. not foreseeing. unforeseen (un-for-sen'), adj. not foreseen; not foreknown. unforgetful (un-for-get'fool), adj. not forgetful. unforgivable (un-for-giv'a-bl), adj. in- capable of being forgiven. unforgotten (un-for-got'n), adj. not forgot; not lost to memory. unformed (un-formd'), adj. decom- posed or resolved into parts; not molded into regular shape. unforsaken (un-for-sak'n), adj. not forsaken; not deserted; not entirely neglected. unfortified (un-for'ti-fid), adj. not fortified; not secured from attack by walls or mounds; not guarded; not strengthened against tempta- tions or trials. unfortunate (un-for'tu-nat), adj. not successful; not prosperous. unf ought (un-fawf), adj. not fought. unfounded (un-foun'ded), adj. not founded; not built or established; having no foundation; vain; idle. unframed (un - framd'), adj. not formed; not constructed; not fash- ioned. unfrequented (un-fre-kwen'ted), adj. rarely visited; seldom resorted to oy human beings. Ute, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, hook ; hue, hut ; think, then. UNFRIENDLINESS 873 UNGUAL unfriendliness (un-frend'li-nes), n. want of kindness; disfavor. unfriendly (un-frend'li), adj. not friendly; not kind or benevolent; not favorable; not adapted to promote or support any object. unfrock (un-frok'), v.t. to divest of a gown; to silence a_priest. unfruitful (un-f root 'fool), adj. not producing fruit; barren; not pro- ducing offspring; not proline; bar- ren; not producing good effects or works; unproductive; not fertile. unfulfilled (un-fool-fild'), adj. not ful- filled; not accomplished; as, a proph- ecy or prediction. unfurl (un-ferl'), adj. to loose and un- fold; to expand; to open or spread. unfurnish (un-fer'nish), v.t. to strip of furniture; to divest; to strip; to leave naked. unfurnished (un - fer' nisht), m adj. stripped of furniture; degarnished; unsupplied with necessaries or orna- ments. ungainly (un-ganli), adj. not expert or dextrous; clumsy; awkward; un- couth. ungalled (un-gawld'), adj. unhurt; not galled. ungarrisoned (un-gar'i-sund), adj. not garrisoned; not furnished with troops for defense. ungear (un-ger'), v.t. to unharness; to strip of gear. _ ungenerous (un-jen'er-us), adj. not of a noble mind; not liberal; igno- minious. ungenerously (un-jen'er-us-li), adv. unkindly; dishonorably. ungentlemanly m (un-j en 'tl-man-li) , adj. not becoming a gentleman. ungently (un-jent'li), adv. harshly; with severity; rudely. ungifted (un-gift'ed), adj. not gifted; not endowed with peculiar faculties. ungilded (un-gild'ed), adj. not gilt; not overlaid with gold. ungird (un-gerd'), v.t. to loose from a girdle or band; to unbind. ungirt (un-gerf), adj. unbound; loose- ly dressed. unglaze (un-glaz'). v.t. to strip of glass; to remove the glass from windows. unglazed (un-glazd'), adj. destitute of glass; not furnished with glass; wanting glass windows; not covered with vitreous matter. ungloved (uu-gluvd'), adj. without glove or gloves. ungodliness (un-god'li-nes), n. im- piety; wickedness; disregard of God and his commands, and neglect of his worship; or any positive act of disobedience or irreverence. ungodly (un-godli), adj. wicked; im- pious; neglecting the fear and wor- ship of God, or violating his com- mands. ungovernable (un-guv'ern-a-bl), adj. that cannot be governed; that can- not be ruled or restrained. ungoverned (iin-guv'ernd),^ adj. not being governed; not subjected to laws or principles; not restrained or regulated; unbridled; licentious. ungowned (un-gound'), adj. not hav- ing or not wearing a gown. ungraceful (un-gras'fool), adj. not graceful; not marked with ease and dignity; wanting beauty and ele- gance. ungracious (un-gra'shus), adj. wicked; odious; hateful; offensive; unpleas- ing. ungrammatical (un-gram-at'i-kal), adj. not according to the established and correct rules of grammar. ungrateful (un-grat'fool), adj. not grateful; not feeling thankful for favors; not making returns, or mak- ing ill returns for kindness; making no returns for culture; unpleasing; unacceptable. ungratefulness (un-grat'fool-nes), adj. ingratitude; want of due feelings of kindness for favors received; ill return for good; disagreeableness; unpleasing quality. ungratified (un-grat'i-fid), adj. not gratified; not compensated; not pleased; not indulged. ungrounded (un-ground'ed), adj. without ground or basis; unreal; false. ungrudged (un - grujd'), adj. not grudged. ungrudging (un-gruj'ing), adj. not grudging; freely giving. ungual (ung'gwal), adj. a term ap- plied to such bones of the feet as have attached to them a nail, claw, or hoof. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 58 hue, hut ; think, then. UNGUARDED 874 UNICORN unguarded (un-gard'ed), adj. not guarded ; not watched ; not defended ; having no guard; careless; negligent; not attentive to danger; not cau- tious; negligently said or done; not done or spoken with caution. unguent (un'gwent), n. ointment; a soft composition used as a topical remedy, as for sores, burns, and the like. An unguent is stiffer than a liniment, but softer than a cerate. [Latin.] unguided (un-gid'ed), adj. not guided; not led or conducted; not regulated. unhallowed (un-hal' od), adj. pro- faned; deprived of its sacred char- acter; profane; unholy; impure; wicked. unhand (un-hand'), v.t. to loose from the hand; to let go. unhandled (un-han'dld), adj. not handled; not treated; not touched. unhanged (un-hangd'), adj. not hung or hanged ; not punished by hanging. unhappiness (un-hap'i-nes), n. ^ mis- fortune; ill luck; infelicity; misery. unhappy (un-hap'i), adj. unfortunate; unlucky; not happy; in a degree miserable or wretched. unharassed (un-har'ast), adj. not harassed; not vexed or troubled. unhardened (un-hard'nd), adj. not hardened; not indurated; as metal; not hardened; not made obdurate. unharmed (un-harmd'), adj. unhurt; unin j ur ed ; unimpaired . unharmful (un-harm'fool), adj. not doing harm; harmless; innoxious. unharness (un-har'nes), v.t. to strip of harness; to loose from harness or gear; to disarm; to divest of armor. unhatched (un-hatcht'), adj. not hatched; not having left the egg; not matured and brought to light; not disclosed. unhealthful (un-helth'fool), adj. not healthful; injurious to health; in- salubrious ; unwholesome ; noxious ; abounding with sickness or disease; sickly. unhealthiness (un-helth'i-nes), n. want of health; habitual weakness or indisposition; unsoundness; want of vigor; unfavorableness to health. unhealthy (un-helth'i), adj. wanting health; wanting a sound and vigor- ous state of body; habitually weak or indisposed; unsound; wanting vigor of growth; sickly; abounding with disease; insalubrious; unwhole- some; adapted to generate diseases; morbid; not indicating health. unheard (un-herd'), adj. not heard; not perceived by the ear; not ad- mitted to audience; not known in fame; not celebrated. unhealed (un-het'ed), adj. not heated; not made hot. unheeded (un - hed' ed), adj. not heeded; disregarded; neglected. unheedful < (un-hed'fool), adj. not cautious; inattentive; careless. unhelmed (un-helmd')> adj. deprived of a helm; having no helm. unhelmeted (un-hermet-ed), adj. de- prived or destitute of a helmet. unhelpful (un-help'fool), adj. afford- ing no aid. unheroic (un-he-ro'ik), adj. not heroic; not brave. unhesitating (un-hez'i-tat-ing), adj. not hesitating; not remaining in doubt; prompt; ready. unhewn (un-hun'), adj. not hewn; rough. unhindered (un-hin'derd), adj. not hindered; not opposed; exerting it- self freely. unhinge (un-hinj'), v.t. to take from the hinges; to displace; to unfix by violence; to loosen; to render un- stable or wavering. unhistorical (un-his-tor'i-kal), adj. not historical. unholiness (un-ho'li-nes), n. want of holiness; an unsanctined state of the heart; impiety; wickedness; pro- fan eness. unholy (un-ho'li), adj. not holy; not renewed and sanctified; profane; not hallowed; not consecrated; common; impious; wicked; not ceremonially purified. unhook (un-hook'), v.t. to loose from a hook. unhoped (un-hopf), adj. not hoped for; not so probable as to excite hope. unhopeful (un-hop'fool), adj. such as leaves no room to hope. unhorse (un-hors'), v.t. to throw from horse; to. cause to dismount. unhurt (un-herf), adj. not hurt; not harmed' free from wound or injury. unicorn (u'ni-korn), n. an animal with ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon book s hue, hut; think, then. UNICYCLE 875 UNINTERESTING one horn; the unicorn, in heraldry, is the fabulous unicorn, represented with the figure of a horse and a single horn issuing from its forehead. unicycle (u-ni-sl'kl), n. an acrobat's cycle having but one wheel. uniform (u'ni-form), adj. having al- ways the same form or manner; not variable; of the same form with others; consonant; agreeing with each other; conforming to one rule or mode; having the same degree or state. uniform, n. sl dress of the same kind, by which persons are purposely assimilated who belong to the same body, whether military, naval, or any other. unif ormitarian (u-ni-f 6rm-i-t a 'ri-an) , n. a term applied to theorists in geology, who believe that existing causes, acting in the same manner as at the present time, are sufficient to account for all geological changes. uniformity (u-ni-form'i-ti), n. con- formity to a pattern or rule; resem- blance. uniformly (u'ni-form-li), adv. with even tenor; without variation. unify (u'ni-fi), v.t. to make_into one. unigeniture (u-ni-jen'i-tur), n. the state of being the only begotten. unilateral (u-ni-lat'er-al), adj. being on one side or party only; having one side. unimaginable (un-i-maj'i-na-bl), adj. not to be imagined; not to be con- ceived. unimaginative (un-i-maj' i-na-tiv), adj. not imaginative. unimagined (un-i-maj 'ind), adj. not imagined; not conceived. unimpaired (un-im-pard')* adj. not impaired; not diminished; not en- feebled by time or injury. unimpassioned (un-im-pash 'und) , adj. not endowed with passions; calm; not violent. unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), adj. that cannot be impeached; that cannot be accused; free from stain, guilt, or fault. imimpeached (un-im-pechf), adj. not impeached; not charged or ac- cused; fair. unimpeded (un-im-ped'ed), adj. not impeded; not hindered. unimportance (un-im-por'tans), n. want of importance. unimportant (un-im-por'tant), adj. not important ; not of great moment. unimposing (un-im-poz'ing),jzc(/. not imposing; not commanding respect. unimpressive (un-im-pres'iv), adj. not impressive; not forcible; not adapt ea to affect or awaken the passions. unimproved (un-im-proovd'), adj. not improved; not made better or wiser; not advanced in knowledge, manners, or excellence. unincumbered (un-in-kum'berd), adj. not encumbered; not burdened. uninfluenced (un-in'flu-ensd), adj. not influenced; not persuaded or moved by others, or by foreign con- siderations; not biased; acting freely. uninfluential (un-in-fm-en'shal), adj. not having influence. uninformed (un-in-formd'), adj. not informed; not instructed; untaught. uninhabitable (un-in-hab' it-a-bl), adj. not inhabitable; that in which men cannot live; unfit to be the residence of men. uninhabited (un-in-hab 'i-ted), adj. not inhabited by men; having no inhabitants. uninjured (un-in'joord), adj. not in- jured; not hurt; suffering no harm. uninspired (un-in-spird'), adj. not having received any supernatural instruction or illumination. uninsured (un-in-shurd'), adj. not insured; not assured against loss. unintellectual (un-in-tel-ekt'u-al), adj. not intellectual. unintelligent (un-in-tel'i-jent), adj. not having reason or consciousness; not possessing understanding. unintelligible (un-in-teri-ji-bl), adj. not intelligible; that cannot be un- derstood. unintended (un-in-tend'ed), adj. not intended; not designed. unintentional (un-in-ten'shun-al), adj. not intentional; not designed; done or happening without design. uninterested (un-in'ter-est-ed), adj. not interested; not having any in- terest or property in; having nothing at stake. uninteresting (un-in'ter-est-ing), adj. ate, arm, at. awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north. Dot; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. 1 UNINTERRUPTED 876 UNIVERSALIST not capable of exciting an interest, or of engaging the mind or passions, uninterrupted (un-in-ter-rupt'ed) , adj. not interrupted; not broken; not disturbed by intrusion or avoca- tion. uninured (un-in-urd') , adj. not in- ured; not hardened by use or prac- tice. uninvested (un-in-vest'ed) , adj. not invested; not converted into some species of property less fleeting than money. uninvited (un-in-vit'ed) , adj. not in- vited; not requested; not solicited. uninviting (un-in-vlt'ing) , adj. not inviting. union (tin'yun), n. the act of joining two or more things into one, or the junction or coalition of things thus united; a trades-union. See trades- union. The junction or united existence of spirit and matter ; among painters, a symmetry and agreement between the several parts of a paint- ing; in architecture, harmony be- tween the colors in the materials of a building; States united, as the United States of America are called the Union. In the flag of the United States, a square portion at the upper left-hand corner, in which the stars are united on a blue ground, denoting the union of the States. unionism (un'yiin-izm) f n. see trades- unionism. Union- jack (un'yim-jak) , n. the device emblematic of union, which in a com- plete national flag occupies the upper left-hand corner, used alone as a flag. uniparous (u-nip'a-rus), adj. produc- ing one at a birth. unique (u-nek'), adj. sole; unequaled; single in its kind or excellence. [French.] unison (u'ni-sn), n. in music, an ac- cordance of sounds proceeding from an equality in the number of vibra- tions made in a given time by a sonorous body. Sounds of very different qualities and force may be in unison : as the sound of a bell may be in unison with a sound of a flute. Unison then consists in sameness of degree, or similarity in respect to gravity or acuteness, and is appli- cable to any sound, whether of in- struments or of the human organs. "In unison;" in agreement; in har- mony. unit (u'nit), n. one; a word w^hich de- notes a single thing or person; the least whole number; in mathematics, any known determinate quantity, by the constant repetition of which, any other quantity of the same kind is measured. Unitarian (u-ni-ta/ri-an), n. one who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, and ascribes divinity to God the Father only. Unitarianism (u-ni-ta/ri-an-izm), n. the doctrines of Unitarians, who deny the divinity of Christ. unite (u-nif), v.t. to put together or join two or more things, which make one compound or mixture; to join; to connect in a near relation or alli- ance. unite, v.i. to join in an act; to concur; to act in concert; to coalesce; to be cemented or consolidated; to com- bine; to grow together, as the parts of a wound. united (u-nit'ed), adj. joined; made to agree; cemented; mixed; attached by growth. unity (u'ni-ti), n. the state of being one; oneness. Unity may consist of a simple substance or existing being, as the soul; but usually it consists in a close junction of parti- cles or parts, constituting a body detached from other bodies. Unity is a thing undivided itself, but sep- arate from every other thing; con- cord; conjunction; agreement; uni- formity. univalve (ti'ni-valv), adj. having only one valve or shell: 11. a mollusk whose shell is composed of a single piece. universal (u-ni-ver'sal), adj. in logic, a universal is complex or incomplex. A complex universal is either a uni- versal proposition, as "every whole is greater than its parts/' or what- ever raises a manifold conception in the mind, as the definition of a rea- sonable animal. An incomplex uni- versal is w T hat produces one concep- tion onty in the mind, and is a simple thing respecting many. Universalist (u-ni-ver'sal-ist), n. one ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. UNIVERSE 877 UNPROVOKED who holds the doctrine that all men will be saved. universe (u'ni-vers), n. the collective name of heaven and earth and all that belongs to them; the whole system of created things. university (u-ni-ver'si-ti), n. an as- semblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for in- structing students in the sciences and other branches of learning, and where degrees are conferred. A university is properly a universal school, in which are taught all branches of learning in the various faculties of theology, medicine, law, political science, engineering, and the arts. unjust (un-jusf), adj. not just; partial. unkempt (un-kempf) , adj. uncombed ; rough. unkind (un-klnd'), adj. not kind; harsh; severe. unlawful (un-law'fool), adj. not ac- cording to law. unlearned (un-lernd'), adj. ignorant; illiterate. unless (un-les'), conj. except; if not. unlike (umllk'), adj. not like; having no resemblance. unlikelihood (un-llk'li-hood), n. im- probability. unlikely (un-llk'li), adj. not likely; improbable. unlimited (un-lim'i-ted), adj. not limited; boundless. unlock (un-lok'), v.t. to unfasten what is locked; toopen. unloose (un-loos'), v.t. to make loose; to set free. unlucky (un-luk'i), adj. not fortunate; ill-omened. unman (un-man'), v.t. [p.L & p.p. un- manned, p.pr. unmanning], to de- prive of courage or fortitude; emas- culate. unmanageable (un-man'aj-a-bl), adj. not easily controlled or directed. unmannerly (un-man'er-li), adj. ill- bred. unmarried m (un-mar'id), adj. not married; single. anrneaning (un-men'ing), adj. having no meaning; senseless. unmentionable (un-men'shun-a-bl) , adj. unworthy of mention. unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), adj. not abated: having full force. unmoved (un-moovd'), adj. not moved; firm; calm. unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), adj. not ac- cording to nature. unnecessary (un-nes'e-sa-ri), adj. not essential; useless. unnerve (un-nerv'), v.t. to deprive of strength or power; weaken. unob j ectionable (un-ob-j ek'shun-a- bl), adj. not liable to objection. unobservant (un-ob-zer'vant), adj. inattentive. unobtrusive (un-ob-troo'siv), adj. not obtrusive or forward. unparalleled (un-par'a-leld), adj. without parallel or precedent. unplaced (un-plasf), adj. not placed; not holding a governmental office; not among the first three at the end of a race. unpleasant (un-plez'ant), adj. not pleasant; disagreeable. unpopular (un-pop'u-lar), adj. dis- liked by the people. unprecedented (un-pre'se-den-ted) , adj. without precedent; unparal- leled in the past. unprejudiced (un-prej'u-dist), adj. not prejudiced; impartial ._ unpremeditated (un-pre-med'i-ta- ted), adj. not planned before- hand. unprepared (un-pre-pard'), adj. with- out preparation. unprepossessing (un-pre-po-zes'ing) , adj. not pleasing; not winning. unpretentious (un-pre-ten'shus), adj. not making pretense; modest. unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), adj. without settled principles; unscru- pulous. unproductive (un-pro-duk'tiv), adj. not productive; inefficient. unprofessional (un-pro-fesh' un-al) v adj. having no profession; exceeding professional limits; contrary to the rules or ethics of a particular pro- fession. unprofitable (un-prof'i-ta-bl), adj, not profitable; serving no purpose. unpropitious (un-pro-pish'us), adj. not propitious; inauspicious. unprovoked (un-pro-vokf), adj. not having received provocation; un- called for. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, bco!? \ hue, hut ; think, then. UNPUBLISHED 878 UNSUITABLE unpublished (un-pub'lisht), adj. not made public; secret. unqualified (un-kwql'i-fld), adj. in- competent ; unrestricted . unquenchable (un-kwen'sha-bl), adj. that cannot be quenched or extin- guished. unquestionable (un-kwes'chun-a-bl) , adj. not to be questioned. unravel (un-rav'l), v.t. to separate; to unfold or explain. unreadable (un-red'a-bl), adj. not to be deciphered; too dull to be read. unready (un-red'i), adj. not prepared; slow; awkward. unreal (un-re'al), adj. not real; illu- sive. unreasonable (un-re'zn-a-bl), adj. not agreeable to reason; exceeding the bounds of reason. unreconciled (un-rek'n-sild), adj. not reconciled; not made consistent. unredeemable (un-re-dem'a-bl), adj. not capable of being redeemed. unregenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), adj. not renewed in heart through rejen- eration. unrelenting (un-re-lent'ing), adj. not relenting; inflexible; cruel. unreliable (un-re-ll'a-bl), adj. not to be relied on; untrustworthy. unremitting (un-re-mit'ing), adj. not remitting; continued; incessant. unreserved (un-re-zervd'), adj. not restrained; withholding nothing. unrest (un-resf), n. want of rest; dis- quiet of mind or body. unrestrained (un-re-strand'), adj. not restrained; licentious. unrighteous (un-rit'yus), adj. wicked; unjust. unrivalled (un~rl'vald), adj. without a rival or competitor; unique. unroll (un-rol'), v.t. to roll down; to open out: v.i. to become uncoiled or opened out. unruffled (un-ruf'ld), adj. not ruffled; . calm. unruliness (un-ru'li-nes) , n. the state or quality of being unruly. unruly (un-m'li) , adj. disregarding re- straint or authority; ungovernable; turbulent. unsaddle (un-sad'l), v.t. to take the saddle off; to throw from the saddle. unsafe (un-saf), adj. not safe. unsaid (un-sed'j, adj. not said. unsatisfactory (un-sat-is-fak'to-ri) 8 adj. not satisfying. unsavory (un-sa/vor-i), adj. tasteless; unpleasing. unscathed (un-skaiM'), adj. not harmed or injured. unschooled (un-skoold'), adj. not taught or trained. unscrupulous (un-skroo'pu-lus), adj. unprincipled. unseal (un-sel'), v.t. to remove the seal of; to open anything that is sealed. unseasonable (un-se'zn-a-bl), adj. noO in the proper season; untimely. unseemly (un-sem'li), adj. not seemly^ not becoming; indecent. unseen (un-sen r ), adj. not seen; in^ visible. unsettle (un-set ; l), v.t. to make un- * \ certain: v.i. to become unfixed. unsex (un-seks'), v.t. to deprive of the characteristic qualities of a woman. unshackle (un-shak , l), v.t. to set free. unshaken (yn-sha'kn), adj. not sha- ken; firm; steady. unsheathe (un-she^')* v.t. to draw from the scabbard, as a sword. unshod (un-shod'), adj. without shoes; barefoot. unshorn (un-shorn'), adj. unshaven; undipped. unsightly (un-sit'li), adj. not pleasing to the eye; ugly. unskilful (un-skirfool), adj. wanting skill or experience; awkward. unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted) , adj. genuine; simple; inexperienced; unworldly, unsought (un-sawt'), adj. not sought; not solicited. unsound (un-sound r ), adj. not sound; dishonest; erroneous. unsparing (un-spar'ing), adj. not sparing; liberal; unmerciful. unspeakable (un-spek'a-bl), adj. not capable of being spoken, uttered or described. unstable (un-sta r bl), adj. not stable; infirm; unreliable. unsteady (un-sted r i), adj. not steady; changeable. unstudied (un-stud'id), adj. done without premeditation ; natural; easy. unsuitable (un-su r ta-bl), adj. not adequate; not fitting; unbecoming. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue f hut ; think, then. - UNSUSPECTED 879 UPPISH unsuspected (un-sus-pek'ted), adj. not suspected; not known. untamable (un-tam'a-bl), adj. not capable of being tamed. untamed (un-tamd'), adj. not tamed; not domesticated. untarnished (un-tar'nisht), adj. not tarnished or soiled. untaught (un-tawf), adj. not taught; illiterate. untenable (un-ten'a-bl), adj. not tenable; not defensible. untidy (un-tl'di), adj. not tidy or neat. until (un-tir), prep, till; to; as far as. untimely (un-tlm'li), adj. not timely; unseasonable. untiring (un-tir'ing) , adj. unwearied. unto (un'too), prep. to. untold (un-told'), adj. not t untoward (un-to'errl), adj. not easily guided; froward; awkward. untried (un-trid'), adj. not yet having stood trial; not tested. untrimmed (un-trimd'), adj. not adorned with trimmings. untrodden (un-trod'n), adj. not trod- den; unfrequented. untruth (un'trooth'), n. a falsehood. untutored (un-tii'terd), adj. unin- structed; raw; inexperienced. unusual (un-u'zhu-al), adj. strange; out of the ordinary; exceptional. unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), adj. in- capable of being uttered or expressed. unvarnished (un-var'nisht), adj. not varnished; not embellished; plain. unveil (un-vaT), v.t. to remove a veil from; to disclose; to reveal. unwarranted (un-wor'an-ted), adj. without warrant; not guaranteed. unwary (un-wa/ri), adj. not wary; not cautious. unwearied (un-we'rid), adj. not be- coming wearied; indefatigable. unwelcome (un-wel'kum), adj. not welcome; causing unhappiness. unwell (un-wel'), adj. not well; not in good health. unwholesome (un-hol'sum), adj. not wholesome; repulsive. unwieldy (un-wel'di), adj. not easily moved or handled. unwilling (un-wil / ing) i adj. not will- ing; reluctant. unwise (un-wiz'), adj. not wise; in- judicious; foolish. unwitting (un-wit'ing) , adj. not know« ing; unaware. unwomanly (un-woom'an~li), adj. not befitting or becoming a woman. unwonted (un-wun'ted), adj. not ac- customed; uncommon. unworldly (un-werld'li), adj. above worldly or selfish considerations. unworthy (un-wer'thi), adj. not worthy; unbecoming. unwritten (un-rit'n), n. not written;/ not formally recognized; formally ac-s cepted as " the unwritten law." \ unyielding (un-yeld'ing), adj. not yielding or bending; stiff; obstinate. unyoke (un-yok'), v.t. to loose from a yoke; to disjoin^ up (up), adv. on high; above the hori- zon; from a lower to a higher posi- tion. upas (u'pas), n. a tree, common in Java, with a poisonous juice. upbraid (up-braxT), v.t. to reproach. upbringing (up'bring-ing), n. the pro- cess of nourishing and training. upbuilding (up-bild'ing), n. the act of building up; edification. upcast (up'kast), adj. directed up^ wards: n. the ventilating shaft of a mine through which the air passes after circulating below. upheaval (up-hev'alV n. a lifting from below; a lifting of strata by some internal force 1 upheave (up-hev'), v.t. to lift up from beneath. uphold (up-hold'), v.t. to support; maintain. upholster (up-hol/ster), v.t. to supply with house-furnishings. upholsterer (up-hol'ster-er) , n. one who supplies upholstery. upholstery (up-hol'ster-i), n. the busi- ness of an upholsterer; articles of house-furnishing. upland-cotton (up'land-kot'un), n. cotton with a short fiber. uplift (up-liff), v.t. to lift up or raise aloft: n. (uplift), the act of lifting up. upon (up-on'), prep, on; resting on the top or surface; relating to; noting assumption, security, or time. upper (up'er), adj. higher in place s rank, or dignity. uppish (up'ish), adj. arrogant; assum« ing. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think. tJicn. UPRIGHT 880 USEFUL upright (up'rit), adj. erect; just; hon- est; equitable; elevation of a build- ing; timber supporting a rafter. uprising (up-rlz'ing), n. the act of rising up; ascent; any strong out- burst of popular feeling. uproar (up'ror), n. noisy disturbance; bustle and clamor. uproarious (up-ror'i-us), adj. making great noise_and tumult. uproot (up-roof), v.t. to tear up by the roots; to destroy. upset (up-set'), v.t. to overthrow; put out of normal condition: n. (up 'set) the act of upsetting. upshot (up'shot), n. final result. Tipstart (up'start), n. one who sud- denly rises from a humble position to wealth or influence. up-to-date (up-too-dat'), adj. or adv. according to the latest dictates of fashion and conventionality. [Vul- gar.] uptown (up 'toun), adj. situated in, or living in, the upper part of a town. upturn (up-tern'), v.t. & v.i. to turn up. upwards (up'werdz), adv. towards a higher place or source. Also up- ward. uraemia, same as uremia. ursemic, same as uremic. uranin (u'ra-nin), n. a brownish-red dye. uranium (u-ra/ni-um) , n, a metallic element. uranography (ii-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. a description of the heavens, and the character and relation of the fixed stars; the construction of celestial maps, globes, &c. urao (oo-ra'o), n. a name for ^natron found in South America. urate (u'rat), n. a salt or uric acid. urban (er'ban), adj. pertaining to a city or town. urbane (er-ban'), adj. polite; refined. urbanity (er-ban'i-ti) , n. politeness; refinement. urceolate (er'se-o-lat) , adj. urn- shaped. urceolus (er-se'o-lus) , n. a small graceful urn with oval body. [Lat- in.] m m urchin (er'chin), n. originally a hedge- hog; a small boy. urea (u're-a), n. the chief solid con- stituent of the urine of mammals. uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. poisoning ol the blood by the presence of urea and other hurtful substances. uremic (u-re'mik), adj. pertaining to uremia. urge (erj), v.t. to incite; impel; pro- voke: v.i. act with earnestness; in- sist upon; allege proofs. urgency (erj 'en-si), n. pressure of ne- cessity; importunity. urgent (erj'ent), adj. pressing; calling for immediate attention. uric acid (u'rik as'id), n. a peculiar and characteristic substance found in urine. urim (u'rim), n.pl. a mystic ornament worn by the Jewish high priest, con- stituting, with the thummim, the oracle by which Jehovah declared his will. urinal (u'ri-nal), n. a place of conven- ience. urinary (u'ri-na-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or like, urine. urine (u'rin), n. the excretion from the kidneys. urinoscopy (u-ri-nos'ko-pi) , n. the diagnosis of disease by examination of the patient's urine. urn (ern), n. a roundish vessel of va- rious materials bulging in the mid- dle, usually with a foot or pedestal; a vessel in which the ashes of the dead are preserved. ursiform (er'si-f orm) , adj. bear-like. ursine (er'sin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a bear. urubu (oo'roo-boo) , n. the black vul- ture of Central America. us (us), prqn. objective of we. usable (u'za-bl), adj. that can be used. usage (u'zaj), n. mode of using; treat- ment; habitual or long continued use or custom. usance (u'zans), n. the time fixed for the payment of a bill of ex- change. use (us), n. the act of using; applica- tion of anything to a particular pur- pose; employment; custom or prac- tice; treatment: vd. (uz) to make use of; employ; avail one's self of; possess or enjoy for a time; habitu- ate: v.i. to be accustomed. useful (us'f ool) , adj. full of use, profit, or advantage; beneficial. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. USEFULLY 881 UXORIOUS usefully (us'foo-li), adv. in a useful manner^ useless (us'les), adj. having, or being of, no use. usher (ush'er), n. a doorkeeper; an officer who introduces strangers or walks before persons of rank; as- sistant master [English]: v.t. to in- troduce or escort (with in or forth). usual (u'zhu-al), adj. habitual; cus- tomary. usually (u'zhu-a~li) , adv. ordinarily. usufruct (u'su-frukt) , n. the tempo- rary use and enjoyment of lands and tenements belonging to another. usurer (u'zhur-er), n. one who lends money at an exorbitant rate of in- terest. usurious (u-zhu'ri-us), adj. practic- ing usury. usurp (u-serp'), v.t. to take possession of by force, or without right; ap- plied to seizure and use of office, functions, powers, rights, &c. usurpation (u-ser-pa'shun) , n. the act of usurping, especially the unlawful seizure of regal power. usurper (u-serp'er), n. one who usurps. usury (u'zhu-ri), n. interest on money beyond the current rate of interest; practice of lending money at exorbi- tant interest. utensil (u-ten'sil), n. an implement, especially one used for domestic or culinary purposes. uterine (Q'ter-in), adj. pertaining to the womb ; born of the same mother, but by a different father. uterus (u'ter-us), n. the womb. utilitarian (u-til-i-ta/ri-an), adj. per- taining to, or aiming at, utility: n. one who holds the doctrine of utili- tarianism. Utilitarianism (u-til-i-ta'ri-an-izm) , n. the doctrine that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to pro- mote the highest happiness of man- kind. utility (u-til'i-ti), n. usefulness; in- trinsic value. utilize (u'til-iz), v.t. to make useful or profitable. utmost (ut'most), adj. in the great- est degree; most distant; furthest; extreme: n. the extreme limit or ex- tent. Utopian (ti-to'pi-an), n. pertaining to the imaginary island, described by Sir Thomas More in his " Utopia,' ' where the most perfect system of laws and institutions existed: hence ideal; visionary ._ Utopianism (u-to'pi-an-izm) , n. ideal schemes for social happiness or per- fection. utter (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; un- qualified; total: v.t. to speak; pro- nounce; publish abroad; circulate, especially counterfeit coins or notes. utterance (ut'er-ans), n. vocal expres- sion; speech; style of speaking. uttermost (ut'er-most) , adj. extreme; in the furthest, greatest, or highest degree: n. the furthest extent or de- gree. uvea (uVe-a), n. the posterior, dark colored layer of the iris. uvula (u'vu-la), n. the fleshy, conical body, attached to the soft palate, hanging at the back par*- of the tongue. uvular (u'vu-lar), adj. pertaining to the uvula. uxorious (uk-so'ri-us) , adj. foolishly or excessively fond of a wife. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; booiv book ; 56 hue, hut ; think, then. V V, the twenty-second letter of the English alphabet. As to its his- tory see U. It may be noted that most words in English commencing with v have a foreign source. As a symbol, V in chemistry denotes the rare chemical element, vana- dium. vacancy (va/kan-si), n. [pi. vacan- cies (va/kan-siz)], state of being vacant or empty; listlessness ; un- occupied office; open or unoccupied space. vacant (va/kant), adj. empty; free from thought or reflection; not oc- cupied. vacate (va'kat), v.t. to make vacant; annul; give up the possession of. vacation (va-ka/shun) , n. the act of vacating; intermission of a stated employment, or judicial proceed- ings; school holidays. vaccinate (vak'si-nat) , v.t. to inocu- late with vaccine matter as a pro- tection against smallpox. vaccination (vak-si-na'shun), n. act of vaccinating. vaccinator (vak'si-na-ter) , n. one who vaccinates. vaccine (vak'sin), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, cows; pertaining to cowpox or vaccination: n. a liquid taken from the udder of a cow af- fected with cow-pox; any anti-serum. vaccine therapy (vak'sin-ther'a-pi) , n. cure or prevention of disease by the use of vaccines. vacillate (vas'i-lat), v.i. to fluctuate in mind or opinion; be unsteady; waver. [Latin.] vacillation (vas-i-la/shun) , n. fluctua- tion of mind;_unsteadiness. vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. emptiness; vacant state_of mind or expression. vacuole (vak'u : ol), n. a small cell or cavity in the interior of organic cells or protoplasm. vacuous (vak'u-us), adj. empty; va- cant. vacuum (vak'u-um), n. a space devoid of all matter; void. vade mecum (va/de me'kum), n. a manual for ready reference. [Latin.] vagabond ( vag'a-bond) , adj. without fixed habitation; roaming; idle: n. a vagrant; scamp. [Latin.] vagary (va/ga-ry or va-ga/ri), n. [pi. vagaries (va'ga- or va-ga/riz)], a wild freak; whim. vagina (va-ji'na), n. the canal which leads from the external orifice to the uterus; sheath. [Latin.] vaginal (va-ji'nal), adj. pertaining to, or like, a vagina or sheath. vaginate (vaj'i-nat), adj. invested with a sheath. vagrancy (va'gran-si), n. a state of wandering without a settled home; habits andlife of a vagrant. vagrant (va'grant), adj. wandering from place to place without a settled home: n. a tramp. vague (vag), adj. indefinite; unsettled. vaguely (vag'li) , adv. in a vague man- ner. vagueness (vag'nes), n. the state or quality of being vague. vails (valz), n.pl. gratuities given to servants. vain (van), adj. [comp. vainer, su- perl. vainest], empty; unreal; de- ceitful; producing no good results; conceited; ostentatious. [Latin.] vainglorious (van-glo'ri-us), adj. elat- ed by one's achievements; boastful. valance (val'ans), n. hanging dra- pery for a bed, window, &c. vale (val), n. a tract of low land be- tween hills; valley. valedictorian (val-e-dik-to'ri-an), n. one who pronounces a farewell address; especially a student in a higher institution of learning who is chosen, either for high scholarship or popularity, to address his class at graduation. [Latin.] valedictory (val-e-dik'to-ri) , n. a part- ing address: adj. bidding farewell. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. VALENCE 883 VANTAGE valence (va'lens), n. the degree of combining power of an atom. Valenciennes (va-long-si-en'), n. a delicate lace made with a bobbin, and having the design of the same thread with the ground. [French.] valentia (va-len'shi-a), n. a waist- coat material. Also Valencia. valentine (val'en-tln), n. a, sweet- heart chosen on St. Valentine's day; love missive sent on February 14th. valerian (va-le'ri-an), n. % a plant of the genus Valeriana, with a valua- ble medicinal root. [Latin.] valet (vaFa or val'et), n. a servant who attends on a gentleman's person: v.t. to act as valet to. valetudinarian (val-e-tu-di-na/ri-an) , adj. sickly ; > seeking to recover health: n. an invalid. [Latin.] Valhalla (val-hal'a), n. in Scandina- vian mythology, the palace of immor- tality, in which the souls of heroes slain in battle dwell. [Icelandic] _ valiant (val'yant), adj.^ brave; heroic. valid (val'id), adj. having legal force; not weak or defective; sound; well- grounded. validity (va-lid'i-ti) , n. legal force; soundness ;_ strength ; justness. valise (va-les'), n. small portman- teau. [French.] vallation (val-la/shun) , n. a rampart. valley (val'i), n. [pi. valleys (val'iz)], a tract of land situated between ranges of hills or mountains, usually trav- ersed by a river. vallisneria (val-is-ne'ri-a) , n. a fresh- water plant. [Italian.] valor (val'er), n. bravery; intrepid- ity. valorous (val'er-us), adj. brave; in- trepid. valuable (val'u-a-bl), adj. possessing useful qualities; having value or worth; costly: n. a thing or posses- sion of value. [Old French.] valuation (val-u-a/shun), n. the act of valuing; estimated worth or price; estimation. value (vara), n. that which renders anything useful or estimable; price; importance; excellence: v.t. to esti- mate the worth of; appraise; es- teem. valued (val'ud), adj. highly esteemed or prized. valve (valv), n. a lid or cover open- ing in one direction and shutting hi another; one of the divisions of a shell. vamose (va-mos'e), v.i. to decamp. [Spanish.] vamp (vamp), n. the upper leather of a boot or shoe; a piece added to something old to give it a new ap- pearance; an improvised accompani- ment: v.t. to furnish with an upper leather; patch (with up); impro- vise an accompaniment to. vampire (vam'pir), n. a fabled de- mon or ghost that sucks the blood cf persons asleep ; a kind of bat. van (van), n. the front of an army or fleet ; a large covered wagon for moving household goods, &c. vanadium (va-na'di-um), n. a rare metallic element. vanadium steel (van-ad'i-um stel), n. steel containing vanadium. The ef- fect of adding vanadium to low- carbon steel is to raise its tensile strength. Vandal (van'dal), n. one of a Teu- tonic race inhabiting the south shores of the Baltic, noted for their fierceness and destruction of works of art. vandal (van'dal), n. one who is hos- tile to art or literature; one who ruthlessly destroys what is artistic or venerable. vandalism (van'dal-izm), n. hostility to works of art or literature; wanton destruction of what is artistic. vane (van) , n. a weather-cock. vang (vang), n. a rope for steadying the extremity of the peak of a gaff to the side of a ship. vanguard (van'gard), n. the advance guard of an army. vanilla (va : nil'a), n. the dried fruit ol an orchid, used for flavoring. vanish (vanish), v.i. to disappear. vanity (van'i-ti), n. [pi. vanities (van'i-tiz)], love of indiscriminate admiration; empty pride or conceit; fruitless desire or endeavor; idle show; emptiness. vanquish (vang'kwish), v.t to con- quer; subdue; refute in argument. vantage (van'taj), n. advantage; in lawn tennis, the first point after deuce. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think. //?en. VAPID 884 VAULT vapid (vap'id), adj. dull; insipid. vapidity (va-pid'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being vapid. vapor (va'per), n. the gas into which most liquids and solids are converted by heat; steam; mist; whim: pi. hysteria; melancholia: v.i. to pass off in vapor; bully. vaporize (va'per-iz), v.t. to convert into vapor. vaporous (va/per-us), adj. full of, or like, vapor; unreal. vapory (va'per-i), adj. full of vapors. vaquero (va-ka'ro), n. a herdsman. [Spanish.] variability (va-ri-a-bil'iyti) , n. the state or quality of being variable; changeableness. Also variableness. variable (va/ri-a-bl) , adj. changeable; inconstant; fickle. variably (va'ri-a-bli) , adv. in a variable manner. variance (va'ri-ans), n. difference; quarrel. variant (va'ri-ant), adj. variable; dif- ferent: n. a different form of sub- stantially the same thing. variate (va/ri-at), v.t. to diversify. variation (va-ri-a'shun) , n. partial change; difference; inflection; devia- tion of the magnetic needle from the true north; tendency in organisms produced by the same parents to vary slightly. varicella (var-i-sel'a) , n. chicken- pox. varicocele (var'i-ko-sel) , n. a swelling of the veins of the scrotum or of the spermatic cord. varicose (var'i-kos), adj. abnormally swollen or enlarged; said of veins. varied (va/rid), adj. altered; partially changed; various. variegate (va'ri-e-gat) , v.t. to mark with different colors or tints; di- versify. variegation (va-ri-e-ga'shun) , n. di- versity of colors. variety (va-ri'e-ti) , n7 [pi. varieties (va-rl'e-tiz) ], intermixture or suc- cession of different things; variation; diversity; change; subdivision or pe- culiar form of a species. variola (va-ri'o-la^, n. smallpox. variorum (va-ri-o'rum)^ adj. noting an edition of a book with the notes of various commentators. various (va'ri-us), adj. different; sev- eral. varlet (var'let), n. formerly a serv- ant, footman, or page; a scoundrel. varnish (var'nish), n. a viscid, resinous liquid used for giving a gloss to wood or metal work: v.t. to cover with varnish; give a gloss to or over; palliate. [French.] vary (va'ri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. varied, p.pr. varying], to change; make of different kinds; alter: v.i. to under- go a change; alternate; swerve; dis- agree. vas (vas), n. a vessel or duct. vascular (vas'ku-ler) ^ adj. consisting of, or containing, vessels as part of a structure of animal and vegetable organisms. vase (vas or vaz), n. a vessel for va- rious purposes, especially one of an- tique or ornamental pattern. vasectomy (va-sek'to-mi) , n. cutting of the spermatic duct to render sterile, applied by law in certain states to defectiyes. vaseline (vas'e-lin), n. petroleum jelly. vaso-motor (va-so-mo ter) , adj. pro- ducing movement in the walls of ves- sels; vaso-motor nerves are those that pass from the vaso-motor nerves to the greater blood vessels. vassal (vas'al), n. a feudal tenant; bondman: adj. servile. [French.] vassalage (vas'al-aj), n. the state of being a vassal; political servitude; vassals collectively; territory held in vassalage. Also vassalry. vast (vast), adj. of great extent; great in number or degree; very spacious; immense: n. boundless space; empty waste; sea. vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, es- pecially one used . for brewing or leather making. Vatican (vat'i-kan), n. the palace of the Pope at Rome; the papal au- thority. [Latin.] Vaticanism (vat'i-kan-izm), n. ultra- montanism. vaudeville (vod'vil), n. a light, gay, or topical song; a short drama with comic songs. [French.] vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; cel- lar; prison; cavern; tomb of ma- sonry; sky; leap: v.t. to shape as ate, arm, at, awl ; ine, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VAULTED 885 VENDEMIAIRE a vault; arch : v.i. to leap, spring, or bound; exhibit feats of leaping. vaulted (vawlt'ed), adj. arched; con- cave. vaunt (vant or vawnt) , v.i. to boast : v.t. to brag of; display boastfully: n. a boast; vain display. vaunting (vawnt'ing), n. vainglorious boasting^ Veadar (ve'a-dar) , n. the thirteenth or intercalary month of the Jewish cal- endar. veal (vel), n. calf's fleshy vector (vek'ter), n. a directive quan- tity, as a straight line, force, or ve- locity. Veda (va'da), n. [pi. vedas (va/daz)], one of the four oldest sacred books or collection of hymns of the Hin- dus, of great antiquity, the basis of Brahmanism. Vedanta (va-dan'ta), n. a Hindu sys- tem of philosophy based on the Ve- das. vedette (ve-det'), n. a mounted senti- nel. Also vidette. veer (ver), v.i. to change direction, as the wind; wear: v.t. to turn; direct to a different course. vegetable ((vej'e-ta-bl), adj. pertain- ing to, having the nature of, pro- duced by, or consisting of, plants: n. a plant deriving its nourishment from the earth by means of roots; a plant or root cultivated for the table, &c. [Old French.] vegetarian (vej-e-ta'ri-an) , n. one who abstains from a meat diet and lives on fruit, vegetables, or farinaceous food: adj. pertaining to vegetarians or vegetarianism. vegetarianism (vej-e-ta'ri-an-izm) , n. the theory and practice of living as a vegetarian. vegetate (vej'e-tat), v.i. to grow as a plant ; live a useless, indolent life. vegetation (vej-e-ta'shun) , n. plants or vegetables collectively. vegetative (vej'e-ta-tiv), adj. grow- ing or having the power of growing, as plants. vehemence (ve'he-mens) , n. impetu- osity; violent ardor; animated fer- vor. Also yehemency. vehement (ve/he-ment) , adj. very vio- lent or forcible; passionate; ardent; energetic. vehicle (ve'hi-kl), n. any kind of car- riage or conveyance; a medium. vehicular (veVhik'u-lar) , adj. pertain- ing to, or serving as, a vehicle. veil (val), n. a covering more or less transparent for the face; curtain or covering for concealment : v.t. to cover with, or as with, a veil; hide; conceal. vein (van), n. one of the vessels which convey blood from the arteries to the heart; branching rib of a leaf; seam of rock filled with metallic or mineral matter; train of thought; particular disposition, genius, or style: v.t. to fill or cover with, or as with, veins. veinous (van'us), adj. full of or pro- vided with veins. velar (ve'lar), adj. sounds that are made by contact of the tongue with the soft palate, or velum. velarium (ve-la/ri-um) , n. the great awning stretched over open theaters in ancient Rome. Also velum. veldt (velt), n. open country [South Africa]. Also veld. vellum (verum), n. fine parchment. velocipede (ve-los'i-ped) , n. a light carriage propelled by the feet: the original form of the bicycle. velocity (ve-los'i-ti) , n. [pi. velocities (ve-los'i-tiz)], speed; rate of move- ment of a body._ veloute (ve-loo'ta), n. a rich white sauce. [French.] velum (verum), n. the soft palate. velutinous (ve-hYti-nus) , adj. vel- vety; soft. velvet (vel' vet), n. a silk fabric with short, close, soft nap; fine down on the horns of young deer. velveteen (vel-ve-ten') , n. imitation velvet. venal (ve'nal)^ adj. that may be bought, or bribed; mercenary; of or pertaining to the veins. venality (ve-nal'i-ti) , n. prostitution of talents or services for money or reward. venation (ve-na'shun) , n. the arrange- ment of veins in a leaf, or insect's wing. vend (vend), v.t. to sell; offer for sale. vendace (ven'das), n. a small sal- monoid fish. vendee (ven-de'), n. the buyer. Vendemiaire (vang-da-miarO, n. a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VENDETTA 886 VERBAL month of the French Revolu- tionary Calendar; from Sept. 22 to Oct. 31. vendetta (ven-det'a) , n. a kind of blood-feud. vendible (ven'di-bl), adj. salable. vendor (ven'der), n. the seller. Also vender. vendue (ven-du'), n. a public sale or auction. [Old French.] veneer (ve-neV), v.t. to overlay with a thin slice of ornamental or more valuable wood: hence give a gloss to: n. a thin strip of superior wood for overlaying; outside show; pre- tense. [French.] venerable (ven'er-a-bl) , adj. worthy of being venerated or reverenced; rendered sacred by religious or lofty associations; title of an archdeacon. venerate (ven'er-at), v.t. to esteem as sacred; regard with the highest re- spect; revere. [Latin.] veneration (ven-er-a'shun), n. the highest degree of respect and rever- ence; respect associated with awe. venereal (ve-ne're-al) , adj. pertain- ing to, or arising from, sexual inter- course; aphrodisiac. [Latin.] venery (ven'er-i), n. sexual inter- course; hunting. venesection (ven-e-sek'shun), n. the operation of opening a vein; phle- botomy. Venetian (ve-ne'shan) , adj. pertain- ing to Venice or its inhabitants. Venetian- blind (ve-ne'shan-blind') , n. a window-blind formed of long thin slats of wood. venetian-door (ve-ne'shan-dor'), n. a door with long narrow side-light s. # vengeance (venj'ans), n. the inflic- tion of pain on another for an in- jury received. vengeful (venj'fool), adj. vindictive; retributive. vengefully (yenj'foo-li), adv. in a vengeful spirit. venial (ve'ni-al), adj. pardonable. venially (ve'ni-a-li) , adv. pardonably. venison (ven'zn), n. deer's flesh. venom (ven'um), n. poison introduced into the system by a bite or sting; spite. [Old French.] venomous (ven'um-us), adj. full of venom; poisonous; malignant; spite- ful. venous (ve'nus), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or consisting of, veins. vent (vent), n. a small opening for the escape of air, &c; chimney-flue; outlet; rectum; utterance: v.t. to give an opening to. ventilate (ven'ti-lat), v.t. to open to the free passage of air; expose to free discussion. [Latin.] ventilation (ven-ti-la/shun) , n. the act of ventilating; state of being ventilated; free discussion. ventilator (ven'ti-la-ter) , n. a contriv- ance for regulating the free admis- sion of air. Ventose (vang-tos'), n. sl month of the French Revolutionary calendar; from Feb. 19th to March 20th. ventral (ven'tral), adj. pertaining to the belly. ventricle (ven'tri-kl) , n. a small cavity in an animal body. ventriloquism (ven-tril'o-kwizm), n. the act or art of speaking as from another source than the voice. ventriloquist (ven-tril'o-kwist) , n. one who practices ventriloquism. venture (ven'tur), n. an undertaking of chance or danger; risk; specula- tion: v.t. to risk; send on_a venture: v.i. to dare. venturesome (ven'tur-sum) , adj. in- trepid; rash. Also venturous. venturesomeness (ven'tur-sum-nes) , n. intrepidity; rashness. venturine (vent'ur-in) , n. a powder made of fine gold wire: used for japanning. venue (ven'u), n. the place where an action in law is laid. [French.] Venus (ve'nus), n. the daughter of Jupiter and Juno; the goddess of Beauty and Love. veracious (ve-ra/shus) , adj. truth- ful; true. veracity (ve-ras'i-ti) , n. truthfulness; truth. veranda (ve-ran'da) , n. a kind of cov- ered balcony or open portico sup- ported by light pillars. Also veran- dah. verb (verb), n. that part of speech which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer. verbal (verb'al), adj. expressed in words; oral; literal: n. a noun de- rived from a verb. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VERBALISM 887 VERSIFICATION verbalism (verb'al-izm), n. something expressed verbally. verbally (verb'a-li), adv. orally; ver- batim. verbatim (ver-ba'tim) , adv. word for word. Verbena (ver-be'na), n. a genus of or- namental fragrant plants. verbiage (ver'bi-aj), n. verbosity. verbose (ver-bos'_), adj. wordy; prolix. Verbosely (ver-bos'li), adv. with ver- bosity. verbosity (ver-bos'i-ti) , n. the use of more words than are necessary. Also verboseness. verdancy (ver 'dan-si) , n. greenness; inexperience. verdant (veVdant), adj. green; fresh; inexperienced; gullible. verd-antique (yerd-an-tek') , n. sl green incrustation on ancient copper and brass coins; a beautiful mottled marble. [French.] verderer (veVder-er), n. an English official who has charge of the royal forests. verdict (ver'dikt), n. the finding of a jury on a trial; judgment; decision. verdigris (ver'di-gres), n. the blue- greeen substance which forms on copper or brass: used as a pigment. verditer (ver'di-ter) , n. a blue or green pigment. verdure > (ver'dur), n. freshness of vegetation. verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c, car- ried as an emblem of authority ; shaft of a column; spindle of a watch-balance; border or limit: v.i. to approach or come near. verger (verj'er), n. a sword or mace bearer; in England, an official who takes care of the interior of a church. verifiable (ver'i-f I-a-bl) , adj. capable of being verified. verification (ver-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the act of proving to be true; confirma- tion; state of being verified. verify (ver'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. veri- fied, p.pr. verifying], to prove to be true; fulfil. verily (ver'i-li), adv. in truth; certain- ly. verisimilitude (ver-i-si-miri-tud), n. the appearance of truth; probability. veritable (ver'i-ta-bl) , adj. true; gen- uine. verity (ver'i-ti), n. [pi. verities (ver"~- i-tiz)], agreement with fact; truth reality. verjuice (ver'joos), n. an acid liquor expressed from unripe grapes, ap- ples, &c: hence sourness; tart- ness. vermicelli (ver-mi-seri) , n. the stifl paste or dough of fine flour made into tubes. vermicular (ver-mik'u-ler), adj. worm* like. Also vermiform. vermifuge (ver'mi-fuj), n. a medicine or substance to expel or destroy worms from or in the body. Also vermicide. vermilion (ver-mil'yim) , n. a brilliant red pigment: v.t. to color or dye with vermilion. vermin (ver'min) , n. noxious small ani- mals or insects, as rats, fleas, &c; low, despicable_ persons. vermuth (ver'mooth), n. a liqueur of absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c, for creating an appetite. vernacular (ver-nak'u-ler) . adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, one's native country or language: n. na- tive idiom. vernal (ver'nal), adj. pertaining to, or appearing in, the spring. vernier (ver'ni-er), # n. a graduated scale that sub-divides the smallest divisions on a straight or circular scale. veronal (ver'o-nal), n. a coal-tar product, commercially used in the form of a white crystalline powder c as a sedative or for cephalalgia. versatile (ver'sa-til), adj. turning with ease^ from one thing, subject, or opinion to another; many-sided; va- riable. versatility (ver-sa-til'i-ti), n. quality of being versatile. verse (vers), n. a measured line of poetry; stanza; poetry; short > di- vision of any composition, especially of the chapters of the Bible; part of an anthem for performance by a single voice to each part. versed (verst), adj. skilled; converse ant. versicle (ver'si-kl), n. a little verse; short verse or text sung by priest and people alternately. versification (ver-si-fi-ka/shun), n. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. J VERSIFIER 888 VETERINARIAN the art or practice of composing metrical verses. versifier (ver'si-fi-er), n. a composer of verses. version (ver'shun), n. a translation from one language into another; particular account or description. verst (verst), n. the Russian mile = 3,500 English feet. versus (ver'sus), prep, against. [Lat- in]. vertebra (ver'te-bra) , n. [pi. vertebrae (ver'te-bre)], a single bone of the spinal column. vertebral (ver'te-bral) , adj. pertaining to; or forming part of, the ver- tebrae. Vertebrata (ver-te-bra'ta) , n.pl. one of the great divisions of the animal kingdom, including those animals which have a bony or cartilaginous backbone. vertebrate (ver'te-brat), adj. belong- ing to the Vertebrata: n. one of the Vertebrata. vertex (ver'teks), n. [pi. vertices (ver'- ti-sez)], the top, summit, or crown; apex; zenith; point in any figure, opposite to, and most distant from, the base. vertical (ver'ti-kal) , adj. pertaining to, or situated at, the vertex; directly overhead; perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. vertically (ver'ti-ka-li), adv. perpen- dicularly. verticil (ver'ti-sil), n. a whorl. Also verticel. vertigo (ver'ti-go), n. giddiness. vertu (ver'too), n. artistic skill; hence works of art, curios, &c. [Italian.] vervain (ver'van), n. a plant of the genus Verbena; formerly supposed to possess magical properties and used in medicine. verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm which animates a poet or artist; spirit; energy. [French.] very (ver'i), adj. [comp. verier, superl. veriest], real; actual; true: adv. ex- tremely. vesication (yes-i-ka'shun) , n. the process of raising blisters on the skin. vesicatory (ves'i-ka-to-ri) , adj. raising blisters. vesicle (ves'i-kl), n. a bladder-like ves- sel or cavity; cyst; sac. vesicular (ves-ik'u-ler) , adj. consisting of vesicles; full of interstices. Vesper (ves'per), n. the evening star° Venus when appearing after sunset; evening. vespers (ves'perz), n.pl. the sixth hour of the Roman Breviary; even- ing songs. vessel (ves'el), n. a utensil for holding something, especially liquids; hollow structure made to float on water; ship; tube or canal in which the flu- ids of a body are contained; instru- ment; recipient. vest (vest), n. waistcoat; body gar- ment, usually with short sleeves: v.t. to clothe with, or as with, a gar- ment ; invest closely ; give fixed right of possession. vesta (ves'ta), n. a wax match. Vestal (ves'tal), adj. pertaining to, or sacred to, the Roman goddess Vesta; chaste; pure: n. a virgin; nun. Vestal Virgins (ver'jinz), n.pl. the six virgin priestesses who tended the sa- cred fire on the altar of the temple of Vesta, at Rome. vested (ves'ted), adj. clothed; fixed. vestibule (ves'ti-bul) , n. porch or en- trance into a house; small bony cav- ity of the ear. vestige (ves'tij), n. a mark left in pass- ing; track; remains of something pre-existent. vestment (vest'ment), n. a garment* especially a priestly garment; dress. vestry (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries (ves'- triz)], a room in a church where ecclesiastical vestments, &c, are kept and parochial meetings held; meeting of parishioners for parish business. vestryman (ves'tri-man), n. [pi. ves- trymen (ves'tri-men)], a member of a vestry elected by the parishioners. vesture (ves'tur), n.' clothing; cover- ing. vetch (vech), n. a common name for leguminous plants used for green fodder, as tares. [English.] veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long exer- cised or experienced, especially in military life: n. one thus experienced. veteranize (vet'er-an-iz), v.i. to re-en- list. veterinarian (vet-er-i-na'ri-an), n. one who practices the art of healing ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VETERINARY VICTORIOUS diseases and injuries of domestic ani- mals. veterinary (vet'er-i-na-ri), adj. per- taining to the art of healing the dis- eases of domestic animals, as horses, &c. veto (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes (ve'toz)], the right of stopping or preventing the enactment of a law; authorita- tive prohibition: v.t. to reject by veto; refuse assent to; prohibit. vex (veks), v.t. to irritate by small annoyances or provocations; harass; tease; agitate. _ vexation (veks-a'shun) , n. the act of vexing; state of being vexed; annoy- ance; worry. vexatious (veks-a'shus) , adj. causing vexation ; annoying ; troublesome ; harassing. vexed (vekst) , adj. much debated or contested, but not settled. vexing (veks'ing), p. adj. annoying; provoking. via (vl'a), adv. by way of. [Latin.] viable (vi'a-bl), adj. able to maintain life. viaduct (vl'a-dukt), n. an arched structure for conveying a railway, road, &c, over low ground. vial (vl'al), n. a small glass bottle or vessel : v.t. to put in a vial . Also phial. viands (vi'andz), n.pl. dressed meat; food. viaticum (vi-at/i-kum) , n. the Eu- charist administered in the Roman Catholic Church to a person in dan- ger of death. vibrant (vl'brant), adj. vibrating; res- onant. vibrate (vl'brat), v.i. to move back- wards and forwards ; oscillate ; shake ; quiver; swing; waver: v.t. to cause to quiver. vibration (vl-bra'shun) , n. the act of vibrating; oscillation; resonance. > vibratory (vi'bra-to-ri), adj. consist- ing in, or causing, vibrations. vicar (vik'er), n. a deputy; incumbent of an appropriated benefice, who re- ceives the small tithes. vicarage (vik^r-aj), n. the benefice, or residence, of a vicar. vicar- apostolic (vik'er-ap-o-stol'ik) , n. in the Roman Catholic Church a missionary bishop with powers di- rect from the Pope. vicar- general (vik'er-jen'er-al), n. the assistant of a bishop, who assists him in ecclesiastical suits and visitations. vicarious (vi-ka'ri-us) , adj. substi- tuted, or performed, in the place of another. vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blem- ish; immoral practice or habit; de- pravity ; immorality ; a vise. vice, prefix meaning in place of, second in rank. vicegerent (vis-je'rent), n. one de- puted by superior authority to exer- cise the functions of another. Vice-President (vis-prez'i-dent), n. the officer to succeed the President of the United States in case of death or incapacity; he is also President of the Senate. viceregal (vis-re'gal) , adj. pertaining to a viceroy. > viceroy (vis'roi), n. a governor of a country ruling in the name and by the authority of the sovereign. viceroyalty (vis^roi'al-ti), n. the office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a viceroy. vice versa (yi'se ver'sa), a Latin phrase meaning in the reverse order. Vichy water (ve'shi waw'ter), n. a mineral effervescent water. vicinage (vis'i-naj), n. a neighbor- hood. vicinity (vi-sin'i-ti) , n. nearness in place; proximity. vicious (vish'us), adj. characterized by vice or blemish ; faulty ; corrupt in moral principles or conduct; un- ruly; spiteful. vicissitude (vi-sis'i-tud), n. change. victim (vik'tim), n. a living being, usu- ally some animal, sacrificed to a •deity; some person or thing de- stroyed or injured in the pursuit of some object, or by some accident; dupe. victimize (vik'tim-iz), v.t. to make a victim of: swindle. victor (vik'ter), n. conqueror; one who wins or gains an advantage: Fem- inine victor ess. _ victoria (vik-to'ri-a) , n. a kind of car- riage for two persons. victorine (vik-to-ren') , n. a small fur tippet. victorium (vik-to'ri-um) , n. a re- cently discovered element. victorious (vik-to'ri-us) , adj. having ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge,, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 59 hue, hut ; think, then. VICTORY 890 VINDICATION conquered in battle or contest; em- blematic of victory; triumphant. victory (yik'to-ri), n. [pi. victories (vik'to-riz)], the defeat of an enemy in battle, or an antagonist in a con- test. victual (vit'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vict- ualed, p.pr. victualing], to supply or store with provisions for food: n.pL food; meat. victual er (vit'l-er), n. one who pro- vides food; the keeper of a house of entertainment. "vicuna (vi-koon'ya), n. an animal of Mexico and Chili, allied to the llama, furnishing a fine, long, reddish wool. vide (vl'de), v.t. see. [Latin.] videlicet (vi-deri-set) , adv. to wit; namely. [Latin.] vidette, same as vedette. vie (vi), v.i. to strive for superiority; rival; endeavor. Viennese (ve-en-ez'), adj. pertaining to Vienna or to its inhabitants. view (vu), v.t. to look upon; see; re- gard attentively; survey mentally; examine intellectually; consider: n. the act of seeing; prospect; survey; purpose; mental or intellectual per- ception; sketch or picture; judg- ment; opinion. vigil (vij'il), n. a watching; devotion in the usual hours of sleeping; eve preceding a feast of the Church. vigilance (vij 'i-lans) , n. watchfulness; caution. . vigilanoe committee"(kom-it'e), n. a body of men who, in order to check lawlessness in a new community, unite to put it down by the strong •hand and without regular pro- cess of law. See lynch-law. vigilant (vij'i-lant), adj. attentive to discover and avoid danger; alert; cautious. vignette (vin-yef), n. a small en- graving not enclosed by a definite border; a portrait of the head and bust only. vigor (vig'er), n. physical or mental strength and energy; force. vigorous (vig'er-us), adj. full of physi- cal or mental strength and energy; robust; forcible. vihara (vi-ha'ra), n. a Buddhist tem- ple or monastery. viking (vi'king), n. one of the old Scandinavian pirates, who (eighth to tenth centuries) ravaged the coasts of Europe. vile (vll), adj. worthless; despicable; morally base or impure; wicked. vilely (vnTi), adv. in a vile manner. vileness (vil'nes), n. baseness. viliner (vilT-f I-er) , n. & defamer. vilify (vil'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vilified, g.pr. vilifying], to defame; debase y slander. villa (vil'a), n. a country seat; subur- ban residence. village (vil'aj), n. a small assemblage of houses, less than a town but larger than a hamlet. villager (vil'aj-er), n. an inhabitant of a village. villain (virin or vil'an) , n. originally a serf or feudal tenant of the lowest class; scoundrel. villainous (viran-us), adj. character- ized by extreme depravity; vile; mean. villainy (vil/an-i), n. extreme deprav- ity; atrocious wickedness. villanage (vil'an-aj), n. the state or condition of a serf. Also villeinage . villein, same as villain. villi (viri), n.pl. long, straight, soft hairs on plants; velvet-like hairs set closely together. villous (viFus), adj. covered with long, thin, soft hairs; downy; shaggy. vim (vim), n. energy; swift use of power. [Latin.] vinaceous (vi-na/shus) , adj. pertain- ing to, or like, grapes or wine; wine-colored. vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), n. a small perforated box of gold, &c, for hold- ing aromatic vinegar or smelling- salts. [French.] vincible (vin'si-bl), adj. capable of being conquered or overcome. vinculum (ving'ku-lum) , n. a bond of union; tie; horizontal bar placed over several algebraical quantities to indicate they are to be treated as one. vindicate (vin'di-kat) , v.t to prove to be valid ; defend successfully ; as- sert a right to; justify. vindication (yin-di-ka'shun) , n. justi- fication against denial, censure, or oppression; defense; support by proof. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VINDICATOR 891 VIRUS vindicator (vin'di-ka-ter) , n. one who vindicates. vindicatory (vin'di-ka-to-ri), adj. serv- ing to vindicate, justify, or punish. vindictive (vin-dik'tiv), adj. given to, or prompted by, revenge. vindictively (vin-dik'tiv-li) , adv. in a vindictive manner. vine (vm), n. any woody, climbing plant of the genus Vitis, especially the common grape. vinegar (vin'e-ger), n. an acid ob- tained by fermentation from wine, beer, &c: hence anything sour, actu- ally or metaphorically. vinery (vnVer-i), n. a place where grapes are cultivated artificially. vineyard (vin'yard), n. a plantation of vines producing grapes. vinic (vi'nik), adj. pertaining to wine. vin-ordinaire (vang-or-de-nar') , n. a kind of claret; the common wine of France. [French.] vinous (vi'nus), adj. pertaining to, having the qualities of, or like, wine. vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly crop or produce of the grape; wine pro- duced in one season. vintner (vint'ner), n. wine merchant. viol (vi'ol), n. a four-stringed musical instrument played with a bow. viola (ve-o'la), n. the tenor violin. violable (vl'o-la-bl) , adj. capable of being violated or broken. violate (vI'o-lat), # v.t. to transgress; break forcibly; injure; ravish; out- rage; desecrate; treat with irrever- ence; disturb. _ violation (vl-o-la'shun) , n. the act of violating, infringing, _ or injuring; rape; outrage; act of irreverence or profanation. violator (vi'o-la-ter), n. one who vio- lates. violence (vi'o-lens), n. physical or moral force; vehemence; unjust strength or power; applied to any purpose; assault^ outrage; crime; rape; eagerness; infringement. violent (vl'o-lent) , adj. urged or driven by force; vehement; impetuous; forcible ;_ furious ; severe. violet (vi'o-let), n. a plant of the genus Viola; a color like that of the violet. violin (vl-o-lin') , n. a four-stringed musical instrument, played with a bow. violinist (vl : 6-lin'ist), n. a performer on the violin. violoncellist (ve-o-lon-chel'ist), n. a performer on the violoncello. violoncello (ve-o-lon-chel'o), n. a large four-stringed instrument of the viol class. violone (ve-6-lo'na), n. a double-bass viol. [Music] viper (Yi'per), n. a venomous serpent of various species; a crafty, malig- nant person. viperous (vl'per-us), adj. viper-like; malignant. virago (vl-ra'go), n. a bold, turbulent woman. virgin (ver'jin), n. a woman who has preserved her chastity; maiden; the Virgin Mary (with the): adj. t per- taining to, or becoming, a virgin; chaste; modest; pure; new; un- mixed. virginal (ver'jin-al), adj. maidenly; chaste: n. a sixteenth century musi- cal instrument. virginity (ver-jin'i-ti), n. the state of a virgin; maidenhood; virgin purity. virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, mature manhood; masculine; manly; procreative. virility (vir-il'i-ti), n. manhood; power of procreation. virtu, same as vertu. virtual (ver'tu-al), adj. in essence or effect, though not in fact ; having the efficacy without the material or sen- sible part. virtually (ver'tu-a-li) , adv. practically. virtue (ver'tu), n. rectitude; strength; efficacy; valor; chastity; legal force. virtuoso (ver-tu-o'so), n. [pi. virtuosi (ver-tu-o'se)], one skilled in the fine arts, antiquities, &c; a skilled per- former on a musical instrument. virtuous (ver'tu-us), adj. possessing, or exhibiting, virtue ; moral ; chaste. virulence (vir'u-lens) , n. the state or quality of being virulent; extreme bitterness. virulent (vir'u-lent) , adj. very poison- ous or venomous; actively injurious to life or health; bitter in enmity; malignant. virus (yl'rus), n. organic, contagious, or poisonous matter, by which dis- ease or poison is introduced into the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book.; hue, hut ; think, then. VIS 892 VITRIFY system; something that acts as a moral poison. vis (vis), n_. power; force. [Latin.] visage (viz'aj), n. the countenance. vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'), w. one who is face to face with another: adv. face to face. [French.] viscera (vis'er-a), n.pl. the intestines. visceral (vis'er-al), adj. pertaining to the viscera. viscid (vis'id), adj. sticky; glutinous. viscidity (vis-id 'i-ti), n. stickiness; glutinousness. Also viscosity. viscount (vi'kount), n. a nobleman next in rank below an earl. Fem- inine viscountess. [French.] viscous (vis'kus), adj. adhesive or glutinous. [Latin.] viscus (vis'kus), n. an entrail. vise (vis), n. a two-jawed instrument for holding work. Vishnu (vish'nu), n. one of the gods of the Hindu triad. In later times, the supreme god, the creator. visibility (viz-i-bil'i-ti) , n. percepti- bility. Also visibleness. visible (viz'i-bl), adj. perceptible by the eye, in view; obvious; apparent. Visigothic (viz-i-goth'ik) , adj. per- taining to the Visigoths, a branch of the Goths that settled in Southern France and Spain. vis inertise (in-er' shi-e) , n. the re- sistance in a body either to change its state of rest or state of motion. vision (vizh'un), n. the act or sense of seeing; sight; object of sight; di- vine revelation; apparition; creation of the imagination. [French.] visional (vizh'un-al) , adj. pertaining to vision. visionary (vizh'un-a-ri) , adj. existing only in the imagination; unreal: n. an unpractical schemer. visit (viz 'it), n. the act of calling to see another; brief stay of friendship, courtesy, or business; official inspec- tion: v.t. to call upon; inspect offi- cially; overtake or chastise: v.i. to be in the habit of making calls; maintain social intercourse. visitant (viz'i-tant), n. a visitor. visitation (viz-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of visiting; official visit; infliction of good or evil; retributive affliction. visite (ve-zef), n. a light lace or silk cape for summer wear. [French.] visitor (viz'i-ter), n. one who visits; official inspector. visor, see vizor. vista (vis'ta), n. [j)l. vistas (vis'taz)], a view, especially through an avenue; the trees forming such an avenue. # visual (vizh'u-al), adj. pertaining to, or used in, sight. [Old French.] visualize (vizh'u-al-iz), v.t. to make visible; see in fancy. vital (vl'tal), adj. pertaining to, sup- porting, or necessary to, life; mor- tal; essential. [Latin.] vitalism (vl'tal-izm), n. the theory which refers vital phenomena to a vital, as distinct from a merely physi- cal, force. vitality (vi-tal'i-ti) , n. vital force. vitalize (vi'tal-iz), v.t. to endow with life; animate. vitally (vi'tal-i), adv. essentially. vitals (vi'talz), n.pl. the organs of the body essential to life, as the heart, lungs, &c. vitamine (vit'am-in), n. a substance that occurs in various food-products, especially in the outer coats of ce- reals, which apparently is an essential element in rendering these foods healthy. Its absence from polished rice is ascribed as the cause of the ^ disease beri-beri. vitascope (vi'ta-skop) , n. an appa- ratus for projecting kinetographic pictures in life size upon a canvas. vitellin (vl-tel'in) , n. the albumenoidal substance in the yolk of eggs. vitellus (vl-tel'iis) , n. the yolk of an egg. vitiate (vish'i-at), v.t. to render faulty or defective; taint; deprave; annul. viticulture ( vit'i-kul-tur) , n. vine cul- ture. vitreous (vit're-us), adj. consisting of, ^ like, or obtained from, glass. vitrescent (vi-tres/ent) , adj. capable of being turned into or becoming like glass. vitrie (vit/rik), adj. glass-like. vitrif action (vit-ri-f ak'shun) , n. the art or process of vitrifying. vitrif orm (vit'ri-form), n. having the form or appearance of glass. vitrify (vit'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vitri- fied, p.pr. vitrifying], to convert by heat and fusion into glass: v.i. to be converted into glass. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VITRIOL 893 VOLLEY vitriol (vit'ri-ol), n. the popular name for sulphuric acid. vituperate (vl-tu'per-at) , v.t. to cen- sure abusively. vituperation (vi-tu-per-a/shun), n. abusive censure. vituperative (vi-tu'per-a-tiv) , \ adj. characterized by, or containing, abuse. viva (ve'va), inter j. hurrah! [Italian.] vivacious (vi-va'shus), adj. lively; gay. vivacity (vl-vas'i-ti) , n. liveliness; ani- mation. vivarium (vi-va'ri-um), n. a place for the artificial keeping of animals in their natural state._ [Latin.] viva voce (vi'va vo'se), orally. [Latin.] vive (vev), inter j. long life or success to! [French.] vivid (viv'id), adj. life-like; realistic; forming brilliant images. vivify (viv'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vivi- fied, p.pr. vivifying], to endue with life; quicken. viviparous (vi-vip'a-rus) , adj. pro- ducing young alive. vivisect (viv-i-sekf), v.t. to dissect the living body of. vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun) , n. the dis- section of a living animal for scien- tific study. vivisectionist (viv-i-sek'shun-ist), n. one who practices or upholds vivisec- tion. Also vivisect or. vixen (viks'n), n. a female fox; quar- relsome, ill-tempered woman. viz. (viz), adv. namely. [From the Latin videlicet.] vizier (vi-zer'), n. a high officer or councilor of state in Mohammedan countries. vizor (vl'zer), n. the upper movable part of a helmet; the fore-piece of a cap. vocable (vo'ka-bl), n. a word; term. vocabulary (vo-kab'u-la-ri), n. [pi. vo- cabularies (vo-kab'u-la-riz)], a col- lection of words of a language, sci- ence, &c, arranged alphabetically and explained; words used. vocal (vo'kal), adj. pertaining to, full of, or endowed with, voice or speech; oral; having a vowel character; pro- duced in the larynx. vocalist (vo'kal-ist), n. a singer. vocalize (vo'kal-iz), v.t. to form into voice; utter distinctly. vocally (volcal-i), adv. with the voice* vocation (vo-ka'shun), n. calling; oc- cupation. vocative (vok'a-tiv) , m adj . noting the case of a noun, adjective, or pro- noun in which a person or thing ig addressed: n. the vocative case. [In Latin, the fifth case of the noun.] vociferate (vo-sif 'er-at) , v.i. to clamor; bawl: v.t. to utter with a loud voice. vociferation ( vo-sif -er-a 'shun) , n. vio- lent outcry. vociferous ( vo-sif 'er-us), adj. clamor- ous; noisy. vodka (yod'ka), n. a Russian intoxi- cant distilled from rye. voe (vo), n. a fiord; creek. vogue (vog), n. fashion. voice (vois), n. sound uttered by the mouth, especially by a human being; utterance or mode of utterance: fac- ulty of speech; language; expressed opinions; vote or suffrage: v.t. to give utterance or expression to. voiceless (vois'les), adj. without voice; speechless. void (void), adj. empty; wanting: v.t. to nullify; declare vacant; quit; to emit or_send out: n. a vacuum. volant (vo'lant), adj. flying; nimble. Volapiik (vo-la-puk'), n. a system of universal language for commercial intercourse. volatile (vol'a-til), adj. easily passing into the aeriform state; diffusing freely; lively; sprightly; fickle. volatility (yol-a-til'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being volatile. volatilize (vol'a-til-iz) , v.t. to render volatile; evaporate. volcanic (vol-kan'ik), adj. pertaining to, proceeding from, or produced by 6 a volcano. [Italian.] volcanize (vol'kan-iz), v.t. to subject to volcanic action. volcano (vol-ka'no), n. [pi. volcanoes (vol-ka/noz) ], a conical hill or mountain^ from^ which the products of volcanic action are ejected with great heat in the form of lava, &c. volition (vo-lish'un) , n. the act or power of willing or exerting choice. volitive (vol'i-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or having the power of, will. volley (vol'i), n. [pl. t volleys (vol'iz) ], the simultaneous discharge of a num- ber of small-arms; explosive burst; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. VOLT 894 VOUCHER return of a ball at tennis before it reaches the ground; bowling a ball full to the top of the wicket: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. volleyed, p.pr. volley- ing], to discharge with, or as with, a volley: v.i. to be thrown out at once; return a ball before it touches the ground. [French.] volt (volt), n. the sudden wheeling of a horse; sudden leap to avoid a thrust in fencing; standard unit of electro- motive force. voltaic (vol-ta/ik), adj. pertaining to electricity generated by chemical ac- tion or galvanism. voltameter (vol-tam'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring the work of a voltaic current. < volubility (vol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. excessive fluency of speech. voluble (voru-bl), adj. fluent in speech. volume (vol'um), n. a single book; space occupied, measured in cubic units; mass or bulk; quantity or full- ness of voice or tone: pi. a great deal. volumetric (vol-u-met'rik), adj. meas- ured by volume. voluminous (vol-u'mi-nus) , adj. ex- tensive; copious; consisting of, or having produced, many books. voluntarily (vorun-ta-ri-li) , adv. spon- taneously. voluntary (vol'un-ta-ri) , adj. acting from choice or free will ; spontane- ous; designed; gratuitous: n. an organ solo played before, during, or after, a church service. volunteer (vol-un-ter'), n. one who en- ters into any service of his own free will, especially military service; a foreigner who gives his services in exchange for board and residence: v.i. to offer one's services volunta- rily, especially for military service: v.t. to offer or bestow without con- straint or compulsion. voluptuary (vo'lup-tu-a-ri), n. one given to sensual enjoyments or lux- ury: adj. devoted to luxury or pleasure. [Latin.] voluptuous (vo-lup'tti-us), adj. given to the enjoyment of sensual pleas- ures or luxury; sensual; exciting sensual desires. volute (vo-iuf), n. sl spiral scroll forming the chief feature of the Ionic capital._ voluted (vo-lut'ed), adj. having a spiral scroll. vomit (vom'it), v.i. to eject the con^ tents of the stomach by the mouth: v.t. to throw up from the stomach; discharge with violence: n. matter ejected by the stomach; an emetic. vomiting (vom'it-ing), n. the act of ejecting matter from the stomach. vomito (vo'me-to), n. yellow fever in its most acute form. [Spanish.] voodoo (voo-doo'), n. a system of magic and superstitious rites, said to be accompanied with cannibal- ism and human sacrifices, prevalent among certain negro races. voracious (vo-ra/shus), adj. greedy in eating; ravenous; rapacious. voracity (vo-ras'i-ti), n. the quality of being voracious. vortex (vor'teks), n. [pi. vortices (vor'ti-sez)], the hollow and circular form assumed by a liquid when set in rotation ; whirlpool. votary (vo'ta-ri), n. _ [pi. votaries (vo'ta-riz)], one addicted to some particular pursuit or condition of life; one consecrated by a vow. vote (vot), n. an expression of choice or preference for some particular candidate for an office, &c, by ballot or other method of suffrage ; decision by the majority: v.t. to choose by suffrage; characterize: v.i. to give a vote._ [Latin.] voter (vot'er), n. an elector. voting (voting), n. expression of opin- ion or preference by suffrage. voting- machine (vot'ing-ma-shen), n. a machine, related in principle of operation to the cash-register and counting machines, for recording and counting automatically the votes at an election. It usually has a vertical key-board and the voter records his choice by pressing a key opposite the name of his candidate or party. votive (vot'iv), adj. given, consecrated, or promised by vow. vouch (vouch), v.t.. to attest; guar- antee. [Old French.] voucher (vouch'er), n. one who gives attestation or witness; a document guaranteeing the accuracy of ac- counts. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VOUCHSAFE 895 VYING vouchsafe (vouch-saf ') , v.t. to , con- descend to_ grant; concede. voussoir (voo-swar'), n. one of the wedge-like stones forming the arch of a bridge. vow (vou), n. a solemn promise or pledge to fulfil some engagement hereafter, especially one made^ to God; pledge of fidelity or affection; v.t. to promise solemnly; consecrate to God : v.i. to make a solemn promise. vowel (vou'el), n. a simple vocal sound; a letter representing such a sound: adj. vocal. voyage (voi'aj), n. a journey by water from one country or pl^ce to another: v.i. to make a voyage: v.t. to travel or pass over. voyager (voi'aj -er) , n. a traveler by water. voyageur (vwa-ya-zher'), n. sl Cana- dian boatman. vraisemblance (vra-sang-blangs') , n. an appearance of truth. vulcanite (vuTkan-it), n vulcanized india-rubber. vulcanize (vul'kan-Iz) , v.t. to change the properties of (india-rubber) by combination with sulphur, white lead, and other substances, render- ing it hard and non-elastic. vulgar (vul'ger), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or used by, the multitude of common people; com- mon; general vernacular; plebeian; unrefined; coarse; mean: n. the un- educated or unrefined class. vulgar fractions (frak'skunz), n.pl. common fractions; expressed by placing the numerator above the de- nominator, with a horizontal or ob- lique line between. vulgarian (vul-ga'ri-an), n. a rich per- son with vulgar ideas. vulgarism ( vul'ger : izm), n. a vulgar phrase or expression. vulgarity ( vul-gar'i-ti) , n. coarseness of manners or language. Vulgate (vul'gat), n. an ancient Latin version of the Scriptures in use in the Roman Catholic Church, made originally by St. Jerome: adj. per- taining to, or contained in, the Vul- gate. vulgus (vul'gus), n. the vulgar or common people; a short Latin verse composed as a daily exercise in Eng- lish classical schools. [Latin.] vulnerability (vul-ner-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being vulnerable. Also vulnerableness. [Latin.] vulernable (vul'ner-a-bl) , adj. capable of being wounded; susceptible of wounds or injury. vulpecide or vulpicide (vul'pe-sid) , n. a killer of foxes contrary to sporting ethics. vulpine (vul'pin) , adj. pertaining to, like, or characteristic of, a fox; cun- ning. vulpinite (vul'pin-it) , n. a variety of gypsum susceptible of a fine polish. vulture (vul'tur), n. a large, carnivo- rous, voracious _bird of prey. vulturine (vul'tur-in) , adj. vulture- like. vulva (vulVa), n. an entrance or opening; the female generative or- gan. [Latin.] vulviform (vul'vi-form) , adj. like a cleft with projecting edges. t vying (vi'ing), p.adj.^ competing; em- ulating; practicing in rivalry; striv- ing for superiority. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. w W, the twenty-third letter in the English alphabet, formed by writ- ing two v's or u's, to transliterate the vocalic v in Latin (sounded like our w). Traces of the character are found as early as the seventh century; and it was generally adopted in the thirteenth century. As a chemical symbol it stands for tungsten, the German name of which is Wolframium. wabble, same as wobble. wacke (wak'e), n. a German miner's name for a soft earthy variety of trap-rock. wad (wod), n. a mass of soft or flex- ible material used for stuffing gar- ments; small mass of tow, &c, used for keeping the powder, &c, in place in a gun; a kind of plumbago; a slang term for money: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wadded, p.pr. wadding], to form into, or stuff with, a wad. waddie (wod'i), n. a thick club used by the Australian aborigines. Also waddy. wadding (wod'ing), n. a soft stuff of loose texture used for stuffing gar- ments, etc. waddle (wod'l), v.i. to move from side to side in walking: n. a clumsy, rock- ing gait. waddler (wod'ler),n.one who waddles. wade (wad), v.i. to walk through any substance that yields to the feet, as water, snow, etc.: v.t. to ford. wady (wod'i), n. the m channel of a watercourse which is dry except in the rainy season. Also wadi. wafer (wa'fer), n. a small colored paste disk for securing letters, etc.; small disk of unleavened bread used in the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church. waffle (wof'l), n. a soft indented cake, baked in an iron utensil over a flame or coals. waft (waft), v.t. to bear along on a buoyant medium: v.i. to float. wag (wag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. wagged, p.pr. wagging], to move backwards and forwards: v.t. to cause to oscil- late: n. the act of wagging; a droll, humorous fellow. wage (waj), v.t. to engage in, or carry on, especially war; venture: n. payment for service rendered; hire (usually pi.). wage- earner (waj'ern-er), n. a man or woman that works for a wage, with- out any definite period of employ- ment. wagen-boom (va/gen-boom), n. a South African tree yielding a tough wood, used for wagon wheels. Also wagon-tree. wager (wafer), n. a subject on which bets are laid; something staked on an issue: v.t. to hazard to stake: v.i. to bet. waggery (wag'er-i), n. mischievous merriment; tricks of a wag; good- humored sarcasm. waggish (wag'ish), adj. humorous; sportive. waggle (wag'l), v.i. & v.t. to move from side to side: n. a movement from side to side. Wagnerism (vag'ner-izm), n. the theory of Richard Wagner (1813- 1883) regarding music, which makes of equal importance the orchestra, the vocal interpretations and the words. wagon (wag'un), n. a four-wheeled heavy vehicle for carrying goods, agricultural produce, &c. [Dutch.] wagoner (wag'un-er), n. the driver of a wagon. wagonette (wag-un-ef), n. a light, open, four-wheeled pleasure carriage. wagtail (wag'tal), n. a small bird. waif (waf), n. anything found with- out an owner; a homeless wanderer. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WAIL 897 WAND wail (wal), v.t. to lament: v.i. to ex- press sorrow audibly: n. loud lamen- tation. Also wailing. wain (wan),_n. a wagon. wainscot (wan'skut) , n. paneled wood- en lining on walls: v.t. to line with paneled boarding. wainscoting (wan'skut-ing) , n. ma- terial used to_wainscot a house. wainwright (wan'rit), n. a maker of wagons ._ waist (wast), n. the narrowest part of the body just below the ribs; mid- dle part. waistcoat (wes'kut), n. a short, sleeveless garment for men covering the chest and waist. wait (wat)_, v.i. to stay in expecta- tion; lie in ambush; watch; remain quiet; follow someone; attend: v.t to await; postpone. waiter (wafer) , n. a servant in attend- ance at table; salver or tray. Fem- inine waitress. waiting (wat'ing), adj. serving; at- tendant. waits (watz), n.pl. nocturnal musi- cians who perform in the streets of an English town at Christmas- tide. waive (wav), v.t. to give up a claim to; forego. wake (wak), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. waked or woke, p.pr. waking], to be awake; be roused from sleep ; cease to sleep ; be active: v.t. to rouse from sleep; revive; watch: n. a vigil; watching of a dead body prior to burial ; track. wakeful (wak'fool), adj. watchful. waken (wak'n), same as wake. Waldenses (wal-den'ses) , n.pl. a re- ligious movement, beginning in the eleventh century and headed by Peter Waldo (Pedro Valdez) which has nourished in the Cottian Alps until the present time. wale (wal), n. a mark left by the stroke of a whip, &c; v.t to mark with a wale. walk (wawk), v.i. to advance by al- ternate steps; go at a moderate pace; take exercise; go restlessly about; pursue a certain course of life or action: v.t. to traverse; cause to walk: n. act or manner of walk- ing; step or pace; road; place for pedestrian exercise; course of life or action; deportment; frequented track. walker (wawk'er), n. a professional pedestrian. walk out (wawk'out), n. the beginning of a strike, when the artisans leave their places and go into the street. wall (wawl), n. a structure of stone, brick, &c; side of a building; ram- part; means of protection: v.t. to enclose with, or as with, a wall; de- fend or protect. wallaba (wawl'a-ba), n. a tree of Guiana, yielding a valuable deep- red timber. wallet (wol'et), n. a bag or knap- sack; a pocketbook. wall-eye (wawl'i), n. an eye, the iris of which is white: said of horses. wallflower (wawl'nou-er) , n.a plant of the genus Cheiranthus with sweet- scented flowers; one who, at a ball or party, takes no part. Walloon (wal-qon') , n. one of a mixed Italic-Teutonic-Celtic people inhab- iting the South-eastern part of Belgium. wallop (wol'up), v.i. to boil with a continued bubbling: v.t. to beat soundly: n._ablow; gallop. [Scotch.] wallow (wol'o), v.i. to roll one's body in the mire; tumble or roll in any- thing soft; live in vice or filth: n. a kind of rolling walk ; a place to which an animal resorts to wallow. walnut (wawl'nut), n. a tree of the genus Juglans, yielding an edible fruit and valuable wood L _ Walpurgis Night (val-poor'gis nit), n. the eve of May Day, when witches are supposed to hold high revelry . walrus (wol'rus), n. zl large, carniv- orous, marine mammal with power- ful tusks; called by sailors, "sea- hog." waltz (wawltz), n. a kind of dance; music for such a dance: v.i. to dance a waltz. wampee (wom-pe'), n. a fruit much esteemed by the Chinese. wampum (wom'pum), n. beads made of shells, used by the North x\meri- can Indians as money and for orna- mental belts. wan (won), adj. pale; sickly. wand (wond), n. a long, slender rod; staff of authority. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 57 hue, hut ; think, then. WANDER 898 WARREN wander (won'der), v.i. to ramble about aimlessly; stroll; depart from; be delirious. wanderer (won'der-er) , n. one who strays; a nomad. wanderoo (won-der-oo'), n. a large bearded_ monkey of Southern India. wane (wan), v.i. to grow less; de- crease: said of the illuminated part of the moon; fail: n. the decrease of the illuminated part of the moon. wanghee (wang-he'), n. a bamboo imported from Japan and China, used for walking-sticks, &c. wanness (won'nes), n. wan condition. want (wawnt), n. absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired; defi- ciency; necessity; penury: v.t. to be destitute of; have need of; desire: v.i. to be deficient; not to be pres- ent; come short. wanting (wawnt'ing), adj. deficient; absent. wanton (won'tun), adj. licentious; lustful; unrestrained; roving; sport- ive; luxurious; trifling: n. a lasciv- ious man or woman. wapiti (wop'i-ti), n. the American elk. [Indian.] war (wawr) (< n. a contest between states carried on by force; armed conflict; state of hostility; enmity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. warred, p.pr. war- ring], to make war; fight; strive violently. warble (wawr'bl), v.t. & v.i. to sing in a trilling or quavering manner; sing, as birds; utter musically: n. a soft, sweet flow of melodious sounds; carol. warbler (wawr'bler), n. one who war- bles ; a singing-bird. warbling (wawr'bling), adj. singing; quavering. war-cry (wawr'cri), n. a summons to battle; in politics, some catching phrase that is shouted by the par- tisans who approve its sentiments. ward (wawrd), v.t. to guard; defend from danger; turn aside (with off): v.i. to be vigilant; act on the de- fensive: n. guard; defense; particu- lar division of a city or town; cus- tody; person entrusted to the care of a guardian. warden (wawrd 'en), n. a guardian; keeper; head official; churchwarden. warder (wawrd'er), n. keeper; guard. wardrobe (wawrd'rob), n. portable closet for clothes; wearing apparel. wardroom (wawrd'room) , n. a cabin for naval lieutenants. warehouse (war'hous), n. sl building for storing goods: v.t. to deposit in a warehouse. wares (warz), n. merchandise; goods. warfare (wawr'far), n. hostilities; war; contest ; military life or service. warily (war'i-li), adv. cautiously. wariness (war'i-nes), n. caution. warlock (wawr'lok), n. a wizard. warm (wawrm), adj. having heat in a moderate degree; subject to heat; zealous; excited; passionate; well- off: v.t. to make warm; excite: v.i. to become warm. warm-blooded (wawrm'blud-ed), adj. denoting animals whose temperature ranges 98° to 112° Fahr. warm colors (kul'erz), n.pl. colors having yellow or red for their basis. warmth (wawrmth), # n. moderate heat; earnestness or irritability; ani- mation; glowing effect produced by the use of warm colors. warn (wawrn), v.t. to give notice of possible danger; caution; expostu- late; summon by authority. warning (wawrn'ing), n. caution against danger; previous 'notice ; no- tice to quit. warp (wawrp), n. the threads which extend lengthwise in the loom, and are crossed by the woof; towing- rope; a twist out of the true shape: v.t. to turn or twist out of shape; pervert; arrange (yarns) on a warp beam ; tow or move (a vessel) with a warp attached to some fixed object; run, as yarn, off the winches into hulks to be tarred: v.i. to swerve or deviate. warping (wawrp 'ing), n. preparation of the warp; fertilization of estuary land by flooding it with water. warrant (wor'ant), v.t. to guarantee; give assurance to; authorize; main- tain; mark as safe; assure: n. a com- mission giving authority; writ for arresting a person; voucher; security. warranty (wor'an-ti), n. guarantee; security. [Old French. 1 warren (wor'en), n. an enclosure for ate arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : not?, north, not; boon, book; hfie, hut ; think, ///en. WARRIOR 899 WATER-LEVEL protecting game or animals, espe- cially rabbits; fish preserve. warrior (wawr'i-er), n. a soldier; fighter. [Old French.] wart (wawrt), n. a dry excrescence on the human skin and certain animals. warty (wawrt'i), adj. having warts. wary (wa/ri), adj. [comp. warier, su- perl. wariest], cautious; circumspect. was (waz), p.t. of be. wash (wosh), v.t. to cleanse with water; cover with water; overlay with thin metal; cover with a thin coat of color; cleanse from moral pollution: v.i. to cleanse by wash- ing: n. the act of washing; waste liquor; alluvial matter; shallow part of an arm of a sea or of a river ; bog or marsh; cosmetic lotion. washable (wosh'a-bl), adj. that can be washed without injury. washer (wosh'er), n. one who, or that which, washes; ring of metal, leath- er, &c. # , used to secure the tightness of a joint, screw, &c. washerwoman (wosh'er-woo-man) , n. a woman who washes garments for others and for pay. washing (wosh'ing), n. the act of cleansing with water ; clothes washed at one time. wash-out (wosh'out), n. a chasm or deep groove made by the rushing of water. wasp (wosp), n. a winged insect with a sharp sting; peevish, irritable per- son. waspish (wosp'ish), adj. petulant and irritable; slender-waisted. wassail (wos'el), n. a merry-making accompanied with drinking, especial- ly at Christmas-time ; liquor of ale, apples, and sugar: v.i. to carouse. waste (wast), v.t. to destroy wan- tonly; diminish; squander; impair: v.i. to be diminished: adj. lying un- used ; unproductive ; devastated ; un tilled: n. the act of wasting; dissi- pation of property; useless expendi- ture; uncultivated country; refuse. wasteful (wast'fool), adj. causing waste; spending property extrava- gantly or uselessly. [Old French.] wastefully (wast'f oo-li) , adv. in a wasteful manner. wastrel (wos'trel), n. a waif; a profli- gate. watch (woch), n. close observation: guard; vigilance; sentry; attendance without sleep; watchman; division of the night; period during which part of a crew are on duty on deck (4 hours); pocket timepiece: v.i. to be or keep awake; keep guard; act as an attendant: v.t. to tend; guard; keep in view. watchful (woch'fool), adj. vigilant; wary. watchfully (woeh'f oo-li) , adv. in a watchful manner. watchmaker (woch'mak-er) , n. one who makes clocks and watches, or who repairs them. watchman (woch'man), n. a man employed either by a community or by private individuals to watch over public or private property. watchword (woch'werd), n. a pass- word. water (waw'ter), n. a colorless, in- odorous, transparent fluid, consist- ing of 2 volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen; rain; sea; any collection of water; luster of a diamond; urine: v.t. to supply with water; irrigate; wet with water; dilute: v.i. to get or take in water; have a longing desire. watercourse (waw'ter-kors), n. a course or channel for water. watercress (waw'ter-kres), n. a creep- ing herb of the mustard family, grow- ing in streams and clear, cool water; used for making salads. water-cure (waw'ter-ktir), n. see un- der hydr-, and hydropathy. watered (waw'terd), adj. supplied with water ; sprinkled ; having a wavy appearance. watered stocks (stoks), n.pl. securi- ties whose nominal amount has been increased without any corresponding payment of cash. waterfall (waw'ter-fawl), n. a body of water falling over a precipice; a cataract; a cascade. water-gauge (waw'ter-gaj), n. an in- strument for measuring the quantity or height of water. wateriness (waw'ter-i-nes), n. watery condition. watering-place (waw'ter-ing-plas), n. a pleasure resort for bathing, &c. water-level (waw'ter-lev-el), n. the ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. WATER-LINE 900 WEAKFISH level formed by the surface of still water; a leveling instrument in which water is used. water-line (waw'ter-lm), n. the line on a ship to which the water rises; a water-mark. water-logged (waw'ter-logd), adj. sat- urated or filled with water so as to be unmanageable: said of a ship. watermain (waw'ter-man), n. a great underground pipe supplying water in cities. water-mark (waw'ter-mark) , n. a mark showing the height to which water has risen; a number of trans- lucent lines running through paper, usually as the trade mark of the manufacturer, and produced by shaking the gauze into cylinders while the paper is still in a pulpy state. water-power (waw'ter-pou-er), n. the weight or momentum of water used to drive machinery. waterproof (waw'ter-proof), adj. per- mitting no water to enter: n. a storm-coat. Water-shed (waw'ter-shed), n. in physical geography, the line of sep- aration between two basins or val- leys. waterspout (waw'ter-spout) , n. a great column of moving spray or mist with considerable masses of wa- ter in the lower parts, forming a whirlwind over the sea. watery (waw'ter-i), adj. pertaining to, or like, water; transparent or thin; tasteless; tearful. watt (wot), n. an electrical unit of power. Watteau (wat-to'), adj. referring to Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), the French painter, or the costume shown in his famous pictures in min- iatures, on fans, &c. wattle (wot'l) , n. a twig or flexible rod ; a hurdle of interwoven rods; fleshy lobe under the throat of a fowl, tur- key, &c; kind of acacia: v.t. to twist or interweave (twigs or rods) one with another: n. bird with wattles. wattlebird (wot'1-berd), n. an Aus- tralian honey-eating bird. waul (wawl), n. the cry of a cat. wave (wav), n. the alternate rising and falling of water above its nat- ural level; undulation; state of vi< bration propagated through a sys- tem of particles or elastic medium: v.i. to move like a wave; undulate: v.t. to brandish; beckon. wavelite (wa'vl-lit), n. a mineral, hy- drous phosphate of alumina. waver (wav'er), v.i. to move to and fro; vacillate; hesitate or be undeter- mined. wavering (wav'er-ing), adj. hesitating; undecided. waviness (wav'i-nes), n. the state or quality_ of being wavy. wavy (wav'i), adj. rising and swelling in waves; full of waves; undulating. wax (waks), n. beeswax; any tena- cious substance like beeswax; ceru- men of the ear; rage: v t. to smear, rub, or join, with wax: v.i. to in- crease in size; become. waxbill (waks'bil), n. a finch with a red conical bill resembling wax. waxen (waks'en), adj. made of, like, or consisting of, wax. uaxiness (waks'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being waxy. waxwing (waks'wing), n. a small bird the secondary quills of whose wings are tipped with small horny appen- dages resembling sealing-wax. wax- works (waks'werks), n. works made of wax, especially figures rep- resenting men and women. waxy (waks'i), adj. consisting of, or like, wax; adhesive; angry. way (wa), n. a road; route; progres- sion; motion; course; length of space ; distance ; relative position or motion; tendency; advance in life; manner; will; plan. wayfarer (wa/far-er), n. one who travels on foot. waylay (wa/la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. way- laid, p.pr. waylaying], to beset by the road orin "ambush. wayward (wa/werd), adj. perverse; fro ward. we (we), pron., pi. of I. weak (wek), adj. wanting strength, vigor, spirit, discernment, or wis- dom; feeble; soft; pliant; unforti- fied; vacillating. weaken (wek'n), v.t. to make weak; reduce in quality or strength: v.i. to become weak. weakfish (wek'fish), n. an edible ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WEAKLING 901 WEE American fish, silvery, with streaks that undulate across the body. weakling (wek'ling), n. a person of no physical or moral force. weak verb (verb), n. a verb the p.t. & p.p. of which are formed by add- ing ed or d. weal (wel), n. welfare; prosperity; mark of a stripe: v.t. to mark with stripes. weald (weld), n. a wood or forest; wold. wealth (welth), n. riches; affluence. wealthily (welth'i-li) , adv. richly. wealthiness (welth/i-nes) , n. opulence. wealthy (welth'i), adj. [comp. wealthier, superl. wealthiest], rich; affluent. wean (wen), v.t. to accustom and reconcile to a want or deprivation of the breast; alienate the affections from any object or habit. weapon (wep'n), n. any instrument of offense or defense. wear (war), v.t. [p.t. wore, p.p. worn, p.pr. wearing] , to impair or waste by time, usage, friction, &c; carry as covering on the body; put (a vessel) on another tack; bear or carry: v.i. to be wasted or worn by friction or usage; last under use: n. the act of wearing; state of being worn. wearily (wer'i-li), adv. in a weary manner. weariness (wer'i-nes), n. the state of being wearied. wearisome (wer'i-sum), adj. fatiguing; tedious. weary (wer'i), adj. [comp. wearier, su- perl. weariest], worn out physically or mentally; having the patience ex- hausted; causing weariness; irk- some: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wearied, p.pr. wearying], to wear out or make weary; harass by something irk- some: v.i. to become weary, tired or fatigued; become impatient. weasand (we'zand), n. the wind- pipe. weasel (we'zel) , n. a small carnivorous animal with short legs and a long body. weather (wetfi'er), n. the state of the atmosphere with respect to cold, heat, wet, dryness, &c: v.t. to ex- pose to, or season by exposure to, the air; endure or resist bravely: v.i. to undergo change by the action of the weather. weather- cock (wetfi'er-kok) , n. a vane. weather- gage (we^'er-gaj), n. the situation of a vessel when to the windward of another. weather-helm (we^/i'er-helm), n. a term applied to a vessel when she is inclined to come near to the wind. weather-side (weth'er-sid), n. that side of a vessel under sail on which the wind blows. weave (wev), v.t. to twist or inter- lace, as threads, together; form, as cloth, in a loom; compose or fabri- cate: v.i. to practice weaving; work with a loom. weaver (wev'er), n. one who weaves. weazen (we'zn), n. sharp and thin; withered. web (web), n. texture of threads, or thread-like materials ; anything care- fully contrived; tissue or texture; large roll of paper for newspapers; membrane uniting the fingers and toes in many water-birds and am- phibians: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. webbed. p.pr. webbing], to unite or surround with, or as with, a web ; entangle. webbing (web'ing), n. a narrow woven fabric of cotton or flax. Websterian (web-ste'ri-an), adj. per- taining to Daniel Webster, in politics or oratory; otherwise, pertaining to Noah Webster; resembling him. wed (wed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wedded or wed, p.pr. wedding], to marry; unite together: v.i. to contract mar- riage. wedding (wedding), n. marriage; nup- tial ceremonies or festivities. wedge (wej), n. a piece of wood or metal, thick at one end and thin at the other, used for rending or com- pressing, &c; one of the mechanical powers; mass of metal: v.t. to cleave, force, drive, or fasten, witfk a wedge; press closely. Wedgewood ware (wej 'wood war), ru a superior kind of semi-vitrified pot- tery, invented by Josiah Wedgewood (1730-95). wedlock (wed'lok), n. matrimony. Wednesday (wenz'da), n. the fourth day o_f the week. wee (we), adj. very small. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WEED 902 WENCH weed (wed), n. any plant growing uncultivated or noxious to cultivated crops; anything useless or trouble- some: pi. a widow's mourning gar- ments; a cigar or tobacco: v.t. to free from weeds, or anything offen- sive or hurtful. weediness (wed'i-nes), n. the state of being weedy. weedy (wed'i), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, weeds; long-legged, thin, and lank. week (wek), n. a period of seven days. weekday (wek'da), n. any day of the week except Sunday. weekly (wek'li) , adj. continuing for, or produced within, or happening in, a week: adv. once a week: n. [pi. weeklies (wek'liz)], a; periodical is- sued once a week. ween (wen), v.i. to think; fancy. weep (wep), v.i. to express grief by shedding tears: v.t. to lament; pour forth. weeping (wep'ing), n. the act of shed- ding tears; discharging a liquid in small drops. weever (we'ver), n. a kind of fish. weevil (we'vl), n. a small beetle, the larvae of which are very destructive to grain, &c. weft (weft), n. the woof or piling of cloth crossing the warp. weigh (wa), v.t. to ascertain the weight of; examine by the balance; reflect on carefully: v.i. to have weight; bear heavily: n. a certain quantity by weight. weight (wat), n. the quality of being heavy; gravity; quantity of matter as ascertained by the balance; a definite mass of metal for ascertain- ing the weight of other bodies; mass; something oppressive; pres- sure; power; importance. weightily (wat'i-li), adv. in a weighty manner; heavily; impressively. weightiness (wat'i-nes), n. heaviness; importance; force. weighty (wat 'i), /id/, [corny, weightier, superl. weightiest], having weight; heavy; ponderous; momentous; im- portant; serious. weir (wer), n. a dam across a stream to raise the level of the water; en- closure of twigs, &c, for catching fish. weird (werd), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, fate or destiny; su- pernatural; caused by magical influ- ence: n. a spell or charm. welcome (wel'kum), adj. received with gladness or hospitality; pro- ducing gladness; free to enjoy gra- tuitously: n. kind reception to a guest or newcomer: v.t. to salute with kindness; receive with hospi- tality. weld (weld), v.t. to unite together by hammering or fusion, as two pieces of heated iron. welfare (wel'far), n. prosperity; hap- piness. welkin (wel'kin), n. the sky. well (wel), n. a spring or fountain; shaft sunk to reach a supply of water or other liquid; something re- sembling a well in shape: v.i. to flow or issue forth: adv. right; justly; suitably ; adequately ; favorably ; far; not a little: adj. good in condi- tion or circumstances; fortunate; sound in body; healthy; safe. well- hred (wel-bred') , adj. refined in manners; cultivated. Welling tonia (wel-ing-to'ni-a), n. _ a name for the big trees of California. Wellingtons (wel'ing-tunz), n.pL long-legged boots. well-spring (wel'spring), n. a source of water that does not fail. _ Welsh (welsh), adj. pertaining to Wales, its inhabitants, or language: n. the people of Wales collectively; the language of Wales. Welsh-rabbit (welsh-rab'it), n. melt- ed cheese spread upon toast, welt (welt), n. a narrow strip of leather around a shoe between the upper leather and sole: v.t to fur- nish with a welt. welter (welt'er), v.t. to roll in mud or foul matter; wallow: v.t. to cause to rise and fall, as waves: n. that in which any person or animal welters: adj. pertaining to, or noting, the most heavily weighted race of a meeting. welwitschia (wel-wich'i-a), n. an Afri- can plant producing only two large leaves. wen (wen), n. a fleshy and movable tumor. wench (wench), n. a young girl or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut j think, then. WEND 903 WHELP maiden: usually in an invidious or bad sense; female colored servant. wend (wend), v.i. to go; pass: v.t. to direct (one's way or course). went, p.t. of go. wept, p.t. & p.p. of weep. were (wer), p.t. pi. of be. werewolf (wer'woolf), n. # a person transformed into a wolf in form or appetite, either permanently or at certain periods. Also werwolf. wert (wert), 2 per. sing, of were. Wesleyan (wes'li-an), adj. pertaining to John Wesley or to Wesley anism: n. a Wesleyan Methodist. Wesleyanism (wes'li-an-izm) , n. the doctrines and church polity of the Beet of Arminian Methodists, found- ed by John Wesley, 1739; Method- ism. west (west), n. one of the four cardinal points, exactly opposite the east; point where the sun appears to set: adj. pertaining to, situated at, lying toward, proceeding toward, or com- ing from, the west: adv. towards the west. West, n. the Occident; country or re- gion lying west of any particular place. western (west'ern) , adj. tending to, or passing toward, the west. westward (west'werd), adv. towards the west. Also westwards. wet (wet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wetted or wet, p.pr. wetting], to make wet; saturate or moisten with water or some other liquid: n. water; mois- ture; rainy or misty weather; a drink: adj. containing, consisting of, or soaked with, water or some other liquid; very damp; rainy or misty. wether (weth'er), n. a castrated ram. wetness (wet'nes), n. the state or quality of being wet; humidity; moisture. wet-nurse (wet'ners), n. a nurse who suckles the child of another. wey (wa) , n. a unit of weight or meas- ure, varying with different articles. whack (hwak), n. a smart resounding blow; large piece: v.t. to strike with a smart resounding blow. whacker (hwak'er), n. one who whacks; something very large, espe- cially a lie. whale (hwal), n. a large mammal of the Cetacea, many species of which yield oil and whalebone; a fish of great size. wharf (hwawrf), n. [pi. wharfs or wharves (hwawrf s, hwawrvz)], a quay or erection on the shore of a harbor, river, &c, for discharging or taking in cargoes, passengers, &c. wharfinger (hwawrf 'in-jer), n. the owner of a wharf. what (hwot), pron. that which; the thing that; now great; something: adj. of what sort, character, &c. whatnot (hwot'not), n. an article of furniture with shelves for books, or- naments, &c. wheat (hwet), n. an annual cereal grain from which flour is manufac- tured. wheatear (hwet'er), n. a small migra- tory singing bird, with a conspicuous white patchat the base of its tail. wheaten (hwet'n) , adj. made of wheat. wheedle (hwe'dl), v.t. to entice with flattering words; cajole; coax. wheel (hwel), n. a circular frame or solid piece of wood or metal turning on its own axis; any wheel-shaped mechanical contrivance; an old in- strument of torture; a circular re- volving firework: v.t. to cause to rotate; convey on wheels: v.i. to turn on, or as on, an axis. wheelbarrow (hweTbar-o), n. a bar- row with one or more wheels. wheeler (hweTer), n. one who wheels; the horse nearest to the wheels of a carriage. wheelman (hwel'man), n. [pi. wheel- men (hwel'men)], a cyclist; a steers- man. wheelwright (hwel'rit), n. sl maker of wheels and wheeled carriages. wheeze (hwez), v.i. to breathe hard and audibly: n. a puffing or blowing, as in labored breathing. wheezing (hwez'ing), n. the act of breathing hard and audibly. wheezy (hwez'i), adj. affected with wheezing. whelk (hwelk), n. a large marine gasteropod. whelm (hwelm), v.t. to overwhelm. whelp (hwelp) , n. the young of a dog, lion, fox, &c; cub: v.i. to bring forth young: said of the female of certain animals, as the dog. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. WHEN 904 WHIPPER-IN when (hwen), adv. at, or after, the time that; at what time; although. whence (hwens), adv. from what place, source, or origin; how. where (hwar), adv. at which place or places; whither. whereabouts (hwar'a-bouts) , adv. about where, interj. or conj.: n. an indefinite place. whereas (hwar-az'), adv. when in fact or truth; since. wherefore (hwar'f or) , adv. for which or what reason; why. wherry (hwer'i), n. a light, shallow boat, sharp at both ends; 'small- decLed fishing-vessel; liquor made from the juice of crab-apples after the verjuice is expressed. whet (hwet), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. whet- ted, p.pr. whetting], to sharpen, es- pecially by rubbing or fraction; stimulate. whether (hweZft'er), pron. which of two: conj. which of two alterna- tives (followed by or) . whetstone (hwet'ston) , n. a stone for sharpening edged tools, &c. whey (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, wa- tery part of milk, after separation from the curd. which (hwich), pron. a word of in- terrogation in all genders; the rela- tive serving as the neuter of who. whifi (hwif), n. a sudden breath of air, Bmoke, &c, as from the mouth; light puff; kind of outrigged boat: v.L to puff or emit in whiffs. whiffet (hwif'et), n. a useless trifler. whiffle (hwif'l), v.i. to veer about like the wind; be fickle or unsteady; prevaricate. whiffletree (hwif '1-tre) , sameasswin- gletree. whiffling (hwif 'ling), n. evasion; pre- varication. "Whig (hwig), n. one of a political party in the United States that fa- vored a protective tariff, and was succeeded by the present Republican party ; one of an English political party which originated in the seven- teenth century, now called the Lib- eral party: adj. pertaining to Whigs. -while (hwil), n. space of time; dura- tion: conj. during the time that: v.t. to cause to pass; spend; usually fol- lowed by away. whilom (hwi'lom) , adv. formerly ; long ago. whim (hwim), n. a capricious fancy; freak; notion. whimper (hwim 'per), v.t. to utter in a low, whining or crying tone: v.i. to cry with a low, whining, broken voice. whimsical (hwim'zi-kal), adj. full of whims; fantastical; odd in appear- ance. whimsically (hwim'zi-ka-li), adv. in a whimsical manner. whimsy (hwim'zi), n. a freak; an odd or curious fancy. whin (hwin), n. a wild, prickly plant of the genus Ulex; furze. whin- chat (hwin'chat), n. a small singing bird. whine (hwin), v.i. to express sorrow by a plaintive cry; murmur in an unmanly manner: n. a plaintive tone; mean or affected complaint. whining (hwin'ing), adj. expressing murmurs by a mean, plaintive, or canting tone. whinny (hwin'i), v.i. to utter a sound like the cry of a horse: n. the act of whinnying: adj. abounding in whins or furze. whinstone (hwin'ston), n. a miner's term for hard, resisting rock. whip (hwip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whipped, or whipt, p : pr. whipping], to^ strike or punish with a lash or some other instrument of punishment or correc- tion; flog; lash with sarcasm; beat into a froth; beat out; sew lightly; fish in with a rod and artificial fly: v.i. to move nimbly; start suddenly and run: n. an instrument for driving horses or other animals or for correction; coachman or driver; whipper-in; endless line used for saving life in shipwreck; small tackle with a single rope for hoist- ing; a member of the British Parlia- ment whose duty it is to summon the members of his party to impor- tant divisions; the summons issued. whipper (hwip'er), n. one who whips, especially an officer who inflicts the penalty of legal flogging; coal- whipper. whipper-in (hwip-er-in') , n. a hunts- man who keeps the hounds in re- straint. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WHIPPER-SNAPPER 905 WHITLOW whipper- snapper (hwip 'er-snap-er ) , n. same as whiffet. whipping (kwip'ing), n. the act of punishing with the lash or. rod. whippoorwill (hwip'per-wil), n. a small American bird, named from its cry. whir (hwer), vd. [p.t. & p.p. whirred, p.pr. whirring], to revolve quickly with a _ whizzing noise : n. a whiz- zing noise. whirl (hwerl), v.t. to turn round rapidly: v.i. to turn or move round with velocity; move along swiftly: n. a turning with velocity; rapid ro- tation or whirling motion. whirligig; (hwerl 'i-gig), n. a child's toy which is whirled or spun round. whirlpool (hwerl'pool), n. t a body of water moving with a circular mo- tion forming a vortex or gulf. _ whirlwind (hwerl'wind) , n. a violent wind moving spirally; sudden vio- lent rush. whisk (hwisk), v.t. to sweep or stir rapidly; move, or carry oft\ nimbly: v.i. to move rapidly and nimbly: n. the act of whisking; small bundle of grass, hair, &c, used as a brush; small instrument used for beating or whisking, especially eggs. whiskers (hwisk'erz), n.pl. % the hair on a man's cheeks; the Dristly hairs on the upper lip of a cat, &c. whisky (hwis'ki), n. an intoxicant distilled from barley, rye, &c. Also whiskey. whisper (hwis'per), v.i. to speak in a low voice or as not to be overheard: v.t. to say under the breath: n. a low, soft tone of voice audible only to the listener; suggestion or insinuation. whist (hwist), n. a card game: in- ter j. hush! whistle (hwis'l), v.i. to make a shrill sound by forcing the breath through the contracted lips; utter a shrill sound: v.t. to call or signal by a whistle: n. the shrill noise of one who whistles; small wind-instru- ment; threat. whistler (hwisler), n. one who whistles; broken-winded horse; one who keeps an unlicensed dram-shop. whit (hwit), n. the smallest particle. white (hwit), adj. being without col- or or of the hue of pure snow; hence pure; innocent; having silvery hair; hoary: n. a white man; albumen of an egg: v.t. to whitewash. whitebait (hwit/bat), n. a small, delicate fish. white hook (hwit book), n. a collec- tion of state-papers, so-called from the color of the covers, issued by a government, as England or Ger- many. Those containing the dip- lomatic correspondence by these two countries relating to the outbreak of the European War in 1914 are espe- cially notable. whitecap (hwit 'kap), n. a foam-crested wave; one of a self-constituted tri- bunal of persons who visit the nouses of offenders against morality and punish them by whipping; one of various birds. white-feather (hwit-f e^'er) , n. cow- ardice. white friar (fri'er), n. a Carmelite monk. White House (hous), n. the official residence at Washington of the President of the United States. white-lie (hwit 7 ]!), n. pious fraud. white-livered (hwit'liv-erd) , adj. cow- ardly. whiten (hwit 'en), v.t. to make white. white-smith (hwit 'smith) , n. a tin- smith. white- squall (hwit'skwawl), n. a squall not preceded by clouds. white-throat (hwit'throt), n. & small migratory singing-bird. white- vitriol (hwIt-vhVri-ol), n. sul- phate of zinc. whitewash (hwit'wosh) , n. & composi- tion of lime, whiting, size, water, &c, for whitening ceilings, &c: v.t. to whiten with whitewash; clear from imputation or disgrace; clear (a bankrupt) from his obligations by judicial process. white- wine (hwit 'win), n. a name for wines of a clear, transparent color. whitewood (hwit 'wood), n. tulip-tree wood. whither (hwitfi'er), adv. to what place; to what; how far. whiting (hwlt'ing), n. pulverized chalk cleansed from impurities; an edible fish. whitlow (hwit'lo), n. a sore about ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WHITSUN 906 WIFELESS the quick of the nail; felon; a foot disease in sheep. Whitsun (hwit'sun), adj. pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsuntide, or the season of Pentecost. Whitsunday (hwit 'sun-da), n. the sev- enth Sunday after Easter, commem- orating the day of Pentecost. whittle (hwit'l), v.t. to cut, dress, or sharpen with a knife; reduce bit by bit. whiz (hwiz), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. whizzed, p.pr. whizzing], to make a humming or hissing noise: n. a humming or hissing noise. who (hoo), pron. referring to one or more persons; used relatively and interrogatively. whoa (hwo), inter j. a word of com- mand addressed to horses or cattle, meaning "stop!" whoever (hoo-ev'er), pron. every one who; whatever person. whole (hoi), adj. containing all; complete; not defective; hale and sound; unbroken. wholesale (hol'sal), n. sale of goods by the piece or in large quantity: adj. buying or selling in large quanti- ties. wholesome (hol'sum) , adj. sound ; pro- moting or favoring morals, religion, or prosperity; salubrious; salutary. wholesomely (horsum-li), adv. in a v/holesome manner. wholesomeness (hol'sum-nes) , n. the state or quality of being wholesome. wholly (hol'li), adv. entirely; exclu- sively. whom (hoom), pron. objective of who. whoop (hoop), v.i. to utter a loud, shrill, and prolonged cry; shout: n. a loud shout of, or as of, pursuit or attack. whooping-cough (hoop'ing-kof), n. a violent, convulsive cough, character- ized by its whooping sound. whop (hwop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whopped, p.pr. whopping], to thrash or beat: v.i. to fall down suddenly: n. a blow or fall. whopper (hwop'er), n. something un- usually large; a monstrous lie. whore (hor), n. a female who prosti- tutes her body for hire; prostitute; adulteress: v.i. to fornicate; prac- tice idolatry. whoredom (hor'dum), n. fornication; idolatry. whorl (hwerl or hworl), n. any set of organs or appendages arranged in a circle round an axis, as flowers or leaves; turn of the spire of a uni- valve shell; fly of a spindle. whorled (hwerld), adj. furnished with whorls. whortleberry (hwer'tl-ber-i), n. a small shrub and its edible blue fruit. whose (hooz), pron. poss. of who or which. why (hwl), adv. for what cause, rea- son, or purpose: inter j. used em- phatically: n. the reason or cause. wick (wik), n. the cotton or sub- stance of a candle or lamp which ^supplies the flame. wicked (wik'ed), adj. evil in principle ^or practice; sinful; immoral; roguish. wickedness (wik'ed-nes), n. sin; crime; vice; moral depravity. wicker (wik'er) , n. a pliant osier : adj. jnade of plaited osiers. wicket (wik'et), n. a small gate; the three upright stumps in cricket at which the ball is bowled. wick-i-up (wik'i-up), n. a rough In- dian hut; a wigwam. Also tepee. wide (wid), adj. extended far each way; broad; vast; very capacious; failing to hit the mark: adv. to a great distance; far apart: n. a ball bowled outside the bowling-crease. widely (wid'li), adv. extensively. widen (wid'en), v.t. to make wide; throw open: v.i. to enlarge. wideness (wid'nes), n. width; breadth. widgeon (wij'un), n. a river-duck. widow (wid'o), n. a woman bereaved of her husband and remaining un- married: v.t. to bereave of a hus- band. widower (wid'o-er) , n. a man bereaved of his wife and remaining unmarried. width (width) , t n. extent of a thing from side to side. wield (weld), v.t. to use or employ with the hand; control or sway; handle. [ wife (wif), n. [pi. wives (wivz)], a woman united in lawful wedlock to a man; woman in some humble em- ployment. wifeless (wif'les), n. without a wife; unmarried or a widower. ate Slrm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WIFELY 907 WINDOW wifely (wlf'li), adv. like, or becoming, a wife. wig (wig), n. false hair worn on the head. wigan (wig'an), n. a kind of canvas- like cotton fabric. wigged (wigd), adj. wearing a wig. wigging (wig'ing) , n. a scolding. wiggle, same as wriggle. wight (wit) , n. a person, usually male. The word commonly conveys a shade of mirth or contempt. wigwag (wig'wag), n. & signaling flag: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by means of a wigwag; to wave to and fro. wigwam (wig'wawm), n. an Indian hut. wild (wild), adj. living in a state of nature; untamed; uncultivated; na- tive; savage; violent; passionate; unreasonable: n. a desert. wildcat (wlld'kat), adj. unsafe; spec- ulative; running without control: n. a small feline carnivorous animal somewhat resembling the domestic cat. wilderness (wil'der-nes) , n. sl region or tract of land uncultivated and un- inhabited; desert. wile (wll), n. sl sly artifice; trick: v.t. to cause to pass pleasantly (with away)- cajole. [Scotch.] will (wil), n. the faculty of the mind by which one chooses or determines; command; pleasure; divine deter- mination; choice; desire; feeling towards; legal disposition of one's property at death: v.i. to exercise the will; decree: v.t. to determine in the mind; command; direct; be- queath. willet (wil'et), n. a bird allied to the snipe. willful (wirfool), adj. governed by the will without regard to reason; stub- born; inflexible. willfully (wiTfoo-li), adv. stubbornly; on purpose. willing (wiring), adj. inclined to do or grant; complying; spontaneous; vol- untary. will-o'-the-wisp (wil-o-2/ie-wisp'), n. the ignis fatuus; any deceiving per- son or thing. willow (wil'o), n. a tree of the genus Salix. wilt (wilt), v. i. to fade; withqr. wily (wi-li), adj. cunning; crafty. # wimple (wim'pl), n. a kind of silk or linen headcovering formerly worn by women, and still retained by nuns. win (win), v.t. [p.t. &-p.p. won, p. pr. winning], to gain by superiority in a contest or competition; gain or obtain; bring over to one's party; render friendly or favorable: v.i. to be successful; triumph. wince (wins), v.i. to twist or turn as in pain or uneasiness; shrink; kick: n. the act of wincing. wincey (win'si), n. linsey-woolsey. winch (winch), n. the crank of a wheel or axle. Winchester (win'ches-ter) , n. a light repeating rifle. wind (wind) , n. air in perceptible motion; lungs; power of respiration; breath; flatulence; anything insig- nificant or light as wind; idle words: v.t. to ventilate; scent with the nose as hounds; render scant of breath; allow to rest, as a horse, in order to let him recover breath: v.i. (wind) to turn round something; twist; meander: v.t. to coil or en- circle. windage (wind'aj), n. the difference between the diameter of the bore of a gun and of a shot or shell ; deflec- tion of a missile caused by the wind. windfall (wind'fawl), n. fruit blown down by the wind; unexpected good fortune. windflower (wind'flou-er) , n. the anemone. windhover (wind'hov-er) , n. the kes- trel. windiness (wind'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being windy; flatulence; verbosity. winding (wmd'ing), n. turning; twist- ing. winding sheet (shet), n. a cerecloth. windlass (wind'las), n. a horizontal cylinder or roller by means of which heavy weights, &c, are raised. windmill (wind'mil)^ n.& sort of tow- er containing a grinding apparatus or an arrangement for raising water, the motive power being furnished by the wind which drives enormous sails at the top of the tower. window (win'do), n. an aperture, usu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. WINDPIPE 908 WISH ally glazed, in a building to admit light; frame in such an opening; anything resembling a window. windpipe (wind'pip) , _n. the trachea. wind-shield (wind'sheld) , n. the sheet of glass across the front of an auto- mobile to break the force of the wind. windward (wind'werd), n. the direc- tion from which the wind blows: adv. toward the wind: adj. on the side toward the point from which the wind blows. windy (wind # 'i), adj. [comp. windier, sw- -perl. windiest], pertaining to, like, or consisting of, wind; boisterous; windward; exposed to the wind; flatulent; empty. urine (win), n. the fermented juice of grapes ; liquor made from the juice of certain fruits; intoxication; wine party. wing (wing), n. one of the two an- terior limbs of a bird, or insect, by which it flies ; anything resembling a wing; passage by the wing; flight; side of a building, army, fleet, &c; care or protection: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, wings; transport by flight; supply with side-pieces; wound in the wing: v.i. to fly. wink (wingk), v.i. to close and open the eyelids with a quick motion; hint by the motion of the eyelids; connive; tolerate: n. act of winking; hint given. winking (wingk'ing), n. the act of shutting and opening the eyes rap- idly; act of conniving. winner (win'er), n. one who wins. winning (win'ing), adj. adapted to gain favor; attractive; charming: n.pl. money gained in any contest or game. winnow (win'o), v.t. to separate and drive the chaff from (grain) by the wind; fan; sift or examine: v.i. to separate chaff from grain. winsome (win'sum), adj. attractive; pretty. winter (win'ter), n. the cold season of the year; period or condition re- sembling winter: v.i. to pass the winter; hibernate: v.t. to feed or maintain during the winter. wintergreen (win'ter-gren) , n. any herb of the genus Pyrola, bearing red berries which have a delicate taste like birch. It is also called checker- berry, and teaberry. winter- solstice (win'ter-sol'stis), n. the solstice when the sun enters Capricorn, about Dec. 21. wipe (wip), v.t. to rub or dust the surface of with something soft; dry by rubbing; cleanse, as from abuses; obliterate (with out) : n. act of cleansing by rubbing ; blow or crush- ing repartee ; the lapwing. wire (wlr), n. a metallic thread of uniform diameter; telegraph wire; telegram: v.t. to bind, or snare, with wire; telegraph. wireglass (wir'glas), n. glass strength- ened by a network of wires in its interior. wireless (wlr'les), n. a wireless tele- gram; a message sent without wires. wireless telegraphy (te-leg'ra-n) , n. electric telegraphy without the aid of wires to conduct the current. wireless telephony (te-lef 'o-ni) , n. the art of telephoning without wires. wire-pulling (wir'pool-ing), n. secret influence or intrigue, especially for ^political purposes. wire- tapper (wir-tap'er), n. one who taps a telegraph or telephone wire unlawfully to obtain knowledge of messages going over it; one who by pretending to have such secret access to information as to the results of horse-races defrauds those whom he induces to place bets on the strength of this information. wiry (wlr'i), adj. made of, or like, wire; strong and flexible ; lean and sinewy. wisdom (wiz'dom), n. knowledge practically applied to the best ends; natural sagacity; prudence; skill in affairs; piety. wisdom-tooth (wiz'dom-tooth), n. the name popularly given to the third molar of the human jaw, appearing between the ages of 17 and 25. wise (wiz), adj. judging correctly from experience; possessing wisdom; skil- ful; learned; discreet; containing, or directed by, wisdom: suffix denoting manner or mode of acting. wiseacre (wiz'a-ker), n. a would-be wise person ; pretender to learning. wisely (wiz'li), adv. in a wise manner. wish (wish), v.i. to have a strong de- sire: v.L to desire or long for; ex- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 5 hue, hut ; think, then. WISHING-BONE 909 WOLF'S-FOOT press desire for: n. strong or eager desire; thing desired. wishing-bone (wish'ing-bon) , n. the merry-thought. Also wishbone. wishy-washy (wish'i-wosh'i) , adj. fee- ble; slovenly; weak (as of tea). wisp (wisp), n. a handful or small bundle, as of straw or hay. wistful (wist 'fool), adj. sadly long- ing; pensive. wit (wit), v.i. to know: n. knowledge; intellect or mental faculties; sagac- ity; talent; ingenuity; power of combining ideas with ludicrous ef- fect; one who possesses wit. witch (wich), n. a woman supposed to have formed a compact with evil spirits, by whose means she possessed supernatural powers; sorceress: v.t. to bewitch; enchant. witchcraft (wich'kraf t) , n. the prac- tice of witches; supernatural or magical powers. witchery (wich'er-i), n. witchcraft; fascination. witch-hazel (wich'ha-zel) , n. a shrub or small tree of the genus Hamamelis. with (with), prep, denoting nearness or connection: prefix meaning oppo- sition, departure, privation, as with- stand, withhold, &c. withal (with-al'), adv. likewise. See also. withdraw (wi^-draw'), v.t. to take away, or apart: v.i. to retire. withe (with), n. a tough flexible twig, especially of willow; band of twigs twisted together. wither (wi£/i'er), v.t. to cause to fade and become dry; decay: v.i. to be- come sapless. withers (wi^/i'erz), n.pl. the highest part of a horse's back, between the shoulder-blades . withhold (wi£/i-hold') , v.t. to keep back; restrain from action. within (wiZ/i-in'), prep, inside; in reach of: adv. inwardly. without (wi^/i-ouf), prep, outside (oj) : not having : adv. on the outside. withstand (wif/i-stand'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. withstood, p.pr. withstanding], to stand against; to oppose; to resist. witless (wit'les) ,~ adj . devoid of wit; stupid; dull. witness (wit'nes), n. attestation of a fact or event; testimony; evidence: n. one who sees or has persona! knowledge of anything; one who at- tests: v.t. to have direct knowledge of; see; give testimony to; see the execution of (a document) and sub- scribe it: v.i. to give evidence. witted (wit'ed), p. adj. having wit or understanding. witticism (wit'i-sizm) , n. a witty re- mark. wittiness (wit'i-nes), n. the quality of being witty. wittingly (whVing-li), adv. with knowl- edge. witty (wit'i), adj. [comp. wittier, su- perl. wittiest], smartly or cleverly facetious; characterized by, or pos- sessed of, wit; satirical. wive (wiv), v.t. to provide with a wife: v.i. to marry. wizard (wiz'erd), n. one supposed to possess supernatural powers, usually from the Evil One; enchanter; sor- cerer; conjurer. wizen (wiz'en), adj. dried up; shriv- eled: v.i. & v.t. to dry up or shrivel. woad (wod), n. a plant yielding a blue dye. wobble (wob'l), v.i. to sway unsteadily from side to side; to rock; to vacil- late: n. an unsteady motion. wobbly (wob'li), adj. shaky; moving unsteadily. Woden (wo 'den) , n. a god of the Anglo- Saxons. The name is retained in Wednesday (" Woden' s # day"). woe (wo), n. sorrow ; ^grief ; misery. woebegone (wo'be-gon), adj. dolor- ous; doleful; dreary looking. Also wobegone. woeful (wo 'fool), adj. full of, or ex- pressing, woe; sad; mean. Also woful. woefully (wo'foo-li), adv. in a woful manner. Also wofully. wold (wold), n. a forest or wood; plain or open country: pi. a hilly district. wolf (woolf), n. [pi. wolves (woolvz)l, a fierce carnivorous animal of the dog kind: hence a person noted for rapacity or cruelty. wolfish (woolf 'ish), adj. like a wolf; ravenously hungry. wolf's-bane (woolfs'ban), n. aconite. wolf's-foot (woolf s'foot) , n. club- moss. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ,* hue, hut ; think, then. WOLVERINE 910 WOOL-STAPLER wolverine (wool-ver-en') , n. a car- nivorous quadruped; the glutton. Wolverine State (wool-ver-en 'stat) , n. a popular name for the State of Michigan. woman (woom'an), n. [pi. women (wim'en)], an adult person of the female sex; female attendant; wife. womanhood (woom'an-hood) , n. the state, character, or collective quali- ties of a woman. womanish (woom'an-ish), adj. suit- able to, characteristic of, or having the qualities of, a woman; effemi- nate. womankind (woom' an - kind), n. women collectively; women of one's household. womanly (woom'an-li) , adj. having the best quality possessed by woman; not masculine. woman suffrage (woom'an-suf 'raj) , n. the legalized right of women to cast a vote. womb (woom), n. the uterus of a fe- male; place where anything is pro- duced; large or deep cavity: v.t. to breed in secret. wombat (wom'bat), n. a nocturnal, burrowing, Australian marsupial. won (wun), p.t. & p.p. of win. wonder (wun'der), n. the state of mind produced by anything .new, strange, unexpected, or surprising; astonishment ; cause of wonder ; mar- vel; miracle; prodigy: v.i. to feel wonder; be astonished at. wonderful (wun'der-f ool) , adj. excit- ing wonder ; strange. Also wondrous. wonderfully (wun'der-f oo-li) , adv. in a wonderful manner. wonderland (wun'der-land), n. a land of wonders. wont (wunt), adj. used or accus- tomed: n. habit or custom. wonted (wunt'ed), adj. habitual; usual._ woo (woo), v.t. to solicit in love; in- vite with importunity: v.i. to court. wood (wood), n. a large and thick collection of growing trees; solid part of trees; trees sawn for use. woodbine (wood'bin), n. a woody creeper, indigenous in Europe, now common in the U. S. where it is called (incorrectly) honeysuckle. Woodburytype (wood'ber-i-tip), n. a photo-mechanical process for print- ing pictures from blocks. woodchuck (wood'chuk), n. the mar- mot or ground-hog. woodcock (wood'kok), n. a wild fowl allied to the snipe. woodcut (wood'kut), n. a block of finely grained wood, engraved with a picture or design. wooden (wood'n), adj. made, or con- sisting of, wood; produced as from wood; stiff; awkward; expression- less. woodenness (wood'n-nes), n. the state of being wooden; lack of spirit or expression ; clumsiness . woodiness (wood'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being woody. woodman (woodsman), n. a forest officer; forester; one who fells tim- ber; a hunter. woodpecker (wood'pek-er) , n. a bird that taps the trunks of trees to dis- cover insects. woodruff (wood'ruf), n. an herb. woody (wood'i), adj. abounding in woods ; consisting of, or composed of, or like, wood. wooer (wqo'er), n. one who woos. woof (woof), n. the weft or cross- threads in weaving; texture. wooing (woo'ing) : adj. courting: n. the act of soliciting in love. wool (wool), n. the soft fine hair which covers sheep, goats, &c; fine fiber resembling wool; soft, thick hair. woolen (wool 'en), adj. made of wool: n. cloth made of wool: pi. woolen goods. Also woollen. wool- gathering (wool'ga^A-er-ing) , adj. indulgence of idle fancies. woolliness (wool'i-nes) , n. the state or quality of being woolly. woolly (wooFi), adj. consisting of, like, or clothed with, wool. woolpack (wool'p'ak), n. a bale of wool, 240 lbs. woolsack (wool'sak), n. a sack of wool; the Lord Chancellor's seat in the British House of Lords. wool- staple (wool'sta-pl) , n. the city or town where wool used to be brought to the king's staple to be sold. wool- stapler (wool'sta-pler) , n. a dealer in wool. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WOOTZ 911 WORSHIPFUL wootz (wootz), n. a very fine kind of steel imported from India, used, for edged tools. word (werd), n. an articulate sound, or combination of sounds expressing an idea; constituent part of a sen- tence; tidings; message or commu- nication; declaration; promise: j)l. language; speech; conversation; dis- pute: v.t. to express in words; phrase. Word, n. the Son of God; Holy Scrip- ture. word-book (werd 'book) , n. a vocabu- lary. word- building (werd'bil-ding) , n. the formation or composition of words. worded (werd'ed), adj. expressed in words. wording (werd'ing), n. the manner in which anything is expressed in words. wordless (werd'les), adj. lacking words. word-painting (werd'pant-ing) , n. the description of an event, &c, in vivid, realistic language. wordy (werd'i), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, many words; verbose. wore (wor), p.t. of wear. work (werk), n. physical or intellec- tual effort directed to some end ; re- sult of work; labor; employment; duty ; a production of an art or sci- ence; causing of motion against a resisting body : pi. moving parts of a mechanism; industrial manufactur- ing establishment; structures in civil or military engineering; moral duties as external to faith : v.i. to be occupied in business or labor; per- form; act; be in a state of severe exertion; ferment: v.t. to make by labor; influence or effect; excite; manage or carry out; sew or em- broider. workhouse (werk'hous), n. a poor- house; a house where convicts are confined to labor. workman (werk'man), n. one who is engaged in manual labor ; a worker ; in a higher sense, an artist. workmanship (werk'man-ship) , n. the quality of a workman's labor; the result of it. world (werld), n. the earth and its inhabitants; whole system of created things; universe; present state of existence; people generally; public life or society; secular life; sphere or domain; very much. worldliness (weild'li-nes), n. the state of being addicted to gain and tem- poral pleasures. worldling (werld'ling) , n. one who is devoted to the pleasures and advan- tages of the present. worldly (werld'li), adj. pertaining to, or devoted to, this life and its en- joyments and advantages. worm (werm), n. any small creeping animal entirely destitute of feet, or having very short ones; anything that gnaws or torments the mind; thread of a screw; spiral pipe in a still or condenser; a groveling, de- based creature: v.i. to work slowly, secretly, and gradually: v.t. to un- dermine by slow and secret means. worm-wheel (werm'hwel) , n. a wheel working into the spiral of a screw. wormwood (werm'wood) , n. the bitter plant Absinthium, used as a power- ful tonic; source of bitterness. worn (worn), p.p. of wear. worried (wur'id), adj. harassed; tired. worrier (wur'i-er), n. one who worries. worriment (wur'i-ment), n. anxiety; trouble. worrisome (wur'i-sum), adj. causing worry. worry (wur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. worried, p.pr. worrying], to tear or mangle with the teeth; harass with anxiety or care; vex or annoy; tease: v.i. to feel or express undue anxiety; be fretful; fight, as dogs: n. harassing trouble; anxiety; perplexity. worse (wers), adj. [comp. of bad]: n. loss; defeat; inferior state or con- dition: adv. bad in a greater degree. worship (wer'ship), n. in England, a title of honor used in addressing cer- tain magistrates, especially mayors; act of paying divine honor to God: v.t. to pay divine honors, or religious service, to ; reverence with great re- spect: v.i. to perform acts of hom- age or adoration, especially religious service. worshipful (wer'ship-f ool) , adj. claim- ing or worthy of respect or honor; a term of respect in England. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut : think, then. WORSHIPPER 912 WRESTLE worshipper (wer'ship-er) , n. one who worships. worst (werst), adj. superl. of bad; bad or evil in the highest degree; most severe or dangerous; adv. worse than all others: n. the most evil or calamitous state: v.t. to get the advantage of in a contest; over- throw; defeat. worsted (woor'sted), n. twisted thread spun out of woolen yarn: adj. made of worsted. wort (wert), n. the saccharine infu- sion of malt which ferments and makes beer; an herb. worth (werth), n. value; price; moral excellence: adj. equal in value to; having estate or wealth to the value of; deserving of. worthily (wer^/ii-li), adv. in a wor- thy manner; justly. worthiness (wer^/ii-nes), n. the state or quality of being worthy; excel- lence. worthless (werth'les), adj. having no value, virtue, or excellence; mor- ally bad; contemptible. worthy (wer^Ai), adj. [comp. worthier, superl. worthiest], having worth or excellence; estimable: n. a man of eminent worth. would (wood), pi. of will. would-be (wood'be), adj. pretending, or desirous of being thought to be: n. a vain pretender. wound (woond), n. a breach of the skin and flesh given to an animal body by violence; hurt; injury: v.t. to make a wound in; lacerate; in- jure; hurt the feeling of: p.t. & p.p. of wind (wound) . wove (wov), p.t. of weave. woven (wov'n), p.p. of weave. wow- wow (wou'wou), n. a Javanese ape. wrack (rak), n. seaweed cast ashore; ruin; destruction; a thin, flying cloud. wraith (rath), n.the supposed ghost of a person in his exact likeness seen immediately before, or at the time of, his death. [Scotch.] wrangle (rang'gl), v.i. to dispute an- grily or noisily: n. an angry or noisy dispute. wrangler (rang'gler), n. one who wrangles; an angry or noisy dispu- tant; a term used at Cambridge University to denote one who has taken mathematics. The first of these was formerly called Senior Wrangler. wrap (rap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrapped (wrapt), p.pr. wrapping], to roll or wind together; cover with something rolled around; involve; conceal by enveloping: n. a wrapper, shawl, or rug. wrapper (rap'er), n. one who, or that which, wraps; that in which any- thing is inclosed or wTapped; loose over or upper garment. wrath (rath), n. violent anger; in- dignation. wrathful (rath'fool), adj. violently angry. wrathfully (rath'f oo-li) , adv. in a wrathful manner. wreak (rek), v.t. to execute in venge- ance or passion; inflict. wreath (reth), n. anything curled or twisted; garland or chaplet. wreathe (reth), v.t. to twist into a wreath; intertwine: v.i. to be inter- woven. wreck (rek), n. the destruction of a ship by being driven ashore, or on a rock, &c; ruins of a ship so de- stroyed; remains of anything ru- ined; destruction: v.t. to destroy or cast away, as a ship, by violence; ruin or destroy. wreckage (rek'aj), n. remains of a wrecked vessel; act of wrecking; state of being wrecked. wrecker (rek'er), n. one who plunders, or causes, wrecks; one who re- moves the cargo from a wrecked vessel. wren (ren), n. a small perching bird. wrench (rench), v.t. to wring or pull with a twist; strain: n. a violent twist; sprain; instrument for exert- ing a twisting strain. wrest (rest), v.t. to twist, wrench, or force from by violence; distort; turn from its natural meaning; pervert: n. violent pulling or twisting; per- version. wrester (rest'er), n. one who wrests. wrestle (res'l), v.i. to contend, by grappling with, or striving to trip or throw down, another ; strive earnest- ly : v.t. to contend against in wrest- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. WRESTLER 913 WYNKERNEL ling: n. the act of one who wrestles.; struggle. Also wrestling. wrestler (res'ler), n. one who wrestles. wretch (rech) , n. a despicable or worthless person; one sunk in the deepest woe. wretched (rech'ed), adj. miserable; unhappy; sunk in deep misery or woe; worthless; of miserable quality. wriggle (rig'l), v.i. to twist to and fro: v.t. to move by, or as by, wrig- gling: n. a wriggling motion. [Dutch.] wriggler (rig'ler), n. one who wriggles. wright (rlt), n. one occupied in some mechanical operation; artificer; car- penter. wring (ring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrung, v.pr. wringing], to twist; turn and strain; force or compress; extort: n. a forcible twist. wringer (ring'er), n. one who, or that which, wrings. wrinkle (ring'kl), n. a small ridge or furrow on a smooth surface; crease; useful hint or idea: v.t. to form or cause wrinkles; crease: v.i. to be- come wrinkled. wrist (rist), n. the joint uniting the hand to the arm. writ (rit), n. anything written; a writ- ten document to enforce obedience to an order of a court of justice. write (rit), v.t. [p.t. wrote, p.p. writ- ten, p.pr. writing], to form with a pen or similar instrument on paper, &c; express in writing; engrave; produce, as an author: v.i. to form letters with the pen; send letters; compose books. writer (rit'er), n. one who, or that which, writes; clerk or amanuensis; author; journalist. writhe {nth), v.t. to twist with vio- lence; pervert: v.i. to contort the body. writing (rit'ing), n. the act of form- ing letters with a pen, &c; composi- tion, manuscript, or book; legal in- strument. written (writ'n), adj. reduced to writ- ing. written law (law), n. statute law. wrong (rong), adj. not morally right; false; unjust; mistaken; not fit or suitable; incorrect: adv. unjustly^ erroneously. Also wrongly. wrongful (rong'fool), adj. contrary tc moral law or justice; injurious. wrongfully (rong'foo-li), adv. in a wrongful manner. wrote (rot), p.t. of write. wroth (rawth), adj. much exasper- ated. wrought (rawt), p.t. & p.p. of work. wrought-iron _ (rawt-I'ern), n. mal- leable iron; iron capable of being welded. wrung (rung), p.t. & p.p. of wring. wry (ri), adj. distorted; twisted; turned to one side; perverted; false; showing distaste, disgust, impa- tience, &c. wrybill (ri'bil), n. the crookbill plover. wryly (ri'li), adv. in a wry manner. wrymouth (rl'mouth), n. an eel- shaped North Atlantic fish with a vertical mouth. wryneck (rl'nek), n. a migratory bird, allied to the woodpecker; a dis- torted neck. wryness (ri'nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being wry or distorted. Wulfenite (wul'fen-Ite), n. sl resin- ous lead molybdate, named after the Austrian mineralogist, F. X. v. Wul- fen. wurbagool (wur'ba-gul), n. an Easi Indian flying fox. wurraluh (wur'a-lu), n. the Austra- lian white-quilled honey-eating birdc wurrus (wur'us), n. a vermifugal red powder obtained from Arabian spurge trees. wurtzite (wurts'Ite), n. zinc sulphide of a brownish-black resinous nature, named after the French chemist, C< A. Wurtz. wych (wich), n. a brine pit. wych-elm (wich'elm), n. a species of elm. Wyclifite or Wiclinte (wi'klif-it), n. a follower of John Wicklif (d. 1384), a reformer who first translated the entire Bible into English. See Lol- lard. wynkernel (wink'er-nel), n. the wa- ter-hen. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; g$ hue, hut ; think, theii. X X ? the twenty-fourth letter of the Eng- lish alphabet, derived in form from a Greek variant of T, which had two sounds. That of the Western Greek alphabet had the phonetic value of ks, and this was taken into the Latin alphabet and ultimately into English. It is now of varied sound, equivalent to ks, gs, gz (exact). As an algebraic symbol, m x is the un- known variable quantity. In wire- less telegraphy, x represents a local disturbance causing a false signal. In chemistry, x or xi stands for xenon (a newly discovered element) . xanthein (zan'the-in), n. the yellow coloring matter of certain plants and flowers; a whitish powder, allied to uric acid, obtained from urine or guano. Also xanthin. xanthic (zan'thik), adj. tending to a yellow color. j xanthic acid (as'id), n. a heavy, color- .less, oily liquid consisting of bi- sulphuret of carbon, water, and an oxide of ethyl. Xanthippe (zan-tip'e), n. a scolding woman ; from the termagant wife of Socrates. xantho, a Greek prefix, meaning yellow, as xan^ocarpous : adj. having yellow fruit. xanthophyll (zan'tho-fil) , n. the yel- low coloring matter of withering leaves. xanthous (zan'thus) , adj. yellow ; not- ing races having brown, flaxen, or red hair and blue eyes. xebec (ze'bek), n. a small three-masted vessel with lateen and square sails. senium (ze'ni-um), n. in ancient Greece, a present given to a guest or foreign ambassador. xeno, a Greek prefix meaning a stranger, as serogenesis, heterogene- sis. xenomania (zen-o-ma'ni-a), n. a mania for foreign persons or things. xenon (zen'on), n. the heaviest of the five recently discovered elementary substances present in gaseous form in the atmosphere. xerasia (ze-ra'si-a), n. a morbid dry- ness of the hair. xeres (sher'i), n. sherry, so-called from the time of Xeres in Spain, whence it was first exported. [Sp. ha/ris.] xeroderma (ze-ro-der'ma), n. a dis- ease of the skin characterized by dryness. xerophthalmia (ze-rof-thal'mi-a) , n. abnormal dryness of the eyeball, ac- companied by redness and irritation. xiphoid (zi'foid), adj. sword-shaped. X-rays (eks'raz), n. the Roentgen rays which have the peculiarity of not be- ing refractive when passed through water. xylene (zi'len), n. a colorless oily liquid found in coal and wood tar. Also xylol. xylite (zi'llt), n. a kind of asbestos. xylo, a Greek prefix, meaning wood. xylobalsamum ^zi-lo-bal'sa-mum) , n. a balsam obtained from the dried wood of the balsam-tree. xylogen (zi'lo-jen), n. lignin. xylograph (zi'lo-graf), n. an engrav- ing on wood; an impression from such an engraving. xylographic (zi-lo-graf'ik), adj. per- taining to xylography or wood en- graving. xylography (zl-log'ra-fi), n. the art or process of making prints from the natural grain of wood; a kind of decorative painting on wood. xyloid (zi'loid), adj. like wood. xyloidin (zi-loid'in) , n. an explosive compound produced by the action of nitric acid on starch. xylol (zi'lol), same as xylene. xylonite (zi'lo-nit), n. a kind of com- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrtb, not ; boon, book ; hue, but; think, then. 1 XYLOPHONE 915 XYSTOS pressed gun-cotton, resembling xyst (zist), n. in Classical Antiquity, a ivory, used for making various arti- hall or covered portico used for cles, as combs, &c. athletic exercises, chiefly in stormy xylophone (zi'lo-fon), n. a musical in- weather. Also xystos and xys- strument consisting of a graduated tus. series of wooden bars, and sounded xyster (zis'ter), n, a surgical instru- by means of small wooden hammers. ment for scraping bones. Xyris (zi'ris), n. a genus of tropical xystos (zis'tos), n. in surgery, scraped sedge-like plants. lint. Also xystus. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l hue, hut ; think, then. Y If, the twenty-fifth letter in the Eng- lish alphabet, derived in its form from the (capital) Greek letter T (ypsilon), which in turn was the Phoenician vau. Y was not an orig- inal character of the Latin al- phabet, but was adopted in trans- lating Greek words that contained ypsilon, previously represented by V. Hence U, V, and W all come from a like source. As a symbol in chemistry, Y stands for the element yttrium. In algebra, y is the second of the two variable unknown quan- tities, of which x is the first. yacare (yak'a-ra), n. a South Amer- ican crocodile. yacca-wood (yak'a-wood), n. the wood of a tree of Jamaica, used for cabinet-work. yacht (yot), n. a light, and quick- sailing vessel used for pleasure or racing: v.i. to sail or cruise about in a yacht. yachting (yot'ing), adj. pertaining to a yacht: n. the practice of sailing a yacht. yachtsman (yots'man), n. [pi. yachtsmen (yots'men)], the owner or sailer of a yacht. yager, same_a_s jager. yahoo (ya-hoo'), n. a savage: from a race of brutes in "Gulliver's Travels." Anyloathsomecreature ; man-shaped. yak (yak), n. a species of ox found in Central Asia, with long silky hair fringing the shoulders, sides and tail. [Tibetan.] yak-lace (yak'las), n. a coarse lace. yaksha (yak'sha), n. a Hindu gnome. yam (yam), n. a large edible tuber of various climbing plants of the genus Dioscorea. yank (yangk), v.t. to jerk or twist: v.i. to work cleverly and pushingly: n. a jerk or twist. Yankee (yank'e), n. the popular name of New England Americans: used generally for citizens of the United States: adj. pertaining to, or charac- teristic of, citizens of the United States. Yankee-Doodle (yank'e-doo'dl), n. a popular melody of the United States, derived, however, from a rustic English ditty, first sung in Yorkshire about 1625. Yankeeism (yank'e-izm) , n. a Yankee idiom, practice, or custom. yanking (yank'ing), adj. active; push- ing. yanolite (yan'o-llt), n. a kind of gai- net. yaourt (yourt), n. a fermented liquor prepared from milk, similar to kou- miss. yap (yap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. yapped, p.pr. yapping], to yelp or bark, as a dog: n. a yelp or bark; a foolish noisy person. yapock (yap'uk), n. a South Ameri- can aquatic opossum. yapon (yaw'pun), n. a kind of holly, the leaves of which are used as tea South Sea tea. yard (yard), n. a standard measure of length = 3 ft.; a long piece of timber on a mast for spreading square sails; an enclosure adjoining or attached to a house, or where some manufacture is carried on. yard-arm (yard'arm), n. either end of a ship's yard." yardstick (yard'stik), n. a stick three feet in length, used for measuring. yarn (yarn), n. spun thread; one of the threads of a rope; a sailor's story, especially one of doubtful ve- racity: v.i. to tell a story. yashmak (yash'mak), n. the double veil worn by Moslem women in pub- lic. [Arabian.] yataghan (yat'a-gan), n. a dagger- like, double-curved saber . [Turkish . ] ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. YAUP 917 YODEL yaup (yawp), n. the blue titmouse. yaw (yaw), v.i. to steer wildly; devi- ate from the right course: said of a ship; rise in blisters or white froth. yawl (yawl), n. a light, decked, two- masted boat; jolly-boat: v.i. to howl. [Dutch.] yawn (yawn), n. an involuntary open- ing of the jaws through drowsiness, &c. : v.i. to gape involuntarily. yawning (yawn'ing), adj. gaping; drowsy. yawp (yawp), same as a loud boister- ous hoot as uttered by a vagabond or person of bad manners. yaws (yawz), n. a contagious skin disease prevalent in tropical coun- tries. yclad (e-klad'), adj. clothed. ycleped (e-klepf), adj. called. Also yclept. ye (ye) , pron. ; nom. pi. of thou. yea (ya), adv. yes; truly. year (yer), n. the period during which the earth makes one complete rev- olution round the sun (36534 days): pi. age; oldage. yearbook (yer'book) , n. a book which is practically an annual cyclopedia, giving information for the previous year. yearling (yer'ling), n. a young ani- mal (colt or calf) more than one year and less than two years old. yearly (yer'li), adv. happening every year; lasting a year. yearn (yern), v.i. to feel an earnest desire; be filled with eager longing or desire. yeast (yest), n. the barm or ferment of beer or other liquor in fermenta- tion; froth; any preparation for raising dough. yeastiness (yest'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being yeasty. yeggman (yeg'man), n. a desperate burglar; a safe breaker. yelk, same as yolk. yell (yel), n. a sharp, discordant cry, as of agony: v.t. to scream: v.i. to utter a- sharp, discordant cry. yellow (yel'o), adj. of a bright, pure color resembling gold; jaundiced. yellow book (yel'o-book), n. a collec- tion of diplomatic documents issued by the French government, in par- ticular the correspondence relating to the outbreak of the European War in 1914, so called from the color of the covers. yellow fever (fe'ver), n. an acute in- fective fever epidemic in countries along the temperate zone but en- demic in the tropics. It is popularly called Yellow Jack. yellowish (yel'o-ish), adj. somewhat yellow. yelp (yelp), v.i. to utter a sharp bark: n. a_sharp bark. yeoman (yo'man), n. [pi. yeomen (yo'men)], in England, a man pos- sessed of a small landed estate; farmer; freeholder; in the United States navy, a petty officer in charge of stores. yeomanry (yo'man-ri), n. yeomen collectively; volunteer cavalry. yerba (yer'ba), n. an herb of the pepper family, said to be a remedy for rheumatism. The original name of San Francisco was Yerba Buena. yes (yes), adv. yea: opposed to no. yesterday (yes'ter-da) , n. the day last past; recent time: adv. on the day last past. yet (yet), adv. in addition; still; moreover: conj. nevertheless; how- ever. _ yew (yoo), n. & large evergreen tree of the genus Taxus: adj. pertaining to jew trees. yewen (yoo'en), adj. made of yew. Yiddish (yid'ish), n. a kind of com- posite language used by German and other Jews. It is a dialect made up chiefly of Hebrew and German, but often with a marked strain of Rus- sian and Polish. It is written in Hebrew characters. yield (yeld), v.t. to submit; produce; concede: v.i. to assent; comply; give way; cease opposition; give a return or produce: n. product; return. yielder (yeld'er), n. one who yields. yielding (yeld'ing), adj. inclined to give way or comply; accommodat- ing: n. the act of producing; sub- mission; compliance. yl, a Greek suffix, meaning basis: used as a characteristic termination of chemical radicals. Y-level (wi'lev-el), n. an instrument for measuring heights and distances. yodel (yo'del), yodle, v.t. and v.i. to ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, ^en. YOGI 918 YUTU sing, changing quickly from a natu- ral tone to falsetto and back, as in the Tyrolese melodies: n. a song or refrain, sung in this manner to mean- ingless syllables or merely vocalized. yogi (yo'ge), n. an ascetic who follows the Yoka philosophy and in India is supposed to have power of heal- ing. [Sanskrit.] yojan (yo'jan), n. in the East Indies, a measure of length = five miles. yoke (yok), n. a piece of hollowed timber for connecting two draught oxen together ; a frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for carrying a pail, &c, suspended to each end; bond, tie, or link; pair or couple; service; mark of slavery; bar at- tached to the rudder-head to which the steering lines are fastened: v.t. to join together; couple; place a yoke upon ; enslave ; confine. yokel (yo'kl), n. a rustic. yolk (yok), n. yellow part of an egg; vitellus, the oily secretion from the skin of a sheep which renders the wool soft and pliable. Yom Kippur (yom kip'er), n. the Great Day of Atonement or Fast of Expiation, the most solemn fast of the Jews. It falls on the 10th day of the Jewish month Tisri. yonder (yon'der), adj. at a distance, but in view: adj. being at a distance, but in view. Also yon. yore (yor), adv. in old time; long ago. you (fi), pron. nom. & obj.pl. of thou: now used for thou and thee. young (yung), adj. being in the early part of fife or growth; inexperi- enced; not matured; raw; vigorous; fresh ; pertaining to youth ; of youth- ful appearance: n. offspring collec- tively. youngish (yung'ish), adj. somewhat young. youngster (yung'ster), n. a young person; lad. younker (yung'ker), n. a young fel- low; stripling. your (yoor), pron. poss. pi. of thou or you. Also yours. yourself (yoor-self ') , pron. [pi. your- selves (yoor-selvz')], you in your own person. youth (yooth), n. [pi. youths (yooths)], early lif e ; a young person ; young persons collectively; condition of being young. youthful (yooth'f ool) , adj. pertaining to youth or the early part of life; fresh; vigorous. youthfully (yooth'f oo-h), adv. in a youthful manner. yowl (youl), n. a howl as of a dog or wolf: v.i. to howl or yell. yponomeutidae (i-pon-o-mu'ti-de) , n, pi. ermine moths. ypsiliform (ip-sil'i-f orm) , adj. formed like the Greek capital letter upsilon, T. ytterbium (i-teV bi-um) , n. a rare chemical element discovered by the spectroscope. yttria (it'ri-a), n. the oxide of yttri- um. yttrium (it'ri-um), n. the metalhc base of yttria ; an element discovered by Gadolin in 1794. It is a metal, usually in the form of a grayish powder. yucca (yuk'a), n. a sub - tropica! American plant characterized bj its stiff lanceolate leaves; Adam's needle. yuck (yuk), v.t. to snatch forcibly; to scratch; to itch. yucker (yuk'er), n. the flicker bird. yufts (y ufts), n. a kind of Russian leather. _ yuga (yoo'ga), n. one of the Hindu ages of the world. Also yug. [San- skrit.] yulan (yoo'lan), n. a Chinese mag- nolia with snow-white flowers. Yule (yool), n. Christmas. Yule-log (yool'log), n. a large block of wood formerly put upon the hearth on Christmas eve to form the basis of the Christmas fire. Yule-tide (yool'tid), n. Christmas- tide. yunx (yunx), n. a wryneck bird. yurga (yur'ga), n. the Afghan yabu, or ambling mountain pony. Yurucari (yu'rti-ca'ri) , n. a linguis- tic stock of South American In- dians. yutu (yu'tu), n. the Peruvian tina- mou bird. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. z Z, the twenty-sixth and last letter of the English alphabet, sometimes called zed [English rustic]. It is in form, and nearly in sound, the Greek zeta (Z). The Romans bor- rowed it, as they did T, and in English, as an initial letter it usually indicates a foreign origin. In alge- bra it denotes the third unknown Quantity. zaffer (zaf'er), n. impure oxide of co- balt, of an intensely blue color,used in enameling, pottery, &c. Also zaffre. amm (za'im), n. a Turkish military chief. zamang (za-mang'), n. sl huge legu- minous tree, the sweet pulpy pods of which are used for feeding cattle. zamouse (za-moos'), n. a West Afri- can buffalo, with hair-f ringed ears and without a dewlap. zander (tsan'der), n. the European pike-perch. [German.] zanella (tsa-nel'a), n. a mixed twilled fabric for covering umbrellas. zany (za/ni), n. a buffoon; merry- andrew. zaptiah (zap'ti-a), n. a Turkish po- liceman. zariba (za-re'ba), n. a stockade such as is constructed in the Soudan; a fortified camp. zeal (zel), n. intense interest; enthusiasm for a cause. zealot (zel'ot), n. an enthusiast; fa- natic. [Greek.] Zealot, n. > one of a fanatical sect of Jews which carried on a desperate struggle with the Romans until the fall of Jerusalem (70 A. D.). zealous (zel'us), adj. ardent in the pur- suit of an object; enthusiastic. zebec, same as xebec. zebra (ze'bra), n. a wild animal of Africa of the genus Equus? with black and white stripes ; a wood much used in cabinet-making. zebu (ze'bu), n. the Indian ox or cow, with long pendulous ears, and large prominent hump on the shoulders. zechstein (zek'stm), n. magnesium limestone. Zeitgeist (tsit'gist), n. the spirit of the age ; the drift of thought. [German.] Zemstvo (zems'tvo), n. a Russian provincial assembly, elective, and composed of landed proprietors, the artisans and traders. zemule (ze'mul), n. a hybrid mam- mal bred by crossing a zebra and a donkey. zenana (ze-na'na), n. in India, the women's apartments; the East- Indian harem. Zend (zend), n. the Iranian language of ancient Persia. [Old Persian.] Zend-Avesta (zend-a-ves'ta), n. the sacred writings of the Zoroastrians, ascribed to Zoroaster. zendik (zen'dik), n. in the East, a name for an unbeliever. zenith (ze'nith), n. the point in the heavens directly over the head of the spectatorj _greatest height. zeolite (ze'o^lit), n. an extensive group of minerals, consisting of hy- drated silicates: so called from their frothing when under the blowpipe. zephyr (zef'er), n. the west wind; soft,, gentle breeze. [Greek.] Zeppelin (zep'pe-hn), n. a type of Ger- man dirigible balloon invented by CountZeppelin. zero (ze'ro), n. a cipher; nothing; neutral point (°) between any as- cending or descending scale or series. zest (zest),_n. relish; keen enjoyment. zeugma (zug'ma), n. a figure by which a part of speech relating to one noun is referred to another. Zeus (zus), n. Jupiter. [Greek.] zibeline (zib r e-hn), adj. pertaining to the sable : n. the fur of the sable. Zif (zif), n. the second month of the Jewish ecclesiastical and eighth of the civil year (part of May-June). ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ZIGZAG 920 ZOOLATRY zigzag (zig'zag), adj. having short, sharp turns: n. something with short, sharp turns. zillah (zil'a), n. a governmental dis- trict in India. [Hindu.] zimb (zimb), n. a dipterous insect re- sembling the tsetse. zinc (zingk), n. a bluish- white metal. zincic (zin'sik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, zinc. Also zincky, zinky, zinckic. zincode (zingk'od), n. the negative pole of a voltaic battery. zincograph (zingk'o-graf ) , n. an im- pression from a zinc plate. zincography (zingk-og'ra-fi) , n. the art of drawing upon, or printing from, zinc plates. zincoid (zingk'oid), adj. zinc-like. Zingaro (thing-ga/ro), n. a Gipsy. [Spanish.] zingel (zing'el), n. a perch found in the Danube. zinkenite (zingk'en-it) , n. a steel-grey mineral, a sulphide of antimony and lead. Zion (zi'un), n. sl hill in Jerusalem, the royal residence of King David and his successors : hence the Church of God. Zionism (zi'un-izm), n. a project for the reestablishment of the Jews as a nation in Palestine. zircon (zer'kon), n. a heavy, hard, sparkling mineral. zirconia (zer-ko'ni-a), n. the oxide of zirconium. zirconium (zer-ko'ni-um), n. a rare metallic element. zither (zith'er), n. a stringed musical instrument, consisting of a sounding box and 28 to_31 strings. # zoanthropy (zo-an'thro-pi), n. a kind of mania, in which the patient be- lieves himself to be transformed into an animal. [Greek.] zobo (zo'bo), n. an ox-like animal of India. Also zobu. zodiac (zo'di-ak), n. an imaginary broad belt in the heavens, containing the twelve constellations or signs of the zodiac which the sun traverses annually. zodiacal (zo-di'a-kal}, adj. pertaining to, or situated within, the zodiac. zodiacal light: (lit), n. a luminous tract of the sky of triangular shape^ its base being on the horizon: seen in the evening at twilight, and be- fore dawn. zoetic (zo-et'ik), adj. vital. zoetrope (zo'e-trop), n. an optical in- strument by means of which figures, &c, on a circular card appear to be in active motion when viewed through slots in the upper side. zofra (zo'fra), n. a Moorish carpet. Zolaism (zo'la-izm), n. excessive real- ism in the literary treatment of the worse side of human life or nature: from Emile Zola, the French realistic novelist. zollverein (tsol'f er-in) , n. the Ger- man customs union, formed 1827 and further extended in 1867 to establish uniform rates; a customs union. zonal (zo'nal), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, a zone or zones. zone (zon), n. one of the five great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided with respect to lati- tude and temperature ; that belt or district within which certain animal or plant forms of life are confined; a girdle or belt: v.t. to encircle with, or as with, a zone. zoned (zond), n. wearing a belt or girdle; having zones; striped. zoo, a Greek prefix meaning animal, as 200-chemistry, animal chemistry. zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large in- closure in which live animals are kept for public exhibition ; zoological garden. zoogeographical (zo-o- j e-o-graf 'i-kal) , adj. pertaining tozoogeography. zoogeography (zo-o-je-og'ra-fi), n. the study of the geographical distribu- tion of animals. zoogloea (zo-o-gle'a), n. a mass of bac- teria inclosed in a viscous, gelatinous substance. zoographic (zo-o-graf 'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to zoography. zobgraphy (zo-og'ra-fi) , n. the descrip- tion of animals, their forms and habits. zooid (zo'oid), n. an animal in one of its inferior stages of development; an individual of a compound or co- lonial animal organization. # zoolatry (zo-ora-tri) , n. animal-wor- ship. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ZOOLOGICAL 921 ZYXOMMA zoological (zo-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to zoology. zoologically (zo-o-loj'i-ka-li), adv. ac- cording to_the principles of zoology. zoologist (zo-ol'o-jist), n. one skilled in zoology. zoology (zo-ol'o-ji), n. that part of bi- ology that treats of animals, their structure, classification, habits, and distribution. zoomorphism (zo-o-mor'fizm), n. the representation of a deity in the form, or wit_h_the attributes, of an animal. zoon (zo'on), n. an animal which is the sole product of a single ovum. zoopathy (zo-op'a-thi), n. animal pathology. zoophilist (zo-of'i-list), n. a lover of animals. zoophysiology (zO-o-fiz-i-ol'o-gi) , n. physiology of the lower animals. zoophyte (zo'o : fit), n. an animal of low organization, bearing some ex- ternal resemblance to a plant. zoosperm (zo'6-sperm), n. the male seed-cell. zoospore (zo'6-spor) ,n.the active spores of certain algae endowed with motion by means of ciliated processes. zootomist (zo-ot'6-mist) , n. a com- parative anatomist. zootomy (zo-ot'6-mi), n. the dissection or anatomy of animals. zorilla (zo-ril'a), n. sl kind of skunk. Zoroastrian (zo-ro-as'tri-an) , adj. per- taining to Zoroaster, the reputed founder of the Parsi religion, or to his doctrines. Zoroastrianism (zo-ro-as'tri-an-izm) , n. the religious system, contained in the Zend-Avesta, said to have been founded by Zoroaster (Zarathustra), the legislator and prophet of ancient Persia. zouave (zoo-av'), n. a soldier of a light infantry corps of the French army, wearing an Arab dress. zuchetto (tsoo-ket'o), n. a skull-cap covering the tonsure and worn under the biretta. Also zuchetta. Zulu (zoo 'loo), n. one of a warlike tribe of Kaffirs, north of Natal. zumbooruk (zum'boo-ruk) , n. a small swivel cannon fired from the back of a camel. Zuni (zoo'nye), n. one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Zweibund (tsvl-boont), n. a dual alli- ance; the sympathetic union of two nations, as of France and Russia in 1897 and later. zygoma (zig-6'ma), n.jthe cheek-bone. zygomorphous (zig-o-mor'fus), adj. yoke-shaped; applied chiefly to di- vided flowers. zygosis (zig-6'sis), n. coalescence; junction; conjugation. zygospore (zig'o-spor) , n. the conju- gated spore of two gametes. zyme (zlm),n. the germ supposed to be the poisonous cause of zymotic diseases. zymic (zim'ik), adj. produced by fer- mentation. zymogen (zi'mo-jen), n. g^y sub- stance that by internal changes gives rise to a ferment. Also zymogene. zymologist (zi-mol'o-jist), n. one skilled in zymology. zymology (zi-mol'o-ji) , n. the doc- trine of fermentation. Also zu- mology. zymometer (zl-mom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation in different liquids. Also zymosimeter. zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. a bacteroid ferment. zymoscope (zl'mo-scop) , n. an instru- ment invented by Zenneck to meas- ure the degrees of fermenting power. zymosis (zl-mo'sis), n. a fermentation. zymotic (zi-mot'ik), adj. producing fermentation, or a disease in which a virus works through the body like a ferment, as cholera. zymotically (zi-mot'i-ka-li), adv. in a zymotic manner. zymotic diseases (dis'ez^ez), n. sl class of contagious or epidemic dis- eases, supposed to be produced by a virus or organism which acts like a ferment. zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. that branch of industrial chemistry which deals with the processes of fermentation in brewing, wine-making, &.c. zythum (zi'thum), n. an ancient bev- erage resembling beer, made from malt and wheat. zyxomma (zik-som'a), n. a large- headed, big-eyed, narrow-faced dragon-fly of India. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 61 hue, hut ; think, then. A REFERENCE LIBRARY Containing A Veritable Treasury of Often-sought-for Facts TABLE OF CONTENTS Synonyms and Antonyms Foreign Words, Phrases, Maxims and Quotations Dictionary of Commercial and Legal Terms Glossary of Aviation Terms Glossary of Automobile Terms Christian Names of Men and Women Nicknames of Famous Personages Famous Characters in Poetry and Prose Familiar Allusions Most Common Abbreviations Manner of Forecasting Weather Declaration of Independence Constitution of the United States of America Legal Holidays in the Various States Names of the States and Their Meaning Nicknames of the States and the Reason Metric System of Weights and Measures Legal Interest Rate and Statute of Limitations Simple Interest Table Compound Interest on One Dollar Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money Table of Yearly Wages Table of Monthly Wages Normal Height and Weight of Adults Heights and Weights of Children Distribution of Population of the United States by Sex Leading Occupations in the United States Immigration into the United States American Passports Deportation of Aliens Merchant Marine of the United States Panama Canal Statistics Imports and Exports by Lake Ports Agricultural Exports United States Fire Losses by Years Postal Information American Hall of Fame Presidents of the United States United States Census 1920 World War Chronology Surrender Dates American Effort in the World War Treaties of Peace Regular Armies of the World Navies of the Five Great Powers Compared Facts About the Earth Average Depth of Oceans and Seas Areas of Oceans and Great Lakes Largest Lakes in the United States Great Ship Canals of the World Longest Rivers in the World Largest Islands in the World Languages of the World Races of the World Religions of the World Origin of the Red Cross Emblem Boy Scout Movement in the United States Heavyweight Champions Fastest Voyages Across the Atlantic Great Steamship Disasters Presidents of Mexico Since June 26, 1910 Wedding Anniversaries Language of Flowers Language of Gems Birth Stones Birth Days SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS Collected and Arranged By LILIAN H. DU BOIS Instructor in the Wharton Combined School, Philadelphia Over Twelve Thousand Words of Similar and Contrasted Meanings IN order to make use of the English Language with exactness and at the same time with variety, one should be thoroughly acquainted, not merely with words which compose its vo- cabulary, but also with the words in groups which show the likeness andun- likeness of both sets. Words of simi- lar meaning, though of entirely dif- ferent form, are called Synonyms; then" direct opposites, which contain ideas contrasted with the others, are called Antonyms, and when used to bring out the vivid antithesis, they admit of very striking figures of speech. _ No people ever studied their own language so minutely as the French. From their earliest school-days, French children are taught to speak and write with the most careful choice of words, so that when they grow older they be- come familiar with the most delicate shades of meaning, and the most exquisite variations between one word and another. Gustave Flaubert, the great novelist and scholar, claimed that for every thought there was some special word which exactly gave the meaning as no other word could do; and he would spend hours, when he wrote, in searching for such a word which he styled le mot juste, the unique expression of the idea in its relation to the rest of the sentence. This is so true, as to give weight to the French proverb: "What is not clear is not French." The English language deserves to be studied with the same minuteness as the French, since it is a far richer language, and one to which the whole world has contributed. Therefore, a collection of Synonyms and Anto- nyms gives one who masters it, felicity and facility of diction, and opens up a whole vista of collateral ideas. The following collection of contrasted words, while not exhaustive, is comprehensive; and by cross-reference it will be found to answer almost all requirements. abandon, leave, forsake, desert, re- nounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let go, waive. (Keep, cherish.) abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wick- ed, reprobate, dissolute, profligate, flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. (Cherished, virtuous, upright.) abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction, renunciation, defection. (Protection, maintenance, support.) abasement, degradation, fall, degen- eracy, humiliation, abjection, debase- ment, servility. (Honor, exaltation.) abash, bewilder, disconcert, discom- pose, confound, confuse, shame. (Embolden, encourage, hearten.) abbreviate, shorten, abridge, curtail, contract, condense, reduce. (Extend, - expand, enlarge, amplify.) abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, abandon, forsaken, relinquish, quit, forego. (Persist, persevere.) abet, help, encourage, instigate, in- cite, stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist, oppose, hinder.) abettor, assistant, accessory, accom- plice, promoter, instigator, particeps criminis, coadjutor, associate, com- panion, co-operator. (Opponent, antagonist.) abhor, dislike intensely, view _ with horror, hate, detest, abominate, loathe, nauseate. (Love, like, adore.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS ability, capability, talent, faculty, capacity, qualification, aptitude, apt- ness, expertness, skill, efficiency, ac- complishment, attainment. (Incom- petency, inefficiency, helplessness.) abject, groveling, low, mean, base, ig- noble, worthless, despicable, servile, vile, contemptible. (Noble, high, worthy.) abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, recall, revoke, retract, renounce. (Maintain, hold.) able, strong, powerful, muscular, stal- wart, vigorous, athletic, robust, *brawny, skillful, adroit, competent, efficient, capable, clever, self -quali- fied, telling, fitted. (Weak, feck- less, futile, feeble.) abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, domicile, home, quarters, lodging. abolish, qu*sh, destroy, revoke, abro- gate, annul, > cancel, annihilate, ex- tinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. (Establish, enforce.) abominable, hateful, detestable, odi- ous, vile, execrable. (Lovable, ami- able, gracious, delightful, pleasing.) abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, inoperative, vain, futile. (Effect- ual, competent.) about, concerning, regarding, relative to, with regard to, as to, respecting, with respect to, referring to, around, nearly, approximately. (Irrelevant, not pertinent.) abscond, run off, steal away, decamp, bolt. (Remain.) < absent, a., inattentive, abstracted, not attending to, listless, dreamy. (Pres- ent, alert, attentive.) absolute, entire, complete, uncondi- tional, unqualified, unrestricted, des- potic, arbitrary, tyrannous, imper- ative, authoritative, imperious. (Limited, controlled.) absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, imbibe, consume, merge. (Eject.) absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, nonsensical, inconsistent. > (Wise, dignified, weighty, impressive.) abuse, v., asperse, revile, vilify, re- proach, calumniate, deiame, slander, scandalize, malign, traduce, dispar- age, depreciate, ill-use. (Praise, eulogize.) abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, con- tumely, obloquy, opprobrium, foul invective, vituperation, ill-usage. (Praise, eulogy.) accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, comply with, agree, coincide, con- cur, approve. (Protest, oppose.) accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, forward, quicken, despatch. (Re- tard, hinder, block.) accept, receive, take, admit. (Re- fuse, reject.) acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, grat- ifying, pleasurable, welcome. (Dis- pleasing, undesirable.) accident, casualty, incident, contin- gency, adventure, chance. (Plan, design.) accommodate, serve, oblige, adapt, adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) accomplice, confederate, accessory, abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, associate, particeps criminis. (Ad- versary, opponent, enemy.) accomplish, do, effect, finish, exe- cute, achieve, complete, perfect, con- summate. (Baffle, defeat, destroy, frustrate, mar, ruin, spoil.) accomplishment, attainment, qual- ification, acquirement. (Defect, dis- ability.) accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. (Deny, refuse.) accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, greet. (Cut, snub.) account, narrative, description, nar- ration, relation, detail, recital, mon- eys, reckoning, bill, charge. accountable, punishable, answerable, amenable, responsible, liable. (Ir- responsible, unreliable.) accumulate, bring together, amass, collect, gather. (Scatter, dissi- pate.) accumulation, collection, store, mass, congeries, concentration. m accurate, correct, exact, precise, nice, truthful. (Erroneous, care- less, faulty, slip-shod.) achieve, do, accomplish, effect, fulfill, execute, gain, win. (Fail, lose.) achievement, feat, exploit, accom- plishment, attainment, performance, acquirement, gain. (Failure, fiasco.) acknowledge, admit, confess, own, avow, grant, recognize, allow, con- cede. (Deny.) acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, make aware, make known, notify, communicate. (Deceive, delude.) acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, cognizance, fellowship, companion- ship, knowledge. (Unfamiliar ity, ignorance.) ^Sl SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, com- ply, consent, give way, coincide with. (Protest, resist, oppose.) acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set free, clear, absolve. (Condemn, con- vict.) act, do, operate, make, perform, play, enact. action, deed, achievement, feat, ex- ploit, accomplishment, battle, en- gagement, agency, instrumentality. (Inaction.) active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, nimble,- brisk, quick, supple, prompt, vigilant, laborious, industrious. (Lazy, passive, indolent.) actual, real, positive, genuine, cer- tain. (Fictitious, imaginary.) acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrat- ing, piercing, keen. (Dull, obtuse, stupid.) adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, con- form. addicted, devoted, wedded, attached, given up to, dedicated. (Free, de- tached, un trammeled.) addition, increase, accession, aug- mentation, reinforcement. (Subtrac- tion, separation.) address, speech, discourse, appeal, oration, tact, skill, ability, dexter- ity, deportment, demeanor. (Clum- siness, gaucherie.) adhesion, adherence, attachment, fi- delity, devotion. (Aversion, antip- athy, alienation, aloofness.) adjacent, near ^ to, adjoining, contig- uous, conterminous, bordering, neigh- boring. (Distant, remote.) adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone. (Continue.) adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, appendency, dependency. (Au- tonomy.) adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, adapt, arrange, settle, regulate, or- ganize. (Confuse, disorganize.) admirable, striking, surprising, won- derful, astonishing. _ (Detestable, abominable, horrible, hideous.) admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. (Deny, prohibit.) advantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful, noxious, harmful.) affection, love. (Aversion, distaste, hatred.) affectionate, fond, kind. (Harsh, cold, unfeeling.) agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charm- ing. (Rude, curt, gruff, unpleasant.) alternating, intermittent, inter- rupted. (Continual, constant.) ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, minister. amend, improve, correct, better, mend. (Impair, injure.) > anger, ire, wrath, indignation, resent- ment. (Good nature, poise, self- control.) appropriate, assume, ascribe, arro- gate, usurp. ' (Yield, render, sur- render.) argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. arise, flow, emanate, spring, proceed, rise, issue. (Sink, fall.) artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in- sincere^ (Candid, straight-forward, frank, sincere.) artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. association, combination, company, partnership, society. attack, assail, assault, encounter. (Defend, protect.) audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardi- hood. (Meekness, humility.) austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern. (Dissolute, dissipated.) avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsi- monious. (Generous, free-handed.) aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance. (Affection.) awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Famil- iarity.) awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, byword, maxim, proverb, saying, saw. (Fallacy.) B babble, chatter, prattle, prate. bad, wicked, evil. (Good, excellent.) baffle, confound, defeat, disconcert. (Aid, abet.) base, vile, mean. (Noble, worthy.) battle, action, combat, engagement. bear, carry, convey, transport. bear, endure, suffer, support. beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. (Hu- mane, kindly, gentle.) beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, rout. beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty. (Homely, ugly, unsightly.) becoming, decent, fit, seemly, suit- able. (Incongruous, improper.) beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, solicit, supplicate. (Give, confer, donate.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS behavior, carriage, conduct, deport- ment, demeanor. belief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) beneficent, bountiful, generous, libe- ral, munificent. (Covetous, mis- erly.) See avaricious. benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, civility. (Injury, harm.) benevolence, beneficence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tenderness. (Malevolence, malignity, brutality, inhumanity.) blame, censure, condemn, reprove, re- proach, upbraid. (Praise, laud, eu- logize.) blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. (Ornament, adornment, embellish- ment.) blind, sightless, heedless. (Far-sight- ed, prudent.) blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, obliterate. bold, brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, undaunted. (Timid, fearful.) border, brim, brink, edge, margin, rim, verge, boundary, confine, frontier. bound, circumscribe, confine, limit, restrict. (Free, liberated.) brave, dare, defy. (Cringe, cower.) bravery, courage, valor. (Coward- ice.) break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze. (Mend, restore.) breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, storm, tempest. bright, clear, radiant, shining, brilliant. (Dull, muggy, murky, stupid.) brittle, fragile, breakable. (Solid, strong.) burial, interment, sepulture. (Res- urrection.) business, vocation, employment, en- . gagement, occupation, art, profes- sion, trade. (Avocation.) bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet, re- pose.) calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- chance, mishap. (Good fortune, wind-fall, luck.) calm, collected, composed, placid, se- rene. (Stormy, unsettled.) capable, able, competent. (Incom- petent, shiftless.) captious, fretful, cross, peevish, pet- ulant. (Equable, well-balanced.) care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, heed, attention. (Heedlessness, neg- ligence, indifference . ) caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buf- fet, rebuff.) carnage, butchery, massacre, slaugh- ter. cause, motive, reason. (Effect, con- sequence.) cease, discontinue, leave off, end. (Continue.) censure, animadvert, criticise. (Praise, approve, commend.) certain, secure, sure. (Doubtful, hes- itating.) cessation, intermission, rest, stop. (Continuance.) chance, fate, fortune. (Design, plan.) change, barter, exchange, substitute. changeable, fickle, inconstant, muta- ble, variable. (Steadfast, depend- able.) character, reputation, repute, stand- ing. charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture r fascinate. (Repel, disgust.) chastity, purity, continence, virtue. (Lewdness, immorality.) cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. (Dear, expensive, costly.) cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. (Mournful, sad, doleful.) chief, chieftain, head, leader. (Sub- ordinate.) circumstance, fact, happening, inci- dent. class, degree, order, rank, caste. clear, bright, lucid, vivid, transparent. (Opaque. ) # clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, skill- ful. (Stupid, unskilled.) clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. (Fine, well-bred, high-minded.) coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. cold, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoical. (Hot, fiery, impetuous, impulsive.) color, dye, stain, tinge. colorable, ostensible, plausible, spe- cious. combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. command, injunction, order, precept. commodity, goods, merchandise, ware. common, mean, ordinary, vulgar. (Exceptional, extraordinary.) compassion, sympathy, pity, clem- ency. (Cruelty, severity.) compel, force, oblige, necessitate. (Coax, lead, induce.) compendium, compend, abridgment, abstract. (Enlargement.) compensation, amends, recompense, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS remuneration, requital, reward. (In- jury, loss.) complain, lament, murmur, regret, repine. (Rejoice.) comply, accede, conform, submit, yield. (Refuse, reject, oppose.) compound, complex. (Simple, un- mixed.) comprehend, comprise, include, em- brace, grasp, understand, perceive. (Exclude, mistake.) comprise, comprehend, contain, em- brace, include. (Exclude.) conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover, re- veal, divulge.) conceive, comprehend, understand. conclusion, inference, deduction. condemn, censure, blame, disapprove. (Justify, exonerate.) conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, regulate, manage. confirm, corroborate, approve, attest, (Contradict, combat.) conflict, combat, contest, contention, struggle. (Peace, quiet.) confute, disprove, refute, oppugn, impeach. (Approve, second.) conquer, overcome, subdue, sur- mount, vanquish, defeat. (Cede, fly, resign, retire, surrender, yield.) consequence, effect, event, issue, re- sult. (See cause.) consider, reflect, ponder, weigh. (Dis- regard, forget, ignore, neglect.) consistent, constant, compatible. (Inconsistent, shifting, self-contra- dictory.) console, comfort, solace. (Harrow, worry, harass.) constancy, firmness, stability, stead- iness. (Fickleness, flight iness.) contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, taint. (Purify, ennoble.) < contemn, despise, disdain, scorn. (Esteem, honor.) _ v contemplate, meditate, muse. contemptible, despicable, paltry, pit- iful, vile, mean. (Noble, worthy.) contend, contest, dispute, strive, struggle, combat. (Succumb.) continual, constant, continuous, per- petual, incessant. (Intermittent.) continuance, continuation, duration, (Cessation, pause.) continue, persist, persevere, pursue, prosecute. (Cease, stop, halt.) contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. (Confirm, strengthen.) cool, collected, tranquil. (Warm, dis- turbed.) correct, rectify, reform. (Muddle.) cost, charge, expense, price. covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Be- neficence.) cowardice, fear, timidity, pusillan- imity. t (Courage, intrepidity.) crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- tue, rectitude.) criminal, convict, culprit, felon, male- factor. (Benefactor.) crooked, bent, curved, oblique. (Straight, direct, upright.) cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, savage. (Kind, gentle, humane.) cultivation, culture, refinement. (Barbarism, boorishness.) cursory, desultory, hasty, slight, (Thorough, painstaking.) custom, fashion, manner, practice, habit. (Unconventionality.) danger, hazard, peril. (Safety, se- curity.) dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. (Light, bright, clear.) deadly, fatal, m destructive, mortal. (Life-giving, immortal.) dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex- pensive. (Despised, cheap.) death, departure, decease, demise. (Life.) decay, decline, consumption. (Growth, increase.) deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delu- sion, guile, beguilement, treachery, sham. (Truthfulness, sincerity, can- dor.) deceive, delude, impose upon, over- reach, gull, dupe, cheat. (Enlight- en, inform.) decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, terminate, resolve. (Vacillate, waver.) decipher, reaa, spell, interpret, solve. decision, determination, conclusion, resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) declamation, oratory, elocution, ha- rangue, effusion, debate. declaration, avowal, manifestation, statement, profession. decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, de- cline, retrench, curtail, reduce. (Grow, increase, expand, wax.) dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, set, apportion. deed, act, action, commission, achieve- ment, instrument, document. SYNONYMS AND \NTONYMS deem, judge, estimate, consider, think, suppose, conceive. deep, profound, subterranean, sub- merged, designing, abstruse, learned. (Shallow, superficial.) deface, mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. (Beautify, improve.) default, lapse, forfeit, omission, ab- sence, want, failure, neglect. (At- tention, assiduity, diligence, effort.) defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blem- ish. (Beauty, perfection.) defend, guard, protect, justify. (Be- tray, abandon.) defense, excuse, plea, vindication, bulwark, rampart. (Desertion.) defer, delay, postpone, put off, pro- rogue, adjourn. (Hasten, expedite.) deficient, short, wanting, inadequate, scanty, incomplete. (Complete, ade- quate, sufficient.) defile, pollute, corrupt, sully, con- taminate, spoil, stain. (Purify, cleanse, hallow, sanctify.) define, fix, settle, determine, limit, circumscribe. (Dilate, distend.) defray, meet, liquidate, pay, dis- charge. (Repudiate.) degree, grade, extent, measure. deliberate, v., consider, meditate, consult, ponder, debate. deliberate, adj., purposed, intentional, designed, determined. (Hasty, rash, ill-considered.) delicacy, nicety, daintiness, refine- ment, tact, softness, modesty. (Boor- ishness, indecency.) delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re- fined. (Coarse, rough, clownish.) delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nau- seous.) delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happi- ness, transport, ecstasy, gladness, rapture, bliss. (Annoyance.) deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pro- nounce, give, hand over. (Retain, hold.) demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, illustrate. (Hide, conceal, obscure.) depart, leave, quit, decamp, retire, withdraw, vanish, levant. (Remain, abide, stay.) deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, divest. (Endow, donate, bestow.) depute, appoint, commission, charge, intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. derision, scorn, contempt, contumely, disrespect. (Respect, deference.) derivation, origin, source, beginning, cause, etymology, root. describe, delineate, portray, explain, illustrate, define, picture. desecrate, profane, secularize, mis- use, abuse, pollute. (Consecrate, sanctify.) See defile. deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. design, delineation, sketch, draw- ing, cunning, artfulness, contriv- ance. (Chance, accident.) desirable, expedient, advisable, valu- able, acceptable, proper, judicious, beneficial, profitable, good. (De- testable, obnoxious.) desire, n., longing, affection, craving. (Aversion.) desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, abstain, forbear. (Continue, per- sist, persevere.) desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, lonely. (Contented, happy, fre- quented.) desperate, wild, daring, audacious, determined, reckless. (Calm, un- moved.) despised, degraded, worthless. (Ad- mired.) destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. destructive, detrimental, hurtful, noxious, injurious, deleterious, bale- ful, baneful, subversive. (Creative.) desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. (Continuance.) § desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, unmethodical, superficial, unsettled, erratic, fitful. (Thorough, pains- taking, systematic.) detail, n., particular, specification, minutiae. (Generalities.) detail, v., particularize, enumerate, specify. (Generalize.) deter, warn, stop, dissuade, terrify, scare, dishearten. (Encourage.) detriment, loss, harm, injury, dete- rioration. (Benefit, help.) develop, unfold, -amplify, expand, en- large. (Stunt, dwarf, stultify.) device, artifice, expedient, contriv- . ance. devoid, void, wanting, destitute, un- endowed, unprovided. (Full, com- plete.) devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, dedicated. (Indifferent.) dictate, prompt, suggest, enjoin, or- der, command. dictatorial, imperative, imperious, domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, overbearing. (Submissive, meek.) die, expire, depart, perish, decline, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS languish, wane, sink, fade, decay. (Live, grow, flourish.) diet, food, victuals, nourishment, nu- triment, sustenance, fare. difference, separation, disagreement, discord, dissent, estrangement, vari- ety. (Consonance, agreement, har- mony.) different, various, manifold, diverse, unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar, like, congruous. ) # difficult, hard, intricate, involved, perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. (Easy, simple, plain, clear.) diffuse, discursive, prolix, diluted, co- pious. (Concise, condensed.) ^ dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, exalt, advance, promote, honor. (Degrade, dishonor.) dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, distend, enlarge, descant, expatiate. (Contract, shrink.) dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, be- hindhand, lagging, dawdling, linger- ing, slack. (Prompt, nimble, quick, precipitate, swift, headlong.) diligence, care, assiduity, attention, heed, industry. (Negligence.) diminish, lessen, reduce, contract, curtail, retrench. (Increase.) disability, unfitness, incapacity. (Power, ability, fitness.) discern, descry, observe, recognize, see, discriminate, separate, perceive. (Confuse, blend, mingle, confound, involve.) discipline, m order, _ strictness, train- ing, coercion, punishment, organiza- tion. (Confusion, demoralization.) discover, make known, find, invent, contrive, expose, reveal. (Conceal, cover, secrete, lose, miss.) discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, disreputable. (Honor- able, creditable.) discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, ju- dicious, considerate, politic, provi- dent. (Foolish, thoughtless, un- wary.) discrepancy, disagreement, differ- ence, variance. (Agreement, con- sonance, similarity.) discrimination, acuteness, discern- ment, judgment, caution. (Ob- tuseness, gullibility.) disease, complaint, malady, disorder, ailment, sickness. (Health, whole- someness.) disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dis- honor, shame, odium. (Honor.) disgrace, v., debase, degrade, defame, discredit. (Exalt.) disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, abomination, abhorrence. (Admira- tion.) dishonest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrong- ful. (Honest, upright.) dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, daunt, appai, dishearten. (Encour- age.) dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright. (Assurance, confidence.) dismiss, send off, discharge, discard, ^banish. (Retain, keep.) dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, dissipate. (Collect, gather.) display, show, spread out, exhibit, expose. (Hide, conceal.) dispose, arrange, array, place, order. (Confuse, disarrange.) dispute, v., argue, contest, contend, question, impugn. (Assent.) dispute, n., argument, debate, con- troversy, quarrel, disagreement. (Harmony , agreement . ) dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (As- sent.) distinct, clear, plain, obvious, dif- ferent, separate. m (Dim, obscure.) distinguish, perceive, discern, mark out, divide, discriminate. See discern. distinguished, famous, glorious, far- famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, or- dinary.) distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, soothe, reassure.) distribute, allot, share, dispense, ap- portion, deal. (Collect.) disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, rouse, interrupt, confuse, trouble, annoy, vex, worry. (Pacify, quiet.) disuse, discontinuance, abolition, des- uetude. (Use.) divide, part, separate, distribute, deal out, sever, sunder. (Unite; combine, associate.) divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred. (Fiendish, diabolical, devilish.) do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, finish, transact. docile, tractable, teachable, compliant, tame. (Stubborn, mulish, unruly, intractable, pig-headed.) doctrine, tenet, article of belief, creed, dogma, teaching. (Action, conduct, deed, performance, practice.) doleful, dolorous, woebegone, rueful, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS dismal, piteous. (Joyous, happy, easy, light comfortable, unconstrained, cheerful, merry.) (Difficult, hard.) doom, sentence, verdict, judgment, eccentric, irregular, anomalous, sin- fate, lot, destiny. (Salvation, ac- gular, odd, abnormal, wayward, quittal.) meticulous, fussy, strange. (Regu- doubt, uncertainty, suspense, hes- lar, ordinary, normal.) itation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer- economical, sparing, saving, provi- tainty, belief, faith.) m dent, thrifty, frugal, careful. (Waste- draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale. ful, prodigal, lavish.) (Repel, exhale.) edge, oorder, brink, rim, brim, mar- dread, n.j fear, horror, terror, alarm, gin, verge. (Middle, centre.) dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance, efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, confidence.) wipe out, cancel, erase. (Preserve, dreadful, fearful, frightful, shocking, insert.) awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. (At- effect, n., consequence, result, issue, tractive, pleasing, desirable.) event, execution, operation. (Cause, dress, n., clothing, attire, apparel, origin, source.) garments, costume, garb, livery, effect, v., accomplish, fulfill, realize, (Nakedness, nudity.) achieve, execute, operate, complete. drift, purpose, meaning, scope, aim, (Fail, fall short, yield.) tendency, direction, intent. effective, efficient, operative, service- droll, funny, laughable, comic, whim- able. (Vain ; ineffectual, footless.) sical, queer, amusing. (Solemn, efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, grave, mirthless.) instrumentality. (Futility.) drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, efficient, effectual, effective, eompe- overwhelm, engulf. (Emerge, float.) tent, capable, able, fitted. (Futile, dry, a., arid, parched, lifeless, dull, te- feckless, inefficient.) dious, uninteresting, tiresome. (Wet, eliminate, drive out, expel, thrust moist, damp, juicy.) out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, due, owing to, attributable to, just, banish, proscribe. (Invite, wel- fair, proper. (Exorbitant, unjust.) come.) dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, com- eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declama- monplace. (Bright, interesting, en- tion. tertaining.) elucidate, make plain, explain, clear dunce, simpleton, fool, ninny, idiot. up, illustrate. (Muddle, perplex, (Sage, philosopher.) confuse.) durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, elude, evade, escape, avoid, shun, continuing. (Ephemeral, perishable.) (Encounter, confront.) dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, lin- embarrass, perplex, entangle, abash, ger, tarry. (Stray, wander.^ distress, trouble. (Assist, help.) dwindle, pine, waste, diminish, de- embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, crease, fall off. (Grow, increase, beautify, deck. (Disfigure, deface, augment.) mar.) embolden, inspirit, animate, encour- E age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. (Discourage, dishearten, deter.) eager, hot, ardent, impassioned, for- eminent, distinguished, signal, con- ward, impatient. (Diffident, list- spicuous, noted, prominent, elevated, less, indifferent, detached.^ renowned, famous, glorious, illustri- earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, ous. (Low, obscure, unknown, un- achieve. (Lose, forfeit.) important). earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, emit, give out, throw out, exhale, dis- warm. (Trifling, flippant, frivolous.; charge, vent. (Admit, inhale.) m earnest, n., pledge, pawn. emotion, perturbation, agitation, ease, n., comfort, rest. (Worry, dis- trepidation, tremor, mental conflict, comfort, unrest.) (Poise, repose, calm.) ease, v., calm, alleviate, allay, miti- employ, occupy, busy, use, engross, gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis- (Dismiss, discharge.) burden, rid. (Annoy, worry, dis- employment, business, vocation, en- turb, vex.) gagement, office, function, trade, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS profession, occupation, calling. (Lei- sure, idleness.) % encompass, encircle, surround, gird, beset. (Avoid, withdraw.) ' encounter, attack, conflict, combat, assault, onset, engagement, battle, action. (Retreat, flight.) encourage, countenance, sanction, support, foster, cherish, inspirit, em- bolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, impel, stimulate. (Daunt, deject, depress.) See embolden. end, n., aim, object, purpose, result, conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, termination extremity, sequel. (Be- ginning, commencement, introduc- tion, incipiency.) endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, aim. (Relax, shirk.) endurance, fortitude, patience, resig- nation. (Weakness, cowardice.) endure, v. y last, continue, support, bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit to, undergo. (Perish, succumb.) enemy, foe, antagonist, adversary, opponent. (Friend, comrade.) energetic, industrious, effectual, effi- cacious, powerful, forcible, nervous. (Lazy, idle, indolent, passive, slug- gish, slothful.) engross, absorb, take up, occupy, en- gage, monopolize. (See engulf.) _ engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, drown, submerge, bury, entomb, overwhelm. (Cast out, disgorge, dis- perse, dissipate, eject, emit, exude.) enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, pre- scribe. (Accept, follow, obey, yield, submit.) enjoyment, pleasure, gratification. (Pain, sorrow, sadness.) enlarge, increase, extend, augment, broaden, swell. (Diminish, con- tract.) enlighten, illumine, illuminate, in- struct, inform. (Obscure, perplex, confuse.) enliven, cheer, vivify, stir up, ani- mate, inspire, exhilarate. (Deaden, benumb, dispirit.) enmity, animosity, hostility, ill-will, maliciousness. (Friendliness, good- will.) enormous, gigantic, colossal, huge, vast, immense, prodigious. (Insig- nificant, little, small, petty.) enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance. (Want, lack, paucity, poverty.) enrage, infuriate, madden. (Pacify, soothe, quiet.) enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, captivate, bewitch. (Repel, revolt.) enroll, enlist, list, register, record. (Disrate, disqualify.) enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, venture. enthusiasm, earnestness, devotion, zeal, ardor, fervor, intensity, ve- hemence. (Ennui, indifference, cau- tion, coldness, wariness.) enthusiast, fanatic, visionary. (In- different is t.) equal, same, even, like, alike, uniform. (Disparate, dissimilar, different.) eradicate, root out, extirpate, exter- minate, annihilate. (Implant, incul- cate, instil.) erroneous, incorrect, inaccurate, faulty, inexact. (Exact, correct.) error, blunder, mistake. (Accuracy, precision.) # • especially, chiefly, particularly, prin- cipally^ (Generally.) essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. establish, build up, confirm, strength- en. (Overthrow, demolish, destroy.) esteem, regard, respect, deference. (Contempt, scorn.) estimate, appraise, compute, rate. estrangement, abstraction, aliena- tion. (Reconciliation.) eternal, endless, everlasting. (Finite, limited.) # evade, equivocate, prevaricate, elude, baffle. (Confront, meet, encounter.) even, level, plane, smooth. (Uneven, rough, jagged.) event, accident, adventure, incident, occurrence. evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortune. (Good.); exact, nice, particular, punctual. (Careless, slip-shod.) exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. (Hum- ble, debase, degrade.) examination, investigation, inquiry, research, search, scrutiny. exceed, excel, outdo, surpass, tran- scend. (Fall short.) exceptional, uncommon, rare, ex- traordinary. (Usual, commonplace.) excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir up. (Lull, quiet, soothe.) excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. execute, fulfill, perform. (See effect.) exempt, free, cleared. (Subject, in- culpated, incriminated.) exercise, practice. exhaustive, thorough, complete. (Cur- sory, superficial.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS exigency, emergency. experiment, proof, trial, test. explain, expound, interpret, illustrate, elucidate. (See elucidate.) express, declare, signify, utter, tell. extend, stretch, elongate. (Abridge, abbreviate, shorten.) extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodigal. (Parsimonious, economical, niggard- ly.) fable, apologue, novel, romance, tale. face, visage, countenance. facetious, pleasant, jocular, jocose, witty. (Serious, grave.) factor, agent. fail, to fall short, be deficient. (Suc- ceed, accomplish.) faint, feeble, languid. (Forcible, strong.) fair, clear. (Stormy.) fair, eguitable, honest, reasonable. (Unfair, dishonest.) faith, creed, orthodoxy. (Disbelief, infidelity, heterodoxy.) faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faith- less, treacherous, perfidious.) fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) fame, renown, reputation. (Ignominy, disgrace.) famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- trious. (Obscure, unknown, incon- spicuous.) fanciful, capricious, fantastical, whim- sical. (Practical, unimaginative.) fancy, imagination. (Common-sense.) fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. (Slow, sluggish.) fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vivac- ity.) fear, timidity, timorousness. (Bravery, courage.) feeling, sensibility, susceptibility. (In- sensibility.) ferocious, . fierce, savage, wild, bar- barous. (Mild, gentle, tame.) fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, productive. (Sterile, barren.) fiction, falsehood, fabrication. (Fact, truth.) figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, symbol, picture, type. find, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, overlook.) fine, a., delicate, nice. (Coarse.) fine, n., forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, pen- alty. (Gift, donation.) fire, glow, heat, warmth. (Cold.) firm, constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, stable. (Weak, yielding.) first, foremost, chief, earliest, para- mount. (Last, subordinate.) fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. flame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. flat, level, even. (Hilly, rugged.) flexible, pliant, pliable, ductile, sup- ple. (Rigid, inelastic, stiff, unbend- ing.) flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay, decline, degenerate.) fluctuating, wavering, hesitating, oscillating, vacillating, changing. (Firm, steadfast, decided, resolute, stable.) fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unem- barrassed, ready. (Hesitating, halt- ing.) folks, persons, people, individuals. follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, pursue. (Precede, originate, create.) follower, partisan, disciple, adherent, retainer, pursuer, successor, (Pre- decessor, leader, superior.) folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecility, weakness. (Wisdom, sanity, reason- ableness.) fond, enamored, attached, affection- ate, loving, tender, devoted. (Dis- tant, irresponsive.) fondness, affection, attachment, kind- ness, love. (Aversion, dislike, hate.) foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cau- tious, careful, provident.) foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brain- less, imbecile, crazy, absurd, pre- posterous, ridiculous, nonsensical. (Wise, discreet, sensible.) fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, pup- py, jackanapes. (Gentleman.) forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. force, n., strength, vigor, dint, might, energy, power, violence. (Weak- ness, feebleness.) ' force, v., compel. (Persuade.) forecast, forethought, foresight, pre- meditation, prognostication. (After- thought.) forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. (Insist.) foregoing, antecedent, anterior, pre- ceding, previous, prior, former. (Fol- lowing, succeeding, latter.) forerunner, herald, harbinger, pre- cursor. (Successor.) forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fab- ricate, counterfeit. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS forgive, pardon, condone, remit, ab- freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, solve, acquit, excuse, except. (Con- caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, resolu- demn, accuse, punish.) tion, consistency.) forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, de- free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, serted ; desolate, lone, lonesome. bounteous, munificent, frank, art- (Chenshed, beloved.) # less, candid, familiar, open, inde- form, n., ceremony, solemnity, observ- pendent, unconfmed, unreserved, un- ance, rite, figure, shape, conforma- restricted, exempt, clear, loose, easy, tion, fashion, appearance, represen- careless. (Bound., slavish, stingy, tation, semblance. (Vagueness.) artful.) form, v., make, create, produce, con- free, v., release, set free, deliver, stitute, arrange, fashion, mould. rescue^ liberate, enfranchise, af- (Destroy, demolish.) franchise, emancipate, exempt. (En- formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, slave, bind, imprison.) stiff, methodical, affected. (Informal, freedom, liberty, independence, un- natural, unconventional, careless.) restraint, familiarity, license, fran- forthwith, immediately, directly, in- chise, exemption, privilege. (Slav- stantly, instantaneously. (Anon, ery, bondage, serfdom.) bye and bye, presently.) frequent, often, common, usual, gen- fortitude, endurance, resolution, fear- eral. (Rare, unique, exceptional.) lessness, dauntlessness, strength, fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. courage. (Weakness.) (Please, appease, soothe.) fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, friendly, amicable, social, sociable, prosperous, successful. (Unfortu- (Distant, reserved., cool.) nate, luckless.) frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, dire- fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, ful, terrific, awful, horrible, horrid, destiny, property, possession, riches. (Pleasing, gentle.) m (Misfortune, poverty.) frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. (Seri- foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, ous, earnest.) nurture. (Neglect, disregard.) frugal, provident, economical, saving. foul, impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, un- (Wasteful, extravagant, prodigal.) clean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, fractious, cross, captious, petulant, abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar- touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splen- ren, sterile.) etic. (Tractable, gentle, submissive, fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, pliant.) m bootless, unavailing, without avail. fragile, brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. (Fruitful, profitable, valuable, suc- (Strong, sturdy, solid.) cessful.) fragments, pieces, scraps, chips, frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disap- leavings, remains, remnants. (Enti- point. (Assist, help, satisfy.) ties, wholes, solids, masses.) fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete. frailty, weakness, failing, foible, im- (Bungle, fail.) perfection, fault, blemish. (Strength, fully, completely, abundantly, per- perfection.) # . fectly. (Partially, partly.) frame, construct, invent, coin, fabri- fulsome, coarse, gross, sickening, of- cate, forge, mold, feign, make, fensive, rank. (Moderate.) compose. (Sunder, destroy, dis- furious, violent, boisterous, vehe- solve, rend.) m ment, dashing^ sweeping, rolling, un- franchise, right, exemption, immu- petuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, nity, privilege, freedom, suffrage. angry, raging, fierce. (Calm, re- frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, strained, placid, quiet.) easy, familiar, open, ingenuous, futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, use- plain. (Tricky, insincere, wily, less. (Effective, < apable.) shifty.) frantic, distracted, mad, furious, rav- ing, frenzied. (Quiet, subdued, calm, G peaceful, sane, normal.) fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, gain, n., profit, emolument, advan- guile, chest, imposition. (Honesty, tage, benefit, winnings, earnings* straight-forwardness, fairness.) (Loss, failure.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, (Steady, reliable, poised, well-bal- procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, anced, dependable.) realize, reach. (Lose, fail.) gift, donation, benefaction, grant, gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, alms, gratuity, boon, present, facul- fine, showy, intrepid, heroic, fear- ty, talent. (Purchase.) less. (Cowardly, timid, shrinking, gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, fearful, timorous.) m vast, prodigious, immense. (Dimin- galling, chafing, irritating, vexing, ^utive, little, tiny, small, wee.) (Soothing.) m m m give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, im- game, play, pastime, diversion, sport, part. (Take, absorb.) amusement. (Work, toil, drudgery.) glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, glad- gang, band, horde, company, troop, some, gratified, cheering. (Sad, de- crew. (Individual.) spondent, melancholy, depressed.) gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, cleft, crevice, rift, chink. flash. garnish, embellish, adorn, beautify, glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovial- deck, decorate. (Pollute, deface, ity, joy, hilarity. (Sorrow, despon- defile.) dency^ sadness.) gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. infer, collect. (Scatter, disperse.) glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glimpse, glance, look, glint. glittering, bespangled. (Sombre, glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, dark, plain.) m radiate. gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, blackness, dullness, sadness. (Light, lean, thin. (Well-fed, plump, stout.) brightness, joy.) gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, sprightly, blithe. (Solemn, funereal, sad, glum. (Bright, clear, gay, doleful, dismal.) merry.) generate, form, make, beget, produce, glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, ex- generation, formation, race, breed, alt. (Debase, overthrow, ruin, dis- stock, kind, age, era. honor, disgrace.) generous, beneficent, noble, honor- glorious, famous, renowned, disen- able, bountiful, liberal, free. t (Nig- guished, noble, exalted. (Infamous.) gardly, close, parsimonious, miserly.) glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joy- grandeur. (Infamy, shame, dishonor, ous. (Distant, cold.) disgrace.) genius, intellect, invention, talent, glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, taste, nature, character, adept. (Dul- block up. (Starve, empty.) ness, stupidity, imbecility.) _ go, § depart, proceed, move, budge, genteel, refined, polished, fashion- stir. able, polite, well-bred. (Boorish, God, Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jeho- clownish, rude, uncultivated.) vah, Omnipotence, Providence. (Beel- gentle, placid, mild, bland, meek, zebub, Lucifer, Satan, the Devil.) tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth, boi- godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, sterous, obstreperous.) religious. (Wicked, godless, impi- genuine, real, true, unaffected, sin- ous.) cere. (False, deceptive.) good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit. gesture, attitude, action, posture. boon. (Evil, mischief, harm, loss.) get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, pro- good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, cure, achieve. (Lose, fail.) just, true. (Wicked, bad.) ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate, shocking. (Florid, high-colored, hec- (Empty, starve.) tic, radiant.) gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, splendid. (Mean, squalid.) shade, phantom. govern, rule, direct, manage, com- gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, mand, mold, rule, sway. (Comply, taunt, deride. (Cheer, encourage, obey, submit, yield.) applaud, approve.) government, rule, state, control, giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. sway. (Anarchy.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, beautiful. (Awkward, ungainly,, clumsy.) gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. (Haughty, disdainful, curt.) gradual, slow, progressive. (Sudden.) grand, majestic, stately, dignified, loft}^, elevated, exalted, splendid, gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sub- lime, pompous. (Shabby, poor, mean.) grant, bestow, impart, # give, yield, cede, allow, confer, invest. (Ab- sorb, assume, engross, take.) grant, gift, boon, donation. graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, vivid, pictorial. (Vague, maunder- ing, illusive.) grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grap- ple. (Loose, let go, surrender.) grateful, agreeable, pleasing, welcome, thankful. (Harsh, ungrateful, thank- less.) gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, delight, reward. (Disappointment.) grave, a., serious, sedate, solemn, sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy, friv- olous, nighty.) grave, n., tomb, sepulchre, vault. great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, grand, noble, august. (Small, petty, unimportant.) greediness, avidity, eagerness, vorac- ity. (Generosity.) grief, affliction, sorrow, trial, woe, tribulation. (Joy, gladness, mirth, pleasure.) grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, baleful, unhappy. (Pleasant, de- lightful, enjoyable.) grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, afflict, (Bless, help.) grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghastly, dreadful. (Pleasing, beautiful.) gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly, shameful, indelicate. (Delicate, fine.) group, assembly, cluster, collection, clump, order, class. grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. grow, increase, expand, advance. (De- cay, diminish, decrease, shrink.) growl, grumble, snarl, complain, croak, find fault, murmur, repine. (Approve, applaud, rejoice.) grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred, aversion. gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, 39 harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant, agreeable, amiable, polite.) guile, deceit, fraud. (Candor.) guiltless, harmless, innocent, (Guilty, harmful, sinful, criminal, noxious.) habit, custom, practice. hail, accost, address, greet, salute, welcome. (Cut, snub.) happiness, beatitude, blessedness, bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness, sad- ness, sorrow".) harbor \ haven, port, hard, firm, solid. (Soft, yielding.) hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) harm, injury, hurt, wrong, infliction. (Benefit, favour, kindness. ) m harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent, (Hurtful, noxious, poisonous ) harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, morose. (Gentle, mild.) hasten, accelerate, dispatch, expedite, speed. (Delay, hinder, impede.) hasty, hurried, ill-advised. (Delib- erate, slow.) hateful, odious, detestable. (Lov- able.) hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancor. (Friendship, love.) haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Mod- esty, meekness, humility.) haughty, arrogant, disdainful, super- cilious, proud. (Meek, humble.) hazard, risk, venture, ■ chance, con- tingency, fortuity, peril. (Certainty, assurance, security, safety.) healthy, salubrious, salutary, whole- some. (Unhealthy, injurious.) heap, accumulate, amass, pile up. (Disperse, scatter.) hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm. (Insincere, cool.) heavy, burdensome, ponderous, weighty. (Light.) heed, care, attention. (Heedlessness, unconcern.) heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, raise. (Debase, lower.) heinous, atrocious, flagitious, flagrant, (Venial, trifling.) help, aid, assist, relieve, succor. (Hinder, block, check, counteract, embarrass, impede, retard.) heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismatic, dissenter, non-conformist. hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly, fright- SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS ful. (Beautiful, lovely, entranc- ing.) high, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) binder, impede, obstruct, prevent. (See help.) hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, insinuate. # hold, detain, keep, retain. (Let go.) holiness, sanctity, ^ piety, sacredness. (Wickedness, impiety.) holy, devout, pious, religious, saintly, blessed, sacred. (Cursed, impure, polluted, abominable, worldly.) homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beauti- ful.) honesty, integrity, probity, upright- ness. (Dishonesty, fraud.) honor, respect, reverence, e teem. (Dishonor, ignominy.) hope, confidence, expectation, trust. (Despair.) hopeless, desperate, pessimistic. (Buoyant, hopeful, optimistic.) hot, ardent, burning, fiery. (Cold.) however, nevertheless, notwithstand- ing, yet. humble, modest, m submissive, plain, unostentatious, simple. (Haughty, overbearing, supercilious.) humble, degrade, humiliate, mortify, abase. (Exalt, promote, raise.) humor, mood, temper. hunt, seek, chase. hurtful, noxious, pernicious. (Bene- ficial.) husbandry, cultivation, tillage. hypocrite, dissembler, imposter, can- ter. hypothesis, theory, supposition. idea, thought, imagination. ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual, real.) idle, indolent, lazy. (Industrious, busy.) ignominious, shameful, scandalous, infamous. (Honorable, noble.) ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, infamy, reproach. (See honor.) ignorant, unlearned, illiterate, unin- formed, uneducated. " (Learned, erudite, well-informed.) ill, n., evil, wickedness, misfortune, mischief, harm. (Good, blessing.) ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis- eased. (Well, sound, healthy.) illegal, unlawful, illicit, contraband, illegitimate. (Legal, legitimate.) illimitable, boundless, immeasurable, unlimited, infinite. (Limited, fin- ite.) illiterate, unlette ed, unlearned, un- taught, uninstructed. (Learned, ed- ucated.) ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, acrimonious. (Good-natured, ami- able.) illusion, fallacy, deception, phan- tasm. illusory, imaginary, chimerical, vision- ary. (Real, actual, tenable.) illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. (See elucidate.) illustrious, celebrated, noble, emi- nent, famou , renowned. (Obscure, unknown.) ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. (Good- will, benevolence.) image, likeness, picture, representa- tion, effigy. imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. (Real, actual, tangible.) imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, think, presume. imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock counterfeit. (Originate, invent.) immaculate, unspotted, spotless, un- sullied, stainless. (Soiled, spotted, defiled, bedraggled.) immediate, pressing, instant, next, proximate, contiguous. (Distant, far, future, remote.) immediately, instantly, forthwith, directly, presently. immense, vast, enormous, huge, pro- digious, monstrous. (Tiny, diminu- tive.) immunity, privilege, prerogative, ex- emption. > (Responsibility.) impair, injure, diminish, decrease. (Increase, build up, perfect.) impart, reveal, divulge, disclose, dis- cover, bestow, afford. impartial, just, equitable, unbiased. (Partial, prejudiced, interested.) impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, vehement, intense. (Cool, unre- sponsive.) impeach, accuse, m charge, arraign, censure. (Acquit, condone, dis- charge, excuse, forgive, overlook, pardon, release.) impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, pre- vent. (Help, aid, assist.) impediment, obstruction, hindrance, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS obstacle, barrier. (Aid, assist- ance.) impel, animate, induce, incite, insti- gate, embolden. # (Retard, check.) impending, imminent, threatening. (Distant, remote.) imperative, commanding, despotic, authoritative, dogmatic, domineer- ing, overbearing. (Complaisant, compliant, docile, mild, submissive, yielding.) imperfection, fault, blemish, defect, vice. (Beauty, perfection.) imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize. (Eescue, save, deliver.) imperious, commanding, dictatorial, authoritative, imperative, lordly, domineering, overbearing. (See im- perative.) impertinent, intrusive, meddling, of- ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- lent. (Courteous, suave, polite.) impetuous, violent, impulsive, bois- terous, furious, vehement. (Calm, temperate, self-controlled.) impious, profane, irreligious, godless. (Reverent, pious.) implicate, involve, entangle, embar- rass, compromise. (Exonerate, clear, exculpate.) imply, involve, comprise, infold, im- port, denote, signify. importance, signification, signifi- cance, avail, consequence, weight, gravity, moment. (Insignificance, triviality, pettiness.) imposing, impressive, striking, ma- jestic, august, noble, grand. (In- significant, trivial.) impotence, weakness, incapacity, in- firmity, frailty, feebleness. (Power, strength, vigor.) impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, en- feebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong, capable, effectual.) impressive, stirring, forcible, exciting, affecting, moving. (See imposing.) imprison, incarcerate, shut up, im- mure, confine. (Liberate, set free.) imprisonment, captivity, durance. (Freedom, liberty.) improve, amend, better, mend, re- form, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, employ. (Deteriorate, aggravate, corrupt, impair, injure, mar, vitiate.) improvident, careless, incautious, im- prudent, prodigal, wasteful, reckless, rash. (Thrifty, careful, prudent, provident.) impudence, assurance, impertinence, confidence, insolence, rudeness. (Po- liteness, good breeding.) impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, im- pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, immodest, shameless, aggressive. (Gentle, polite, decorous.) impulse, incentive, incitement, mo- tive, instigation. impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, vio- lent. (Deliberate.) imputation, blame, censure, reproach, charge, accusation. inadvertency, error, oversight, blun- der, inattention, carelessness, negli- gence. incentive, motive, inducement, im- pulse^ (Deterrent.) incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stim- ulate, encourage, urge, impel. (Deter, dishearten, discourage.) inclination, leaning, slope, disposi- tion, tendency, bent, bias, affection, attachment, < wish, liking, desire. (Aversion, distaste, dislike, repug- nance.) incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, bend, turn, bias, dispose. inclose, surround, shut in, fence in. cover, wrap. (Exclude, debar, eject.) include, comprehend, comprise, con- tain, embrace, take in. (See inclose.) incommode, annoy, plague, molest, disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Ac- commodate.) incompetent, incapable, unable, in- adequate, insufficient. (Competent, capable, effective.) increase, v., extend, enlarge, aug- ment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. (Diminish, dwindle, shrink.) increase, n., augmentation, accession, addition, enlargement, extension. (Decrease, diminution, shrinkage.) incumbent, obligatory. indefinite, vague, uncertain, unset- tled, loose, lax. (Definite, precise, exact, fixed.) indicate, point out, show, mark. indifference, _ apathy, carelessness, listlessness, insensibility. (Applica- tion, assiduity.) indigence, want, neediness^ penury, poverty, destitution, privation. (Af- fluence, wealth, plenty.) indignation, anger, wrath, ire, re- sentment. indignity, insult, _ affront, outrage, obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig- nominy. (See honor.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS indiscriminate, promiscuous, indis- tinct, chance, confused. (Select, chosen, picked.) indispensable, essential, necessary, requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, supernumerary. ) indisputable, undeniable, undoubted, incontestable, indubitable, unques- tionable, sure, infallible. (Uncertain, questionable, erroneous, mistaken.) indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. (Repudiate, abandon, abjure.) indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. (Deny, refuse.) ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Ef- fective.) inequality, disparity, disproportion, dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equal- ity, purity, similarity.) inevitable, unavoidable, certain. (Doubtful, unlikely.) infamous, scandalous, shameful, ig- nominious, opprobrious, disgraceful. (Honorable, noble.) inference, deduction, corollary, con- clusion, consequence. infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devilish, hellish. (Saintly, heavenly.) infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb, haunt, beset. infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Ro- bust, sturdy, vigorous, strong.) inflame, anger irritate, enrage, chafe, incense, nettle, aggravate, embitter, exasperate. (Allay, soothe.) influence, v., bias, sway, prejudice, prepossess. influence, n., credit, favor, reputa- tion, character weight, authority, sway, ascendency. infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, break, transgress, violate. ingenuous, artless, candid, generous, open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty, sly, cunning.) inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, bar- barous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious. (Humane, kind, gentle.) iniquity, injustice, wrong, griev- ance. injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, sully. (Benefit, help.) injurious, hurtful, baneful, perni- cious, deleterious, noxious, prejudi- cial, wrongful, damaging. (Benefi- cial, helpful.) injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. (Right, probity, righteousness.) innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, inoffensive, innoxious. (Guilty.) innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent. (Hurtful, injurious.) inordinate, intemperate, irregular, disorderly, excessive, immoderate. (Moderate, temperate, orderly.) inquiry, investigation, examination, research, scrutiny, disquisition, ques- tion, query, interrogation. inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, peering. insane, mad, deranged, delirious, de- mented. (Sane, healthy, sound, normal.) insanity, madness, mental aberra- tion, lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, in- fuse, introduce, ingratiate. insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, vapid, inanimate, lifeless. (Bright, sparkling.) insolent, rude, saucy x pert, imperti^ nent, abusive, scurrilous, opprobri- ous, insulting, offensive. (Courteous.) inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer, breathe, inhale. (Depress.) Instability, utability, fickleness, rrutaoleness, wavering. (Stability,* firmness.) instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, incite, urge, stimulate, encourage. (Abstain, depress, dishearten.) instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, insin- uate. (Deter, uproot, deaden, dull.) instruct, inform, teach, educate, en- lighten, initiate. instrumental, conducive, assistant, helping, ministerial. (Hindering, impedimental.) insufficiency, inadequacy, incompe- tency, incapability, deficiency ; lack. insult, affront, outrage, indignity, blasphemy. (Honor, respect, es- teem.) Insulting, irsolent, rude, saucy, im- pertinent, abusive. (Polite, well- mannered, gentle.) integrity, uprightness, honesty, pro- bity, entirety, entireness, complete- ness, rectitude, purity. (Dishon- esty.) intellect, understanding, sense, brains, mind, intelligence, ability, talent, genius. (Body, brute force, matter, sense.) intellectual, mental, ideal, meta- physical. (Physical, real, actual.) intelligible, clear, obvious, plain, distinct. (Abstruse.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS intemperate, immoderate, excessive, drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Tem- perate, moderate.) intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fer- vid, burning, vehement. (Indiffer- ent, cold, inert, uninterested.) intent, design, purpose, intention, drift, view, aim, purport, meaning. intercourse, commerce, connection, intimacy, acquaintance. (Isolation, separation, aloofness, detachment.) interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, proscribe, debar, restrain from. (Allow, permit.) interfere, meddle, intermeddle, inter- pose. (Avoid, retire, stand off, withdraw.) interminable, endless, interminate, infinite, unlimited, illimitable, boundless, limitless. (Brief, con- cise, limited.) interpose, intercede, arbitrate, medi- tate, interfere, meddle. (See inter- fere.) interpret, explain, expound, eluci- date, unfold, decipher. (Confuse, distort, involve, misinterpret, per- plex.) intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, ex- press, signify, impart, tell. intimidate, dishearten, alarm, fright- en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, brow- beat. (Encourage, cheer, counte- nance, embolden, inspire, promote.) intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, insupportable, unendurable. (Bear- able, supportable, tolerable.) intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fear- less, dauntless, undaunted, coura- geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gal- lant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cow- ardly, faint-hearted.) intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy combination, artifice, ruse, amour. intrinsic, * real, true, genuine, sterl- ing, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) invalidate, quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate, nullify, annul. (Confirm, sustain, strengthen.) invasion, incursion, irruption, in- road, aggression, raid, fray. invective, abuse, reproach, railing, censure, sarcasm, satire. (Praise, encouragement, eulogy.) invent, devise, contrive, frame, find out, discover, design. (See discover.) investigation, examination, search, inquiry, research, scrutiny. inveterate, confirmed, chronic, malig- nant. (Inchoate, incipient.) invidious, envious, hateful, odious, malignant. (Benevolent, charitable, generous, kindly, humane.) invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, strengthen, fortify. (Enervate, weak- en, enfeeble.) invincible, unconquerable, impregna- ble, insiirmountable. (Weak, vul- nerable.) invisible, unseen, imperceptible, im- palpable, unperceivable. (Visible, tangible, actual.) invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, attract, solicit. (Cut, discard, expel, ignore, repel.) invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, refer, implore, beseech. (Avoid, dodge, elude, shun.) involve, implicate, entangle, compro- mise, envelop. (Disconnect, dis- entangle, remove, separate.) irksome, wearisome, tiresome, tedious, annoying. (Pleasant, delightful.) irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, rail- lery. irrational, foolish, silly, imbecile, brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Ra- tional, sensible, sane, sound.) irregular, eccentric, anomalous, in- ordinate, intemperate. (Regular, es- tablished, fixed, formal, methodical.) irreligious, profane, godless, impi- ous, sacrilegious, desecrating. (Holy, pious, saintly, godly.) irreproachable, blameless, spotless, irreprovable. (Blame- worthy, cul- pable, faulty.) irresistible, resistless, irrepressible. (See imperative.) irresolute, wavering, undetermined, undecided, vacillating. (Deter- mined, firm, persistent, resolute.) •rritable, excitable, irascible, sus- ceptible. (Calm, omposed, placid.) irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, madden, exasperate. (Soothe, com- fort.) issue, v., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, spring, emanate. issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, offspring, progeny. jade, harass, weary, tire, worry. (Cheer, relieve, soothe, help.) jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree- (Quiet, agree, assuage.) jarring, conflicting, discordant, in- SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS consonant, inconsistent. (Harmoni- (Cherish, shelter, nurture, harbor, ous, consistent.) foster, entertain.) jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. leave, n., liberty, permission, license. jealousy, suspicion, envy. (Confi- (Prohibition.) dence, trust.) life, existence, animation, spirit, vi- jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. vacity. (Death.) (Safeguard, protect.) lifeless, dead, inanimate, inert, slug- jest, joke, sport, diversion. (Gravity, gish. (Vigorous, lively, animated.) seriousness, sobriety.) lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. journey, travel, tour, passage. (Lower, depress.) joy, gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief, light, clear, bright. (Dark.) sadness, sorrow.) > : m lightness, flightiness, frivolity, giddi- joyful, glad, rejoicing, exultant. ness, levity, volatility. (Seriousness, (Mournful, sorrowful, despondent.) gravity.) judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. likeness, resemblance, similarity, sim- judgment, discernment, discrimina- ilitude. (Difference, variation, un- tion, understanding. likeness.) justice, equity, right. Justice is right linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. as established by law; equity accord- (Hasten, expedite, urge, quicken.) ing to the circumstances of each par- little, diminutive, small. (Great.) ticular case. (Injustice, wrong.) livelihood, living, maintenance, sub- justness, accuracy, correctness. (Er- sistence, support. ror, fallacy.) lively, jocund, merry, sportive, sprightly, vivacious. (Slow, lan- K guid, sluggish.) long, extended, extensive. (Short, keep, preserve, save. (Abandon.) brief, concise.) kill, assassinate, murder, slay. (Save, look, appear, seem, behold, scan, sur- protect.) vey, watch, view, regard. kindred, affinity, consanguinity, rela- lose, miss, forfeit. (Gain, obtain, se- tionship. (Alien, foreign.) ' cure, achieve.) knowledge, erudition, learning, sci- loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. ence. (Ignorance, folly.) (Gain, advantage, profit.) loud, clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. (Low, quiet, subdued.) L love, affection. (Hatred.) low, abject, mean. (High, lofty, labor, toil, work, effort, drudgery. noble.) (Idleness, indolence, rest, leisure.) lunacy, derangement, insanity, mania, lack, need, deficiency, scarcity, insuf- madness. (Sanity.) m ficiency. (Plenty, abundance.) luster, brightness, brilliancy, splendor. lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Re- (Dullness, gloom.) joice, exult, triumph.) luxuriant, exuberant. (Sparse, mea- language, dialect, idiom, speech, ger.) tongue. lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, M lewd, lecherous. (Chaste, modest.) last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) machination, plot, intrigue, cabal, laudable, commendable, praiseworthy. conspiracy. (Artlessness, directness, (Blamable.) candor.) laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous, mad, crazy, delirious, insane, rabid, (Serious, grave.) violent, frantic. (Sane, rational, lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (II- quiet.) legal, lawless, ungovernable, in- madness, insanity, fury, rage, fren- equitable.) zy. (Sanity.) lead, conduct, guide. (Follow.) magisterial, august, dignified, ma- lean, meager. (Fat.) jestic, pompous, stately. (Pitiful, learned, erudite, scholarly. (Igno- wretched.) rant.) make, form, cause, constitute, con- leave, v., quit, relinquish, abandon. struct, create, establish, execute, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS fashion, frame, produce, shape. (Annihilate, abolish, break, demol- ish, destroy.) malediction, anathema, curse, im- precation, execration. (Benedic- tion, blessing.) malevolent, malicious, virulent, ma- lignant. (Benevolent, kindly.) malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, grudge, animosity, ill-will. (Be- nignity, good- will.) malicious. See malevolent. manacle, shackle, fetter, chain. (Free, liberate.) manage, contrive, concert, direct. (See govern.) management, direction, superinten- dence, care, economy. (Neglect, remissness.) mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, crip- ple, maim, rend. (Heal, mend, se- cure, unite, weld.) mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. (Sanity.) manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, open, apparent, visible. (Hidden, occult.) manifold, several, sundry, various, divers, numerous, complex, many. (Homogeneous, plain, simple, un- combined, uniform.) manly, masculine, vigorous, coura- geous, brave, heroic. (Effeminate, weak.) manner, habit, custom, way, air, look, appearance. manners, morals, habits, behavior, carriage. mar, injure, spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Ameliorate, improve.) march, tramp, tread, walk, step, pace. (Halt, stop.) margin, edge, rim, border, brink, verge. (Middle, centre.) mark, n. ? sign, note, symptom, token, indication, trace, vestige, track, badge, brand. (Avoidance, neglect.) mark, p., impress, print, stamp, en- grave, note, designate. marriage, wedding, nuptials, matri- mony, wedlock. (Divorce.) martial, military, warlike, soldier like. (Peaceful, civil.) marvel, wonderful, miracle, prodigy. marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, amazing, miraculous. (Common- place, usual.) massive, bulky, heavy, weighty, pon- derous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy, light.) mastery, dominion, rule, sway, as- cendancy, supremacy. matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, un- paralleled, peerless, incomparable, inimitable, surpassing. (Common, ordinary, usual.) material, a., corporeal, bodily, physi- cal, temporal, momentous, impor- tant. (Spiritual, immaterial, ethe- real.) maxim, adage, apothegm, dictum, proverb, saying, by-word, saw, tru- ism. (Absurdity, demonstration, paradox, sophism.) meager, poor, lank, emaciated, bar- ren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich, abun- dant, fruitful.) mean, adj., stingy, niggardly, low, ab- ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con- temptible, vulgar, despicable. (Gen- erous, noble.) mean, v., design, purpose, intend, contemplate, signify, denote, indi- cate. meaning, drift, signification, import, acceptation, sense, purport. medium, organ, channel, instrument, means. medley, hodge-podge, mixture, vari- ety, diversity, miscellany. meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. (Proud, haughty, arrogant.) melancholy, low-spirited, dispirited, dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma- ture, unripe.) melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant, deson- ant, grating, harsh.) memorable, signal, distinguished, marked. (Unimportant, insignifi- cant.) memorial, annals, archives, monu- ment, memento, commemoration. memory, remembrance, recollection. (Forgetfulness, oblivion.) menace, n. t threat. mend, repair, amend, correct, better, ameliorate, improve, rectify. (See improve.) mention, tell, name, communicate, impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, in- form, acquaint. merciful, compassionate, lenient, cle- ment, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel, brutal, unfeeling, merciless.) merciless, hard-hearted, cruel, un- merciful, pitiless, remorseless, unre- lenting. (See preceding.) merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS hilarity. (Sorrow, sadness, melan- choly.) merry, cheerful, mirthful, joyous, gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo- vial, blithe, blithesome, sportive, jolly. (Sad, mournful, morose.) metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, symbolical, tropical. method, way, manner, mode, process, order, rule, regularity, system. (Chaos, confusion, disorder, irregu- larity.) mien, air, behavior, look, manner, aspect, appearance. migratory, roving, strolling, wander- ing, vagrant. (Settled, sedate, per- manent, fixed, stationary.) mimic, imitate, ape, mock. (Change, distort, transform, vary.) mindful, observant, attentive, heed- ful, careful, thoughtful. (Heedless, inattentive, careless.) miscellaneous, promiscuous, indis- criminate, mixed. (Homogeneous.) mischief, injury, harm, damage, evil, hurt, ill. (Advantage, benefit, bless- ing, boon, remedy, service, utility.) miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. (Benefactor, philanthropist.) miserable, unhappy, wretched, dis- tressed, afflicted. (Happy, gay.) miserly, stingy, niggardly, avaricious, gripping. (Generous, open handed.) misery, wretchedness, woe, destitu- tion, penury, privation, beggary. (Happiness, good fortune.) misfortune, calamity, disaster, mis- hap, catastrophe. (Good luck, wind- fall.) miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. (Grasp, accomplish, understand.) mitigate, alleviate, relieve, diminish, abate. (Aggravate, increase.) moderate, temperate, abstemious, sober, abstinent. (Immoderate, reck- less.) modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, re- served. (Immodest, bold, forward, impudent.) moist, wet, damp, dank, fertile, humid, marshy, swampy. (Arid, dry, parched.) monotonous, unvaried, dull, undiver- sified, tiresome. (Diverse, va- ried.) monstrous, flagrant, shocking, dread- ful, horrible, huge, immense. (Ex- cellent, superior, transcendent.) monument, memorial, record, remem- brancer, cenotaph. mood, humor, disposition, vein, tem- per. morbid, sick, ailing, sickly, diseased, corrupted. (Normal, sound, healthy.) morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, crabbed, crusty. (Joyous, merry, gay.) mortal, deadly, fatal, human. (Im- mortal, eternal, everlasting.) motion, proposition, proposal, move- ment. (Quiescence, quiet, repose, rest, stillness.) motionless, still, stationary, torpid, stagnant. (Active, moving.) mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, climb, scale. (Descend, fall.) mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy, joyous, hilarious.) move, actuate, impel, induce, prompt, instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, pro- pel, push. (Arrest, halt, stop.) multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, swarm. (Few, handful.) murder, v. } kill, assassinate, slay, massacre, dispatch. muse, v.j meditate, contemplate, re- flect, think, cogitate, ponder. music, harmony, melody, symphony. (Discord, noise.) musical, tuneful, melodious, harmo- nious, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant, noisy, harsh.) musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, sweet.) mute, dumb, silent, speechless. (Lo- quacious, talkative.) mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, dis- figure. mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tu- multuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obe- dient, orderly.) mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, cor- relative. (Disconnected, separate, unrequited, unshared.) mysterious, dark ; obscure, hidden, secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, un- accountable. (Open, clear, plain.) mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle. (Clear, explain.) N naked, nude, bare, uncovered, rude, unclothed, rough, simple. (Covered, clad, clothed.) name, v., denominate, entitle, style, designate, term, call, christen. name, n., appellation, designation, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS denomination, title, cognomen, repu- noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, tation, character, fame, credit, re- great, grand, lofty. (Low, mean, pute. t vile.) narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, noise, cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, describe, enumerate, rehearse, re- uproar, tumult. (Quiet, silence.) cite. (Deny, hide, hush up, suppress, nonsensical, irrational, absurd, silly, withhold.) m foolish. (Sensible, rational, sane.) nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, in- notable, plain, evident, remarkable, decent, impure, gross, vile. (Pure, signal, striking, rare. (Obscure, in- good, proper, seemly.) significant.) nation, people, community, realm, note, token, symbol, mark, sign, state. m m indication, remark, comment. native, indigenous, inborn, vernacu- noted, distinguished, remarkable, re- lar. (Foreign, alien.) nowned, eminent. (Obscure, un- natural, original, regular, normal, known.) spontaneous, bastard. (Unnatural, notice, n., advice, notification, intelli- forced.) gence, information. (Disregard, ig- near, nigh, neighboring, close, adja- nore, overlook, slight.) cent, contiguous, intimate. (Dis- notice, v., mark, note, observe, at- tant, remote.) < tend to, regard, heed. necessary, needful, expedient-, essen- notify, publish, acquaint, apprise, tial, requisite, indispensable. (Abor- inform, declare. b (Bury, conceal, tive, bootless, futile, ineffectual, hide, suppress, withhold.) nugatory, vain, valueless, worth- notion, conception, idea, belief, opin- less.) < ion, sentiment. necessitate, compel, force, oblige, notorious, open, obvious, ill-famed. (Dissuade, hinder, impede, inhibit, (Mysterious, secret, unknown.) prevent, restrain.) nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, sup- necessity, need, occasion, exigency, ply. (Starve, famish.) emergency, urgency, requisite, nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, (Choice, fortuity, option, possibility, nutrition. uncertainty.) novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, un- need, n., necessity, distress, poverty, used, strange, rare. (Old, ancient, indigence, want, penury. (See pre- old-fashioned.) ceding.) noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, need, v., require, want, lack. deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial, neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, helpful, advantageous.) overlook. (Cherish, nourish, foster.) nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, re- neglect, n., omission, failure, default, peal, quash, cancel. (Confirm, estab- negligence, remissness, carelessness, lish.) slight. (Care, watchfulness.) nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, neighborhood, environs, vicinity, ad- nourishment. jacency, nearness, proximity. (Dis- q tance, remoteness.) nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. (Con- obdurate, hard, callous, hardened, fident, brave.) unfeeling, insensible. (Yielding, new, fresh, recent, novel. (Old, trite, tractable, docile.) worn-out.) obedient, compliant, submissive, duti- news, tidings, intelligence, informa- ful, respectful. (Obstinate, stub- tion. born, disobedient.) nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, obese, corpulent, fat, fleshy. (Attenu- precise, fine, delicate. (Careless, ated, slender, thin.) coarse, unpleasant.) . obey, conform, comply, submit, yield. nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, (Rebel, disobey.) quick, agile, prompt. (Clumsy, dil- object, n., aim, end, purpose, design, atory, heavy, inert, sluggish, un- mark, butt. (Heedlessness, neglect, ready.) negligence, oversight.) nobility, aristocracy, greatness, gran- object, v., oppose, except to, contra- deur, peerage. (Smallness, mean- vene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent, ness.) agree, uphold.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS obnoxious, offensive, objectionable. (Agreeable, pleasant.) obscure, undistinguished, unknown. (Distinguished.) obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) occasion, opportunity. offense, affront, misaeed, misdemea- nor, transgression, trespass. (See antonyms of umbrage.) offensive, insolent, abusive, obnoxious. (Admirable, beautiful, charming, sweet, worthy.) office, charge, function, place. offspring, issue, progeny. old, aged, superannuated, ancient, an- tique, antiquated, obsolete, old- fashioned. (Young, new, modern.) omen, presage, prognostic. opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) open, candid, unreserved, clear, fair. (Hidden, dark.) opinion, notion, view, judgment, be- lief, sentiment. opinionated, conceited, egotistical. (Decorous, modest, unassuming, un- pretentious.) oppose, resist, withstand, thwart. (Give way, yield, succumb.) option, choice. (See necessity.) order, method, rule, system, regular- ity. (Disorder, misrule, anarchy.) origin, cause, occasion, source, begin- ning. (Conclusion, end.) outlive, survive. outward, external, outside, exterior. (Inner, interior, internal.) over, above. (Under, beneath.) overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. overbear, bear down, overwhelm, overpower, subdue. overbearing, haughty, proud, arro- gant. (Gentle.) overflow, inundation, deluge. overrule, supersede, suppress. overspread, overrun, ravage. overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, subvert. (Establish, fortify.) overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. (Extricate, maintain, raise, rescue, restore, support, uphold.) pain, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, anguish. (Amusement, comfort, happiness, pleasure.) pallid, pale, wan. (Florid, rubicund, flushed.) part, division, portion, share, fraction. (Aggregate, amount, entirety, mass, sum, total, whole.) particular, exact, distinct, singular, odd, strange. (General.) patient, passive, submissive, meek. (Hasty, irascible.) peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, riot, trouble, turbulence.) peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. (Troublesome, riotous.) penetrate, bore, enter, pierce, per- forate, stab, transfix. (Depart, leave, issue, vacate.) penetration, acuteness, sagacity, (Dullness, stupidity.) people, nation, clan, tribe, race. perceive, note, observe, discern, dis- tinguish. (Ignore, lose, misappre- hend, miss, overlook.) perception, conception, notion, idea. perfume, fragrance. (Reek, stench.) peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) permit, allow, tolerate. (Forbid, in- terdict.) persuade, allure, entice, prevail upon. (Deter, discourage, dissuade, re- strain.) physical, corporeal, bodily, material. (Mental, spiritual.) picture, engraving, print, representa- tion, illustration, image. piteous, doleful, woeful, rueful. (Cheerful, gay, genial, happy, joy- ous, merry, mirthful.) pitiless, see merciless. pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruel- ty, brutality.) place, n. , spot, site, position, post, situation, station. place, v., arrange, order, dispose. (Confuse, derange, mislay, perturb, unsettle.) plain, open, manifest, evident, overt. (Secret, hidden.) play, game, sport, amusement. (Work, toil, drudgery.) please, gratify, pacify. (Displease.) pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) plentiful, abundant, ample, copious, plenteous. (Rare, scanty, scarce.) poise, balance, equilibrium, equipoise. (Instability.) positive, absolute, peremptory, de- cided, certain. (Negative.) possessor, owner, proprietor. possible, practical, practicable. (Im- possible, visionary,) poverty, penury, indigence, need, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS want. (Wealth, plenty, abundance, riches, affluence.) power, authority, force, strength, do- minion. (Weakness, futility.) powerful, mighty, potent. (Futile, trivial, useless, weak.) praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) prayer, entreaty, petition, request, suit. pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. (Actuality, candor, openness, reality, fact, truth.) prevailing, predominant, prevalent, general. (Isolated, sporadic.) prevent, obviate, preclude. previous, antecedent, introductory, preparatory, preliminary. (Subse- quent, following.) pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility, meekness.) principally, chiefly, mainly, essen- tially. (Secondarily.) principle, ground, reason, motive, impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in- tegrity. (See doctrine.) privilege, immunity, advantage, favor, prerogative, exemption, right, claim. (Damage, cletriment, drawback, loss, obstacle, obstruction.) probity, rectitude, uprightness, hon- esty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. (Dishonesty, fraud, deceit.) problematical, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, questionable, disputable, suspicious. (Certain, sure, undoubt- ed, proven.) prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, amazing, astonishing, remarkable, astounding, surprising, wonderful. (Insignificant, small.) profession, business, trade, occupa- tion, vocation, office, employment, engagement, avowal. proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, ten- der. (Obey, submit, yield.) profligate, abandoned, dissolute, de- praved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, demoralized. (Virtuous, good, up- right, honorable.) profound, deep, fathomless, penetra- ting, solemn, abstruse, recondite. (Shallow, slight, superficial.) profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lav- ish, improvident, excessive, copious, plentiful. (Miserly, niggardly, eco- nomical.) prolific, productive, generative, fertile, fruitful, teeming. (Barren, sterile.) prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, te- dious, tiresome, wordy, verbose, pro- saic. (Concise, brief, succinct.) prominent, eminent, marked, impor- tant, conspicuous, leading. (Obscure, inconspicuous.) promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, het- erogeneous, indiscriminate, mingled. (Select, choice, exclusive.) prompt. See punctual. prop, bolster, orace, buttress, main- tain, sustain, support, stay. propagate, spread, circulate, diffuse, disseminate, extend, breed, increase. (Suppress, decrease.) proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, equitable, honest, suitable, fit, de- cent, meet, becoming, benefitting, adapted, pertinent, appropriate. (Wrong, unseemly.) prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, thrive, advance. (Fail, lose.) prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, happiness, good luck. (Poverty, failure.) proxy, agent, representative, substi- tute, delegate, deputy. prudence, carefulness, judgment, dis- cretion, wisdom. (Indiscretion, reck- lessness, heedlessness.) prurient, itching, craving, hankering, longing. (Pure-minded.) puerile, youthful, juvenile, boyish, childish, infantile, trifling, weak, silly. (Mature, strong, vigorous.) punctilious, nice, particular, formal, precise. (Negligent , # careless.) punctual, exact, precise, nice, partic- ular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory, tardy.) putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, de- cay. (Disinfect, embalm, freshen,, preserve, purify.) puzzle, perplex, confound, . embar- rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys- tify. (Enlighten, explain, clarify.) Q quack, imposter, _ pretender, fakir, charlatan, empiric, mountebank. (Adept, expert, master, savant.) quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, fanciful, odd, singular. (Conven- tional, customary, usual.) qualified, competent, fitted, adapted. (Incompetent, ineligible.) quality, attribute, rank, distinction. (Being, essence, nature, substance.) querulous, doubting, complaining, re- pining, fretting. (Long-suffering, patient, resigned.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS question, query, inquiry, interroga- tory. (Answer, reply.) quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, pre- varicate, shuffle. quick, lively, brisk, expeditious, im- petuous, adroit, fleet, rapid, swift, sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp, ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, active. (Deliberate, slow.) quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. (Rational, sane, reasonable.) race, course, match, pursuit, career, family, cl n, house, ancestry, line- age, pedigree. rack, agonize, wring, torture, excru- ciate, distress, harass. (Soothe, com- fort, console.) racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) radiance, splendor, brightness, bril- liance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dull- ness, obscurity.) radical, organic, innate, fundamental, uncompromising, original, constitu- tional, inherent, complete, entire. (Superficial, conservative, moderate.) rancid, fetid, rank, stinking, sour, tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) # rancor, malignity, hatred, hostility, antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill- will, spite. (Forgiveness, gentleness, mildness, clemency.) rank, order, degree, dignity, nobility, consideration. ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, explore, plunder. ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. (Imprison, chain, fetter.) rant, bombast, fustian, cant. (Sin- cerity, truth.) rapacious, ravenous, greedy, vora- cious, grasping. (Generous.) rapt, ecstatic, transported, ravished, entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) rapture, ecstasy, transport, delight, bliss. (Dejection, despair.) rare, scarce, singular, m uncommon, unique. (Common, ordinary, usual.) rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, vaga- bond, scamp. rash, hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, adventurous, heedless, reckless, care- less. (Deliberate, reasoned.) rate, value, compute, appraise, esti- mate, chide, abuse. ratify, confirm, establish, substan- tiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose.) rational, reasonable, sagacious, judi- cious, wise, sensible, sound. (Un- reasonable, mad, insane.) ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, despoil, destroy. (Beautify, improve, build up.) ravish, enrapture, enchant, captivate, charm, delight. (Disenchant, dis- gust, nauseate, repel.) raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow, ruin, dismantle. (Build up, strength- en.) reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain, arrive at. (Miss, fall short.) ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, adroit, handy. (Slow, dilatory.) real, actual, literal, practical, posi- tive, certain, genuine, true. (Un- real, imaginary, mythical.) realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, gain, get, acquire, comprehend. (See antonyms of accomplish.) reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. (Sow, scatter.) reason, n., motive, design, end, proof, cause, ground, purpose. reason, v. y deduce, draw from, trace, infer, conclude. reasonable, rational, wise, honest, fair, right, just. (Unreasonable, foolish, perverse.) rebellion, anarchy, insurrection, re- volt. (Authority, control, domina- tion, government, law, order, or- ganization, rule, sovereignty.) recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. (Advance, uphold.) receive, accept, take, admit, enter- tain. (Give, bestow.) reception, receiving, levee, < receipt, admission. (Egress, exclusion, exit, repulse.) recess, alcove, retreat, depth, niche, vacation, intermission. (Advance- ment, projection.) recreation, sport, pastime, amuse- ment, play, game, fun. (Work, vo- cation.) redeem, ransom, recover, rescue, de- liver, save, free. (Condemn, be- tray.) . . redress, remedy, repair, remission, abatement, relief, cure. (Oppression, injury.) reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, shorten, conquer. (Increase, en- large, amplify, lengthen.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS refined, polite, courtly, polished, cul- tured, genteel, purinea. (Boorish, ill-bred, bourgeois.) reflect, consider, cogitate, think, pon- der, muse, censure. (See antonyms of consider.) fefoim, amend, correct, better, re- store, improve. (Corrupt, de- base.) reformation, improvement, reform, amendment. (Corruption, ruin.) refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, shelter, retreat. refuse, v., deny, reject, repudiate, de- cline, withhold. (Accept, avow, acknowledge.) refuse, n., t dregs, dross, scum, rub- bish, leavings, remains. refute, disprove, falsify, negative. (Affirm, accept.) regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, view, consider, respect. (Disregard, slight.) regret, n., grief, sorrow, lamentation, repentance, remorse. (Satisfaction, complacency, delight.) regular, orderly, uniform, customary, ordinary, stated. (Irregular, dis- orderly, confused.) regulate, methodize, arrange, # adjust, organize, govern, rule. (Disorder, confuse.) reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, in- demnify. relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appro- priate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) reliance, trust, hope, dependence, confidence. (Suspicion, distrust, doubt.) relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alle- viation. (Injury, hurt, harm.) relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, surrender, quit, leave, forego. (Re- tain.) remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, specific, reparation. (Embarrass- ment^ hindrance, interference, ob- struction, opposition.) aremorseless, pitiless, relentless, mer- ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. (Merciful, humane.) remote, distant, # far, secluded, indi- rect. (Near, adjacent, approximate.) reproduce, propagate, imitate, repre- sent, copy. repudiate, disown, discard, disavow, renounce, disclaim. (Acknowledge, avow, admit.) # . repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. ^Agreeable, acceptable.) repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive, charming. ) m respite, reprieve, interval, stop. (Com- pletion, consummation, execution, performance.) revenge, vengeance, retaliation, re- quital, retribution. (Forgiveness.) revenue, produce, income, proceeds, fruits, wealth, assets. (Liabilities, debts, outgo.) reverence, n., honor, respect, awe, veneration, deference, homage, wor- ship. (Execration.) _ revise, review, reconsider. (Reject, turn down.) revive, refresh, renew, renovate, ani- mate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, com- fort. (Depress, dishearten.) rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, copi- ous, ample, abundant, exuberant, plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, gorgeous. (Poor, needy, destitute.) rival, antagonist, opponent, com- petitor. (Accomplice, ally, friend, helper, supporter.) road, way, highway, route, course, path, pathway, anchorage. roam, ramble/ rove, stray, wander, stroll. (Abide, remain.) robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- bodied. (Puny, weak.) rout, discomfit, beat, defeat, over- throw, scatter. (See antonyms of conquer.) route, road, course, march, way, path, journey, direction. rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, unpol- ished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, im- pudent, saucy, flippant, insolent, churlish. (Polished, polite, well- bred, gentle.) rule, sway, method, system, law, max- im, precept, guide, "formula, regula- tion, government, standard, test. (See rebellion.) rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, bruit. ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, inhuman, merciless, remorseless, re- lentless, unrelenting. (Considerate, kind, merciful.) S sacred, holy, hallowed, divine, conse- crated, dedicated, devoted. (Pro- fane, secular.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS >***, secure, harmless, trustworthy, reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) sanction, confirm, countenance, en- courage, support, ratify, authorize. (Disapprove, oppose.) sane, sober, lucid, sound, rational. (Crazy, mad, insane.) saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, insolent, flippant, forward. (Mod- est, respectful, polite.) scandalize, shock, disgust, offend. (Please, commend one's self.) scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, slender, meager. (Ample, sufficient, adequate.) scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, disperse, dissipate, dispel. (Col- lect, gather, unite.) secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, sly, underhand, latent, private. (Open, public.) seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, abduct, inveigle, deprave. (Save, convert.) sense, discernment, appreciation, per- ception, view, opinion, feeling, sen- sibility, susceptibility, thought, sig- nification, judgment, import, signifi- cance, meaning, purport, wisdom. (Folly, thoughtlessness, nonsense.) sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, sober, sound, conscious, aware. (Foolish, stupid, senseless.) settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con- clude, determine. (Disarrange, up- set.) several, sundry, divers, many, vari- ous. (Analogous, homogeneous, same, similar.) severe, harsh, stern, stringent, un- mitigated, rough, unyielding. (Len- ient, gentle, mild.) shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiv- er, quake. (Calm, compose, pacify, quiet, soothe.) shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight. (Deep, thorough.) shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) shameful, degrading, scandalous, dis- graceful, outrageous. (Honorable, noble, upright.) shameless, immodest, impudent, in- decent, indelicate, brazen. (Be- coming, seemly, fitting.) shape, form, fasnion, mold, model. share, portion, lot, division, quantity, quota, contingent. (See antonyms of part.) sharp, acute, keen. (Dull, obtuse.) shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- mary. > (Long, diffuse.) show, indicate, mark, point out, exhibit, display. (Hide, conceal.) sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy mor- bid. (Healthy, well, normal, sound.; sickness, illness, indisposition, dis- m ease, disorder. (Health, soundness.) significant, expressive, material, im- portant. (Insignificant, slight, negli- m gible.) signification, import, sense, meaning. silence, speechlessness, dumbness. (Noise, clamor, outcry.) silent, dumb, mute, speechless. (Talk- ative, noisy.) simile, comparison, similitude. simple, single, uncompounded, plain, artless. (Complex, compound, ab- struse.) simulate, dissimulate, dissemble, pre- tend. i (Exhibit, expose, manifest, proclaim, show, vaunt.) sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, genuine, real. (Insincere, affected.) situation, condition, plight, predica- ment, state, position. size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, di- mension. (Littleness, pettiness.) slander, v., calumniate, vilify, malign, traduce, defame, vilipend. (Com- mend, eulogize, extol, flatter, glorify, honor.) slander, n., calumny, libel, vilification, defamation. (Praise, commenda- tion, applause.) slavery, servitude, enthrallment, thralldom. (Freedom, liberty.) sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. (Toil, wake, watch, work.) sleepy, somnolent. (Vigilant, wake- ful.) slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast, rapid.) smell, odor, scent. smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) soak, drench, imbrue, steep. (Desic- cate, drain, dry.) social, sociable, friend y, hospitable, communicative. (Hostile, inimical, unkind, unsocial.) soft, gentle, meek, mild. (Cruel, exacting, flinty, hardened, harsh, obdurate, unyielding.) solicit, importune, urge. solitary, sole, only, single. (Manifold, multitudinous, many, numerous.) sorry, grieved, poor, paltry, insignifi- cant. (Glad, respectable.) soul, mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed to body, mind to matter.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS sound, a.y healthy, sane. (Diseased, system, method, plan, order. rotten.) systematic, orderly, regular, method- sound, n. y tone, noise. (Silence.) ical. (Chaotic, confused.) space, place, room, site, station. sparse, scanty, thin. (Luxuriant, abundant.) T speak, converse, talk, say, tell, con- fer, take, accept, receive. (Give, bestow, special, particular, specific. (Gene- donate.) ral.) talkative, garrulous, communicative, spend, expend, exhaust, consume, dis- loquacious. ' (Silent, taciturn.) sipate, waste, squander. (Save.) taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Taste- sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, lessness, insipidity.) prevalent.) tax, custom, duty, impost, excise, toll. spread, disperse, diffuse, e pand, dis- tax, assessment, rate. seminate, scatter. (Check, con- tease, taunt, tantalize, torment, vex. dense, confine, restrain.) (Comfort, soothe.) spring, fountain, source. temporary, a., fleeting, transient, staff, prop, support, stay. transitory. (Permanent, lasting, stagger, reel, totter. stable.) stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tar- tenacious, cohesive, pertinacious, nish. (See antonyms of blemish.) retentive. (See antonyms of state, commonwealth, realm. strong.) sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) tendency, aim, drift, scope. stifle, choke, suffocate, smother. tenet, position, view, conviction, be- stormy, rough, boisterous, tempestu- lief. ous. (Calm, peaceful, tranquil.) term, boundary, limit, period, time. straight, direct, right. (Crooked.) territory, dominion, domain. strait, a. j narrow, confined. (Broad.) thankful, grateful, obliged. (See be- stranger, alien, foreigner. (Friend, low.) comrade, associate.) thankless, ungracious, profitless, un- strengthen, confirm, fortify, invig- grateful, unthankful. orate. (Abrogate, annul, cancel, thaw, melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze, destroy, weaken.) congeal.) strong, robust, sturdy, powerful, theatrical, dramatic, showy, cere- brittle, delicate, feeble, tender, monious, meretricious, weak.) ■ theft, robbery, depredation, spolia- stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. tion. (Clever, intelligent.) theme, subject, topic, text, essay. subject, adj., exposed to, liable, ob- theory, speculation, scheme, plea, hy- noxious. (Exempt, immune.) pothesis, conjecture. subject, n.j inferior, subordinate, therefore, accordingly, consequently, (Superior.) hence. subsequent, succeeding, following, thick, dense, close, compact, solid, co- ( Previous, preceding, antecedent.) agulated, muddy, turbid, misty, fog- substantial, solid, durable. (Un- gy; vaporous. (See following.) substantial, flimsy.) thin, gaunt, meagre, slim, slender, suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) slight, flimsy, attenuated, lean, superficial, flimsy, shallow, untrust- scraggy. (Fat, obese, rotund.) worthy. (Thorough.) think, cogitate, consider, reflect, pon- superfluous, unnecessary, excessive. der, contemplate, meditate, muse, (Necessary, essential.) conceive, fancy, imagine, apprehend, surround, embrace, encircle, encom- hold, esteem, reckon, consider, re- pass, environ. _ (Exclude, shut out.) gard, deem, believe, opine. sustain, maintain, support. thorough, accurate, correct, trust- symmetry, proportion. (Deformity, worthy, reliable, complete. (Super- disproportion, shapelessness.) ficial, inaccurate. sympathy, commiseration, compas- thought, idea, conception, imagina- sion, condolence. (See antonyms of tion, fancy, conceit, notion, supposi- benevolence.) tion, care, provision, consideration, SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, veritable, real, veracious, authentic, deliberation. exact, accurate, correct. (False, un- thoughtful, considerate, careful, re- founded, dubious.) flective, cautious, heedful, contem- tumultous, turbulent, riotous, dis- plative, provident, pensive, dreamy. orderly, disturbed, confused, unruly. (See following.) (Orderly, peaceful, quiet, reposeful, thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, im- tranquil.) provident, precipitate, heedless. tune, tone, air, melody, strain. tie, v., bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, turbid, foul, thick, muddy, impure, oecure, unite, join. (Free, loose, un- unsettled. (Limpid, clear, pure.) bind, untie.) type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, let- tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. ter, sort, kind. time, duration, season, period, era, tyro, novice, beginner, learner. age, date, span, spell. (Eternity.) (Adept.) tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, U permit, let, endure, abide. (Dis- allow, forbid, prohibit, refuse.) ugly, unsightly, plain, homely, ill- top, summit, apex, head, crown, sur- favored, hideous. (Beautiful, at- face. (Bottom, base, foundation.) tractive.) torrid, burning, hot, parching, scorch- umbrage, offense, dissatisfaction, dis- ing, sultry. _ (Icy, freezing.) pleasure, resentment. (Acknowl- tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked, edgment, confession, defense, excuse, indirect. (Straight, direct.) justification, plea, vindication.) torture, torment, anguish, agony, umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, ar- (See antonyms of pain.) biter. touching, tender, affecting, moving, unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, pathetic. (See antonyms of piteous.) concord. (Discord.) tractable, docile, manageable, amen- unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. able. (Obstinate, stubborn.) (Dissentient, disagreeing.) trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, oc- unbridled, wanton, licentious, disso- cupation, employment, office. lute, loose, lax. (Self-controlled, re- traditional, apocryphal, oral, un- strained.) certain, legendary, transmitted, un- uncertain, doubtful, _ dubious, ques- verified. (Certainty, fact, history, tionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu- truth, verity.) ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in- (Certain, dependable.) tercourse. uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful, trammel, fetter, shatter, clog, bond, disobliging, rude. (Civil, well-be- chain, impediment, hindrance. haved, courteous.) tranquil, still, unruffled, peaceful, unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) (Clean, immaculate, spotless.) transaction, negotiation, occurrence, uncommon, rare, strange, scarce, proceeding, affair. singular, choice. (Common, ordi- trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles. nary.) travel, trip, ramble, peregrination, ex- unconcerned, careless, indifferent, cursion, journey, tour, voyage. apathetic. (Anxious.) treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, un- disloyal, faithless, false-hearted, per- gainly. (Graceful.) fidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay faithful, true.) bare, divest. (Hide, conceal.) trite, stale, old, ordinary, common- under, below, underneath, beneath, place, hackneyed. (Novel, unusual.) subordinate, lower, inferior. (Above, triumph, achievement, ovation, vie- over, superior.) tory, conquest, jubilation. (Failure, understanding, knowledge, intellect, defeat.) intelligence, faculty, comprehension, trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivo- mind, reason, brains. (Body, mate- lous, unimportant, insignificant. (Im- rial, matter, substance.) portant, weighty.) undertake, engage in, embark in, true, genuine, actual, sincere, true- agree, promise. (Abandon, dismiss, hearted, unaffected, honest, upright, drop, neglect, omit.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unfasten, destroy. (Unite, bind.) . (> uneasy, restless, disturbed, unquiet, stiff, awkward. (Quiet, composed, equable, calm.) unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, insufficient. (Equal, even.) unequaied, matchless, unique, novel, new, unheard of. (Common, habit- ual, normal.) unfair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. (Fair, right, equitable.) unfit, adj.,, improper, unsuitable, in- consistent, untimely, incompetent. (Fit, seemly, proper.) unfit, v., disable, disqualify, incapaci- tate. (Fit, enable, gualffy.) unfortunate, calamitous, , ill-fated, unlucky, wretched, unhappy, miser- able. (Fortunate, happy.) ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumber- ing, uncouth. (Pretty, graceful.) unhappy, miserable, wretched, dis- tressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, drear, dismal. (Happy, fortunate.) uniform, regular, symmetrical, even, equal, alike, unvaried. (Irregular, varied, unlike.) uninterrupted, continuous, perpet- ual, unceasing, incessant, endless. (Intermittent, recurrent.) union, junction, combination, _ alli- ance, confederacy, league, coalition, agreement, concert. (Disunion, sep- aration.) unique, unequal, uncommon, rare, choice, matchless. (Common, ordi- nary.) unite, join, conjoin, combine, concert, add, attach, incorporate, embody, clench, merge. (Separate, disrupt, sunder.) universal, general, ail, entire, total, catholic. (Sectional, limited.) unlimited, absolute^ boundless, un- defined, infinite. (Limited, finite.) unreasonable, foolish^ silly, absurd, immoderate. _ (Certain, m logical, m ra- tional, sagacious, undeniable, wise.) unrivaled, unequaied, unique, unex- ampled, incomparable, matchless. (Mediocre.) unroll, unfold, open, discover. (See antonyms of discover.) unruly, ungovernable, unmanageable, refractory. (Tractable, docile.) unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, uncommon, remarkable, strange, ex- traordinary. (Common, usual.) uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, support, vindicate. (Desert, aban- don.) upright, vertical, perpendicular, just, erect, equitable, fair, pure, honor- able. (Prone, horizontal, iniqui- tous.) uprightness, honesty, integrity, fair- ness, goodness, probity, honor, vir- tue. (Dishonesty, vice.) urge, incite, impel^ push, drive, insti- gate, stimulate, press, solicit, in- duce. (Impede, hold back, discour- age.) urgent, cogent, pressing, important, imperative, immediate, serious, wanted. (Feeble, inconclusive, pow- erless, weak.) usage, custom, fashion, practice, pre- scription. (Anomaly, exception.) use, n., usage, practice, habit, custom, avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ap- plication. (Disuse, desuetude.) use, v., employ, exercise, occupy, ac- custom, practice, inure. (Abuse.) useful, advantageous, serviceable, available, helpful, beneficial, good. (Bootless, futile, null, unavailing, un- serviceable, vain, worthless.) useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, profitless. (See above.) usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, habitual, wonted, customary, gen- eral. (Unusual, exceptional.) usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, assume. (See antonyms of appro- priate.) utmost, farthest, remotest, uttermost, greatest. (Nearest, next.) utter, adj., extreme, excessive, sheer, mere, pure. (Moderate, palliative, partial, superficial.) utter, v. speak, articulate, express, pronounce, issue. (Conceal, hide.) utterly, totally, completely, wholly, quite, altogether, entirely. (Incom- pletely, partially.) vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, thoughtless, unthinking. (Occupied, tenanted.) vagrant, wanderer, beggar, tramp, vagabond, rogue. vague, unsettled, undetermined, un- certain, pointless, indefinite. (Def- inite, precise.) vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worth- less, inflated, proud, conceited, un- SYNONYMS A.sD ANTONYMS real, unavailing, vapid. (Effectual, humble, real.) valiant, brave, bold, valorous, cour- ageous, gallant. (Cowardly, cring- ing, timorous.) valid, weighty, strong, powerful, ef- ficient, sound, binding. (Invalid, void.) valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) value, appraise, assess, < reckon, ap- preciate, estimate, prize, treasure, esteem. (Despise, scorn, contemn.) vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dis- solve. (Appear, emerge.) vanity, emptiness, conceit, self con- ceit, affectedness. (Fullness, humil- ity-) vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. (Sparkling, brilliant. ) # vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam. variable, changeable, unsteady, shift- ing, inconstant, wavering, fickle, fit- ful, restless. (Constant, changeless, stable.) variety, difference, diversity, change, diversification, mixture, medley, mis- cellany. (Sameness, monotony.) vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, im- mense, enormous, colossal, gigantic, huge, prodigious. (Confined, lim- ited.) vaunt, boast, brag, display, flaunt, puff, hawk, advertise, flourish, par- ade. (Cover, entomb, overwhelm.) venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, rev- erend. (Frivolous, flighty, fool- ish.) venial, pardonable, excusable, justifi- able. (Grave, serious.) venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, malignity. (Antidote, corrective, cure, remedy.) venture, n., speculation, chance, peril, stake. (See antonyms of hazard.) venture, v., dare, adventure, risk, hazard, jeopardize. veracity, truth, truthfulness, credi- bility, accuracy. (Falsehood, fraud, lie, untruth.) verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, unwritten. (Written.) verdict, judgment, finding, decision, answer. vexation, chagrin, mortification. (Pleasure, gratification.) vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, undulate, thrill. vice, vileness, corruption, depravity, pollution, immorality, wickedness, guilt, iniquity, crime. (Goodness, holiness, integrity, morality, virtue.) vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, malicious, bad, contrary, unruly, de- moralized, profligate, faulty. (Vir- tuous, good, pure.) victim, sacrifice, food, prey ? sufferer, dupe, gull. victuals, viands, bread, meat, repast, provisions, fare, food. view, prospect, survey. (Oversight.) violent, boisterous, furio*-^, impetu- ous, vehement. (Gentle, quiet.) virtuous, upright, honest, moral. ^ (See vicious.) vision, apparition, dream, ghost, phan- tom, specter. (Fact, reality, realiza- tion, verity.) voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. (Stoic, moralist.) vote, suffrage, voice. vouch, affirm, asseverate, aver, as- sure. (Deny.) W wag, humorist, jester, joker, wit, (Dullard, butt.) wages, pay, salary, hire, compensation, stipend, earnings. wait, await, expect, look for, wait for. (Abandon, avoid, reject, shun.) wakeful, sleepless, vigilant, wary, watchful. (Drowsy, dreamy, sleepy, somnolent.) wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, stroll, want, lack, need. (Abundance, plenty ) warlike, bellicose, hostile, inimical, military. (Friendly, peaceful.) wary, circumspect, cautious. (Fool- hardy, reckless, intrepid.) wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint, stain. waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. (Horde, save, accumulate.) wasteful, m extravagant, profligate. (Economical, frugal.) wave, breaker, billow, surge. ^ waver, fluctuate, flicker, quiver, flut- ter, vacillate. (Abide, hold fast, stay, stick.) way, method, plan, system, means, manner, mode, form, fashion, course, process, road, route, track, path, habit, practice. weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong, sturdy, able, efficient.) weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, invalidate. (Strengthen, confirm.) SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS weariness, exhaustion, languor, lassi- tude, fatigue. (Buoyancy, vigor.) wearisome, tedious, tiresome. (In- teresting, entertaining.) weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. (Refresh, inspire.) weight, gravity, heaviness, burden, load. (Lightness.) welcome, acceptable, agreeable, grati- fying, pleasant, satisfying. (Dis- appointing, distressing, hateful, melancholy, mournful, painful, woe- ful, wretched.) well-being, happiness, prosperity, wel- fare. (Adversity, poverty.) _ whole, entire, complete, total, integral. (Part.) wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Vir- tuous.) will, determination, resolution, voli- tion, wish, desire. willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. (Unwillingly, grudgingly.) win, get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose, fail.) winning, attractive, charming, fasci- nating, bewitching, enchanting, daz- zling, brilliant. (Disagreeable, hate- ful, repulsive, unlovely.) wisdom, prudence, foresight, sagacity, far-sightedness. (Foolishness, im- providence, ignorance.) wit, humor, satire, fun, raillery. (Dull- ness, solemnity, stolidity, stupidity.) wonder, p., admire, amaze, astonish, surprise. wonder, n., marvel, miracle, prodigy. (Common-place, truism.) word, n., expression, term. work, achievement, action, business, drudgery, employment, labor, oc- cupation, performance, task, toil. (Ease, idleness, leisure, play, recrea- tion, repose, rest.) worship, adore, honor, revere. (Curse, execrate.) worthless, abject, base, cheap, cor- rupt, degraded, ignoble, low, mean, vile. (Esteemed, exalted, honorable, honored, noble, pure, worthy.) writer, amanuensis, author, clerk, penman, scribe, secretary. written, penned, inscribed, tran- scribed. (Traditional, verbal.) wrong, dishonesty, injustice, injury, partiality, unfairness, untruth. (Equity, fairness, integrity, law, justice, rectitude, right, truth, virtue.) wry, askew, crooked, distorted, twisted. (Straight, true.) yawn, gape, open wide. (Close, snap.) yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, crave. (Avoid, turn from.) yell, bellow, cry out, scream. yellow, golden, saffron-like. yelp, bark, sharp cry, howl. yeoman, farmer, freeholder, com- moner. (Esquire, gentleman.) yet, besides, nevertheless, however, ul- timately, notwithstanding, still, at last, so far, thus far. yield, bear, give, afford, impart, com- municate, confer, bestow, abdicate, resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, relax, quit, forego, give up, let go, waive, comply, accede, assent, ac- quiesce, succumb, submit. (Decline, demur, object, oppose, protest, re- fuse.) yielding, supple, pliant, bending, un- resisting, compliant, submissive. (Obstinate, resolute, stubborn.) yoke, associate, couple, join, link, con- nect, unite. (Alienate, detach, discon- nect, disjoin, divide, part, separate, sever.) yore, long ago, long since. (Now;.) young, juvenile, inexperienced, igno- rant, youthful. (Old, ancient, tried.) youth, boy, lad, minority, adolescence, juvenility. (Majority, senility, age.) youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, girlish, puerile. (Old, senile.) zeal, energy, fervor, ardor, earnest- ness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (In- difference, detachment, apathy.) zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, en- thusiastic, anxious. (Careless, in- different, unconcerned.) # zenith, top, apex, summit, pinnacle, climax. (Bottom, nadir.) zest, relish, gusto, flavor. (Disgust, , distaste, dislike.) FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, MAXIMS AND QUOTATIONS FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN LITERATURE AND CONVERSATION, WITH THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. COLLECTED AND REVISED BY FREDERIC TABER COOPER, LL.B., Ph.D. Note. — L. Latin; Fr. French; Ger. German; It. Italian; Sp. Spanish; Gr. Greek. a bas. [Fr.] Down; down with; a bas le traitre, down with the traitor. a cheval. [Fr.] On horseback. a contre coeur. [Fr.] Unwillingly. a fortiori* [L.] With stronger rea- son. a la bonne heure. [Fr.] At the lucky moment, good, well timed. a la Francaise, l'Anglaise, l'Alle- mande, l'ltalienne, etc. [Fr.] In the French, English, German, Italian manner, etc. a la mode. [Fr.] In fashion. a la lettre. [Fr.] To the letter, lit- erally. a mensa et toro. [L.] From bed and board; legal formula of divorce. a merveille. [Fr.] Wonderfully, to perfection. a outrance. [Fr.] To the bitter end. a posteriori. [L.] From the effect to the cause. a priori. [L.] From the cause to the effect. a propos. [Fr.] To the point, a propos de bottes, apropos of noth- ing, by the way, to change the sub- ject. a rebours. [Fr.] To the right about. a vinculo matrimonii. [L.] From the bond of marriage. a votre sante. [Fr.] To your good health. ab initio. [L.] From the beginning. ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From the egg to the apples; from begin- ning to end. ab uno disce omnes. [L.] From one learn all; from a single case infer the whole. absente reo. [L.] In the absence of the defendant. absit omen. [L.] May this bring no evil omen. abusus non tollit usum. [L.] Abuse is no argument against the proper use of anything. ad astra per ardua. [L.] To the stars through difficulties; to achieve fame in spite of obstacles. ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity. ad interim. [L.] In the meanwhile. ad Kalendas Graecas. [L.] At the Greek Kalends; never (the Greeks having no Kalends). ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure. ad majorem Dei gratiam. [L.] For the greater glory of God. ad nauseam. [L.] To the point of disgust. ad valorem. [L.] According to value. adscriptus glebae. [L.] Attached by law to the soil; after the manner of serfs. aequo animo. [L.] With equanim- ity. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS affaire d'amour. [Fr.] A love affair. affaire d'honneur. [Fr.] An affair of honor, a duel. Agnus Dei. [L.] The Lamb of God. alea jacta est. [L.] The die is cast (The words of Julius Caesar after crossing the Rubicon). al fresco* [It.] In the open air. alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies with her own wings (the motto of Oregon). alibi. [L.] Elsewhere; in law, a plea that the defendant was in some place other than that named in the charge. allegro. [It.] Sprightly, lively; title of a poem by Milton. allons. [Fr.] Come on; let us be going. alma mater. [L.] Foster mother; name given by graduates to their own college or university. alter ego. [L.] Another self. alto rilievo. > [It.] High relief; sculp- ture in which the figures stand out from the plain surface. amende honorable. [Fr.] A satis- factory apology; reparation. amour-propre. [Fr.] Self-esteem. ancien regime. [Fr.] The old order of things; the rulers of the ante- Revolution period. anno Christi. [L.] In the year of Christ. anno Domini. [L.] In the year of our Lord. anno mundi. [L.] In the year of the world. anno urbis conditae. [L.] In the year after the founding of Rome. ante bellum. [L.] Before the war. ante meridiem. [L.] Before noon. apres nous le deluge. [Fr.] After us the deluge (attributed to Madame de Pompadour, in reference to signs of an approaching revolution). aqua fortis. [L.] Nitric acid (strong water) . aqua regia. [L.] Nitric and muriatic acid mixed; "regal water," so called because it dissolves gold and plati- num. aqua vitae. [L.] Brandy; spirits; alcohol. arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An au- thority on matters of good taste. argot. [Fr.] The slang of the street; thieves' jargon. argumentum ad absurdum. [L.] An argument intended to prove the absurdity of an opponent's argu- ment. argumentum ad hominem. [L.] An argument deriving its force from the situation of one's Opponent. argumentum ad ignorantiam. [L.] An argument founded on the op- ponent's ignorance of the facts. argumentum ad verecundiam. [L.] An argument appealing to one's sense of decency. arriere pensee. [Fr.] A mental reservation. artium magister. [L.] Master of Arts. au contraire. [Fr.] On the con- trary. au courant. [Fr.] Fully acquainted with the circumstances. au fait. [Fr.] Well informed; master of. au fond. [Fr.] To the bottom, thor- oughly. au grand serieux. [Fr.] In deadly earnest. au jour le jour. [Fr.] From hand to mouth. au re voir. [Fr.] Good-bye until our next meeting. au secours! [Fr.] Help! To the rescue! auf wiedersehen. [Ger.] Au re voir; to our next meeting. aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden mean. auri sacra fames. [L.] Accursed greed for gold. aut Caesar aut nullus. [L.] The ambition to be either Caesar or no- body. avanti. [It.] Come in. avant-propos. [Fr.] Prelude; pro- logue. bagatelle. [Fr.] A trifle. bambino. [It.] A little boy; more especially, the Christ-child. bas-bleu. [Fr.] A bluestocking. basso rilievo. [It.] Low relief; sculp- ture in which the figures stand out very slightly from the ground. battre la carapagne. [Fr.] To scour the country; to go on a fool's errand. beau monde. [Fr.] The world of fashion. beaute du diable. [Fr.] That tran- sient type of beauty doomed to fade early with loss of the glow of youth. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS [Fr.] Men of wit brochure. [Fr.] A pamphlet. bruler ses vaisseaux. [Fr.] To burn one's ships. bummelzug. [Ger.] A way train. beaux esprits. and humor. beaux yeux. [Fr.] Pretty eyes; fem- inine charms. beaux yeux de sa cassette. [Fr.] Her money is her attraction. bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. bella donna. [It.] A pretty woman. belles-lettres. [Fr.] Refined litera- ture. ben trovato. [It.] Well discovered; a happy thought. bersaglieri. [It.] Italian light infan- try; sharpshooters. bete noire. [Fr.] A bugbear; a spe- cial abomination. bewahre Gott! [Ger.] God forbid! bien entendu. [Fr.] It is under- stood; certainly; of course. billet doux. [Fr.] A love letter. bis dat qui cito dat. [L.] He gives twice who gives quickly. bis pueri series. [L.] Old men are twice children. bitte, bitte sehr. [Ger.] If you please. blague. [Fr.] Boastful talk; an in- credible story. blase. [Fr.] Surfeited; world-weary. blut und eisen. [Ger.] Blood and iron. bona fide. [L.] In good faith. bon gre, mal gre. [Fr.] Whether you will or no. bon chien chasse de race. [Fr.] A good dog hunts from instincts; blood will tell bonhomie. [Fr.] Good nature; cre- dulity. bon marche. [Fr.] A bargain. bon mot. [Fr.] A witticism; a pun. bonne-bouche. [Fr.] A dainty mor- sel; a tit-bit. bonnet-de-nuit. [Fr.] A nightcap. bon ton. [Fr.] The dictates of fash- ion. bon voyage! [Fr.] A pleasant jour- ney to you! bordereau. [Fr.] A marginal note; a mermorandum. bouillabaisse. [Fr.] A kind of fish chowder for which Marseilles is famous. Boul'-Mich'. [Fr.] A familiar cor- ruption of the Boulevard St. Michel, a famous street in the Latin Quarter of Paris. bourgeoisie. [Fr.] The substantial body of citizens; the shopkeeping class. O cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit; i. e.. ioqucndi, scribendi, a rage for speaking, for scribbling. caetera desunt. [L.] The remainder is wanting. caeteris paribus. [L.] Other things being equal. calembour. [Fr.] A pun. ca m'est egal. [Fr.] It is all the same to me. canaille* [Fr.] The rabble. canard. [Fr.] A false story; a hoax. capias. [L.] You may take: a writ for arresting a debtor. carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present day. carte blancbe. [Fr.] Full powers. casus belli. [L.] The cause or justification of a war. caveat emptor [L ] Let the pur- chaser buy at his .wn risk. cause celebro. [Fr.] A court trial of wide popular interest. cave canem! [L.] Beware of the dog! cela saute aux yeux. [Fr.] That is self-evident. cela va sans dire. [Fr.] That goes without saying; it is obvious. certiorari. [L.] To be made more certain; i. e., a writ to call up the records of an inferior court. chacun a son gout. [Fr.] Every man to his own taste. chapeau bas! [Fr.] Hats off! charge d'affaires. [Fr.] One en- trusted with state affairs at a for- eign court; especially, one acting as substitute for an absent ambassador or minister. chateaux en espagne. [Fr.] Castles in the air. chef-d'oeuvre. [Fr.] Masterpiece. cherchez la femme. [Fr.] Look for the woman; a woman is usually at the bottom of a scandal. chere amie. [Fr.] A dear friend; a mistress chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] An adventurer; a swindler. chic. [Fr.] Modish, smart, up-to- date. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS chronique scandaleuse. [Ft.] A scandalous story. ci-gft. [Fr.] Here lies buried. claqueur. [Fr.] One paid for ap- plauding at a theatre. comme il faut. [Fr.] Just as one should be; in good taste. commune bonum. [L.] The com- mon good. componere lites. [L.] To settle dis- putes. compos mentis. [L.] In possession of one's faculties. comte rendu. [Fr.] An account rendered. con amore. [It.] With love; earn- estly; zealously. concordat. [L.] An agreement made between the Pope and a reigning sovereign. confrere. [Fr.] A colleague. contretemps. [Fr.] An awkward mis- chance. contra bonos mores. [L.] Contrary to the moral law. coram nobis. [L.] Before the court. coram non judice. [L.] Before an irregular tribunal. coram populo. [L.] Publicly. corps- de- garde. [Fr.] A guard- room. corpus delicti. [L.] The substance or foundation of an offense. corrigenda. [L.] Typographical er- rors to be corrected. coup d'etat. [Fr.] A stroke of policy in affairs of state. coup de grace. [Fr.] A finishing stroke. coup de maitre. [Fr.] A master stroke. coup de soleil. [Fr.] A sun-stroke. coup de theatre. [Fr.] An unex- pected event; a startling surprise. coute que coute. [Fr.] At any cost. creme de la creme. [Fr.] The pink of perfection. crescite et multiplicamini. [L.] Increase and multiply; the motto of Maryland. crimen falsi. [L.] The charge of perjury. crimen laesae majestatis. [L.] The charge of high treason. crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle of critics. cui bono? [L.] For whose benefit? Coloquially but inaccurately, What good will it do? eul-de-sac. [Fr.] A blind alley. cum grano salis. [L.] With a grain of salt; with reservations. cum privilegio. [L.] With privilege. currente calamo. [L.] With a rapid or fluent pen. d'accord. [Fr.] In harmony; agreed. da capo. [It.] Repeat from the be- ginning. dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the sign. danser sur un volcan. [Fr.] To dance on a volcano; to be blind to the danger of one's position. damnum absque injuria. [L.] Loss without legal injury. de bon augur e. [Fr.] _ Propitious. de facto. [L.] In fact, in reality. de gustibus non est disputandum. [L.] There is no disputing about tastes. de jure. [L.] By right of law. de mortuis nil nisi bonum. [L.] Let nothing but good be said about the dead. de nihilo nihil fit. [L.] Nothing comes from nothing. de novo. [L.] Anew, afresh. de profundis. [L.] Out of the depths. de trop. [Fr.] Superfluous; in the way; one too many. dehors. [Fr.] Outside. Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of God. dejeuner a la fourchette. [Fr.] Breakfast with a fork, i. e., substan- tial midday breakfast. delenda est Carthago. [L.] Car- thage must be destroyed. demi-bouteille. [Fr.] A pint bottle. demi-monde. [Fr.] The "half- world;" women outside the social pale. demi-solde. [Fr.] Half pay. demi-tasse. [Fr.] An after-dinner cup of black coffee. Deo gratias. [L.] God be thanked. Deo favente. [L.] With the help of God. Deo volente. [L.] God willing. dernier cri. [Fr.] The latest fash- ionable fad. dernier ressort. [Fr.] The last re- source. desipere in loco. [L.] To unbend on occasion. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS desunt caetera. [L.] m The rest is wanting; the citation is incomplete. Deus ex machina. [L.] The God from the machine; the person who unexpectedly saves the situation. dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day. dies infaustus. [L.] An unlucky day. dies irae. [L.] The day of wrath; the opening words of a well known Latin hymn. dies non. [L.] A day on which the juages do not sit. Bleu et mon droit. [Fr.] God and my right; the motto of English sov- ereigns. dirigo, [LJ I direct or guide; the motto of Maine. distingue. [Fr.] Distinguished; emi- nent. distrait. [Fr.] Absent-minded. dolee far niente. [It.] The pleas- ure of idleness. Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord be with you. dos-a-dos. [Fr.] Back to back. double entente. [Fr.] A double meaning. dossier. [Fr.] A packet of papers; the documents in a legal case. douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness; a bribe; a fee. dramatis personae. [L.] The char- acters in a play. doux yeux. [Fr.] Soft glances. drole de corps. [Fr.] A drole of odd fellow. dulce et decorum est pro patria mori [L.] it is sweet and honor- able to die for one's country. dum spiro, s^ro. [L.] While I live I hope. (Part of motto of South Carolina.) dum yivimus, vivamus. [L.] While we live let us enjoy life. dummkopf. [Ger.] A blockhead. durante beneplacito. [L.] During your good pleasure. durante vita. [L.] During life. dux femina facti. [L.] The leader of the deed a woman. E e pluribus unum. [L.] One out of 7-niny. eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of life; brandy. ecce Homo. [L.] Behold the Man; applied chiefly to paintings of Christ wearing the crown of thorns. ecce signum. [L.] Behold the sign. editio princeps. [L.] A first edi- tion. edition d'amateur. [Fr.] A spe- cial, or "de luxe" edition. egalite. [Fr.] Equality. ein Mann, ein Wort. [Ger.] An honest man's word is his bond. eisenbahn. [Ger.] A railway. elixir vitae. [L.] Elixir of life. eloignement. [Fr.] Estrangement. embarras de richesse. [Fr.] Over- supply of material. embonpoint. [Fr.] Plumpness; stoutness; corpulence. emeute. [Fr.] A riot. empressement. [Fr.] Eagerness. en arriere. [Fr.] In the rear, back- ward. en avant. [Fr.] Forward. en bon train. [Fr.] In a fair way, on the road to success. en deshabille. [Fr.] In undress. en effet. [Fr.] In effect; just so; really. en famille. [Fr.] Within the family circle; without ceremony. en grande tenue. [Fr.] In full dress. en masse. [Fr.] In a body. en passant. [Fr.] In passing. en plein jour. [Fr.] In broad day- light. en rapport. [Fr.] In touch; well versed in a subject. en regie. [Fr.] According to rule. en route. [Fr.] On the way. enceinte. [Fr.] Pregnant. enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. enfants perdus. [Fr.] A forlorn hope. enfant terrible. [Fr.] A child that is always making inopportune and embarrassing remarks. enfin. [Fr.] At last. ennui. [Fr.] Boredom. Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietam. [L.] With the sword she seeks quiet peace under lib- erty. (Motto of Massachusetts.) entente cordiale. [Fr.] A cordial and complete understanding; ex- pressions of mutual good will ex- changed between the sovereigns of two countries. entr'acte. [Fr.] Between the acts. entre nous. [Fr.] Between our- selves. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS entremet. [Fr.] A dainty side dish. entrepot. [Fr.] A warehouse. ergo. [L.] Therefore. erinnerung. [Ger.] A remembrance, a souvenir. esprit de corps. [Fr.] Loyalt\' to one's comrades; the spirit of solidar- ity. esprit des lois. [Fr.] The spirit of the law. '-. est modus in rebus. [L.] There is moderation in all things. et caetera. [L.] And so forth. et id genus omne. [L.] And every- thing of the sort. et tu, Brute! [L.] And thou also, Brutus! etat d'ame. [Fr.] A state of mind. etat- major. [Fr.] Officers forming the general's council. etourderie. [Fr.] Giddy conduct; an imprudent caprice. eureka. [Gr.] I have found it. (The motto of California.) ex animo. [L.] Heartily. ex cathedra. [L.] From the bench; with authority. ex officio. [L.] By virtue of one's office. ex parte. [L.] One one side only. ex pede Herculem. [L.] To judge of the whole from a part. ex post facto. [L.\ After the deed is done; a retroactive law. ex tempore. [L.] Without prepara- tion; off-hand. Excelsior. [L.] Higher; the motto of New York. excerpta. [L.] Extracts. exempli gratia. [L.] By way of example. exeunt, exeunt omnes. [L.] They go out, they all go out (stage direc- tions) . experto crede. [L.] Trust one who has had experience. F facade. [Fr.] The front of a build- ing. facon de parlor. [Fr.] A manner of speaking. facile princeps. [L.] Easily the first; the acknowledged leader. faire bonne mine. [Fr.] To put a good face on a thing. faire la noce. [Fr.] To have a gay time; to make a night of it. [Fr.] An accom- something over and fait accompli. piished fact; done with. faites vos jeux. [Fr.] Place stakes (at roulette, etc.). your far fiasco faux pas. blunder. faubourg fauteuil. orchestra seat fayete Unguis [it.; [Fr.] [Fr.] [Fr.] To make a failure. A false step, a A suburb. An easy chair; an [L.] Avoid uttering ill-omened words; maintain silence. felo de se. [L.] A suicide. femme couverte. [Fr.] A married woman. femme de chambre. [Fr.] A cham- bermaid. [L.] Of a wild na- [L.] Make haste [Fr.] A rural festi- A bonfire; flre- ferae naturae. ture. festina lente. slowly. fete champetre. val. feu de joie. [Fr. works. feuilleton. [Fr.] The lower part of the page in French newspapers, devoted to fiction; the continued story itself, occupying this space. fiacre. [Fr.] A public hack. fiat justitia, ruat coelum. [L.] Let justice be done though the heavens fall. fides Punica. [L.] Carthaginian faith; i. e., treachery. fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Acha- tes; i. e., a true friend. _ fieri facias. [L.] Cause it to be done; a writ empowering the sheriff to levy execution on a debtor's goods. Alius nullius. [L.] The son of no- body; illegitimate. filius terrae. [L.] . of low birth. fille de chambre. bermaid. fille de joie. [Fr] fin de siecie. [Fr^ century; a phrase much used in the year 1900, to express what was ex- tremely up to date. flagrante bello. [L.] During hos- tilities. flagrante delicto. [L.] While com- mitting the crime ; caught in the act. flaneur. [Fr.] A lounger. fleur de lis. [Fr.] The lily; arms of the French monarchy. flitterwoch. [Ger.] A honeymoon. A son of the soil; [Fr.] A cham- A prostitute. The end of the FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit. [L.] Perhaps sometime it will be pleasant to remember even these things. fortiter in re. [L.] With firmness in action. franco. [It.] Post free. fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy once stood; i. e., Troy is no more. functus officio. [L.J Having per- formed his office; his official service being ended, fusillade. [Fr.] The simultaneous discharge of fire-arms. G galant'uomo. [It.] A man of hon- or; a gentleman. gallice. [L.] In French. gar con. [Fr.] A boy; a waiter. gasconnade. [Fr.] A boastful, brag- ging speech. garde de corps. [Fr.] A body guard. genius loci. [L.] The genius of the place; the guardian spirit. genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The irritable race of poets. germanice. [L.] In German. Gesundheit! [Ger.] Your health. gloria in excelsis Deo. [L.] Glory to God in the highest. gliickliche Reise. [Ger.] A pleasant journey; bon voyage. gnothi seauton. [Gr.] Know thy- self. gosse. [Fr.] Street slang for "child," "infant." Compare "kid," "kid- die," and the Irish "gossoon." Gott mit uns. [Ger.] God with us; the motto of Prussia. Gott sei dank! [Ger.] Thank God! grisette. [Fr.] A young working girl. guet-a-pens. [Fr.] An ambush. gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo. [L.] Constant drop- ping wears away the stone; per- sistence will accomplish more than force. hacienda. [Sp.] A country estate. haricots- verts. [Fr.] String beans. hausfrau. [Ger.] Lady of the house; a housewife; a home body. haud passibus aequis. [L.] With unequal steps. haute nouveaute. [Fr.] The latest novelty. heimweh. [Ger.] Homesickness. herein. [Ger.] Come in. hie jacet. [L.] Here lies. hoc tempore. [L.] At this time. hoch soil er leben! [Ger.] Long life to him! homme d' esprit. [Fr.] A man of talent or wit. homme de lettres. [Fr.] A man of letters. honi soit aui mal y pense. [Fr.] Evil to him who evil thinks; motto of the Order of the Garter. hors de combat. [Fr.] Disabled; out of condition to fight. hors de concours. [Fr.] Not en- tered for competition. hors de propos. [Fr.] Not to the purpose; irrelevant. hors-d'oeuvres. [Fr.] A side dish, a relish. hotel garni. [Fr.] Furnished lodg- ings. hotel de ville. [Fr.] Town hall. hotel Dieu. [Fr.] A hospital. humanum est errare. [L.] To err is human. Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve; motto of the Prince of Wales. id est. [L.] That is. id genus omne. [L.] All of that sort. ignorantia legis neminem excusat. [L.] Ignorance of the law is no ex- cuse. ignis fatuus. [L.] Will-o'-the-wisp. imprimatur. [L.] Let it be printed; i. e., a license to print a book, etc. improwisatore, improvvisatrice. [It.] An impromptu poet or poetess. in aeternum. [L.] Forever. in articulo mortis. [L.] At the point of death. in curia. [L.] In court. in esse. [L.] In a state of being. in extenso. [L.] In full; unabridged. in extremis. [L.] In extreme diffi- culties; at the last gasp. in hoc signo vinces. IL.] In this sign, or under this standard thou shalt conquer. in loco parentis. [L.] In the place of a parent. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS In medias res. [L.] Into the midst of things. in memoriam. [L.] In memory of. in perpetuum. [L.] Forever. in propria persona. [L.] In per- son. in pur is naturalibus. [L.] In a state of nudity. in re. [L.] In the matter (or estate) of. in situ. [L.] In its original situation. in statu quo. [L.] In the former state. in toto. [L.] As a whole; entirely. in transitu. [L.] During transit. in vacuo. [L.] In. a vacuum. in vino Veritas. [L.] In wine there is truth; a drunkard tells the truth. infanta. [Sp.] A princess of the blood royal in Spain or Portugal. infra dignitatem. [L.j Beneath one's dignity. insouciance. [Fr.] Unconcern, in- difference. inter alia. [L.] Among other things. inter nos. [L.] Between ourselves. inter pocula. [L.] Between drinks; over a glass. ipse dixit. [L.] He, the master, said it; an authoritative assertion. ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself; obvious from the facts of the case. ipso jure. [L.] By unquestioned right. ite missa est. [L.] Go, the service is finished; the Mass has been cele- brated. jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. jardin des plantes. [Fr.] Botani- cal garden. je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I don't know what; i. e., indeterminate, indescrib- able. jettatura. [It.] The possession _ of the "evil eye;" the power of exerting a malign influence over an enemy. jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on words; a pun. jeu d' esprit. [Fr.] A witticism. jeunesse doree. [Fr.] Gilded youth. jus divinum. [L.] Divine law. jus civile. [L.] Civil law. jus gentium. [L.] Law of nations. juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. j'y suis, j'y reste. [Fr.] Here I am, here I stay; attributed to Marshal McMahon in the Crimean Redan. kellner. [Ger.] Waiter. labor omnia vincit. [L.] Labor conquers all things. lacrima Christi. [L.] Tears of Christ; a famous Neapolitan wine. laissez faire. [Fr.] Let matters alone; the policy of non-interference. lapsus linguae. [L.] A slip of the tongue. lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch'en- trate. [It.] Who enter here, leave all hope behind. (The inscription over the gate of Dante's Inferno.) latet anguis in herba. [L.] A snake lurks in the grass. laudator temporis acti. [L.] One who praises bygone times. laus Deo. [L.] Praise be to God. lese-majeste. [Fr.] High treason. le roi est mort, vive le roi! [Fr] The king is dead, long live the king. l'etat, c'est moi. [Fr.] The state, I am the state; a saying attributed to Louis XIV. l'etoile du nord. [Fr.] The north star. (Motto of Minnesota.) les affaires sont les affaires. [Fr.] Business is business. lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed letter; a warrant of arrest. lettre de marque. _ [Fr.] A letter, or warrant of reprisal. lex non scripta. [L.] The common, or unwritten law. lex scripta. [L.] Statute law. lex talionis. [L.] The law of re- prisal, rhomme propose, et Dieu dispose. [Fr.] Man proposes, and God dis- poses. liaison. [Fr.] An illicit attachment. lingua Toscana in bocca Romana. [It.] The Tuscan speech on Roman lips; i. e., the most correct Italian. lite pendente. [L.] During trial. loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. locum tenens. [L.] One holding another's place; a deputy, a proxy. lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A false etymology, assuming that lucus, a dark grove, is so called because of the absence of hix, light; any false or illogical deduction. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS lune-de-miel. [Fr.] Honey-moon. lustspiel. [Ger.] Comedy. lusus naturae. [L.] A freak of nature. lupus in fabula. [L.] The wolf in the fable; long looked for, come at last. M macte virtute. [L.] Increase in vir- tue. ma foi! [Fr.] On my faith! bless me! magnum opus. [L.] A great work. maison de sante. [Fr.] A lunatic asylum. maitre d' hotel. [Fr.] A house steward. Majestatsbeleidigung. [Ger.] High treason. mal a propos. [Fr.] Ill-times; out of place. mal de mer. [Fr.] Sea-sickness. mala fide. [L.] In bad faith. mal'occhio. [It.] The evil eye. malade imaginaire. [Fr.] One who fancies himself sick; a hypochondriac. maladie du pays. [Fr.] Home-sick- ness. malgre soi. [Fr.] In spite of oneself. malum in se. [L.] A thing in- herently wrong. malum prohibitum. [L.] A thing prohibited by law, although not necessarily wrong morally. mandamus. [L.] "We command;" a writ from a superior to an inferior court. mare clausum. [L.] A sea closed to commerce. materia medica. [L.] Collectively, substances used in the art of healing. mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste. mauvaise quart d'heure. [Fr.] A bad quarter of an hour; an awkward or uncomfortable experience. mauvais sujet. [Fr.] A rascal. mauvaise honte. [Fr.] False shame. memento mori. [L.] Remember death. mens sana in cor pore sano. [L.] A sound mind in a sound body. mesalliance. [Fr.] A marriage with one of lower station. mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to relate. mise en scene. [Fr.] A stage set- ting; a scenic effect. mieux vaut tard que jamais. [Fr.] Better late than never. mittimus. [L.] "We send;" a war- rant of commitment to prison. modus operandi. [L.] A method of working. modus vivendi. [L.] A method of living; a compromise agreement be- tween two or more disputants, to secure at least temporary harmony. montani semper liheri. [L.] Moun- taineers are always freemen. (Motto of West Virginia.) multum in parvo. [L.] Much in little. mutatis mutandis. [L.] The neces- sary changes being made. mutato nomine. [L.l The name being changed. N naivete. [Fr.] Native simplicity. neglige. [Fr.] Undress. ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing fur- ther. nee. [Fr.] Born so-and-so; i. e., her maiden name being so-and-so. necessitas non habet legem. [L.] Necessity knows no laws. nemo me impune lacessit. [L.J No one wounds me with impunity; the motto of Scotland. nil admirari. [L.] To be disturbed at nothing. nil desperandum. [L.] Never de- spair. n'importe. [Fr.] It does not matter. noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Noble birth imposes the obligation of noble con- duct. nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will or no. noli me tangere. [L.] Do not touch me. nolle prosequi. [L.] To be unwill- ing to prosecute; discontinuance of an action by plaintiff or the State. nom de guerre. [Fr.] An assumed name; a pen name. non compos mentis. [L.] Of un- sound mind. non constat. [L.] It has not been shown; no evidence is before the Court. non omnia possumus omnes. [L.] We cannot all do all things. non omnis moriar. [L.] I shall not wholly die. non sequitur. [L.] It does not fol- low. nosce teipsum. [L.] Know thyself. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS nota bene. [L.] Mark well. nudum pactum. [L.] An agree- ment lacking a consideration; an in- valid contract. nuit blanche. [Fr.] A sleepless night. nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or never. nulla dies sine linea. [L.] No day without a line. obiit. [L.] He, or she, died. obiter dictum. [L.] A passing re- mark; such part of a judge's opinion as is aside from or beyond the point at issue, and therefore not binding as a precedent. oeil de boeuf . [Fr.] A bull's eye. omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love con- quers all things. on dit. [Fr.] They say; it is rumored. onus proband!. [L.] The burden of proof. ora e sempr e . [It.] Now and always . ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. otium cum dignitate. [L.] Ease with dignity. oubliette. [Fr.] A dungeon. oui dire. [Fr.] Hearsay. outre. [Fr.] Extravagant, in bad taste. ou sont les neiges d'antan? [Fr.] Where are the snows of yesteryear? papier mache. [Fr.] A hard sub- stance made from a pulp of rags or paper. par exemple. [Fr.] For example; for instance. par excellence. [Fr.] Eminently; the very idcr.l. pari passu. [L.] With equal pace; side by side. Paris vaut bien une messe. [Fr.] Paris is well worth a mass ; attributed to Henry IV. parole d'honneur. [Fr.] Word of honor. particeps criminis. [L.] An ac- complice. partie carree. [Fr.] A party of four, consisting of two men and two women. parvenu. [Fr.] A person of low origin; an upstart. pas a pas. [Fr.] Step by step. pas seul. [Fr.] A dance performed by one person. passe. [Fr.] Out of date, faded, worn out. passe-partout. p [Fr.] A master-key. Pater noster. [L.] Our Father; the Lord's prayer. pater patriae. [L.] The father of his country. pax vobiscum. [L.] Peace be with you. Pays de Cocagne. # [Fr.] The land of Cockayne, an imaginary coun- try in which everything is to be had in abundance and without labor. pays latin. [Fr.] The Latin country, a name given to the students' quar- ter in Paris, in the neighborhood of the Sorbonne. peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. i pendente lite. [L.] Pending the suit. per annum. [L.] By the year. per capita. [L.] By the head. per centum. [L.] By the hundred. per diem. [L.] By the day. persiflage. [Fr.] Chaff, banter. persona grata. [L.] A person in favor; a welcome guest. personnel. [Fr.] The staff of an establishment. petit bleu. [Fr.] Blue folding slips used in Paris for sending messages through pneumatic tubes. petit- maitre. [Fr.] A dandy; a fop. peu de chose. [Fr.] A trifle. piece de resistance. [Fr.] The prin- cipal course of a dinner. pioupiou. [Fr.] A private soldier; the French "Tommy Atkins." pis aller. [Fr.] A last resort. pleno jure. [L.] With full power. place aux dames. [Fr.] Make way for the ladies. poeta nascitur, non fit. [L.] A poet is born, not mede. point d'appui. [Fr.] The point of support. polisson. [Fr.] A rascal. pollice verso. [L.] With thumb turned down; the decree of death in the Roman gladiatorial contests. pons asinorum. [L.] The bridge of asses ; the fifth proposition in Euclid. posse comitatus. [L.] The power of the county; a body of men ap- pointed by the sheriff for special service. post mortem. [L.] After death. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS post obit. [L.] A bond payable after death. poste restante. [Fr.] Department in a post-office where letters are held until called for. pot au feu. [Fr.] A vegetable soup, a staple food of the French peas- antry. pot-pourri. [Fr.] A hotch-potch, a medley. pour encourager les autres. [Fr.] To encourage the others; Voltaire's comment on the motives of the Eng- lish in executing Admiral Byng for cowardice. prima facie. [L.] At first sight, on first consideration. pro bono publico. [L.] For the public good. pro forma. [L.] For the sake of form. pro rata. [L.] In proportion. pro tempore. [L.J For the time; temporarily. proces verbal. [Fr.] m A summary of the charge and evidence, against an accused. profanum vulgus. [L.] The vulgar crowd. prosit! [Ger.] Good luck to you! prosit neu jahr! [Ger.] Happy New Year! punica fides. [L.] Carthaginian faith, treachery. Q quantum libet. [L.] As much as you please. quantum sufficit. [L.] As much as suffices. quelque chose. [Fr.] Something, a trifle. quid pro quo. [L.] One thing for another; an equivalent; tit for tat. qu'importe? [Fr.] What does it matter? qui s'excuse, s'accuse. [Fr.] He who excuses himself, accuses him- self. qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He who transplanted, still sustains. (Motto of Connecticut.) qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. qui vivra, verra. [Fr.] Who lives will see. quo animo? [L.] With what mind or intention? quo jure? [L.] By what right? quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] Which was to be demonstrated. quod erat faciendum. [L.] Which was to be done. quod vide. [L.] Which see. quos Deus vult perdere, prius de- memtat. [L.] Those whom God wishes to destroy, he first makes mad. raison d'etre. [Fr.] Reason for existence. ranz des vaches. [Fr.] Swiss mel- odies played as cow-calls. rara avis. [L.] A rare bird, a strange prodigy. rathhaus. [Ger.] A town hall. recueil. [Fr.] A collection. redacteur (en chef). [Fr.] An edi- tor (in chief). reductio ad absurdum. [L.] Re- ducing an argument to an absurdity. populi. [L.] The (Motto of Arkansas.) regnant populi. reign. re infecta. [L.] The business being unfinished. rendez-vous. [Fr.] A place of meet- ing, an appointment. renommee. [Fr.] Fame, renown. requiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace. respice finem. [L.] Look to the end. resume. [Fr.] A summing up. resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again. ricordo. [It.] A souvenir, a keep- sake. rien ne va plus. [Fr.] The betting is closed. robe de chambre. [Fr.] A dress- • ing-gown. revenons a nos moutons. [Fr.] Let us return to our sheep; i. e., to the point at issue. rus in urbe. [L.] The country in town. S salle- a- manger. [Fr.] A dining room. Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] The welfare of the people is the supreme law. (Motto of Missouri.) sanctum sanctorum. [L.] The holy of holies. sang-froid. [Fr.] Cold blood; sel r - possession; indifference. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS sans ceremonie. [Fr.] Without cere- mony. sansculottes. [Fr.] Ragged men; the lower classes during the French revolution. sans facon. [Fr.] Without cere- mony.' sans gene. [Fr.] Without embar- rassment. sans peur et sans reproche. [Fr.] Without fear and without reproach. sartor resartus. [L.] The tailor retailored. sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Let him save himself who can. savoir faire. [Fr.] Ability, skill. sevoir vivre. [Fr.] Good breeding. schlafen Sie wohl! [Ger.] Sleep well! schnellzug. [Ger.] Express train. scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be known. semper fidelis. [L.] Always faith- ful. semper paratus. [L.] Always pre- pared. sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a foot and a half long. sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such is the way to immortality. Sic semper tyrannis. [L.] So al- ways to tyrants. (The motto of Vir- ginia.) sic transit gloria mundi. [L.] So passes away earthly glory. sic vos non vobis. [L.] Thus you do not labor for yourselves. similia similibus curantur. [L.] Like things are cured by like. sine die. [L.] Without an appointed day. sine qua non. [L.] An indispen- sable condition. si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice. [L.] If thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here; motto of Michigan. si non e vero, e ben trovato. [It.] If it is not true, it is very ingenious. siste viator! [L.] Halt, traveller! — a frequent inscription on graves. sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the earth rest lightly on you. sobriquet. [Fr.] A nickname. souvent femme varie, bien fol est qui s'y fie. [Fr.] Woman often changes, and very foolish is he who trusts her. statu quo ante. [L.] In the same state as before. stet. [L.] Let it stand. sub judice. [L.] Under considera- tion. sturm und drang. [Ger.] Storm and stress. sub rosa. [L.] Under the rose; secretly. succes d'estime. [Fr.] A success only in the eyes of the enlightened few. sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind. sui juris. [L.] In one's own right. summum bonum. [L.] The chief good. sur le tapis. [Fr.] On the carpet; under consideration. table d'hote. [Fr] The regular course dinner. tabula rasa. [L.] A blank tablet. tant pis. [Fr.] So much the worse. tant soit peu. [Fr.] Never so little. tempora mutantur, et nos muta- mur in illis. [L.] The times are changed, and we are changed with them. tempus edax rerum. [L.] Time, the devour er of all things. tempus fugit. [L.] Time flies. terrae Alius. [L.] A son of the soil. terra cotta. [It.] Baked clay; a kind of pottery. terra firm a. [L.] Solid earth; a safe footing. terra incognita. [L.] An unknown country. tertium quid. [L.] A third some- thing; the result of the union or collision between two opposing forces. tete-a-tete. [Fr.] Head to head; i. e., a conversation between two people. tiers- etat. [Fr.] The third estate; commons, commonalty. to kalon'. [Gr.] The beautiful; the chief good. toties quoties. [L.] As often as. tour de force. [Fr.] A feat of strength; a piece of sheer clever- ness. tou jours perdrix. [Fr.] Always par- tridge; i. e., everlastingly the same thing. tout-a-fait. [Fr.] Entirely; alto- gether. tout-a-1'heure. [Fr.] Presently. tout au contraire. [Fr.] Quite the contrary. FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS [Fr.] All the same. [Ft.] The whole A tragedy. Reverie, day- tout de mime. tout ensemble. taken together. trauerspiel. [Ger.] traumerei. [Ger.] dreams. trink-geld. [Ger.] A gratuity, a pourboire. U ubi supra. [L.] Where above-men- tioned. - ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last argument of kings; i. e., war. ultima thule. [L.] The furthest land or limit. In excess of one's With once voice; [Ger.] famous Under street in ultra vires. [L.] legal powers. una voce. [L.] unanimously. unter den linden the lime-trees, a Berlin. unter vier augen. [Ger.] Between four eyes; i. e., tete-a-tete, usque ad aras. [L.] To the very altars; to the last extremity. usque ad nauseam. [L.] To the point of disgust. ut infra. [L.] As below. ut supra. [L.] As above. vetturino. [It.] A hackman. via media. [L.] A middle course. vice versa. [L.] The terms being exchanged; the reverse. vide ut supra. [L.] See what is stated above. vient de paraitre. [Fr.] Just pub- lished, or, just out. vi et armis. m [L.] By force and arms; by main force. villegiatura. [It.] A summer vaca- tion. vedi Napoli e poi mori. [It.] See Naples and then die. vincit omnia Veritas. [L.] Truth conquers all things. vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The bond of matrimony. vis-a-vis. [Fr.] Opposite; face to face. vive la bagatelle! [Fr.] Success to trifles! Trifling forever! vogue la gal ere. [Fr.] Let come what may. voila tout. [Fr.] That is all. voir rouge. [Fr.] To see red; to be in an ungovernable rage. W vade mecum. [L.] "Go with me;" i. e., a guide or handbook, indis- pensable to the traveller. vae victis. [L.] Woe to the con- quered. vale. [L.] Farewell. veni, vidi, vici. [L.] I conquered. ventre-a-terre. [Fr.] At full gallop; at break-neck speed. verbum sat sapient! wagon-lit. [Fr.] A sleeping-car. wander jahr. [Ger.] A wander-year; a year of travel. wanderlust. [Ger.] The love of travel; the nomadic instinct. Wacht am Rhein. [Ger.] The Watch on the Rhine. wie gewohnlich. [Ger.] As usual. wohlgeboren. [Ger.] Well born; of I came, I saw, good birth. ■ to the wise is sufficient. [L.] A word zeit ist geld. [Ger.] Time is momy* zeitung. [Ger.] Newspaper. A Dictionary of Commercial and Legal Terms. Edited by ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. Formerly Professor in Teachers' College, Columbia University. A. On endorsements = Audited, Ac- cepted, or Approved. a, @. ■= at; as 5 yds. @ 24 cts. Ai. Originally a symbol used by Lloyd's Register of British Shipping, in which the hull is rated by letters, the equipment by figures. m Abandonment. In marine insurance, the giving up to the insurers of prop- erty partly destroyed, with the pur- pose of claiming full insurance. Abatement. An amount deducted; a discount; removal of a nuisance. Abeyance. Suspense, as an unsettled estate held in abeyance. Abrogate. To repeal, annul; abolish; destroy. Abstract. Abridgment or summary of a document. Acceptance. Agreement to terms proposed; engagement to pay, made by the person on whom a draft, bill of exchange, or other order is drawn. The order when it has been accepted. Acceptance supra Protest or for Honor. Agreement to pay a note or bill protested to preserve the honor of the maker or endorser. Acceptor. The one who accepts a draft, bill of exchange or other order. Accession. Acquiring. Accessory. One who instigates, abets, or aids the offense of another. Accident Insurance. Insurance against personal injury by accident. Accommodation Endorser. One who endorses accommodation paper. Accommodation Paper. Commer- cial paper not founded on an actual trade transaction but drawn in order to be discounted for the benefit of one or all of the drawers, acceptors or endorsers. Accord and Satisfaction. Settle- ment of a claim by agreement to ac- cept one thing in place of the origin- ally claimed, Account (Acct., a /c). A statement of business dealings between individ- uals or firms. Account Current. A running ac- count; a statement of transactions between firms or individuals, gener- ally in the form of a summary of debits and credits. Account Sales. The itemized state- ment of a broker or commission agent to his principal, showing the quantity of goods sold, prices, charges, commissions and net pro- ceeds. Accountant. ' An expert examiner or adjuster of accounts. Accroach. To attempt to use power without authority. Accrue. To increase; be due. Acknowledge. To admit the receipt of correspondence, remittance or order. Acknowledgment. A receipt. A formal declaration made before a competent officer by one who exe- cutes an instrument that it is his voluntary act. Acquittance. A written receipt or discharge from all claims in full. Act. A formal writing expressing what has been done. The enactment by a legislative body or court. Act of God. A physical cause of in- jury which cannot be prevented by COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS human means, such as tempest, lightning, earthquake, etc. Action. A suit or process at law. Adjudicate. To settle by legal pro- cess. Adjustment. Settlement of legal claims and disputed accounts. Ad Litem. [Lat.] For a # law suit. A term applied to a guardian or rep- resentative of a widow or other per- son not competent to appear per- sonally before a court. Administer. To settle an estate. Administrator (Admr.), Adminis- tratix (Admx.). An officer ap- pointed by the court to settle the estate of an intestate or in the ab- sence of a qualified executor. Admiralty Court. A court having jurisdiction in maritime questions. Ad Valorem. [Lat.] According to value. Ad Valorem duties are esti- mated on the basis of the value of the imported article, not according to weight, measure, etc. (specific duties). Advance. Rise in value. To pay or furnish money before it is due. Adventure. A speculation. The shipment of goods on shipper's own account. Adventure, Bill of. A declaration signed by the master of a ship which carries goods at the owner's risk. Adventure in Co. m Shipment of goods at joint risk of shipper and consignee. Adverse Possession. The holding of real property contrary to the claim of another. Advice. Commercial notice sent by letter, called Letter of Advice. Affiant. One who makes an affidavit. Affidavit. A written declaration un- der oath. Affiliation. The determining of the paternity of a child. Affinity. Relationship by marriage. Affreightment. The hiring a ship for transportation of goods. Age of Consent. The age at which miners may enter into a valid con- tract of marriage. Agency. The relation to his principal of one authorized to act for another. Agent. One who acts for another. Aggravation. A circumstance which enhances crime or increases danger. Agio. [Ital.] Difference in value be- tween current and standard moneys, as between bank notes and gold. Agiotage. Speculation on the fluctua- tion of public securities. Agrarian. Relating to land or its tenure. Agreement. A contract or bargain. Alias. [Lat.] Otherwise. An as- sumed name. Alien. One of foreign birth not natu- ralized in the country of his residence and owing allegiance to a foreign power. Alienate. To transfer property. Alienation. Conveyance of title. Alienation Clause. In fire insurance policies, a clause rendering the policy void if the property insured is sold cr transferred. Alimony. In divorce law, a provision made by the court from her hus- band's income or estate for the sup- port of a wife. Aliquot Part. A number contained an exact number of times in a larger number. Allegation. A statement of what a party undertakes to prove. The charge undertaken to be proved. Allegiance. The obligation due from a citizen to his government. Allonge. [Fr.] A slip of paper at- tached to a note or bill of exchange to allow space for more endorse- ments. Allotment Ticket. An order for the payment of a specific portion of a seaman's wages to his family at stated intervals during a voyage. Allow. To concede, discount, deduct. Allowance. Deduction from weight or amount. Sailor's rations. Alloy. [Fr.] Baser metal compounded with a finer. The union of different metals. In coinage, gold is alloyed with silver or copper; silver with nickel, brass or copper. Alluvium. The gradual increase of the shore of a stream formed by de- posits carried by the water. Amotion. A turning away or re- moval. Amount Gross. The sum total or aggregate. Amount Net. The sum total less de- ductions for expenses, discount, or charges. Ancestor. In law the term includes collaterals as well as lineals. # Anchorage. A spot where ships may anchor safely. A toll or fee for anchoring. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Ancillary. Auxiliary. Anker. A foreign liquid measure of about ten gallons. Annex. To take for permanent hold- ing* fixtures are annexed to the realty. Annuity. A sum of money paid yearly or at fixed intervals. Annul. To make void. Answer. To reply; be responsible for. In law, a reply to a charge. Antedate. To date] before the true time. Appeal. In law, to apply for a review of a cause. Appearance. In law, the coming into court or formal submitting to a court's jurisdiction by a person sum- moned. Appellate Court. A court having power to review the decisions of lower courts^ Apply. To dispose of, as to apply funds in payment of a note. Appraise. To place a value on prop- erty. Appraiser. One who appraises. A government officer who fixes the value of dutiable articles. Appreciate. To increase in value. Apprentice. One legally bound out to another to learn a trade. Appropriation. A government grant of money for a specific purpose. Approval. A sale on approval is con- ditional on the approval of the pur- chaser, who may return the goods if not satisfactory. Appurtenance. In law, a thing or right that goes with the land,, as a right of way. Arbitration. The adjustment of dis- puted points by disinterested per- sons chosen by the contending par- ties. Arbitration of Exchange. Compu- tation of the difference in rates of exchange among bankers in three or more countries, to discover whether it is more profitable to forward money directly or indirectly. Arrest. To take a person or property into legal custody. Arson. The malicious burning of a building or of a ship. Article. A single piece of goods. A written agreement or contract, as articles of co-partnership. Division of a document. Articles of War. A code of rules and 41 regulations for the government of army and navy. Assault. A civil and criminal offense, consisting in the attempt or offer to do bodily hurt. Assay. To test the proportion of alloy in metals. Assess. To value ; to fix a rate ; to levy a tax or share of expenses. Assets. Resources available for the payment of debts; opposed to liabil- ities. Assign. To transfer or make over property or rights to another. Assignee. One to whom an assign- ment is made. A trustee for £he creditors of a bankrupt estate or in- solvent debtor. Assignment. A transfer of property to an assignee. Assignor. One who assigns property. Assizes. [Eng.] The sessions of a court for jury trials held periodically in the various counties of England. Association. A body of men. A busi- ness or stock company. Assortment. A quantity of goods varying in quality. Assumpsit. An undertaking based on a consideration. An action to recover damages for breach of con- tract. Assurance. See insurance. Attachment. A seizure made by order of a court to bring property or a person into its custody. Attest. To certify, witness by sig- nature. Attorn. To agree to become tenant to one not the original landlord but who claims the reversion. Attorney. An agent legally appointed by another. An officer of the court. A counselor. Attorney, Power of. Written au- thority empowering one person to act for another. Attorney General. The chief law officer of the government. _ Attorney in Fact. One acting under power of attorney. Auction. Public sale of property to the highest bidder. Audit. To examine and certify ac- counts and vouchers. Auditor. One authorized to examine accounts. An officer of the United. States Treasury. Aver. To declare or assert formally. Average. Mean value or quality. A COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS fair sample. Equitable distribution of expense or loss. Formerly a charge in addition to freight paid by the shipper to the ship's master for care of the goods. Average, General. In marine in- surance, a proportionate charge on ship and goods to cover the necessary sacrifice of a part. Average, Particular. The loss sus- tained by partial damage of ship alone, or of cargo alone, arising from ordinary wear and tear or mishaps and not involving the general safety. Average, Petty. Small charges, such as pilotage, port charges, and the like, borne in part by ship and in part by cargo. Average of Payments. The method of determining the time when the payment of one sum may be made of several sums due at different dates without loss to either party. Avoid. In law, to nullify, annul. Avulsion. Lands removed by the sudden action of water from one estate and added to another. Award. A decision by arbitration. Bail. To set free by becoming surety for the appearance in court of the person to be tried. The amount pledged. Bailee. One to whom goods are de- livered under a contract of bailment. Bailment. The delivery of goods to another in trust for some purpose. Bailor. One who delivers goods under a contract of bailment. Balance (Bal.). Difference necessary to make the two sides of an account equal. Weighing scales. Balance Account. An account made up of balances of different accounts. A brief summary of the condition of a business. Balance Sheet. A paper showing a summary of open accounts. Balance of Trade. The difference in value between the total exports and imports of a country. Ballast. Weight used to steady a ship. To load with ballast instead of cargo. Bale. A corded package of goods for transportation. Banco. In some parts of Europe, the difference between bank value and depreciated current value of money. Bank. An institution for the deposit, discount and circulation of money. Bankable. Receivable at par at a bank. Bank Bill or Note. A promissory note printed by the government and is- sued by national banks, used as money, and payable on demand. Bankbook. Passbook of a bank in which deposits are recorded and paid checks entered. . Bank Draft. A bill of exchan ge drawn by one bank on another bank. Bank Hours. Usually from 9 or 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. Bankrupt. One unable to pay his debts. One who fails in business. Bankruptcy. The condition of being adjudged bankrupt by the court. Bank Stock. Shares in a banking company. Paid up capital of a bank divided into shares. Bar. A final defense. A plea defeat- ing an action. The whole body of licensed lawyers. The legal profes- sion. Bargain. A stipulation. An agree- ment of sale. Barratry. In maritime law, breach of duty or trust by muster or crew, as against owrers or insurers. In com- mon law, the malicious encourage- ment of litigation. Barrel. A measure of capacity, con- taining 3134 gallons, wine measure; 30 gallons, beer measure; 32 gallons, ale measure; 196 pounds of flour; 224 pounds of butter; 200 pounds of pork or beef. The dry barrel is not a legalized measure. Barrel Bulk. In freight measurement 5 cubic feet. Barrister. The title of a lawyer prac- ticing in the higher- courts of England and Ireland. Barter. To exchange goods foi another kind of goods instead of money. Base Court. An inferior court, not one of record. Battery. The actual doing of the personal hurt attempted by assault. Bear. A speculator who strives to depress the price of stocks. Bearer, One who holds and presents a note, bill, cheek or draft for pay- ment. Negotiable paper drawn pay- able to bearer need not be endorsed. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Bench. The seat for judges. The court. The whole body of judges as distinguished from the bar. Bench Warrant. A warrant issued by a superior court judge. Beneficiary. The person to whom a life insurance policy is made pay- able. The person for whose benefit another holds title to real estate. Bequeath. To give by will. Bequest. The act of giving by will. The thing given by will. Bill. A statement of accounts due. A general term for negotiable paper. In law, the statement of particulars. Bill Book. An account kept in book- keeping of notes, drafts, and bills of exchange. Billhead. > A printed form of bills, with business address. Bill of Discovery. Application to a court of equity to compel a party to an action to disclose facts or docu- ments in his possession. Bill of Entry. An account of goods entered at the custom-house for im- portation or exportation. Bill of Exceptions. A written state- ment of exceptions to the decision of a court. Bill of Exchange. A written order for the payment of money, usually drawn on a person living in a foreign country. Bill, Domestic or Inland. A bill of exchange payable in the country where drawn; usually termed draft. Bill of Lading. A written statement of goods received for transportation, signed by the carrier's agent, and given to the shipper. Bill of Parcels. An account given by seller to buyer of the value of goods bought. Sometimes used for invoice. Bill of Particulars. A document de- tailing the demands for which an action is brought. Bill of Sale (B S). A written agree- ment under seal transferring owner- ship of personal propertv. Bills Payable. Bills Receivable. Commercial paper called bills receiv- able by the holder, and bills payable by the one who is to pay them. Blackmail. Extortion of money by threats. Blank Credit. Authorization to draw money on account without limita- tion of the amount. Blank Endorsement. Endorsement which does not specify the person to whom payment is to be made. Blockade. To obstruct an enemy's port. Board of Trade. An association of business men for the regulation and advancement of commercial in- terests. Bona Fide. [Lat.] In good faith. Bond. A legal document by which a person binds himself to pay money or perform a certain act under penalty of paying a specified sum. Bond Creditor. A creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. Bond Debt. A debt contracted under obligation of a bond. Bonded Goods. Goods stored in bonded warehouses or bonded cars, on which bonds instead of cash have been given for import duties or in- ternal revenue. Bonded Warehouse. A building owned by approved persons who have given bonds or guarantee for the strict observance of the revenue laws; used for storing dutiable mer- chandise until the duties are paid or the goods re-shipped without entry. Bondsman. One who gives security for another. Bonus. A premium given on a loan or for a favor shown. Book Debts. Accounts charged on the books. Bookkeeper. One in charge of mer- cantile accounts. Bookkeeping, Single Entry. A sim- ple system of bookkeeping which requires only one entry for a single transaction. Used chiefly in retail business. Bookkeeping, Double Entry. The system of bookkeeping which re- quires for every transaction two entries, one on the debit and one on the credit side. Borough. An incorporated village or town not a city. Bottomry. The act of pledging a vessel for sums advanced for the use of the ship. If the ship is lost, the lender loses the whole amount of his loan. Bought and Sold Notes. Memo- randa given by a broker to his prin- cipal announcing particulars of the purchase or sale of commodities for COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS the account of the principal. Bounty. A bonus or premium given .to encourage a special industry or as an inducement to enter public ser- vice. Brand. A mark of designation; a trade-mark, device, or name; a par- ticular class of goods. Breach. Violation of an agreement. Breadstuff's. Any kind of grain, corn or meal from which bread is made. Breakage. The allowance made by a shipper for loss caused by the de- struction of fragile wares. Breaking Bulk. Opening packages of goods in transit. Breaking in. In law, any violent act technically constituting burglary. Brief. A concise legal summary or statement of a client's case, or of a law argument. Broker. An agent or factor; a middle- man paid by commission. Bull. A speculator who strives to raise the value of stocks. Bullion. Uncoined gold or silver. Burden of Proof. The obligation resting on a person asserting a fact to prove it. Burglary. Breaking into a house at night with felonious intent. Bushel. A dry measure, 18 Y2 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep inside; its capacity is 2,150.42 cubic inches. By-Bidder. In auctions, one em- ployed to make bids in order to raise the price of articles to be sold. By-Laws. Private regulations made t>y a corporation or municipality for its government. Cabinet. The advisory council of a • sovereign or president. The body of ministers who direct the govern- ment. Calculate. To determine by reckon- ing. Call. A demand for payment of instal- ments due on stock or unpaid con- tributions. A request to holders of bonds drawn for redemption to present them for payment on a cer- tain date, after which interest ceases. In the Stock Exchange, the privi- lege to claim delivery of a specified amount of stock at a time and price fixed. Cancel. To cross out, obliterate any- thing written (often by stamp or punch) ; to annul, set aside. Canon. A rule of ecclesiastical law. Capias. [Lat.] A writ commanding an officer of the law to take into custody the person named in the writ. Capital. Money or properly invested in business; amount of assets. Capitalist. One having property to invest; a man of wealth. Capital Offense. An offense punish- able by death. Capital Stock. The aggregate a- mount of funds or property invested in a corporation. The total value of stock at par. Capitation. A poll tax. Carat, Karat. A measure of weight ( = 3% grains) for gold and precious stones. The measure of the pro- portionate fineness of gold, pure gold being rated at 24 carats. Cargo. Merchandise laden on a ship for transportation. Carrier. One who transports goods or persons for hire. Cartage. The amount paid for cart- ing goods. Carte Blanche. [Fr.] Free or un- limited powers. Case. A box for holding goods or merchandise; the amount of its con- tents. In law, an action or suit. Case, Action on the. A general com- mon law form of action. Cash. Ready money; gold, silver, bank-notes, usually including checks and drafts. Cash Book. A book registering money paid in and out. Cash Sales. Sales for cash in dis- tinction to sales on credit. Cashier. One in charge of the money of a business house or bank. Cassation. [Fr.] Annulling, reversal. Casualty Insurance. Accident in- surance. Caveat. [Lat.] A legal notice filed to prevent a proceeding except after notice. In patent law a caveat en- titles an inventor to notice of com- peting applications for patents dur- ing one year. Caveat Emptor. [Lat.] Let the buyer beware. A phrase embodying the principle that a purchaser buys COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS at his own risk, except for the ordi- nary legal protection. Certificate. A writing testifying to some fact. A voucher, as, a cer- tificate of deposit, a certificate of stock. Certified Cheek. A check accepted as valid by the bank on which it is drawn. The amount represented by a certified check is withdrawn from the depositor's account and held to meet payment of the check. Cestui que Trust. [Fr.] One having the equitable interest in property legally held by a trustee. Challenge. An objection made by the defense or plaintiff to a juror. Chamber of Commerce. An asso- ciation of merchants for the en- couragement of commercial interests. Champerty. An agreement on the part of a person to aid in carrying on a suit in which he has no legal interest in return for a share in the thing sued for. Chancellor. A judge of a Court of Chancery. Chancery. In England, a court of equity forming a division of the High Court of J ustice . In the United States, a Court of Equity. Charge. A statement by a judge to a jury instructing them in regard to the legal principles involved in the case. Charter. A government grant em- powering a corporation to do busi- ness and defining its rights and privileges. The letting or hiring of a vessel. Charter Party. A written contract for the hire of a vessel for a given voyage. Chattel. Any kind of property except real estate. Chattel Mortgage. A mortgage of property other than real property to secure a payment. Check, Cheque. An order on a bank by a depositor for payment of money. Check Book. A printed book of blank checks. Check Clerk. One who examines ac- counts of other clerks. A bank clerk who enters up checks. Chose. In law, personal property. Chose in Action. Personal property to which one has a right enforceable by iegal process, but not actual pos- session. Chose in Possession. Personal prop- erty of which one has actual pos- session. Circuit. A judicial district for the administration of law by visiting judges. Circuit Court. A court sitting suc- cessively in different places in its circuit. Circular. An advertising notice. Circular Note. A note or letter of credit issued by bankers for the ac- commodation of travelers, request- ing correspondents at different places to pay money on demand. Circumstantial Evidence. Evidence establishing facts which in common experience tend to prove another fact indirectly. Civil Action. One involving private rights, not a criminal proceeding. Civil Court. A court for the trial of civil actions. Civil Death. The legal status of a living person who has by law for- feited his civil rights, as a convict. Civil Law. The body of law of a state regulating the civil rights and rela- tions of m citizens, as distinguished from military law. The whole sys- tem of Roman law. The body of private law developed from the Roman law. Civil Marriage. One performed by a civil officer, and not by a clergyman. Civil Rights Act. An act of Congress in 1875 providing for equal enjoy- ment by all persons, without regard to race, of hotels, public convey- ances etc. Civil Rights Bill. A bill passed by Congress in 1866 securing equal civil and political rights to all citizens, irrespective of race and previous condition of slavery. Civil Service. That performed for a state, other than military, naval, legislative and judicial. Civil Service Act. An act of 1871 under which the President has power to fix qualifications and rules for entering the civil service. Civil Service Commission. A com- mission of three members appointed by the President to control appoint- ments to the civil service. Claims, Court of. A court for the settlement of claims against the state. Clearance* A Custom House cer- COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS tificate that a ship has been cleared. Clearing. Entering a ship at the Custom House and obtaining per- mission to sail, and the necessary- legal papers. In banking, exchange of checks and settling balances. Clearing House. A banking ex- change for the convenience of daily settlements. Drafts and checks are exchanged without presentation at each of the banks represented and a balance is struck, which alone is paid in cash. Closed Shop. One in which non- union workers are not employed. C. O. D. Cash or collect on delivery; a method of payment for goods not paid for when purchased. Code. A systematized body of statute law, as the civil code, penal code. . A system of signals or abbreviations. Collateral. Of the same ancestry but not in lineal descent. A grandson is of lineal, a nephew of collateral descent. Collateral Security, or Collateral. Pledges of stock, notes, or chattels, as security for payment of indebt- edness. Collector. One authorized to receive money for another. The chief officer of a Custom House. m Commerce. The business of exchang- ing commodities. Mercantile busi- ness in general . In a restricted sense, the shipping belonging to a country. Commerce, Court of. A court es- tablished # in 1910 to adjudicate causes arising from the action of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Commercial Law. The body of law relating to commerce. Commercial Paper. Bills of ex- change, drafts, and notes given in the course of trades. Commission. A percentage given for the sale or purchase of goods, or for the transaction of business. The authority by which one person transacts business for another. The certificate conferring military or naval rank. A body of men author- ized to perform a certain work. Commission Broker. An agent who buys or sells on commission. Commissioner. One holding a com- mission. Commissioner of Deeds. An attor- L ney or notary authorized to take acknowledgment and administer oaths. Commitment. Sending to prison The court order directing the im • prisonment of a person. Common Carrier. One who, as a business, conveys goods or passen- gers. Common Law. The ordinary law of a community. Unwritten law, based upon the precedent of usage, as dis- tinguished from written or statute law. Common Law Marriage. One en- tered into by consent of a man and woman without civil or ecclesiastical sanction. Common Pleas, Court of . In some states, a court having jurisdiction in ordinary civil suits. Common Stock. Ordinary stock not participating in the special advan- tages of preferred stock. Company. An association in business. A joint stock concern. A term used in a firm name to designate othe:: partners not specifically named. Competency. In law, fitness to be heard in court. Authority of a legal officer. Complaint. A formal statement of charges in a legal action. Composition Adjustment. Settle- ment of a debt by payment of a cer- tain percentage. Compound. To settle a claim by re- ceiving or paying only part of the amount. To undertake, for a con- sideration, not to prosecute an offender. Compound Interest. Interest on principal and accrued interest. Compromise. To agree upon a set- tlement based on mutual concessions. Condition Prece'dent. In law, a pro- vision to be fulfilled before an in- strument takes effect. Condition Subsequent. A provision contemplating the extinguishment of a right established in an instru- ment because of some possible future event. Consideration. Value received; an equivalent for the act of another. Consign. To send goods to another for sale or for his own use, or to be cared for. Consignee. One to whom goods are sent. Consignment. Goods sent to another- COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Consignor. One who sends goods to another. Consols. The funded government securities of England. Constitution. A document embody- ing the principles and fundamental rules of a nation, state, or society. Constitutional Law. The body of law concerned with the interpreta- tion of constitutions. Consul. A government agent of one country residing in a city of a foreign country to guard trade interests and the rights of citizens of his country. Contempt of Court. Disobedience to the rules or orders of a court. Disrespect of court. Contra. [Lat.] On the opposite side. Contraband. Prohibited goods or merchandise. Smuggled. Contraband of War. Articles which by international law may aot be pro- vided to belligerents, as munitions or arms. Contract. An enforceable agreement. A bargain. Contractor. One who engages to do certain work or furnish goods at fixed rates. A public supply agent. Contributory Negligence. In law, such negligence on the part of one injured as to form part of the cause of injury. Conversion. In law, appropriation or unauthorized assumption of rights over another's property. The change from real to personal or personal to real property. Conveyance. Transference of prop- erty. The written instrument by which property is transferred. Cooperage. Charge for cooper's work on casks or barrels. Copartnership. The same as part- nership. Copyright. The right granted by government to an author to control the publication of his work. Corner. The buying up of a large quantity of a commodity to raise the price. Coroner. A municipal or county offi- cial charged with the investigation of deaths apparently due to violence. Corporation. A group of persons considered in law as a single individ- ual. Costs. Expenses of litigation imposed by the court, usually on the losing party to a suit. Counsel. A legal adviser in charge of the conduct of a case. Count. An individual complete charge in a pleading. Counter Claim. A claim introduced by the defendant as an offset to the claim of the plaintiff. Counter Entry. An entry in a con- trary sense. Counterfeit. A forgery. A spurious bank bill. County Court. A court having juris- diction within the limits of a county. Coupon. [Fr.] A certificate of in- terest attached to bonds or stock, to be detached when due. Course of Exchange. The sums paid by merchants for bills of exchange in order to make remittances to another country. Court Martial. A court of officers for the trial of military or naval offenses. Covenant. A promise contained in a sealed instrument. Coverture. The legal status of a married woman. Credentials. Testimonials giving au- thority. Credit (Cr.). Trust. The reputation for reliability in meeting obligations; financial standing. The time given for payment for purchases made on trust. In accounts, acknowledgment of value received or transferred, the opposite of debit. Creditor (Cr.). One to whom money or value is owed. One giving credit. Criminal Law. The body of law re- lating to criminal cases, as opposed to Civil Law. The Curbstone (or Curb). A place where brokers who have not seats in the Stock Exchange transact their business in the open street. Curbstone Broker. A broker who is not a member of the regular Stock Exchange. Currency. The circulating medium of a country; that which passes for money. Current. Of money, circulating freely. Of accounts, now running. Curtesy. The estate of a husband in the lands of his deceased wife if a living child has been born to them. Custom House. A building where duties are paid and ships entered and cleared. Customs. Duties imposed on goods exported or imported. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Damages. Money compensation for injury received. Date. Day of the month and year. Day book. A book for recording daily transactions. Days of Grace. The time, usually three days, allowed for payment of notes or bills after the time specified has elapsed. Debase. To lessen in value; as, a debased coinage. Debenture. A Custom House certifi- cate entitling an exporter to a draw- back on duties paid. Debit (Dr.). To make debtor. The opposite of credit. A charge entered. Debtor (Dr.). One who owes; the opposite of creditor. Declaration. In law, the full state- ment of the plaintiff's claim. A statement accepted from a witness instead of an oath. Declare. To announce (a dividend). To make a statement of dutiable or taxable property. Decline. To decrease in value. Decree. A decision or judgment given by a court of equity, probate, divorce or admiralty. Deed. A sealed legal instrument, transf (erring property, usually land. De Facto. [Lat.]. In fact; actual. Defalcation. Misappropriation of money; embezzlement. Default. Failure to pay a debt. Fail- ure to appear in court when called. Judgment by default may be entered against a defendant who neglects to appear. Defeasance. A condition the fulfill- ment of which renders a contract void. Defendant. The one against whom a suit or action is made. Defense. The defendant's answer to the plaintiffs action. Deficiency Bill. A legislative act pro- viding funds to meet a deficiency. Deficit. [Lat.] A lack of funds to balance accounts. A falling short. De Jure. [Lat.] By right or legal title, as distinguished from de facto. Del Credere. [Ital.] An extra com- mission given an agent in considera- tion of his guaranteeing the solvency of those with whom he deals on credit. Delivery. The act of putting nrop- erty legally in another's possession. De Luna ti co Inquirendo. [Lat.] A writ providing for the investigation of the mental condition of one al- leged to be mentally unsound. Demand. Presentation of a claim for payment. Demise. To convey an estate in real property by will or lease. Denial. In law, the contradiction of the allegations of the opposing party. Demurrage. Detention of a vessel beyond the time allowed by a charter party. The payment made by the shipper for such detention. Demurrer. In law, a pleading which grants the truth of the facts alleged, but denies that they are sufficient, or alleges some defect. Deponent. One who makes oath as to the truth of a written statement. Deposit. To place in the care of an- other, especially to leave money with a bank subject to order. Pay- ment on account. Deposition. Testimony, especially in written form, under oath, to be used in place of oral testimony. Depot. A place of storage. A ware- house for goods, etc. A railway sta- tion. Depreciate. To decrease in value. Derelict. Property, especially a ship or cargo, abandoned by the owner. Deteriorate. To decrease in value. Deviation. The voluntary departure without necessity of a ship from the regular course of the voyage insured. Devise. To grant by will, especially of real estate. Direct Evidence. Evidence which proves a fact directly, as the testi- mony of an eye-witness. Director. One of the managers of a company or corporation. Disability. Lack of qualification. Incapacity to perform a legal act. Disaffirmance. Canceling a voidable contract. Discharge. To execute or perform a duty. To pay a debt. To unload a ship. Discontinuance. The abandonment of a legal proceeding by the plaintiff or through his neglect. Discount. A deduction from or allow- ance on a price or account. Payment of interest in advance. Bank dis- count is the interest on the face of COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS a bill or note from the date of dis- count until maturity. True dis- count is the interest which added to the present worth equals the face value. Discount Broker. One who dis- counts commercial paper. Discount Day. The special day of the week appointed by a bank for discounting notes. Disfranchise. To deprive of citizen's rights. To dispossess a member of a corporation. Dishonor. Failure to pay a draft or obligation when due. Dissolution. Breaking up of a part- nership. Dissolve. In law, to discharge, re- lease, annul. Distrain. To levy a distress. Distress. The seizing of personal property to enforce payment of an obligation. District Court. A subordinate court with jurisdiction in special cases. Dividend. Proportional payment of profits to a stockholder. Payment to creditors out of a bankrupt estate. Divisible Contract. One in which certain agreements are valid and others invalid. Divorce. The legal separation of hus- band and wife. Dockage. Charges for the use of a dock. Docking facilities. Docket. A digest or abstract. A list of cases before a court. Domestic. Not foreign. Of home production. Domicile. A place of permanent and legal residence. Dormant. Suspended, not acted on, as a title. Double-Eagle, a twenty-dollar gold piece. Dower. The right of a widow to a life interest in one-third of all real estate owned by her husband at any time after marriage. Draft. An order to pay money. A rough copy. A deduction from gross weight. The number of feet a ship sinks in the water. Draw. To make a draft. To call for funds. Drawback. An allowance or return of money paid, especially of duties. Drawee. The one on whom a draft or bill is drawn. Drawer. The maker of a draft or bill of exchange. Drayage. Cartage. Drummer. A traveling salesman; commercial traveler. Dry Goods. Textile fabrics. Due. Owing. Due Bill. A written acknowledgment of debt, not negotiable. Dun. To press for payment. Dunnage. Loose material laid on the bottom of a ship's hold or stowed be- tween barrels and x cases to prevent injury to cargo. Duplicate. A copy. A second article of the same kind. In law, a repro- duction of an instrument having the validity of an original. Duress. Personal restraint, compul- sion, confinement. Duty. Government tax on exports or imports. E Eagle. A ten dollar gold piece. Earnest. A payment made by the buyer to bind a bargain. Easement. The right to the use of another's land. E. & O. E. Abbreviation for "Errors and Omissions Excepted." Effects. Personal property. Ejectment. Dispossession, eviction. An ^action to recover possession of real property. Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation issued on Jan. 1, 1863, by President Lincoln declaring the freedom of slaves within the terri- tory in rebellion. Embargo. An order of a government forbidding ships to enter or leave its ports. Embezzle. To appropriate fraudu- lently money entrusted to one's care. Emblements. Growing crops which have been sown or planted, and their profits. Eminent Domain. The right of a government to take private prop- erty for public use, with compen- sation to the owner. Employer's Liability Insurance. Insurance against loss caused by in- jury to an employee. Emporium. A place of trade, com- mercial centre. Enabling Act. A statute making law- ful an act otherwise not lawful. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Enact. To make valid as a law. Endorse, Indorse. To sign one's name on the back of a commercial or legal paper for the purpose of certifying, guaranteeing, or trans- ferring. Endorsee. One in whose favor en- dorsement is made. Endorsement in Blank. See Blank Endorsement. Endorsement in Full. See Full En- dorsement. Endowment. Property or funds set- tled on an institution for its support. Endowment Insurance. A form of life insurance under which a fixed sum is paid after a specified term. Engross. To copy in manuscript. Engrosser. One who obtains con- trol of the market in a commodity by purchasing the whole or a large part of the supply. Enjoin. To forbid by judicial order. Entail. To limit the succession of real property to certain descendants. g Entire Contract. One under which all the agreements must be per- formed to fulfill the contract. Entrepot. A place where goods in transit are deposited without paying duty. Entry. Making a record. An item. Taking legal possession of real prop- erty. Entering feloniously, which, with breaking, constitutes burglary. Depositing a ship's papers with the Custom House. Equitable Estate. Interest in prop- erty legally held by trustees. Equity. A branch of jurisprudence, supplementing the common law. The interest retained by a mortgagor in property mortgaged by him. An equitable right. Equity of Redemption. The right of a mortgagor to redeem forfeited property within a given time. Escheat. The lapsing of lands to the state in default of legal heirs. Escrow. A deed or bond given to a third person to be delivered to the grantee when a certain condition has been fulfilled. Estate. An interest in property. Estoppel. A rule of law barring the assertion of a fact or the performance of an act inconsistent with previous acts or declarations. Evict. To eject legally. Evidence. Testimony submitted in a legal investigation and accepted as a proper means of ascertaining a fact. Examiner. A Custom House officer who compares goods with invoices. Exchange. The process of remitting money values by means of bills and drafts. The discount or premium arising from the purchase or sale of different classes of values. A place where merchants meet to transact business. Exchange Broker. One who deals in bills of exchange. Exchequer. A treasury. Finances. Excise. Internal revenue tax. Execution. Finishing. Signing and sealing a legal instrument. A writ- ten direction given to an officer authorizing him to enforce a judg- ment. Executor, fern. Executrix. A person appointed in a will to carry out its provisions. Executory. To be performed in the future. Exhibit. A voucher or document pre- sented in court and marked to be used as evidence. Ex parte. [Lat.'] In legal proceedings, on one side only. In the absence 01 one party, or without his knowledge. Export. To send goods abroad in the course of trade. Exports. Goods exported. Ex post facto. [Lat.] Retroactive. An ex post facto law is one which makes criminal an act performed previously and which was innocent when performed. In the United States such laws are unconstitu- tional. Express. Definitely stated; not im- plied. Express. The business of transport- ing goods and money by a common carrier with greater care and rapidity than by freight. Extension. A further allowance of time given by a creditor to a debtor for payment. Extradition. The delivery by one government or authority of a per- son accused of crime to another Hav- ing jurisdiction over him. Face. The amount for which a note is drawn. Fac- simile. [Lat.] An exact copy. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Fact, Question of. In law, a ques- tion of the reality of any occurrence or condition, usually left to the jury, in distinction to questions of law, decided by the court. Factor. A mercantile agent; a com- mission merchant; a consignee. Factorage. The commission of a factor. Facture. An invoice or bill of goods. Fail. To become bankrupt; to sus- pend payment. Fall. Decrease in value. False Imprisonment. Interference with personal liberty contrary to law. False Pretenses. Misstatements in regard to past facts made with intent to defraud. Fancy Goods. Light fabrics, ribbons, laces, etc. Farthing. The fourth part of an English penny, worth half a cent. Fee. An estate in the inheritance of land. A charge legally fixed for the services of a public official. Charge of a professional man. Fee Simple. Absolute ownership of real estate. Fee Tail. An estate in land limited to specified heirs. Felony. An offense gra\ jr than a mis- demeanor, as burglary, homicide, rape, etc. Fidelity Insurance. Insurance against loss by the dishonesty of an employee. Fiduciary. Holding in trust. A trustee. File. A collection of papers arranged in an orderly manner. To deliver any paper to a legal officer. To place on file. Finance. Funds. Public money. Revenue. Financier. One skilled in money matters. Fire Insurance. Insurance of fire risks. Firm. The title under which two or more persons carry on business. A partnership. First Mortgage. The first of two or more mortgages on the same prop- erty, constituting a lien that must be satisfied before a second mort- gage is. Fiscal. Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue, or to finances in general. The fiscal year is the year by which accounts are reck- oned. Five-Forties. United States Bonds, issued during the Civil War, re- deemable at any time after five years, payable at not more than forty years after date, bearing 6 per cent, interest. Five- Twenties. United States Bonds, redeemable any time after five years, payable twenty years from date, bearing 6 per cent, interest. Fixture. Anything of an accessory nature annexed to real estate. Any- thing forming a legal part of real estate. Flat. Inactive; depressed; dull. Flat Value. Value without interest or discount. Floating Debt. An unfunded debt. Flotsam. Wreckage or goods found floating on the sea. F. O. B. "Free on board"; delivered free to a carrier, but not including transportation and shipping charges. Folio. A page number. In book- keeping, a page of an account book. An established number of words, in the United States generally 100, taken as a unit of measurement or reference. Footing. The amount of a column of figures. Force majeure. [Fr.] Superior force. An inevitable accident. Forced Sale. A compulsory fore- closure or sale of property. Foreclose. To take possession of property under the conditions of a mortgage. Foreclosure. The act of foreclosing. Foreign Bill. A bill of exchange drawn in one country and payable in another. Forfeiture. Loss of property, etc., as a punishment for negligence or an unlawful act. Forge. To imitate, counterfeit, or fraudulently fabricate, especially a signature or writing. Forwarder. One who transmits or forwards goods. Fractional. Of an amount smaller v than the unit. Fractional Currency. Coin or paper money worth less than the monetary unit. Franc. The French monetary unit, containing 100 centimes; value 19.3 cents. J COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Franchise. A statutory right. A right or privilege enforced by gov- ernment grant. Franking. The privilege of sending letters free of charge. Fraud. In law, any intentional de- ception or concealment by which another is legally damaged. Free Goods. Goods admitted without an import tax. Freehold. An estate of inheritance or life estate in real property. Free Port. A port where ships may load and unload free from duties, or where the duties are the same for all nations. Free Trade. Trade not, restricted by tariff duties Or regulations. Freight. Payment for transportation of goods or hire of a ship; the goods carried. Full Endorsement. One which speci- fies the person to whom payment is to be made. Fund. To make a short time-loan or several loans into a permanent loan bearing interest. Fundible. Interchangeable. That may be substituted for equal a- mounts of another thing, as money, grain, etc. Funds. Ready money; resources. Public securities. G Garble. Dust, filth, or refuse removed from spices, drugs, etc. Garnishee. One on whom a writ of garnishment is served. Garnishment. A legal notice at- taching the property of one person in the hands of another. Gauge (gaj) . To measure the capacity or contents of a cask; a measure or standard. General Agent. One whose powers are defined by the general nature of his business. General Average. See Average. General Court. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legisla- ture. General Delivery. Delivery of mail at a post-office when called for. General Endorsement. Blank En- dorsement. General Order Store. A place of storage for foreign goods not de- livered to a consignee within a specified time. General Ship. A vessel carrying freight on a particular voyage for any one who may apply. Good Consideration. One involving only natural love or affection, as opposed to valuable consideration. Goods. Merchandise. Movable prop- erty. Good Will. The reputation and pat- ronage of an established business. Grace. See Days of Grace. Grain. The collective name for cereals. Grand Jury. A body of citizens sum- moned to inquire into violations of law and to determine whether the evidence is sufficient to warrant an indictment. Grant. A written conveyance of prop- erty. The land or other value so conveyed. Grantee. One to whom a grant is made. Grantor. One who makes a grant. Great Gross. Twelve gross; 1,728 articles. Greenbacks. Non - interest - bearing United States notes, as distinct from national bank notes. Gross. Total, entire, without de- ductions, as opposed to net. Twelve dozen. Gross Profit. The gross receipts after deducting expenses of manufacture or purchase. Gross Ton. 2,240 pounds. Gross Weight. The weight of mer- chandise including case or wrapping. Guarantee. To become responsible for, to answer for. A security. The one to whom a guaranty is made. Guarantor. One who makes a guar- anty. Guaranty. Security. Surety. An undertaking for the payment of money to another or for the fulfill- ment of a contract. Guardian. One who has by nature or by legal appointment the custody of the person or property of another who is actually or legally incom- petent to act for himself, as a minor or insane person. Gunny Bag. A coarse jute sack used for coffee, etc. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS H I Habeas Corpus. [Lat.] A writ call- ing for the production of a person in court, particularly for the purpose of inquiring into the lawfulness of im- prisonment. Habendum. [Lat.] The clause in a deed denning the grantee's estate in the property granted. Hague Tribunal. A court of arbitra- tion for the settlement of inter- national disputes established at The Hague in 1899. Harbor Dues. Charges made for use of a harbor. Harbor Master. An officer respon- sible for the execution of harbor regulations. Health Insurance. Insurance in- demnifying the insured for loss by sickness. Hogshead. A large cask, of variable capacity. Hold. To be in possession of. Holder. One in possession of a note or bill. Holding Company. One holding securities of other companies. Holdings. Any kind of property owned, but particularly stocks and bonds. Hollow Ware. The trade name for hollow metal or china vessels. Homestead. Real estate occupied by the owner as a home. Homestead Act. An act of 1862 un- der which a settler may occupy not more than 160 acres of public land and acquire title in five years upon the fulfillment of certain condi- tions. i Homestead Law. A state law ex- empting the whole or a portion of a homestead from seizure for debt. Homicide. The killing of a human being. Felonious homicide embraces murder and manslaughter; justifiable and excusable homicide include kill- ing in defense of life, by accident, or from necessity. Honor. To accept or pay a note, draft, or bill. Husbandage. The compensation of a ship's husband. Hypothecate. To pledge as security without transfer of title. Immovables. Land, houses, and fix- tures; real estate. Impanel. To select a body of persons to serve as jurors. Implied. Inferred, not expressed. Import. To bring in merchandise from another country, especially in the course of trade. Importer. One who imports goods. Imports. Goods brought from a for- eign country. Impost. The government tax on imports. To classify imports for the purpose of assign ing the duty. Inchoate. Incomplete. Income. Total amount of receipts from all sources; yearly gains. Income Tax. A tax on the whole in- come of individuals or corporations, or on the portion in excess of a cer- tain amount. Incompetent. Not legally qualified. Incorporate. To form into a corpora- tion. Indemnify. To make good a loss; to secure against damages. Indemnity. Exemption from loss; immunity from punishment; free- dom; compensation for loss or damages. Indenture. A mutual agreement or contract between two or more parties. An official document. Index. An alphabetical list of titles or accounts. Indictment. The formal accusation of a criminal offense made by a grand jury. Indorse. See Endorse, etc. Indulgence. Extension of time for payment or performance of an act granted as a favor. Infant. One not of full age; a minor. Information. A criminal charge made usually by a prosecuting offi- cer, not by a grand jury. Infringe. To trespass upon, violate, make unlawful use of. Injunction. The act of enjoining. A writ or process requiring a person to do, or restraining him from doing, a specified act. Inland Bill. One drawn on a person in the same state or country. Inquest. A judicial inquiry, par- ticularly one made by a jury, as a coroner's inquest. Inquiry, Court of. A court for the COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS investigation of charges against officers or privates of the army. Inquisition. An inquiry made before a jury to ascertain facts or fix re- sponsibility. In re. [Lat.] In the matter of. Insolvent. Unable to pay outstand- ing liabilities; bankrupt. Installment. A part payment of a sum divided into portions. A part delivery of goods. Instant (Inst.). Of the present month, as, the 12th inst. In statu quo. [Lat.] In the same state (as before). Instrument. A legal document ex- pressing some act, as a deed or con- tract. Insurable Interest. An interest in the thing insured which would suffer damage if the event insured against should occur. Insurance (Ins.). A contract in which one party agrees to pay a specified sum on the death of the insured, or to indemnify him for loss by fire, marine risks, or other causes. Insurance Broker. One who secures insurance for another. Interest (Int.). A rate per cent, of money paid for the use of money; a right or share in the ownership of a thing. Interest Account. In bookkeeping, an account of sums paid and received as interest. Interlocutory. Intermediate, pre- liminary, not final, as an interlocu- tory decree. Internal Revenue. Government rev- enue derived from domestic sources. International Code. A code of sig- nals by means of 26 flags and a pennant adopted in 1902 for com- munication between vessels at sea. International Law. The system of laws governing the relations of na- tions. International Peace Conference. A conference held in 1899 at The Hague, resulting in the establish- ment of the Hague Tribunal. Interstate Commerce Act. An act of Congress passed on Feb. 4, 1887, for the regulation of commerce car- ried on by railroads between differ- ent states. Interstate Commerce Commission, A commission of seven members ap- pointed by the President, empowered to call for information from carriers, to fix rates, and to prosecute for vio- lations of the law. Intestate. Not having made a valid will; not disposed of by a valid will. One who dies without a will. In Transitu (In trans.). [Lat.] In transit; on the road. Invalid. Without legal force. Inventory. A schedule of goods or assets with values. An itemized enumeration of articles; annual ac^ count of stock. Investment. The placing of money in business or securities for the pur- pose of obtaining profit. Invoice (Inv.). An account of mer- chandise shipped to a consignee with prices and charges. The merchan- dise so sent. Invoice Book. A book for entering copies of invoices. Involuntary Bankrupt. One who has been adjudged bankrupt on the petition of his creditors. Involved. Embarrassed by debt. I. O. U. (I owe you). An acknowl- edgment of indebtedness. Irrelevant. In law, without bearing on the question. Issue. The first delivery of a negoti- able instrument. The quantity sent forth. A legal point to be decided. Offspring, descendant. J/A. Joint account. Jetsam. Goods thrown into the sea to flight en a vessel in distress. Jettison. Throwing goods overboard to save a vessel in distress. Jobber. A wholesaler who buys from importers or manufacturers and sells to retailers; a middleman. Job- lot. An odd assortment of left over goods. Joint. Shared by two or more per- sons, as a joint account, joint note, joint estate. Joint Stock. That held in company: stock formed by the union of several companies. Joint Stock Company. A form of partnership under which each share- holder may transfer his stock with- out the consent of the others. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Joint Tenant. One who has unity of possession, title, or interest, with others. The survivor takes the whole. Journal. A book intermediate be- tween Day-Book and Ledger, con- taining a condensed statement of daily accounts. m Judgment. A judicial decree or de- cision. Judgment Debtor. A debtor against whom a judgment has been ob- tained. Judgment Note. One on which the holder is empowered to enter judg- ment without notification to the maker. Jurat. A certificate added to an affi- davit stating when and before whom it was acknowledged. Jurisdiction. Power to exercise judi- cial authority. Jury. A body of men sworn to try a question of fact and render a ver- dict. Lame Duck. Stock-brokers' slang for one unable to meet his liabilities. Landlord. One who leases land or buildings to a tenant. Law Merchant. The body of rules and principles relating to commer- cial usages. Commercial law. Lay Days. Days allowed in a charter- party for unloading and loading a vessel. Lay Down. The total cost of mer- chandise, including _ charges and freight to place of shipment. Leakage. A percentage allowance for waste by leaking of casks. Lease. An agreement for letting lands or other property for a specified term or at will. Legacy. A gift of property by will. A bequest. Legal Tender. Currency or coin authorized by a government for payment of debts. Legal Tender Bond. A bond payable in any kind of legal tender. Legatee. One to whom a legacy is bequeathed. Lessee. One to whom a lease is made. Lessor. One who makes a lease. Letter of Advice. A letter giving notice of a business transaction. Letter of Credit (L/C). A letter, usually addressed to foreign bank- ing houses, authorizing the holder to receive credit to a certain amount. Letter of License. A writing by which creditors extend the period for payment of a debtor's obligations. Letter of Marque. A commission given by a government to a private vessel to seize ships and property of the enemy. Letters of Administration. The authority under which an adminis- trator acts. Letters Patent. An instrument granting power and authority to do some act or enjoy some right. Letters Testamentary. An instru- ment authorizing a person to act as executor of an estate. Levy. To collect, exact, or impose. To seize by legal authority. Legal seizure of property to satisfy an execution. Levy Court. In some states a board of officers corresponding to county commissioners, supervisors, etc. Liability. Debts; pecuniary obliga- tions. Libel. The unjustified publication of a derogatory or defamatory state- ment or representation concerning another. The plaintiff's statement in writing of his cause of complaint. License. A formal permission to carry on a trade or perform an act. Lien. The right to hold or detain another's property to secure pay- ment of a debt. A legal charge on property. Life Estate. An estate continuing only for the term of the holder's life. Life Insurance. Insurance against loss by the death of another. Lighterage. Payment for unloading ships by lighters. Limitation. See Statute of Limita- tions. Limited Liability Company. One in which each stockholder's liability is limited to the amount of his stock or to a guaranteed amount. Liquidation. Legal determination of claims. Settlement or adjustment of liabilities. List Price. The published price. Litigation. Carrying on a judicial contest. A suit at law. Lloyds 9 . A corporation of English marine underwriters, so named from its former meeting place, Lloyds' COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Coffee House in London. The com- pany possesses complete records of everything pertaining to marine matters. To rate on Lloyds' books as Al is accepted as conclusive evidence of excellence. Lloyds' Register. A yearly register of tonnage, age, build, character, and condition of ships of over 200 tons, issued by the Lloyds. Loan. Property especially furnished for temporary use. Loan Office. An office where loans are negotiated. Log Book or Log. A book in which the daily progress of a vessel, weather notes, and all incidents are re- corded. Long. Having a supply of. Expect- ing an advance in the market. Long Price. The full retail price with- out discounts. Longshoremen. Laborers who load and unload vessels. L. S. [Lat., locus, sigilli], the place of the seal, the left side. M Maintenance. Intermeddling in a suit between other persons, and as- sisting either party with means to carry on the suit. See Champerty. Maker. The signer of a note. Majority. The age at which a person is permitted to exercise the rights of citizenship, usually twenty -one years. Malfeasance. The doing of an illegal or wrongful act. See Misfeasance. Malice. The state of intending to commit an illegal act. Malice Aforethought or Prepense. The state of intending to commit an illegal act without a justifying or extenuating cause. Malicious Mischief. Injury done to another's property wantonly or from malice. Malicious Prosecution. A prosecu- tion undertaken maliciously, without probable cause*. An action for dam- ages by the person so prosecuted. Manda'mus. [Lat.] A writ issued by a superior to an inferior court, or to a person, commanding the perform- ance of some act. Manifest. A schedule or invoice of a ship's cargo and passengers. Manslaughter. The unlawful kill- ing, without previous malice, of a human being, done intentionally un- der stress of passion (voluntary manslaughter), or unintentionally in the commission of an unlawful act or through negligence (involuntary manslaughter). Manufactures. Articles made from raw materials by some process, usu- ally by machinery. Marine Insurance. Insurance against loss of vessels and cargo. Mark. A letter, figure, or device by which goods and prices are dis- tinguished. Market. A public place of sale for commodities. A body of persons dealing in values, or in readiness to - deal at a certain price. On the market for sale. Maturity. The date fixed for pay- ment of commercial paper. Be- coming due. Maximum. The highest price or quantity. Measurement Goods. Goods of large bulk and small weight on which freight is charged by measurement. Memorandum. An informal note, statement, or communication. A brief legal instrument. Mercantile Agency. A commercial agency. A concern which procures and furnishes information as to the financial standing and credit of busi- ness firms. Mercantile Paper. Negotiable notes or bills issued by merchants for goods bought or consigned. Merchandise. All goods dealt in by •merchants. Merchant. One who buys and sells commodities; generally applied to wholesalers or large dealers. Merchantable. Fit for market; in sound condition. Merger. Absorption of a smaller by a greater estate, obligation, or of- fence. The control of a number of corporations by a single corporation through the issue of stock of the controlling corporation in lieu of a majority of stock of the corporations merged. Metric System. A decimal system of weights and measures, first estab- lished in France; now required in Europe, and permitted in English- speaking countries. Minimum. Lowest price. Least quantity possible. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Minor. Same as Infant. Mint. A place for coining money, usually under government authority. Misdemeanor. An indictable offence of a lower degree than felony. Misfeasance. The doing of a lawful act or exercise of lawful authority in an unlawful manner. Misrepresentation. A false state- ment knowingly made by a party to a contract. Misuser. The abuse or unlawful use of a right. Mitigation. Reduction of a penalty or fine; that which in part excuses. Mittimus. [Lat.] A warrant com- mitting a person to prison. Mixed Fabrics. Those composed of more than one kind of fibre, as wool and cotton. Money. The measure of value and medium of exchange; especially metal coined by a government. Bank notes and checks. Money Broker. A money changer. One who deals in loans. Money Market. The general market for capital. The exchange of differ- ent kinds of currency. Money Order. An order, not trans- ferable, requesting one person to pay money to another. A post- office order. Monopoly. The exclusive power of dealing in certain classes of goods. Exclusive control. Moot Court. A mock court, for practice in legal procedure. Moral Hazard. _ In fire insurance, the risk involved in the honesty or dis- honesty of the person insured. Mortgage. A conditional conveyance of property, to become void upon fulfillment of the condition. Mortgage Deed. A deed of the nature of a mortgage. Mortgagee. One to whom property is mortgaged. Mortgagor. One who gives a mort- gage. Mortuary Tables, In life insurance, tabulations of the average length of life, for the determination of the amounts of premiums. Movables. Personal property. Prop- erty not fixed. Municipal Court. A court having civil or criminal jurisdiction within the limits of a municipality. Municipal Law. The body of laws 42 regulating the relations of a state with those under its jurisdiction, and of its members among them- selves. Murder. Intentional killing of an- other by a sane person with malice aforethought. Mutual Insurance. That in which policy holders form the insuring company. National Banks. Banks organized under the conditions of an Act of Congress with power to issue bank notes only to the amount of United States Bonds deposited in the United States Treasury. National Debt. The debt, especially the funded debt, of a nation to indi- viduals. Natural Guardian. A guardian by right of relationship. Natural Rights. Rights belonging to a person by the law of nature, as the right to life, liberty, and prop- erty. Naturalization. The act of confer- ring the rights of citizenship on an alien. Negotiable Paper. Commercial pa- per which may be transferred by endorsement or delivery.. Negotiate. To confer with a; view of agreeing upon a transaction'. Net. Clear of all charges and deduc- tions. To gain as clear profit. Net Proceeds. The proceeds of a sale or business after deduction of all expenses. Net Profit. Clear Profit, after deduct- ing losses and all incidental charges. Net Weight. The weight of mer- chandise without the container. Nisi. [Lat.] Unless. A decree nisi becomes effective at a specified time unless modified. Nisi Prius. [Lat.] Unless before. A phrase applied to a trial of a civil action before a judge and jury. Nolle Prosequi. [Lat.] To be un- willing to prosecute. A declaration by the plaintiff or, in criminal cases, by the prosecutor, that he will not prosecute the case or some part of it. Nolo Contendere. [Lat.] I will not contend. A plea in criminal law subjecting the defendant to the pun- ishment without admitting the truth COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS of the charge. Usually Non Vul.t when the plea is entered by counsel. Nominal. In name only; very small; as, a nominal price. Nominal Damages. Damages given when no actual loss has resulted from the violation of a right. Non- delivery. Failure to deliver. Non- disclosure. Suppression of a material known fact. Non-feasance. Failure to do what ought to be done. Non- suit. A judgment against a plaintiff who fails to establish his suit. Non- user. Failure to use a right or privilege. Non Vult. See Nolo Contendere. Notary, or Notary Public. A public officer, appointed by the governor of the state, who attests or certifies to acknowledgment of deeds and other papers, takes affidavits, pro- tests notes and bills, etc. Notarial. Of or done by a notary public. Note. A written undertaking to pay (promissory note, note of hand). A bank note. Note Book. A book in which notes of hand are recorded. Notice of Protest. A notice given by the holder to the drawer or en- dorser of a note that the notice has been protested for non-payment or non-acceptance. Nuisance. Anything that legally damages a person by disturbing him in the enjoyment of his property or rights. policy which covers varying risks, each object insured being endorsed on the policy as the shipments are made. Open Shop. One in which no dis- crimination is made between union and non-union workers. Option. The privilege of demanding fulfillment of a contract within a specified time, at a given price. Oral. Spoken, not written. Order. Any command of a court. A commission to buy, sell, or deliver goods or pay money. On commer- cial paper, the direction by which the person to whom payment is to be made is indicated. Order Book. One in which orders re- ceived are entered. Ordinance. A law or regulation enacted by a public, especially by a local, authority. Organic Law. The legal principles or system forming the basis of a state. A written constitution. Orphans 9 Court. In Delaware, Perr- sylvania, New Jersey and Maryland the title of the courts of probate. Outlawed Debt. Ore which has run beyond the time when the law will enforce its payment. Outstanding. Of accounts, not yet collected. Overdraw. To draw more money than is on deposit to one's credit. Overdue. More than due, and unprid. Overt Act. An open act manifesting intention. Oyer and Terminer. [Old Fr.] Hear * and determine. The title of criminal courts in several states. Oath. An affirmation appealing to God for the truth of the statement or promise. Obligation. A binding engagement. A bond with condition annexed. Acknowledgment of a liability. Offer. Putting forward for sale. O. K. All correct. On Sale. On the market; to be sold. Open Account. An unsettled run- ning account on a merchant's books. Opening. The display of a new stock of goods for sale. Open Policy. A policy in which the value of the object is not fixed and must be proved by the insurer in case of loss. In marine insurance, a Package (Pkg.). . A bundle, parcel, bale, box, crate, cask, etc., of goods. Panel. The list of persons summoned for jury duty. The persons so sum- moned. Panic. A financial crisis caused by ap- prehension and producing monetary pressure. Paper. A document. A writing show- ing authorization or identity. Nego- tiable evidence of indebtedness. Paper Money. Bills of banks or a government passing current as money. Par. Equality of Value. The nominal COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS or face value, without premium or discount. The fixed value of the unit of one country's coinage ex- pressed in that of another's. Paramount. Superior; that will pre- vail in law. Parol. Oral. Executed by writing not under seal. Partner. An associate in business; member of a partnership. Partnership. The joining of two or more persons into one firm for the purpose of carrying on any business or enterprise. Part Owner. One of several owners in common. Party. One sharing or interested in a matter. The plaintiff and the de- fendant in a law suit. Party Wall. A dividing wall common to two adjoining properties. Pass Book. A customer's book in which entries of purchases are made. A bank book showing deposits and withdrawals. Passport. A formal permission from a government to travel, with identi- fication and certificate of nationality. Patent. A government license, se- curing to an inventor the sole right to manufacture an article for a term of years. The invention so pro- tected. Pawn. A pledge of chattels or money delivered as security for the payment of money. Pawnbroker. One who as a business lends money at interest on security of personal property deposited with him. Payable. To be paid. That may be paid. Due. Payee. The person in whose favor a note, bill, or draft is drawn. Penalty. Punishment for a legal of- fence. The sum to be forfeited for non-performance of an agreement. Per. [Lat.] By. Per Annum. [Lat.] By the year. Per Cent. (%). [Lat.] By the hun- dred; especially of rate of interest, discount, etc. Per Centage. [Lat.] < A rate per cent, A part. A commission. Per Contra. [Lat.] To the opposite side of an account. Peremptory Challenge. One made without the assignment of reasons. Perils of the Sea. In insurance, risks arising from navigation. Perjury. A wilfully false statement made under oath, especially in a judicial proceeding and in relation to a matter material to the point in question. Permit. A written license or per- mission given by a proper authority to perform a certain act. Personal Property. All property ex- cept real estate. Petit Jury. A jury of twelve for the decision of questions of fact in a cause before the court. Petition. A written application to a court for an order. Petty Cash. Money received or ex- pended in small amounts. Piracy. An act of depredation or rob- bery committed on the high seas. The unlawful reproduction of the production of another. Plaintiff. One who brings a personal action against another. Plea. A lawsuit. The statement of a cause. A defendant's answer to a charge. Pleadings. The statements by which the parties to a suit present their claims and defense. Pledge. A bailment of personal prop- erty to secure the performance of an agreement. Police Court. A court for the trial of minor offences against order. Policy. The instrument by which the contract of insurance is made. Poor Debtor. One who may obtain exemption from imprisonment by taking the Poor Debtor's oath of poverty. Port. A harbor for vessels. A com- mercial city. Port of Call. A customary stopping place of vessels for repairs, to take on coal, transship cargo, etc. Port of Discharge. In insurance, a port where a vessel without necessity discharges her cargo or a portion of it. Port of Entry. A place designated for the entry of imports. A port of entry may be an inland locality. Post. [Lat.] To transfer from day- book or journal to ledger. To com- plete the record. Post-date. To date after the actual time. Post Mortem. [Lat.] An examina- tion of a body made after death. Post Obit. A promise to pay effective COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS after the death of some person, espe- cially to repay a loan out of a rever- sion. Power of Attorney. A written in- strument giving one person authority to act for another. Practice. The form and manner of conducting legal proceedings. Preferred Creditor. One who has prior claim to payment. Prefect's Court. In New Mexico the title of the probate court. Preferred Stock. Stock on which a dividend is declared before any is declared on common stock, or which has priority over common stock in a distribution of assets. Premise. In law, the portion of a deed reciting the names of the par- ties, the consideration and the sub- ject matter. Plur., The property conveyed. In general, land and buildings. Premium, A sum in addition to par value. The excess in value of one form of money over another. The consideration given for an insurance contract. Prepense. Aforethought. Prescription. A right derived from immemorial usage, or acquired by the required period of possession. Presentment. Action or statement by a grand jury from their own knowledge in regard to an offence. Present Worth. The amount which with the true discount equals the face value. Presumption. In law, an inference as to the truth of a fact, based on knowledge of another fact or on ex- perience. Presumptive Evidence. Evidence which is sufficient if not contradicted. Price Current. A statement showing the prevailing prices of merchandise, stock, or securities. Price List. A list of articles with prices attached. Prima Facie. [Lat.] At first view. Prima facie evidence is evidence suf- ficient to prove a fact unless re- butted. Prime. Of high quality; superior. Principal. One with controlling au- thority. Ahead. One who employs another person to act for him. The sum on which interest is paid. Probate. Proof of the genuineness of a will before a competent officer. Probate Courts. Civil courts with jurisdiction over probate; surrogate's court, orphans' court, etc. Probation Officer. A court officer appointed by a municipal magistrate to have supervision over an offender under suspended sentence. Proceeds. The amount realized by a transaction. Procuration. Agency. Power of attorney. Produce. Farm products. Profit. The excess of returns over cost or investment. Profit and Loss. An account in which gains and losses are balanced. Promissory Note. A written promise to pay a certain sum of money at a specified time or on demand to the order of a specified person or to bearer. Property. The legal right of owner- ship. An estate in any valuable thing. Pro Rata. [Lat.] In proportion, ac- cording to share. Prosecute. To proceed against legally. Protect. To see that commercial paper is paid at maturity. t Protection. The system of encourag- ing home industries by discouraging foreign competition through the im- position of restrictive or prohibitive taxes on imported products. Protective Tariff. A tariff designed to encourage domestic manufactures as contrasted with a tariff for rev- enue. Protest. A formal notice made by a notary of the non-payment of a note or the non-acceptance or non-pay- ment of a draft. Proximo (prox.). [Lat.] Of next month. Proxy. Authorization to act, par- ticularly to vote, for another. A writing conveying such authority. A person so authorized. Q Quantum Meruit. [Lat.] As much as he deserves. In legal procedure, a count founded on a promise to pay the full value of a service rendered. Quarantine. Restraint of intercourse to which a ship, dwelling, or town is subjected on suspicion of infection. The place of such restraint. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Quash. To annul, set aside, as an in- dictment. Quasi. [Lat.] As if, similar to, re- sembling. Qui Tain. [Lat.] Who as much. An action under a penal statute in which the penalty goes in part to the person bringing the action, in part to the state. Quit Claim. A form of deed in the nature of a release, generally con- taining a provision covenanting against others who may claim under the grantor. Quitrent. A fixed rent paid by tenant of a freehold, discharging him from other rent. Quotation. The published current prices of commodities or stocks, rates of exchange, etc. Quo Warranto. [Lat.] A writ re- quiring a person to show by what authority he acts. Ratify. To sanction, confirm (an act, treaty, or contract). Real Covenant. One which runs with the land. Real Estate, Real Property, Realty. Land, houses, and fixtures; all im- movable property. Rebate. A deduction, abatement, or discount made for prompt payment or other reasons. The returning of part of a sum already paid. Receipt, Receiving. A written ack- nowledgment of the delivery of goods or money. To make such written acknowledgment. Receivable. The opposite of payable. Receiver. A person appointed by a court to hold in trust and administer property in litigation, of an in- solvent, or of a corporation on its dissolution. Reciprocity. The exchange of special trade privileges between two coun- tries, established by treaty. Record. To register officially as evi- dence, as a mortgage or deed. Record. A memorandum of court proceedings. A copy of the official papers of a case. Recorder. Especially in Xew York, the chief judge having jurisdiction in a municipality. Recoupment. A form of counter claim reducing the amount of a clzim on account of defects in performance, etc. Rectification. Repeated distillation of alcoholic liquors. Redelivery. The return of a chattel to the bailor on completion of the service required by the bailment. Redemption. The recovery of mort- gaged property upon fulfillment of the terms of the mortgage. Referee. A person, generally an at- torney, appointed by the court to determine a matter in dispute. Reference. Referring a matter to a referee. The consent of the parties is not necessary. Register. A public officer authorized to record deeds, etc. A ship's paper, issued by the Custom House, stating description, name, tonnage, nation- ality, and ownership. Re-insurance. Transfer of part of the contract of insurance from one insurer to another. Release. A discharge from an obliga- tion. Surrender of claim. Remainder. In law, an estate arising only after the termination of a prior estate. Remedy. The legal means for secur- ing compensation, redress, or aright. Remittance. The act of transferring funds from one place to another. The values so transferred. Renew. To continue in force, as a lease. To extend time for payment of a note. Rent. Compensation given for the use of real estate or other property. Replevin. The action or writ by which a person whose goods are wrongfully detained may obtain possession of them, under security to try the case. and to restore the goods if the case is decided against him. Replyo The answer made by the plaintiff to the plea of the defendant. Repository. A place for safekeeping; a warehouse or storehouse. Reprisal. Retaliation. Resort to force to obtain redress. # The seizure of ships or property to indemnify for unlawful seizure or detention. Residence. In law, a place of estab- lished and actual abode. Residuary Legatee. One to whom the residue of an estate is be- queathed. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Residue. That portion of an estate which remains after particular leg- acies and debts have been paid. Resources. Available money, prop- erty, or claims that can be converted into property. Respondentia. A loan secured by the cargo of a ship, payable only on safe arrival. Restraint of Trade. Contracts in restraint of trade are those held to interfere unjustly with competition and therefore illegal. Retail. To sell in small quantities. Retainer. The engaging by a client of an attorney to maintain his in- terests in legal proceedings. The fee paid to secure the services of counsel. Return. In law, the giving back of a writ to the court after service. Returns. The profit derived from an undertaking or investment. Revenue. Income, particularly the income of a state from taxes re- ceived. Revenue Cutter. A small govern- ment vessel used in enforcing the revenue laws and preventing smug- gling. Revert. To return into the possession of the former owner or of his heirs. Revoke. To recall, take back, annul (authority, a will, etc.). Right of Action. A right entitling the holder to institute legal proceed- ings for infringement. Right of Survivorship. The right of the survivor or survivors to take the interest of their deceased joint tenant, which otherwise would go to his heirs. Right of Way. The legal right pos- sessed by one person to pass over the land of another. Royalty. An agreed compensation paid to an author or inventor for each article or work sold, or for each article manufactured, or for the use of a patent. Ruling. A decision made by a court on a point of law. S Sale. The transfer of property for a consideration. Salvage. The act of saving a ship or cargo from loss. The property saved. The compensation allowed by law for such saving. In fire in- surance, the goods saved; their value; their proceeds if sold. . Sample. A small portion of merchan- dise taken as a specimen of quality. Sans Recours. [Fr.] Without re- dress. Satisfaction. Discharge, settlement of a claim or judgment. Scrip. Certificate issued to a sub- scriber after allotment of stock. Seal. A device impressed in wax or other material or any mark made for the purpose of authenticating a signature or ratifying an instru- ment. Sealer. A United States officer charged with the certification of weights and measures. Sea Letter. A document given to a vessel certifying her nationality and describing the character and destina- tion of her cargo, and other par- ticulars. Seaworthy. Fit and properly e- quipped for a voyage. Security. A pledge. A surety. A document evidencing a right to property. Seize. To take legal possession of. Seized and Possessed of. In pos- session of. Seizin or Seisin. Ownership, pos- session. Sell. To make a sale; to transfer for a consideration. Serve. To deliver in legal form, as a writ. Sessions, Courts of. Various state criminal courts, as General Sessions, Special Sessions. Set- Off. A counter claim made by a debtor, arising from a distinct claim. Several. Independent of others. In- dividual. Severalty. Exclusive or individual ownership or right. Severance. Destroying unity, divi- sion of rights, etc. Share. The interest owned by one of a number. One of several equal parts. The unit of the division of stock. Ship. To give to a carrier for trans- portation. To agree to serve on a vessel. Shipment. Delivery to a carrier for transportation. The goods dis- patched. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Shipper. One who dispatches goods by vessel or other conveyance. Shipping. A collective term for a number of vessels. Shipping Articles. An agreement between captain and seamen fixing wages, period of service, etc. Shipping Clerk. One who oversees the forwarding of merchandise. Ship's Husband. A representative of a ship-owner who manages re- ceipts and expenses and attends to the requisite repairs of a ship while in port. Ship's Papers. Papers which a vessel is required to carry; sea-letter, log- book, bill of health, shipping articles, etc. Ship's Stores. Provisions, fuel, ca- bles, extra spars, etc. Short Exchange. Bills of exchange payable at sight or in a few days. Short Of. Not in possession of secur- ities or produce that one has sold. To # "sell short" is to sell for future delivery what one has not, with the expectation that prices will fall. Shorts. Dealers who have sold short. Short Ton. 2000 pounds. Shrinkage. Reduction in bulk, meas- urement, weight, or value. Sight Draft. One payable when pre- sented. Signature. The name of a person written by himself. Silent, Sleeping, or Dormant Part- ner. One who furnishes capital but has no voice in a business. Simple Interest. Interest paid only on principal. Sinking Fund. A fund set apart from revenue to pay a public or corpora- tion debt. Slander. Malicious oral utterance of false statements to the detriment of reputation. Sleeping Partner. See Silent Part- ner. Smart Money. Exemplary damages; punitive in their character. Smuggle. To take goods into or out of a country without paying duties. Solvent. Able to meet all liabilities. Special Partner. One whose liability is limited. Specialty. A contract under seal. Specie. Coin. Specification. A written description and enumeration of particulars. In patent law, a detailed descrintion of the invention and a statement of the inventor's claim. Specific Duty. One imposed on a given class of articles without regard to value. Specific Performance. Actual per- formance of the conditions of a contract in distinction from the payment of damages in lieu of per- formance. Speculate. To engage in a business venture the returns from which are conjectural. Stamp Duty. A tax.^ Stamps affixed to checks and proprietary articles. Staple. The principal commodity of a country or district. Statement. A list of resources and liabilities. A report of an agent's transactions. An itemized list of the debits and credits of a personal ac- count. Stationers 9 Hall. The building of the Stationers' Guild in London where registration of English copy- right is made. Statute. A law enacted by a legis- lative body. An act of legislature Statute Law. The body of laws es- tablished by legislative enactments as opposed to unwritten or common law. Statute of Frauds. A statute requir- ing written memoranda to validate a contract. Statute of Limitations. A statute prescribing the period after which a legal action can not be brought. Sterling. The standard money of Great Britain. The legal standard of fineness of silver is 725 parts of silver to 75 of copper. Stock. Transferable shares in the capital of corporations. Supply of goods on hand. Stock Broker. One who deals in stocks on commission. Stock Exchange. A place where shares of stock are bought and sold under established regulations Stockholder. One who owns shares of the stock of a corporation. Stock Jobber. A speculator in stocks. Stoppage in Transitu. The right of a seller to stop goods on their passage if the purchaser has become insol- vent. Storage. The safe keeping of goods. The amount paid for storing goods. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS Subagent. An agent employed by an agent. Subcontract. One made under an existing contract. Sublet. To let by a lessee. Subpoena. [Lat.] Under penalty, a writ commanding a witness to appear in court. Subpoena duces tecum. [Lat.] A subpoena requiring a witness to pro- duce certain papers. Subrogation. Putting one thing or person in the place of another. Sub- stituting one creditor for another. Sue. To prosecute, bring an action against. Summary Proceedings. Statutory legal remedies without the bringing of an action. Summons. In law, a notice to appear in court as defendant or witness. Sundries. Unclassified articles. Supercargo. An agent who accom- panies and manages cargo. Supplementary Proceedings. Legal proceedings to discover the assets of a judgment debtor. Surety. One who makes himself re- sponsible for the contract or act of another. Surrogate. In certain States the title of the judicial officer charged with the probate of wills, appointment of guardians, etc. Surveyor. A customs officer ap- pointed to determine the value, quantity, etc., of imports. An agent of an insurance company to report on applications for insurance. Suspend. To cease operations. To stop payment. Suspense Account. An account made of doubtful balances to ascer- tain probable profit or loss. Sutler. A dealer who accompanies an army to sell goods. Suttle Weight. The weight of mer- chandise after deduction of tare. Syndicate. A combination of capital- ' ists or other persons for the purpose of conducting a large financial or in- dustrial enterprise. Tacit. Implied, not expressed. Tale Quale [Lat.] or Tel Quel. [Fr.]. Such as; used to denote that cargo is presumed to correspond with sample, and that buyer takes the risk of deterioration. Tally. An account kept by checking off. A score. A label. To count. To correspond. Tare. An allowance made for the weight of barrels, boxes, or coverings of merchandise. Actual tare is determined by weighing each con- tainer; average tare by weighing one or more containers as samples; esti- mated tare by allowing a fixed per- centage. Tariff. A schedule of prices or charges. A schedule of duties. Teller. An officer appointed to count votes. A bank officer who receives or pays out money. Tenant. One who holds real estate by any form of legal right ; especially, one who occupies another's property under lease. Tenant in Common. One holding a property in common with another. Tender. An offer. An offer of money or service in satisfaction of all ob- ligation. Ten- Forties. The popular name for certain United States Government bonds in 1864, which could be re- deemed in ten years or allowed to run forty. Tenor. Intent, nature. In law, an exact copy. Term. Testator, fern. Testatrix. One who has made a will* Testimony. Textile. Woven. Ticker. An instrument telegraph- ically recording stock quotations. Tickler. A reminder. A book or set of sheets containing a memorandum of notes due, debts, etc. Time. The hour fixed (2.15 P.M.) on the New York Stock Exchange when securities on the day's contracts must be delivered. On time = on credit. Time Bargain. A contract for de- livery or for an option for a specified period. Time Draft. A draft or bill payable at a fixed date. Title. The legal right of ownership. Tonnage. The capacity or weight of a ship in tons. The displacement of a vessel. A canal tax on vessel or cargo. Tort. A private or civil injury, except IS. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS one arising from breach of contract, for which damages may be had. Trade. Business or occupation; buy- ing and selling; commerce; traffic; barter. Trade Discount. A discount from list prices made to dealers. Trade Mark. A distinguishing mark, protected by law, used to mark the product of a manufacturer. Trade Price. That allowed by whole- salers to retailers. Trade Sale. An auction by and for the trade; especially of book- sellers. Trades Union. A combination formed by working men or women for the protection of their rights and im- provement of their condition. Traffic. Trade. Commerce. The amount of business done by a rail- road or other carrier. > Transit Duty. Tax imposed on goods for passing through a country. Transportation. Conveying goods from one place to another. Transshipment. The transfer of goods from one conveyance to an- other. Traveler. A commercial agent; a drummer. Treason. The waging of war against the United States or giving aid or comfort to their enemies. Treasury Note. A note or bill issued by the government and passing cur- rent as money. Treaty. An agreement or compact be- tween two or more nations. Tret. Allowance for waste of 4 lbs. in 104 lbs., after deduction tare. Triplicate. To make three identical copies of a paper. The third copy. Trustee Process. The same as Gar- nishment. Ullage. What a cask lacks of being full. Ultimo (ult.). [Lat.] Of the last month. Ultra Vires. [Lat.] Beyond power. Applied to acts done in excess of the legal powers possessed. Unclaimed Goods. Goods in govern- ment storehouses unclaimed three years after importation, subject to sale at auction. Undersell. To sell below the trade price or the price of a competitor. Underwrite. To assume an insurance risk. Usury. Interest in excess of the high- est legal rate. Valid. Binding; legally executed; hav- ing legal force. Valuable Consideration. One in- volving money, services, or any- thing of value. Value. To estimate. Worth. Pur- chasing power. Value Received. A phrase used in notes to show the receipt of a con- sideration. Vendee. One to whom something is sold. Vendor. A seller. Vendue. A public or auction sale. Venture. A mercantile speculation or investment. Void. Without legal effect or force; not binding. Voidable. That may become of no legal effect if proper steps are taken. Voucher. Any paper or other docu- ment establishing the occurrence of some transaction or the truth of accounts. W Waive. To relinquish (a right). Waiver. Relinquishment of a legal right or privilege. Warehouse. To place in a bonded warehouse. Warranty. Guaranty that a fact is as represented, or that some con- dition of a contract is or will be ful- filled. Wastage. Loss in handling or by de- cay; shrinkage. Waste. Damage to property per- mitted or done by a tenant. Way Bill. A list and description of goods transported by common car- rier. Wharfage. Fees paid for the use of a wharf. Wholesale. The sale of goods in quantity, in unbroken or whole packages. Without Recourse. A formula by which the endorser of commercial paper transfers it with assuming re- sponsibility. Wreckage. Merchandise saved from a wreck. GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS Based in part on the nomenclature adopted by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, October, 1918 acrobatics (ak-ro-batT:s), n. stunt flying. aerobatics (a'e-ro-bat'iks) , n. the art of aerial flight. aerodonetics (a/e-ro-do-net'iks), n. the sci- ence of gliding or soaring flight. aerodrome (a'e-ro-drdm), n. a name proposed for flying machines and used by Professor S. P. Langley for his tandem-planed machine (1896), now entirely superseded in this sense by the word airplane. See airdrome. aerodynamics (a'e-ro-di-nam'iks), n. the sci- ence of the air, of gaseous fluids and their forces. aerofoil (a/e-ro-f oil) , n. a flat or curved wing- like structure on which, when in motion, re- action is obtained from the air; the sustain- ing member of the airplane; an experimental plane surface of varying shape, used on the whirling-table for ascertaining the most ef- ficient, outlines and forms for use in air- planes and propellers. aeronaut (a/e-ro-nawt) , n. a navigator of the air, particularly a balloonist or pilot of a lighter-than-air flying machine. aeronautics (a'e-ro-nawt'iks), n. the entire science of aerial navigation. See aviation. aeroplane (a/e-ro-plan). See airplane. aerostat (a'e-ro-stat), n. a general term for any form of flying machine or balloon. aerostatics (a'e-ro-stat 'iks) , n. the science of buoyancy in the air by means of displace- ment. aerostation (a'e-ro-sta/shun), n. that part of aerial navigation dealing with gas or lighter- than-air machines. aileron (a'le-ron), n. an auxiliary plane, flap, or wing tip placed between the main wings of the airplane, on either side, and operated so as to prevent overturning sideways, and to assist in steering. See wing flap. aircraft (ar'kraft), n. any device that flies or floats in the air. airdrome (ar'drom), n. a structure for housing aircraft; a flying field with its aviation structures; an aviation post. airman (ar'man), n. an aviator. airplane (ar'plan), n. a self-propelled heavier- than-air flying vehicle supported by wing sur- faces, with stabilizers and rudders; in com- mon use, an airplane suited to operation from the land. See seaplane. i airship (ar'ship), n. an elongated dirigible bal- loon with propelling system, stabilizers, rud- ders, and car. air-speed indicator or meter (ar'sped in'di- ka-ter, me'ter), n. an instrument for measur- ing the speed of an aircraft in reference to the air. alighting-gear (a-Ht'ing-ger) , n. the portion of an airplane used in landing; more com- monly, landing-gear. altimeter (al-ti'tne-ter) , n. an aneroid showing continuously the height above the earth of the aircraft on which it is mounted. anemometer (a-ne-mom'e-ter), n. an instru- ment for measuring the forces of the wind, velocity, pressure, etc. angle of attack (ang'gl ov a-tak'), n. the angle formed by the chord of an aerofoil with its motion relative to the air; also called angle of incidence. appendix (ap-pen'diks) , n. the inflating hose at the bottom of a balloon. ascension (a-sen'shun), n. the act of ascend- ing in an aircraft, particularly in a lighter- than-air device. ascent (a-senf), n. the act of rising in a lighter- than-air vehicle. See flight. aspect-ratio (as'pekt-ra'shi-6), n. proportion of fore-and-aft dimension to transverse span; as, "1:6," the proportion of five feet of depth to thirty feet of width of the plan of the plane of an airplane. aviation (a-vi-a/shun or av-i-a/shun) , n. the art, act, practice, or science of mechanical flight in heavier-than-air machines; distin- guished from aeronautics, which refers more to the science of ascension in lighter-than-air machines and balloons. Aeronautics in- cludes, in a certain sense, aviation, but is becoming more definitely differentiated and restricted to the latter meaning, aviation being the dominant word in reference to air- planes and airplaning. aviator (a'vi-a-ter or av'i-a-ter), n. a navigator of the air, in heavier-than-air machines, an airplane driver, also called airman, birdman, flyer, pilot. avion (av'i-ong), n. name of the first heavier- than-air flying machine, invented by Ader and flown in France, 1897, with two steam engines; an airplane. balancing-flap (barans-ing-flap), n. a surface, flap, web, or other member for maintaining equilibrium. See aileron. ballonet (bal-o-net'),- n. a small subsidiary air balloon in the interior of a balloon or airship, which, by regulating the pressure of the con- fined air, controls the ascent or descent of the airship. bank (bangk), v.t. and i. to incline or roll an airplane sidewise; n. the position of an air- plane when banking. barograph (bar'o-graf), n. a form of barometer which automatically registers the altitude reached by an airplane and makes a record on a continuous strip of paper of the varia- tions in altitude. basket (bas'ket), n. the car suspended from a balloon, for passengers or ballast. beam (bem), n. the principal transverse mem- ber of the plane or wing to which the ribs are attached; more commonly, spar. PROCESSES OP PAPER MANUFACTURING L 1 — Sawing the logs. 2 — Grinder for reducing wood. 3 — Grinding the wood into pulp. Photos by Brown Bros. 4 — Winding the paper on rolls. 5 — Paper rolls ready for wrapping. 6 — Cutting paper into sheets. MAMMOTH BATTLESHIPS OF THE ALLIES 1 — Large type British battleship. 2 — United States superdreadnought. 3 — -One of the big French dreadnoughts. Copyright U. & U. L T MODERN A 1 1 — Seven-passenger eight-cylinder touring car. 2 — Six-cylinder touring car — 66 H.P. 3 — Twin-six brougham, six-passenger. LATEST TYPES OP 1 — School machine in flight. 2 and 3 — Inside views at an aeroplane factory. 4 — Biplane ready to take flight. Copyright U. & U. 5 — American warplanes on the French front. 6 — Speedy biplane with 135 H.P. motor. 7 — U. S. officers inspecting aeroplanes at a training camp. )BILES 4 — Half -ton Light Delivery Wagon. 5— One-and-a-half -ton Delivery Truck. 6 — Five-ton Heavy Service Truck. TANKS AND ARMORED CARS 1 — French tank, with camouflaged exterior. 2 — British tanks hurdling barricade. King George in center of group. 3 — Newest type of United States armored cars. Copyright U. & U. GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS biplane (bi'plan), n. an airplane having two main planes, usually of equal size, one above the other. birdman (berd'man), n. popular term for avia- tor. blimp (blimo), n. a popular term for a non- rigid dirigible balloon; also used erroneously of the rigid type. bomber (bom'gr), bombardment plane (bom-bard'ment plan), n. a type of airplane designed for dropping bombs on enemy posi- tions. burble point (ber'bl point), n. same as critical angle. eabane (ka-ban'), »• a framework on the wing of an airplane, to which stays, etc. are fas- tened (French). camber (kam'ber), n. the concavity or arch of an airplane wing as seen from the side of the machine when looking at the end of the wing; the fore and after curvature; the Phil- lips' curve, imitative of the concavity of the underside of a bird's wing, the application of which to airplanes proved one of the greatest elements of progress ever introduced; in bi- planes, usually of a depth of one-twentieth of the span. captive balloon (kap'tiv bal-loon'), n. a bal- loon attached to the earth by a cable. cavitation (ka-vi-ta'shuri), n. the formation of a partial vacuum in the zone of a rapidly re- volving propeller due to its velocity. ceiling (se'ling), n. service ceiling,the absolute limit of ascent of a given aircraft; the height at which a given aircraft ceases to rise above a specified rate. center (sen'ter), center of flying gravity, n. center of gravity of aircraft when in flight. radius of a circle over which an aerial vehicle may conduct cruising operations. curtain (ker'tin), n. a fixed vertical sur- face located on the ends between the main planes. decalage (dek-a-lazh' or dek'a-laj), n. the an- gle formed by the chords of the principal and tail planes of a monoplane. deflate (de-flat), v.t. to release the gas in a balloon. deflector (de-flek'ter) , n. a plane or other sur- face for changing the course of an aerial ve- hicle. demountable (de-mount'a-bl), adj. capable of being readily taken apart to the extent nec- essary for transportation. dihedral /di-he'dral), dihedral angle, n. the inclination of the wings of an airplane to each other, usually in the form of a flat V, the outer ends high, when viewed from the front, a form giving stability but dangerous in side windr if the machine banks. dirigible (dir'ij-i-bl), adj. steerable: n. a self- propelled balloon, an airship, usually cigar- shaped and of great size. distance-piece (dis'tans-pes), n. a piece hold- ing other parts, as ribs, at required intervals. dive (div), v.i. of an airplane, to descend more steeply than the normal gliding angle; n. the act of diving. diving rudder (div'ing rud'er). See elevator. dope (dop), n. material, usually having a cellu- lose base, used for treating cloth surfaces of aircraft. double-decker (dubl-dek'er) , n. an airplane with two sustaining surfaces superposed; a biplane. double monoplane (dubl mon'6-plan), n. same as a tandem monoplane. center of pressure or resistance (sen'ter ov double-surfaced (dub-1-ser'f ast) , adj. a plane presh'shiir, re-zis'tans), n. the point at which the resistance balances; or at which, if con- centrated, it would have the same effect as when distributed. center of thrust or pull (sen'ter ov thrust, pool), n. the point at which the driving force may be assumed to act. In an airplane fly- ing in a normal state the centers of gravity, resistance, and thrust form an equilibrated couple. chassis (shas'si), n. the main framework of an airplane to which the essential members are attached; the understructure. control (kon-trol'), n. a general term for the means of operating the devices regulating soeed, direction, and position of an aircraft; front control (frunt), the elevator or auxil- iary plane forward and its attachments for vertical direction of an airplane; lateral con- trol (lat'er-al), apparatus for regulating the list of the airplane. control lever (kon-trol'' lev'er), n. a lever for steering an airplane either up or down or from side to side, or for maintaining lateral balance. critical angle (krit'i-kal ang'gl), n. the angle of attack at which the lift curve has its first maximum. cross-country flight (kros-kun'tri flit), n. a flight over open or unprepared fields. cruising radius (kraz'ing ra'di-us) , n. the dis- tance from a given point which marks the covered on both the upper and under side of the ribs. elevator (el'e-va-ter) , n. a horizontal plane, either fore or aft of any flying device, used to steer it in an upward or downward direction. empennage (ong-pen-azh' or em-pen'aj), n. the tail surfaces of an aircraft. entering edge (en'ter-ing ej), n. the front edge of a^ propeller blade or aerofoil. equalizer (e'kwal-iz-er) , n. an auxiliary plane or device for lateral stability. fin (fin), tail fln (tal), n. a small horizontal or vertical aerofoil attached to an aircraft to ^ secure stability; chiefly on dirigibles. flight (flit), n. rise and passage of an airplane through the air, distinguished from ascent, the rising of a balloon. float (flot), n. the part of the landing-gear which provides buoyancy on the surface of the water. flying boat (fli'ing bdt), n. a seaplane provided with a boat to secure flotation. flying-machine (fli'ing-ma-shen') , n. an ap- paratus or vehicle for navigating the air, in- cluding all kinds of heavier-than-air ma- chines; any flying vehicle or device. fuselage (fu'sel-azh) , n. the framework of an airplane or dirigible; the portion of a mono- plane extending from the main body to the tail. GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS glide (gild), v.i. to fly without engine power. glider (gli'der) , n. an apparatus without power for aerial gliding, constructed of planes, de- signed to carry an operator, his balance being maintained by shifting his position. Biplane-glider, the type perfected by Cha- nute, which, when improved and fitted with an engine by the Wrights, became the bi- plane. gliding angle (gli'ding ang'gl), n. the angle formed by the path of flight of an airplane with the horizontal when descending with- out power. guide rope (gid'rop), n. a trailing rope at- tached to an airship or balloon, serving as brake or ballast. gyroplane (ji'ro-plan), n. an aerial vehicle which combines supporting planes with the screws of the helicopter. gyroscope (ji'ro-skop), n. a device in which the axis of a heavy rotating body is also free to rotate in any direction and may be acted on by couples of forces. Numerous efforts have been made to utilize the resistance of a gyroscope to deflection from its plane as a means of maintaining lateral balance in air- planes. hangar (hang'gar), n. a structure for housing aerial vehicles; airplane^ shed. headless (hed'les), adj. without a head; n. a bi- plane having no front elevator, such as the Wright headless. head resistance (hed re-zist'ens) , n. that por- tion of the resistance encountered by an aerial vehicle in flight which cannot be util- ized to assist in its support; dead resistance. helicopter (hel'i-kop-ter or he'li-kop-ter) , n. an aerial vehicle sustained and propelled by the action of the screws, propeller, or rotat- ing planes and without supporting planes; a form advocated by many scientists but not yet perfected mechanically. hop-off (hop'of), n. of an airplane, the act of leaving the ground on starting. See take-off. horizontal rudder (hor-i-zon'tal rud'er), n. same as elevator. hydroairplane (hi-dro-ar'plan) or hydroaero- plane (hl-dro-a/e-ro-plan) , n. an airplane ca- pable of alighting on and rising from the water (such as Curtis' hydroairplane), dis- tinguished from an aerohydroplane, a hydro- plane with wings, not capable of rising en- tirely free of the water. hydroplane (hi'dro-plan), n. a light-draft mo- tor-boat of great speed, using a screw or air propeller, not capable of rising into the air, but partially lifted above the water when at full speed; popular for hydro-airplane. ignition (ig-nish'un), n. the means of explod- ing the mixture in an internal combustion motor, usually an electric spark from a mag- neto. inclinometer (in-klin-om'eter) , n. an instru- ment used to measure the angle made by the axis of an aircraft with the horizontal. kite balloon (kit bal-55n'), # n. an elongated captive balloon having tail appendages de- signed to keep it headed into the wind. knock-down (nok'doun), n. a flying machine as dismantled for shipment, or its collected parts prior to erection. lacing (las'ing) , n. cord or string used in fas- tening the cloth covering of planes together, and to the ribs and beams. Lafayette Escadrille (laf-I-yef es-ka-dril') , n. a volunteer force of American aviators in the service of France formed before the entrance of America into the war, transferred to the American service in December, 1917. landing-chassis (land'ing-shas'si) , n. the land- ing framework or underbody of an aerial vehicle. landing-gear (land'ing-ger) , n. the underbody of an aircraft which carries the load when resting or moving on the surface of the land or water. launching derrick (launching der'ik), n. a catapult for starting a flying machine. launching rail (launching ral), n. a track or bar for launching into the air. * left bank (left bangk), v.t. to incline an air- plane with the left wing downward. lifting propeller (lift'ing pro-pel'er) , n. a pro- peller for raising flying machines without for- ward movement. line of thrust (Hn' ov thrust), n. the line along which the push or pull of the propeller acts. list (list), n. same as bank. lubrication (lu-bri-ka'shun) , n; splash lubri- cation, oiling of internal parts of motor by working parts splashing in a sump of oil, or by forced feed from an oil pump. marouflage (mar-oo-flazh' or mar'55-flazh), n. in aviation, the wrapping of wooden parts in cloth. mast (mast), n. upright part, usually extend- ing upward from the center of a monoplane for support of guy and truss wires and con- trols; a vertical upright in either the main or supplementary planes; more commonly strut. monoplane (mon'5-plan), n. an airplane with a single main sustaining surface, or with a single wing on either side of the body. multiplane (mul'ti-plan), n. an airplane with more than one plane. nacelle (nas-el'), n. the shelter for passengers or engine in an airship; the body of an open tail boomed airplane. non-rigid (non'rij-id), adj. of airships, main- taining its form by the pressure of the gas contained in its envelope aided by the car- suspension system. non-stop (non'stop), adj. without landing, un- broken (of an airship flight)^ nose (noz), n. the bow of an airship. nose spin (n5z spin), n. a spin with the nose of the airplane pointed downward. observation balloon (ob-zer-va/shun bal-oonO, n. a captive balloon used on the front line for military observation. observer (ob-zer'ver), n. in aviation, a person who accompanies the pilot of an airplane to observe and record or signal conditions in the enemy line, etc. ornithopter (or-ni-thop'ter), n. a heavier-than- air aircraft supported and propelled by flap- ping wings. GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS outrigger (out'rig-er), n. framework extending to the front or the rear to support the eleva- tor or tail. pancake (pan'kak), v.t. to level off an airplane at too great a height in preparation for land- ing, causing it to lose flying speed and de- scend too nearly vertically. partition (par-tish'un) , n. a stiff upright wall extending between the two main planes, in- tended to insure lateral stability. Phillips' curve (fil'ips kerv), n. See camber. phugoid (fu'goid), phugoid curve, n. a curve showing the flight path of an aerofoil. pilot (pi'lot), a term used especially in mili- tary aviation to designate the actual naviga- tor who manipulates an airplane, as distin- guished from the observer. pitch (pitch), n. the distance through which a given point of a propeller advances during one revolution, parallel to the axis, in a solid nut. plane (plan), n. one of the main support- ing surfaces of an airplane or wing; an air- plane. pocket (pok'et) , n. a loop formed either in the end of the cloth surface or by sewing on an additional strip; provided for the ribs and beams ^ of a single-surfaced plane to lessen skin friction. power plant (pou'er plant), n. the entire ap- paratus for generating power on an airplane, including motor, propeller, radiator, gasoline tank, etc. propeller (pro-pel'er) , n. a device with two or more blades set at a pitch which translates rotary force into straight line motion; a screw. pterygoid (ter'i-goid) , adj. having the shape of a wing. pusher (push'er), n. a type of airplane having the propeller in the rear of the engine. pylon (pl'lon), n. an arti cial reference point on ground used in flying. rib (rib), n. a longitudinal horizontal member of an airplane wing, to which the covering is attached, and whose shape determines the curve of the wing; laminated rib, a rib built up of laminations of wood, glued to- gether to enable it to hold its shape. right bank (rit bangk), a.Z. to incline an air- plane with the right wing downward. rigid (rij'id), n. of an airship, maintaining its form by means of a rigid structure contained ^ within its envelope. rip cord (rip' kord), n. in balloons, a rope con- necting the rip panel and basket to effect im- ^ mediate deflation. rip panel (rip' pan'el), n. a strip on the upper side of a balloon for immediate deflation. rudder (rud'er), n. an auxiliary plane or sur- face either at front or rear of an aerial vehicle for steering; also called vertical rudder. runners (run'erz), n. skids or bars beneath the chassis on which an airplane lands. They take the place in some machines of the wheels otherwise used and are constructed with a view to absorbing shock. running-gear (run'ing-ger) , n. that part of a flying machine which enables it to travel on the earth. See landing-gear. sausage (saw'saj), n. a kite balloon, so called because of its shape. seaplane (se'plan), n. a form of airplane pro- vided with landing-gear for operation from the water. semi-rigid (sem'i-rij'id), n. of an airship, maintaining its form by means of a rigid keel and by gas pressure. serpent (ser'pent), n. in airships, a short, heavy guide rope. service ceiling (ser-'vis se'ling). See ceiling. shock-absorber (shok'ab-sorb-er) , n. an ap- paratus for deadening the impact of an air- plane upon alighting. single-surfaced (sing'gl-ser'f ast) , adj. a plane covered on only one side. skid (skid), n. a sled-like runner, part of the landing gear of an airplane. skin friction (skin frik'shun), n. skin resist- ance, the friction between the surface of the planes and other parts of the flying machine and the passing air; distinguished from the head resistance due to displacement of the air; much less for smooth surfaces than for rough ones. slip (slip), n. the loss of efficiency of a propeller, the difference between its theoretical advance and the real advance in practice. See pitch. slip stream (slip' strem), n. the stream of air produced by the propeller of an airplane, with a relativeiVelocity greater than that of the surrounding air. soar (sor'), v.i. to fly without power, by taking advantage of rising or unequal currents of air. spar (spar), n. See beam. spin (spin), n. in aviation, a maneuver consist- ing of a steep descent in a helix of very small radius, the upper side of the machine being on the inside of the helix. spread (spred), or span (span),n. distance from tip to tip of wings of an airplane. squadron (skwad'run), n. a division of mili- tary airplanes acting together_ as a unit. stability (sta-bil'i-ti) , n. steadiness in flight; automatic stability (aw-to-mat'ik), main- tenance of equilibrium in automatic manner; longitudinal stability (Ion- ji-tu'di-nal), steadiness in a fore-and-aft direction ; lateral stability (lat'er-al), steadiness from side to side; directional stability (di-rek'shun-al), stability in a horizontal plane, controlled by rudder. stabilizer (sta/bil-Iz-er) , n. a fixed horizontal tail surface, for steadying longitudinal mo- tion and damping oscillations in pitch. Stagger (stag'er), n. the amount by which the entering edge of the upper plane of a biplane advances over the lower plane. This arrange- ment prevents interference of effects of lower and upper planes in air. staggered (stag'erd), adj. arranged in steps or offset; zig-zag, said of planes of an airplane. stall (stawl), v.i. to lose the speed necessary for control. stanchion (stan'shun), n. Same as strut. statoscope (stat'6-skop), n. an instrument to register a small rate of ascent or descent in ballooning. steering (ster'ing), n. guidance of an aircraft in flight; vertical steering, up and down as distinguished from lateral or right and left steering. GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS stream-line flow (strem'lm flo), n. the con- tinuous, as distinguished from the eddying, flow of air or any liquid. stream-line shape or form (strem'lm shap, form), n. a shape designed to obviate eddy- ing; that form of a body which enables it to pass through liquid or gas with the least possible resistance. Strut (strut) , n. a brace or support under com- pression stress; an upright between planes. Stunt (stunt), n. an intricate or dangerous evo- lution by an airplane; any acrobatic maneuver. tail (tal), n. rear portion of an aerial vehicle, used for steering and balancing. tail cup (tal' kup) , n. a steadying device at the rear of an elongated captive balloon. tail spin (tal' spin), n. same as spin. take-off (tak'of), n. the start of an airplane. tandem (tan'dem), n. an airplane with sets of planes placed one in front of the other on the same level. taxi (tak'si), v.i. to move over the surface of the land or water on the landing-gear before rising or after settling. tetrahedral cell (tet-ra-he'dral sel), n. a tetra- hedron whose sides are four equilateral tri- angles, open front and rear, the sides being surfaces; a large number of such cells when built up acting as a sustaining surface, as in the tetrahedral airplane of Professor Alex- ander Graham Bell. thrust (thrust) , n. the push or traction exerted by the propeller. torque (tork), n. moment of twisting force; the force tending to overturn an airplane side- ways, due to the reaction of the propeller in turning in the opposite direction, overcome by having two propellers operating in oppo- site directions or making the wing on one side slightly larger than the other. tractor (trak'ter), n. an airplane type in which the propeller is in front of the engine. trailing edge (tra/ling ej), n. the rear or leav- ing edge of an aerofoil. triplane (trl'plan), n. an airplane with three main bearing surfaces, or planes. turnbuckle (tern'buk-1) , n. a connection for tightening wires, rods, etc., consisting of right and left hand threaded eyelets or swivels in a sleeve, the turning of which varies its length. undercarriage (un'der-kar'ij), n. same as land- ing-gear. velocity (ve-los'i-ti), n. the speed at which an airplane will continue to glide indefinitely without power; also called normal gliding speed. vertical rudder (ver'ti-kal rud'er), n. a rudder which stands at right angles to the plane of the bearing surfaces of an airplane, used for steering to the right or left. volplane (vol'plan), v.i. to glide or coast with- out power; same as glide. wake (wak) , n. track or stream of disturbed air following the course of an airplane. warp (wawrp), v.t. to change the form of a wing by twisting. wash (wosh), n. the disturbed air immediately behind an aerial vehicle; dead air. web (web), n. wooden or other material used as distance pieces between the ribs of a sustain- ing plane. whirling- table (hwerl'ing-ta-bl) , n. an appa- ratus comprising a vertical axis and a hori- zontal arm for revolving planes or aerofoils and determining their effects and efficiency. The use of the whirling-table led to the ex- perimental determination of numerous aerial laws and directly to the perfection of the airplane. Wind pressure (wind' presh-ur), n.; coeffi- cient of wind pressure (ko-ef-fish'ent) , the numerical constant of the pressure of the wind against a stationary object, or of the resistance of the air to a moving object. Wing (wing), n. the sustaining structure on the sides^ of an airplane, including planes and trussing. Wing flap (wing flap) , n. an auxiliary plane at- tached, in the same plane, to each of the wings of an airplane to prevent overturning sidewise and to assist in steering; see aileron. Wing spread (wing' spred), n. area of surface of wings; distance from tip to tip. Wing surface (wing' ser-fas), n. wing area, surface measurement of wing. Wing tip (wing' tip), n. the outer extremity of the wings of a monoplane; an aileron or ^other movable surface at end of wing. wing-warping (wing'wawrp-ing), n. deflection of a portion of an airplane wing; as the Wrights' warping wings; the bending of the rear outer corners of the wing on one end in an opposite direction from those of the other end, attaining lateral equilibrium. zoom (zoom), v.i. to climb at an angle great- er than maximum climbing angle by virtue of initial excess of speed: n, the act of zooming. Glossary of Automobile Terms By JULIAN CHASE, Ph.B. EDITOR OF " MOTOR " accelerator pedal > (ak-sei'er-a-ter ped'l), a pedal for increasing motor speed. acetylene generator (a-set'e-ien jen'- er-a-ter), apparatus for generating acetylene gas from water and cal- cium carbide, for lighting purposes. after- firing (af'ter-fir'ing), a violent explosion in the muffler caused by failure of motor to fire gases in cyl- inders, their _ accumulation _ in the muffler and ignition therein from heated walls or firing cylinders. This is the terrific report so often mistaken for a bursting tire; barking. See back firing. apron (a/prun), a covering for the underside of the motor mechanism; a dust apron or pan. armature (ar'ma-tur), the part of a magneto which transforms rotary motion into electrical energy, or the part of a motor which transforms electrical energy into rotary motion. automobile (au'to-mo-bel), any self- propelled road vehicle. axle (ak'sl), a transverse beam, to carry a wheel on either end; dead- axle (ded'ak-sl), one which does not rotate; live- axle (liv'ak-sl), one which rotates with the wheels, or is fitted with shafts which revolve within a housing and drive the wheels. back-fire (bak'fir), premature explo- sion of charge m motor cylinder, causing motor to stop or reverse. When motor is run on advanced spark, the explosion occurs before the crank has passed the dead center on the compression stroke, but the momentum carries it over. In starting, unless the spark is retarded before cranking, a back-fire will re- sult, often breaking the arm of the one cranking the motor. _ Back-fire is also produced by glowing bits of carbon or other heated condition of the interior of the cylinder. back-lash (back'lash), lost motion between working parts; as the amount that a pinion may be turned back without moving the driven wheel. battery (bat'er-i), electrical cells sup- plying energy for sparking; storage- battery (stor'aj-bat'er-i), electrical cells adapted to receive a charge of electric current and subsequently give off the energy as required, the basis of the electric automobile. bearing (bar'ing), the support in which a rotating part turns; ball- bearing (bawl'bar-ing), a bearing containing a race of balls, to reduce friction; roller- bearing (rol'er-bar- ing), a bearing in which rollers are used instead of balls. boiler (boil'er), apparatus for generat- ing steam by heating water; flash- boiler (flash 'boil-er), a boiler in which the tubes are so arranged that the water is instantly converted into steam upon being pumped in. bonnet (bon'et), a case or covering, usually sheet metal, placed over the motor; a hood. bore (bor), internal diameter of motor cylinder, the "stroke" being length of piston travel. The power of the motor is figured for comparative ratings on the bore, stroke and rev- olutions per minute. brake (brak), a mechanism for reduc- ing speed; operated bv hand or foot, and generally consisting of a fixed member adapted to be pressed into close contact with a revolving mem- ber. cable (ka/bl), a heavily insulated wire or set of wires, for transmitting elec- trical energy to the spark plug. cam (kam) , a disc with a nose or shade or a depression on the periphery AUTOMOBILE TERMS which, when revolved, drives the push-rod up for a certain interval each revolution; exhaust cam (egz- awst'kam), a cam shaped to lift the exhaust valve push-rod; inlet cam (inlet kam), a cam shaped to lift the inlet valve push-rod. cam-roiler (kam'rol-er), a small steel wheel fitted to the lower end of the push-rod to diminish wear and fric- tion with the cam head. cam-shaft (kam'shaft), the shaft upon which the cams are mounted, the rotation of which causes the cams in their proper order to open and close through the push-rods and rocker arms, the valves of the cyl- inders. carbide (kar'bid), calcium carbide, which, with water, produces acet- ylene gas. carburetter (kar'bu-ret-er), a device for vaporizing gasolene or other liquid fuel; usually a spray of gaso- lene is sucked through a needle hole mingling with an incoming current of air, producing vapor in the pro- portion of one of gasolene to 12 or 14 of air which is exploded in the cylinder under pressure, by the spark, im- parting motion to the piston; float carburetter (not kar'bu-ret-er), one in which a float automatically cuts off supply of gasolene to prevent flooding. case (kas), metallic box or form; crank case, the case in which the crank shaft revolves. cell (sel), apparatus for producing electric energy from decomposition of a metal, usually zinc; ^ dry cell, one in which the liquid is held by absorption in blotting paper or other medium. chain (chan), a series of metal links adapted to transmit power from one sprocket wheel to another; chain drive, the transmission of power from jack shaft, motor or engine to the road wheels. change- speed-lever (chanj-sped-lev'- er), lever for changing from one gear reduction to another in a motor vehicle. charge (charj), (1) the mixture of gas and air in a motor cylinder; (2) the amount of electricity in a storage battery. chassis (shas'si), the entire automobile exclusive of the body. chauffeur (sho'fer), a professional automobile driver, originally the word meant a stoker or fireman. circuit (ser'ket), the wires and appa- ratus forming a complete path for a current of electricity to and from its source; short circuit, a path other than the intended one, taken by the current; circuit breaker, a device for automatically breaking a circuit. clincher (klinch'er), incurved part of a wheel rim into which the tire beada expand when the tire is inflated. clutch (klutch), a device for connect- ing moving parts; cone clutch (kon), in which two nesting conical sur- faces are brought into contact; ex- panding or contracting clutch (eks-pand'ing or kon-trakt'ing), in which one member is expanded or contracted; disc clutch, in which re- volving discs are pressed together; clutch pedal (ped'l), a pedal for operating the clul ch. coil (koil), an electrical device for raising voltage by induction, trans- forming a low pressure current into a high pressure one which will pro- duce a spark; induction coil, trans- former. combustion - chamber (kom-busf- yun-cham-ber), the space in the cylinder in which the gas compressed by the piston is exploded. commutator (korn'mti-ta-ter) , the part of an armature which rotates m contact with the brushes. compression (kom-presh'un), the pressure within an explosive engine just before the explosion takes place. As a compression of 60 pounds to the sq. inch; compression stroke (strok), the stroke of the piston dur- ing which fresh gas is compressed prior to its explosion. condenser (kon-dens'er), a device of layers of tin foil, alternately- con- nected, with layers of insulation be- tween to reduce sparking at vibrator and increase it at spark plugs. connecting rod (kon-nekt ing rod), a rod or arm connecting the piston and crank, having a reciprocal mo- tion and transmitting the explosion energy from the piston to the crank shaft. contact-breaker (kon'takt-brak-er) , a device for interrupting an electric current at selected intervals to pro- duce sparks; a timer. AUTOMOBILE TERMS controller (kon-trol'er), a device for regulating the speed of an electric motor vehicle, by absorbing varying amounts of the currents in a rheostat and by connecting the cells in "series" and "series-multiple." crank arm (krank' arm), the portion of a crank shaft extending from the shaft pin to the crank pin. cranking (krank'ing), rotating the crank shaft to produce compression in starting, as gasolene motors are not self starting. cranking handle (krank'ing hand-1), a crank for manually cranking the motor; starting handle. crank- pin (krank'pin), a circular portion of the crank shaft which rests in the bearing; bearing pin. crank-shaft (krank'shaft), a shaft with arms at right angles to its axis carrying crank pins parallel to its axis for the reception of connecting rods, and adapted to be rotated for the purpose of translating reciprocal into rotative motion; single throw crank-shaft (sing'gl thro), a shaft to receive only one connecting rod; four throw crank-shaft (for thro), a shaft to receive four connecting rods. cup priming (kup printing), a cup with a cock for admitting a small quantity of gasolene to the explosion chamber to supplement the car- buretter in starting. cycle (si'kl), see motor. cylinder (sil'm-der), a tube or cylin- drical member closed at one encl, in which the piston travels and the explosions 01 the mixture, admitted by valves, occur. dead center (ded sen'ter), the point at which the crank passes the me- dian, when it is in the same straight line with the connecting rod and the latter is motionless, being between a forward and a backward movement and therefore incapable of imparting motion to the crank. distributor (dis-trib'u-ter), a device for distributing electric current to the spark plugs of the different cyl- inders in the proper sequence. dynamometer (dl-na-mom'e-ter), ap- paratus for ascertaining the horse- power of a motor. electric automobile (e-lek'trik au'- to-mo-bel), a self-propelled roadl vehicle the motive power of which is electricity. 43 exhaust (egz-awsf), (1) the period during which the burnt gases are escaping; (2) the burnt gases them- selves. exhaust stroke (strok) ,the stroke of the piston which expells the burnt gases. exhaust valve (valv) , the valve which allows the exhaust to escape. The exhaust is a series of reports, silenced by the muffler into a purring or chugging sound. fan (fan), a rotary bladed helix, driven by the motor for cooling itself directly or indirectly through cool- ing the water in the radiator. fender (fend'er), a mud guard. flange (flanj), any flat projecting rim, as on motor cylinders to assist cool- ing by radiation, or on pipes for coupling. frame (fram), the part of an auto- mobile carried by the wheels, to which the motor, body, etc., are attached. friction drive (frik'shun driv), a sys- tem of transmission in which the driving is done and the necessary reductions obtained through wheels with friction surfaces pressed to- gether rather than through gears. garage (ga-razh'), an automobile stable, storage or repair place. gas (gas), mixture of air and gasolene vapor. gauge (gaj), a device for indicating pressure or volume of contents in a container. gear (ger), speed changing (sped chang'ing), a series of gears which may be shifted to change the rates of speed between the motor and the road wheels; differential gears (dif-er-en'shal), an arrangement to permit the wheels to turn at differ- ent speeds as in rounding a corner; planetary gears (plan'e-ta-ri), small gears inside a large internal gear for effecting forward and reverse speeds ; reversing gear (re-vers'ing), for changing direction of roadwheels.^ generator (jen'e-ra-ter), (1) a device for producing acetylene gas; (2) an electrical dynamo. goggles (goi'lz), spectacles set in cloth or other collars, to keep dust out of the eyes. governor (gov'er-ner) , an apparatus for regulating the motor speed, by cutting off the gas supply. hood (hood). See bonnet. ACJTOMOBILE TERMS hydrocarbons (hl-dro-car'bonz), or- ganic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, as petroleum, gasolene, acetylene, benzene, turpentine, india rubber, gutta percha, etc. ignition (ig-ni'shun), the means or apparatus for igniting the explosive mixture, either flame, hot tube, both now disused ; coil and battery, make- and-break or magneto; the last named being the method now most generally used. interchangeable (in-ter-chanj 'a-bl) , capable of being interchanged, said of the parts of a mechanism when a, given part, on one machine, is exactly similar to the like part on another machine, and can be sub- stituted therefor without refitting. interrupter (in-ter-up'ter), a device for rapidly making-and-breaking an electrical circuit; trembler. lamp (lamp), illuminating device, aa head, # side, and tail lamps. link (link), drag link (drag), a trans- verse rod connecting the two steering arms of a motor vehicle. m little end (lit'l end), the piston end of a connecting rod, the crank end being called the "big end." load (lod), the work which a motor hag to do, or the resistance encountered aside from its own friction. magneto (mag-ne'to), a mechanism for producing a high tension or a low tension current for sparking by means of an armature revolved within the field of a pair of perma- nent magnets. manifold (man'i-fold), a tube to dis- tribute gas, air, steam or water, having flanges or connections; in- take manifold (in'tak) , for distrib- uting gas from carburetter to cylin- ders; exhaust manifold (egs-awsf), for conveying burnt gases to the exhaust* outlet or muffler. mixture (miks'tur), vapor of a hydro- carbon and air, suitable for explo- sion; rich mixture, one with defi- ciency of air; poor mixture, one with an excess of air. motor (mo'ter), electric (e-lek'trik), a machine for transforming electric energy into motion; internal com- bustion (in-ter'nal kom-bust'yun), a machine for utilizing the explosive force of hydrocarbon vapors. In this form of motion, the one most used in motor vehicles, the mixture is ex- ploded under compression, imparting energy to the piston which causes the crank to rotate and perform its work; four cycle motor (for sl'kl) , one in which the piston makes four sweeps for each explosion, two in each direc- tion, as exhaust, intake, compression and explosion strokes, the exhaust and compression strokes being to- wards the_ cylinder head; two cycle motor (too si'kl), one in w^hich the piston makes two sweeps for each explosion, the compression and ex- plosion strokes, the exhaust escap- ing and the intake being forced in at the bottom of the explosion stroke; four cylinder motor (for sil'in- der), one with four cylinders and pistons, the most commonly used; rotary motor (ro'ta-ri), one in which the cylinders revolve; double opposed motor (dub'l op-pozd'), one in which the cylinders are op- posite each other, used largely on trucks; V-type motor (ve'tip), one in which the cylinders are inclined in either direction, off the vertical. muffler (unifier), a device for silenc- ing the exhaust gases by passing them through a labyrinth of pass- ages, reducing their velocity; a silencer, an exhaust box; muffler cut-out, means for discharging from the motor, exhaust directly into the air instead of first into the muffler; often used in starting, or to learn from its sound the condition of the motor. non-skids (non 'skids), any means of preventing side slipping of auto- mobile wheels, including indenta- tions and projections in the tires, chains, and separate coverings over the tires. packing (pak'ing), any compressible material used. as- a filler in joints to make them tight. pedal (ped'l), a lever worked by the foot; brake pedal, for disconnecting clutch and applying "brakes; regu- lator pedal (reg'u-la-ter), for regu- lating power and velocity of motor. piston (pis'tun), a cup-shaped mem- ber adapted to work reciprocally in the cylinder, receiving successively the shock of the explosions and transmitting them through the con- necting rod to the crank-shaft; piston pin (pin), a pin extending across the piston to carry the small AUTOMOBILE TERMS end of the connecting rod; v:rist pin, gudgeon pin; piston rings, expan- sible rings set in grooves in the piston and pressing against the cylinder walls, to muke a close fit, the oil film between the rings and the cyl- inder and the rings and the piston grooves acting as a packing to pre- vent eccape of gases. pitting (pit'ing), minute cavities in valves and valve seats due to action of gases. port (pert), an opening for the passage of gas or steam. power (pow'er), horse- power, the power required to do 33,000 foot pounds of work per minute. A I' pise for a slight interval can do six times as much work, while a man can also temporarily exert a horse power, though the horse ordinarily exerts the power of six men. power plant (plant), the motor, transmission and accessories^ power transmission (tranz-mish'un), see transmission. pump (pump), water pump (wrw'- ter), for circulating water in cooling system; oil pump (oil), for lubrica- tion; gear pump (ger), rotary pump (ro'ta-ri), centrifugal pump (sen-trif'u-gal), eccentric pump (ek-sen'trik), are so called, from their mechanical construction. push-rod (push 'rod), one of a series of rods lifted by the cams which actuate the rocker arms, opening the valves in sequence. radiator (ra'di-a-t?r), a system of fine tubing through which water is forced for cooling. reversing lever (re-vers/inglev'er), a lever to reverse the direction of the automobile. rheostat (re-o-staf), an < electrical device for increasing or diminishing an electric current by varying resistance. rocker arm (rok'er arm), a lever at the top of the cylinder which de- presses the valve. roller (rol'er), a small steel wheel on the end of the push-rod to reduce friction with the cam. scale (skal), an incrustation deposited in the interior of water jackets, and other water containers, which carry heated water. seizing (sez'ing), the binding of opera- ting parts through failure of lubrica- tion, or overheating. shock-absorber (shok'ab-sorb-er), a device for dampening the rebound of springs and reducing vibration due to rough roads, as friction check (frik'shun chek), pneumatic (noo-mat'ik), hydraulic (hl-draw'- lik), and auxiliary spring (awg-zil'- i-a-ri) , shock absorber. sight _ feed (sit 'fed), a system of lubrication in which the oil may be seen in circulation at the sight point. skidding (skid'ing), see non-skid. spark plirg (spark' plug), a device heving two fixed electrodes between which an electric "jump spark" is produced by the magneto or battery adapted to be screwed into the cyl- inder; or such a plug adapted to separate its electrodes mechanically, as a "make-and-break" spark. The spark ignites the compressed gas in the cylinder at the proper moment, the resulting explosion generating the motor's power; spark advance (ad-vans'), when the spark occurs near or before the upward dead center, thus increasing speed and power, if not carried too far to the point of preiguition, or back-fire; spark retard (re-tard'), delay of spark after dead center. sprocket (sprock'et), a small toothed wheel, driven by a link chain. starter (start 'er), self- or automatic (self- or aw-to-mat'ik), a device for automatically cranking the motor. steam-car (stem'kar), an automobile driven by a steam engine, now almost superseded by gasolene and electric motor cars. steel (stel), iron through which, when molten, air has been forced, the Bessemer process. Modern steels are of great variety due to mixture of other metals, as chrome nickel steel (krom nik^l), manganese steel (man'ga-nez), vanadium steel (va-na'di-um) . steering knuckle (ster'ing nuk'l), a joint in the steering gear at the front axle. steering post (ster'ing post), a post for steering, usually obliquely placed, on which is mounted the steering wheel, and the small levers working on semicircular ratchets for control- ling the spark and the carburetter throttle. suction stroke (suk'shun strok), the AUTOMOBILE TERMS outward sweep of the piston during which a fresh change is drawn in; the intake. suspension (sus-pen'shun), > three- point suspension (thre-point'), at- tachment of the power plant to the frame at three points to avoid road strains. tank (tank), a reservoir for carrying fuel, gasolene, oil, etc. tappet rod (tap'et rod), see push-rod. taxicab (taks'i-kab), an automobile hack provided with an automatic time and distance measuring device, called a taximeter, which may also show fare due. terminal (ter'mi-nal), an attachment at the end of a wire for enabling it to be readily connected to a binding post. thermo- syphon (ther'mo-sl'fon), cir- culation of water in water-jackets and radiator through its own heat, the warm water at the top of the radiator working its way down as cooled and rising through the heat it absorbs from the cylinders. throttle (throt'l), a valve for regu- lating the supply of air to a car- buretter. tinier (tlm'er), see distributor. tire (tlr), a band or rim around a wheel; pneumatic tire, a rubber tire containing air under pressure. tonneau (tun'o), an open automobile with seats for two in front and a large rear seat for three or more. track (trak), distance between centres of tires on the same axle, usually 56 }/2 inches, the railroad standard; the gauge (gag), the tread (tred). transmission (tranz-mish'un), the apparatus for transmitting the high speed motor power to low speed road wheels, including clutch, re- ducing and planetary gears, or chain drive. under slung (under-slung'), a form of construction in which the frame hangs below the springs and axles instead of being above them. valve (valv), mechanism for closing an opening to regulate or stop the passage of a fluid or gas; poppet valve (pop'et), in which a mushroom- shaped valve nils the opening and is lifted in and out; rotary valve (ro'ta- ri), which rotates in the opening; slide valve (slid), which slides across the opening; inlet valve (in 'let), through which the gas is admitted; exhaust valve (egz-awst'), through which the burnt gases are emitted; needle valve (ne'dl), a small car- buretter valve closed by a needle point; butterfly valve (but'er-fli), in which a leaf turns in a tube. water-jacket (waw'ter-jak-et), a cas- ing around the cylinder through which water is circulated to keep the cylinder walls cool, often a part of the cylinder casting itself. In air-cooled motors, the cylinder has a series of flanges to assist in radia- tion of the heat. wheel (hwhel), artillery wheel, auto- mobile wheel of wood with heavy spokes wedging together at center and with a hub of steel plates. wheel-base (hwhel-bas), the distance between the front and rear wheels, on the same side where they touch the road. wiring (wlr'ing), wires leading to spark plugs from magneto, or bat- teries, etc. wrist pin (risf pin), see piston pin; also called gudgeon pin. Christian Names of Men and Women Collected and Arranged By DONALD L. CLARK, A.B., De Pauw University, A.-S Anglo-Saxon Ar Arabic Celt Celtic D Danish Eng English Fr French Ger. German Gr ...Greek Teut Teutonic Heb Hebrew Ital Italian Lat Latin O. G Old German O. H. G Old High German Per Persian Russ Russian Syr Syrian NAMES OF MEN A Aaron. [Heb.] lightener. Abel.. [Heb.] vanity. Abiel. [Heb.] Abihu. [Heb.] Abijah. [Heb/ Mountaineer or en- Breath; fickleness; Father of strength. God is father. To whom Jehovah is"a father. — Dim. Bije. Abner. [Heb.] Father of light. Abraham. [Heb.] Father of a mul- titude. — Dim. Abe. Abram. [Heb.] Father of elevation. — Dim. Abe. Adalbert. See Ethelbert. Adam. [Heb.] Man; earth-man; red earth. — Dim. Ad. Adolph, I [O. H. G.] Noble wolf; Adolphus. S i. e., noble hero. — Dim. Dolph. Adoniram. _ [Heb.] Lord of height. Alan. Variously explained as a hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], and a corruption of Hilary, or of -Mia- nus. Alaric. [O.-H. G.] All-rich; or, noble ruler. Albert. [O. H. G.] All bright; illus- trious. — Dim. Bert, Bertie. Albion. [Celt.] White-cliffed land; the ancient name of England. Alexander. [Gr.] A helper of men. — Dim. Aleck, Ellick, Sandy, Sawney. Alexis. [Gr.] Help; defence. Alfred. [O. H. G.] Elf m council; i. e., good counselor. — Dim. Alf. Alfonso. See Alphonso. as Algernon. [Fr.] Whiskered. Alonzo. [O. G.] The same Alphonso, q. v. Alpheus. [Heb.] Exchange. Alphonso. [0. H. G.] All-ready; willing. Alvah, F [Heb.] Iniquity. Alvan. Al£ta. \ [0- H - 61 Winning all. Amadeus. [Lat.] Lover of God. Amariah. [Heb.] Vv'hom Jehovah promised. Amasa. [Heb.] A burden. Ambrose. [Gr.] Immortal; divine. Amos. [Heb.] Strong; courageous; otherwise, burden. Anastasius. [Gr.] Rising up. Andrew. [Gr.] Strong; manly; cour- ageous. — Dim. Andy. Anselm. [0. H. G.] Protection of God. [Lat.] Priceless; praise- worthy. — Dim. Tony. [Ger.] Extremely bold; holy prince. — Dim. Ar- Anthony, ) Hermann. 1 Gift of Artemis, or Antony, Archibald otherwise, chie. Armand. See Artemas. [Gr, Diana. Arthur. [Celt.] High; noble. — Dim Art. Asa. [Heb.] Healer; physician. Asahel. [Heb.] Made of God. Asaph. [Heb.] A collector. Asher. [Heb.] Happy; fortunate. Ashur. [Heb.] Black; blackness. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN Arnold. [0. H. G.] Strong as an eagle. Athelstan. [A.-S.] Noble stone. Aubrey. [0. H. G.] Ruler of spirits. Aujultin^ H-fJ Belonging to Auftin. ' S Au S ustus - Augustus. [Lat.] Exalted; impe- rial. — Dim. Gus. Aurelius. [Lat.] Golden. Azariah. [Heb.] Helped of the Lord. Baldwin. [0. H. G.] Bold, winner. Baptist. [Gr.] A baptizer; purifier. Barabbas, ) Son of consolation and Barnaby. > exhortation. Bartholomew. [Heb.] A warlike son. — Dim. Bat, Bart. Barzillai. [Heb.] Iron of the Lord; firm; true. Basil. [Gr.] Kingly; royal. Benedict. [Lat.] Blessed. Benjamin. [Heb.] Son of the right hand. — Dim. Ben. Beriah. [Heb.] In calamity. Bernard, ) [0. H. G.] Strong or Barnard. S hardy bear. Bertram. [0. H. G.] Bright; fair; illustrious. — Dim. Bert, Bertie. Bezaleel. [Heb.] In the shadow (protection) of God. Blaise. [Fr.] Sprouting forth. Boniface. [Lat.] A benefactor. Brian. [Celt.] Strong. Bruno. [0. H. G.] Brown. C Cadwallader. [Celt.] Battle-arran- ger. Caesar. [Lat.] Hairy; or blue-eyed; or, born under the Caesarian opera- tion. Caleb. [Heb.] A dog.— Dim. Cale. Calvin. [Lat.] Bald. Casper. See Jasper. Cecil. [Lat.] Dim-sighted. Cephas. [Aramaic] A stone. Charles. JO. H. G.J Strong; manly; noble-spirited. — Dim. Charlie, or Charley. Christian. [Lat.] Belonging to Christ; a believer in Christ. — Dim. Christie. Christopher. [Gr.] Bearing Christ. — Dim. Kester, Kit, Chris., Christie. Clarence. [Lat.] Illustrious. — Dim. Clarry, Clara. Claudius, > >,- , •> T Claude. \ l Lat -J Lame - Clement. [Lat.] Mild-tempered; merciful. — Dim. Clem. Conrad. [0. H. G.] Able counsel. Constant. [Lat.] Firm; faithful. Constantine. [Lat.] Resolute; firm. Cornelius. [Lat.] (Uncertain).— Dim. Corny. Crisplfs, ( [ Lat -I Having curly hair. Cuthbert. [A.-S.] Noted splendor. Cyprian. [Gr.] Of Cyprus. Cyril. [Gr.] Lordly. Cyrus. [Per.] The sun. — Dim. Cy. Daniel. [Heb.] A divine judge. — Dim. Dan. Darius. [Per.] Preserver. David. [Heb.] Beloved. — Dim. Davy, Dave. Demetrius. [Gr.] Belonging to Ceres (Demeter); sprung from the earth. Denis, ? [Gr.] Same as Dionysius. Dennis. S [Fr. form.] 8fe r drik, } [0. H. G] See Theod- Dietrich. S erick - Dexter. [Lat.] The right hand, for- tunate. Dionysius. [Gr.] Belonging to Di- onysus or Bacchus, the god of wine. Donald. [Celt.] Proud chief.— Dim. Don. Duncan. [Celt.] Brown chief. — Dim. Dune. E Eben. [Heb.] A stone. — Dim. Eb. Ebenezer. [Heb.] The stone of help. Edgar. [A.-S.] Giver of happiness. Edmund. [A.-S.] Defender of hap- piness. — Dim. Ed, Ned (a contrac- tion of "mine Ed"). Edward. [A.-S.] Guardian of hap- piness. — Dim. Ed, Eddy, Ned, Ned- dy, Teddy. Edwin. [A.-S.] Gainer of happiness. —Dim. Ed, Eddy. ;bert. [0. H. G.] The sword's brightness; famous with the sword. — Dim. Bert. Elbert. [0. H. G.] See Albert. Egb CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN Eldred. [A.-S.] Terrible. Eleazer. [Heb.] To whom God is a help. Elfonzo. See Alphonso. Eli. [Heb.] A foster son. Elias. [Heb.] See Elijah. Elihu. [Heb.] God the Lord. Elijah. [Heb.] Jehovah is my God. — Dim. 'Lije. Eliphalet. [Heb.] God of salvation. — Dim. 'Liph. Elisha. [Heb.] God my salvation. Elizur. [Heb.] God is my rock. Ellis. [Heb.] A variation of Elisha. Elmer. [A.-S.] Noble; excellent. [A contraction of Ethelmer.] Elnathan. [Heb.] God gave. Emmanuel, [Heb.] God with us. Emery, ) Emmery, > [A.-S.] Powerful; rich. Emory, i Enoch. [Heb.] Consecrated; dedi- cated. Enos. [Heb.] Man. Ephraim. [Heb.] Very fruitful.— T>im. Eph (ef). Erasmus. [Gr.] Beloved; amiable. Lovely; worthy to be loved. Erastus. [Gr.] — Dim. 'Ras. Eric. [A.-S.] Rich; brave; powerful. Ernest. [Ger.] Earnest. Ethan. [Heb.] Firmness; strength Ethelbert. [A.-S.] Nobly bright.— Dim. Bert. Eugene. [Ger.] Wellborn; noble. — Dim. 'Gene (jen). Eustace. [Gr.] Healthy; strong; standing firm. Evan. [Celt.] Young warrior. Ezekiel. [Heb.] Strength of God. — Dim. Zeke. Ezra. [Heb.] Help.— Dim. Ez. F Felix. [LatJ Happy. Ferdinand. . [O. H. G.] Brave; valiant. — Dim. Ferd. Fernando. [O. H. G.] Same as Ferdinand. Francis. [O. H. G.] Free.— Dim. Frank. Frederic, ? [O. H. G.] Abounding Frederick, s in peace; or peaceful ruler. — Dim. Fred, Freddy. 6 Gabriel. [Heb.] Strength or man of god. — Dim. Gabe. Gamaliel. [Heb.] Recompense of God. Garret. [O. H. G.] See Gerald, or Grerard Geoffrey.' [O. H. G.] See Godfrey. George. [Ger.] A landholder; hus- bandman. — Dim. Georgie, Geor- die. Gerald, ? [O. H. G.] Strong with Gerard. ) the spear. Jerry. Gershom. [Heb.] An exile. Gideon. [Heb.] A destroyer. Gilbert. [O. H. G.] Yellow-bright; famous. — Dim. Bert. Giles. [Gr.] A kid. Given. [^ n g-] Gift of God. Godard. [0. G.] Pious; virtuous. Godfrey. [0. H. G.] At peace with God. Godwin. [A.-S.] Good fighter. Gregory. [Ger.] Watchful; vigilant. — Dim. Greg. Griffith. [Celt.] Having great faith. Gustavus. [Sw.] A warrior; hero. Guy. [0. H. G.] A leader. Hannibal. [Punic] Grace of Baal. Harold. [A.-S.] A champion; gen- eral of an army. — Dim. Harry. Heman. [Heb.] Faithful. Henry. [0. H. G.] The head or chief of a house. — Dim. Hal, Harry (by assimilation of consonant sound), Hen, Hank. Herbert. [A.-S.] Glory of the army. — Dim. Bert, Bertie. Her ma. [0. H. G.] A warrior. Hezekiah. [Heb.] Strength of the Lord. — Dim. Hez. Hilary. [Lat.] Cheerful; merry. Hiram. [Heb.] Most noble.— Dim. Hi. Horace. [Lat.] See Horatio. Horatio. [Lat.] (Uncertain). — Dim. Harry. Hosea. [Heb.] Salvation. Howell. [Celt.] Sound; whole. Hubert. [0. H. G.] Bright in spirit; soul-bright. — Dim. Bert. Hufo,' \ 1°-] Mind ; s P irit ' souL Humphrey. [A.-S.] Protector of the home. — Dim. Hump, Humph. Ichabod. [Heb.] The glory has de- parted Ignatius. [Gr.] Ardent; fiery. Immanuel. [Heb.] See Emmanuel. Ingram. [Teut.] Raven. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN Inigo. [Gr.] Ignatius* [Sp. form.] Iraf [HebJ Watchful. Isaac. [Heb.] Laughter. — Dim. Ike, Ikey. Isaiah. [Heb.] Salvation of the Lord. Israel. [Heb.] A soldier of God. — Dim. Izzy. Ivan. [Russ.] See John. He will cause pain. A supplanter. — Dim. Jabez. [Heb.] Jacob. [Heb.] Jake. Jairus. [Heb.] He will enlighten. James. [Heb.] See Jacob. — Dim. Jeames, Jem, Jim, Jemmy, Jimmy. Japheth. [Heb.] Enlargement. Jared. [Heb.] Descent. Jason. [Gr.] A healer. Jasper. [Per.] (Uncertain). Jedediah. [Heb.] Beloved of the Lord. — Dim. Jed. Jeffrey. [0. H. G.] See Godfrey.— Dim. Jeff, Geoff. jlremias, > [Heb.] Exalted of the Jeremy. S Lord - Jerome. Holy Name. — Dim. Jerry. Jesse. [Heb.] Wealth. Joab. [Heb.] Jehovah is his father. Job. [Heb.] Afflicted; persecuted. Joel. [Heb.] The Lord is God. John. [Heb.] The gracious gift of God. — Dim. Johnny, Jack, Jock. JoSa^'S [Heb.] A dove. Jonathan. [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. Joseph. [Heb.] He shall add. — Dim. Joe. Joshua. [Heb.] God of salvation. — Dim. Josh. Josiah, I s. S Josias. £ [Heb.] Given of the Lord. Jotham. [Heb.] The Lord is upright. Jude^'S [Heb -l Confession. Julian. [Lat.] Sprung from, or be- longing to, Julius. — Dim. Jule. Julius. [Gr.] Soft-haired. — Dim. Jule. Justin, ) rT , , Justus. \ l Lat -i Just. Kenelm. [A.-S.] A defender of his kindred. Kenneth. [Celt.] A leader; com- mander. Laban. [Heb.] White. Lambert. [O. H. G.] Illustrious with landed possessions. Lancelot. [Fr.] A little lance or warrior; or a servant. Laurence, { [Lat. Crowned with Lawrence. ) laurel. — Dim. Larry (Lawrie, Laurie, Scot.; Larry, Irish). Lazarus. [Heb.] Destitute of help. Leander. [Gr.] Lion-man. Lemuel. [Heb.] Created by God. — Dim. Lem. LeokJ t Lat -l Lion. Leonard. [Ger.] Strong; or brave as a lion. Leonidas. [Gr.] Lion-like. Leopold. [O. H. G.] Bold for the people. Levi. [Heb.] Adhesion. Lewis. [O. H. G.] Bold warrior. — Dim. Lou or Lew. Linus. [Gr.] Flaxen-haired. Lionel. [Lat.] Young lion. Llewellyn. [Celt.] Lightning. Lorenzo. [Lat.] See Laurence. Lot. [Heb.] A veil; a covering. Louis. [O. H. G.] See Lewis. [Fr form.] Lucian, ) [Lat.] Belonging to, Lucien. S sprung from, Lucius Lucius. [Lat.J Born at break of day. Ludovic. [0. H. G.] Also Ludwig, Ger. form of Lewis. Luke. [Lat.] Light. Luther. [Ger.] Illustrious warrior, or M Madoc. [Celt.] Good; beneficent. Malachi. [Heb.] -Messenger of the Lord. Manasseh. [Heb.] Forgetfulness. Marcellus. [Lat.] Dim. of Marcus. Marcius. [Lat.] See Marcus. Marcus, \ [Lat.] A hammer, other- Mark. S wise, a male, or sprung from Mars. Marmaduke. [A.-S.] A mighty noble. — Dim. 'Duke. Martin. [Lat.] Of Mars; warlike. Matthew. [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah, —Dim. Mat. Matthias. See Matthew. Maurice. [Lat.] Moorish; dark- colored. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN Maximilian. [Lat.] The greatest iEmilianus. — Dim. Max. Micah. [Heb.] Who is like the Lord? Michael. [Heb.] Who is like God? —Dim. Mike. Miles. [Lat.] A soldier. Moses. [Egypt.] Drawn out of the water. — Dim. Mose. N Nahum. [Heb.] Consolation. Napoleon. [Gr.] Lion of the forest- dell. — Dim. Nap. Nathan. [Heb.] Given; a gift. Nathanael, ) [Heb.] The gift of Nathaniel. $ God.— Dim. Nat. Heal, } [Lat.] Dark; swarthy; other- S wise [Celt.], chief. Peleg. [Heb.] Division. Peregrine. [Lat.] A stranger. Peter. [Gr.] A rock.— Dim. Pete. Philander. [Gr.] A lover of men. Philemon. [Gr.] Loving; friendly. Philip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. — Dim. Phil, Pip. Phinehas. f B^eb.] Mouth of brass. Pius. [Lat.] Pious; dutiful. Pliny. [Lat.] (Uncertain). Pompey. [Lat.] Showy. Preserved. [Eng.] Redeemed. [Heb.] Comfort of the Neil Nehemiah Lord. Nicholas, ) [Gr.] Victory of the peo- Nicolas. S Pie. — Dim. Nick. Nicodemus. [Heb.] Conqueror of the people. Noah. [Heb.] Rest; comfort. Noel. [Fr.] Christmas; born on Christmas day. Norman. [Ger.] A Northman; a native of Normandy. Obadiah. [Heb.] Servant of the Lord. Obed. [Heb.] Serving God. Octavus!' \ [ Lat, l The eighth-born. Oliver. [Lat.] An olive-tree. — Dim. Noll. Orestes. [Gr.] A mountaineer. Orlando. [Teut.] Same as Roland. [It. form.] Oscar. [Celt.] Leaping warrior. Osmund. [Teut.] Protection of God. Oswald. [O.H. G.] Power of God. Otto.' \ tL at -l A S iant - Owen. [Celt.] Lamb; otherwise, young warrior. Patrick. [Lat.] Noble; a patrician. —Dim. Pat, Paddy. Paulizs. S I Lat -l Little - Quint in, J Quentin. J [Lat.] The fifth. Ralph. [O. H. G] See Rodolphus. Raphael. [Heb.] The healing of God. Raymond. [Teut.] Wise protec- tion. Reginald. [Teut.] Strong ruler. — Dim. Reg. (rej), Reggie (rej'i). Reuben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. ReueL [Heb.] Friend of God. Reynold. [O. H. G.] Same as Reginald. Richard. [O. H. G.] A strong king; powerful. — Dim. Dick. Robert. [O. H. G.] Bright in fame. — Dim. Bob, Rob, Robin. Roderic, ) [O. H. G.] Rich in fame. Roderick. ) — Dim. Rurik. Rodolph, ) [O. H. G.] Famous Rodolphus. ) wolf, or hero. Roger. [O. H. G.] Famous with the spear. — Dim. Hodge, Hodgkin (h and r being etymologically con- vertible) . Roland, } [Teut,] Fame of the Rowland. ) land. Rudolph, I [O. H. G.] Variants Rudolphus. ) of Rodolphus. Rufus. [Lat.] Red; red-haired. — Dim. Rufe. Rupert. [O. H. G.] See Robert. Rurik. See Roderick. S Salmon. [Heb.] Shady. Samson, ? [Heb.] Splendid sun: Sampson. $ i. e., great joy and felicity, CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN Samuel. [Heb.] Heard by God. — Dim. Sam, Sammy. Saul. [Heb.] Asked for. Seba. [Heb.] Eminent. Sebastian. [Gr.] Venerable; rev- erend. Serenus. \ t Lat *l Calm ) peaceful. Seth. [Heb.] Appointed. Sigismund. [0. H. G.] Conquering protection. — Dim. Sig. Silas. [Lat.] A contraction of Sil- vanus. Silvanus. [Lat.] Living in a wood. Silvester. [Lat.] Bred in the coun- try; rustic. Simeon, ) [Heb.] Hearing with ac- Simon. ) ceptance. — Dim. Sim. Solomon. [Heb.] Peaceable. — Dim. Sol. Stephen. [Gr.] A crown or garland. — Dim. Steve. lylvaSus. \ See Silvanus. Sylvester. See Silvester. Ulysses. [Gr.] A hater. — Dim. 'Lyss Urban. [Lat.] Of the town; cour- teous; polished. Uriah. [Heb.] Fire of the Lord. Urian. [D.] A husbandman. Uriel. [Heb.] Light of God. Thaddeus. [Syr.] The wise. — Dim. Thad. Theobald. .[Teut.] Bold for the people. — Dim. Theo. Theodore, ) [Gr.] The gift of God. Theodoric. ( —Dim. Teddy. Theophilus. [Gr.] A lover of God. Theron. [Gr.] A hunter. Thomas. [Heb.] A twin. — Dim. Tom, Tommy. Timothy. [Gr.] Fearing God.— Dim. Tim. Titus. [Gr.] (Uncertain). Tobiah, ) [Heb.] Distinguished of Tobias. S the Lord.— Dim. Toby. Tristan, ) [Lat.] Grave; pensive; Tristram, f melancholy; sorrowful; sad. Valentine. [Lat.] Strong; healthy; ^powerful. — Dim. Val. Victor. [Lat.] A conqueror. — Dim. ^Vick. Vincent. [Lat.] Conquering; vic- torious. Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. W Walter. [0. H. G.] Wood master.— Dim. Wat, Walt. Wilbert. [A.-S.] Wellborn. William. [O. H. G.] Resolute hel- met, or, helmet of resolution; de- fense; protector. — Dim. Will, Wylli, and (by interchange of convertible letters) Bill, Billy. Winfred. [A.-S.] Peace winner. Zabdiel. [Heb.] Gift of God. Zaccheus. [Heb.] Innocent; pure. Zachariah,? [Heb.] Remembered of Zachary. S the Lord. — Dim. Zack. Zebedee. ' \ [Heb.] Gift of the Lord. Zechariah. [Heb.] The same as Zachariah. Zedekiah. [Heb.] Justice of the Lord. Zenas. [Gr.] Gift of Jupiter. Zephaniah. [Heb.] Hid of the Lord. — Dim. Zepn. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN NAMES OF WOMEN Abigail. [Heb.] My father's joy. — Dim. Abby, Abbie. Ada. [O. H. G.] See Edith. Adaline. See Adeline. Adela. See Adeline. Adelaide. See Adeline. Adelia. A variant of Adela. Adelina, j. [Teut.] Of noble birth; Adeline. ) a princess. — Dim. Addie. Agatha. [Gr.] Good; kind. Agnes. [Gr.] Chaste; pure. Alberta. fO. H. G.] Feminine of Albert. Alethea. [Gr.] Truth. Alexandra, ) [Gr.] Feminine of Alexandrina. S Alexander. Alice, ) [0. H. G.] Same as Ade- Alicia. S line. — Dim. Ally, or Allie, Elsie. Almira. Althea. Amabel [Ar.] Lofty; a princess. [Gr.] A healer. [Lat.] Lovable. Amanda. [Lat.] Worthy of love. Amelia. [Teut.] Busy, energetic— See Emeline. Amy. [Fr.] Beloved. AgS&.\ ^ Lovely; angelic. Anna, i [Heb.] Grace. — Dim. Annie, Anne< ' j Nanny, Nancy, Nan, Nina. Annette. [Heb.] A variant of Anne. Antoinette. [Gr.] Diminutive of Antonia. — Dim. Toinette, Nettie. Antonia. [Lat.] Inestimable. Arabella. [Lat.] A fair altar; other- wise, an Arabian woman. — Dim. Bella, Bel. Ariana. [Gr.] A corruption of Ariadne. Augusta. [Lat.] Feminine of Au- gustus. — Dim. 'Gusta, Gussie. Aurelia. [Lat.] Feminine of Au- relius. Aurora. [Lat.] Morning redness; fresh; brilliant. Barbara. [Gr.] Foreign; strange. — Dim. Bab. llltS*'] [Lat.] Happy. Belinda. (Uncertain.) Bringing victory. Berenice, \ r n Bernice. f L ur -J Bertha. [Teut.] Bright; beautiful; famous. — Dim. Bertie. Beulah. [Heb.] Land of rest. Bianca. [It.] White. BlaScheJ [Teut.] White. Bridget, ) [Celt.] Shining bright.— Brigit. J Dim. Biddy. Camilla. [Lat.] Attendant at a sacrifice. Caroline. Feminine of Carolus, the Latin of Charles. [Fr. form.] — Dim. Carrie, Caddie. Cassandra. [Gr.] She who inflames with love. [Gr.] Pure. — Dim. Cassie, Kate, Kat- rine, Kit, Kitty. Catherine. Feminine of Cecil. Catharina, Catharine, Catherine. Catalina. See Cecilia, \ [Lat.] e. B, > 3. ) Cis. Cecily. S — Dim. Sisley, Sis, Celestine. [Lat.] Heavenly. Celia. [Lat.] Feminine of Ccelius. Charlotte. [0. H. G.] Feminine of Charles. Dim. Lottie. Chloe. [Gr.] A green herb; a young shoot. Christiana, ) [Gr.] Feminine of Christina. \ Christian. — Dim. Chrissie, Tina. Cicely. [Lat.] A corruption of Ce- cilia. Clara. [Lat,] Bright; illustrious. — Dim. Clare, Cad. Claribel. [Lat.] Brightly fair. Clarice, \ [Lat.] Variants of Clara. Clarissa. J — Dim. Clare. Claudia. [Lat,] Feminine of Clau- dius. Clementina, ? [Lrt.] Mild; gentle. — Clementine. S Dim. Tina. Fern, of Clement. Constance. [Lat.] Firm; constant. — Dim. Connie. Cora. [Gr.] Maiden. See Corinna. Cordelia. [Lat.] Warm-hearted. Corinna. [Gr.] Maiden. Cornelia. [Lat.] Feminine of Cor- nelius. — Dim. Cornie, Nellie. Cynthia. [Gr.] Belonging to Mt. Cynthus. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN D Eve. [Heb.] The same as Eva. * *. ^ rrr ,_ n ^ t^. Evelina, } [Heb.] Ital. diminutive lleborah. [Heb.] A bee. — Dim. Eveline. S of Eva. Debby, Deb. Delia. [Gr.] Of Delos. F Diana. [Lat.] Goddess. — Dim. Di, Die. « . . rT , , T , Dinah. [Heb.] Judged. | a ^ s * m f' t Lat -l Lucky. D o r thea [Gr ' ] A contraction of Dor " Felice*' \ t Lat -] Happiness. Do°rcal?' [Gr.] A gazelle. Fidelia. [Lat.] Faithful Dorinda. [Gr.] See Dorothea. F1 ?£ a - . t Lat -3 F1 °wers. Dim. Flo, Dorothea, £ [Gr.] The gift of God. 1? / lossie - n , , m . fl Dorothy. —Dim. Dora, Dol, F1 P^ce. [Lat.] Blooming; flour- Dolly (the r being etymologically ishmg.— Dim. Florne, Flossie convertible ) Frances. [Ger.] Feminine of Fran- Drusilla. [Lat.] With dewy eyes. w ci J — Dim. Fannie^ Frank.. . L J J J Fredenca. [0. H. G.] Feminine of Frederick. — Dim. Freddie, and w Frieda. E G Edith. a [A.-S.] Happiness; other- Georgiana, i [Gr.] Feminine of wise, rich gift. Georgina. J George.— Dim. Georgie . Edna. [Heb.] Pleasure. Geraldine. Feminine of Gerald. Eleanor, j, [Gr.] Light;— the same Gertrude. [0. H. G.] Spear-maiden. Ehnor. S as Helen. — Dim. Ella, — Dim. Gertie, Truda. Nell, Nellie, Nora. Grace, ) rT . , n . Elena. See Helen. Gratia. \ ^ Lat *J Grace > favor - Elisabeth, ) [Heb.] Worshipper of Griselda. [Teut.] Stone-heroine.— Elizabeth, > God; consecrated to Dim. Grissel. Eliza. S God. — Dim. Bess, Bessey, Betsey, Betty, Lizzy, Libby, H Ella. Sa ' [Gr.] A contraction of Ele- S am ? a JS ^ b 'l S ee Anna. . ..- anor L Harriet, ) [0. H. G.] Feminine di- Ellen. '[Gr.] Diminutive of Eleanor. Ha £ rio V i ^P uti ^ *? f Henry Elsa. See Alice. „l? n S- f P^~ D ™. Hattae. Elvira. [Lat.] White. Helen, [Gr J Light.— Dim. Nell, Emeline, > [Teut.] Energetic; in- * elei i*:j ^e lhe, Lena. m Emmeline.J dustrious. Henrietta. [OH. GJ Feminine Emily. Same as Emeline. dimjnutive of Henry. [Fr. form.] Emma. Same as Emeline.— Dim. _— p™- Etta, Hetty. j \ Em, Emmie. Hephzibah. [Heb.] My delight is Ernestine. [Ger.] Feminine dim. of in her.— Dim. Hepsy. Ernest.— Dim. Tina. Hesther [ Per -1 Variants of Esther. Esther. [Per.] Star; good fortune; *£?; stner. ) «• j a secret.— Dim. Tess, Tessie, Ess, Hilana. [Lat.] Feminine of Hilary. EtS e -[A,S.] Noble; of noble birth. gSSffi. ! ^1 AlTwh Ethelind, ( m Q1 MM , Hortensia. [Lat .] A lady m the gar- Ethelinda \ lA.-fe.J JNoble snake. den. Also Hor tense. Eudora. [Gr.] Good gift. Huldah. [Heb.] A weasel. Eugenia. [Gr.] Feminine of Eugene. Eugenie. [Gr.] Fr. form of Eugenia. 1 Eulalia. [Gr.] Fair speech. Ida. [Teut.] Godlike. Eunice. [Gr.] Happy victory. Idabell. [Teut.] Godlike and fair. Euphemia. [Gr.] Of good report. Inez. [Gr.] The same as Agnes. —Dim. Effie. [Pg. form.] Eva. [Heb.] Life. Irene. [Gr.] Peace. — Dim. Renie. Evangeline. [Gr.] Bringing glad Isabel, } [Heb.] The same as Eliz- news. Isabella. S abeth. — Dim. Belle, Bella. B. 181. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN Jacqueline. [Heb.] Feminine of James. [Fr. form.] Jane. [Heb.] Feminine of John. : — See Joanna. Janet. [Heb.] Dim. of Jane. Jean, ) [Heb.] The same as Jeanne, > Jane or Joan. [Fr. Jeannette. ) forms.] Jemima. [Heb.] A dove. Jerusha. [Heb.] Possessed: married. Jesse. [Heb.] Wealth. Joanna. S [Heb.] Feminine of John. Josepha, ? [Heb.] Feminine of Josephine. ) Joseph. — Dim. Josie, Jo, Phenie. Joyce. [Lat.] Sportive. Judith. [Heb.] Praised. — Dim. Judy, Ju. Julia. [Lat.] Feminine of Julius. — Dim. Julie. Juliana. [Lat.] Feminine of Julian. Juliette. [Lat.] Diminutive of Julia. [Fr. form.] Justina. [Lat.] Feminine of Justin. Kate. Dim. of Catherine. lathcrto-e! \ [Gr.] See Catherine. Eeturah. [Heb.] Incense. Eeziah. [Heb.] Cassia. Laura. [Lat.] A laurel (perhaps) for Laurea. Lavinia. [Lat.] Of Latium. Lena. [Gr.] Dim. of Helen. Leonora. [Gr.] Same as Eleanor. Letitia. [Lat.] Happiness. — Dim. Lettie, Lettice. Lilly! 11 ' 1 t Lat -l Lily.-Dim. Lil. Livia. [Lat.] See Olivia. Lois. [Gr.] Good; desirable. Louisa, ) [0. H. G.] Feminine of Louise, f Louis. — Dim. Louie, Lou. Lucia. [Lat.] Ital. form of Lucy. Lucinda. [Lat.] The same as Lucy. Lucretia. [Lat.] Gain; otherwise, light. Lucy. [Lat.] Feminine of Lucius. Lucile. [Lat.] See Lucy. Lydia. [Gr.] A native of Lydia, in Asia Minor. M Mabel. [Lat.] A contraction of Amabel. Madeline. [Heb.] Another form of Magdalene. Magdalene. [Heb.] Belonging to Magdala. — Dim. Maud, Maudlin, Lena. Marcella. [Lat.] Feminine of Mar- cellus. Marcia. Feminine of Marcius. — Dim . Marsh. Margaret. [Gr.] A pearl. — Dim. Greta, Mag, Madge, Maggie, Mar- gie, Marjory, Meg, Meta, Peg, Peggy (m and p being cognate letters) . Maria. [Heb.] See Mary. Marianne. [Heb.] Another com- pound of Mary and Anne. Marion. [Heb.] A French form of Mary. Martha. [Heb.] The ruler of the house; otherwise sorrowful. — Dim. Mat, Mattie, Pat, Pattie. Mary. [Heb.] Bitter; otherwise, their rebellion, or star of the sea. — Dim. Moll, Mollie, Polly, May. Mathilda, ) [0. H. G.] Mighty bat- Matilda. S tie-maid; heroine. — Dim. Mat, Matty, Maud, Pattie (m and p being convertible). May. A diminutive of Mary, or the month. Mehetabel, ) [Heb.] Benefited of Mehitable. S God.— Dim. Hetty. Melicent. [Lat.] Sweet singer. — Dim. Millie. Melissa. [Gr.] A bee. Mildred. [Ger.] Mild speaker. — Dim. Millie. Miranda. [Lat.] Admirable. Miriam. [Heb.] See Mary. Myra. [Gr.] She who weeps or laments. N Nancy. A familiar form of Anne. — Dim, Nan, Nance, Nina. Nellie. Dim. of Ellen, Helen, or Eleanor. Nora. A contraction of Honora. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN Octavia. [Lat.] Feminine of Octa- yius. — Dim. Tavie Olivia. [ [L^.] An olive. — Dim. Livie. Ophelia. [Gr.] A help; useful. Olympia. [Gr.] Heavenly. Paula. [Lat.] Feminine of Paul. PaSliSe.' } I Lat -l Dim - Paula - Penelope. [Gr.] A weaver. — Dim. Pen. Persis. [Gr.] A Persian woman. Phebe. [Gr.] The same as Phoebe. Philippa. [Gr.] Feminine of Philip. Phoebe. [Gr.] Pure; radiant. — Dim. Phebe. Phyllis. [Gr.] A green bough. Polly. [Eng.] Dim. of Mary. Priscilla. [Lat.] Somewhat old; an- cient. — Dim. Prissie. R Rachel. [Heb.] A ewe; a lamb. Rebecca, t [Heb.] Of enchanting Rebekah. S beauty. — Dim. Beckie. Rhoda. [Gr.] A rose. Rosa. [Lat.] A rose. — Dim. Rosie. Rosabel, J [Lat] A fair rose> Rosabella. Little and bloom- Rosalie. £ ing rose. Deriv. of Rosa. [Fr. and It. forms.] Rosalind. [Lat.] Beautiful as a rose. — Dim. Rose, Linda. Rosamond. [Teut.] Horse-protec- tion, or famous protection. Rozana. [Per.] Dawn of day. Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. Sophia. [Gr.] Wisdom.— Dim. Sophie, Sophronia. [Gr.] Of a sound mind. Stella. [Lat.] A star. Stephana. [Gr.] Feminine of Ste- phen. Susan, ) [Heb.] A lily.— Dim. Susanna, > Sue ; Suke, Suky, Susannah. ) Susie. Sylvia. [Lat.] Of the woods. Fem- inine of Sylvius. Tabitha. [Syr.] A gazelle. — Dim. Tabby. Theodora. [Gr.] Feminine of Theo- dore.— Dim. Dora, Theo. Theodosia. [Gr.] The gift of God. Theresa, I [Gr.] Carrying ears of Therese. J corn. — Dim. Tessie, Tess. Ulrica. [Teut.] Rich. ' Urania. [Gr.] Heavenly. — the name of one of the Muses. Ursula. [Lat.] She-bear, Feminine of Va« Uncertain. Victory. Fem- Valeria. [Lat.] lerius. Veronica, I rT , , 1 Vera. \ L Ital -J Victoria. [Lat.] inine of Victor. Vida. [Erse.] Feminine of David. Viola. [Lat.] A violet. — Dim. Vi. Virginia. [Lat.] Virgin; pure. — Dim. Virgie, Jennie. Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. — Dim. Vivie. W Sabina. [Lat.] A Sabine woman. Salome. [Heb.] Peaceful. Sara, { [Heb.] A princess. — Dim. Sarah. J Sadie, Sal, Sally. Selina. [Gr.] Parsley, or moon. — Dim. Lina. Serena. [Lat.] Feminine of Se- renus or Sereno. Sibylla. \ [° r -l A Prophetess. Silvia. See Sylvia. Wilhelmina. [0. H. G.] Feminine of Wilhelm, German of William. — Dim. Wilmett, Wilmot, Mina, Minella, Billie. Winifred. [A.-S.] Lover of Peace. — Dim. Winnie. Zenobia. [Gr.] Having life from Jupiter. Zoe. [Gr.] Life. NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES Abdul II. of Turkey: "Abdul the Damned." Adams, John: "The Duke of Brain- tree," because of his overbearing and rather haughty manners. Adams, Samuel: "The American Cato." Alexander the Great: "The Madman of Macedonia." Alexander II. of Russia: "The Liberator." Allen, Senator William: "The Ohio Gong" ; "Earthquake Allen" ; "Green- back Bill." Angelico, Fra. See Giovanni da Fiesole. Anne I. of England: "Good Queen Anne"; "Brandy Nose." Aquinas, Thomas: "The Angelic Doctor"; "The Angel of the Schools". Arthur, Chester A.: While he was Vice-President he was called, "The Prince of Wales"; by his intimates he was known as "Chet." Attila: "The Scourge of God." Balfour, A. J.: "Miss Alice." Banks, Gen. N. P.: "The Bobbin Boy." Barnum, P. T.: "The Greatest Show- man on Earth." Barnum, William H.: "Seven Mule Barnum." Bayard, Pierre du Terrail: "The Chevalier without Fear and without Reproach." Beaoonsfisld, Lord. See Disraeli, Benjamin. Benton, Thomas H.: "Old Bullion." Bismarck, Otto von: "The Iron Chancellor"; "The Man of Blood and Iron." Blaine, James G.: "Nosey Blaine"; "Blaine of Maine"; "The Tattooed Man"; "The Plumed Knight"; "The Rupert of Debate," and "Jim the Penman," alluding to the Mulligan Letters. Bland, Richard P.: "The Father of Free Silver"; "Silver Dick." Bliicher, Gebhard von: "Old For- ward," iy or warts) from his indomi- table courage, which made him always urge his soldiers on to battle, even though he himself was wounded. Another name for him was "Old Raw-Head and Bloody Bones." Bonaparte, Napoleon: "The Heir of the Republic"; "The Man of Destiny." Boone, Daniel: "Long Knife" (from the terror which he inspired in the Indians). Borde, Andrew: (Physician to Henry VIII.) "Merry Andrew." Bos well, James: "Bozzy." Bradley, Justice Joseph: "Aliunde Joe," t because in the Electoral Commission of 1877 he decided that certain points of issue were aliunde or irrelevant. Brown, John: "Ossawatomie Brown." Browne, C. F.: "Artemus Ward." Brownlow, William G.: An ignorant and coarse fanatic during the Civil War on the side of the North. He afterwards became Governor and Senator from Tennessee. Because he had once been a Methodist min- ister, he was widely known as "Parson Brownlow." Brummell, George: "Beau Brum- mell." Bryan, William Jennings: "The Boy, Orator of the Platte"; "The Rab&it's Foot Statesman." Buchanan, James: Mr. Buchanan was a candidate for the Presidency with Senator Breckenridge as his "running mate." The two were popularly called "Buck and Breck." After the election, President Bu- chanan was styled "Old Buck"; also "The Old Public Functionary." Bunyan, John: "The Bedford Tinker." Burns, Robert: "Oor Rab"; "The Excise Poet"; "The Laureate of Scotland"; "The Ploughman Poet." Butler, Gen, B. F.: "Old Spoons"; NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES "Beast Butler"; "Cock-eyed But- Cleveland, Grover: called by his ler": "Bottled-up Butler." enemies "The Perpetual Candidate" : and "The Stuffed Prophet." q Cobden, Richard: "The Apostle of Free Trade." Carlyle, Thomas: "The Sage of Cockran, W. Bourke: "The Mulligan Chelsea." Guard Demosthenes." Carnegie, Andrew: "The Laird of Cody, William F.: "Buffalo Bill." Skibo." Crichton, James: "The Admirable Catherine II. of Russia: "The Crichton." Semiramis of the North." (A name Croker, Richard: "Shifty Dick." also given to Queen Christina of Cromwell, Oliver: "Old Noll": and Sweden.) "The Protector." Cenci, Beatrice: "The Beautiful Parricide." j\ Chamberlain, Joseph: "Brummagem ~ ~, . urp , AT . ,, Joe"; "Shifty Joe"; "Pushful Joe." ^^ Chas^A.: "The Nestor of the Charles (Crowned Emperor 800 A.D., ^ Press. and first head of the Holy Roman Da ? c > Jeanne: "The Maid of Or- Empire) : "Carolus Magnus," "Char- l eans - .. ™, T ,. _., lemagne." Democritus: "The Laughing Philos- Charles, iast Duke of Burgundy: n op .i m, « Gargantua, the giant hero of Rabe- lais' s famous work of the same name; son of Grangousier. Gaunt, Griffeth, husband of Kate, and hero of Reade's novel bearing his name. He is the personification of jealousy. Gautier, Marguerite, heroine of Dumas' s play, The Lady with the Camelias. Gay, Walter, husband of Florence Dombey in Dickens's Dombey and Son. Gerard, Brigadier, an officer of the Grande Armee, fire-eater and brag- gart, whose self-related exploits, in the volume by Conan Doyle which bears his name, form a genial satire on the foibles and virtues of French character. Gil Bias, the hero of a celebrated novel of Spanish manners by Le Sage. Gilpin, John, a "London Citizen, " whose extraordinary ride is cele- brated in a poem by Cowper. Ginevra, the heroine of a poem by Samuel Rogers, who perished tragi- cally on her wedding day by being locked in a huge chest which closed with a spring. Goneril, Lear's eldest daughter in Shakespeare's King Lear. Gosling, Giles, landlord of the Black Bear Inn, in Scott's Kenilworth. Gradgrind, Thomas, a /'man of facts and calculations," in Dickens's Hard Times. Grandet, Eugenie, heroine of Balzac's novel of that name. Grandison, Sir Charles, intended by Richardson, in his novel by that name, to represent his ideal of the good Christian and the perfect English gentleman. Grangousier, father of Gargantua in Rabelais' s famous work. Gray, Vivian, the hero of Disraeli's novel of that name. Greaves, Sir Launcelot, the hero of a novel by Smolett. Griggs, Paul, the supposed narrator of Marion Crawford's first novel, Mr. Isaacs. He also figures in later novels, notably Paul Patoff. Grimaud, valet of Athos in Dumas's Three Musketeers series; model of faithfulness and taciturnity. Grisel, the heroine of Barrie's Sen- timental Tommy. FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE Griselda, The Patient, the heroine of Chaucer's Clcrh cf Cxenford's Tale, immortalized for her meekness and virtue. Grundy, Mrs., a personage often men- tioned, but not introduced, in ]\ Nor- ton's comedy, Speed the PIouqJi. The recurrent question, "What Trill Mrs. Grundy say?" has made the name proverbial. Guest, Stephen, the lover for whom Maggie Tullivcr breaks faith with Philip Wakcm, in George Eliot's Mill on the Floss. Guinevere, faithless wife of King Arthur; heroine of that one of Tennyson's Idylls of the King which bears her name. Gulliver, Lemuel, hero of Swift's satiric romance, Gulliver's Travels. Guzman de Alfarache, the hero of a celebrated Spanish picaroon novel which, together with its predecessor, Lazarille de Termes, founded the type of Romance of Roguery, the surviving influence of which is still apparent in Pickwich. Gynt, Peer, hero of Ibsen's drama of that name. Haidee, a beautiful Greek girl in Byron's Don Juan. Hajji Baba, the hero of a sort of Persian picaroon novel of the same name, by James Morier, written on the Gil Bias model. Halifax, John, the hero of Mrs. Craik's novel, John Halifax, Gentle- man, who rises from extreme poverty, by faithfulness m and courage, to wealth and position. Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. Handy Andy, the hero of an Irish tale of that name by Samuel Lover. Hardcastle, Miss, the pretty and spirited heroine of Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer, who "ctoops" to a pardonable deceit in order to "con- quer" the bashfulness of Mario w, whom she loves. Harleth, Gwendolin, the heroine of George Eliot's Daniel Deronda. Harlowe, Clarissa, the heroine of Richardson's novel of that name. Harold, Childe, the world-weary hero of Byron's poem, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Harpsgon, the avaricious hero of Moliere's L' Avars. Harris, Mrs., a non-existent person constantly referred to by Mrs. Gamp in Dickens's Martin Chuzzle- wit, m as authority for her own fabrications and fancies. Harum, David, an eccentric but lov- able character, country banker acd shrewd judge of horses, hero of Edward Noycs Westcott's novel of the same name. Harvey, Clarence, hero of Miss Edge worth's novel, Belinda. Hanlisbee, Mrs., a character prorri- ncnt in a number of Kipling's earlier stories, defined as having "once in her life done a good deed for another woman." Heep, Uriah, a hypocritical sneak in Dickens's David Copperfield. Heldar, Dick, the artist hero of Kip- ling's Light that Failed, whose hope of winning Maisie ends with his blindness. Helena, the heroine of Shakespeare's All's Well that Ends Well. Helmar, Nora, the heroine of Ibsen's Doll's House, who asserts the right of a wife to be something more than a man's plaything. Hermil, Tullio, hero of D'Annunzio's novel, The Intruder, driven by re- morse to confess the murder of a child. Hexam, Lizzie, in love with Wray- burn in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend. Hiawatha, a legendary character of American Indian tradition, hero of Longfellow's poem of that name. Hilda, one of the two chief female characters in Hawthorne's Marble Faun. Holmes, Sherlock, an invincible de- tective, who arrives at his solutions by the sheer force of his analytical reasoning; hero of Conan Doyle's Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Holt, Felix, the working man's cham- pion, hero of George Eliot's novel, Felix Holt, Radical. Honeycomb, Will, a prominent mem- ber of the imaginary club by whom the Spectator was edited. Honeyman, Charles, a fashionable preacher in Thackeray's Newcomes. Hopeful, a pilgrim in Bunyan's Pil- grim's Progress. Horatio, the scholar friend of Hamlet in Shakespeare's Hamlet. FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE Huckleberry Finn, the hero of Mark Twain's story of that name. Hudibras, the hero of Butler's poem of that name; a sort of Presbyterian Don Quixote. Hyde, Mr., one phase of the dual personality in Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; symbolic embodi- ment of man's evil nature, separated from his nobler part. Hypatia, a cultured Athenian woman who lived in the fifth century, at Alexandria; heroine of Charles Kings- ley's novel of that name. Karenina, Anna, heroine of Tolstoy's novel of that name. < Kilmansegg, the heroine of Thomag Hood's poem, "The Golden Legend," distinguished for the possession o> one artificial leg of solid gold. Kim, an Anglo-Indian waif, nurtured in the native bazaars and used as a spy by the British secret service, hero of Kipling's novel of that name. Iago, the villain of Shakespeare's Othello. Ibbetson, Peter, the hero of Du Maurier's novel of the same name. Imogen, the heroine of Shakespeare's Cymbeline. Innes, Evelyn, the heroine of George Moore's novel of that name and its seauel, Sister Teresa^ driven by con- science to leave an immoral life and enter a sisterhood. Isabella, heroine of Shakespeare's Measure for Measure. Ivanhoe, the hero of Scott's novel of that name. J Jack, Colonel, the hero of De Foe's novel of that name. Jaffier, the hero of Otway's Venice Preserved. Jaques, a melancholy philosopher in Shakespeare's As You Like It. Jarndyce, a benevolent character in Dickens's Bleak House. Jekyll, Dr., the normal or nobler phase of a dual personality in Stevenson's symbolic novel, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Jessica, the beautiful daughter of Shylock, in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. Jingle, Alfred, an adventurer in Dickens's Pickwick Papers. Jones, Tom, hero of Fielding's novel of that name. Jourdain, M., hero of Moliere's Bourgeois Gentilhomme, famous for his naive discovery that he spoke in prose. Julie, heroine of Rousseau's novel, Julie, ou la Nouvelle HSloise. Juliet, heroine of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Lady Bountiful, a benevolent charac- ter in Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem. Laertes, brother of Ophelia in Shake- speare's Hamlet. Lalla Rookh, the heroine of Moore's poem of that name. Languish, Lydia, the romantic hero- ine of Sheridan's The Rivals. Lantier, Claude, hero, of Zola's JUCEuvre) an artist who, in despair of attaining his ideal, hangs himself. Lantier, Jacques, hero of Zola's B&e Humaine, a railroad engineer with homicidal mania. Lapham, Silas, self-made man, whose fortune is based on a patent pdnt, and career is traced in Howells's Rise and Fall of Silas Lapham. Lavender, natural daughter of Ruth the Laundress, and heroine of Pinero's play, Sweet Lavender. Lavender, Dr., prominent character in Margaret Deland's Old Chester Tales. Leather stocking, sobriquet given, to Natty Bummpo, a hunter, most famous of Cooper's characters; he appears in The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, and The Prairie. Le Coq, M., a famous French detec- tive, figuring prominently in a num- ber of novels by Gaborieau. Legree, Simon, the brutal slave mas- ter in Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, who has Uncle Tom whipped to death. Leigh, Sir Amyas, hero of Charles Kingsley's Westward Ho! Leigh, Aurora, the heroine of Mrs* Browning's poem novel of that name. Leila, the heroine of Byron's romantic poem, The Giaour. Lenore, the "rare ana radiant maid- FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE en" mentioned in Poe's poem, The Raven. Little, Henry, hero of Reade's Put Yourself in His Place. Little Billee, the hero of Du Maimer's Trilby ', forming, with Taffy and The Laird, the "Three Mousquetaires of the Brush." Little Nell, a precocious and phe- nomenally good child, forming the central interest of Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop. Lochinvar, the hero of Scott's ballad, Young t Lochinvar, sung by Lady Heron in Marmion. Locke, Alton, a tailor, poet, and ex- ponent of Christian socialism, hero of Kingsley's novel of that name. Lorequer, Harry, the hero of Charles Lever's novel of that name. Lothair, Marquis of, the hero of Disraeli's novel, Lothair. Lovelace, a man of fashion and gal- lantry, the hero of Richardson's Clarissa Harlowe. Lumpkin, Tony, a dull-witted coun- try squire, in Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer. M McFlimsey, Flora, heroine of Noth- ing to Wear, a popular satiric poem by William Allen Butler. McLeod, Sir Keith, the hero of William Black's novel, McLeod of Dare. McTeague, the hero of Frank Norris's novel of the same name, an uncouth dentist, slow and brutal. Macbeth, thane of Cawdor, hero of Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. Macduff, a Scottish chief, who finally slays Macbeth in battle. Maclvor, Flora, the heroine of Scott's Rob Roy. Mackellar, steward of the^ estate of the Master of Ballantrae, in Steven- son's novel of that name. Mackenzie, a termagant widow, mother-in-law of Clive, in Thacke- ray's Newcomes. Mackenzie, Sheila, a sensitive, un- spoiled Scotch girl, heroine of Wil- liam Black's Princess of Thule. Malaprop, Mrs., a character in Sheri- dan's The Rivals, famed for her ex- traordinary verbal blunders. Malavoglia, I., a Sicilian family of fisher folk, the subject of Giovanni Verga's Italian novel of that name. E. 182. Maleine, La Princesse, the ill-fated heroine of Maeterlinck's tragedy of that name. Mancanou, Aurora and Glotilde, the heroines of George W. Cable's novel, The Grandissimes. Manfred, the gloomy, solitary hero of Byron's tragedy of that name. Marchioness, The, a little ill-used, half starved maid-servant of the Brasses in Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop. Margaret, the heroine of Goethe's Faust, seduced by Faust. Marlow, Young, the hero of Gold- smith's She Stoops to Conquer. Marner, Silas, the central figure in George Eliot's novel of the same name. Marsh, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, four sisters, the heroines of Miss Alcott's Little Women. Mascarille, a valet introduced by Moliere into several plays, L'lttourdi, Le Depit Amour eux, and Les Presieuses Ridicules. Mavering, Dan, the hero of Howells's April Hopes, who finds it difficult to meet the expectations of an over- serious young woman. Maxwell, Marcella, heroine of Mrs. Humphry Ward's Marcella, and its sequel, Sir George Tressady. Meeber, Carrie, the heroine of Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie, type of young woman who, at all cost to herself and others, seeks to satisfy her physical comforts and love of luxury. Meister, Wilhelm, the hero of Goethe's novel of that name. Melema, Tito, the handsome and wily Greek, who marries the heroine of George Eliot's Romola. Meiisande, the heroine of Maeter- linck's drama, Pelleas et Meiisande. Melnotte, Claude, the hero of Bul- wer's romantic play, The Lady of Lyons. Mephistopheies, the devil in Goethe's Faust. Mercutio, the witty and polished friend of Romeo, in Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet. Merrilees, Meg, a half crazy gypsy, who plays a prominent part in Scott's Guy Mannering. Merton, Tommy, one of the two principal characters in a once very FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE popular juvenile work, by Thomas Day, Sandford and Merton. Mieawber, Wilkins, always "waiting for something to turn up," in Dick- ens's David Copperfield. Mickelham, Dolly, the heroine of Anthony Hope's Dolly Dialogues. Mignon, a mysterious young Italian girl, in Goethe's JVilhelm Meister, secretly in love with the hero. Mildmay, Frank, the hero of Marry- at's novel of the same name. Miller, Daisy, the very American heroine of Henry James's novel of that name, whose high spirits and ignorance of conventions cause her to be cruelly misjudged. Minnehaha, "Laughing Water," an Indian maiden, bride of Hiawatha, in Longfellow's poem. Miranda, daughter of Prospero, loved by Ferdinand, in Shakespeare's The Tempest. Miriam, one of the two heroines of Hawthorne's Marble Faun, who sees Donatello commit the crime which is the turning point of the story. Montgomery, Ellen, the young hero- ine of a once very popular didactic novel by Susan Warner, The Wide, Wide World. Mowgli, a sort of modern Romulus, being an Irish child abandoned and nurtured by a she- wolf; he is the hero of Kipling's Jungle Books, and is represented as understanding the speech and the characters of all the jungle folk, and being trained in "the Law of the Jungle." _ Muller, Maud, a rustic maiden, hero- ine of Whittier's well-known poem of that name. Mulvaney, Terence, oneof the "Three Musketeers" in Kipling's wonderful stories of the Indian " Tommies." N Nana, a Parisian courtezan, heroine of Zola's novel of that name. Nemo, Captain, the mysterious com- mander of the submarine vessel, the Nautilus, in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues under the t Sea, and the Mysterious Island series. Nevers, Lucile de, heroine of Owen Meredith's romantic novel in verse, Lucile. Newcome, Clive, the hero of Thacke- ray's The Newcomes, son of the Colonel. Newcome, Colonel, a prominent character in The Newcomes, dis- tinguished for moral beauty of hia life. Newcome, Ethel, the beautiful cousin, and finally wife, of Clive Newcome. Nickleby, Mrs., an irrelevant and credulous person in Dickens's Nicho- las Nickleby. Nickleby, Nicholas, the hero of Dickens's novel of that name. North, Violet, heroine of William Black's Madcap Violet. Nydia, a blind flower girl in Bulwer's Last Days of Pompeii. Oak, Gabriel, the hero of Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd; he marries Bathsheba Ever dene after her mad lover, Boldwood, kills her unworthy lover, Sergent Troy. Oldbuck, Jonathan, connoisseur and collector, who gives his name to Scott's Antiquary. Old Mortality, a gravestone cleaner, who gives his name to Scott's Ola Mortality. Olifaunt, Nigel, hero of Scott's Fortunes of Nigel. O'Malley, Charles, an Irish Dragoon, hero of Charles Lever's novel of that name. O'More, Rory, the hero of Samuel Lover's novel of that name; also of a song by the same author. m Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. in love with Hamlet, in Shakespeare s Ham- let. Orlando, the nephew of Charlemagne, hero of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Orlando, lover of Rosalind, in Shake- speare's As You Like It. Osborne, _ George, marries Amelia Sedley, in Thackeray's Vanity Fair. Othello, a Moor of Venice, hero of Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. O'Trigger, an Irish adventurer in Sheridan's The Rivals. Page, Mrs., a character in Shake- speare's Merry Wives of Windsor, with whom Falstaff is in love, and who joins with Mrs. Ford in a plot to dupe and disgrace him. FAMOUS CHARACTERS IX POETRY AND PROSE Pamela, the virtuous heroine of Richardson's novel of that name. Pan? Peter, the little boy who did not wish to grow up, the hero of Barrie's fain.' play of that name. Pangioss. 1, an optimistic philosopher in Voltaire's Candide. 2. a pedant in Coleman's The Heir at Law. Pantagruel, son of Gargantua; the learned and mighty-stomached hero of Rabelais's satire of that name. Panurge, the real hero of Rabelais's Pantagruel; an arrant rogue, a drunkard, a coward, and a libertine. Panza, Sancho, the esquire of Don Quixote, type of vulgar common sense without imagination. Parigot, Berzelius Nibbedard, the lovable but eccentric wanderer, who fills the title role in William J. Locke's Beloved Vagabond. Partington, Mrs., a sort of second Mrs. Malaprop, created by the American humorist, B. P. Shillaber, and noted for her misuse of words. Pascarel, an Italian strolling player, hero of Ouida's novel of that name. Pasmer, Alice, the heroine of Mr. Howells's April Hopes, who almost misses happiness through trying to live up to impossible ideals. Patoff, Paul, the hero of Marion Crawford's story of modern Con- stantinople, which bears his name. Pauline, the heroine of Bulwer's play, The Lady of Lyons. Pecksniff, architect and hypocrite, father of Mercy, in Dickens's Martin Chuzzleicit. Peebles, Peter, drunkard and liar in Scott's Red Gauntlet. Pelleas, hero of Maeterlinck's play, Pelleas et Melisande. Pendennis, Arthur, the clever and somewhat conceited hero of Thacke- ray's Pendennis. Pendennis, Major, Arthur's uncle, elderly clubman and man of fashion, with a keen knowledge of human na- ture, in Thackeray's Pendennis. Perdita, the sweetheart of Florizel in Shakespeare's Winter's Tale. Petruchio, the madcap husband of Katherine in Shakespeare's Taming of the Shreic. Pickle, Peregrine, the dissolute hero of Smollett's Adventures of Peregrine Pickle. Pickwick, Samuel, the hero of Dick- ens's Pickivick Papers, and founder of the Pickwick Club. Pinson, Mimi, one of the heroines of Murger's Vie de Boheme. Pippa, heroine of Browning's poem, Pippa Passes. Pistol, Ancient, a swaggering, loud- mouthed, rascally follower of Fal- staft in Shakespeare's Henry IV and Merry Wives of Windsor. Polonius, lord chamberlain of the king, and father of Ophelia, in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Porthos, one of the four heroes of Dumas's Three Musketeers, distin- guished for his physical prowess, his vanity and his simple - minded loyalty. Portia, the heroine of Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. Portman, Belinda, the heroine of Miss Edgeworth's Belinda. Power, Paula, the heroine of Hardy's The Laodicean. Primrose, Doctor, the noble-minded vicar in Goldsmith's Vicar of Wake- field. Primrose, Olivia, the well-beloved and unfortunate daughter of Doctor Primrose, heroine of The Vicar of Wakefield. Priscilla, half-sister of Zenobia, and one of the two heroines of Haw- thorne's Blithedale Romance. Proudie, Bishop, the henpecked bishop in Trollope's Barchester Towers. Proudie, Mrs., wife of the above, whose amazonian personality for a long time dominates those about her, and who cannot survive her final loss of authority. Prynne, Hester, the heroine of Haw- thorne's Scarlet Letter. Pyecroft, warrant officer, who figures more or less prominently in several of Kipling's later stories. Pyncheon, Phoebe, the heroine of Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables. Q Quasimodo, a monster of deformity in Victor Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris. Quatermain, Allen, hero of Rider Haggard's melodramatic adventure stories, King Solomon's Mines and Allen Quatermain. Quex, Lord, the hero of Pinero's play, The Gay Lord Quex. FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE Quickly, Mrs., hostess of the East- cheap tavern in Shakespeare's Henry IV. Quilp, a vicious, ill-tempered dwarf in Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop. Quisante, type of charlatan, and po- litical adventurer, hero of Anthony Hope's novel of that name. Raffles, gentleman burglar, hero of a long series of stories by E. W. Hornung. Random, Roderick, the sensual, un- feeling hero of Smollett's novel of that name. Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia, the hero of Dr. Johnson's novel of that name. Rassendyll, Rudolf, the venture- some hero of Anthony Hope's Prisoner of Zenda and its sequel, Rupert of Hentzau. Ravenswood, the haughty hero of Scott's Bride of Lammermoor . Regan, the second daughter of Lear in Shakespeare's King Lear. Remus, Uncle, a shrewd and humor- ous old negro, a product of the plantation system, with a store of beast fables that constitute Joel Chandler Harris's Uncle Remus's Stories. Richard Yea- and- Nay, hero of Maurice Hewlett's romantic novel of that name, based upon the life of Richard the Lion-hearted, yet treated with a freedom and in- dividuality that make him essentially a fictitious character. Richmond, Harry, the hero of Mere- dith's novel of that name. Robarts, Amy, one of Trolkrpe's hero- ines, whose chequered love and mar- riage with Lord Lufton fre related in Framley Parsonage. Rochester, the sombre and moody hero of Charlotte Bronte's novel, Jane Eyre. Romeo, a Montague, beloved of Juliet, in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Romola, the heroine of George Eliot's Florentine novel of that name. Rosalind, heroine of Shakespeare's As You Like It. Rougon-Macquart Family, a French family under the Second Empire, whose many branches, all tainted with some abnormality inherited from a common ancestress, Adelaide Fouque, form the theme of the twenty volumes by Emile Zola, known as the Rougon-Macquart Series. Roumestan, Numa, hero of Daudet's novel of that name, considered to be the best of all that author's attempts to picture the imaginative, ex- travagant, unconsciously mendacious nature of the Provencal. Rudge, Barnaby, a half-witted youth, who fills the title role of Dickens's Barnaby Rudge. S Salammbd, the heroine of Flaubert's realistic historical novel of ancient Carthage, which bears her name. Sandf ord, one of the heroes of Thomas Day's once popular juvenile story, Sandf ord and Merton. Santuzza, the heroine of Verga's Sicilian story, Cavalleria Rusticana, and also of his play of the same name, and of Mascagni's opera based upon it. Sawyer, Tom, the hero of Mark Twain's story of the same name. Scheherezade, Queen, the wife of the Sultan, who tells the tales of the Arabian Nights. Schlimihl, Peter, hero of Chamisso's tale of that name, who sells his shadow to the devil. Scrooge, Ebenezer, "a tight-fisted hand at the grind-stone;" the miser who in Dickens's Christmas Carol is reformed by the three ghosts of Christmas, Past, Present and Future. Sedley, Amelia, a character in Thackeray's Vanity Fair, represent- ing virtue without intellect, as Becky Sharp represents intellect without virtue. Shadd, Dinah, a character that oc- curs in several early stories by Kipling; she marries Terence Mul- vaney. Shandy, Tristam, the nominal hero of Sterne's novel of that name. Sharp, Rebecca, the clever, schem- ing heroine of Thackeray's Vanity Fair. Shylock, the vindictive Jew, who de- mands his "pound of flesh" in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. Simple, Peter, the hero of Marryat's novel of that name. FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE Skariatine, Boris, Michaelovitch, Count, the hero of Marion Craw- ford's little masterpiece, A Cigarette Maker's Romance, Skimpole, Harold, a character in Dickens's Bleak House, said to be drawn from Leigh Hunt. Sneerwell, Lady, a gossip and back- biter in Sheridan's School for t Scandal. Snodgrass, Augustus, a poetic nonen- tity, and one of the members of the Pickwick Club, in Dickens's Pick- wick Papers. Snow, Lucy, the heroine of Charlotte Bronte's Vilette. Sound, Sylvester, the hero of Henry Cockton's novel of that name, whose somnambulistic habits lead him into many extraordinary predicaments. Spenlow, Dora, David's child-wife in Dickens's David Copper field. Squeers, Wackford, the brutal mas- ter of the Dothboys Hall, in Dick- ens's Nicholas Nickleby. St. Clair, Eva, the little mistress and child friend of Uncle Tom, whose death forms one of the famous scenes in Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Sterling, Peter, an ideal of American statesmanship, hero of Paul Leices- ter Ford's Honorable Peter Sterling. Steyne, Marquis of, the unscrupulous and profligate old nobleman, whom Rawdon Crawley, on returning from the debtors' prison, finds alone with Becky in Thackeray's Vanity Fair. Svengali, the mysterious and spider- like villain in Du Maurier's Trilby, who hypnotizes the heroine and in that state teaches her to sing. Swancourt, Elfride, the heroine of Hardy's A Pair of Blue Eyes. Swiveller, Dick, a gay, rattle-pated fellow, in Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop. Syntax, Doctor, the hero of a once popular work, by William Combe, The Tour of Doctor Syntax in search of the Picturesque. Taffy, one of the three "Mousquetairea of the Brush," in Du Maimer's Trilby. Tanqueray, Paula, the heroine of Pinero's Drama, The Second Mrs. Tanqueray. Tartarin, the extraordinary and in- imitable hero of Daudet's Tartarin sur les Alpes, and its sequels. Tartuffe, the hypocritical hero of Moliere's play of that name. Teazle, Lady, the coquettish, teasing, and rashly foolish wife of Sir Peter Teazle, in Sheridan's School for Scandal. Thais, a beautiful Greek courtezan of the Alexandrine period, whose con- version to Christianity forms the theme of Anatole France's novel of that name, and of the play taken from it. Titania, Queen of the fairies in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. Tom, Uncle, the venerable, big- hearted and loyal slave, hero of Mrs. Stowe's prose epic of slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Topsy, an ignorant and incorrigible young slave-girl in Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Trilby, the heroine of Du Maurier's novel of hypnotism that bears her name. Trotwood, Betsy, Copperfield's kind, eccentric aunt, in Dickens's David Copperfield. Tulliver, Maggie, the weak, yielding heroine of George Eliot's Mill on the Floss. Tupman, Tracy, short and fat and fond of the fair sex, member of the Pickwick Club in Dickens's Pick- wick Papers. Turridu, the hero of Verga's Sicilian story, Cqvalleria Rusticana, and of Mascagni's opera of the same name. Turveydrop, dancing master and "model of deportment" in Dickens's Bleak House. Twist, Oliver, a charity boy, hero of Dickens's novel of that name. Una, the personification of Truth, in Spenser's Faery Queen. Uncas, a Mohican chief in Cooper's Last of the Mohicans. Valjean, Jean, a respectable and honest citizen, driven to crime by the injustice of society, leading figure in Hugo's Les Miser ables. Van Winkle, Rip. a legendary charac- ter of the Hudson Valley, whose bibulous good nature and twenty FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE years' sleep in the mountains are made famous by Irving' s story of that name. Varden, Dolly, the heroine of Dick- ens's Barnaby Rudge. Vathek, the hero of Beckford's Orien- tal romance of that name, endowed with great gifts, but possessed of violent passions and inordinate am- bition. Venner, Elsie, the heroine of a patho- logical novel by Holmes, turning on the inherited effects of a snake-bite suffered by her mother. Vernon, Die, the heroine of Scott's Rob Roy. Viola, in love with Orsino, in Shake- speare's Twelfth Night. Vivian, mistress of Merlin, in that one of Tennyson's Idylls of the King that bears her name. Vox, Valentine, the hero of Henry Cockton's novel of that name, whose powers of ventriloquism enable him to play many pranks of an extraor- dinary kind. Vye, Eustaeia, the heroine of Hardy's Return of the Native . W Wadman, Widow, in Sterne's Tris- tram Shandy, tries to marry Uncle Toby. Ward, John, a minister, hero of Margaret Deland's novel, John Ward, Preacher. Warrington, George, the cynical but kind-hearted friend of Arthur in Thackeray's Pendennis. Waters, Esther, the scullery maid, through whose eyes we see the house- hold of an English racing squire; heroine of George Moore's novel of that name. Weller, Sam, son of Tony, Mr. Pick- wick's humorous servant in Dickens's Pickwick Papers. West, Caleb, the hero of Hopkinson Smith's Caleb West, Master Diver. Western, Sophia, the heroine of Fielding's Tom Jones. White, Gertrude, a young actress, heroine of William Black's McLeod of Dare. White, Selma, a woman whose am- bitions and energy are out of pro- portion to her ability and intellectual attainments; heroine of Robert Grant's Unleavened Bread. Wickfield, Agnes, the lovable hero- ine of Dickens's David Copperfield, and David's second wife. Wilson, Pudd'nhead, the hero of Mark Twain's novel of that name, re- garded by his fellow townsmen as a "pudd'nhead" for having said that if he owned half of a certain dog, "he would Ml his half." Winkle; Nathaniel, a member of the Pickwick Club, in Dickens's Pick- wick Papers. Woodhouse, Emma, the heroine of Miss Austen's novel, Emma, who marries Mr. Knightley. Yeobright, Clym, a character in Hardy's Return of the Native, who marries Eustaeia Vye. Zadig, a wealthy young Babylonian, hero of Voltaire's romance of that name, which is intended to show that destiny is beyond human control. Zanoni, an alchemist, the hero of Bulwer's novel of that name. Zenobia, one of the two heroines of Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance. Zuleika, the heroine of Byron's poem, The Bride of Abydos. Familiar Allusions- NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, PICTURES, BUILDINGS, STREETS AND MONUMENTS? ALSO WORDS, PHRASES, ETC., FREQUENTLY USED IN LITERATURE AND CONVERSATION. Compiled by J- A* JOFFE, A. M. Consulting Expert to the Congressional Library. Abaft', (Nautical.) Behind the object mentioned, as " Abaft the wheel!" Abbe. An ecclesiastic devoted to literary or scientific pursuits. Abbot of Joy. A chief of revels, in the old French towns. Abbot of Misrule. In the Middle Ages, a master of revelry. In Scot- land he was called the Master of Reason. Abderite. A scoffer; from Abdera, where Democritus lived. Abeam'. Lee a line be drawn at right angles to the vertical plane, through the ship's keel and passing through the center of the side. A point with- in the right angle made by the ship's keel, going in an opposite direction to this line. Abraham's Bosom. The rest of the blessed dead. (Luke xiv. 22.) Ab'yla. One of the "Pillars of Her- cules" at the entrance to the Medi- terranean: Calpe being the other. Academics. The disciples of Plato, so called from the academy. Academy. (Academia.) A gymna- sium in the suburbs of Athens, where Plato founded his school, 368 B.C. The Academy (as a philo- sophic school) was divided into the oij> (by Plato and his disciples); the middle (by Arcesilaus), and the new (by Carneades). Academy, The French. (Academie Frangaise.) One of the five acad- emies constituting the French In- stitute; founded by Richelieu in 1635 and reconstituted in 1820. It deals with the French language, and con- sists of 40 members, who are popu- larly called "the Immortals." Acadia. The Indian name of Nova Scotia. Adams and Liberty. Patriotic American song, by R. T. Paine, Jr. Adam's Apple. Caused by a piece of forbidden fruit sticking there. Admirable Crichton, The. James Crichton; a Scotch prodigy of the sixteenth century. Hence a person of great accomplishments. Admiral. English admirals were of three kinds according to the color of jtheir flag. Admiral of the Blue, kept the rear in a fight; Ad- miral of the Red, the center; Ad- miral of the White, the van. Admiral. In the American navy an officer of the highest rank. There have, however, been only three Ad- mirals in the history of the navy: David G. Farragut (1801-1870), Andrew H. Foote (1806-1803), and George Dewey (1837- ). ^Eneid. Vergil's epic poem, of which iEneas is the hero. Ages. According to Hesiod there were five ages in the world: the Golden, the Silver, the Brazen, the Heroic, and the Iron. Agnus Dei. (Lat.) The Lamb of God. A cake stamped with the figure of a lamb, given out by the Pope on the Sunday after Easter. Alabama. A Confederate privateer built in England, and commanded by Capt. Semmes. After great depredations on American commerce she was sunk by the Kearsarge, June 19, 1864. Aladdin's Window (To finish). FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS To try to finish something left un- finished by a great man. One win- dow in Aladdin's palace was left for the Sultan to finish, but his treasure gave out, before he could do so. Albany Regency. Nickname of a set of able Democratic politicians, 60 years ago, at Albany, N. Y. Albino. Person with unusually white skin and hair, and pink or red eyes. Albion. England. Aldine Press. Founded by Aldus Manutius, at Venice, 1494. Hence came the famous Aldine editions. Alexandrian Library. Founded by Ptolemy Soter, at Alexandria, Egypt, it was burned 47 B.C., and destroyed 390 or 391. In Csesar's time it con- tained nearly 700,000 volumes. Alexandrine Age. From 323 B.C. to the end of the sixth century A.D., when Alexandria was the seat of the highest culture. Alhambra. (Arab., "The red.") Palace and fortress of the Moors at Granada, Spain. All Souls' Day. Day of prayer for the souls in Purgatory. November 2nd. Allah. ('The God.") Arabic name of God. Almack's. Once a famous London assembly-room where balls were given of the most exclusive, aristo- cratic character. Almighty Dollar. A phrase from Irving's Creole Village. Alsatia. The Whitefriars (London) refuge for debtors and criminals. Alto-Relievo. (It., High relief.) Fig- ures in marble, etc., cut so as to project one-half or more from the tablet. Ambrosia. The food of the gods. Amuck, To run amuck. Run foul of. From Malay, amoq, "frantic- ally rushing about and killing indis- criminately." Anacreontics. Verses in praise of love or wine, after Anacreon. Ancient Regime. The French regime before the Revolution of 17S9. Andersonville Prison. In Georgia. Union soldiers were confined there during the Civil War of the United States. An'gelus, The. A prayer to the Vir- gin, recited thrice a day. Angling, The Father of. Izaak Walton, author of The Com pleat Angler. Annunciation, Day of. Festival, celebrated March 25th, the day the angel announced to the Virgin that she would bear Our Lord. Annus Mirabilis. (Lat., Wonderful Year.) 1666, in which the plague, the fire of London, and the English victory over the Dutch occurred. Anthony, Saint. St. Anthony's Fire. Erysipelas. Antoninus, The Wall of. Turf entrenchment across Scotland from the Clyde to the Frith of Forth, built by the Romans, 140. Apollo Belvedsre. A marble statue of Apollo in the Belvedere Gallery of the Vatican at Rome. Appian Way. Oldest Roman military road, from Rome to Capua. Apples of Sodom. Lovely fruit, but full of ashes within. Arabesque. (Fr.) Moorish (Arabic) style or patterns in decoration. ^ Arcadian. A shepherd; rustic or pastoral. So called from the Ar- cadia, a pastoral region in Pelopon- nesus, Greece. Arch of Triumph. At the west end of the Champs Elysees, Paris, 116 ft. high, 145 wide. Begun by Napoleon. Arctic, The. A Collins steamer, sunk, with great loss of life, in 1854. Argo. The ship in which Jason sailed to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece. Argonauts. The heroes who sailed in the ship Argo. Argus-eyed. Extremely watchful. Juno, jealous of Io, had her watched by the hundred-eyed monster, Argus. Arians. The followers of Arius. who maintained that the Father and Son are distinct beings. Armada, The Spanish. The fleet of 130 large ships sent by Philip of Spain, in 1588, to conquer England. Artesian Well. From being first dug in Artois (Lat. arte'sium), France. Aryans. The parents of the Indo- European peoples. Astor Library. Founded by J. J. Astor, now part of the New York Public Library. Athens, The Modern. 1. Edinburgh. 2. Boston. Athens of America, or of the New World, The. Boston. Augustan Age. The palm period of a literature; the best days of Roman literature; being under Augustus. Auld Reekie (Old Smoky). Edin- burgh, Scotland. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Avalon. Burial place of King Arthur; said to be Glastonbury. B Babylonish Captivity. The seventy years' captivity of the Jews at Babylon, 608-538 b.c. Baconian Philosophy. The induct- ive philosophy of Lord Bacon. Balmoral Castle. Queen Victoria's castle in Scotland. Bank of England. In Threadneedle Street, London. Founded 1694. Sometimes called "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street." Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, who was born at Stratford-on-Avon. Barleycorn, John. Malt liquor. Barmecide's Feast. An illusion or sham. Barmecide asked a starving beggar to dinner, and set empty dishes before him. (Arabian Nights.) Barnburners. The radical Demo- crats of New York State, from the farmer who burned his barn to de- stroy the rats. Basilisk. A serpent or dragon sup- posed to be able to "look people dead." Basso- Relievo. (It., Low relief.) Figures cut on marble, etc., pro- jecting a little. Bastille. French prison and fortress, destroyed by the mob, July 14, 1789. The date (July 14th) has been taken as the anniversary day of the present French Republic. Battle of the Books. A satire by Swift on the comparative merits of ancient and modern literature. Battery, The. A park in New York City at the southernmost extremity of Manhattan Island. Area 21 acres. Bayou State, The. Mississippi. Beacon Street. An aristocratic resi- dence street of Boston linking with the Back Bay, Commonwealth Ave- nue and others of more recent fame. Beauty and the Beast. A fairy tale. Beauty lives with the Beast to save her father's life. Beast, disen- chanted by love, is made a hand- some prince. Bedlam. (Corruption of Bethlehem.) A lunatic asylum. (See Dictionary proper.) Beelzebub. (Lord of flies.) A Philis- tine deity. Begging the question. Assuming as true what is still to be proven. Belgravia. A fashionable quarter of London. Belle France, La. (Fr., Fair France.^ A general name of France. Bell the Cat. A wise mouse pro- posed that a bell should be hung on the cat's neck to warn the mice of her coming; a young mouse in- quired, "Who will put the bell on?" Bell, The Passing. Rung formerly when persons were dying. Benicia Boy. John C. Heenan, the American pugilist, born at Benicia, Cal. Bess, Good Queen. Queen Elizabeth. Bibliotheque Nationale. (Fr., Na- tional Library.) At Paris, contain- ing over 1,000,000 books, 150,000 manuscripts, etc. Billingsgate. Coarse language, such as is used by the fishwomen of Bil- lingsgate, the London fish market. Black Death. A contagious, putrid typhus, which desolated Europe, Asia and Africa in the 14th century , Black Friday. Sept. 26, 18G9; fman- cial panic in Wall street, New York. Black Hole. Dark cell in Calcutta prison where Surajah Dowlah shut up 146 British soldiers; only twenty- three survived till morning (1756). Black Prince. Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Edward ,111. Black Republicans. The Republi- can party in the United States, from their opposition to the extension of negro (black) slavery. Blarney Stone. In Blarney Castle near Cork, Ireland. Supposed to impart a flowing tongue to whoever kisses it. Bluebeard. A wife-killing tyrant; a sort of Henry VIII. Bluegrass State, The. Kentucky, where the grass is abundant. Blue Hen State, The. Delaware. Derived from the blue hens used by Col. Caldwell of a famous Delaware regiment, during the Revolution. Blue Laws. A nickname of early severe New England statutes. Blue Stocking. A female pedant, or bookish woman. Bohemian. A free and easy going artist or literary man, usually poor. Bois de Bologne. A Paris wood, famous as a promenade place. Border, The. The frontiers of Eng- land and Scotland. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Border States. Maryland, Dela- ware, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri. Boulevard. In Paris, a wide street or promenade. Bourgeoisie. The French middle class. Bourse. The Paris Stock Exchange. Bow Bells. A set of bells in St. Mary-le-Bow Church, London. A person /'born within sound of Bow Bells" is a Cockney. Bowery, The. A New York thor- oughfare on the lower East Side. Boycott. To refuse to have anything to do with another. Capt. Boycott, an Irish landlord, was the first so treated, in 1881. Brandy Nan. A nickname of Queen Anne of England. Breeches Bible. An edition in which aprons, in Genesis hi, 7, is rendered "breeches." Bride of the Sea. Venice, from the Doge's /'Wedding the Sea" by casting a ring into the Adriatic. Bridge of Sighs. In Venice, Italy. Connects Doge's palace and state prisons. The condemned passed over it to be executed. In New York City. Between the Criminal Court Building and the Tombs. British Museum. A famous library and museum of London. Broadway. The principal business and theatre street of New York City. Bronx Park, The. A park in New York City, north of E. 182nd Street and east of Southern Boulevard. It contains the Zoological Garden and covers 719.12 acres. Brook Farm. A socialistic commu- nity founded at West Roxbury, Mass., 1841, to carry out the idea of Fourierism. Brother Jonathan. America; an American. Said to be derived from Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut, of whom Washington woulH say, "We must consult Brother Jonathan." Buncombe or Bunkum, Clap-trap eloquence. Said to come from Bun- combe Co., in North Carolina. A North Carolina member said he was only "talking for Buncombe," not for the House. Bunker Hill Monument. A granite obelisk on Bunker (once Breed's) Hill, Charlestown, Mass., marking the site of the battle between the British and Americans, June 17. 1775. Cachet, Lettre de. (Fr., Letter un- der seal). Blank warrant with the French King's seal, to free from, or imprison in, the Bastille, without trial. Ca ira (Pr. sa-era', Fr., It will go on). The earliest popular song of the French Revolution, 1789. Caledonia. A former, now poetical, name for Scotland. Campagna. (It., The country.) The plain around the city of Rome. Carbonari. An Italian secret political society, which spread to France, in 1820. Carmagnole. A republican song and dance of the first French Revolution. Cartesian Philosophy. (Descartes, Latinized Cartesius.) "I . think, therefore I exist." Castle Garden. The former landing- place of emigrants, New York City. Catacombs. The subterranean burial places in Alexandria, Egypt; in Rome, used by the early Christians; also in Paris, Naples and elsewhere. Cavaliere Servente. The escort of a married woman. Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Christian martyr; patroness of music. Celestial Empire. China; alluding to the "Heavenly Dynasty" of her emperors. Central Park. The great park of New York City, containing 843 acres. Champs de Mars. A field in Paris for military maneuvers. Champs Ely sees. A promenade in Paris, 1M miles long. Charter Oak. A tree in Hartford, Conn., in which the Colonial Char- ter was secreted in 1687. The oak was blown down in 1856. Chauvinism. Narrow-minded brag- gart patriotism; from Chauvin, a character in Scribe's Soldat Labour- eur. Cheapside. A great and crowded London thoroughfare. 'Chestnut Street. The fashionable street of Philadelphia. Pa. Chiltern Hundreds, To accept the* To resign one's seat in Parliament. An English member of Parliament FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS resigns his seat by taking office. Stewardship of the Chiltern Hun- dreds is a sinecure for this purpose. Christ Church. The largest college in the University of Oxford. Did, The. (Sp., Lord, chief.) Don Roderigo Diaz, Count of Bivar; Spanish hero. Cincinnati, The. Society of Ameri- can Revolutionary Officers. Citizen King, The. Louis Philippe of France (1830-1849). Cockaigne, Land of. An imaginary land of pleasure and laziness; Lon- don. Colossus of Rhodes. The bronze statue of Apollo, at Rhodes, 126 feet high. Columbia. Poetical name of the United States, from Columbus. Column of Vendome. (Colonne Venddme.) Stone^ pillar in Paris, erected by Napoleon; razed by the Commune in 1871. Confederate States. The 11 States which seceded in 1861, viz., Ala- bama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. Congressional Library. At Wash- ington, the largest in the Western Hemisphere, containing 1,702,685 printed books in 1909. Consols. (Abbr. from consolidated annuities.) English public securi- ties bearing 3 per cent. Copperheads. Northern sympathiz- ers with the South in the American Civil War. Corncrackers, The. Kentuckians. Corso. (It., The Course.) The prin- cipal thoroughfare of Rome. Crapaud (Fr., a toad) Johnny. A Frenchman. The ancient device of French royalty was three toads (subsequently the fleur de lys) . Credit Mobilier. A company au- thorized to do a stock-jobbing busi- ness. The American C. M. in con- nection with the Pacific railroads was famous in 1873. Creole State, The. Louisiana. Crocodile Tears. Hypocritical grief. The crocodile was fabled to weep as it ate its victim. Cumberland. A United States ves- sel sunk by the Confederate ram " Merrimac " in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862. She went down with colors flying, firing a broadside while sinking. Curfew Bell. A bell rung at sunset in the time of William I. in England, to order fires and candles to be put out; now rung at 9 P. M. in some places. Dam'ocleV Sword. Presentiment of evil. Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, invited his flatterer Damo- cles to a splendid feast, but hung over his head a sword dangling by a single hair. Darby and Joan. An affectionate married couple. From a ballad. Dark and Bloody Ground, The. Kentucky, that being its significance in Indian. Dartmoor Prison, in Devonshire, England. A prison of war. Darwinian Theory. A theory pro- posed by Charles Darwin in his Ori- gin of Species: that different species came from one or a few original forms, present differences being the result of evolution and natural selection. De Profundis (Lat., Out of the depths). The first two words of the Latin version of the 130th Psalm. Sung at burials. Debatable Ground. Land on the western border of Scotland, once claimed by both Scotland and Eng- land. Defender of the Faith. Title given by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. of England, for his pamphlet against Luther. Diamond State, The. Delaware. Dies Irae. (Lat., Day of wrath.) First two words of a celebrated mediaeval hymn by Thomas of Celano. Directory, The French. By the constitution of 1795 the executive power was vested in five directors. It lasted four years only. Dixie. The Land of Dixie. The Southern States, from Mason and Dixon's line. Doctors' Commons. Where the Ec- clesiastical Court sat in London. Doctrinaire. An impractical political theorist. The name was first ap- plied to the French Constitutional Monarchists, of whom Guizot was FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff in ejectment; Doe versus Roe. Donnybrook Fair. A once cele- brated annual fair near Dublin. Doomsday Book. A book embodying the results of a census and survey of all English estates in the reign of William the Conqueror. Douay Bible, The. The English Bible authorized by the Roman Catholic Church. First published at Douay, France, 1609. Downing Street, in London. The official residence of the Prime Min- isters has been situated there since the time of Sir Robert Walpoio. Drachenfels (Germ., Dragon's Rock). A castle on a mountain of the same name, high above the Rhine, not far from Bonn. Drury Lane Theater. A London playhouse, opened in 1668. Dunciad. A satire on Dunces by Pope. Colley Cibber is the hero. Dying Gladiator, The. An antique statue, now standing in the Capitol at Rome. Properly, The Dying Gaul. E Eastern States, The. Maine, Ver- mont, New Hampshire, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- cut. Ec'ce Ho'mo. (Lat., Behold the man.) Paintings by Corregio, Titian, Van Dyck and others, representing the , Saviour crowned with thorns. Ecole Poly technique. (Fr., Poly- technic School.) A school in Paris, whose graduates receive places in the public service. El Dorado. (Sp., The Golden.) Gen- eral name for a wealthy country. Elephant, Seeing the. Seeing the world; "life." Elgin Marbles. A collection of Greek sculptures (mainly from the Athenian Parthenon), made by Lord Elgin; now in British Museum. Elzevir. Any book printed by the family of Dutch printers, Elzevir, in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies. Esco rial, The. Granite palace and mausoleum near Madrid. Eternal City, The. Rome. Eulenspiegel, Tyl. Hero of a Ger- man story; a vagrant Brunswicker who cuts up all sorts of pranks. Eure'ka. (Gr., I have found it.) A saying attributed to Archimedes when he discovered the way to test the purity of Hiero's crown. Evangelists, Symbols of the. Mat- thew has a scroll before him and holds a pen. Mark sits writing, with a winged lion by his side. Luke has a pen and scroll; near him is an ox. John is a young man behind whom is an eagle. Exclusion, Bill of. A bill which passed the English Commons in 1679, proposing to exclude the Duke of York (afterwards James II.) from the throne, because he was a Roman Catholic. F Fabian Policy. A policy of delay, such as was pursued by Q. Fabius Maximus. called Cunctd'tor, "The Delayer. Fabius, The American. George Washington, from the above. Faery Queen. A rhymed romance of Edmund Spenser, written 1590^6. Fairmount Park, in Philadelphia, contains nearly 3,000 acres. It was the site of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. Faineants, Les Rois. (Fr., the Do- nothing Kings.) Nicknames of the last kings of the Merovingian dy- nasty in France. Falernian. A celebrated ancient Italian wine made at Falernum. Faneuil Hall, in Boston, Mass., built in 1742. Revolutionary orators fre- quently addressed public meetings in it. Farmer George. George III. of Eng- land; so called from his bluff man- ners, thrift iness, and love of agricul- ture. Fa'ta M orga'na. A mirage often ob- served in the Straits of Messina. Fathers of the Latin Church- Ambrose, of Milan; Augustine, St. Bernard, of France; Hilary, Jerome and Lactantius. Faubourg St. Antoine. The part of Paris in which the workingmen live. Once the scene of many in- surrections and riots. Faubourg St. Germain. The quarter of Paris, where the houses of the aristocracy and old nobility are. Fenians. A society of Irishmen or- , FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS ganized in the United States in 1857 to make Ireland a republic. Field of the Cloth of Gold. A plain in France where Francis I. met Henry VIII. ; so called from the magnificent display made. Fifth Avenue. A fashionable resi- dence street in New York City. Fighting Joe. The American gen- eral Joseph E. Hooker. First Gentleman of Europe. George IV. of England. (1820-30.) Five Points. A locality in lower New York, once famous as the abode of poverty and crime. Flagellants. Religious fanatics of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- turies, who went about bare to the waist and scourging themselves. Fleet, The. A famous London prison, in disuse since 1845. Flower State, The. Florida. Flowery Kingdom, The. China, where flowers are abundant. Flying Dutchman. A spectre ship seen, in bad weather, about the Cape of Good Hope and supposed to pre- sage bad luck. Fort Sumter. In the harbor of Charleston, S. C. Here was done the first fighting in the Civil War of the United States. Four'ierism. A system of commu- nism proposed by Charles Fourier. The world was to be divided into "phalansteries" of 400 families, which were to live and work in com- mon. Freesoilers, The. Members of the Free-soil party (in the United States) which opposed the extension of slavery into the Territories. Freshman. A student in his first year at college. Funk, Peter. A mock auction; a person employed at auction sales in making bids in collusion with the owner of the property to be sold. G Gadshill. Residence of Charles Dick- ens, near Rochester, in Kent, Eng- land; famous for Falstaff's highway robbery. Gendarme of Europe, The. Tsar Nicholas I. of Russia (1825-1855). Genre Painting. One representing domestic, rural, ordinary scenes. George, St., and the Dragon. St. George, the patron saint of England, is said to have slain in Libya a huge dragon, to which every day a virgin was offered up. Gerrymander. Geographically so to apportion legislative, congressional, or other electoral districts, as to give one political party an unfair ad- vantage. Started in Massachusetts, in 1811, under Gov. Elbridge Gerry. Ghetto. The Jewish quarter in a city. Originally the quarter in Rome and other Italian cities, to which the Jews were restricted. Ghibellines. In the Middle Ages, adherents of the Holy Roman Em- pire against the Papacy. See Guelphs. Girondists, The Gironde. In the French Revolution the party of moderate "constitutional" Republi- cans, which originated in the Gironde Department. Glencoe. A pass in Argyleshire, Scotland. Here, Feb. 13, 1692, oc- curred the famous massacre of Glen- coe, in which thirty-eight of the McDonalds were murdered by 120 soldiers under Capt. Campbell. Gobelins. A tapestry and carpet manufactory at Paris, founded about 1450 by J. Gobelin, a dyer. Go' diva, Lady. Wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, who offered to remit certain exactions to his tenants if she would ride naked through the streets of Coventry. She did so, everybody keeping indoors except one "Peeping Tom," who was struck blind for peeping at her. Goleonda. A fortified town in India noted for its trade in diamonds. Golden Age. An age of innocence and prosperity. The palmy time of a nation's history or literature. Golden Gate. The entrance to the harbor of San Francisco, Cal. Golden Horn. The arm of the Bos- phorus, upon whose banks Con- stantinople is built. Golden House. A palace covered with gold and built by Nero in Rome. Gordian Knot. A vexed question; an obstacle to be overcome by bold action. Gordius, a Phrygian peas- ant, when chosen king, consecrated his wagon to Jupiter, tying the yoke and beam together so that it could not be untied. Hearing that the untier of the knot should rule over FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS all Asia, Alexander (the Great) cut the knot with his sword. Gordon Riots, The. They occurred in 1780, at London, under Lord George Gordon, a weak-minded nobleman, to force the repeal of the bill passed by the House of Commons in order to relieve the Roman Cath- olics. Gotham. A name sometimes applied to New York City. Gotham, The Wise Men of, were noted for their folly. Gotham was an English village, in Nottingham- shire. Great Duke, The. The Duke of Wellington. (1769-1852.) See Iron Duke. Great Eastern. The largest steam-, ship ever launched before the last decade of the nineteenth century. She was made to carry 1,000 passen- gers and 5,000 tons of cargo. After 1864 she was used only in laying cables. Great Pyramid, The. At Ghizeh, near Cairo, Egypt, was built by Cheops. It is 481 feet high, and covers an area of over 571,000 sq. ft., the side of its base being nearly 756 feet long. Greenbacks. The first United States Treasury notes; so called from their color. Green Isle, The. Ireland, from the greenness of its vegetation; also called the Emerald Isle. Greenwood. A cemetery in Brook- lyn, N. Y., covering 400 acres. Gregorian Year. The year as re- formed by Gregory XIII., in 1582. He "skipped" 10 days. Gretna Green. A Scotch village, once famous for runaway matches. A declaration before witnesses of intention to marry was sufficient to make a valid marriage in Scotland. Gruh Street. A London street, once noted for literary hacks. Guelphs. In mediaeval Europe, ad- herents of the Papacy, against the Holy Roman Empire. See Ghibel- lines. Guildhall. The London Town Hall; the hall of the guilds. Gunner's Daughter, Kissing or Marrying the. To be flogged. Boys in the English navy, before being flogged, are tied to a gun breech. Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot to blow up James I and the English Parliament in its House, Nov. 5, 1605, with gunpowder. It was to be carried out by Guy Fawkes, as a reprisal for anti-Catholic legislation. Gyges's Ring. A ring which made the wearer invisible. Gyges, a Lydian, found in a brazen horse, in a cavern, a man's corpse, from the finger of which he took a brazen ring which made him invisible. With this ring he went into the chamber of the King of Lydia, murdered him and succeeded to his throne. Habeas Corpus Act, The. (Lat., "have the body.") Passed in the time of Charles II., it provides that the body of an accused person must be brought (if he insist) before a judge, and the reason of his confine- ment stated. The judge will then determine whether or not to admit the accused to bail. The guilt of the accused is decided by a jury. Haleyon Days. A period of happi- ness. The halcyon (kingfisher) was thought by the ancients to hatch its eggs, about the winter solstice, on the surface of the ocean, which was always calm during this time. Handicap. In horse-racing, assign- ing different weights to horses of different speed, age, etc., that they may run with equal chance. So called from an old game of cards. Hansard. The British Parliamentary Debates, first printed by Hansard. Hanseatic League. A union of mari- time towns in Northern Germany and other countries for purposes of trade and mutual protection, founded in the thirteenth century. From Middle High Germ, hanse, "mercan- tile association." Hanse Towns. The North German seaboard cities which once consti- tuted the Hanseatic League. Hare, Mad as a March. The hare acts wildly while breeding, in March. Harpies. Creatures with a woman's head and breasts, and the rest of the body like vultures, hungry and emitting a terrible stench. Hara-Kiri. (Jap., "belly cutting.") Japanese suicide by ripping out the bowels with two cross-gashes. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Harvest Moon. The full moon at or near the fall equinox when it rises for a number of days about sunset. Hawkeye State, The. Iowa, so named after an Indian chief. Heathen Chinee. A nickname of the Chinese in America. Heidelberg Castle. A ruin near Heidelberg, Baden. Heel-tap. "No heel-taps;" i. e., drain the glass to the bottom. A heel-tap is one of several pieces of leather in the heel, or bottom, of the shoe. flegira. (Arab., hejira, "departure.") The date of Mahomet's flight from Mecca, July 16, 662, with which the Mahommedan era begins. High Church. That section of the Anglican Church, which maintains the apostolic descent of the clergy, sacramental rites and absolution by priests. High Seas, The. The open sea or the sea beyond three miles from the coast. History, The Father of. The Greek historian, Herodotus. Hob-and-Nob. To touch glasses to- gether in drinking; to talk confiden- tially to. A variant of hob-nob, hab-nab, from O.E. habban-nabban, "have — not have," as a familiar offer of a drink. Cf. Shah., Tw. Nt. hi, 4: "Hob nob is his word; give't, or take't." Hobson's Choice. What is offered, or nothing. It is said that Tobias Hobson, an English stable-keeper, made each customer take the horse nearest the stable door. Hoi polloi. (Gr . , the many ; the multi- tude.) Mob, common herd. Holhorn. A London district through which criminals used to pass to ex- ecution at the Tyburn public gal- lows. Holy Alliance, formed in 1815 by Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Holy Family, The. The name of many mediaeval pictures represent- ing the infant Jesus, Joseph, the Vir- gin, John the Baptist, Anna, and Elizabeth. Perhaps the most cele- brated are by Michael Angelo, at Florence; by Rubens, at Florence; by Raphael, in London; and by Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre. Holy Land, The. Palestine, as the cradle of Judaism and Christianity. Holy League, The. The alliance of Pope Julius II., Spain and Venice, in 1511, to drive the French out of Italy. Honi soit qui mal y pense. (Fr., Shamed be he who evil thinks of it.) Motto of the Order of the Garter. At a ball given by Edward III. of England, the Countess of Salisbury's blue garter came off accidentally. The King picked it up and fixed it round his own knee, making the re- mark quoted above. This led to his instituting the Order of the Garter. Honors of War. Allowing a sur- rendered enemy to keep his arms. Hotel de Ramhouillet. A Paris palace, the resort of wits, literary ■ ladies, etc., in the seventeenth cen- tury. It was ridiculed by Moliere. Hotel de Ville. The City Hall of French and Belgian cities. Houris. (Pers. huri, Arab, huriya, "nymph of Paradise"). In the Koran, black-eyed, beautiful vir- gins of Paradise; seventy-two are allotted to each believer. Humble Pie, To eat. To make sub- mission, humiliate one's self. From umbles or humbles, the entrails of the deer. Hundred Days, The, from March 20, 1815, when Napoleon escaped from Elba, to June 22, 1815, when he abdicated, actually ninety-five days. Iconoclast (Gr., Image-breaker.) A radical reformer; so called from the religious reformers of the eighth and ninth centuries, who objected to and destroyed icons or images. Iliad. A Greek epic poem, by Homer, recounting the story of the siege of Troy (Ilium), by the Greeks. Immaculate Conception. The dog- ma of the Catholic Church, pro- claimed in 1854, that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. Independence, Declaration of, is- sued July 4, 1776, asserting the in- dependence of the American Colonies of Great Britain. Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, Penn. ; the meeting-place of the Con- tinental Congress, where the Declar- ation of Independence was adopted. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Index Expurgatorius. (Lat., Ex- purgatory Index.) A list of printed works which the Church of Rome allows to be read only in expurgated editions. Inns of Court. The four London law societies which have the sole xight of admitting candidates to the bar. They are Gray's Inn, Inner Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and the Middle Temple. Inquisition. An ecclesiastical tri- bunal (The Holy Office), to inquire into transgressions against the Ro- man Catholic Church. Irish Agitator, The. Daniel O'Con- nell (1775-1847). Iron City, The. Pittsburg, Pa., cele- brated for its iron industries. Iron Mask, The Man in the. A mysterious French state prisoner, in the reign of Louis XIV. Jack Ketch. A hangman; from John Ketch, an English hangman, under James II. Jack Robinson. Before you can say Jack Robinson, meaning at once. Halliwell notes the deriva- tion "Jack, Robes on" from an old play. According to Grose, one Jack Robinson was noted for the short- ness of his visits; the servants had hardly time to repeat Jack Robin- son, before he would leave. (Very doubtful.) Awarke it ys as easie to be done As tys to saye Jacke Robyson. Jack the Giant- Killer. A wonderful nursery hero, who has an invincible sword, a cap of wisdom, shoes of swiftness, and an invisible coat. Jack, the American, or Union. The blue ground of the American flag with the stars, but without the stripes. Jacobins. A famous political club in the French Revolution. # It met at a convent of the Jacobins (Do- minican friars). Jacobites. Adherents of James II. of England, and the Stuarts, his descen- dants; from Jacobus (Lat., for James) . Jar din des Plantes. (Fr., Garden of Plants). Botanical and zoological garden in Paris. Jardin Mabille. A once famous garden in Paris; the home of the cancan and pleasure resort of the demi-monde. Shut up in 1882. Jericho, Go to or Stay in. Disap- pear; begone; wait in obscurity. In allusion to 2 Sam. x. 5: " . . . " and the King (David) said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return." Jerusalem Delivered. An Italian epic poem by Torquato Tasso (Parma, 1581). Jingo, Jingoism. Expressions which arose during the ministry of Lord Beaconsfield, 1874-1880. Applied to those who wished England to take an aggressive foreign policy. It originated in a music-hall song: ". . . We don't want to fight, but, by jingo, if we do, We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money, too." Joan, Pope. A legendary female Pope (John VIII, 855-8), who was said to have succeeded Leo IV., and died in childbirth. John Bull. Nickname for an English- man; England. A choleric, fat, bull-headed, well-meaning fellow. John Chinaman. Nickname for the Chinese in America. Johnny Reb. (Short for rebel.) Nick- name of Southerners in the Ameri- can Civil War. See Yank. Jubilee, Year of. Among the Jews came every fiftieth year; all debts were considered paid, and land re- verted to its original owners. In the Catholic Church, once in twenty- five years, to grant indulgences. Juggernaut. A Hindoo god who has a famous temple in India. Julian Era, The, begins 46 B.C., when Ca?sar reformed the calendar. Junius, Letters of. A celebrated series of political letters signed " Junius," written in the reign of George III., of doubtful authorship. Kansas, Bleeding. So called on account of the fierce struggles be- tween its anti-slavery and pro- slavery settlers. Kensington Gardens. A great Lon- don pleasure ground adjoining Ken- sington Palace (where Queen Vic- toria was born). Keystone State, The. Pennsylvania, which was the keystone (the middle, FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS i. e. seventh) in the arch of the origi- nal thirteen states. Kilkenny Gats, The, fought in a saw-pit till only their tails remained. King can do no wrong, The, mean- ing he is not responsible, but his ministers are, for mistakes in admin- istration. King of Yvetot. A "good, little king." The head of the petty seigneurie of Yvetot, near Rouen, had the title of king. The "Roi d> Yvetot " is the subject of a quaint ballad by Beranger. King Cole. A legendary British king, who "loved his pipe and bowl." King Cotton. Cotton, the great prod- uct of the Southern States, was so called before the Civil War. King's Evil. The scrofula, which, it was thought, a sovereign's touch could heal. Doctor Johnson was the last Englishman "touched" for scrof- ula. King Log. An ineffectual, do-nothing ruler. In iEsop's fable, the frogs prayed for a king, and Jupiter gave them a log. They complained of their king's shiftlessness, and Jupiter sent them a stork, which straightway began to devour them. King-Maker, The. Richard Neville, the great Earl of Warwick, who set up and deposed English kings in the fifteenth century. King Stork. A tyrant. Cf . King Log. Kit Kat Club, The. A famous Lon- don Whig Club, founded in 1688, at the shop of one Christopher Katt, pastry-cook. Among the members were Addison, Congreve, Halifax, the Duke of Marlborough, Steele, and Vanbrugh. Knickerbocker. A member of an "old" New York family; especially descendants of the original Dutch settlers. It was derived from Knickerbocker, the imaginary author, Diedrich, of Washington Irving's History of New York (1809). Knights of Malta. Also called Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem. Originally they had charge of a church and hospital at Jerusalem consecrated to St. John. Thence they moved to Rhodes, and in 1523 to Malta. Know Nothings. A political party in the United States insisting that no- body but "native Americans should E 1v.< hold office." Sprang up suddenly about 1853, and disappeared, 1856. Kohinoor (Pers., Mountain of Light). A diamond from the mines of Gol- conda, India. When found (1550) it weighed 793 carats; the present weight is 106 1-16. It came into the possession of Queen Victoria in 1850. Valued at $625,000 or £125,000. Koran. (Ar., book, or the book.) The Mahommedan Bible. The prefix al means "the." Kremlin. (Russ., KremV , inner fort- ress.) A quarter in Moscow, Russia, in which are several palaces, cathe- drals, towers, etc. Labyrinth, The. An inextricable series of winding passages; a maze of difficulties. So called from the celebrated labyrinths in Ancient Egypt and in Crete (built by King Minos). Laconic. Brief, from Laconia, an- other name for Sparta; the Spartans cultivated curtness of speech. Lacrymae Christi. (Lat., Tears of Christ.) Italian wine produced about Mount Vesuvius. Lake School, The. The poetry of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Sou- they, who lived in the Lake district of England. Lake State, The. Michigan, from the four Great Lakes bordering it. Land of Bondage. Egypt, where the Jews were in the Pharaohs' bondage. Land of Cakes. Scotland, famous for its oatmeal cakes. Land of Nod. Sleep, from nodding, with a humorous allusion to the Land of Nod (Heb., flight, wander- ing) to which Cain fled (Gen. iv, 16). Land of Promise or Promised Land. Among the Jews, Canaan, which God promised to Abraham. Lang Syne, is Scotch for long since. The famous song Auld Lang Syne is generally credited to Robert Burns, who said he had taken this song down from an old man's singing. Langue d'Oc. (Language of Oc.) Provence, formerly the language of southern France, where oc = "yes." Langue d'Oui or formerly d'O'il. (Language of oui or oil.) French FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS (in distinction from Provencal), where oui (or ail) means "yes." Lao co on. A statue in the Belvedere of the Vatican representing the death of the priest Laocoon and his two sons, strangled to death by serpents. Laodicean. "Luke-warm," in reli- gious matters. See Rev. hi. 14-18. Lares and Penates. The household gods of the Romans. Last Judgment. The subject of many mediaeval paintings. The most famous is the fresco by Michael Angelo, in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. There is a fresco of it in the Campo Santo, at Pisa, the work of Orcagna or Lorenzetti; and a pic- ture on this subject by Luca Sig- norelli, in Orvieto Cathedral, is con- sidered his master-piece. Last Supper, The, is the subject of many mediaeval paintings, of which the most famous is Leonardo da Vinci's at Milan. Next is Andrea del Sarto's in the San Salvi convent, near Florence. Lateran Palace, The, at Rome, was the residence of the Popes till late in the 14th century. Leaning Tower, The, at Pisa, Italy; leans about 13 feet 8 inches south- ward from the perpendicular; 181 ft. high; 50 ft. in diameter. Learned Blacksmith, The. Elihu Burritt, an American writer and lin- guist, at first a blacksmith (1811-79). Leonine Verses. Verses in which the end and middle words rhyme. Libby Prison. A famous Confederate prison of war at Richmond, Va., dur- ing the Civil War, later transported to Chicago and made a war museum. Lilliput. A region inhabited by pyg- mies, in Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Lingua Franca. (Lat., The Frank language.) A jargon of Romance, Greek, and Oriental words used in commerce and intercourse by all nationalities along the Mediterra- nean. Hence any international lan- guage. b . Lion and Unicorn, on the British royal arms, since 1603. The lion is English; the unicorn, Scotch. Lion's Share. All or most. The lion, in iEsop's fable, hunts with other beasts. In dividing the spoils he claims four quarters. Lloyds. Rooms in London, where brokers and underwriters congregate. Lombard Street. The great financial street in the City, London. Long Parliament, The. Sat from Nov. 3, 1640, till April 20, 1653. Lorelei. A water siren who enticed sailors to their death in the rapids around the high rock Lorelei, in the Rhine. Lotus Eaters, The. A people in Homer's Odyssey, who ate the lotus tree, which made them forget home and wish only "to live at ease." Louvre. Formerly a palace in Paris, now a museum filled with works of art. Low Church. That section of the English Church which lays little or no stress on ceremonies and is ex- tremely "evangelical.' ' Lusiad. A Portuguese epic by Cam- oens; recounting the adventures of the Lusians (Portuguese) under Vasco da Gama, the first to sail to India. Lynch Law. Mob law; summary punishment or death by a mob. The term is derived from a Virginian, Charles Lynch (1733-96), who dealt summarily (always without death punishment) with the lawbreakers of his community, early in the Rev- olution. M Mab, Queen. "The fairies' mid- wife," i. e. employed by the fairies to deliver man's brain of dreams. Macadamize. To pave a street broken stone; so called from Sir John Macadam (1756-1836), who invented that system of paving. Macaronic Verse. Ludicrous verses consisting of words from many lan- guages mixed, like a macaroni med- ley. Machiavellism. Political or diplo- matic trickery; because advocated by Nicholas Macchiavelli (1469- 1527) in a political treatise, "The Prince." Madame Tussaud's Exhibition. An exhibition in London of wax-work figures, modelled from life. Madonna. (It., My Lady.) The Virgin Mary. Of the numerous pictures on this subject, the best- known are the Sistine Madonna, by Raphael, the Madonna di San Georgio, by Correggio, at Dresden; FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS and the Madonna of the Chair, by Raphael, in the Pitti Palace, Flor- ence. Maecenas. A friend and patron of literary men. Gaius Cilnius Maece- nas, a Roman general and states- man, friend of Augustus, was a lib- eral patron of literary men, espe- cially Horace and Virgil. Mag'na Char ta. (Lat., The Great charter.) The charter securing the liberty (or at least fair trial) of Eng- lish subjects; granted by King John in 1215. Mahomet's Coffin. Said to be hanging in mid-air at Medina. Maid of Orleans, The. Jeanne Dare (1412-31), from causing the English to raise the siege at Orleans, France (1429). Maid of Saragossa. Augustina, famous for her valor during the siege of Saragossa (Zaragoza) in Spain, by the French (1808-1809). Maiden Queen, The. Queen Eliza- beth of England. See Virgin Queen. Maine Law. A prohibitory liquor law adopted in Maine, 1851. Malthusian Doctrine, The. So called from the English economist T. R. Malthus (1766-1834), who claimed that the population in- creases faster than the means of liv- ing; so that, unless population is checked, either a part of it must starve to death, or the whole of it be insufficiently fed. Mammoth Cave, near Green River, Ky., is the largest in the world. Man in the Moon, The. The man who picked up sticks on the Sab- bath (Numbers, xv. 32-36) . Another legend says he is Cain. Man of Iron, The. Bismarck. Man of Straw. An irresponsible person used as guarantee in business; an assumed opponent with easily defeated arguments. Mare's Nest, To find a. To find something which seems important, but doesn't amount to anything. Marriage a la Mode. (Fr., /'Fashion- able Marriage.") A series of six satirical pictures by William Hogarth (1697-1764). Marseillaise. The French national air, composed by Rouget de Lisle (1760-1836), first sung publicly in Marseilles (1792). Martinet. A rigid disciplinarian, so called from Martinet, a French infantry general under Louis XIV. Mason and Dixon's Line. The line run by two English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 1763-1767, 39° 43' 26" north lati- tude, as the northern boundary of slavery, dividing Pennsylvania from Maryland and Virginia. Mausoleum. The marble monument built by Artemisia, queen of Caria, to her husband, Mausolus; one of the seven wonders of the world. Mayfair. An aristocratic quarter in London. Mayflower, The. The vessel in which the founders of Plymouth Col- ony, in Massachusetts, sailed from Southampton, England, in 1620. Merlin. A celebrated enchanter in the Arthurian legends, who made the Round Table (q. v.). Merry England. A common desig- nation of England. Mesmerism, the theory of animal magnetism, of the German physician, Mesmer (1733-1815). Mezzo Relievo. (It., Middle Relief.) Figures cut in stone, etc., which project from the tablet more than figures in Basso-Relievo (q. v.) and less than figures in Alto-Relievo (q. v.). Middle Ages, The. The period be- tween the destruction of the Roman Empire and the revival of learning in Italy— from 476-1500. Middle States, The. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. Minnesingers. (Germ., Love-singers.) The German lyric poets of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Misere're. (Lat., Pity.) The Fifty- first psalm beginning with the words: "Pity me, O Lord ;" a penitential psalm. Missouri Compromise, The. An agreement, consisting of a bill (1820), prohibiting slavery above 36° 30' north, and an Act of Congress (1821), admitting Missouri to the Union. Mistress of the Seas. England. Molly Maguires. A secret society in the United States, of the Black Hand character, whose letters were signed "Molly Maguire." Many crimes were attributed to it, especially in Penn- sylvania, in the coal regions, about 1877. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Monarque, Le Grand. (Fr., The Great Monarch.) Louis XIV. of France. Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine pro- claimed by President Monroe in his annual message (1823), that no European government should med- dle in the affairs of the American continent. Mont de Piete. (Fr., "Hill (i. e., pile, bank) of Piety".) A pawnbroker's shop run with the government's authority; in particular the one in Paris. Montmartre. A hill and section of Paris, with a famous cemetery. Monumental City, The. Baltimore, Md., so called from the number of its public monuments. Morey Letter, The. A forged letter written (1880) in the name of J. A. Garfield to a mythical H. L. Morey and advocating cheap Chinese labor. Morganatic Marriage. The mar- riage of a man of royal rank to a woman of lower rank, without giving her husband's title to her or to her offspring. Mother of Presidents. Virginia; the birth state of seven Presidents of the United States: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, W. H. Harrison, Tyler, and Taylor. Mother Carey's Chickens. Stormy petrels. Mother Carey is said to be Mater Cara (Fr., "Dear Mother"), i. e., The Virgin Mary; the French call them oiseaux de Notre Dame, birds of Our Lady. Mother Goose. A nursery rhymer sup- posed to have lived in Boston and sung her rhymes to her grandson, Thomas Fleet, who printed them in 1719. Mount Vernon. The home and burial place of Washington in Vir- ginia. Muscular Christianity. Healthy religion, "a sound mind in a sound body." Music of the Spheres. According to Plato each of the seven planets has a siren who sings a song harmonizing with the motion of her own planet, and also with the other planets. Namby-Pamby. Wishy-washy, child- ish. A name given by Carey and Pope to verses written by Ambrose Philips, from a babyish way of pro- nouncing Ambry (Ambrose). Nantes, Edict of. Issued at Nantes, France, in 1598, by Henry IV., granting toleration to the Protestant religion; repealed by Louis XIV. in 1685. Nation of Shopkeepers. The Eng- lish; so called by Napoleon I. Natural Bridge, The. A natural arch 215 feet high spanning Cedar Creek, near James River, Virginia. Newgate. The oldest of the London prisons. A new gate was built in the reign of Henry I. New World. The Americas. Nib elungen- Lied. (Germ., Song of the Nibelungs.) A German epic poem of the thirteenth century, nar- rating the struggle for the possession of the Nibelung treasure. Nightmare of Europe, The. Napo- leon Bonaparte. Nine Worthies, The. Joshua, David, Judas Maccabseus, Hector, Alexan- der, Julius Caesar, Arthur, Charle- magne, and Godfrey de Bouillon. Noc'tes Ambrosia'nae. (Lat., Am- brosian nights.) The title of a cele- brated series of papers by Prof. Wilson ("Christopher North"). Lockhart and Wilson used to fre- quent Ambrose's, an Edinburgh tavern. Noel. (Fr., Christmas, Christmas Carol.) Christmas. Nonconformists. Dissenters from the Church of England. Originally the clergymen who would not con- form to the Act of Uniformity of 1662. Northern Giant, The. Russia. Notre Dame. (Fr., Our Lady.) The cathedral (of Our Lady) of Paris. Odyssey. Homer's epic poem dealing with the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) on his voyage from Troy to Ithaca. Ogres. (Fr., Ogre, from Lat. Orcus, hell.) Giants who devour human flesh. Old Abe. Abraham Lincoln. Old Bailey, The. A famous criminal court, in Old Bailey Street, London. Old Colony, The. Massachusetts, as FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS organized by the Plymouth Pil- grims. Old Dominion, The. Virginia. Old Guard, The. Favorite regiment of Napoleon I. The supporters of Gen. Grant for the Presidency at the Chicago Convention of 1880, and often used later in American politics. Old Probabilities. A nickname for the United States signal service chief. Old Public Functionary. President James Buchanan (1791-1868). Old South, The. A famous church in Boston, Mass., connected with many events in the Revolution. Orangeman. A Protestant Irishman, as espousing the cause of Wijliam III. (1689-1702), prince of Orange. Orange Peel. Sir Robert Peel (1788- 1850), from his anti-Catholic or Orange (see Orangemen) policy, with a comic allusion to the fruit as a slur on his name. Ordinance of 1787. The act fixing the government of the Northwest Territory of the United States. Orlando Furioso. (It., Orlando, i. e. Roland frenzied.) An Italian epic poem by Ariosto (1474-1533), re- lating the story of Charlemagne's paladin Roland. Ossian. Son of Fingal, a Scotch bard. James McPherson published in 1760-3 Ossian' s Poems, as if trans- lated from Erse manuscripts. The MSS. never existed and the poems are McPherson's own, in the main. Ostend Manifesto. Issued (1854) at Ostend, Belgium, by Buchanan, Mason, and Soule, United States Ministers to England, France, and Spain respectively, declaring that Cuba must belong to the United States. Ostracism. (Gr., ostrakon, shell, crock, voting tablet . ) The Athenians expelled every dangerous public man against whom a sufficient number of votes (inscribed on oyster shells) could be cast. Palimpsest. (Gr., re-scraped.) A parchment in which the original writing has been rubbed out, and new writing substituted. Pall Mall. (Pronounce pel mSl.) A street in London famous for its clubs. Palladium. (Gr., Statue of Pallas Athena.) An object that insures protection. , The Palladium was believed to insure the preservation of Troy by its presence. Pantheon. (Gr v of all gods.) A cir- cular building in Rome of the time of Augustus; now the Rotonda church. Paradise Lost. Milton's great epic, treating of the fall of man. Paradise Regained, treats of the temptation and triumph of Christ. Paris of America. Cincinnati. Parthenon. (Gr., Parthenos, the Virgin. Athene.) A celebrated tem- ple oi Athena on the Acropolis, Athens; the noblest specimen of Doric architecture. Partington, Mrs. Famed for misuse of words, in B. P. Shillaber's Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington (1854). Pasquinade. A sarcastic political squib; so called from Pasquino, a sarcastic tailor. Upon an antique statue in Rome, called Pasquino, political squibs are affixed. Peeler. (Eng. Slang.) A policeman. So called from Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the London constabulary. Peninsular War. The war of the English against France in Spain and Portugal, 1808-1812. People's William. A nickname of William E. Gladstone. Pere-Lachaise. The most famous cemetery in Paris, enlarged by the Jesuit Pere (Fr., Father) Lachaise, confessor to Louis XIV. Philippic. A severe invective; so called from the orations of Demos- thenes against Philip of Macedon. Philistine. A narrow-minded person; in common use in the German Uni- versities to designate tradesmen, etc. Philosopher's Stone, The. A sub- stance for which the alchemists were always searching; it was to turn the other metals into gold. Phoenix. A fabulous bird, said to live 500 years, when it burns itself on a nest of spices, and renews its life for 500 years more. Pied Piper of Hamelin, The. He was offered a reward to drive out the rats and mice from Hamelin in Westphalia; he drew them into the river by the sound of his pipe. The authorities refusing to pay him the reward, he piped the children of the FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS town into Koppenberg Hill, where 130 of them died. Pigeon (or Pidgin) English. English, Chinese and Portuguese mixed; used in business affairs in China and the East, pidgin representing business in the Chinese mouth. Cf. Lingua Franca. Pleiad, The French. (Pleiades, a bright m constellation of six stars, seven in the mythology of ancient Greece.) Seven sixteenth century poets, viz: Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, Baif, Pontus de Thyard, Dor at. Plymouth Rock. A rock at Plym- outh, Mass., where the Pilgrims are thought to have landed in 1620. Poet's Corner. A corner in West- minster Abbey where Chaucer, Spen- ser, Shakespeare, Milton, and other poets are buried. Pons Asinorum. (Lat., The bridge of asses.) The fifth Proposition of the first Book of Euclid's Geometry; difficult to dunces. Poor Richard. Benjamin Franklin's name as author of Poor Richard's Almanac, with wise maxims (1732- 57). Porkopolis. (Pork+Gr. polis, City.) The nickname of Cincinnati and Chicago for their pork industry. Prater, The. The fashionable prom- enade of Vienna, Austria. Pre-Raphaelites. A name given to the English school of artists, com- prising Hunt, D. G. Rossetti, Mil- lais, and others, aiming at the natural style of the Italian masters before Raphael. Protestant Duke, The. The Duke of Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. Puke. Nickname of a Missourian. Q Quaker City, The. Philadelphia, Pa. Quaker Poet, The. John G. Whit- tier. Quartier Latin. (Fr., The Latin Quarter.) A region in Paris south of the Seine, whose population con- sists largely of students. Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. Railway King, The. George Hudson (1800-71), an Englishman, who made an immense fortune out of railway speculations. Ranz des Vaches. (Fr., Lowing of the Cows.) The tunes played by the Swiss mountaineers on their horns while driving their cattle to pasture. Rebellion, The Great. The war between Charles I. of England and Parliament (1642-49). Rebellion, War of the. The Civil War of the United States between the Southern and Northern States, 1861-1865. Red Letter Day. A fortunate or memorable day. In old calendars the saints' days were marked by a red letter. Red Tape. Official routine and delay. Law papers are tied with red tape. Reign of Terror. The time in the French Revolution from the over- throw of the Girondists (q. v.), May 31, 1793, to the overthrow of Robespierre, July 27, 1794. Reynard, the Fox. A beast epic of the fourteenth century. Rialto, The. A famous bridge over the Grand Canal, Venice. Rights, Declaration of. An in- strument drawn up after the English Revolution of 1689, and accepted by William and Mary, Feb. 13, 1689. It summarizes the leading points of the English Constitution. Roast, To rule the. To be at the head; to have "the whole say." Robert the Devil. Robert I, First Duke of Normandy, father of Wil- liam the Conqueror; so called for his crimes. Robin Goodfellow. A mischievous domestic spirit, the same as Puck. Rocinante, see Rosinante. Roland (A) for an Oliver. Tit for tat: blow for blow. Roland and Oliver, two of Charlemagne's peers, fought five days without gaining the slightest advantage over each other. Romantic School. A term applied to a number of German poets, musicians and painters in the begin- ning of the nineteenth century. They aimed at a truly national German literature, independent of French influence. Romantic School, in France, the poets and dramatists, headed by Victor Hugo and Lamartine. They FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS aimed at the natural as against the classical, i. e. conventional. Roscius, The British. David Gar- rick; Roscius (died 62 B.C.) was the greatest comic actor of Rome. Rosinante. A miserable nag. So called from Don Quixote's horse. Rough and Ready. President Zach- ary Taylor (1784-1850), from his manner. Roundheads. The Puritans, who wore short hair. Round Robin. (Prov.. Engl., Pan- cake.) Petition with signatures in a circular form. Round Table, in the Arthurian legends, was made by Merlin; Arthur's 150 knights of the Round Table had seats at it. Royal Martyr, The. Charles I. of England, executed in 1649. Royal Society, The. A society for "improving natural knowledge," founded at London in 1662. Rubicon, To pass the. To take an irretrievable step. The Rubicon separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, Ca3sar's province. Wh^n he crossed he became an enemy of the Republic. Rule Britannia! An English song, the words of which are by Thomp- son, author of The Seasons, and Mallet; the music was written by Dr. Arne, 1740. Rump Parliament. What was left, i. e. the fag-end (rump), of Parlia- ment in 1648, after Cromwell had imprisoned and driven out the others for refusing to condemn Charles I. Rye House Plot. A conspiracy in 1683 to assassinate Charles II. and the Duke of York. The conspirators met at Rye House, in Hertfordshire. S Sabbath Day's Journey. About one mile. See Exodus xvi. 29. Sadducees. Jewish sect (ii cent. B.C.), denying the resurrection of the dead. Sagas. Scandinavian books contain- ing the Northern mythology. Sailor King, The. William IV., of England, who entered the navy 1779. Saint Bartholomew, Massacre of. Massacre of the French Huguenots, in the reign of Charles IX., on St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 23-24, 1572. Saint Cloud* Once a famous French palace near the Seine; destroyed in the Franco-Prussian war. Saint James, The Court of. The English Court; so called from the palace of St. James, formerly a royal residence in London. St. Mark's. The famous cathedral of Venice, Italy. Saint Paul's. The cathedral of London, designed by Wren. Saint Peter's. The metropolitan church of Rome; the most splendid in the world. Area, 240,000 square feet. Saint Sophia. The famous cathedral of Constantinople, turned into a Mohammedan mosque in 1453. Saint Stephen's. A famous Gothic cathedral at Vienna, Austria. Salt River. (An obscure stream in Kentucky.) Oblivion. "Gone up Salt River"; forgotten. Sambo. (Sp., zambo, bow-legged.) A nickname for a colored man; the offspring of a black and a mulatto. Sanctum. (Lat., Holy thing or place.) One's private room or office, as an editor's sanctum. The m Sanc- tum Sanctorum (Holy of Holies) in the Jewish Temple was inaccessible to any one but the high priest. Sandwich. Meat or fish between two slices of bread. The English Earl of Sandwich used to take that form of refreshment, at the card-table. San hedrim. (Heb., from Gr. syn[h]e- drion, con-session, council.) The Jewish court of seventy-one elders. Sans Culottes. (Fr., Without trou- sers.) A nickname given by the Royalists to the French Revolution- ists. Sans Souci. (Fr., Without care.) Palace built (1*745-7) by Frederick the Great, at Potsdam, near Berlin. Santa Croce. (It., Holy Cross.) A church in Florence, Italy; the burial-place of Michael Angelo, Gal- ileo, Machiavelli, and others. Satanic School. A name sometimes applied to some modern writers, sup- posed to entertain irreligious ideas, as Byron, Shelley, Victor Hugo, Swinburne, Rossetti, George Sand. Saturnalia. A period of disorder and debauch. The Romans observed the Saturnalia, or feast of Saturn, in FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS mid-December with much merri- ment and, occasionally, license. Schoolmen. The mediaeval theolo- gians, whose lectures were delivered . in the cathedral schools. Scotland Yard. The former head- quarters of the London police. Now at New Scotland Yard. Scourge of God, The. Attila, king of the Huns. Scratch, Old. The Devil; from Scrat, a Northern familiar demon. Scyila. Avoiding Scylla, he fell into Charybdis. In trying to avoid one danger he fell into another. Scylla was a dangerous rock and Charybdis a whirlpool, on the opposite sides of the Straits of Messina, Italy. ' Sea-girt Isle, The. England, which is surrounded by the ocean. Secessia. Nickname of the Secession, i. e. Southern States, 1861-1865. Secular Games. The games held by the Romans once in a sceculum, i. e. age, century. Seltzer Water. Mineral water, from the Lower Selters, Germany. September Massacres. The mas- sacre of the French Royalist pris- oners in Paris, Sept.. 2-6, 1792. Septuagint. A Greek version of the Old Testament; so called because there were septuaginta (Lat., seven- ty) revisers. The number is not exact. Seven-hilled City, The. Rome, which was built on seven hills. Seven Wonders of the World. The Pyramids of Egypt; the Temple of Diana at Ephesus; the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; the Colossus at Rhodes; the Mausoleum at Hali- carnassus; the statue of Zeus, by Phidias, at Olympia; and the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria in Egypt. Seven Years' War. The war of Frederick the Great against Aus- tria, France, and Russia, 1756-1763. Shamrock. The national emblem of Ireland, because St. Patrick proved with it the doctrine of the Trinity. Shi bboleth. The password of a secret society; a countersign. AYhen the Ephraimites, who had been routed by Jephthah, tried to pass the Jordan, they were made to pro- nounce the word Shibboleth; they pronounced it Sibboleth, and were thus detected (Judges, xii., 4-6). Sick Man, The. The Ottoman Em- pire; so called by the Czar Nicholas II. of Russia. (1825-55.) Sinews of War, The. Money, which hires men to fight. Cf Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 5: nervos belli pecuniam in- finitum, the sinews of war — unlimited money. Single- Speech Hamilton. W. G. Hamilton (1729-96) made only one but surprisingly eloquent speech in Parliament. Six Hundred, Charge of the. A charge on the Russians by the Brit- ish light cavalry, 670 strong, at the battle of Balaclava, Oct. 25, 1854. Result of a mistake as to orders. See Tennyson's poem, Charge of the Light Brigade. Sleeping Beauty, The, shut by en- chantment in a castle; after a sleep of a hundred years, she is rescued by and marries a young prince. Smell of the Lamp, To. Applied to a too labored literary work. Pjth'- eas first applied the phrase to the orations of Demos'thenes, who con- stantly studied in a cave lighted by a lamp. Song of Roland. An old French epic recounting the deaths of Oliver and Roland at Roncesvalles. Sorbonne, The. A Paris university founded in the thirteenth century by Robert de Sorbonne, a famous school of theology, literature and science. Sor'tes Biblicae. (Lat., Biblical proph- ecies.) Telling one's fortune by con- sulting the Bible. The first passage touched at random by the finger is decisive. South Kensington Museum. A collection of works of art, manu- factures, etc., in London. South Sea Bubble, The. About 1711 a company was formed in Eng- land to pay the national debt, in return for the privilege of trading in the South Seas. It collapsed about 1720, ruining thousands. Spanish Armada. See Armada, Spanish, The. Spanish Main. The northern coast of South America. Sphinx. A monument, half man, half lion, near the Great Pyramid (q. v.). An emblem of silence and mystery. Stabat Mater. (Lat,, The Mother, i. e. Virgin Mary, was Standing.) A famous Latin hymn on the cruci- fixion. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Stalwart. A Republican, in the United States, who firmly adhered to the principles, methods and rules of his party, as against the "Half- Breeds," or those unwilling to be dic- tated to by the "Machine" (1880 and later). Star Chamber. (The roof of the chamber was decked with stars originally.) A former English civil and criminal court with jurisdiction over offences whose punishment was not provided for by law. Hence any court with secret methods. "Stonewall" Jackson. Thomas J. Jackson (1824-63), a famous Con- federate general in the Civil War of the United States, so styled because he stood like a stone wall at the battle of Bull Run (1861). Strassburg Cathedral. At Strass- burg, 468 ft. high, one of the noblest works of Gothic architecture; with a wonderful astronomical clock. Tabooed. Prohibited. From the Polynesian word tapu meaning con- secrated, devoted to gods or set apart. Tammany Hall. A section of the Democratic party in New York City, meeting in Tammany Hall. Tammany Ring (also called 'the Tweed Ring, and, generally, the Ring). A set of corrupt New York City officials who stole large sums from the City, exposed in 1871. Tammany, St. The patron saint of Tammany Hall; an Indian chief, or sachem. The principal officer of the Tammany Society is called the Grand Sachem. Tapis, On the. On the carpet; under discussion. So called from the tapis (Fr.) or cloth on the table, on which motions, bills, etc., are laid. Temple Bar. A stone gateway before the Temple, in London, which the King had to obtain permission to pass. It was removed in 1878. Termagant. A shrew; originally the name of a Saracen deity. Terra Firma. (Lat., firm land.) Dry land as distinguished from water. Tertium Quid. (Lat., a third some- thing.) A middle ground between opposites. Theatre Francais. (Fr., French Theatre.) A theatre in Paris for the production of the classic and best French dramas. Celebrated for the excellence of its company of actors. Theleme, Abbey of. The abbey founded by Gargantua in Rabelais' Gargantua. Its motto was "Do as you please." Thirty Years' War, The. Fought be- tween the Catholics and Protestants, in Germany, 1618 T 1648. Thistle. The national emblem of Scotland, for which tradition gives the following reason. The Danes were attempting to surprise an en- campment of the Scotch one night, and had come very near it without being observed. A Dane trod on a thistle and cried out with pain. The Scotch were aroused, and defeated their assailants. Thor. In Scandinavian mythology, the god of thunder and war, son of Odin. Threadneedle Street, The Old Lady of. The Bank of England in Thread- needle Street, London. Three Estates of the Realm. The nobility, the clergy, and the com- monalty, represented in the two Houses of Parliament. Thunderer, The. A nickname given to the London Times, for its " thun- dering." Tick, On. On credit; for on ticket. Ticket was formerly used for a promissory note. Tit for Tat. An equivalent. From tit-for-tat, blow-for-blow. Tom Thumb. The famous American dwarf, Stratton (1838-83), exploited by Bar num. Tory. The name of the great Eng- lish party whose place is to a certain extent taken by- the Conservatives. Original! v a term of reproach, de- rived from toruighe, a robber. Tour, The Grand. From England through France, Switzerland, Italy, to Germany and home. All aristo- cratic families, in England, used to send their sons on the grand tour. Tower, The. The citadel of London, on the Thames. Transfiguration, The. The most famous of Raphael's pictures, now in the Vatican. Represents the miraculous change of Christ on the mount. Trimmer. A person who takes a FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS middle course in politics. First applied as a term of reproach to the great Halifax, who was not strongly attached to any political party. Trinity Church. A famous Epis- copal church on Broadway, at the head of Wall Street, New York City. The richest church in America. Triple Alliance, The. 1. The alli- ance of Great Britain, Holland, and Sweden, in 1668, against Louis XIV. of France. 2. The Alliance of Ger- many, Austria-Hungary and Italy, formed in 1882. Troubadours. Provencal lyric poets, from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. Trouveres. Northern French epic poets, 1100-1400. Trumpet. To blow one's own Trumpet, i. e. to boast. The com- ing of the knights into the list used to be announced by the heralds with a flourish of trumpets. Tuft : hunter. A toady. At Oxford University a nobleman is called a tuft, because of the gold tuft on his college cap. Tuileries. A royal palace in Paris, burned by the Commune in 1871. Tulip Mania. A seventeenth-century European craze for buying tulip bulbs. Holland was the great seat of it. Tune that the old cow died of. Words instead of alms. A hack- neyed song. In the old song, a man who has nothing on which to feed his cow plays her this tune, "Con- sider, good cow, consider, This isn't the time for grass to grow." Tyburn. Once a place of execution in London. The site is now occupied by Grosvenor Square and Portman Square, and called Tyburnia, a wealthy and fashionable quarter. Uffi'zi. A building in Florence con- taining a celebrated art collection. 01 tramontanes. The extreme "high" Roman Catholics. The word, which means "beyond the moun- tains," was first used in France of those Catholics who ascribe every- thing to the Pope "beyond the Alps." Underground Railroad. A phrase which expressed all the means used to further the escape of runaway slaves in America. Under the Rose. (Lat. Sub rosa.) Confidentially. The rose was con- sidered by the ancients an emblem of silence. Unknown, The Great. First ap- plied to Sir Walter Scott; so called on account of the anonymous pub- lication of the Waverley novels. Unlicked Cub. An awkward, ill- bred boy. The bear cub was said to be out of shape till its dam licked it into shape. Unter den Linden. (Ger., Under the Lindens.) < A famous street in Ber- lin, Prussia. It has four rows of lime trees. Unwashed, The Great. The mob; first used by Edmund Burke. Upas Tree. (Malay, upa*. poison.) An object that exerts a hurtful in- fluence. There was a tradition that a noisome river rose in a upas tree in Java, the vapor of which was a deadly poison. Upper Ten Thousand. The aris- tocracy; fashionable society. A phrase first used by N. P. Willis. Utilitarians. Those who believe that utility, i. e. the fitness of a thing to promote human happiness, is the proper standard of morality. Utopia. (Gr., No Place.) The imagi- nary island which Sir Thomas More makes the scene of his romance of Utopia; an ideal commonwealth. Hence Utopian means visionary. Valhalla. In Scandinavian mythol- ogy, the palace of immortality, where dwell the heroes slain in battle. Vampire. A blood-sucker, extortioner. The vampire is a dead man who re- turns to life in the night, and sucks the blood of persons asleep. Vatican. The palace of the Popes, on the Vatican Hill, Rome. Vatican Council. The (Ecumenical Council which met at the Vatican in 1869, and promulgated the doctrine of Papal Infallibility. Vedas. (Skt. veda [sacred] knowledge.) The sacred books of the Hindus. Ve'ni, Vi'di, Vi'ei. (Lat., "I came, I saw, I conquered.' ') The phrase with which Julius Caesar announced FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS his victory at Zela, Asia Minor (47 B.C). Venus de Medici. A celebrated Greek statue of Venus, at Florence (once in the Medici Palace, Rome), attributed to Cleomenes, a sculptor of the second century B.C. Venus of Milo. (Mod. Gr., pro- nunciation of Melos.) Considered the most beautiful Greek statue; found in the Island of Melos, 1820, now in the Louvre. Verbum Sap. (Brief for Lat. Verbum Sapienti, "A word to the wise.") A word to the wise. Veronica. A relic at St. Peter's, Rome, said to be the handkerchief with which a woman Veronica wiped Jesus' s brow on his way to Calvary. It is said to contain the true likeness of our Saviour. Versailles. A splendid palace at Versailles, about ten miles from Paris. Vespers, The Sicilian. The mas- sacre of the French in Sicily by the Sicilians, March 30, 1282, at the vesper bell as the signal. Via Dolorosa. (Lat., Way of pain.) The way by which Christ went from the Mount of Olives to Golgotha. Vinegar Bible, The, printed at Ox- ford, 1767, has "vinegar" for, "vine- yard" in the headline of Luke xxii. Virgin Queen, The. Queen Eliza- beth of England. See Maiden Queen. Vitus, St. St. Vitus' dance is so called, because St. Vitus was thought to have control of hysterical com- plaints. W Wabash Avenue. A street in Chi- cago, 111., noted for fine buildings. Wall of China, The. A wall 1,500 miles long and 20 feet high, built by the Chinese, 210-204 B.C. as a protection against invasions. Wall Street. The great financial street of New York. Most of the offices of bankers and brokers are on this street or in its vicinity. Wallack's. A famous New York theatre, once conducted by J. Lester Wallack and his father. (1820-88.) Walton. An Izaak Walton. An angler. Izaak Walton published his Compleat Angler in 1655. Wandering Jew, The. A famous character in mediaeval legend, one Ahasuerus, a cobbler, who drove from his door the Saviour wearied with carrying his cross. Jesus said, "I go away, but thou shalt tarry till I come. Condemned to live till the coming of our Lord, Ahas- uerus has been wandering over the world, seen from time to time in Europe, the last time late in the eighteenth century, in Belgium. Ac- cording to another legend, the Wandering Jew was Cartaphilus, the doorkeeper of the Hall of Judgment. He struck our Saviour, telling him to go faster. War of 1812. Between Great Britain and the United States, 1812-15. War of the Roses. The English civil wars, between the houses of York (badge — white rose) and Lancaster (red rose), in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. ..See Shake- speare's I. Henry VI. ii. 4. Washington Street. The principal business street of Boston, Mass. Wassail. (O.E., wes hdl, be whole, i. e. well!) An old Saxon salutation. The wassail bowl is the bowl of spiced ale used on New Year's Day. Waters, The Father of. The Mis- sissippi River; a translation of the Indian name Mississippi. m Watling Street. The chief Roman road, across Southern Britain from Dover to Cardigan. Ways and Means, Committee of the. A most important Committee on the American House of Repre- sentatives, charged with devising the methods by which money for the current expenses of the Government is to be supplied. Wedding. The first anniversary of a wedding is called a paper wedding, the gifts being paper articles; the fifth, wooden; the tenth, tin; the fifteenth, crystal; twentieth, china; twenty-fifth, silver; fiftieth, gold- en; sixtieth, or seventy-fifth, dia- mond. Well of St. Keyne. A well in Corn- wall whose virtue is such that who- ever of a married couple first tastes its waters will "wear the breeches" in the household. Westminster Ahhey. The cele- brated abbey-church of London, where many of the illustrious dead of England are buried. FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS Wetherell, Elizabeth. Pseudonym of the American novelist, Miss Susan Warner (1319-85), author of The Wide, Wide World (1850). Whig. Once the name of great polit- ical parties in England and the -United States. The term is said to come from Whiggamore, a Scotch (Celtic) word for a thief, a free- booter. The Marquis of Argyle col- lected a troop of these thieves to oppose some measures of James I., and finally the epithet Whig was ap- plied to all opponents of the Gov- ernment. The Whigs at the Eng- lish Revolution opposed the govern- ment of James II. The Whig party in America favored a protective tariff, and a United States bank. Gen. Scott was their last candidate for President (1852). Whistle. To pay too dearly for the whistle. Dr. Franklin tells a story of buying a whistle, when a boy, for f our times its value. Hence, something which does not equal our expectations, though costly. White Elephant. Something one does not know what to do with. The king of Siam sends a white elephant to a courtier whose fortune he wishes to destroy, as a white ele- phant must be kept in royal style. White Feather, To show the. To display cowardice. A white feather in a bird marks a cross breed, and is not found on a game-cock. White House. The residence, of white color, of the President of the United States at Washington. White Stone. A day to be marked with a white stone is a day to be pleasantly remembered. The ancient Romans marked a lucky day on the calendar with a white stone; an un- lucky day with charcoal. Whitehoys. A secret organization who engaged in "agrarian outrages' ' in Ireland in 1761; so called from wearing white overgarments. Whitehall. A region in Westmin- ster, London, where the royal palace formerly stood ; but now a thorough- fare. Wild Huntsman, The. In German legend a spectral huntsman in the Black Forest. The English name is "Heme the Hunter." Windmills, To fight with. To op- pose imaginary objects; to fight with crotchets. The phrase comes from Don Quixote's adventure in assailing windmills, which he mis- took for giants. Windsor Castle. A famous royal castle and residence near London. Wise Men of the East, The. The three Magi who were guided by the star of Bethlehem to our Saviour's birthplace. (Matth. ii., 1, 2.) Witch of Endor, The. A sooth- sayer who, at the request of Saul, on the eve of his battle with the Philistines, invoked the ghost of Samuel, who foretold the death of Saul. Witches' Sabbath. The annual mid- night gathering of witches and demons. Wooden Horse, The. After the death of Hector, the Greeks besieg- ing Troy built a gigantic wooden horse, pretending that it was an offering to the gods to insure a safe return to Greece. The horse was filled with Greek warriors; the Trojans dragged it into the city, and at night the Greeks came out of the horse, opened the city gates to their companions, and sacked the town. Woolsack, To sit on the. To be Lord Chancellor of England, pre- siding officer of the House of Lords. His seat, the woolsack, is a mere bag of wool. Wyoming Massacre. A band of British and Indians ravaged the val- ley of Wyoming in 1778. Xanthos. The prophetic horse of Achilles in the Trojan war. Xantippe. The wife of Socrates, an intolerable scold. A byword of shrewishness. Yahoo. A rowdy; a brutal, ill-bred man. The Yahoos in Swift's Gulli- ver's Travels are brutes with the shapes of men. Yankee. An American. In America itself a nickname of a New Eng- lander. Jonathan Hastings, a Cam- bridge, Mass., farmer, in the eight- FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS eenth century, used the word to de- note excellence: a Yankee good horse, or Yankee cider meant an ex- cellent good horse or excellent cider. According to another explanation, the word is a corrupted Indian form of English. Yankee Doodle. An American na- tional air, of pre-Revolutionary origin. Yarmouth Bloater. A red herring. Yarmouth, England, is noted for them. Yellow Jack. A slang term for the yellow fever, alluding to the Yellow Jack, i. e. flag over vessels in quar- antine, marine hospitals, etc. Yggdrasil. (Icel., Odin's sill.) In Scandinavian mythology, the world- tree, an ash whose branches and roots connect heaven (Asa gods), earth (Frost Giants) and the underworld. The serpent Nithoggr gnaws its roots. Yosem'ite Valley, in California, famous for its magnificent scenery; also a well-known picture by the American artist, Bierstadt. Young: America. The younger gen- eration in America. Young Chevalier. Charles Edward Stuart, the second, or Young Pre- tender to the throne of Great Britain (1720-88). Young Germany. The literary school of Heinrich Heine (1799- 1856) and his followers. Yule. (O.E., geol, M.E., yole, Decem- ber.) Christmas. Yule-log. A huge log of wood put on the hearth fire at Christmas. Zend Avesta. The sacred scrip- tures, in the Zend language, of the Zoroastrians. Avista means "text," and Zend, "translation." Zodiac. An imaginary belt in the heavens, divided into twelve equal parts, with a sign, or constellation, for each. The six signs north of the equator are (the names being Latin): Aries, "the ram;" Taurus. "the bull;" Gemini, "the twins. Cancer, "the crab;" Leo, "the lion;" Virgo, "the virgin." The six signs south of the equator are: Libra, "the balance '"^Scorpio, "the scor- pion;" Sagittarius, "the archer;" Capricornus, "the goat;" Alquarius, "the water-carrier;" and Pisces, "the fishes." In groups of three, they are the signs for spring, sum- mer, autumn, and winter, respec- tively. Zollverein. (Germ., zoll, "custom," -\-verein, "union.") A tariff union of German States to maintain uni- form tariff rates. Most Common Abbreviations In the following list most of the abbreviations that are likely to be met with by modern readers are alphabetically arranged: A. or Ans. — Answer. A. A. G. — Assistant Adjutant-Gen- eral. A. A. A. G. — Acting Assistant Ad- jutant-General. A. A. P. S. — American Association for the Promotion of Science. A. A. S. — Academics Americance So- cius, Fellow of the American Acad- emy (of Arts and Sciences). A. A. S. S. — Americance Antiquarians Societatis Socius, Member of the American Antiquarian Society. A. B. — Able-bodied seaman. A. B. — Artium Baccalaureus, Bache- lor of Arts. A. B. C. F. M. — American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions. Abl. — Ablative. Abp. — Archbishop. Abr. — Abridgement, or Abridged. A. B. S. — American Bible Society. A. C. — Ante Christum, before the birth of Christ. Acad. — Academy. Acad. Nat. Sci. — Academy of Nat- ural Sciences. Ace. — Accusative. Act. — Active; Acting. Acct. — Account. A. C. S. — American Colonization Society. Advt. — Advertisement. A. D. — Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord. A. D. C- — Aide-de-camp. Adj. — Adjective. Adjt. — Adjutant. Adjt.-Gen. — Adjutant-General. Ad lib. — Ad libitum, at pleasure. Adm. — Admiral; Admiralty. Admr. — Administrator. Admx. — Administratrix. Ad v. — Ad valorem, at (or on) the value. Adv. — Adverb. ^Et. — Mtatis, of age; aged. A. F. B. S. — American and Foreign Bible Society. Afr. — African. A. G. — Adjutant-General. Agl. Dept. — Department of Agricul- ture. Agr. — Agriculture. A. G. S. S. — American Geographical and Statistical Society. Agt. — Agent. A. H. — Anno Hegirce, in the year of the Hegira. A. H. M. S. — American Home Mis- sionary Society. Al. — Aluminum. Ala. — Alabama. Alas. — Alaska. Alb. — Albany. Aid. — Alderman. Alex. — Alexander. Alf.— Alfred. Alg. — Algebra. Alt.— Altitude. A. M. — Anno mundi, in the year of the world. A. M. — Ante meridiem, before noon; morning. A. M. — Artium Magister, Master of Arts. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci. — American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science. Am. Assn. Sci. — American Association for the Advancement of Science. Amb. — Ambassador. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Amer. — American. Amer. Acad. — American Academy. A. M. E. Z.~ African Methodist Epis- copal Zion. Amt. — Amount. An. — Anno, in the year. An. A. G. — Anno ante Christum, in the year before Christ. Anal. — Analysis. Ann. — Annales; Annals. Anat. — Anatomy. Anc. — Ancient ; anciently. And. — Andrew. Ang.-Sax. — Anglo-Saxon, Anon. — Anonymous. Ans. — Answer. Ant., or Antiq. — Antiquities. Anth. — Anthony. A. O. S. S. — Americanm Orientalis So- cietatis Socius, Member of the Amer- ican Oriental Society. Ap. — Apostle ; Appius. Ap. — Apud, in writings of ; as quoted by. Apo. — Apogee. Apoc. — Apocalypse. Apocr. — Apocrypha. App. — Appendix. Apr. — April. Aq. — Water (aqua). A. Q. M. — Assistant Quartermaster. A. Q. M. G. — Assistant Quartermas- ter-General. Ao R. — Anno regni year of the reign* A. R. A. — Associate of the Royal Academy. Ara. — Arabic. Arch. — Architect ; Architecture. Archd. — Archdeacon. Ari. — Arizona. Arith. — Arithmetic. Ark. — Arkansas. Arr. — Arrive ; Arrival. A. R. S. A. — Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. A. R. S. S. — Antiquariorum Regiw Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries. Art. — Article. Artil. — Artillery. A.-S. — Anglo-Saxon. A. S., or Assist. Sec. — -Assistant Sec- retary. A. S. A. — American Statistical Asso- ciation. Ass., Assn. — Association. A. S. S. U. — American Sunday-School Union. A. T. S. — American Tract Society. Atty. — Attorney. Atty.-Gen. — Attorney-General. A. U. A. — American Unitarian Asso- ciation. Aub. Theol. Sem. — Auburn Theologi- cal Seminary. A. U. C. — Anno urbis conditw, or ab urbe condita, in the year from the building of the city (Rome). Aug. — August. Aus. — Austria ; Austrian. Auth. Ver., or A. V. — Authorized Version (of the Bible). Av. — Average ; Avenue. Avdp. — Avoirdupois. Avoir. — Avoirdupois. A. Y. M. — Ancient York Masons. B.— Born. B. A. — Bachelor of Arts. Bal. — Balance. Bait. — Baltimore. Bapt. — Baptist. Bar. — Barometer. Bart, or bt. — Baronet. Bbl.— Barrel. B. C. — Before Christ. B. C. L. — Bachelor of Civil Law. B. D. — Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bach« elor of Divinity. Belg. — Belgic; Belgians Belgium. Benj. — Benjamin. B. I. — British India. Bib. — Bible; Biblical. Biog. — Biography ; Biographical. Bisc. — Biscayan. B. LL. — Baccalaureus Legum, Bach- elor of Laws. B. LL. — Same as LL. B. Bis.— Bales. B. M. — Baccalaureus Medicinw, Bach- elor of Medicine. B. M. — Same as M. B. Bot. — Botany. Bp. — Bishop. Br. — British. Br. Univ. — Brown University. Braz. — Brazil ; Brazilian. Brig. — Brigade ; Brigadier. Brig.-Gen. — Brigadier-General. Brit. Mus. — British Museum. Bro. — Brother. B. S. — Bachelor in the Sciences. Bush. — Bushel ; Bushels. B. V. — Bene vale, farewell. C— Cent. C. — Consul. C, or Cels. — Celsius's Scale for the thermometer. C, or Cent. — Centum, a hundred ; Century. C, Ch., or Chap. — Chapter. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Ca. sa. — Capias ad satisfaciendum, a legal writ. C. A. — Chief Accountant ; Commis- sioner of Accounts. Ca. resp. — Capias ad respondendum, a legal writ. Cset. par. — Gceteris parlous, other things being equal. Cal. — California ; Calends. Cam., Camb. — Cambridge. Can. — Canon. Cant. — Canticles. Cantab. — Of Cambridge (Cantabrig- iensis ) . Cantuar. — Of Canterbury. Cap. or Q. — Caput, capitulum, chap- ter. Caps. — Capitals. Capt. — Captain. Capt.-Gen. — Captain-General. Car. — Carat. Card. — Cardinal. Cash. — Cashier. C. B.— Cape Breton. C. B. — Companion of the Bath. C. C. — County Commissioner ; County Court. C. C. — Cubic centimeter. C. C. P. — Court of Common Pleas. Cd. — Cadmium. C. D. V. — Carte-de-Visite. C. E. — Civil Engineer. C. E. — Christian Endeavor (Young People's Society of). Cel., or Celt.— Celtic. Cent. — Centigrade, a scale of 100° from freezing to boiling. Cert. — Certify. Certif. — Certificate. C. G. — Commissary-General ; Consul- General. C. G. H.— Cape of Good Hope. C. H. — Court house. Ch. — Church ; Chapter : Charles. Chald.— Chaldea ; Chaldean ; Chal- daic. Chanc. — Chancellor. Chap. — Chapter. Chem. — Chemistry. Ches. — Chesapeake. Chic. — Chicago. Chr. — Christ ; Christian. Chr. — Christopher. Chron. — Chronicles. Cin. — -Cincinnati. Circ. — Circuit. Cit. — Citation : Citizen. C. J.— Chief-Justice. CI. — Chlorine. Clk.— Clerk. C. M. — Common Meter. C. M. G. — Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Co. — Company ; county. Coch., or Cochl. — A spoonful {coch- leare). C. O. D. — Cash (or collect) on deliv- ery. Col. — Colorado; Colonel: Colossians. Coll. — Collector ; Colloquial ; College ; Collection. Com. Arr. — Committee of Arrange- ments. Com. — Commerce ; Committee ; Com- missioner ; Commodore. Com. & Nav. — Commerce and Naviga- tion. Comdg. — Commanding. Comm. — Commentary. Comp. — Compare ; Comparative ; Com- pound ; Compounded. Com. Ver. — Common Version. Con. — Contra, against ; in opposition. Con. Cr. — Contra, credit. Conch. — Conchology. Con. Sec. — Conic Sections. Confed. — Confederate. Cong. — Congress. Conj. or conj. — Conjunction. Congl. — Congregational ; Conglomerate. Conn, or Ct. — Connecticut. Const. — Constable ; Constitution. Cont. — Contra. Cop., or Copt. — Coptic. Corn. — Cornwall ; Cornish. Cor. — Corinthians. Cor. Mem. — Corresponding Member. Cor. Sec. — Corresponding Secretary. Coss. — Consuls (consules). C. P. — Common Pleas. C. P. Court of Probate. C. P. S. — Gustos Privati Sigilli, Keeper of the Privy Seal. Cr. — Chromium. Cr. — Creditor ; credit. C. Pv. — Custos Rotulorum, Keeper of the Rolls. Cs. — Cases. C. S. — Court of Sessions. C. S. — Custos Siqillh Keeper of the Seal. C. S.A. — Confederate States of Amer- ica ; Confederate States Army. C. S. B. — Bachelor of Christian Science. C. S. D. — Doctor of Christian Science. C§k Cask. C. S. N.— Confederate States Navy. C. Theod. — Codice Theodosiano, in the Theodosian Code. Ct. — Court. Cts. — Cents. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Cub. — Cubic. Cub. Ft. — Cubic Foot. Cur. — Currency. C. W.— Canada West. Cwt. — Hundredweight. Cyc. — Cyclopedia. D.— Died. D. — Five hundred. D. — Penny; pence (denarius). D. A. G. — Deputy Adjutant-General. Dak. — Dakota. Dan. — Daniel ; Danish. Dat. — Dative. D. B. or Domesd. B. — Domesday- Book. D. C. — District of Columbia. D. C. L. — Doctor of Civil Law. D. C. S. — Deputy Clerk of Sessions. D. D. — Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. D. D. S. — Doctor of Dental Surgery. Dea. — Deacon. Dec. — December ; Declination, Dec. of Ind. — Declaration of Inde- pendence. Def. — Definition. Def., Deft.— Defendant. Deg.- — Degree ; degrees. Del. — Delaware ; Delegate. Del., or del. — Delineavit, he (or she) drew it. Dem. — Democrat ; Democratic. Dep. — Deputy. Dept. — Department. Deut. — Deuteronomy. D. F.— Defender of the Faith. D. G. — Dei gratia, by the grace of God. D. G. — Deo gratias, thanks to God. D. H. — Dead-head. Diana. — Diameter. Diet. — Dictionary ; Dictator. Dim. — Diminutive. Diosc. — - Dioscarides. Disc. — Discount. Diss. — Dissertation. Dist. — District. Dist.-Atty. — District- Attorney. Div. — Division. D. L. O. — Dead-Letter Office. ' D M. — Doctor of Music. Do. — Ditto, the same. Doc. — Document. Dols. — Dollars. D. O. M. — Deo optimo maximo, to God, the best, the greatest. Doz. — Dozen. D. P. — Doctor of Philosophy. Dpt. — Department. Dr. — Debtor ; Doctor. Dr. — Drams ; Drachms- Do Sc.-^- Doctor of Science. D. T.— Doctor of Theology (doctor theologice) . Duo. — Duodecimo, twelve folds. D. V. — Deo volente, God willing. Dwt. — Pennyweight. Dyn. — Dynamics. E.— East. E. by S.— East by South. E. & O. E. — Errors and omissions ex« cepted. E. B.— English Bible. Eben. — Ebenezer. Ebor. — York (Eboracum). Eccl. — Ecclesiastes. Ecclus. — Ecclesiasticus. E. D. — Eastern District. Ed. — Editor; Edition. Edin. — Edinburgh. Edm. — Edmund. Edw. — Edward. E. E. — Errors excepted. E. E. T. S.— Early English Text So- ciety. E. G. — Exempli gratia, for example. E. G. — Ex grege, among the rest. E. Fl.— Ells Flemish. E. Fr. — Ells French. E. I. — East Indies or East India. E. I. C, or E. I. Co.— East India Company. E. I. C. S. — East India Company's Service. Eliz.— Elizabeth. E. Lon. — East longitude. E. M. — Mining Engineer. Emp. — Emperor ; Empress. Encyc. — Encyclopedia. Eng. Dept. — Department of Engineers. Eng. — England ; English. E.-X.-E. — East-North-East. Ent., Entom. — Entomology. Env. Ext. — Envoy Extraordinary. E. o. w. — Every other week. Ep. — Epistle. Eph. — Ephesians ; Ephraim. Epis. — Episcopal. E. S — Ells Scotch. Esd. — Esdras. E.-S.-E.— East-South-East. Esq. — Esquire. Esth. — Esther. E. T. — English Translation. Et. al. — Et alii, and others. Etc., or &c. — Et cwteri, et cwterce, et ccetera, and others; and so forth. Eth. — Ethiopic ; Ethiopian. Et seq. — Et sequentia, and what fol- lows. .p*>. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Etym. — Etymology. ^E. U. — Evangelical Union. "Ex. — Example. % Ex. — Exodus. Exc. — Excellency ; exception. Exch. — Exchequer ; Exchange. Ex. Doc. — Executive Document. Exec. Com. — Executive Committee. Execx. — Executrix. Ex. gr. — For example (exempli gra- tia ) . Exr. or Exec. — Executor. Ez. — Ezra. Ezek. — Ezekiel. F. and A. M. — Free and Accepted Masons. F., or Fahr. — Fahrenheit (thermome- ter). F. A. S. — Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F. B. S.— Fellow of the Botanical Society. F. C— Free Church of Scotland. Fcap, or fcp. — Foolscap. F. C. P. S.— Fellow of the Cambridge Philological Society. F. C. S.— Fellow of the Chemical So- ciety. F. D. — Defender of the Faith. F. E.— Flemish ells. Feb. — February. Fee. — Fecit : he did it. Fern. — Feminine. F. E. S. — Fellow of the Entomological Society ; Fellow of the Ethnographi- cal Society. Ff. — Following. Ff.— The Pandects. F. F. V. — First Families of Virginia. F. G. S. — Fellow of the Geological Society. F. H. S.— Fellow of the Horticultural Society. Fi. Fa. — Fieri facias, cause it to be done. Fid. Def. — Defender of the Faith. Fig. — Figure. Fin. — Finland. Finn. — Finnish. Fir. — Firkin. F. K. Q. C. P. I.— Fellow of King's and Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland. Fl. E — Flemish ells. Fla.— Florida. F. L. S. — Fellow of the Linnsean So- ciety. F.-M.— Field-Marshal. F.-O.— Field-Officer. Fol.— Folio. For. — Foreign. F. P. S.— Fellow of the Philological Society. Fr. — France ; French. Fr. — Francis. Fr. — From. F. R. A. S.— Fellow of the Royal As- tronomical Society. F. R. C. P.— Fellow of the Royal Col- lege of Physicians. F. R. C. S. L.— Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. Fred. — Frederick. Fr. E.— French ells. Fr., Frs. — Franc ; Francs. F. R. G. S.— Fellow of the Roya) Geographical Society. F. R. Hist. Soc— Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Fri. — Friday. F. R. S.— Fellow of the Royal So- ciety. F. R. S. S. A.— Fellow of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. F. R. S. E — Fellow of the Royal So- ciety, Edinburgh. F. R. S. L.— Fellow of the Royal So- ciety, London. F. S. A.— Fellow of the Society of Arts, or of Antiquaries. F. S. A. E.— Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. F. S. A. Scot. — Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. F. S. S.— Fellow of the Statistical Society. Ft. — Foot; feet; Fort. Fth. — Fathom. Fur. — Furlong. F. Z. S. — Fellow of the Zoological So- ciety. Ga. — Georgia. G. A. — General Assembly. Gal. — Galatians ; Gallon. Galv. — Galvanism. Galv. — Galveston. G. B. — Great Britain. G. B. & I. — Great Britain and Ire- land. G. C. — Grand Chapter; Grand Con- ductor. G. C. B.— Grand Cross of the Bath. G. C. H. — Grand Cross of Hanover. G. C. K. P. — Grand Commander of the Knights of St. Patrick. G. C. L. H.— Grand Cross of the Le- gion of Honor. G. C. M. G.— Grand Cross of St MichaeJ and St. George. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS G. C. S. I. — Grand Commander of the Star of India. G. D. — Grand Duke ; Grand Duchess. G. E. — Grand Encampment. Gen. — Genesis ; General. Gen. — Genus ; Genera ; Genealogy. Gent. — Gentleman. Geo. — George. Geog. — Geography. Geol. — Geology. Geom. — Geometry. Ger. — German ; Germany. Gl. — Glossa, a gloss. G. L. — Grand Lodge. G. M. — Grand Master. G. M. K. P. — Grand Master of the Knights of St. Patrick. G. M. S. I. — Grand Master of the Star of India. G. O. — General Order. Goth.— Gothic. Gov. — Governor. Gov.-Gen. — Governor-General. Govt. — Government. G. P. — Gloria patri (" Glory be to the Father"). G. P. O.— General Post-Office. G. R. — Georgius Rex, King George. Gr. — Greek ; Gross. Gr., Grs. — Grain ; Grains. Grad. — Graduated. Gram. — Grammar. Grot. — Grotius. G. S. — Grand Secretary ; Grand Sen- tinel ; Grand Scribe. G. T.— Good Templars ; Grand Tyler. Gtt. — Drop; drops (gutta or gutted). H. A. — Hoc anno, this year. Hab.— Habakkuk. Hab. corp. — Habeas corpus, you may have the body. Hab. fa. poss. — Habere facias posses- sionem. Hab. fa. seis. — Habere facias seisinan. Hag. — ■ Haggai. Hants. — Hampshire. H. B. C. — Hudson Bay Company. H. B. M. — His or Her Britannic Maj- esty. H. C. — House of Commons ; Herald's College. H. C. M. — His or Her Catholic Maj- esty. H. E. — Hoc est, that is, or this is. Heb. — Hebrews. Heb. — Hebrew. H. E. I. C. — Honorable East India Company. H. E. I. C. S.— Honorable East In- dia Company's Service. Her. — Heraldry. Hf.-bd.— Half-bound. Hg. — Hydrargyrum, mercury. H.-G. — Horse-guards. H. H. — His or Her Highness ; His Holiness (the Pope). Hhd. — Hogshead. Hier. — Jerusalem ( Hiercrsolyma ) . H. I. H. — His or Her Imperial High- ness. Hind. — Hindu ; Hindustan ; Hindu- stanee. Hipp. — Hippocrates. Hist. — History. H. J. S. — Hie jacet sepultus. Here lies buried. H. M. — His Majesty. H. L. — House of Lords. H. M. P. — Hoc monumentum posuit, erected this monument. H. M. S. — His or Her Majesty's Ship. Holl.— Holland^ Hon. — Honorable. Hort. — - Horticulture. Hos. — Hosea. H.-P. — High - priest ; Horse - power ; Half-pay. H. R. — House of Representatives. H. R. E. — Holy Roman Empire. H. R. H. — His Royal Highness. H. R. I. P. — Hie requiescit in pace. Here rests in peace. H. S. — Hie situs, Here lies. H. S. H. — His Serene Highness. H. T. — Hoc titulum, this title; hoc, tituli, in or under this title. Hund. — Hundred. Hung. — Hungarian. H. V. — Hoc verbum, this word; his verbis, in these words. Hyd. — Hydrostatics. Hypoth. — Hypothesis ; Hypothetical. la. — Iowa. lb., or ibid. — Ibidem, in the same place. Icel. — Iceland ; Icelandic. Ich. — Ichthyology. Icon. Encyc. — Iconographic Encyclo- pedia. I. Ch. Th. U. S.— (1x07*) Jesus Christ the Son of God, the Saviour (Iesous Christos Theou Huios Soter) . Ictus. — Jurisconsultus, Id.— Idaho. Id. — Idem, the same. Id. — The Ides (Idus). I. E. — Id est, that is. I. H. S. — Jesus the Saviour of Men (Jesus Hominum, Salvator). MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS I., IL, III. — One, two, three, or first, second, third. I j. — Two ( med. ) . 111.— Illinois. Imp. — Imperative ; imperfect. Imp. — Imperial; Emperor (Impera- tor). In. — Inch: inches. In. — Indium. Incog. — Incognito, unknown. Incor. — Incorporated. Ind. Ter. — Indian Territory. I. H. P. — Indicated horse power. I. N. D. — In nomine Dei, in the name of God. Ind. — Indiana ; Index. Indef. — Indefinite. Inf. — Infra, beneath, or below. In f. — In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted. Inhab. — Inhabitant. In lim. — In limine, at the outset. In loc. — In loco, in the place ; on the passage. In pr. — In principio, in the beginning and before the first paragraph of a law. I. N. R. I. — Jesus Nazarenus, Rex Judceorum, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. Inst. — Instant, of this month; Insti- tutes. Inst. — Institute ; Institution. In sum. — In summa, in the summary. Int. — Interest. Interj. — Interjection. In trans. — In transitu, on the pas- sage. Int. Dept. — Department of the Inte- rior. Int. Rev. — Internal Revenue. Introd. — Introduction. I. O. O. F. — Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Ion. — Ionic. I. O. S. M. — Independent Order of the Sons of Malta. I. O. U. — I owe you. Ipecac. — Ipecacuanha. I. Q. — Idem quod, the same as. Ire. — Ireland. I. R. O.— Internal Revenue Office. Isa. — Isaiah. Is., Isl. — Island. I. T. — Inner Temple. It— Italy. Ital. — Italic; Italian. IV. — Four or fourth. I. W.— Isle of Wight. IX. — Nine or ninth. J. — Justice, or Judge. J. — One (med ) . J A.— Judge-Advocate, Jac. — Jacob. J. A* G. — Judge Advocate-GeneraL Jam. — Jamaica. Jan. — January. Jas. — James. J. O. D. — Juris Civilis Doctor, Doctor of Civil Law. J. C. — Jurisconsult (Juris Consul' tus) . J. D. — Junior Deacon. Jer. — Jeremiah. J. G. W. — Junior Grand Warden. J J.— Justices. Jno.— John. Jona. — Jonathan. Jos. — Joseph. Josh. — Joshua. J. P. — Justice of the Peace. J. Prob. — Judge of Probate. J. R. — Jacobus Rex, King James. Jr., or Jun. — Junior. J. U. D., or J. V. D. — Juris utriusque Doctor, Doctor of both laws (of the Canon and the Civil Law) > Jud. — Judicial. Jud. — Judith. Judg. — Judges. Judge-Adv. — Judge-Advocate. Jul. Per. — Julian Period. Jus. P. — Justice of the Peace, Just. — Justinian. J. W. — Junior Warden. K.— King. K. A. — Knight of St. Andrew, in Rus- sia. Kal.— The Kalends (Kalendw) . K. A. N. — Knight of Alexander Nev- skoi, in Russia. Kan. — Kansas. K. B. — King's Bench. K. B. — Knight of the Bath. K. C. — King's Counsel K. C. B. — Knight Commander of the Bath. K. G.— Knight of the Garter. Kg., Kgs. — Keg; Kegs. K. G. C. — Knight of the Grand Cross. K. G. C. B.— Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath- Kil. — Kilometer. Kilo. — Kilogram. Kingd. — Kingdom. K. L. — Knight of Labor. K. L. H. — Knight of the Legion ©f Honor. K. M — Knight of Malta. K. Mess. — King's Messenger. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Knick. — Knickerbocker. Knt or Kt. — Knight. K. P.— Knight of St. Patrick ; Knight of Pythias. K. S. M. & S. G.— Knight of St. Michael and St. George of the Io- nian Islands. K. T. — Knight of the Thistle ; Knight Templar. Kt. — Knight. Ky. — Kentucky. L. — Fifty, or fiftieth. L. — Liber, book. L., cr £. s. d. — Pounds, shillings, oence. £, or 1. — Pounds, English currency (libra). £ T. — Pounds., Turkish currency. La. — Louisiana. L. A. W. — League of American Wheel- men. Lam. — Lamentations. Lang. — Language. Lat. — Latitude ; Latin. Lapp. — Lappish. Lb., or lb. — Libra, or librce, pound or pounds in weight. L. C. — Lower Canada ; Lord Cham- berlain ; Lord Chancellor. L. C. B.— Lord Chief Baron. L. C. J. — Lord Chief-Justice. Ld. — Lord ; Limited. Ldp. — Lordship. Leg. — Legate. Legis. — Legislature. Leip. — Leipsic. Lev. — Leviticus. Lex. — Lexicon. L. G. — Life Guards. L. H. A. — Lord High Admiral. L. H. C— Lord High Chancellor. L. H. D. — Doctor of Literature. L. H. T. — Lord High Treasurer. L. I. — Long Island. Lib. — Liber, book. Lieut.-Col. — Lieutenant-Colonel. Lieut.-Gen. — Lieutenant-General. Lieut. -Gov. — Lieutenant-Governor. Lieut. — Lieutenant. Lin. — Lineal. Linn. — Linnaeus ; Linnaean. Liq. — Liquor; Liquid. Lit. — Literally ; Literature. Lith. — Lithuanian. L., £, or 1. — Libra or librce, pound or pounds sterling. L. Lat. — Low Latin ; Law Latin. LL. B. — Legum Bvoal aureus, Bache- lor of Laws. E 2. LL. D. — Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws. LL. M. — Master of Laws. L. M. S. — London Missionary Society. Loc. cit. — Loco citato, in the place cited. Lon. — Longitude. Lond. — London. L. P. — Lord Provost. L. P. S.— Lord Privy Seal. L. R. C. P. — Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. L. R. C. S. — Lincentiate of the Royai College of Surgeons. L. S. D. — Pounds, shillings, and pence. L. S. — Locus sigilli, place of the seal. Lt. — Lieutenant. LX. — Sixty, or sixtieth. LXX. — Seventy, or seventieth. LXX. — The Septuagint (Version of the Old Testament). LXXX. — Eighty, or eightieth. M. — Married. M. Mile. M. — Meridies, noon. M. — Mille, a thousand. M., or Mons. — Monsieur. M. A. — Master of Arts. M. A. — Military Academy. Mace. — ■ Maccabees. Maced. — Macedonian. Mad. — Madam. Mag. — Magazine. Maj. — Major. Maj.-Gen. — Major-General. Mai. — Malachi. Man. — Manassas. Mar. — March. March. — Marchioness, Marg. — Margin. Marg. Tran. — Marginal Translation. Marq. — Marquis. Masc. — Masculine. Mass. — Massachusetts. Math. — Mathematics ; Mathematician., Matt. — Matthew." Max. — Maxim. M. B. — Medicince Baccalaureus, Bach- elor of Medicine. M. B. — Musicw Baccalaureus, Bache- lor of Music. M. C. — Member of Congress; Master of Ceremonies ; Master Commandant. Mch. — March. M. C. S. — Madras Civil Service. M. D. — Medicince Doctor. Doctor of Medicine. Md. — Maryland. Mdlle. — Mademoiselle. Mdpn. — Midshipman. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS M E. — Methodist Episcopal; Military or Mechanical Engineer. M. E.,S. — Methodist Episcopal, South. Me. — Maine. Mech. — Mechanic ; Mechanical. Med. — Medicine. M. E. G. H. P.— Most Excellent Grand High Priest. Mem. — Memorandum. Mem. — Memento, remember. Merc. — Mercury. Mess. & Docs. — Messages and Docu- ments. Messrs., or MM. — Messieurs, Gentle- men. Met. — Metaphysics. Metal. — Metallurgy. Meteor. — Meteorology. Meth.— Methodist. Mex. — Mexico, or Mexican. Mfd. — Manufactured. Mfs. — Manufactures. Mic. — Micah. M. I. C. E. — Member of the Institu- tion of Civil Engineers. "Mich. — Michaelmas. Mich.— Michigan. Mil. — Military. Min. — Mineralogy. Min. — Minute. Min. E. — Mining Engineer. Minn. — Minnesota. Min. Plen. — Minister Plenipotentiary. Miss. — Mississippi. M. L. A. — Mercantile Library Asso- ciation. MM. — Their Majesties. M M.— Messieurs ; Gentlemen. Mme. — Madame. M. M. S. — Moravian Missionary So- ciety. M. M. S. S. — Massachusettensis Medi- cines SocietaHs Socius. Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Mn. — Manganese. M. N- A. S. — Member of the National Academy of Sciences. Mo. — Missouri ; Month. Mod. — Modern. Mon. — Montana ; Monday. Mons. — Monsieur ; Sir. Mont. — Montana. Morn. — Morning. Mos., or mth. — Months. Mos. — Months. M. P. — Member of Parliament ; Mem- ber of Police ; Methodist Protestant. M. P. S. — Member of the Philological Society; Member of the Pharma- ceutical Society. M. R.— Master of the Rolls. A r -p __ AT j o +- p -p M. R. A. S.— Member of the Royal Asiatic Society ; Member of the Roy- al Academy of Science. M. R. C. C— Member of the Roya? College of Chemistry. M. R. C. P.— Member of the Royal College of Preceptors. M. R. G. S.— Member of the Royai College Of Surgeons. M. R. G. V. S.— Member of the Roya* College of Veterinary Surgeons. M. R. G. S.— Member of the Roya< Geographical Society. M. R. I. — Member of the Royal Insti- tution. M. R. I. A.— Member of the Royai Irish Academy. Mrs. — Mistress. M. R. S. L.— Member of the Royal Society of Literature. M. S. — ^Memo-rice sacrum, Sacred to the memory. M. S. — Master of the Sciences. MS. — Manuscript um, manuscript- MSS. — Manuscripts. Mt. — Mount, or mountain. Mus. B. — Bachelor of Music. Mus. D. — Doctor of Music. M. W. — Most Worthy ; Most Worship- ful. M. W. G. C. P.— Most Worthy Grand Chief Patriarch. M. W. G. M.— Most Worthy Grand Master ; Most Worshipful Grand "\ r f\ ^ter M. W. P.— Most Worthy Patriarch. Myth. — Mythology. N. — North ; Number ; Noun ; Neuter. N.— Note. N. A. — North America. Nah. — Nahum. Xap. — Napoleon ; Napoleonic. N. A. S. — National Academy of Sci- ences. Nat. Ord. — Natural Order. Nat. — Natural. Nat. Hist. — Natural History. Nath. — Nathanael, or Nathaniel. Naut. — Nautical. Naut. Aim. — Nautical Almanac. N. B. — North Britain. N. B. — New Brunswick ; North Brit- ish. N. B. — Nota "bene, mark well ; take notice. N. C. — North Carolina. X. D. — North Dakota. X. E. — New England ; North-east^ Neb, — Nebraska. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Neh. — - Nehemiah. N. e. i. — Non est inventus, he is not found. Nem. con., or nem. diss. — Nemine con tradicente, or nemine dissentiente, no one opposing ; unanimously. Neth. — Netherlands. Neut. — Neuter (gender). Nev. — Nevada. New Test., or N. T. — New Testament. N,. F. — Newfoundland. N. G. — New Granada ; Noble Grand. N. H. — * New Hampshire ; New Haven. N. H. H. S.— New Hampshire His- torical Society. Ni. pri. — Nisi prius. N. J. — New Jersey. N. I.— Non liquet, it does not appear. N. lat. — North latitude. N. M. — New Measurement. N. M. — New Mexico. N.-N.-E. — North-north-east. N.-N.-W. — North-north-west. N, O. — New Orleans. No. — Numero, number. NoL Pros. — Nolle prosequi, unwilling to proceed. Nom., or nom. — Nominative. Non con. — Not content ; dissenting (House of Lords), Non cul. — Non culpabilis, Not guilty. Non obst. — Non obstante, notwith- standing. N. o. p. — Not otherwise provided for. Non pros. — Non prosequitur, he does not prosecute. Non seq. — Non sequitur, it does not follow. No., or Nos. — Numbers. Nov. — November. N. P. — Notary Public. N. P. D. — North Polar Distance. N. s. — Not specified. N. S.— New Style (after 1752) ; No- va Scotia. N. S. J. C. — Our Saviour Jesus Christ (Noster Salvator Jesus Christ us) . N. T. — New Testament. N. u. — Name or names unknown. Num. — Numbers ; Numeral. N. V. — New Version. N. V. M.— Nativity of the Virgin Mary. N.-W. — North-West. N.-W. T. — North- West Territory. N. Y. — New York. N. Z. — New Zealand. O.— Ohio Ob. — Obiit, he or she died. Obad. — Obadiah. Obs. — Obsolete; Observatory; Obser- vation. Obt., or Obdt.— Obedient. Oct., or 8vo. — Octavo, eight pages. Oct. — October. O.-F.— Odd-Fellow, or Odd-Fellows. OkL— Oklahoma. O. G. — Outside guardian. O. H. M. S. — On his or her Majesty's Service. Old Test, or O. T.— Old Testament. Olym. — Olympiad. O. M. — Old Measurement. Ont. — Ontario. Opt. — Optics. Or. — Oregon. Orig. — • Originally. Ornith. — Ornithology. Os. — Osmium. O. S. — Old Style; Outside Sentinel. O. T.— Old Testament. O. U. A. — Order of United Americans. Oxf. Gloss. — Oxford Glossary. Oxf.— Oxford. Oxon. — Oxonia, Oxonii, Oxford. Oz. — Ounce. P. — Ponder e, by weight. P., or p. — Page ; Part ; Participle. Pa., or Penn. — Pennsylvania. Pal. — Palaeontology. Par. — Paragraph. Par. Pas. — Parallel passage. Pari. — Parliament. Pat. Of. — Patent Office. Pathol. — Pathology. Payt. — Payment. P. B. — Primitive Baptist. P. B. — Philosophic Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Philosophy. P. C. — Patres Conscripti, Conscript Fathers ; Senators. P. C. — Privy Council; Privy Coun- cilor. P. C. P. — Past Chief Patriarch. P. C. S. — Principal Clerk of Sessions. P. D. — Philosophic Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy. Pd — Paid. P. E. — Protestant Episcopal. P. E. I. — Prince Edward Island. Penn. — Pennsylvania. Pent. — Pentecost. Per. — Persia ; Persian. Per, or pr. — By the, or per lb. Per an. — Per annum, by the year. Per cent. — Per centum, by the hun- dred. Peri. — Perigee, Peruv. — Peruvian. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Pet. — Peter ; Petrine. P. G — Past Grand. Phar. — Pharmacy. Ph. B. — Philosophies Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph. D. — Philosophic Doctor, Doctor of philosophy. Phil.— Philip ; Philippians ; Philos- ophy ; Philemon. Phila., or Phil.— Philadelphia. Philem. — Philemon. Philom. — Philomathes, a lover of learning. Philomat h. — Philomathematicus, a lover of the mathematics. Phil. Trans. — Philosophical Trans- actions. Phren. — Phrenology. Pinx., or pxt. — Pinxit, he (she) paint- ed it. P.-L. — Poet-Laureate. PL, or Plur.— Plural. Plff.— Plaintiff. Plupf. — Pluperfect. P. M. — Post meridiem, afternoon, evening. P. M. — Postmaster; Passed Midship- man. P. M. G. — Postmaster-General. P. O.— Post-Office. P. of H. — Patrons of Husbandry. Pop. — Population. Port. — Portugal, or Portuguese. P. P. — Parish priest. P. P. C. — Pour prendre conge, to take leave. Pp., or pp. — Pages. PP.— Patres, Fathers. Pph. — Pamphlet. P. Q. — Previous Question. P. R. — Populus Romanus, the Roman people. P. R. — Prize Ring; Porto Rico; the Roman People (Populus Romanus) . P. R. A. — President of the Royal Academy. P. R. C. — Post Romam conditam, from the building of Rome. Preb. — Prebend. Pref. — Preface. Pref. — Preferred. Prep. — Preposition. Pres. — President. Presb. — Presbyterian, Prin. — Principally. Prob. — Problem. Proc. — Proceedings. Prof. — Professor. Pron. — Pronoun ; Pronunciation. Prop. — Proposition. Prot. — Protestant, Prot. Epis. — Protestant Episcopal. Pro tern. — Pro tempore, for the time being. Prov. — Proverbs ; Provost. Prov. — Province. Prox. — Proximo, next . (month) . P. R. S. — President of the Royal So- ciety. Prs. — Pairs. Prus. — Prussia ; Prussian. P. S. — Post scriptum, Postscript. P. S.— Privy Seal. Ps. — Psalm, or Psalms. Pt. — Part; Pint; Payment; Point; Port. Pt. — Platinum. P. T. O. — Please turn over. P.-twp. — Post-township. Pub. — Publisher ; Publication ; Pub- lished ; Public. Pub. Doc. — Public Documents. P. v. — Post-village. P. W. P. — Past Worthy Patriarch. Pwt. — Pennyweight ; pennyweights. Q — Quasi, as it were ; almost. Q. — Queen. Q. — Question. Q. d. — Quasi dicat, as if he should say ; quasi dictum, as if said ; quasi dix- isset, as if he had said. Q. e. — Quod est, which is. Q. e. d. — Quod erat demonstrandum , which was to be proved. Q. e. f. — Quod erat faciendum, which was to be done. Q. e. i. — Quod erat inveniendum, which was to be found out. Q. 1. — Quantum libet, as much as you please. Q. M. — Quartermaster. Qm. — Quomodo, how; by what means. Q. M. G. — Quartermaster-General. Q. p., or q. pi. — Quantum placet, as much as you please. Qr. — Quarter. Q. S. — Quarter Sessions. Q. s. — Quantum sufficit, sufficient quantity. Qt. — Quart. Qu., or qy. — Qucere, inquire; query. Quar. — Quarterly. Ques. — Question. Q. Mess. — Queen's Messenger. Que. — Quebec. Q. v. — Quod vide, which see ; quantum vis, as much as you will. R. — Recipe, take. R. — - Regina, Queen. R. — River ; Rood ; Rod. MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS R. A. — Royal Academy ; Royal Aca- demician. R. A. — Royal Arch. R. A. — Royal Artillery. R. C. — Roman Catholic. RC. — Rescript um, a counterpart. R. D.— Rural Dean. R. E. — Reformed Episcopal. R. E. — Royal Engineers. Rec. — Recipe, or Recorder. Reed. — Received. Rec. Sec. — Recording Secretary. Rect.- — Rector ; Receipt. Ref. — Reference. Ref. — Reformed ; Reformation ; Ref- erence. Ref. Ch. — Reformed Church. Reg. — Register ; Regular. Heg. Prof. — Regius Professor. Regr. — Registrar. Regt. — Regiment. Rel. — Religion, Rep. — Representative ; Reporter. Repts. — Reports. Retd. — Returned. Rev. — Reverend ; Revelation ( Book of) ; Review ; Revenue ; Revise. Rhet. — Rhetoric. R. H. S. — Royal Humane Society ; Royal Historical Society. R. I. — Rhode Island ; in stock reports, Rock Island, a railway. R. I. H. S. — Rhode Island Historical Society. R. M. — Royal Marines; Roval Mail. R. M. S — Royal Mail Steamer. R. N.— Royal Navy. R. N. R. — Royal Navy Reserve. Ro. — Recto, right-hand page. Robt. — Robert. Rom. — Romans (Epistle to the). Rom. Cath. — Roman Catholic. R. P. — Reformed Presbyterian. R. P. — Regius Professor, the King's Professor. R. R. — Railroad. R. R. June. — Railroad Junction. R. R. Sta. — Railroad Station. R. S. — Recording Secretary. Rs. — Responsus, to answer ; Rupees. R. S. A. — Royal Society of Anti^ quaries ; Royal Scottish Academy. R. S. V. P. — Repondez, s'il vous plait, answer, if you please. R. T. S. — Religious Tract Society. Rt. Hon. — Right Honorable. Rt. Rev. — Right Reverend. Rt. Wpful. — Right Worshipful. Russ. — Russia ; Russian. R. V. — Revised Version. R. W*— Right Worthy. R. W. D. G. M.— Right Worshipful Deputy Grand Master. R. W. G. R.— Right Worthy Grand Representative. R. W. G. S.— Right W T orthy Grand R. W. G. T.— Right Worthy Grand Treasurer ; Right Worshipful Grand Templar. R. W. G. W.— Right Worthy Grand Warden. R. W. J. G. W.— Right Worshipful Junior Grand Warden. R. W. S. G. W.— Right Worshipful Senior Grand Warden. Ry. — Railway. S. — Solidus, a shilling. S. — South ; Saint ; Scribe ; Sulphur ; Sunday ; Sun ; Series. S. Afr.— South Africa. S. A. — South America ; South Austra- lia. S. a. — Secundum artem, according to art. Sam. — Samuel. Sansc, or Sansk. — Sanscrit, or Sans- krit. Sard. — Sardinia. S. A. S. — Societatis Antiquartorum Socius, Fellow of the Soc. of An- tiquaries. Sat. — Saturday. Sax. — Saxon ; Saxony. Sax. Chron. — Saxon Chronicle, S. C. — Scnatus Consultum, a decree of the Senate ; South Carolina, Sc. — Sculpsit, he (or she) engraved it. Sc. B. — Bachelor of Science Sc, or scil. — Scilicet, namely. Scan. Mag. — Scandalum magnatum, scandal of the great or prominent. Schol. — Scholium, a note. Schr. — Schooner. Sclav. — Sclavonic. Scot. — Scottish ; Scotland Scr. — Scruple. Scrip. — Scripture. Sculp. — Sculpsit, he (or she) en- graved it. S. D. — Salutem dicit, sends health ; South Dakota. S.-E.— South-East Sec. — Secretary ; Second. Sec. Leg. — Secretary of Legation. Sec. leg. — Secundum legem, according to law. Sec. reg. — Secundum regulam, accord- ing to rule. Sect. — Section. Sem. — Semble. it seems. ^ MOST COMMOX ABBREVIATIONS Sem. — Seminary. Sen. — Senate ; Senator ; Senior, Sept. — September ; Septuagint. Seq. — Sequentia, following ; sequitur, it follows. Ser. — Series. Serg. — Sergeant. Serg.-Maj. — Sergeant-Major. Servt. — Servant. Sess. — Session. S. G. — Solicitor-General. Shak. — Shakespeare. S. H. S. — Societatis Eistorice Socius, Fellow of the Historical Society. Sic. — Doubtful ; literally. S. I. M. — Soc. for Increase of the Ministry. Sing. — Singular. S. Isl. — Sandwich Islands. S. J. — Society of Jesus. S. J. C. — Supreme Judicial Court. S. lat, — South latitude. S. M. — State Militia; Short Meter; Sergeant-Major ; Sons of Malta. S. M. Lond. Soc. Cor. — Societatis Medico? Londonensis Socius Cor., Corresponding Member of the Lon- don Medical Soc. Soc. Isl. — Society Islands. SoL — Solomon; Solution. Sol-Gen. — Solicitor-General. S. of Sol. — Song of Solomon. Sp. — Spain ; Spanish. S. P. A. S. — Societatis Philosophical Americana? Socius, Member of the American Philosophical Society. S. P. G. — Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Sp. gr. — Specific gravity. S. P. C. A. — Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals. S. P. C. C. — Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Children. S. P. Q. R. — Senatus Populusque Ro- manus, the Senate and people of Rome. S. P. R. L. — Society for the Promo- tion of Religion and Learning. Sq. ft. — Square foot, or square feet. Sq. in. — Square inch, or inches. Sq. m. — Square mile, or miles. Sq. yd. — Square yard. Sr. — Senior. S. R. I.— Sacrum Romanum Itnpe- rium. Holy Roman Empire. S. R. S. — Societatis Regiw Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society. S. S. — Sunday-school. SS.— Saints. SS., or ss. — Scilicet, to wit. Ss. — Semis, half; Sessions. S.-S.-L. — South-south-east. S.-S.-W. — South-south-west. St. — Saint; Street; Strait. Stat. — Statute. S. T. B.— Bachelor of Sacred Theol* « ogy * S. T. D. — Sacra? Theologies Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. Ster., or Stg. — Sterling. S. T. P. — Sacra? Theologian Profess- or, Professor of Divinity. Str. — Steamer. S ub j. — S ub j unctive. Subst. — Substantive. Sun., or Sund. — Sunday. Sup. — Supreme. Sup. — Supplement ; Superfine. Supt. — Superintendent. Surg. — Surgeon ; Surgery. Surg.-Gen. — Surgeon-General. Surv.— Surveyor. Surv.-Gen. — Surveyor-General. S. v. — Sub verbo, under the word or title. S.-W.— South-west. Sw. — Swiss. Swe. — Sweden ; Swedish ; Sweden- borg ; Swedenborgian. Switz. — Switzerland. Syn. — Synonym ; Synonymous. Syr. — Syriac. T., or torn. — Tome, volume. Tab.— Table; Tabular. Tan.— Tangent. T. E. — Topographical Engineers. Tenn. — Tennessee. Ter. — Territory. Tex.— Texas. Text. Rec. — Textus Receptus, Received Text. Tf.— Till forbid. Th., or Thurs. — Thursday. Theo. — Theodore. Theol. — Theology : Theological. Theoph. — Theophilus. Thess. — Thessalonians. Tho\ — Though. Thos. — Thomas. Thro', — Through. Tim. — Timothy. Tit.— Titus. T. O. — Turn over. Tob.— Tobit. Topog. — Topography ; Topographical. Tp. — Township. Tr. — Transpose ; Translator ; Trans- lation ; Trustee. T r a n s. — Translator ; Translation ; Transactions ; Transpose. Treas. — Treasurer. j MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Trin. — Trinity. Tues., or Tu. — Tuesday. T. S. — Twin screw. Tr. S. — Triple screw. Tur. — Turkey. Typ. — Typographer. U. — Union. U. B. — United Brethren. U. C. — Upper Canada. U. C. — JJrbe condita, year of Rome. U. J. C. — Utriusque Juris Doctor, Doctor of both Laws. U K. — United Kingdom. U. K. A. — Ulster King-at-Arms. Ult. — Ultimo, last ; of the last month. Unit. — Unitarian. . Univ. — ■ University. Univt. — Universalist. U. P. — United Presbyterian. U. S.— United States. U. s. — TJt supra, or uti supra, as above. U. S. A.— United States Army. U S. A. — United States of America. U. S. M.— United States Mail. U. S. M. — United States Marines. U. S. M. A. — United States Military U. S. M. 0. — United States Marine Corps. U. S. M. H. S.— United States Ma- rine Hospital Service. U. S. N. — United States Navy. U. S. N. A. — United States Naval Acad. U. S. S.— United States Senate. Ut— Utah. V.— Village. V., or vid. — Vide, see. V.— Violin. Vt. — Vermont. V., or vs. — Versus, against ; Versicu- lo, in such a verse. Va. — Virginia. Val.— Value. Vat. — Vatican. V. C. — Victoria Cross; Vice-Chair- man ; Vice-Chancellor. V. D. L. — Van Diemen's Land, V. D. M. — Verbi Dei Minister, Minis- ter of God's word. Ven. — Venerable. Ver. — Verse. V. G» — Vicar General. V. g. — Verbi gratia, as for example. Vice-Pres., or V. P* — Vice-President. Vise — Viscount. Viz., or vl — Videlicet, to wit ; name- ly; that is to say* Vo. — Verso, left-hand page. Vol. — Volume. V, R. — Victoria Regina, Queen Vic- toria. V. S. — Veterinary Surgeon. Vul. — Vulgate v Version) „ W.— West. Wash. — Washington. W. B. M. — Woman's Board of Mis- sions. W. C. A. — Woman's Christian Asso- ciation. W. C. T. U.— Women s Christian Temperance Union. Wed. — Wednesday. Wf. — Wrong font. W. F. M. S. — Woman's Foreign Mis- sionary Society. W. H. M. A. — Woman's Home Mis- sionary Association. W. L— West Indies. Wis. — Wisconsin. Wisd. — Wisdom (Book of). Wk.— Week. W. M. — Worshipful Master. Wm. — William. W. M. S. — Wesleyan Missionary So- ciety. W. N. C. T. TL— Woman's National Christian Temperance Union. W.-N.-W. — West-north-west. W.-S.-W. — West-south-west. Wt— Weight. Wyo. — Wyoming. W. Va. — West Virginia. X., or Xt.— Christ. Xmas., or Xm. — Christmas, Xn., or Xtian. — Christian. Xnty., or Xty. — Christianity. Xper., or Xr. — Christopher. Yd.— Yard. Ym.— Them. Y. M. C. A. — Young Men's Christian Association. Y. M. C. U. — Young Men's Christian Union. Yn.— Then. Yr. — Year. Yrs. — Years ; Y. W. C. A. tian Association. Zach. — Zachary. Zech. — Zechariah. Zeph.— Zephaniah. Zool. — Zoology. &.— And. Yours- Young Women's Chris- A MANNER OF FORECASTING WEATHER ^$3 A LMANAC predictions can be noth- /-\ ing but conjecture, the earth's subjection to many unknowable and undeterminable forces rendering such calculations impossible. It is practi- cable, however, by the following rules, drawn from actual results during very many years and applied with due re- gard to the subjects of solar and lunar attraction with reference to this planet, to foresee the kind of weather most likely to follow the moon's change of phase : Prognostications . If New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon or Last Quarter happens Between midnight and 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 2 A.M. 4 6 8 10 12 2 p. 4 6 8 10 midnight In Summer. Fair . . (1 and 2) Cold and showers. . . . Rain Wind and rain Changeable Frequent showers . (3) Very rainy (4) Changeable (5) Fair Fair if wind N. W. . . Rainy if S., or S. W. . Fair In Winter. Frost, unless wind is S. W. (7) Snow and stormy. Rain. Stormy. Cold rain if wind W., snow if E. Cold and high wind. Snow or rain. Fair and mild. Fair. Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E. Rain or snow if S. or S. W. Fair and frosty. Observations. — 1. The nearer the moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter to midnight, the fairer will be the weather during the next seven days. 2. The space for this calculation oc- cupies from ten at night till two next morning. 3. The nearer to midday or noon the phase of the moon happens, the more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven days. 4. The space for this calculation oc- cupies from ten in the forenoon to two in the afternoon. These observa- tions refer principally to summer, though they affect spring and autumn in the same ratio. 5. The moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter happening dur- ing six of the afternoon hours, i. e., from four to ten, may be followed by fair weather, but this is mostly depen- dent on the wind, as is noted in the table. 6. Though the weather, from a vari- ety of irregular causes, is more uncer- tain in the latter part of autumn, the whole of winter and the beginning of spring, yet, in the main, the above observations will apply to these pe- riods also. 7. To prognosticate correctly, espe- cially in those cases where the wind is concerned, the observer should be within sight of a vane where the four cardinal points of the compass are cor- rectly placed. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS— THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1 776. Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a com- mittee of the whole, to take into their further consideration, the Declaration; and after some time the President re- sumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. (The committee con- sisted of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, R. Sherman and R. R. Livingston.) The Declaration being read, was agreed to, as follows: A DECLARATION. By the Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress Assembled. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with an- other, and to assume, among the pow- ers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evi- dent, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed: that, whenever any form of govern- ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- tute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and or- ganizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to ef- fect their safety and happiness. Pru- dence, indeed, will dictate that govern- ments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to 'suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- tomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing in- variably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct ob- ject, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- tained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- sentation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE purpose of fatiguing them into com- pliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dan- ger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for nat- uralization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migra- tion hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. _ He has obstructed the administra- tion of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the mili- tary independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any mur- ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States ; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For lepriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its bound- aries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; For taking away our charters, abol- ishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers^of our governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- stroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the work of death, desola- tion, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citi- zens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them- selves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrec- tions amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the p inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an un- distinguished destruction, of all ages,, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- tions have been answered onty by re- peated injury. A prince, whose char- acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in atten- tion to our British brethren. We nave warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.^ We have ap- pealed to their native justice and mag- nanimity, and we have conjured them, DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con- nection and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of jus- tice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war — in peace, friends. We, therefore the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMER- ICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS as- sembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, ana that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved: and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which INDE- PENDENT STATES may of right do. And, for the support of this Decla- ration, with a firm reliance on the pro- tection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members: JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Wil- liams, Oliver Wolcott. Rhode Island — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. New York — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey — Richard : Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkin- son, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Massachusetts Bay — Samuel Ad- ams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Delaware — Csesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland — Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benja- min Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Brax- ton. North Carolina — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina — Edward Rut- ledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.* WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, 'in Order to form a more per- fect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. The House of Represen- tatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the Peo- ple of the several States, and the Elec- tors in each State shall have the Qual- ifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. [Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be de- termined by adding to the whole Num- ber of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fifths of all other Persons].! The ac- * The text contains the original spelling, capitalization and punctuation. See Docu- mentary History of the Constitution, 1894, vol . IT,' pp. 3-18. t The clause included in brackets is amended by the 14th amendment, 2nd section. tual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Rep- resentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representa- tive; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Mas- sachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecti- cut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Rep- resentation from any State, the Exec- utive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacan- cies. The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other offi- cers* and shall have the sole power of Impeachment. Section 3. The Senate of the Uni- ted States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after they shall be as- sembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expira- tion of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the * The principal of these are the clerk, ser- geant-at-arms, doorkeeper, and postmaster. CONSTITUTION OF THE XL S. OF AMERICA Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make tem- porary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi- tant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Sen- ate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President, pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to re- moval from Office, and Disqualifica- tion to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Section 4. The Times ; Places and Manner of holding Elections for Sen- ators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in Decem- ber, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall consti- tute a Quorum to do Business; but a 6maller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to com- pel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Pen- alties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two- thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6. The Senators and Rep- resentatives shall receive a Compensa- tion* for their Services, to be ascer- tained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their re- spective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Of- fice under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time: and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall' be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Section 7. All bills for raising Rev- enue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a Law, be presented to the President of the * The present compensation is $7,500 a year, and an allowance of 20 cents for every mile of travel to and from the national capital. CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to the House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to recon- sider it. If after such Reconsidera- tion two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections to the other House, by which it shall like- wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of Both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respec- tively. If any Bill shall not be re- turned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according m to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have Power: To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common De- fence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,* and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies through- out the United States; * The Naturalization laws require a foreigner to be in the country five years before he is en- titled to citizenship. To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Meas- ures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and cur- rent Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for lim- ited Times to Authors and Inventors - the exclusive Right * to their respec- tive Writings and Discoveries; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Na- tions; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall t^e for a longer Term than two Years \ To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; m To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such Dis- trict (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Con- gress, become the Seat of the Govern- ment of the United States, and to ex- ercise like Authority over all places purchased by the Consent of the Leg- * An Author obtains a copyright by applica- tion to the Librarian of Congress, and it is se- cured for forty-four years. An inventor secures a patent from the Patent Office, at Washington, for a certain number of years, prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA islature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And. To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Con- stitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Section 9. The Migration or Im- portation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed, on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The Privilege of the Writ of Ha- beas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein be- fore directed to be taken. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Ap- propriations made by Law; and a reg- ular Statement and Account of the Re- ceipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Per- son holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confed- eration; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex gost facto Law, or Law impairing the •bligation of Contracts, or grant anv Title of Nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties ana Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Ex- ports, shall be for the Use of the Treas- ury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of Delay. ARTICLE II. Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected as follows Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Per- son holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State withthemselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an ecfual Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Per- son have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the Presi- dent. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Num- ber of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.] The clause in brackets has been superseded by the 12th Amendment. The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been four- teen Years a Resident within the United States. In Case of the Removal of the Pres- ident from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers am Duties of the said office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Re- moval, Death, Resignation, or Inabil- ity, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disabil- ity be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensa- E. 175* tion, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, ana he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: — "I do solemnly "swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully "execute the Office of President of the "United States, and will to the best of "my Ability, preserve, protect and "defend the Constitution of the United "States." Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the Militia of the several States, w T hen called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive De- partments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Of- fices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided tw T o thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other pub- lic Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Offi- cers of the United States, w T hose Ap- pointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- lished by Law T ; but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Depart- ments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall ex- pire at the End of their next Session. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recom- mend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordi- nary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Dis- CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA agreement between them, with Re- spect to the time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Min- isters; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice Pres- ident and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. ARTICLE in. Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in, one supreme Court, and in such infe- rior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and in- ferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Ser- vices, a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continu- ance in Office. Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treat- ies made, or which shall be made, under their authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls ;— to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdic- tion; — to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; — to Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and Citi- zens of another State*; — between Citi- zens of different States; — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdic- tion, both as to Law and Fact, with ♦This clause was limited by the 11th Amend- ment. such Exceptions, and under such Regu- lations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section 3. Treason against the Uni- ted States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be con- victed of Treason unless on the Testi- mony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeit- ure except during the Life of the Per- son attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records and judicial Pro- ceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the Executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Juris- diction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or La- bour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regu- lation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be deliv- ered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Section 3. New States may be ad- mitted by Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Con- sent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. . The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Terri- tory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the Uni- ted States, or of any particular State. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be con- vened) against domestic Violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all In- tents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the sev- eral States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year' One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, with- out its Consent, shall be deprived of it's equal Suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. All Debts contracted and Engage- ments entered into, before the Adop- tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Con- federation. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance _ thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States, and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Af- firmation, to support this Constitu- tion; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. ARTICLE VIL The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in Convention by the L T nani- mous Consent of the States pres- ent the Seventeenth Day of Sep- tember in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven, and of the Indepen- dance of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Wit- ness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, G° Washington — Presidt and Deputy from Virginia New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut Wm. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey Wil: Livingston David Brearley Wm. Paterson Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania B. Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robt. Morris G&o. Clymer CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA Tho. Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouv Morris Delaware Geo: Read Gunning Bedford Jun John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom Maryland James McHenry Dan of St Thos Jenifer Danl. Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison Jr. North Carolina Wm. Blount rlchd. dobbs spaight Hu Williamson South Carolina J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abe Baldwin Attest William Jackson, Secretary AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The Conventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting the Constitution expressed a desire, in order to prevent miscon- struction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory ana restrictive clauses should be added : And as extend- ing the ground of public confidence in the government will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution — Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, two thirds of both houses concurring, That the following articles be proposed to the legislatures of the several states as amendments to the constitution of the United States, all or any of which arti- cles, when ratified by three fourths of the said legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, namely : Articles in addition to, and amend- ment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Con- gress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law re- specting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE n. A well regulated Militia being neces- sary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep ana bear Arms, shall not be infringed. ARTICLE Ed. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describ- ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in- dictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in ac- tual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be sub- ject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA property, without due process of law; of the United States by Citizens of nor shall private property be taken for another State, or by Citizens or Sub- public use, without just compensation, jects of any Foreign State. ARTICLE XH.f The Electors shall meet in their re- spective states, and vote by ballot foi President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabi- tant of the same state m with them- selves; they shall name in their bal- lots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the gov- ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate: — the President of the Senate shall, in pres- ence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; — The person having the greatest num- ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a major- ity of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons hav- ing the highest numbers not exceed- ing three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Repre- sentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth aay of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President .—The per- son having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Elect- ors appointed, and if no person have t This amendment is substituted for Clause 3, Sec. I., Art. II., page 934, and annuls it. ft was declared adopted in 1S04. ARTICLE VI. . In all criminal prosecutions, the ac- cused shall enjo^ the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been pre- viously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the Witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- nesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re- examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VUL Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitu- tion, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X.* The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re- served to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE Xl.f The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to ex- tend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one * The first ten amendments were proposed at the first session of the first Congress (1789), and declared adopted in 1791. f The eleventh amendment was proposed at the first session of the third Congress (1794), and declared adopted in 1798. It qualifies a clause in section 2 of Article III. CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S. OF AMERICA a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- thirds of the whole number of Sena- tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineli- gible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII.* Section 1. Neither slavery nor in- voluntary servitude, except as a pun- ishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- propriate legislation. ARTICLE XlV.f Section 1. All persons born or nat- uralized in the United States, and sub- ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop- erty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdic- tion the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of elect- ors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, * The thirteenth amendment was proposed at the second session of the thirty-eighth Con- gress (1865) and declared adopted in 1865. t The fourteenth amendment was first pro- posed at the first session of the thirty-ninth Congress, 1866, and declared adopted in 1868. and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for par- ticipation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reducecf in the proportion which the number of such male citi- zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-Presi- dent, or hold any office, civil or mili- tary, under the United States, or un- der any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Con- gress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or ju- dicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the pub- lic debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV.* Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- propriate legislation. * The fifteenth amendment was proposed at the second session of the fortieth Congress, in 1869, and declared adopted in 1870. ^ CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMEEICA ARTICLE XVI.* The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, with- out apportionment among the sev- eral States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. ARTICLE XVILt 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the peo- ple thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of elec- tion to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment un- til the people fill the vacancies by * Declared in force Feb. 25. 1913. t Declared in force May 31, 1913. election as the Legislature may direct. 3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. ARTICLE XVIII. 1. After one year from the rati- fication of this article the manu- facture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the im- portation thereof into, or the ex- portation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropri- ate legislation. 3. This article shall be inopera- tive unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitu- tion, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES January 1. New Year's Day: In all Slates (including D. C. and Alaska), except Kans. and Mass. (In Me. a bank holiday only legally.) January 8. Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans: In La. January 19. Lee's Birthday: In Fla., Ga., N. C., S. C, Va., Ala., and Ark. February. Mardi-Gras (Shrove Tues-r day) : In the parish of Orleans, La. February 12. Georgia Day: In Ga. February 12. Lincoln's Birthday: In Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., 111., la., Ind., Kans., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. D., Penn., S. D., Ut., Wash., W. Va., and Wyo. February 22. Washington's Birth- day: In all the States, District of Columbia and Alaska. March (Third Tuesday). Primary Election Day: (every Presidential year) in North Dakota. March 2. Anniversary of Texan Independence: In Texas. March 4. Inauguration Day: In D. C. in years when a President of the U. S. is inaugurated. April (First Monday) . Annual Spring Election: In Michigan. April 12. Halifax Independence Resolutions: In North Carolina. April 13. Thomas Jefferson's Birth- day: In Alabama. April 5, 1912. Good Friday: In Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., La., Md., Minn., N. J., Penn., Tenn. April 19. Patriots' Day: In Maine and Massachusetts. April 21. Anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto: In Texas. April 26. Confederate Memorial Day: In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss. May 10. Confederate Memorial Day: In N. C. and S. C. May (Second Friday). Confederate Day: In Tennessee. May 20. Anniversary of the Sign- ing of the Mecklenburg Declara- tion of Independence: In N. C. May 30. Decoration Day: In all the States (and D. C. and Alas.), except Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, Tenn., and Tex. June 3. Jefferson Davis's Birthday: In Fla., Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex. and S. C. In La., known as c< Con- federate Memorial Day." In Va., in public schools. Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in There is no national holiday, June (Last Wednesday). Primary Election Day: In North Dakota. July 4. Independence Day: In all the States, and D. C. and Alas. July 10. Admission Day: In Wyo. July 24. Pioneers' Day: In Utah. July (Fourth Saturday) Primary Election D^y: In Texas. August. Primary Election Day: In Mo. In Mich, (last Tuesday pre- ceding every general Nov. election). August 1. Colorado Day: In Colo. August 16. Bennington Battle Day: In Vermont. September. Labor Day (First Mon- day) : In all the States (and D. C. and Alas.). In La., observed in Or- leans Parish. In Wyo. by procla- mation of the Governor. September Primary Election Day: In Wis., First Tuesday. In Ore., even years. September 9* Admission Day: In California. September 12. Old Defenders' Day: In Baltimore, Md. October 12. Columbus Day: In Ark., Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., Ida., 111., Ind., Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., Mo., Mont., N. J., N. Y., Okla., Penn., R. I., Tex., Vt., Wash. October 31. Admission Day: In Nevada. November 1. All Saints' Day: In La. November (first Friday). Pioneer Day: In Mont., observed in public schools. November — General Election Day: In Ariz., Cal., Colo., Del., Fla., Ida., 111. (in Cairo, Chicago, Danville, East St. Louis, Galesburg, Rockfora and Springfield), Ind., la., Ky., La., Me., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., N. C, N. D., O. (from 5.30 A.M. to 9 A.M. only), Okla., Ore., Penn., R. I., S. C, S. D., Tenn., Tex., Va., W. Va., Wash., Wis., and Wyo., in the years when elections are held therein. November — Thanksgiving Day (usually the last Thursday in No- vember) : Is observed in all the States, and in the D. C. and Alas., though in some States it is not a statutory holi- day. December 25. Christmas Day: In all the States (except Kans.), and D. C. and Alas. all the States which designate them as such. not even the Fourth of July. THE NAMES OF THE STATES AND THEIR MEANING Alabama — Indian; "Here we rest." Alaska — Eskimo; _ Alakshak or Ala- yeksa; "The main land." Arizona — Indian; Arizonac: "Small Springs" or "Few Springs. Arkansas — Indian; Kansas; "Smoky Water;" and French prefix "arc, "bow" or "bend"; hence, "The Bow in the Smoky Water." California — Spanish ; Caliente For- nalla; "Hot Furnace." Colorado — Spanish; Colorado; "col- ored;" from the red color of the Colorado river. Connecticut — Indian; Quonektakut, the present Connecticut river; "Long River." Delaware — After Lord De la Warr, one of the early proprietors. Dela- ware, however, remained a part of Pennsylvania until the time of the Revolution. Florida — Spanish Pascua de Flores; "Feast of Flowers;" because dis- covered on Easter Day. Georgia — After George II of Eng- land, who chartered it as a colony in 1732. Hawaii— Native name; called by Captain Cook the "Sandwich Isl- ands" after Lord Sandwich. Idaho — Indian; "Gem of the Moun- tains." Illinois — Indian illini and French suffix ois; "Tribe of Men." Indiana — Latin; "Indians' Land." Iowa — Indian; "Beautiful Land." Kansas — Indian; "Smoky Water." Kentucky — Indian; "At Head of the River," or "The Dark and Bloody Ground." Louisiana — After Louis XIV of France. Maine — After the province of Maine, France. Maryland — After Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I, of England. Massachusetts — Indian; "Place of Blue Hills." Michigan— Indian; "Fish Weir." Minnesota — Indian; "Sky - tinted Water." Mississippi — Indian; "Great Father of Waters." Missouri — Indian; "Muddy (river)." Montana— Latin; fern, of montanus; "Mountainous. Nebraska — Indian; "Water Valley," or "Black Water." Nevada — Spanish; "Snow-Covered." New Hampshire — After Hampshire, a county in England. In its terri- torial days, a part of it was called Laconia. New Jersey — After Sir George Car- teret, governor of the island of Jersey. Jersey was originally Cce- serea, or Caesar's Land. New Mexico — So named because it formerly belonging to old Mexico. New York — After the Duke of York, to whom his brother, Charles II, of England, ceded it as a province. North and South Carolina — Origi- nally Carolina; after Charles IX (Carolus) of France. North and South Dakota — Indian Dakota; "Allies." Ohio— Indian; "Beautiful River." Oklahoma — Indian; "Home of the Red Men." Oregon — Spanish oregano — the wild marjoram, abundant on the coast. Pennsylvania — Latin; "Penn's Wood- land." Philippine Islands — Spanish Islas Filipinos; after King Philip. [Fi- lippo.] Porto Rico — Spanish Puerto Rico; "Rich Harbor." Rhode Island — After the island of Rhodes. Tennessee — Indian; "River with the Great Bend." Texas — Very old Indian, in different forms; "Friends." Utah — After the Utah or Ute Indian tribe. THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES Vermont — French; "Green Moun- tain." Virginia — After Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen" of England. Washington — After George Wash- ington. West Virginia — So named because formerly the western part of Vir- ginia. It became an independent State in December 31, 1862, it having seceded from Virginia and shown its loyalty to the Union. Wisconsin — Indian; "Gathering of the Waters." Wyoming — Indian; "Great Plains." THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES AND THE REASON Alabama — "The Cotton State," from its chief production. Alaska— "The Eldorado of the North."- Arizona — No nickname. Arkansas — "The Bear State," be- cause bears swarmed in its bayous during its early history. California— "El Dorado," or "Golden Land." Colorado — "The Centennial State," as being admitted into the Union in 1876, the Centennial Year. Connecticut— "The Nutmeg State " because its people were humorously said to have been so enterprising as to have made nutmegs out of wood, and then palming them off on unsuspecting purchasers. Delaware— "The Blue Hen State." During the Revolution the com- mander of a brigade in Delaware was a veteran cock-fighter, who al- ways bet on "The blue hen's chick- ens." Thence, the name came to be applied to the members of his brigade, and finally to the State itself. Also, "The Diamond State," as small and precious. Florida— "The Gulf State;" but of- tener "The Flowery State," from its name. Georgia— "The Cracker State," from the "crackers" or poor whites who inhabited it before its present pros- perity. Hawaii — (Territory) . Idaho— "The Gem of the Mountains." Illinois— "The Sucker State," so called in derision by the Missouri- ans. Indiana— "The Hoosier State," from the word "hoosher," a word applied by the merchants of New Orleans to Indiana boatmen because of theii boisterous manners and perpetual bragging. [Creole-French.] Iowa — "The Hawkeye State," so named from an Indian Chief, Black Hawk, who figured in its early his- tory. Kansas — Known as "The Central State" from its geographical posi- tion, and also because in the history of the Union the Kansas struggle hastened the climax in politics; also "The Prairie State," and "The Sun- flower State." Kentucky— "The Blue Grass State," because of its magnificent pastures. Louisiana— "The Creole State," be- cause of the large number of Creoles among its population. Maine — Is generically known as "Down East," and is also called "The Lumber State" from its ex- tensive forests: or, more poetically, "The Pine Tree State." Maryland — Because in Colonial Days it refused to alter its boundaries to please Lord Baltimore and William Penn, it received the nickname of "The Old Line State." Massachusetts — Was # called "The Old Bay Colony" in very early times. Hence after it became a State it was styled "The Old Bay State." Michigan— "The Lake State// be- cause of its geographical position. Minnesota — "The Gopher State," as containing so many of these little animals. Mississippi — "The Bayou State," from the numerous bayous or chan- THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES nels which enter it from the Gulf of Mexico. Missouri— '/The Bullion State," a name which it received when its most eminent Senator, Thomas H. Benton, himself known as "Old Bullion, " contended vigorously for the adoption of gold and silver cur- rency. Montana— "The Mountain State." Nebraska— "The Black Water State," from its Indian name. Nevada — Is variously known as "The Battle State," because it was ad- mitted into the Union during the Civil War; '|The Silver State," be- cause of its immense yield of silver at one time, and finally "The Sage- Brush State." New Hampshire — "The Granite State" from its great mountains of granite, which are supposed to typify the strength and hardiness of its people. New Jersey— "The Red Mud State" because of the^ color of much of its soil. In 1817 its legislature allowed Joseph Bonaparte, the ex-king of Spain and an alien, to hold real estate. This led to a gibe in other States, to the effect that New Jersey had left the Union to be under the rule of a king; hence, for a while it was called "The Dominion." New Mexico— "The Adobe State." New York — Long known as "The Empire State," because of its com- mercial supremacy and political importance. It is also known as "The Excelsior State" from the motto on its coat-of-arms. North Carolina— Called "The Old North State" as distinguishing it from South Carolina. North Dakota— "The Cyclone State." Ohio— "The Buckeye State," because it abounds in horse-chestnut trees, locally known as "buckeyes." Oklahoma — "The Boomer State," from its rapid growth and energy. Oregon — "The Beaver State," from the early fur-trade first carried on by John Jacob Astor. Pennsylvania- " The Keystone State," because in early days, when there were only thirteen States, a popular wood-cut represented the States in the form of an arch, in which Pennsylvania occupied the position of the keystone. Philippine Islands — (Dependency) . Puerto Rico — (Territory). IJhode Island — Somewhat fondly called "Little Rhody," because it is the smallest State in the Union. Tennessee — "Big Ijend State 7 '; name of Cherokee Indian origin, applied to several early settlements of that tribe; meaning long lost. South Carolina — "The Palmetto State," because its coat-of-arms bears a palmetto tree. South Dakota — "The Blizzard State," because of its terrific storms. Texas— "The Lone-Star State," from the single star on its coat-of-arms. Utah— "The Mormon State," because it was so long controlled by the Mormon Church and its leaders. Vermont — "The Green Mountain State," from its mountain ranges. Virginia — This State has many nick- names. Its first was m "Old Vir- ginia," to distinguish it from the New England Colonies which were in colonial times often styled "New Virginia." The State documents sent by the King of England to the Governor were headed: "To the Colony and Eominion of Virginia," so that "Old Dominion" became a frequent term for this colonyand is still often used. As Virginia was the first of the original States to be settled, it was also styled "The Mother of States;" and later, after it had given seven Presidents to the nation, it was called "The Mother of Presidents." Washington — No nickname. West Virginia — "The Panhandle State," because of its peculiar con- figuration between the Ohio River and Pennsylvania. Wisconsin — "The Badger State," from the number of badgers which swarmed within its limits before it was inhabited; also "The Wolverine State." Wyoming. — No nickname. THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND M EASURES" LENGTH. METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. Myriameter 10,000 meters Kilometer 1,000 meters Hectometer 100 meters Dekameter 10 meters Meter 1 meter Decimeter T ^ of a meter Centimeter T oo of a meter Millimeter TO l 00 of a meter EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 6.2137 miles. 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. . . . 328 feet and 1 inch. ...393.7 inches. 39.37 inches. 3.937 inches. 0.3937 inch. 0.0394 inch. AREA. METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. Hectare 10,000 square meters Are 100 square meters Deciare 10 square meters Centare 1 square meter Milliare 1 square centimeter EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 2.471 acres. . .119.6 square yards. ... .11.96 square yards. . 1,550 square inches. . . . .0.1550 square inches. CAPACITY AND VOLUME. METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. Names. No. of liters. Cubic Measure. Dry Measure. Liquid or Wine Measure. Kiloliter, or Stere Hectoliter 1,000 100 10 1 i TO TOO toou 1 cubic meter xa of a cubic meter. . . 10 cubic decimeters. . . 1 cubic decimeter. . . . y^ of a cubic decimeter 10 cubic centimeters. . 1 cubic centimeter . . . 1.3079 cubic yards 2 bushels and 3.35 pecks. . 9.081 quarts 264.17 gallons. 26.417 gallons. 2.6417 gallons. 0.9081 quart 1 .05668 quarts. Deciliter Centiliter Milliliter 6.1022 cubic inches 0.6102 cubic inch 0.061 cubic inch 0.845 gill. 0.3381 fluid oz. 0.2705 fluid dram. WEIGHT (OR MASS). METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. Names. Number of grams. Weight of what quan- tity of water at maximum density. Avoirdupois Weight. Troy Weight. Millier or Tonneau. Quintal 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 i TOO TTH50 1 cubic meter 2,204.62 pounds 220.462 pounds . . . 22.0462 pounds . . 2.20462 pounds.. 3.5274 ounces. . . 0.3527 ounce . . . 15.4327 grains . . . 1.5432 grains. . . 0.1543 grains. . . 0.0154 grains . . . 2,679.23 pounds. 267.923 pounds. Myriagram 10 liters 26.7923 pounds. Kilogram or Kilo . . 1 liter 2.67923 pounds. Hectogram 1 deciliter 3.215 ounces. Dekagram Gram 10 cubic centimeters . . 1 cubic centimeter . . . ytj of a cubic centimeter 10 cubic millimeters.. 1 cubic millimeter . . . 0.3215 ounces. 0.03215 ounces. Decigram 1.54324 grains. Centigram Milligram 0.15432 grains. 0.01543 grains. "The International Metric System of Weights and Measures." Bureau of Standards, 1°06. Simple Interest Table Note — To find the amount of interest: at 2% per cent on any given sum, divide the amount given for The same sum in the table at 5 per cent by 2: at 3% per cent divide the amount at 7 per cent by 2, etc. TSnie. , • — Days , , -Months , 1 Amt. Int. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 1 2 3 4 3 6 Year ? 1 3 $ x 5 1 1 2 2 3 5 £ 1 1 1 2 2 3 6 ' 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 ? • 1 1 2 2 3 6 eo J 11 1 2 2 3 4 8 $2 o 11 2 3 3 4 5 10 6 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 ' 1 1 2 4 5 6 7 14 * 1 1 2 3 4 5 9 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 $3 ■■> 1 1 3 4 5 6 S 15 6 1 1 2 3 5 6 S 9 IS ~ 1 1 1 2 4 5 7 9 11 21 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 4 1 1 2 4 5 6 S 16 $4 5 1112 3 5 7 8 10 20 6 11112 4 6 8 10 12 24 7 11112 2 5 7 9 12 14 28 3 1 1 2 4 5 7 S 15 4 1 1 1 1 3 5 6 8 10 20 $3 5 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 10 13 25 6 1 1 1 1-1 2 3 5 8 10 13 15 30 7 111112 3 6 9 12 15 18 35 3 1 1 1 1 2 5 7 10 12 15 30 4 111112 3 6 10 13 16 20 40 $10 5 11112 2 3 4 8 13 17 21 25 50 6 111112 2 2 3 5 10 15 20 25 30 60 7 111112 2 2 4 6 12 18 23 29 35 70 3 1112 4 6 12 19 25 31 38 75 4 11112 2 2 3 5 8 16 25 33 41 50 1.00 $25 5 112 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 10 21 31 42 52 63 1.25 6 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 8 13 25 38 50 63 75 1.50 7 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 10 15 29 44 58 73 88 1.75 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 8 12 25 37 50 62 75 1.50 4 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 11 16 33 50 67 83 1.00 2.00 $50 5.... 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 14 21 42 63 83 1.04 1.25 2.50 6.... 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 17 25 50 75 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 7.... 1 2 3 4 5 <> 7 8 9 9 19 29 58 88 1.17 1.46 1.75 3.50 3.... 1 1 i> 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 16 25 50 73 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 4 12346689 10 11 22 33 66 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 4.00 P100 5 1 3 4 6 7 S 10 11 13 14 28 42 83 1.25 1.67 2.08 2.50 5.00 6 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 33 50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 6.00 7 2 4 6 S 10 12 14 16 IS 19 39 58 1.17 1.75 2.33 2.92 3.50 7.00 Compound Interest on One Dollar 8%. 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.26 1.2s 4%. 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.39 5%. 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.2S 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.41 1.44 1.48 1.52 ore. 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.26 1.30 1.34 1.38 1.42 1.46 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.36 1.41 1.45 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.67 1.73 1.79 Years. 3%. 4%. 5%. 6%. 7%. 9 1.30 1.42 1.55 1.70 1.85 9io . . 1.32 1.45 1.59 1.75 1.92 10 1.34 1.48 1.63 1.S0 1.98 100 19.25 50.50 131.50 340.00 868.00 When Money Doubles At Interest Interest. Simple. Comp'd. Rate. Years. Years. 1. li/o . 2.:. 2%. 3 31/7. , 4.: . . 100.00 66.66 50.00 40.00 33.33 28.57 25.no 69.66 46.56 35.00 28.07 23.45 20.15 17.67 Eate 5. . 5% 6. . 6 1/0 7. . Simple.Conip'd. Interest. Years.Years. 22.22 15.75 20.00 14.21 18.18 12.94 16.67 11.90 15.3S 11.00 14.29 10.24 13.33 9.58 .Legal Interest Rate and Statute of Limitations State Interest Limitations a> Co aa ' _ <3 oo 3 ci *- fafl-g >>^ 12 fe O o hJ PG 5fel £ < State Interest Limitations GO 03 c OQ O S3 o o -3 Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California .... Colorado Connecticut . . Delaware .... Dist. of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota .... Mississippi .... Missouri P. ct. P. ct. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. 8 8 20 *6 3 8 12 10 6 1 6 10 10 o 3 6 12 5 4 3 1 7 Any 5 4 4 8 Any 20 6 6 6 6 t 6 6 6 10 6 3 6 10 12 3 3 8 10 20 o 2 7 8 7 6 4 7 12 6 o 4 7 20 10 5 6 8 20 10 6 6 8 20 10 o 6 10 5 5 3 6 6 15 15 o o - 8 10 5 3 6 Any 20 6 6 6 6 12 3 3 6 Any 20 6 6 5 7 10 (5 6 7 10 10 6 6 8 7 6 3 6 8 10 10 5 Montana Nebraska ...... Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey .... New Mexico. . . . New York North Carolina. North Dakota . . Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania . . . Rhode Island. . . South Carolina . South Dakota. . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. . . . West Virginia. . Wisconsin Wyoming P. ct. P. ct. Yrs. 8 Any 10 7 10 5 7 Any 6 6 6 20 6 6 20 6 12 7 6 6 20 6 6 10 7 12 10 6 8 15 6 10 5 6 10 10 6 6 6 Any 20 7 8 10 7 12 20 6 6 10 6 10 10 8 12 8 6 6 8 6 6 20 6 12 6 6 6 10 6 10 20 8 12 21 Yrs. 4 6 6 6 6 3 6 15 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 5 6 10 *Under seal 10. f No law. ^Negotiable notes 6, nonnegotiable 17. Table of Monthly Wages Days $10 Sll 1. . . .38 .42 2... .77 .85 3... 1.15 i:27 4... 1.54 1.69 5..: 1.92 2.12 6... 2.31 2.54 1 ... 2.69 2.96 8... 3.08 3.38 9... 3.46 3.81 10... 3.85 4.23 11... 4.23 4.65 12... 4.62 5.08 13... 5.00 5.50 14... 5.38 5.92 15... 5.77 6.35 16... 6.15 6.77 17... 6.54 7.19 18... 6.92 7.62 19... 7.31 8.04 20... 7.69 8.46 21... 8.08 8.88 22... 9.46 9.31 23... 8.85 9.73 24... 9.23 10.15 2o,.. 9.02 10.58 $12 $13 .46 .50 .92 1.00 1.38 1.50 1.85 2.00 2.31 2.50 2.77 3.00 3.23 3.50 3.69 4.00 4.15 4.50 4.62 5.00 5.08 5.50 5.44 6.00 6.00 6.50 6.46 7.00 6.92 7.50 7.38 8.00 7.85 8.50 8.31 9.00 8.77 9.50 9.2310.00 9.69 10.50 10.15 10.62 11.08 11.54 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 $14 $15 .54 1.08 1.62 2.15 2.69 3.23 3.77 4.31 4.85 5.38 5.92 6.46 7.00 7.54 8.08 8.62 9.15 9.69 10.23 10.77 11.31 11.85 12.38 12.92 13.46 .58 1.15 1.73 2.31 2.88 3.46 4.04 4.62 5.19 5.77 6.35 6.92 7.50 8.08 8.65 9.23 9.81 10.38 10.96 11.54 12.12 12.69 13.27 13.85 14.42 816 $17 .62 .65 1.23 1.31 1.85 1.96 2.46 2.62 3.08 3.27 3.69 3.92 4.31 4.58 4.92 5.23 5.54 5.88 6.15 6.54 6.77 7.19 7.38 7.85 8.00 8.50 8.62 9.15 9.23 9.81 9.85 10.46 10.46 11.12 11.08 11.77 11.69 12.42 12.31 13.03 12.92 13.73 13.54 14.38 14.15 15.04 14.77 15.69 15.3S 16.35 $18 $19 .69 .73 1.38 1.46 2.08 2.19 2.77 2.92 3.46 3.65 4.15 4.38 4.85 5.12 5.54 5.85 6.23 6.58 6.92 7.31 7.62 8.04 8.31 8.77 9.00 9.50 9.69 10.23 10.38 10.96 11.08 11.69 11.77 12.42 12.46 13.15 13.15 13.88 13.85 14.62 14.54 15.35 15.23 16.08 15.92 16.81 16.62,17.54 17.3lll8.27 $20 .77 1.54 2.31 3.08 3.85 4.62 5.38 6.15 6.92 7.69 8.46 9.23 10.00 10.77 11.54 12.31 13.08 13.85 14.62 15.38 16.15 16.94 17.69 18.46 19.23 $21 $22 .81 1.62 2.42 3.23 4.04 4.85 5.G5 6.46 7.27 8.08 10.50 11.31 12.12 12.92 13.73 14.54 15.35 16.15i 16.96 17. 17.77 18. 18.58:19. 19.38 20 20.19i21 $23 $24 .92 1.85 2.77 3.69 4.62 5.54 6.46 7.38 8.31 9.23 10.15 11.08 12.00 12.92 13.85 14.77 15.69 16.62 17.54 18.46 19.38 20.31 21.23 22.15 23.08 .96 1.92 2.88 3.85 4.81 5.77 6.73 7.69 8.65 9.62 10.58 11.54 12.50 13.46 14.42 15.38 16.35 17.31 18.27 19.23 20.19 21.15 22.12 23.08 24.04 Table of Yearly Wages Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per year. mouth. week. day. year. mouth. week. day. year. mouth. week. day. $20 is. . .$1.67 $0.38 $0.05 $100 is . $8.33 $1.92 $0.27 $180 is .$15.00 $3.45 $0.45) 25 . . 2.08 .48 .07 105 . . 8.75 2.01 .29 185 . 15.42 3.55 .51 30 . . . 2.50 .58 .08 110 . . 9.17 2.11 .30 190 . 15.83 3.64 .52 35 . . 2.92 .67 .10 115 . . 9.58 2.21 .32 195 . 16.25 3.74 .53 40 . . 3.33 .77 .11 120 . . 10.00 2.30 .33 200 . 16.57 3.84 .55 45 . . 3.75 .86 .12 125 . .10.42 2.40 .34 205 . 17.08 3.93 .56 50 .. 4.17 .96 .14 130 . .10.83 2.49 .36 210 . 17.50 4.03 .58 55 .. 4.58 1.06 .15 135 . .11.25 2.59 .37 215 . 17.92 4.12 .59 60 . .. 5.00 1.15 .16 140 . .11.67 2.69 .38 220 . 18.33 4.22 .60 65 . . . 5.42 1.25 .18 145 . .12.08 2.78 .40 225 . 18.75 4.31 .62 70 . . . 5.83 1.34 .19 150 . .12.50 2.88 .41 230 . 19.17 4.41 .63 75 . . 6.25 1.44 .21 155 . .12.92 2.97 .42 235 . 19.58 4.51 .04 80 . . 6.67 1.53 .22 160 . .13.33 3.07 .44 240 . 20.00 4.60 .66 85 . . 7.08 1.63 .23 165 . .13.75 3.16 .45 245 . 20.42 4.70 .07 90 . . 7.50 1.73 .25 170 . .14.17 3.26 .47 250 . 20.83 4.79 .69 95 . . 7.92 1.82 .26 175 . .14.58 3.36 .48 Great Steamship Disasters General Slocum. Date — June 15, 1904. Place — East River, N. Y. Persons aboard — 1,400. Lives lost — 958. Cause — Fire. Titanic. Date— Apr. 15, 1912. Place — Atlantic ocean. Persons a b o a r d — 2,223. Lives lost — 1,517. Persons saved — 706. Cause — Iceberg. Empress of Ireland. Date — May 29, 1914. Place — St. Lawrence. Persons a b o a r d — 1,479. Lives lost — 1,027. Persons saved — 452. Cause — Collision. Lusitania. Date—May 7, 1915. Place — Atlantic ocean. Persons a b o a r d — 1,906. Lives lost— 1.198. Persons saved — 708. Cause — Torpedoed. Eastland. Date — July 24, 1915. river. Place — Chicago Persons a b o a r d — 2,000. Lives lost — 812. Cause — Capsized. Prorence II. Date— Feb. 26, 1916. Place — Mediter- ranean. Persons a b o a r d — 4,000. Lives lost — 910. Cause — Torpedoed Heavyweight Champions Tom Hyer 1841-1849 Yankee Sullivan 1849-1853 John Morrissev 1853-1857 John C. Heenan 1857-1863 Joe Coburn 1863-1865 James Dunn 1865-1866 Mike McCool 1866-1869 Tom Allen 1869-1S76 Joe Goss 1876-1880 Paddy Ryan 1880-1882 John L. Sullivan 1882-1889 James J. Corbett 1892-1897 Robert Fitzsimmons 1897-1899 James J. Jeffries 1899-1906 Jack Johnson 1908-1915 Jess Willard 1915-191N Jack Dempsey 1919- WORLDS PUGILISTIC CHAMPIONS (1921). Flyweight — Jimmy Wilde. Great Britain. Bantamweight — Joe Lynch, U. S. A. Featherweight — Johnny Buff, U. S. A. Lightweight — Benny Leonard, U. S. A. Welterweight — Jack Britton, U. S. A. Middleweight — Bryan Downey. V. S. A. Heavyweight — Jack Dempsey, U. S. A. Races of the World Mongolian 655,000,000 Caucasian 645,000,000 Negro 190,000.000 Semitic . . . Malayan . . Red Indian 81,000,000 52,000,000 23,000,000 Religions of the World [From Whitaker's Almanack.] Roman Catholic 272,860,000 Eastern churches 120,000.000 Protestant churches 171,650,000 Total Christians. 564,510,000 Grand total 1,646,491,000 .lews 12.205,000 Mohammedans 221,825,000 Buddhists 138,031,000 Hindus 210,540.000 Confucianists and Taoists. . 300,830,000 Shintoists 25,000,000 Animists 158,270,000 reclassified 15,280,000 Total non-Christian 1,081,981.000 American Hall of Fame •The Hall of Fame for Great Americans" is the name of a building on University Heights in New York City, in which are inscribed on bronze tablets the names of famous American men and women. Nominations 1 for the honor are made by the public and are submitted to a committee of 100 eminent citizens. In the case of men fifty-one votes are required and in the case of women forty-seven. The first balloting took place in October, 1900, when the following were chosen : George Washington. Abraham Lincoln. Daniel Webster. Benjamin Franklin. Ulysses S. Grant. John Marshall. Thomas Jefferson. Ralph W. Emerson. H. W. Longfellow. Robert Fulton. Horace Mann. Henrv W. Beecher. Eli Whitney. John J. Audubon. Wm. E. Channing. Gilbert Stuart. Asa Gray. James Kent. Joseph Story. John Adams. Washington Irving. Jonathan Edwards. Samuel F.B.Morse. David G. Farragut. Henry Clay. Nath. Hawthorne. George Peabody. < Robert E. Lee. Peter Cooper. Wm. Cullen Bryant. Frances E. Willarcl. Andrew Jackson. George Bancroft. John L. Motley, Chosen in 1905. J. Quincy Adams. James R. Lowell. Wm. T. Sherman. James Madison. John G. Whittier. Alex. Hamilton. _ Louis Agassiz. Mary Lyon. Emma Willard. Maria Mitchell. Chosen in 1910. Harriet B. Stowe. Oliver W. Holmes. Edgar Allan Poe. James F. Cooper. Phillips Brooks. Chosen in 1915. Francis Parkman. Mark Hopkins. Elias Howe. Joseph Henry. Rufus Choate. Daniel Boone. Charlotte Cushman Chosen in 1920. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain). Aug. St. Gaudens. James B. Eads. Patrick Henry. Wh. T. G. Morton. . Roger Williams. Alice F. Palmer. American Passports Applications for passports may be made at any of the following places. The applicant must appear in person : Room 262, department of state, Wash- ington, D. C. Passport agent, custom house, New York city. Passport ag"ent, custom house, San Francisco, Cal. Before a clerk of a federal court or clerk of a state court having power to naturalize aliens, nearest the place of residence of applicant. Necessary blanks will be found at these places. 1. Applicants must submit evidence of American citizenship. If born in the United States, (a) either a copy of birth certificate, or (b) a sworn affidavit by a relative as to the date and place of birth, or (c) an affidavit by a friend, who has known the applicant at least fifteen years, and can make the statement un- der oath that, as to the best of his knowl- edge and belief, applicant was born in the United States, giving place and date of birth. A married woman's citizenship 1 follows that of her husband. 2. If a naturalized citizen, the certifi- cate of naturalization, or a certified copy thereof, must be exhibited. 3. Applicant must be accompanied by an identifying witness who is an Ameri- can citizen and who, under oath, can identify the applicant. 4. Two unmounted photographs of ap- plicant, size about 3x3 inches, are neces- sary (on thin paper — not postcards). 5. The fee is $10 : $1 for execution of the application and $9 for the pass- port. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. $878,480,557 859,160,264 826,904,777 976,047,104 1,054,405,416 ^Agricultural Exports by Years 1908. $1,017,396,404 1909. 903,238,122 1910. 871,158,425 1911. 1,030,794,402 1912. 1.050.627,131 1913. $1,123,021,469 1914. 1,113,973,635 1915. 1.475,937,607 1916. 1,518,071,450 1917, 1,968,253,288 1918. $2,280,465,770 1919. 4,107,158,753 1920. 3,466,992,062 ♦Domestic, from the United States. Imports and Exports by Lake Ports Fiscal year ended June 30, 1921. Port. Imports. Buffalo $109,513,993 Chicago 55,279,777 Cleveland . . 21,027,118 Exports. Port. Imports. Exports. $200,763,632 Detroit $89,291,554 $272,984,947 21,223,447 Duluth 46,372,122 32,066.785 61,699.701 Milwaukee . . . 3,867,581 3.369.078 United States Fire Losses by Years [From J:he Insurance Press.] 1910. . $214,003,300 1914. . $221,439,350 1911. . 217,004,575 1915. . 172,033,200 1912. . 206,438,900 1916. . 217,602,995 1913. . 203,408,250 1917. . 262,985.665 1918 . . $290.959,885 1 1920* . $330,853,925 1919. . 249,179.2751 * Journal of Commerce estimate ; in- cludes Canadian loss. Leading Occupations in the United States (1920) [From federal census report.] Total persons 10 years of age and over Number. Pet. engaged in gainful occupations distrib- Trade 3,574,435 10.8 uted by sex and general classes of occu- Public service (not else- pations. where classified) 74S.716 2..°, Number. Pet. Profession;! 1 service ... 1,136.157 3.4 Both sexes — Agriculture, Domestic and personal forestry and animal service 1.216.151 3.7 husbandry 10,951,074 26.3 Clerical occupations .. 1,696,297 5.1 Extraction of minerals. 1,090.854 2.6 . Manufacturing and me- Total 33,059,793 100. n Tr^n^.t^n USWM-, ' 1 5 , n«Hn i 3 §1 Female ~ Agriculture, Transportation tfH^l 10*2 £ or l stry an * animai Public service '/not else- 4 ' 244 ' 3d4 10 ' 2 „ husbandry 1,084,074 12.7 'whSrf 3Slfi» ?!?. 771,120 1.9 f^^il tit 3 ' 497 * D ° S er^ice ***. .^™? 3.400.365 8.2 Sf° rtation 214,262 2.5 Clerical occupations . . . 3.119.955 7.5 KSS& service "(not eise- ' Tntfli iUftQio9innn where classified 22,404 0.3 Ma^e^gricultureVfor: 41 - 609 - 1 ^ 10 °'° Zt^Lr^anzi 1 '° 1W ° 7 ^ estry and animal hus- service 2 184 214 25 5 bandry 9.867,000 29.9 Clerical I occunnr'ions i'Ioq'^q 7r't Extraction of minerals. 1,087^57 3.3 Cleilcal occupations ... 1.423,6o8 16. i Manufacturing and me- Total 8 549 39Q moo chanical industries. . . 10,881,637 32.9 7° '' 8,o4J,3J9 lOO.o Transportation 2.852.043 8.6 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Merchant Marine of the United States [From the reports of the bureau of navigation.] In Foreign In Coastwise Whale Cod & Annual Year Trade Trade Fisheries Mack- erel Fish- eries Total inc. (+) Steam Total Steam Total St earn Total dec. (— ) Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Per cent. I860.-... 97,296 2,379,396 770.641 2,644.867 166,841 162,764 5,353,868 +4.06 1870. . . . 192,544 1,448,846 882,551 2,638,247 67,954 91,460 4,246,507 +2.41 1880.... 146,604 1,314,402 1,064,954 2,637,686 38,408 77,538 4,068,034 —2.43 1890 192,705 928,062 1,661,458 3,409,435 4,925 18.633 68,367 4.424 ; 497 +2.71 1900.... 337,356 816,795 2,289,825 4,286,516 3,986 9,899 51,629 5,164,839 +6.18 1910. . . . 533,468 782,517 4,330,896 6,668,966 3.509 9,308 47,291 7.508,082 +1.61 1915 1,346,164 1,862,714 4,578,567 6.486,384 3,682 8,829 31.502 8,389,429 +5.49 1916 1.573,705 2,185.008 4,315,579 6.244,550 1,789 6,707 33,384 8,469,649 +0.95 1917. . .. 1,855,484 2,440,776 4,559,008 6,392,583 2.250 5,623 32,055 8,871,037 +4.73 1918. .. . 3,013,603 3,599,213 4,433,537 6,282,474 2,178 4,493 38,338 9.924,518 +11.87 1919. . . . 5,992,028 6,665,376 4,395,701 6,201,426 2.177 4,350 36.148 12,907,300 +30.05 1920. . . . 9,023,724 9,924,694 4,425.997 6.357,706 1.403 3,901 15.276 16,324.024 +26 47 VESSELS BUILT IN TLIE EXITED STATES Year New England On Entire Missis- sippi and On Great Total Sail Steam Coast Seaboard Tribu- taries Lakes Xo. Tons X®. Tons Xo. Tons Xo. Tons No. Tons Xo. Tons Xo. Tons 1890 208 78,577 756 169,091 104 16,506 191 108,526 1,051 294,123 505 102,873 410 159,045 1900 199 72.179 1,107 249,006 215 14,173 125 130,611 1,447 393,790 504 116,460 422 202,528 1910 111 23,442 887 167,829 193 5,488 281 168,751 1.361 342,068 127 19,358 936 257.993 1916 62 37,568 609 238,181 140 4,973 126 44.691 937 325,413 34 14,765 129 237,836 1917 84 52,526 993 518,958 157 6,185 147 139.336 1,297 664,479 4 4.884 114 431.304 1918 105 88,302 1.225 1,080,473 135 5.409 168 215,022 1,528 1,300,868 3 4,735 229 962.547 1919 146 177,158 1,529 2.815,733 107 3,716 317 507,172 1,953 3,326,621 3 2,285 616 2,540,072 1920 131 208,023 1,615 3,475,872 185 10,300 267 394,467 2,067 3,880,639 2 4,183 741 3,279,855 Immigration into the United States Fiscal years ended June 30. RACES African (black) . . Armenian Bohemian* Bulgarian f Chinese Croatian^ Cuban Dalmatian**. . . . Dutch & Flemish East Indian English Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Irish Italian (north) . . Italian (south) . . Japanese ....... Korean Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Pacific Islander. . Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scandinavian . . . Scotch Slovak Spanish Spanish- Am Syrian Turkish ........ Welsh West Indian .... Other Peoples . . . Total 1913 I 6,634 9,353 11,091 9,087 2,022 42,499 3,099 4,520 14,507 188 55,522 12,756 i0,652 80,865 38,644 101,330 37,023 42,534 231,613 8,302 64 24,647 30,610 10,954 11 174,365 13,566 13,451 51,472 30,588 38,737 21,293 27,234 9,042 1,363 9,210 2,015 2,820 1,171 3,038 1,197,892 1914 1,218,480 1915 8,447 5,660 7,785 932 9,928 1,651 15,084 3,506 2,354 2,469 37,284 1,942 3,539 3,402 5,149 305 12,566 6,675 172 82 51,746 38,662 12,805 3,472 18,166 12,636 79,871 20,729 45,881 15,187 138,051 26,497 33,898 23,503 44,802 10,660 251,612 46,557 8,941 8,609 152 146 21,584 2,638 44,538 3,604 13,089 10,993 1 6 122,657 9,065 9,646 4,376 24,070 1,200 44,957 4,459 36,727 2,933 36,053 24,263 18,997 14,310 25,819 2,069 11,064 5,705 1,544 1,667 9,023 1,767 2,693 273 2,558 1,390 1,396 823 3,830 1,877 326,700 1916 4,576 964 642 3,146 2,239 791 3,442 114 6,443 80 36,168 5,649 19,518 11,555 26,792 15,108 20,636 4,905 33,909 8,711 154 599 981 17,198 5 4,502 12,208 953 4,858 1,365 19,172 13,515 577 9,259 1,881 676 216 983 948 3,388 298,826 1917 7,971 1,221 327 1,134 1,843 305 3,428 94 5,393 69 32,246 5,900 24,405 9,682 25,919 17,342 17,462 3,796 35,154 8,925 194 479 434 16,438 10 3,109 10,194 522 3,711 1,211 19,596 13,350 244 15,019 2,587 976 454 793 1,369 2,097 295,403 1918 5,706 221 74 150 1,576 33 1,179 15 2,200 61 12,980 1,867 6,840 1,992 2,602 3,672 4,657 1,074 5,234 10,168 149 135 32 17,602 17 668 2,319 155 1,513 49 8,741 5,204 35 7.909 2,231 210 24 278 732 314 110,618 1919 5,823 282 105 205 1,697 23 1,167 4 2,735 68 26,889 968 12,598 1,837 813 3,055 7,910 1,236 2,137 10,056 77 160 52 28,844 6 732 1,574 89 1,532 103 8,261 10,364 85 4,224 3,092 231 18 608 1,223 247 141,132 1920 8,174 2,762 415 1,064 2,148 493 1,510 63 12,730 160 58,366 1,510 27,390 7,338 13,998 14,292 20,784 12,918 84,882 9,279 72 422 252 51,042 17 2,519 15,174 898 2,378 258 16,621 21,180 3,824 23,594 3,934 3,047 140 1,462 1,546 1,345 430,001 1921 9,873 10,213 1,742 7,700 4,017 11,035 1,523 930 12,813 353 54,627 4,233 24,122 24,168 31,828 119,036 39,056 27,459 195,037 7,531 61 829 9,377 29,603 13 21,146 18,856 5,925 2,887 958 25,812 24,649 35,047 27,448 3,325 5,105 353 1,748 1,553 3,237 805,228 *Includes Moravian, flncludes Serbian and Montenegrin. Bosnian and Herzegovinian. ^Includes Slovenian. **Includes Distribution of Population of the United States by Sex BY CENSUS YEARS. Year. 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870. . . , Male. 53,900,376 47,332.277 38,816,448 32,237,101 25,518,820 19,493,565 Female. *Ratio. Year. 51.810,244 44.639.989 37,178,127 30,710,613 24,636,963 19,064,806 104.0 106.0 104.4 105.0 103.6 102.2 1860. 1850. , 1840. 1830. , 1820. Male. . 16,085,204 11,837,660 8.688.532 6,532,489 4.896,605 Female. *Ratio. *Males to 100 females. 15,358,117 11,354,216 8,380,921 6,333,531 4,741,848 104.7 104.3 103.7 103.1 103.2 Languages of the World According to Whitaker's Almanack the principal European languages are divided as follows : German . 110,000,000; Spanish .50,000,000 English . 160,000,000! Italian . 50,000,000 Russian. 100,000, 000! Portug. .25,000,000 French . 70,000,000 Swedish is spoken by 5.500.000 per- sons : Norwegian and Danish by 6,000,- 000 ; Serho- Croatian by 8,000,000 ; Bohemian or Czech by 7,000,000; Bul- garian by 5,600,000 ; Dutch by 3,500,- 000 ; Polish by 16,000,000 ; Greek by 9.000,000 and* Flemish by 3,500,000. Chinese is spoken by some 400,000,000 people if all the various dialects are in- cluded. Japanese by 53.000,000 and Hindustani bv about 100,000,000. There are about 5.000 different languages spoken in the world. PANAMA CANAL STATISTICS Cost— Total estimated cost approximately, $375,000,000. Total cred- its by United States Treasury to March 31, 1915, $374,070,100, including: Congressional appropriations to August 1, 1914, $362,019,275; fortifica- tions, $12,050,825. Paid to the French Canal Company and to the Re- public of Panama for property and franchises, $50,000,000. Expended for sanitation, $20,053,000. Dimensions— Length, from deep water in the Caribbean Sea to deep water in the Pacific Ocean, about 50 miles, from shore line to shore line about 41% miles; minimum depth, 41 feet; average bottom width of the channel, 649 feet; minimum width, 300 feet, maximum, about 1,000 feet; summit elevation, 85 feet above sea level, Gatun Dam — Length along crest, including the spillway, 8,000 feet; maximum width, 2,100 feet; elevation of crest, 115 feet above sea-level, 30 feet above normal level of Gatun Lake; width of crest 100 feet, width 85 feet above sea-level (the normal water level of the lake) is about 388 feet. HOW THE CANAL HAS SHORTENED OCEAN VOYAGES Distances By Former By Panama All-water Canal Route New York to San Francisco 5,262 miles 13,135 miles New York to Hawaii 7,000 " 12,800 " New York to Manila 12,000 " 17,800 " Liverpool to Callao 5,910* u 10,230 " Liverpool to Valparaiso 7,187** a 8,998 " New York to Callao 3,779 " 9,769 " * Saving about 14 days' time. ** Saving about 6 days. PASSENGERS CARRIED BY PANAMA R. R. STEAMSHIP LINE IN 1917. Month N. Y. to Cristobal Cristobal to N. Y. Month N. Y. to Cristobal Cristobal Month to N. Y|| N. Y. to Cristobal Cristobal to N. Y. Jan Feb March April May 258 424 209 190 327 159 228 267 556 494 June July Aug Sept Oct 472 387 403 487 371 517 Nov 670 Dec 688 724 Total.... 37l[| 421 341 256 237 4,290 5,167 POPULATION OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE. A census of the Canal Zone taken by the police and fire division as of June 30, 1918, shows a total civilian population of 21,707, a decrease of 1,588 as compared with a year before. Of the total population, 2,827 American men and 7,074 men of other nationalities (chiefly British West Indian negroes) were employed by the Panama Canal and Hailroad. There were in the Canal Zone 1,776 American women and 2,040 American children and 3,073 women and 4,102 children of other nationalities. Toll Rates. — 1. On merchant vessels carrying passengers or cargo, one dollar and twenty cents ($1.20) per net vessel ton — each one hundred (100) cubic feet — of actual earning capacity. 2. On vessels in ballast without passengers or cargo, forty (40) per cent less than the rate of tolls for vessels with passengers or cargo. 3. Upon naval vessels other than transports, colliers, hospital ships and supply ships, fifty (50) cents per displacement ton. 4. Upon Army and Navy transports, colliers, hospital ships and supply ships, one dollar and twenty cents (SI. 20) per net ton, the vessels to be measured by the same rules as are employed in determining the net tonnage of merchant vessels. Boy Scout Movement in the United States In the United States the Boy Scout movement is chiefly identified with the organization incorporated under the title, "The Boy Scouts of America." Any boy over 12 years of age is eligible to membership. Upon joining he takes the scout oath and learns the scout salute, sign, and laws, and as he grows in proficiency in the Scout duties, advances from Tenderfoot to Second-Class and then to First-Glass Scout. Scoutcraft covers practical knowledge of first aid, life saving, tracking, signalling, cycling, nature study, seamanship, campcraft, woodcraft and various useful handicrafts. The movement aims at the development, in out-door life and by systematic training, of character and the ability to act effectively in emergencies that give self-reliance. As fostered by this organization it does not make for militaristic accomplishments so much as for capacity for humanitarian service and efficient citizenship. The Scouts are organized in patrols and troops. A patrol, under a patrol-leader, consists of eight boys and a troop is made up of three patrols. The troop is under the leadership of an adult Scout Master. Local councils drawn from men interested in boys' work are chartered by the national body and regulate Boy Scout activities in their districts, with authority to pass on Scout Masters' applications. A Scout Executive may be engaged by the local council to assist in and supervise the work of the Scout Masters in instruction, etc., and to coordinate the work in the community, as in arranging for inter-troop meets, games and camps. Normal Heights and Weights of Adults Height. Weight. 5ft. 1 in. 128 pounds 5 ft. 2 in . 135 pounds 5 ft. 3 in . 142 pounds Height. Weight. 5 ft. 4 in. 149 pounds 5 ft. 5 in. 152 pounds 5 ft. 6 in . 155 pounds Height. Weight. 5 ft. 7 in . 158 pounds 5 ft. 8 in. 166 pounds 5 ft. 9 in . 173 pounds Height. Weight. 5 ft. 10 in. 181 pounds 5 ft. 11 in. 186 pounds 6 ft. in. 190 pounds Heights and Weights of Children Weight, Height, lbs. At birth 1 f t. 1 in. 8 6 months . . .2 ft. 0y 2 in. 16 1 year 2 ft. 5 in. 24 li/ 2 years ..2 ft. 8 in. 24 2 years 3 ft. in. 32 Weight, Weight, Height, lbs. Height, lbs. 3 years. . . .3 ft. 4 in. 36 y 2 8 years . .4 ft. 2 in. 56 y 2 4 years. . ..3 ft. 6 in. 41 9 years. .4 ft. 4 in. 62 5 years. . ..3 ft. 8 in. 45 10 years . .4 ft. 6 in. 68 6 years. . . .3 ft. 10 in. 49 11 years . .4 ft. 8 in. 74 7 years . . ..4 ft. in. 52i/ 2 12 years. .4 ft. 10 in. 80 Fastest Voyages Across the Atlantic Queenstown to New York, Daunt's Rock to Ambrose channel lightship (short course), 4 days 10 hours 48 mi- nutes, by the Mauretania, Sept. 11-15, 1910; long course (2,891 miles), 4 days 17 hours 6 minutes, Mauretania, Feb. 13-18, 1909. New York to Queenstown, 4 days 13 hours 41 minutes, by the Mauretania, Sept. 15-20, 1909. Hamburg to New York, 5 days 11 hours 54 minutes, by the Deutschland, Sept. 2-8. 1903. Cherbourg to New York, 5 days 11 hours 9 minutes, by the Kronprinzessin Cecilie, Aug. 19-25. 1908. New York to Cherbourg, 5 days 16 hours, by the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, Jan. 4-10. 1900. Southampton to New York, 5 days 20 hours, bv the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. March 30-April 5. 1898. Havre to New York, 6 days 1 hour 12 minutes, by La Provence. Sept. 6-13. 1907. New York to Southampton, 5 days 17 hours 8 minutes, by the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, Nov. 23-29, 1897. New York to Havre, 6 days 2 hours 48 minutes, by La Provence, May 31- June 6, 1906. New York to Plymouth (short course), 2.962 miles, 5 days 7 hours 28 minutes, by the Deutschland, Sept. 5-10, 1900; (long course), 3,080 miles, 5 days 9 hours 55 minutes, Kaiser Wilhelm II., Aug. 18-24, 1908. Plymouth to New York, 5 days 15 hours 46 minutes, by the Deutschland, July 7-12, 1900. Moville, Ireland, to Cape Race, N. F., 4 days 10 hours, by the Virginian (tur- bine), June 9-13, 1905. The best day's run by any steamer was 676 knots, made by the Mauretania, January, 1911. Distances : New York to Southampton, 3,100 miles ; to Plymouth, 2,962 miles : to Queenstown, 2,800 miles ; to Cher- bourg, 3.047 miles ; to Havre, 3.170 miles : to Hamburg. 3,820 miles. Great Ship Canals of the World Opened, Canal year Cape Cod 1914 ( lorinth (Greece) 1893 Kronstadt-Petrograd (Russia) 1890 Elbe and Trave (Germany) 1900 Kaiser Wilhemi or Kiel (Germany) f 1895 Manchester ship (England) 1894 Xew Orleans Industrial (U. S.) . . . . 1921 Panama (U. S.) 1914 Sault St. Marie (U. S.) 1855 Sault Ste. Marie (Canada) , . 1895 Suez (Egypt) 1869 Welland (Canada) 1887 *At the bottom. Length, Depth. Width,* miles feel feet. Cost 8 25 150 $12,000,000 4 26.25 72 5,000,000 16 20.50 220 10,000,000 41 10 72 5,831,000 61 45 150 94,818,000 35.5 26 120 75,000,000 6 30 150 20.000,000 50.5 45 300 375,000,000 1.6 22 100 10,000,000 1.11 20.25 142 2,791,873 90 31 108 100,000,000 26.75 14 100 25,000,000 f Rebuilt. Longest Rivers in the World River Miles River Miles River Miles River M n Mississippi-Mo. 4,194 Yangtze 3,000 Amur 2,700 Volga 2,325 Nile . . .^ 3,670 La Plata 2,950 Mekong 2,600 Hwangho 2,300 Amazon 3,300 Lena 2,860 Niger 2,600 Yukon 2,050 Ob 3,235 Kongo 2,800 Yenesei 2,500 Colorado 2,000 Largest Lakes in the United States [From U. S. geological survey report.] Following i* a list of lakes in the U 100 square miles in area at high water : Lake Sq. miles Lake Superior. Wis., Minn, and Canada 31,200 Lake Huron. Mich, and Canada. .23,800 Lake Michigan. 111., Wis.. Mich., Indiana 22,450 Lake Erie. O., Pa.. X. Y. and Can. 9,960 Lake Ontario. X. Y. and Canada. 7,240 Great Salt lake. Utah (in 1912) . 1,800 Lake of the Woods, Minn, and Canada 1,500 Tulare lake, Cal Nothing to 800 Lake Okechogee, Fla 730 Lake Pontchartrain. La 625 Salton sea, Cal. (Jan. 1, 1909), shrinking 443 Red lake. Minn, (both lakes) 441 Lake Champlain, X". Y. and Vt. . . 436 nited States each of which is more than Lake Sq. miles Lake St. Clair, Mich, and Canada 410 Rainy lake, Minn, and Canada... 310 Leech lake, Minn, (high water) . . 234 Leech lake, Minn, (low water) . . 173 Mille Lacs, Minn 207 Lake Winnebago, Wis 215 Lake Tahoe, Cal 193 Flathead lake, Mont 188 Upper Klamath lake, Ore. (in- cluding swamp) 156 Upper Klamath lake, Ore. (ex- cluding swamp) 87 Utah lake, Utah 145 Tule lake. Cal 144 Lake Pen d'Oreille. Idaho 124 Lake Winnibigoshish. Minn 117 Moosehead lake, Maine , . . . 115 Largest Islands in the World Xame. Sq. miles Greenland 827,300 Xew Guinea 330,000 Borneo 280.000 Baffin land 236.000 Madagascar 228.000 Sumatra 160,000 Great Britain .... 88,603 X'ame. Sq. miles Honshiu 87.500 Celebes 72.000 Prince Albert land. 60.000 South Island. X. Z.. 58.500 Java 48.400 Xorth Island, X.Z.. 44.500 Cuba 44.164 Name. Sq. miles Luzon 41,000 Xewfoundland 40,200 Iceland 40,000 Ellesmere land 40.000 Mindanao 37.000 Hokkaido 36.500 Ireland 32,600 Areas of Oceans and Great Lakes Average Depth of Oceans and Seas Oceans. Sq. miles Sq, miles Feet. Feet. Antarc . . 5.731.350 Gt. Slave . .12.000 Antarctic . .10.800 Caribbean ..7,614 Arctic . 4,781,000 Huron . . . • 23.S00 Arctic . . . . 5.160 China 402 Atlant. 34.801,400 Michigan . .22.450 Atlantic . . .12.200 Gulf Mexico. 4.632 Indian .17,084.000 Xvassa . . . .12.000 Indian .... .11.136 Japan 7.320 Pacific 67,699,630 Ontario . . 7.240 Pacific .... .12.960 Mediter ....4.560 Lakes Superior . .31.200 Baltic . . . 192 Xorth 300 Baikal. 13.000 Tanganyika .15.000 Bering . . . . 900 Okhotsk . . . 5.040 Chad . 50,000 Vic. Xvanza 26.500 The mean depth of all the oceans and Erie . . 9,960 Winnipeg . . 9.000 seas is estimated to be from 2 to 2% Gt. Bear 70.000 miles. Tha World War War began — Aug. 1, 1914. Armistice signed — Nov. 11, 1918. Duration of war — 4 years, 3 months, 11 days. United States entered — April 6, 1917. Paris peace conference began — Jan. 18, 1919/ German peace treaty signed — June 28, 1919. Austrian peace treaty signed — Sept. 10, 1919. Bulgarian peace treaty signed- 1919. Hungarian peace treaty signed 1920. Turkish peace treaty signed — Aug. 1920. Nations involved — 27. Killed to Nov 11, 1918 — 7,450,200. Cash cost to April 30, 1919 — $186,000. 000,000. Nov. 27, -June 4, 9. Surrender Dates Russia to Germany and her allies, Dec. 16, 1917. Roumania to Germany (treaty signed), May 6, 1918. Bulgaria to France and allies, Sept. 29, 1918. • Turkey to Britain and allies, Oct. 30. 1918. Austria-Hungary to allies and United States, Nov. 3, 1918. Germany to allies and United States. Nov. 11, 1918. Treaties of Peace Treaty of Versailles ; With Germany- June 28, 1919. With Austria — Treaty of St. Germain ; Sept. 10, 1919. With Bulgaria — Treaty of Neuilly ; Nov. 27, 1919. With Hungary — Treaty of the Grand Trianon : June 4, 1920. With Turkey — Treaty of Sevres ; Aug. 10, 1920. American Effort in World War [From report published in May, 1919, by Col. Leonard U. S. A.l E Ay res of the general staff. SUMMARY American battle deaths Total armed forces 4,800,000 in war American 50,000 wounded in Total men in the army. . 4,000,000 2,086,000 war . . . 236,000 Men who went overseas. American deaths from Men who fought in France disease 56,991 1,390,000 Totals de army . >aths in the 112,422 Greatest number sent in one month 306,000 SOLDIERS STATES State Men State Men Greatest number return- New York .367,804 Md 47,054 ing in one month. . . . 333,000 Penna. . . .297,891 Wash. . . 45,154 Tons of supplies shipped Illinois . . .251,074 Mont. . . 36,293 to France 7,500,000 Ohio . . . 200,293 Colorado. 34,393 Total registered in draft. 24,234,021 Texas . . . .161,065 Florida . 33,331 Total' draft inductions. . 2,810,296 Michigan Mass. . . . .135,485 .132,61<» Oregon . S. Dak. . 30,116 29,686 Greatest number induct- Missouri .128,544 X. Dak. . 25,803 ed in one month 400.000 Calif. . . . .112,514 Maine . . 24,252 Graduates of line officers' Indiana . .106,581 Idaho . . 19,016 training school Cost of war to April 30, 80,468 N. J Minn. . . . Iowa . . . .105,207 . 99,116 . 98,781 Utah . . . 17,361 R. I. . . . 16.861 Porto Rico 16.538 1919 $ 21,850,000,000 Wisconsin 98.211 D. C. .. 15,930 Cost of army to April 30, Georgia . . 85,506 X. H. . . 14,374 1919 $13 Oklahoma . 80.169 X. Mex. . . 12,439 Battles fought by Ameri- can troops 13 Tennessee Kentucky Alabama 75.825 75,043 . 74.67s Wyo. . . . Arizona . Vermont . 11,393 10,492 9,338 Months of American par- Virginia . . 73.062 Del 7,484 ticipation in the war . . 19 N. C. . . . . 73,003 Hawaii . 5,644 Days of battle 200 Louisiana . 65,988 Nevada . 5,105 Days of duration of Kansas . 63.42S Alaska . . 2,102 Meuse-Argonne battle. 47 Arkansas W. Va. . . 61.027 . 55,777 A. E. F. Not alloc. 1,499 1,318 Americans in Mense- Miss. . . . . 54,295 Phil'pines 255 Argonne battle 1.200.000 S. C. Conn. . . . . 53.482 . 50,069 American casualties in Total . 3,757.624 Meuse-Argonne battle. 120.000 Nebraska . 47.805 Regular Armies of the World The following official tabulation of the populations and approximate strengths of the regular armies of the nation's named was published in the Congressional Record June 8, 1921. The last column shows the percentage of the regular armv to the population. The first table shows the armies of the European countries and of the United States, while the second table shows the regular armies of American and Asiatic countries and the United States : TABLE NO. Country. Population. Switzerland . 4,000,000 Greece .... 7,300.000 Esthonia . . . 1,200,000 Poland 30,072,000 Lithuania... 2,000,000 Roumania . . 17,393.200 France 39,601,500 2,605,000 Latvia Czecho Slovakia .. 13,215.500 Albania 850,000 Serbs, Croats & Slovenes 14,365,500 Belgium 7,555,600 Italy 36,740,000 Norway 2.391,800 Finland 3,325,000 Spain 20,695,700 Denmark ... 2,941.000 Great Britain 45,516,000 Turkey 12,000,000 Russia (bol- shevist) . 182,182,000 Bulgaria . . . 4.430,000 Armv. 170,000 240,000 36,500 815.000 40.000 323,600 735,300 45,000 216,800 13,500 194,000 100,000 464,000 30,000 35,000 216,600 27,500 425,000 100,000 1.500,000 32,000 Pet. 4.25 3.20 3.04 2.71 2.00 1.86 1.85 1.73 1.64 1.58 1.35 1.32 1.26 1.25 1.05 1.05 .94 .93 .83 Portugal . . . Hungary . . . Austria Netherlands. Sweden Germany 5.545,600 7,690,000 6.400,000 6,724,700 5:813,800 55,086,000 33,000 36,000 22,000 20,000 15,600 150,000 .60 .46 .33 .30 .27 .27 United States 105,709,000 222,900 .21 TABLE NO. Country. Population. Uruguay . . . 1,400,000 Mexico .... 16,000,000 Chile 4,000,000 Japan 58,000,000 Ecuador 1,300.000 China 400.000,000 Venezuela Argentina Bolivia . . Peru Brazil . . . Paraguay . Colombia 2,848,000 8,300,000 3.000,000 3.530,000 22.000,000 1,000,000 5,475.000 2. Army. Pet. 9,800 0.70 90,000 .56 20,000 273.200 6,000 1,369.900 9,000 23,000 7,100 7,500 37,000 1.500 6,000 f222,900 50 .47 .46 .34 .31 .27 .23 .21 .16 .15 .11 21 United States*105, 709.000 ♦Continental. fNot including Philip pine scouts. Navies of Five Great Powers Compared The following table from Brassey's Naval Annual for 1920-1921 includes only effective fighting ships : NAVAL DISPLACEMENT Tons Tons Great Britain 123,700 Italy 41,0un United States 150,800 Japan 76,600 France 114.000 Great Britain United States France Italy Japan Class Battleships, 14-in. and up . . 14 Bat. cruisers, 14-in. and up . 4 Battleships, smaller guns . . 14 Bat. cruisers, smaller guns. . 4 Light cruisers 62 Destroyers 190 ^Submarines 98 H « p3 H ffl PQ H « ffl H ~ r - 14 11 10 21 4 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 6 14 8 . . 8 10 . . 10 5 . . 5 3 . . 3 4 .. . • • • 69 3 10 13 11 . . 11 20 2 22 10 3 13 190 287 30 317 88 . . 88 50 . . 50 99 . . 99 98 100 66 166 36 4 40 39 . . 39 13 . . 13 Presidents of Mexico Since June 26, 1910 Porfirio Diaz — June 26, 1910, to May 25. 1911. Francisco I. Madero — May 25, 1911, to Feb. 15, 1913. Victoriano Huerta — Feb. 15, 1913, to July 15, 1914. Francisco Carbajal — July 15, 1914, to Aug. 14, 1914. Venustiano Carranza — Aug. 14, 1914, to May 20, 1920. 20, 1920. Adolfo de la Huerta — May 24, 1920, to Dec. 1, 1920. Alvaro Obregon — Dec. 1, 1920. Deportation of Aliens The following table shows the depor- tation of aliens from the United States after entry by fiscal years : 1898 199 1906. 1899 263 1907. 1900 356 1908. 1901 363 1909. 1902 465 1910. 1903 547 1911. 1904 779 1912. 1905 845 1913 676 1914. . 995 1915. . 2.069 1916. . 2.124 1917. . 2.695 1918. . 2.788 1919. , 2.450 1920. . 461 1921. 4,737 2.670 2,906 1.922 1.619 3.102 2.762 4.540 fiscal Of the aliens deported in the year 1921, 604 were insane, 1,293 were likely to become public charges. 316 were criminals, 446 were anarchists and 152 were contract laborers. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ^8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 L6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 3 4 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Postal Information Fourth-Glass Matter (Domestic Parcel Post). c -, size than 84 inches ~ c fcqo j^ o $0.05 $0.05 .06 .06 .07 .07 .08 .08 .09 .09 .10 .10 .11 .11 .12 .12 .13 .13 .14 .14 .15 .15 .16 .16 .17 .17 .18 .18 .19 .19 .20 .20 .21 .21 .22 .21 .23 .23 .24 .24 .25 .25 .26 .26 .27 • .27 .28 .28 .29 .29 ,30 .30 .31 .31 .32 .32 .33 .33 .34 .34 .35 ,35 .36 .36 ,37 .37 .38 .38 .39 .39 .40 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .31 .32 .33 ,34 ,35 ,36 .37 .38 .39 .40 .41 .42 .43 .44 .45 .46 .47 .48 .49 .50 .51 .52 .53 .54 ,55 .56 .57 .58 .59 .60 .61 .62 .63 .64 .65 .66 .67 .68 .69 .70 .71 .72 .73 .74 $0.06 .08 .10 .12 .14 .16 .18 .20 .22 .24 .26 .28 .30 .32 ,34 .36 .38 .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .78 .80 .82 .84 .86 .88 .90 .92 .94 5°sl:§'£ o2s n^£ oo OS $0.07 $0.08 $0.09 $0.11 $0.12 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.20 1.32 1.34 1,36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 .11 ,15 .19 .23 .27 ,31 .35 ,39 .43 .47 .51 .55 .59 .63 .67 .71 .75 .79 .83 .87 .91 .95 .99 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35 .139 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55 1.59 1.63 1.67 1.71 1.75 1.79 1.83 1.87 1.91 1.95 1.99 2.03 14 .20 .26 .32 .38 .44 .50 .56 .62 .68 .74 .80 .86 .92 .98 1.04 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.40 1.46 1.52 1.58 1.64 1.70 1.76 1.82 1.88 1.94 2.00 2.06 2.12 2.18 2.24 2.30 2.36 2.42 2.48 2.54 2.60 2.06 2.72 2.78 2.S4 2.90 2.96 3.02 .17 .25 .33 .41 .49 .57 .65 .73 .81 .89 .97 1.05 1.13 1.21 1.29 1.37 1.45 1.53 1.61 1.69 1.77 1.85 1.93 2.01 2.09 2.17 2.25 2.33 2.41 2.49 2.57 2.65 2.73 2.81 2.89 2.97 3.05 3.13 3.21 3.29 3.37 3.45 3.53 3.61 3.69 3.77 3.85 3.93 4.01 21 31 41 ,51 .61 .71 .81 .91 1.01 1.11 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.61 1.71 1.81 1.91 2.01 2.11 2.21 2.31 2.41 2.51 2.61 2.71 2.81 2.91 3.01 3.11 3.21 3,31 3.41 3.51 3.61 3.71 3.81 3.91 4.01 4.11 4.21 4.31 4.41 4.51 4.61 4.71 4.81 4.91 5.01 .24 .36 .48 .60 .72 .84 .96 1.08 1.20 1.32 1.44 1.56 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.04 2.16 2.28 2.40 2.52 2.64 2.76 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.24 3.36 3.48 3.60 3.72 3.84 3.96 4.08 4.2 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.68 4.80 4.92 5.04 5.16 5.28 5.40 5.52 5.64 5.76 5.88 6.00 Fourth-class matter embraces that known as domestic parcel post mail and includes farm and factory products (and books) not now embraced by law in either the first or sec- ond class or (with the exception of books) in the third class, not ex- ceeding - seventy pounds in weight (when mailed for delivery within the first or second zones, nor exceeding seventy pounds in weight when within any of the other zones), nor greater in length and girth combined, nor in form or kind likely to injure the person of any postal employe or damage the mail equipment or other mail matter and not of a character perish- able within a period reasonably required for transportation and delivery. Rates of postage — to be fully prepaid — unsealed : (a) Parcels weighing 4 ounces or less, except books, seeds, plants, etc., 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, any distance. (b) Parcels weighing 8 ounces or less containing books, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions and plants, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction therof, regardless of distance. (c) Parcels weighing more than 8 ounces, containing books, seeds, plants, etc., parcels of miscellaneous printed matter weighing more than 4 pounds, and all other parcels of fourth- class matter weighing more than 4 ounces are chargeable, according to distance or zone, at the pound rates shown in the zone table, a fraction of a pound being considered a full pound. Zones — Pared Post Guide and Maps For parcel post purposes the United States is divided into units pf area thirty minutes square. Such units form the basis of the eight postal zones. To ascertain in which zone a postoffice is located from the office of mailing, a parcel post guide, costing 55 cents, and map, costing 20 cents, are jointly used. The guide applies to all offices, but a separate map is required for each unit. A zone key is furnished with the guide for use in the units of area in which some of the largest postoffices are located,- and makes the map for those units unnecessary. The guide and maps may be purchased by sending a money order to the third assistant postmaster- general, Washington, D. C. Stamps are not accepted. Money Orders Fees for money orders payable in the United States (which includes Hawaii. Porto Rico and the Virgin islands) and its possessions, comprising the Canal Zone, Guam, the Philippines and Tutuila. Samoa : also for orders payable in Ber- muda, British Guiana, British Honduras, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Newfoundland, at the United States postal agency at Shanghai (China), in the Bahama islands and in certain other islands in the West Indies : For orders from $0.01 to For orders from 2.51 to For orders from 5.01 to For orders from 10.01 to For orders from 20.01 to For orders from 30.01 to For orders from 40.01 to For orders from 50.01 to For orders from 60.01 to For orders from 75.01 to 100.00 . . 30 . The fees for foreign money orders payable in any country on which a money order may be drawn, other than those named above, may be ascertained upon inquiry at the postoffice. $2.50. . 3 5.00. . 5 10.00. . 8 20.00. .10 30.00. .12 40.00. .15 50.00. .18 00.00. .20 75.00. .25 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS EMBLEM (By the American Red Cross) In answer to inquiries frequently made, as well as to correct an impres- sion regarding the original significance of the symbol that appears to prevail in some quarters, the following facts concerning the adoption of the Eed Cross emblem are presented: The Eed Cross w T as founded through a diplo- matic convention held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864. The Treaty of Geneva, or, as it is sometimes called, the Eed Cross Treaty, provided for a flag for hospitals and convoys and an arm badge for persons. The design proposed was a red cross on a white ground. This was in compliment to the country in which the congress was sitting, the Swiss flag being a white cross on a red ground. The Eed Cross flag, therefore, is the national flag of Switzerland with the colors reversed. » Inasmuch as the cross symbolizes the Christian religion, the idea prevails with some persons, who are unfamiliar with the early history of the Eed Cross, that the emblem has a distinctly religious significance — that in adopt- ing it the signatories to the treaty had principally in mind the humanitarian- ism of Christianity. But the universality of the underlying idea, embracing . all nations and all religions, divorced it from any such significance. In other words, the particular cross that suggested the Eed Cross emblem was heraldic rather than religious. It is true that the Mohammedan antipathy to the cross in any form subsequently caused Turkish representatives to protest against operating under the emblem, and it was specially provided that the organization in Turkey should have a red crescent for a symbol. But Japan and China have the red cross for an emblem; and all the other countries of the world, in short, recognize it in its true non-sectarian and non-religious significance. At a banquet given for the delegates to the original convention of 1864 there was in the center of the table a large piece of confection, representing a fortress with its garrison and sanitary workers, distinguished by the Eed Cross brassard, pursuing their functions. The tower was surmounted by small silk flags of the Swiss Eepublic and Canton of Geneva, around the central flag, a red cross on a white field, the emblem of neutrality just adopted. After the first toast this flag was taken from its place by the president of the convention, who, turning to the representative of the United States Sanitary Commission, presented it to him as a token of appreciation of the commission's labors for the good of humanity. VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY. (These figures are those which prevailed before the European War.) Country Standard Monetary Unit Value in U. S. Gold Dollar Coins Argent. R. . Austria-H. . Belgium . Bolivia . . Brazil . . . Canada Cent. Am. . Chile Gold. Gold.. Gold.. Silver. Gold.. Gold.. Silver. Gold.. China. Silver . Colombia . . Costa Rica. Cuba Silver . Gold.. Gold. Denmark. . . |Gold. Ecuador .... Silver . Egypt France Germany . . . Gt. Britain.. Greece Hayti India Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands N'foundl'd... Norway Peru Portugal — Russia Spain Sweden Switz'Iand . . Turkey Uruguay. . . Venezuela. . . Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Silver . Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold.. Gold. . Gold.. Peso Crown Franc Boliviano Milreis Dollar Pesot Peso ( Shanghai TaelJ < Tientsin. ( Canton. . Peso Colon Peso Crown Sucre Pound (100 piasters) . . Franc Mark Pound sterling Drachma Gourde Pound sterling! Lira Yen Dollar Florin Dollar Crown Sol Milreis Ruble Peseta Crown Franc Piaster Peso Bolivar $0.96.5 .20.3 .19.3 .40.8 .54.6 1.00 .40.8 .40 .60.2 .63.9 .65.7 .40.8 .46.5 .92.6 .26.8 .48.7 4.94.3 .19.3 .23.8 4.86.6H .19.3 .96.5 4.86.6^ .19.3 .49.8 .45 .40.2 1.01.4 .26.8 .40 1.08 .51.5 .19.3 .26.8 .19.3 .04.4 1.03.4 .19.3 Gold; argentine ($4.82.4) and Y 2 argentine. Silver: peso and divisions. Gold: former system— 4 florins ($1.92.9) 8 florins ($3.85.8) ducat ($2.28.7) and 4 ducats ($9.14.9). Silver: 1 and 2 florins. Gold: present system — 20 crowns ($4.05.2) and 10 crowns ($2.02.6). Gold: 10 and 20 francs. Silver: 5 francs. Silver: boliviano and divisions. Gold: 5, 10, and 20 milreis. Silver: y 2 , 1, and 2 milreis. Silver: peso and divisions. Gold: escudo ($1.82.5) doubloon ($3.65) and condor ($7.30). Silver: peso and divisions. Gold: condor ($9.64.7) and double-condor. Silver: peso. Gold: 2, 5, 10, and 20 colons ($9.30.7). Silver: 5, 10, 25, and 50 eentimos. Gold: doubloon ($5.01.7); Alfonso ($4.82.3). Silver: peso. Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. Gold: 10 sucres ($4.86.65). Silver: sucre and divisions. Gold: pound (100 piasters) 5, 10, 20, and 50 piasters. Silver: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 piasters. Gold: 6, 10, 20, 50, and 100 frs. Silver: 5 frs. Gold: 6, 10, and 20 marks. Gold: sovereign (pound sterling) and Y 2 sovereign. Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas. Silver: 5 drachmas. Gold: 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes. Silver: gourde and divisions. Gold: sov. ($4.86.65). Silver: rupee and divisions. Gold: 6, 10. and 20 lire. Silver: 5 lire. Gold: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen. Silver: 10, 20, and 50 sen. Gold: dollar ($0.98.3), 2V 2 , 5, 10, and 20 dollars. Silver: dollar (or peso) and divisions. Gold: 10 florins. Silver: ]/ 2 , 1, and 2 l A florins. Gold: 2 dollars ($2.02.7). Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. Gold: libra ($4.86.65). Silver: sol and divisions. Gold: 1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. Gold: imperial ($7.71.8) and V 2 imperial, 1V 2 rubles ($3.86). Silver: M, l A, and 1 ruble. Gold: 25 pesetas. Silver: 5 pesetas. Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. Gold: 6, 10, and 20 frs. Silver 5 frs. Gold: 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piasters. Gold: peso. Silver: peso and divisions. Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars. Silver: 5 bolivars. * The coins of silver-standard countries are valued by their pure silver contents at the average market price of silver for the three months preeedin? the date of this circular, t Not including Costa Rica. X lne British dollar has the same value as the Mexican at Hong Kong and the Straits Settlement. § The sovereign is the standard coin of India but the rupee ($0.32.4) is the money of account, current at 15 to the sovereign. VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS— Continued TABLE SHOWING THE VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS AND PAPER NOTES IN AMERICAN MONEY BASED UPON THE VALUES EXPRESSED IN THE ABOVE TABLE Number British £ German French Franc, Italian Lira Chinese Tael, (Shanghai) Dutch Tndian Russian Austrian Sterling Mark Florin Pvupee Gold Ruble Crown 1 $4.86.61 $0.23.8 $0.19.3 S0.60.2 $0.42.0 $0.32.4 $0.51.5 S0.20.3 2 9.73.3 0.47.6 0.38.6 1.20.4 0.80.4 0.64.8 1.03 0.40.6 3 14.59.9^ 0.71.4 0.57.9 1.80.6 1.20.6 0.97.2 1.54.5 9.60.9 4 19.46.6 0.95.2 0.77.2 2.40.8 1.60.8 1.29.6 2.06 0.81.2 5 24.33.21 1.19 0.96.5 3.01 2.01 1.62 2.57.5 1.01.5 6 29.19.9 1.42.8 1.15.8 3.61.2 2.41.2 2.04.4 3.09 1.21.8 7 34.06.51 1.66.6 1.35.1 4.21.4 2.81.4 2.36.8 3.60.5 1.42.1 8 38.93.2 1.90.4 1.54.4 4.81.6 3.21.6 2.59.2 4.12 1.62.4 9 43.79.8| 2.14.2 1.73.7 5.41.8 3.61.8 2.91.6 4.63.5 1.82.7 10 48.66.5 2.38 1.93 6.02.2 4.02 3.24 5.15 2.03 20 97.33 4.76 3.86 12.04 8.04 6.48 10.30 4.06 30 145.99.5 7.14 5.79 18.06 12.06 9.72 15.45 6.09 40 194.66 9.52 7.72 24.08 16.08 12.96 20.60 8.12 50 243.32.5 11.90 19.65 30.10 20.10 16.20 25.75 10.15 100 486.65 23.80 9.30 60.20 40.20 32.40 51.50 20.30 FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH. Shape and Size of the Earth: The earth is very nearly an oblate spheroid, whose shorter axis coincides with its axis of rotation passing through the two poles. According to Colonel Clarke's calculations, its major axis measures 41,852,124 feet, or 7,926.5 statute miles; it3 minor axis 41,710,242 feet, or 7,899.5 statute miles; its circumference along the Equator measures 24,902' statute miles, or 21,600 geographical miles; its total area 196,940,400 statute square miles; and its volume 259,880 million cubic miles. Of this total area, 8.4 percent. (16,464,700 sq. m.) are within the Arctic and Antarctic regions; 51.6 per cent. (102,244,654 sq. m.) within the two temperate regions; 40 per cent. (78,231,046 sq. m.) within the Tropics. The Land: The land covers 54,807,420 sq.m.. on the assumption that 250,000 sq. m. of land remain to be discovered within the Arctic Regions, and that the supposed Antarctic continent, or "Antarctis," has an extent of 2,500,000 sq. m. within the Antarctic Circle. The Oceans: The oceans, including the inland seas connected with them, cover 142,132,980 sq. m., or 72 percent, of the total surface of the earth. There are 2.59 sq. m. of ocean to every sq. m. of land. This area is distributed over the different areas as follows: Arctic Ocean, including Hudson Bay, 5,785,000 sq. m.; Atlantic Ocean, 34,301,400 sq. m.; Indian Ocean, 28,615,000 sq. m. ; Pacific Ocean,' 67,699,630 sq. m.; Antarctic Ocean, 5,731,350 sq. m. Heights and Depths: The mean height of the land has been estimated at 2,440 feet; the mean depth of the sea 1 1 ,470 feet (Karstans.U The highest mountain (Mt. Everest) rises to a height of 29,000 feet; the greatest depth of the ocean as yet discovered (in the Pacific, between Guam and -Midway) is 31,614 feet. If the whole of the solid crust of the earth were to be levelled, so as to form a spheroid, it would still be covered bv an ocean of a uniform depth of 8,000 feet (Prof. Penck). WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. First— Cotton. Second — Paper. • Third — Leather. Fourth — Fruit and Flowers. Fifth— Wooden. Sixth — Sugar. Seventh — Woollen. Eighth — India Rubber. Ninth — Willow. Tenth— Tin. Eleventh — Steel. Fifteenth — Crystal. Twentieth — China. Twenty-fifth— Silver. Thirtieth— Pearl. Twelfth — Silk and Fine Linen. Fortieth — Ruby. Thirteenth — Lace. Fourteenth — Ivory. Fiftieth— Golden. Seventy-fifth — Diamond, Language of the Flowers A CLUSTER of flowers can be made to express any sentiment if care is taken in the selection. If a flower is offered reversed, its original signification is contradicted, and the opposite implied. A rosebud divested of thorns, but re- taining leaves, conveys the sentiment, "I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped of leaves and thorns, it signifies, "There is nothing to hope or fear." A full-blown rose, placed over two buds, signifies "Secrecy." "Yes" is implied by touching the flower given to the lips; "No," by pinching off a petal and casting it away. "I am" is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the bouquet; "I have," by an ivy leaf folded together; "I offer you," by a leaf of \irginia creeper. SINGLE FLOWERS Arbor Vitse — Unchanging friendship. Camelia, White — -Loveliness. Candy-Tuft — Indifference. Carnation, White — Disdain. China Aster— Variety. Clover, Four-Leaf— Be mine. Clover, White — Think of me. Clover, Red — Industry. Columbine — Folly . Daisy — Innocence. Daisy, Colored — Beauty. Dead Leaves — Sadness. Deadly Nightshade — Falsehood. Fern — Fascination. Forget-me-not. Fuchsia, Scarlet — Taste. Geranium, Horseshoe — Stupidity. Geranium, Scarlet — Consolation. Geranium, Rose — Preference. Golden-rod — Be cautious. Heliotrope — Devotion. Hyacinth, White — Loveliness. Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow. Ivy — Friendship . Lily, Day — Coquetry. Lily, White — Sweetness. Lily, Yellow — Gayety. Lily, Water — Purity of heart. Lily of the Valley — Unconscious sweet- ness. Mignonette — Your qualities surpass your charms. Monkshead — Danger is near. Myrtle— Love. Oak — Hospitality. Orange Blossoms — Chastity. Pansy — Thoughts . Passion Flower — Faith. Primrose — Inconstancy. Rose— Love. Rose, Damask — Beauty ever new. Rose, Yellow — Jealousy. Rose, White — I am worthy of you. Rosebud, Moss — Confession of Love. Smilax — Constancy . Straw — Agreement . Straw, Broken — Broken Agreement. Sweet Pea — Depart. Thistle — Sternness. Tuberose — Dangerous Pleasures. Verbena — Pray for me. t White Jasmine — Amiability. Witch Hazel— A spell. IN COMBINATIONS Moss Rosebud, Myrtle. Mignonette, Colored Daisy. Lily of the Valley Ferns. Yellow Rose, Broken Straw, Ivy. Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower, Purple Hyacinth, Arbor Vitse. Columbine, Day Lily, Broken Straw, Witch Hazel, Colored Daisy. White Pink, Canary Grass, Laurel. Golden-rod, Monkshead, Sweet Pea, Forget-me-not. j A confession / of love. ^ Your qualities sur- spass your charms ( of beauty. ^ Your unconscious \ sweetness ( has fascinated me. ^ Your jealousy \ has broken f our friendship. I trust you will find consolation, through faith, in your sorrow; be assured of my unchanging ^friendship. 'Your folly and coquetry have broken the spell of your ..beauty. I Your talent < and perseverance I will win you glory. {Be cautious; danger is near; I depart soon; forget-me-not. LANGUAGE OF GEMS Certain flowers symbolize the months of the year. Snowdrop January Primrose February Violet March Daisy April Hawthorn .May Honeysuckle June Water-lily , . July Poppy August Morning-glory September Hops October Chrysanthemum November Holly . December Language of Gems Marvelous properties were attributed to many precious stones and gems by the ancients, and it is customary among lovers and friends to notice the significance attached to ( various stones in making birthday, engagement, and wedding presents. Agate — Insures health, long life, and prosperity. Amethyst — Preventive against violent passions. Beryl — Everlasting youth and hap- piness. Bloodstone — Steadfast affection, cour- age, and wisdom. Carnelian — Preventive of misfor- tune. Catseye — Warns against danger and trouble. Chalcedony — Drives away sadness. Chrysolite — Frees from evil passions and melancholy. Diamond — Signifies purity; maintains peace and disperses storms. Emerald— Discovers false friends and insures true love. Garnet — Constancy and fidelity. Jasper — Wisdom and courage. Moonstone — Good luck. Onyx — Insures conjugal felicity. Opal — An "unlucky" stone portend- ing injury and mental or physical trouble. Pearl — Signifies purity and innocence. Ruby — Discovers poison, corrects evils resulting from mistaken friendship. Sapphire — Frees from enchantment; denotes repentance. Sardonyx — Married happiness. Topaz — Fidelity and friendship; pre- vents bad dreams. Turquoise — Prosperity in love. BIRTH STONES Garnet January Ruby or Onyx . July Amethyst February Bloodstone or Jasper March Sardonyx August Chrysolite September Diamond or Sapphire. April Opal or Beryl October Emerald or Carnelian May Topaz. November Agate or Chalcedony June Turquoise or Ruby December BIRTH DAYS Monday's child is fair of face; Tuesday's child is full of grace; Wednesday's child is loving and giving; Thursday's child works hard for its living; Friday's child is full of woe; Saturday's child has far to go; But the child that's born on the Sabbath day ■ Is blithe and bonny and good and gay PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES •93y '»*X o © H © c3 a •«* 3 A a jq w a OOOCHGOiO(NH(N050^000iCiOiOCOHCOOOHXHO C5.COCOCOt>.OOC5GOOOOOOO i-i i>oooooooooooooooocxDooooooooooooooooooooooaio>o>os'Oi ,° ^*>.2 a>H.S-tH ^.Jh fl £.; o OH^ fc^J 2d£°c ^ ^PQ o n pqo t5t5 ddddS S*s S S^^ S S &&&&&&& dS dddS d -< 03 J-. X 73 03 ^3 _C2 •^3 oa «^3^^3 otdidid o^a *■> c> — ©:d:d:d © o^rj ^ £P o £P o "§ £P £P o SP SP SP o £? £P o o 5? o 5P SP 5P o "§ 5Ps © doWoirddowddo^doodrjddd>COI>COCO (fLOOOOMNCOOOOOOOONNWMWfOMrJiiC -Wt>«t>.N.t'^t>.l>t>.t>.O0O0l>O0O00O0OCOO0O0O0O0O0O0 t>?D SO 0000 00 a8 ' > : Z2.5 3 5* 5 2^ £ : C3 fl 5 ^ a S 52 Ort o a « s r ffl^ c^.sg a -a S o — O 08 <»^ o d O 8 fl 2 >> 73 <3 53 ° o . • c3tJ CD Q o tn . el _ >5 © o3. ^ • 7- -5 ^ S r-i(MCQTt0005OTH(MC0'^i0C0t^00aiO HHHHHHf-IHHHlM Op- a age .1-8 s M 03 >•!-» i-t CNCO r^ lO CO t>00 Oi Si flS e 3 t, O o °1 goj d o3 d) CD X3 . 03 -•-> -I IP ri 03 2^ -3-5 •«§ fl °° 03 O p © .2 ° '3 § 1? 2 a © .-§11 03 £-03 ™ © s ^ °^ 3.§3 03 g £©§ el r\ o3T3 3 a<< 3 el »>," 53 © 2 Sao © fl «J rt -S el ^.2 el +3 © on 'O © ei > ^ 03 O fcl-H^ 3 d 03 M © 08 © M d u ©5 £ ■3 1920 UNITED STATES CENSUS 1920 Census of the United States for Towns and Cities of 3,000 Population and Over, Arranged Alphabetically by States. ALABAMA City . . Alabama Albany Anniston .... Bessemer .... Birmingham . Brighton Decatur , Dothan Ensley , Eufaula Fairfield Florence , Gadsden Girard > , Greenville Huntsville Lanett Mobile Montgomery . . Opelika Phoenix Selma . , Sheffield Talladega Troy Tuscaloosa . . . . Tuscumbia > Union Springs Vhistler 7, is; i6: us: 3. 6o: 43. 4. 4; 15. 6; 11 432 ,852 ,709 ,556 ,270 ,665 ,228 ,034 ,000 ,259 ,798 ,529 ,737 ,214 377 ,018 820 ,151 ,464 .734 ,555 ,607 ,682 .546 ,696 ,996 ,855 ,055 ,432 Bisbee Clifton . Douglas Flagstaff Globe . . Jerome . Miami . . Morenci Xogales Phoenix Prescott Sonora Tucson . ARIZONA 3 29, 20 ,2«)5 874 ,916 ,0oo ,o44 ,000 .689 ,010 ,199 053 092 000 292 ARKANSAS Argenta Arkadelphia Batesville Blytheville Brink ley Camden . . Conway Eldorado ...... Eureka Springs. Fayetteville Forrest City . . . Fort Smith Harrison Helena Hope Hot Springs . . . Jonesboro 14,907 3,311 4,299 6.477 5.133 3,995 4.564 3,887 3.228 5,362 3,377 28.870 3,477 9,112 4,79i v 11,605 9,384 Little Rock 64,997 Marianna 4,810 Mena 3,441 Newport ....... 3,557 North Little Rock 14,048 Paragould 5.248 Pine Bluff 19,280 Stuttgart 4,522 Texarkana 8,257 Van Buren 5.224 West Helena . . . 5,000 CALIFORNIA Alameda Alhambra Anaheim Angels Camp . . . Bakersfield Berkeley Brawley Burlingame Calexico Chico Coalings Colton Corona Coronado Daly City Dinuba East San Diego. . El Centro Eureka Fresno Fullerton Glendale Grass Valley . . . Hanford Hayward Huntington Park Inglewood Lodi Long Beach .... Los Angeles .... Madera City .... Maricopa Martine Marysville Merced Modesto Monrovia Monterey Napa National Oakland Ontario Orange Oroville Oxnard Palo Alto Pasadena Petaluma Piedmont Pittsburg 28,806 9,096 5,526 3,000 18,638 55,886 5.392 4,107 6:223 8;872 5,000 4,282 4,129 3,285 3.779 3,400 4,148 5,464 12.923 45.000 4,415 13.536 4,006 5,888 3.487 4:513 3,286 3,516 55.593 576,673 3,444 3.0OO 3,858 5,461 3.974 6.700 5,480 4,108 6.757 3,116 216 361 7,280 4,884 5.000 4,417 5,900 45.354 6,226 4,282 4,715 Pomona 13,505 Red Bluff 3,530 Redlands 9,571 Redondo Beach.. 4,913 Redwood 4,020 Richmond 16,843 Riverside 19,341 Roseville ^"i Sacramento 65,857 Salinas 4,308 San Bernardino.. 18,721 San Diego 74,683 San Fernando ... 3,204 San Francisco . . . 506,676 San Jose 39,604 San Leandro .... 5,703 San Luis Obispo. 5,895 San Mateo 5.979 San Rafael 5.512 Santa Ana 15.485 Santa Barbara . . 19.441 Santa Clara 4,998 Santa Cruz 10,917 Santa Maria .... 3,943 Santa Monica . . . 15,252 Santa Paula .... 3,967 Santa Rosa 8,758 So. Pasadena . . . 7,648 So. San Francisco 4,411 Stockton 40.296 Taft 3.317 Tulare 3,750 Turlock 3,700 Vellejo 21,107 Venice 10.385 Ventura 4.342 Visalia 4,550 YVatsonville 5,013 Watts 4.529 Whittier 7,997 Woodland 4,147 COLORADO Boulder 10,989 Canon City 4,5->1 Colorado Springs 30.105 Delta 3,500 Denver 256,491 Durango "^M'j Englewood 4,356 Florence 3,500 Fort Collins .... 8 755 Fort Morgan . . . 3.818 Grand Tct 8,660 Greeley 10,883 La Junta 4,964 Lamar 4.500 Leadville 4,959 Lonsraont 5,848 Loveland 5,279 Montrose 3,581 Pueblo 42,908 Rockv Ford 3,746 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Salida 4,689 Sterling 6,415 Trinidad 10,906 Victor 3,162 Walsenburg 3,142 CONNECTICUT Ansonia 17,643 Berlin 3,128 Bethel 3,201 Bridgeport 143,538 Bristol 20,620 Danbury 18,943 Danielson 3,130 Darrien 4,184 Derby 11,238 East Hartford . . 9,225 Enfield : . . . 11,708 Fairfield 6,134 Farmington 3,478 Glastonbury 4,790 Greenwich 5,939 Groton 4,236 Harmden .... 5,850 Hartford 138,036 Jewett City 3,196 Litchfield 3,005 Manchester 18,370 Meriden 29,867 Middletown 8,491 Middletown City. 13,638 Montville 3,411 Mytic 3,000 Naugatuck 15,051 New Britain 59,316 New Canaan \ . . . 3,767 New Haven 162,510 New London . . . 25,688 New Milford .... 5,010 Norwalk 27,743 Norwich 22,304 Plainfield 6,719 Portland 3,425 Putnam , 7,711 Rockville 7,726 Salisbury 3,522 Seymour 4,786 Shelton 9,475 Southington 5,085 So. Manchester.. 9,841 So. Norwalk 15,500 Stafford 5,233 Stamford 35,096 Stonington 9,539 Stratfords 5,712 Suffield 3,841 Thomaston 3,533 Thompson 4,804 Thompsonville . . 4,060 Torrington 20,623 Wallingford 9,648 Waterbury 91,715 Waterford 3,935 Watertown 3,850 West Hartford . . 8,854 West Haven 12,369 Westport 4,259 Wethersfield .... 3,148 Villimantic 12,330 Windham 14,154 Windsor 4,178 Windsor Locks .. 3,715 Winsted 8,248 DELAWARE Dover 4,042 New Castle 3,854 Wilmington 110,168 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington 437,571 FLORIDA Apalachicola 3,066 Arcadia 3,479 Bartow 4,203 Bradentown 3,868 Daytona 5.445 De Land 3,324 Fernandina 5,547 Gainesville 6,737 Jacksonville 91,558 "Key West 19,039 Lake City 3,341 Lakeland 7,062 Liveoak 3,103 Miami 29.549 Ocala •. 4,914 Orlando 9,282 Palatka 5,102 Pensacola 31,035 Plant City 3,729 Ouincy 3,204 St. Augustine . . . 6,192 St. Petersburg . . 14,237 Sanford 5,588 Tallahasse 5,637 Tampa 51,252 West Palm Beach 8,659 West Tampa .... 8,463 GEORGIA Albany 11,555 Americus 9,010 Athens 16,748 Atlanta 200,616 Augusta 52,548 Bainbridge 4,792 Barnesville 3,059 Brunswick 14,413 Carrollton 4,363 Cartersville 4,350 Cedartown 4,053 College Park .... 3,622 Columbus 31,125 Cordele 6,538 Cuthbert 3,022 Dalton 5,222 Dawson 3,504 Decatur 6,150 Douglas 3,401 Dublin 7,707 East Point 5,241 Elberton 6,475 Fitzgerald 6,870 2 Fort Valley 3,223 Gainesville 6,272 Griffin 8,240 Hawkinsville 3,420 La Grange 17,038 Lindale 3,104 Macon 52,995 Marietta 6,190 Milledgeville 4,619 Monroe 3,211 Moultrie 6,789 Newnan 7,037 Quitman 4,393 Rome 13,252 Savannah 83,252 Statesboro 3,807 Thomasville 8,196 Tipton 3,005 Toccoa 3,567 Valdosta 10,783 Washington 3,321 Waycross ....... 18,068 Waynesboro 3,311 Winder 3,335 IDAHO Boise 21,393 Caldwell 3,543 Coeur d'Alene . . 7,291 Idaho Falls 4,827 Kellogg 3,017 Lewiston 6,043 Moscow 3,956 Nampa 4,205 Poc'atello 14,961 Rexburg 3,669 Twin Falls 8,324 Wallace 3,000 ILLINOIS Alton 24,682 Anna 3,019 Aurora 36,397 Averyville 3,815 Batavia 4,395 Beardstown 7,111 Belleville 24,741 Belvidere 7,804 Benton 7,201 Berwyn 14,150 Bloomington .... 28,725 Blue Island 10,528 Cairo 15,203 Canton 10,928 Carbondale 6,267 Carlinville 5,212 Carterville . . 3,404 Centralia 11,702 Champaign 15,873 Charleston 6,600 Chicago . ... 2,701,705 Chicago Heights. 19,653 Christopher 3,830 Cicero . .: 44,995 Clinton 5,898 Collinsville 9,753 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Danville . , » 33,75u Decatur 43,818 De Kalb 7,871 Dixon 8,191 Downers Grove. . 3,543 Du Quoin 7,285 East Moline .... 8,675 East St. Louis... 66,740 Edwardsville 5,336 Effingham 4,024 Eldorado 5,004 Elgin 27,454 Elmhurst 4,594 Evanston 37,215 Flora 3,558 Forest Park 6,594 Frankfort Heights 3,423 Freeport 19,669 Galena 4,742 Galesburg 23,785 Geneseo 3,375 Georgetown 3,061 Granite City .... 14,757 Greenville 3,071 Harrisburg 7,125 Harvard 3,294 Harvey 9.216 Havana 3,614 Herrin 10,986 Highland Park . . 6,167 Hillsboro 5,074 Hinsdale 4,386 Hoopeston 5,451 Jacksonville 15,713 Jerseyville 3,839 Johnston City . . . 7.137 Joliet 38,406 Kankakee 16,721 Kewanee 16.026 La Grange 6.525 Lake Forest .... 3,363 Lasalle 13,050 Lawrenceville .., 5,080 Lincoln 11,882 Litchfield 6,215 Macomb 6,714 Madison 4,996 Marion 9.5S2 Marissa 3,000 Marseilles 3,391 Mattoon 13,449 Maywood 12,072 Melrose Park . . . 7,147 Mendota 3,934 Metropolis 5,055 Milledgeville .... 4,619 Moline 30.709 Monmouth 8,116 Morris 4,505 Morrison 3,000 Mt. Carmel 7,456 Mt. Olive 3,503 Mt. Vernon 9.815 Murphvs';oro .... 10,703 Naperville 3,830 Nokomis 3,465 Normal 5,143 North Chicago .. 5,839 Dak Park 39,830 Oglesby Olney Ottawa Pana Paris Paxton Pekin Peoria Peru Pontiac Princeton Qui-ncy River Forest . . . Robinson Rochelle Rockford Rock Island . . . Roodbouse Saint Charles . . . Salem Savanna Shelbyville Sparta Springfield Spring Valley . . Staunton Sterling Streator Sycamore Taylorville L'rbana Vandalia Venice Virden Waukegan West Frankfort West Hammond Westville Wheaton Wilmette ...... Winnetka Wood River . . . Woodstock Zion City INDIANA Alexandria Anderson Attica Auburn Aurora Bedford Bicknell Bloomington . . Bluffton Boonville Brazil Clinton Columbia City Columbus Connersville . . . Crawfordsville , Crown Point . . Decatur Dunkirk East Chicago . Elkhart 4,135 4,491 10,816 6,122 7,985 3,033 12,0S6 76,121 8,869 6,664 4,126 35,978 4,358 3,368 3,310 65,651 35;i77 3,000 4,099 3.457 5,237 3,568 3,340 59.183 6.493 6.027 8,182 14,799 3,6<»2 5,806 10,244 3,316 3,895 4,682 19.226 S.47S 7.492 4.241 4;i37 7.S14 6,694 3.476 5,523 5.580 4,172 29,767 3,392 4,650 4,410 8,963 7,635 11,595 5,391 4.451 9,293 10,962 3,499 8.990 . 9.901 10.139 3.232 4.762 3.031 35,967 24.277 Elwood 10,790 Evansville 85,264 Fort Wayne .... 86,549 Frankfort 11,585 Franklin 4,909 Garrett 4. 79H Gary 55,378 Gas City 3,224 Goshen 9,525 Greencastle 3,780 Greenfield 4,168 Greensburg 5,345 Hammond 36,004 Hartford City . . . 6,183 Huntingburg .... 3,261 Huntington 14,00U Indiana Harbor. . (See E. Chgo.) Indianapolis 314,194 Jasonville 4.401 Jeffersonville .... K ),( ) ( .)s Kendall ville 4,981 Kokomo 30,067 Lafayette 22,486 Laporte 15,158 Lawrenceburg . . . 3,464 Lebanon 6,257 Linton 5,845 Logansport 21,626 Madison 6,711 Marion 23.747 Martinsville .... 4,895 Michigan City . . 19,457 Mishawaka 15,195 Mitchell 3,025 Mount Vernon . . 5,284 36,524 New Albanv .... 22,992 Xew Castle 14,458 Noblesville 4,758 North Vernon . . 3,084 Peru 12,4K> Plymouth 4.338 Portland 5,958 Princeton ,.,.... 7,132 Richmond 26.728 Rochester 3,720 Rushville 5,498 Seymour 7,348 Shelbyville 9,701 South Bend 70,983 Sullivan 4,489 Tell Citv 4,086 Terre Haute .... 66,08:5 4,507 Union City (Ind. and Ohio com- bined popula- tion) 4,940 Valparaiso 6,518 Vincennes 17,210 Wabash 9,872 Warsaw 5,478 Washington 8.743 West Lafayette . . 3,830 West Terre Haute 4,307 Whiting 10,145 Winchester 4,021 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 IOWA Albia 5,067 Algona 3,593 Ames 0,270 Atlantic 5,329 Belle Plaine .... 3,668 Boone 12,451 Burlington 24,057 Carroll 4,031 Cedar Falls 6,316 Cedar Rapids . . . 45,566 Centerville 8,486 Chariton 5,235 Charles City .... 7,350 Cherokee 4,704 Clarinda 4,511 Clinton . 24,151 Council Bluffs . . 36,162 Cresco 3,199 Creston 8,034 Davenport 56,727 Decorah 4,021 Des Moines .... 126,468 Dubuque 39,141 Eagle Grove .... 4,038 Estherville 4,123 Fairfield 6,113 Ft. Dodge 19,333 Ft. Madison .... 12,066 Glenwood 4,052 Grinnell 5,362 Hampton 3,025 Independence . . . 3,683 Indianola 3,495 Iowa City 11,267 Iowa Falls 3,716 Tefferson 3,103 Keokuk 14,423 Knoxville 3,541 Le Mars 5,070 Manchester 3,102 Maquoketa 3.626 Marion 4,675 Marshalltown . . . 15,731 Mason City 20,065 Missouri Valley . 3,745 Mt. Pleasant . . . 4,089 Muscatine 16,068 Newton 6,627 Oelwein 7,455 Oskaloosa 9,427 Ottumwa 23,003 Pella 3,096 Perry .>.642 Red Oak 5.578 Sheldon 3,323 Shenandoah 5,255 Sioux City 71,227 Spencer 4.599 Storm Lake 3,158 Valley Junction . 3,026 Vinton 3,957 Waterloo 36,230 Waverly 3,561 Webster City . . . 5,657 KANSAS Abilene 4,895 Arkansas City . . 7,508 Atchison 12,630 Augusta 4,219 Beloit 3,082 Caney 3,597 Chanute 10,286 Cherryvale 4,304 Clay Center 3,715 Coffeyville 13,452 Columbus 3,064 Concordia 4,415 Dodge City 5,061 Eldorado 10,995 Emporia 11,273 Fort Scott 10,693 Fredonia 3,954 Frontenac 3,400 Galena 6,000 Garden City .... 3,171 Great Bend 4,622 Herington 3.273 Horton 3,600 Hutchinson 23,298 Independence . . . 11,902 Iola 8,513 Junction City . . . 7,516 Kansas City .... 101,177 Lawrence 12,456 Leavenworth .... 16,901 Manhattan 5,722 McPherson 4,595 Neodesha 3,943 Newton 9,781 Olathe 3,500 Osage City 3,010 Osawatomie 4,046 Ottawa 9,018 Paola 3,500 Parsons 16,028 Pittsburg 18,052 Pratt 4,716 Rosedale 7,674 Salina 15,085 Topeka 50,022 Wellington 7,048 Wichita 72,128 Winfield 7,953 KENTUCKY Ashland Bellevue Bowling Green Catlettsburg Corbin . . . Covington Cynthiana . Danville . . Dayton . . . Earlington Fleming . . Fort Thoir.i Franktor: . Fulton .... Georgetown HarrodsDur" 14,729 7,379 9,638 4.183 3,406 57,121 3,857 5 034 ^.346 3,931 4,000 s$,oe! 9,80: 3.4Io 3;903 3,765 Hazard 4,348 Henderson 12,169 Highland Park . . 3,979 Hopkinsville 9,696 Irvine 3,000 Jenkins 6,000 Lebanon 3,077 Lexington 41,534 Louisville 234,891 Ludlow 4,582 Madisonville 4,966 Mayfield 6,583 Maysville 8,786 Middlesboro 8,041 Mt. Sterling 3,932 Newport . .' 29,317 Oakdale 3,198 Owensboro 17,424 Paducah 24,735 Paris 6,31<) Princeton 3,689 Richmond 5,622 Russellville 3,111 Shelby ville 3,412 Somerset 4,672 Winchester 7,866 LOUISIANA Abbeville 3,461 Alexandria 17,510 Baton Rouge . . . 21,782 Bogalusa 8,245 Crowley 6,108 De Ridder 3,535 Donaldsonville . . 3,745 Eunice 3,272 Franklin 3,504 Gretna 7,197 Hammond 3,855 Homer 3,305 Houma 5,160 Jennings 3,824 Kentwood 3,059 Lafayette 7,855 Lake Charles ... 13,088 Minden 6,105 Monroe 12,675 Morgan City .... 5,429 Natchitoches 3,388 New Iberia 6,278 New Orleans 387,219 Oakdale 4,016 Opelousas 4,4.°>7 Plaquemine 4,955 Ruston 3,380 Shreveport 43,874 Thibodaux 3,526 MAINE Auburn 16,985 Augusta 14,114 Bangor 25,978 Bar Harbor 3,622 Bath 14,731 Belfast 5,083 Biddleford 18,008 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 6,064 Brunswick 5,840 Calais 6.084 Camden 3,015 Caribou 6,018 4,113 4,494 Dexter Eastport Ellsworth 3,058 Fairfield 4.551 Farmington 3,210 Fort Fairfield . . . 4.551 Fort Kent 4,237 Gardiner 5.475 Houlton 6,191 Kennebunk 3,099 Kitterv , . . . 4.763 Lewiston 31,79] Lisbon 4.116 Lubec 3,371 Madison 3.379 Millinocket 3,368 Norway 3,002 Old Town 6,630 Orono 3.555 Portland 69.272 Presque Isle .... Rockland 8,109 Rumford 7.016 Saco 6,817 Sanford 10,691 Skowhegan 5,981 So. Portland .... 9.254 Van Buren .* 4,594 Waterville 13,351 West Brook 9.435 MARYLANE Annapolis 11.214 Baltimore 733,826 Bethesda 4,751 Brunswick 3,905 Cambridge 7,467 Crisfield 4,116 Cumberland 29,837 Easton City .... 3,442 Frederick 11,066 Frostburg 6,nl7 Hagerstown 28,066 Havre de Grace. . 4,374 Lonaconing S.i li M I Mt. Savage 3,000 Salisbury 7,502 Towson 3,700 (Balto. P. O.) Western Port . . : 3.977 Westminster .... 3.521 MASSACHUSETTS Abington 5,787 Adams 14.214 Agawn 5,023 Amesbury 10,036 Amherst 5,503 Andover 7,489 Arlington 18,665 Athol 9.792 Attleboro 19.731 Auburn 3.S91 Aver 3,052 Barnstable 4,836 Barre 3,357 Belmont 10,749 Beverly 22,561 Billerica .... 3,646 Blackstone 4,299 Boston 748,060 Braintree ....... 10,554 Bridgewater 9,381 Brockton 66.254 Brookline 37,748 Cambridge 109.694 Canton 5,945 Chelmsford 5,682 Chelsea 43,184 Chicopee 36,214 Clinton 12,979 Concord 6,461 Dalton 3,752 Dartmouth 6.493 Dedham 10,783 Dracut 5,280 Dudley 3,701 East Bridgewater 3,389 East Hampton . . 10,360 East Wevmouth . 3,200 Everett ..... 40.120 Fair Haven ..... 6,277 Fall River . . 120,485 Falmouth 3.500 Fitchburg 41,029 Foxboro ........ 3,755 Framingham .... 17,033 Franklin 6,497 Galva 2.974 Gardner 16,971 Gloucester 22.917 Grafton 6,887 Great Barrington. 6.315 Greenfield 15,462 Hardwick 3,085 Haverhill 53,884 Hingham 5,599 Holbrook 3,161 Holyoke 60,203 Hudson 7,607 Indian Orchard . 6,000 Ipswich 6,201 Lawrence 94,270 Lee 4,085 Leicester 3,635 Lenox 3,242 Leominster 19,745 Lexington 6,350 Lowell 112.759 Ludlow 7,470 Lynn 99,148 Maiden 49,103 Mansfield 6.255 Marblehead 7,324 Marlboro 15,028 Mavnard 7,086 Medfield 3.594 Medford 39,038 Melrose 18,204 Melrose Highlands 4,000 Methuen 15,189 5 Middlesboro 9,048 Milford 13,471 Millbury 5,653 Milton 9,382 Mittineague 3,300 Monson = . . 5,004 Montague 7.6<5 Nantucket 3,166 Xatick 10,907 Needham 7,012 New Bedford . .. 121,217 Xewburyport .... 15,618 Newton 46,054 Xewton Center . 4.646 Xewton Highlands 3,907 Xewtonville 4,850 Xorth Adams . . . 22,282 Northampton .... 21,951 Xorth Andover . . 6,366 Xorth Attleboro . . 9,238 Northbridge . 10,174 Xorth Easton . . . 3,000 Xorth Grafton . . . 4.232 Xorwood 12,627 Orange 5.393 Oxford 3,820 Palmer 9,896 Peabody 19.552 Pittsfield 41.751 Plymouth 13,032 Provincetown . . . 4.246 Quincy 47,611 Randolph 4,756 Reading 7,439 Revere 28.823 Rockland 7,074 Rockport 3.878 Salem 42,529 Saugus Center . . 10,874 Shrewsbury 3,708 Somerset 3,377 Somerville 93,091 Southbridge 14,245 So. Hadley Falls. 5.527 So. Weymouth . . 3,800 Spencer 5,930 Springfield 129,563 Stoneham 7,873 Stoughton 6,982 Swampscott .... 8,101 Taunton 37,137 Templeton 4,019 Tewksbury 4,450 Three Rivers 3,000 Turners Falls ... 5,000 Uxbridge 5,384 Wakefield 13.025 Walpole 5.490 Waltham 30,915 Ware 8,525 Wareham 5,176 Warren 3.467 Watertown 21.457 Webster 13,258 Welle sley 6,439 Westboro 5,789 Westfield 18.603 Westford 3,170 West Medford . . 5.627 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 West Newton . . . 5,021 Westport 3,262 West Springfield. 13,443 Weymouth 15,057 Whitinsville 4,600 Whitman 7,520 William stown . . . 3,981 Willimansett .... 5,286 Winchendon .... 5,904 Winchester 10,485 Winthrop ....... 15,455 Woburn 16,574 Worcester . 179,754 MICHIGAN Adrian 11,878 Albion 8,354 Allegan ......... 3,637 Alma 7,542 Alpena 11,101 Ann Arbor ..... 19,516 Battle Creek .... 36,164 Bay City 47,554 Belding 3,911 Benton Harbor . . 12,233 Bessemer 5,482 ■ Big Rapids 4,558 Birmingham .... 3,694 Boyne City 4,284 Buchanan 3,187 Cadillac .... 9,750 Calumet 32,845 Charlotte 5,126 Cheboygan 5,642 Coldwater 6,114 Crystal Falls .... 3,394 Detroit 993,739 Dowagiac 5,440 Ecorse 4,394 Escanaba 13,103 Fenton 3,000 Flint 91,590 Ford 4.294 Gladstone 4,953 Grand Haven . . . 7,224 Grand Ledge . . . 3,043 Grand Rapids . . . 137,834 Greenville 4,045 Hamtramck 48,615 Hancock 12,079 Hastings 5,132 Highland Park .. 46,499 Hillsdale 5,476 Holland 12,166 Houghton 5,113 Ionia 6,935 Iron River 4,295 Iron Mountain . . 8.251 Ironwood 15,739 Ishpeming 10,500 Jackson 48,374 Kalamazoo 48,858 Lansing 57,327 Lapeer 4,723 Ludington 8,810 Manistee 9,694 Manistique 6,380 Marine City 3,731 Marquette 12,718 Marshall • 4,270 Menominee .... 10,507 Midland , . 5,483 Monroe 11.573 Mt. Clemens 9,488 Mt. Pleasant 3,972 Munising 5,037 Muskegon 36,570 Muskegon Hghts. 9,514 Negaunee 7,419 Niles 7,311 Norway 4,533 Otsego 3,168 Owosso 12,575 Petoskey 5,064 Pontiac 34,273 Port Huron 25,944 River Rouge 9,822 Royal Oak 5,600 Saginaw 61,903 St. Clair 3.204 St. Johns 3,925 St. Joseph 7,251 St. Louis 3,036 Sault Ste. Marie. 12,096 South Haven . . . 3,829 Sturgis .1.995 Three Rivers . . . 5,209 Traverse City ... 10,925 Wakefield 4,151 Wyandotte 13,851 Ypsilanti 7,413 MINNESOTA Albert Lea 8,056 Alexandria 3,001 Anoka 4,287 Austin 10,118 Bemidii 7,086 Brainard 9,591 Chisholm 0,039 Coquet 7,031 Crookston 6,806 Duluth 98,917 Ely 3.572 Eveleth 7,205 Fairmont 4,360 Faribault 11,089 Fergus Falls . . . . 7,581 Hastings 3,983 Hibbing 15,089 Hopkins 3,022 Hutchinson 3,379 International Falls 4,500 Lake City 3,142 Little Falls 6,078 Mankato 12,469 Minneapolis 380,582 Montevideo 3.056 Moorhead 5.720 New Ulm 6,745 Northfield 3,265 Owatonna ....... 7,252 Pipestone 3,600 Red Wing 8,637 Rochester 13,722 St. Cloud 15,873 6 St. Paul 23435 St. Peter 4,335 South St. Paul .. 6,860 Stillwater 7,735 Thief River Falls. 4,685 Two Harbors . . . 4,546 Virginia 14,022 Waseca 3,908 3.055 West Minneapolis Willmar 5,892 Winona 19,143 3,481 Worthington .... MISSISSIPPI Aberdeen 4,071 Bay St. Louis .. 3,033 Biloxi 10,937 Brook Haven . . . 4,706 Canton 3,252 Clarksdale 7,552 Columbus ....... 10,501 Corinth 4,946 Greenville 11,560 Greenwood 7,793 Gulfport 8,157 Hattiesburg 16,482 Holly Springs . . . 3,500 Tackson 22,817 Laurel 13,037 McComb 7,775 Meridian 23,399 Moss Point 3,34d Natchez 12,608 Pascagoula 6,082 Tupelo 5,055 Vicksburg 17,931 Water Valley ... 4,064 West Point 4,400 Yazoo City 5,244 MISSOURI Aurora 3,575 Bonne Terre 5*000 Boonville 4,665 Brookfield 6,304 Cameron .... 3,248 Cape Girardeau . . 10,252 Carrollton 3,218 Carterville 4,539 Carthage* 10,068 Caruthersville . . . 4,750 Chaffee 3,035 Charleston 3,410 Chillicothe 6,525 Clinton 5,098 Columbia 10,379 De Soto 5,003 Excelsior Springs 4,165 Flat River 5,112 Fredericktown . . . 3,124 Fulton 5,595 Hannibal 18,950 Independence . . . 11,686 Jefferson City . . . 14,067 Toplin 29,902 Kansas City 297,847 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Kennett 3,622 Kirksville ....... 7,213 Kirk wood ....... 4,422 Lexington 5,250 Liberty 3,097 Louisiana 4,UGU Macon . . . . . 3,584 Marceline 3,760 Marshall 5,200 Maryville 4,711 Mexico 6,013 Moberly 12,789 Monett ......... 4,200 Neosho 3,968 Nevada 7,170 Poplar Bluff 8,042 Richmond 4,409 St. Charles ...... 8,503 St. Joseph 77,039 St. Louis 773,000 Sedalia 25,000 Sikeston 3,613 Slater 3,797 Springfield . , 39,631 Trenton . . 6,951 University City . 6,792 YVarrensburg .... 4,811 Washington 3,132 Webb City 7,807 Webster Grove . . 9,474 West Plains 3,178 MONTANA Anaconda 11,668 Billings 15,100 Bozeman 6,183 Butte 41,611 Deer Lodge 3,780 Glendive 3,816 Great Falls 24,121 Havre 5,429 Helena 12,500 Kalispell 5,147 Lewiston 6,120 Livingston 6,326 Miles City 7,937 Missoula 12,668 Red Lodge 4,860 Round Up 3,500 NEBRASKA Alliance 4,591 Beatrice 9,664 .Chadron 4,412 Columbus 5,410 Fairbury 5,294 Falls City 3.255 Fremont 9,925 Grand Island . . . 13,960 Hastings 11.647 Havelock 3,602 Holdrege 3,030 Kearnev . . 7,702 Lincoln 5^,948 McCook 4,303 Nebraska City . . 6,279 Norfolk 8,634 North Platte . . . Omaha ........ Plattsmouth .... Scotts Bluff . . . University Place r (Lincoln P. O.) York 10,466 191,601 4,287 6,912 4,112 5,388 NEVADA Ely. Goldfield Reno . . . Tonopah 3,000 3,500 14,869 4,144 NEW HAMPSHIRE Berlin .... 16,104 Claremont 9,524 Concord 22,167 Dover . . 13,029 Exeter . . . . 4,604 Franklin .... 6,318 Haverhill 3,406 Keene 11,210 Laconia 10,897 Lancaster 3,054 Lebanon „ 6,162 Littleton 4,239 Manchester 78.384 Milford 8,939 Nashua 28,379 New Market .... 3,348 Newport 4,109 Portsmouth 13,569 Rochester 9,673 Somersworth .... 6,688 Suncook 3,183 NEW JERSEY Asbury Park 12,400 Atlantic City . . . 50,682 Audubon ... = .... 4,740 Bayonne 69,893 Belleville 15,060 Bergenfield 3,667 Bloomfield .. = ... 22.019 Bogota 3,906 Boonton 5,381 Bordentown 4,371 Bound Brook . . . 5,906 Bridgeton 14,323 Burlineton 9.049 Caldwell 3,993 Camden 116,309 Carlstadt 4,472 Carteret 4,400 Chrome 4,000 Cliffside Park . . . 5,709 Clifton 26.470 Collingswood .... 8.714 Cranford 5,200 Dover 9,817 Dunnellen 3,394 East Orange . . . 50,710 East Rutherford.. 5,463 Edgewater 3,530 7 Elizabeth 95,682 Englewood 11,617 Fairview 4,882 Fort Lee 5,761 Franklin 4,075 Freehold 4,768 Garfield 19,381 Glassboro 3,000 Glen Ridge 4,146 Gloucester 12,162 Guttenberg .... = . 6,726 Hackensack 17,667 Hackelstown .... 3,000 Haddonfield 5,646 Hammonton 6,417 Harrison 15,721 Hawthorne 5,135 Highland Park . . 4,866 Hoboken 68,166 Irvington 25,480 (Newark P. O.) Jersey City 297,864 Kearney Tct 26,724 (Newark P. O.) Keyport 4,415 Lakewood 5,149 Lambertville 4,660 Lodi 8,175 Long Branch . . . 13,521 Lvndhurst 9,515 Madison 4,658 Merchantville . . . 4,754 Metuchen 3,334 Millburn 4,372 Millville ........ 14,691 Montclair 28,810 Moorestown 3,600 Morristown 12.505 Mt. Holly 6,000 Newark 414^216 New Brunswick.. 32,779 Newton 4,125 North Plainfield. . 6,916 Nutlev 9,421 Orange 33,268 Passaic , . . . 63,824 Patefson 135,866 Pennsgrove 6,050 Perth Ambov . . . 41,707 Philliosburg 16,923 Plainfield 27,700 Pleasantville .... 5,887 Princeton 5,917 Rahway 11,042 Raritan 4,457 Red Bank 9.251 Ridgefield Park . 8,570 Ridgewood 7,580 Riverside 4,011 Rochelle Park . . 5,438 Roosevelt 11,047 Roselle 5,737 Rutherford 9,497 Sacaucus 5,423 Salem . 7,435 Somerville 6,718 South Amboy . . . 7,897 South Orange . . . 7,274 South River 6,596 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Summit 10,174 Tenafly , 5,650 Town of Union.. 24,776 Trenton 119,289 Verona . . . . . 3,039 Vineland 6,799 Wellington 5,715 Washington ..... 3,341 Weehawken 13,488 Westfield 9,026 West Hoboken .. 40,068 West New York. 29,926 West Orange . . . 15,573 Wildwood 4,000 Woodbury 5,801 Wrightstown .... 5,288 NEW MEXICO Albuquerque. .... 15,157 Carlsbad 3,000 Clovis 6,000 East Las Vegas.. 5,000 Gallup 3,500 Las Cruces 3,467 Las Vegas 5,500 Raton 5,544 Roswell .o 6,172 Santa Fe 7,000 Silver City 3,217 Tucumcari 3,500 NEW YORK Albany 13,344 Albion 4,683 Amsterdam 33,524 Auburn . . 36,192 Babylon 3,100 Baldwinsville 3,685 Ballston Spa 4,103 Batavia 13,541 Bath 4,795 Bayshore 3,025 Beacon 10,996 Binghamton 66,800 Brockport 3,368 Bronxville 3,055 Buffalo t 506,775 Canandaigua .... 7,356 Canastota 3,995 Carthage 4,320 Catskill 4,728 Cohoes 22,987 Corning 15,820 Cortland 13,294 Dansville 4,681 Depew 5,850 Dobbs Ferry 4,030 Dolgeville 3,448 Dunkirk 19,336 East Aurora 3,703 East Rochester . . 3,471 East Syracuse .. 4,106 Ellenville 3,116 Elmira - . 45,393 Elmira Heights . . 4,188 Endicott 9,500 Fairport 3 556 Frankfort . 4, IDS Fredonia 6,051 Freeport 8,599 Fulton 13,043 Geneva 14,648 Glen Cove 3,875 Glens Falls 16,638 Gloversville . 22,075 Goshen 5,016 Gouverneur 4,143 Granville . 3,024 Green Island . . . 4,411 Greenport 3,735 Hamburg 3,185 Hastings Upon Hudson 5,526 Flaverstraw 5,226 Hempstead 6,382 Herkimer 10,453 Hoosick Falls . . . 4,896 Hornell 15,025 Hudson 11,745 Hudson Falls . . . 5,761 Huntington 5,000 Ilion 10,169 Irondequoit 3,000 (P. O. Rochester) Ithaca 17,004 Jamestowri 38,917 Johnson City 8,587 Johnstown 10,908 Kenmore 3,160 Kingston 26,688 Lackawanna 17,918 Lancaster 6,059 La Salle 3,813 Le Roy 4,203 Little Falls 13,029 Lockport 21,308 Lowville 3,127 Lynbrook 4,367 Lyons 4,253 Malone 7,556 Mamarcneck .... 6,276 Massena 5,993 Mechanicsville . . 8.166 Medina 6,011 Middletown 18.420 Mt. Morris 3,312 Mt. Vernon 42,726 Newark 6,964 Newburgh 30,366 New Rochelle ... 36,213 GREATER NEW YORK New York 5,621,151 Brooklyn 2,022,262 Borough of Queens 466 811 Bayside 4,400 (Flushing P. O.) College Point . . . 9,952 (Flushing P. O.) Corona 14,479 (Flushing P. O.) Elmhurst 8,385 (Flushing P. O.) "Far Rockaway . . 8,f>85 Flushing 22,448 Glendale Sta 8,459 (Brooklyn P. O.) Jamaica '18,000 Long Island City 60,019 Maspeth 14,427 (Flushing P. O.) Ozone Park 9,000 (Jamaica P. O.) Richmond Hill .. 11,636 (Jamaica P. O.) Rockaway Beach. 4,092 (Far Rockaway P. O.) SpringfTd Gardens 3,199 (Jamaica P. O.) Whitestone 5,722 (Jamaica P. O.) W r infield 7,751 (Flushing P. O.) Woodhaven 15,000 (Jamaica P. O.) Woodside 5,385 (Flushing P. O.) Borough of Rich- mond 115,959 Mariners Harbor. 5,000 (Port Richmond P. O.) New Brighton . . . 20,000 Port Edward 3,'871 Port Richmond . . 15,000 Rosebank 5,000 Stapleton 12,000 Tompkinsville . . . 8,000 Tottenville 3,000 W. New Brighton 10,000 Niagara Falls . . . 50,760 North Tarrytown. 5,927 No. Tonawanda . 15,482 Norwich 8,269 Nyack 4,444 Ogdensburg 14,609 Glean 20,506 Oneida 10,541 Oneonta 11,582 Ossining 13,705 Oswego 23,626 Owego 4,147 Patchogue 4,506 Peekskill 15,868 Penn Yan 5,215 Perry 4,717 Plattsburg 10,909 Port Chester 16,573 Port Jervis 10.171 Port Washington. 5,722 Potsdam 4,039 Poughkeepsie .... 35,000 Rensselaer 10,823 Rochester 295,850 Rockville Ctr. ... 5,223 Rome 26,341 Rye 5,308 Sag Harbor 3,245 Salamanca 9,276 Saranac Lake . . . 5,174 Saratoga Springs. 13,181 Saugerties 4,013 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Schenectady .... 88,723 Scotia 4,358 Seneca Falls 6,389 Silver Creek 3,260 Solvay 7,352 Southampton 3,092 Spring Valley . . . 4,42S Suffern 3,154 Syracuse 171,717 Tarrytown 5,807 Tonawanda 10,068 Troy 72,013 Tupper Lake 3,910 Union 3,303 Utica 94,156 Walden 5.493 Walton 3,598 Wappinger Falls. 3,235 Warsaw 3.622 Waterford 3,047 Waterloo 3,809 Watertown 31,285 Watervliet 16,073 Waverly 5,270 Wellsboro 3,452 Wellsville 5,046 Westfield 3,413 Whitehall 5,258 White Plains 21.031 Whitesboro 3,038 Yonkers 100,226 NORTH CAROLINA Asheville 28,504 Burlington 5,952 Charlotte 46,318 Concord 9,903 Durham 21,719 Elizabeth City .. 8,925 Fayetteville 8,877 Gastonia 12,871 Goldsboro 11,296 Greensboro 19,746 Greenville 5,772 Henderson 5,267 Hendersonville . . 3,720 Hickory 5,076 High Point 12.869 Kinston 9,771 Lenoir 3,718 Lexington ....... 5.254 Lincolnton 3,390 Monroe 4.084 Mooresville 4,315 Mt. Airy 4,752 New Bern 10.300 Newton 3,021 Oxford 3,606 Raleigh 24,418 Reidsville 5,333 Rocky Mount . . . 12.742 Roxboro 3.214 Salisbury 13.884 Shelby 3,609 Statesville 7,895 Tarboro 4.568 Thoniasville 5,676 Wahpeton 3.069 Throop • 6,672 Titusville 8,432 Washington 6,166 Wilmington 33,372 Wilson 10,653 Winston Salem . . 48,395 NORTH DAKOTA Bismarck 6,951 Devils Lake 5,140 Dickinson 4,122 Fargo 21,961 Grand Forks .... 14,010 Hebron 11,374 Mandan 4,336 Minot 10,476 Valley City ' 4.6S6 Williston 4,178 OHIO Akron 208,435 Alliance 21,603 Ashland 9,249 Ashtabula 22,082 Athens 6,418 Barberton 18,811 Barnesville 4,865 Bellaire 15,061 Bellefontaine 9,237 Beilevue 5,776 Bowling Green . . 5,788 Bridgeport 3,977 Bryan 3,641 Bucvrus 10,425 Byesville 3,156 Cambridge 13,104 Canton 87,091 Celina 4,226 Chillicothe 15,831 Cincinnati 401,247 Circleville 7,049 Cleveland . 796,836 Cleveland Heights 15,236 Clyde 3.099 Columbus 237,031 Conneaut 9,343 Coshocton 10,847 Crestline 3,807 Crooksville 3,311 Cuyahoga Falls . . 10,200 Dayton 151,559 Defiance S.876 Delaware 8,756 Delphos 5.745 Dennison 5,524 Dover 8,101 East Cleveland . . 27,292 East Liverpool . . 21,411 East Palestine . . 5,750 East Youngstown 11,237 Eaton 3,210 Elyria 20.474 Euclid 3,363 Fairport 4.211 Findlay 17,015 Fostoria 9,987 Fremont 12,468 Galion 7,374 9 Gallipolis 6,070 Geneva 3,081 Girard 6,556 Glouster 3,140 Greenfield 4,228 Greenville 7,104 Hamilton 39,675 Hillsboro 4,356 Hubbard 3,220 Ironton 14,007 Jackson 5,842 Jamestown 6,627 Kenmore 12,683 Kent 7,070 Kenton 7,690 Lakewood 41,732 (Cleveland P. O.) Lancaster 14,706 Lima 41,306 Lisbon 3,113 Lockland 3,439 (Cincinnati P. O.) Logan 5.493 London 3,530 Lorain 37,295 Mansfield 27.824 Marietta 15,14n Marion 27,891 Martins Ferry . . . 11,634 Marysville f;,635 Massillon 17,428 Medina 3.430 Miamiburg 4,383 Middleport 3,772 Middletown 23,594 Mingo Jet 4,616 Mt. Vernon 9,237 Napoleon 4,132 Nelsonvilie 6.440 Newark 26,718 Newcomerstown . 3.200 New Lexington . . 3,157 New Philadelphia 10,718 Niles 13,080 Norwalk 7,379 Norwood 24,966 Oberlin 4,236 Orrville 4,107 Painesville 6^886 Piqua 15,044 Pomeroy 4,294 Port Clinton 3,928 Portsmouth 33,011 Ravenna 7,219 Reading 3,985 St. Bernard 6.312 (Cincinnati P. O.) St. Marys 5,679 Salem 10.305 Sandusky 22.897 Sebring 3,541 Shadyside 3,084 Shelby 5,578 Sidnev ...... 8.590 Springfield 60.840 Steuben ville 28,508 Struthers 5,847 Tiffin 14.375 Toledo .o 243J09 , UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 T oronto 4,684 Troy 7,260 Uhrichsville 6,428 Union City, Ind.- Ohio Combined Pop, . 4,940 Upper Sandusky . 3,708 Urbana 7,621 Van Wert 8,100 Wadsworth 4,742 Wapakoneta 5,295 Warren 27,050 Washington C. H. 7,962 Wauseon 3,035 Wellston 6,687 Wellsville 8,849 West Park 8,560 Willard 3,889 Wilmington 5,037 Wooster 8,204 Xenia 9,110 Youngstown .... 132,358 Zanesville 29,569 OKLAHOMA Ada 8,012 Altus 4,498 Alva 3,912 Anadarko 3,439 Ardmore 14,181 Bartlesville 14,417 Blackwell 7,174 Chickasha 15,447 Claremore 3,435 Coal Gate -. 3,255 Collinsville 3,801 Cushing 6,326 Drumwright 6,460 Duncan 3,463 Durant 7,340 Elk City 3,165 El Reno 7,872 Enid 16,576 Frederick 3,822 Guthrie 11,757 Henryetta 5,889 Hugo 6.36S Tdabei 3.067 Lawton 8,930 McAlester 18,504 TMangum 3,405 Miami 6,802 Muskogee 30,277 Norman 5,004 Nowata 4,471 Oilton 4,000 Oklahoma City . . 91,258 Okmulgee 4,176 Pawhuska 6,414 Perry 3,154 Picher .. 9,676 Ponca City 7,051 Sand Springs .... 4",076 Sapulpa 12,929 Shamrock 5.000 Shawnee 15,348 Stillwater 4,701 Sulphur 3,667 Tar River 3,500 iulsa 72,07 o Vinita 5,010 Wagoner 3,436 Walters 3,032 Woodward 3,849 OREGON Albany 4,283 Ashland 5,020 Astoria 14,027 Baker 7,729 Bend 5,415 Corvallis 5,752 Eugene 10,593 Grants Pass .... 3,151 Hood River 3,195 Klamath Falls . . 4,801 La Grande 6,913 Marshneld 4,034 Medford 5,756 North Bend 3,268 Oregon City 5,686 Pendleton 7,387 Portland 258,288 Rosebud 4,738 Roseburg 4,381 Salem 17,679 The Dalles 5,807 PENNSYLVANIA Allentown 73,502 Altoona 60,331 Ambler 3,094 Amibridge 12,730 Apollo 3,227 Archbold 8,603 Ardmore 3,500 Arnold 6,120 Ashland 6,666 Ashley 6,520 Aspinwall 3,170 Athens 4,384 Avalon 5,277 Avoca 4,950 Bangor 5,402 Beaver 4,135 Beaver Falls .... 12,802 Bellefonte 3,996 Belle Vernon . . . 4,394 Bellevue 8,198 Bentlevville 3,679 Bedwick 12,181 Bethlehem 50,358 Birdsboro 3,299 Blairsville 4,391 Blakely ......... 6,564 Bloomsburg 7,819 Boyertown 3,189 Brackenridge .... 4,987 Braddock 20,879 Bradford 15,525 Bridgeport 4,680 Bridgeville 3,092 Bristol 10,273 Brookville 3,272 Butler 23,778 Canonsburg 10,632 Carbondale 18,640 Carlisle 10,916 10 Carnegie 11,516 Carrick 10,504 Catasauqua 4,714 Centerville 4,793 Chambersburg . . . 13,171 Charleroi 11,516 Cheltenham 11,015 Chester 58,030 Clairton 6,264 Clearfield 8,529 Clifton Heights . . 3,155 Coaldale 6,336 Coatesville 14,515 Columbia 10,836 Conemaugh 6,000 Connellsville 13,804 Conshohocken . . . 8,481 Coraopolis 6,162 Corry 7,228 Coudersport .... 3,100 Crafton 5,954 Dale 3,115 Danville 6,952 Darby 7,922 Derry 3,000 Dickson City . . . 11,049 Donora 14^131 Dormont 6,455 Dorranceton .... 6,334 Dowington 4,024 Doylestown 3,837 Dubois 13,681 Dunmore 20,250 Dupont 4,576 Duquesne 19,011 Duryea 7,777 East Conemaugh. 15,256 E. Mauch Chunk. 3,868 Easton 33,813 E. Pittsburgh . . . 6,527 E. Stroudsburg . . 5,278 Edgewood 3,181 Edwardsville 9,027 (Wilkes B a r re P. O.) Elizabeth 7,410 Ellwood 8,049 Emanus 4,370 Emporium 3,036 Ephrata 3,192 Erie 93,372 Etna 6,341 Exeter 4,176 Farrell - 15,115 Ford City 5,605 Forest City 6,004 Forty Fort 3,389 Frackville 5,590 Franklin 9,970 Freedom ........ 3,452 Freeland 6,666 Galeton 5,705 Gallitzin '. 3,504 Gettysburg 4,439 Gilberton 4,766 Girardville 4,482 Glassport 6,959 Glen Lyon 3,500 Greensburg 15,033 UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Greenville 8,101 Grove City 3,674 Hanover 8,664 Harrisburg 75,017 Hazleton 32,277 Hollidavsburg . . . 3,734 Homestead 20,452 Huntingdon 7,051 Indiana 7,043 Irwin 3,235 Jeanette 10,627 Jenkintown 3,366 Jermyn 3,158 Jersey Shore - 6,103 Johnsonburg .... 4,334 Johnstown 67,327 Juniata 7,660 Kane 7,283 Kingston 8,952 Kittanning 7,153 Knoxville 7,201 Kulpmont 4,695 Lancaster 53,150 Lansdale 4,728 Lansdowne 4,066 Lansford 9,625 Larksville 9,438 (Wilkes Barre P. O.) Latrobe 9,484 Lebanon 24,643 Leechburg 3,991 Lehighton 6,102 Lewisburg 3,204 Lewistown 9,849 Ligonier 3,596 Lockhaven 8,557 Luzerne 5,998 McAdoo 4,674 McDonald 5,547 McKeesport 45,975 McKees Rocks .. 16,713 Mahano City 15,599 Marcus Hook . . . 5,324 Mauch Chunk ... 3,666 Mayfield 3,662 Meadville 14,568 Mechanisburg . . . 4,688 Media 3,562 Meyersdale 3,716 Middletown 5,920 Midland 5,452 Millvale 8,031 Milton 8,638 Miners Mills .... 4,365 Minersville 7,845 Minooka 3,100 Monaca 3,838 (ScrantonP. O.) Monessen 18,179 Monongahela 8,688 Mt. Carmel 17,469 Mt. Oliver 5,575 Mt. Pleasant 5,862 Mt. Union 4,744 Munhall . . . : 6,418 (Homestead P. O.) Nanticoke 22,614 Narberth 3,704 Nazareth 3,978 New Brighton . . . 9,361 New Castle 44,938 New Kensington. 11,987 Norristown 32,319 Northampton .... 9,349 North Braddock . 14,928 North East ..... 3,481 Northumberland . 4,061 Oakmont 4,512 Oil City 21,274 Old Forge 12,237 Olyphant 10,236 Palmerton 7,168 Palmyra 3,646 Parsons 5,638 Patton 3,628 Pen Argyl 3,967 Pennsgrove 6,060 Philadelphia 1,823,158 Philipsburg 3,900 Phoenixville 10,484 Pitcairn 5,738 Pittsburgh 588.193 Pittston 18,497 Plains 3,500 Plymouth 16,500 Portage 4,164 Pottstown . . 17,431 Pottsville 21,876 Punxsutawney . . . 10,311 Quakertown 3,081 Rankin 7,301 Reading 107,784 Red Lion 3,108 Renovo 5,877 Reynoldsville . . . 4,116 Ridgeway 6,037 Rochester 6,937 Roscoe 3,000 Rossiter 3,500 Royersford 3,278 St. Clair 6,585 St. Marys 6,967 Sayre 8,078 Schuylkill Haven. 5,437 Scottdale 5,768 Scranton 137,783 Sewickley 4,955 Shamok-in 21,204 Sharon 21,747 Sharpsburg 8,921 Sharpsville 3,634 Shenandoah 24,726 Shippensburg .... 4,372 Slatington 4,014 Souderton 3,125 So. Bethlehem . . 3,943 South Fork 4,594 So. Williamsport . 4,341 Steelton 13,428 Stroudsburg 5,278 Summit Hill 5,499 Sunbury 15,721 Susquehanna .... 3,764 Swissvale 10,908 Swovers 3,648 (Wilkes Barre P. O.) Swoyersville .... 6,876 11 Tamaqua 12,363 Tarentum 8,925 Taylor 9,876 (Scranton P. O.) Towanda 4,260 Turtle Creek 8,138 Tyrone 9,084 Union City 3,850 Uniontown 15,609 Vandergrift 9,531 Vandergrift Hgts. 3,438 Verona 3,938 Warren 14,256 Washington 21,480 Wayne 3,000 Waynesboro 9,720 Wellsboro 3,183 West Chester ... 11,717 West Hazleton . . 5,854 West Homestead. 3,435 West Pittston ... 6,968 West York 3,320 Wilkes-Barre 73,833 Wilkinsburg 24,403 Williamsport 36,198 Wilmerding 6,441 Wilson 3,243 Windber 9,462 Winton 7,583 Woodlawn 12,495 Wyoming 3,582 Yatesboro 3,500 York 47,512 RHODE ISLAND Barrington 3,897 Bristol 11,375 Central Falls 24,174 Coventry 5,670 Cranston 29,407 Cumberland 10,077 East Greenwich . 3,290 East Providence . 18,113 Lincoln 9,543 Lonsdale 3,700 Manville 6,000 Natick 3,500 Newport 30,255 North Kingston . 3,397 North Providence 7,697 Pawtucket 64,248 Providence 237,595 South Kingstown. 5,183 Tiverton 4,032 Valley Falls 3,750 Warren 7,841 Warwick 13,481 Westerley . 9,952 West Warwick . . 15,461 Woonsocket 43,496 SOUTH CAROLINA Abbeville 4,459 Aiken 4,103 Anderson 10,535 Bennettsville .... 3,197 Camden 3,930 Charleston 60,734 Cheraw 3,150 Chester 5,557 Clinton 3,767 Columbia 37,524 Darlington 3,789 Easley 3,568 Edisto Island ... 3,000 Florence 10,968 GafTney 5,010 Georgetown 5,530 Great Falls 3,000 Greenville 23,127 / UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 Marliri .: Greenwood . Hartsville . . 8,703 3,624 Laurens 4,629 Marion .... 3,892 Newberry . . Orangeburg Rock Hill . Spartan sburg Sumter .... 5,$94 7,290 8,809 22,638 9,508 Union SOUTH Aberdeen . . Brooklings . Deadwood . Huron Lead Madison . . . 6,141 DAKOTA 14,537 3,924 3,653 5,791 9,763 4,144 Mitchell . . . Mobridge . . 8,302 3,517 Pierre 3,209 Rapid City . Redfield . . . 5,777 3 060 Sioux Falls 25,176 VVatertown 9,400 Yankton 5,024 TENNESSEE Alcoa 3,358 Alton Park 3,020 Bristol Brownsville Chattanooga Clarksvill ■ . Cleveland . . Columbia . . 3,062 .... 57,895 8,110 6,522 5 5^6 Covington 3,410 Dyersburg 6,444 East Chattanooga 4,720 Fayetteville 3,629 Franklin 3 193 Greeneville . Harriman . . 3,775 4,039 Humboldt . . Tackson .... 3,913 18,860 Johnson City Kingsport . . Knoxville . . 12,442 5,692 .... 77,818 La Follette Lebanon .... Lenoir City . Maryville . . . Memptiir. . . . Morristown . Murfreesboro Nashville 118^342 Paris 4,730 Rockwood 4,652 3,056 4.084 4,210 3,739 162,351 5,875 5,367 St. Elmo Shelbyville . Springfield . Tullahoma . Union City 3,890 4,000 3,860 3,479 4,412 TEX&S Abilene Amarillo Austin" Ballinger .... Bay City Beaumont £0,422 10,274 15,494 34,876 3,536 3,500 Beeville Belton ... Big Spring Bonham . Bowie . . . Brady . . . Brenham 3,063 5,098 4,273 6,008 5,000 3,200 5,066 Brownsville 11,791 Brownwood 8,223 Bryan 6,295 Caldwell 3,000 Calvert 3,500 Cameron 3,263 Childress 5,003 Cisco 7,422 Clarksville 3,386 Cleburne 12,820 Coleman 3,046 Comanche 4,000 Commerce . 3,842 Corpus Christi . . 10,432 Corsicana 11,356 Crockett 4,500 Cuero 3,671 Dalhart 3,000 Dallas 158,976 Decatur 3,000 De Leon 3,000 Del Rio 10,589 Dennison 17,065 Denton 4,732 Eagle Pass 8,000 Eastland 9,368 El Campo 3,000 Electra 6,000 El Paso 83,836 Ennis - 7,224 Fort Worth 106.482 8,648 44,255 3,096 3,128 3,200 10,t)99 6,952 Houston 138,076 Gainesvill Galveston . . Georgetown Gonzales . . . Gorman Greenville . . Hillsboro Jacksonville Kingsville Laredo Lockhart Longview Lubbock Lufkin McAllen McKinney Magnolia Park . 13 3,72: : 4,500 22,710 4,000 5,713 4,051 4.878 5,331 6,677 4,080 4,310 Marshall 14,1:71 Mart 3,105 Mercedes 3,41 I Mineral Wells ... 3,950 Mission 3,841 Mt. Pleasant ' 4,099 Nacogdoches .... 3,546 Navasota 5,060 New Braunfels . . 3,700 Orange 9,212 Palestine 11,854 Paris 14,939 Plainview 3.989 Polytechnic 4,338 Port Arthur 22,251 Quanah 3,127 Ranger 16,205 Rio Grande 3,000 Royse City 15,000 San Angelo San Antonio San Benito . San Diego . . San Marcos . Seguin Seymour 14,500 161,379 3,000 3,000 4,327 3,631 3,000 Sherman 15,031 Silsbee 3,500 Smithville 3,167 Snyder 3,750 Somerville 3,000 Sour Lake 3,032 Stamford 3,704 Strawn 3,000 Sulphur Springs . 5,558 Sweetwater 5,000 Tavlor 6,000 Teague 3,288 Temple 11,033 Terrell 8,349 Texarkana, Ark.- Tex 19,737 Texarkana 11,480 Tyler 12,085 Uvalde Vernon Victoria Waco Waxahachie . Weatherford . Wichita Falls Yoakum !,885 5,128 5,000 . 33,385 7,958 6,203 . 40,079 6,181 UTAH Brigham 5,282 Eureka 3,608 Lehigh 3 078 Logan . '. 9,439 Murray \. 4,584 Ogden 32.804 Park City 3,393 Pavson 3,031 Provo 10,303 Richfield Salt Lake City Spanish Fork . Springville Tooele 3,262 118,110 4.036 3,010 3,602 H J n CONGRESS m v* $8 NNnSn ,^).'i»>m- HI pOnS&SflfwVtfts i*ttHruCHfixlfc9