<5> '* w o' u v CT 6 #°+ J>*\. '-lip- ^ .• / *_ ?° -Mil" ^ : «lr **<>* :*§!& -o/ ; »?*i SLOVAK (SLAVISH) SELF-TAUGHT BY S. Moravek BRATSTVO PRINT W1LKES-BARRE, PENNSYLVANIA 1917 T&5» ,:> (At COPYRIGHT 1917 — BY — S. MORlVEK JUL 13 ®e?U467S45 / , PREFACE This SLOVAK SELF-TAUGHT is for the Americans who are almost daily in touch with the Slovaks (incorrectly called Slavish people) and want to know as much of the Slovak language as may greatly assist them in their business or profession. Part I, II and IV will answer this purpose. Part III will serve as a good Slovak gram- mar for anyone wishing to study the language. S. Mordvek. List of Abbreviations Stands for accusative — vinitel' adjective — pridavne mono adverb — prislovko augmentative — zvacsovacie Comparative — srovnavatel' conjuction — spojka dative — davatel' dialectical — narecove diminutive — zmensovacie exempli gratia (for example) — na priklad feminine — zensky rod genitive — roditel' id est (that is) — t. j. (to jest) instrumental — nastrojnik literally — doslovne locative — miestnik masculine — muzsky rod nominative — menovatel' neuter — stredny rod plural — minozne cislo preposition — predlozka substantive, noun — podstatne meno vocative — volatel' verb — sloveso reflexive verb — zvratne sloveso. Slovak Alphabet There are 44 Slovak letters and three "foreign" letters used in the Slovak language. The Slovak letters are : a, a, a, a, b, c, c, d, d', dz, dz, e, e, f, g, h, en, i, i, y, f, j, k, 1, 1', i, m, n, n, o, 6, 6, p, r, f , s, s, t, t', u, u, v, z, z. Besides these we use the three foreign letters: q, x, w. The names of the letters are omitted. One should remember that to learn to speak to read or to write Slovak it is not necessary to know the names y^oj- the letters, but it is really necessary to KNOW THE SOUND OF THE SLOVAK LETTERS. THE SOUND OF THE LETTERS 1. In speaking or reading always give the Slovak vowel the same sound. 2. The sound of consonant changes about the same way as it does in English. It is slightly modified only when it would be difficult to pro- nounce it as it should be. This means that in speaking easily and fluently one NATURALLY changes some sounds of the consonants especially when there are two or more of them together. Thus the sound of d may get the sound of t, that of b the sound of p, s the sound of z, k the sound of g or vice versa. Yet one should hold on to the original sound of the consonants as long as it is not really hard to pronounce the word as it should be. 3. Always read every letter in the Slovak language. a sounds as u in humbug, mud, hut or as the first a in the word mama. a sounds as a in arm, are, far. a sounds as a in hat, can, have. a sounds as a in ask, past, last. (This letter is used very seldom.) e sounds as e in get, met, end. e sounds as the first e in ere, there, where. i sounds as i in ill, hit, bit. i sounds as i in machine, police, pique or the ee in meet, beet, feel. y sounds the same as i (in ill, hit, bit) and is called "ypsilon". y sounds the same as i (in machine, police etc.). o sounds as o in obey, oil, moist. 6 sounds as o in Lord, boy, toy. — 3 — 6 sounds as wo in won't. It is composed of u and o and the u is given a shorter pronunciation than that of the o, so that some- times this 6 sounds almost as if it were the long 6. u sounds as u in put, pull, push. u sounds as u in rude, rumor, rural. 4.— WHEN THERE IS NO MARK OVER THE LETTER IT MEANS THAT THE SOUND OF THE LETTER IS SHORT. 5.— A DASH O OVER THE LETTER (VOWEL OR CON- SONANT) INDICATES THAT THE SOUND OF THE LETTER IS LONG, i. e. it is held longer than the short one without, however, changing the sound — only prolonging it. Note these well : a, a, a, a, e, e, e, e, i, i, i, i, y, y, y, f, o, o, 6, 6, u, u, u, u, (a, a, a, a, — seldom used) 1, 1, 1, I, r, r, f, f. Compare the marked letters with those un- marked, pronounce aloud and note the difference. If one cannot (or imagines he cannot) get it, have anyone who knows Slovak read it. b sounds as b in English (bet, bit, ball), c sounds always as ts (in bits, its, hits), c sounds as ch in English (charity, church, chat). d sounds as d in English (dad, did, deed). d' sounds as d in due, duty, dew (it is a composition of the Slovak letters d and j). dz sounds as d and z almost simultaniously pronounced, yet keeping one letter distinct from the other. Trying to pronounce — DZAY — one gets the sound of dz. dz sounds as j in English (John, judge, joke), f sounds as f in English (if, full, fill). g sounds always as g in great, God, get (never as g in germ, gin, German), h sounds as h in English (hard, hit, hat). CH sounds always as no letter in English. It sounds the same as the German — ch — in the word "acht" or as the — ch — in Greek,. Latin, Magyar, Russian, Bohemian. As this is no doubt the most difficult letter to pronounce for an American; have it pronounced for yourself by some good Slovak, German or Bohemian. The clo- sest sound to the Slovak CH would be — kh — giving the k a soft, gentle sound and the h its proper sound. Pronounce for yourself or others the following : ach, och, uch, ich ! This is easily mastered and retained. j sounds always as y in yet, you, yes. (Never as j in John, judge, joke), k sounds as k. in stick, book, neck. 1 sounds as 1 in English (lot, let, life). I' sounds as the Spanish 11 (letter composed of the Slovak 1 and j-lj-) or the 11 in million, billiard or as 1 in lewd. 1 sounds as 1, but longer. It sounds as if there were two or three Is. m sounds as m in English, n sounds as n in English, n sounds as n in Spanish and also as the Italian or French gn when this is followed by i or e. It is the same sound as that of n in news, nude, neuter, p sounds as p in English. r sounds as r in never, ever, run (not so soft as in English). f sounds as r, only longer as if there were two or more of them. s sounds as s in English, s sounds as sh in English (she, shall, shell). t sounds as t in English (tip, top, tell), t sounds as t in tune, tulip, Tuesday. v sounds as v in English (vacation, voice, vessel). z sounds as z in English (zest, zeal zero). z sounds as s in the words: pleasure, measure, treasure or as the French — j. The three foreign : q, x, w are given the same sound they have in English. DIPHTONGS The diphtongs are: ia, ie, iu, ou, 6 (uo). The first three are to be read as the Slovak : ja, je, ju (the j having the sound of y as in yet). The ou sounds as the long English o in no. The 6 sounds as wo in won't. ACCENT The accent is always on the first syllable (except poems, where it is on the first, third, fifth syllable). There are two exceptions : 1. if a noun (noun is a name of any- thing) is preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, this preposition gets the accent and not the noun; 2. but if this preposition consists of one letter only, then both the preposition and the noun get the accent. THE CONSONANTS D, T, L, N Bear in mind that the consonants d, t, 1, n are softened when followed by e, i, i. Consequently de, te, le, ne, di, ti, li, ni, di, ti, li, ni is pronounced as d'e, te, l'e, ne, d'i, t'i, Fi, ni, d'i, t'i, Ti, ni — although it should never be written as such. — 5 — In three cases the hard or the English sound of d, t, 1, n is re- tained, namely: 1) in words taken into Slovak from another lan- guage, as in: idea, telefon, termin, Terezia etc.; 2) in adjectives thus ending in the plural nominative case, as in: pekni l'udia (nice people), mali chlapci (small boys), sbiti chlapi (beaten men) etc.; 3) in: ten, tento, teraz (now), tedy, vtedy, jeden (one) and in the words derived from these. NOTE. Instead of the soft "d?" one often hears the incorrect "dz M as for: "kde" one hears "kdze". SELDOM USED LETTERS The seldom used letters in Slovak are : a, 6, 6, 1, f , f and the three foreign : q, x, w. PRONOUNCIATION OF WORDS The English pronounciation of words will be found in paranthesis. Remember, however, all that was said about the sounds of the Slo- vak letters. These are to be retained even in the parenthesis as to the short vowels. All other letters will be marked as follows : The long a, a, e, 6 will be marked in capitals thus : A, A, E, 0. The long i and y will be marked as ee. The long u will be marked as oo. The 6 will be marked as WO. The long 1 and f will be marked as L and R. The Slovak j will always be marked as capital Y. This Y is to be given the same sound as it has in : yet, yes. The c will be marked as small ch, giving this ch its English sounds, (as in cheap). The d' will be marked as dY. This gives the Slovak d' the proper sound. The T will be marked as 1Y. This gives the Slovak 1 the proper sound. The n will be marked as nY. This gives the Slovak n the proper sound. The £ will be marked as tY. This gives the Slovak t the proper sound. — 6 The dz will be marked as j. This has the same sound as the Slo- vak dz. The s will be marked as sh. This has the same sound as the Slo- vak s. The z will be marked as zY. Give this zY the sound of s from the words : pleasure, measure. The ch will be marked as capital X. This sound of ch (X) should be learned from hearing it spoken by a Slovak or German. After these rules have been studied there should be no difficulty in reading anything in Slovak. At first one should read slowly, speed will come by practice. KULE. Children of sixteen years or less are addressed and spok- en to in the second person singular. Besides children this form is used in addressing intimate friends and in addressing God. This would correspondent to the German method (du bist, du hast) or the Quakers (thou art, thou hast). The second person plural, as in English, is used in all other cases. One should remember that there are some Slovaks who use the third person plural in speaking to others. This is done the same way as it is done in German and in fact this is a German form which is not correct in Slovak and is not used in the literary Slovak language. The children as a rule know enough English and this is the reason why the conversational form with them will be omitted from Part II. It will be found in the grammar or Part III. while studying grammar. One will therefore find in Part II. the forms of conversation and ex- pressions made up for grown up persons of both sexes ; the male per- sons are given preference. -D*C— *r~ Part II English Yes No Yes, sir No, madam EASY EXPRESSIONS Slovak Ano, hej Nie Ano, prosim Nie, prosim Pronunciation (Ano, hey) (nYYe) (Ano, proseem) (nYYe, proseem) NOTE : To " ano ' ' and ' ' nie " instead of the English sir, madam etc. "prosim" (please) is added in the Slovak language. Are you a Slovak? Are you a Slovak? (to a female) Do you speak English? Do you speak Slovak? A little Very well Do you understand? I do not understand What do you want? Ste Slovak? SteSlovenka? Hovorite anglicky? Hovorite slovensky? Malo Vel'mi dobre Rozumiete ? Nerozumiem Co chcete? (stYe slovAk) (stYe slovenka) (hovoreetYe anglitski) (hovoreetYe slovenski) (mAlo) (velYmi dobre) (rozumYetYe) ( nYer ozumYem ) (cho XtsetYe) NOTE: Instead of this correct "co" (what) one often hears "co" (tso) which is used in some dialects and which is correct to say both in Polish and Bohemian. Nothing Give me — Give me some bread Give me some water Give me something to Sir? Madam ? What do you say? What did you say? How do you do ? How are you ? Who? What? I am glad of it Sir! It is a pity Please send me — Nie Dajte mi — Dajte mi chleba Dajte mi vody eat Dajte mi jest' Prosim ? Prosim ? Co hovorite? Co ste hovorili ? Jako sa mate ? Jako sa mate ? Kto?Co? Tesi ma to Pane! To je skoda Prosim,. poslite mi - (nYich) (daYtYe mi — ) (daYtYe mi XlYeba) (daYtYe mi vodi) (daYtYe mi YestY) (proseem) (proseem) (cho hovoreetYe) (cho stYe hovorili) (Yako sa mAtYe) (Yako sa mAtYe) (kto, cho) (tYeshee ma to) (panYe) (to Ye shkoda) (proseem, poshlYitYe mi-) — 8 — Please tell me Please tell him Please tell her Please tell them Thank you Thanks ! Pardon me Never mind ! Good morning Good day Good evening Good night You are welcome Good-bye ! Mr. Black Mrs. White Miss Sweet Excuse me Come here What is it? How much ? How many? That is too much You are right I think not I do not believe I will show it to you All right Try it Can you read? Can you write ? Have you — ? What can you do ? Speak louder Speak slower Call-him Do you hear? What do you call it in Slovak Do you not know? Do you know Mr. N. ? What do you wish? What is it good for? Prosim, povedzte mi Prosim, povedzte mu Prosim, povedzte jej Prosim, povedzte im Dakujem Vd'aka ! Odpust'te To nic ! Dobre rano Dobry den Dobry vecer Dobru noc Vd'acne S Bohom Pan Black Pani White Slecna Sweet Odpust'te Pod'te sem Co je to? Kol'ko? Kol'ko? To je privel'a Mate pravdu Nemyslim Neverim Ukazem vam to Dobre Sprobujte to Znate citat? Znate pisat'? Mate — ? Co znate robin Hovorte hlasnejsie Hovorte pomalsie Zavolajte-ho Pocujete? Ako sa to vola po slovensky Neznate? Znate pana N.? Co si prajete? Na co je to? proseem, povedztYemi-) proseem, povedztYe mu) proseem, povedztYe Ye Y proseem, povedztYe im) dYakuYem) VdYaka) (odpustYtYe) to nYich) dobrE rAno) dobree dYenY) dobree vecher) dobroo nots) vdYachnYe) z bohom) pAn bilk) (panYi hwaYt) Slechna sweet) odpustYtYe) podYtYe sem) cho Ye to) kolYko) kolYko) to Ye privelYa) mAtYe pravdu) nYemisleem) nYevereem) ukAzYem vAm to) dobre) sprobuYtYe to) znAtYe cheetatY) znAtYe peesatY) mAtYe) cho znAtYe robitY) hovortYe hla sn Ye Ysh Ye ) hovortYe pomalshYe) zavolaYtYe ho) pochuYetYe) ako sa to volA po slovenski) liYeznAtYe) znAtYe pAna N) cho si praYetYe) nacho Ye to) — 9 Who told you so ? Is it true ? What is your name ? What is your name ? Where do you live? Will you do it for me? What is to be done ? Do you like it ? What else? What did you ask for When? Is it possible ? What is your trade ? Kto yam to povedal ? Je to pravda ? Jako sa volate ? Jako vam meno ? Kde byvate? Urobite mi to? Co robin Liibi sa vam to ? Co este? ?Co ste pytali? Kedy? Je to mozne? . Co je vasim remeslom I want it Chcem to I do not want it Neehcem to What yo you mean? Comyslite? What are you doing ? Co robite ? What for? Naco? Why? Preeo? What is he doing? Co robi? What is she doing ? Co robi ? Is it ready ? Je to hotove ? Where is it? Kde je to? How? (By what Jako? (Jako) ? means?) What is the news ? Co noveho ? Where are you going ?Kam idete? Is it good? Je to dobre? It is bad Will you do it? How old are you? How old are you? How old are you? I know — it I promise it to you I assure you It is all the same Everybody knows it I must go You are mistaken To je zle Urobite to ? Jak ste stary Jak ste stara (f.) Kol'ko vam je rokov? Znam — to Sl'ubujem vam to Uist'ujem vas To je vsetko jedno Kazdy to zna Musim ist' Mylite sa (kto vAm to povedal) (Ye to pravda) (Yako sa volAtYe) (Yako vAm meno) (kdYe beevatYe) (urobeetYe mi to) (cho robitY) (lYoobi sa vAm to) (cho eshtYe) (cho stYe peetali) (kedi) (Ye to mozYnE) ?(cho Ye vasheem remeslom) (Xtsem to) (nYeXtsem to) (cho misleetYe) (cho robeetYe) (nacho) (precho) (cho robee) (cho robee) (Ye to hotovE) (kdYe Ye to) (Yako) (cho novEho) (kam idYetYe) (Ye to dobrE) (to Ye zlE) (rrobeetYe to) (Yak stYe staree) (Yak stYe star A) (kolYko vAm Ye rokov) (znAm — to) (slYubuYem vAm to) (uistYuYem vAs) (to Ye vshetko Yedno) (kazYdee to znA) (museem eestY) (meelYitYe sa) (you are making a mistake) 10 — I have nothing Nic nemam He (she) is not here Nie je tu Go ! Chod'te ! Go out ! Chod'te von ! Let us go ! Pod'me ! Silence Ticho No smoking Nevol'no fajcit' Smoking not allowed Nevolno fajcit' Keep still Wait a little Bring me — Make haste Sit down ! Follow me Pay! Take it Enough ! Work ! Look out! Come in! Bud'te ticho Cakajte trochu Doneste mi Ponahl'ajte sa Sadnite ! Pod'te za mnou Platte Vezmite to Dost' ! Robte ! Pozor ! Vol'no ! (when answering knocking at door) Come in Go home You are discharged You are discharged Get up ! Change cars! All aboard! No spitting Hurry up Stop! Shut up ! Forward With pleasure Pod'te dnu Chod'te domov Ste prepusteny Ste prepustena-f. Vstante ! Presadat' ! Sadat' ! Pl'ut' zakazano Rychle Stojte ! Mlcte ! Napred ! Vd'acne (nYich nYemAm) (nYYe Ye tu) (XodYtYe) (XodYtYe von) (podYme) (tYiXo) (nYevolYno faYchitY) (nYevolYno faYchitY) (budYtYe tYiXo) (chakaYtYe troXu) (donYestYe mi) (ponAMYaYtYe sa) (sadnYitYe) (podYtYe za mnou) (platYtYe) (vezmitYe to) (dostY) (robtYe) (pozor) (volYno) (podYtYe dnu) (XodYtYe domov) (stYe prepustYenee) (stYe prepustYenA) (vstanYtYe) (presadatY) (sadatY) (plYutY zakAzano) (reeXlYe) (stoYtYe) (mrlchtYe) (napred) (vdYachnYe) What time is it? It is twelwe o'clock EXPRESSIONS OF TIME Kol'ko je hodin? Je dvanasf hodin It is half past twelve Je pol jednej It is exactly one o'clock Je prave jedna It \s two o 'clock Su dve hodiny (kolYko Ye hodYeen) (Ye dvanAstY ho- dYeen) (Ye pol^ YedneY) (Ye prAve Yedna) (soo dve hodYini) 11 — It is a quarter of three Je tri stvrte na tretiu All day All night Last evening Not long ago About an hour ago To-day To-morrow Until morning Until midnight During the night In the morning At noon All the time Yesterday How long have you been in America One year In a minute Immediately It is fifteen after one Cely den Celu noe Vcera vecer Pred nedavnom Asi pred hodinou Dnes Zajtra Do rana Do polnoci V noci Rano Na poludnie Cely cas Vcera Jak dlho ste v Amerike Rok Hned' Zaraz Ja patnast' po jednej It is quarter after one Je stvrt' na druhu At half past one pol druhej (Ye tri shtvrtYe na tretYYu) (tselee dYenY) (tseloo nots) (vchera vecher) (pred nYedAvnom) (asi pred hodYinou) (dnYes) (zaYtra) (do rAna) (do polnotsi) (v notsi) (rAno) (na poludnYYe) (tselee chas) (vchera) (Yak dlho stYe v amerike) (rok) (hnYedY) (zaraz) (Ye pAtnAstY po YedneY) (Ye shtvrtY na druhoo) (o pol druheY) NOTE that one cannot make a translation according to the En- glish here because he has to compute the time in a different way. This counts with regard to the quarters and halves. As to the minutes of time one may go according to the English mode. Instead of taking the hours past the Slovaks take those that are just coming — when speaking of quarters and halves. Illustrations: Instead of the En- glish — quarter after — the Slovak says quarter to — (the next hour) ; instead of — half past — in Slovak one says half of (the next hour) ; instead of quarter of — in Slovak one says — three quar- ters of. ON THE STREET What are you look- Co hl'adate? ing for ? I am looking for the Hl'adam postu Post Office (cho MYadAtYe) (hlYadAm poshtu) — 12 Where may I get a car to — On fourth street He lives at number four It is about five mi- nutes walk I am going to — Go two blocks, you will get a car there Is this car for? Can you tell me — where ... is ? It is down town On the right On the left Straight ahead Does Mr. N. live here He moved away He left this place Kde mozem dostat karu do — Na stvrtej ulici Byva pod cislom stvrtym Je to asi pat minut chodze Idem do — Chod'te dva bloky, tarn dostanete karu Ide tato kara do — Mozte mi povedat, kde je . . . ? To je dolu v meste Na pravo Na l'avo Prosto vpred Ci tu byva pan N. ? Odst'ahoval sa Odisiel odtiafto Have you the address ? Mate adressu ? Come along Pod'te so mnou I will show you where Ukazem vam kde Are you looking for somebody? He lives over there Ask the policeman Hradate dakoho? On byva tamto Spytajte sa policmana He will tell you On vam povie Which way do you go to Kade ist' do — Where is the Slovak Kde je slovensky church ? kostol ? (kdYe mW^OzYem do- st atY kAru do — ) (na shtvrteY ulitsi) (beeva pod cheeslom shtvrteem) (Ye to asi pAtY mi- noot XWOdze) (idYem do — ) (XodYtYe dva bloki, tarn dostanYetYe kAru) (id Ye tAto kAra do) (mWOzYtYe mi pove- datY, kdYe Ye...) (to Ye dolu v mestYe) (na pravo) (na lYavo) (prosto vpred) (chi tu beeva pAn N) (odstYahoval sa) (odishYel odtYYalY- to) (mAtYe adressu) (podYtYe so mnou) (ukAzYem vim kdYe) (hlYadltYe dakoho) (on beeva tamto) (speetaYtYe sa polic- mana) (on vim povYe) (kadYe eestY do—) (kdYe Ye slovenskee kostol) ON THE STREET CAR This car goes to — You will get off at third street This is not your car Tato kara ide do — Sosadnete na tretej ulici Toto nie je vasa kara (tAto kAra idYe do -) zosadnYetYe na tre- tYeY ulitsi) (toto nYYe Ye washa kAra) — 13 — Where do you want to get off? Pay your fare ! How much is it ? Have you some change ? I will tell you where to get off Get off here This is your station Wait! Take care Do not be in a hurry The car goes to — every five minutes Change cars at. . . Transfer ! Where do you want to go? I want to go to Pittsburgh There is the ticket office Where is the waiting room? There is the smoking room This is for ladies Do you want a ticket to Cleveland? It costs you three dol lars and fifty cents It is not enough You have to pay more One way ? On which train? The train leaves You are late The next train leaves Kde chcete sosadnut' ? Plat'te povozne ! Kol'ko je to ? Mate drobne ? Poviem vam kde mate sosadnut' Tu sosadnite Vasa stanica Pockajte ! Dajte pozor Neponahl'ajte sa Kara tarn ide kazdych pat' miniit Presadnite v . . . Transfer ! FOR THE RAILWAY Kam chcete ist? Che em ist' do Pittsburghu Tarn je kassa Kde je cakalna? Tarn je fajciaren Toto je pre damy Chcete listok do Clevelandu? To vas stoji tri dol- lare a pol To nie je dost Musite platit viae Jednu cestu? Na ktory vlak ? Vlak odchodi Prisli ste neskoro Najblzisi vlak odchodi (kdYe XtsetYe zo- sadnootY) (platYtYe povoznE) (kolYko Ye to) (mAtYe drobnE) (povYem vAm kdYe mAtYe zosadnootY) (tu zosadnYitYe) (vasha stanYitsa) (pochkaYtYe) (daYtYe pozor) (nYeponAhlYaYtYe sa) (kAra tarn idYe kazY- deeX patY minoot) (presadnYitYe v. . .) (transfer) (kam XtsetYe eestY) (Xtsem eestY do pittsburgu) (tarn Ye kassa) (kdYe YechakAlnYa) (tarn Ye faYchYa- renY) (toto Ye pre dAmi) (XtsetYe leestok do klevelandu) (to vAs stoYee tri dollAre a pol) (to nYYe Ye dostY) (museetYe platYitY vYats) (Yednu tsestu) (na ktoree vlak) (vlak odXodYee) (prishli stYenYeskoro (naYblizYshee vlak odXodYee) — u — That is a through train To je vlak direktny There is the baggage Tarn je miestnost' pre room batozimi I want to have my Chcem oddat' (ceko- baggage checked vat) svoju batozimi Take the satchel with Vezmite tasku sebou you Here is your check. Keep it. Do not lose it Tickets, please! You will get off at the next stop You are in the wrong train Get off at the next stop and take the train to — Here we are Tu mate svoj cek. Podrzte si to. Neztrat'te to Listky, prosim! Sosadnite na najbliz- sej stanici Ste na zlom vlaku Sosadnite na najblizsej stanici a vezmite vlak do — Uz sme tu (to Ye vlak direktnee) (tarn Ye mYestnostY pre batozYinu) (Xtsem oddatY -che- kovatY - svoYu ba- tozYinu) (vezmitYe tashku sebou) (tu mAtYesvoY check. podrzYtYe si ho) (nYeztrtYtYe to) (leestki, proseem) (zosadnYetYe na naY- blizYsheY stanYitsi) (stYe na zlom vlaku) (zosadnYitYe na naY- blizYsheY stanYitsi a vezmitYe vlak do -) uzY sme tu) AT THE POST OFFICE How long will the Post Dokedy bude posta Office be open? otvorena? Until six o'clock Do siestej hodiny The Post Office opens Posta sa otvara rano at seven in the o siedmej morning Anything for Mr. N.? Nieco pre pana N? There is a package for Je tu pre neho paklik iiim here Yes, one letter Ano, jeden list NOTE. "List" (letter) in some Slav languages is called "pismo" (writing). Chcete stemple? (XtsetYe shtemplYe) (dokedi budYe poshta otvorenA) (doshYesteYhodYini) (poshta sa otvAra rA- no o sYedmeY) ( nYYecho pre p Ana N ) (Ye tu pre nYeho pak- leek) (Ano, Yeden list) Do you want some stamps ? What kind? Two cent stamps? One cent stamps? How many? Jake? (YakE) Dvoj cento ve stemDle (dvoYtsentovE shtemplYe) Jednocentove stemple (YednotsentovE shtemplYe) Kol'ko? (kolYko) 15 Do you want some po- Chcete dopisnice ? stal cards? I want a registry stamp Do you want it regi- stered ? Do you want it sent away? Do you want it sent by Parcel Post There is a newspaper Mate tu noviny here for you Do you want a Post Office box? We have none Chcem registrovy stempeP Chcete to mat' regi- strovane ? chcete to prec poslat'? Chcete to poslat' bali- kovou postou Chcete postovu boxu? Nemame ziadnej Jako vam meno ? Chcete tu mat' peniaze v sporitel'ni? (XtsetYe dopisnYitse) (Xtsem registrovee shtempelY) (XtsetYe to matY registrovanE) (XtsetYe to prech poslatY) (XtsetYe to poslatY baleekovou poshtou) (mAtYe tu novini) (XtsetYe poshtovoo boxu) (nYemAme zYYad- neY) (Yako vim meno) (XtsetYe tu matY pe- nYYaze v spori tYelYnYi) (tu sa popeeshetYe) (napeeshtYe to sAm) money What is your name? Do you want to have some savings ac- count here ? Write down your na- Tu sa podpiste me here Write it yourself Napiste to sam Here is a Money Order Tu mate " money for you order" NOTE. Instead of "penaznu poukazku (penYazYnoo poukAzku) the Slovaks in U. S. usually say the English " Money Order". Fill it out yourself — Vyplnte to sam Wait for your money Cakajte na svoje pe- niaze We cannot help it Nemozeme za to Speak slow and plain Hovorte pomaly a cisto (tu mAtYe order") Have you a letter there? Mate tarn list? You have to get some- one whom we kuow, otherwise we cannot give you the letter (the money) It is for rent Musite mat' dakoho ko- ho pozname, inak ne- mozeme vam dat' ten list (peniaze) Je to na najom (viplnYtYe to sAm) (chakaYtYe na svoYe penYYaze) (nYemWOzYeme za to (hovortYe pomali a chisto) (mAtYe tarn list) (museetYe matY dako- ho koho poznAme, inak nYemWOzYe- me vim datY ten list (penYYaze)) (Ye to nAYom) say NOTE. "rent". Instead of "najom" the Slovak people in U. S. usually — 16 — For sale Buy Come with someone who knows English Do you want some work? I want some work Do you want to work ? What can you do ? What are you? Are you a miner? Did you ever work in a mine? Did you work in a factory? Did you work in a mill? Do you work in a steel mill? Did he work in a tin mill? Does he work on a farm? Did she work in a store? Are you a painter? No, I am a baker J am a good tailor Na predaj Kupte Prijdite s dakym, kto zna anglicky WORK Chcete dajaku pracu? Chcem pracu Chcete robin Co znate robit'? Co ste? Ste banik ("majner")? Ci ste uz robili v 'majne'? Robili ste vo fabrike? Robili ste v mlyne (fabrike) ? Robite v oceliarni? Robil v bfachovni? Robi na farme? Robila v "store"? Ste maliar? Nie, ja som pekar Ja som dobry krajcir She is a good cook Ona je dobra kucharka He is a good cook He is an agent Come later Go to the foreman Do your work Is he our friend or enemy? On je dobry kuchar On je agent Prijdite neskorej Chod'te ku "forma- novi" Robte svoju robotu Je nas priatel alebo nepriatel'? (na predaY) (kooptYe) (priYdYitYe s dakeem, kto znA anglitski) (XtsetYe daYakoo prAtsu) (Xtsem prAtsu) (XtsetYe robitY) (cho znltYe robitY) (cho st Ye) (stYe banYeek — "maYner") (chi stYe uzY robili v maYnYe) (robili stYe vo fabrike) (robili stYe v mlinYe — (fabrike) — ) (robeetYe v otse- lYarnYi) (robil v blYaXovnYi) (robee na farme) (robila v shtOre) (stYe malYYar) (nYYe, Ya so pekAr) (Ya som dobree kraY- cheer) (ona Ye dobrA kuXArka) ( on Ye dobree kuXAr ) (on Ye agent) (priYdYitYe nYeskoreY) (XodYtYe ku forma no vi ( r obt Ye s vo Yu rob ot u ) (Ye nAsh pYatYelY alYebo nYeprYatelY) — 17 — Run away! Run out ! Accident Come to-morrow Come to work in the morning You will get two dollars a day You must be sober It is dangerous work Safety first Don't smoke Help him He is injured He wants some compensation Your wages are — How long have you been working here? You are dismissed You don't know how to do it Are you a union man? Is he a socialist? Where do you live ? The men want their wages raised Do you think they deserve it? No, but they want it Are they going to strike ? Tell them it is illegal Work fast Quit work Strikebreaker It is well It is well done Bezte prec ! Bezte von! Nehoda Prijdite zajtra Prijdite do prace rano Dostanete dva dollare na den Musite byt' striezlivy To je nebezpecna praca Bezpecnost' nadovsetko Nefajcite Pomozte mu Je raneny Chce nahradu Vas plat je — Jak dlho tu robite ? Ste prepusteny Neznate ako to robit' Ste v unii? Je on socialista? Kde byvate Robotnici chcti podvy- sku place My slit e, ze ju zasluzia ? Nie, ale ju chcti Ci idu na "strajk" (stavku) Povedzte im, ze je to nezakonite Robte rychle Nechte pracu Stavkolamac To je dobre To je dobre (bezYtYe prech) (bezYtYe von) (nYehoda) (priYdYitYe zaYtra) (priYdYitYe do prA- tse rAno) (dostanYetYe dva dol- LAre na dYenY) (museetYe bitY strYezlivee) (to Ye nYebezpechnA prAtsa) (bezpechnostY nadovshetko) (nYefaYchitYe) (pomWOzYtYe mu) (Ye ranYenee) (Xtse nAhradu) (vlsh plat Ye) (Yak dlho turobeetYe) (stYe prepustYenee) (nYeznAtYe ako to robit Y) (stYe v uni-i) (Ye on sotsialista) (kdYe beevatYe) (robotnYeetsi Xtsoo podveeshku plAtse) (misleetYe, zYe Yu zasloozYYa) (nYYe, alYe Yu Xtsoo) (chi idoo na ^straYk" — (stivku)) (povedztYe, zYe Ye to nYezlkonYitE) (robtYe reeXlYe) (nYeXtYe prltsu) (stAvkolamach) (to Ye dobre) (to Ye dobre) 18 You are not right The work is stopped Nemate pravdu Praca je zastavena When will they begin Kedy zacnu robit'? to work ? He was killed in work Bol zabity v praci Are you looking for Hl'adate pracu ? work ? He is working On robi Mend it — Opravte to Lend me Pozicajte mi IN THE HOTEL Je tu nejaky dobry hotel? Ano, mozte tarn dostat' dobru izbu Chcete veceru? Tu je vas ucet Idete spat'? Posluha vam ukaze vasu izbu Kedy chcete vstat'? siestej rano Kol'ko som vam dlzen ? Is there a good hotel here? Yes, you may get a good room there Do you want some supper ? Here is your bill Are you going to bed? The waiter will take you to your room When do you want to get up ? At six in the morning How much do I owe you? Breakfast is served Come to breakfast Do you drink tea or coffee? Here is some bread Will you have an egg? Hard or soft? Bring some more Pass the butter AT BREAKFAST Ranajky su hotove Pod'te raiiajkovat? Pijete caj abo kavu Tu je chlieb Chcete vajco? Na tvrdo ako na makko? Doneste este Podajte maslo (nYemAtYe pravdu) (prAtsa Ye zastaye- nl) (kedi zachnoo robitY) (bol zabitee v prAtsi) (hlYadltYe prAtsu) (on robee) (opravtYe to) (pozYichaYtYe mi -) (Ye to nYeYakee dobree hotel) (Ano, mWOzYtYetam dostatY dobroo izbu) (XtsetYe vecheru) (tu Ye vAsh oochet) (idYetYe spatY) (posluha vAm ukA- zYe vashu izbu) (kedi XtsetYe vstatY) (o shYesteY rAno) (kolYko som vAm dlzYen) (ranYaYki soo hoto- vE) (podYtYe ranYaYko- vatY) (piYetYe chaY abo kAvu) (tuYeXlYYeb) (XtsetYe vaYtso) (na tvrdo abo na mAkko) (donYestYe echtYe) (podaYtYe maslo) 19 Give him the salt Give her the spoon This knife is dull Have you ordered dinner ? Show me the bill of fare Dinner is served What soup will you have? Will wou have some soup? No, thank you Do you want some potatoes? Give me some bread I want some meat Bring me a clean fork Glass of water Bottle of beer Give me a cup of milk Are you ready? Will you have some supper ? Do you want some cakes ? I want to pay for my supper All right, sir Are you tired? Are you tired? Are you sleepy? Are you sleepy? I am not I wish to go to bed Good night Dajte mu sol' Dajte jej lyzku Tento noz je tupy AT DINNER Objednali ste obed? Ukazte mi jedalny listok Obed je hotovy Jaku polievku chcete ? Chcete polievky Nie, d'akujem Chcete zemiaky? Dajte mi chleba Chcem masa Doneste mi cistti vidlicku Pohar vody Flaska piva Dajte mi sialku mlieka Ste hotovy? AT SUPPER Budete vecerat'? Chcete kolaciky? Chcem platit' za veceru Dobre, pane IN THE EVENING Ste ustaty? Ste ustata? Ste ospaly? Ste ospala? Nie som Chcem ist' spat' Dobru noc (daYtYe mu silY) (daYtYe YeY lizYku) (tento nWOzY Ye tupee) (obYednali stYe obed) (ukazYtYe mi YedAl- ni leestok) (obed Ye hotovee) (Yakoo polYevku XtsetYe) (XtsetYe polYevki) (nYYe, dYakuYem) (XtsetYe zemYaki) (daYtYe mi XlYeba) (Xtsem mAsa) (donYestYe mi chi- stoo vidlichku) (pohAr vodi) (flYashka piva) (daYtYe mi shYalku mlYYeka) (stYe hotovee) (budYetYe veche- ratY) (XtsetYe kollchiki) (Xtsem platYitY za vecheru) (dobre, panYe) (stYe ustatee) f. (stYe ustatA) (stYe ospalee) f. (stYe ospalA) (nYYe som) (Xtsem eestY spatY) (dobroo nots) — 20 — I want a steampship- ticket Where do you want to go to? To Europe To England, France or Germany? To Austro-Hungary To what city? To Vienna Your ship leaves at — First class cabin Second class cabin Let us go on the deck Where is the dining room? Where is my room ? Your birth is under number . . I am seasick The sea is rough The sea is calm We are to be at Fish- guard on the third of this month Ask the steward STEAMSHIP Chcem sifkartu Kam chcete ist? Do Europy Do Anglie, Francie abo Nemecka ? Do Rakusko-Uhorska Do jakeho mesta? Do Viedne Vasa lod' odchodi o — Prva trieda Druha trieda Pod'me na palubu Kde je jedalna? Kde je moja izba? Vase miesto je pod cislom . . Mam morsku nemoc More je burlive More je tiche Mame byt vo Fish- guard tretieho tohto mesiaca Spytajte sa posluhu Is your name on it ? Je na torn vase meno ? You will find your luggage at the custom-house Open this trunk! Is there any tobacco in it? All right. Thank yon. Najdete svoju batozi- nu v mytnici Otvorte tento kufor! Je v nom nejaky ta- bak? Dobre. Dakujem. (Xtsem sheefkartu) (kam XtsetYe eestY) (do europi) (do anglie, frantsie abo nYemetska) (do rakoosko-uhorska) (do YakEho mesta) (do vYednYe) (vasha lodY odXo- dYee o) (prvA trYeda) (druhA trYeda) (podYme na palubu) (kdYe Ye YedAlnYa) (kdYe Ye moYa izba) (vashe mYesto Ye pod cheeslom . . ) (mAm morskoo nYe- mots) (more Ye boorlivE) (more Ye tYiXE) (mime bitY vo " Fish- guard" tretYYeho tohto mesYatsa) (speetaYtYe sa poslu- hu) (Ye na torn vashe meno) (naYdYetYe svoYu batozYinu v meet- nYitsi) ( otvortYe tento kufor) (Ye v nYom nYeYa- kee tabak) (dobre. dYakuYem) 21 — WITH THE CONTRACTOR I want to build a house What house, brick or frame? Have you the plans already ? And the specifications ? Would you make them for me? Just tell me what you want Cellar under the whole house And that is to be cemented Pipes for drainage of water Pipes for gas Wiring for electric lights Some large windows Laundry in the cellar and a heating system How many rooms ? How many bedrooms? Kitchen and pantry How wide? How long? How high? Have you the building license ? I want to have bids on the work The house will costs you about four thou- sand dollars . . When are we to begin the work? As soon as you can Chcem stavat' dom Jaky dom, tehlovy alebo dreveny? Mate uz plany? A specif ikacie ? Zrobili by ste mi ich? Len mi povedzte, co ehcete Pivnicu pod cely dom A ta ma byt' cemento- vana Rury na odtok vody Rury na gaz Drotovanie na elektri- cke svetla Niekol'ko vel'kych okien Pral'nu v pivnici a sy- stem na zohrievanie domu Kol'ko izieb? Kol'ko spalni? Kuchyiiu a potravnu Jak siroke? Jak dlhe? Jak vysoke? Mate dovolenie sta- vat'? Chcem mat' ' ' bidy ' ' na tu pracu Dom vas bude stat' asi styritisic dolla- rov Kedy mame zacat? pracu? Jak skoro len mozete (Xtsem stavatY dom) ( Yakee dom, tYehlovee alYebo drevenee) (mAte uzY plAni) (a spetsifikAtsYe) (zrobili bi stYe mi iX) (lYen mi povedztYe cho XtsetYe) (pivnYitsu pod tselee dom) (a tA mi bitY tsemen- tovanA) (roori na odtok vodi) (roori na gAz) (drOtovanYYe na elektritskE svetlA) (nYYekolYko velY- keeX okYen) (prAlnYu v pivnYitsi a sistem na zohrYeva- nYYe domu) (kolYko izieb) (kolYko spAlnYee) (kuXinYu a potrav- nYu) (Yak shirokE) (Yak dlhE) (Yak visokE) (mAtYe dovolenYYe stavatY) (Xtsem matY "bidi" na too prAtsu) (domvAsbudYe stAtY asi shtiritYiseets dollArov) (kedi mAme zashatY prAtsu) (Yak skoro lYen mWOzYetYe) — 22 — How about the pay- ment? One-half when the house will be under roof, the other when the work is accepted as finished We shall have to sign a contract for it Do you want some repairs ? I want my roof re- paired Is it a slate roof ? I want some large boards How thick? How many feet long ? Jako s platenim? Polovicu jak bude dom pod strechou, a druhu jak bude pra- ca prijata a skon- cena Musime na to podpisatf kontrakt Chcete nejaku opravu? Chcem mat' strechu opravenu Jetobridlivoca ("slej- tova") strecha? Chcem dakol'ko vel'- kych dosak Jak hrube? Kol'ko suchov dlhe? We shall send them to Zasleme vam ich dnes you to-day ( Yako s platYenYeem) (polovitsu Yak budYe dom pod streXou a drohoo Yak budYe prAtsa priYatA Ya- ko skonchenA) (museeme na to pod- peesatY kontrakt) (XtsetYe nYeYakoo opravu) (Xtsem matY streXu opravenoo) (Ye to bridlitsovA — sleYtovA — streXa) (Xtsem dakolYko velYkeeX doslk) (Yak hrubE) (kolYko shooXov dlhE) (zashlYeme vim ich dnYes) AT ELECTRIC AND PLUMBING CO. What is the matter? What is the matter? So you want an elektrician ? We shall send one up immediately There is some trouble with our gas-light We are having trouble with our water-pipe, the water escapes We have good electric lamps Come to-day We shall attend to it to-morrow before noon Co je? Co sa stalo ? Tak chcete elektri- kera? Hned' vam posleme jednoho Daco sa stalo nasmu gazovemu svetlu Daco sa stalo nasej vodovej rure, voda unika Maine dobre elektricke lampy Prijdite dnes Zrobime to zajtra pred poludnim (cho Ye) (eho sa stalo) (tak XtsetYe elektri- kera) (lmYedY vim poshle- me Yednoho) (da cho sa stalo nAsh- mu gAzovEmu svetlu) (dacho sa stalo na- sheY vodoveYroore, voda unYikA) (mime dobrE elektri- tskE lampi) (priYdYitYe dnYes) (zrobeeme to zaYtra pred poludnYeem) — 23 Have you same batte- ries for door-bells? May be your plug is burned May be your fuse is burned Turn on the lights ! Turn off the lights ! Turn on the water Mate batterie na dve- rovy zvoncek ? Mozno vam "plag" (zatka) vyhorel? Mozno vam ' ' fjtiz ' : (-knot-) vyhorel Zrobte svetlo ! Zhasnite ! Pust'te vodu (mAtYe battErYe na dverovee zvonchok) (mozYno vAm plag — zAtka — vihorela) (mozYno vAm 'fYooz' (-knot-) vihorel) (zrobtYe svetlo) (zhasnYitYe) (pustYtYe vodu) ABOUT INSURANCE Insured against Poisteny proti nehode accident Insured against fire Poisteny proti ohnu I have my life insured Som poisteny na zivot The premium on this Premia (poplatok) na insurance policy is... tuto poist'ujucu po- licu (pojistku) je... Quarterly Stvrt'rocne Semmiannually Polrocne Annually Rocne For how many years ? Na kol'ko rokov ? For what sum? Na jaky obnos? Your policy will ex- Vase poistenie vyprsi pire on . . at noon na . . na poludnie (poistYenee protYi nYehodYe) (poistYenee protYi ohnYu) (som poistYenee na zYivot) (prEmYa - (poplatok) - na tooto poistYu- Yootsu politsu - (Po- Yistku) - Ye... < shtvrtYrochnYe) (polrochnYe) (rochnYe) (na kolLko rokov) (na Yakee obnos) (vashe poistYenY Ye viprshee na . . na poludnYYe) AT THE OFFICE OF THE NOTARY PUBLIC. You can sign your af- fidavit here Mozte tu podpisat' svo- je prisazne osved- cenie Take off your hat Dajte klobuk dolu Raise your right hand Dvihnite hore pravu and swear to it ruku a odprisahajte I can get you the marriage license Mozem vam dostat' do- volenie k snatku (mWOzYtYe tu pod- peesatY svoYe pree- sazYnE osvedche- nYYe) (daYtYeklobookdolu) (dvihnYitYe hore pra- voo ruku a odpri- sahaYtYe) (mWOzYem vim do- statY dovolenYYe k snYatku) 24 You will have to an- Musite zodpovedat swer some ques- niekorko otazok tions What is your father's Jako sa vola vas otec? name? What is your mother's Jako je matkino diev- maiden name ? censke meno ? How old are you? What is your occupa- tion? What is your profes- sion? This costs you two dollars Could you draw up a Deed for me? Have the title looked up in the court by an attorney There is a mortgage on the property and some notes, too Be careful when you buy that property I can have the deed recorded for you I can sell you that house cheap Can you get a bond for yourself? Kol'ko mate rokov? Co je vase zamestna- nie? Co je vasim povola- nim? Toto vas stoji dva dollare Mohli by ste mi zrobitf "dyd"? Dajte si ten narok — (titul) — prezret' u sudu od advokata Je ' ' mortgidz ' ' na torn majetku a tiez nie- korko not Dajte pozor, ked' chce- te kupit' ten maje- tok Mozem vam dat' ten "dyd" rekordovat' Ten dom vam mozem predat' lacno Mozte dostat' za seba "bond" (zaruku)? (museetYe zodpove- datY nYYekolYko otAzok) (Yako sa volA vAsh otYets) (Yako Ye matkino dYYevchenskE meno) (kolYko mAtYe rokov (cho Ye vashe zame- stnanYYe) (cho Ye vasheem po- volanYeem) (toto vAs stoYee dva dollAre) (mohlYi bi stYe mi zrobitY deed) (daYtYe si ten nArok - (titul) - prezret Y od advokAta) (Ye mortgij na torn maYetku a tYYezY nYYekolYko nOt) (daYtYe pozor, kedY XtsetYe koopitY ten maYetok) (mWOzYem vAm datY ten deed re- kordovatY) (ten dom vim mWO- zYem predat Y latsno) (mWOzYetYe do- statY za seba bond — zAruku) AT THE BANK Is this your first Je toto vas prvy deposit? vklad? Give me a check book Dajte mi cekovu knizku Give him a bank book Dajte mu bankovu knizku (Ye toto vAsh prvee vklad) • (daYtYe mi chekovoo nYizYku) (daYtYe mu banko- voo knYizYku) — 25 — Place your signature Tu sa podpiste here I wish to deposit this Chcem ulozit' tieto pe- money on interest niaze na interess Do you wish to with- draw your money? Do you want this check cashed Have you deposited some money in our bank? We cannot cash this check We do not know you Come here with a man whom we know then we shall cash the check You will have to wait thirty days for your money Go to the Foreign Department Chcete vybrat' svoje peniaze ? Chcete tento cek zamenit' ? Ulozili ste nejake peniaze v nasej banke ? Nemozeme ten cek zamenit' Nezname vas Prijdite sem s clove- kom, ktoreho my pozname vtedy zamenime ten cek Musite cakat' tridsat' dni na svoje peniaze Chod'te do cudzozem- skeho oddelenia Go to Mr Chod'te ku panu . . We close the bank at Zatvarame banku o three o'clock pm. tretej po poludni I want to borrow . . . Chcem pozicat' . . dollars dollarov How soon can you re- Jak skoro mozte pay the money ? vratit' peniaze ? Who will endorse your note? What do you wish ? One sack of flour One pound of sugar Give me some salt Kto podpise Vasu notu? (tu sa podpeeshtYe) (Xtsem ulozYitY tYYeto penYYaze na interes) (XsetYe vibratY svo- Ye penYYaze) (XtsetYe tento chek zamenYitY) (ulozYilYi stYe nYe- YakE penYYaze v nasheY banke) (nYemWOzYeme ten chek zamenYitY) (nYeznAme vAs) (priYdYitYe sem s chlovekom, ktorE- ho mi znAme) (vtedi zamenYeeme ten chek) (museetYe chakatY tridsatY dnYee na svoYe penYYaze) (XodYtYe do tsudzo- zemskEho oddYe- lenYYa) (XodYtYe ku pinu..) (zatvArame banku o tretYeY po polud- nYee) (Xtsem pozYichatY . . . dollArov) (Yak skoro mWOzY- tYe vrAtitY pe- nYYaze) (kto podpeeshe vashu nOtu) AT THE GROCERY STORE Co si prajete? (cho si praYetYe) Miesok mtiky (mYeshok mooki) Funt cukru (funt tsukru) Dajte mi soli (daYtYe mi solYi) — 26 Have you any fruit? Mate nejake oyocie? (mltYe nYeYakE ovotsYe) We have some apples Mame jablka a hrusky (mAme YablkA a and some pears hrushki) One peck of peaches "Pek" broskvi (pek broskvee) Two pounds of grapes 5 Dva funty hrozna (dva funti hrozna) One head of cabbage Hlavku kapusty (hlAvku kapusti) How do you sell it? Jako to predavate? (Yako to predAvatYe) What do you want Co chcete kupit'? (choXtsetYekoopitY) to buy? Bread, potatoes and Chlieb, zemiaky a (XlYYeb, zemYaki a kerosine petrolin (naftu) petroleen, (-naftu-)) One loaf of bread Peceii chleba (petsenY XlYeba) One can of beans "Khenu" fazule (khenu fazulYe) Eggs, pies, nuts, Vajcia, "paje" (pa- (vaYtsYa, pAYe — matches sty ky), orechy, za- (pashtiki) — oreXi, palky zApalki) Ham and horse-redish Sunku a chren (shunku a Xren) Lettuce and olive oil Salat a olivovy olej (shalAt a olivovee oleY) Corn and butter Kukuricu (-kornu-) (kukuritsu — kornu a maslo — a maslo) Coffee and tea Kavu a caj (kAvu a chaY) Yeast Kvasnice (kvasnYitse) Will you pay now ? Zaplatite teraz? (zaplatYeetYe teraz) Mark it on my book Zaznacte to do mojej (zaznachtYe to do mo- knizky YeY knYizYki) Onion, garlic Cibul'a, cesnak (tsibulYa, tsesnak) Parsley, carrots Petruska, mrkva (petrushka, mrkva) Cucumbers Ogurky (ogurki) Peas Hrach (hraX) AT THE MEAT MARKET Beef Hovadzina (hovAdzina) Veal Teracina (tYelYatsina) Pork Svinske maso (svinYskE mAso) Lamb Baranina (baranYina) Mutton Skopovina (skopovina) Ham Sunka (shunka) Bacon Slanina (slanYina) Sausage Klbasa (klbAsa) Dried beef Sucha hovadzina (suXa hovAdzina) — 27 — Soup meat Maso na polievku (mAso napolYYevku) Leg Noha (noha) Tongue Jazyk (Yazik) Ribs Rebra (rebrA) Head Hlava AT THE DAIRY (hlava) A pint cream "Pajnt" smotany (paYnt smotani) One quart of milk "Kvartu" mlieka (kvartu mlYYeka) One glass of buttermilk : Pohar cmaru (pohAr tsmaru) One gallon of sour Galon kysleho mlieka l (galOn kislEho milk DRY GOODS mlYYeka) A) Women's dresses Zenske obleky (zYenskE obleki) Size Numero, cislo (numero cheeslo) Low price Nizka cena (nYeezka tsena) High price Vysoka cena (visokA tsena) Discount Srazka (srAzYka) Yards and inches Jardy a palce (Yardi a paltse) Half Pol (pol) Serge Stof (shtof) Cotton serge Bavlnovy stof (bavlnovee shtof) Material Material, latka (materYAl, LAtka) Wool and woolen Vina a vlneny (vlna a vlnYenee) White linen Biele platno (bYele plltno) White and black Biely a cierny (bYeli a chYerni) Brown and yellow Braunovy a zlty (braunovee a zYltee) Blue and green Modry a zeleny (mo dree a zelenee) Red and pink Cerveny a ruzovy (chervenee a ruzYo- VOfll Dark and light Tmavy a jasny (tmavee a Yasnee Buttons Gombicky (gombichki) Thread Nit', cverna (nYitY, tsverna) Pins and needles Spendliky a ihly (shpendleeki a ihli) Coat and hat Kabat a klobtik (kabAt a klobook) Skirt and ribbons Sukiia a stuhy (suknYa a stuhy — (pantliky) pantliki) Waistcoat Vesta (vesta) ' Blouse Bluza (blooza) Waist (measure) Driek (drYek) Flannel Flanel (flanel) 28 Shirt Washable Girl's dresses Cashmere dress Gingham Lace Hats for children Hats for ladies Hats for misses Trimmed Ostrich plumes Bird and rose Wings Lining Corset Purse and bag Hair and combs House dresses Gloves Bonnet Muff Fur Petticoat Apron and shawl Spring dresses Underwear Undergarment Bootees Handkerchiefs Towel Muslin Nightgown Nightshirt Scarf Sweater Cap and strawhat Bloomers B) Union suit Men's hats Mittens Measure Kosel'a Na pranie Dievcenske saty Kasmirove saty Druh kartunu Cipky Klobuky pre deti Klobuky pre damy Klobuky pre slecny Okrasleny Pstrosie pera Vtak a ruza Kridla Podsivka "Korzet", mider Penazenka a mest'ok (taska) Vlasy a hrebienky Domace saty Rukavicky Cepec, "bonet" StuceL "muf" Kozusina, "fur" Spodna sukna, spodnicka Zastera a sal Jarne saty Spodne saty Spodne saty Botky Satky, "hustky" Uterak Muselin Nocny zupan Nocna kosel'a Lahky sal "sveder", potic Ciapka a slamenak Zenske nohavicky Rovnosata Muzske klobuky Rukavice Miera (koshelYa) (na pranYYe) (dYevchenskE shati) (kashmeerovE shati) (druh kartoonu) (chipki) (klobooki pre dYetYi) (klobooki pre dAmi) (klobooki pre slechni) (okrAshlenee) (pstroshYe per A) (vtAk a ruzYa) (kreedla) (podsheevka) (korzet, meeder) (penYazYenka a me- sh tYok, tashka) (vlasi a hrebYenki) (domAtse shati) (rukavichki) (chepets, "bonet") (shtutsel, muf) (kozYushina, "fur") (spodnA suknYa, spodnYichka) (zAstYerka a shAl) (YarnE shati) (spodnE shati) (spodnE shati) (botki) (shatki, hustki) (utYerAk) (musheleen) (nochnee zYupan) (nachnA koshelYa) (lYahkee shAl) (sveder, potYich) ( ch Yapka a slamen Ak ) ( z YenskE noha vichki ) (rovnoshata) (muzYskE klobooki) (rukavitse) (mYYera) — 29 — I must take your Musim vziat vasu (museem vz-YatY measure mieru vashu mYYeru) Put off your coat Svlecte kabat (svlechtYe kabAt) Put on your coat Oblecte si kabat (oblechtYe si kabAt) Try on this coat Sprobujte tento kabat (sprobuYtYe tento kabAt) It fits you Ten vam pristane (ten vim pristanYe) To clean the suit Ocistit' saty (ochistYitYe shati) Pants Nohavice (nohavitse) Trousers Nohavice (nohavitse) Overcoat Svrchnik (svrXnYeek) Sleeve Rukav (rukAv) Collar Golier (gol-Yer) Pocket Vacok (vachok) Vest Vesta (vesta) Tight Uzky (oozki) Loose Vol'ny (volYnee) Belt Pas, remen (pAs, remenY) Necktie Nakrcnik (nAkrchnYeek) Garters Podvazky (podvAzki) Suspenders Tracky, < ' hozntrogle ' ' (trAchki,h6zntr6gle) Rubber collars Gumove goliere (gumovE gol-Yere) Sale! Vypredaj ! (veepredaY) AT THE SHOE STORE What size shoes do Jakej vel'kosti chcete (YakeY velYkostYi you want? topanky ? XtsetYe topAnki) I want size eight Chcem cislo osem (Xtsem cheeslo osem) Children's shoes Detske topanky (dYetskE topAnki) ^ Low or high heels? Nizke ako vysoke (nYeezke abo visokE opatky ? opAtki) Light or heavy shoes? Lahke abo t'azke (lYahkE abo tYazY- topanky ? kE topAnki) "What price shoes do Jakej ceny topanky (YakeY tseni topAn- you want? chcete? ki XtsetYe) Can you repair these Mozte opravit' tieto (mWOzYtYe opravitY shoes? topanky ? tYYeto topAnki) Have you any gymna- Mate telocvicne (mAtYe tYelotsvich- sium slippers? topanky ? nE topAnki) Baby shoes Detske topanky (dYetskE topAnki) 30 AT THE JEWELER I want to buy a watch Chcem kupit' hodinky About what price? V jakej cene? Gold or silver? This is a good watch Zlate abo strieborne? Toto sti dobre hodin- ky This watch is guaran- Tieto hodinky su ga- teed for ten years rantirovane na de- sat' rokov Ring and chain Prsteii a retiazka Wedding ring Do you need some silver spoons? I wish a half dozen silver knifes I want two dozen silver forks Show me a nice neck-lace Bracelet Alarm clock Clock We have good stoves Both gas and coal stoves Snubny prsten, obrucka Potrebujete striebor- ne lyzicky? Chcem pol tucta strie- bornych nozov Chcem dva tucty strie- bornych vidliciek Ukazte mi peknu re- tiazku na krk Brazleta Budicek Hodiny HARDWARE Mame dobre pece I gazove i unlove pece Smaller or large stove? Mensiu abo vacsiu pec Paints and brushes Knives Pincers Hammer and hatchet Ax and file Spade and hoe Shovel and rake Wheelbarrow Farby a stetky Noze Klieste Kladivo a sekerka Sekera a pilnik Ryl a motyka Lopata a hrable Tacky, "virbar" (Xtsem koopitY hodYinki) v YakeY tsenYe) zlatE abo strYebor- nE) toto soo dobrE hodYinki) tYYeto hodYinki soo gar ante erovanE na dYesatY rokov) prstYenY a retYYazka) snubnee prstYenY, obroochka) potrebuYetYe strYe- bornE lizYichki) Xtsem pol tutsta strYeborneeXnozYov) Xtsem dva tutsi strYeborneeX vidlichYek) ukAzYtYe mi peknoo retYYtzku na krk) brazleta) budYeechek) hodYini) mAme dobrE petse) i gAzovE i u hlYovE petse) menshYYu abovAch- shYYu pets) farbi a shtYetki) nozYe) klYYeshtYe) kladYivo a sekerka) sekera a pilnYeek) reel a motika) lopata a hrablYe) tAchki, virbAr) — 31 — Lock and nails Key, keys Door and window Dishes and pans It is too dear It is cheap Pots and pan Wire and fence Razor and rifle Revolver Cartridges Spring Screws Glass Plane and chisel Scissors Have you any beds? We have iron, woden and brass beds At what price ? Do you give any discount? Yes, if you pay cash Table and chairs Springs — Carpets and linoleum Sofa and swing Writing table Dresser Bookcase Cradle or buggy Zamok a klince Kl'uc, kl'tice Dvere a okno Misky a panvy To je vel'mi drahe To je lacne Hrnce a panva Drat a plot Britva a puska Revolver Patrony Struna Sroby Sklo Hoblik a dlatko Noznice FURNITURE Mate postele? Mame zelezne, drevene a mosadzne postele Jakej ceny? Davate srazku? Ano, jestli hned' zaplatite Stol a stolicky Struny ", " springy ' ' Karpety a koza — (skura) Kanapa (divan) a hombacka Pisaci stol Kastna na saty Kastna na knizky Koliska abo kociarik (zAmok a klYintse) (klYooch, klYooche) (dvere a okno) (miski a panvi) (to Ye velYmi drahE) (to Ye latsnE) (hrntse a panva) (drAt a plot) (britva a pushka) (revolver) (patrOni) (struna) (shrWObi) (sklo) (hobleek a dlAtko) (nozYnYitse) (mAtYe postYelYe) (mAnie zYeleznE, dre- venE a mosadznE postYelYe) (YakeY tseni) (dAvatYe srAzYku) (Ano, Yestli hnYedY zaplatYeetYe) (stWOl a stolichki) (struni, springi) (karpeti a kozYa — (skura)) (kanapa (divAn) a hombachka) (peesatsee stWOl) (kastnYa na shati) (kastnYa na knYizYki) (koleeska abo ko- chYYarik) WITH THE LAWYER What do you want? Co cheete? (cho XtsetYe) I want to have a Chcem sa sudit' ^Xtsem sa soodYitY) law-suit 32 Whom do you want to Koho chcete sudit ? prosecute ? My wife Moju zenu My husband Mojho muza Tell me your story Povedzte, co to mate He called me "so and so" She said I was crazy Have you any witness ? I have one One witness is no witness You must have at least two good witnesses What do you say about the case ? What is the matter ? if that is so, we shall win What will be your fee^ One hundred dollars Sign here Tell your witnesses to be here to-morrow at ten o'clock You cannot win the case Better settle the whole matter here Plaintiff, prosecutor Defender Thief, crime, murder Nazval ma "tak a tak'-' Nazvala ma blaznom Mate svedkov? Mam jednoho Jeden svedok je nie svedok Musite mat' aspon dvoch dobrych svedkov Co poviete na ten pripad 1 Co sa stalo? Jak je tak, my vyhrame Co bude vasim hono- rarom ? Sto dollarov Tu sa podpiste Povedzte svojim sved- kom, aby tu boly zajtra o desiatej hodine Nemozte to pravo vyhrat Radsej sa tu dohodni- te v tej veci Zalobca Obzalovany Kmin, zlocin, vrazda, Shooting and damage Strel'ba a skoda Wound Rana Libel Urazka na cti He was drunk Bol opity To teach him a lesson Pat' mu lekciu (koho XtsetYe soo- dYitY) (moYu zYenu) (mWOYho muzYa) (povedzYte, cho to mAtYe) (nazval ma tak a tak) ( nazvala ma blAznom ) (mAtYe svedkov) (mAm Yednoho) (Yeden svedok Ye nYYe svedok) (museetYe matY as- ponY dvoX dob- reeX svedkov) (cho povYetYe na ten preepad) (cho sa stalo) (Yak Ye tak, mi vihrAme) (cho budYe vasheem honor Arom) (sto dollArov) (tu sa podpeeshtYe) (povedztYe svoYim svedkom, abi tu bo- lYi zaYtra o dYe- sYateY hodYinYe) (nYemWOzYetYe to prAvo vithatY) (radsheY sa tu dohod- nYitYe v teY vetsi) (zYalobtsa) (obzYalovanee) (kmeen, zlochin, vrazYda) (strelYba a shkoda) (rana) (urAzYka na tstYi) (bol opitee) (datY mu lektsY-u) 33 — Let it alone I advise you Are you sure ? Are you sure ? Who is guilty? Bail and bond We lost the case We are ruined Not yet, we will appeal We are the winners Do not make any more trouble Take care of what you say You will be fined Pay your fine ! Pay me I shall not be at home Call them in Come in ! Will you wash this forme to-day? Do not put much starch on it Iron carefully You have scorched this dress This does not belong to me Do not tear the linen Nechte to Badim vam Ste isty? Ste ista? f. Kto je vinny? Zaruka a "bond" Prehrali sme Sme zniceni Este nie, budeme appellovat' Vyhrali sme Nerobte viae bala- muty Dajte pozor, co hovorite Budete penazite pokutovany Zaplat'te pokutu! Zaplat'te mi Nebudem doma Zavolajte ich dnu Pod'te dnu! WASHERWOMAN Operete mi toto dnes? Nedajte na to vel'a skrobu Piglujte pozorne Tieto saty ste popalili Toto mi nepatri Nepotrhajte pradlo I missed some collars Chybelo mi niekol'ko Have you your bill? Have you the toothache ? Which tooth hurts you? golierov Mate svoj ucet? AT THE DENTIST Bolia vas zuby? Ktory zub vas boli? (nYeXtYe to) (radYeem vAm) (stYe istee) (stYe istA) (kto Ye vinnee) (zAruka a bond) (prehrali sme) (sme znYichenee) ^budYeme appello- vat Y) (vihrali sme) (nYerobtYe vYats balamuti) (daYtYe pozor, cho hovoreetYe (budYetYe penYazYi- tYe pokutovanee) (zaplatYtYe pokutu) (zaplatYtYe mi) (nYebudYem doma) (zavolaYtYe iX dnu) (podYtYe dnu) (operetYe mi toto dnYes) (nYedaYtYe na to velYa shkrobu) ( pigluYtYe pozornYe ) (tYYeto shati stYe popllYilYi) (toto mi nYepatree) ( n Yep o trh a Yt Ye prAdlo) (Xibelo mi nYYe- kolYko golYerov) (mAtYe svoY oochet) (bolYa vAs zubi) (ktoree zub vAsbolee) — 34 Do you want it filled? With silver, gold or white filling? Do you want it pulled out? Does it hurt you? We will take the root out It will not hurt any more It will last for about three years Please examine my teeth Clean my teeth Come to-morrow Chcete ho dat zaplnit' ? So striebrom, zlatom abo bielym? Chcete ho dat' vytiahnut' ? Boli vas to? Vytiahneme koren Viae to nebude bolet' To vydrzi asi tri roky Prosim, preskumajte moje zuby Ocistite moje zuby Prijdite zajtra (XtsetYe ho datY zaplnYitY) (zo strYebrom, zlatom abo bYelim) (XtsetYe ho datY vitYYahnutY) (bolee vAs to) (vitYYthnYeme ko- renY) (vYats to nYebudYe boletY) (to vidrzYee asi tri roki) (proseem, preskoo- maYtYe moYe zubi) (ochistYitYe mo Ye zubi) (priYdYitYe zaYtra) How are you? What ails you? What is the trouble? Is your stomach out of order? Well, how is the sick man ? How is the sick woman? Do you feel very badly? I have a terrible headache? Where? Show me your tongue When did your bowels move? I feel very weak I broke my arm She is burnt Your children have the measles WITH THE DOCTOR Jako sa mate ? Co vam je? Co sa stalo? Ci vas boli zaludok ? No, jako sa ma chory? Jako sa ma chora? Citite sa vel'mi zle? Strasne ma boli hlava Kde? Ukazte mi jazyk Kedy ste mali stolicu? Citim sa vel'mi slabo Zlomil som si ruku Popalila sa Vase dietky maju osypky (Yako sa mAtYe) (cho vAm Ye) (cho sa stalo) (chi vAs olee zYaloodok) (no, Yako sa mA Xoree) (Yako sa mA XorA) (tseetYitYe sa velYmi zlYe) (strashnYe ma bolee hlava) (kdYe) (ukAzYte mi Yazik) (kedi stYe malYi stolYitsu) (tseetYim sa velYmi slabo) (zlomil som si ruku) (popAlYila sa) (vashe dYYetki ma- Yoo oseepki) 35 — He has a severe cold Je silne prechladeny He must stay at home That child has diphteria He has consumption She has a high fever Give her pure cold water to drink Is he very sick? Is he better? He has sore eyes I have a sore finger Have you a sore throat? Cough, cough again Kaslite, kaslite zase Musi ostat' doma To diet'a ma zaskrt Ma suchotiny Ma vel'ku horucku Dajte jej pit' cistu studenu vodu Je vel'mi chory? Je mu lepsie ? Bolia ho oci Boli ma prst Boli vas hrdlo? Fever and ear-ache What have you eaten to-day ? Do you want to see the doctor? Do you want to see me? I will go at once Where do you live? What number? He must go to the hospital He must be operated on No hope Will he live? Yes, he will Horueka a bolenie ucha Co ste dnes jedli? Chcete videt' doktora? Chcete ma videt'? Zaraz pojdem Kde byvate? Jake cislo? Musi ist' do spitala Musi byt' operovany Niet nadeje Bude zit'? Ano, bude (Ye silnYe preXla- dYenee) (musee ostatY doma) (to dYYetYa ml zAshkrt) (ml suXotYini) (mi velYkoo ho- roochku) (daYtYe YeY pitY chistoo studYenoo vodu) (Ye velYmi Xoree) (Ye mu lYepshYe) (bolYYa ho ochi) (bolee ma prst) (bolee vAs hrdlo) (kashlYitYe, kashlYi- tYe zase) (horoochka a bole- nYYe uXa) (cho stYe dnYes YedYi) (XtsetYe vidYetY doktora) (XtsetYe ma vidYetY) (zaraz pWOYdYem) (kdYe beevatYe) (YakE cheeslo) (musee eestY do shpitllYa) (musee bitY opero- vanee) (nYYet nldYeYe) (budYe zYitY) (Ano, budYe) Is the reverend at home ? May I see him? AT THE PARSONAGE Je velebny pan doma? (Ye velebnee pAn doma) Mozem ho videt'? (mWOzYem ho vidYetY) 36 — Come and baptize our sick child Sick call Churching woman Catechism Sunday school Banns and wedding Marriage licence Matrimony Sick Sick He died She died When will the funeral take place ? Did he support the church? Do you support the church? Confession and communion Baptism and confir- mation Sacraments Mass, holy mass Blessed sacrament Do you believe in God? Jesus Christ Christmas and Easter To forgive Absolution Sin, sins Heaven and hell Pray, let us pray Be brave Do not be afraid Pod'te a pokrstite nase chore diet'a Ku choremu Vyvodky, uvod, vacka Katekismus Nedernajsia skola Ohlasky a sobas Dovolenie ku siiatku) Stav manzelsky Chory, m. Chora, f. Zomrel Zomrela Kedy bude pohrab ? Platil na kostol ? Platite na kostol? Spoved' a prijimanie Krst a birmovanie Sviatosti Omsa, svata omsa Sviatost' oltarna Verite v Boha ? Jezis Kristus Vianoce a Vel'ka noc Odpustit Eozhresenie Hriech, hriechy Nebo a peklo Modlite sa, modlime sa Bud'te smely Nebojte sa (podYteY a pokrstYi- tYe nashe XorE dYYetYa) (ku XorEmu) (veevodki, oovod, vAtska) (katekizmus) (nYedYelY-nYaY- shYa shkola) (ohlAski a sob Ash) (dovolYenYYe ku snYatku) (stav manzYelskee) (Xoree) (XorA) (zomrel) (zomrela) (kedi budYe pohrab) (platYil na kostol) (platYeetYe na kostol) (spovedY a priYee- maYYe) (krst a birmovanYYe) (svYatostYi) ( omsha ( svAtAomsha) ( s v Ya t o st Y olt Arna (vereetYe v boha) (YezYish Kristus) (vYanotse a velYkA nots) (odpustYitYe) (rozhreshenYYe) (hrYeX, hrYeXi) (nYebo a peklo) (modlitYe sa, modlime sa) (budYtYe smelee) (nyeboYtYe sa) — 37 WITH THE UNDERTAKER Has somebody died? My child is dead His wife is dead My sister is dead Her husband died to-day) Do you want the funeral? At what time? What price coffin do you want? For one hundred dollars How many carriages? How many automo- biles? What will it cost? Where did he die? What is his full name ? Where was he born ? What month and day and year? How old is he? His occupation? What is his father 's name? What is his mother's maiden name ? Where were they born? Sign this testimony Ci zomrel dakto? Diet'a mi zomrelo Jeho zena zomrela Sestra mi zomrela Jej muz dnes zomrel Chcete mat' pohrab? ktorej hodine Jakej ceny chcete mat' trumnu? Za sto dollarov Kol'ko kocov? Kol'ko automobilov? Co to bude stat'? Kde zomrel? Jako je jeho eele meno? Kde sa narodil ? Jaky mesiac a den a rok? Kol'ko ma rokov? Jeho zamestnanie? Jako sa vola jeho otec? Jako je dievcenske meno jeho matke? Kde sa oni narodili? Poclpiste toto svedoctvo Cemetery and grave Cintor a hrob (chi zomrel dakto) (dYYetYami zomrelo) (Yeho zYena zomrela) (sestra mi zomrela) (YeY muzY dnYes zomrel) (XtsetYe matY pohrab) (o ktoreY hodYinYe) (YakeY tseni XtsetYe matY trumnu) (za sto dollArov) (kolYko kochov) (kolyYko automo- bilov) (cho to budYe stAtY) (kdYe zomrel) (Yako^Ye Yeho tselE meno) (kdYe sa narodYil) (Yakee mes-Yats a dYenY a rok) (kolYko ml rokov) ( Yeho zamestnanYYe ) (Yako sa volA Yeho otYets) (Yako Ye dYYevchen- skE meno Yeho matke) (kdYe sa onYi naro- dYili) (podpeeshtYe toto svedatstvo) (tsintor a hrob) ABOUT THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE Do you speak Slovak? Hovorite slovensky? (hovoreetYeslovenski) A little Malo (mAlo) Can you read Slovak? Znate citat' slovensky? (znAtYe cheetatY slovenski) 38 — I can I cannot You have a good pronunciation I cannot speak fluently It is a difficult language You will learn it soon Naucite sa jej skoro The accent is easy Prizvuk je l'ahky Znam Neznam Mate dobru vyslovnost' Nemozem hovorit' plynne To je t'azka rec It is on the first syllable If you know Slovak, you know something of all the Slav lan- guages Knowing Slovak you will understand Bo- hemian, Polish, Cro- tian, Serbian, Rus- sian in a short time Yet you cannot read Serbian or Russian Je na prvej slabike Jak znate slovensky, znate daco zo vset- kych slovanskych jazykov Znajue slovensky o kratky cas poroz- umiete cesky, pol'sky, horvatsky, srbsky, rusky Predsa ale nemozete citat' srbsky alebo rusky Why not ? They use the Cyrillic alphabet The accents in the Slav Prizvuk sa v slovan- Preco nie? Uzivaju cyrilliku languages vary skych jazykoch meni This means, you may Toto znaci, ze mozte understand the Ian- rozumet' jazyk, ale guage, but cannot speak it correctly un- less you learn also the accent ho nemozete hovorit spravne, ledaze sa na- ucite aj prizvuku (znAm) (neznAm) (mAtYe dobroo vee- slovnostY) (nYemWOzYem ho- voritY plnnnYe) (to Ye tYazYkA rech) (naucheetYe sa YeY skoro) (preezvuk Ye lYah- kee) (Ye na prveY slabike) (Yak znAtYe sloven- ski, znAtYe dacho zo vshetkeeX slovan- skeeX Yazikov) (znaYoots slovenski o krAtki chas poroz- umYetYe cheski, polYski, horvatski, srbski, ruski) (predsa alYe nYe- mWOzYetYe chee- tatY srbski alYebo ruski) (precho nYYe) (uzYeevaYoo tsirilliku) (preezvuk sa v slovan- skeeX YazikoX menYee) (toto znachee, zYe mWOzYtYe roz- umetY Yazik, alYe ho nYemWOzYtYe hovoritY sprAvnYe, lYedazYe sa nauchee- tYe aj preezvuku) — 39 — CARDINAL NUMERALS One Jeden (Yeden) Two Dva (dva) Three Tri (tri) Four Styri (shtiri) Five Pat' (pAtY) Six Sest' (shestY) Seven Sedem (sedYem) Eight Osem (osem) Nine Devat' (dYevltY) Ten Desat' (dYesatY) Eleven Jedonast' (YedonAstY) Twelve Dvanast' (dvanAstY) Thirteen Trinast' i'trinAstY) Fourteen Strnast' (shtrnAstY) Fifteen Patnast' (pAtnlstY) Sixteen Sestnast' (shestnAstY) Seventeen Sedemnast' (sedYemnAstY) Eighteen Osemnast' (osemnAstY) Nineteen Devatnast' (dYevltnlstY) Twenty Dvadsat' (dvadsatY) Twenty one Dvadsat' jeden ( dvadsat YYeden) Twenty two Dvadsat'dva ( dvadsat Ydva) Twenty three Dvadsat'tri (dvadsatYtri) Twenty four Dvadsafstyri ( dvadsat Yshtiri) Twenty five Dvadsat'pat' (dvadsatY-pltY) Thirty Tridsat' (tridsatY) Thirty one Tridsat' jeden (tridsat YYeden) Thirty two Tridsat'dva ( tridsat Ydva) Forty Styridsat' (shtiridsatY) Fifty Pat'desiat (pltYdYes-Yat) Sixty Sest'desiat (shestYdYes-Yat) Seventy Sedemdesiat (sedYemdYes-Yat) Eighty Osemdesiat (osemdYes-Yat) Ninety Devat'desiat (dYevltYedYes-Yat) Ninety nine Devat'desiatdevat' (dYevltYdYes-Yat- dYevltY) One hundred Sto (sto) One hundred one Sto-jeden (sto Yeden) One hundred two Stodva (stodva) One hundred ten Stodesat' (stodYesatY) One hundred eleven Sto-jedonast' (sto-YedonAstY) One hundred twenty Sto dvadsat' (stodvadsatY) — 40 One hundred thirty Stotridsat' (stotridsatY) One hundred forty Stostyridsat' (stoshtiridsatY) One hundred fifty Stopat'desiat (stopltYdYes-Yat) One hundred ninety Stodevat'desiatdevat' ( stode vAtYdYes-Yat- nine dYevltY) Two hundred Dve-sto (dvesto) Three hundred Tristo (tristo) Four hundred Styristo (shtiristo) Five hundred Pat'sto (pAtYsto) One thousand Tisic (tYiseets) One thousand one Tisic-jeden (tYiseets-Yeden) One thousand one Tisic-sto (tYiseets-sto) hundred Two thousand Dvatisic (dvatYiseets) Three thousand Tritisic (tritYiseets) Ten thousand Desat'tisic (dYesatYtYiseets) One hundred thousand Stotisic (stotYiseets) Two hundred thousand Dvastotisic (dvastotYiseets) One million Million (millYon) Two m illions Dva milliony (dva millYoni) Ten millions Desat' millionov vdYesatY millYonov) ORDINAL NUMERALS First Prvy (m.), prva (f.), prve (n.) fprvee, prvA, prvE) Second Druhy, druha, druhe (druhee, druhA, druhE) Third Treti, tretia, tretie (tretYee, tretYYt, treYYe) Fourth Stvrty, stvrta, stvrte (shtvrtee, shtvrtA, shtvrtE) Fifth Piaty, -a, -e (pYatee, -A, -E) Sixth Siesty, -a, -e (shYestee, -A, -E) Seventh Siedmy, -a, -e (s-Yedmi, -a, -e) Eighth Osmy, -a, -e (WOsmi, -a, -e) Ninth Deviaty, -a, -e (dYevYati, -a, -e) Tenth Desiaty, -a, -e (dYes-Yati, -a, -e) Eleventh .Tedonasty, -a, -e (YedonAsti, -a, -e) Twelfth Pvanasty, -a, -e (dvanAsti, -a, -e) Thirteenth Trinasty, -a, -e (trinAsti, -a, -e) Fourteenth Strnasty, -a, -e (shtrnAsti, -a, -e) Fifteenth Patnasty, -a, -e (pAtnAsti, -a, -e) Twentieth Dvadsiaty, -a, -e (dvads-Yati, -a, -e) I 41 Twenty first Dvadsiaty prvy (m.) (dvads-Yati prvee) Dvadsiata prva (f.) (dvads-Yata prvA) 1 Dvadsiate prve (n.) (dvads-Yate prvE) Twenty second Dvadsiaty druhy (dvads-Yati druhee) Thirtieth Tridsiaty (trids-Yati) Fortieth Styridsiaty (shtirids-Yati) Fiftieth Pat'desiaty (pltYdYes-Yati) Sixtieth Sest'desiaty (shestYdYes-Yati) Seventieth Sedemdesiaty ( sedYemd Yes- Yati ) Eightieth Osemdesiaty (osemdYes-Yati) Ninetieth Bevat'desiaty (dYevltYdYes-Yati) One hundredth Sty, stoty (stee, stotee) One hundred first Sto-prvy (sto prvee) Two hundredth Dvasty (dvastee) Three hundredth Tristy (tristee) One thousandth Tisici, -a -e (tYiseetsi, -a, -e) MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS Twofold Dvajnasobny, -a -e (dvoYnAsobnee, -A, -E) (troYnAsobnee, -A, (shtvornAsobnee, -A, (pAtYnAsobnee, -A, -E) ( dYesatYnAsobnee, Threefold Trojnasobny, -a, -e Fourfold Stvornasobny, -a, -e Fivefold Pat'nasobny, -a, -e Tenfold Desat'nasobny, -a, -e -A, -E) One hundredfold Stonasobny, -a, -e (stonAsobnee, -A, -E) One thousandfold Tisicnasobny, -a, -e ( t Yiseetsn Asobnee, -A, -E) ADVERBIAL NUMERALS Once Raz (raz) Twice Dva razy (dva razi) Thrice Tri razy (tri razi) Four times Styri razy (shtiri razi) Five times Pat' raz (pltY rlz) Six times Sest' raz (shestY rAz) Seven times Sedem raz (sedYem rAz) Eight times Osem raz (osem rAz) Nine times Devat raz (dYevAtY rAz) Ten times Desat' raz (dYesatY rAz) — 42 PART III GRAMMAR DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES 1. — Where only one consonant is found between two vowels the consonant belongs to the following vowel, thus : o-ko (eye), o-ko-lo (around). 2. — In d ivision ignore the letters -1, -r, thus: mu-dry (wise), te-plo (warmth). 3. — Two consonants between two vowels are divided, thus: ol- tar (altar). 4. — Two vowels are separated when they are not compound vowels, thus : Ma-ri-a, Le-o, Ka-in. 5. — The letters s and s are added to the following consonant or consonants, thus: ci-sty (pure, clean), tre-stny (punitive). 6. — When more than two consonants are found between two vo- wels then the consonants (as a rule) are added to the following vowel, thus: je-stii (if). 7. — Prefixes and suffixes are separated from the stem, thus: nad-u-zit' (to abuse), pod'-me (let us go). RULES FOR GENDER The best way to find out the gender of a Slovak word is to pre- fix the pronoun: ten, ta, to (as in German: der, die, das) to the word. "Ten" indicates the masculine, "ta" the feminine and "to" the neuter gender. Any Slovak should be able to correctly use this pronoun : ten, ta, to and thus it should not be hard to find the gender of any Slovak word. GENERAL RULES: 1) The following words are found in the masculine gender : names indicating male sex, names of months, words ending in "tel"', words ending in the consonants: b, d, ch, k, 1, n, p, r, s, t, v, z, — the major part of words ending in c, j, T, n (feminine are: noc — night, moc — might, vec — thing, pomoc — help, nemoc — sickness, obec — community) and some words ending in: -m, -s. 2) The following words are found in the feminine gender: names of female sex, names ending in: c, d', dz, t', z. (Many of the words thus ending are of masculine gender), words ending in -a (excepting — 43 — names of men thus ending) and words used in plural with ending in -y (but not all of them) and in -e. 3) The following words are found in the neuter gender: names ending -o, -e, -ie, -a, those ending in -a denoting young animals and young people and also : zviera (animal), diet'a (child), knieza (prince). The names of the alphabet are of neuter gender. DECLENSIONS The Slovak language has three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. There are seven cases for both singular and plural in the Slovak language. They are: Nominative for the question: Who? What? Genitive for the question : Whose ? Dative for the question : To whom ? Accusative for the question : Whom ? What ? Vocative for addressing or exclamation, as: Gentlemen! (Pa- no via!) Local for the question: Where? At whom? At what? — This is almost always preceded by the preposition: v, vo (in), na (on). Instrumental for the question : With whom ? With what ? By what means ? MASCULINE MODELS The masculine models are : kral', dvor, sluha. MODEL "KRAL" (krAlY) SINGULAR PLURAL N. kral' (king) krali, -ia, -ovia (the kings) G. kral'a (king's) kral'ov (of the kings) D. kral'ovi (to the king) kral'om (to the kings) A. kral'a (the king) kral'ov (the kings) V. kral'u, -e (0 king!) krali, -ia, -ovia (0 kings!) L. kral'ovi, -u, -li (in the king) kral'och (in the kings) I. kral'om (with the king) kral'ami, -mi, -li (with the kings) NOTE. The plural N. and V. are the same. According to "kral"' decline all nouns possessing life ending with consonants or the vowels "o" as in Duro (George). NOTE WELL. Any exceptions to this rule will be given when necessary. — 44 — MODEL "DVOR" SINGULAR N. dvor (yard) G. dvora, dvoru D. dvoru A. dvor V. dvoru, dvore L. dvore, dvoru, dvori I. dvorom (dvor) PLURAL dvory, dvore (yards) dvorov dvorom dvory, dvore dvory dvoroch dvorami, dvormi, dvory All nouns not possessing life and ending with consonants are declined as "dvor". MODEL "SLUHA" (sluha) SINGULAR PLURAL N. sluha (male-servant) sluhovia G. sluhu sluhov D. sluhovi sluhom A. sluhu sluhov V. sluha sluhovia L. sluhovi sluhoch I. sluhom sluhami All masculine nouns ending in "-a" are declined according to "sluha". FEMININE MODELS The feminine models are: ryba (fish), ulica (street), dlan (palm of hand), kost' (bone). MODEL "RYBA" (riba) SINGULAR PLURAL N. ryba G. ryby D. rybe A. rybu V. rybo L. rybe I. rybou ryby ryb rybam ryby ryby lybach rybami — 45 — MODEL "ULICA" (ulitsa) SINGULAR PLURAL N. ulica ulice G. ulice ulic D. ulici uliciam A. ulicu ulice V. ulico ulice L. ulici uliciach I. ulicou ulicami Decline all feminine nouns ending in "a" preceded by a hard consonant (b, d, g, h, k, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z) according to "ryba". Decline all feminine nouns ending in "a" preceded by a consonant (c, c, d", dz, dz, j, s, t', z) according to " ulica". MODEL "DLAN" (dlanY) SINGULAR PLURAL N. dlan dlane G. dlane dlani D. dlani dlaniam A. dlan dlane V. dlan dlane L. dlani dlaniach I. dlanou dlanami Decline all feminine nouns ending in "n" and ending in "j" according to "dlan", and also: kradez, (theft), mladez (youth), lu- pez (robbery), obec (community), pec (stove), zem (earth, ground). MODEL "KOST" (kostY) SINGULAR PLURAL N. kost? kosti G. kosti kosti D. kosti kostiam A. kostf kosti V. kost kosti L. kosti kostiach I. kostou kost'ami Decline all feminine nouns ending in t', st, si?, d', dz, v, p, r, c, s, z, c, s, z and sol' (salt) and mysel' (mind) according to "kost". See exceptions under "dlan". — 46 — NEUTER MODELS The neuter models are: delo (cannon, gun), piece (shoulder), obilie (grain, cereals), jahna (lamb). MODEL "DELO" (dYelo) '■^" ^ SINGULAR PLURAL V N. delo dela ■*' G. dela diel toJU' D. delu delam A. delo dela V. delo dela L. dele, delu delach I. delom delami, dely Decline all neuter nouns ending in "o" and plurals ending in "a" according to "delo". MODEL "PLECE" (plYetse) SINGULAR PLURAL N. piece plecia G. pleca pliec D. plecu pleciam A. piece plecia V. piece plecia L. pleci pleciach I. plecom plecami, pleci Decline all neuter nouns ending in "e" as "piece". MODEL "OBILIE" (obilYYe) SINGULAR PLURAL N. obilie obilia G. obilia obili D. obiliu obiliam A. obilie obilia V. obilie obilia L. obili obiliach I. obilim obiliami Decline all neuter nouns ending in "ie" as "obilie". SINGULAR FIRST 1 N. jahna jahnata G. jahnat'a jahniat D. jahnat'u jahnatam A. jahiia jahnata V. jahna jahnata L. jahnati jahnatach I. jahnat'om jahnaty, j — 47 — MODEL "JAHNA" (YahnYa) JRAL SECOND PLURAL jahnence jahneniec jahnenciam jahnence jahnence jahnenciach jahnaty, jahnatami jahnenci, jahnencami Decline all neuter nouns ending in "a", "a" denoting young people, young animals as "jahna". As to the declension of FOREIGN WORDS, notice the gender and ending — and decline according to rules already given. This may not be entirely correct, but one surely will be understood. DECLENSION OP ADJECTIVES The ending of adjectives for the nominative singular masculine gender is "y" or "i", for the feminine gender "a" or "ia", for the neuter gender "e" or "ie". These are declined as the noun which they modify -i. e. are of the same gender, number and case. The models are: pekny (beautiful, nice), bozi (godly, divine), otcov (father's). MODEL "PEKNY" (peknee) SINGULAR MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER N. pekny pekna pekne G. pekneho peknej pekneho D. peknemu peknej peknemu A. pekneho peknu pekne pekny (for inanimate) V. pekny pekna . pekne L. peknom peknej peknom I. peknym peknou peknym — 48 — PLURAL N. pekni pekne Neuter is the pekne (of inanimate) same as the G. peknych peknych feminine. D. peknym peknym A. peknych pekne pekne (of inanimate) V. pekni pekne pekne (of inanimate) L. peknych peknych J. peknym peknymi Decline all adjectives where the ending of the nominative mas- culine gender is "f" or "i", preceded by a hard consonant, as "pek- ny" is declined. MODEL "BOZI" (bozYee) SINGULAR MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER N. bozi bozia bozie G. bozieho bozej bozieho D. boziemu bozej boziemu A. bozieho bozhi bozie bozi (of inanimate) V. bozi bozia bozie L. bozom bozej bozom I. bozim boziu PLURAL bozim ]N. bozi bozie Neuter is the bozie (of inanimate) same as the G. bozieh bozieh feminine. D. bozim bozim A. bozieh bozie bozie (of inanimate) V. bozi bozie bozie (of inanimate) L. bozieh bozieh I. bozimi bozimi Decline all adjectives as "bozi" where the ending "i" or "ie" is preceded by a soft consonant, namely by: c, d, dz, P, n, s, f, z, c, 49 — dz, j. Remember that the letters d, t, 1, n are soft when followed by an i, i, e. NOTE that the main difference of ending in the declension of "pekny" and "bozi" is that the latter takes i and ie instead of y and e as in the former. MODEL "OTCOV" (otsov) SINGULAR MASCULINE FEMININE N. otcov otcova G. otcovho otcovej D. otcovmu otcovej A. otcovho otcovu otcov (of inanimate) V. otcov otcova L. otcovom otcovej I. otcovym otcovou PLURAL N. otcovi otcove otcove (of inanimate) G. otcovych otcovych D. otcovym otcovym A. otcovych otcove otcove (of inanimate) V. otcovi otcove otcove (of inanimate) L. otcovych otcovych I. otcovymi otcovymi NEUTER otcovo otcovho otcovmu otcovo otcovo otcovom otcovym Neuter is the same as the feminine. Decline all the possessive adjectives ending in "-ov, -ova, -ovo" and in "-in, -ina, -ino" according to "otcov". DUAL instrumental ends in -"ma" instead of the regular -"mi", as: Tvojima ocima (with thy eyes). NOTE. There are no articles in the Slovak language as in English. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES To form the comparative add to the stem of the adjective -"ejsi" or "si" for the masculine gender, -"ejsia" or "sia" for the femi- nine and -"ejsie" or "sie" for the neuter gender. Illustration: mudry (wise), mudrejsi (wiser). — 50 The superlative is formed by prefixing "NAJ" to the compara- tive, ^lustration : The comparative of mudry is mudrejsi and the superlative is najmudrejsi (wisest). Where the ending of an adjective in "ky, oky, cky" is preceded by the letters s or z, there the s and z change in the comparative and superlative into s or z and the k into s. Illustrations: nizky (low), nizsi (lower), najnizsi (lowest) ; vysoky (high), vyssi (higher), naj- vyssi (highest). There are some exceptions to these rules. Keep in mind these rules and remember at least these exceptions : dobry (good), lepsi (better), najlepsi (best) zly (bad), horsi (worse), najhorsi (worst) maly (small, little), mensi (smaller, less), najmensi (smallest, least) vel'ky (large), v&csi (larger), najvacsi (largest) RULE : Whenever the adjective is made emphatic by a prefix as : pra-, pre-, pri-, na- or a suffix as : -izny, -ansky, -icky, -ucky, -inky, -unky, -usky it should not be placed in the comporative or superlative degree. DECLENSION OP PERSONAL PRONOUNS N. ja (I) G. mna, ma (of me) D. mne, mi (to me) A. mna, ma (me) V. ja (I) L. mne (in me) SINGULAR ty teba, t'a tebe, ti (thou) (of thee) (to thee) teba, t'a (thee) Reflexive seba, (of self) sebe, si (to self) seba, sa (self) ty tebe (thou) (in thee) ?ebe I. mnou (with me) tebou (with thee) sebou (in self) (with self) PLURAL N. my G. nas D. nam A. nas V. my L. nas 1. nami (we) vy (of us) vas (to us) vam (us) vas (we) vy (in us) vas (with us) vami (you) (of you) (to you) (you) (you) (in you) (with you) The plural reflexive is the same as its singular. The reflexive "sa, seba" answers the English "self, ©neself, itself" and the like, even with regard to the reflexive verb. The only difference between "sa" and "seba" is that the latter is more emphatic. NOTE. In some dialects "se" (she) is incorrectly used in the place of "sa". — 51 — ON (HE), ONA (SHE), ONO (IT) MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Without With Without With Without With preposition preposition preposition preposition preposition preposition SINGULAR N. on ona ono G. jeho, ho neho jej nej jeho, ho neho D. jemu, mu nemu jej nej jemu, mu nemu A. jeho, ho neho ju riu ho V. on ona ono L. nom (v)nom nej nom I. nim nim nou nou nim nim PLURAL N. oni ony ony ony (of ina nimate) G. ich nich ich nich ich nich D. im nim im nim im nim A. ich nich, ne ich ne ich ne V. oni ony ony ony (of ina nimate) L. nich nich nich nich nich (v) nich I. nimi nimi nimi nimi nimi (s) nimi DECLENSION OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MO J (MY, MINE), TVOJ (THY, THINE), SVOJ (YOUR, YOUR'S, MY, MINE, OWN) MASCULINE N. moj G. mojho, mojeho D. mojmu, mojemu A. mojho, mojeho moj (of inanimate) V. moj L. mojom I. mojim SINGULAR FEMININE NEUTER moj a moje mo jej mojho, mojeho mojej mojmu, mojemu moju moje moj a moje mojej mojom mojou mojim N. moji G. mojich D. mojim A. mojich moje (of inanimate) V. moji L. mojich I. mojimi — 52 — PLURAL moje mojich moje moje mojim mojich mojimi As feminine. Decline tvoj (tvoja, tvoje), svoj (svoja, svoje), nas (our, ours), vas (your, yours) as "moj, moja, moje" is declined. DECLENSION OP DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS TEN (THAT), TA (THAT), TO (THAT) NEUTER to toho tomu to to torn tym As feminine. MASCULINE FEMININE N. ten ta G. toho tej D. tomu tej A. toho tu ten (of inanimate) V. ten ta L. torn tej I. tym tou PLURAL N. ti tie, te tie, te (of inanimate) G. tych tych D. tym tym A. tych tie, te tie, te (of inanimate) V. As the Nom. tie, te L. tych tych I. tymi tymi NOTE ; Ten, ta, to-may have a prefix or suffix. This prefix or suffix is not declined, only the ten, ta, to. Illustrations : The Genitive of tento (this), tato, toto is tohoto, tejto, tohoto; the Genitive of tam- ten (yonder) is tamtoho, tamtej, tamtoho. — 53 DECLENSION OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS KTO (WHO) ? Co (WHAT) ? SINGULAR AND PLURAL N. kto co G. koho coho D. komu comu A. koho co V. kto co L. kom com I . kym cim The interrogative pronoun ci, cia, cie (whose) is declined ac- cording to "bozi". The pronouns: ky, ktory, niektory, daktory, ktorykol'vek, aky, jaky, akysi, nijaky, vselijaky, ziadny (none), ka- zdy (everyone), samy, ciry etc. are declined as "pekny". DECLENSION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS 1) DECLENSION OF JEDEN (ONE), JEDNA (ONE), JEDNO (ONE) SINGULAR MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER N. jeden, jedon jedna jedno G. jedneho, jednoho jednej jedneho, jednoho D. jednemu, jednomu jednej jednemu, jednomu A. jedneho, jedon jednu j,edno V. jeden, jedon jedna jedno L. jednom jednej jednom I. jednym jednou jednym PLURAL FEMININE AND NEUTER N. jedni, jedny, jedne jedny, jedne G. jednych jednych D. jednym jednym A. jednych, jedny, jedne jedny, jedne V. As Nom. jedny, jedne L. jednych jednych I. jednymi jednymi NOTE : ''Jeden" concerns the living, the jedon and its declension the inanimate, though even this may be used for the living. One will never make a noticeable mistake if he uses jeden and its declension throughout. Decline vsetok (genitive: vsetkeho) as jeden. — 54 — 2) DECLENSION OF DVA (TWO), DVE (TWO). PLURAL MASCULINE FEMININE AND NEUTER N. dva, dvaja (of men) dve G. dvoch dvoch D. dvom dvom A. dva, dvoch (of men) dve V. dva, dvaja dve L. dvoch dvoch I. dvoma dvoma Decline oba, obaja, obidva (both), tri (three), styri (four) as "dva, dve". 3) DECLENSION OF NUMERALS FROM FIVE TO NINETY NINE (5—99) DECLENSION OF PAT (FIVE) PLURAL N. pat', piati (of men) patoro, patori or patoria (of men) G. piatich patorych D. piatim patorym A. pat', piatich (of men) patoro, patori or patoria (of men) V. pat', piati (of men) patoro, patori or patoria (of men) L. piatich patorych I. piatimi patorymi RULE : Decline the numerals from five on to ninety nine as "pat". NOTE : The numerals can be used undeclined. In this case the noun is placed in genitive plural, otherwise they agree with their noun in case. 4) DECLENSION OF STO (ONE HUNDRED) AND TISIC (ONE THOUSAND) SINGULAR N. sto tisic G. sta tisica D. stu tisicu A. sto tisic V. sto tisic L. stu tisicu I. stom tisicom 55 PLURAL N. eta tisice G. stov tisicov D. stam tisicom A. sta tisice V. sta tisice L. stach tisicoeh I. stami tisicami NOTE: Decline tisic also as "pat". RULE: The ORDINALS (except treti — third and tisici — thousandth) are declined as — pekny — and all other numerals having the nominative masculine gender ending in "y". PREPOSITIONS Some prepositions serve as prefixes in the English words and deserve the same attension as such i. e. not as real prepositions but as modifiers of words. So when one speaks of the prepositions these — connected prepositions with words (e. g. inhabitant, bystander, withhold) — are not considered at all. It is therefore the real pre- positions that count. These prepositions require certain cases of declension (just as they do in Latin or German). Some of the prepositions require more than one case and then naturally their meaning is also somewhat changed. The following prepositions take the GENITIVE: bez (without), dl'a (according to, by,) podl'a (beside, according to), vedl'a (next to), do (into, to, in, until), kolo, (round, around), okolo (about, rounda- bout), vokol (all around), krem (besides), okrem (besides), mimo (aside from, besides, outside of), pomimo (by, alongside of, past), u (at, close by, near), od (from, since), z (out of, out from), zo (out of, out from), s or so (with, from above), zpoza (from behind), zpo- medzi (from between, from among), ponize (beneath, lower-down), odo (from), zpopod (from beneath) and all compound preposition beginning with "z", (miesto, instead of), blizko (close to, near, next to), nasledkom (in consequence of), pocas (during) etc. DATIVE follows the following prepositions: k, ku (to), vzdor, navzdor (in spite of), proti, oproti (against), naproti (opposite to, against), napriek (notwithstanding), k voli (for the sake of), v ustre- ty (towards, usually in the sense of "to go to m eet-'). ACCUSATIVE follows these prepositions : cez, cez, prez (through, over, across), pre (for), medzi (into, among, between), na (on, upon, — 56 — for, towards), nad (over, above, beyond), o (about, of, at, round), po (after; for; until, to; by, from; in, about, over), pod (under), popod (underneath), pred (before), za (for; in, within; behind, bey- ond, across), skrz, skrze, kroz (through, by, by means of), v, vo (into), s, so (about). LOCATIVE follows theses prepositions: na (on, upon, over), o (about, of, at, on), po (for, at, through), pri (by, at, close to, with), popri (besides, by, next to), v, vo (in). The following prepositions take instrumental: medzi (among, between), nad (over, above, beyond), pod (under), s, so (with, by, by means of), pred (before, ago), za (after, behind). CONJUNCTIONS COMMONLY USED A, aj (and), aj, i (also, too), tiez (also), ani — ani (neither — nor), nielen — ale aj (not only — but also), alebo — alebo, abo — abo (either — or), preto (therefore), ale (but), jakmile, jaknahle (as soon as), vsak, a vsak (yet, however), ponevac (because, whereas), jako, ako, jak (as, than), aby (that, in order that), ledaze (unless), acprave, ackol'vek (although, though), ci — alebo (whether — or), tak — ze (so — that), nez (than), tak — jak (as — as), aj — aj, i — i (both — and), sta (as), bud' — bud' (either — or), cim — tym (the — the), jestli, jestlize (if), ale- bo, abo (or), viae — nez (more — than), ci (whether, or), predsa (never- theless, still, after all, however), keby (if), jakoby, jakby, akoby, akby (as if, if), ze, zeby (that, in order that), preto, zato (therefore, on that account, that is why), totizto, namely, that is to say, viz.), sice (true, indeed, so, certainly — This sice never stays alone). ADVERBS COMMONLY USED ADVERBS OF TIME. Teraz (now), vcul' (now), odteraz (from now on, from this time), doteraz, dovcul' (up to this time), skoro (soon, quickly, early), neskoro (late), dotial' (so far, thus far), dnes (to-day), vcera (yesterday), zajtra (to-morrow), uz (already), uz davno (long ago), kedy (when), vtedy (then), nikdy (never), hned', zaraz (at once, immediately), este nie (not yet), prave teraz (just now), stale, neustale, neprestajne (constantly), naveky (for ever), vzdy (always), denne (daily), mesacne (monthly), tyzdenne (weekly), rocne (annually), polrocne (semi-annually), vcas (in time), niekedy, casom (sometimes, occasionally), kedykol'vek (whenever, any time), predtym (formerly, before). NOTE : Adverbs may be formed from adjectives by replacing the last "-y" with an "-o" or "-e", as: dlhy (long), dlho (long), casty (often , frequent), casto (often, frequently), okamzite (instantly). . 57 » cr ADVERBS OF MANNER AND MEASURE. Vsetko (all), vel'a, noho (much), dobre (well), zle (badly, ill), tajne, potajomky (se- retly), dobrovol'ne (voluntarily), l'ahko (easily, lightly), velmi very), spolu, dovedna (together), malo (a little), bezmala (nearly, almost), raz (once), tak (so), dajako (some way, in some manner), inak, inac (otherwise, in a different way), nijako (nohow), zrazu, odrazu (suddenly, unexpectedly), znova, znovu, zase (again, anew), naozaj (truly, surely), nahlas (aloud), vobec (in general, at all), na- opak (vice versa), len (only, but), urcite (definitely, positively), kol'ko (how much, how many), tol'ko (so much, so many), trochu, troska (a little), celkom (in full, fully), pekne (nicely), sotva, ledva (hardly), postupne (gradually), pomaly (slowly), opatrne, pozorne (carefully). NOTE : The above mentioned adverbs mostly end in -o, -e, -y. With -y end especially those adjectives that end in -sky. ADVERBS OF PLACE. Blizo, blizko (near, close by), d'aleko (far), doma (at home), dolu, dole (down), hore, nehore (up, above), sdola (from down), shora (from above), okolo, kolom, vokol (around, about), dnu (inside), von, vonku, vonka (out, outside), vsade (every- where), tu, tuna (here, in this place), sem (here, to this place), inde (elsewhere), tade, tadial' (that way, in that direction), kdesi (some- where), niekde (somewhere), nikde (nowhere), kdekol'vek (any place, anywhere). MIXED ADVERBS: ba (indeed, sure), nie (no), t'azko (hardly), rad, milerad, vd'acne (gladly, with pleasure), iste, isteze (certainly, of course), kazdym sposobom, na kazdy pad (by all means), ano, hej (yes), opravdu, ovsem (truly, to be sure, of course), snad', asnad' (perhaps), veru (verily, truly). INTERJECTIONS (Oh) ! — ah, ach (ah, oh) ! — aj, ej (eigh) ! — hej (hallow, heigh-ho) ! — jaj (oh, alack, woe) ! — fuj (fy, shame, pshaw) ! — bac (bang) ! — prec (away) ! — hore (up, get up) ! — pre Boha (for God's sake) ! — bohuzial' (alas) ! — beda (woe) ! — 6 (o) ! — hl'a, ejhl'a (behold) ! — Na (that is for thee) ! — l'a, l'al'a, hl'a, hl'ad'ze (la, look, behold) ! — Ura, hurah (hurra, hurrah) ! — uh (oh) ! — ha, haha, hahaha (hah) ha, haw-haw) ! — Boh chran, Boze chrafi (God forbid) ! — pif, paf, puf (bang, puff) ! — Boze moj, moj Boze (my God) ! — pozor (look out, have care, attention) ! — ticho (silence) ! — nemozno (impossible) ! — pst (tut, silence) ! — vitajte (welcome) ! — pomoc, rata (help) ! — hafiba (shame) ! — nech zije (long live) ! — — 58 — CONJUGATION Before taking up the conjugation of Slovak verbs something must be said about them in a general way. Divide the verbs into two classes: transitive (akkusativne, priechodne) and intransive (inopadne, nepriechodne). The verbs are transitive when they need an object to complete their meaning (usually answering the question : Whom? What?) and they are intransitive when they do not need an object to complete their meaning (e. g. The crowd cheered). We can use only the transitive verbs in both the active and the passive voice (v cinnom a v trpnom stave). The voice (stav) shows us whether the verb acts or is acted upon. — The passive voice is seldom used in Slovak sentences. NUMBER AND PERSON (Cislo a osoba) The numbers and persons are the same as in English : first, second, third person in both singular and plural. TENSE (CAS) The Slovak tenses are : present, past, future and past perfect. The Slovak present stands for the English primary, secondary and progressive present tense. The past stands for the English primary and progressive past tense. The future answers the English future tenses. The past perfect tense corresponds with the English. For the secondary or future perfect in English one may use the Slovak future with: az (when), uz (already) prefixed to it. The one future tense in Slovak is formed in two ways : one is by prefixing : na-, pre-, po-, roz-, vy- etc. to the present tense (thus : vo- lam — I call, povolam — I shall call) ; the other by using the future tense of the auxiliary verb — byt? (to be) — with the infinitive of the verb (thus: budem jest' — I shall eat). EULE: THE INFINITIVE IN ALL THE SLOVAK VERBS ENDS IN — f (thus: jest', pit'). NOTE: Instead of this correct ending -t' one may hear -c (ts), -t, or -c (ch) which is used in some dialects. REMARK. The infinitive in the Russian verbs ends in : -t or -ti ; in Polish in -cz (which sounds as the English -ch in cheap, ouch) ; in the other Slav languages either this way or in hard -t). Remember, however, that these tenses are used even if the verbs undergo some changes. The changes occur quite frequently and then — 59 — the meaning of the verbs is modified. Thus they may take the forms of : inchoactives (poeinacie — as : mladnut' — to grow young) , dura- tives (trvacie — as: niest' — to carry), continuitives (pokracovacie — as: nosim — I carry now and for a while), iteratives (opakovacie — as: nosievat' — to use to carry). MODE (SPOSOB) Mode is the form of a verb that indicates the manner of express- ing thought. Thus the mode may be : indicative (ukazovaci — as : Ste dobry — You are good), conditional (podmienovaci — as: Keby som bol — If I were), imperative (rozkazovaci — as: Robte rychle! — Work fast!). CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB "BYT" (TO BE) INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT TENSE (PRITOMNY CAS) SINGULAR PLURAL 1. som (I am) 1. sme (we are) 2- si (thou art) 2. ste (you are) 3. je, jest (he, she, it is) 3. su (they are) PAST TENSE (MINULY CAS) SINGULAR PLURAL I was, I have been We were, we have been 1. bol som m. 1. boli sme m. bola som f. boly sme f. n. bolo som n. 2. bol si m. 2. boli ste m. bola si f. boly ste f. n. bolo si n. 3. bol m. 3. boli m. bola f. boly f. n. bolo n. PAST PERFECT TENSE (DAVNOMINULY CAS) SINGULAR PLURAL I had been We had been 1. bol som bol m. 1. boli sme boli m. bola som bola f . boly sme boly f. n. bolo som bolo n. — 60 — 2. bol si bol m. bola si bola f. bolo si bolo n. 3. bol on bol m. bola ona bola f. bolo ono bolo n. 2. boli ste boli m. boly ste boly f . n. 3. boli oni boli m. boly ony boly f. n. FUTURE TENSE (BUDUCI CAS) SINGULAR PLURAL I shall be We shall be 1. buclem 1. budeme 2. budes 2. budete 3. bude 3. budti NOTE. The future perfect is not used in Slovak. However, it may be formed by prefixing "az" to the Slovak future, as for ex- amples: az budem- written. -I shall have been, az napisem — I shall have CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I should be We should be 1. bol by som m. 1. boli by sme n. bola by som f. boly by sme f. n. bolo by som n. 2. bol by si m. 2. boli by ste m. bola by si f. boly by ste f. n. bolo by si n. 3. bol by m. 3. boli by m. bola by f . boly by f . n. bolo by n. NOTE. The m. stands for masculine, the f. for feminine and the n. for neuter gender. PAST SINGULAR I should have been 1. bol by som bol m. bola by som bola f. bolo by som bolo n. PLURAL We should have been 1. boli by sme boli m. boly by sme boly f. n. — 61 — 2. bol by si bol m, 2. boli by ste boli ni. bola by si bol a f. boly by ste boly f. n. bolo by si bolo n. 3. bol by bol m. 3. boli by boli m. bola by bola f. boly by boly f. n. bolo by bolo n. IMPERATIVE MODE SINGULAR PLURAL 1. 1. bud'me (let us be) 2. bud' (be thou) 2. bud'te (be ye) 3. nech bude, (let him, 3. neeh budu, (let them nech je her, it be) nech su be) Infinitive (neurcitok) : byt' (to be) Present participle (priechodnik pritomny) : sue (being) Present adjectival participal: suci (m. being), suca (f. being), suce (n. being) Past participle: bol (he has been), bola (she has been), bolo (it has been) Past adverbial participle : byvsi (having been) Past adjectival participle : byvsi, byvsia, byvsie (having been) VERBAL NOUN: bytie (the being) NOTE : Decline the adjectival participles as the adjectives in Slovak. NOTE : The past adverbial and adjectival participle is not used in conversation. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE The subjunctive mode is not used in the Slovak language. This subjunctive sense is expressed by: jestli (if), ked' (if, when), jak (if), jakby (if), keby (if), ze (that), ci (whether). Illustration: Jestli som kra! — If I be a king. Keby som bol kra! — If I were a king. CLASSES OF VERBS The Slovak verbs are divided into five classes according to the letter preceding the infinitive or final -t'. The ending -t' of a verb indicates its infinitive. — 62 — The classes of verbs end in : 1.— at' 2.— et' 3.— it' or — yf 4. — ut' or tit' 5. — st', — zt' or — ct' The classes are divided into groups. The first class is divided into four groups : a) model: volat' (to call) — volam (I call or I am calling) b) model : hrabat' (to rake) — hrabem (I rake or I am raking) c) model: drzat' (to hold) — drzim (I hold or I am holding) d) model: milovat' (to love) — milujem (I love or I am loving) The second class is divided into three groups: a) model: tret' (to rub) — trem (I rub or I am rubbing) b) model: rozumet' (to undertand) — rozumiem (I understand or I am understanding) c) model : myslet' (to think) — my slim (I think or I am thinking) The third class is divided into two groups : a) model : cut (to hear) — cujem (I hear or I am hearing) b) model: pit' (to drink) — pijem (I drink or I am drinking) The fourth class is divided into two groups : a) model : cut' (to h ear) — cujem (I hear or I am hearing) b) model: vrhnut' (to throw, to hurl) — vrhnem (I throw or I am throwing) The fifth class has only one model: niest' (to carry, to bear) — ne- siem (I carry or I am carrying) CONJUGATION OF THE FIRST CLASS OF VERBS MODEL: VOLAT ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I call We call 1. vol-am vol-ame 2. vol-as vol-a te 3. vol-a vol-aju 63 — PAST I called or I have called 1. vol-al som m. vol-ala som f. vol-alo som n. 2. 3. vol-al si m. vol-ala si f . vol-alo si n. vol-al m. vol-ala f# vol-alo n. We called or we have called vol-ali sme m. vol-aly sme f. vol-aly sme n. vol-ali ste m. vol-aly ste f. vol-aly ste n. vol-ali m. vol-aly f. vol-aly n. PAST PERFECT I had called 1. vol-al som bol m. vol-ala som bola f. vol-alo som bolo n. 2. vol-al si bol m. vol-ala si bola f. vol-alo si bolo n. 3. vol-al bol m. vol-ala bola f. bol-alo bolo n. We had called vol-ali sme boli m. vol-aly sme boly f. vol-aly sme boly n. vol-ali ste boli m. vol-aly ste boly f. vol-aly ste boly n. vol-ali boli m. vol-aly boly f. vol-aly boly n. FUTURE I shall call or I shall have called 1. budem volat' 2. budes volat' 3. budete volat' We shall call or we shall have called budeme volat' budete volat' budu volat' CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should call 1. by som volal m. by som volala f . by som volalo n. We should call by sme volali m. by sme volaly f. by sme volaly n. — 64 — 2. by si volal m. by si volala f. by si volalo n. 3. by volal m. by volala f . by volalo n. I should have called 1. by som bol volal m. by som bola volala f. by som bolo volalo n. 2. by si bol volal by si bola volala by si bolo volalo 3. by bol volal by bola volala by bolo volalo PAST by ste volali m. by ste volaly f . by ste volaly n. by volali m. by volaly f. by volaly n. We should have called by sme boli volali m. by sme boly volaly f. by sme boly volaly n. by ste boli volali m. by ste boly volaly f. n. by boli volali by boly volaly f. n. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. 2. vol-aj 3. nech vol-a (call thou) (let him, her, it call) vol-ajme vol-ajte nech vol-ajti (let us call) (call ye) (let them call) Infinitive : volat' (to call) Present participle : vol-ajtic (calling) Present adjectival participle: volajtiei, volajuca, volajuce Past participle: volal m., volala f., volalo n. (called) Past adverbial participle : volavsi (having called) Past adjectival participle : volavsi m., volavsia f., volavsie n. VERBAL NOUN: Volanie (the calling). NOTE : It will do to know only one form, the masculine, in the past tenses plural. The reason of this is that in the spoken language the difference of the gender is practically not noticed here at all. PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is seldom used in Slovak sentences, used in sentences which have no definite subject. Yet it is 65 The passive voice is formed by the auxiliary verb "bytf" (to be) or "by vat"' (accustomed to be) and the passive past adjectival par- ticiple. This participle ends in -y (m.), -a (f.) e (n.) for instance: volany (called), volana (called), volane (called). INDICATIVE MODE I am called 1. som volany m. som volana f . som volane n. 2. si volany m. si volana f . si volane n. 3. je volany m. je volana f. je volane n. PRESENT We are called sme volani m. sme volane sme volane n. ste volani m. ste volane f. ste volane n. su volani m. su volane f . n. PAST I was called 1. bol som volany m. bola som volana f. bolo som volane n. 2. bol si volany m. bola si volana f. bolo si volane n. 3. bol volany m. bola volana f. bolo volane n. We were called boli sme volani m. boly sme volane f. n. boli ste volani m. boly ste volane f. n. boli volani m. boly volane f. n. I had been called PAST PERFECT We had been called 1. bol som bol volany bola som bola volana bolo som bolo volane 2. bol si bol volany bola si bola volana bolo si bolo volane boli sme boli volani boly sme boly volane boli ste boli volani bily ste boly volane — 66 — 3. bol bol volany bola bola volana bolo bolo volane I shall be called 1. budem volany m. budem volana f. budem volane n. 2. budes volany budes volana budes volane 3. bude volany bude volana bude volane FUTURE boli boli volani boly boly volane We shall be called budeme volani m. budeme volane f. n. budete volani budete volane budu volani budu volane CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should be called 1. by som bol volany by som bola volana by som bolo volane 2. by si bol volany by si bola volana by si bolo volane We should be called by sme boli volani by sme boly volane by ste boli volani by ste boly volane 3. by si bol volany by boli volani, by bola volana by boly volane by bolo volane NOTE. This present conditional is like the indicative past simply prefixing to this in every number and person: "by". PAST I should have been called 1. bol by som bol volany bola by som bola volana bolo by som bolo volane 2. bol by si bol volany bola by si bola volana bolo by si bolo volane 3. bol by bol volany bola by bola volana bolo by bolo volane We should have been called boli by sme boli volani boly by sme boly volane boli by ste boli volani boly b} T ste boly volane boli by ste boli volani boly by boly volane — 67 IMPERATIVE MODE 1. 2. 2. bud' volany (be thou called) bud' volana (be thou called) bud' volane (be thou called) 3. nech je volany (let him be called) 3. nech je volana (let her be called) nech je volane (let it be called) Infinitive : bud'me volani bud'me volane bud'te volani bud'te volane nech su volani nech su volane (let us be called) (let us be called) (be ye called) (be ye called) (let them be called (let them be called byt' volany byt' volana byt' volane sue volany sue volana sue volane Passive past participle: Present participle : (to be called) (to be called) (to be called) (being called) (being called) (being called) volany (called) volana (called) volane (called) RULE : The verbal noun is formed by dropping the last vowel of the passive past participle and replacing it by ' ' -ie ' \ Thus from the passive past participle: volany, volana, volane the verbal noun is "volan-ie" (the calling). What is true about the verb "volat"', is true of the other verbs belonging to the first class. This is why the conjugation of the verbs : hrabat', drzatf, milovat' is omitted in the passive voice as unnecessary repetition. When an action is repeated several or many times the verb "byt"' is replaced by the verb "byvat"' (to accustomed to be, to use to be), thus: byvam volany — I am accustomed to be called, byval som vola- ny — I was accustomed to be called etc. RULE: Conjugate the verbs whose infinitive ends in "at" and the indicative first person singular in "-am, -iam, -am" as "volat". MODEL: HRABAT ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I rake We rake 1. hrab-em hrab-eme 2. hrab-es hrab-ete 3. hrab-e hrab-u — 68 — PAST I raked or We raked or I have raked we have raked 1. hrab-al som hrab-ali sme hrab-ala som hrab-aly sme hrab-alo som 2. hrab-al si hrab-ali ste hrab-ala si hrab-aly ste hrab-alo si 3. hrab-al hrab-ali hrab-ala hrab-aly hrab-alo PAST PERFECT I had raked We had raked 1. hrabal som bol hrabali sme boli hrabala som bola hrabaly sme boly hrabalo som bolo 2. hrabal si bol hrabali ste boli hrabala si bola hrabaly ste boly hrabalo si bolo 3. hrabal bol hrabali boli hrabala bola hrabaly boly hrabalo bolo FUTURE I shall rake or We shall rake or I shall have raked we shall have raked 1. budem hrabat' budeme hrabat 2. budes hrabat' budete hrabat 3. bude hrabal? budii hrabat CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should rake We should rake 1. by som hrabal by sme hrabali by som hrabala by sme hrabaly by som hrabalo 2. by si hrabal by ste hrabali by si hrabala by ste hrabaly by si hrabalo 3. by hrabal by hrabali by hrabala by hrabaly by hrabalo 69 PAST I should have raked 1. by som bol hrabal by som bola hrabala by som bolo hrabalo 2. by si bol hrabal by si bola hrabala by si bolo hrabalo IMPERATIVE 2. hrab 3. nech hrab-e We should have raked by sme boli hrabali by sme boly hrabaly by ste boli hrabali by ste boly hrabaly MODE hrab-me hrab-te nech hrab-u Infinitive: hrab at' Present participle : hrab-uc Present adjectival participle: hrabuci, hrabuca, hrabuce Past participle.: hrabal, hrabala, hrabalo Past adverbial participle : hrab-avsi Past adjectival participle : hrabavsi, hrabavsia, hrabavsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : hrabany, hrabana, hrabane VERBAL NOUN: hrabanie (the raking) PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is formed by the auxiliary verb "by£" or "byvat'". (See the passiv voice under model: volat') and the passive past adjectival participle, which in this case is: hrabany, hrabana, hrabane. The passive voice of this and the other models is conju- gated according to the passive voice of "volat"'. RULE: Conjugate the verbs whose infinitive ends in- "at?" and the indicative present first person singular in- "-em" as "hrabaf". MODEL : DRZAT ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I hold We hold 1. drz-im drz-ime 2. drz-is drz-ite 3. drz-i drz-ia — 70 — PAST I held or I have held "We held or we have held 1. drz-al som drz-ala som drz-alo som drz-ali sme drz-aly sme 2. drz-al si drz-ala si drz-alo si drz-ali ste drz-aly ste 3. drz-al drz-ala drz-alo drz-ali drz-aly PAST PERFECT I had held We had held 1. drzal som bol drzala som bola drzalo som bolo drzali sme boli drzaly sme boly 2. drzal si bol drzala si bola drzalo si bolo drzali ste boli drzaly ste boly 3. drzal bol drzala bola drzalo bolo drzali boli drzaly boly FUTURE I shall hold or I shall have held We shall hold or we shall have held 1. budem drzat' 2. budes drzat 3. bude drzat' budeme drzat budete drzat' budu drzat CONDITIONAL MODE I should hold PRESENT We should hold 1. by som drzal by som drzala by som drzalo by sme drzali by sme drzaly — 71 — 2. by si drzal by si drzala by si drzalo 3. by drzal by drzala by drzalo I should have held PAST by ste drzali by ste drzaly by drzali by drzaly We should have held 1. by som bol drzal by som bola drzala by som bolo drzalo by sme boli drzali by sme boly drzaly 2. by si bol drzal by si bola drzala by si bolo drzalo by ste boli drzali by ste boly drzaly 3. by bol drzal by bola drzala by bolo drzalo by boli drzali by boly drzaly IMPERATIVE MODE 1. 2. drz 3. nech drz-i drz-me drz-te nech drz-ia Infinitive: drzat' Present participle: drz-iac Present adjectival participle : drz-iaci, drz-iaca, drz-iace Past participle : drz-al, drz-ala, drz-alo Past adverbial participle : drz-avsi Past adjectival participle : drz-avsi, drz-avsia, drz-avsie Passive past participle: drzany, drzana, drzane VERBAL NOUN: drz-anie (the holding) PASSIVE VOICE See the note under the passive voice of "hrabat"' and conjugate as "volar'. RULE: Conjugate the verbs whose infinitive ends in -"at" and the indicative present first person singular -"im" as " drzat" '. — 72 SINGULAR I love 1. mil-tgem 2. mil-ujes 3. mil-uje I loved or I have loved 1. mil-oval som mil-ovala som mil-ovalo som 2. mil-oval si mil-ovala si mil-ovalo si 3. mil-oval mil-ovala mil-ovalo I had loved MODEL: MILOVAT INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT PLURAL We love mil-ujeme mil-ujete mil-uju PAST We loved or we have loved mil-ovali sme mil-ovaly sme mil-ovali ste mil-ovaly ste mil-ovali mil-ovaly PAST PERFECT We had loved 1. miloval som bol milovala som hola milovalo som bolo 2. miloval si bol milovala si bola milovalo si bolo 3. miloval bol milovala bola milovalo bolo I shall love or I shall have loved 1. budem milovat' 2. budes milovat 3. bude milovat' FUTURE milovali sme boli milovaly sme boly milovali ste boli milovaly ste boly milovali boli milovaly boly We shall love or we shall have loved budeme milovat budete milovat budii milovat 73 — CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should love 1. by som miloval by som milovala by som milovalo 2. by si miloval by si milovala by si milovalo 3. by miloval by milovala by milovalo I should have loved 1. by som bol miloval by som bola milovala by som bolo milovalo 2. by si bol miloval by si bola milovala by si bolo milovalo 3. by bol miloval by bola milovala by bolo milovalo PAST We should love by sme milovali by sme milovaly by ste milovali by ste milovaly by milovali by milovaly We should have loved by sme boli milovali by sme boly milovaly by ste boli milovali by ste boly milovaly by boli milovali by boly milovaly IMPERATIVE MODE 2. mil-uj 3. nech mil-uj e mil-ujme mil-uj te nech mil-uju Infinitive: milovat' Present participle : mil-ujuc Present adjectival participle : mil-ujuci, mil-ujuca, mil-ujuce Past participle: miloval, milovala, milovalo Past adverbial participle: mil-ova vsi Past adjectival participle: milovavsi, milovavsia, milovavsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : milovany, milovana, milovane VERBAL NOUN: milovanie (the loving) — 74 — PASSIVE VOICE Conjugate the verb "milovat"' in the passive voice, as "volat"'. RULE: Conjugate the verbs whose infinitive ends in -"at"' and the indicative present first person singular in -"ujem" as "milovat"'. CONJUGATION OF THE SECOND CLASS OF VERBS MODEL: TRET ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE SINGULAR I rub 1. tr-em 2. tr-es 3. tr-e PRESENT PLURAL We rub tr-eme tr-ete tr-ti I rubbed PAST We rubbed 1. tr-el som tr-ela som tr-elo som tr-eli sme tr-ely sme 2. tr-el si tr-ela si tr-elo si tr-eli ste tr-ely ste 3. tr-el tr-ela tr-elo tr-eli tr-ely I had rubbed PAST PERFECT We had rubbed 1. trel som bol trela som bola trelo som bolo treli sme boli trely ste boly 2. trel si bol trela si bola trelo si bolo treli ste boli trely ste boly 3. trel bol trela bola trelo bolo treli boli trely boly — 75 — FUTURE I shall rub or We shall rub or I shall have rubbed we shall have rubbed 1. budem tret budeme tret' 2. budes tret budete tret 3. bude tret budu tret CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should rub We should rub 1. by som trel by sme treli etc. etc. NOTE. To conjugate this conditional present the only thing necessary is to add "by" to the past indicative tense. PAST I should have rubbed We should have rubbed 1. by som bol trel by sme boli treli etc. etc. The rest is to be conjugated as the past conditional of the first class verbs. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. 2. tr-i 3. nech tr-e tr-ime tr-ite nech tr-u Infinitive : tret' Present participle : tr-uc Present adjectival participle: truci, trtica, truce Past participle : trel, trela, trelo Past adverbial participle : tr-evsi Past adjectival participle: trevsi, trevsia, trevsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : treny, trena, trene VERBAL NOUN: trenie (the rubbing) PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is like the passive of the first class of verbs i. e. the "byt"' (to be) is conjugated and the passive past adjectival participle added to it. RULE: Conjugate all verbs whose infinitive ends in -"etf" and the indicative first person singular in -"ei 76 — MODEL: ROZUMET . ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I understand We understand 1. rozum-iem rozum-ieme 2. rozum-ies rozum-iete 3. rozum-ie rozum-eju PAST I understood We understood 1. rozum-el som rozum-eli sme rozum-ela som rozum-ely sme rozum-elo som 2. rozum-el si rozum-eli ste rozum-ela si rozum-ely ste rozum-elo si 3. rozum-el rozum-eli rozum-ela rozum-ely rozum-elo I had understood PAST PERFECT We had understood 1. rozumel som bol rozumela som bola rozumelo som bolo 2. rozumel si bol rozumela si bola rozumelo si bolo 3. rozumel bol rozumela bola rozumelo bolo rozumeli sme boli rozumely sme boly rozumeli ste boli rozumely ste boly rozumeli boli rozumely boly FUTURE I shall understand or I shall have understood 1. budem rozumet etc. We shall understand or we shall have understood budeme rozumel? etc. — 77 — NOTE. Conjugate the verb "byt"' in the future and add to it the infinitive of ' ' rozumet" '. CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should understand We should understand 1. by som rozumel by sme rozumeli etc. etc. Conjugate the rest as the conditional present of "tret"'. PAST I should have understood We should have understood 1. by som bol rozumel by sme boli rozumeli etc. etc. Conjugate the rest as the conditional past of "tret"'. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. rozum-ejme 2. rozum-ej rozum-ejte 3. nech rozum-ie nech rozum-eju Infinitive: rozumet' Present participle : rozum-ejuc Present adjectival participle : rozumejuci, rozumejuca, rozumejuce Past participle : rozumel, rozumela, rozumelo . Past adverbial participle: rozum-evsi Past adjectival participle: rozumevsi, rozumevsia, rozumevsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : rozumeny, rozumena, rozumene VERBAL NOUN: rozumenie (the understanding) PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice of "rozumet" is conjugated as the passive of "volar'. RULE : Conjugate all verbs whose infinitive ends in -' ' et" ' and the indicative present first person singular in "-iem, -ejem" as "roz- umet"'. — 78 — MODEL: MYSLET ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR I think 1. mysllim 2. mysl-is 3. mysl-i PAST PLURAL We think mysl-ime mysl-ite mysl-ia I thought We thought 1. mysl-el som mysl-ela som mysl-elo som mysl-eli sme mysl-ely sme 2. mysl-el si mysl-ela si mysl-elo si mysl-eli ste mysl-ely ste 3. mysl-el mysl-ela mysl-elo mysl-eli mysl-ely PAST PERFECT I had thought We had thought 1. myslel som bol myslela som bola myslelo som bolo mysleli sme boli myslely sme boly 3. myslel si bol myslela si bola myslelo si bolo mysleli ste boli myslely ste boly 3. myslel bol myslela bola myslelo bolo FUTURE mysleli boli myslely boly I shall think or I shall have thought 1. budem mysletf etc. We shall think or we shall have thought budeme myslet etc. — 79 — NOTE: Conjugate the verb "byt" in the future and add to it the infinitive of "myslet"'. CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should think We should think 1. by som myslel by sme mysleli etc. etc. NOTE: Conjugate the rest as the conditional present of "roz umet'" or "tret". PAST I should have thought We should have thought 1. by som bol myslel by sme boli mysleli etc. etc. NOTE : The rest is to be conjugated as the past conditional of the first class of verbs. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. mysl-ime 2. mysl-i mysl-ite 3. nech mysl-i nech mysl-ia NOTE: The second person singular in the imperative of "my- slet'" should be "mysl", that is to say without the "i" (mysli). This "i" is added to make the pronunciation more simple. This "i" is added to the stem in similar cases. EXCEPTIONS: hor (burn) ! — trp (suffer) ! — are imperative second person singular. Infinitive : myslet' Present participle : mysl-iac Present adjectival participle : mysliaei, mysliaca, mysliace Past participle : myslel, myslela, myslelo *: Past adverbial participle: mysl-evsi y* Past adjectival participle: myslevsi, myslevsia, myslevsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : mysleny, myslena, myslene VERBAL NOUN : myslenie (the thinking) PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice of " myslet? " is like the passive of "volat?" RULE: Conjugate all verbs ending the infinitive in -"et" and the indicative present first person singular in -"im" as "myslet?". — 80 — CONJUGATION OF THIRD CLASS OP VERBS MODEL : ROBIT ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR I work 1. rob-im 2. rob-is 3. rob-i PLURAL We work rob-ime rob-ite rob-ia PAST I worked We worked 1. rob-il som rob-ila som rob-ilo som rob-ili sme rob-ily sme 2. rob-il si rob-ila si rob-ilo si rob-ili ste rob-ily ste 3. rob-il rob-ila rob-ilo rob-ili rob-ily PAST PERFECT I had worked 1. robil som bol etc. We had worked robili sme boli etc. NOTE : The rest is like those of the preceding verbs of this tense. FUTURE I shall work We shall work 1. budem robit budeme robit etc. etc. The rest is like those of the preceding verbs of this tense. CONDITIONAL MODE The present and the past conditional is like the present and past conditional of preceding verbs. 81 IMPERATIVE MODE 1. rob-me 2. rob rob-te 3. nech rob-i nech rob-ia Infinitive : robit' Present participle : rob-iac Present adjectival participle: robiaci, robiaca, robiace Past participle : robil, robila, robilo Past adverbial participle : rob-ivsi Past adjectival participle: robivsi, robivsia, robivsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : robeny, robena, robene VERBAL NOUN: robenie (the working) NOTE: The passive is like that of "volat"\ RULE: Conjugate all verbs ending the infinitive in "-it" the indicative present first person singular in "-im" or "-im "robif'. and ' as MODEL: PIT ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I drink We drink 1. pi-jem pi-jeme 2. pi-jes pi-jete 3. pi-je PAST pi-ju I drank We drank 1. pi-1 som pi-li sme pi-la som pi-ly sme pi-lo som 2. pi-1 si pi-li ste pi-la si pi-ly ste pi-lo si 3. pi-1 pi-li pi-la pi-ly pi-lo — 82 — PAST PERFECT I had drunk We had drunk 1. pil som bol pili sme boli etc. etc. NOTE : Conjugate the rest like the verbs in the preceding indi- cative past perfect tenses. FUTURE I shall drink We shall drink 1. budem pit' budeme pit' etc. etc. NOTE: Conjugate the rest like the verbs in the preceding fu- ture tenses. CONDITIONAL MODE The conditional is like the conditionals of the preceding verbs. IMPERATIVE MODE pi-me 2. pi pi-te 3. nech pi-je nech pi-jti Infinitive: pit' Present participle : pi-jue Present adjectival participle: pijuci, pijuca, pijuce Past participle : pil, pila, pilo Past adverbial participle : pi-vsi Past adjectival participle : pivsi, pivsia, pivsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : pity, pita, pite VERBAL NOUN : pitie (the drinking) RULE: Conjugate all verbs whose infinitive ends in "-it?" or "-yt?" and the indicative first person singular in "-ijein" or "-viem" as "pit". NOTE : The passive voice is like the passive of "volatf ". _____ ~i — 83 — CONJUGATION OF THE FOURTH CLASS OF VERBS MODEL: Cut ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR I hear 1. cu-jem 2. cu-jes 3. cu-je I heard 1. cu-1 som cu-la som cu-lo som 2. cu-1 si cu-la si cu-lo si 3. cu-1 cu-la cu-lo I had heard 1. cul som bol etc. PAST PLURAL We hear cu-jeme cu-jete cu-ju We heard cu-li sme cu-ly sme cu-li ste cu-ly ste cu-li cu-ly PAST PERFECT We had heard culi sme boli etc. NOTE : The rest is as the past perfect of other verbs already conjugated. FUTURE The future is like the future of other verbs. CONDITIONAL MODE The conditional is like the conditional of the preceding verbs. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. 2. cu-j 3. nech cu-je cu-jme cu-jte nech cu-ju 84 — Iinf initive : cut' Present participle : cu-juc Present adjectival participle: cujuci, cujuca, cujuce Past participle : cul, cula, culo Past adverbial participle : cu-vsi Past adjectival participle : cuvsi, cuvsia, cuvsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : cuty, cuta, cute VERBAL NOUN: cutie (the hearing) The passive of "cut"' is to be conjugated like the passive of "volaf'. RULE : Conjugate all verbs whose infinitive ends in ' ' -ut ' ' and the indicative present first person singular in "-jem" as "cut?". MODEL: VRHNUT ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR I throw 1. vrhn-em 2. vrhn-es 3. vrhn-e PLURAL We throw vrhn-eme vrhn-ete vrhn-u PAST I threw 1. vrhn-ul som vrhn-ula som vrhn-ulo som 2. vrhn-ul si vrhn-ula si vrhn-ulo si 3. vrhn-ul vrhn-ula vrhn-ulo We threw vrhn-uli sme vrhn-uly sme vrhn-uli ste vrhn-uly ste vrhn-uli vrhn-uly PAST PERFECT I had thrown 1. vrhnul som bol etc. We had thrown vrhnuli sme boli etc. NOTE : Conjugate the rest like the verbs in the preceding indi- cative past perfect tenses. — 85 — FUTURE The future is formed like the future of other verbs. One, how- ever, will do better if he uses the present for the expression of the future tense here. He may use the preposition: za-, u-, za-, do- etc. with the present, as : zavrhnem — I shall throw. CONDITIONAL MODE The conditional is like the conditional of the preceding verbs. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. vrhn-ime 2. vrhn-i vrhn-ite 3. nech vrhn-e nech vrhn-u Infinitive : vrhnut' Present participle : vrhn-tic Present adjectival participle : vrhnuci, vrhnuca, vrhnuce Past participle : vrhnul, vrhnula, vrhnulo Past adverbial participle: vrhn-uvsi Past adjectival participle: vrhnuvsi, vrhnuvsia, vrhnuvsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE: vrhnuty, vrhnuta, vrhnute VERBAL NOUN : vrhnutie (the throwing, the hurling) The passive of "vrhnut"' is to be conjugated like the passive of "volar'. NOTE: Some of the verbs conjugated as "vrhnut" end their indicative present first person singular in "-iem" instead of "-em". When one speaks slowly the difference is hardly noticeable between the ending "-nem" and "-niem". RULE: Conjugate all verbs whose infinitive ends in "-nut"' or "-nut"' and the indicative present first person singular in "-nem" CONJUGATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS OF VERBS MODEL: NIEST ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I carry We carry 1. nes-iem nes-ieme 2. nes-ies nes-iete 3. nes-ie nes-u — 86 — I carried PAST We carried 1. nies-ol som nies-la som nies-lo som nies-li sme nies-ly sme 2. nies-ol si nies-la si nies-lo si nies-li ste nies-ly ste 3. nies-ol nies-la nies-lo nies-li nies-ly I had carried 1. niesol som etc. PAST PERFECT We had carried )ol niesli sme boli etc. rest is to be conjugated like other verbs of this ten I shall carry 1. po-nesiem etc. FUTURE We shall carry po-nesieme etc. NOTE: Prefix "po- M to the present to have the future of "niest"'. Some of the Slovak verbs — just as this one — form the fu- ture by some prefix as in the case of the verb "niest*'\ Instead po- nesiem*' — I shall carry one may just as well say — zanesiem — I shall carry. CONDITIONAL MODE The conditional is formed as the conditional of the preceding verbs. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. nes-me 2. nes nes-te 3. nech nes-ie nech nes-u Infinitive : niest' Present participle : nes-uc Present adjectival participle: nesuci, nesuca, nesuce Past participle : niesol, niesla, nieslo Past adverbial participle : nes-si Past adjectival participle: nessi, nessia, nessie — 87 — PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : neseny, nesena, nesene VERBAL NOUN: nesenie (the carrying) The tenses of the passive voice are formed as that of * ' volat' ' '. RULE: Conjugate all verbs whose infinitive ends in "-stf, -zt, -ct" and the indicative present first person singular in "-iem" as "niest'". — The long vowel preceding "-stf, -zt', -ct'" is made short in indicative present, in imperative, in present participle and in the verbal noun and consequently in these tenses a, i, y, ia, ie changes into a, i, y, a, e respectively. Illustration: past' (to pasture) — pasiem ( I pasture), hryztf (to gnaw, to bite) — hryziem (I gnaw), triast' ( to shake) — tra- siem (I shake), viezt' (to carry) — veziem (I carry), niest' (to carry, to bear) — nesiem (I carry). Wherever the stem of the verb is in "&, t," it takes this "d, t" in the tenses just mentioned. Illustrations : klast' (to lay, to put) — kladiem (I lay, I put), pliest' (to twist, to braid) — pletiem (I twist). Where the stem ends in "h" it changes into "z", as: moctf (to be able, to can) (STEM : MOH) — mozem (I am able, I can). The past : mohol som (I could). Where the stem is "k" (infinitive in -ct') it changes into "c", as: riectf (to say, to tell) — reciem (I say, I tell), piect' (STEM: PEK) — peciem (I bake, I roast). The past: riekol (he said), piekol (he baked). CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS The irregular verbs are: byt' (which was conjugated before), jest (to eat), vedet' (to know) and istf or ist' (to go). The stems (excluding "byt"' which is formed from three stems: by, jes, bud) are: jed-, (jest'), ved- (vedet'), id- (ist). NOTE: Some of the Slovak grammarians place "chcetf" (to want) among the irregular verbs and yet this one may conjugate ex- actly as "tret". VERBS : JEST ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I eat We eat 1. jem jeme 2. jes jete 3. jie jedia 88 — PAST I ate 1. jedol som jedla som jedlo som 2. jedol si jedla si jedlo si 3. jedol jedla jedlo We ate jedli sme jedly sme jedli-ste jedly ste jedli jedly PAST PERFECT I had eaten 1. jedol som bol etc. We had eaten jedli sme boli etc. NOTE. Conjugate the rest as the past tense. FUTURE I shall eat We shall eat 1. budem jest budeme jest' etc. etc. NOTE : Conjugate the rest as the future of regular verbs. CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should eat 1. by som jedol by som jedla etc. PAST We should eat by sme jedli by sme jedly etc. I should have eaten 1. by som bol jedol by som bola jedla etc. We should have eaten by sme boli jedli by sme boly jedly etc. IMPERATIVE MODE 1. 2. jedz 3. nech jie jedzme jedzte nech jedia — 89 Infinitive : jest' Present participle : jed-iac Present adjectival participle : jediaci, jediaca, jediace Past participle : jedol, jedla, jedlo Past adverbial participle : jedsi Past adjectival participle: jedsi, jedsia, jedsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : jedeny, jedena, jedene VERBAL NOUN: jedenie (the eating) The tenses of the passive voice are formed as that of "volat VERB: VEDET ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I know We know 1. viem vieme 2. vies viete 3. vie PAST vedia I knew We know 1. vedel som vedeli sme vedela som vedely sme vedelo som 2. vedel si vedeli ste vedela si vedely ste vedelo si 3. vedel vedeli vedela vedely vedelo PAST PERFECT I had known We had known 1. vedel som bol vedeli sme boli etc. FUTURE etc. I shall know We shall know budem vedet' budeme vedet' etc. etc. — 90 — CONDITIONAL MODE PRESENT I should know 1. by som vedel etc. I should have known 1. by som bol vedel etc. PAST We should know by sme vedeli etc. We should have known by sme boli vedeli etc. IMPERATIVE MODE 2. vedz 3. nech vie vedzme vedzte nech vedia Infinitive : vedet' Present participle : ved-iac Present adjectival participle: vediaci, vediaca, vediace Past participle : vedel, vedela, vedelo Past adverbial participle: ved-evsi Past adjectival participle : vedevsi, vedevsia, vedevsie PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : vedeny, vedena, vedene VERBAL NOUN: vedenie (the knowing) The tenses of the passive voice are formed as that of "volat". VERB: 1ST ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MODE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL I go We go 1. idem ideme 2. ides idete 3. ide PAST idu went We went isiel som isli sme isla som isly sme islo som — 91 — 2 isiel si isla si islo si isli ste isly ste 3 isiel isla islo PAST PERFECT isli isly I had gone 1. isiel som bol We had gone isli sme boli etc. etc. FUTURE I shall go We shall go 1. pojdem 2. pojdes 3. pojde pojdeme pojdete pojdu NOTE: This future is formed without the auxiliary verb "byt"' by simply prefixing "po-" to the present, thus: po-idem and from this pojdem and finally pojdem. CONDITIONAL MODE I should go 1. by som isiel etc. I should have gone 1. by som bol isiel etc. PRESENT PAST We should go by sme isli etc. We should have gone by sme boli isli etc. IMPERATIVE MODE 2. idz, id', idi 2. nech ide idzme idzte nech idu Infinitive : ist', 1st' Present participle: id-tic Present adjectival participle : iduci, iduca, iduce Past participle : isiel, isla, islo Past adverbial participle : sed-si Past adjectival participle : sedsi, sedsia, sedsie — 92 — PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : ideny, idena, idene VERBAL NOUN : idenie (the going) The tenses of the passive voice are formed as that of "volat"'. IMPERSONAL VERBS The impersonal verbs are conjugated in the third person singu- lar in the present, past and future tenses. They are used the same as the English, thus: prsat' (to rain), hrmet' (to thunder) etc. Present tense) prsi — it rains or it is raining Past tense : prsalo — it has rained or it was raining Future tense : bude prsat — it will rain Imperative : nech prsi — let it rain Present participle : prsiac : — raining PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE : prsany, prsana, prsane VERBAL NOUN: prsanie (the raining) NEGATIVE VERBS The negative verbs in the Slovak are very easily formed. All one has to do is to prefix "NE-" to the verb. The only exception to the rule is the auxiliary verb "byt'" (to be). Here "nie" is placed unconnectedly before the verb. Illustrations : POSITIVE VERBS : NEGATIVE VERBS : znat' — to know neznat' — not to know pit' — to drink nepit' — not to drink jest' — to eat nejest' — not to eat spat' — to sleep nespat' — not to sleep chcet' — to want nechcet' — not to want byt' alebo nebyt' — to be or not to be (meaning existence) This is the way to make a verb negative. One may use this "NE-" very well with adjectives and other words in a ngative sense, as: dobry (good) — nedobry (not good), — dobre (well) — nedobre (unwell), zdar (success) — nezdar (failure) etc. The pronouns are an exeption i. e. instead of "ne-" connected with them one uses "nie" separately. SYNTAX Sentences may be: 1) declarative; 2) imperative; 3) conditional; 4) interrogative; 5) exclamatory; 6) negative (which are however, included with the declarative). — 93 — 1. — In declarative sentences the syntax or order of verbs is: subject, predicate, object. Illustration: Jan zatvoril dvere — John closed the door. 2. — In imperative sentences the subject usually stands first ex- cepting the second person (both singular and plural) when the sub- ject may be omitted. Illustration: Jan, zatvor dvere — John, close the door! — Zatvor dvere — close the door! (So in the singular). The subject is followed by the predicate and the object. The predicate, however, may stand first for the sake of emphasis. In such a case the subject comes last, thus: Zatvor dvere, Jan! — Close the door, John ! 3. — The conditional has practically the same construction of sentences as the imperative, namely: subject, predicate, object and the rest. Illustration: Jan by zatvoril dvere — John would close the door. 4. — The interrogative sentence varies its order. It may follow the order of declarative sentence. Sometimes it begins with predi- cate. Real interrogative sentences should begin with "ci" (whether) which corresponds to the English "do, does, did" when followed by the subject. Illustration: Ci Jan zatvoril dvere? — Did John close the door ? — Ci Jan zatvara dvere ? — Does John close the door ? "Ci" may be followed by the English order of sentences and though this may not always be rorrect, one will be understood. The rest comes by practice. 5. — In exclamatory sentences follow the English construction of sentences. Illustration: Jaky hluk tie dvere zrobily! — What a noise the door made ! 6. — The negative sentences may cause some trouble, because the Slovak language uses double negative. One hears this double nega- tive spoken in incorrect English, as in: "I did not know nothing" (Neznal som nic.) This is correct in Slovak. So one has to take care how to use the double negative which is found in every Slav language. Some of the most frequently used sentences may be learned by heart and thus made easy enough. RULES FOR ORTHOGRAPHY A.) 1. — Begin every sentence with a capital letter and place a period at the end of every sentence. 2. — Use punctuation about the same as in English. The coma is more frequently used than in English. — 94 — 3. — Write every word separately as in English, but write it as it sounds. 4. — When one hears a word and some letter in it is not clear, he should decline or conjugate it (as the case may be). This will show the letter to be used. 5. — The pronouns in the singular nominative masculine gender end in -"y" (dobry — good) or -"y" (krasny — beautiful) but in plu- ral this "y" or "y" is replaced by "-i" or "-i" (dobri l'udia — good people). 6. — The masculine nouns denoting persons do not end in -"y" (except occasionally in the plural instrumental), but the other mas- culine nouns do. 7. — The letter "y" is used as the final letter of all feminine and neuter nouns ending with the Slovak "i" sound. The. excep- tions are i. e. the "i" is used instead of the "y" in cases where the ending "i" sound is preceded by a soft consonant after which an -"y" should never be written. (The soft consonants are : c, dz, j and all the consonants marked with the softening mark, "makcen" — over the consonant. This mark is omitted from "d, t, 1, n" because the "i" softens them.) 8. — The dative singular ending -"ovi" is to be written with "i" as: chlapovi (to the man). 9. — Write the suffix of "-ych, -ym, -ymi, -yma" with an "-y" or "-y-'\ The "i" in these cases is to be written only when the sound of the Slovak "i" is preceded by a soft consonant, as: lepsich — of better, mojim (to mine) 10. — Never write an "y" or "y" after the soft consonants. The unmarked soft consonants (c, dz, j) may be followed by an "y" or "y" in Slovak words taken from a foreign language, as: cylinder, Cyril!. 11. — The "y" or "y" is usually written after these consonants: k, h, ch, g — except words imitating the sound of animals or nature. 12. — In conjugation the past tenses take the suffix "-y" instead of the masculine "-i" when the verbs concern the plural feminine or neuter gender exclusively, thus: Zeny boly dobre (The women were good,) but: Chlapi a zeny boli dobri (The men and women were good). Note the boly and boli. The masculine gender is given pre- ference and this even in addressing, as: Pani a Damy! (The verbal — 95 — translation of this is: Gentlemen and Ladies!) — Ladies and Gen- tlemen ! 13. — Wherever -"tel"' occurs it must have the "makcen M (soft- ening mark) over "-I", except: d'atel (woodpecker). i c 14. — The Slovak "vy", when alone, stands for the pronoun you", but when it is connected with a word it means — out, out of. This ' ' vy ' ' is never written as ' ' vi ' '. 15. — One must never place the "makcen" ("") over the letters — d, t, 1, n, when they are followed by an — e, i, i or y, y. 16. — All adjectives begin with a small letter. Illustration : I have American, Slovak, German and Russian books — Mam americke, slo- venske, nemecke a ruske knihy. 17. — Write the names of days and months with a small initial letter. 18. — The letter ' ' a " is seen only after the letters : b, m, p, v. B.) GENERAL RULE. Except the rule for adjectives, days and months, one may use the capitals as he does in English. Write with initial capital letter: 1. — The first and second names of persons; 2. — the names of countries, counties, capitals, cities, towns, vil- lages, streets, avenues, deserts ; 3. — the names of nations, inhabitants ; 4. — the name of God (Boh) ; 5. — the names of hills, mountains, rivers, oceans, woods, lakes, isles, valleys ; 6. — the (proper) names given to animals, as: Hector, Jack; 7. — the names of impersonated beings; 8. — the names of holy days ; 9. — the official names or titles of societies, lodges, companies, cor- porations etc ; 10. — the titles of books, magazines, newspapers, hotels, halls. C.) In writing letters, while one is in United States, he is sup- posed to follow the American form of letter writing. — 96 — PART IV The pronunciation of the Slovak words is given in parenthesis in the vocabulary according to the rules given in Part I. Slovak and English Vocabulary A AMERIKAN (amerikAn) m. Ame- A (a), and rican ABECEDA (abetseda) f. alphabet AMERIKANKA (amerikAnka) f. ABY (abi) that, in order that American ABO (abo) or AMERICKY (ameritskee) a. Ame- AC, ACKOLVEK, ACPRAVE rican (ach, achkolYvek achprAve), ANGLIA f ^ though, although, notwith- angliCan (anglichan) m . En . standing ADAM (adam) m. Adam ADRESSA (adressa) f. address ADVENT (advent) m. advent ADVOKAT (advokAt) m. advo- cate, attorney AFRIKA (afrika) f. Africa AGITACIA (agitlts-Ya) f. agita- APATIEKA (apatYYeka) f. drug glishman ANICKA (anYichka) f. Annie ANI (anYi) — nor ANJEL (anYel) m, angel ANO (Ano) adv. yes ANTON (anton) m. Anthony tion store AGITATOR (agitltor) m. agita- APOSTOL (aposhtol) m. apostle tor APRIL (apreel) m. April AGNESA (agnesha) f. Agnes ARENDA (Arenda) f. rent Ah (ah) ! ah! oh! ARRESTOVAT (arreshtovatY) v. AHA (aha) ! there now! behold! to arrest, to imprison AJ (aY), also, too ASI (asi) adv. about, perhaps AJHLA (aYhlYa) behold! ASIA (azYa) f. Asia AK, AKO (ak, ako) conj. as, like ASNAD, SNAD (asnldY, snAdY) AKSAMIET (aksamiet) m. velvet adv. perhaps, may be ALE (alYe) conj. but ASPON (asponY) adv. at least ALEJA (aleYa) f. alley, avenue AUGUST (august) m. August ALEBO (alYebo) conj. or AUSTRALIA (austrAl-Ya) f. Au- ALMU^NA (almuzYna) f. alms stralia ALOJS (aloYs) m. Aloysius AY8AK (avshak) conj. but, how- ALZBETA (alzYbeta) f. Elizabeth ever AMEN (amen) m. amen AZDA (azda) adv. perhaps,maybe AMERIKA (amerika) f. America AZ (azY) adv. until, till, up to — 97 — B BLAZNIT (MAznYitY) v. to fool BA (ba) adv. sure, certainly, BLADY, BLEDY (blYadee, blYe- doubtless dee) a. pale, pallid BABA (baba) f. old woman; co- BLESK (blesk) m. lightning, ward splendor BABAPORODNA (babapWOrod- BLIZKO (bleezko) prep. adv. close nA) f. midwife to, near BAJKA (bAYka) f. fable BLUDAR (bludlr) m. heretic BAL (bll) m. ball, dance BODAJ (bodaY) ! Would to God! BALIK (baleek) m. package, bun- BOH (boh) m. God die, parcel BOHAC (bohAch) m. rich man BALZAMOVAt (balzamovatY) v. BOHACKA (bohlchka) f. rich to embalm woman BANDA (banra) f. band BOHATY (bohatee) a. rich, weal- BAXA (banYa) f. mine thy BANIK (banYeek) m. miner BOHOSLUZBA (bohosluzYba) f. BANKA (banka) f. bank worship, divine service BANKAR (bankAr) m. banker BO J (boY) m. struggle, conflict, BAR, BARS (bAr, blrs) conj. fight though, although BOJISTE (boYishtYe) n. battle- BARANOK (barlnok) m. lamb field BARVA (barva) m. color; paint BOK (bok) m. side BARVIT (barvitY) v. to paint BOLAST, BOLEST (bolYastY, bo- BASEN (bAsenY) f. poem lestY) f. pain, ache BASNIK (bAsnYik) m. poet BOZKAT (bozkatY) v. to kiss BAVLNA (bavlna) f. cotton BOZE (bozYe) ! God! BAZEN (blzenY) f. fear BOZSKY (bozYskee) a. divine BECKA (bechka) f. barrel, keg BRADA (brada) f. chin; beard BEH (beh) m. the run BRANA (brlna) f. gate BEZ (bez) prep, without BRAT (bratY) v. to take BEZ MALA (bez mAla) adv. al- BRAT (brat) m. brother most BRUCHO (bruXo) n. belly BIG (bich) m. whip BUD-ALEBO (budY-alYebo) BIEDNY (bYedni) a. miserable either-or 1 BIELY (bYeli) a. white BUDOVA (budova) f. building , BIRMOVANIE (birmovanYYe) n. confirmation C BISKUP (biskup) m. bishop CAR (tslr) m. czar BITKA (bitka) f. fight CELf (tselee) a. whole, entire ; BLAHO (blaho) n. bliss, happiness CENA (tsena) f. price I BLATO (blato) n. mud CENIT (tsenYitY) v. to value, to BLAZON (blAzon) m. fool, mad- estimate man CESTA (tsesta) f. way, road — 98 CIEL (ts-Yel) m. aim, goal, pur- pose CIRKEV (tsirkev) f. church CIRKEVNY (tsirkevnee) a. eccle- siastical CISAR (tsisAr) m. emperor CIT (tsit) m. feeling, sense CITIT (tseetYitY) v. to feel CITRON (tsitrOn) m. lemon CNOSf (tsnostY) f. virtue CUDZI (tsudzee) a. foreign, strange CUKOR (tsukor) m. sugar CAJ (chaY) m. tea CAS (chas) m. time CAST (chastY) f. part, portion CASTO (chasto) adv. often, fre- quently CELO (chelo) n. forehead CERNIDLO (chernYidlo) n. ink CERT (chert) m. devil CERVENY (chervenee) a. red CIARA (chYara) f. line, dash, stroke CI (chi), whether, if CIM (cheem) I. wherewith, where- by ClERNY (chYernee) a. black ClN (chin) m. deed, act, action CINNY (chinnee) a. active CISTY (chistee) a. clean, neat CITAT (cheenatY) v. to read CLANOK (chlAnok) m. article CLEN (chlen) m. member CLOVEK (chlovek) m. man; one (person) CO (cho), what CUT (chutY) v. to hear D— D DAKOVAT (dYakovatY) v. to thank DALEJ (dYaleY) adv. farther, further DALEKO (dYaleko) adv. far, far off DAM A (dAma) f. lady DAN (danY) f. tax DAR (dar) m. gift, present DAREBAK (darebAk) m. rascal, scoundrel, villain DARMO (darmo) adv. free, gra- tis ; in vain, uselessly DAT (datY) v. to give DATUM (dAtum) n. date DAVNO (dAvno) adv. long ago, long since DAZD (dizYdY) m. rain DCERA (dtsEra) f. daughter DEDIC (dYedYich) m. heir DELIT (dYelitY) v. to divide, to separate DEN (dYenY) m. day DESAT (dYesatY), ten DETI (dYetYi) pi. children DIETA (dYetYa) n. child DIEVCA (dYevcha) n. girl DIV (dYiv) m. wonder DIVY (dYivee) a. wild DYCHAf (deeXatY) v. to breath DLA (dlYa) prep, by, according to DLH (dlh) m. debt DLHY (dlhee) a. long DNES (dnYes) adv. to-day DO (do) prep, to; till, until DOBRE (dobre) adv. well DOBRY (dobree) a. good DOHROMADY (dohromadi) adv. together DO JEM (doYem) m. impression ;> k — 99 — DOKONCIT (clokonchitY) v. to F finish, to end FABRIKA (fabrika) f. factory, DOM (dom) m. house manufactory DOMACI PAN (domltsi pin) m. FAJCIT (faYchitY) v. to smoke landlord FAJKA (faYka) f. pipe DOXIESt (donYYestY) v. to FARAR (farAr) m. parson, pastor carry, to bring FARBA (farba) f. color, paint DOPISOVAT (dopisovatY) v. to FLASA (flasha) f. bottle correspond, to write FUNT (funt) m. pound DOSPELY (dospelee) a. mature, adult, ripe G DOST (dostY) adv. enough GAZDOVAT (gazdovatY) v. to DOSTAT (dostatY) v. to get, economize ; to run a farm to receive GUMA (guma) f. gum DOSIAL (dos-YalY) adv. so far, thus far H DOVOLIT (dovolitY) v. to permit, HAD (had) m. snake to allow HANBA (hanYba) f. shame DOZAISTA (dozaista) adv. surely, HAVIAR (hav-Yar) m. miner certainly HYBAT (heebatY) v. to move, DREVO (drevo) n. wood to stir DRUH (druh) m. comrade, mate, HLADNY (hladnee) a. hungry companion HLAS (Mas) m. voice DRZY (drzee) a. impudent, saucy, HLAYA (hlava) f. head; chief bold HMOTNY (hmotnee) a. material DRZAT (drzYatY) v. to hold, HNED (hnYedY) adv. soon, im- to possess mediately DITCH (duX) m. spirit HNEV (hnYev) m. anger, wrath DUSA (ducha) f. soul HODIXA (hodYina) f. hour DVA (dva) pi. two HODIT (hodYitY) v. to throw DYOR (dvor) m. yard, court-yard HODIT SA (hodYitY sa) vr. to throw oneself E HORA (hora) f. mountain ECH (eX), eigh HORE (hore) adv. up EJ, EJHA, EJHLA (eY, eYha, HORE (hore) ! get up ! eYhlYa), behold, look there HORET (horetY) v. to burn ELEKTRIKA (elektrika) f. elec- HORI (horee) ! fire"! tricity HORiKY (horkee) a. bitter ESTE (eshtYe) adv. yet, still HORSI (horshee) comp. worse ESTE NIE (eshtYe nYYe), not HOTOVY (hotovee) a. ready, yet prepared, done ■VANJELIUM (evanYelium) n. HOYORlf (hovoritY) v. to speak, gospel to converse, to talk — 100 — HRA (hra) f. play, game J HROB (hrob) m. grave JA (Ya), I HROMADA (hromada) f. heap, JABLKO (Ya:blko) n. apple pile JAK, JAKO (Yak, Yako), how, HROZNY (hroznee) a. awful, as, like terrible JAKY (Yakee) a. what kind HRUBY (hrubee) a. course, rude, ^ na t sort of rough JAKYSI (Yakeesi) a. a certain HUSTY (hustee) a. thick JAMA ( Yama ) f ' ditch > V {t hollow HVIEZDA (hvYezda) f. star JAE f " JAR0 n ' ( Yar > Yaro >> spring qjj JASNY (Yasnee) a. clear, bright, OHCET (XtsetY) v. to want, to H ^ nt desire JAZYK (Yazik) m. tongue OHYBA (Xiba) f. mistake, error, JED ( Yed ) m - P oison fault JE, JEST (Ye, Test), is CHLADNY (Xhladnee) a. cool, JEDEN > JED0X ( Yeden > Yedon )> chilly one OHLAP (Xlap) m. man, fellow JEDL0 ( Yedlo) n - food ' meal nxTT M>j?n m * \ \* i a JEDXATEL (YednatYelY) m. CHLAPEC (Xlapets) m. boy, lad a°*ent CHLIEB (XlYYeb) m. bread jEDNODUCHY (YednoduXee^ a. CHOD (Xod) m. walk, gait simple CBODIT (XodYitY) v. to walk, JEDNOTA (Yednota) f. unity, to go union OHORY (Xoree) a. sick, ill JEMNY (Yemnee) a. fine; gentle, CHUDOBNY (Xudobnee) a. poor, soft needful JEST (YestY) v. to eat CHVAUT (XvAlitY) v. to praise, JESTLI (Yestli), if to laud JEZIS (YezYish) m. Jesus CHVILA (XveelYa) f. while JURAJ, JURO (YuraY, Yuro) m. G-eorge I I (i) conj. and, too, even K IBA (iba) adv. only, but K, ku (k, ku) prep, to, unto, IHLA (ihla) f. needle towards INlC (inAch) adv. otherwise KABAT (kabAt) m. coat INY (inee) a. another KADE (kadYe) adv. where, which TNOKEDY (inokedi) adv. at other way time EAM (kam) adv. where, whereto 1ST (istY) v. to go, to walk KAMEX (kamenY) m. stone ISTY (istee) a. certain, sure KAMKOLVEK (kamkolYvek) IZBA (izba) f. room adv. wherever, wheresoever — 101 — KiAMSI (kamsi) adv. somewhere L, L KATOLICKY (katoleetski) a. LACNY (latsnee) a. cheap catholic LAHKY (lYahkee) a. light, easy KATOLICKA (katoleeehka) f. LAMFA (lampa) f. lamp catholic LASKA (lAska) f. love KATOLIK (katoleek) m. catholic LASKA VY (lAskavee) a. kind, KAZEN (kAzenY) f. sermon, amiable discipline LE/KAR (lekAr) m. physician, KAZDY (kazYdee) a. every, each doctor KDE (kdYe) adv. where LEN (lYen) conj. only, but KEBY (kebi) conj. if, when, in LENIVY (lenYivee) a. idle, lazy case LEPSI (lYepshee) a. better KED (kedY) adv. when LETO (lYeto) n. summer KEDY (kedi) adv. when? LIECIT (lYYechitY) v. to heal, KEPA (kef a) f. brush to cure, to treat, to doctor KLAM (klam) m. deceit, fraud LIST (list) m. letter, document KLIAT (klYYatY) v. to curse, to LOD (lodY) f. ship, vessel, boat swear LUD (lYud) m. people KLIATBA (klYYatba) f. curse, LUDIA (lYudYa) pi. people anathema LUD SKY (lYudskee) a. human KLIN, KLINE C (Mm, klinYets) m. nail, wedge M KNAZ (knYaz) m. priest MAJ (mAY) m. May KNIHA (knYiha) f. book MAJETOK (maYetok) m. proper- KOLKO (kolYko) adv. how many ; ty how much MAKKTY (mAkkee) a. soft, tender KONECNY (konYechnee) a. final, MALY (malee) a. small, little last MANZEL (manzYel) m. husband KORLWA (koruna) f. crown MANZELKA (manzYelka) f. wife KRAJAN (kraYan) m. country- MANZELSTVO (manzYelstvo) n. man matrimony KRAXi (krllY) m. king ]\IAR(NE (marnYe) adv. in vain, KRASA (krAsa) f. beauty vainly, uselessly KRESTAN (krestYan) m. Chri- ]\IAiSO (mAso) n. flesh; meat stian MAT (matY) f. mother KRISTU8 (kristus) m. Christ MAT (maty) v. to have, to keep KRIZ (kreezY) m. cross MATKA (matka) f. mother KRSTIT (krstYitY) v. to baptize, MEDZI (medzi) prep, between, to christen among KRV (krv) f. blood MENO (meno) n. name KU8 (kus) m. piece, chunk, lump MENOVAT (menovatY) v. to KYAPiKA (kvapka) f. drop name KVET (kvet) m. flower MENSINA (menshina) f. minority — 102 — MESLAC (mes-yats) m. moon; NADEJ, NADEJA (nAdYeY, nA- month dYeYa) f. hope MESTO (mesto) n. city, town NADSENOST (nadshenostY) f. METLA (metla) f. broom enthusiasm MIEINKA (mYenka) f. opinion NAHLAS (nahlas) adv. aloud MIESTO (mYesto) n. place, spot NAHODA (nlhoda) f. chance, ac- MILY (milee) a. dear, beloved; , cident agreeable NAHRADA (nAhrada) f. compen- MILOST (milostY) f. grace, mercy m sa ^ ion MILOVAT (milovatY) v. to love NAJOM (nAYom) m. rent, lease MJMO (mimo) prep, beside, aside NAJPRV (naYprv) adv. firstly, ~ m the first place MUNULt (minulee) a. past Nlj f ^ AY ^ v ' to find ' to MYSLIENKA (mishlYYenka) f. discover NAPOSLEDY (naposledi) adv. at thought, idea k finftU MYSLET (misletY) v. to think NASLED0 VAT (nasledovatY) v. MLADY (mladee) a. young tQ fo]]0W tQ ^^ MNOHO (mnoho), much, many NATQ (nato) ady< th 0I1| MOC (mots) f. might, power, force thereon MOONY (motsnee) a. strong, NAVRAT (nlvrat) m. return, re- powerful treat MODLIT SA (modlitY sa) vr. to NAVZAJOM (navzAYom) adv. pray to God mutually MODLITBA (modlitha) f. prayer NAVZDOR, NAYZDORY (na- MODRY (modree) a. blue vzdor, navzdori) in spite of MO J (mWOY), my, mine NAZAD, NAZPAT (nazad, na- MOKRY (mokree) a. wet zpAt) adv. backward, back; MRAVNY (mravnee) a. moral behind MUDRY (moodri) a. wise NAZPAMAT (nazpamltY) adv. MUSEf (musetY) v. to must by heart MUZ (muzY) m. man; husband NEBE, NEBO (nYebe. nYebo) n. MZDA (mzda) f. wages, pay heaven NEBEZPECNY (nYebezpechnee) N a. dangerous, unsafe NA (na) prep, on, upon; for, to NEDBAT (nYedbatY) v. not to NABOZENSTVO (nAbozYenstvo) care n. religion NEOISTY (nYechistee) a. unclean NABOZNY (nAbozYnee) a. pious, impure religious NEHODNY (nYehodnee) a. un- NACO (nacho), what for, why worthy NAD, NADO (nad, nado) prep. NECHAT (nYeXatY) v. to let, to over, above, beyond leave, to permit — 103 — NEJAK, NEJAKO (nYeYak, nYe- OBCHOD (obXod) m. trade, busi- Yako) adv. somehow ness, (business) store NEISTY (nYe-istee) a. uncertain, OBCHODNIK (obXodnYeek) m. unsafe business man, merchant, trad- NENI (nYenYi), it is not, it isn't er, dealer NEPORIADOK (nYeporiYadok) OBLEK (oblek) m. dress, cloth- m. disorder, confusion j n g } su jt NEPRIATEL (nYepr-YatelY) m. OBLOHA (obloha) f. sky, firma- enemy ^ men t NEZDRAVY (nYezdravee) a. un- OBNOVIT (obnovitY) v. to re- healthy new, to renovate NEZ, NEZLI (nYezY, nYezYli) OBRANIT (obrAnitY) v. to de- conj. but, than fend NIC (nYich) adv. nothing OBRAZ (obraz) m. picture NIEJnYYe) adv. no, not OBZVLAST (obzvllshtY) adv. NIECO (nYYecho), something especially NIEKDE (nYYekdYe) adv. some- oceL (otselY) f gteel where NIEKEDY (nYYekedi) adv. some- ° D ' ° D ° ( ° d ' ° do) prep - from ' ° f ' ,. since times ATTT _ mA __._ ODDIEL (oddYYel) m. part, di- NIK, NIKTO (nYik, nYikto), no • • , , , , vision, branch one, nobody 0DEy (odYey) f dreg costume NIKDA, NIKDY (nYikda, nYik- c i thing di) adv. never, at no time ODKIAL (odkYalY) adv. whence, NOC (nots) f. night where from NOHA (noha) f. foot; leg ODMENA (odmena) f. reward, NOVINY (novini) pi. newspaper prize NOVY (novee) a. new, fresh ODNIEST (odnYYestY) v. to NOZ (nWOzY) m. knife take away, to carry away NUZ (nuzY), well, well then ODOPRET (odopretY) v. to re- fuse, to deny ODPOVED (odpovedY) f. answer, (o) prep, of, about; round, for, reply at ODPOVED At (odpovedatY) v. OB A, OBAJA, OBIDVA (oba, o- to answer, to reply, to respond ^baYa, obidva) m. both ODPUSTlt (odpustYitY) v. to OBCAN ( obchan) m. citizen pardon, to forgive, to excuse ; OBE, OBIDVE (obe, obidve) f. OHEN (ohenY) m. fire both OHLASIT (ohlAsitY) v. to an- OBED (obed) m. dinner nounce, to make kno^vn OBEt, OBETA (obetY, obeta) f. OCHOTNY (oXotnee) a. ready, sacrifice, offering willing — 104 — OCHRANA (oXrana) f. defence, PAMATAT (pamltatY) v. to re- protection member OKAMIH, OKAMZIK (okamih, p AN (pin) m. master, lord; gen- okamzYik) m. twinkling of , tleman an eye, instant P ^ N (P^n) m - mister, Mr. OKNO (okno) n. window PANI (P anYi ) f - lad ^ Mrs ' OKO (oko) n. eye PANNA (panna) f. virgin OKOLO (okolo) prep, about, PAPEZ (P A P ezY ) m - P°P* roundabout PAPIER (papYer) m. paper OKREM (okrem) prep, besides PAR

C0U P le OLEJ (oleY) m. oil PARA

va P or OLOVO (olovo) n. lead PE 9 (P ets ) f ' m ' oven > stove OMYL (omil) m. mistake, error PECAT (P^hatY) f. seal ™ ™ a ™^ / nt. PEKLO (peklo) n. hell ON, ONA, ONO (on, ona, ono), he, t>™ T t a v , v N .' v ' ' '* ' PENIAZ (penYaz) m. com v * J PERO (pero) n. pen OPROTI, PROTI (oprotYi, pro- PES (pes) m dog tYi) prep, opposite to, against PEV NY (pevnee) a. fast, strong, OSOBNE (osobnYe) adv. person- firm ally, PIATOK (pYatok) m. Friday OSOBNY (osobnee) a. personal PIJAK (piYAk) m. drinker, OSUD (osud) m. fate drunkard OTEC (otYets) m. father PISAT (peesatY) v. to write OTROK (otrok) m. slave PISMO (peesmo) m. writing, OTVORIT (otvoritY) v. to open handwriting OVCA (ovtsa) f. sheep PIT (pitY) v. to drink OVOCIE (ovots-Ye) n. fruit PIVO (pivo) n. beer OVSEM (ovshem) adv. of course PLAC (plach) m. weeping, crying OZBROJIT (ozbroYitY) v. to arm PLAT (plat) m. pay, salary OZNAMENIE (oznlmenYYe) n. PLATIT (platYitY) v. to pay notice, proclamation PLNY (plnee) a. full, complete OZVAT SA (ozvatY) vr. to ans- PO (po) prep, after, until; by, wer, to respond over POCASIE (pochas-Ye) n. weather P POCET (pochet)m. number, figure PAD (pAd) m. fall; case POD (pod) prep, under, below PADNUT (padnootY) v. to fall, POKLAD (pohlYad) m. look, to drop sight PALICA (palitsa) f. stick, staff, POKLADNIK (pokladnYeek) m. cane treasurer, cashier PALIT (pAlitY) v. to burn; to POKOJ (pokoY) m. peace, quiet- fire ness — 105 — POL, POLOVICA (pol, polovitsa), PRACA (prAtsa) f. work, labor half PRACOVAT (pratsovatY) v. to POLE (polYe) n. field work, to labor POMALY (pomali) adv. slowly, PRAVDA (pravda) f. truth gradually PRAVO (prAvo) right; law POMOC (pomots) f. help, aid, as- PRAZDNY (prAzdnee) a. empty; sistance vacant; blank PONE VAC (ponYevAch) because, PRE (pre) prep, for, in order to whereas PREC (prech) adv. away PONIZENY (ponYeezYenee) a. PRECO precho) why humble PRED (pred) pred. before; ago, PORIADOK (porYadok) m. order, since regulation PRED A J (predaY) m. sale POSLEDNY (poslednee) a. last PREDAT (predatY) v. to sell POSOL (posol) m. messenger, cou- PREDPLATNE ,predplatnE) n. rier subscription POSLUSNY (poslushnee) a. obe- PREDSA (predsa) adv. still, yet dient PREDSEDA (predseda) m. presi- POSTACIT (postachitY) v. to suf- dent, chairman fice PREDTYM (predteem), before, POSTAVIT (postavitY) v. to formerly place ; to build PREMENIT (premenYitY) v. to POSTUP (postup) m. advance, change progress PRIAMY (prYami) a. direct, POTOM (potom) after, after- straight wards; then PRIATEL (prYYatYelY) m. POTREBA (potreba) f. need, ne- friend cessity PRICINA (preechina) f. cause POTREBOVAT (potrebovatY) v. PRIJAT (priYatY) v. to take, to to want, to need accept, to receive POUZIT (pouzYitY) v. to use, to PRiKLAD (preeklad) m. example make use of PRILEZITOST (preelezYitostY) POVEDAT (povedatY) v. to say, f. opportunity, occasion to tell PRIPAD (preepad) m. case, event, POVINNOSf (povinnostY) f. du- occurrence ty, obligation PRIPRAYIT (pripravitY) v. to POZDRAVIT (pozdravitY), v. to prepare, to make ready greet, to salute PRISAHAT (prisahatY) v. to POZNAT (poznatY) v. to know, swear, to take an oath to recognize PRITOMNY (preetomnee) a. pre- POZOR (pozor) m. attention sent POZRET (pozretY) v. to look, to PROSBA (prosba) f. request, sup glance plication — 106 PROSIT (prositY) v. to request, to beg, to pray PRV (prv) adv. before, previously PUSTIT (pustYitY) v. to let go RAD (rad) m. row, line RAD (rAd) adv. gladly, with plea- sure RADIT (radYitY) v. to advise, to counsel RADOSt (radostY) f. joy, plea- sure, gladness RADOVAT sa (radovatY sa) vr. to rejoice, to exult RANA (rana) f. wound, stroke, blow RANIT (ranYitY) v. to wound, to hurt RANO (rAno) n. morning RAZ (raz), once, one time RAZ (rAz) m. character REC (rech) f. speech, talk, lan- guage RECNIT (rechnYitY) v. to speak, to deliver a speech REMESLO (remeslo) n. trade, craft REZAT (rezatY) v. to cut, to chop RIADIT (rYadYitY) v. to direct, to manage, to run, to regulate RIADNY (rYadni) a. regular RIEKA (rYeka) f. river RIMSKY (rimskee) a. Roman ROBIT (robitY) v. to work, to make ROBOTA (robota) f. work, labor RODINA (rodYina) f. family ROK (rok) m. year ROVNY (rovnee) a. straight, even ROVNOS'f (rovnostY) f. equa- lity, evenness ROZDIEL (rozdYYel) m. diffe- rence ROZKAZ (rozkaz) m. order, com- mand ROZUM (rozum) m. reason, sense, understanding ROZUMEt (rozumetY) v. to un- derstand RUKA (ruka) f. hand RUZA (ruzYa) f. rose RUZENEC (ruzYenYets) m. ro- sary, beads S S, SO (s, so) prep, with, down, from SAM (sAm) a. alone, self SBIERKA (sbYYerka) f. collec- tion SBOR (sbor) m. body, assembly SEDET (sedYetY) v. to sit SEKERA (sekera) f. ax SEM (sem) adv. here, hither SEMENO (semeno) n. seed SHODIT (zhodYitY) v. to throw down, to throw off SHORA (zhora) adv. from above SHROM AZDENIE ( zhromazY- dYenYYe) n. meeting, essem- blage SCHODY (sXodi) pi. stairs, steps SCHODZA (sXWOdza) f. meeting SICE (seetse) adv. else; indeed SILA (sila) f. strength, force SILNY (silnee) a. strong, power- ful SKRYt (skritY) v. to hide, to conceal SKORO (skoro) adv. quickly, early ; almost, nearly SKUTOK (skutok) m. fact, deed SLABY (slabee) a. weak SLADKY (sladkee) a. sweet — 107 SLEPY (slYepee) a. blind SLNKO (slnko) n. sun, sunlight SLOVO (slovo) n. word SLUB (slYub) m. promise SLUZIT (sloozYitY) v. to serve SMELY (smelee) a. bold, daring SMI At SA (smYatY sa) vr. to laugh SMRt (smrtY) f. death SMUTNY (smutnee) a. sad SNAD, ASNAD (snldY, asnAdY) adv. perhaps SOBAS (sobAsh) m. marriage, wedding SOTVA (sotva) adv. scarcely, al- most SPAT (spatY) v. to sleep SPIEVAT (spYYevatY) v. to sing SPOLOCNOSt (spolochnostY) f. company SPOLU (spolu) adv. together SPOSOB spWOsob) m. manner, way, form, kind SPRA VODLI V Y ( spravodli vee ) a. just, righteous SRDCE (srdtse) n. heart STALY (stAlee) a. steady, con- stant STARY (staree) a. old STAV (stav) m. condition, situa- tion STRANA (strana) f. side, party STREDA (streda) f. Wednesday STRIEZLIVY (strYezlivee) a. sober SUDIT (soodYitY) v. to judge SUCHY (suXee) a. dry SVET (svet) m. world SVETLO (svetlo) n. light SVIEZI (svYezYee) a. fresh SVOBODNY (svobodnee) a. free S SATY (shati) pi. f. clothes SIROKY (shirokee) a. wide, broad SKODA (shkoda) f. damage SPINA (shpina) f. dirt STASTIE (shtYastYYe) good luck, good fortune STASTNY (shtYastnee) a. happy, lucky, fortunate TAK (tak) adv. so, thus TAKMER, TEMER (takmer, te- mer) adv. almost, nearly TAM (tarn) adv. there, yonder, thither TAZKY (tYazYkee) a. heavy; hard, difficult TEDA, TEDY (teda, tedy) adv. then TELO (tYelo) n. body TENKY (tYenkee) a. thin TENTO (tento) a. this TEPLY (tYeplee) a. warm TERAZ (teraz) adv. now, this time TESNY (tYesnee) a. tight, close TESIT (tYeshitY) v. to comfort, to console TIEZ (tYezY) also, too TICHY (tYiXee) a. still, quiet TLAClT (tlachitY) v. to press, to squeeze ; to print TMA (tma) f. darkness TMAVY (tmavee) a. dark, obscure TROCHA, TROCHU (troXa, tro- Xu) adv. a little TVRDY (tvrdee) a. hard, obdu- rate — 108 — U VIAC (vYats) comp. more U (u) prep, at, by, near, in VIANOCE (vYanotse) p. f. Christ- UBOHY (oobohee) a. miserable, mas wretched VIERA (vYYera) f. faith, belief UCITEL (uchitYelY) m. teacher VIETOR (vYYetor) m. wind UCITELKA (uchitYelLka) f. tea- VINNY (vinnee) a. guilty cher VITAT (veetatY) v. to welcome UCIT (uchitY) v. to teach VITAZ (veetYaz) m. victor UCIT sa (uchitY sa) vr. to learn VY (vi) you UD (ood) m. member VLADA (vlAda) f. government UHLIE (uhlYYe) n. coal VLAK (vlak) m. train UKAZAT (uklzatY) v. to show, VOBEC (vWObets) adv. corn- to demonstrate monly, in general, at all UMRET (umretY) v. to die VODA (voda) f. water UPRIMNY (ooprimnee) a. since- VODCA (vodtsa) m. leader re, frank VOJSKO (voYsko) n. army URAD (oorad) m. office VOLIT (volYitY) v. to elect, to URAZKA (urlzYka) f. offense, vote insult VOLNY (volYnee) a. free; loose URCITY (urchitee) a. fixed, posi- VOLNO (volYno) ! Come in! tive, precise VON (von) adv. out TJSPECH (oospeX) m. success VRATIT (vrltitY) v. to give USTAV (oostav) m. institute back to return USTAVA (oostava) f. constitution ySTAt ( vstatY) v to t to USTNE (oostnYe) adv. orally gtand tQ rige USTREDNY (oostrednee) a. cen- ^^ ^^ y ^ ^ UTIECT (utYYetstY) v. to run _ fi .^^ ™ ■ " , », VSADE (vshadYe) adv. every- away, to escape, to ilee v J UTLY (ootlee) a. tender, soft, de- 6 JL ere . ,. . VSAK (vshak) conj. but, however iiCctxe v , UZKY (oozkee) a. narrow, small VSBLIJAKY (vsheliYakee) a. va- UZ (uzY) adv. already rious ' different, of all sorts VSEMOHUCI (vshemohootsi) a. V almighty V, VO (v, vo) prep, in, to, within, VZDOR, VZDORY (vzdor, vzdo- inside ri) prep, in spite of VACSl (vAchshee) comp. greater, VZOR (vzor) m. model larger YZORKA (vzorka) f. sample VACSlNA (vAchshina) f. major- ity Z VALKA (vAlka) f. war Z, ZO (z, zo) prep, from, out, out VELMI (velYmi) adv. very of — 109 ZA (za) prep, after; for; behind; ZDRAVY (zdravee) a. well, heal- across thy, sound ZABAVA (zAbava) f. amusement, ZEM (zem) f. earth; land, ground : i entertainment ZABIT (zabitY) v. to kill ZACIATOK (zachYatok) m. beg- inning ZAHRADA (zlhrada) f. garden ZAKON (zlkon) m. law ZAMESTNANIE (zamestnanYYe) n. employment, business, oc- cupation ZAP AS (zApas) m. fight, strug- gle, contest ZAPIS (zApis) m. record, regi- ster ; enrolment, enlistment ZAPISNIK (zApisnYeek) m. re- corder, secretary ZAROVEN (zArovenY) adv. at the same time ZASTAVA (zlstava) f. flag, ban- ner ZASTUP (zlstup) m. crowd, throng, multitude ZAVRET (zavretY) v. to shut, to close ZBRAN (zranY) f. weapon ZDAR (zdar) m. success ZDARMA (zdarma) adv. free, gratis, for nothing ZKADE (zkadYe) adv. whence ZKAZIT (zkazitY) v. to ruin, to spoil, to destroy ZLATO (zlato) n. gold ZLE (zle) adv. badly ZLY (zlee) a. bad, evil, wicked ZNAT (znatY) v. to know, to un- derstand ZOSTAf (zostatY) v. to stay, to remain ZTRATA (ztrata) f. loss, damage ZVADA (zvada) f. quarrel ZVIERA (zvYera) n. animal ZALOVAT (zYalovatY) v. to com- plain of ZE (zYe) conj. that, since, be- cause ZELEZO (zYelYezo) n. iron ZENA (zYena) f. woman, wife ZIADOST (zY-YadostY) f. re- quest, petition, wish Zlf (zYitY) v. to live ZIVOT (zYivot) m. life ZLTY (zYltee) a. yellow ZUT (zYutY) v. to chew, to ma- sticate '^STtS^ — 110 — English and Slovak Vocabulary A, AN, jeden (Yeden) a. ABILITY, schopnost' (sXopnostY) f. ABOUT, asi (asi), okolo (okolo) ABOVE, vyse (vishe), nad (nad) ABSENT, nepritomny (nYepree- tomnee) a. ACCENT, prizvuk (preezvuk) m. ACCEPT, prijat' (priYatY) v. ACCIDENT, nehoda (nYelioda) f. ACCORDING TO, podl'a (podlYa) prep. ACCOUNT, ucet (oochet) m. ACCURATE, spravny (sprAvnee) a. ACCUSE, obvinit' (obvinYitY) v. ACKNOWLEDGE, uznat' (u- znatY) v. ACT, emit' (chinitY) v. ACT, cin (chin) m. ADD, pridat' (pridatY) v. ADRESS, adressa (adressa) f. ADMIT, pripustit' (pripustYitY) v. ADULT, dospely (dospelee) a. ADVERTISEMENT, ohlaska Co- lli Ashka) f. ADVISE, radit' (radYitY) v. AFTER, za (za), po (po) prep. AFTER ALL, koneene (konYech- nYe) AGAIN, znovu (znovu), zase (za- se) adv. AGAINST, proti (protYi) prep. AGE, vek (vek) m. AGENT, agent (agent) m. AGO, pred (pred) prep. AGREEMENT, smluva (smluva) f. AHEAD, napred (napred) AID, pomahat' (pomAhatY) v. AIM, ciel' (ts-YelY) m. AIR, vzduch (vzduX) m. ALIKE, podobny (podobnee) a. ALIVE, zivy (zYivee) a. ALL, vsetko (vchetko) ; cely (tse- lee) a. ALONE, sam (sAm) ALOUD, hlasno (hlasno) adv. ALSO, tiez (tYYezY) ALWAYS, vzdy (vzYdi) adv. AM, som (som) AMONG, medzi (medzi) prep. AND, a (a), i (i) conj. ANGEL, anjel (anYel) m. ANGER, hnev (hnYev) m. ANGRY, nahnevany (nahnYeva- nee) a. ANOTHER, iny (inee), druhy (druhee) a. ANSWER, odpovedat' (odpove- datY) v. ANSWER, odpoved' (odpovedY) s. f. ANY, barsktory (bArsktoree) a. APPLE, jablko (Yablko) n. APRIL, april (apreel) m ARGUMENT, dokaz (dWOkaz)m. AROUND, okolo (okolo) ARTICLE, vec (vets) f., clanok (chlAnok) m. AS, ako (ako) AS IF, jakoby (Yakobi) AS SOON AS, jakmile (Yakmile) ASIDE, okrem ; na stranu ASK, pytaU (peetatY) v. ASPIRE, tiizif (toozYitY) v. ASS, osol (osol) m. ASSIST, pomahat (pomAhatY) v. — Ill — AT, v (v), vo (vo), u (u), pri BESIDE, mimo (mimo), okrem (pri) prep. (okrem) prep. ATTACK, utok (ootok) s. m. BESIDES, okrem toho (okrem to- ATTACK, utocit' (ootochitY) v. ho) ATTENTION, pozor (pozor) m. BET, stavit' sa (stavitY sa) vr. AUGUST, august (august) m. BETRAY, zradit' (zradYitY) v. AUTHOR, povodca (pWOvodtsa) BETTER, lepsi (lepshee) comp. m. BEWARE, dat' pozor (datY po- AWAY, prec (prech) zor) v. BEYOND, za (za), nad (nad) B prep. BABY, diet'a (dYYetYa), uemluv- BID, nabidka (nabeedka) s. f. na (nYemluvnYa) u. BID, nabidnut' (nabeednutY) v. BACK, zad (zad), nazad (nazad) BIG, vel'ky (velYkee) a. BACKWARD, nazad (nazad) BILL, ticet (oochet) m. ; zobak BAD, zly (zlee) a ; zobAk) BAIL, zaruka (zAruka) f. BIND, viazat' (vYazatY) v. BAKER, pekar (pekAr) m. ^ BIRD, vtak (vtlk) m. BALL, lobda (lobda) f. ; bal (bAl) BIRTH) naro denie (narodYe- m - f uYYe) n. BANKER, bankar (baiikAr) m. BISH0P , biskup (biskup) m. BAPTISM, krst (krst) m. - RTrp , ,. ' . / ' n BASKET, kos (kosh) m. BIT ^ (kus) m " kuSok ( ko0 " ^T^v!vS koopelY) s * m * BI ™> *£* ( koosat ' Y ) *• BE, byt' (bitY) v. } BEAT, bit' (bitY), porazit' (pora- BITTER > ^orky (horkee) a., trp- zitY) v. k ^ ( tr P kee ) a BEAUTIFUL, krasny (krAsuee) a. BLA CK, cierny (chYeruee) a. BECAUSE, peuevac (ponYevAch) BLAME > ™A (vmYitY) v. BED, poster (postYelY) f. BLANK, prazdny (prAzdnee) a., BEER, pivo (pivo) n. 6lst ^ (<*istee) a. BEFORE, pred (pred), nez BLANKET, deka (deka) f., po- nYezY) kryvka (pokreevka) f. BEG, prosit' (prositY), zobrat? BLEED, krvacat' (krvAtsaty) v. (zYobratY) v. BLIND, slepy (slepee) a. BEGIN, zacat' (zachatY) v. BLISS, blaho (blaho) n. BEHIND, za (za) prep. BLOCK, spalok (shpalok) m., BELIEVE, verit' (veritY) v. stvorhran (shtvorhran) m. BELONG, patrit' (patritY) v. "blok" (blok) m. BELT, pas (pAs) m BLOOD, krv (krv) f. BENEATH, pod (pod) prep. BLUE, modry (modree) a. BENEDICTION, pozehnanie (po- BLUNT, tupy (tupee) a., priamy zYehnanYYe) n. prYamee) a. — 112 — BOARD, doska (doska) f. ; ztrava BUSY, zaujaty (zauYatee) a. (ztrava) f. ; sbor (sbor) m. ; BUT, ale (alYe) conj. vybor (veebor) m. BUTCHER, masiar (mAs-Yar) m. BODY, telo (tYelo) n.; trup BUTTER, maslo (maslo) n. (trap) m. BUTTON, gombik (gombeek) m. BOLD, smely (smelee) a. BUY, kupit' (koopitY) v. BOND, svaz (svAz) m. ; zaruka BY, pri (pri), u (u) prep. (zAruka) f. BONE, kostf (kostY) f. C BOOK, kniha (knYiha) i, knizka CABBAGE, kapusta (kapusta) f. (knYizYka) f. CAGE, klietka (klYYetka) f. BORN, narodeny (narodYenee) a. CAKE, kolac (kolAch) m. BOSS, pan (pAn), zamestnavac CALCULATE, pocitat' (pochee- (zamestnAvach) m. tatY) v. BOTH, oba (oba) m. ; obe (obe) f. CALENDAR, kalendar (kalen- BOTTLE, flasa (flasha) f. dir) m. BOX, bedna (bedna) f., skatul'a CALL, volat' (volatY) v. shkatulYa) f., "boxa" (bo- CALM, tichy (tYiXee) a. xa) f. CAN, konva (konva) f., plechac BOY, chlapec (Xlapets) m. (plYeXAch), "kena" (kena f. BRAIN, modzog (modzog) m. ; CAN, mocf (mWOtstY) v. modzgy (modzgi) pi. f. CANCEL, zrusit' (zrushitY) v., za- BRANCH, vetva (vetva) f., ko- stavit' (zastavitY) v. nar (konAr) m. CANDLE, sviecka (svYechka) f. BRANDY, palenka (pAlenka) f. CANDY, cukroviny (tsukrovini) BRAVE, udatny( udatnee) a., pi. f. chrabry (Xrabree) a. CAP, ciapka (chYapka) f. BREAK, zlomit' (zlomitY) v.; roz- CAR, kara (klra), i, voz(vWOz) bit' (rozbitY) v. m. BREAKFAST, ranajky (ranYaY- CARE, starost' (starostY) f. ki) pi. f. CARRY, niestf (nYYestY) v. ; BRIGHT, jasny (Yasnee) a.; culy viezt' (vYYestY) v. (chulee) a. CASE, pripad (preepad) m.; bed- BROAD, siroky (shirokee) a. na (bedna) f. BROKEN, zlomeny (zlomenee) a. CASH, hotove (hotovE) pi. BROOM, metla (metla) f. CASH, zamenit' (zamenYitY) v. BROWN, hnedy (HnYedee) a., CAT, macka (machka) f. braunovy (brannovee) a. CATCH, chytif (XitYitY) v., la- BRUSH, kefa (kefa) f. pit (lapitY) v. BUILD, stavat' (stavatY) v. CATECHISM, katechismus (kate- BURDEN, t'archa (tYarXa) f., kismus) m. bremeno (bremeno) n. CAUSE, pricina (preechina) s. f. BURN, palit' (pAlitY) v. CELEBRATE, slavit (sllvitY) v. — 113 — CERTAIN, isty (istee) a. CLOTH, platno (plAtno) n., sudno CHAIR, stolicka (stolichka) f., (sookno) n. stolok (stolok) m. CLOTHES, saty (shati) pi. f. CHANCE, prihoda (preehoda) f., COAL, uhlie (uhlYYe) n. nahoda (nAhoda) f. COAT, kabat (kabAt) m. CHANGE (in money), drobne COFFEE, kava (klva) f. (drobnE) pi. COKE, koks (koks) m. CHANGE, zmena (zmena) s. f. COLD, studeny (studYenee) a., CHANGE, menit' (menYitY) v., zimny (zimnee) a. zmenit' (zmenYitY) v. COLD, zima (zima) s. f. CHARITY, dobrocinnost' (dobro- C0L LECT, sbierat' (sbYeratY) v., chinnostY) f. sobraf (sobrat Y) v. CHEAP, lacny (latsnee) a. rtr . r ,._, , ,, . „ CHEAT, klamaf (klamatY), audit S™^™ ■ ^TVm f o "^C,**^ « Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. : \ * Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide • „ .0' **' * «/ £, «>^ v .