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Foundrymen's Handbook 
 
 BASED ON DATA SHEETS 
 FROM THE FOUNDRY 
 
 REVISED AND SUPPLEMENTED 
 
 TO REPRESENT AND INTERPRET 
 
 MODERN PRACTICE 
 
 First Edition 
 
 1922 
 
 THE PENTON PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 PENTON BLDG., CLEVELAND, 0.,U.S.A. 
 
 
 :// 
 

 Copyright, 1922, 
 
 By The Penton Publishing Co, 
 
 Cl-EVEI,AND, O., U. S. A. 
 
 g)C!.A674029 
 
 O 
 
 -9?2 O^ 
 
 0^ 
 
 \ 
 
 VI 
 
PREFACE 
 
 To ENABLE foundrymen to compile a notebook of classified infor- 
 mation relating to all phases of casting production, The Foundry in- 
 augurated the publication of a series of Data Sheets in September, 
 1907. These have been continued with unbroken regularity and a tremen- 
 dous amount of valuable data has been accumulated. Specially inserted in 
 each issue of The Foundry, these data sheets are marked for easy clip- 
 ping and are printed only on one side of the page. Gathered together 
 in loose leaf notebook form, these Data Sheets now constitute the most 
 valuable work in the reference libraries of many foundrymen. How- 
 ever, those who have not had access to these Data Sheets from the time 
 they were originally issued, or who have failed to preserve them, 
 have been insistent in their demands that they be made available to 
 them in some permanent form. Therefore, this Foundrymen's Hand- 
 book has been compiled from these Data Sheets, some of which, pub- 
 lished ten or more years ago, have been eliminated because they reflect 
 obsolete practice and others have been revised to accord with modern 
 methods. 
 
 Foundry work involves principles of almost every branch of engi- 
 neering to which the skilled foundrymen must add a knowledge of the 
 essentials of chemistry, metallurgy and pattern design and construc- 
 tion. The miscellaneous character of the information herein presented 
 reflects the wide diversity of general and scientific data that should 
 he available to every foundryman and should find a place in every cast- 
 ing plant. At least an elementary knowledge of foundry work is essen- 
 tial for the patternmaker and he also will find this handbook a valuable 
 addition to his reference library. A large part of the data herewith 
 
 \ II 
 
presented represents original research and study ; some of it details 
 in concise form, practice that has been standard for many years ; many 
 of the calculations are included because of their direct bearing upon 
 foundry and pattern shop problems, while the specifications represent the 
 most recent standards adopted or revised by the societies by which they 
 have been prepared. 
 
 An attempt has been made to credit the many and diversified 
 sources of information contained in this handbook, but unfortunately 
 this listing is incomplete. Therefore, to all contributors collectively, 
 are extended hearty thanks and appreciation of their efforts which have 
 made this handbook possible and the same sentiments undoubtedly will 
 be expressed by those interested in the progress of foundry practice, 
 who may have occasion to refer to this work. 
 
 THE PENTON PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 May 1, 1922. 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 VIII 
 
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 
 
 H. J. Butler, Molding Suggestions 
 
 George M. Carson, Weights of Units of Metal 
 
 George W. Childs, Drafting Room Suggestions 
 
 F. A. Coleman, Average Output of Cupolas 
 
 S. L. Cook, Data on Chords of Circles, Geometric Data, Decimal Equivalents 
 
 H. Cole Estep, Computing Tonnage of Iron 
 
 Walter M. Hippler, Data on Gears 
 
 Roy S. Kerns,' Etching Solutions for Iron and Steel 
 
 William J. Kiln, Temperatue Conversion Chart 
 
 John Leafstrom, Standard Handwheels 
 
 P. Ludwik, Hardness of Alloys 
 
 J. G. Mingle, Data on Chimney Design 
 
 Arthur McAlpine, Trigonometric Formulas 
 
 R. R. McGowan, Computing Weight from Perimeter 
 
 A. W. Nock, Computing Pattern Lumber 
 Paul R. Camp. Shop Aids 
 
 Thomas A. Ranee, Tables of Metric Equivalents 
 
 P. H. 86 F. M. Roots Co., Formulas and Tables on Flow of Air 
 
 B. F. Sturtevant Co., Formulas and Tables on Flow of Air 
 
 W. L. Tryon, Mathematical Data, Tables and Standard Practice Computing Weights 
 Charles Vickers, Nonferrous Subjects 
 E. G. Walker, Shrinkage of Castings 
 
 IX 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 SECTION I 
 GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 Page 
 
 Useful Formulas 2 
 
 Data on Fuel S 
 
 Details of a Coremaker's Bench 6 
 
 Dimensions of Standard Handwheels 8 
 
 Pickling Solutions for Iron 9 
 
 Iron and Steel Etching Solutions 10 
 
 Uses of Iron and Steel, Etching Solutions.. . 12 
 
 Data on Chimney Design 14 
 
 Methods of Finding Areas of Irregular 
 
 Figures 22 
 
 Method of Finding the Center of Gravity 
 
 of Irregular Figures 23 
 
 Making Castings of Uniform Thickness from 
 
 Block Patterns 24 
 
 Clamping Device for Corepiate 26 
 
 Temperature Measure by Color 28 
 
 Pressure Exerted by Molten Metal 29 
 
 Notes on Specific Gravity 30 
 
 Clearances for Electric Cranes 32 
 
 Clearances for Hand Power Cranes 34 
 
 Strength of Chains and Ropes 36 
 
 Testing Blowers 37 
 
 Page 
 Method of Calculating Mixtures for the 
 
 Cupola 38 
 
 General Rules for Mixing Iron by Analysis. . 39 
 
 Compositions for Gray-Iron Castings 42 
 
 Metallurgical Temperature Chart 43 
 
 Formulas for Finding Weights 45 
 
 Measuring the Capacity of Ladles 46 
 
 Air Pressure Table 48 
 
 Air Velocity Table 49 
 
 Diameters of Cupola Blast Pipes 50 
 
 Capacity Table of Steel Pressure Blowers for 
 
 Cupola Service 52 
 
 Air Handled by Dust Collecting Hoods 53 
 
 Grinding Wheel Standards 54 
 
 Causes of Grinding Wheel Accidents 56 
 
 Cupola Practice 58 
 
 Melting Points of Chemical Elements 59 
 
 Shrinkage of Castings per Foot 60 
 
 Tumbling Barrel Exhausts 61 
 
 Sizes of Pipes for Forges and Furnaces 62 
 
 Tonnage of Pig Iron in Piles or Ricks 63 
 
 Tonnage of Coke in Bins 64 
 
 Data on Belts and Pulleys 65 
 
 SECTION II 
 COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Formulas for Finding Weights of Iron Castings 80 
 
 Formulas for Finding the Weights of Castings 82 
 
 Computing Weights of Thin Castings 100 
 
 Weight of Fillets 103 
 
 Table of Weights of Castings 106 
 
 Perimeter or Girth Table for Determining 
 
 the Weight of Iron Castings 107 
 
 Page 
 
 Weights of Solid Octagonal Iron Castings. . . lOS 
 
 Weights of Elliptical Bars per Running Inch. 109 
 
 Weight of Balls or Spheres Ill 
 
 Weight of Rods or Cylinders per Running 
 
 Inch 113 
 
 Pattern Size and Weight of Cast-Iron Pipe. . 117 
 
 Formulas for Weights 120 
 
 X 
 
CONTENTS— Confmuet/ 
 
 SECTION III 
 REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 Page 
 
 Board Feet in Pattern Lumber 122 
 
 Lengths of Chords for Spacing Circles 126 
 
 Chords of Angles from 1 to 90 Degrees 130 
 
 Table of Dimensions of Polygons 133 
 
 Outside Diameters for Polygons 134 
 
 Lengths of Sides of Polygons 136 
 
 Patternmaker's Table for Rounding Corners 138 
 
 Tapers and Angles 139 
 
 Page 
 Table of Sines, Tangents, Chords and 
 
 Circular Arcs 141 
 
 Finding Lengths of Chords 143 
 
 Standard Foundation Washers 144 
 
 Standard Wood Washers 145 
 
 Epicycloidal Gear Teeth 1 46 
 
 Exhaust Connections ISO 
 
 Miscellaneous Data for the Patternmaker. . 151 
 
 SECTION IV 
 NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 Page 
 
 Manganese Bronze C 1^4 
 
 Phosphor Bronze 155 
 
 Parson's Manganese Bronze 156 
 
 Bronze for Machinery Castings 157 
 
 The Effect of Various Elements on Strength 
 
 of Manganese Bronze 158 
 
 Red Brass for Small Castings 159 
 
 Yellow Brass for Sand Castings 160 
 
 White Brass 161 
 
 Mixtures for Plumbers' Brass Goods 162 
 
 Cheap Brass Mixtures 163 
 
 Weights of Alloys and Metals 165 
 
 Determining Specific Gravity and Weights of 
 
 Alloys 166 
 
 Data on Alloys and Metals 167 
 
 Brass and Bronze Alloys Used in English 
 
 Practice 168 
 
 Tin-Antimony-Copper Alloys 169 
 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys 170 
 
 Composition of Miscellaneous Alloys 171 
 
 Copper-Tin-Phosphorus Alloys 172 
 
 Phosphor Bronze Alloys 178 
 
 Composition of Miscellaneous Alloys 179 
 
 Statuary Bronze 188 
 
 Patented Nonferrous Alloys 191 
 
 Aluminum Alloys 193 
 
 Hardening Effect of Additions of Commercial 
 
 Metals to Aluminum 197 
 
 Data on Aluminum Bronze 199 
 
 Aluminum Alloys Used in Aircraft 201 
 
 Patented Aluminum Alloys 202 
 
 Page 
 
 Common Casting Copper 204 
 
 Cheap Red Metal 205 
 
 Deoxidizers for Copper and Its Alloys 206 
 
 Copper Castings for Electrical Purposes 207 
 
 Comparative Hardness of Copper Alloys. . . . 209 
 
 Comparative Hardness of White Metals 212 
 
 Hardness of Bearing Metals 214 
 
 Proprietary Bearing Alloys 215 
 
 Babbitt and Antifriction Metals 217 
 
 Babbitt Used in Automobiles 219 
 
 Heat Resisting Castings 220 
 
 Odd and Unusual Alloys 221 
 
 Ounce Metal 222 
 
 Nickel Alloys 223 
 
 Brazing Metal 224 
 
 The Effect of Manganese-Copper Additions.. 225 
 
 Miscellaneous Formulas 226 
 
 Fusible Alloys 221 
 
 Babbitt Metal 227 
 
 Soldering Alloys 238 
 
 Melting Points of Solders 239 
 
 Tests of Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys 230 
 
 Soldering Aluminum Bronze 232 
 
 Flux for Soldering 233 
 
 Fluxes for Nonferrous Metals 236 
 
 Patented Nonferrous Alloys 235 
 
 Miscellaneous Dips '. 246 
 
 Physical Requirements of Nonferrous Alloys. 242 
 
 Composition of Nonferrous Alloys 243 
 
 Requirements for Special Alloys 245 
 
 Pickling Solutions for Brass 249 
 
 XI 
 
CONTENTS— Continued 
 
 SECTION V 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 Page 
 
 Specifications for Gray-Iron Castings 248 
 
 Specifications for Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and 
 
 Fittings 251 
 
 Specifications for Locomotive Cylinders 255 
 
 Specifications for Cast-iron Pipe and Special 
 
 Castings 257 
 
 Page 
 
 Heat Treating Case-Hardened Carbon-Steel 
 
 Objects 263 
 
 Annealing Carbon-Steel Castings 264 
 
 Scrap Metal Specifications 265 
 
 Specifications for Exhaust Systems 267 
 
 SECTION VI 
 MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 Page 
 Gross Ton Conversion Tables 276 
 
 Decimal Parts of a Gross Ton 278 
 
 Net and Gross Equivalents 280 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of Various Metals.. 282 
 
 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions 283 
 
 Page 
 
 Table for Changing Centigrade to Fahrenheit 285 
 Volume and Weight of Piled Bell and Spigot 
 
 Cast-Iron Pipe 28> 
 
 Weight of Steel in Pounds from 1 to 1000 
 
 Cubic Inches 289 
 
 Table Converting Millimeters to Inches 291 
 
 XII 
 
SECTION I 
 
 GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 Page 
 
 Useful Formulas 2 
 
 Data on Fuel 5 
 
 Details of a Coremaker's Bench 6 
 
 Dimensions of Standard Handwheels 8 
 
 Pickling Solutions for Iron 9 
 
 Iron and Steel Etching Solutions 10 
 
 Uses of Iron and Steel, Etching Solutions.. . . 12 
 
 Data on Chimney Design 14 
 
 Methods of Finding Areas of Irregular 
 
 Figures 22 
 
 Method of Finding the Center of Gravity 
 
 of Irregular Figures 23 
 
 Making Castings of Uniform Thickness from 
 
 Block Patterns 24 
 
 Clamping Device for Coreplate 26 
 
 Temperature Measure by Color 28 
 
 Pressure Exerted by Molten Metal 29 
 
 Notes on Specific Gravity 30 
 
 Clearances for Electric Cranes 32 
 
 Clearances for Hand Power Cranes 34 
 
 Strength of Chains and Ropes 36 
 
 Testing Blowers 37 
 
 Page 
 Method of Calculating Mixtures for the 
 
 Cupola 38 
 
 General Rules for Mixing Iron by Analysis. . 39 
 
 Compositions for Gray Iron Castings 40 
 
 Metallurgical Temperature Chart 43 
 
 Formulas for Finding Weights 45 
 
 Measuring the Capacity of Ladles 46 
 
 Air Pressure Table 48 
 
 Air Velocity Table 49 
 
 Diameters of Cupola Blast Pipes SO 
 
 Capacity Table of Steel Pressure Blowers for 
 
 Cupola Service 52 
 
 Air Handled by Dust Collecting Hoods 53 
 
 Grinding Wheel Standards 54 
 
 Causes of Grinding Wheel Accidents 56 
 
 Cupola Practice 58 
 
 Melting Points of Chemical Elements 59 
 
 Shrinkage of Castings per Foot 60 
 
 Tumbling Barrel Exhausts 61 
 
 Sizes of Pipes for Forges and Furnaces 62 
 
 Tonnage of Pig Iron in Piles or Ricks 63 
 
 Tonnage of Coke in Bins 64 
 
 Data on Belts and Pulleys 65 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 USEFUL FORMULAS 
 
 Wax Vents for Cores 
 
 Paraffine wax largely is used for making wax vents for cores, 
 and two pounds of wax will make 35 feet of ^-inch taper. The 
 wax first is softened by being placed in warm water, so that it can 
 be squeezed through the vent machine. The tapers are coiled for 
 convenient storage, while warm and soft and previous to use are 
 softened by immersion in warm water. 
 
 Composition Vents 
 
 A composition of equal parts of beeswax and rosin also makes 
 an excellent wax vent. The wax should be melted first, then the 
 rosin added as a powder, the mixture being well stirred mean- 
 while. This composition does not soften the cores like pure wax, 
 as the rosin hardens the core and corrects this fault of the wax. 
 Paraffine wax may be substituted for the beeswax, but it is not as 
 good. Plowever, when it is necessary to use the harder wax, the 
 tapers should be formed by dipping cotton wick into the melted 
 paraffine as the composition is too brittle to use without support. 
 When beeswajJ is used, the tapers can be formed by squeezing 
 through a vent machine. 
 
 Coatings for Steel Cores 
 
 Add shellac varnish to the regular plumbago core wash until 
 the mixture is thick enough to form a thin and perfect coating 
 on the steel when dipped. When dry, re-dip until the required 
 thickness is obtained. Another method of preparing steel shapes 
 for use as cores is to coat with linseed oil, and while wet, dust 
 with dry, sharp sand, and bake in the oven. Silicate of sodium 
 (water glass) has also been found of value as a coating for steel 
 cores. When the steel is to be burned onto cast iron, it first is coated 
 with silicate of sodium, and while tacky is dusted with finely 
 powdered ferro-manganese. Before being placed in the mold the 
 treated steel is thoroughly dried. 
 
 Facing Mixture for Skin-Dried Molds n 
 
 Parts 
 
 Old molding sand 12 
 
 New molding sand 6 
 
 Lake sand 2^^ 
 
 Sea coal 2 
 
 Flour Yz 
 
 Mix thoroughly and wet with clear water until as damp as 
 ordinary molding sand. When the mold is made, brush on dry 
 plumbago and polish with the hand ; then paint with molasses 
 water and dry until a hard skin is formed. 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 USEFUL FORMULAS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Foundry Refractories 
 
 Fire brick should always be kept dry, as moisture, especially 
 in cold weather, greatly injures the brick. The refractoriness of 
 the fire clay in which tlie bricks are laid should be equal to that of 
 the bricks, otherwise the clay will melt out, and the heat will pene- 
 trate to the shell of the furnace. A brick-to-brick joint should be 
 made whenever possible. The bricks are dipped in a thin clay 
 mixture and close contact is obtained by rubbing the bricks to- 
 gether. 
 
 Fire clay brick should be laid with finely ground fire clay, and 
 
 silica brick should be laid with silica cement. All newly lined 
 
 furnaces, should be heated slowly to expel the moisture. Furnaces 
 
 lined with silica brick should always be heated and cooled slowly 
 
 and uniformly, as sudden variations of temperature cause the brick 
 
 to spawl. 
 
 Proportions of Clay to Brick 
 
 In laying 1,000 fire bricks, from 250 to 350 pounds of fire clay 
 or silica cement are required. The weight of ordinary fire clay 
 brick averages 150 pounds a cubic foot and silica brick, 130 pounds a 
 cubic foot. One square foot of 4^/2-inch wall requires seven bricks, 
 and one square foot of 13^/4-inch wall requires 21 bricks; 1,000 
 bricks, closely stacked, total 56 cubic feet. 
 
 Chrome Brick 
 
 Chrome bricks are very refractory, dense in structure and 
 neutral. They are practically infusible and are useful in making 
 emergency repairs on a hot furnace as they are not aiTected by sud- 
 den changes of temperature. Chrome bricks, when next to the shell 
 of the furnace, should be laid in magnesite cement. 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 USEFUL FORMULAS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Carborundum Brass Furnace Lining 
 
 Mix together thoroughly the following ingredients : 
 
 Parts 
 
 Carborundum fire sand 80 
 
 Dry powdered fire clay 20 
 
 Wet to the consistency of molding sand with a mixture of water 
 and silicate of soda, in the proportions of half and half. This mix- 
 ture is used to form furnace linings by being rammed when moist 
 between the furnace shell and a sheet iron or wooden form which 
 determines the size of the furnace. This form is afterward removed. 
 
 Producer Groutings 
 
 An elastic filling to be used between the fire brick lining 
 and the shell of producers is made by mixing thoroughly in a dry 
 condition the following: Parts 
 
 Silica sand 40 
 
 Dry fire clay 40 
 
 Add to this mixture 20 parts of coal tar and thoroughly incor- 
 porate, using heat if necessary. The mass should not be sticky. It 
 is tamped in place like sand. 
 
 Furnace Cement 
 
 Parts 
 
 Dry pulverized fire clay 4J^ 
 
 Oxide of manganese IJ^ 
 
 Borax i/^ 
 
 Salt 1/2 
 
 Mix with water to a paste, apply to the cracks and heat 
 gradually. 
 
 Ladle Daubing 
 
 A daubing for small ladles that has met with considerable 
 
 success is made as follows : „ 
 
 Parts 
 
 Loam sand 75 
 
 Sharp or silica sand 15 
 
 Dry core compound 10 
 
 Mix, and dry thoroughly after application to the ladles. 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON FUELS 
 
 Comparative Heat Values of Fuels 
 The unit of heat generally used for practical purposes is known 
 as the British thermal unit (B. t. u.) and represents the amount 
 of heat required to raise 1 pound of water, 1 degree Fahr., when at a 
 temperature of 60 degrees Fahr. Its mechanical equivalent is 772 
 foot-pounds. A comparison of the heat values of various fuels is 
 
 made in the following table : Heat Value 
 
 in British 
 Thermal 
 Units, 
 Fuel Per Pound. 
 
 Anthracite coal 12,900 to 14,800 
 
 Acetylene gas 20,700 
 
 Bituminous coal 12,500 to 16,200 
 
 Charcoal 13,700 
 
 Coke 12,000 to 14,500 
 
 Carbon, complete combustion 14,500 
 
 Coal gas 19.850 
 
 Hydrogen to water 52,740 
 
 Peat 7,400 to 10,200 
 
 Wood 7,400 to 7,800 
 
 Natural gas . . . 22,000 
 
 Marsh gas 23,500 
 
 Tlie thermal value of any fuel will vary according to the amount 
 of moisture contained therein. 
 
 Weights of Different Fuels and the Space Required for Storage 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 
 Weight, Storage Space, 
 Pounds Per Per Ton of 
 
 Fuel Cubic Foot. 2,240 Pounds 
 
 Anthracite coal, market size, piled loosely.... 52 to 56 40 to 43 
 
 Bituminous coal, broken, piled loosely 47 to 52 43 to 48 
 
 Dry Coke 23 to 32 80 to 97 
 
 From 100 net tons of coking coal there are produced 65 tons of 
 coke in beehive ovens, and in by-product ovens there are obtained 
 75 net tons of coke, 1,000 gallons of tar, 2,500 pounds of sulphate of 
 ammonia, and 450,000 cubic feet of illuminating gas. 
 
 5 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DETAILS OF A COREMAKER'S BENCH 
 
 The three drawings on pages 6 and 7 present complete details neces- 
 sary for the construction of a coremaker's bench. This bench consists es- 
 sentially of two sand hoppers with a capacity of approximately 21 cubic 
 feet, each supported on 3 x 12-inch yellow-pine foundation stringers. Edge- 
 bolted 2 X 12-inch yellow pine planks form the dividing wall between 
 the two sand hoppers, and also support the shelf, IV, designed to ac- 
 commodate the coremaker's tools. Four men work at the bench, at 
 the points lettered A, B, C and D, respectively, on the upper drawing 
 on page 7. Each man has a 29 x 32^-inch working platform at 
 his disposal. It is supported by the sides of the sand hopper and may 
 be moved to any desired position. 
 
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 Sectional Elevation at X-Y 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DETAILS OF A COREMAKER'S BENCH 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 <*( 
 
 -LL 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I — ^ 
 
 "^T 
 
 6 Pes -3"X4"XZ'-S" 
 
 ^n 
 
 -1 — I 
 
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 -u 1 
 
 1 
 
 4PC5.-3 "X4 "/T^O'v, I 
 
 .aJ 
 
 -6-0"- 
 
 Plan of Bench with Shelf Removed 
 
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 3 \*-/ ^/PC -IXIZ X6-0 
 
 .^rUte^ 
 
 )) 
 
 f^^ 
 
 -a'-o"- 
 
 Plan of Shelf at-w 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD HAND WHEELS 
 
 Make hubs loose and interchangeable to permit use of hubs of different 
 lengths and diameters on either or both sides of the wheels. For hand wheels 
 with finished rims allow for 1/16-inch recess as shown. For rough hand 
 wheels make rim full round section. 
 
 Size of 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wheel 
 
 arms 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 5-in. 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 v& 
 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 A 
 
 6-in. 
 
 4 
 
 Vs 
 
 \i 
 
 ZVs 
 
 ii 
 
 % 
 
 3/^ 
 
 7-in. 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 7/8 
 
 2% 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 3^ 
 
 8-in. 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
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 2^ 
 
 il 
 
 T^ 
 
 A 
 
 9-in. 
 
 6 
 
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 1 
 
 2iV 
 
 1 
 
 3/8 
 
 I'^S 
 
 10-in. 
 
 6 
 
 % 
 
 It^ 
 
 2/2 
 
 1^ 
 
 fs 
 
 fg 
 
 11-in. 
 
 6 
 
 \i 
 
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 2H 
 
 VA 
 
 l^ff 
 
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 12-in. 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
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 3 
 
 1^ 
 
 K' 
 
 5^ 
 
 14-in. 
 
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 33/8 
 
 m 
 
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 H 
 
 15-in. 
 
 6 
 
 1^8 
 
 Itv 
 
 4 
 
 u\ 
 
 /2 
 
 Y& 
 
 16-in. 
 
 6 
 
 u\ 
 
 13/8 
 
 4% 
 
 W2 
 
 /2 
 
 V% 
 
 18-in. 
 
 6 
 
 Wa 
 
 1/2 
 
 4% 
 
 1/2 
 
 1% 
 
 \h 
 
 20-in. 
 
 6 
 
 Itfe 
 
 15/^ 
 
 4/2 
 
 1/2 
 
 9 
 IS 
 
 \k 
 
 , I 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 PICKLING SOLUTIONS FOR IRON 
 
 When cast or malleable iron has been cleaned preliminary to galvanizing 
 operations, or for any other purpose, and it becomes necessary to use a 
 pickling solution, the first consideration is to remove oil and grease. To accom- 
 plish this the castings are thoroughly washed in the following solution: 
 
 Ordinary soda lye 38 pounds 
 
 Hot water 100 gallons 
 
 Any proportion of the above may be used. The castings are immersed 
 from 5 to 10 minutes, or longer if the grease is caked on, after which they 
 are removed and washed in hot water. The precautions to be observed are 
 to keep the lye solution clear of floating oil or fat by skimming frequently; and 
 to renew the solution whenever it becomes greasy or brownish in color. After 
 being cleaned of grease and washed in hot water, the castings are immersed in 
 the following pickle: 
 
 Water 76^ gallons 
 
 30 per cent hj^drofluoric acid 15 gallons 
 
 The commercial hydrofluoric acid is used, and the strength of the pickling 
 solution should be about 1.026 at 80 degrees Cent. If the density should be 
 less than this, add acid to bring up the strength. When the solution gets 
 brownish and deposits form upon the castings, it must be renewed. The acid 
 bath is worked at the same temperature as the alkaline bath, which ranges 
 from 60 to 80 degrees Cent. During immersion in the acid the castings should 
 be well shaken and dipped several times to bring the solution into contact with 
 every part. 
 
 The castings are removed from the acid solution after they are clean 
 and are rinsed well in hot water. The temperature of the water should be 
 around 80 degrees Cent. After thorough washing the castings are immersed 
 in the following solution to neutralize any acid: 
 
 Lime, either quick or air slaked 20 pounds 
 
 Water 100 gallons 
 
 When the solution changes from a milky to a brownish color it must be 
 renewed. Litmus tests will show the condition of the solution and when it 
 loses alkalinity it must be run off, the tank thoroughly washed out and new 
 solution prepared. From the neutralizing tank the castings are placed on an 
 ■'iclined screen and allowed to drv. 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 IRON AND STEEL ETCHING SOLUTIONS 
 
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 10 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 IRON AND STEEL ETCHING SOLUTIONS 
 
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 11 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 USES OF IRON .\ND STEEL ETCHING SOLUTIONS 
 
 cs a -^ o^ ■" — ^ S o o 
 
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 12 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 USES OF IRON AND STEEL ETCHING SOLUTIONS 
 
 C5 O 
 
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FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 Theoretical Draft of Chimneys 
 
 Chimneys are required, in general, for two purposes, viz. : 
 1 — To provide a draft and produce combustion. 
 2 — To carry away gases or the products of combustion. 
 The first requirement governs the height and the second the area 
 of a chimney. 
 
 Draft is the difference in pressure produced by the difference in 
 weight between the hot gases inside the chimney and an equivalent 
 column of outside air. Draft in chimneys is analagous to difference of 
 head in water. 
 
 The intensity of draft is measured in inches of water and is 
 determined theoretically by the following formula: 
 
 f ^ 1 
 D = 0.518 PoH I 
 
 [To T, 
 
 where D^ntensity of theoretical draft in inches of water. 
 H=height of chimney in feet. 
 
 Pj^^observed atmospheric pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 To^absolute temperature of outside air in degrees Fahr., 
 Tc=absolute temperature of chimney gases in degrees Fahr. 
 
 For convenience let 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 K = 0.518 Po 
 
 I To TcJ 
 
 Then D=KH. 
 
 Assuming an observed atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds per 
 square inch, Fig. 1 gives the values of K for various chimney gas tem- 
 peratures with the observed outside air temperatures as indicated. 
 
 14 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 {Contiyiued) 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 //OO 
 
 il/600 
 
 1 
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 1 
 
 ^/400 
 
 t/300 
 
 0\ 
 
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 ^/200 
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 ■%900 
 
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 1 .001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .003 009 .0/0 .0// .0/£ .0/3 .0/4 
 
 Va/ues of Cons fan f K 
 
 FIG. 1— VALUES OF THE CONSTANT K MAY BE DETERMINED FROM 
 
 THIS CURVE 
 
 15 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Correction for Velocity Losses 
 
 The theoretical intensity of draft is correct only when there is 
 no flow or circulation. When the gases are flowing, the theoretical 
 value is decreased by the losses due to velocity and friction within the 
 chimney. This difference is called the available draft. 
 
 D' = KH — (h„ + hf) 
 where D'=available draft in inches of water, 
 
 hf=loss due to friction in inches of water, 
 
 hi=loss due to velocity in inches of water. 
 
 The loss of draft due to velocity within the chimney is de- 
 termined by the formula 
 
 V2 
 
 \\v = 0.1184 — 
 
 Tc 
 
 where V=mean velocity of chimney gases in feet per second. 
 
 Fig. 2 gives the values of hu for various chimney gas temperatures 
 with the difi^erent niean velocities as shown. 
 
 16 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 (Continne/i) 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
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 'o .01 .04 .Oo .08 JO .IZ .14 .16 .15 .20 .22 .24- 2.(> .2d 
 
 Los 5 of Draft Due to ye/oc/ty, hy, fncties of Water 
 
 FIG. 2— CURVES GIVING LOSS OF DRAFT DUE TO VELOCITY 
 
 17 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Correction for Friction Losses 
 
 The loss of draft due to friction within the chimney is given by 
 the formula 
 
 RV2 
 
 hf = 0.008 
 
 Tc 
 
 height 
 
 where R=hydraulic radius of chimney= 
 
 diameter 
 
 Assuming an average value of 20 for R, 
 
 V2 
 
 hf = 0.16 — 
 
 To 
 
 Fig. 3 gives the values of hf for the various chimney gas temperatures 
 with the different mean velocities as shown. 
 
 How TO USE THE PLOTTED CURVES 
 
 Example: Find the available draft of a chimney 200 feet high and 
 10 feet in diameter, assuming an outside air temperature of 60 degrees 
 and a chimney gas temperature of 600 degrees, the mean velocity of 
 the gases being 35 feet per second. 
 
 From Fig. 1, K for To=60 degrees and Tc=600 degrees, is 
 0.00746. Whence D=200 X 0.00746=1.492 inches of water. From 
 Fig. 2, hy for the above assumptions is 0.137 and from Fig. 3 hf is 
 0.183. Hence D'=1.492— (0.137 + 0.183)=1.172 inches of water. 
 
 For approximate purposes D'=0.8D. 
 
 18 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 (Continued) 
 
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 ? .^^ .04 .06 .OS ./O ./? ./4. ./6 ./3 .20 .Se .B^ 26 .S8 
 la 53 of Draft Dae torrict/on, h/, inches of^Vater 
 
 FIG. 3— CURVES GIVING LOSS OF DRAFT DUE TO FRICTION 
 
 19 
 
FO UN DRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 (Conlinned) 
 
 Capacity of Chimneys 
 
 .By the capacity of a chimney is meant the theoretical amount of 
 fuel it will burn during a stated interval and consequently the theo- 
 retical amount of gases it will pass in the same time. The theo- 
 retical amount of fuel a chimney will burn is determined by the 
 formula 
 
 VfXo f To 1 2 1 
 2gH I — -^ - ^ i 
 ITc L To j j 
 when W=weight in pounds of the gases passing any point in the 
 chimney per second, 
 Wo=weight in pounds of a cubic foot of air at To, 
 g=accele ration due to gravity feet per second per second. 
 H=height of chimney in feet, 
 
 To=absolute temperature of outside air in degrees Fahr., 
 Tc=absolute temperature of chimney gases in degrees Fahr. 
 With an outside air temperature of 60 degrees and an average 
 chimney gas temperature of 600 degrees the above formula reduces to 
 
 \Vh = 362 D=VH 
 
 ^-i 
 
 whence D = 
 
 302 V H 
 where D=diameter of chimney in feet, 
 
 W;,= weight of gases passing any point in the chimney per 
 hour. 
 It is more convenient, however, to express the capacity of a 
 chimney in terms of horsepower equivalent. Assuming that each pound 
 of coal requires 24 pounds of air to burn it and that each boiler 
 horsepower requires 5 pounds of coal per hour, the horsepower of a 
 chimney equals 
 
 385 I 
 
 HP = D J H 
 
 2 4x5 y 
 
 . HP 
 whence 
 
 VHP 
 _ 
 2.52VH 
 
 where HP=rated horsepower of chimney. 
 
 Fig. 4 shows the diameter of a chimney required for the differ- 
 ent horsepower with the heights as indicated. 
 
 The formulas and the accompanying curve hold approximately 
 true for oil, coke and gas burning equipment. 
 
 20 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON CHIMNEY DESIGN 
 
 (jOo7U'luded) 
 
 Example: Find the diameter of a chimney 150 feet high with a 
 horsepower equivalent of 1500. 
 
 Reading directly from the curve the diameter is given as 7 feet. 
 
 4500 
 
 4000 
 
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 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2. 3 -4. S 6 7 8 9 /O // /a /3 /^ /S 
 
 Diamefer of C/?/mney /n f^eet 
 
 I-IG. 4— CURVES GIVING DIAMETERS OF CHIMXEYS 
 
 21 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 METHODS OF FINDING AREAS OF IRREGULAR 
 FIGURES 
 
 FIG 1 
 
 FIG 2 
 
 To find the area of an irregular figure, use one of the following 
 methods : 
 
 Cross-Sfxtion Paper, Fig. 1 
 
 Draw the figure on cross-section paper. Count the number of whole 
 squares and estimate the number of fractional parts of squares, and add 
 the sum of all the fractional parts of squares to the number of whole 
 squares. The area of the figure is the product of this sum multiplied 
 by the area of one square. Thus, if cross-section paper ruled to tenths 
 of an inch is used, the area will equal the sum of whole and fractional 
 parts of squares multiplied by 0.01, that is, (0.1)-. 
 
 Simpson's Rule, Fig. 2 
 
 Divide the length of the figure into an even number of parts of equal 
 length, D, by parallel lines, called ordinates; add the lengths of the first 
 and last ordinates included in the boundary, calling the sum A, that is 
 E-f-F = A. (Note — and X, which do not cross the figure, are not 
 counted.) Then add the lengths between the boundaries of the even 
 ordinates (2, 4, 6), and designate it the sum B, and then the odd 
 ordinates except the first and last calling this sum C. Then the area of 
 A + 4 B -f 2 C 
 
 the figure = X D 
 
 3 
 
 Note. — The greater the number of division, the greater is the ac- 
 curacy obtained. 
 
 22 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 METHOD OF FINDING THE CENTER OF GRAVITY 
 OF IRREGULAR FIGURES 
 
 To find the center of gravity of any irregular figure, first lay out 
 the figure on stiff paper, then cut it out and punch two holes, A and B, 
 the diameter of which should be larger than that of the pin, C, then 
 hang the body on the pin, C, at A, so that it can move freely. Then 
 attach a cord D, with a weight, E, to C, in such a manner that they can 
 also move freely. When the body, cord and weight have come to rest, 
 mark on the body the lines, F and G, along the sides of the cord. Then 
 in the same manner, suspending the body at B, obtain the lines H and 
 /, laying down the body on a piece of paper draw A-K, passing midway 
 between F. and G. Then draw B-L, and then the intersection of A-K 
 and B-L, that is 0, which is the center of gravity required. 
 
 23 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MAKING CASTINGS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS FROM 
 BLOCK PATTERNS 
 
 The illustrations on page 25 show a reliable method for pro- 
 ducing castings of uniform thickness from solid patterns. The 
 method may be applied to open work, such as heating-stove tops, or 
 to solid work, such as the oven doors of cooking ranges. 
 
 The first step is to make a wood pattern of the shape and form 
 desired. The face of this pattern is the same as that of a loose pat- 
 tern of like design. At the back, however, the pattern is not hol- 
 lowed out. This pattern is attached solidly to a board, as shown in 
 the upper view on page 25. This board is fitted with pins that fit 
 the drag with which it is to be used. 
 
 When molding by this method, the drag is clamped to the board 
 and the sand is rammed hard. This point is important and should 
 not be overlooked. The pattern is drawn in the usual way. 
 
 The thickness of the casting section is determined by the thick- 
 ness of clay that is used in molding process. The clay is rolled 
 out in sheets with an ordinary rolling pin, on a board having wood 
 strips on its sides. These strips are the same thickness as the sec- 
 tion desired in the casting. The board is shown in the lower view 
 on page 25. It should be approximately 18 inches long and 6 inches 
 wide while the strips can be of 1-inch material and of the same 
 thickness as the casting section. 
 
 The mold is next lined with strips of clay cut from a sheet 
 that is rolled out on the board described. This results in a lining 
 of clay of a unform thickness in the drag. The cope is rammed in 
 the usual way, gated and vented and set aside. The clay is re- 
 moved, the drag is shaken-out and a new drag is made on the 
 pattern board, as would be done in ordinary practice. The mold 
 then is closed and is ready for pouring. 
 
 Potter's clay gives good results in molds of this kind. It should 
 be tempered with water firm enough to handle conveniently and 
 preferably should be dusted with facing before rolling out on the 
 board. It is also advantageous to varnish the rolling pin and the 
 clay board as this prevents the clay from adhering. 
 
 24 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 MAKING CASTINGS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS FROM 
 BLOCK PATTERNS . 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 \^t 
 
 -^... w 
 
 BLOCK PATTERN ATTACHED TO BOARD 
 
 CLAY THICKNESS BOARD 
 
 25 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CLAMPING DEVICE FOR CORE PLATE 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows a core plate clamping 
 device the details of which appear on page 27. As the illustrations 
 show, the device is quite simple and easily made. It consists sub- 
 stantially of a bracket fastened to the bottom of the flask. This 
 bracket carries an eccentric shaft that is operated by a hand lever. 
 The action of the eccentric shaft draws down a steel plate that 
 carries a hook clamp which projects over the core plate. The hook 
 clamp is provided with a spring and an adjusting nut which relieves 
 undue strain on the eccentric shaft. 
 
 26 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 CLAMPING DEVICE FOR CORE PLATE 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 M 
 -& 
 
 rj[ 
 
 DRILL 
 
 r 
 
 DR/LL S. Holes j^ FoftR/vers 
 
 1 
 
 © 
 
 \VXi> I 
 
 
 \^'Ti -^Fff£E Height 
 
 52 
 
 6TEEL Wire .Zl6"DiA. 
 4 Coils 
 
 4' 
 
 drill ^ For Rivets 
 & Holes 
 
 Run 
 
 Fit ' 
 
 LI" 1 
 
 16 L 
 
 2."f?UN 
 •4 1 
 
 Fit 
 
 4' -/#"-* 
 
 -/Op- 
 
 'Drill ir Hole ^ -s_L_, 
 
 e 
 
 VW 
 
 1 
 
 I" Run Fit 
 
 7^ 
 
 drill 3.' Hole 
 o 
 
 27 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS BY COLORS 
 
 According to several authorities, the temperature of a heated 
 body may be judged approximately by the eye, by the amount of light 
 emitted when viewed in the dark, and the following table has been 
 compiled to assist in gaging temperatures where greater accuracy 
 is not required, or where more precise methods are not available: 
 
 Appearance of heated body Temperature, degrees Fahr. 
 
 Faint red 878 
 
 Dull blood red 990 
 
 Full blood red 1050 
 
 Dull cherry red 1195 
 
 Full cherry red 1375 
 
 Light cherry red 1550 
 
 Deep orange 1640 
 
 Light orange 1730 
 
 Yellow 1832 
 
 Light yellow 1976 
 
 White 2200 
 
 Bright white 2550 
 
 Dazzling white 2730 
 
 A convenient method of ascertaining the temperature of fur- 
 naces is afforded by the use of Segar cones, which are small pyramids 
 of clay, about 3 inches in height and having a %-inch base. These 
 cones are graduated to fuse at temperatures ranging from 1094 to 
 3470 degrees Fahr., and are numbered from 0.022 to 39. When the 
 fusing point of the cone is reached, the top bends over until it 
 touches the surface on which it rests. 
 
 28 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 PRESSURE EXERTED BY MOLTEN METAL 
 
 WEIGHT REQUIRED ON THE COPE 
 
 To find the weight required on a cope to resist the pressure of molten 
 iron, multiply the cope area of the casting in square inches by the height 
 of the riser top above the casting in inches, by 0.21: 
 
 W = A H X 0.21. 
 
 W 
 
 cj 
 
 S-fc 
 
 W = Weight to be placed on a flask in pounds. 
 
 A = Cope area of casting in square inches. 
 
 H = Height of riser top above casting in inches. 
 
 PRESSURE ON THE MOLD 
 
 To find the pressure exerted on a mold by molten iron, multiply the 
 height in inches from the point of pressure to the top of the riser, by 0.26: 
 
 
 P 
 
 = H X 0.26. 
 
 
 
 rwn 
 
 
 JL 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 p 
 
 P = Pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 H = Height from point of pressure to the top of the riser in inches. 
 
 29 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 NOTES ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY 
 
 The specific gravity of a substance is its weight compared with the 
 weight of an equal volume of water. According to Archimedes' principle, 
 the difference between the weight of a body in air and the weight of the 
 same body submerged in water, is equal to the weight of the water dis- 
 placed, or in other words, the weight of an equal volume of water. 
 Therefore, to find the specific gravity, divide the weight of the body in 
 air by the difference between its weight in air and its weight in water, 
 at standard temperature. 
 
 There is no general agreement in regard to standard temperature, 
 experimenters using 32 degrees Fahr., 39.1 degrees Fahr., 60 degrees 
 Fahr., and 62 degrees Fahr., but 62 degrees Fahr. is the temperature 
 now most generally used. 
 
 The formula for specific gravity 
 is 
 
 W 
 
 S. G. = 
 
 W— w 
 where 
 
 W = weight of body in air. 
 w = weight of body submerged 
 in water. 
 
 S. G. ^specific gravity. 
 
 The illustration shows the 
 method of weighing a submerged 
 body. 
 
 30 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 NOTES ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY 
 
 (Conc/uded) 
 
 To find the specific gravity when weight per cubic inch or 
 weight per cubic foot is given, multiply the weight by the constants 
 given below, corresponding to the temperature at which the specific 
 gravity is required. 
 
 Constants (weight per cubic inch given). 
 
 Temperature, degrees Fahr. . . 32 39.1 60 62 
 
 Constant •• 27.6840 27.6809 27.7015 27.7123 
 
 Constants (weight per cubic foot given). 
 
 Temperature, degrees Fahr. . . 32 39.1 60 62 
 
 Constant 0.016021 0.016019 0.016035 0.016037 
 
 To find the weight per cubic inch or weight per cubic foot, 
 when the specific gravity is given, multiply the specific gravity by 
 the constant given below, corresponding to the temperature, which 
 was used as standard. 
 
 Constants for weight per cubic inch. 
 
 Temperature, degrees Fahr. .. 32 39.1 60 62 
 
 Constant 0.036122 0.036126 0.036090 0.036085 
 
 Constants for weight per cubic foot. 
 
 Temperature, degrees Fahr 32 39.1 60 62 
 
 Constant 62.418 62.425 62.364 62.355 
 
 To find the specific gravity at 62 degrees Fahr. when the 
 specific gravity at one of the above temperatures is given, multiply 
 the given specific gravity by one of the following constants : 
 
 Temperature, degrees Fahr 32 39.1 60 
 
 Constant 1.00101 1.00122 1.00014 
 
 31 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CLEARANCES FOR ELECTRIC CRANES 
 
 THE FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS OF A AND B SHOULD BE ALLOWED 
 IN NEW BUILDINGS 
 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 6C 
 
 
 75 
 
 100 150 
 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons tons 
 
 
 Clevel 
 
 and Crane & En 
 
 gineering 
 
 Co:— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 B 
 
 
 66 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 10» 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 Euclid Crane & Hoist 
 
 Co.:— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 48 
 Maris 
 
 SI 
 Brothers 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 6 
 
 63^ 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 54 
 
 65 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 Morgan Engineering Co. (1): — 
 9 9J4 9J4 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 IIH 
 
 12H 
 
 123^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 B 
 
 
 69 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 99. 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 North 
 
 ern Engineering 
 
 Works (2):— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9% 
 
 9M 
 
 9M 
 
 lOH 
 
 103^ 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9H 
 
 9H 
 
 10^ 
 
 lOH 
 
 lOH 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 B 
 
 63 
 to 
 69 
 
 63 
 to 
 69 
 
 65 
 to 
 
 77 
 
 69 
 to 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 to 
 
 101 
 
 87 
 
 to 
 
 103 
 
 109 
 
 109 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 Pawline & Harnischfe 
 
 jer Co. (3):— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 9 
 to 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 to 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 to 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 14J^ 
 
 18H 15 
 
 B 
 
 
 56^ 
 to 
 59H 
 
 61Ji 
 
 to 
 
 62H 
 
 67M 
 
 to 
 
 68}^ 
 
 68^ 
 
 to 
 
 693^ 
 
 75K 
 to 
 
 78M 
 
 91K 
 
 98H 
 
 106M 
 
 138 
 
 161M 185 
 
 
 Shepard Electric Crane & Hoist Co.:— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 6J^ 
 
 yvi 
 
 8^ 
 
 8J^ 
 
 lOH 
 
 lOH 
 
 UM 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 52 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 Toled 
 
 3 Bridge 
 
 & Crane Co.:— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8H 
 
 8H 
 
 8H 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 B 
 
 
 57 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 108 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 Whiting Corp 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 SM 
 
 6H 
 
 6H 
 
 TVi 
 
 7>^ 
 
 • 8 
 
 8H 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 B 
 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 87 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 Numbers in parenthesis, thus (1), refer to notes on page 33. 
 
 32 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 CLEARANCES FOR ELECTRIC CRANES 
 
 Notes on Ci.eakanxe Table. 
 
 (1) Dimensions A and B are based on cranes with a span of 
 60 feet. 
 
 (2) Dimensions vary with span. 
 
 (3) Dimensions vary with span. This firm also Hsts another 
 60-ton crane with .-J = 14^4 inches and 5 = 11434 inches. 
 
 Information Required in Ordering Cranes 
 
 All manufacturers build cranes with dimensions smaller than those 
 given in the table, when required. 
 
 When making inquiries about cranes, the following particulars 
 should be given : 
 
 Load — Maximum lead in net tons to be lifted. 
 Speed — If special speed for any function is required. 
 Span — Span in feet from center line to center line of rails. 
 A — End clearance. 
 B — Overhead clearance. 
 
 D and E — Required if there are roof braces, which interfere with end 
 travel of trolley. 
 
 F — Distance from top of runway rail to floor. 
 Voltage — Voltage of circuit used. 
 Style — Type of crane preferred. 
 
 Size of runway rail and lift of hook are also required if, for any 
 reason, they must be some special size. 
 
 Z2> 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CLEARANCES FOR HAND POWER CRANES 
 
 <y//////////////////////////////////////////////////////^^^^ 
 
 SPAN FOR FIRMS MARKED •"' ^" 
 
 THE FOLLOWING CXEARANCES FOR A AND B OR C AND B IN INCHES, SHOULD 
 
 BE ALLOWED IN NEW BUILDINGS 
 
 Firms: — 
 
 Tons 
 
 tCleveland Crane & A 
 
 Engrg. Co B 
 
 *Curtis Pneumatic C 
 
 Machinery Co. (1)... B 
 
 tEuclid Crane & A 
 
 Hoist Co. (S) B 
 
 tMaris Brothers A 
 
 (2) B 
 
 "tNorthern Engineering .\ 
 
 Works (2) 
 
 ■^Northern Engineering K 
 
 Works (2) 
 
 tToledo Bridge & Crane A 
 
 Co. (3) B 
 
 tWhiting Corp K 
 
 B 
 
 *Vulcan Engineering C 
 
 Sales Co. (4) B 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 3Ji 
 22 
 
 5 
 20 
 
 9M 
 31 
 
 5,^ 
 48 
 
 3}4 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 35i 
 29 
 to 
 39 
 
 9J4 
 34 
 
 5 
 36 
 
 6 
 51 
 
 6J^ 
 26'^ 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 3H 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 4J^ 
 45 
 to 
 57 
 
 9^ 
 
 9K 10 
 41 43 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 7 
 54 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 42 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 69 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 76 
 
 9M 
 to 
 10 
 
 45 
 to 
 51 
 
 7 
 48 
 
 7 
 58 
 
 9 
 69 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 69 
 
 96 
 
 9M lOJ^ lOM 
 to 
 10 
 
 45 63 69 
 to 
 
 57 
 
 8 
 66 
 
 7 
 62 
 
 9 
 
 84 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 90 
 
 9 
 96 
 
 8H 
 79 
 
 Numbers in parenthesis, tlius (1), refer to notes on page 35. 
 
 34 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 CLEARANCES FOR HAND POWER CRANES 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 Notes on Clearance Table 
 
 (1) Clearances are for ordinary geared trolley, with a bar and 
 link suspension, from which can be hung either air hoist or chain block. 
 
 Single I-beam crane for 1, 2 and 3 tons. 
 Double I-beam crane for 5 and 10 tons. 
 
 (2) Dimensions vary according to span. 
 
 (3) Dimensions are based on standard double beam girders and 
 chain block trolleys from 5 to 20 tons, inclusive. Over 20 tons, on 
 drum type trolleys. 
 
 (4) Based on single beam cranes, 
 
 (5) Above 5 tons, double beam girders are used, with trolley run- 
 ning on top of the girders. 
 
 Information Required in Ordering Cranes 
 
 All manufacturers build cranes with dimensions smaller than those 
 given in the table, when required. 
 
 When making inquiries about cranes, the following particulars 
 should be given : 
 
 Load — Maximum load in net tons to he lifted. 
 Speed — If special speed for any function is required. 
 Style — Type of crane preferred. 
 Span — Span in feet. 
 A or C — End of clearance. 
 
 D and /T— Required if there are roof braces, Avhicii interfere with end travel 
 of trolley. 
 
 F — Distance from top of runvva>- rail lo floor. 
 
 Span is from center line to center line of rails for firm marked "*". other- 
 wi'ie it is from outside to outside of rails. 
 
 35 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 STRENGTH OF CHAINS AND ROPES 
 
 Strength of Crane Chains 
 
 n-^.^ »„^ „<: T • ,1 Ultimate Strength c c Aur i • t a 
 Diameter of Lnik, ^ ^^.^ .^ ^J Safe Working Load 
 
 '"'^h^^ Per Square Inch ^" P°""ds 
 
 34 3,360 840 
 
 /cr 5,040 1,260 
 
 Vs 7,280 1820 
 
 /s 10,080 . 2,520 
 
 y2 13,440 3,360 
 
 Vs 20,720 5,180 
 
 1 53,760 13,440 
 
 1^ 84,000 21,000 
 
 VA 120,960 30,240 
 
 In the ^bove table the safe working load is given with 4 as a 
 factor of safety. In some cases a factor of safety of 6 is used, and 
 can be obtained by dividing the ultimate strength by 6. Chains should 
 be frequently examined, and o'ccasionally annealed to prevent crys- 
 tallization. As the links wear, the strength of the chain is correspond- 
 ingly reduced. 
 
 Thh Strength of Manila Rope 
 
 Manila rope is measured by circumference instead of diameter, 
 therefore, a 3-inch rope is nearly 1 inch in diameter. The strength 
 depends upon the quality of the fibre, and the solidity with which the 
 rope is twisted. A 3-inch rope, soft laid, has a maximum strength of 
 about 7,300 pounds, while a hard laid rope will withstand up to 9,000 
 pounds. The breaking strength of ropes can be obtained approxi- 
 mately by multiplying the square of the circumference by 8 and the 
 product by 100, which gives the strength in pounds. For blocks and 
 falls, the rope should be figured at one-eighth its breaking strength, 
 using two double blocks of suitable size. Thus, if 1,000 pounds is to 
 be raised regularly, two double 8-inch blocks, equipped with 3-inch 
 manila rope, should be used. For direct pulls on single ropes, the 
 latter should be operated at only one-twentieth of its breaking strength, 
 to allow for wear and tear. 
 
 36 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 TESTING BLOWERS 
 
 Measurement of Volume, Pressure and Horsepower at Pressure of One 
 TO Ten Pounds Per Square Inch 
 
 Velocity. — ^The volume of air discharged from an orifice or pipe is, theoretically, equal to 
 the product of the velocity of the air flowing and the area of the orifice. Hence, foi the 
 calculation of volume, the velocity is an important factor. To determine the velocity, the 
 Pitot tube is commonly used as shown in the accompanying illustration. It should be inserted 
 in the center of a straight run of blast pipe within about ten feet of the blower. One part of 
 the Pitot tube transmits the total pressure, which is the sum of the static pressure and the 
 velocity pressure. The other part, in communication with the slots shown by dotted lines, 
 transmits the static pressure. Evidently the difference is the velocity pressure. Each is 
 connected to a water gage which should show magnified readings so that the difference may be 
 accurately determined. 
 
 Cupola 
 
 Vloiver 
 
 Stalte rvcuntrt 
 
 Total Pressure 
 
 y 
 
 '•"•"•■"•' °'°| i 
 
 Till Foundry, 
 
 Oonstmction of Pitot Tube. Location of Pitot Tube In Blast Pipe. 
 
 Accuracy. — Great care, should be exercised in measuring the velocity pressure, and the instru- 
 ments should be carefully calibrated. In the ordinary blast pipe for conducting air from the 
 blower to the cupola or furnace, the velocity should not exceed two or three thousand feet per 
 minute. As this velocity coi responds to a pressure of only about 0.4 inch of water, the measure- 
 ment requires care, but with good instruments the readings will be accurate enough for all 
 practical purposes. 
 
 Volume. — The velocity pressure being known, the volume of free air passing through the 
 
 pipe may be determined from the following formula: 
 
 eOacP, ,2gp 
 
 K=at-= .- 
 
 P \ d 
 in which V = the volume of free air in cubic feet per minute, 
 c = coefficient of Pitot tube, which should be determined for each tube, 
 a = area of the pipe in square feet, 
 V = velocity in feet per minute, 
 2e = 64.32, 
 p =z velocity pressure in pounds per square foot; p is the difference between the two pressures 
 
 observed on the Fitot tube. 
 d — density or weight per cubic foot of air at pressure, temperature and humidity at point of 
 observation, 
 P = absolute pressure of air in the pipe in pounds per square foot, 
 P := atmospheric pressure in pounds per square foot. 
 
 Horsepower.— Assuming that the air is compressed without cooling, the horsepower may be 
 found from the following: up[(^'\^—i^ 
 
 in which H.P.= n.ooo 
 
 V ■=. the volume of free air m cubic feet per minute, as found above, 
 
 P = pressure of the atmosphere or suction pressure (absolute in pounds per square fool, 
 
 P, = pressure of compression (absolute) in pounds per square foot. 
 
 Formulas. — Including the preceding, there are four formulas sometimes used in computing 
 the power required. 
 
 ^F'A-^) ^f\\j^) -l] X/kP.-P^ lbs per sq. m. X i' 
 
 <')HP= 33,000 <2'H.P.= -jj^o^- (3)H.P = ^0^ (4,H.P= - ^^ 
 
 Formula No. 1 gives the horsepower required when the air is cooled during compression as 
 in the ordinary air compressor. 
 
 Formula No. 2, which has been explained, is used when it may be assumed that the air is 
 compressed so quickly thit it does not have time to cool to atmospheric temperature as in nearly 
 all blower work. 
 
 Formula No. 3, the ordinary "hydraulic" formula, is ordinarily u.sed for pressures up to 
 five ounces. 
 
 Formula No. 4 is frequently used for positive or rotary blowers, for determining the 
 horsepower required for operating these machines. In this formula V = the volume of air 
 displaced by the impellers, no allowance being made for slippage. 
 
 37 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 METHOD OF CALCULATING MIXTURES FOR THE CUPOLA 
 
 Analysis of the Castings Required 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Silicon 1.60 
 
 Phosphorus 0.70 
 
 Sulphur less than 0.10 
 
 Manganese 0.50 
 
 From previous experience with the iron and coke, due consideration being 
 given to local melting conditions, it is estimated that the approximate loss of 
 silicon will be 0.25 per cent, and manganese 0.10 per cent, while the increase 
 in sulphur will be approximately 0.03 per cent. 
 
 The average analysis of the iron and scrap to be charged should be as 
 follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Silicon 1.85 
 
 Phosphorus .' 0.70 
 
 Sulphur less than 0.07 
 
 Manganese 0.60 
 
 Tabulation of the Material To Be Charged and Method of Figuring the 
 
 Mixture 
 
 
 
 
 ANALYSIS 
 
 
 
 WEIGI 
 
 iT OF* 
 
 
 KIND OF MATERIAL 
 
 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 u C 
 O tJ 
 
 1^ 
 
 c: u 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 a. 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 Steel Scrap 
 
 400 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.40 
 
 2.40 
 
 Machinery Scrap 
 
 2,000 
 
 1.70.? 
 
 0.10.? 
 
 1.00? 
 
 0.60? 
 
 34.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 High Sulphur Southern 
 
 1,600 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.10 
 
 l.SO 
 
 0.30 
 
 11.20 
 
 1.60 
 
 24.00 
 
 4.80 
 
 X No. 1 
 
 1,600 
 
 3.00 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.80 
 
 1.25 
 
 48.00 
 
 0.48 
 
 12.80 
 
 20.00 
 
 No. 3 Foundry- 
 
 4.000 
 
 1.75 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.60 
 
 70.00 
 
 2.80 
 
 12.00 
 
 24.00 
 
 High Silicon Iron: 
 
 800 
 
 J. SO 
 
 0.025 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.60 
 
 28.00 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.56 
 
 4.80 
 
 Total 
 
 10.400 
 
 
 
 
 
 191.60 
 
 7.36 
 
 69.76 
 
 68.00 
 
 
 
 
 .■\vera! 
 
 ;e Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 1.84 
 
 0.071 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.65 
 
 *Multiply the weight of each kind of material by the percent of the element in it, then divide the 
 
 total weight of each element by the total weight of the material which in this example is 10,400 pounds. 
 
 By the relative adjustment of the pig iron and scrap, mixtures for any desired analysis can be made. 
 
 38 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR MIXING IRON BY ANALYSIS 
 
 Silicon softens gray iron, opens the grain, lessens density, and, in 
 excess, weakens the metal and causes sponginess. 
 
 Sulphur hardens gray iron, closes the grain, increases density, may 
 strengthen, and, in excess, causes gas holes and other defects, and 
 may weaken. 
 
 Pliosplwrus increases the fluidity of gray iron, and in excess, de- 
 creases the strength and increases brittleness. 
 
 Manganese increases the density of gray iron, -it may strengthen, 
 and, in small amounts, up to 0.50 or 0.75 per cent, it softens ; in large 
 amounts, it hardens. 
 
 To get strong, close grained iron, keep the silicon at the right 
 amount to give from 0.50 to 0.80 per cent combined carbon in the 
 metal; keep the sulpliur below 0.12 per cent; keep the phosphorus 
 under 0.50 per cent, and the manganese between 0.60 and 0.90 per cent. 
 
 To get soft iron, keep the silicon high ; keep the sulphur low ; keep 
 the phosphorus under 1 per cent, and keep the manganese between 0.50 
 and 0.70 per cent. 
 
 Relation Between Composition and Thickness of Castings 
 
 For the best results the silicon content must bear a close relation to 
 the thickness of the castings. Extremely light castings sometimes con- 
 tain as high as 3.00 per cent silicon while castings of the heaviest 
 section may contain less than 1.0 per cent silicon. 
 
 Cupola Changes ^ 
 
 When making mixtures, allowance must be made for the loss and 
 gain of elements in the cupola. While these vary to some extent, 
 they will be approximately as follows : 
 
 Silicon, 0.20 to 0.25 per cent loss. 
 
 Phosphorus, no change. 
 
 Sulpuhr, 0.04 per cent gain. 
 
 Manganese. 0.10 to 0.30 per cent loss. 
 
 39 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPOSITIONS FOR GRAY IRON CASTINGS 
 
 Silicon, 
 Type of Casting Per cent 
 
 Acid-resistant 1 to 2 
 
 Acid stills and eggs. ... 1 to 1 . 
 Agricultural machinery, 
 
 ordinary 2 to 2 . 
 
 Agricultural machinery, 
 
 very thin 2.25 to 2. 
 
 Air cylinders 1 to 1 . 
 
 Ammonia cylinders. ... 1 to 1 . 
 Annealing boxes for 
 
 malleable work O.SO to 0. 
 
 Annealing boxes, pots 
 
 and pans 1 .40 to 1 . 
 
 Automobile castings ... 1 . 75 to 2 . 
 Automobile cylinders . .1 .75 to 2 
 Automobile flywheels . .2.25 to 2. 
 
 Balls for ball mills 0.90 to 1 . 
 
 Bedstead work 2 . 60 to 2 , 
 
 Bed plates 1.25 to 1. 
 
 Bells and hoppers for 
 
 blast furnaces 1 . 25 to 1 , 
 
 Binders 2 to 2 . 
 
 Blast furnace castings 1.25 to 1. 
 
 Boiler fronts 2.25 to 2, 
 
 Boiler sections 2 to 2 , 
 
 Brake shoes 1 .40 to 1 
 
 Car castings, gray iron.. 1 .50 to 2. 
 
 Car wheels, chilled 0.60 to 0, 
 
 Caustic pots 1 . 25 to 1 . 
 
 Chemical castings 1 to 2 
 
 Chilled castings 0.75 to 1 . 
 
 Chills 1 . 75 to 2 , 
 
 Collars and couplings 
 
 for shafting 1 . 75 to 2 
 
 Cone pulleys 2 to 2 . 
 
 Cotton machinery 2 to 2 , 
 
 Crusher castings 1 to 2 
 
 Crusher jaws 0.80 to 1 
 
 Cutting tools, chilled 
 
 iron 1 to 1 , 
 
 Cylinder bushings, loco- 
 motive 1 . 25 to 1 , 
 
 Cylinders 1 to 2 
 
 Dies for drop hammers. 1 .25 to 1 , 
 Diamond polishing 
 
 wheels 2 . 50 to 3 
 
 Dynamo frames, bases 
 
 and spiders, large.. . . 2 to 2. 
 
 Sulphur, 
 Per cent 
 
 Phosphorus, Manganese, 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 UNDER 0.05 UNDER 0.40 ltol.5 
 UNDER 0.05 UNDER 0.40 1 to 1.25 
 
 5 
 
 50 0.06 to 0.09 0.60 to 
 
 Combined 
 Carbon, 
 Per cent 
 
 HIGH 
 HIGH 
 
 Total 
 Carbon, 
 Per cent 
 
 LOW 
 LOW 
 
 0.50 toO.80 
 
 75 0.06 to 0.08 0.70 to 0.90 0.40 to 0.70 
 75 UNDER 0.09 0.15 to 0.30 0.70to0.90 
 75 UNDER 0.09 0.15 to 0.30 0.70to0.90 
 
 80 
 
 UNDER 0.10 
 
 0.10 to 0.20 0.10 to 0.30 
 
 2.60 to 2.90 2.60 to 2.90 
 
 60 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 UNDER 0.20 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 LOW 
 
 25 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.15 to 0.30 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 0.5Sto0.6S 3 to 3.25 
 
 50 
 
 UNDER 0.07 
 
 0.40 to 0.50 
 
 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 
 20 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 LOW 
 
 80 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.90 to 1.10 
 
 0.30 to 0.60 
 
 
 75 
 
 UNDER 0.10 
 
 0.30 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 ,50 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 UNDER 0.30 
 
 0.80 to 1 
 
 LOW 
 
 50 
 
 0.06 to 0.08 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 75 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.30 to 0.60 
 
 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 
 ,75 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 50 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.15 to0.30 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 
 ,60 
 
 0.08 to 0.10 
 
 UNDER 0.50 
 
 O.SO to0.70 
 
 LOW 
 
 25 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 70 
 
 0.10 to 0.18 
 
 0.30 to 0.40 
 
 0.50 to 0.60 
 
 
 75 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 UNDER 0.30 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 2.7Sto3 
 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 UNDER 0.40 
 
 1 to 1.50 
 
 2.7Sto3 
 
 25 
 
 0.08 to 0,10 
 
 0.20 to 0.40 
 
 0.80 to 1.20 
 
 
 ,25 
 
 UNDER 0.07 
 
 0.10to0.20 
 
 0.60 to 0.90 
 
 
 UNDER0.08 0.40 to 0.50 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 25 UNDER0.08 O.50to0.80 O.50to0.70 
 
 25 UNDER 0.08 0.60 to 0.80 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 UNDER0.09 UNDER0.40 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 0.08 to 0.10 0.20 to 0.40 0.80 to 1.20 
 
 25 UNDER 0.08 0.20 to 0.40 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 SO UNDER 0.08 0.30 to 0.50 0.70 to 0.90 
 
 UNDERO.IO 0.30to0.60 0.60tol 
 
 50 UNDER 0.07 UNDER 0.20 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 LOW 
 
 HIGH 
 
 SO 
 
 UNDER 0.07 0.20 to 0.40 0.30 to O.SO 
 UNDER 0.08 O.SO to 0.80 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 LOW 
 LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 40 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 COMPOSITIONS FOR GRAY IRON CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Type of Silicon, 
 
 Casting Per cent 
 
 Dynamo frames, bases 
 
 and spiders, small ... 2 . SO to 3 
 
 Electrical 2 to 3 
 
 Eccentric straps 1 . 75 to 2 
 
 Embossing heads 1 . 2S to 1 . 50 
 
 Engine frames 1 . 25 to 2 
 
 Fan and blower casings. 2to2.SO 
 
 Ferrocyanide pots 3 to 4 
 
 Flywheels 1 . SO to 2 . 25 
 
 Friction clutches 1 . 75 to 2 
 
 Gas engine cylinders. . . 1 to 1 . 75 
 
 Gears, heavy 1 to 1 . 5 
 
 Gears, medium 1 . 50 to 2 
 
 Gears, small 2 to 2 . 50 
 
 Grate bars 1 . 25 to 1 . 75 
 
 Grinding burrs 0.60 to 0.90 
 
 Gun carriages 1 to 1 . 25 
 
 Hangers for shafting. . .1.50 to 2 
 
 Hardening pots 0.60 to 1 
 
 Hardware, light 2.25 to 2.75 
 
 Heat-resistant iron .... 1 . 25 to 2 . SO 
 
 Hollow ware 2 . 25 to 2 . 75 
 
 Housings for rolling 
 
 mills 1 to 1 .25 
 
 Hydraulic cylinders, 
 
 heavy 0.80 to 1.20 
 
 Hydraulic cylinders, 
 
 medium 1 .20 to 1.60 
 
 Ingot molds and stools..! .25 to 1.50 
 
 Locomotive castings, 
 heavy 1.25 to 1.50 
 
 Locomotive castings, 
 
 light 1.50 to 2 
 
 Locomotive cylinders . . 1 to 1 . SO 
 
 Locks and hinges 2 .50 to 2. 75 
 
 Machinery castings, 
 
 heavy 1 to 1 . SO 
 
 Machinery castings, 
 
 medium 1 . SO to 2 
 
 Machinery castings, 
 
 light 2 to 2.50 
 
 Mine-car wheels 0. 75 to 1 .25 
 
 Motor frames, bases 
 
 and spiders, large. .. . 2 to 2.50 
 Motor frames, bases 
 
 and spiders, small ... 2 . SO to 3 
 Mowers 2 to 2 . SO 
 
 Sulphur, 
 
 Phosphorus, 
 
 Combined 
 Manganese, Carbon, 
 
 Total 
 Carbon, 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 Per cent 
 
 UNDER0.08 
 
 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 O.SOtoO.80 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.30 to 0.50 
 
 0.70 to 1 
 
 
 UNDERO.IO 
 
 0.30 to 0.50 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.40 to 0.80 
 
 0.40 to 0.80 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 
 0.08 to 0.10 
 
 UNDER 0.30 
 
 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.15 to 0.30 
 
 0.70 to 0.90 
 
 3 to 3.3 
 
 0.08 to 0.10 
 
 0.30 to 0.50 
 
 0.80 to 1 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.70 to 0.90 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.S0to0.70 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 UNDER 0.20 
 
 0.60to0.80 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.12 
 
 0.20 to 0.40 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 0.20 to 0.30 
 
 0.80 to 1 
 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 UNDER 0.20 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 • 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.60 to 0.90 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDERO.IO 
 
 UNDER 0.20 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.60 to 0.90 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDERO.IO 
 
 UNDER 0.. 30 
 
 0.80 to 1 
 
 
 O.lOtoO.12 
 
 0.20 to 0.40 
 
 0.80 to 1 
 
 LOW 
 
 0.09 to 0.11 
 
 0.30 to 0. SO 
 
 0.70 to 0.90 
 
 LOW * 
 
 UNDER 0.06 
 
 UNDER 0.20 
 
 0.60 to 1 
 
 
 UNDERO.IO 
 
 0.30 to 0. SO 
 
 0.70 to 0.90 
 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 0.08to0.10 
 
 O.SOtoO.SO 
 
 0.80 to 1 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.70 to 1 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDERO.IO 
 
 0.30 to 0.50 
 
 0.70 to 0.90 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 
 UNDER 0. OS 
 
 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 0.50 to 0.70 
 
 
 UNDERO.IO 
 
 O.SOtoO.SO 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 
 UNDER 0.08 
 
 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0. OS 
 
 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 0.30 to 0.40 
 
 LOW 
 
 UNDER 0.09 
 
 0.60 to 0.80 
 
 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 
 41 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPOSITIONS FOR GRAY IRON CASTINGS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Combined 
 
 Type of Silicon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Manganese, Carbon, 
 
 Castings Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent 
 
 Novelty work 2.50to3 UNDER0.08 0.80 to 1 0.40to0.60 
 
 Nitrepots ltol.50 UNDER 0.06 UNDER 0.20 ltol.50 
 
 Ornamental 2.2.';to2.7S UNDER 0.09 0.70 to 1 0.40to0.60 
 
 Permanent molds 2to2.2S UNDER 0.07 0.20 to 0.40 0.60 to 0.90 
 
 Permanent mold cast- 
 ings 1.50to3 UNDER0.06 0.30to0.80 UNDER0.40 
 
 Pianopiates 2to2.25 UNDER 0.08 0.40 to 0.60 0.60to0.80 
 
 Plllowblocks l.SOtol.75 UNDER 0.10 0.40 to 0.60 0.60to0.80 
 
 Pipe 1.50to2 UNDERO.IO O.SOto0.60 0.60to0.80 
 
 Pipefittings 1.7Sto2.S0 UNDER0.08 0.50 to 0.80 0.60to0.80 
 
 Pipe fittings for super- 
 heated steam lines. .. 1 .50 to 1 . 75 UNDER0.08 0.20to0.40 0.70to0.90 
 
 Piston rings 2. 00 to 2.50 UNDER 0.12 0.40 to 0.90 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 Plowpoints, chilled.... 0.75 to 1.25 UNDER0.09 0.20 to 0.30 0.80tol 
 
 Plugs for piercing 
 
 billets ltol.25 UNDER0.08 O.20to0.30 0.40to0.60 
 
 Printing press 1.75to2.25 UNDER0.09 O.50to0.70 0.50to0.70 
 
 Propeller wheels ltol.75 UNDER 0. 10 O.JO to 0.40 0.60tol 
 
 Pulleys, large 1.7Sto2.25 UNDER 0.09 0.50 to 0.70 0.60to0.80 
 
 Pulleys, small 2.2Sto2.75 UNDER0.08 0.60to0.90 O.SOto0.70 
 
 Pumps.hand 2to2.25 UNDER 0.08 0.60 to 0.80 O.50to0.70 
 
 Radiators 2to2.2S UNDER0.08 0.40to0.60 O.SOto0.70 
 
 Railroad castings 1.50to2.25 UNDERO.IO 0.40to0.60 0.60to0.80 
 
 Retorts 1.7Sto2 UNDER0.06 UNDER0.20 0.60tol 
 
 Rolls, chilled 0.60 to 0.80 0.06 to 0.08 0.20 to 0.40 1 to 1.20 
 
 Scales, castings for 2to2.50 UNDER 0.08 0.60 to 1 O.50to0.70 
 
 Slagcarbowls 1.50tol.75 UNDER0.07 UNDER0.20 0.60tol 
 
 Smoke stacks, loco- 
 motive 1.75to2 UNDERO.IO 0.30 toO. 60 0.60to0.80 
 
 Soil pipe and fittings... 1.75 to 2.25 UNDERO.IO 0.50 to 0.80 O.SOtoO.80 
 
 Steam cylinders, heavy. ltol.25 UNDER 0. 10 0.20 to 0.40 O.SOtol 
 
 Steam cylinders, 
 
 medium 1.25tol.75 UNDER0.09 0.30 to O.SO 0.70to0.90 
 
 Stoveplates 2.25to2.75 UNDER 0.08 0.60 to 0.90 0.50to0.80 
 
 Toys 2SOto3 UNDER 0.08 0.80 to 1 0.40to0.60 
 
 Typewriter castings.... 2. 50 to 2. 75 UNDER0.08 0.60to0.80 O.50to0.60 
 
 Valves.large 1.2Stol.7S UNDER 0.08 0.20 to 0.40 O.SOtol 
 
 Valves,small 1.7Sto2.2S UNDER0.08 0.4dto0.60 O.50to0.70 
 
 Waterheaters 2to2.25 UNDER 0.08 0.30 to 0.50 O.50to0.70 
 
 Weaving machinery.. . . 2 to 2.25 UNDER 0.09 0.50 to 0.80 0.50to0.70 
 
 Wheels.large 1.50to2 UNDER 0.09 0.30 to O.SO •0.60to0.80 
 
 Wheels, small 1.75to2.2S UNDER0.08 0.40 to 0.60 O.SOto0.70 
 
 Wheelcenters 1.25tol.50 UNDER 0. 10 0.30 to 0.50 O.70to0.90 
 
 White iron castings. ...O.SO to 1 0.08 to 0.10 0.30 to 0.60 0.40 to 0.60 
 
 Woodworking machin- 
 ery 1.7Sto2.25 UNDER 0.09 0.50 to 0.70 O.50to0.70 
 
 42 
 
 Total 
 Carbon, 
 Per cent 
 
 LOW 
 
 LOW 
 LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 METALLURGICAL TEMPERATURE CHART 
 
 This scale with the one on page 44 forms a continuous chart of 
 metallurgical phenomena from 400 to 6600 degrees Fahr. Both Fah- 
 renheit and Centigrade scales are presented, together with the melting 
 points of metals, heat treating data and other information. 
 
 
 
 
 ^Q Ct 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 h^ -^ ^ 
 
 \ CO 
 <: CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •-v, 
 
 Hi 
 
 Degrees 
 
 I 
 
 1. 
 
 <>.0 "O 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ElecfricArc - 
 
 'lagneiiti 
 
 Oph'cal . 
 Pyromefeh 
 
 Acetylene' 
 F/ome 
 
 Oxy-Hydrogen^ 
 Flame 
 
 Chromite_ 
 Mogneslte 
 
 Brick 
 Alundum 
 Chrofnife. 
 
 BricK 
 Alumina. 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Incandeicenf- 
 LampFilamen t 
 
 of Carbon 
 Tunasten < 
 
 Tonfolurn 
 
 Bias f Furnace 
 at Tuyeres'' 
 
 6600- 
 
 6500 
 
 6400- 
 
 6300 
 
 6£00- 
 
 6100- 
 
 6000- 
 
 5900- 
 
 5800- -3200 
 
 ■3600 
 ■3500 
 ■3400 
 ■3300 
 
 Tungilen- 
 Tanralum- 
 
 5700- 
 5600- 
 5500- 
 5400- 
 5300- . 
 5£00^ 
 5I00-. 
 
 sooo^:" 
 
 4900- 
 4500- 
 4700- 
 4600- 
 4500- . 
 4400- . 
 4300- 
 /r/a'/^/n,^-4200 
 
 3100 
 ■3000 
 2900 
 ^800 
 ■2700 
 2600 
 •2500 
 -2400 
 -2300 
 
 Molybdenum 
 
 4100 - - 
 4000- -2200 
 
 Boron?- 
 
 3900- 
 3800^ 
 3700 ■ 
 3600- 
 3500 
 
 -2100 
 ■2000 
 ■1900 
 
 Rhodium? 
 
 43 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 METALLURGICAL TEMPERATUE CHART 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 
 ^ "^ - rv <. 
 
 ^ a 0. n 
 
 
 I" 
 
 \ 10 
 
 
 
 Degrees 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^ (O 
 
 0) C( O (b 
 
 -o 
 
 
 PlaHnum 
 
 Thermocouple 
 
 QaieA-!en^Q/ 
 Thermocouple 
 or ^ 
 
 PlaHnum 
 Res/ifonce 
 Pyromeler 
 
 Mercury 
 in Glass < 
 Thermomeler 
 
 Spirit 
 Tnermcneiei^. 
 
 Beaemer 
 Converler J 
 
 Openliearih j 
 Sleel Furnace \ 
 
 Pig Iron at 
 BlaslFurnac^ 
 
 Porcelain 
 Furnace 
 
 Dazzling 
 While 
 
 Br !/ Hani 
 While 
 
 Platinum 
 Vanadium 
 
 Palladium 
 
 Cobalt 
 Nickel 
 Silicon 
 
 White - 
 
 IngofUnderj 
 Hammer V 
 Rolling X. 
 Temperature ^ 
 for Steel Rails 
 
 { 
 
 Bright 
 Orange 
 
 Dull 
 Orange 
 
 Bright . 
 Cherry 
 
 Cherry ■ 
 
 Nascent 
 Cherry 
 
 •Somore 
 Red 
 
 Nascent 
 Red ■ 
 
 Manganeie- 
 
 Copper 
 Gbld 
 
 Silver - 
 
 - Salt 
 
 Aluminum 
 Aniimony ■ 
 
 Galvanizing ■y 
 
 Temper 
 Colors 
 
 CoreOvens'x 
 da A in p BnameA 
 HumanBlood- 
 
 DaricBlue. 
 Blue 
 Purple ■ 
 Brotvn . 
 Straw 
 Yelloi^ 
 
 q Codmiunr 
 
 Bismuth- 
 Tin 
 
 Sulphur- 
 phosphorus 
 Mercury 
 
 330O- 
 
 3S0O 
 
 3100 
 
 3000- 
 
 £900- 
 
 2600- 
 
 2700- 
 
 2600- 
 
 2500^ 
 
 2400- 
 
 2300- 
 
 2200- 
 
 2100- 
 
 2000- 
 
 1900- 
 
 1800 
 
 1700- 
 
 1600- 
 
 1500 
 
 1400 -. 
 
 1300- 
 
 1200 
 
 1100 -r 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 
 500- 
 
 400- 
 
 300- 
 
 200- 
 
 100- 
 
 
 100 
 200 
 300- 
 400 
 
 —1600 
 
 1700 
 
 -1600 
 
 -1500 
 
 1400 
 
 -1300 
 
 -1200 
 
 -1100 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 aoo 
 
 700 
 -600 
 
 -500 
 -400 
 -300 
 
 200 
 -100 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 -Iron 
 'Chromium 
 
 ■k 
 
 Arsen, 
 'Calcium 
 
 Hardening 
 Tungsten 
 ^High Speed Steel 
 
 hardening 
 Molybdenum 
 High Speed Steel 
 
 Case 
 
 Hardening 
 Annealing 
 
 Temp era lure for 
 o.iatoioc.steei 
 Hardening 
 Temperature 
 
 for C.Tool Steel 
 
 Gray Iron 
 
 -Copper 
 Copper 90% 
 Zinc 10° n 
 -Co p per 74.'! 
 Zinc Z6% 
 -Copper 60% 
 Zinc di:% 
 
 -Magnesium 
 
 -Tellurium 
 
 Selenium 
 
 Sodium 
 -Potassium 
 
 ■Aluminum 
 
 -Zinc 
 Lead 
 
 SpnngS-Axes 
 Twist Vrills 
 Taps-Punches 
 Wood ■Drills 
 
 44 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS 
 
 Finding Weight of Body of Sand 
 
 , — n ' l | I I l| I II II | l |l I I M I I ^ 
 
 r M i| II 'I II h ,1 |i II |i I • I 
 
 I yi I I, II ll li II i| |l II !| I' 'I II |. I Ir 
 
 W = L B H X 87. 
 
 W = Weight of body of sand in 
 
 pounds. 
 L = Length of body of sand in 
 
 feet. 
 B = Breadth of body of sand in 
 
 feet. 
 H = Height of body of sand in 
 
 feet. 
 
 Finding Weight of Fly Wheel 
 
 'lo find the weight of a flywheel, 11 feet in diameter, having elliptical arms. 
 The first operation is to find the weight of the hub ; second, the rim ; and 
 third, the arms. The sum of these gives the weight of the wheel. 
 
 To find the weight of the hub: 
 
 W=(d+T)TLX0.817 
 
 To find the weight of the rim, the 
 same formula as above is used, con- 
 sidering it a cylinder, 10 inches long 
 and 12 inches thick. 
 
 To find the weight of one arm : 
 W=DdLX0.24 
 
 Multiply by six to find the weight 
 of the six arms. 
 
 W^Weight of casting in pounds. 
 D^Outside or large diameter in 
 
 inches. 
 d=Inside or small diameter in inches. 
 L=Length in inches. 
 T=Thickness in inches. 
 B^Breadth in inches. 
 
 XjeI.^ 
 
 _ ^2A-^ -42— ^„-*^l2^ 
 
 E' 
 
 +- 
 
 9-0 — 
 
 Il-O- 
 
 Z.-1.-I?!!] 
 
 45 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MEASURING THE CAPACITY OF LADLES 
 
 Jss = 
 
 o 
 
 
 « 
 
 H 
 
 u< 
 
 
 
 r/1 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 b 
 
 ►J 
 
 c; 
 
 t: 
 
 w 
 
 < 
 
 CL, 
 
 hJ 
 
 r/1 
 
 « 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 (14 
 
 u 
 
 
 ■z 
 
 X 
 
 l-l 
 
 H 
 W 
 
 :^ 
 
 Q 
 
 u< 
 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 « 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 
 d, 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 D 
 
 l-H 
 
 W 
 
 
 CO 
 
 tM 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 
 w 
 
 t/j 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 < 
 
 M 
 
 
 < 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 ■,1 
 
 > 
 
 
 H 
 
 ta 
 
 
 n 
 
 U 
 
 
 <, 
 
 >H 
 
 (u 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 < 
 
 r/1 
 
 &< 
 
 P 
 
 
 2 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 eh 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 t— ( 
 
 (N 
 
 K» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rn 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 CO 
 
 e 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 46 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 MEASURING THE CAPACITY OF LADLES 
 
 (Conc/udrd) 
 
 The accompanying tables arc based on a taper in all the different size ladles of 13^ inches to the foot. 
 However, a ladle might differ from this taper considerably without materially affecting the results. 
 
 The dimensions given in the table are all in inches, and the sizes of ladles are based on their diameter 
 inside the lining at the bottom. The lining of a ladle thickens with use, and when this thickening is sufficient 
 to aflect the results new measurements should be taken, and the column in the table corresponding to 
 its new diameter must be used. Allowance must also be made if the bottom thickens. 
 
 The gage which is used in connection with this table, and the method of using same is shown in Fig* 2. 
 The gage consists of a holder as shown in Fig. 1, and a bar of iron to fit the same with graduations 1 inch 
 apart, each graduation being stamped with the capacity of the ladle at the corresponding depth. The 
 sketch shows the gage for an 8,000-pound ladle. As will be seen, the same holder will do for all ladles, but a 
 different bar should be provided for each ladle. This, however, is not absolutely necessary, for if a bar 
 is provided long enough to suit the deepest ladle, it can be used on the smaller sizes as well by obtaining 
 from the table the number of inches of iron it is desired to take, and setting the gage by measurement to 
 suit the same. The sketch makes the method of using very plain. Any shape bar will do for a gage bar, 
 but a flat bar about 1 x J^s inch is preferred. 
 
 The sketch also shows the holder set at 5,508 pounds of iron. If it is desired to gage this same amount 
 of iron in the same size ladle without using this form of gage, all that is necessary is to turn to the table 
 and find the column for a ladle 32 inches in diameter at the bottom. Then find in this column the figure 
 corresponding to the amount of iron it is desired to take, in this case 5,508 pounds, and look for^the cor- 
 responding figure in the column denoting how many inches must be taken, which in this case is 25 inches. 
 This depth can then be marked on the inside of the ladle, or can be gaged by any of the methods heretofore 
 described. 
 
 DIAMETER OF LADLE AT THE BOTTOM IN INCHES. 
 
 <.89i 5.098 
 
 i<79 
 
 iS!6 
 
 2.679 
 
 2.1 
 
 ^,982 
 J.«8» 
 
 w" 
 
 s.m 
 
 " 
 
 SMt 
 
 SJIJ 
 
 y42t) 
 
 S.O 
 S.6 
 
 S.SM 
 
 *JMS 
 »,»21 
 
 J.JSI 
 
 6M* 
 7.09S 
 7.6S9 
 •.22S 
 
 •4 
 
 <.M9 
 lOJM 
 
 10.687 
 
 tt^. 
 
 loi 
 
 10. 
 
 23.040 
 24!mS 
 
 24.171 
 2«.7M 
 
 ?!>95 
 
 25.169 
 25.727 
 26.2M 
 26.1 S2 
 27.111 
 
 26J80 
 26.859 
 
 21626 
 
 27.118 
 
 28.275 
 J0i787 
 
 HS 
 
 
 2J.9«7 
 
 J0.6M 
 
 30.146 
 
 Sl'.JM 
 J2.001 
 i2.«2S 
 
 )2:oso 
 
 24.621 
 25.279 
 
 52.596 
 J5.9J2 
 
 2o!i6l 
 
 JI.920 il.X 
 32.682 33.8 
 
 4.30» 3S.S60 36.8 
 
 Table Showing the Capacity op Ladles at Fig. 2— Measuring the Amount of Iron 
 Each Inch of Their Depth, from in ax 8,000-Pound Ladle With 
 
 25,000 TO 45,000 Pounds Capacity. a Gage Bar. 
 
 47 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 AIR PRESSURE TABLE 
 
 This table gives directly the pressure needed to transmit a given quantity 
 of air through a pipe 100 feet lonig and solves the formula : 
 
 Lv' 
 
 P=- 
 
 -or p = 
 
 [cu. ft. X 144 1 
 6QXd'X0.7854 J 
 
 25000d 
 
 2500d 
 making L=100 feet, 
 and q=:Cubic feet per imnute. 
 
 p'=Ounces per square inch, 
 d =Diameter pipe in inches, 
 q =5.176 dVp\~ 
 For any other length not exceeding 2000 feet, multiply loss by the number 
 of hundred feet of length. 
 
 Add for elbows, as follows: 
 No. pipe diameters in elbow radius 5 3 2 Ij^ 1J4 1 ?4 /^ 
 
 Equivalent feet of straight pipe 7.8 8.4 9 10.3 12.7 7.5 35 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pipe Diameter 
 
 in Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 Col. I 
 
 Col.i 
 
 C<A.Z 
 
 Cut. 3 81 
 
 s 
 
 B 
 
 " Si Si s 
 
 s 
 
 
 ; s 
 
 SI —-I 
 
 
 .. 2 S 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 !3| % 
 
 ss 
 
 s 
 
 
 3 s 
 
 
 3J 
 
 
 3200 
 3100 
 3000 
 2900 
 28U0 
 
 18000 
 17600 
 17000 
 10500 
 10000 
 
 iPyoo^ 
 
 
 
 
 •• la 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 r-TT-r- 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 9C000 
 92800 
 89C00 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 N 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 / 
 
 2± 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 z 
 
 £ 
 
 
 EE 
 
 l\ 
 
 
 EE: 8 
 
 
 2700 
 2000 
 2600 
 2400 
 2300 
 2200 
 
 r^ioo 
 
 "2000 
 
 15000 
 14500 
 11000 
 13500 
 131H)0 
 12500 
 12000 
 11600 
 
 80400 
 S320O 
 80O00 
 
 b 
 
 1 
 
 N 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 = 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 
 E 
 
 z 
 
 5 
 
 z 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 z 
 
 EE 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ---'M 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 
 73000 
 
 — f — 
 
 
 — t 
 
 
 
 
 
 —t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 V 
 
 — — 
 
 1 
 
 V-H 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 , , 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^i[ 
 
 a 
 
 
 =H 
 
 tp 
 
 ^ 
 
 E117: 
 
 ^i 
 
 i^ 
 
 ly 
 
 
 
 E^ 
 
 
 CZ 
 
 z= 
 
 t 
 
 pz 
 
 ~ 
 
 :r 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 Er 
 
 z: 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 
 i: 
 
 r 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 ^ 
 
 IZ 
 
 ^ri 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 C4000 
 
 ^=H 
 
 zj^ 
 
 H 
 
 zfz 
 
 = 
 
 = 
 
 :fz 
 
 
 E 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 =; 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 Zi 
 
 H 
 
 t: 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 z 
 
 F 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 52 
 
 ^b. 
 
 
 + - ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 1900 
 
 10000 
 
 C0800 
 
 H=^ 
 
 pz 
 
 m 
 
 bn 
 
 = 
 
 ^ 
 
 = 
 
 V 
 
 
 =j 
 
 
 
 =j 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 
 p 
 
 " 
 
 :z 
 
 t 
 
 ::2 
 
 ± 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 
 —\ 
 
 3 
 
 :; 
 
 z 
 
 
 Z- 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 
 1700 
 luOO 
 
 9500 
 9000 
 8500 
 8000 
 7600 
 7000 
 C50O 
 OOOO 
 5500 
 60O0 
 4500 
 4000 
 3500 
 3000 
 
 54400 
 
 — H- 
 
 — / 
 
 iw 
 
 — 
 
 1 — / 
 
 -— 
 
 —7 
 
 
 
 i-v^ 
 
 
 
 — 7 
 
 ^— 
 
 — i 
 
 — 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 — . 
 
 5- 
 
 
 — 
 
 p- 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 -- 
 
 --1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a, 
 
 61200 
 
 — t-ri 
 
 — /- 
 
 ^-/- 
 
 1 
 
 ^ — 
 
 1 — J 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ — . 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 1 
 
 
 k— 
 
 — 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 -J — 
 
 1^00 
 1400 
 
 4800U 
 44800 
 
 m 
 
 g 
 
 b 
 
 ^ 
 
 !5 
 
 ^ 
 
 zz 
 
 7i 
 
 
 :z: 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 zz 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 E 
 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 z 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 z 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 
 f 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 
 7Z 
 
 '£_ 
 
 
 3z: 
 
 
 1300 
 1200 
 
 38400 
 
 Hm 
 
 g 
 
 — I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 = 
 
 
 z: 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ::;z 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 3 
 
 z 
 
 r 
 
 
 = 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 
 zz 
 
 zz 
 
 ^rTI 1 
 
 Ei: 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 _1000 
 900 
 
 
 ' // / 
 
 —/— 
 
 —t- 
 
 -r~ 
 
 — 7 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 1 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 ' — :: 
 
 ^ — 
 
 — 
 
 1 — 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 -J 
 
 
 ■ — ' 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 32000 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \^— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 28800 
 
 26000 
 
 2-2400 
 
 _10200 
 
 ' — r/j 7/ " 
 
 '■ — 
 
 ■i—r 
 
 — 7 
 
 
 7- 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 ;7-^ 
 
 ' -; 
 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 S— ] — 
 
 
 
 F^ 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 z=- 
 
 ■=- 
 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 <■■) 
 
 ' 7 // /// 
 
 — -, 
 
 —/- 
 
 ,/ 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 700 
 bOO 
 500 
 
 Tft^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 HZ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 2± 
 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 z: 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 
 *Zi 
 
 1 
 
 
 = 
 
 =5 
 
 ^s 
 
 !! !^EE 
 
 ZI|M 
 
 9_ 
 8 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 400 
 300 
 200 
 100 
 
 2000 
 1500 
 lOOO 
 50') 
 
 _1-J>IJU 
 
 youo 
 
 04U 
 320 
 
 S^^^^ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 g 
 
 E 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 "^L 
 
 N= 
 
 1 
 
 ~ 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 Z- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 = 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 I^E^ 
 
 zihi 
 
 _6_ 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 ■^s| * 
 
 .^ 
 
 »; 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 _^ 
 
 « 
 
 - 
 
 lii 
 
 „ i? 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 * 
 
 3« 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^^iL 
 
 .''* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^•J 
 
 Ij. i 
 
 friction Loss in ounces, per 100 Ft, of J'ijte 
 
 48 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 AIR VELOCITY TABLE 
 
 This table is used for figuring the lineal velocity of air through a pipe 
 when the cubic feet per minute and diameter of pipe are known, or finding 
 any of the factors when the other two are known. 
 
 Cu. ft. per minute 
 
 The table solves the formula, velocity in feet per minute= 
 
 Area pipe in sq. ft. 
 
 Blower pipes are usually proportioned for a velocity of 3000 feet per minute. 
 
 For handlinig material by air in pipe, the velocity should be between 4000 
 and 6000 feet per minute, according to the size of the pipe and the density 
 of tlic material. 
 
 Pipe Diameter in Inches 
 
 
 Cnbt 
 
 c Fe 
 
 i;( 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 2 
 
 § 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 S 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 88 
 
 Per Minute 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 .,o 
 
 4U00 
 
 116000 
 
 64000 
 
 a5*k^ 
 
 a 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 3S100_ 
 3*» 
 J7aO_ 
 StfUU 
 3500 
 3400 
 3300 
 
 15tlO0^ 
 
 '"21^600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 ?l> 
 
 40 
 36 
 
 30 
 72 
 
 1520O~ 60800 [213200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 14800 ^5a2u0 
 
 ,236100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14400_6"'iOO 
 14000 1 56000 
 13t]iT64"4C<l 
 132O0I62S00 
 
 230400 
 22401*, 
 2176O0J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 211200J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3i00 
 
 12U0O 
 
 SISOO 
 
 49000 
 
 204800 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 18 
 
 SlOO 
 
 121u«i 
 
 19S400 
 192000 
 185CUO 
 179200 
 
 jraoo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 120I.J 40000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 2900 llfiOU , W-100 
 
 \- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 illil 
 
 4430O 
 W2O0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 _ 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 -'■■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 -_ 
 
 J 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 40000" 
 3M00 
 
 J5JIA)J 
 
 t_ 
 
 -H 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 -^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 '^ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 2300 \ aAW J 3(iso0 
 2200 i *ioo^3MOO 
 21U0 ' Hloo 33ti00" 
 2U(W ■ ^Ouo ' 3:2000 
 I^W 1 TflOu' 30400^ 
 
 isoo ■ T:(io"2a!)oo" 
 
 1700 68*j;2TJo0 
 ItoO* 6»0 Z560O" 
 15<w 60<X.' 21000 
 HoO . 5600 r4lO 
 1300 5200 20aOO 
 
 H7200 
 UoSoo 
 I3H00 
 12MUO0 
 121600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 ffl 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 " 
 
 .U5200_ 
 10«»oo 
 ro2Voo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30,«vj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 300O0 
 
 aocoo 
 
 83200 
 70600 
 
 70100 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 G 
 
 1! 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-, 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '- 
 
 
 
 
 
 p- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12uO 1 
 1100 
 
 luob 
 
 MO 
 Duo 
 _M. 
 
 "500 
 4U0 
 
 4800 . l»2oo 
 4400".^lTlioO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 4000 ISOoOj 
 3600 14400 
 
 64100 
 59600^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 --, 
 
 L- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 -i 
 
 
 a 1"! 
 
 2800 
 2400 
 2000 
 160o~ 
 
 11300 
 
 44600] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ — ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 1— 
 
 _t 
 
 _8. 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 9600 
 "6000" 
 »400l 
 
 36400 
 32JO0 
 
 "250.101 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 l: 
 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 Y-_ 
 
 - 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 zz 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 = 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 L 
 
 
 = 
 
 L 
 
 
 = 
 
 \= 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 300 
 SOU 
 
 1200 
 
 800 
 
 _40O_ 
 
 4aoo 
 
 3U>0 
 1600 
 
 19200 J_ 
 
 J280>r 
 
 -1 
 
 " rr^^ 
 
 
 t 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 -- 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 = 
 
 - 
 
 = 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 " 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ H4^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 § 
 
 9 
 . 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 V viae it y in Feet jier Minute 
 
 49 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DIAMETER OF CUPOLA BLAST PIPES 
 
 TABLE OF DIAMETERS OF CUPOLA BLAST PIPES FOR LENGTHS 
 
 20 TO 140 FEET, AND LOSSES OF H AND lo OUNCE 
 
 PRESSURE PER SQUARE INCH. 
 
 The friction varies as the square of the velocity and inversely as the 
 diameter of the pipe, therefore, if the diameter of the pipe is doubled the 
 friction loss is divided by 22 provided, of course, the same volume is carried. 
 
 The advisability of using a large pipe for conveying the air is shown by 
 the following table which gives the size of pipe which should be used for 
 pressure losses not exceeding one-fourth and one-half ounce per square inch, 
 for various lengths of pipe. 
 
 Diameter of Blast Pipes 
 
 DIAMETERS OF BLAST PIPES 
 
 
 
 
 Length or Pipe in Feet 
 
 
 
 Tons 
 
 Inside 
 
 Cubic Ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 per 
 Hqur 
 
 Di;i. of 
 Cupola 
 Inches 
 
 of Air 
 
 per 
 Minute 
 
 20 , 40 1 liO , SO 1 100 
 
 120 
 
 nil 
 
 Diaiiiflcr of I'ipc witli Drop of 1 
 
 J^- oz. 
 
 noj. 
 
 a oz. 
 
 HOL. 
 
 H oz. 
 
 )5oz: 
 
 'i oz. 
 
 ,'ioi. 
 
 'i 02. 
 
 ' ,; oz. 
 
 '. oz. 
 
 'joz. 
 
 U oz. 
 
 hoz. 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 500 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 ' 8 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 1,000 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 1,500 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 2.000 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 2,500 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 3,000 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 IS 
 
 15 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 
 42 
 
 3,.')(H) 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 4:) 
 
 4,(K»0 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 IS 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 4S 
 
 4,500 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 5,000 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 IS 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 54 
 
 5,500 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 CO 
 
 0,00(J 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 i:{ 
 
 GO 
 
 0,500 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 n 
 
 00 
 
 7,000 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 IS 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 ir, 
 
 00 
 
 7, .500 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 k; 
 
 fii; 
 
 8.000 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 S,.')(K) 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 IS 
 
 72 
 
 0,()(MJ 
 
 IS 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 IS 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 1'.) 
 
 72 
 
 0..500 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 2:! 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 2S 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 72 
 
 10,000 
 
 20 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 2S 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 7s 
 
 10,500 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 
 7s 
 
 11,000 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 •is 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 7S 
 
 11,501) 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 2S 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 S4 
 
 12,001) 
 
 22 
 
 U) 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 
 81 
 
 12,500 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 2() 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 S4 
 
 13,000 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 2S 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 2S 
 
 27 
 
 f|0 
 
 13,500 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 2.3 
 
 2S 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 2S 
 
 28 
 
 flO 
 
 14,000 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 31) 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 00 
 
 14,500 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 .32 
 
 2S 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 15,(M)0 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 Tlic niininn 
 
 im rudius of 
 
 rarh turn should bo equal to the diameter of the pipe. For e 
 
 aoh turn tlu 
 
 s made add 
 
 throe fpi't ill long 
 
 li, wlicnusin 
 
 glhistablc. If the turnsarc of less radius, the length added sho 
 
 uld be incre 
 
 i-sed propor- 
 
 lionatcly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 The minimum radius of each turn should be equal to the diameter of the pipe. For each 
 turn thus made add three feet in length, when using this table. If the turns are of less radius, 
 the length added should be increased proportionately. 
 
 50 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DIAMETER OF CUPOLA BLAST PIPES 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Diameters of Pipe for Lengths from 30 to 300 Feet, Blower Outlets 
 Varying from 3 to 24 Inches 
 
 Length 6i 
 
 pipe, feet 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 
 
 Diameter of blow- 
 er outlet, inches 
 
 Q 
 
 jz jz az 
 
 3 
 
 354 
 
 35/^ 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 434 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 534 
 
 54 
 
 3K 
 
 m 
 
 4^ 
 
 44 
 
 474 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 5^ 
 
 554 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 4V8 
 
 43/4 
 
 5/8 
 
 534 
 
 534 
 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 634 
 
 7 
 
 4H 
 
 5 
 
 53/^ 
 
 534 
 
 6 
 
 634 
 
 634 
 
 7 
 
 m 
 
 7V2 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 5H 
 
 6 
 
 63/8 
 
 64 
 
 7V^ 
 
 7V2 
 
 7Ya 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 83/ 
 
 6 
 
 6^ 
 
 7 
 
 754 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 
 934 
 
 934 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 7 
 
 7Vs 
 
 8^ 
 
 874 
 
 934 
 
 10 
 
 1034 
 
 104 
 
 114 
 
 11-4 
 
 124 
 
 8 
 
 SV4 
 
 9K2 
 
 104 
 
 1034 
 
 \\v% 
 
 114 
 
 12^ 
 
 1234 
 
 133-^ 
 
 134 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1034 
 
 114 
 
 124 
 
 1234 
 
 13^8 
 
 14 
 
 144 
 
 154 
 
 1554 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 im 
 
 1234 
 
 134 
 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 154 
 
 164 
 
 163/ 
 
 1734 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 1374 
 
 1434 
 
 1554 
 
 1634 
 
 174 
 
 1734 
 
 184 
 
 194 
 
 12 
 
 13^^ 
 
 144 
 
 154 
 
 164 
 
 17 
 
 174 
 
 1854 
 
 1934 
 
 204 
 
 204 
 
 13 
 
 14K 
 
 \Wi 
 
 16'4 
 
 174 
 
 1834 
 
 194 
 
 204 
 
 21 
 
 214 
 
 2254 
 
 14 
 
 153.^^ 
 
 165/^ 
 
 1734 
 
 184 
 
 1934 
 
 204 
 
 2134 
 
 2254 
 
 234 
 
 244 
 
 15 
 
 16J^ 
 
 17-4 
 
 19 
 
 204 
 
 214 
 
 224 
 
 234 
 
 244 
 
 254 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 17V, 
 
 19 
 
 2034 
 
 214 
 
 2254 
 
 234 
 
 2434 
 
 254 
 
 264 
 
 21Vx 
 
 17 
 
 l75/s 
 
 20/8 
 
 214 
 
 2234 
 
 24 
 
 254 
 
 2634 
 
 274 
 
 284 
 
 294 
 
 18 
 
 \Wa 
 
 2\V8 
 
 2234 
 
 244 
 
 254 
 
 2634 
 
 274 
 
 294 
 
 304 
 
 314 
 
 19 
 
 207/8 
 
 224 
 
 24 
 
 254 
 
 27 
 
 284 
 
 294 
 
 3034 
 
 314 
 
 zz 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 235/^ 
 
 25^ 
 
 2774 
 
 28^ 
 
 2934 
 
 31 
 
 324 
 
 ZZV2 
 
 3434 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 247/^ 
 
 2654 
 
 284 
 
 2934 
 
 314 
 
 324 
 
 zzy% 
 
 354 
 
 3634 
 
 22 
 
 24^^ 
 
 26^ 
 
 2774 
 
 294 
 
 314 
 
 3254 
 
 344 
 
 354 
 
 364 
 
 384 
 
 23 
 
 25^ 
 
 274 
 
 294 
 
 304 
 
 324 
 
 344 
 
 3554 
 
 -ilVf, 
 
 384 
 
 394 
 
 24 
 
 263^ 
 
 284 
 
 304 
 
 ^'^Va 
 
 34 
 
 3554 
 
 ^7Va 
 
 3834 
 
 404 
 
 4154 
 
 Length of Mouth- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 piece, inches 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 Zl 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 51 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CAPACITY TABLE OF STEEL PRESSURE BLOWERS FOR 
 CUPOLA SERVICE 
 
 Cupola Tuyeres Iron Air Blower Pipe 
 
 S S 
 
 c 
 *o 
 
 4) CO 
 
 ■q 
 
 c 
 
 .- u 
 
 <; 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 « 
 
 "5 
 
 A 
 
 3 '• 
 U 
 
 
 V 3 
 
 "o o- 
 
 •si 
 
 t/2 
 
 3 U 
 
 -a c 
 £ 
 o. ^ 
 
 3 
 3 " 
 
 £ o. 
 
 13 V. 
 o 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 'o 
 
 S 
 
 i5 
 
 o. 
 '5. 
 "o 
 
 V 
 (U 
 
 s 
 ■q 
 
 Q. 
 
 C 
 
 >, 
 
 *J 
 
 _o 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 18 
 
 254 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 1,775 
 
 444 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 415 
 
 4 
 
 83 
 
 3,090 
 
 773 
 
 8.5 
 
 4,150 
 
 9 
 
 752 
 
 4.20 
 
 5M 
 
 9 
 
 1,800 
 
 27 
 
 573 
 
 8 
 
 115 
 
 4,420 
 
 1,105 
 
 9.2 
 
 3,740 
 
 10 
 
 1,093 
 
 6.78 
 
 eVi 
 
 10 
 
 1,900 
 
 32 
 
 804 
 
 8 
 
 161 
 
 6,480 
 
 1,620 
 
 10.00 
 
 2,880 
 
 10 
 
 1,840 
 
 11.40 
 
 8K 
 
 13 
 
 1,900 
 
 37 
 
 1,075 
 
 8 
 
 215 
 
 8,980 
 
 2,245 
 
 10.76 
 
 2,595 
 
 10 
 
 2,280 
 
 14.13 
 
 9H 
 
 15 
 
 1,900 
 
 42 
 
 1,385 
 
 12 
 
 277 
 
 11,960 
 
 2,990 
 
 11.46 
 
 2,470 
 
 11 
 
 2,910 
 
 19.85 
 
 10^ 
 
 16 
 
 2,000 
 
 45 
 
 1,590 
 
 12 
 
 318 
 
 13,960 
 
 3,490 
 
 11.88 
 
 2,080 
 
 11 
 
 3,930 
 
 26.80 
 
 12K 
 
 19 
 
 2,000 
 
 48 
 
 1,810 
 
 12 
 
 362 
 
 16,120 
 
 4,040- 
 
 12.25 
 
 2,170 
 
 12 
 
 4,110 
 
 30.60 
 
 12H 
 
 19 
 
 2.100 
 
 54 
 
 2,290 
 
 12 
 
 458 
 
 21,050 
 
 5,260 
 
 13.00 
 
 1,995 
 
 13 
 
 5,360 
 
 43.25 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 2,200 
 
 60 
 
 2,827 
 
 12 
 
 566 
 
 26.630 
 
 6,650 
 
 13.70 
 
 1,728 
 
 13 
 
 7,010 
 
 56.66 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 2,200 
 
 66 
 
 3,421 
 
 12 
 
 685 
 
 33,000 
 
 8,250 
 
 14.33 
 
 1,540 
 
 13 
 
 8,390 
 
 67.66 
 
 17H 
 
 26 
 
 2,200 
 
 72 
 
 4,071 
 
 12 
 
 814 
 
 40,150 
 
 10,020 
 
 15.00 
 
 1.393 
 
 13 
 
 10,140 
 
 82.00 
 
 19M 
 
 29 
 
 2,200 
 
 78 
 
 4,778 
 
 12 
 
 955 
 
 48,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 15.66 
 
 1,318 
 
 14 
 
 12,520 
 
 109.00 
 
 21 
 
 32 
 
 2,300 
 
 84 
 
 5,542 
 
 12 
 
 1,109 
 
 56,750 
 
 14,200 
 
 16.20 
 
 1,410 
 
 16 
 
 13,380 
 
 132.75 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 2,400 
 
 87 
 
 5,945 
 
 16 
 
 1,189 
 
 61,600 
 
 15,400 
 
 16.50 
 
 1,340 
 
 16 
 
 15,675 
 
 155.66 
 
 22fi 
 
 35 
 
 2,400 
 
 Note — After installing one of these blowers, if the air pressure should be less than is given above, it 
 indicates that too much air is flowing and results in more power being required to drive the blower than is 
 specified. A blast gate should be inserted in the pipe between blower and cupola, and closed sufficiently 
 to reduce the power to that given in the table; then the volume will be correct for the highest melting 
 efficiency obtainable with the cupola, regardless of proportions or resistance, as the table is based on the 
 greatest resistance usually encountered. 
 
 52 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 AIR HANDLED BY DUST-COLLECTING HOODS 
 
 Ci Bic Kkkt ok Air at 65 Degrees Fahr. Handled Per Minute 
 THRoroH Average Dust-Collecting Hoods 
 
 (Based on Coefficient of Orifice of 0.71 with 10 Per Cent Added for Leakage.) 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Suction — 
 2H 
 
 Inches Water 
 3 
 
 
 
 pipe, inches 
 
 1 
 
 IH 
 
 .2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1>2 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 2 
 
 68 
 
 84 
 
 97 
 
 108 
 
 118 
 
 136 
 
 153 
 
 2H 
 
 107 
 
 131 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 185 
 
 214 
 
 238 
 
 3 
 
 153 
 
 188 
 
 217 
 
 243 
 
 266 
 
 306 
 
 343 
 
 3H 
 
 209 
 
 256 
 
 296 
 
 330 
 
 362 
 
 418 
 
 466 
 
 4 
 
 273 
 
 334 
 
 386 
 
 431 
 
 473 
 
 546 
 
 609 
 
 *H 
 
 345 
 
 423 
 
 488 
 
 546 
 
 598 
 
 690 
 
 775 
 
 5 
 
 427 
 
 523 
 
 605 
 
 676 
 
 741 
 
 854 
 
 955 
 
 6 
 
 614 
 
 751 
 
 867 
 
 970 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,228 
 
 1,373 
 
 7 
 
 835 
 
 1.023 
 
 1,181 
 
 1,322 
 
 1,448 
 
 1,670 
 
 1,870 
 
 8 
 
 1,092 
 
 1,337 
 
 1,546 
 
 1,727 
 
 1,892 
 
 2,184 
 
 2,440 
 
 9 
 
 1,381 
 
 1,694 
 
 1,953 
 
 2,184 
 
 2,387 
 
 2,762 
 
 3,091 
 
 10 
 
 1,705 
 
 2,090 
 
 2,409 
 
 2,695 
 
 2,959 
 
 3,410 
 
 3,806 
 
 Connection Pipes for Grinding and Polishing Wheels 
 
 The sizes of connections suggested for grinding and polishing wheels are those given in the tables 
 by the department of labor of New York, with the exceptions of those for polishing wheels 21 inches and 
 over in diameter. 
 
 MINIMUM SIZES OF BRANCH PIPES FOR EMERY OR OTHER GRINDING WHEELS 
 
 Maximum grinding 
 surface 
 Diameter of wheels square inches 
 
 6 inches or less, not over 1 inch thick 19 
 
 7 inches to 9 inches, inclusive, not over lj'2 inches thick 43 
 
 ve, not over 2 inches thick 101 
 
 ve, not over 3 inches thick 180 
 
 inches thick 302 
 
 inches thick 472 
 
 10 inches to 16 inches, inclus 
 
 17 inches to 19 inches, inclus 
 
 20 inches to 24 inches, inclusive, not over 4 
 
 25 inches to 30 inches, inclusive, not over 5 
 
 Minimum diameter 
 
 of branch pipe 
 
 in inches 
 
 3 
 
 3H 
 4 
 4'^ 
 
 MINIMUM BRANCH PIPES FOR BUFFING, POLISHING OR RAG WHEELS 
 
 Maximum grinding Minimum diameter 
 surface of branch pipe 
 
 Diameter of wheels square inches in inches 
 
 6 inches or less, not over 1 inch thick 19 3^-^ 
 
 7 inches to 12 inches, inclusive, not over IJ^ inches thick 57 4 
 
 13 inches to 16 inches, inclusive, not over 2 inches thick 101 4^ 
 
 17 inches to 20 inches, inclusive, not over 3 inches thick 189 5 
 
 21 inches to 27 inches, inclusive, not over 4 inches thick 338 6 
 
 27 inches to 33 inches, inclusive, not over 5 inches thick 518 7 
 
 Where the branches are extremely long, the friction loss in the system may be decreased by making 
 pipes J>2 inch greater in diameter than the sizes given in above tables. 
 
 53 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 GRINDING WHEEL STANDARDS 
 
 Revolutions Per Minute For Various Sizes of Grinding Wheels to Givi 
 Peripheral Speed in Feet Per Minute as Indicated 
 
 From Safety Code Approved By Abrasive Wheel Manufacturers 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheel in 
 
 4,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 5,500 
 
 6,000 
 
 (;,5()o 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15,279 
 
 17,200 
 
 19,099 
 
 21,000 
 
 22,918 
 
 24,850 
 
 2 
 
 7,(539 
 
 8,590 
 
 9,549 
 
 10,500 
 
 11,459 
 
 12,420 
 
 3 
 
 5,093 
 
 5,725 
 
 6,366 
 
 7,000 
 
 7,639 
 
 8,270 
 
 4 
 
 3,820 
 
 4,295 
 
 4,775 
 
 5,250 
 
 5.730 
 
 6,205 
 
 5 
 
 3,056 
 
 3,440 
 
 3,820 
 
 4,200 
 
 4,584 
 
 4,970 
 
 6 
 
 2,546 
 
 2,865 
 
 3,183 
 
 3,500 
 
 3,820 
 
 4,140 
 
 7 
 
 2,183 
 
 2,455 
 
 2,728 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,274 
 
 3,550 
 
 8 
 
 1,910 
 
 2,150 
 
 2,387 
 
 2,635 
 
 2,865 
 
 3,100 
 
 10 
 
 1,528 
 
 1,720 
 
 1,910 
 
 2,100 
 
 2 292 
 
 2,485 
 
 12 
 
 1,273 
 
 1,453 
 
 1,592 
 
 1,750 
 
 ii9io 
 
 2,070 
 
 14 
 
 1,091 
 
 1,228 
 
 1,364 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,637 
 
 1,773 
 
 16 
 
 955 
 
 1,075 
 
 1,194 
 
 1,314 
 
 1 ,432 
 
 1,552 
 
 18 
 
 849 
 
 957 
 
 1,061 
 
 1,167 
 
 1,273 
 
 1,380 
 
 20 
 
 764 
 
 860 
 
 955 
 
 1 ,050 
 
 1,146 
 
 1,241 
 
 22 
 
 694 
 
 782 
 
 868 
 
 952 
 
 1 ,042 
 
 1,128 
 
 24 
 
 637 
 
 716 
 
 796 
 
 876 
 
 955 
 
 1,035 
 
 26 
 
 586 
 
 661 
 
 733 
 
 809 
 
 879 
 
 955 
 
 28 
 
 546 
 
 614 
 
 683 
 
 749 
 
 819 
 
 887 
 
 30 
 
 509 
 
 573 
 
 637 
 
 700 
 
 764 
 
 827 
 
 32 
 
 477 
 
 537 
 
 596 
 
 657 
 
 716 
 
 776 
 
 34 
 
 449 
 
 506 
 
 561 
 
 618 
 
 674 
 
 730 
 
 36 
 
 424 
 
 477 
 
 531 
 
 534 
 
 637 
 
 689 
 
 38 
 
 402 
 
 453 
 
 503 
 
 553 
 
 603 
 
 653 
 
 40 
 
 382 
 
 430 
 
 478 
 
 525 
 
 573 
 
 ()21 
 
 42 
 
 364 
 
 409 
 
 455 
 
 500 
 
 546 
 
 591 
 
 44 
 
 347 
 
 391 
 
 434 
 
 477 
 
 521 
 
 564 
 
 46 
 
 332 
 
 374 
 
 415 
 
 456 
 
 498 
 
 539 
 
 48 
 
 318 
 
 358 
 
 397. 
 
 438 
 
 477 
 
 517 
 
 50 
 
 306 
 
 344 
 
 383 
 
 420 
 
 459 
 
 497 
 
 52 
 
 294 
 
 331 
 
 369 
 
 404 
 
 441 
 
 487 
 
 54 
 
 283 
 
 318 
 
 354 
 
 389 
 
 425 
 
 459 
 
 56 
 
 273 
 
 307 
 
 341 
 
 366 
 
 410 
 
 443 
 
 58 
 
 264 
 
 29f) 
 
 330 
 
 354 
 
 396 
 
 428 
 
 60 
 
 255 
 
 277 
 
 319 
 
 350 
 
 383 
 
 414 
 
 54 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 GRINDING WHEEL STANDARDS 
 
 (Conc/uded) 
 
 Dimensions of Tapered Flanges and Tapered Wheels Where Hoods Are 
 
 Not Used 
 
 From Safety Code Approved by Abrasive Wheel Manufacturers 
 
 Diam. of Wheel 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 in Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 % 
 
 •> 
 
 Vs 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Vs 
 
 3H 
 
 y% 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Yi 
 
 4 
 
 Yt. 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 ^Vz 
 
 6 
 
 % 
 
 4 
 
 Vs 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 4}4 
 
 s 
 
 % 
 
 r^^ 
 
 Vi 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 f) 
 
 10 
 
 % 
 
 / 
 
 H 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 % 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 () 
 
 14 
 
 % 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 % 
 
 lOH 
 
 lYs 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 % 
 
 12 
 
 lYs 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 () 
 
 20 
 
 % 
 
 131^ 
 
 \Y% 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 % 
 
 141^ 
 
 IH 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 K 
 
 16 
 
 ^Yi 
 
 A — Maximum flat spot at center of flange. D — Minimum thickness of flange at bore. 
 B — Flat spot at center of wheel. E — Minimum diameter of recess in taper flanges. 
 
 C — Minimum diameter of flange. F — Minimum thickness of each flange for single 
 
 taper at bore. 
 
 Minimum Sizes of Machine Spindles in Inches For Various Diameters And 
 Thicknesses of Grinding Wheels 
 
 From Safety Code Approved by Abrasive Wheel Manufacturers 
 
 Diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness 
 
 ofW 
 
 'heei 
 
 .in I 
 
 xches 
 
 
 
 
 
 in Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 y% 
 
 Vi 
 
 % 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 IK 
 
 Yh 
 
 \Y2 
 
 Yh 
 
 IK 
 
 K 
 
 2 
 
 K 
 
 2K 
 
 K 
 
 234 
 
 Ya 
 
 2K 
 
 K 
 
 3 
 
 K 
 
 3K 
 
 K 
 
 Ya 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4H 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Y?. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y 
 
 Y. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 K 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y?. 
 
 Y?. 
 
 Yh 
 
 Yh 
 
 Yh 
 
 Ya 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 Ya 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Yh 
 
 Yh 
 
 Yh 
 
 Yh 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 1 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 9 
 
 % 
 
 Yh 
 
 Y^ 
 
 Yh 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 10 
 
 Va 
 
 Va 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 12 
 
 Va 
 
 Va 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 Ya 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 14 
 
 y^ 
 
 Yk 
 
 Yh 
 
 Y 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 IK2 
 
 1K2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 1K2 
 
 IH 
 
 lYi 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 m 
 
 IK^ 
 
 \Y. 
 
 \Y. 
 
 \Y 
 
 IH 
 
 m 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ly?. 
 
 ly?. 
 
 m 
 
 1K2 
 
 1K2 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 \Yh 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \Y 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 VYa 
 
 VYa 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IK^ 
 
 ly? 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2K 
 
 2K 
 
 2K 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VYa 
 
 IK 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Wa 
 
 2K 
 
 2K2 
 
 2K2 
 
 2K2 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2K 
 
 2K 
 
 2K 
 
 2y2 
 
 2K2 
 
 2K2 
 
 2K 
 
 2K 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CAUSES OF GRINDING WHEEL ACCIDENTS 
 
 ^£ 
 
 '=11 §^^ 
 
 « c 
 o >. 
 
 c c 
 o o 
 
 „ o -o " « o o 
 u n o ■= S " <» 
 
 w 3;::: 
 
 
 JJ o 
 
 5 "S o •^x:^^j= ■ 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 " 
 
 a ju 
 
 5C • 
 
 M-. C 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ j= tJ 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _: 
 
 
 
 - 3 « 
 
 2H 
 
 0_»J 
 Ota 
 
 ' u 
 
 4J 
 
 Qi? 
 
 ^■^■2 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 "" 
 
 ^s"" 
 --^1 
 
 -0 
 
 3 
 
 
 U 5j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 to 
 
 -ss 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 •"S^s 
 
 sg 
 
 
 c 
 
 -o 
 
 3 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 .£•2 
 
 c 
 
 -a 
 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 
 'c 
 
 tic 
 
 V 0^ * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 Q2 
 
 c 
 bo 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 H ^-^^ 
 
 o 
 
 56 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 CAUSES OF GRINDING WHEEL ACCIDENTS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 C>} 
 
 
 a V 
 
 
 ■5.E 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 9 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj |!s 
 
 
 ■?!? 
 
 c-o 
 
 
 O «J 
 
 
 
 iuu! 
 
 ca&> 
 
 57 
 
PO UNDR Y MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CUPOLA PRACTICE 
 
 Half of the coke bed should be charged first and the remaining coke of 
 the bed should not be charged until a strong blue flame is produced, and 
 metal should not be charged until the blue flame appears through the coke 
 last charged. The cupola should be allowed to heat up before putting on 
 the blast. Metal should begin to flow in from 8 to lO minutes after the 
 blast is on. If a longer time is required, too much coke has been used on 
 the bed. Usually, the bed should be 28 to 36 inches above the tuyeres, de- 
 pending on the style of the tuyeres and the diameter of the cupola. The 
 slag hole should be at least 6 inches below the bottom of the tuyeres to 
 prevent slag clogging them. 
 
 The patched zone of the cupola should be less than 1 foot wide. A 
 wider section indicates irregular height of the bed at different stages of the 
 heat. 
 
 At least 25 pounds of limestone per ton of metal should be added on 
 each charge except the last. More should be added if the slag is not fluid. 
 
 The metal charge should be IVi pounds per square inch of the horizontal 
 cross section of the melting zone. 
 
 A ratio of 8 of metal to 1 of coke on a charge is most frequently used 
 but some foundrymen melt with a ratio as high as 11 to 1, and others use 
 as low as 6 to 1. 
 
 A cupola should melt 10 pounds per hour for every square inch of 
 cross-sectional area inside the lining. The area is determined by multiplying 
 the square of the radius by t. Thus the radius of a cupola lined to 60 
 inches is 30; the square of this is 30 x 30 which equals 900; this multiplied 
 by T (3.1416) equals 2827. The cross-sectional area of 2827 square inches 
 multiplied by 10 equals 28,270 which is the number of pounds of metal which 
 should be melted per hour in a 60-inch cupola. 
 
 It is estimated that 30,000 cubic feet of air are required for each ton 
 of iron melted. Thus for a 60-inc.-h cupola which melts 14 ton of metal an 
 hour 420,000 cubic feet of air are required per hour. 
 
 The tuyere area should be approximately one-ninth of the cross-sectional 
 area of the melting zone. » 
 
 58 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 MELTING POINTS OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS 
 
 00 ^ O O 
 
 Cn -^ VO CO 
 
 > „ M — 
 V J, r^ ON 
 
 f^» r^ r^ 
 
 O ^VO-^-O 
 
 -♦> ■*■*■* 
 
 u-1 Lo ^O 
 
 „• o O O O C\ o 
 
 SCU 
 
 o o o o ooo o O O Q 
 
 ooooo uom-*"^ 1^00 0^2^^ 
 
 u > u 
 
 6 S 
 
 so O r~^ CO .— " — < 
 
 CO o ^^ o o o 
 
 6 £ E 
 
 c ^ ;;; 52 rt o 
 > d. >. H ^ =:i 
 
 -h vo -^ 
 
 r-- t-^ r-^ o o ( 
 
 
 O H 
 
 *— ' 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c^ 
 
 rt^ 
 
 rt-. 
 
 *»-. 
 
 
 
 rn 
 
 r-NO O 
 
 l-> 
 
 o 
 
 ,_, 
 
 oo 
 
 o 
 
 oo 
 
 P3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 oo 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 Q0\0 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ln -J. 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 vo 
 
 so 
 
 so 
 
 '^ 
 
 CO 00 
 
 u 
 
 OD 
 
 00 
 
 oo ON 
 
 ON 
 
 
 " 
 
 -H^ 7 
 
 c P 
 
 U ^ N H 
 
 t— ( Cn *^ 
 
 PS 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 Z 
 
 
 U S < PJ OJ c^ 2 < 
 
 •5 S 
 
 a > 
 
 OS s 
 
 Q cu 
 
 « 2 uJ^OO^M 
 CQ Oh O 00 O ^S (/3 
 
 s .s 
 
 60 M s — -a 
 
 CN NO O ^H -t" r^ NO *^ NO -f -^ 
 ^i^ „1^GOO— ■l-Orr, r^-cr^l^ 
 4 r-i r-« I— t CN cN <Nr^r^c*^ 
 
 1 + 
 
 00 O 00 CN o '^oo i^ NO O CO ■* 
 
 CO -^ 
 
 -f ON 
 
 (v) .-< -H 00 NO -t* Of 
 I- r~< c^ (N fs r~l 
 
 U I I I I I 
 
 + 
 
 8u 
 
 s e 
 
 ° ™ £ 
 
 K W i2 u. O /i < 
 
 o. o ieS 
 
 T3 t3 — 
 
 U O OS Ph 0^ C/3 ^ 
 
 3 .2 
 
 ^ -5 
 
 ^ e 
 
 
 oaH 
 
 * t 
 
 59 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS PER FOOT 
 
 Metals — 
 
 Pure aluminum 
 
 Nickel aluminum casting alloy 
 
 "Special Casting AII03'," made Ijy the Pittsburg Re- 
 duction Co 
 
 Iron, small cylinders 
 
 Iron, pipes 
 
 Iron, girders, beams, etc 
 
 Iron, large cylinders contraction of diameter at top.... 
 Iron, large cylinders, contraction of diameter at bottom 
 Iron, large cylinders, contraction in length 
 
 Cast iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Malleable iron 
 
 Tin 
 
 Britannia 
 
 Thin ibrass castings 
 
 Thick brass castings 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Lead 
 
 Copper 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Fractions 
 
 Decimals 
 
 of an inch. 
 
 of an inch. 
 
 1.V64 
 
 0.2031 
 
 3 '16 
 
 0.1875 
 
 11/64 
 
 0.1718 
 
 1/16 
 
 0.0625 
 
 1'8 
 
 0.1250 
 
 1/64 
 
 0.1000 
 
 5-8 
 
 0.6250 
 
 5/64 
 
 0.0830 
 
 3 '32 
 
 0.0940 
 
 I'S 
 
 0.1250 
 
 1/4 
 
 0.2500 
 
 1/8 
 
 0.1250 
 
 1/12 
 
 0.0833 
 
 1/32 
 
 0.03125 
 
 11/64 
 
 0.1670 
 
 5/32 
 
 0.1500 
 
 5/16 
 
 0.3125 
 
 5/16 
 
 0.3125 
 
 3/16 
 
 0.1875 
 
 5/32 
 
 0.1563 
 
 60 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 TUMBLING BARREL EXHAUSTS 
 
 Sizes of Exhaust Pifks for Tumbling Barrels 
 Length of Barrel, Inches 
 36 48 60 72 
 
 84 
 
 Diameter 
 
 <u a 
 
 
 u 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 « o. 
 
 of mill, 
 
 i" 
 
 
 <u 
 
 a, 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 a. 
 
 lb 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 O. 
 
 
 |-a 
 
 inches 
 
 5° 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 b 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 5^ 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 Diameter of Exhaust Fan Inlets for Tumbling Barrels 
 
 Number of Mills 
 12345678 9 
 
 Diameter 
 of pipe 
 to mill 
 inches 
 
 aj 
 
 tn 
 
 flj 
 
 «i 
 
 o 
 
 'fi 
 
 OJ 
 
 en 
 
 OJ 
 
 (D 
 
 w 
 
 
 P 
 
 (U 
 
 p 
 
 (U 
 
 p 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 (U 
 
 P 
 
 IJ 
 
 S 
 
 a! 
 
 lU 
 
 <a 
 
 JZ 
 
 rt 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 rt 
 
 -ti 
 
 
 •o 
 
 t: 
 
 •a 
 
 c 
 
 •c 
 
 c 
 
 •o 
 
 c 
 
 TS 
 
 c 
 
 TD 
 
 c 
 
 Ci t/) CJ ui 
 
 10 
 
 P (U P n^ 
 
 J= :;j J= 
 
 -o c -a p 
 
 .ii U .ii tJ 
 
 -^(U ~ <u ~<u "^o ~<i-' "CI " <v "^ <u ~aj ~o 
 
 4 43yi 6y2 63^ 8>^ 8>4 lOK' ^Oyo 12 
 
 5 5^ 6>^ 8>4 lOi^ 12 12 14 14 
 
 6 63^ 83^ 103^ 12 14 14 16 18 
 
 7 6y2 \0y2 12 14 16 18 18 20 
 
 8 85^ 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 61 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SIZES OF PIPES FOR FORGES AND FURNACES 
 
 Number of Forges 
 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
 
 Tuyere 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diame- 
 ter, 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Pipe, I: 
 
 nches 
 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V4 
 
 13-^ 
 
 Wi 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2/. 
 
 2/2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1/2 
 
 2 
 
 2K^ 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3/2 
 
 .3/2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1^4 
 
 2 
 
 2i/> 
 
 3 
 
 3K^ 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4/2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 IK2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 33-1 
 
 4 
 
 4K' 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 134 
 
 2K^ 
 
 3/. 
 
 4 
 
 4/2 
 
 5^ 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4K' 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2/2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2y2 
 
 3/. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 2Va 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6. 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 3/2 
 
 4K' 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Explanation. — Wanted a suitable blower for five forges having 2-inch 
 tuyeres. 
 
 Refer to table above, under "Tuyere Diameter," find 2-inch; go to right 
 and under column headed 5 to find inches, which is the proper diameter of 
 discharge from blower. In ordering blower it is well to outline the duty 
 fully and have manufacturers recommend speeds and pressures to carry. 
 For example, a volume type of blower is usually recommended for coal or 
 coke furnaces having 3 to 4-inch tuyeres, and pressures as low as 3 to 4 
 ounces are carried — whereas for oil furnaces the pressure type is used, produc- 
 ing pressures of 8 ounces or more. 
 
 62 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 Width of 
 
 
 
 Net 
 
 Pile 
 
 
 
 
 in Inches 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 0.69 
 
 1.38 
 
 2.07 
 
 20 
 
 1.15 
 
 2.30 
 
 3.45 
 
 24 
 
 1.38 
 
 2.76 
 
 4.14 
 
 36 
 
 2.07 
 
 4.14 
 
 6.21 
 
 40 
 
 2.30 
 
 4.60 
 
 6.90 
 
 TONNAGE OF PIG IRON IN PILES OR RICKS 
 
 Net Tons in Piles One Foot High 
 Length of Pile in Feet 
 
 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 75 100 
 
 2.76 3.45 4.14 4.83 5.52 6.21 6.90 10.35 13.80 
 
 4.60 5.75 6.90 8.05 9.20 10.35 11.50 17.25 23.00 
 
 5.52 6.90 8.28 9.66 11.04 12.40 13.80 20.70 27.60 
 
 8.28 10.35 12.42 14.50 16.56 18.63 20.70 31.05 41.40 
 
 9.20 11.50 13.80 16.10 18.40 20.70 23.00 34.50 46.00 
 
 48 2.76 5.52 8.28 11.04 13.80 16.56 19.32 22.10 24.85 27.60 41.40 55.20 
 
 60 3.45 6.90 10.35 13.80 17.25 20.70 24.15 27.60 31.05 34.50 51.75 69.00 
 
 To find tonnage in a given pile. — Multiply the value found in the 
 table by the height of the pile in feet. 
 
 Example. — Find tonnage in a pile 40 feet long, 24 inches wide and 
 6 feet high. 
 
 In tlie column luider 40 feet, on the line marked 24 inches we tind 
 11.04. 
 
 11.04X6=66.24 tons. 
 
 The values in the table are computed on a basis of 7^4 cubic feet 
 
 per ton, the i)igs being piled in the ustial ricks. If very closely piled, the 
 iron will occuj)}^ as low as 7 ctibic feet per ton. Pig iron in a loose 
 heap will run about 8 cubic feet to the ton. 
 
 Sand-cast pigs usually are 40 inches long and 4 inches in cross- 
 section, but l)ef()re shijiment from the furnace the pigs and sows are 
 broken into pieces al)out 20 inches long. Machine-cast pigs may be 
 10, 12 or 15 inches long. 
 
 To redtice values in the table to gross tons, 2,240 potinds, multiply 
 by 0.89 or divide by 1.12. 
 
 63 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TONNAGE OF COKE IN BINS 
 
 Xf.t Tons ix Bins Ont. Foot Dk.ki' 
 
 Width Length in Feet 
 
 iu Feet 10 12 15 18 20 25 30 40 50 7i 100 
 
 10 1.67 12.50 16.70 
 
 12 2.00 2.40 15.00 20.00 
 
 15 2..50 3.00 ?>.7S 18.75 25.00 
 
 18 3.00 3.60 4.50 5.40 22.50 30.00 
 
 20 3.35 4.00 5.00 6.00 6.70 25.00 33.50 
 
 25 4.17 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.35 10.40 31.30 47.70 
 
 30 5.00 6.00 7.50 9.00 10.00 12.50 15.00 37.50 50.00 
 
 40 6.67 8.00 10.00 12.00 13.43 16.67 20.00 26.70 50.00 66.70 
 
 50 8.34 10.00 12..^0 15.00 16.67 20.80 25.00 },?,^}< 41.70 62..^0 83.40 
 
 To find tonnage in a given Z^/n.— Multiply the \alue found iu the 
 table by the average depth of coke in the bin. 
 
 Example. — In a bin 18 x 25 feet in size, with coke 5 feet deep, we 
 find in the column headed 18 feet, on the line opposite 25 feet, the 
 value 7.50. 
 
 7.50 X 5=37.5 tons. 
 
 A good grade of foundry coke will run from 32 to 34 pounds per 
 cubic foot. The values in the table are computed on a basis of 60 cubic 
 feet per ton. 
 
 Pea coke averages 37 to 38 pounds per cubic foot, or about 53.4 
 cubic feet per ton. To reduce valuer in the table to a pea coke basis, 
 multiply by 1.12. 
 
 64 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 Rkvolutions Per Minute of Driven Pulleys 
 
 The number of revolutions per minute of a 
 driven pulley is equal to the product of the 
 revolutions per minute of the driving pulley 
 and the diameter of the driving pulley divided 
 by the diameter of the driven pulley. Or v^rhere 
 
 R=:Revolutions per minute of the driven pulley. 
 
 n ^Revolutions per minute of the driving pulley. 
 
 D=Diameter of the driven pulley. 
 
 d =Diameter of the driving pulley. 
 
 , dn 
 
 R= 
 
 D 
 
 Diameters of Driven Pulleys 
 
 The diameter of a driven pulley is equal to the product of the revolutions 
 per minutes of the driving pulley and the diameter of driving pulley divided 
 by the revolutions per minute of driven pulley. 
 
 D=- 
 
 dn 
 R 
 
 Diameters of Driving Pulleys 
 The diameters of a drivinig pulley is equal to the product of the diameter 
 of driven pulley and revolutions per minute of driven pulley divided by revolu- 
 tions per minute of driving pulley. 
 
 DR 
 
 d= 
 
 n 
 
 Revolutions Per Minute of Driving Pulley 
 The number of revolutions per minute of a driving pulley is equal to the 
 product of the diameter of driven pulley and the revolutions per minute of 
 driven pulley divided by the diameter of driving pulley. 
 
 DR 
 
 65 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Confifiued) 
 
 Revolutions Per Minute of Driven Pulley in Compound Drive 
 
 The number of revolutions per minute of the second driven pulley is equal 
 to the product of the revolutions of the first driving pulley and the quotient 
 obtained by dividing the product of diameters of driving pulleys by the product 
 of diameters of driven pulleys. Or where, 
 
 A and B=Diameters of the driving pulleys. 
 C and D^Diameters of the driven pulleys. 
 N=Revolutions per minute of second driven pulley. 
 n =Revo!utions per minute of first driving pulley. 
 
 nAB 
 
 N= 
 
 CD 
 
 Pulley Diameters in Compound Drive 
 
 Place the revolutions per minute of the driving pulley as the numerator of 
 a fraction and the revolutions per minute of the driven pulley as the de- 
 nominator, and reduce this fraction to its lowest terms. Then resolve both 
 numerator and denominator into two factors and multiply each pair of factors 
 (that is one in the denominator and one in the numerator) by a number which 
 will give pulleys of large enough diameter. 
 
 Example: The number of revolutions per minute of A=320 per minute. 
 The number of revolutions per minute of D=900 per minute. 
 320 16 8x2 
 
 Fraction= — = — resolve into factors 
 
 900 45 9x5 
 
 (8 X 1) X (2 X 4) 
 
 Multiplying pairs by same numbers^ ■ 
 
 (9 X 1) X (5 X 4) 
 
 9 X 20 
 .•. 8 and 8 are diameters of driven pulleys C and D and 9 and 20 are diam- 
 eters of driving pulleys. 
 
 66 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Cofjtirmed) 
 
 Velocities of Belts or Pulleys 
 
 All Pulley Diameters Given in Inches. 
 
 Dia. of Velocity of Belt or Pulley in Feet Per Minute when Number of Revolutions Per Minute Is 
 Pulley 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 
 
 2 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 131 
 
 2}4 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 79 
 
 85 
 
 92 
 
 98 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 118 
 
 124 
 
 131 
 
 164 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 86 
 
 94 
 
 102 
 
 110 
 
 118 
 
 126 
 
 134 
 
 141 
 
 149 
 
 157 
 
 196 
 
 3J^ 
 
 92 
 
 101 
 
 110 
 
 119 
 
 128 
 
 137 
 
 147 
 
 156 
 
 165 
 
 174 
 
 183 
 
 229 
 
 4 
 
 105 
 
 115 
 
 126 
 
 136 
 
 146 
 
 157 
 
 167 
 
 178 
 
 188 
 
 199 
 
 209 
 
 261 
 
 4}^ 
 
 118 
 
 130 
 
 141 
 
 153 
 
 165 
 
 177 
 
 188 
 
 200 
 
 212 
 
 224 
 
 236 
 
 295 
 
 S 
 
 131 
 
 144 
 
 157 
 
 170 
 
 183 
 
 196 
 
 209 
 
 223 
 
 236 
 
 249 
 
 262 
 
 327 
 
 SVi 
 
 144 
 
 158 
 
 173 
 
 187 
 
 202 
 
 216 
 
 230 
 
 245 
 
 259 
 
 274 
 
 288 
 
 360 
 
 6 
 
 157 
 
 173 
 
 189 
 
 204 
 
 220 
 
 236 
 
 251 
 
 267 
 
 283 
 
 299 
 
 314 
 
 393 
 
 6H 
 
 170 
 
 187 
 
 204 
 
 221 
 
 238 
 
 255 
 
 272 
 
 289 
 
 306 
 
 323 
 
 340 
 
 425 
 
 7 
 
 183 
 
 202 
 
 220 
 
 238 
 
 257 
 
 275 
 
 293 
 
 311 
 
 330 
 
 348 
 
 367 
 
 458 
 
 7y2 
 
 196 
 
 216 
 
 236 
 
 255 
 
 275 
 
 295 
 
 314 
 
 334 
 
 353 
 
 373 
 
 393 
 
 491 
 
 8 
 
 209 
 
 230 
 
 251 
 
 272 
 
 293 
 
 314 
 
 335 
 
 356 
 
 377 
 
 398 
 
 419 
 
 524 
 
 S'A 
 
 223 
 
 245 
 
 267 
 
 289 
 
 312 
 
 334 
 
 356 
 
 378 
 
 401 
 
 423 
 
 445 
 
 556 
 
 9 
 
 236 
 
 259 
 
 283 
 
 306 
 
 330 
 
 353 
 
 377 
 
 401 
 
 424 
 
 448 
 
 471 
 
 589 
 
 9H 
 
 249 
 
 274 
 
 298 
 
 323 
 
 348 
 
 373 
 
 398 
 
 423 
 
 448 
 
 473 
 
 497 
 
 622 
 
 10 
 
 262 
 
 288 
 
 314 
 
 340 
 
 367 
 
 393 
 
 419 
 
 445 
 
 471 
 
 497 
 
 524 
 
 655 
 
 lO^A 
 
 275 
 
 302 
 
 330 
 
 357 
 
 385 
 
 412 
 
 440 
 
 467 
 
 495 
 
 522 
 
 550 
 
 687 
 
 11 
 
 288 
 
 317 
 
 346 
 
 374 
 
 403 
 
 432 
 
 461 
 
 490 
 
 518 
 
 547 
 
 576 
 
 720 
 
 IVA 
 
 301 
 
 331 
 
 361 
 
 391 
 
 422 
 
 452 
 
 482 
 
 512 
 
 542 
 
 572 
 
 602 
 
 753 
 
 12 
 
 314 
 
 345 
 
 377 
 
 408 
 
 440 
 
 471 
 
 503 
 
 534 
 
 565 
 
 598 
 
 628 
 
 785 
 
 UA 
 
 327 
 
 360 
 
 393 
 
 425 
 
 458 
 
 491 
 
 524 
 
 556 
 
 589 
 
 622 
 
 655 
 
 818 
 
 13 
 
 340 
 
 375 
 
 408 
 
 443 
 
 477 
 
 511 
 
 545 
 
 579 
 
 613 
 
 647 
 
 681 
 
 852 
 
 UA 
 
 353 
 
 389 
 
 424 
 
 459 
 
 495 
 
 530 
 
 565 
 
 601 
 
 636 
 
 671 
 
 707 
 
 883 
 
 14 
 
 367 
 
 403 
 
 440 
 
 477 
 
 513 
 
 550 
 
 586 
 
 623 
 
 660 
 
 696 
 
 733 
 
 916 
 
 14^ 
 
 380 
 
 418 
 
 456 
 
 494 
 
 531 
 
 569 
 
 607 
 
 645 
 
 683 
 
 721 
 
 759 
 
 949 
 
 15 
 
 393 
 
 432 
 
 471 
 
 511 
 
 550 
 
 589 
 
 628 
 
 668 
 
 707 
 
 746 
 
 785 
 
 982 
 
 ISVi 
 
 406 
 
 446 
 
 487 
 
 528 
 
 568 
 
 609 
 
 649 
 
 690 
 
 730 
 
 771 
 
 812 
 
 1015 
 
 16 
 
 419 
 
 461 
 
 503 
 
 544 
 
 586 
 
 628 
 
 670 
 
 712 
 
 754 
 
 796 
 
 838 
 
 1047 
 
 16H 
 
 432 
 
 475 
 
 518 
 
 562 
 
 605 
 
 648 
 
 691 
 
 734 
 
 777 
 
 821 
 
 864 
 
 1080 
 
 17 
 
 445 
 
 490 
 
 534 
 
 579 
 
 623 
 
 668 
 
 712 
 
 757 
 
 801 
 
 846 
 
 890 
 
 1113 
 
 17 A 
 
 458 
 
 504 
 
 550 
 
 596 
 
 641 
 
 687 
 
 733 
 
 779 
 
 825 
 
 870 
 
 916 
 
 1145 
 
 18 
 
 471 
 
 518 
 
 565 
 
 613 
 
 660 
 
 707 
 
 754 
 
 801 
 
 848 
 
 895 
 
 943 
 
 1178 
 
 18}^ 
 
 484 
 
 533 
 
 581 
 
 630 
 
 678 
 
 727 
 
 775 
 
 823 
 
 872 
 
 920 
 
 969 
 
 1211 
 
 19 
 
 497 
 
 547 
 
 597 
 
 647 
 
 696 
 
 746 
 
 796 
 
 846 
 
 895 
 
 945 
 
 995 
 
 1244 
 
 19H 
 
 511 
 
 562 
 
 613 
 
 664 
 
 715 
 
 766 
 
 817 
 
 868 
 
 919 
 
 970 
 
 1021 
 
 1276 
 
 20 
 
 524 
 
 576 
 
 628 
 
 681 
 
 733 
 
 785 
 
 838 
 
 890 
 
 943 
 
 995 
 
 1047 
 
 1309 
 
 21 
 
 550 
 
 605 
 
 660 
 
 715 
 
 770 
 
 825 
 
 880 
 
 935 
 
 990 
 
 1045 
 
 1100 
 
 1375 
 
 22 
 
 576 
 
 634 
 
 691 
 
 749 
 
 806 
 
 864 
 
 921 
 
 979 
 
 1037 
 
 1094 
 
 1152 
 
 1440 
 
 23 
 
 602 
 
 662 
 
 723 
 
 783 
 
 843 
 
 903 
 
 963 
 
 1024 
 
 1084 
 
 1140 
 
 1204 
 
 1505 
 
 67 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Velocitif:s of Belts or Pulleys 
 
 Dia. of Velocity of Belt or Pulley in Feet Per Minute when Number of Revolutions Per Minute Is 
 Pulley 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 
 
 24 
 
 628 
 
 691 
 
 754 
 
 817 
 
 880 
 
 943 
 
 1005 
 
 1068 
 
 1131 
 
 1194 
 
 1257 
 
 1571 
 
 25 
 
 655 
 
 720 
 
 785 
 
 851 
 
 916 
 
 982 
 
 1047 
 
 1113 
 
 1178 
 
 1244 
 
 1309 
 
 1635 
 
 26 
 
 681 
 
 749 
 
 817 
 
 885 
 
 953 
 
 1021 
 
 1089 
 
 1157 
 
 1225 
 
 1293 
 
 1361 
 
 1702 
 
 27 
 
 707 
 
 778 
 
 848 
 
 919 
 
 990 
 
 1060 
 
 1131 
 
 1202 
 
 1272 
 
 1343 
 
 1414 
 
 1767 
 
 28 
 
 733 
 
 806 
 
 880 
 
 953 
 
 1026 
 
 1100 
 
 1173 
 
 1246 
 
 1319 
 
 1393 
 
 1466 
 
 1833 
 
 29 
 
 759 
 
 835 
 
 911 
 
 987 
 
 1063 
 
 1139 
 
 1215 
 
 1291 
 
 1366 
 
 1443 
 
 1518 
 
 1898 
 
 30 
 
 785 
 
 864 
 
 942 
 
 1021 
 
 1100 
 
 1178 
 
 1257 
 
 1335 
 
 1414 
 
 1492 
 
 1571 
 
 1964 
 
 31 
 
 812 
 
 893 
 
 974 
 
 1055 
 
 1136 
 
 1217 
 
 1299 
 
 1380 
 
 1461 
 
 1542 
 
 1623 
 
 2029 
 
 32 
 
 838 
 
 922 
 
 1005 
 
 1089 
 
 1173 
 
 1257 
 
 1340 
 
 1424 
 
 1508 
 
 1592 
 
 1676 
 
 2094 
 
 33 
 
 864 
 
 950 
 
 1037 
 
 1123 
 
 1210 
 
 1296 
 
 1382 
 
 1469 
 
 1555 
 
 1641 
 
 1728 
 
 2170 
 
 34 
 
 890 
 
 979 
 
 1068 
 
 1157 
 
 1264 
 
 1335 
 
 1424 
 
 1513 
 
 1602 
 
 1691 
 
 1780 
 
 2225 
 
 35 
 
 916 
 
 1008 
 
 1100 
 
 1191 
 
 1283 
 
 1375 
 
 1466 
 
 1558 
 
 1649 
 
 1741 
 
 1833 
 
 2291 
 
 36 
 
 943 
 
 1037 
 
 1131 
 
 1225 
 
 1320 
 
 1414 
 
 1508 
 
 1602 
 
 1697 
 
 1791 
 
 1885 
 
 2356 
 
 37 
 
 969 
 
 1066 
 
 1162 
 
 1259 
 
 1356 
 
 1452 
 
 1550 
 
 1646 
 
 1744 
 
 1840 
 
 1937 
 
 2421 
 
 38 
 
 995 
 
 1094 
 
 1194 
 
 1293 
 
 1393 
 
 1492 
 
 1592 
 
 1691 
 
 1791 
 
 1890 
 
 1990 
 
 2487 
 
 39 
 
 1021 
 
 1123 
 
 1225 
 
 1327 
 
 1429 
 
 1532 
 
 1634 
 
 1736 
 
 1838 
 
 1940 
 
 2042 
 
 2552 
 
 40 
 
 1047 
 
 1152 
 
 1257 
 
 1361 
 
 1466 
 
 1571 
 
 1676 
 
 1780 
 
 1885 
 
 1990 
 
 2094 
 
 2618 
 
 41 
 
 1073 
 
 1181 
 
 1288 
 
 1395 
 
 1503 
 
 1610 
 
 1718 
 
 1825 
 
 1932 
 
 2039 
 
 2147 
 
 2684 
 
 42 
 
 1100 
 
 1210 
 
 1319 
 
 1429 
 
 1539 
 
 1649 
 
 1759 
 
 1869 
 
 1979 
 
 2089 
 
 2199 
 
 2749 
 
 43 
 
 1126 
 
 1239 
 
 1351 
 
 1463 
 
 1576 
 
 1689 
 
 1801 
 
 1914 
 
 2026 
 
 2139 
 
 2252 
 
 2815 
 
 44 
 
 1152 
 
 1267 
 
 1382 
 
 1498 
 
 1613 
 
 1728 
 
 1843 
 
 1958 
 
 2073 
 
 2189 
 
 2304 
 
 2880 
 
 45 
 
 1178 
 
 1295 
 
 1414 
 
 1532 
 
 1650 
 
 1768 
 
 1885 
 
 2003 
 
 2120 
 
 2139 
 
 2356 
 
 2946 
 
 46 
 
 1204 
 
 1324 
 
 1445 
 
 1566 
 
 1686 
 
 1807 
 
 1927 
 
 2047 
 
 2167 
 
 2288 
 
 2409 
 
 3011 
 
 47 
 
 1231 
 
 1353 
 
 1477 
 
 1600 
 
 1723 
 
 1846 
 
 1969 
 
 2092 
 
 2214 
 
 2338 
 
 2461 
 
 3077 
 
 48 
 
 1257 
 
 1382 
 
 1508 
 
 1634 
 
 1759 
 
 1885 
 
 2011 
 
 2136 
 
 2262 
 
 2388 
 
 2513 
 
 3142 
 
 49 
 
 1283 
 
 1411 
 
 1539 
 
 1668 
 
 1796 
 
 1925 
 
 2053 
 
 2180 
 
 2309 
 
 2438 
 
 2565 
 
 3208 
 
 50 
 
 1309 
 
 1440 
 
 1571 
 
 1702 
 
 1833 
 
 1964 
 
 2094 
 
 2225 
 
 2356 
 
 2487 
 
 2618 
 
 3273 
 
 51 
 
 1335 
 
 146^ 
 
 1602 
 
 1736 
 
 1870 
 
 2003 
 
 2136 
 
 2270 
 
 2403 
 
 2537 
 
 2670 
 
 3338 
 
 52 
 
 1361 
 
 1497 
 
 1634 
 
 1770 
 
 1906 
 
 2042 
 
 2178 
 
 2314 
 
 2450 
 
 2587 
 
 2723 
 
 3403 
 
 53 
 
 1388 
 
 1526 
 
 1665 
 
 1804 
 
 1943 
 
 2082 
 
 2220 
 
 2359 
 
 2497 
 
 2637 
 
 2775 
 
 3469 
 
 54 
 
 1414 
 
 1555 
 
 1696 
 
 1838 
 
 1979 
 
 2121 
 
 2262 
 
 2403 
 
 2545 
 
 2686 
 
 2827 
 
 3534 
 
 55 
 
 1440 
 
 1584 
 
 1728 
 
 1872 
 
 2016 
 
 2160 
 
 2304 
 
 2448 
 
 2592 
 
 2736 
 
 2879 
 
 3600 
 
 56 
 
 1466 
 
 1613 
 
 1759 
 
 1906 
 
 2053 
 
 2199 
 
 2346 
 
 2492 
 
 2639 
 
 2786 
 
 2932 
 
 3665 
 
 57 
 
 1492 
 
 1642 
 
 1791 
 
 1940 
 
 2090 
 
 2239 
 
 2388 
 
 2537 
 
 2686 
 
 2836 
 
 2984 
 
 3731 
 
 58 
 
 1518 
 
 1670 
 
 1822 
 
 1974 
 
 2126 
 
 2278 
 
 2429 
 
 2581 
 
 2733 
 
 2885 
 
 3037 
 
 3796 
 
 59 
 
 1545 
 
 1699 
 
 1854 
 
 2008 
 
 2163 
 
 2317 
 
 2471 
 
 2626 
 
 2780 
 
 2935 
 
 3090 
 
 3862 
 
 60 
 
 1571 
 
 1728 
 
 1885 
 
 2042 
 
 2199 
 
 2356 
 
 2513 
 
 2670 
 
 2827 
 
 2985 
 
 3142 
 
 3927 
 
 62 
 
 1623 
 
 1786 
 
 1948 
 
 2110 
 
 2273 
 
 2435 
 
 2597 
 
 2759 
 
 2922 
 
 3084 
 
 32-16 
 
 4058 
 
 64 
 
 1676 
 
 1843 
 
 2011 
 
 2178 
 
 2346 
 
 2513 
 
 2681 
 
 2848 
 
 3016 
 
 3183 
 
 3351 
 
 4189 
 
 66 
 
 1728 
 
 1901 
 
 2074 
 
 2246 
 
 2419 
 
 2592 
 
 2765 
 
 2937 
 
 3110 
 
 3283 
 
 3456 
 
 4319 
 
 68 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (CofUhmc/^) 
 
 Velocities of Belts or Pulleys 
 
 Dia. of Velocity of Belt or Pulley in Feet Per Minute when Number of Revolutions Per Minute Is 
 Pulley 300 350 400 4S0 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 
 
 2 
 
 157 
 
 183 
 
 209 
 
 236 
 
 262 
 
 288 
 
 314 
 
 341 
 
 366 
 
 393 
 
 419 
 
 445 
 
 23^ 
 
 196 
 
 229 
 
 262 
 
 295 
 
 327 
 
 360 
 
 393 
 
 425 
 
 458 
 
 491 
 
 524 
 
 556 
 
 3 
 
 236 
 
 275 
 
 314 
 
 353 
 
 393 
 
 432 
 
 471 
 
 511 
 
 550 
 
 589 
 
 628 
 
 668 
 
 3^ 
 
 275 
 
 321 
 
 367 
 
 413 
 
 458 
 
 504 
 
 550 
 
 596 
 
 642 
 
 687 
 
 733 
 
 779 
 
 4 
 
 314 
 
 366 
 
 418 
 
 471 
 
 523 
 
 575 
 
 627 
 
 680 
 
 732 
 
 784 
 
 836 
 
 889 
 
 i'A 
 
 353 
 
 412 
 
 471 
 
 530 
 
 589 
 
 648 
 
 707 
 
 766 
 
 825 
 
 883 
 
 942 
 
 1001 
 
 S 
 
 393 
 
 458 
 
 524 
 
 589 
 
 655 
 
 720 
 
 785 
 
 851 
 
 916 
 
 982 
 
 1047 
 
 1113 
 
 5y2 
 
 432 
 
 504 
 
 576 
 
 648 
 
 720 
 
 792 
 
 864 
 
 936 
 
 1008 
 
 1080 
 
 1152 
 
 1224 
 
 6 
 
 471 
 
 550 
 
 628 
 
 707 
 
 786 
 
 864 
 
 943 
 
 1021 
 
 1100 
 
 1178 
 
 1257 
 
 1335 
 
 6H 
 
 510 
 
 595 
 
 680 
 
 765 
 
 851 
 
 936 
 
 1021 
 
 1106 
 
 1191 
 
 1276 
 
 1361 
 
 1445 
 
 7 
 
 550 
 
 642 
 
 733 
 
 824 
 
 916 
 
 1008 
 
 1100 
 
 1191 
 
 1282 
 
 1374 
 
 1466 
 
 1557 
 
 y'A 
 
 589 
 
 687 
 
 785 
 
 883 
 
 982 
 
 1080 
 
 1178 
 
 1276 
 
 1374 
 
 1472 
 
 1570 
 
 1669 
 
 8 
 
 628 
 
 732 
 
 838 
 
 942 
 
 1047 
 
 1152 
 
 1256 
 
 1370 
 
 1466 
 
 1571 
 
 1675 
 
 1780 
 
 SH 
 
 668 
 
 779 
 
 890 
 
 1001 
 
 1113 
 
 1214 
 
 1335 
 
 1446 
 
 1558 
 
 1669 
 
 1780 
 
 1891 
 
 9 
 
 707 
 
 825 
 
 942 
 
 1060 
 
 II78 
 
 1296 
 
 1414 
 
 1531 
 
 1649 
 
 1767 
 
 1885 
 
 2003 
 
 9H 
 
 746 
 
 875 
 
 995 
 
 1119 
 
 1244 
 
 1368 
 
 1492 
 
 1617 
 
 1741 
 
 1865 
 
 1990 
 
 2114 
 
 10 
 
 785 
 
 916 
 
 1047 
 
 1178 
 
 1309 
 
 1440 
 
 1571 
 
 1702 
 
 1833 
 
 1964 
 
 2094 
 
 2225 
 
 10}^ 
 
 825 
 
 962 
 
 1100 
 
 1237 
 
 1375 
 
 1512 
 
 1649 
 
 1787 
 
 1924 
 
 2062 
 
 2199 
 
 2337 
 
 11 
 
 864 
 
 1008 
 
 1152 
 
 1296 
 
 1440 
 
 1584 
 
 1728 
 
 1872 
 
 2016 
 
 2160 
 
 2304 
 
 2448 
 
 IIH 
 
 903 
 
 1054 
 
 1204 
 
 1355 
 
 1506 
 
 1656 
 
 1807 
 
 1957 
 
 2108 
 
 2258 
 
 2409 
 
 2559 
 
 12 
 
 942 
 
 1100 
 
 1256 
 
 1413 
 
 1571 
 
 1728 
 
 1885 
 
 2044 
 
 2199 
 
 2356 
 
 2513 
 
 267(7 
 
 IPA 
 
 982 
 
 1145 
 
 1309 
 
 1472 
 
 1636 
 
 1800 
 
 1963 
 
 2127 
 
 2290 
 
 2454 
 
 2618 
 
 278) 
 
 13 
 
 1022 
 
 1191 
 
 1362 
 
 1533 
 
 1703 
 
 1873 
 
 2044 
 
 2214 
 
 2384 
 
 2555 
 
 2725 
 
 2895 
 
 13H 
 
 1060 
 
 1237 
 
 1414 
 
 1590 
 
 1767 
 
 1944 
 
 2120 
 
 2297 
 
 2474 
 
 2651 
 
 2827 
 
 3004 
 
 14 
 
 1100 
 
 1282 
 
 1466 
 
 1649 
 
 1833 
 
 2016 
 
 2199 
 
 2382 
 
 2566 
 
 2749 
 
 2932 
 
 3115 
 
 14M 
 
 1139 
 
 1329 
 
 1518 
 
 1708 
 
 1898 
 
 2088 
 
 2278 
 
 2467 
 
 2657 
 
 2847 
 
 3037 
 
 3227 
 
 IS 
 
 1178 
 
 1374 
 
 1571 
 
 1767 
 
 1964 
 
 2159 
 
 2356 
 
 2553 
 
 2749 
 
 2945 
 
 3142 
 
 3337 
 
 ISA 
 
 1217 
 
 1420 
 
 1623 
 
 1826 
 
 2029 
 
 2233 
 
 2435 
 
 2638 
 
 2841 
 
 3044 
 
 3246 
 
 3449 
 
 16 
 
 1256 
 
 1466 
 
 1675 
 
 1885 
 
 2094 
 
 2303 
 
 2513 
 
 2722 
 
 2932 
 
 3142 
 
 3350 
 
 3560 
 
 16A 
 
 1296 
 
 1512 
 
 1728 
 
 1944 
 
 2160 
 
 2376 
 
 2591 
 
 2807 
 
 3023 
 
 3239 
 
 3455 
 
 3671 
 
 17 
 
 1335 
 
 1558 
 
 1780 
 
 2003 
 
 2226 
 
 2448 
 
 2671 
 
 2893 
 
 3116 
 
 3338 
 
 3561 
 
 3783 
 
 i7A 
 
 1374 
 
 1603 
 
 1832 
 
 2061 
 
 2291 
 
 2520 
 
 2749 
 
 2978 
 
 3207 
 
 3436 
 
 3665 
 
 3894 
 
 18 
 
 1414 
 
 1649 
 
 1885 
 
 2120 
 
 2356 
 
 2592 
 
 2827 
 
 3063 
 
 3298 
 
 3534 
 
 3770 
 
 4005 
 
 18J^ 
 
 1453 
 
 1695 
 
 1937 
 
 2179 
 
 2422 
 
 2664 
 
 2906 
 
 3148 
 
 3390 
 
 3632 
 
 3874 
 
 4116 
 
 19 
 
 1492 
 
 1741 
 
 1990 
 
 2238 
 
 2487 
 
 2736 
 
 2984 
 
 3233 
 
 3482 
 
 3731 
 
 3979 
 
 4228 
 
 193^ 
 
 1532 
 
 1787 
 
 2042 
 
 2297 
 
 2553 
 
 2808 
 
 3063 
 
 3318 
 
 3574 
 
 3829 
 
 4084 
 
 4339 
 
 20 
 
 1571 
 
 1833 
 
 2094 
 
 2356 
 
 2618 
 
 2880 
 
 3142 
 
 3403 
 
 3665 
 
 3927 
 
 4189 
 
 4451 
 
 21 
 
 1649 
 
 1924 
 
 2199 
 
 2474 
 
 2749 
 
 3021 
 
 3299 
 
 3574 
 
 3849 
 
 4123 
 
 4398 
 
 4673 
 
 22 
 
 1728 
 
 2016 
 
 2304 
 
 2592 
 
 2880 
 
 3168 
 
 3455 
 
 3743 
 
 4031 
 
 4319 
 
 4607 
 
 4895 
 
 23 
 
 1806 
 
 2108 
 
 2408 
 
 2709 
 
 3011 
 
 3312 
 
 3613 
 
 3914 
 
 4215 
 
 4516 
 
 4817 
 
 5118 
 
 69 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Velocities of Belts or Pulleys 
 
 Dia. of Velocity of Belt or Pulley in Feet Per Minute when Number of Revolutions Per Minute Is 
 Pulley 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 
 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 1885 
 1964 
 2042 
 2120 
 2199 
 2278 
 2356 
 2435 
 2513 
 2592 
 2670 
 2749 
 2828 
 
 2199 
 2290 
 2384 
 2474 
 2566 
 2657 
 2749 
 2841 
 2932 
 3023 
 3116 
 3207 
 3298 
 
 2513 
 2618 
 2723 
 2827 
 2932 
 3037 
 3142 
 3246 
 3351 
 3456 
 3560 
 3665 
 3770 
 
 2827 
 2945 
 3063 
 3181 
 3299 
 3416 
 3534 
 3652 
 3770 
 3887 
 4005 
 4123 
 4241 
 
 3142 
 3273 
 3404 
 3534 
 3665 
 3796 
 3927 
 4058 
 4189 
 4320 
 4451 
 4582 
 4713 
 
 3456 
 3600 
 3744 
 3887 
 4032 
 4176 
 4320 
 4464 
 4607 
 4751 
 4896 
 5040 
 5184 
 
 3770 
 3927 
 4084 
 4241 
 4398 
 4555 
 4712 
 4870 
 5026 
 5184 
 
 4084 
 4254 
 4425 
 4594 
 4765 
 4935 
 5105 
 5275 
 
 4398 
 4582 
 4765 
 4948 
 5131 
 5314 
 
 4712 5027 
 4909 5236 
 
 205 
 
 301 
 
 5341 
 
 Dia. of 
 Pulley 
 
 \ elocity of Belt or Pulley in Feet Per Minute when Revohilions Per Minute Is 
 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 
 
 2 
 
 23^ 
 
 3 
 
 3>^ 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 6H 
 
 7 
 
 7^ 
 8 
 
 8K 
 9 
 
 934 
 10 
 
 471 
 
 589 
 
 707 
 
 825 
 
 941 
 
 1060 
 
 1178 
 
 1296 
 
 1414 
 
 1531 
 
 1649 
 
 1777 
 
 1885 
 
 2003 
 
 2120 
 
 2238 
 
 2356 
 
 524 
 655 
 785 
 916 
 1046 
 1178 
 1309 
 1440 
 1571 
 1702 
 1832 
 1963 
 2094 
 2225 
 2356 
 2487 
 2618 
 
 576 
 720 
 864 
 1008 
 IlSl 
 1296 
 1440 
 1584 
 1728 
 1871 
 2015 
 2159 
 2303 
 2448 
 2592 
 2735 
 2880 
 
 628 
 785 
 943 
 1100 
 1255 
 1414 
 1571 
 1728 
 1885 
 2041 
 2198 
 2356 
 2513 
 2670 
 2827 
 2984 
 3142 
 
 681 
 851 
 1021 
 1192 
 1359 
 1531 
 1702 
 1872 
 2042 
 2211 
 2382 
 2552 
 2722 
 2893 
 3063 
 3233 
 3403 
 
 733 
 916 
 1100 
 1283 
 1464 
 1649 
 1833 
 2016 
 2199 
 2381 
 2564 
 2748 
 2932 
 3115 
 3298 
 3482 
 3665 
 
 785 
 981 
 1178 
 1375 
 1568 
 1767 
 1964 
 2160 
 2357 
 2552 
 2748 
 2945 
 3142 
 3338 
 3534 
 3731 
 3927 
 
 838 
 1046 
 1257 
 1467 
 1673 
 1885 
 2094 
 2304 
 2514 
 2722 
 2931 
 3141 
 3350 
 3561 
 3770 
 3979 
 4189 
 
 890 
 1112 
 1335 
 1558 
 1777 
 2003 
 2225 
 2448 
 2671 
 2892 
 3114 
 3337 
 3560 
 3782 
 1005 
 4228 
 4451 
 
 943 
 1178 
 1414 
 1650 
 
 1882 
 2120 
 2356 
 2592 
 2828 
 3062 
 3298 
 3533 
 3769 
 4005 
 4241 
 4477 
 4712 
 
 993 
 1244 
 1492 
 1740 
 
 1989 
 2238 
 2487 
 2736 
 2984 
 3235 
 3482 
 3731 
 3979 
 4228 
 4476 
 4725 
 4974 
 
 1046 
 1309 
 1571 
 1832 
 2094 
 2356 
 2618 
 2880 
 3142 
 3406 
 366S 
 3927 
 4188 
 4451 
 4712 
 4974 
 5236 
 
 70 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Co}itinncd) 
 
 125 = 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 Difference in 
 diameters of 
 pulleys Distance 
 (inches) 
 
 120° 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 IS 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 Angle ok Contact 
 
 between centers of pulleys in inches when angle of contact on smaller piille\ is 
 130° 135° 
 
 140° 
 
 145° 150° 155' 
 
 11.9 
 13.0 
 14.1 
 15.2 
 16.3 
 17.4 
 18.4 
 19.5 
 20.6 
 21.7 
 22.8 
 23.9 
 24.9 
 26.0 
 27.1 
 28.2 
 29.3 
 30.3 
 31.4 
 32,5 
 33.6 
 34.6 
 35.7 
 36.8 
 37.9 
 39.0 
 40.0 
 41.1 
 42.2 
 43.3 
 
 11.8 
 13.0 
 14.2 
 15.4 
 16.6 
 17.8 
 19.0 
 
 27.4 
 28.5 
 29.7 
 30.9 
 32.1 
 33.3 
 34.4 
 35. 6 
 36.8 
 38.0 
 39.2 
 40.3 
 41. S 
 42.7 
 43.9 
 45.1 
 46.2 
 47.3 
 
 11.8 
 13.1 
 14.4 
 15.7 
 17.0 
 18.3 
 19.7 
 21.0 
 22.2 
 23.5 
 24.8 
 26.1 
 27.4 
 28.7 
 30.0 
 31.3 
 32.7 
 34.0 
 35. 3 
 36.6 
 37.9 
 39.2 
 40.5 
 41.8 
 43.1 
 44.4 
 45.8 
 47.1 
 48.4 
 49.7 
 51.0 
 52.3 
 
 11.6 
 13.1 
 14.6 
 16.1 
 17.5 
 18.9 
 20.4 
 21.8 
 23.3 
 24.8 
 26.2 
 27.7 
 29.2 
 30.7 
 32.1 
 33.6 
 35.1 
 36.5 
 38.0 
 39.5 
 40.9 
 42.4 
 43.9 
 45.3 
 46.8 
 48.3 
 49.7 
 51.2 
 52.7 
 54.1 
 55.6 
 57.0 
 58.5 
 
 11.6 
 13.3 
 14.9 
 16.6 
 18.3 
 19.9 
 21.6 
 23.3 
 24.9 
 26.6 
 28.3 
 29.9 
 31.6 
 33.3 
 35.0 
 36.6 
 38.3 
 40.0 
 41.6 
 43.3 
 45.0 
 46.5 
 48.2 
 49.8 
 51. 5 
 53.2 
 54.8 
 56.5 
 58.2 
 59.8 
 61.5 
 63.2 
 64.8 
 66.5 
 
 11.6 
 13.6 
 15.5 
 17.4 
 19.3 
 21.2 
 23.2 
 25.1 
 27.0 
 29.0 
 30.9 
 32.8 
 34.8 
 36.7 
 38.6 
 40.5 
 42.5 
 44.4 
 46.3 
 48.3 
 50.2 
 52.1 
 54.1 
 56.0 
 57.9 
 59.9 
 61.8 
 63.7 
 65.7 
 67.6 
 69.5 
 71.5 
 73.4 
 75. 3 
 77.3 
 
 11.6 
 13.8 
 15.1 
 18.5 
 20.8 
 23.1 
 25.4 
 27.7 
 30.1 
 32.4 
 34.7 
 37.0 
 39.3 
 41.6 
 43.9 
 46.2 
 48.5 
 50.8 
 53.1 
 55.4 
 57.7 
 60.1 
 62.4 
 64.7 
 67.0 
 69.3 
 71.6 
 73.9 
 76.2 
 78.5 
 80.8 
 83.2 
 85.5 
 87.8 
 90.1 
 92.4 
 
 160° 
 
 11.5 
 14.4 
 17.3 
 20.2 
 23.0 
 25.9 
 28.8 
 31.7 
 34.5 
 37.4 
 40.3 
 43.2 
 46.1 
 48.9 
 51.8 
 54.7 
 57.6 
 60.5 
 63.4 
 66.3 
 69.1 
 72.0 
 74.9 
 77.7 
 80.6 
 83.5 
 86.4 
 89.3 
 92.2 
 95.1 
 97.9 
 100.8 
 103.7 
 106.5 
 109.4 
 112.3 
 115.2 
 
 165° 
 
 11.5 
 
 15.3 
 19.2 
 23.0 
 26.8 
 30.6 
 34.4 
 38.2 
 42.1 
 45.9 
 49.7 
 53.6 
 57.4 
 61.2 
 65.1 
 68.9 
 72.7 
 76.6 
 80.4 
 84.2 
 88.1 
 91.9 
 95.7 
 99.6 
 103.4 
 107.2 
 111.0 
 114.9 
 118.7 
 122.5 
 126.4 
 130.2 
 134.0 
 137.8 
 141.7 
 145.5 
 149.3 
 153.2 
 
 170° 175° 
 11.5 
 
 11.5 23 
 17.2 34,5 
 22.9 46. 
 
 28.7 57.4 
 34.4 68.7 
 
 40.2 79.2 
 45.9 91.7 
 
 51.6 103.1 
 
 57.4 114.5 
 63.1 125.9 
 
 69.8 137.4 
 74.6 148.4 
 
 80.3 160.3 
 86.1 171.7 
 91.8 183.2 
 
 97.5 194.6 
 
 103.3 205.1 
 109.0 217.5 
 114.7 229.0 
 
 120.5 240.4 
 126.2 251.9 
 
 132.0 263,3 
 
 137.7 274.8 
 
 143.4 286.2 
 
 149.2 297.7 
 154.9 309.1 
 
 160.6 320.6 
 
 166.4 332.0 
 
 172.1 343.5 
 
 177.8 
 
 183.6 
 
 189.3 
 
 195.1 
 
 200.8 
 
 206.5 
 
 212.3 
 
 218.0 
 
 223.7 
 
 229.4 
 
 71 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Angle of Contact 
 
 Difference in 
 diameters of 
 
 pulleys Distance between centers of pulleys in inches when angle of contact on smaller pulley is 
 
 (inches) 120° 125° 130° 135° 140° 145° 150° 155° 160° 165° 170° 
 
 41 41 44.3 48.5 53.6 60.0 68.2 79.2 94.7 118.1 157.0 235.2 
 
 42 42 45.4 49.7 54.9 61.4 69.8 81.1 97.0 121.0 160.9 241.0 
 
 43 43 46.5 50.9 56.2 62.9 71.5 83.1 99.3 123.9 164.8 246.7 
 
 44 44 47.6 52.0 57.5 64.3 73.2 85.0 101.6 126.8 168.6 252.4 
 
 45 45 48.7 53.2 58.8 65.8 74.8 86.9 104.0 129.7 172.5 258.2 
 
 46 46 49.8 54.4 60.1 67.3 76.5 88.9 106.3 132.6 176.3 263.9 
 
 47 47 50.9 55.6 61.4 68.7 78.2 90.8 108.6 135.4 180.1 269.6 
 
 48 48 52.0 56.8 62.7 70.2 79.8 92.7 110.9 138.3 183.9 275.4 
 
 49 49 53.1 58.0 64.0 71.6 81.5 94.7 113.2 141.2 187.7 281.1 
 
 50 50 54.2 59.2 65.3 73.1 83.2 96.6 115.5 144.1 191.5 286.9 
 
 51 51 55.2 60.3 66.7 74.6 84.8 98.5 117.8 147.0 195.4 292.6 
 
 52 52 56.3 61.5 68.0 76.0 86.5 100.5 120.2 149.9 199.2 298.3 
 
 53 53 57.4 62.7 69.3 77.5 88.2 102.4 122.5 152.8 203.0 304.1 
 
 54 54 58.5 63.9 70.6 78.9 89.8 104.3 124.8 155.7 206.9 309.8 
 
 55 55 59.6 65.1 71.9 80.4 91.5 106.3 127.1 158.5 210.7 315.5 
 
 56 56 60.7 66.3 73.2 81.9 93.2 108.2 129.4 161.4 214.5 321.3 
 
 57 57 61.7 67.4 74.5 83.3 94.8 110.1 131.7 164.2 218.4 327.0 
 
 58 58 62.8 68.6 75.8 84.8 96.5 112.1 134.0 167.1 222.2 332.7 
 
 59 59 63.9 69.8 77.1 86.2 98.2 114.0 136.3 170.0 226.0 338.5 
 
 60 60 65.0 71.0 78.4 87.7 99.8 115.9 138.6 172.8 229.8 344.2 
 
 61 61 66.1 72.2 79.7 89.2 101.5 117.9 140.9 175.7 233.7 
 
 62 62 67.2 73.4 81.0 90.7 103.2 119.8 143.3 178.6 237.5 
 
 63 63 68.2 74.5 82.3 92.1 104.8 121.7 145.6 181.4 241.3 
 
 64 64 69.3 75.7 83.6 93.6 106.5 123.7 147.9 184.3 245.2 
 
 65 65 70.4 76.9 84.9 95.1 108.2 125.6 150.2 187.2 249.0 
 
 66 66 71.5 78.1 86.2 96.5 109.8 127.5 152.5 190.1 252.8 
 
 67 67 72.6 79.3 87.5 98.0 111.4 129.5 154.8 192.9 256.6 
 
 68 68 73.6 80.4 88.8 99.5 113.1 131.4 157.1 195.8 260.5 
 
 69 69 74.7 81.6 90.1 100.9 114.7 133.3 159.4 198.7 264.3 
 
 70 70 75.8 82.8 91.5 102.4 116.4 135.2 161.7 201.6 268.1 
 
 71 71 76.9 84.0 92.8 103.8 118.0 137.1 164.0 204.5 271.9 
 
 72 72 78.0 85.2 94.1 105.3 119.7 139.0 166.3 207.4 275.8 
 
 74 74 80.1 87.5 96.7 108.2 123.0 142.8 170.9 213.1 283.4 
 
 76 76 82.3 89.9 99.3 111.2 126.3 146.7 175.5 218.9 291.1 
 
 78 78 84.4 92.2 101.9 114.1 129.7 150.6 180.2 224.6 298.7 
 
 80 80 86.6 94.6 104.5 117.0 133.0 154.5 184.8 230.4 306.4 
 
 82 82 88.8 97.0 107.1 119.9 136.3 158.4 189.4 236.2 314.1 
 
 84 84 90.9 99.3 109.7 122.8 139.7 162.2 194.0 241,9 321.7 
 
 86 86 93.1 101.7 112.3 125.8 143.0 166.1 198.6 247.7 329.3 
 
 88 88 95.3 104.0 115.0 128.7 146.3 170.0 203.3 253.4 337.0 
 
 72 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Cori/iu/ied) 
 
 Horsepower Transmitted by Belts 
 
 The horsepower transniittcd by a belt depends upon the velocity of the 
 belt (see pages 67 to 70), the angle of contact of the belt on the smaller pulley 
 and the area of belt cross section. 
 
 The angle of contact is found on pages 71 and 72; as follows: On the line 
 headed by the difiference between the given pulley diameters find the distance 
 between centers which is the nearest one below the given distance between cen- 
 ters. Then the angle at the top of the column will be the required angle. For 
 example, suppose the given pulley diameters are 9 inches and 27 inches and the 
 distance between centers is 60 inches. Then the difiference between 
 diameters is 18 inches. In the table on the line opposite 18 inches it is noted 
 that 60 inches lies between the two given distances 51.8 and 68.9. The smaller 
 distance is 51.8 and as the column, in which it lies is that for 160 degrees, the 
 angle of contact is 160 degrees. This does not give the exact angle, but is a 
 clo.^e approximation. 
 
 The horsepower per square inch of belt area is found by usinig data on 
 pages 74 and 75, using angle of contact found as above and velocity of belt 
 in tables on pages 67 to 70. For instance, if the given pulley is 27 inches in 
 diameter running at 250 revolutions per minute we find from page 68 that the 
 velocity of belt is 1767. The nearest to this in the horsepower table is 1750 and 
 with an angle of contact of loO degrees, the horsepower per square inch of 
 belt cross section would be 7.74. 
 
 The horsepower transmitted by a given belt is found by multiplying the 
 cross section area by the horsepower per square inch. 
 
 The area required for a given horsepower is found by dividing the 
 given horsepower by the horsepower per square inch. 
 
 73 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 {Continued^ 
 
 Horsepower Per Square Inch of Belt Section, Based on Earth's Formula 
 
 Velocity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of belt, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft. per 
 
 Horsepowei 
 
 r per sc 
 
 1. in. n 
 
 f belt , 
 
 section 
 
 when angle of ( 
 
 contact 
 
 of belt \ 
 
 vith sma 
 
 iller pill 
 
 lley is 
 
 min. 
 
 180° 
 
 175° 
 
 170° 
 
 165° 
 
 160° 
 
 155° 
 
 150° 
 
 145° 
 
 140° 
 
 135° 
 
 130° 
 
 125° 
 
 120° 
 
 250 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.00 
 
 .98 
 
 .96 
 
 .94 
 
 .92 
 
 .90 
 
 .87 
 
 .84 
 
 .82 
 
 .80 
 
 .77 
 
 300 
 
 1,29 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.01 
 
 .98 
 
 .95 
 
 350 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.13 
 
 400 
 
 1.77 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.67 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.31 
 
 450 
 
 2.02 
 
 1.99 
 
 1.94 
 
 1.90 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.49 
 
 500 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.18 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.95 
 
 1.90 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.79 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.68 
 
 550 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.11 
 
 2.06 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.94 
 
 1.88 
 
 600 
 
 2.77 
 
 2.72 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.54 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.39 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.08 
 
 650 
 
 3.02 
 
 2.97 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.51 
 
 2.54 
 
 2.48 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.27 
 
 700 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.22 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.10 
 
 3.03 
 
 3.00 
 
 2 89 
 
 2.73 
 
 2.76 
 
 2.69 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.54 
 
 2.46 
 
 750 
 
 3.53 
 
 3.47 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.34 
 
 3.27 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.05 
 
 2.98 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.82 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.65 
 
 800 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.71 
 
 3.65 
 
 3.57 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.34 
 
 3.26 
 
 3.19 
 
 3.10 
 
 3,02 
 
 2,93 
 
 2.85 
 
 850 
 
 4.03 
 
 3.95 
 
 3.89 
 
 3.80 
 
 3.73 
 
 3.65 
 
 3 . 56 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.31 
 
 3.22 
 
 3,13 
 
 3.04 
 
 900 
 
 4.28 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.04 
 
 3.96 
 
 3.88 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.70 
 
 3.61 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.32 
 
 3.23 
 
 950 
 
 4.53 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.37 
 
 4.28 
 
 4.19 
 
 4.11 
 
 4.01 
 
 3.92 
 
 3.82 
 
 3.73 
 
 3.62 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.42 
 
 1000 
 
 4.78 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.61 
 
 4.52 
 
 4.43 
 
 4.34 
 
 4.24 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.04 
 
 3.94 
 
 3.83 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.61 
 
 1050 
 
 5.03 
 
 4.95 
 
 4.85 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.67 
 
 4.56 
 
 4.46 
 
 4.36 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.03 
 
 3.91 
 
 3.80 
 
 1100 
 
 5.28 
 
 5.19 
 
 5.09 
 
 5.00 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.79 
 
 4. 68 
 
 4.58 
 
 4.46 
 
 4.35 
 
 4.23 
 
 4.11 
 
 3.99 
 
 1150 
 
 5.52 
 
 5.43 
 
 5.33 
 
 5.24 
 
 5.13 
 
 5.02 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.80 
 
 4.68 
 
 4.56 
 
 4.43 
 
 4.31 
 
 4.18 
 
 1200 
 
 5.77 
 
 5.67 
 
 5.57 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.36 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.13 
 
 5.02 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.77 
 
 4.64 
 
 4.51 
 
 4.37 
 
 1250 
 
 6.01 
 
 5.91 
 
 5.80 
 
 5.69 
 
 5.58 
 
 5.46 
 
 5.34 
 
 5.32 
 
 5.11 
 
 4.97 
 
 4.84 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.56 
 
 1300 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.15 
 
 6.03 
 
 5.91 
 
 5.80 
 
 5.68 
 
 5.55 
 
 5.44 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.17 
 
 5.04 
 
 4.89 
 
 4.75 
 
 1350 
 
 6.49 
 
 6.38 
 
 6.26 
 
 6.14 
 
 6.02 
 
 5.90 
 
 5.77 
 
 5.65 
 
 5.51 
 
 5.37 
 
 5.23 
 
 5.08 
 
 4.93 
 
 1400 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.61 
 
 6.49 
 
 6.37 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.12 
 
 5.99 
 
 5.85 
 
 5.71 
 
 5.57 
 
 5.42 
 
 5.27 
 
 5.11 
 
 1450 
 
 6.95 
 
 6 84 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.59 
 
 6.48 
 
 6.34 
 
 6.r9 
 
 6.06 
 
 5.91 
 
 5.77 
 
 5.61 
 
 5.46 
 
 5.29 
 
 1500 
 
 7.18 
 
 7.07 
 
 6.94 
 
 6.81 
 
 6.70 
 
 6.55 
 
 6.40 
 
 6.27 
 
 6.11 
 
 5.97 
 
 5.80 
 
 5.65 
 
 5.47 
 
 1550 
 
 7.41 
 
 7.29 
 
 7.16 
 
 7.03 
 
 6.91 
 
 6.76 
 
 6.61 
 
 6.47 
 
 6.31 
 
 6.16 
 
 5.99 
 
 5.83 
 
 5.65 
 
 1600 
 
 7.64 
 
 7.51 
 
 7.38 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.11 
 
 6.97 
 
 6.82 
 
 6.67 
 
 6.51 
 
 6.35 
 
 6.18 
 
 6.01 
 
 5.83 
 
 1650 
 
 7.87 
 
 7.73 
 
 7.60 
 
 7.46 
 
 7.32 
 
 7.18 
 
 7.02 
 
 6.87 
 
 6.70 
 
 6.54 
 
 6.37 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.01 
 
 1700 
 
 8.09 
 
 7.95 
 
 7.82 
 
 7.67 
 
 7.53 
 
 7.38 
 
 7.22 
 
 7.07 
 
 6.89 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.55 
 
 6.37 
 
 6.19 
 
 1750 
 
 8.31 
 
 8.17 
 
 8.03 
 
 7.88 
 
 7.74 
 
 7.58 
 
 7.42 
 
 7.26 
 
 7.08 
 
 6.90 
 
 6.73 
 
 6.55 
 
 6.36 
 
 1800 
 
 8.53 
 
 8.39 
 
 8.24 
 
 8.09 
 
 7.94 
 
 7.78 
 
 7.62 
 
 7.45 
 
 7.27 
 
 7.08 
 
 6.91 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.53 
 
 1850 
 
 8.74 
 
 8.60 
 
 8.45 
 
 8.29 
 
 8.14 
 
 7.98 
 
 7.81 
 
 7.64 
 
 7.45 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.08 
 
 6.89 
 
 6.69 
 
 1900 
 
 8.95 
 
 8.81 
 
 8.65 
 
 8.49 
 
 8.34 
 
 8.17 
 
 8.00 
 
 7.82 
 
 7.63 
 
 7.42 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.06 
 
 6.85 
 
 1950 
 
 9.16 
 
 9.01 
 
 8.85 
 
 8.69 
 
 8.53 
 
 8.36 
 
 8.19 
 
 8.00 
 
 7.81 
 
 7.60 
 
 7.42 
 
 7.22 
 
 7.01 
 
 2000 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.20 
 
 9.05 
 
 8.89 
 
 8.72 
 
 8.55 
 
 8.37 
 
 8.18 
 
 7.99 
 
 7.79 
 
 7.59 
 
 7.38 
 
 7.17 
 
 2050 
 
 9.54 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.22 
 
 9.06 
 
 8.89 
 
 8.70 
 
 8.53 
 
 8.34 
 
 8.14 
 
 7.94 
 
 7.74 
 
 7.52 
 
 7.31 
 
 2100 
 
 9.72 
 
 9.56 
 
 9.39 
 
 9.32 
 
 9.06 
 
 8.86 
 
 8.69 
 
 8.50 
 
 8.29 
 
 8.09 
 
 7.89 
 
 7.66 
 
 7.45 
 
 2150 
 
 9.90 
 
 9.74 
 
 9.57 
 
 9.40 
 
 9.23 
 
 9.02 
 
 8.85 
 
 8.66 
 
 8.45 
 
 8.24 
 
 8.04 
 
 7.80 
 
 7.59 
 
 74 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Co}//ifn<e^) 
 
 HORSKPOWER Per Square Inch of Belt Section Based on Earth's Formula 
 
 Horsepower per sq. in. of belt section when angle of contact of belt on smaller 
 
 \'elocity of belt, pulley is 
 
 ft. per min. 180° 175° 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140° 135° 130° 125° 120° 
 
 2200 10,08 9.92 9.75 9.57 9.40 9.19 9.01 8.82 8.61 8.39 8.19 7.95 7.73 
 
 22.50 10.26 10.10 9.93 9.74 9.57 9.36 9.17 8.98 8.77 8.54 8.34 8.10 7.87 
 
 2300 10.44 10.28 10.11 9.92 9.74 9.53 9.34 9.14 8.93 8.69 8.49 8.25 8.01 
 
 2350 10.63 10.46 10.29 10.10 9.91 9.70 9.51 9.30 9.09 8.85 8.64 8.40 8. IS 
 
 2400 10.82 10.64 10.47 10.28 10.09 9.88 9.68 9.47 9.25 9.01 8.79 8.55 8.30 
 
 2450 11.01 10.83 10.65 10.46 10.27 10.06 9.85 9.64 9.41 9.17 8.94 8.70 8. 45 
 
 2500 11.20 11.02 10.83 10.64 10.44 10.23 10.02 9.80 9.57 9.33 9.10 8.85 8.60 
 
 2550 11.34 11.16 10.96 10.75 10.57 10.36 10.14 9.92 9.69 9.45 9.21 8.96 8.71 
 
 2600 11.48 11.30 11.09 10.88 10.70 10.49 10.27 10.04 9.81 9.57 9.32 9.07 8.82 
 
 2650 11.62 11.44 11.23 11.01 10.83 10.62 10.40 10.16 9.93 9.69 9.43 9.18 8.93 
 
 2700 11.76 11.58 11.37 11.14 10.96 10.75 10.53 10.28 10.05 9.81 9.55 9.29 9.04 
 
 2750 11.90 11.72 11.51 11.27 11.09 10.88 10.66 10.41 10.17 9.93 9.67 9.40 9.15 
 
 2800 12.04 11.86 11.65 11.41 11.22 11.01 10.79 10.54 10.29 10.05 9.79 9.51 9.26 
 
 2850 12.18 12.00 11.79 11.55 11.35 11.14 10.92 10.67 10.42 10.17 9.91 9.63 9.37 
 
 2900 12 32 12.14 11.93 11.69 11.49 11.27 11.05 10.80 10.55 10.29 10.03 9.75 9.48 
 
 2950 12.47 12.28 12.07 11.84 11.63 11.40 11.18 10.93 10.68 10.41 10.15 9.87 9.59 
 
 3000 12.62 12.42 12.21 11.99 11.77 11.54 11.31 11.06 10.81 10.54 10.27 9.99 9.71 
 
 3050 12.70 12.51 12.30 12.08 11.85 11.63 11.40 11.14 10.89 10.62 10.35 10.06 9.78 
 
 3100 12.80 12.60 12.39 12.17 11.92 11.71 11.48 11.22 10.97 10.70 10.42 10.13 9.85 
 
 3150 12.88 12.69 12.47 12.25 12.00 11.80 11.56 11.30 11.05 10.78 10.50 10.20 9.92 
 
 3200 12.96 12.78 12.56 12.32 12.09 11.87 11.64 11.38 11.13 10.86 10.57 10.27 9.99 
 
 3300 13.14 12.96 12.73 12.49 12.24 12.04 11.80 11.54 11.28 11.01 10.72 10.42 10.13 
 
 3400 13.32 13.13 12.90 12.67 12.42 12.21 11.96 11.70 11.43 11.16 10.87 10.57 10.27 
 
 3500 13.51 13.30 13.08 12.85 12.61 12.37 12.12 11.86 11.59 11.31 11.02 10.72 10.41 
 
 3600 13.56 13.36 13.13 12.90 12.66 12.42 12.17 11.92 11.64 11.36 11.07 10.76 10.46 
 
 3700 13.62 13.42 13.19 12.95 12.71 12.47 12.22 11.97 11.69 11.41 10.12 10.81 10.51 
 
 3800 13.68 13.48 13.25 13.01 12.77 12.52 12.27 12.02 11.74 11.46 11.17 10.86 10.56 
 
 3900 13.74 13.54 13.31 13.07 12.83 12.58 12.33 12.07 11.79 11.51 11.22 10.91 10.61 
 
 4000 13.80 13.59 13.37 13.13 12.89 12,64 12.39 12.12 11.85 11.56 11.26 10.96 10. 6S 
 
 4100 13.72 13.51 13.29 13.05 12.81 12.56 12.31 12.05 11.78 11.49 11.19 10.90 10.59 
 
 4200 13.64 13.43 13.21 12.97 12.73 12.49 12.24 11.98 11.71 11.42 11.12 10.84 10.53 
 
 4300 13.56 13.35 13.13 12.89 12.66 12.42 12.17 11.91 11.64 11.35 11.06 10.78 10.47 
 
 4400 13.48 13.27 13.05 12.82 12.59 12.35 12.10 11.84 11.57 11.28 11.00 10.71 10.41 
 
 • 4500 13.40 13,13 12.97 12.75 12.52 12.28 12.03 11.77 11.50 11.22 10.94 10.64 10.35 
 
 4600 13.14 12.91 12.73 12.53 12.29 12.05 11.81 11.56 11.28 11.02 10.74 10.45 10.16 
 
 4700 12,90 12.68 12.50 12.30 12.06 11.82 11.59 11.35 11.08 10.82 10.54 10.26 9.97 
 
 4800 12 66 12,45 12,27 12.07 11.82 11.59 11.38 11.14 10.88 10.62 10.35 10.07 9.79 
 
 4900 12,42 12,23 12,04 11,84 11.61 11.36 11,17 10.93 10.68 10.42 10.16 9.88 9.61 
 
 5000 12,20 12,01 11,81 11,61 11,40 11,13 10.96 10.72 10.48 10,22 9.97 9.70 9.43 
 
 75 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Area of Belt Section 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of belt 
 
 
 
 
 
 Area of belt wh 
 
 len thicl 
 
 :ness in 
 
 inches is 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 Inches 
 
 Vi 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 Ti 
 
 A 
 
 Vz 
 
 5^8 
 
 \% 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 y% 
 
 li 
 
 
 .125 
 
 .167 
 
 .188 
 
 .250 
 
 .281 
 
 .313 
 
 .333 
 
 .375 
 
 .438 
 
 .500 
 
 .563 
 
 .625 
 
 .688 
 
 \V2 
 
 .188 
 
 .250 
 
 .281 
 
 .375 
 
 .422 
 
 .469 
 
 .500 
 
 .563 
 
 .656 
 
 .750 
 
 .844 
 
 .938 
 
 1.03 
 
 2 
 
 .250 
 
 .333 
 
 .375 
 
 .500 
 
 .563 
 
 .625 
 
 .667 
 
 .750 
 
 .875 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.38 
 
 2M 
 
 .313 
 
 .417 
 
 .468 
 
 .625 
 
 .703 
 
 .781 
 
 .833 
 
 .938 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.72 
 
 3 
 
 .375 
 
 .500 
 
 .563 
 
 .750 
 
 .844 
 
 .938 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.06 
 
 m 
 
 .438 
 
 .583 
 
 .656 
 
 .875 
 
 .984 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.41 
 
 4 
 
 .500 
 
 .667 
 
 .750 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.75 
 
 4H 
 
 .563 
 
 .750 
 
 .844 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.53 
 
 2,81 
 
 3.09 
 
 5 
 
 .625 
 
 .833 
 
 .938 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.67 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.18 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.44 
 
 SK 
 
 .688 
 
 .917 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.06 
 
 2.41 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.78 
 
 6 
 
 .750 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.13 
 
 6H 
 
 .813 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.47 
 
 7 
 
 .875 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.18 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.81 
 
 7K 
 
 .938 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.11 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.16 
 
 8 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 ^'A 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.-59 
 
 2.13 
 
 2.39 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.18 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.78 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.84 
 
 9 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.69 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.06 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.19 
 
 ^Yi 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.58 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.37 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.97 
 
 3.17 
 
 3.56 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.75 
 
 5.34 
 
 5.94 
 
 6.53 
 
 10 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.67 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.38 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.62 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.88 
 
 11 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.06 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.67 
 
 4.13 
 
 4. SI 
 
 5.50 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.56 
 
 12 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.25 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.25 
 
 13 
 
 1.63 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.44 
 
 3. 25 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.68 
 
 6.50 
 
 7.31 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.94 
 
 14 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.67 
 
 5.25 
 
 6.13 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.63 
 
 IS 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3. 75 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.44 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.31 
 
 16 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.33 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.00 
 
 17 
 
 2.13 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.19 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.78 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.67 
 
 6.38 
 
 7.44 
 
 8.50 
 
 9.56 
 
 10.63 
 
 11.69 
 
 18 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.38 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.06 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.88 
 
 9,00 
 
 10.13 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.38 
 
 19 
 
 2.37 
 
 3.17 
 
 3.56 
 
 4.75 
 
 5.34 
 
 5.94 
 
 6,33 
 
 7.13 
 
 8.31 
 
 9.50 
 
 10.69 
 
 11.88 
 
 13.06 
 
 20 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.75 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.62 
 
 ■6.25 
 
 6.67 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.75- 
 
 22 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.67 
 
 4.13 
 
 5.50 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.33 
 
 8.25 
 
 9.63 
 
 11.00 
 
 12.38 
 
 13.75 
 
 15.13 
 
 24 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.50 
 
 12.flO 
 
 13.50 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.50 
 
 26 
 
 3.25 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.88 
 
 6.50 
 
 7.31 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.67 
 
 9.75 
 
 11.38 
 
 13.00 
 
 14.63 
 
 16,25 
 
 17.88 
 
 28 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.67 
 
 5.25 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.33 
 
 10.50 
 
 12.25 
 
 14.00 
 
 15.75 
 
 17.50 
 
 19.25 
 
 30 
 
 3.75 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.63 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.44 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 13.13 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.88 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.63 
 
 32 
 
 4.00 
 
 5.33 
 
 6.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.67 
 
 12.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 22.00 
 
 34 
 
 4.25 
 
 5.67 
 
 6.38 
 
 8.50 
 
 9.56 
 
 10.63 
 
 11.33 
 
 12.75 
 
 14.88 
 
 17.00 
 
 19.13 
 
 21.25 
 
 23.38 
 
 36 
 
 4.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.75 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.13 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.00 
 
 13.50 
 
 15.75 
 
 18.00 
 
 20.25 
 
 22.50 
 
 2^.75 
 
 40 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.67 
 
 7.50 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.33 
 
 15.00 
 
 17.50 
 
 20,00 
 
 22.50 
 
 25.00 
 
 27,50 
 
 44 
 
 S.SO 
 
 7.33 
 
 8.25 
 
 11.00 
 
 12.38 
 
 13.75 
 
 14.67 
 
 16.50 
 
 19.25 
 
 22,00 
 
 24.75 
 
 27.50 
 
 30,25 
 
 For method of use, see preceding data sheets. 
 
 76 
 
GENERAL FOUNDRY DATA 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Size of Belts 
 If the required horsepower is given, from the information already 
 presented the cross sectional area required may be obtained. For this area 
 different thicknesses or widths may be chosen, the other dimension depending 
 upon these factors. 
 
 If the width of pulley is given, then the belt width is obtained from table 
 following. Then note this width in the first column on page 76. Opposite 
 this find the area nearest to the area required, and at the top of the column 
 will be the required thickness. 
 
 Width of Pulley Width of Belt 
 
 IK' to 314 inches width of pulley minus ^ inch 
 
 4 to Gi-i inches width of pulley minus % inch 
 
 71/2 to 13 inches width of pulley minus 1 inch 
 
 14 to 24K inches width of pulley minus 1^ inches 
 
 26 to 40 inches width of pulley minus 2 inches 
 
 42 inches and above width of pulley minus 3 inches 
 
 Another condition affecting the size of belt is the diameter of the smaller 
 pulley as a thick belt running over a small pulley will crack. Therefore a 
 double belt should not be used on a pulley less than 10-inch diameter or a 
 three-ply belt on a pulley less than 18 inches in diameter. The thickness of 
 a single ply belt is approximately 1/6 inch, of standard double 1/3 inch, and 
 of three-ply belt 9/16 inch. 
 
 If the pulley width is not given, then the dimensions of the belt may be 
 chosen and the pulley width made to suit. In this case the thickest standard 
 belt possible is chosen, that is, single belts for pulleys under 10-inch diameter, 
 double belt for pulley 10-inch diameter up to 18-inch diameter, and three-ply 
 belts for pulleys 18-inch diameter and up, as narrow thick belts are more 
 durable than wide thin belts. The width of belt is then determined from 
 the cross sectional area table, using the thickness chosen and the area required 
 for given horsepower. 
 
 77 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON BELTS AND PULLEYS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Width of Pulley 
 
 The width of pulley should be greater than the belt width by the following 
 amounts: 
 
 Width of Pulley 
 
 Width of belt plus 
 Width of belt plus 
 Width of belt plus 1 
 WMdth of belt plus V/z 
 Width of belt plus 2 
 
 Width of Belt 
 
 1 to 3 inches 
 
 3^4 to 6 inches 
 
 6\-2 to 12 inches 
 
 13 to 23 inches 
 
 24 to 38 inches 
 
 39 inches and above 
 
 Width of belt plus 3 
 
 inch 
 % inch 
 inch 
 inches 
 inches 
 inches 
 
 Economical Speed for Belting 
 
 The most economical speed of belting is between 4000 and 4500 feet 
 per minute. 
 
 Direction of Belt 
 
 The thin edge of all laps and splices on the side of the belt next pulley 
 should point away from the pulley which the belt is approaching. The hair 
 side of the belt should run next to the pulley. 
 
 
 
 or Face 
 
 ' 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 i > 
 k 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Crowns for Pllleys 
 
 Width or 
 
 Face 
 
 Crown 
 
 ( Inches) 
 
 ( Inches) 
 
 2 to 2y2 
 
 inclusive 
 
 1/32 
 
 3 to 5 
 
 inclusive 
 
 1/16 
 
 5^ to 8 
 
 inclusive 
 
 3/32 
 
 9 to 12 
 
 inclusive 
 
 1/8 
 
 13 to 20 
 
 inclusive 
 
 5/32 
 
 21 to 28 
 
 inclusive 
 
 3/16 
 
 29 to 40 
 
 inclusive 
 
 1/4 
 
 41 to 50 
 
 inclusive 
 
 9/32 
 
 Arrangement for Pulleys 
 
 Machinery driven from overhead shafts should be so placed that the bel-t 
 
 will make an angle from the vertical of not less than 45 degrees. The 
 
 driving and driven pulleys never should be in the same vertical line, if it is 
 possible to secure other arrangement. 
 
 78 
 
S E CI I O N II 
 
 COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Formulas for Finding Weights of Iron Castings 80 
 
 Formulas for Finding the Weights of Castings 82 
 
 Computing Weights of Thin Castings 100 
 
 Weight of Fillets 103 
 
 Table of Weights of Castings 106 
 
 Perimeter or Girth Table for Determining 
 
 the Weight of Iron Castings 107 
 
 Page 
 
 Weights of Solid Octagonal Iron Castings. . . 108 
 
 Weights of Elliptical Bars per Running Inch. 109 
 
 Weight of Balls or Spheres Ill 
 
 Weight of Rods or Cylinders per Running 
 
 Inch 113 
 
 Pattern Size and W'eight of Cast Iron Pipe. . 117 
 
 Formulas for Weights 120 
 
 79 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF IRON CASTINGS 
 
 To find the weight of square or rectangular castings, multiply the length, 
 by the breadth, b\" the thickness, by 0.26. 
 
 W=L B T X 0.26 
 
 ^B — ^ 
 
 L H 
 
 To find the weight of solid cyliuders, the weight equals the outside diam- 
 eter squared, multiplied by the length, multiplied by 0.204. 
 
 W = D== L X 0.204 
 
 W^Weight of casting in pounds. 
 L^Length of casting in inches. 
 T=:Thickncss of casting in inches. 
 B=Breadth of casting in inches. 
 D^Outside or large diameter in inches. 
 
 80 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of hollow cylinders, mviltiply the small or inside diam- 
 eter plus the thickness, by the length, by the thickness, by 0.817. 
 
 W= (d+T) T LX 0.817 
 
 To find the weight of a solid ellipse, multiply the large diameter by the 
 small diameter, by the length, by 0.204. 
 
 W = D d LX 0.204 
 
 L ^ 
 
 \\'=Weight of casting in pounds. 
 
 L:=Length of casting in inches. 
 T=Thi'ckness of casiting in inches. 
 D=Outside or large diameter in inches. 
 
 d:=Inside or small diameter in inches. 
 
 81 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. K 
 
 .096 .0206 
 
 .100 .0215 
 
 .110 
 
 .120 
 
 .130 
 
 .140 
 
 To find the weight of a solid rec- 
 tangular casting, multiply the length by 
 the width, by the thickness, by the 
 weight per cubic inch of material used. 
 
 Weight=L IV T X Wt. per cu. in. 
 
 To find the weight of a bar of irregu- 
 lar cross-section, multiply the area of the 
 
 cross-section by the length, by the 
 weight per cubic inch of material used. 
 
 \\'eight=Area X L X IV t. per cu. in. 
 
 To find the weight of a straight fillet 
 of any material, multiply the radius 
 squared by the length, by the constant, 
 K, corresponding to the weight per cubic 
 inch. 
 
 Weight = R"" L K 
 
 To find the weight of a paraboloid, 
 multiply the diameter of the base squared 
 by the height by the constant, m, whose 
 value is indicated on page 83. 
 
 Weight=I>W m 
 
 Wt. per Wt. per Wt. per Wt. per Wt. per Wt. per Wt. per 
 
 K cu. in. K cu. in. K cu. in. K cu. in. K cu. in. K cu. in. K 
 .0322 .210 .0451 .270 .0580 .330 .0708 .390 .0837 .450 .0966 .510 .1094 
 0343 220 .0472 .280 .0601 .340 .0730 .400 .0858 .460 .0987 .520 .1116 
 0365 230 .0494 .290 .0622 .350 .0751 .410 .0880 .470 .1009 .530 .1138 
 0387 .240 .0515 .300 .0644 .360 .0773 .420 .0901 .480 .1030 .540 .1159 
 .0279 .190 .0408 .250 .0536 .310 .0665 .370 .0794 .430 .0923 .490 .1052 .550 .1180 
 0300 200 0429 .260 .0558 .320 .0687 .380 .0815 .440 .0944 .500 .1073 .560 .1202 
 
 cu. in 
 
 .150 
 
 .160 
 
 .0236 .170 
 
 .0258 .1 
 
 If the weight, per cubic inch of material used, lies between two of 
 the weights given above, use the interpolation table as follows: 
 
 .Subtract the lowest of the two weights from that required; add 
 the additional value of K, corresponding to this difference, called ad- 
 ditional weight, to the value of K, for the least of two weights, be- 
 tween which the required weight lies. 
 
 Required K for material, which weighs .326 pound per cubic inch. 
 This lies between .320 and .330. Subtracting the lowest (.320) from 
 .326 we have .006 additional value of A', for .006 =-- .0013 
 
 value of K, for .320 = .0687 
 
 value of A', for .326 ^ .0800 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Addit'I. 
 weight. 
 
 Addit'I 
 value 
 of K 
 
 Addit'I 
 weight. 
 
 Addit'I 
 value 
 of K 
 
 Addit'I 
 weight. 
 
 Addit' 
 value 
 of K 
 
 .001 
 .002 
 .003 
 
 .0002 
 .0004 
 .0006 
 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 .0009 
 .0011 
 .0013 
 
 .007 
 .008 
 .009 
 
 .0015 
 .0017 
 .0019 
 
 82 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 .096 
 
 .100 
 
 .110 
 
 .120 
 
 .130 
 
 .140 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .160 
 
 .170 
 
 .180 
 
 .190 
 
 .200 
 
 k 
 .0754 
 .0785 
 .0864 
 .0942 
 .1021 
 .1100 
 .1178 
 .1257 
 .1335 
 .1414 
 .1492 
 .1571 
 
 .0377 
 .0394 
 .0432 
 .0471 
 .0511 
 .0550 
 .0589 
 .0628 
 .0668 
 .0707 
 .0746 
 .0785 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .210 
 .220 
 .230 
 .240 
 .250 
 .260 
 .270 
 .280 
 .290 
 .300 
 .310 
 .320 
 
 k 
 .1649 
 .1728 
 .1806 
 .1885 
 .1964 
 .2042 
 .2120 
 .2199 
 .2278 
 .2356 
 .2435 
 .2513 
 
 To find the weight of a sohd cyl- 
 inder, multiply the diameter squared 
 by the length, by the constant, k. 
 corresponding to the weight per cubic 
 inch of material used. (See table be- 
 low.) 
 
 Weight ==Z)- L k 
 
 To find the weight of a truncated 
 circular cylinder, multiply the diameter 
 squared by the distance on the center 
 line from the base to the inclined sec- 
 tion, by the value of k. C is equal to 
 one-half of the sum of S and L. 
 
 Weight = Z)=C k 
 
 To find the weight of an elliptical 
 cylinder, multiply the large diameter by 
 the small diameter, by the length, by 
 the value of k. 
 
 Weight = D d L k 
 
 To find the weight of a truncated 
 elliptical cylinder, multiply the small 
 diameter by the large diameter by the 
 distance on the center line from the 
 base to the inclined .section, by the 
 value of k. C is equal to one-half 
 the sum of S and L. 
 
 Weight = r> d C k 
 
 .0825 
 .0864 
 .0903 
 .0942 
 .0982 
 .1021 
 .1060 
 .1100 
 .1139 
 .1178 
 .1217 
 .1257 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .330 
 .340 
 .350 
 .360 
 .370 
 .380 
 .390 
 .400 
 .410 
 .420 
 .430 
 .440 
 
 k 
 .2592 
 .2670 
 .2749 
 .2827 
 .2906 
 .2985 
 . 3063 
 .3142 
 .3220 
 .3299 
 .3377 
 .3456 
 
 .1296 
 ,1335 
 .1374 
 .1414 
 .1453 
 .1492 
 .1532 
 .1571 
 .1610 
 .1649 
 .1689 
 .1728 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 .450 
 
 .460 
 
 .470 
 
 .480 
 
 .490 
 
 .500 
 
 .510 
 
 .520 
 
 .530 
 
 .540 
 
 .550 
 
 .560 
 
 k 
 .3534 
 .3613 
 .3691 
 .3770 
 .3848 
 .3927 
 .4006 
 .4084 
 .4162 
 .4241 
 .4320 
 .4398 
 
 .1767 
 .1806 
 .1846 
 .1885 
 .1924 
 .1964 
 . 2003 
 .2042 
 .2081 
 .2120 
 .2160 
 .2199 
 
 Ad'l. 
 
 wt. 
 .001 
 .002 
 .003 
 
 AdM. 
 k 
 .0008 
 .0016 
 ,0024 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Ad'l. 
 m 
 
 .0004 
 .0008 
 .0012 
 
 AdM. 
 
 wt. 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 Ad'l. 
 
 k 
 .0031 
 .0039 
 .0047 
 
 Ad'l. 
 m 
 .0016 
 .0020 
 .0024 
 
 Ad'l. 
 wt. 
 .007 
 .008 
 . 009 
 
 Ad'l. Ad'l. 
 
 k m 
 
 .0055 .0027 
 
 .0063 .0031 
 
 .0071 .0035 
 
 For method of 
 interpolation see 
 page 82. 
 
 83 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a triangular pyramid, 
 multiply the width of the base by its thickness, 
 by the length, by the constant, k, corresponding 
 to the weight per cubic inch of material used. 
 (See table below.) 
 
 W= B T L k 
 
 W^-t^J 
 
 A5 
 
 M ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 U-B--^ U 
 
 ^ 
 
 To find the weight of a frustrum of a tri- 
 angular pyramid, first find the sum of the 
 products of the breadth of the large base by its 
 thickness, the breadth of the small base by its 
 thickness, and the breadth of the large by the 
 thickness of the small base; then multiply this 
 sum by the length by the value of k and the 
 product is the required weight. 
 
 W= {BT+bt-\-Bt) Lk 
 
 To find the weight of a truncated triangular 
 casting, multiply the thickness of the base, by 
 its breadth, by the sum of the lateral edges, by 
 the value of k. 
 
 JV=TB (L+M+S)k 
 
 To find the weight of a prismoid 
 or solid generated by a straight line 
 moving over the boundaries of two 
 parallel ends, multiply the sum of 
 the area of the large end, four 
 times the area of the mid-section 
 and the area of the small end by 
 the length, by the value of k. 
 JV= (A + 4M + E)Lk 
 
 A r^ Area large end. 
 jy=Area mid-section, X-X. 
 E = Area small end. 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 k 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 k 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 k 
 
 cu. in. k 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 k 
 
 cu. in. k. 
 
 .096 
 
 .0160 
 
 .170 
 
 .0283 
 
 .250 
 
 .0417 
 
 .330 .0550 
 
 .410 
 
 .0683 
 
 .490 .0817 
 
 .100 
 
 .0167 
 
 .180 
 
 .0300 
 
 .260 
 
 .0433 
 
 .340 .0567 
 
 .420 
 
 .0700 
 
 .500 .0833 
 
 .110 
 
 .0183 
 
 .190 
 
 .0317 
 
 .270 
 
 .0450 
 
 .350 .0583 
 
 .430 
 
 .0717 
 
 .510 .0850 
 
 .120 
 
 .0200 
 
 .200 
 
 .0333 
 
 .280 
 
 .0467 
 
 .360 .0600 
 
 .440 
 
 .0733 
 
 .520 .0867 
 
 .130 
 
 .0217 
 
 .210 
 
 .0350 
 
 .290 
 
 .0483 
 
 .370 .0617 
 
 .450 
 
 .0750 
 
 .530 .0883 
 
 .140 
 
 .0233 
 
 .220 
 
 .0367 
 
 .300 
 
 .0500 
 
 .380 .0633 
 
 .460 
 
 .0767 
 
 .540 .0900 
 
 .150 
 
 .0250 
 
 .230 
 
 .0383 
 
 .310 
 
 .0517 
 
 .390 .0650 
 
 .470 
 
 .0783 
 
 .550 .0917 
 
 .160 
 
 .0267 
 
 .240 
 
 .0400 
 
 .320 
 
 .0533 
 
 .400 .0667 
 
 .480 
 
 .0800 
 
 .560 .0933 
 
 INTERPOLATION 
 
 TABLE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 For method 
 
 of interpolation see 
 
 Addi- 
 
 Addi- 
 
 Addi- 
 
 Addi- 
 
 Addi- 
 
 Addi- 
 
 page 82. 
 
 
 
 
 tional. 
 
 tional. 
 
 tional. 
 
 tional 
 
 tional. 
 
 tional. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 .001 
 
 k. 
 .0002 
 
 Wf. 
 .004 
 
 k. 
 .0007 
 
 Wt. 
 .007 
 
 k. 
 .0012 
 
 All d 
 
 mensions in 
 
 inches and 
 
 .002 
 
 . 0003 
 
 .005 
 
 .0008 
 
 .008 
 
 .0013 
 
 weights 
 
 in pou 
 
 nds. 
 
 
 .003 
 
 .0005 
 
 .006 
 
 .0010 
 
 .009 
 
 .0015 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 W^-*\ 
 
 h-— L — 
 
 To find the weight of a pyramid with a rec- 
 tangular base, multiply the thickness of the 
 base by the breadth, by the length, by the con- 
 stant, k, corresponding to the weight per cubic 
 inch of material used. (See table below.) 
 
 W = T B L K 
 
 W-B--A 
 
 o 
 
 f«-B-*d f-« 
 
 D: 
 
 f^-d-->j*il 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .096 
 .100 
 .110 
 .120 
 .130 
 .140 
 .150 
 .160 
 .170 
 .180 
 .190 
 .200 
 
 K 
 .032 
 .0333 
 .0367 
 .0+00 
 .0433 
 .0467 
 .0500 
 .0533 
 .0567 
 .0600 
 .0633 
 .0667 
 
 C 
 
 .3016 
 .3142 
 .3456 
 .3770 
 .4084 
 .4398 
 .4712 
 .5027 
 .5341 
 .5655 
 .5969 
 .6283 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 cu. in. 
 .210 
 .220 
 .230 
 .240 
 .250 
 .260 
 .270 
 .280 
 .290 
 .300 
 .310 
 .320 
 
 To find the weight of a frustrum of a rec- 
 tangular pyramid, first find the sum of the 
 products of the breadth of the large base by 
 its thickness, the breadth of the small base by 
 thickness and the breadth of the large by the 
 thickness of the small base ; then multiply this 
 sum by the length by the value of K and 
 the product is the weight required. 
 
 W={BT+bt+Bt) LK 
 
 To find the weight of a truncated rectangu- 
 lar casting, multiply the thickness of the base 
 by its breadth, by the sum of the longest and 
 shortest lateral edges, by one-half of the weight 
 per cubic inch of material used. 
 
 IV = TB (S+L) X K' Wt. Per cu. in. 
 
 To find the weight of a hollow cylinder, mul- 
 tiply the sum of the inside diameter and the 
 thickness by the thickness, by the length, by the 
 value of c, given below 
 
 K 
 
 .0700 
 .0733 
 .0767 
 .0800 
 .0833 
 .0867 
 . 0900 
 .0933 
 .0967 
 .1000 
 .1033 
 .1067 
 
 W=(d-\-T) T L C 
 
 c 
 
 .6597 
 .6912 
 .7226 
 .7540 
 .7854 
 .8168 
 .8482 
 .8796 
 .9111 
 .9425 
 .9739 
 1.005 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 .330 
 
 .340 
 
 .350 
 
 .360 
 
 .370 
 
 .380 
 
 .390 
 
 .400 
 
 .410 
 
 .420 
 
 .430 
 
 .440 
 
 K 
 .1100 
 .1133 
 .1167 
 .1200 
 .1233 
 .1267 
 .1300 
 .1333 
 .1367 
 .1400 
 .1433 
 .1467 
 
 C 
 
 1.037 
 1.068 
 1.100 
 1.131 
 1.162 
 1.194 
 1.225 
 1.257 
 1.288 
 1.319 
 1.351 
 1.382 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 .450 
 
 .460 
 
 .470 
 
 . 480 
 
 .490 
 
 .500 
 
 .510 
 
 .520 
 
 .530 
 
 .540 
 
 .550 
 
 .560 
 
 K 
 
 .1500 
 .1533 
 .1567 
 .1600 
 .1633 
 .1667 
 .1700 
 .1733 
 .1767 
 ,1800 
 .1833 
 ,1867 
 
 C 
 1.414 
 1.445 
 
 1.477 
 1.508 
 1.539 
 1.571 
 1.602 
 1.634 
 1.665 
 1.696 
 1.728 
 1.759 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Wt. K 
 
 Add' Add'l 
 
 .001 .0003 
 
 .002 .0007 
 
 .003 .0010 
 
 C 
 
 Add'l 
 .0031 
 .0063 
 .0094 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 K 
 
 Add'l 
 .0013 
 .0017 
 .0020 
 
 C 
 
 Add'l 
 .0126 
 .0157 
 .0188 
 
 Wt. 
 Add'l 
 .007 
 .008 
 .009 
 
 K 
 
 Add'l 
 .0023 
 .0027 
 .0030 
 
 C 
 
 Add'l 
 .0220 
 .0251 
 .0283 
 
 For method of in- 
 terpolation see page 
 82. 
 
 All dimensions in 
 Jnches and weights 
 in pounds. 
 
 85 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 
 To find the weight of a cone, multiply the 
 diameter squared by the length, by the con- 
 stant, K, corresponding to the weight per 
 cubic inch. (See table below.) 
 
 W:=D^LK 
 
 To find the weight of an elliptical cone, 
 multiply the large diameter of the base 
 by the small diameter, by the length, by the 
 value of K. 
 
 lV=DdLK 
 
 To find the weight of a frustrum of a 
 circular cone, multiply the sum of the diam- 
 eter of the large base squared, the diameter 
 of the small base squared and the product of 
 the two diameters by the length, by the 
 value of K. 
 
 W^(D'-i-S'-{-DS)LK 
 
 To find the weight of a frustrum of an 
 elliptical cone, first find the sum of the 
 products of the large diameter of large 
 base by its small diameter, the large diameter 
 of the small base by its small diameter and 
 the large diameter of the large base by the 
 small diameter of the small base ; then the 
 required weight is the product of this sum by 
 the length by the value of K. 
 
 JV^(Dd~^Ss+Ds)LK 
 
 To find the Aveight of a sector of a solid 
 cylinder, multiply the radius squared by the 
 length, by the number of degrees in the angle, 
 by the constant, M, whose value is indicated 
 on page 87. 
 
 W=R^LaM 
 
 \Vt. per 
 
 cu. in. K 
 .0655 
 .0681 
 .0707 
 .0733 
 .0759 
 .0785 
 .0812 
 .0838 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 .330 
 
 .340 
 
 .350 
 
 .360 
 
 .370 
 
 .380 
 
 .390 
 
 .400 
 
 K 
 
 .0864 
 .0890 
 .0916 
 .0943 
 .0969 
 .0995 
 .1021 
 .1047 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .410 
 .420 
 .430 
 .440 
 .450 
 .460 
 .470 
 .480 
 
 K 
 .1073 
 .1100 
 .1126 
 .1152 
 .1178 
 .1204 
 .1231 
 .1257 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .490 
 .500 
 .510 
 .520 
 .530 
 .540 
 .550 
 .560 
 
 K 
 
 .1283 
 .1309 
 .1335 
 .1361 
 .1388 
 .1414 
 .1440 
 .1466 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 wt. 
 .001 
 .002 
 .003 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 K 
 .0003 
 .0005 
 .0008 
 
 Ad'l 
 wt. 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 K 
 
 .0010 
 
 .0013 
 
 .0016 
 
 Ad'l Ad'l 
 
 wt. K 
 
 .007 .0018 
 
 .008 .0021 
 
 .009 .0024 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 
 82. 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights 
 in pounds. 
 
 86 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of hollow 
 C}'Hnder, multiply the sum of the inside 
 radius and one-half of the thickness by the 
 thickness, by the length, by the number of 
 degrees in the angle, by the constant, m, 
 corresponding to the weight per cubic inch. 
 (See table below.) 
 
 VV=(^r+T/2)TLam 
 
 V 
 
 A 
 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 7 
 
 A 
 
 ---H 
 
 S> 
 
 k-L— ^ 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a cone, 
 multiply the radius squared by the length by 
 the number of degrees in the angle by the 
 value of C. 
 
 lV=zR'LaC 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a frus- 
 trum of a cone, multiply the sum of the 
 radius of the large base squared, the radius 
 of the small base squared and the product 
 of the radii by the length, by the number of 
 degrees in the angle, by the value of C. 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 r 
 
 "« i_ — 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 ]V=(R^-\-r^+Rr)LaC 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 C 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 C 
 
 .096 
 
 .00084 
 
 .00168 
 
 .000279 
 
 .250 
 
 .00218 
 
 .00436 
 
 .000727 
 
 .410 
 
 .00358 
 
 ,00716 
 
 .001193 
 
 .100 
 
 .00087 
 
 .00175 
 
 .000291 
 
 .260 
 
 .00227 
 
 .00454 
 
 .000756 
 
 .420 
 
 .00367 
 
 .00733 
 
 .001222 
 
 .110 
 
 .00096 
 
 .00192 
 
 .000319 
 
 .270 
 
 .00236 
 
 .00471 
 
 .000785 
 
 .430 
 
 .00375 
 
 .00750 
 
 .001251 
 
 .120 
 
 .00105 
 
 .00209 
 
 .000349 
 
 .280 
 
 .00244 
 
 .00489 
 
 .000815 
 
 .440 
 
 .00384 
 
 .00768 
 
 .001280 
 
 .130 
 
 .00113 
 
 .00227 
 
 .000378 
 
 .290 
 
 .00253 
 
 .00506 
 
 .000844 
 
 .450 
 
 .00393 
 
 .00785 
 
 .001300 
 
 .140 
 
 .00122 
 
 .00244 
 
 .000407 
 
 .300 
 
 .00262 
 
 .00524 
 
 .000873 
 
 .460 
 
 .00401 
 
 .00803 
 
 .001338 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .00131 
 
 .00262 
 
 .000436 
 
 .310 
 
 .00271 
 
 .00541 
 
 .000902 
 
 .470 
 
 .00410 
 
 .00820 
 
 .001367 
 
 .160 
 
 .00140 
 
 .00279 
 
 .000465 
 
 .320 
 
 .00279 
 
 .00558 
 
 .000931 
 
 .480 
 
 .00419 
 
 .00838 
 
 .001396 
 
 .170 
 
 .00148 
 
 .00297 
 
 .000495 
 
 .330 
 
 .00288 
 
 .00576 
 
 .000960 
 
 .490 
 
 .00428 
 
 .00855 
 
 .001425 
 
 .180 
 
 .00157 
 
 .00314 
 
 .000524 
 
 .340 
 
 .00297 
 
 .00593 
 
 .000989 
 
 .500 
 
 .00436 
 
 .00873 
 
 .001455 
 
 .190 
 
 .00166 
 
 .00332 
 
 .000553 
 
 .350 
 
 .00305 
 
 .00611 
 
 .001018 
 
 .510 
 
 .00445 
 
 .00890 
 
 .001484 
 
 .200 
 
 .00175 
 
 .00349 
 
 .000582 
 
 .360 
 
 .00314 
 
 .00628 
 
 .001047 
 
 .520 
 
 .00454 
 
 .00908 
 
 .001513 
 
 .210 
 
 .00183 
 
 .00367 
 
 .000611 
 
 .370 
 
 .00323 
 
 .00646 
 
 .001076 
 
 .530 
 
 .00463 
 
 .00925 
 
 .001542 
 
 .220 
 
 .00192 
 
 .00384 
 
 .000640 
 
 .380 
 
 .00332 
 
 .00663 
 
 .001105 
 
 .540 
 
 .00471 
 
 .00942 
 
 .001571 
 
 .230 
 
 .00201 
 
 .00401 
 
 .000669 
 
 .390 
 
 .00340 
 
 .00681 
 
 .001135 
 
 .550 
 
 .00480 
 
 .00961 
 
 .001600 
 
 .240 
 
 .00209 
 
 .00419 
 
 .000698 
 
 .400 
 
 .00349 
 
 .00698 
 
 .001164 
 
 .560 
 
 .00489 
 
 .00978 
 
 .001629 
 
 
 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 wt. 
 
 M 
 
 ni 
 
 C 
 
 wt. 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 C 
 
 wt. 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 C 
 
 .001 
 
 .00001 
 
 .00002 
 
 .000003 
 
 .004 
 
 .00003 
 
 .00007 
 
 .000012 
 
 .007 
 
 .00006 
 
 .00012 
 
 .000020 
 
 .002 
 
 .00002 
 
 .00003 
 
 . 000006 
 
 .005 
 
 .00004 
 
 .00009 
 
 .000015 
 
 .008 
 
 .00007 
 
 .00014 
 
 .000023 
 
 .003 
 
 .00003 
 
 .00005 
 
 .000009 
 
 .006 
 
 .00005 
 
 .00010 
 
 .000017 
 
 ,009 
 
 .00008 
 
 .00016 
 
 .000026 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 82. 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds. 
 
 87 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a solid triangular 
 casting, multiply the length by the width, by 
 the thickness, by the constant, K, correspond- 
 ing to the weight per cubic inch of mate- 
 rial used. (See table below.) 
 
 W=LBTK 
 
 To find the weight of a solid sphere, mul- 
 tiply the diameter cubed by the constant, M, 
 corresponding to the weight per cubic inch. 
 
 IV=D'M 
 
 To find the weight of a hollow sphere, 
 multiply the difference between the cubes of 
 the outside and inside diameters by the 
 constant, 71/, corresponding to the weight per 
 cubic inch. 
 
 W=(D'—d')M 
 
 To find the weight of an ellipsoid, multi- 
 ply the square of the revolving axis by the 
 fixed axis by the constant, M, corresponding 
 to the weight per cubic inch. 
 
 W=Dd^XM 
 
 VV . per 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 CU. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 CU. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 .096 
 
 .048 
 
 .0503 
 
 .210 
 
 .105 
 
 .1100 
 
 .330 
 
 .165 
 
 .1728 
 
 .450 
 
 .225 
 
 .2356 
 
 .100 
 
 .050 
 
 .0524 
 
 .220 
 
 .110 
 
 .1152 
 
 .340 
 
 .170 
 
 .1780 
 
 .460 
 
 .230 
 
 .2408 
 
 .110 
 
 .055 
 
 .0576 
 
 .230 
 
 .115 
 
 .1204 
 
 .350 
 
 .175 
 
 .1832 
 
 .470 
 
 .235 
 
 .2460 
 
 .120 
 
 .060 
 
 .0628 
 
 .240 
 
 .120 
 
 .1257 
 
 .360 
 
 .180 
 
 .1885 
 
 .480 
 
 .240 
 
 .2513 
 
 .130 
 
 .065 
 
 .0680 
 
 .250 
 
 .125 
 
 .1309 
 
 .370 
 
 .185 
 
 .1937 
 
 .490 
 
 .245 
 
 .2565 
 
 .140 
 
 .070 
 
 .0732 
 
 .260 
 
 .130 
 
 .1361 
 
 .380 
 
 .190 
 
 .1989 
 
 .500 
 
 .250 
 
 .2617 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .075 
 
 .0785 
 
 .270 
 
 .135 
 
 .1414 
 
 .390 
 
 .195 
 
 .2042 
 
 .510 
 
 .255 
 
 .2670 
 
 .160 
 
 .080 
 
 .0838 
 
 .280 
 
 .140 
 
 .1466 
 
 .400 
 
 .200 
 
 .2094 
 
 .520 
 
 .260 
 
 .2722 
 
 .170 
 
 .085 
 
 .0881 
 
 .290 
 
 .145 
 
 .1518 
 
 .410 
 
 .205 
 
 .2146 
 
 .530 
 
 .265 
 
 .2774 
 
 .180 
 
 .090 
 
 .0943 
 
 .300 
 
 .150 
 
 .1571 
 
 .420 
 
 .210 
 
 .2199 
 
 .540 
 
 .270 
 
 .2827 
 
 .190 
 
 .095 
 
 .0995 
 
 .310 
 
 .155 
 
 .1623 
 
 .430 
 
 .215 
 
 .2251 
 
 .550 
 
 .275 
 
 .2879 
 
 .200 
 
 .100 
 
 .1047 
 
 .320 
 
 .160 
 
 .1675 
 
 .440 
 
 .220 
 
 .2303 
 
 .560 
 
 .280 
 
 .2931 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 .001 
 
 .0005 
 
 .0005 
 
 .004 
 
 .0020 
 
 .0021 
 
 ,007 
 
 .0035 
 
 .003 7 
 
 .002 
 
 .0010 
 
 .0010 
 
 .005 
 
 .0025 
 
 .0026 
 
 .008 
 
 .0040 
 
 .0042 
 
 .003 
 
 .0015 
 
 .0016 
 
 .006 
 
 .0030 
 
 .0031 
 
 .009 
 
 .0045 
 
 .0049 
 
 All dimensions 
 in inches and 
 weights in pounds. 
 
 For methods of 
 interpolation see 
 page 82. 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 K--i-->l 
 
 To find the weight of a hexagonal cast- 
 ing, multiply the square of the side by the 
 length, by the constant, K, corresponding 
 to the weight per cubic inch, or multiply 
 the square of the distance across the flats 
 by the length by the value of M. (See 
 tabic below.) 
 
 W=S^LK or W=F^LM 
 
 To 'find the weight of a pyramid with a 
 hexagonal base, multiply the square of the 
 side by the lengtli, by the value of M, or 
 multiply the square of the distance across 
 flats by the length, by the value of C. 
 
 W=S^LM or W=F^LC 
 
 To find the weight of a frustrum of a 
 hexagonal pyramid, multiply the sum of the 
 side of the large base squared, the side of 
 small base squared and the product of the 
 two sides by the length, by M, or multiply the 
 sum of the distance across the flats of the 
 large base squared, the distance across the 
 flats of the small base squared and the prod- 
 uct of the two sides bv the length of C. 
 
 r^ 
 
 -r— 
 
 ^ r- 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 = {S'-\-s' 
 
 +Ss) 
 
 LM or W={ 
 
 F'+r^ 
 
 -Ff)L 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. pei 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 c 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 .0% 
 
 .2494 
 
 .0831 
 
 .0277 
 
 .250 
 
 .6495 
 
 .2165 
 
 .0722 
 
 .410 
 
 1.0652 
 
 • .3551 
 
 .1184 
 
 
 100 
 
 .2598 
 
 .0866 
 
 .0289 
 
 .260 
 
 .6755 
 
 .2252 
 
 .0751 
 
 .420 
 
 1.0912 
 
 .3637 
 
 .1212 
 
 
 110 
 
 .2858 
 
 .0953 
 
 .0318 
 
 .270 
 
 .7015 
 
 .2338 
 
 .0779 
 
 .430 
 
 1.1172 
 
 .3724 
 
 .1241 
 
 
 120 
 
 .3118 
 
 .1039 
 
 .0346 
 
 .280 
 
 .7275 
 
 .2425 
 
 .0808 
 
 .440 
 
 1 1432 
 
 .3811 
 
 .1270 
 
 
 130 
 
 .3378 
 
 .1126 
 
 .0375 
 
 .290 
 
 .7534 
 
 .2512 
 
 .0837 
 
 .450 
 
 1.1691 
 
 .3897 
 
 .1299 
 
 
 140 
 
 .3637 
 
 .1212 
 
 .0404 
 
 .300 
 
 .7794 
 
 .2598 
 
 .0866 
 
 .460 
 
 1.1^51 
 
 .3984 
 
 .1328 
 
 
 150 
 
 .3897 
 
 .1299 
 
 .0433 
 
 .310 
 
 .8054 
 
 .2685 
 
 .0895 
 
 .470 
 
 1.2211 
 
 .4070 
 
 .1357 
 
 
 160 
 
 .4157 
 
 .1386 
 
 .0462 
 
 .320 
 
 .8314 
 
 .2771 
 
 .0924 
 
 .480 
 
 1.2471 
 
 .4157 
 
 .1386 
 
 
 170 
 
 .4417 
 
 .1472 
 
 .0491 
 
 .330 
 
 .8574 
 
 .2858 
 
 .0953 
 
 .490 
 
 1.2731 
 
 .4244 
 
 .1415 
 
 
 180 
 
 .4677 
 
 .1550 
 
 .0520 
 
 .340 
 
 .8833 
 
 .2944 
 
 .0981 
 
 .500 
 
 1.2990 
 
 .4330 
 
 .1443 
 
 
 140 
 
 .4936 
 
 .1645 
 
 .0548 
 
 .350 
 
 .9093 
 
 .3031 
 
 .1010 
 
 .510 
 
 1.3250 
 
 .4417 
 
 .1472 
 
 
 200 
 
 .5196 
 
 .1732 
 
 .0577 
 
 .360 
 
 .9353 
 
 .3118 
 
 .1039 
 
 .520 
 
 1.3510 
 
 .4503 
 
 .1501 
 
 
 210 
 
 .5456 
 
 .1819 
 
 .0606 
 
 .370 
 
 .9613 
 
 .3204 
 
 .1068 
 
 .530 
 
 1.3770 
 
 .4590 
 
 .1530 
 
 
 220 
 
 .5716 
 
 .1905 
 
 .0635 
 
 .380 
 
 .9873 
 
 .3291 
 
 .1097 
 
 .540 
 
 1.4030 
 
 .4677 
 
 .1559 
 
 
 230 
 
 .5976 
 
 .1992 
 
 .0664 
 
 .390 
 
 1.0133 
 
 .3378 
 
 .1126 
 
 .550 
 
 1.4289 
 
 .4763 
 
 .1588 
 
 
 240 
 
 .6235 
 
 .2079 
 
 .0693 
 
 .400 
 
 1.0392 
 
 .3464 
 
 .1155 
 
 .560 
 
 1.4549 
 
 .4850 
 
 .1617 
 
 
 
 
 
 INTERPOLATION 
 
 TABLE 
 
 
 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 AdM 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 Ad'l 
 
 wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 .001 
 
 .0026 
 
 .0009 
 
 .0003 
 
 .004 
 
 .0104 
 
 .0035 
 
 .0012 
 
 .007 
 
 .0181 
 
 .0060 
 
 .0020 
 
 
 002 
 
 .0052 
 
 .0017 
 
 .0006 
 
 .005 
 
 .0130 
 
 .0043 
 
 .0014 
 
 .008 
 
 .0207 
 
 .0069 
 
 .0023 
 
 .003 .0078 .0026 .0009 .006 
 
 .0155 
 
 .0052 .0017 .009 . 0233 .0078 .0026 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 82. 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds 
 
 89 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a spherical seg- 
 ment of one base, multiply the difference between 
 the radius of the sphere and one-third of the height 
 bv the height squared, by the number of degrees in 
 the angle by K, or to the radius of the base 
 squared multiplied by the height by the number 
 of degrees in the angle by M, add the height cubed 
 multiplied by the number of degrees by C. 
 H 
 ]V={R )H-aK or lV=r-HaM+H'aC 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a spherical seg- 
 ment of two bases ; from the difference between the 
 squares of the distances from the bases to the pole 
 multiplied by the radius of the sphere by the num- 
 ber of degrees in the angle by K, subtract the dif- 
 ference between the cubes of the distances from the 
 bases to the pole multiplied by the number of de- 
 grees by C, obtained from the table on page 97, or 
 to the sum of the squares of the radii of the bases 
 multiplied by the height by the number of degrees in 
 the angle by M, add the height cubed multiplied by 
 the number of degrees in the angle bv C. 
 JV=(A-—B-)RaK—(A^—B^)aC 
 or JV=(r--\-s^-)HaM+H''aC 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 c 
 
 CU. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 c 
 
 CU. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 .096 
 
 .00084 
 
 .000419 
 
 .000140 
 
 .230 
 
 .00218 
 
 .001092 
 
 .000363 
 
 .410 
 
 .00358 
 
 .001789 
 
 .0005% 
 
 .100 
 
 .00087 
 
 .000436 
 
 .000145 
 
 .260 
 
 .00227 
 
 .001135 
 
 .000378 
 
 .420 
 
 .00367 
 
 .001833 
 
 .000611 
 
 .110 
 
 .00096 
 
 .000480 
 
 .000160 
 
 .270 
 
 .00236 
 
 .001179 
 
 .000393 
 
 .430 
 
 .00375 
 
 .001876 
 
 .000625 
 
 .120 
 
 .00105 
 
 .000524 
 
 .000174 
 
 .280 
 
 .00244 
 
 .001223 
 
 .000407 
 
 .440 
 
 .00384 
 
 .001920 
 
 .000640 
 
 .130 
 
 .00113 
 
 .000567 
 
 .000189 
 
 .290 
 
 .00253 
 
 .001266 
 
 .000421 
 
 .450 
 
 .00393 
 
 .001964 
 
 .000654 
 
 .140 
 
 .00122 
 
 .000611 
 
 .000203 
 
 .300 
 
 .00262 
 
 .001309 
 
 .000436 
 
 .460 
 
 .00401 
 
 .002008 
 
 .000669 
 
 .150 
 
 .00131 
 
 .000655 
 
 .000218 
 
 .310 
 
 .00271 
 
 .001358 
 
 .000450 
 
 .470 
 
 .00410 
 
 .002052 
 
 .000684 
 
 .160 
 
 .00140 
 
 .000698 
 
 .000238 
 
 .320 
 
 .00279 
 
 .001397 
 
 .000465 
 
 .480 
 
 .00419 
 
 .002095 
 
 .00069,8 
 
 .170 
 
 .00148 
 
 .000742 
 
 .000247 
 
 .330 
 
 .00288 
 
 .001440 
 
 .000480 
 
 .490 
 
 .00428 
 
 .002139 
 
 .000712 
 
 .180 
 
 .00157 
 
 .000786 
 
 .000261 
 
 .340 
 
 .00297 
 
 .001483 
 
 .000495 
 
 .500 
 
 .00436 
 
 .002182 
 
 .000727 
 
 .190 
 
 .00166 
 
 .000830 
 
 .000276 
 
 .350 
 
 .00305 
 
 .001527 
 
 .000509 
 
 .510 
 
 .00445 
 
 .002226 
 
 .000741 
 
 .200 
 
 .00175 
 
 .000873 
 
 .000291 
 
 .360 
 
 .00314 
 
 .001571 
 
 .000524 
 
 .520 
 
 .00454 
 
 .002270 
 
 .000756 
 
 .210 
 
 .00183 
 
 .000917 
 
 .000305 
 
 .370 
 
 .00323 
 
 .001615 
 
 .000538 
 
 .530 
 
 .00463 
 
 .002313 
 
 .000770 
 
 .220 
 
 .00192 
 
 .000961 
 
 .000319 
 
 .380 
 
 .00332 
 
 .001659 
 
 .000558 
 
 .540 
 
 .00471 
 
 .002356 
 
 .000785 
 
 .230 
 
 .00201 
 
 .001004 
 
 .000334 
 
 .390 
 
 .00340 
 
 .001702 
 
 .000567 
 
 .550 
 
 .00480 
 
 .002400 
 
 .000800 
 
 .240 
 
 .00209 
 
 .001048 
 
 .000349 
 
 .400 
 
 .00349 
 
 .001745 
 
 .000582 
 
 .560 
 
 .00489 
 
 .002443 
 
 .000815 
 
 
 
 
 INTERPOLATION 
 
 TABLE 
 
 
 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 W^t. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 Wt. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 .001 
 
 .00001 
 
 .000004 
 
 .000001 
 
 .004 
 
 .00003 
 
 .000017 
 
 .000006 
 
 .007 
 
 .00006 
 
 000031 
 
 .000010 
 
 .002 
 
 .00002 
 
 .000009 
 
 .000003 
 
 .005 
 
 .00004 
 
 .000022 
 
 .000007 
 
 .008 
 
 .00007 
 
 .000035 
 
 .000012 
 
 .003 
 
 .00003 
 
 .000013 
 
 .000004 
 
 .006 
 
 .00005 
 
 .000026 
 
 .000009 
 
 .009 
 
 .00008 
 
 .000039 
 
 .000013 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 82. 
 All Dimensions in Inches and Wei.ffht3 in Pounds 
 
 90 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Coiitifiued) 
 
 W 
 
 €> 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 per 
 cn. in. 
 .096 
 .100 
 .110 
 .120 
 .130 
 .140 
 .150 
 .160 
 .170 
 .ISO 
 .190 
 .200 
 
 K 
 
 .0503 
 .0524 
 .0576 
 .0628 
 .0680 
 .0732 
 .0785 
 .0838 
 .0881 
 .0943 
 .0995 
 .1047 
 
 M 
 
 .1005 
 .1047 
 .1152 
 .1257 
 .1361 
 .1466 
 .1571 
 .1675 
 .1780 
 .1885 
 .1990 
 .2094 
 
 To find the weight of a ring made by cutting 
 a cyhndrical hole through the center of a sphere, 
 multiply the chord cubed by the value of K cor- 
 responding to the weight per cubic inch of ma- 
 terial used. (See table below). 
 IV=C'K 
 
 The chord is equal to the square root of the 
 result obtained by subtracting the square of the 
 diameter of the hole from the square of the 
 diameter of the sphere. 
 
 C=^ D—d' 
 
 To find the weight of a ring of triangular cross- 
 section, multiply the base of the triangle by its 
 altitude, by the sum of twice the diameter of the 
 circle described, by the center of the base and the 
 diameter described by the vertex of the triangle by 
 the value of K. 
 
 jr=BT(2D^d)K 
 
 To find the weight of a segment of an ellipsoid, 
 when the base is parallel to the revolving axis, 
 multiply the difference between three times the 
 fixed semi-axis and the height of the segment by 
 the square of the height, by the square of the 
 revolving semi-axis, by the value of M and divide 
 bv the square of the fixed semi-axis. 
 (3A—H^H'B'M 
 
 ir= 
 
 Wt. 
 
 per 
 cu. in. 
 .210 
 .220 
 .230 
 .240 
 .250 
 .260 
 .270 
 .280 
 .290 
 .300 
 .310 
 .320 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 .1100 
 
 .21*9 
 
 .1152 
 
 .2304 
 
 .1204 
 
 .2403 
 
 .1257 
 
 .2513 
 
 .1309 
 
 .2613 
 
 .1561 
 
 ■>7T> 
 
 .1414 
 
 .2327 
 
 .1466 
 
 .2<?52 
 
 .1518 
 
 .5037 
 
 .1571 
 
 .3142 
 
 .1623 
 
 .3247 
 
 .1675 
 
 .3552 
 
 Wr. 
 
 per 
 cn. in. 
 .550 
 .340 
 .350 
 .360 
 .570 
 .380 
 .390 
 .400 
 .410 
 .420 
 .430 
 .440 
 
 A- 
 
 K 
 .1723 
 .1780 
 .1832 
 .1885 
 .1937 
 .1989 
 .2042 
 .2094 
 .2146 
 .2199 
 .2251 
 .2303 
 
 M 
 
 .3456 
 .3561 
 .3666 
 .3770 
 .3875 
 .3980 
 .40U 
 .4189 
 .4294 
 .4399 
 .4504 
 .4609 
 
 W-. 
 
 per 
 cn. in. 
 .450 
 .460 
 .470 
 .480 
 .490 
 .500 
 .310 
 .520 
 .530 
 .540 
 .550 
 .560 
 
 K 
 
 .2356 
 .2408 
 .2460 
 .2513 
 .2565 
 .2617 
 .2670 
 2772 
 !2774 
 .2827 
 .2879 
 .2931 
 
 M 
 
 .4713 
 .4817 
 .4922 
 .5026 
 .5131 
 .5236 
 .5341 
 .5446 
 .5550 
 .5654 
 .5759 
 .5864 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Add'l. .\dd'l. .Add'I. .Add'l. Add'L Add-i. .\dd-l. Add'l. .\dd'l. 
 
 Wt- K M Wt. K M Wt. K M 
 
 .001 .0005 .0010 .004 .0021 .0042 .007 .0037 .0073 
 
 .002 .0010 .0021 .005 .0026 .0052 .008 .0042 .0084 
 
 .003 .0016 .0031 .006 .0031 .0063 .009 .0049 .0094 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 82. 
 
 All Dimensions in Inches and Weights in Pounds 
 
 91 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 . FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Coniinued) 
 
 To find the weight of a ring of elliptical cross- 
 section, multiply the radius of the circle passing 
 through the center of the cross-section by the 
 large diameter of the ellipse, by the small diameter, 
 by the value of the constant, K, corresponding 
 to the weight per cubic inch of material used. 
 JV=RDdK 
 
 To find the weight of a ring of circular cross- 
 section, multiply the radius of the cross-section 
 squared by the radius of the circle passing through 
 the center of the cross-section, by the value of M. 
 IV—r'RM 
 
 To find the weight of a solid generated by re- 
 volving a plane area about an axis, multiply the 
 area by the distance from the center of gravity 
 of cross-section to the axis by the value of N. 
 
 IV—ARN 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 .0% 
 
 .474 
 
 1.895 
 
 .603 
 
 .250 
 
 1.234 
 
 4.935 
 
 1.571 
 
 .410 
 
 2.023 
 
 8.093 
 
 2.576 
 
 .100 
 
 .494 
 
 1.974 
 
 .628 
 
 .260 
 
 1.283 
 
 5.132 
 
 1.634 
 
 .420 
 
 2.073 
 
 8.291 
 
 2.639 
 
 .110 
 
 .543 
 
 2.171 
 
 .691 
 
 .270 
 
 1.332 
 
 5.330 
 
 1.696 
 
 .430 
 
 2.122 
 
 8.488 
 
 2.702 
 
 .120 
 
 .592 
 
 2.369 
 
 .754 
 
 .280 
 
 1.382 
 
 5.527 
 
 1.759 
 
 .440 
 
 2.171 
 
 8.685 
 
 2.765 
 
 .130 
 
 .642 
 
 2.566 
 
 .817 
 
 .290 
 
 1.431 
 
 5.724 
 
 1.822 
 
 .450 
 
 2,221 
 
 8.883 
 
 2.827 
 
 .140 
 
 .691 
 
 2.764 
 
 .880 
 
 .300 
 
 1.481 
 
 5.922 
 
 1.885 
 
 .460 
 
 2.270 
 
 9.080 
 
 2.890 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .740 
 
 2.961 
 
 .942 
 
 .310 
 
 1.530 
 
 6.119 
 
 1.948 
 
 .470 
 
 2.319 
 
 9.277 
 
 2.953 
 
 .160 
 
 .790 
 
 3.158 
 
 1.005 
 
 .320 
 
 1.579 
 
 6.317 
 
 2.011 
 
 .480 
 
 2.369 
 
 9.475 
 
 3.016 
 
 .170 
 
 .839 
 
 3.356 
 
 1.068 
 
 .330 
 
 1.629 
 
 6.514 
 
 2.073 
 
 .490 
 
 2.418 
 
 9.672 
 
 3,079 
 
 .180 
 
 .888 
 
 3.553 
 
 1.181 
 
 .340 
 
 1.678 
 
 6.711 
 
 2.136 
 
 .500 
 
 2.468 
 
 9.870 
 
 3.142 
 
 .190 
 
 .938 
 
 3.751 
 
 1.194 
 
 .350 
 
 1.727 
 
 6.909 
 
 2.199 
 
 .510 
 
 2.517 
 
 10.067 
 
 3.204 
 
 .200 
 
 .987 
 
 3.948 
 
 1.257 
 
 .360 
 
 1.777 
 
 7.106 
 
 2.262 
 
 .520 
 
 2.566 
 
 10.264 
 
 3.267 
 
 .210 
 
 1.036 
 
 4.145 
 
 1.319 
 
 .370 
 
 1.826 
 
 7.304 
 
 2.325 
 
 .530 
 
 2.616 
 
 10.462 
 
 3.330 
 
 .220 
 
 1.086 
 
 4.343 
 
 1.382 
 
 .380 
 
 1.875 
 
 7.501 
 
 2.388 
 
 .540 
 
 2.665 
 
 10.659 
 
 3.393 
 
 .230 
 
 1.135 
 
 4.540 
 
 1.445 
 
 .390 
 
 1.925 
 
 7.698 
 
 2.450 
 
 .550 
 
 2.714 
 
 10.857 
 
 3.456 
 
 .240 
 
 r.l84 
 
 4.737 
 
 1.508 
 
 .400 
 
 1.974 
 
 7.896 
 
 2.513 
 
 .560 
 
 2.764 
 
 11.054 
 
 3.519 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 N 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'!. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 N 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 N 
 
 .001 
 .002 
 .003 
 
 .005 
 .010 
 .015 
 
 .020 
 .039 
 .059 
 
 .007 
 .013 
 .019 
 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 .020 
 .025 
 .030 
 
 .079 
 .099 
 .113 
 
 .025 
 .031 
 .033 
 
 .007 
 .008 
 .009 
 
 .035 
 .039 
 .044 
 
 .138 
 .158 
 .178 
 
 .044 
 .050 
 .057 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 82. 
 
 For finding Center of Gravity, see page 23. 
 
 For finding Area of Irregular Figures, see page 22. 
 
 All Dimensions in Inches and Weights in Pounds 
 
 92 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a paraboloid, 
 multiply the diameter of the base squared by the 
 height, by the number of degrees in the angle by 
 the value of K (see table below) corresponding to 
 the weight per cubic inch of material used. 
 
 ]V=D^HaK 
 
 To find the weight of a spherical wedge, multiply 
 the diameter of the sphere cubed by the number of 
 degrees in the angle by the value of M. 
 
 W=D^aM 
 
 \Vt. pe 
 cu. in. 
 
 .096 
 .100 
 .110 
 .120 
 .130 
 .140 
 .ISO 
 .160 
 .170 
 .180 
 .190 
 .200 
 
 K 
 .000105 
 .000109 
 .000120 
 .000131 
 .000142 
 .000153 
 .000164 
 .000174 
 .000185 
 .000196 
 .000207 
 .000218 
 
 Wt. per 
 M cu. in. K 
 
 .000140 
 .000145 
 .000160 
 .000174 
 .000189 
 .000203 
 .000218 
 .000233 
 .000247 
 .000261 
 .000276 
 .000291 
 
 .210 
 .220 
 .230 
 .240 
 .250 
 .260 
 .270 
 .280 
 .290 
 .300 
 .310 
 .320 
 
 .000229 
 .000240 
 .000251 
 .000262 
 .000273 
 .000283 
 .000294 
 .000305 
 .000316 
 .000327 
 .000338 
 .000349 
 
 M 
 .000305 
 .000319 
 .000334 
 .000349 
 .000363 
 .000378 
 .000393 
 .000407 
 .000421 
 .000436 
 .000450 
 .000465 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 .330 
 .340 
 .350 
 .360 
 .370 
 .380 
 .390 
 .400 
 .410 
 .420 
 .430 
 .440 
 
 K 
 .000360 
 .000371 
 .000382 
 .000393 
 .000403 
 .000414 
 .000425 
 .000436 
 .000447 
 .000458 
 .000469 
 .000480 
 
 M 
 000480 
 000495 
 000509 
 000524 
 000538 
 000553 
 000567 
 000582 
 ,000596 
 ,000611 
 000625 
 . 000640 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. K 
 
 .450 .000491 
 .460 .000501 
 .470 .000512 
 .480 .000523 
 .490 .000534 
 .500 .000545 
 .510 .000556 
 .520 .000567 
 .530 .000578 
 .540 .000589 
 .550 .000600 
 560 .000611 
 
 M 
 
 00065 4 
 000669 
 ,000684 
 .000698 
 000712 
 ,000727 
 .000741 
 .000756 
 .000770 
 .000785 
 .000800 
 .000815 
 
 Add'l. Add' 
 Wt. K 
 
 .001 
 .002 
 .003 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Add'l 
 M 
 
 Add'l 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l 
 K 
 
 Add'l 
 M 
 
 Add'l. Add' 
 Wt. K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 For method of 
 
 000001 .000001 .004 .000004 .000006 .007 .000008 .000010 interpolation see 
 
 000012 page 82. 
 
 .000002 .000003 .005 .000005 .000007 .008 .000009 
 
 .000003 .000004 .006 .000007 .000009 .009 .000010 .000013 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds 
 
 93 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Co7itiniu'd) 
 
 To find the weight of a hollow spheri- 
 cal wedge, multiply the difference be- 
 tween the outside diameter cubed and 
 the inside diameter cubed by the num- 
 ber of degrees in the angle, by the value 
 of M (see table on page 93) correspond- 
 ing to the weight per cubic inch of ma- 
 terial used. 
 
 To find the weight of an irregular 
 casting, which cannot be divided into 
 elementary solids, use the following 
 method based on Simpson's rule: 
 
 Divide the length of the casting into an even number of parts of 
 equal length D (the greater the number of divisions, the greater will 
 be the accuracy in the final result) by parallel planes. Add the areas 
 of the two ends and designate the sum A. Add the areas of the cross- 
 sections made by the even cutting planes, i. e. 2, 4, 6, etc., and designate 
 this sum by B. Then add the area made by the odd cutting planes, 
 except the ends, calling this sum C. 
 
 The weight of the casting is equal to the sum of A, four times B and 
 tivo times C multiplied by D, by the value of K. 
 
 W^-{A+AB+2C)DK 
 
 iVt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .096 
 
 K 
 .0320 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .170 
 
 K 
 
 .0567 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .250 
 
 K 
 .0833 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .330 
 
 K 
 .1100 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .410 
 
 K 
 
 .1367 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 .490 
 
 K 
 
 .1633 
 
 .100 
 
 .0333 
 
 .180 
 
 .0600 
 
 .260 
 
 .0867 
 
 .340 
 
 .1133 
 
 .420 
 
 .1400 
 
 .500 
 
 .1667 
 
 .110 
 
 .0367 
 
 .190 
 
 .0633 
 
 .270 
 
 .0900 
 
 .350 
 
 .1167 
 
 .430 
 
 .1433 
 
 .510 
 
 .1700 
 
 .120 
 .130 
 
 .0400 
 .0433 
 
 .200 
 .210 
 
 .0667 
 .0700 
 
 .280 
 .290 
 
 .0933 
 .0967 
 
 .360 
 .370 
 
 .1200 
 .1233 
 
 .440 
 .450 
 
 .1467 
 .1500 
 
 .520 
 .530 
 
 .1733 
 .1767 
 
 .140 
 .ISO 
 .160 
 
 .0467 
 .0500 
 .0533 
 
 .220 
 .230 
 .240 
 
 .0733 
 .0767 
 .0800 
 
 .300 
 .310 
 .320 
 
 .1000 
 .1033 
 .1067 
 
 .380 
 .390 
 .400 
 
 .1267 
 .1300 
 .1333 
 
 .460 
 .470 
 .480 
 
 .1533 
 .1567 
 .1600 
 
 .540 
 .550 
 .560 
 
 .1800 
 .1833 
 .1867 
 
 Add'l. Add'l. 
 
 Wt. K 
 
 .001 .0003 
 
 .002 .0007 
 
 .003 .0010 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Add'l. Add'l. Add'l. Add'l. 
 
 Wt. K Wt. K 
 
 .004 .0013 .007 .0023 
 
 .005 .0017 .008 .0027 
 
 .006 .0020 .009 .0030 
 
 For method of 
 Interpolation see 
 page 82. 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds. 
 
 94 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a ring made by 
 cutting a cylindrical hole through the center of a 
 sphere, multiply the chord cubed by the number of 
 degrees in the angle by the value of K corresponding 
 to the weight per cubic inch of material used. (See 
 table below.) 
 
 VV=^CaK 
 
 The chord is equal to the square root of the result 
 obtained by subtracting the square of the diameter 
 of the hole from the square of the diameter of the 
 sphere. 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of a ring of circular 
 cross-section, multiply the radius of the cross-section 
 squared by the radius of the circle passing through 
 the center of the cross-section by the number of 
 degrees in the angle by the value of M. 
 W—t^RaM 
 
 To find the weight of a segment of a ring of ellip- 
 tical cross-section, multiply the radius of the circle 
 passing through the center of the cross-section by 
 the large diameter of the ellipse, by the small diameter, 
 by the number of degrees in the angle, by the value 
 of K. (See page 96.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W=zRDda 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 \Vt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 .096 
 
 .000 I 40 
 
 .00526 
 
 .210 
 
 .000305 
 
 .01151 
 
 .330 
 
 .000480 
 
 .01809 
 
 .450 
 
 .000654 
 
 .02467 
 
 .100 
 
 .000145 
 
 .00548 
 
 .220 
 
 .000319 
 
 .01206 
 
 .340 
 
 .000495 
 
 .01864 
 
 .460 
 
 .000669 
 
 .02522 
 
 .110 
 
 .000160 
 
 .00603 
 
 .230 
 
 .000334 
 
 .01261 
 
 .350 
 
 .000509 
 
 .01919 
 
 .470 
 
 .000684 
 
 .02577 
 
 .120 
 
 .000174 
 
 .00658 
 
 .240 
 
 .000349 
 
 .01316 
 
 .360 
 
 .000524 
 
 .01974 
 
 .480 
 
 .000698 
 
 .02632 
 
 .130 
 
 .000189 
 
 .00713 
 
 .250 
 
 .000363 
 
 .01371 
 
 .370 
 
 .000538 
 
 .02029 
 
 .490 
 
 .000712 
 
 .02687 
 
 .140 
 
 .000203 
 
 .00768 
 
 .260 
 
 .000378 
 
 .01426 
 
 .380 
 
 .000553 
 
 .02084 
 
 .500 
 
 .000727 
 
 .02742 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .000218 
 
 .00822 
 
 .270 
 
 .000393 
 
 .01480 
 
 .390 
 
 .000567 
 
 .02138 
 
 .510 
 
 .000741 
 
 .02796 
 
 .160 
 
 .000233 
 
 .00877 
 
 .280 
 
 .000407 
 
 .01535 
 
 .400 
 
 .000582 
 
 .02193 
 
 .520 
 
 .000756 
 
 .02851 
 
 .170 
 
 .000247 
 
 .00932 
 
 .290 
 
 .000421 
 
 .01590 
 
 .410 
 
 .000596 
 
 .02248 
 
 .530 
 
 .000770 
 
 .02906 
 
 .180 
 
 .000261 
 
 .00987 
 
 .300 
 
 .000436 
 
 .01645 
 
 .420 
 
 .000611 
 
 .02303 
 
 .540 
 
 .000785 
 
 .02961 
 
 .190 
 
 -.000276 
 
 .01042 
 
 .310 
 
 .000450 
 
 .01700 
 
 .430 
 
 .000625 
 
 .02358 
 
 .550 
 
 .000800 
 
 .03016 
 
 .200 
 
 .000291 
 
 .01097 
 
 .320 
 
 .000465 
 
 .01755 
 
 .440 
 
 .000640 
 
 .02413 
 
 .560 
 
 .000815 
 
 .03071 
 
 
 
 
 INTERPOLATION 
 
 TABLE 
 
 
 
 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Fc 
 
 r method of 
 
 .001 .000001 .00005 .004 .000006 .00022 .007 .000010 .00038 
 .002 .000003 .00011 .005 .000007 .00027 .008 .000012 .00044 
 .003 .000004 .00016 .006 .000009 .00033 .009 .000013 .00049 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds. 
 
 95 
 
 Interpolation see 
 pa/ge 82. 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a segment of a ring of tri- 
 angular cross-section multiply the base of the triangle 
 by the altitude, by the sum of twice the radius of 
 the circle described, by the center of the base and the 
 radius of the circle described, by the vertex of the 
 triangle, by the number of degrees in the angle, by 
 the value of M corresponding to the weight per 
 cubic inch of material used. 
 
 W=BTaM{_2R+r) 
 
 To find the weight of a segment of a solid gen- 
 erated by revolving a plane area about an axis, mul- 
 tiply the area by the distance from the center of 
 gravity of cross-section to the axis, by the number of 
 degrees in the angle by the value of N. 
 
 W=ARaN 
 
 For finding area of irregular figures, see page 22. 
 
 
 1 ■' 
 
 
 For 
 
 findii 
 
 ng center of 
 
 gravity 
 
 , see 
 
 page 
 
 23. 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 N cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 Wt. per 
 N cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 N- 
 
 .096 
 
 .00132 
 
 .000279 
 
 .00168 
 
 .250 
 
 .00343 
 
 .000727 
 
 .00436 
 
 .410 
 
 .00561 
 
 .001193 
 
 .00715 
 
 .100 
 
 .00137 
 
 .000291 
 
 .00175 
 
 .260 
 
 .00356 
 
 .000756 
 
 .00454 
 
 .420 
 
 .00575 
 
 .001222 
 
 .00733 
 
 .110 
 
 .00150 
 
 .000319 
 
 .00192 
 
 .2/0 
 
 .00370 
 
 .000785 
 
 .00471 
 
 .430 
 
 .00589 
 
 .001251 
 
 .00750 
 
 .120 
 
 .00164 
 
 .000349 
 
 .00210 
 
 .280 
 
 .00384 
 
 .000815 
 
 .00489 
 
 .440 
 
 .00603 
 
 .001280 
 
 .00768 
 
 .130 
 
 .00178 
 
 .000378 
 
 .00227 
 
 .290 
 
 .00397 
 
 .000844 
 
 .00506 
 
 .450 
 
 .00617 
 
 .001309 
 
 .00785 
 
 .140 
 
 .00192 
 
 .000407 
 
 .00244 
 
 .300 
 
 .00411 
 
 .000873 
 
 .00524 
 
 .460 
 
 .00630 
 
 .001338 
 
 .00803 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .00206 
 
 .000436 
 
 .00262 
 
 .310 
 
 .00425 
 
 .000902 
 
 .00541 
 
 .470 
 
 .00644 
 
 .001368 
 
 .00820 
 
 .160 
 
 .00220 
 
 .000465 
 
 .00279 
 
 .320 
 
 .00438 
 
 .000931 
 
 .00558 
 
 .480 
 
 .00658 
 
 .001397 
 
 .00833 
 
 .170 
 
 .00233 
 
 .000495 
 
 .00297 
 
 .330 
 
 .00452 
 
 -.000960 
 
 .00576 
 
 .490 
 
 .00672 
 
 .001426 
 
 .00855 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .00246 
 
 .000524 
 
 .00314 
 
 .340 
 
 . 00466 
 
 .000989 
 
 .00593 
 
 .500 
 
 .00685 
 
 .001455 
 
 .00878 
 
 .190 
 
 .00260 
 
 .000553 
 
 .00331 
 
 '.350 
 
 .00480 
 
 .001018 
 
 .00611 
 
 .510 
 
 .00699 
 
 .001484 
 
 .00890 
 
 .200 
 
 .00274 
 
 .000582 
 
 .00349 
 
 .360 
 
 .00493 
 
 .001047 
 
 .00628 
 
 .520 
 
 .00713 
 
 .001513 
 
 .00903 
 
 .210 
 
 .00288 
 
 .000611 
 
 .00366 
 
 .370 
 
 .00507 
 
 .001076 
 
 .00645 
 
 .530 
 
 .00727 
 
 .001542 
 
 .00925 
 
 .220 
 
 .00301 
 
 .000640 
 
 .00384 
 
 .380 
 
 .00521 
 
 .001106 
 
 .00663 
 
 .540 
 
 .00740 
 
 .001571 
 
 .00942 
 
 .230 
 
 .00315 
 
 .000669 
 
 .00401 
 
 .390 
 
 .00534 
 
 .001135 
 
 .00680 
 
 .550 
 
 .00754 
 
 .001600 
 
 .00959 
 
 .240 
 
 .00329 
 
 .000698 
 
 .00419 
 
 .400 
 
 .00548 
 
 .001164 
 
 .00693 
 
 .560 
 
 .00768 
 
 .001629 
 
 .00977 
 
 
 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 
 
 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. 
 
 N 
 
 Add'l. 
 Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l. Add'l. 
 N Wt. 
 
 Add'l. 
 K 
 
 Add'l. 
 M 
 
 Add'l 
 
 N 
 
 .001 
 
 .00001 
 
 .000003 
 
 .00002 
 
 .004 
 
 .00005 
 
 .000012 
 
 .00007 
 
 .007 
 
 .00009 
 
 . 000020 
 
 .00012 
 
 .002 
 
 .00003 
 
 .000006 
 
 .00003 
 
 .005 
 
 .00007 
 
 .000015 
 
 .00009 
 
 .008 
 
 .00011 
 
 .000023 
 
 .00014 
 
 .003 
 
 .00004 
 
 .000009 
 
 .00005 
 
 .006 
 
 .00008 
 
 .000017 
 
 .00010 
 
 .009 
 
 .00012 
 
 .000026 
 
 .00016 
 
 For method of Interpolation, see page 82. 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds. 
 
 96 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 (Co7Jtinued) 
 
 ^ \ ] 
 
 Ul-f-A 
 
 iV 1 ^ 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of an inside 
 circular fillet, multiply the difference between 
 the diameter of the cylinder made by the side 
 of the fillet and the product of the radius and 
 0.446, by the radius squared, by the number of 
 degrees in the angle, by the value of K corre- 
 sponding to the weight per cubic inch of 
 material used (see table below) or, from the 
 diameter of the cylinder made by the side of 
 the fillet, multiplied by the radius squared, by 
 the number of degrees in the angle, by K, sub- 
 tract the radius cubed by the number of degrees 
 by M. 
 
 W=(D—0M6R)R'aK or lV=DR'aK—R'aM 
 
 To find the weight of a sector of an outside 
 circular fillet, multiply the sum of the diameter 
 made by the side of the fillet and the product 
 of the radius and 0.446 by the radius squared 
 by the number of degrees in the angle by K, 
 or to the diameter of the cylinder made by 
 the side of the fillet multiplied by the radius 
 squared by the number of degrees by K, 
 add the radius cubed multiplied by the number 
 of degrees by M. 
 
 lV=(D+0.446R)R'aK or lV=DR'aK+R'aM 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 .006 
 
 .000180 
 
 .000080 
 
 .000279 
 
 .250 
 
 .000468 
 
 .000209 
 
 .000727 
 
 .410 
 
 .000763 
 
 .000342 
 
 .001193 
 
 .100 
 
 .000187 
 
 .000084 
 
 .000291 
 
 .260 
 
 .000485 
 
 .000217 
 
 .000756 
 
 .420 
 
 .000787 
 
 .000351 
 
 .001222 
 
 .110 
 
 .000206 
 
 .000092 
 
 .000319 
 
 .270 
 
 .000505 
 
 .000226 
 
 .000785 
 
 .430 
 
 .000805 
 
 .000359 
 
 .001251 
 
 .120 
 
 .000224 
 
 .000101 
 
 . 000349 
 
 .280 
 
 .000524 
 
 .000234 
 
 .000815 
 
 .440 
 
 .000824 
 
 .000367 
 
 .001280 
 
 .130 
 
 .000243 
 
 .000109 
 
 .000378 
 
 .290 
 
 .000543 
 
 .000242 
 
 .000844 
 
 .450 
 
 .000843 
 
 .000376 
 
 .001309 
 
 .140 
 
 .000262 
 
 .000117 
 
 .000407 
 
 .300 
 
 .000562 
 
 .000251 
 
 .000873 
 
 .460 
 
 .000861 
 
 .000384 
 
 .001338 
 
 .150 
 
 .000281 
 
 .000126 
 
 . 000436 
 
 .310 
 
 .000581 
 
 .0002S9 
 
 .000902 
 
 .470 
 
 .000880 
 
 .000392 
 
 .001368 
 
 .160 
 
 .000 2 ''9 
 
 .000134 
 
 .000465 
 
 .320 
 
 .000600 
 
 .000267 
 
 .000931 
 
 .480 
 
 .000898 
 
 .000401 
 
 .001397 
 
 .170 
 
 .000313 
 
 .000142 
 
 . 000496 
 
 .330 
 
 .000618 
 
 .000276 
 
 .000960 
 
 .490 
 
 .000917 
 
 .000409 
 
 .001426 
 
 .180 
 
 .000337 
 
 .000151 
 
 .000524 
 
 .340 
 
 .000636 
 
 .000284 
 
 .000989 
 
 .500 
 
 .000936 
 
 .000418 
 
 .001455 
 
 .190 
 
 000356 
 
 .000159 
 
 .000553 
 
 .350 
 
 .000655 
 
 .000293 
 
 .001018 
 
 .510 
 
 .000955 
 
 .000426 
 
 .001484 
 
 .200 
 
 .000375 
 
 .000167 
 
 .000582 
 
 .360 
 
 .000673 
 
 .000301 
 
 .001047 
 
 .520 
 
 .000973 
 
 .000435 
 
 .001513 
 
 .210 
 
 .000394 
 
 .000176 
 
 .000611 
 
 .370 
 
 .000692 
 
 .000309 
 
 .001076 
 
 .530 
 
 .000992 
 
 .000443 
 
 .001542 
 
 .220 
 
 .000413 
 
 .000184 
 
 . 000640 
 
 .380 
 
 .000711 
 
 .000318 
 
 .001106 
 
 .540 
 
 .001010 
 
 .000451 
 
 .001571 
 
 .230 
 
 .000431 
 
 .000192 
 
 . 000669 
 
 .390 
 
 .000730 
 
 .000326 
 
 .001135 
 
 .550 
 
 .001029 
 
 .000459 
 
 .001600 
 
 .240 
 
 .000450 
 
 .000201 
 
 .000698 
 
 .400 
 
 .000749 
 
 .000334 
 
 .001164 
 
 .560 
 
 .001048 
 
 .000468 
 
 .001629 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Add'I. Add'l. Add'l. Add'l. Add'l. Add'l. Add'i. Add'l. Add'l. Add']. Add'l. Add'l. 
 
 Wt. K M C Wt. K M C Wt. K M C 
 
 .001 .000002 .000001 .000003 .004 .000007 .000003 .000012 .007 .000013 .000006 .000020 
 
 .002 .000004 .000002 .000006 .005 .000009 .000004 .000015 .008 .000015 .000007 .000023 
 
 .003 .000006 .000003 .000009 .006 .000011 .000005 .000017 .009 .000017 .000008 .000026 
 
 For method of interpolation see page 82. 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds 
 
 97 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FINDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of an inside circular 
 fillet, multiply the difference between the 
 diameter of the cylinder made by the side 
 of the fillet and the product of the radius 
 and 0.446, by the radius squared, by the 
 constant K, corresponding to weight per 
 cubic inch, or from the diameter of the 
 cylinder made by the side of the fillet multi- 
 plied by the radius squared, by the constant 
 K, subtract the radius cubed multiplied by 
 constant M. (See table below.) 
 
 W^iD—QM6R)m<: or JV=DR'K—R'M 
 
 To find the weight of an outside circular 
 fillet, multiply the sum of the diameter made, 
 by the side of the fillet and the product of 
 the radius and 0.446, by the radius squared 
 by the value of K, or 
 
 To the diameter of the cylinder made by 
 the side of the fillet, multiplied by the radius 
 squared, bv the constant K, add the radius 
 cubed multiplied by the value of M. 
 
 JV=(D+0A46R)R'K or lV=DR'K-{-R'M 
 
 T 
 
 k 
 
 K 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 .096 
 
 .0647 
 
 .0289 
 
 .0105 
 
 .250 
 
 .1686 
 
 .0752 
 
 .2617 
 
 .410 
 
 .2764 
 
 .1233 
 
 .4293 
 
 .100 
 
 .0674 
 
 .0301 
 
 .1047 
 
 .260 
 
 .1753 
 
 .0782 
 
 .2722 
 
 .420 
 
 .2832 
 
 .1263 
 
 .4398 
 
 .110 
 
 .0742 
 
 .0331 
 
 .1152 
 
 .270 
 
 .1820 
 
 .0812 
 
 .2827 
 
 .430 
 
 .2899 
 
 .1293 
 
 .4503 
 
 .120 
 
 .0809 
 
 .0361 
 
 .1257 
 
 .280 
 
 .1888 
 
 .0842 
 
 .2931 
 
 .440 
 
 .2966 
 
 .1323 
 
 .4607 
 
 .130 
 
 .0876 
 
 .0391 
 
 .1361 
 
 .290 
 
 .1955 
 
 .0872 
 
 .3036 
 
 .450 
 
 .3034 
 
 .1353 
 
 .4712 
 
 .140 
 
 .0944 
 
 .0421 
 
 .1466 
 
 .300 
 
 .2023 
 
 .0902 
 
 .3142 
 
 .460 
 
 .3101 
 
 .1383 
 
 .4817 
 
 .150 
 
 .1011 
 
 .0451 
 
 .1571 
 
 .310 
 
 .2090 
 
 .0932 
 
 .3246 
 
 .470 
 
 .3169 
 
 .1413 
 
 .4922 
 
 .160 
 
 .1079 
 
 .0481 
 
 .1675 
 
 .320 
 
 .2157 
 
 .0962 
 
 .3351 
 
 .480 
 
 .3236 
 
 .1443 
 
 .5027 
 
 .170 
 
 .1146 
 
 .0511 
 
 .1780 
 
 .330 
 
 .2225 
 
 .0992 
 
 .3456 
 
 .490 
 
 .3304 
 
 .1473 
 
 .5131 
 
 .180 
 
 .1214 
 
 .0541 
 
 .1885 
 
 .340 
 
 .2292 
 
 .1022 
 
 .3560 
 
 .500 
 
 .3371 
 
 .1503 
 
 .5236 
 
 .190 
 
 .1281 
 
 .0571 
 
 .1989 
 
 .350 
 
 .2360 
 
 .1052 
 
 .3665 
 
 .510 
 
 .3438 
 
 .1533 
 
 .5341 
 
 .200 
 
 .1348 
 
 .0601 
 
 .2094 
 
 .360 
 
 .2427 
 
 .1083 
 
 .3770 
 
 .520 
 
 .3506 
 
 .1563 
 
 .5446 
 
 .210 
 
 .1416 
 
 .0631 
 
 .2199 
 
 .370 
 
 .2495 
 
 .1113 
 
 .3874 
 
 .530 
 
 .3573 
 
 .1594 
 
 .5550 
 
 .220 
 
 .1483 
 
 .0662 
 
 .2303 
 
 .380 
 
 .2562 
 
 .1143 
 
 .3879 
 
 .540 
 
 .3641 
 
 .1624 
 
 .5655 
 
 .230 
 
 .1351 
 
 .0692 
 
 .2408 
 
 .390 
 
 .2629 
 
 .1173 
 
 .4084 
 
 .550 
 
 .3708 
 
 .1654 
 
 .5760 
 
 .240 
 
 .1618 
 
 .0722 
 
 .2513 
 
 .400 
 
 .2697 
 
 .1203 
 
 .4189 
 
 .560 
 
 .3776 
 
 .1684 
 
 .5864 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 Add'I. 
 wt. 
 
 Add'I. 
 K 
 
 Add'I. 
 M 
 
 Add'!. 
 C 
 
 Add'I 
 wt. 
 
 Add'I 
 K 
 
 Add'I 
 M 
 
 Add'I 
 C 
 
 Add'I 
 wt. 
 
 Add'I 
 K 
 
 Add'I 
 M 
 
 Add'I 
 C 
 
 .001 
 .002 
 .003 
 
 .0007 
 .0013 
 .0020 
 
 .0003 
 .0006 
 .0009 
 
 .0010 
 .0021 
 .0031 
 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 .0027 
 .0034 
 .0040 
 
 .0012 
 .0015 
 .0018 
 
 .0042 
 .0052 
 .0063 
 
 .007 
 .008 
 .009 
 
 .0047 
 .0054 
 .0061 
 
 .0021 
 .0024 
 .0027 
 
 .0073 
 .0084 
 .0094 
 
 For method of interpolation, see page 82. 
 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds 
 
 98 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 FORMULAS FOR FJNDING WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
 "^^^^^^^^^ {Concluded) 
 
 To find the weight of a spherical segment of one 
 base, multiply the square of the height by the differ- 
 ence between the radius of the sphere and one-third 
 of the height by the value of K corresponding to the 
 weight per cubic inch of material used, or, to the 
 radius of the base squared multiplied by the height, by 
 the value of m add the height cubed multiplied by 
 the value of c. 
 
 (-") 
 
 IV= I R — 
 
 HVc or W=r'Hm+H'c 
 
 To find the weight of a spherical segment of two 
 bases, from the radius of the sphere multiplied by the 
 difference between the squares of the distances from 
 the bases to the pole, by the constant K, subtract the 
 difference between the cubes of the distances from 
 the bases to the pole multiplied by the constant C, 
 obtained from the table on page 98, or to the sum 
 of the squares of the radii of the bases multiplied 
 by the height by the value of m, add the height cubed 
 mulbiplied by the value of c. 
 
 JV=(A'—B')RK—(A'—B')C or 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 
 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 .096 
 
 .3016 
 
 .1508 
 
 .0503 
 
 .250 
 
 .7854 
 
 .3927 
 
 .1309 
 
 .410 
 
 1.288 
 
 .6440 
 
 .2146 
 
 .100 
 
 .3142 
 
 .1571 
 
 .0524 
 
 .260 
 
 .8168 
 
 .4084 
 
 .1361 
 
 .420 
 
 1.319 
 
 .6528 
 
 .2199 
 
 .110 
 
 .3456 
 
 .1728 
 
 .0526 
 
 .270 
 
 .8482 
 
 .4241 
 
 .1414 
 
 .430 
 
 1.351 
 
 .6755 
 
 .2251 
 
 .120 
 
 .3770 
 
 .1885 
 
 .0628 
 
 .280 
 
 .8796 
 
 .4308 
 
 .1466 
 
 .440 
 
 1.382 
 
 .6Q12 
 
 .2303 
 
 .130 
 
 .4084 
 
 .2042 
 
 .0680 
 
 .290 
 
 .9111 
 
 .4556 
 
 .1518 
 
 .450 
 
 1.414 
 
 .7060 
 
 .2356 
 
 .140 
 
 .4398 
 
 .2199 
 
 .0732 
 
 .300 
 
 .9425 
 
 .4712 
 
 .1571 
 
 .460 
 
 1.445 
 
 .7226 
 
 .2408 
 
 .ISO 
 
 .4712 
 
 .2356 
 
 .0785 
 
 .310 
 
 .9739 
 
 .4870 
 
 .1623 
 
 .470 
 
 1.477 
 
 .7388 
 
 .2460 
 
 .160 
 
 .5027 
 
 .2514 
 
 .0838 
 
 .320 
 
 1.005 
 
 .5027 
 
 .1675 
 
 .480 
 
 1.508 
 
 .7540 
 
 .2513 
 
 .170 
 
 .5341 
 
 .2676 
 
 .0881 
 
 .330 
 
 1.037 
 
 .5184 
 
 .1728 
 
 .490 
 
 1.539 
 
 .7697 
 
 .2565 
 
 .180 
 
 .5655 
 
 .2828 
 
 .0943 
 
 .340 
 
 1.068 
 
 .5341 
 
 .1780 
 
 .500 
 
 1.571 
 
 .7854 
 
 .2617 
 
 .190 
 
 .5969 
 
 .2985 
 
 .0995 
 
 .350 
 
 1.100 
 
 . 5498 
 
 .1832 
 
 .510 
 
 1.602 
 
 .8009 
 
 .2670 
 
 .200 
 
 .6283 
 
 .3142 
 
 .1047 
 
 .360 
 
 1.131 
 
 .5655 
 
 .1885 
 
 .520 
 
 1.634 
 
 .8168 
 
 .2722 
 
 .210 
 
 .6598 
 
 .3299 
 
 .1100 
 
 .370 
 
 1.162 
 
 .5811 
 
 .1937 
 
 .530 
 
 1.665 
 
 .8325 
 
 .2774 
 
 .220 
 
 .6912 
 
 .3456 
 
 .1152 
 
 .380 
 
 1.194 
 
 .5969 
 
 .1989 
 
 .540 
 
 1.696 
 
 .8482 
 
 .2827 
 
 .230 
 
 .7226 
 
 .3613 
 
 .1204 
 
 .390 
 
 1.225 
 
 .6126 
 
 .2042 
 
 .550 
 
 1.728 
 
 .8639 
 
 .2879 
 
 .240 
 
 .7540 
 
 .3770 
 
 .1257 
 
 .400 
 
 1.257 
 
 .6283 
 
 .2094 
 
 .560 
 
 1.759 
 
 .8796 
 
 .2931 
 
 INTERPOLATION TABLE 
 
 dd'l 
 
 vt. 
 
 Add'l 
 K 
 
 Add'l 
 m 
 
 Add'l 
 c 
 
 Add'l 
 
 wt. 
 
 Add'l 
 K 
 
 Add'l 
 m 
 
 Add'l 
 c 
 
 Add' 
 wt. 
 
 Add'l 
 K 
 
 Add'l 
 m 
 
 Add'l 
 c 
 
 001 
 002 
 003 
 
 .0031 
 .0063 
 .0094 
 
 .0016 
 .0031 
 .0047 
 
 .0005 
 .0010 
 .0015 
 
 .004 
 .005 
 .006 
 
 .0126 
 .0157 
 .0188 
 
 .0063 
 .0079 
 .0094 
 
 .0021 
 .0026 
 .0031 
 
 .007 
 .008 
 .009 
 
 .0220 
 .0251 
 .0283 
 
 .0110 
 .0126 
 .0142 
 
 .0037 
 .0042 
 .0049 
 
 For method of interpolation, see page 82. 
 All dimensions in inches and weights in pounds. 
 
 99 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPUTING WEIGHTS OF THIN CASTINGS 
 
 Caps and Covers 
 
 To find the weight of a thin cap or cover, such as shown in Figs. 1 or 2, 
 multiply the sum of the square of the outside radius and the square of the 
 height by the thickness times the constant K, obtained from the table below. 
 
 Values of K for Various Metals 
 
 Cast Iron Steel Aluminum Copper Zinc Gun Metal Yellow Brass 
 
 .818 .890 .303 1.00 .793 .990 .950 
 
 If R is not greater than 10 inches, the weight can be found by use of tables 
 on pages 113 and 114, as follows: 
 
 Add to the weight per inch of a rod whose diameter is 2R, the weight per 
 inch of a rod whose diameter is 2H. Then the weight required is this sum 
 multiplied by T. 
 
 100 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 COMPUTING WEIGHTS OF THIN CASTINGS 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 Caps and Covers 
 
 To find the weight of ring made by 
 revolving a thin quadrant of a circle 
 about an axis, as shown in Fig. 1, mul- 
 tiply the difference between the outside 
 radius and one-third of the radius of 
 the quadrant by the radius of the quad- 
 rant times the thickness, times the con- 
 stant C obtained from the table below. 
 
 W=(R— l/3r)rTC 
 
 P/an y/ew for /vy. / or /vy. ^ 
 
 /=/>. / 
 En/Qr<^ed oect/on A-A 
 
 1 ^- 
 
 /7a £ 
 ^n/or^ea Sect/on A-A 
 
 In Fig. 2, a is the length of the 
 arc in inches. All other dimensions 
 are in inches and weights in pounds. 
 
 v.-\lues of c and k for various 
 Metals 
 
 Material C K 
 
 Cast Iron 2.57 1.636 
 
 Steel 2.80 1.780 
 
 Aluminum 952 .606 
 
 Copper 3.14 2.00 
 
 Zinc 2.49 1.586 
 
 Gun Metal 3.11 1.980 
 
 Yellow Brass .... 2.98 1.900 
 
 To find the weight of a ring with 
 a cross section as shown in Fig. 2, 
 first find the sum of the radius of 
 cross section multiplied by the height 
 and the arc multiplied by the differ- 
 ence between the outside radius and 
 radius of cross section. Then this 
 sum multiplied by the thickness times 
 the constant A.' is the weight required. 
 
 S=rH+a(R— r) 
 W=STK 
 
 101 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF FILLETS 
 
 To find the weight of a 
 straight fillet, multiply the radius 
 squared by the length, by the con- 
 stant C, corresponding to the 
 angle and material used. See page 
 103. The formula for finding 
 the weight follows : 
 
 W = R^LC. 
 
 To find the weight of an in- 
 side circular fillet, multiply the 
 dift'erence between the diameter 
 of the circle made by vertex and 
 the product of the radius and the 
 constant K, by the radius squared, 
 by the constant M- 
 
 For constants K and M corres- 
 ponding to the angle and ma- 
 terial used see page 103. The 
 formula for finding the weight 
 follows : 
 
 W=(D-RK) R-M. 
 
 To find the weight of an out- 
 side circular fillet, multiply the 
 sum of the diameter of a circle 
 made by the vertex and the 
 product of the radius and the 
 constant K, by the radius squared, 
 by the constant M. 
 
 For constants K and M cor- 
 responding to the angle and ma- 
 terial used, see page 103. The 
 formula for finding the weight 
 follows : 
 
 W=(D-|-RK) R=M. 
 
 102 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF FILLETS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 For fillets with an angle of 90 degrees use the formulas as follows: 
 
 Straight fillets, page 82. 
 
 Circular fillets, page 98. 
 The following tables are for use with the formulas given on page 
 
 102. 
 
 Material Values of C When Angle of Fillet Is , 
 
 15 liy^ 30 45 60 75 105 120 135 150 
 
 Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. 
 
 Cast iron 1.605 .950 .632 .322 .1785 .1009 .0294 .0140 .0056 .0016 
 
 Cast steel 1.745 1.003 .686 .350 .1940 .1094 .0319 .0152 .0061 .0017 
 
 Aluminum 595 .352 .234 .119 .0662 .0384 .0118 .0051 .0021 .0006 
 
 Copper 1.975 1.168 .777 .396 .2195 .1240 .0362 .0172 .0069 .0019 
 
 Zinc 1.560 .921 .624 .313 .1735 .0976 .0286 .0136 .0054 .0015 
 
 Gun metal 1.951 1.155 .768 .392 .2170 .1225 .0356 .0170 .0068 .0019 
 
 Yellow Brass.... 1.875 1.118 .739 .376 .2085 .1178 .0344 .0164 .0064 .0018 
 
 Material 
 
 For any material. 
 
 15 
 Deg. 
 
 9.08 
 
 221.^ 
 Deg. 
 
 5.70 
 
 Values of K When Angle of Fillet Is 
 
 30 45 60 75 105 120 
 
 Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. 
 
 3.90 2.16 1.32 .750 .250 .225 
 
 Material Values of M When Angle of Fillet Is 
 
 15 22J^ 30 45 60 75 105 120 
 
 Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. 
 
 Cast iron 5.04 2.99 1.98 1.012 .561 .317 .0925 .0+40 
 
 Cast steel 5.46 3.25 2.16 1.100 .610 .344 .1005 .0478 
 
 Aluminum 1.87 1.11 .735 .386 .208 .118 .0343 .0163 
 
 Copper 6.20 3.66 2.44 1.245 .691 .390 .1138 .0541 
 
 Zinc 4.89 2.91 1.94 .982 .545 .308 .0899 .0427 
 
 Gun metal 6.12 3.64 2.41 1.238 .684 .386 .1128 .0535 
 
 Yellow brass. ... S . 89 3.49 2.31 1.185 .646 .370 .1008 .0514 
 
 For Materials Not Given in Above Table, 
 
 C = Weight Per Cubic Inch Multiplied by k. 
 M = Weight Per Cubic Inch Multiplied by m. 
 
 135 
 Deg. 
 
 150 
 Deg. 
 
 .050 
 
 .020 
 
 135 
 Deg. 
 
 150 
 Deg. 
 
 .0176 
 
 .0050 
 
 .0191 
 
 .0054 
 
 .0065 
 
 .0019 
 
 .0216 
 
 .0062 
 
 .0171 
 
 .0049 
 
 .0214 
 
 .0061 
 
 .0205 
 
 .0058 
 
 Angle 
 
 15 
 Deg. 
 
 22 M 
 Deg. 
 
 30 
 Deg. 
 
 45 
 Deg. 
 
 60 
 Deg. 
 
 75 
 Deg. 
 
 105 
 Deg. 
 
 120 
 Deg. 
 
 135 
 Deg. 
 
 150 
 Deg. 
 
 K 
 
 .... 6.156 
 
 3.653 
 
 2.423 
 
 1.236 
 
 .6848 
 
 .3869 
 
 .1128 
 
 .0538 
 
 .0215 
 
 .0062 
 
 M 
 
 .... 19.33 
 
 11.48 
 
 7.61 
 
 3.882 
 
 2.151 
 
 1.215 
 
 .3544 
 
 .1690 
 
 .0675 
 
 .0195 
 
 103 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 Lenpffy 
 
 WEIGHT OF FILLETS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 To find the weight of a fillet of any 
 length multiply the weight per inch, 
 obtained from the table on page 105, 
 by the length. 
 
 r , — pq — I 
 
 To find the weight of an inside cir- 
 cular fillet, first find the circumference 
 of a circle whose diameter is the out- 
 side diameter minus 0.45 of the radius. 
 Then the weight required is this cir- 
 cumference multiplied by the weight 
 per inch obtained from table on page 
 105. 
 
 L^ /n6/de^ 
 D/am. \ 
 
 To find the weight of an outside cir- 
 cular fillet, first find the circumference 
 of a circle whose diameter is the inside 
 diameter plus 0.45 of the radius. Then 
 the weight required is this circumference 
 multiplied by the weight per inch ob- 
 tained from table on page 105. 
 
 flad/u~ 
 
 104 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF FILLETS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 TABLE FOR COMPUTING WEIGHT OF FILLETS 
 For Method of Application, see page 104 
 
 Weight of Fillet 1 Inch Long When Weight of Fillet 1 Inch Long When 
 Cast in Cast in 
 
 Had. Kad. 
 
 in 
 
 Cast 
 
 
 Aluiiii- 
 
 Cop- 
 
 
 (illll 
 
 Yellow 
 
 in 
 
 Cast 
 
 
 Alumi- 
 
 Cop- 
 
 
 Gun 
 
 Yellow 
 
 in. 
 
 iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 iium 
 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 mutal 
 
 brass 
 
 in. 
 
 iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 num 
 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 metal 
 
 brass 
 
 V* 
 
 .0035 
 
 .0038 
 
 .0013 
 
 .0043 
 
 .0034 
 
 .0043 
 
 .0041 
 
 4% 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.30 
 
 .442 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.39 
 
 % 
 
 .0079 
 
 .0086 
 
 .0029 
 
 .0097 
 
 .0077 
 
 .0095 
 
 .0091 
 
 4% 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.37 
 
 .467 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.47 
 
 % 
 
 .0140 
 
 .0152 
 
 .0052 
 
 .0172 
 
 .0136 
 
 .0170 
 
 .0163 
 
 4% 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.44 
 
 .492 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.55 
 
 % 
 
 .0219 
 
 .0238 
 
 .0081 
 
 .0266 
 
 .0222 
 
 .0265 
 
 .0254 
 
 5 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.52 
 
 .516 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.63 
 
 % 
 
 .0315 
 
 .0342 
 
 .0116 
 
 .0386 
 
 .0307 
 
 .0381 
 
 .0367 
 
 5V8 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.60 
 
 .544 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.71 
 
 % 
 
 .0440 
 
 .0466 
 
 .0158 
 
 .0526 
 
 .0416 
 
 .0520 
 
 .0498 
 
 5y4 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.68 
 
 .568 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.79 
 
 1 
 
 .0559 
 
 .0612 
 
 .0207 
 
 .0688 
 
 .0543 
 
 .0679 
 
 .0652 
 
 5% 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.76 
 
 .598 
 
 1.98 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.96 
 
 1.88 
 
 IVs 
 
 .0710 
 
 .0772 
 
 .0262 
 
 .0871 
 
 .0688 
 
 .0857 
 
 .0823 
 
 51/2 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.84 
 
 .626 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.05 
 
 1.97 
 
 1V4 
 
 .0876 
 
 .0954 
 
 .0322 
 
 .107 
 
 .0850 
 
 .106 
 
 .102 
 
 5% 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.93 
 
 .643 
 
 2.17 
 
 1.72 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.06 
 
 1% 
 
 .106 
 
 .115 
 
 .0390 
 
 .130 
 
 .103 
 
 .128 
 
 ,123 
 
 5% 
 
 1.86 
 
 2.02 
 
 .682 
 
 2.27 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.M 
 
 2.15 
 
 1% 
 
 .126 
 
 .137 
 
 .0465 
 
 .155 
 
 .122 
 
 .153 
 
 .147 
 
 SVg 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.11 
 
 .713 
 
 2.37 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.24 
 
 1% 
 
 .148 
 
 .162 
 
 .0545 
 
 .181 
 
 .143 
 
 .179 
 
 .172 
 
 6 
 
 2.02 
 
 2.20 
 
 .742 
 
 2.47 
 
 1.96 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.34 
 
 1% 
 
 .174 
 
 .186 
 
 .0034 
 
 .211 
 
 .166 
 
 .208 
 
 .200 
 
 61/8 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.29 
 
 .773 
 
 2.58 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.54 
 
 2.44 
 
 1% 
 
 .197 
 
 .214 
 
 .0726 
 
 .242 
 
 .191 
 
 .239 
 
 .229 
 
 6 14 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.38 
 
 .805 
 
 2.68 
 
 .2.12 
 
 2.65 
 
 2.54 
 
 2 
 
 .224 
 
 .244 
 
 .0826 
 
 .274 
 
 .217 
 
 .271 
 
 .260 
 
 6% 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.47 
 
 .838 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.65 
 
 ■iVs 
 
 .253 
 
 .276 
 
 .0935 
 
 .310 
 
 .245 
 
 .304 
 
 .293 
 
 6V2 
 
 2.37 
 
 2.57 
 
 .874 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.75 
 
 2V4 
 
 .285 
 
 .310 
 
 .105 
 
 .349 
 
 .274 
 
 .342 
 
 .328 
 
 6% 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.67 
 
 .906 
 
 3.02 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.97 
 
 2.85 
 
 2% 
 
 .325 
 
 .346 
 
 .117 
 
 .389 
 
 .307 
 
 .384 
 
 .367 
 
 6% 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.78 
 
 .942 
 
 3.13 
 
 2.47 
 
 3.08 
 
 2.96 
 
 2% 
 
 .351 
 
 .383 
 
 .126 
 
 .430 
 
 .340 
 
 .425 
 
 .405 
 
 6% 
 
 2.65 
 
 •2.89 
 
 .975 
 
 3.25 
 
 2.56 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.07 
 
 2% 
 
 .386 
 
 .423 
 
 .142 
 
 .474 
 
 .376 
 
 .468 
 
 .449 
 
 7 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.99 
 
 1.01 
 
 3.37 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.32 
 
 3.18 
 
 2% 
 
 .425 
 
 .464 
 
 .156 
 
 .520 
 
 .412 
 
 .512 
 
 .493 
 
 TVs 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.10 
 
 1.05 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.29 
 
 278 
 
 .463 
 
 .505 
 
 .171 
 
 .568 
 
 .450 
 
 .558 
 
 .537 
 
 71/4 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.21 
 
 1.09 
 
 3.62 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.56 
 
 3.42 
 
 3 
 
 .504 
 
 .550 
 
 .186 
 
 .620 
 
 .488 
 
 .612 
 
 .586 
 
 7% 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.32 
 
 1.12 
 
 3.74 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.68 
 
 3.54 
 
 3% 
 
 .548 
 
 .597 
 
 .202 
 
 .672 
 
 .531 
 
 .662 
 
 .635 
 
 71/2 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.43 
 
 1.16 
 
 3.86 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.82 
 
 3.66 
 
 31/4 
 
 .592 
 
 .645 
 
 .218 
 
 .726 
 
 .573 
 
 .715 
 
 .687 
 
 7% 
 
 3.26 
 
 3.54 
 
 1.20 
 
 3.99 
 
 3.16 
 
 3.94 
 
 3.78 
 
 3% 
 
 .638 
 
 .694 
 
 .236 
 
 .784 
 
 .620 
 
 .772 
 
 .742 
 
 7% 
 
 3.37 
 
 3.66 
 
 1.24 
 
 4.12 
 
 3.26 
 
 4.07 
 
 3.91 
 
 3% 
 
 .686 
 
 .747 
 
 .254 
 
 .841 
 
 .666 
 
 .830 
 
 .797 
 
 7% 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.78 
 
 1.28 
 
 4.26 
 
 3.37 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.03 
 
 3% 
 
 .737 
 
 .800 
 
 .272 
 
 .905 
 
 .715 
 
 .890 
 
 .855 
 
 8 
 
 3.59 
 
 3.91 
 
 1.32 
 
 4.38 
 
 3.48 
 
 4.34 
 
 4.17 
 
 3% 
 
 .789 
 
 .857 
 
 .289 
 
 .968 
 
 .765 
 
 .954 
 
 .915 
 
 81/8 
 
 3.70 
 
 4.03 
 
 1.36 
 
 4.53 
 
 3.59 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.30 
 
 3% 
 
 .841 
 
 .916 
 
 .312 
 
 1.03 
 
 .815 
 
 1.02 
 
 .977 
 
 81/4 
 
 3.82 
 
 4.16 
 
 1.41 
 
 4.68 
 
 3.70 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.43 
 
 4 
 
 .896 
 
 .978 
 
 .330 
 
 1.10 
 
 .868 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.04 
 
 8% 
 
 3.93 
 
 4.28 
 
 1.45 
 
 4.81 
 
 3.81 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.57 
 
 i% 
 
 .944 
 
 1.04 
 
 .352 
 
 1.17 
 
 .922 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.11 
 
 8y2 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.40 
 
 1.50 
 
 4.95 
 
 3.92 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.71 
 
 iVi, 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.10 
 
 .374 
 
 1.24 
 
 .980 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.17 
 
 8% 
 
 4.17 
 
 4.53 
 
 1.54 
 
 5.10 
 
 4.04 
 
 5.04 
 
 4.84 
 
 4% 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.16 
 
 .396 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.25 
 
 8% 
 
 4.29 
 
 4.67 
 
 1.58 
 
 5.26 
 
 4.16 
 
 5.19 
 
 4.98 
 
 4Vfe 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.23 
 
 .418 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.32 
 
 8% 
 
 4.42 
 
 4.81 
 
 1.63 
 
 5.42 
 
 4.28 
 
 5.34 
 
 5.12 
 
 105 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PERIMETER OR GIRTH TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE 
 WEIGHT OF IRON CASTINGS 
 
 Examples Showing How To Use the Table 
 
 No. 1. — Find the weight of an irregularly shaped 
 casting as shown in Fig- 1. Its perimeter or girth 
 measured with a piece of cord along A, B, C, the 
 center of its section is 27 inches; the thickness of 
 the casting is Yi inch ; the total length of casting 
 is 6 feet 2 inches. 
 
 FIG. 1 
 
 From table, page 107. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 27-in. girth x >4-in. thick per ft. I'gth =42.12 
 Therefore 
 
 27-in. girth x J<-in. thick per 6 ft. =42.12X6 = 252-72 
 and 
 
 27-in. girth x y.-'m. thick per 2 in. =42.12-4-6= 7.02 
 
 Weight of casting = 252.72 lbs. -f- 7.02 lbs. = 259.74 lbs. 
 
 No. 2. — Find the weight of a cast 
 iron plate as shown in Fig. 2. 
 
 FIG. 2 
 
 From table, page 107. 
 
 29-in. girth x 9/16 in. thick = 50.90 lbs. per ft. 
 
 28-in. girth x 9/16-in. thick = 49.14 lbs- per ft. 
 
 57-in. girth x 9/16 in- thick = 100.04 lbs. per ft. 
 
 Therefore 57-in. girth x 1 1/8 in. thick = 200.08 lbs. per ft. or 
 
 57-in. girth x 1 1/8-in. thick=100.04 lbs. X 2=200-08 lbs. per ft. 
 Weight of casting = 200.08 lbs- X 7 = 1,400.56 lbs. 
 
 Example No. 2 is given to show how table may be extended to 
 thicknesses of metal not g^iven in it. 
 
 106 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 TABLE OF WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS 
 
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 -^ 
 
 \OfNu-i-H\o-^Or'ir^r^r^poooc^->ooTt<CN'^aNinOi^OvO'-H\o^Ht^r^r^r>ioo^noo\D — " 
 
 
 u 
 
 . (M 00 r*^ 0^ -t*<D lo^-iSOr^r^f^oO'fO'i^O'O'-'r^r^OOc-iO-^O'^'— <^Oc 
 
 ^"O '-f-QOI^i-rifsiOr^'J^fMOOOu-ic^OOCi- 
 
 ^Hi— i^H^-(pH^Hr4r^csr4rMcs?<^mc' 
 
 <-* "^ ^ 
 
 O ~ <-H r*^ '-JH \0 00 C^ ^^ "^ -^ "O 00 ON <— « r^ "-t- VO CO O^ -^ f^ 't' ^ OO C^ 1— ' (^ ''tt ^ oo a^ ^^ 2;* 
 
 _,.—(,—«.— I ,-H r-( cs c*4 ^^^ (N cs CN ro m c^ CO r<% CT^ Tt* ^ Tf ■»*• ^ u^ U-) o G z. 
 
 oo «•-: 
 
 V /N] CNa3^r^00-*'O\0r-400'-t*O^r'»00'^O'O(^00'+'O^0r^00'^O'Or^00-4*O^0rq'+* .5^ 
 
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 ^ Li-M f*^t^"^Otoooc*^r^r^t^»— i^oo^ 
 
 W oo^Hr^Tt'tr)r^ooo^-c*-i'^**\ot^aNO»-'f^'^'Or--aNOc^c 
 
 .-H^H^Hr-lr-H.-l,-tCSC4r^r>tC 
 
 vO'Of*-^a>^Or^C^Lor^ootn^HOO'^1— "r^r^-tor^f^OOf^^ON^r^ONi 
 
 *c^r^r^cNr4cso4roc*-imc*-icocotocoTh"^'^oo 
 
 r*-lO(^^^^--•^■00.--loC^^^^OO^o^^^-HTJ*OOr^^J-la^c^i'00■^^^■— •■^GOr-J"^CAro^co 
 
 OOr^Ot^-t^'-'OOL 
 
 Uj \0O O cv>Lrii-«rou-^\0000'-<coi^t^OOOC^f^ 
 
 -^ OO^HC^co^u^^^ooa^O«— ^r^»Tt'»i-lvo^^ooo^'-Hr^^^^-v-t'lo^oooo^O•-*r4f-->»•nM^^^'^ 
 ^ r-* .-H .— 1 1— i »— 1 1— t F-H r-t ^H cs CM r^ c^ cs fs cs cs c*^ CO CO c<^ ro rn c«^ t~^ 
 
 rx4 «j oo o 
 
 ^ ex O'^r^w^c^O^vO'^^-ooij^roor^-^r'iO^^Ocoi-HOOu^r^Ot^-t'— 'ONr>.coooOLor^-+< 
 
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 J'y ^ ^- .-» r-l i-H r-^ ,-H r-l ►-I ^H (M CN CN CS CN CS CN CN| C4 CO CO CO CO fO ^ 
 
 [jj ^O -fC 
 
 IV ■" 000«— 'cMco-«^i^vor^<»C>0>— <r^co'^u-j\0t^ooc>0'— 'r^co-^Ln\or~^ooc>0'— »cM -a > 
 
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 tic o :> oo 'H.— 
 
 OOO^^csco-^io^Ot^t^ooONO'— 'c^)co-f'+iLn\or^ooaNO^^^^f 
 
 ^ .., „„..,._„_._^ , 
 
 1 CN CN (M CN CM rs CS CN CM u-i c 
 
 "1^ 
 
 OOO-^CMCOCOrfU^'Ol^r^OOaNOO'-'C 
 
 r^-r^oo^-.l■^^'o^HOoo^o-t'co1— ^^^^^0'^^-lOC^.^^^'^'^c^00o^Ol>^co^^0^oo^O■^oo 
 •-H^o^0too^^'^'--^^-^•--'00>J-l•-H00u^cM0^s0^s^^0c'*O^^c*^O^^T^'•—^r^T^.-H00'O 
 
 OOOi— <•-HeMc^co■"!*«'<t'l^.l^O^^^^GOooc>0^0^^^^'^<^^'^-t*■*lJ~^lo'>O^C^^ooGo^-. Ic'^ 
 
 OOOO^^^^^^c»^(^^^'*■*mLn^0^^^^^ooooo^a^OO•— '-*c-lr^i^^r^-**-t'»^'n^^ 
 
 ;--wd<r'vf^O'*av S ^ a 
 
 oooo^^^^^^<^c^f*^'^f*"''*"^*^"^*'^'0^oi^r^f^ooooooa\c7\ooo^^^^f 
 
 M " 3 
 
 •S « B 
 
 107 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHTS OF SOLID OCTAGONAL IRON CASTINGS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / \ 
 
 
 
 
 Size A ^ 
 Across Flats 
 
 
 
 i\ / 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J- 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^-.-C --^^-- B ---4-- c ■-* 
 
 
 h— 
 
 L — M 
 
 (Lenath) 
 
 Handy Formulas Relating to Octagons 
 
 Given 
 A 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 AandL 
 
 Required 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 Area of End 
 
 Weight 
 in lbs. 
 
 Formulas 
 A X 0.4142 
 
 V 
 
 (A X 0.4142)' 
 
 2 
 
 B 
 
 0.4142 
 
 V^ 
 
 v/2C^ 
 
 0.4142 
 
 A= X 0.8284 
 
 A' X 0.8284 X L X weight of a cubic 
 inch of the material 
 
 108 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF ELLIPTICAL BARS PER RUNNING INCH 
 
 The following tables give the 
 weights of ellipitical bars of cast iron, 
 steel, alufninum, copper, zinc, gun 
 metal and yellow brass in one-inch 
 lengths. To find the wegiht of an 
 elliptical bar of these materials of 
 any given length, multiply the weight 
 per running inch from the tables by 
 the total length of the bar in inches. 
 
 Weight of Bar 1 Inch Long When Cast in Weight of Bar 1 Inch Long When Cast in 
 
 d 
 
 D iron J 
 
 5teel inum 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 .153 
 
 .167 
 
 .057 
 
 U 
 
 Wa. 
 
 .192 
 
 .209 
 
 .071 
 
 Ya 
 
 W2 
 
 .230 
 
 .251 
 
 .085 
 
 Ya, 
 
 IH 
 
 .268 
 
 .292 
 
 .099 
 
 Ya. 
 
 2 
 
 .307 
 
 .334 
 
 .113 
 
 Ya. 
 
 2M 
 
 .345 
 
 .376 
 
 .128 
 
 Ya. 
 
 23^ 
 
 .383 
 
 .418 
 
 .142 
 
 Ya. 
 
 2H 
 
 .422 
 
 .460 
 
 .156 
 
 Ya. 
 
 3 
 
 .460 
 
 .501 
 
 .170 
 
 1 
 
 Wa. 
 
 .256 
 
 .278 
 
 .095 
 
 1 
 
 W2 
 
 .307 
 
 .334 
 
 .114 
 
 1 
 
 Wa. 
 
 .358 
 
 .389 
 
 .133 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 .409 
 
 .445 
 
 .152 
 
 1 
 
 2M 
 
 .460 
 
 .501 
 
 .170 
 
 1 
 
 2H 
 
 .511 
 
 .556 
 
 .190 
 
 1 
 
 IYa. 
 
 .562 
 
 .612 
 
 .209 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 .613 
 
 .667 
 
 .228 
 
 1 
 
 3^ 
 
 .716 
 
 .779 
 
 .265 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 .818 
 
 .890 
 
 .303 
 
 \% 
 
 IH 
 
 .384 
 
 .418 
 
 .142 
 
 Wa. 
 
 Wa. 
 
 .448 
 
 .487 
 
 .166 
 
 Wa. 
 
 2 
 
 .512 
 
 .556 
 
 .190 
 
 Wa. 
 
 IYa. 
 
 .576 
 
 .626 
 
 .212 
 
 Wa. 
 
 2H 
 
 .640 
 
 .694 
 
 .236 
 
 Wa. 
 
 2Ya. 
 
 .704 
 
 .764 
 
 .259 
 
 Wa. 
 
 3 
 
 .768 
 
 .833 
 
 .283 
 
 Cop- Gun Yellow 
 
 per Zinc metal brass 
 
 ..188 .149 .186 .178 
 
 .235 .186 .232 .223 
 
 .283 .223 .279 .268 
 
 .330 .260 .325 .312 
 
 .377 .297 .371 .357 
 
 .424 .335 .418 .401 
 
 .471 .372 .464 .446 
 
 .518 .409 .511 .491 
 
 .565 .446 .557 .535 
 
 .313 .248 .309 .297 
 
 .375 .297 .371 .356 
 
 .438 .347 .433 .416 
 
 .500 .397 .495 .475 
 
 .564 .446 .557 .535 
 
 .625 .496 .619 .594 
 
 .688 .545 .681 .653 
 
 .750 .595 .743 .712 
 
 .875 .694 .866 .851 
 
 1.00 .793 .990 .950 
 
 .471 .372 .464 .446 
 
 .548 .434 .542 .519 
 
 .625 .496 .619 .594 
 
 .705 .558 .697 .668 
 
 .784 .620 .774 .742 
 
 .862 .682 .851 .816 
 
 .941 .744 .929 .890 
 
 Cast Alum- Cop- Gun Yellow 
 
 D iron Steel inum per Zinc metal brass 
 
 Wa. 
 
 2 
 Yi IYa. 
 
 2Yi 
 W2 2H 
 Wi 3 
 
 iY2 
 
 4 
 
 .713 
 .803 
 .892 
 .981 
 
 i 3}4 .896 .971 .331 1.10 .868 1.08 1.04 
 
 W 4 1.02 1.11 .378 1.25 .992 1.24 1.19 
 
 4 4H 1.15 1.25 .425 1.41 1.12 1.39 1.34 
 
 4 5 1.28 1.39 .473 1.57 1.24 1.55 1.48 
 
 .537 .585 .198 .659 .520 .650 .624 
 
 .613 .667 .227 .753 .595 .743 
 
 .690 .752 .255 .848 .669 .835 
 
 .767 .835 .283 .942 .743 .928 
 
 .843 .919 .312 1.04 .818 1.02 
 
 .920 1.00 .340 1.13 .892 1.11 1.07 
 
 1.07 1.17 .397 1.32 1.04 1.30 1.25 
 
 1.23 1.34 .453 1.51 1.19 1.49 1.43 
 
 i Wi 1.38 1.50 .510 1.69 1.34 1.67 1.61 
 
 i 5 1.53 1.67 .567 1.88 1.49 1.86 1.78 
 
 i SY2 1-69 1.84 .624 2.07 1.63 2.04 1.96 
 
 14 6 1.84 2.01 .681 2.26 1.78 2.23 2.14 
 
 2)4 1.02 1.11 .378 1.25 .992 1.24 1.19 
 
 3 1.23 1.34 .455 1.51 1.19 1.49 1.43 
 31^ 1.43 1.56 .530 1.76 1.39 1.73 1.66 
 
 4 1.64 1.78 .606 2.01 1.59 1.98 1.90 
 4H 1.84 2.01 .681 2,26 1.78 2.23 2.14 
 
 5 2.05 2.23 .758 2.51 1.98 2.48 2.38 
 SVi 2.25 2.45 .833 2.76 2.18 2.72 2.61 
 
 6 2.46 2.67 .909 3.01 2.38 2.97 2.85 
 
 7 2.86 3.12 1.06 3.51 2.78 3.47 3.33 
 
 8 3.27 3.57 1.21 4.01 3.17 3.96 3.80 
 
 109 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF ELLIPTICAL BARS PER RUNNING INCH 
 
 (Couclude(f) 
 
 Weight of Bar 1 Inch Long When Cast in Weight of Bar 1 Inch Long When Cast in 
 
 d 
 
 D 
 
 Cast 
 iron Steel 
 
 Alum 
 inum 
 
 - Cop- 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Gun 
 metal 
 
 Vellovv 
 brass 
 
 d 
 
 D 
 
 Cast 
 
 iron 
 
 Alum- 
 Steel inum 
 
 Cop- 
 per 
 
 Gun Yellow 
 Zinc metal brass 
 
 2J^ 
 
 3 
 
 1.53 1.67 
 
 .567 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.78 
 
 3^2 
 
 12 
 
 8.58 
 
 9.34 
 
 3.17 
 
 10.53 
 
 8.33 
 
 10.40 
 
 9.97 
 
 2K 
 
 3M 
 
 1.79 1.95 
 
 .662 
 
 2.19 
 
 1.74 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.08 
 
 4 
 
 4M 
 
 3.68 
 
 4.01 
 
 1.36 
 
 4.51 
 
 3.57 
 
 4.46 
 
 4.28 
 
 2y2 
 
 4 
 
 2.05 2.23 
 
 .756 
 
 2.51 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.48 
 
 2.38 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.45 
 
 1.52 
 
 5.02 
 
 3.97 
 
 4.95 
 
 4.75 
 
 2H 
 
 iH 2.30 2.50 
 
 .851 
 
 2.82 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.67 
 
 4 
 
 SK 
 
 4.49 
 
 4.90 
 
 1.67 
 
 5.52 
 
 4.36 
 
 5.44 
 
 5.23 
 
 2H 
 
 5 
 
 2.56 2.78 
 
 .955 
 
 3.14 
 
 2.47 
 
 3.10 
 
 2.97 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4.00 
 
 5.35 
 
 1.81 
 
 6.02 
 
 4.76 
 
 5.93 
 
 5.71 
 
 214 
 
 SK 2.81 3.06 l.OS 
 
 3.45 
 
 2.72 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.26 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 5.72 
 
 6.24 
 
 2.11 
 
 7.02 
 
 5.55 
 
 6.92 
 
 6.66 
 
 2H 
 
 6 
 
 3.06 3.34 
 
 1.14 
 
 3.77 
 
 2.97 
 
 3.71 
 
 3.56 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 6.54 
 
 7.13 
 
 2.42 
 
 8.03 
 
 6.35 
 
 7.92 
 
 7.61 
 
 2K 
 
 7 
 
 3.57 3.90 
 
 1.33 
 
 4.40 
 
 3.47 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.15 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 7.36 
 
 8.01 
 
 2.72 
 
 9.03 
 
 7.14 
 
 8.91 
 
 8.55 
 
 2M 
 
 8 
 
 4.08 4.45 
 
 1.52 
 
 5.02 
 
 3.97 
 
 4.95 
 
 4.75 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8.17 
 
 8.89 
 
 3.02 
 
 10.03 
 
 7.94 
 
 9.91 
 
 9.50 
 
 2H 
 
 9 
 
 4.59 5.01 
 
 1.71 
 
 5.65 
 
 4.46 
 
 5.57 
 
 5.34 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 8.99 
 
 9.78 
 
 3.33 
 
 11.04 
 
 8.73 
 
 10.90 
 
 10.45 
 
 214 
 
 10 
 
 5.11 5.56 
 
 1.89 
 
 6.27 
 
 4.96 
 
 6.19 
 
 5.94 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 9.81 
 
 10.68 
 
 3.63 
 
 12.04 
 
 9.52 
 
 11.89 
 
 11.40 
 
 3 
 
 3H 
 
 2.14 2.34 
 
 .797 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.49 
 
 4J^ 
 
 5 
 
 4.59 
 
 5.01 
 
 1.71 
 
 5.65 
 
 4.46 
 
 5.57 
 
 5.34 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2.46 2.67 
 
 .909 
 
 3.01 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.97 
 
 2.85 
 
 4K 
 
 SK 
 
 5.06 
 
 5.51 
 
 1.88 
 
 6.21 
 
 4.91 
 
 6.12 
 
 5.87 
 
 3 
 
 4H 2.76 3.01 
 
 1.02 
 
 3.39 
 
 2.68 
 
 3.34 
 
 3.21 
 
 4}^ 
 
 6 
 
 5.52 
 
 6.01 
 
 2.05 
 
 6.77 
 
 5.35 
 
 6.68 
 
 6.42 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3.06 3.34 
 
 1.13 
 
 3.76 
 
 2.98 
 
 3.71 
 
 3.56 
 
 4M 
 
 7 
 
 6.44 
 
 7.01 
 
 2.39 
 
 7.90 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.79 
 
 7.49 
 
 3 
 
 SH 3.37 3.68 
 
 1.25 
 
 4.14 
 
 3.27 
 
 4.08 
 
 3.92 
 
 ^y2 
 
 8 
 
 7.36 
 
 8.01 
 
 2.72 
 
 9.03 
 
 7.14 
 
 8.91 
 
 8.55 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3.68 4.01 
 
 1.36 
 
 4.52 
 
 3.57 
 
 4.45 
 
 4.28 
 
 4H 
 
 9 
 
 8.28 
 
 9.01 
 
 3.06 10.16 
 
 8.03 
 
 10.02 
 
 9.62 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 4.29 4.68 
 
 1.58 
 
 5.27 
 
 4.16 
 
 5.19 
 
 4.99 
 
 4)^ 
 
 10 
 
 9.19 
 
 10.01 
 
 3.40 
 
 11.29 
 
 8.93 
 
 11.14 
 
 10.69 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 4.90 5.35 
 
 1.81 
 
 6.02 
 
 4.76 
 
 5.93 
 
 5.71 
 
 4J^ 
 
 11 
 
 10.11 
 
 11.01 
 
 3.74 
 
 12.42 
 
 9.82 
 
 12.25 
 
 11.76 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 5.52 6.01 
 
 2.03 
 
 6.77 
 
 5.35 
 
 6.68 
 
 6.42 
 
 iH 
 
 12 
 
 11.04 
 
 12.02 
 
 4.08 
 
 13.54 
 
 10.71 
 
 13.37 
 
 12.82 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6.13 6.68 
 
 2.26 
 
 7.53 
 
 5.95 
 
 7.42 
 
 7.13 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6.13 
 
 6.67 
 
 2.27 
 
 7.53 
 
 5.95 
 
 7.43 
 
 7.13 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 6.74 7.35 
 
 2.49 
 
 8.28 
 
 6.54 
 
 8.16 
 
 7.84 
 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 7.15 
 
 7.78 
 
 2.65 
 
 8.79 
 
 6.94 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.32 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 7.36 8.01 
 
 2.72 
 
 9.03 
 
 7.14 
 
 3.91 
 
 8.55 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 8.17 
 
 8.89 
 
 3.02 
 
 10.03 
 
 7.94 
 
 9.91 
 
 9.51 
 
 3H 
 
 4 
 
 2.86 3.12 
 
 1.06 
 
 3.51 
 
 2.78 
 
 3.47 
 
 3.33 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9.19 
 
 10.01 
 
 3.40 
 
 11.29 
 
 8.93 
 
 11.14 
 
 10.69 
 
 3}^ 
 
 iM 
 
 3.22 3.51 
 
 1.19 
 
 3.95 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.91 
 
 3.74 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 10.22 
 
 11.12 
 
 3.78 12.54 
 
 9.92 
 
 12.38 
 
 11.88 
 
 3J^ 
 
 5 
 
 3.57 3.90 
 
 1.33 
 
 4.40 
 
 3.47 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.15 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 11.24 
 
 12.23 
 
 4.16 
 
 13.79 10.91 
 
 13.62 
 
 13.07 
 
 3}^ 
 
 514 3.93 4.29 
 
 1.46 
 
 4.83 
 
 3.81 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.57 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 12.27 
 
 13.35 
 
 4.54 
 
 15.05 
 
 11.90 
 
 14.86 
 
 14.25 
 
 3'A 
 
 6 
 
 4.29 4.69 
 
 1.58 
 
 5.27 
 
 4.16 
 
 5.19 
 
 4.99 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8.58 
 
 9.34 
 
 3.17 
 
 10.53 
 
 8.33 
 
 10.40 
 
 9.97 
 
 3M 
 
 7 
 
 5.01 5.47 
 
 1.84 
 
 6.15 
 
 4.86. 
 
 6.05 
 
 5.82 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9.81 
 
 10.68 
 
 3.63 
 
 12.04 
 
 9.52 
 
 11.89 
 
 11.40 
 
 3M 
 
 8 
 
 5.72 6.24 
 
 2.11 
 
 7.02 
 
 5.55 
 
 6.92 
 
 6.66 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11.04 
 
 12.02 
 
 4.08 
 
 13.54 
 
 10.71 
 
 13.37 
 
 12.82 
 
 3>^ 
 
 9 
 
 6.44 7.01 
 
 2.39 
 
 7.90 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.79 
 
 7.49 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12.27 
 
 13.35 
 
 4.54 
 
 15.05 
 
 11.90 
 
 14.86 
 
 14.25 
 
 3M 
 
 10 
 
 7.15 7.78 
 
 2.65 
 
 8.79 
 
 6.94 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.32 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 13.49 
 
 14.69 
 
 5.00 
 
 16.56 
 
 13.09 
 
 16.34 
 
 15.67 
 
 3H 
 
 11 
 
 7.87 8.56 2.91 
 
 9.66 
 
 7.64 
 
 9.54 
 
 9.15 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 14.72 
 
 16.02 
 
 5.45 
 
 18.07 
 
 14.28 
 
 17.83 
 
 17.10 
 
 110 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF BALLS OR SPHERES 
 
 In the accompanying tables are given 
 the weight of balls or spheres in pounds 
 for different diameters D. 
 
 To find the weight of a hollow ball, 
 subtract the weight corresponding to the 
 inside diameter d from the weight corre- 
 sponding to the outside diameter D. 
 
 Weight of Ball or : 
 
 Sphere When Cast in 
 
 \A 
 
 freight 
 
 :of B; 
 
 all or 
 
 Sphere Whi 
 
 ;n Cast in 
 
 Dia. 
 
 in Cast 
 
 in. iron Steel 
 
 Alumi- 
 num 
 
 Cop- 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Gun 
 
 met- 
 al 
 
 Yel- 
 low 
 brass 
 
 Dia. 
 
 in 
 in. 
 
 Cast 
 iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Alumi- 
 num 
 
 Cop- 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Gun 
 
 met- 
 al 
 
 Yel- 
 low 
 brass 
 
 H .007 .008 
 
 .003 
 
 .009 
 
 .007 
 
 .009 
 
 .008 
 
 4 
 
 8.74 
 
 9.50 
 
 3.23 
 
 10.7 
 
 8.48 
 
 10.6 
 
 10.1 
 
 li .017 .019 
 
 .006 
 
 .021 
 
 .017 
 
 .021 
 
 .020 
 
 4,'s 
 
 9.57 
 
 10.4 
 
 3.54 
 
 11.7 
 
 9.30 
 
 11.6 
 
 11.1 
 
 5g .033 .036 
 
 .012 
 
 .041 
 
 .032 
 
 .040 
 
 .039 
 
 4M 
 
 10.5 
 
 11.4 
 
 3.87 
 
 12.8 
 
 10.2 
 
 12.7 
 
 12.1 
 
 H .058 .063 
 
 .021 
 
 .071 
 
 .056 
 
 .070 
 
 .067 
 
 4?^ 
 
 11.4 
 
 12.4 
 
 4.22 
 
 13.9 
 
 11.1 
 
 13.8 
 
 13.3 
 
 % .091 .099 
 
 .034 
 
 .112 
 
 .089 
 
 .111 
 
 .106 
 
 ^Vn. 
 
 12.4 
 
 13.5 
 
 4.60 
 
 15.3 
 
 12.1 
 
 15.1 
 
 14.4 
 
 1 .136 .148 
 
 .050 
 
 .167 
 
 .132 
 
 .165 
 
 .158 
 
 458 
 
 13.5 
 
 14.7 
 
 4.99 
 
 16.6 
 
 13.1 
 
 16.4 
 
 15.7 
 
 Wi .194 .212 
 
 .072 
 
 .238 
 
 .189 
 
 .235 
 
 .226 
 
 4?4 
 
 14.6 
 
 15.9 
 
 5.41 
 
 17.9 
 
 14.2 
 
 17.7 
 
 17.0 
 
 IH .267 .290 
 
 .098 
 
 .223 
 
 .259 
 
 .319 
 
 .310 
 
 4Jg 
 
 15.8 
 
 17.2 
 
 5.84 
 
 19.4 
 
 15.3 
 
 19.1 
 
 18.3 
 
 Wi .354 .385 
 
 .131 
 
 .435 
 
 .345 
 
 .429 
 
 .413 
 
 5 
 
 17.1 
 
 18.5 
 
 6.30 
 
 20.9 
 
 16.6 
 
 20.6 
 
 19.8 
 
 IH .460 .500 
 
 .170 
 
 .564 
 
 .446 
 
 .556 
 
 .535 
 
 SM 
 
 18.4 
 
 19.9 
 
 6.78 
 
 22.5 
 
 17.8 
 
 22.2 
 
 21.3 
 
 \% .586 .636 
 
 .217 
 
 .717 
 
 .569 
 
 .707 
 
 .680 
 
 SH 
 
 19.8 
 
 21.5 
 
 7.30 
 
 24.2 
 
 19.2 
 
 23.9 
 
 22.9 
 
 IM .732 .795 
 
 .271 
 
 .896 
 
 .721 
 
 .884 
 
 .851 
 
 5% 21.2 
 
 23.0 
 
 7.83 
 
 25.9 
 
 20.6 
 
 25.6 
 
 24.6 
 
 Ws .900 .976 
 
 .332 
 
 1.10 
 
 .873 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.05 
 
 5H 
 
 22.8 
 
 24.7 
 
 8.40 
 
 27.9 
 
 22.0 
 
 27.5 
 
 26.4 
 
 2 1.09 1.19 
 
 .404 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.27 
 
 SH 
 
 24.3 
 
 26.2 
 
 9.98 
 
 29.8 
 
 23.6 
 
 29.4 
 
 28.2 
 
 IVi 1.31 1.42 
 
 .484 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.58 
 
 1.52 
 
 5M 
 
 26.0 
 
 28.2 
 
 9.60 
 
 31.8 
 
 25.2 
 
 31.4 
 
 30.2 
 
 2M 1-56 1.69 
 
 .575 
 
 1.91 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.81 
 
 s% 
 
 27.6 
 
 30.0 
 
 10.2 
 
 33.9 
 
 26.8 
 
 33.4 
 
 32.2 
 
 2Vi 1.83 1.99 
 
 .675 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.77 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.12 
 
 6 
 
 29.7 
 
 32.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 36.1 
 
 28.6 
 
 35.6 
 
 34.3 
 
 2H 2.13 2.32 
 
 .788 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.07 
 
 2.56 
 
 2.48 
 
 eii 
 
 31.4 
 
 34.1 
 
 11.6 
 
 38.4 
 
 30.5 
 
 37.9 
 
 36.5 
 
 IVs 2.47 2.68 
 
 .914 
 
 3.02 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.93 
 
 2.87 
 
 6M 
 
 33.2 
 
 36.2 
 
 12.3 
 
 40.8 
 
 32.3 
 
 40.2 
 
 38.7 
 
 2% 2.84 3.06 
 
 1.05 
 
 3.47 
 
 2.76 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.30 
 
 (>H 
 
 35.4 
 
 38.4 
 
 13.1 
 
 43.2 
 
 34.3 
 
 42.6 
 
 41.1 
 
 lli 3.24 3.52 
 
 1.20 
 
 3.93 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.92 
 
 3.78 
 
 6^2 
 
 37.4 
 
 40.7 
 
 13.8 
 
 45.8 
 
 36.4 
 
 45.2 
 
 43.5 
 
 3 3.68 4.00 
 
 1.36 
 
 4.51 
 
 3.57 
 
 4.45 
 
 4.29 
 
 evs 
 
 39.7 
 
 43.1 
 
 14.7 
 
 48.7 
 
 38.6 
 
 48.0 
 
 46.2 
 
 ZVt 4.16 4.52 
 
 1.54 
 
 5.10 
 
 4.05 
 
 5.03 
 
 4.84 
 
 6M 
 
 42.0 
 
 45.7 
 
 15.5 
 
 51.5 
 
 40.8 
 
 50.8 
 
 48.9 
 
 3M 4.68 S.09 
 
 1.73 
 
 5.73 
 
 4.55 
 
 5.65 
 
 5.44 
 
 7li 
 
 44.4 
 
 48.2 
 
 16.4 
 
 54.4 
 
 43.1 
 
 53.6 
 
 51.6 
 
 Z*A 5.25 5.70 
 
 1.94 
 
 6.19 
 
 5.09 
 
 6.34 
 
 6.10 
 
 7 
 
 46.8 
 
 50.9 
 
 17.3 
 
 57.3 
 
 45.4 
 
 56.5 
 
 54. S 
 
 3H S.86 6.36 
 
 2.17 
 
 7.16 
 
 5.69 
 
 7.06 
 
 6.82 
 
 7>g 
 
 49.4 
 
 53.7 
 
 18.3 
 
 60.5 
 
 48.0 
 
 59.6 
 
 57.4 
 
 ZVa 6.50 7.06 
 
 2.40 
 
 7.96 
 
 6.31 
 
 7.85 
 
 7.55 
 
 TA 
 
 52.0 
 
 56.5 
 
 19.2 
 
 63.7 
 
 50.5 
 
 62.8 
 
 60.5 
 
 3% 7.20 7.83 
 
 2.66 
 
 8.84 
 
 7.00 
 
 8.70 
 
 8.37 
 
 7% 
 
 54.8 
 
 59.6 
 
 20.2 
 
 67.1 
 
 53.1 
 
 66.2 
 
 63.8 
 
 Hi 7.95 8.64 
 
 2.94 
 
 9.74 
 
 7.71 
 
 9.60 
 
 9.24 
 
 7y2 
 
 57.5 
 
 62.6 
 
 21.3 
 
 70.5 
 
 56.0 
 
 69.5 
 
 67.0 
 
 111 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF BALLS OR SPHERES 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 Weight of Ball or Sphere When Cast in Weight of Ball or Sphere When Cast in 
 
 3ia. 
 
 in 
 
 in. 
 
 Cast 
 iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Alumi- 
 num 
 
 Cop- 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Gun 
 met- 
 al 
 
 Yel- 
 low 
 brass 
 
 Dia. 
 in 
 in 
 
 Cast 
 iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Alumi 
 num 
 
 i- Cop- 
 per 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Gun 
 
 met- 
 al 
 
 Yel- 
 low 
 brass 
 
 IVi 
 
 60.6 
 
 65.8 
 
 22.4 
 
 74.1 
 
 58.8 
 
 73.1 
 
 70.4 
 
 n% 
 
 283 
 
 308 
 
 105 
 
 347 
 
 274 
 
 342 
 
 328 
 
 7H 
 
 63.5 
 
 69.0 
 
 23.4 
 
 77.7 
 
 61.5 
 
 76.6 
 
 73.7 
 
 13 
 
 300 
 
 326 
 
 111 
 
 367 
 
 291 
 
 362 
 
 348 
 
 1V% 
 
 66.6 
 
 72.4 
 
 24.6 
 
 81.5 
 
 64.6 
 
 80.4 
 
 78.5 
 
 13M 
 
 315 
 
 344 
 
 117 
 
 388 
 
 308 
 
 383 
 
 369 
 
 8 
 
 70.0 
 
 76.0 
 
 25. '8 
 
 85.7 
 
 68.0 
 
 84.5 
 
 81.4 
 
 13M 
 
 335 
 
 364 
 
 124 
 
 411 
 
 326 
 
 405 
 
 390 
 
 Wi 
 
 73.2 
 
 79.6 
 
 27.1 
 
 89.8 
 
 71.1 
 
 88.5 
 
 85.1 
 
 13M 
 
 355 
 
 386 
 
 131 
 
 435 
 
 344 
 
 429 
 
 413 
 
 m 
 
 76.7 
 
 83.4 
 
 28.4 
 
 94.0 
 
 74.5 
 
 92.6 
 
 89.2 
 
 14 
 
 374 
 
 407 
 
 138 
 
 458 
 
 363 
 
 452 
 
 435 
 
 Ws 
 
 80.0 
 
 87.0 
 
 29.6 
 
 98.0 
 
 77.8 
 
 96.6 
 
 93.1 
 
 141^ 
 
 395 
 
 429 
 
 146 
 
 484 
 
 383 
 
 477 
 
 459 
 
 SH 
 
 83.7 
 
 91.0 
 
 31.0 
 
 103 
 
 81.4 
 
 101 
 
 97.5 
 
 nVi 
 
 416 
 
 452 
 
 154 
 
 509 
 
 404 
 
 502 
 
 484 
 
 sys 
 
 87.5 
 
 95.0 
 
 32.4 
 
 107 
 
 85.0 
 
 106 
 
 102 
 
 UH 
 
 438 
 
 476 
 
 162 
 
 538 
 
 425 
 
 530 
 
 509 
 
 8M 
 
 91.5 
 
 99.5 
 
 33.8 
 
 113 
 
 88.8 
 
 111 
 
 106 
 
 15 
 
 460 
 
 500 
 
 170 
 
 564 
 
 447 
 
 556 
 
 535 
 
 SVs 
 
 95.5 
 
 104 
 
 35.3 
 
 118 
 
 92.5 
 
 116 
 
 111 
 
 15M 
 
 484 
 
 525 
 
 179 
 
 592 
 
 470 
 
 584 
 
 562 
 
 9 
 
 99.5 
 
 108 
 
 36.8 
 
 122 
 
 96.5 
 
 120 
 
 115 
 
 153^ 
 
 507 
 
 552 
 
 188 
 
 623 
 
 493 
 
 614 
 
 590 
 
 9y8 
 
 10-t 
 
 113 
 
 38.3 
 
 127 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 120 
 
 15^ 
 
 534 
 
 580 
 
 197 
 
 654 
 
 518 
 
 645 
 
 620 
 
 9H 
 
 108 
 
 117 
 
 39.8 
 
 133 
 
 105 
 
 131 
 
 125 
 
 16 
 
 560 
 
 609 
 
 207 
 
 686 
 
 543 
 
 676 
 
 650 
 
 9H 
 
 112 
 
 122 
 
 41.5 
 
 138 
 
 109 
 
 136 
 
 130 
 
 16>^ 
 
 586 
 
 636 
 
 217 
 
 717 
 
 568 
 
 707 
 
 .681 
 
 9H 
 
 117 
 
 127 
 
 43.2 
 
 144 
 
 114 
 
 142 
 
 136 
 
 16H 
 
 613 
 
 666 
 
 226 
 
 751 
 
 595 
 
 740 
 
 712 
 
 9^ 
 
 122 
 
 132 
 
 45,0 
 
 149 
 
 118 
 
 147 
 
 141 
 
 16M 
 
 641 
 
 696 
 
 237 
 
 786 
 
 622 
 
 775 
 
 745 
 
 9M 
 
 127 
 
 138 
 
 46.8 
 
 155 
 
 123 
 
 153 
 
 147 
 
 17 
 
 670 
 
 729 
 
 248 
 
 822 
 
 650 
 
 810 
 
 780 
 
 9Vs 
 
 131 
 
 143 
 
 48.5 
 
 161 
 
 127 
 
 159 
 
 153 
 
 17.1^ 
 
 700 
 
 760 
 
 259 
 
 858 
 
 681 
 
 846 
 
 815 
 
 10 
 
 136 
 
 148 
 
 50.4 
 
 f67 
 
 132 
 
 165 
 
 159 
 
 vy^ 
 
 732 
 
 795 
 
 270 
 
 897 
 
 710 
 
 884 
 
 850 
 
 mi 
 
 141 
 
 154 
 
 52.4 
 
 173 
 
 137 
 
 171 
 
 164 
 
 \1% 
 
 764 
 
 829 
 
 282 
 
 935 
 
 741 
 
 922 
 
 887 
 
 lOM 
 
 147 
 
 159 
 
 54.3 
 
 180 
 
 142 
 
 178 
 
 170 
 
 18 
 
 795 
 
 864 
 
 294 
 
 974 
 
 772 
 
 960 
 
 924 
 
 10^8 
 
 152 
 
 165 
 
 56.2 
 
 186 
 
 148 
 
 184 
 
 177 
 
 18M 
 
 830 
 
 901 
 
 307 
 
 1,013 
 
 806 
 
 1,001 
 
 965 
 
 WA 
 
 158 
 
 172 
 
 58.3 
 
 194 
 
 153 
 
 191 
 
 184 
 
 18H 
 
 864 
 
 938 
 
 320 
 
 1,058 
 
 839 
 
 1,044 
 
 1,002 
 
 lOH 
 
 164 
 
 178 
 
 60.4 
 
 201 
 
 159 
 
 198 
 
 190 
 
 18M 
 
 900 
 
 977 
 
 332 
 
 1,102 
 
 873 
 
 1,088 
 
 1,045 
 
 lOM 
 
 170 
 
 184 
 
 63.0 
 
 209 
 
 165 
 
 206 
 
 197 
 
 19 
 
 936 
 
 1,013 
 
 346 
 
 1,149 
 
 909 
 
 1,130 
 
 1,088 
 
 lOJ^ 
 
 175 
 
 191 
 
 64.8 
 
 215 
 
 170 
 
 212 
 
 204 
 
 19M 
 
 974 
 
 1,058 
 
 360 
 
 1,190 
 
 945 
 
 1,173 
 
 1,130 
 
 11 
 
 182 
 
 197 
 
 67.0 
 
 223 
 
 176 
 
 220 
 
 211 
 
 19"^ 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,100 
 
 375 
 
 1,240 
 
 983 
 
 1,224 
 
 1,178 
 
 iiH 
 
 188 
 
 204 
 
 69.5 
 
 231 
 
 182 
 
 223 
 
 218 
 
 19M 
 
 1,051 
 
 1,142 
 
 389 
 
 1,290 
 
 1,021 
 
 1,270 
 
 1,220 
 
 UM 
 
 195 
 
 212 
 
 71.9 
 
 239 
 
 189 
 
 236 
 
 226 
 
 20 
 
 1,091 
 
 1,188 
 
 404 
 
 1,340 
 
 1,060 
 
 1,320 
 
 1,270 
 
 11^ 
 
 201 
 
 218 
 
 74.3 
 
 246 
 
 196 
 
 243 
 
 234 
 
 20>^ 
 
 1,178 
 
 1,278 
 
 435 
 
 1,441 
 
 1,140 
 
 1,420 
 
 1,363 
 
 llM 
 
 208 
 
 226 
 
 76.6 
 
 256 
 
 202 
 
 252 
 
 241 
 
 21 
 
 1,262 
 
 1,371 
 
 467 
 
 1,549 
 
 1,225 
 
 1,525 
 
 1,467 
 
 115-^ 
 
 216 
 
 234 
 
 79.5 
 
 264 
 
 208 
 
 260 
 
 250 
 
 2 m 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,475 
 
 503 
 
 1,665 
 
 1.318 
 
 1,641 
 
 1,580 
 
 im 
 
 221 
 
 240 
 
 81.5 
 
 272 
 
 215 
 
 268 
 
 257 
 
 22 
 
 1,453 
 
 1,580 
 
 538 
 
 1,781 
 
 1,411 
 
 1,758 
 
 1,690 
 
 n% 
 
 228 
 
 248 
 
 84.3 
 
 280 
 
 222 
 
 276 
 
 266 
 
 223.^ 
 
 1,555 
 
 1,689 
 
 575 
 
 1,908 
 
 1,509 
 
 1,880 
 
 1,810 
 
 12 
 
 236 
 
 256 
 
 87.0 
 
 289 
 
 229 
 
 285 
 
 274 
 
 23 
 
 1,662 
 
 1.808 
 
 614 
 
 2,040 
 
 1,611 
 
 2,005 
 
 1,930 
 
 12M 
 
 251 
 
 273 
 
 92.6 
 
 307 
 
 243 
 
 303 
 
 292 
 
 23}^ 
 
 1,770 
 
 1,920 
 
 654 
 
 2,166 
 
 1,718 
 
 2,140 
 
 2,054 
 
 12H 
 
 267 
 
 287 
 
 98.5 
 
 323 
 
 259 
 
 319 
 
 307 
 
 24 
 
 1,885 
 
 2,048 
 
 696 
 
 2,310 
 
 1,828 
 
 2,280 
 
 2,188 
 
 112 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF RODS OR CYLINDERS PER RUNNING INCH 
 
 INSIDE DIA. 
 
 Below is given the weights of rods or 
 cyHnders of different materials, 1 inch 
 long. To find the weight of a cylinder 
 of any length multiply the weight per 
 running inch obtained from the table be- 
 low by the length. 
 
 To find the weight of a tube of any 
 length, subtract the weight per running 
 inch corresponding to the inside diameter 
 from the weight per running inch corre- 
 sponding to the outside diameter, and then 
 multiply this result by the length. This 
 product is the weight required. 
 
 Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch 
 Long When Cast in 
 
 Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch 
 Long When Cast in 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u^ 
 
 < 
 
 o. 
 a 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 c_2 
 
 a" 
 
 a 
 U 
 
 Steel 
 
 Alumi- 
 num 
 
 a 
 0. 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 6 
 
 .2 2 
 
 — J3 
 
 H 
 
 .0288 
 
 .0313 
 
 .0106 
 
 .0353 
 
 .0279 
 
 .0348 
 
 .0334 
 
 4!8 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.79 1.29 
 
 4.27 
 
 3.37 
 
 4.21 
 
 4.04 
 
 ^ 
 
 .OSll 
 
 .0556 
 
 .0189 
 
 .0627 
 
 .0496 
 
 .0619 
 
 .0594 
 
 4J-4 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.02 1.37 
 
 4.53 
 
 3.58 
 
 4.47 
 
 4.29 
 
 % 
 
 .0799 
 
 .0869 
 
 .0295 
 
 .0980 
 
 .0775 
 
 .0967 
 
 .0928 
 
 4^8 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.26 1.45 
 
 4.80 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.74 
 
 4.55 
 
 H 
 
 .115 
 
 .125 
 
 0425 
 
 .141 
 
 .112 
 
 .139 
 
 .134 
 
 4>^ 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.51 1.53 
 
 5.08 
 
 4.02 
 
 5.01 
 
 4.81 
 
 % 
 
 .157 
 
 .170 
 
 .0579 
 
 .192 
 
 .152 
 
 .190 
 
 .182 
 
 ^% 
 
 4.37 
 
 4.76 1.62 
 
 5.37 
 
 4.24 
 
 5.30 
 
 5.08 
 
 1 
 
 .204 
 
 .223 
 
 .0756 
 
 .251 
 
 .198 
 
 .248 
 
 .238 
 
 4'/4 
 
 4.61 
 
 5.02 1.71 
 
 5.66 
 
 4.47 
 
 5.59 
 
 5.36 
 
 IH 
 
 .259 
 
 .282 
 
 .0957 
 
 .318 
 
 .251 
 
 .313 
 
 .301 
 
 4Ji 
 
 4.86 
 
 5.29 1.80 
 
 5.96 
 
 4.71 
 
 5.88 
 
 5.65 
 
 \% 
 
 .320 
 
 .348 
 
 .118 
 
 .392 
 
 .310 
 
 .387 
 
 .371 
 
 5 
 
 5.11 
 
 5.56 1.89 
 
 6.27 
 
 4.96 
 
 6.19 
 
 5.94 
 
 \H 
 
 .387 
 
 .421 
 
 .148 
 
 .474 
 
 .375 
 
 .468 
 
 .449 
 
 SH 
 
 5.37 
 
 5.84 1.99 
 
 6.59 
 
 5.21 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.24 
 
 m 
 
 .460 
 
 .501 
 
 .170 
 
 .565 
 
 .446 
 
 .557 
 
 .535 
 
 5M 
 
 5.64 
 
 6.13 2.08 
 
 6.92 
 
 5.47 
 
 6.83 
 
 6.55 
 
 m 
 
 .540 
 
 .588 
 
 .200 
 
 .663 
 
 .524 
 
 .654 
 
 .627 
 
 SVs 
 
 5.91 
 
 6.43 2.19 
 
 7.25 
 
 5.73 
 
 7.15 
 
 6.86 
 
 m 
 
 .626 
 
 .681 
 
 .232 
 
 .769 
 
 .607 
 
 .758 
 
 .728 
 
 SV2 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.73 2.29 
 
 7.59 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.49 
 
 7.19 
 
 m 
 
 .719 
 
 .782 
 
 .266 
 
 .882 
 
 .697 
 
 .871 
 
 .835 
 
 s% 
 
 6.47 
 
 7.04 2.39 
 
 7.94 
 
 6.27 
 
 7.83 
 
 7.52 
 
 2 
 
 .818 
 
 .890 
 
 .303 
 
 1.00 
 
 .793 
 
 .990 
 
 .950 
 
 SH 
 
 6.76 
 
 7.36 2.50 
 
 8.30 
 
 6.56 
 
 8.19 
 
 7.85 
 
 2ys 
 
 .924 
 
 1.01 
 
 .342 
 
 1.13 
 
 .895 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.07 
 
 Sli 
 
 7.06 
 
 7.68 2.61 
 
 8.66 
 
 6.84 
 
 8.54 
 
 8.20 
 
 2H 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.13 
 
 .383 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.20 
 
 6 
 
 7.36 
 
 8.01 2.72 
 
 9.03 
 
 7.14 
 
 8.91 
 
 8.55 
 
 2H 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.26 
 
 .427 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.34 
 
 6Vs 
 
 7.67 
 
 8.35 2.83 
 
 9.41 
 
 7.44 
 
 9.28 
 
 8.91 
 
 23^ 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.39 
 
 .473 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.48 
 
 6H 
 
 7.99 
 
 8.69 2.95 
 
 9.80 
 
 7.75 
 
 9.67 
 
 9.28 
 
 lys 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.54 
 
 .521 
 
 1.73 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.64 
 
 6% 
 
 8.31 
 
 9.04 3.07 
 
 10.20 
 
 8.06 
 
 10.06 
 
 9.65 
 
 2H 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.69 
 
 .572 
 
 1.90 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.80 
 
 6'^ 
 
 8.64 
 
 9.40 3.20 
 
 10.60 
 
 8.38 
 
 10.46 
 
 10.04 
 
 2Vi 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.84 
 
 .625 
 
 2.07 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.04 
 
 1.96 
 
 evs 
 
 8.98 
 
 9.77 3.32 
 
 11.01 
 
 8.70 
 
 10.86 
 
 10.43 
 
 3 
 
 1.84 
 
 2.01 
 
 .681 
 
 2.26 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.14 
 
 6M 
 
 9.32 
 
 10.14 3.45 
 
 11.43 
 
 9.04 
 
 11.28 
 
 10.82 
 
 m 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.18 
 
 .739 
 
 2.45 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.32 
 
 6% 
 
 9.67 
 
 10.52 3.57 
 
 11.86 
 
 9.37 
 
 11.70 
 
 11.23 
 
 w* 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.35 
 
 .799 
 
 2.65 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.61 
 
 2.51 
 
 7 
 
 10.02 
 
 10.90 3.71 
 
 12.30 
 
 9.72 
 
 12.13 
 
 11.64 
 
 i% 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.53 
 
 .862 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.26 
 
 2.82 
 
 2.71 
 
 7li 
 
 10.38 
 
 11.30 3.84 
 
 12.74 
 
 10.07 
 
 12.57 
 
 12.06 
 
 3H 
 
 2.51 
 
 2.73 
 
 .927 
 
 3.07 
 
 2.43 
 
 3.03 
 
 2.91 
 
 7H 
 
 10.75 
 
 11.70 3.98 
 
 13.19 
 
 10.42 
 
 13.01 
 
 12.49 
 
 3^ 
 
 2.69 
 
 2.92 
 
 .994 
 
 3.30 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.12 
 
 7H 
 
 11.12 
 
 12.10 4.11 
 
 13.65 
 
 10.79 
 
 13.47 
 
 12.92 
 
 W4. 
 
 2.88 
 
 3.13 
 
 1.06 
 
 3.53 
 
 2.79 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.34 
 
 lYi 
 
 11.50 
 
 12.52 4.25 
 
 14.11 
 
 11.16 
 
 13.92 
 
 13.36 
 
 3Ji 
 
 3.07 
 
 3.34 
 
 1.14 
 
 3.77 
 
 2.97 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.57 
 
 7H 
 
 11.89 
 
 12.94 4.40 
 
 14.59 
 
 11.53 
 
 14.39 
 
 13.81 
 
 4 
 
 3.27 
 
 3.57 
 
 1.21 
 
 4.01 
 
 3.17 
 
 3.96 
 
 3.80 
 
 7H 
 
 12.28 
 
 13.36 4.54 
 
 15.07 
 
 11.91 
 
 14.87 
 
 14.27 
 
 113 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF RODS OR CYLINDERS PER RUNNING INCH 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch 
 
 Long When Cast in Long When Cast in 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 •.S'-" - E o. ^ ^E _om ■" c ^ — E "■ o c ^ -"^ 
 
 JVs 12.68 13.80 4.69 15.56 12.30 15.35 14.73 12^33.25 36.17 12.30 40.79 32.24 40.25 38.62 
 
 8 13.09 14.24 4.84 16.06 12.69 15.84 15.20 12'-^ 33.90 36.88 12.54 41.60 32.87 41 .04 39.38 
 SVs 13.50 14.69 4.99 16.57 13.09 16.35 15.68 13 34.56 37.60 12.78 42.4133.5141.84 40.15 
 8M 13.92 15.14 5.15 17.08 13.50 16.85 16.17 131^35.23 38.33 13.03 43.23 34.16 42.65 40.93 
 SH 14.34 15.61 5.30 17.60 13.91 17.36 16.66 13^35.9139.06 13.28 44.05 34.82 43.46 41.71 
 Sy2 14.78 16.08 5.47 18.13 14.33 17.89 17.17 13?^ 36.59 39.80 13.53 44.89 35.48 44.30 42.50 
 SVs 15.21 16.55 5.63 18.67 14.75 18.42 17.67 13^37.27 40.55 13.78 45.73 36.14 45.12 43.30 
 8M 15.66 17.04 5.79 19.21 15.18 18.95 18.19 13^37.97 41.3114.04 46.58 36.82 45.96 44.10 
 8Ji 16.11 17.53 5.96 19.77 15.62 19.50 18.71 13% 38.67 42.07 14.30 47.44 37.49 46.81 44.92 
 
 9 16.57 18.02 6.13 20.33 16.06 20.06 19.24 13 J^ 39.37 42.84 14.56 48.31 38.18 47.67 45.74 
 9ys 17.03 18.53 6 30 20.89 16.51 20.6119.78 14 40.09 43.62 14.82 49.18 38.87 48.53 46.57 
 9H 17.50 19.04 6.47 21.47 16.97 21.18 20.33 14,4 40.80 44.39 15.09 50.07 39.57 49.40 47.40 
 9ys 17.98 19.56 6.65 22.05 17.43 21.76 20.88 14^^41.53 45.18 15.36 50.96 40.27 50.28 48.24 
 9M 18.46 20.08 6.83 22.65 17.90 22.35 21.44 145^42.26 45.98 15.63 51.85 40.98 51.16 49.09 
 9y8 18.95 20.61 7.01 23.25 18.37 22.94 22.01 14J^ 43.00 46.78 15.90 52.76 41 .70 52.06 49.95 
 9H 19.44 21.15 7.19 23.85 18.85 23.53 22.59 14^43.74 47.59 16.18 53.67 42.42 52.96 50.82 
 9ys 19.94 21.70 7.38 24.47 19.34 24.14 23.17 14M 44.50 48.41 16.46 54.59 43.15 53.86 51.69 
 
 10 20.45 22.25 7.56 25.09 19.83 24.77 23.76 14J^ 45.25 49.23 16.74 55.52 43.88 54.78 52.57 
 lOys 20.97 22.81 7.75 25.72 20.33 25.38 24.36 15 46.02 50.06 17.02 56.46 44.62 55.7153.46 
 lOM 21.49 23.38 7.95 26.36 20.84 26.0124.96 15^47.56 51.75 17.59 58.36 46.12 57.58 55,25 
 lOys 22.01 23.95 8.14 27.01 21.35 26.65 25.57 153^49.14 53.46 18.17 60.29 47.64 59.49 57.08 
 \0^A 22.55 24.53 8.34 27.67 21.86 27.28 26.19 155^50.73 55.20 18.76 62.25 49.19 61.4158.94 
 105^ 23.09 25.12 8.54 28.33 22.39 27.94 26.82 16 52.36 56.96 19.36 64.24 50.76 63.37 60.82 
 \0H 23.63 25.71 8.74 29.00 22.92 28.61 27.46 16^ 54.01 58.76 19.97 66.26 52.36 65.38 62.78 
 lOK 24.19 26.32 8.95 29.68 23.45 29.28 28.10 16}4 55.68 60.58 20.59 68.32 54.00 67.41 64.64 
 
 11 24.75 26.92 9.15 30.36 24.00 29.96 28.75 163^57.38 62.43 21.22 70.40 55.64 69.46 66.66 
 IIM 25.31 27.51 9.36 31.06 24.54 30.64 29.40 17 59.1164.30 21.86 72.52 57.3171.55 68.66 
 IIM 25.88 28.16 9.57 31.76 25.09 31.34 30.07 17M 60.86 66.21 22.51 74.67 59.01 73.68 70.70 
 UH 26.46 28.79 9.79 32.47 25.66 32.04 30.74 17}^ 62.63 68.14 23.16 76.85 60.73 75.83 72.76 
 llj^ 27.05 29.43 10.00 33.19 26.23 32.75 31.42 17^64.44 70.10 23.83 79.06 62.48 78.0174.85 
 115^ 27.64 30.07 10.22 33.91 26.80 33.46 32.11 18 66.26 72.09 24.5181.30 64.25 80.22 76.98 
 11% 28.24 30.72 10.44 34.64 27.38 34.18 32.80 18% 68.12 74.11 25.19 83.58 65.05 82.47 79.13 
 llj^ 28.84 31.38 10.67 35.39 27.97 34.92 33.50 18^70.00 76.15 25.89 85.88 67.87 84.74 81.31 
 
 12 29.45 32.04 10.89 36.13 28.56 35.65 34.21 18% 71.90 78.22 26.59 88.22 69.72 87.05 83.53 
 ■12H 30.07 32.71 11.12 36.89 29.16 36.40 34.93 19 73.83 80.32 27.30 90.59 71.59 89.38 85.77 
 12% 30.69 33.39 11.35 37.66 29.76 37.16 35.65 19% 75.79 82.45 28.03 92.99 73.49 91 .75 88.04 
 UH 31.32 34.08 11.58 38.43 30.37 37.92 36.38 19}^ 77.77 84.61 28.76 95.42 75.41 94.15 90.34 
 WA 31.96 34.77 11.82 39.21 30.99 38.69 37.12 19% 79.77 86.79 29.50 97.88 77.36 96.58 92.67 
 12^i 32.60 35.47 12.06 40.00 31.61 39.47 37.87 20 81.8189.00 30.25 100.4 79.33 99.03 95.03 
 
 For finding weights of rods or cylinders of any length see page 113. 
 
 114 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF RODS OR CYLINDERS PER RUNNING INCH 
 
 (jOontitiued) 
 
 Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch 
 
 Long When Cast in Long When Cast in 
 
 Dia. Dia. 
 
 in Cast Alum- Cop- Gun Yellow in Cast Alum- Cop- Gun Yel'w 
 
 in. iron Steel inum per Zinc metal brass in. iron Steel inum per Zinc met'l brass 
 
 2014, 83.87 91.24 31.02 102.9 81.32 101.7 97.42 30 184.1 200.3 68.08 225.8 178.5 222.8 213.8 
 
 20^^ 85.95 93.51 31.79 105.5 83.34 104.1 99.85 30J4 187.2 203.6 69.21 229.6 181.5 226.5 217.4 
 
 20J4 88.06 95.80 32.57 108.1 85.39 106.6 102.3 30J^ 190.3 207.0 70.36 233.4 184.5 230.3 221.0 
 
 21 90.19 98.13 33.36 110.7 87.46 109.2 104.8 30J4 193.4 210.4 71.52 237.3 187.5 234.1 224.6 
 21^ 92.35 100.5 34.15 113.3 89.55 111.8 107.3 31 196.6 213.8 72.69 241.1 190.6 237.9 228.3 
 21^ 94.54 102.9 34.96 116.0 91.67 114.4 109.8 31J4 199.7 217.3 73.87 245.1 193.7 241.8 232.0 
 2154 96.75 105.3 35.78 118.7 93.82 117.1 112.4 31^ 202.9 220.8 75.05 249.0 196.8 245.6 235.7 
 
 22 98.99 107.7 36.61 121.5 95.98 119.8 115.0 31J^ 206.2 224.3 76.25 253.0 199.9 249.6 239.5 
 22Yi 101.2 110.2 37.45 124.2 98.18 122.5 117.6 32 209.4 227.9 77.45 257.0 203.1 253.5 243.3 
 22^2 103.5 112.6 38.29 127.0 100.4 125.3 120.3 32i4 212.7 231.4 78.67 261.0 206.3 257.5 247.1 
 22J4 105.9 115.2 39.15 129.9 102.6 128.2 123.0 325^ 216.0 235.0 79.89 265.1 209.4 261.5 250.9 
 
 23 108.2 117.7 40.01 132.7 104.9 130.9 125.7 32J4 219.4 238.7 81.13 269.1 212.7 265.5 254.8 
 23J4 110.6 120.3 40.89 135.6 107.2 133.8 128.4 33 222.7 242.3 82.37 273.3 216.0 269.6 258.7 
 23J^ 112.9 122.9 41.77 138.5 109.5 136.6 131.2 3354 226.1 246.0 83.62 277.4 219.3 273.7 262.6 
 23J4 115.4 125.5 42.67 141.5 111.9 139.6 134.0 33i^ 229.5 249.7 84.88 281.6 222.6 277.8 266.6 
 
 24 117.8 128.2 43.57 144.5 114.2 142.6 136.9 33j4 233.0 253.5 86.15 285.8 225.9 281.0 270.6 
 2A% 120.3 130.9 44.48 147.5 116.6 145. 5 139.7 34 236.4 257.2 87.44 290.1 229.3 286.2 274.6 
 24'^ 122.8 133.6 45.40 150.6 119.0 148.6 142.6 3454 239.9 261.0 88.73 294.4 232.6 290.5 278.7 
 24Y^ 125.3 136.3 46.33 153.7 121.5 151.6 145.5 34^^ 243.4 264.8 90.03 298.7 236.1 294.7 282.7 
 
 25 127.8 139.1 47.27 156.8 124.0 154.7 148.5 34J4 247.0 268.7 91.34 303.0 239.5 299.0 286.9 
 2554 130.4 141.9 48.22 160.0 126.4 157.8 151.5 35 250.5 272.6 92.65 307.4 243.0 303.3 291.0 
 2554 133.0 144.7 49.18 163.0 129.0 160.9 154.5 3554 254.1 276.5 93.98 311.8 246.4 307.6 295.2 
 2554 135.6 147.5 50.15 166.4 131.5 164.2 157.5 3554 257.7 280.4 95.32 316.2 249.9 312.0 299.4 
 
 26 138.3 150.4 51.13 169.6 134.1 167.3 160.6 3554 261.4 284.4 96.67 320.7 253.5 316.4 303.6 
 2654 140.9 153.3 52.12 172.9 136.7 170.6 163.7 36 265.1 288.4 98.02 325.2 257.0 320.9 307.9 
 265^ 143.6 156.3 53.12 176.2 139.3 173.8 166.8 3654 268.7 292.4 99.39 329.7 260.6 325.3 312.2 
 26J4 146.3 159.2 54.12 179.6 141.9 177.2 170.0 3654 272.5 296.4 100.8 334.3 264.2 329.8 316.5 
 
 27 149.1 162.2 55.14 183.0 144.6 180.5 173.2 36J4 276.2 300.5 102.1 338.9 267.8 334.4 320.8 
 2754 151.9 165.2 56.17 186.4 147.3 183.9 176.4 37 280.0 304.6 103.5 343.5 271.5 338.9 325.2 
 2754 154.7 168.3 57.20 189.8 150.0 187.3 180.0 3754 283.8 308.7 104.9 348.2 275.2 343.5 329.6 
 27Y4, 157.5 171.3 58.25 1*93.2 152.7 190.6 182.9 3754 287.6 312.9 106.4 352.9 278.9 348.4 334.1 
 
 28 160.3 174.4 59.30 196.7 155.5 194.1 186.3 37^4 291.4 317.1 107.8 357.6 282.6 352.8 338.5 
 2854 163.2 177.6 60.36 200.3 158.3 197.3 189.6 38 295.3 321.3 109.2 362.3 286.4 357.5 343.0 
 285^ 166.1 180.7 61.44 203.8 161.1 201.1 193.0 3854 299.2 325.5 110.7 367.1 290.; 362.2 347.6 
 28J4 169.0 183.9 62.52 207.4 163.9 204.7 196.4 3854 303.1 329.8 112.1 371.9 294.0 366.5 352.1 
 
 29 172.0 187.1 63.61 211.0 166.8 208.2 199.8 38M 307.1 334.1 113.6 376.8 297.8 371.7 356.7 
 2954 175.0 190.4 64.71 214.7 169.7 211.8 203.3 39 311.1 338.4 115.0 381.7 301.6 376.6 361.4 
 29'/$ 178.0 193.6 6.5.82 218.3 172.6 215.4 206.7 40 327.2 356.0 121.0 401.5 317.3 396.1 380.1 
 2954 181.0 196.9 66.94 222.1 175.5 219.1 210.3 41 343.8 374.0 127.1 421.8 333.4 416.2 399.4 
 
 For finding weights of rods or cylinders of any length see page 113. 
 
 115 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF RODS OR CYLINDERS PER RUNNING INCH 
 
 (Conclu/^ed) 
 
 Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch Weight of Rod or Cylinder 1 Inch 
 
 Long When Cast in Long When Cast in 
 
 Dia. Dia. 
 
 in Cast Alum- Cop- Gun Yfl. in Cast Alum- Cop- Gun Yel. 
 
 in. iron Steel inum per Zinc met'l brass n. iron Steel inum per Zinc met'l brass 
 
 42 360.8 395.5 133.4 442.6 349.8 436.7 419.1 75 1150 1252 425.4 1411 1116 1392 1336 
 
 43 378.1 411.4 139.8 464.0 366.7 457.8 439.3 76 1181 1285 436.9 1449 1145 1429 1372 
 
 44 395.9 430.8 146.4 485.8 383.9 479.3 460.0 77 1213 1319 448.4 1488 1176 1468 1409 
 
 45 414.2 450.6 153.2 508.1 401.6 501.3 481.1 78 1244 1354 460.2 1527 1207 1506 1446 
 
 46 432.7 470.8 160.0 531.0 419.6 523.9 502.7 79 1276 1389 472.0 1566 1238 1545 1483 
 
 47 451.8 491.5 167.1 554.3 438.1 546.9 524.8 80 1309 1424 484.1 1606 1269 1584 1521 
 
 48 471.2 512.7 174.3 578.1 456.9 570.4 547.4 81 1342 1460 496.2 1646 1301 1624 1559 
 
 49 491.1534.2 181.6 602.5 476.2 593.4 570.4 82 1375 1496 508.6 1687 1334 1664 1598 
 
 50 511.3 556.3 189.1 627.3 495.8 618.9 594.0 83 1409 1533 521.1 1729 1366 1706 1637 
 51531.9 578.7 196.7 652.7 515.8 644.0 618.0 84 1443 1570 533.7 1771 1399 1747 1676 
 
 52 553.0 601.7 204.5 678.5 536.2 669.4 642.4 85 1478 1608 546.4 1813 1433 1789 1717 
 
 53 574.5 625.0 212.4 704.9 557.1695.5 667.4 86 1513 1646 559.4 1856 1467 1830 1757 
 
 54 596.4 648.8 220.5 731.7 578.3 721.9 692.8 87 1548 1684 572.5 1899 1501 1873 1798 
 
 55 618.7 673.1 228.8 759.0 599.9 748.9 718.7 88 1584 1723 585.7 1943 1536 1917 1840 
 
 56 641.4 697.8 237.2 786.9 621.9 776.4 745.0 89 1620 1762 599.1 1988 1571 1961 1882 
 
 57 664. S 722.9 245.7 815.3 644.3 804.4 771.9 90 1657 1802 612.6 2033 1606 2006 1924 
 
 58 688.0 748.5 254.4 844.1 667.1 832.9 799.2 91 1694 1843 626.3 2078 1642 2050 1967 
 
 59 711.9 774.5 263.3 873.5 690.3 861.8 827.0 92 1731 1883 640.1 2124 1679 2095 2011 
 
 60 736.3 801.0 272.3 903.4 713.9 891.3 855.2 93 1769 1924 654.1 2170 1715 2141 2055 
 
 61 761.0 827.9 281.4 933.7 737.9 921.3 884.0 94 1807 1966 668.3 2217 1752 2188 2099 
 
 62 786.2 855.3 290.7 964.6 762.3 951.7 913.2 95 1846 2008 682.6 2265 1790 2235 2144 
 
 63 811.7 883.1 300.2 995.9 787.1 982.6 942.9 96 1885 2051 697.0 2313 1828 2282 2190 
 
 64 837.7 911.4 309.8 1022 812.3 1014 973.1 97 1924 2004 711.6 2361 1866 2329 2236 
 
 65 864.1 910.1 319.6 1060 837.9 1046 1004 98 1964 2137 726.4 2410 1905 2378 2282 
 
 66 890.9 969.2 329.5 1093 863.9 1078 1035 99 2004 2181 741.3 2459 1944 2426 2329 
 
 67 918.1 998.8 339.5 1126 890.2 1111 1066 100 2045 2225 756.3 2509 1983 2477 2376 
 
 68 945.7 1029 349.7 1160 917.0 1144 1099 101 2086 2270 771.5 2560 2023 2526 2424 
 
 69 973.7 1059 360.1 1195 944.2 1179 1131 102 2128 2315 786.9 2611 2063 2576 2472 
 
 70 1002 1090 370.6 1230 971.7 1213 1164 103 2170 2361 802.4 2662 2104 2627 2521 
 
 71 1031 1122 381.3 1265 999.7 1248 1198 104 2212 2407 818.1 2714 2145 2677 2570 
 
 72 1060 1153 392.1 1301 1028 1284 1232 105 2255 2453 833.9 2767 2186 2723 2619 
 
 73 1090 1186 403.1 1337 1057 1319 1266 106 2298 2500 849.8 2819 2228 2780 2669 
 ■ 74 1120 1218 414.2 1374 1086 1355 1301 107 2342 2547 866.0 2873 2270 2834 2720 
 
 The weight per running inch for diameter with a fraction such as 82^ 
 can be found by interpolation as follows : 
 
 Add the product of the fractional part of the diameter multiplied by 
 the difference between the weights in table corresponding to the next even 
 inches above and below the given diameter to the weight corresponding to 
 the next even inch under, the result being the required weight per running 
 inch : Thus for cast iron ring 82^ diameter, from table 83 = 1409 82 = 1375 
 
 1409—1375=34, 34X3/^=13; 1375 + 13 = 1388, weight per running inch for 
 82^ diameter. 
 
 For finding weights of rods or cylinders of any length, see page 113. 
 
 116 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a< 
 
 
 t— ( 
 
 
 0H 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 C/5 
 
 W 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 ffi 
 
 b 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 C/2 
 
 H 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 y~* 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 SI 
 
 »o 
 
 hH 
 
 
 c» 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 Q^ 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 <1 
 
 
 C:h 
 
 
 ;?^ 
 
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 \r^ «\r^ «\Cs "-^^ 
 
 r^cn f*^ ■-#. 
 
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 ^-i ^;h 
 
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 Ofll riOn -i-Sn viCli ooS oOh t-jS -hS oCC voS 
 
 117 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 
 Q^ 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 1— < 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U^ 
 
 
 i-H 
 
 O 
 
 
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 ^-N 
 
 U 
 
 H 
 
 '^ 
 
 X 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 _5; 
 
 ^; 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Q 
 
 
 H 
 
 S] 
 
 I— ( 
 
 Z 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 Ph 
 
 -E 
 
 < 
 
 asb 
 
 
 3-5 
 
 
 
 
 v»o Vf^ 
 
 \foo VOOOO 
 
 
 r*-i O O •— « 
 
 J\t^ "poo 
 
 icON ;3-r^ ^ 
 
 
 vooun 
 
 GOO 
 
 00 00 
 
 
 SKI:: 
 
 
 \*t^ s^^ 
 
 00 
 
 ,00 t-\rt 
 ^-f M-00 
 
 3* 
 
 „-(. NOOOO 
 
 n-cx> -Kr^ 
 
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 •j»rt H^co -l^iy^ \*^ V^ 
 
 v^i/1 j«r^ otco 
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 OfO r-*»-0 f^VO 
 
 • • te^O tJ*^^ voi«-H 2xO 
 
 • ■ -Co ^^ >.o f>-t< 
 
 N»=Lr> sjoOO '^fS J«>0 ^|«0 
 
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 000 On-^ °<^ -^'*' '^^ 
 
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 as:? 
 
 
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 vooos 
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 r^c-4 r^ fo 
 
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 voio 
 
 J<eto 
 
 1-0 
 
 :^2 •[:§ 
 
 r^jtNl 000 
 
 .c ,c ,c .a 
 
 C *j C ij c . 
 
 c 4-r c w c . 
 
 - T^ .— T^ .-.'T3 .— "O .— "T3 ■— T3 
 
 O .N O .N O 
 
 C *J C j-J C *J C *J C »J 
 
 -T3 ---n .--a 
 
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 •7 0-1 •-Ph •TD< -TtlH 
 
 rCL( -TCu •tOh 
 
 118 
 
COMPUTING WEIGHTS. 
 
 
 <o 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 W 
 U 
 
 
 as 
 
 SK 
 
 as 
 
 35 
 
 *i^ inoo voo 
 
 
 ^ CNI r*ic^ 
 
 
 ^?° H^r* 
 
 3^;^ 
 
 aso 
 
 
 .9^ 
 
 vOcs 
 
 \fOO "j-at^ 
 
 .g ?2 P^ 
 
 as? 
 
 
 
 asj; 
 
 'vo "^VO ^oo 
 
 
 •C°o 
 
 NTir-^ sfir-j •Rr^ 
 
 •HXt^ ^J\0 r^^ 
 
 <~:»r^ -*•-*< Sir^ 
 
 ■*Ln Tj-in ^o 
 
 r-fJO l-t^ ^OO 
 
 ^o s;"! oo 
 
 ^r^ m\0 i-l«"^ 
 •^O "j-f T-^ 
 
 r^a\ 2^^ Oc^ 
 
 •*;:^ !?^ 
 
 
 i-J= J-J3 J-J= J-J= 
 
 o!^ cS^ S.^ c2^ 
 
 -t 
 
 H2 
 
 soor-> J«CTs voc<v, 
 
 _N.io ~-r^ n\vO 
 ■^O "^-^ ^O-f 
 
 H^o :s5:^ Hsg 
 
 frr, -*T^ fr— ' •fOO 
 ON O ^•-« ^0'^ 
 
 32g asg „s "t- 
 ^s: ^S ^§ s;i 
 
 aeii ^l;:; 
 
 3:- 32:5 ;:s::j -eg; 
 !?«> ^c^ —"-1 :t;o 
 
 asp 
 
 
 as^ 
 
 00 iy-iO ^r^ 
 
 ■^O ^O "f«0 N«.r^ 
 oNq ■on,-, A-as >-N-*i 
 
 .fit^ j«o ;^"i a^-" 
 
 !2-< ^"^ —'^ Xn^ 
 ^00 ^00 ioOn ^^r^ 
 
 
 J«r^ J«0 ;\^oo jCoo 
 ^co Ij^^o ;j^oo ;J;-oo 
 
 ^1^ -*5 '"S ^12 
 
 
 
 :s?f:; :s^:i -eg 
 
 •SiS 
 
 
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 Ph& 0.^ Ph? c,:s 
 
 J= u J= 
 
 ■va, 
 o 
 
 •7CL. 
 
 ts 
 
 ■TOh -70, 
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 VO 
 
 H3 
 
 
 • • ^00 
 
 : : i:^?:: 
 
 : : SR 
 
 ■ • tXo 
 
 : : vo^ 
 
 • ■ "^o 
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 : : «^:2 
 
 ■ : ""S 
 
 3=:: ^^ 
 
 \^m '^'^ 
 
 : *2 
 
 VOvo 
 
 
 
 
 cisoo 
 
 ■*oo 
 
 ; ^P! 
 
 a:?5 
 
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 3s 
 
 ^•^ "-tSy^ N?>-* 
 
 <^oo \So i\ri 
 
 rfO ^J^ VO"^ 
 
 -KS 
 
 000 |„H 
 
 \*'f v*oo «E^ 
 
 ^o ->\-i jr"" 
 -ffo ^^^ Ia^ 
 
 J«<v» J«>0 Vj|P"1 
 
 "J-VO rrr^ -JN-.J. 
 
 2'<» ^t^ r^t^ 
 
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 "'5j •-'■5 •-'■« ^'iJ 
 
 Ph^ o,:> d-,>- o~> 
 
 119 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FORMULAS FOR WEIGHTS 
 
 WEIGHT OF CASTINGS DETERMINED FROM WEIGHT OF 
 
 PATTERNS 
 
 A pattern weighing one 
 pound made of 
 
 Cast 
 
 iron, 
 
 pounds 
 
 Zinc, 
 pounds 
 
 Will weigh when cast in s 
 
 Yellow Gun 
 
 brass, metal, Aluminum, Lead, 
 
 pounds pounds pounds pounds ■ 
 
 Copper, 
 pounds 
 
 Mahogany, Nassau ....10.7 10.4 12.8 12.2 12.5 
 
 Mahogany, Honduras ..12.9 12.7 15.3 14.6 15.0 
 
 Mahogany, Spanish .... 8.5 8.2 10.1 9.7 9.9 
 
 Pine, red 12.5 12.1 14.9 14.2 14.6 
 
 Pine, White 16.7 16.1 19.8 19.0 19.5 
 
 Pine, yellow 14.1 13.6 16.7 16.0 16.5 
 
 Oak 9.0 8.6 10.4 10.4 10.9 
 
 WEIGHT OF A SQUARE FOOT OF CAST IRON 
 
 Thickness, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Thickness, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Thickness, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Thickness, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 in inches 
 
 in pounds 
 
 in inches 
 
 in poundsi 
 
 in inches 
 
 in pounds 
 
 in inches 
 
 in pounds 
 
 V4 
 
 9.37 
 
 V4 
 
 28.12 
 
 Wa 
 
 46.87 
 
 m 
 
 65.62 
 
 H 
 
 14.06 
 
 % 
 
 32.81 
 
 m 
 
 51.56 
 
 m 
 
 70.31 
 
 Vz 
 
 18.75 
 
 1 
 
 37.50 
 
 1/2 
 
 56.25 
 
 2 
 
 75.00 
 
 H 
 
 23.43 
 
 \% 
 
 42.18 
 
 154 
 
 60.93 
 
 
 
 120 
 
SECTION III 
 
 REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 Board Feet in Pattern Lumber 
 
 Lengths of Cords for Spacing Circles 
 
 Chords of Angles from 1 to 90 Degrees 
 
 Table of Dimensions of Polygons 
 
 Outside Diameters for Polygons 
 
 Lengths of Sides of Polygons 
 
 Patternmaker's Table for Rounding Corners 
 Tapers and Angles 
 
 Page 
 122 
 126 
 130 
 133 
 134 
 136 
 138 
 139 
 
 Page 
 
 Table of Sines, Tangents, Chords and 
 
 Circular Arcs 141 
 
 Finding Lengths of Chords 143 
 
 Standard Foundation Washers 144 
 
 Standard Wood Washers 145 
 
 F.picycloidal Gear Teeth 146 
 
 Exhaust Connections ISO 
 
 Miscellaneous Data for the Patternmaker. . 151 
 
 121 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 BOARD FEET IN PATTERN LUMBER 
 
 The accompanying table, which gives the number of board-feet 
 in planks of various sizes, will be found of value to patternmakers and 
 others in calculating the cost of lumber for patterns and flasks. The 
 size of the pieces is given at the left and their length in the various 
 columns across the top of the table. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length 
 
 in Feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >ize. 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet Board Measure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 X 
 
 1 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.41 
 
 O.S 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.66 
 
 0.75 
 
 0.83 
 
 0.91 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.33 
 
 1 X 
 
 2 
 
 0.66 
 
 0.82 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.82 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.66 
 
 1 X 
 
 3 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.2S 
 
 l.S 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.00 
 
 1 X 
 
 4 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.66 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.66 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.33 
 
 1 X 
 
 S 
 
 1.66 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.58 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.41 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.66 
 
 1 X 
 
 6 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.60 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 1 X 
 
 7 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.66 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.81 
 
 6.37 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.57 
 
 8.16 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.33 
 
 1 X 
 
 8 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.33 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.66 
 
 5.33 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.66 
 
 7.33 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.66 
 
 9.33 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.66 
 
 1 X 9 3.00 3.75 4.5 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 12.00 
 
 1x10 3.33 4.16 5.0 5.33 6.66 7.50 8.13 9.16 10.00 10.82 11.66 12.50 13.33 
 
 1x11 3.66 4.58 5.5 6.11 7.33 8.25 9.16 10.08 11.00 11.90 12.82 13.75 14.66 
 
 1x12 4.00 5.00 6.0 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length 
 
 in Feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet Board Measure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IMx 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.62 
 
 0.73 
 
 [0.83 
 
 0.93 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.14 i 1.25 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.66 
 
 IH^ 2 
 
 0.83 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.87 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.33 
 
 V/iX 3 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.87 
 
 2.18 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.43 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.37 
 
 4.68 
 
 5.00 
 
 IMi 4 
 
 1.66 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.32 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.57 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.41 
 
 5.82 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.66 
 
 VAX 5 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.60 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.64 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.63 
 
 5.20 
 
 5.72 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.76 
 
 7.28 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.32 
 
 l^x 6 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.37 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.62 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.87 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.10 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.37 
 
 10.00 
 
 VAX 7 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.64 
 
 4.38 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.29 
 
 8.01 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.47 
 
 10.20 
 
 10.93 
 
 11.66 
 
 VAX 8 
 
 3.32 
 
 4.16 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.82 
 
 6.65 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.32 
 
 9.15 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.82 
 
 11.66 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.32 
 
 IK I 9 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.66 
 
 5.62 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.43 
 
 9.37 
 
 10.29 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.18 
 
 13.12 
 
 14.05 
 
 15.00 
 
 IH xlO 4.16 
 
 5.20 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.27 
 
 8.33 
 
 9. 57 
 
 10.30 
 
 11.54 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.52 
 
 14.55 
 
 15.62 
 
 16.64 
 
 WiXll 
 
 4.58 
 
 5.72 
 
 6.87 
 
 8.01 
 
 9.17 
 
 10.31 
 
 11.45 
 
 12.60 
 
 13.75 
 
 14.88 
 
 16.03 
 
 17.18 
 
 18.35 
 
 VAxU 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.75 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.25 
 
 17.50 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.00 
 
 122 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 BOARD FEET IN PATTERN LUMBER 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 A board foot contains 144 cubic inches of lumber. That is, a 
 plank 12 inches square and 1 inch thick contains 1 board foot; if it 
 were 2 inches thick, it would contain 2 board feet. However, in 
 selling lumber, dealers always figure boards less than 1 inch thick as if 
 they were inch boards. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length 
 
 in Fee 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet Boar 
 
 d Measure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IHx 1 
 
 0,5 
 
 0.61 
 
 0.75 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.87 
 
 2.0 
 
 IHx 2 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.74 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.24 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.0 
 
 iy2x 3 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.84 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.37 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.86 
 
 4.72 
 
 5.62 
 
 6.0 
 
 IJ^x 4 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.49 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.49 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.99 
 
 5.49 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.49 
 
 6.99 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.0 
 
 IHx 5 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.36 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.62 
 
 6.18 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.11 
 
 8.73 
 
 9.37 
 
 10.0 
 
 IHx 6 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.25 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.25 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.75 
 
 10.50 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.0 
 
 IHx 7 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.36 
 
 5.25 
 
 6.12 
 
 7.0 
 
 7.87 
 
 8.72 
 
 9.61 
 
 10.5 
 
 11.35 
 
 12.24 
 
 13.12 
 
 14.0 
 
 IHx 8 
 
 4.0 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.00 
 
 8.0 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.00 
 
 12.0 
 
 13.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.0 
 
 IHx 9 
 
 4.5 
 
 5.43 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.87 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.12 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.37 
 
 13.5 
 
 14.62 
 
 15.74 
 
 16.87 
 
 18.0 
 
 114 xlO 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.24 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.73 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.49 
 
 13.74 
 
 15.0 
 
 16.23 
 
 17.49 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.0 
 
 UAxU 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.87 
 
 8.25 
 
 9.61 
 
 11.0 
 
 12.37 
 
 13.74 
 
 15.12 
 
 16.5 
 
 17.85 
 
 19.23 
 
 20.62 
 
 22.0 
 
 lHxl2 
 
 6.0 
 
 7.50 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.50 
 
 12.0 
 
 13.50 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.50 
 
 18.0 
 
 19.50 
 
 21.00 
 
 22.50 
 
 24.0 
 
 Size. 
 
 2 X 
 
 2.x 
 
 2x 
 
 2x 
 
 2x 
 
 2x 
 
 2x 
 
 2i 8 
 
 2x 9 
 
 2x10 
 
 2x11 
 
 2 xl2 
 
 0.66 
 1.33 
 2.00 
 2.66 
 3.33 
 4.00 
 4.66 
 5.33 
 6.00 
 6.66 
 7.33 
 8.00 
 
 0.32 
 1.64 
 2.50 
 3.33 
 4.16 
 5.00 
 5.82 
 6.66 
 7.50 
 8.33 
 9.16 
 10.00 
 
 1.0 
 2.0 
 3.0 
 4.0 
 5.0 
 6.0 
 7.0 
 8.0 
 9.0 
 10.0 
 11.0 
 12.0 
 
 1.16 
 
 2.33 
 3.50 
 4.66 
 5.82 
 7.00 
 8.16 
 9.33 
 10.50 
 11.66 
 12.82 
 14.00 
 
 Length in Feet 
 8 9 10 11 
 
 Feet Board Measure 
 
 1.32 
 2.64 
 4.00 
 5.33 
 6.66 
 8.00 
 9.33 
 10.66 
 12.00 
 13.33 
 14.66 
 16.00 
 
 1.50 
 3.00 
 4.50 
 6.00 
 7.50 
 9.00 
 10.50 
 12.00 
 13.50 
 15.00 
 16.50 
 18.00 
 
 1.66 
 
 3.33 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.66 
 
 8.33 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.62 
 
 13.33 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.66 
 
 18.33 
 
 20.00 
 
 1.82 
 
 3.64 
 
 5. SO 
 
 7.33 
 
 9.16 
 
 11.00 
 
 12.74 
 
 14.66 
 
 16.50 
 
 18.33 
 
 20.16 
 
 22.00 
 
 2.0 
 4.0 
 6.0 
 8.0 
 10.0 
 12.0 
 14.0 
 16.0 
 18.0 
 20.0 
 22.0 
 24.0 
 
 2.16 
 
 4.33 
 
 6.50 
 
 8.66 
 
 10.82 
 
 13.00 
 
 15.14 
 
 17.33 
 
 19.50 
 
 21.64 
 
 23.80 
 
 26.00 
 
 2.32 
 4.64 
 7.00 
 9.33 
 11.66 
 14.00 
 16.33 
 18.66 
 21.00 
 23.33 
 25.64 
 28.00 
 
 16 
 
 2.66 
 5.33 
 8.00 
 10.66 
 13.33 
 16.00 
 18.66 
 21.33 
 24.00 
 26.66 
 29.33 
 32.00 
 
 123 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 BOARD FEET IN PATTERN LUMBER 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 The seven tables published on pages 122 to 125, inclusive, cover 
 a complete range of sizes of lumber ordinarily used in making wood 
 patterns. The first table on page 122 covers boards 1 inch thick, 
 ranging from 1 to 12 inches in width and from 4 to 16 feet in length, 
 the widths advancing by single inches and the lengths by feet. The 
 second table on the same page covers boards U^ inches thick, also rang- 
 ing in width and length from 1 to 12 inches and from 4 to 16 feet. 
 In a similar manner, the subsequent tables cover li^-inch, 2-inch, 
 2^-inch, 3-inch and 4-inch planks. 
 
 The number of board feet in planks of odd length, not given in the 
 table, may be found by simple interpolation. For instance, to find the 
 board feet in a plank l^/o inches thick, 5 inches wide and 10 feet 
 3 inches long, we first turn to the l^^-inch table on page 123. On the 
 line opposite l^/oxS, under 10 feet, we find 6.18 board feet and under 
 11 feet, 6.75 board feet. The difference is 0.57 board foot. Now 10 
 feet 3 inches is equivalent to 10l^ feet. Therefore, divide 0.57 by 4 
 and add the product, 0.142, to 6.18, giving 6.322 board feet in a plank 
 13^x5x10^4. 
 
 If neither the width nor the length is given exactly in the table, a 
 double interpolation is necessary ; and if extreme accuracy is desired, 
 a triple interpolation may be required if the exact thickness is not in 
 the table. 
 
 Length in Feet 
 Size. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 
 
 Feet Board Measure 
 
 2Hx 1 0.82 1.08 1.25 l.SO 1.66 1.88 2.08 2.25 2.5 2.75 2.88 3.16 3.33 
 
 IVzx 2 1.66 2.03 2.50 2.88 3.33 3.75 4.16 4.56 5.0 5.40 5.80 6.25 6.66 
 
 2J^x 3 2.50 3.25 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.5 8.25 8.75 9.38 10.00 
 
 2Mx 4 3.33 4.16 5.00 5.80 7.50 8.00 8.33 9.16 10.0 10.80 11.66 12.50 13.33 
 
 2i^x 5 4.08 5.25 6.25 7.33 8.33 9.40 10.40 11.50 12.5 13.56 14.56 15.66 16.66 
 
 2J^x 6 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.0 16.25 17.50 18.75 20.00 
 
 2H X 7 5.80 7.33 8.75 10.16 11.66 13.16 15.00 16.28 17.5 18.75 20.40 21.88 23.33 
 
 2>^x 8 6.66 8.33 10.00 11.66 13.33 15.00 16.66 18.33 20.0 21.66 23.33 25.00 26.66 
 
 2>^x 9 7.50 9.40 11.25 13.16 15.00 16.88 18.75 20.66 22.5 24.33 26.25 28.08 30.00 
 
 2}^xl0 8.33 10.40 12.50 14.56 16.66 18.75 20.80 23.08 25.0 27.08 29.16 31.25 33.33 
 
 214x11 9.16 11.50 13.75 16.08 18.33 20.66 23.00 25.25 27.5 29.82 32.16 34.50 36.66 
 
 2J^x 12 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.0 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 
 
 124 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 BOARD FEET IN PATTERN LUMBER 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 The tables should be used with judgment. That is, do not take the 
 
 trouble to make a lengthy interpolation, when the accuracy of the final 
 
 result, in money, would not be changed over one cent. In most cases 
 
 sufficient accuracy is attained by taking the nearest even dimensions 
 given in the table without further calculation. 
 
 Length in Feet 
 
 Size. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 
 
 Feet Board Measure 
 
 3x 1 1.0 1.25 l.S 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.5 2.75 3.0 3.25 3.5 3.75 4.0 
 
 3x 2 2.0 2.50 3.0 3.50 4.0 4.50 5.0 5.50 6.0 6.50 7.0 7.50 8.0 
 
 3x 3 3.0 3.75 4.5 5.25 6.0 6.75 7.5 8.25 9.0 9.75 10.5 11.25 12.0 
 
 3x 4 4.0 5.00 6.0 7.00 8.0 9.00 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.00 14.0 15.00 16.0 
 
 3x 
 
 5 5.0 6.25 
 
 7. 
 
 5 8.75 
 
 : 10. 
 
 11.2: 
 
 ; 12.5 
 
 13.75 
 
 15.0 
 
 16.25 
 
 17.5 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.0 
 
 3x 
 
 6 6.0 7.50 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 5C 
 
 ) 12.0 
 
 13.50 15.0 
 
 16.50 
 
 18.0 
 
 19.50 
 
 21.0 
 
 22.50 
 
 24.0 
 
 3x 
 
 7 7.0 8.75 
 
 10. 
 
 S 12.25 
 
 ; 14.0 
 
 15.75 17.5 
 
 19.25 
 
 21.0 
 
 22.75 
 
 24.5 
 
 26.25 
 
 28.0 
 
 3x 
 
 8 8.0 10.00 
 
 12. 
 
 14. OC 
 
 ) 16.0 
 
 18.00 20.0 
 
 22.00 
 
 24.0 
 
 26.00 
 
 28.0 
 
 30.00 
 
 32.0 
 
 3x 
 
 9 9.0 11.25 
 
 13. 
 
 5 15.75 
 
 : 18.0 
 
 20. 2i 
 
 J 22.5 
 
 24.75 
 
 27.0 
 
 29.25 
 
 31.5 
 
 33.25 
 
 36.0 
 
 3x1 
 
 10 10.0 12.50 
 
 15. 
 
 17. 5C 
 
 ) 20.0 
 
 22.50 25.0 
 
 27.50 
 
 30.0 
 
 32.50 
 
 35.0 
 
 37.50 
 
 40.0 
 
 3x11 11.0 13.75 
 
 16. 
 
 5 20.25 
 
 22.0 
 
 24.7: 
 
 J 27.5 
 
 30.25 
 
 33.0 
 
 35.75 
 
 38.5 
 
 41.25 
 
 44.0 
 
 3x: 
 
 12 12.0 15.00 
 
 • 18, 
 
 .0 21.00 24.0 
 
 27.00 30.0 
 
 33.00 
 
 36.0 
 
 39.00 
 
 42.0 
 
 45.00 
 
 48.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet in 
 
 Lengt 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 . 4 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet 
 
 Board Measure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4x 1 
 
 1.33 1.66 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.66 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.33 
 
 4x2 
 
 2.66 3.33 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.66 
 
 5.33 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.66 
 
 7.33 
 
 8.0 
 
 8.66 
 
 9.33 
 
 10.0 
 
 10.66 
 
 4x 3 
 
 4.00 5.00 
 
 6.0 
 
 7.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.00 
 
 12.0 
 
 13.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 15.0 
 
 16.00 
 
 4x4 
 
 5.33 6.66 
 
 8.0 
 
 9.33 
 
 10.66 
 
 12.0 
 
 13.33 
 
 14.66 
 
 16.0 
 
 17.33 
 
 18.66 
 
 20.0 
 
 21.33 
 
 4x 5 
 
 6.66 8.33 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.66 
 
 13.33 
 
 15.0 
 
 16.66 
 
 18.33 
 
 20.0 
 
 21.66 
 
 23.33 
 
 25.0 
 
 26.66 
 
 4x 6 
 
 8.00 10.00 
 
 12.0 
 
 14.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 18.0 
 
 20.00 
 
 22.00 
 
 24.0 
 
 26.00 
 
 28.00 
 
 30.0 
 
 32.00 
 
 4x 7 
 
 9.33 11.66 
 
 14.0 
 
 16.33 
 
 18.66 
 
 21.0 
 
 23.33 
 
 25.66 
 
 28.0 
 
 30.33 
 
 32.66 
 
 35.0 
 
 37.33 
 
 4x 8 
 
 10.66 13.33 
 
 16.0 
 
 18.66 
 
 21.33 
 
 24.0 
 
 26.66 
 
 29.33 
 
 32.0 
 
 34.66 
 
 37.33 
 
 40.0 
 
 42.66 
 
 4x 9 
 
 12.00 15.00 
 
 18.0 
 
 21.00 
 
 24.00 
 
 27.0 
 
 30.00 
 
 33.00 
 
 36.0 
 
 39.00 
 
 42.00 
 
 45.0 
 
 48.00 
 
 4x10 
 
 13.33 16.66 
 
 20.0 
 
 23.33 
 
 26.66 
 
 30.0 
 
 33.33 
 
 36.66 
 
 40.0 
 
 43.33 
 
 46.66 
 
 SO.O 
 
 53.33 
 
 4x11 
 
 14.66 18.33 : 
 
 22.0 
 
 25.66 
 
 29.33 
 
 33.0 
 
 36.66 
 
 40.33 
 
 44.0 
 
 47.66 
 
 51.33 
 
 55. 
 
 58.66 
 
 4x12 
 
 16.00 20.00 
 
 24.0 
 
 28.00 
 
 32.00 
 
 36.0 
 
 40.00 
 
 44.00 
 
 48.0 
 
 52.00 
 
 56.00 
 
 60.0 
 
 64.00 
 
 125 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 LENGTHS OF CHORDS FOR SPACING CIRCLES 
 
 If the diameter is in even feet or even inches, the 
 chords can be found directly from the tables below. 
 If the diameter is in feet and inches, add the chord 
 corresponding to the number of even feet to the 
 chord corresponding to the number of even inches 
 in the diameter. For example, find the chord used 
 for spacing the circumference of a circle 6 feet 2 
 inches in diameter into nine equal spaces. 
 
 From table with diameter in feet, chord for 9 spaces, 6 feet = 24.6254 
 
 From table with diameter in inches, chord for 9 spaces, 2 inches = .6840 
 
 Therefore chord for 6 feet, 2 inches, 9 spaces = 25.3094 
 
 The table for additional fractions is used in the same manner. For 6 
 spaces, the chord is equal to the radius. 
 
 No. of Length of Chord When Diameter is 
 
 spaces 1 ft. 2 ft. 3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft. 10 ft. 
 
 3 10.3923 20.7846 31.1769 41.5692 51.9615 62.3538 72.7461 83.1384 93.5307 103.9230 
 
 4 8.4853 16.9706 25.4558 33.9411 42.4264 50.9117 59.3970 67.8822 76.3675 84.8528 
 
 5 7.0534 14.1068 21.1603 28.2137 35.2671 42.3205 49.3740 56.4274 63.4808 70.5342 
 
 7 5.2066 10.4132 15.6198 20.8264 26.0330 31.2396 36.4462 41.6528 46.8594 52.0660 
 
 8 4.5922 9.1844 13.7766 18.3688 22.9610 27.5532 32.1454 36.7376 41.3298 45.9220 
 
 9 4.1042 8.2085 12.3127 16.4170 20.5212 24.6254 28.7297 32.8339 36.9382 41.0424 
 
 No. of Length of Chord When Diameter is 
 
 spaces 1 in. 2 in. 3 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 7 in. 8 in. 9 in. 10 in. 11 in. 
 
 3 .8660 1.7321 2.5981 3.4641 4.3301 5.1962 6.0622 6.9282 7.7942 8.6603 9.5263 
 
 4 .7071 1.4142 2.1213 2.8284 3.5355 4.2426 4.9497 5.6569 6.3640 7.0711 7.7782 
 
 5 .5878 1.1756 1.7634 2.3511 2.9389 3.5267 4.1145 4.7023 5.2901 5.8779 6.4656 
 
 7 .4339 .8678 1.3017 1.7355 2.1694 2.6033 3.0372 3.4711 3.9050 4.3388 4.7727 
 
 8 .3827 .7654 1.1481 1.5307 1.9134 2.2961 2.6788 3.0615 3.4442 3.8268 4.2095 
 
 9 .3420 .6840 1.0261 1.3681 1.7101 2.0521 2.3941 2.7362 3.1782 3.4202 3.7622 
 
 Length of Chord To Be Added for Each Length of Chord To Be Added for Each 
 
 Additional Fraction of Additional Fraction of 
 
 No. oi Vs H H V2 Vi H H No. of H M H Vi Vs M Vs 
 
 spaces in. in. in. in. in. in. in. spaces in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 
 
 3 .1083 .2165 .3248 .4330 .5413 .6495 .7578 
 
 4 .0884 .1768 .2652 .3536 .4419 .5303 .6187 
 
 5 .0735 .1469 .2204 .2939 .3674 .4408 .5143 
 
 7 .0542 .1085 .1627 .2169 .2712 .3254 .3796 
 
 8 .0478 .0957 .1435 .1913 .2392 .2870 .3348 
 
 9 .0427 .0855 .1283 .1710 .2138 .2565 .2993 
 
 126 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 LENGTHS OF CHORDS FOR SPACING CIRCLES 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 No. of 
 spaces 1 ft. 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 3 ft. 
 
 4 ft. 
 
 5 ft. 
 
 6 ft. 7 ft. 
 
 8 ft. 
 
 9 ft. 
 
 10 ft. 
 
 10 
 
 3.7082 
 
 7.4164 
 
 11.1246 
 
 14.8328 
 
 18.5410 
 
 22. 
 
 2492 25 
 
 .9574 
 
 29.6656 
 
 33.3738 
 
 37.0820 
 
 11 
 
 3.3808 
 
 6.7616 
 
 10.1424 
 
 13.5232 
 
 16.9040 
 
 20. 
 
 2847 23. 
 
 ,6655 
 
 27.0463 
 
 30.4271 
 
 33.8079 
 
 12 
 
 3.1058 
 
 6.2117 
 
 9.3175 
 
 12.4233 
 
 15.5291 
 
 18. 
 
 6350 21, 
 
 ,7408 
 
 24.8466 
 
 27.9525 
 
 31 0583 
 
 13 
 
 2.8718 
 
 5.7436 
 
 8.6154 
 
 11.4872 
 
 14.3589 
 
 17. 
 
 2307 20 
 
 .1025 
 
 22.9743 
 
 25.8461 
 
 28.7179 
 
 14 
 
 2 . 7602 
 
 5.3405 
 
 8.0107 
 
 10.6810 
 
 13.3512 
 
 16. 
 
 0215 18, 
 
 .6917 
 
 21.3620 
 
 24.0322 
 
 26.7025 
 
 IS 
 
 2.4949 
 
 4.9899 
 
 7.4848 
 
 9.9798 
 
 12.4747 
 
 14. 
 
 9696 17, 
 
 .4646 
 
 19.9595 
 
 22.4545 
 
 24.9494 
 
 16 
 
 2.3411 
 
 4.6822 
 
 7.0233 
 
 9.3643 
 
 11.7054 
 
 14. 
 
 0465 16 
 
 .3876 
 
 18.7287 
 
 21.0698 
 
 23.4108 
 
 17 
 
 2.2050 
 
 4.4100 
 
 6.6150 
 
 8.8200 
 
 11.0250 
 
 13. 
 
 2300 15 
 
 .4350 
 
 17.6400 
 
 19.8449 
 
 22.0499 
 
 18 
 
 2.0838 
 
 4.1676 
 
 6.2513 
 
 8.3351 
 
 10.4189 
 
 12. 
 
 5027 14. 
 
 5864 
 
 16.6702 
 
 18.7540 
 
 20.8378 
 
 19 
 
 1.9751 
 
 3.9503 
 
 5.9254 
 
 7.9005 
 
 9.8757 
 
 11. 
 
 8508 13, 
 
 ,8259 
 
 15.8011 
 
 17.7762 
 
 19.7513 
 
 20 
 
 1.8772 
 
 3.7544 
 
 5.6316 
 
 7.5089 
 
 9.3861 
 
 11. 
 
 2633 13. 
 
 ,1405 
 
 15.0177 
 
 16.8949 
 
 18.7721 
 
 21 
 
 1.7885 
 
 3.5770 
 
 5.3655 
 
 7.1540 
 
 8.9425 
 
 10. 
 
 7310 12 
 
 .5195 
 
 14.3081 
 
 16.0966 
 
 17.8851 
 
 22 
 
 1 . 7078 
 
 3.4156 
 
 5.1233 
 
 6.8311 
 
 8.5389 
 
 10. 
 
 2467 11 
 
 .9544 
 
 13.6622 
 
 15.3700 
 
 17.0778 
 
 23 
 
 1.6340 
 
 3.2680 
 
 4.9020 
 
 6.5360 
 
 8.1700 
 
 9. 
 
 8040 11 
 
 .4380 
 
 13.0720 
 
 14.7060 
 
 16.3400 
 
 24 
 
 1.5663 
 
 3.1326 
 
 4.6989 
 
 6.2653 
 
 7.8316 
 
 9. 
 
 3979 10 
 
 .9642 
 
 12.5305 
 
 14.0968 
 
 15.6631 
 
 25 
 
 1.5040 
 
 3.0080 
 
 4.5120 
 
 6.0160 
 
 7.5200 
 
 9. 
 
 0240 10. 
 
 ,5280 
 
 12.0320 
 
 13.5360 
 
 15.0400 
 
 No. of 
 spaces 
 
 1 in. 
 
 2 in. 
 
 Length of Chord When Diameter 
 
 3 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 7 in. 8 ir 
 
 Is 
 
 9 in. 
 
 10 in. 
 
 11 in. 
 
 10 
 
 .3090 
 
 .6170 
 
 .9271 
 
 1 2361 1 
 
 .5451 1, 
 
 ,8541 
 
 2.1631 
 
 2.4721 2.7812 
 
 3.0902 
 
 3.9992 
 
 11 
 
 .2817 
 
 .5635 
 
 .8452 
 
 1.1269 1 
 
 .4087 1. 
 
 6904 
 
 1.9721 
 
 2.3539 2.6356 
 
 2.8173 
 
 3.0991 
 
 12 
 
 .2588 
 
 .5176 
 
 .7765 
 
 1.0353 1 
 
 .2941 1. 
 
 5529 
 
 1.8117 
 
 2.0706 2.3294 
 
 2.5882 
 
 2.8470 
 
 13 
 
 .2393 
 
 .4786 
 
 .7179 
 
 .9573 1 
 
 .1966 1, 
 
 ,4359 
 
 1.6752 
 
 1.9145 2.1538 
 
 2.3932 
 
 2.6325 
 
 14 
 
 .2225 
 
 .4450 
 
 .6676 
 
 .8901 1 
 
 .1126 1. 
 
 3351 
 
 1.5576 
 
 1.7802 2.0027 
 
 2.2252 
 
 2.4477 
 
 15 
 
 .2079 
 
 .4158 
 
 .6237 
 
 .8316 1 
 
 .0396 1. 
 
 2475 
 
 1.4554 
 
 1.6633 1.8712 
 
 2.0791 
 
 2.2870 
 
 16 
 
 .1951 
 
 .3902 
 
 .5853 
 
 .7804 
 
 .9755 1. 
 
 1705 
 
 1.3656 
 
 1.5607 1.7558 
 
 1.9509 
 
 2.1460 
 
 17 
 
 .1837 
 
 .3675 
 
 .5512 
 
 .7350 
 
 .9187 1. 
 
 1025 
 
 1.2862 
 
 1.4700 1.6537 
 
 1.8375 
 
 2.0212 
 
 18 
 
 .1736 
 
 .3473 
 
 .5209 
 
 .6946 
 
 .8682 1. 
 
 0419 
 
 1.2155 
 
 1.3892 1.5628 
 
 1.7365 
 
 1.(^101 
 
 19 
 
 .1646 
 
 .3292 
 
 .4938 
 
 .6584 
 
 .8230 
 
 9876 
 
 1.1522 
 
 1.3168 1.4814 
 
 1.6459 
 
 1.8105 
 
 20 
 
 .1564 
 
 .3129 
 
 .4693 
 
 .6257 
 
 .7822 . 
 
 9386 
 
 1.0950 
 
 1.2515 1.4079 
 
 1.5643 
 
 1.7208 
 
 21 
 
 .1490 
 
 .2981 
 
 .4471 
 
 .5962 
 
 .7452 
 
 8943 
 
 1.0433 
 
 1.1923 1.3414 
 
 1.4904 
 
 1.6395 
 
 22 
 
 .1423 
 
 .2846 
 
 .4269 
 
 .5693 
 
 .7116 
 
 8539 
 
 .9962 
 
 1.1385 1.2808 
 
 1.4231 
 
 1.5655 
 
 23 
 
 .1362 
 
 .2723 
 
 .4085 
 
 .5447 
 
 .6808 . 
 
 8170 
 
 .9532 
 
 1.0893 1.2255 
 
 1.3617 
 
 1.4978 
 
 24 
 
 .1305 
 
 .2611 
 
 .3916 
 
 .5221 
 
 .6526 
 
 7832 
 
 .9137 
 
 1.0442 1.1747 
 
 1.3053 
 
 1.4358 
 
 25 
 
 .1253 
 
 .2507 
 
 .3760 
 
 .5013 
 
 6267 . 
 
 7520 
 
 .8773 
 
 1.0027 1.1280 
 
 1.2533 
 
 1.3787 
 
 Length of Chord To Be Added for 
 Each Additional Fraction of 
 
 No. o 
 
 f H 
 
 M 
 
 y^ 
 
 y^ 
 
 % 
 
 y* 
 
 '^ 
 
 spaces in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 10 
 
 .0386 
 
 .0773 
 
 .1159 
 
 .1545 
 
 .1931 
 
 .2318 
 
 .2704 
 
 11 
 
 .0352 
 
 .0704 
 
 .1056 
 
 .1409 
 
 .1761 
 
 .2113 
 
 .2465 
 
 12 
 
 .0323 
 
 .0657 
 
 .0981 
 
 .1294 
 
 .1618 
 
 .1941 
 
 .2265 
 
 13 
 
 .0299 
 
 .0598 
 
 .0897 
 
 .1197 
 
 .1496 
 
 .1795 
 
 .2094 
 
 14 
 
 .0278 
 
 .0556 
 
 .0834 
 
 .1113 
 
 .1391 
 
 .1669 
 
 .1947 
 
 15 
 
 .0260 
 
 .0520 
 
 .0780 
 
 .1040 
 
 .1299 
 
 .1559 
 
 .1819 
 
 16 
 
 .0244 
 
 .0488 
 
 .0732 
 
 .0975 
 
 .1219 
 
 .1463 
 
 .1707 
 
 17 
 
 .0229 
 
 .0459 
 
 .0689 
 
 .0919 
 
 .1148 
 
 .1378 
 
 .1608 
 
 Length of Chord To Be Added for 
 Each Additional Fraction of 
 
 Vi H y2 % Vi % 
 
 .0434 .0651 .0868 .1085 .1302 .1519 
 .0411 .0617 .0823 .1029 .1234 .1440 
 
 No. of H 
 spaces in. 
 
 18 .0217 
 
 19 .0206 
 
 20 .0196 .0391 .0587 .0782 
 
 21 .0186 .0373 .0559 .0745 
 
 22 .0177 .0356 .0534 .0712 
 
 23 .0170 .0340 .0511 .0681 
 
 24 .0163 .0326 .0489 .0653 
 
 .0978 .1173 
 
 .0932 .1118 
 
 .0889 .1067 
 
 .0851 .1021 
 
 .0816 .0979 
 
 25 .0157 .0313 .0470 .0627 .0783 .0940 
 
 .1369 
 1304 
 .1245 
 ,1191 
 .1142 
 1097 
 
 127 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 LENGTHS OF CHORDS FOR SPACING CIRCLES 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 No. of 
 Spaces 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 No. of 
 Spaces 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 No. of 
 Spaces 
 
 1 ft. 
 
 1.4464 
 
 1.3931 
 
 1.3435 
 
 1.2974 
 
 1.2543 
 
 1.2140 
 
 1.1762 
 
 1.1407 
 
 1.1072 
 
 1.0757 
 
 1.0459 
 
 1.0177 
 
 .9910 
 
 .9656 
 
 .9415 
 
 .9186 
 
 1 in. 
 .1205 
 .1161 
 .1120 
 .1081 
 .1045 
 .1012 
 .0980 
 .0951 
 .0923 
 .0896 
 .0872 
 .0848 
 .0826 
 .0805 
 .0785 
 .0765 
 
 2 ft. 
 2.8929 
 2.7862 
 2.6871 
 2.5949 
 2.5087 
 2.4280 
 2.3524 
 2.2813 
 2.2144 
 2.1513 
 2.0917 
 2.0353 
 1.9819 
 1.9312 
 1.8830 
 1.8372 
 
 2 in. 
 
 .2411 
 
 .2322 
 
 .2239 
 
 .2162 
 
 .2091 
 
 .2023 
 
 .1960 
 
 .1901 
 
 .1845 
 
 .1793 
 
 .1743 
 
 .1696 
 
 .1651 
 
 .1609 
 
 .1569 
 
 .1531 
 
 Length of Chord When Diameter is 
 
 7 ft. 
 
 3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 
 
 4.3393 5.7858 7.2322 
 
 4.1793 5.5725 6.9656 
 
 4.0307 5.3743 6.7179 
 
 3.8923 5.1897 6.4871 
 
 3.7630 5.0174 6.2717 
 
 3.6421 4.8561 6.0701 
 
 3.5286 4.7048 5.8810 
 
 3.4220 4.5627 5.7034 
 
 3.3217 4.4289 5.5361 
 
 3.2270 4.3027 5.3784 
 
 3.1376 4.1835 5.2293 
 
 3.0530 4.0707 5.0883 
 
 2.9729 3.9638 4.9548 
 
 2.8968 3.8624 4.8280 
 
 2.8245 3.7660 4.7075 
 
 2.7558 3.6744 4.5930 
 
 Length of Chord When Diameter is 
 5 in. 
 
 .6027 
 .5805 
 .5598 
 
 6 ft. 
 
 8.6785 
 
 8.3587 
 
 8.0614 
 
 7.7846 
 
 7.5260 
 
 7.2841 
 
 7.0572 
 
 6.8440 
 
 6.6433 
 
 6.4540 
 
 6.2752 
 
 6.1060 
 
 5.9457 
 
 5.7936 
 
 5.6491 
 
 5.5115 
 
 10.1250 
 9.7518 
 9.4050 
 9.0820 
 8 . 7804 
 8.4981 
 8.2334 
 7.9847 
 7. 7505 
 7.5297 
 7.3211 
 7.1237 
 6.9367 
 6.7592 
 6.5906 
 6.4301 
 
 8 ft. 
 
 11.5714 
 
 11.1449 
 
 10.7486 
 
 10.3794 
 
 10.0347 
 
 9.7122 
 
 9.4096 
 
 9.1254 
 
 8.8578 
 
 8.6054 
 
 8.3669 
 
 8.1414 
 
 7.9276 
 
 7.7248 
 
 7.5321 
 
 7.3487 
 
 3 in. 
 
 .3616 
 
 .3483 
 
 .3359 
 
 .3244 
 
 .3136 
 
 .3035 
 
 .2941 
 
 .2852 
 
 .2768 
 
 .2689 
 
 .2615 
 
 .2544 
 
 .2477 
 
 .2414 
 
 .2354 
 
 .2296 
 
 4 in. 
 
 .4821 
 
 .4644 
 
 .4480 
 
 .4324 
 
 .4181 
 
 .4047 
 
 .3921 
 
 .3802 
 
 .3691 
 
 .3586 
 
 . 3486 
 
 .3392 
 
 .3303 
 
 .3219 
 
 .3138 
 
 .3062 
 
 .5406 
 .5226 
 .5058 
 .4901 
 .4753 
 .4613 
 .4482 
 .4358 
 .4240 
 .4129 
 .4023 
 .3923 
 .3827 
 
 Length of Chord to be Added for 
 Each Additional Fraction of 
 
 6 in. 
 
 .7232 
 .6966 
 .6718 
 .6487 
 .6272 
 .6070 
 .5881 
 .5703 
 .5536 
 .5378 
 .5229 
 .5088 
 .4955 
 .4828 
 .4708 
 .4593 
 
 No. of 
 Spaces 
 
 7 in. 
 
 .8438 
 
 .8127 
 
 .7838 
 
 .7568 
 
 .7317 
 
 .7082 
 
 .6861 
 
 .6634 
 
 .6459 
 
 .6275 
 
 .6101 
 
 .5936 
 
 .5781 
 
 .5633 
 
 .5492 
 
 .5358 
 
 .9643 
 .9287 
 .8957 
 .8650 
 .8362 
 .8093 
 .7841 
 .7604 
 .7381 
 .7171 
 .6972 
 .6784 
 .6606 
 6437 
 .6277 
 .6124 
 
 9 in. 
 1.0848 
 1.0448 
 1.0077 
 .9731 
 .9408 
 .9105 
 .8822 
 .8555 
 .8304 
 .8068 
 .7844 
 .7633 
 .7432 
 .7242 
 .7061 
 
 9 ft. 
 
 13.0179 
 
 12.5380 
 
 12.0922 
 
 11.6768 
 
 11.2891 
 
 10.9262 
 
 10.5858 
 
 10.0660 
 
 9.9650 
 
 9.6810 
 
 9.4128 
 
 9.1590 
 
 8.9186 
 
 8.6904 
 
 8.4736 
 
 8.2673 
 
 10 in. 
 
 1.2054 
 
 1.1609 
 
 1.1196 
 
 1.0812 
 
 1.0453 
 
 1.0117 
 
 9802 
 
 .9506 
 
 .9227 
 
 .8964 
 
 .8716 
 
 .8481 
 
 .8258 
 
 .8047 
 
 .7846 
 
 7655 
 
 10 ft. 
 14.4643 
 13.9311 
 
 13.4357 
 
 12.9742 
 
 12.5434 
 
 12.1402 
 
 11.7621 
 
 11.4067 
 
 11.0722 
 
 10.7567 
 
 10.4587 
 
 10.1767 
 
 9.9095 
 
 9.6560 
 
 9.4151 
 
 9.1859 
 
 11 in. 
 
 1.3259 
 
 1.2770 
 
 1.2316 
 
 1.1893 
 
 1.1498 
 
 1.1129 
 
 1.0782 
 
 1.0456 
 
 1.0150 
 
 .9860 
 
 .9587 
 
 .9329 
 
 .9084 
 
 .8851 
 
 .8631 
 
 .8420 
 
 Length of Chord to be Added for 
 Each Additional Fraction of 
 
 H in. M in- 
 
 26 .0151 .0301 
 
 27 .0144 .0288 
 
 28 .0140 .0280 
 
 29 .0135 
 
 30 .0131 
 
 % in. }4 in. 
 .0452 .0603 
 .0432 .0575 
 .0420 .0560 
 
 % in. ^ in. 
 
 .0753 .0904 
 
 .0719 .0863 
 
 .0700 .0840 
 
 Zi 
 
 •A in. 
 1055 
 1007 
 0980 
 0270 .0405 .0541 .0676 .0811 .0946 
 0261 .0392 .0523 .0653 .0784 .0915 
 
 ]/i in. \i in. 
 
 34 .0115 .0231 
 
 35 .0112 .0224 
 
 36 .0109 .0218 
 
 Ys in. }/2 in. % in. % in. 
 .0346 .0461 .0577 .0692 
 .0336 .0448 .0560 
 .0327 .0436 .0545 
 
 31 .0126 .0253 .0379 .0506 .0632 .0759 .0885 
 
 32 .0123 .0245 .0368 .0490 .0613 .0735 .0858 
 
 33 .0119 .0238 .0356 .0475 .0594 .0713 .0832 
 
 37 .0106 .021'2 .0318 .0424 .0532 
 
 38 .0103 .0206 .0310 .0413 .0516 
 
 39 .0101 .0201 .0302 .0402 .0503 
 
 40 .0098 .0196 .0294 .0392 .0490 
 
 3^ in. 
 
 .0807 
 0672 .0784 
 0654 .0763 
 0636 .0742 
 0619 .0723 
 0603 .0704 
 0588 .0687 
 
 41 .0096 .0191 .0287 .0383 .0478 .0574 .0670 
 
 128 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 LENGTHS OF CHORDS FOR SPACING CIRCLES 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 
 JUt 
 
 :ngcn or 
 
 v^nora \ 
 
 'vnei 
 
 1 jjiame 
 
 ter IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spaces 
 
 1 ft. 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 3 ft. 
 
 4 ft. 
 
 5 ft. 
 
 
 6 ft. 
 
 7 ft. 
 
 8 ft. 
 
 
 9 ft. 
 
 10 ft. 
 
 42 
 
 .8968 
 
 1.7935 
 
 2.6903 
 
 3.5870 
 
 4.4838 
 
 5. 
 
 3806 6 
 
 .2773 7 
 
 .1741 
 
 8 
 
 .0709 
 
 8.9676 
 
 43 
 
 .8759 
 
 1.7519 
 
 2.6278 
 
 3.5038 
 
 4.3797 
 
 5. 
 
 2557 6, 
 
 .1316 7.0075 
 
 7 
 
 .8835 
 
 8.7594 
 
 44 
 
 .8561 
 
 1.7121 
 
 2.5682 
 
 3.4243 
 
 4.2803 
 
 5. 
 
 1364 5 
 
 .9925 6 
 
 .8486 
 
 7 
 
 .7046 
 
 8.5607 
 
 45 
 
 .8371 
 
 1.6742 
 
 2.5112 
 
 3.3483 
 
 4.1854 
 
 5. 
 
 0225 5. 
 
 ,8595 6, 
 
 .6966 
 
 7, 
 
 .5337 
 
 8.3708 
 
 46 
 
 .8189 
 
 1.6378 
 
 2.4567 
 
 3.2756 
 
 4.0945 
 
 4. 
 
 9134 5, 
 
 .7324 6 
 
 .5513 
 
 7 
 
 .3702 
 
 8.1891 
 
 47 
 
 .8015 
 
 1.6030 
 
 2.4045 
 
 3.2060 
 
 4.0076 
 
 4. 
 
 8091 5. 
 
 6106 6 
 
 .4121 
 
 7, 
 
 .2136 
 
 8.0151 
 
 48 
 
 .7848 
 
 1.5697 
 
 2.3545 
 
 3.1393 
 
 3.9242 
 
 4. 
 
 7090 5 . 
 
 4939 6. 
 
 2787 
 
 7. 
 
 0635 
 
 7.8484 
 
 49 
 
 ,7688 
 
 1.5377 
 
 2.3065 
 
 3.0754 
 
 3 8442 
 
 4. 
 
 6131 5. 
 
 3819 6. 
 
 ,1507 
 
 6, 
 
 ,9196 
 
 7.6884 
 
 SO 
 
 .7535 
 
 1.5070 
 
 2.2605 
 
 3.0139 
 
 3 . 7674 
 
 4. 
 
 5209 5. 
 
 2744 6. 
 
 ,0279 
 
 6, 
 
 .7814 
 
 7.5349 
 
 51 
 
 .7387 
 
 1.4774 
 
 2.2162 
 
 2.9549 
 
 3.6937 
 
 4. 
 
 4324 5. 
 
 1711 5. 
 
 ,9098 
 
 6, 
 
 6486 
 
 7.3873 
 
 52 
 
 .7245 
 
 1.4491 
 
 2.1736 
 
 2.8982 
 
 3.6227 
 
 4. 
 
 3472 5. 
 
 0718 5. 
 
 7963 
 
 6. 
 
 5209 
 
 7.2454 
 
 53 
 
 .7109 
 
 1.4218 
 
 2.1327 
 
 2.8435 
 
 3.5544 
 
 4. 
 
 2653 4. 
 
 ,9762 5. 
 
 .6871 
 
 6 
 
 .3980 
 
 7.1089 
 
 54 
 
 .6977 
 
 1.3955 
 
 2.0932 
 
 2.7910 
 
 3.4887 
 
 4. 
 
 1864 4. 
 
 8842 5, 
 
 .5819 
 
 6, 
 
 .2796 
 
 6.9774 
 
 55 
 
 .6851 
 
 1.3701 
 
 2.0552 
 
 2.7403 
 
 3.4253 
 
 4. 
 
 1104 4. 
 
 7955 5 
 
 .4805 
 
 6, 
 
 .1656 
 
 6.8507 
 
 56 
 
 .6728 
 
 1.3457 
 
 2.0185 
 
 2.6914 
 
 3.3642 
 
 4. 
 
 0731 4. 
 
 7099 5, 
 
 .3828 
 
 6.0556 
 
 6.7284 
 
 57 
 
 .6611 
 
 1.3221 
 
 1.9382 
 
 2.6442 
 
 3.3053 
 
 3. 
 
 9663 4.6274 5. 
 
 ,2884 
 
 5 
 
 .9495 
 
 6.6105 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 
 Length of Chord When Diameter is 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spaces 
 
 1 in. 
 
 2 in. 
 
 3 in. 
 
 4 in. 
 
 5 in. 6 in. 
 
 7 in. 
 
 8 in. 
 
 9 in. 
 
 
 10 in. 
 
 11 in. 
 
 42 
 
 .0747 
 
 . 1495 
 
 .2242 
 
 .2989 
 
 .3736 . 
 
 ,4484 
 
 .5231 
 
 .5978 
 
 .6726 
 
 
 .7473 
 
 .8220 
 
 43 
 
 .0730 
 
 .1460 
 
 .2190 
 
 .2920 
 
 .3650 , 
 
 .4380 
 
 .5110 
 
 .5840 
 
 .6570 
 
 
 .7300 
 
 .8029 
 
 44 
 
 .0713 
 
 .1427 
 
 .2140 
 
 .2854 
 
 .3567 . 
 
 ,4280 
 
 .4993 
 
 .5707 
 
 .6421 
 
 
 .7134 
 
 .7847 
 
 45 
 
 .0698 
 
 .1395 
 
 .2093 
 
 .2790 
 
 .3488 . 
 
 ,4185 
 
 .4883 
 
 .5581 
 
 .6278 
 
 
 .6976 
 
 .7673 
 
 46 
 
 .0682 
 
 .1365 
 
 .2047 
 
 .2730 
 
 .3412 . 
 
 ,4095 
 
 .4777 
 
 .5459 
 
 .6142 
 
 
 .6824 
 
 .7507 
 
 47 
 
 .0668 
 
 .1336 
 
 .2004 
 
 .2672 
 
 .3340 , 
 
 ,4008 
 
 .4675 
 
 .5343 
 
 .6011 
 
 
 .6679 
 
 .7347 
 
 48 
 
 .0654 
 
 .1308 
 
 .1962 
 
 .2616 
 
 .3270 . 
 
 ,3924 
 
 .4578 
 
 .5232 
 
 .5886 
 
 
 .6540 
 
 .7194 
 
 49 
 
 .0641 
 
 .1281 
 
 .1922 
 
 .2563 
 
 .3204 , 
 
 ,3844 
 
 .4485 
 
 .5126 
 
 .5766 
 
 
 .6407 
 
 .7048 
 
 50 
 
 .0628 
 
 .1256 
 
 .1884 
 
 .2512 
 
 .3140 
 
 ,3767 
 
 .4395 
 
 .5023 
 
 .5651 
 
 
 .6279 
 
 .6907 
 
 51 
 
 .0616 
 
 .1231 
 
 .1847 
 
 .2462 
 
 .3078 
 
 .3694 
 
 .4309 
 
 .4925 
 
 .5540 
 
 
 .6156 
 
 .6772 
 
 52 
 
 .0604 
 
 .1208 
 
 .1811 
 
 .2415 
 
 .3019 , 
 
 .3623 
 
 .4226 
 
 .4830 
 
 .5434 
 
 
 .6038 
 
 .6642 
 
 53 
 
 .0592 
 
 .1184 
 
 .1777 
 
 .2370 
 
 .2962 
 
 .3554 
 
 .4147 
 
 .4739 
 
 .5332 
 
 
 .5924 
 
 .6516 
 
 54 
 
 .0581 
 
 .1163 
 
 .1744 
 
 .2326 
 
 .2907 , 
 
 .3489 
 
 .4070 
 
 .4652 
 
 .5233 
 
 
 .5814 
 
 .6396 
 
 55 
 
 .0571 
 
 .1142 
 
 .1713 
 
 .2284 
 
 .2854 
 
 3425 
 
 .3996 
 
 .4567 
 
 .5138 
 
 
 .5709 
 
 .6280 
 
 56 
 
 .0561 
 
 .1121 
 
 .1682 
 
 .2243 
 
 .2804 
 
 3364 
 
 .3925 
 
 .4486 
 
 .5046 
 
 
 .5607 
 
 .6168 
 
 57 
 
 .0551 
 
 .1102 
 
 .1653 
 
 .2204 
 
 .2754 . 
 
 3305 
 
 .3856 
 
 .4407 
 
 .4958 
 
 
 .5509 
 
 .6060 
 
 No. of Length of Chord to be Added for No. of Length of Chord to be Added for 
 
 Spaces Each Additional Fraction of Spaces Each Additional Fraction of 
 
 14 in. J4 in. ?i in. H in. H in- H in. % in. H in. M '"• H in. H in. % in. M in. J4 in. 
 
 42 .0093 .0187 .0280 .0374 .0467 .0560 .0654 50 .0078 .0157 .0235 .0314 .0392 .0471 .0549 
 
 43 .0091 .0182 .0274 .0365 .0456 .0547 .0639 51 .0077 .0154 .0231 .0308 .0385 .0462 .0539 
 
 44 .0089 .0178 .0268 .0357 .0446 .0535 .0624 52 .0075 .0151 .0226 .0302 .0377 .0453 .0528 
 
 45 .0087 .0174 .0262 .0349 .0436 .0523 .0610 53 .0074 .0148 .0222 .0296 .0370 .0444 .0518 
 
 46 .0085 .0171 .0256 .0341 .0427 .0512 .0597 54 .0073 .0145 .0218 .0291 .0363 .0436 .0509 
 
 47 .0083 .0167 .0250 .0334 .0417 .0501 .0584 55 .0071 .0143 .0214 .0285 .0357 .0428 .0500 
 
 48 .0082 .0164 .0245 .0327 .0409 .0491 .0572 56 .0070 .0140 .0210 .0280 .0350 .0421 .0491 
 
 49 .0080 .0160 .0240 .0320 .0400 .0481 .0561 57 .0069 .0138 .0207 .0275 .0344 .0413 .0482 
 
 129 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CHORDS OF ANGLES FROM ONE TO NINETY DEGREES 
 
 Many cases will occur in building and laying-out patterns, where a 
 square protractor or bevel cannot be used, and in such cases this table 
 will be of service. It will be observed that the 10-inch radius can be 
 easily taken on a 12-inch scale, the 22-inch radius on a 24-inch scale, 
 and the 48-inch radius by laying down two lengths of the 24-inch scale. 
 
 To lay-out the required angle, scribe an arc, using one of the given 
 radii, then set the trammels to the length of the chord given in the table 
 for the required angle, layout on the circle and connect these points with 
 the center. 
 
 Angle in 
 
 10-inch 
 
 22-inch 
 
 48-inch 
 
 Angle in 
 
 10-inch 
 
 22-inch 
 
 48-inch 
 
 degrees 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 degrees 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 3/8 
 
 it 
 
 16 
 
 2si 
 
 6e\ 
 
 13ii 
 
 2 
 
 §1 
 
 11 
 
 Hi 
 
 17 
 
 2ii 
 
 6il 
 
 14Jf 
 
 3 
 
 if 
 
 1^ 
 
 2/2 
 
 18 
 
 3 A 
 
 6ii 
 
 15b>j 
 
 4 
 
 If 
 
 lif 
 
 3§f 
 
 19 
 
 3hl 
 
 7H 
 
 15§5 
 
 5 
 
 7/8 
 
 HI 
 
 4if 
 
 20 
 
 3Ji 
 
 7ys 
 
 16e 
 
 6 
 
 U\ 
 
 2t% 
 
 5^ 
 
 21 
 
 3H 
 
 8^ 
 
 17Ji 
 
 7 
 
 u\ 
 
 2U 
 
 511 
 
 22 
 
 3il 
 
 SM 
 
 1811 
 
 8 
 
 Iff 
 
 3^ 
 
 6lf 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 8ii 
 
 19^ 
 
 9 
 
 lil 
 
 311 
 
 7ii 
 
 24 
 
 4i2 
 
 9^ 
 
 19§i 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 3if 
 
 8if 
 
 25 
 
 AU 
 
 9M 
 
 20§i 
 
 11 
 
 111 
 
 m 
 
 93^ 
 
 26 
 
 4/2 
 
 911 
 
 2111 
 
 12 
 
 2^2 
 
 m 
 
 103^ 
 
 27 
 
 411 
 
 103^2 
 
 22 Jl 
 
 13 
 
 2JJ 
 
 m 
 
 1015 
 
 28 
 
 4§i 
 
 lOii 
 
 23 Jf 
 
 14 
 
 2^ 
 
 SH 
 
 Hit 
 
 29 
 
 5iz 
 
 lle^ 
 
 24A 
 
 15 
 
 2g| 
 
 511 
 
 12if 
 
 30 
 
 5ft 
 
 nil 
 
 24gf 
 
 130 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 CHORDS OF ANGLES FROM ONE TO NINETY DEGREES 
 
 (CoHtinned) 
 
 Angle in 
 
 10-inch 
 
 22-inch 
 
 48-inch 
 
 Angle in 
 
 10-inch 
 
 22-inch 
 
 48-inch 
 
 degrees 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 degrees 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 radius 
 
 31 
 
 5ii 
 
 nil 
 
 25ii 
 
 61 
 
 10^2 
 
 2211 
 
 48li 
 
 32 
 
 5U 
 
 12/8 
 
 26i^ 
 
 62 
 
 10 A 
 
 22si 
 
 49i^ 
 
 33 
 
 5ih 
 
 12/ 
 
 27^2 
 
 63 
 
 1021 
 
 2211 
 
 50^ 
 
 34 
 
 5U 
 
 12/8 
 
 28A 
 
 64 
 
 10i3 
 
 23fi 
 
 50/8 
 
 35 
 
 6zh 
 
 13^ 
 
 283i 
 
 65 
 
 1054 
 
 23ii 
 
 Slil 
 
 36 
 
 6A 
 
 \3\l 
 
 29ii 
 
 66 
 
 lOil 
 
 231^ 
 
 S211 
 
 37 
 
 6ii 
 
 i3e 
 
 30Si 
 
 67 
 
 11#? 
 
 24^*2 
 
 53 
 
 38 
 
 6g3 , 
 
 \M\ 
 
 31M 
 
 68 
 
 llfs 
 
 24H 
 
 53M 
 
 39 
 
 6ii 
 
 14U 
 
 31ii 
 
 69 
 
 1113 
 
 2411 
 
 5411 
 
 40 
 
 6U 
 
 15b\ 
 
 3211 
 
 70 
 
 nil 
 
 25M 
 
 55^ 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 15M 
 
 3311 
 
 71 
 
 nil 
 
 2511 
 
 55§l 
 
 42 
 
 7hi 
 
 1511 
 
 34si 
 
 72 
 
 nil 
 
 25^ 
 
 56^ 
 
 43 
 
 7H 
 
 16/8 
 
 35^5 
 
 73 
 
 iiis 
 
 26A 
 
 57/8 
 
 44 
 
 7V2 
 
 1611 
 
 351^ 
 
 74 
 
 12b\ 
 
 26li 
 
 57ii 
 
 45 
 
 711 
 
 16ii 
 
 363i 
 
 75 
 
 \2il 
 
 2611 
 
 58§i 
 
 46 
 
 711 
 
 17^ 
 
 37li 
 
 7(y 
 
 12fs 
 
 27^5 
 
 59A 
 
 47 
 
 7l\ 
 
 17H 
 
 38^ 
 
 77 
 
 1211 
 
 2711 
 
 5911 
 
 48 
 
 8/8 
 
 17/8 
 
 39s^ 
 
 78 
 
 12JS 
 
 27\k 
 
 60^ 
 
 49 
 
 U% 
 
 18Jf 
 
 39ii 
 
 79 
 
 12i§ 
 
 2711 
 
 61A 
 
 50 
 
 8gl 
 
 18JI 
 
 m-h 
 
 80 
 
 12ii 
 
 28M 
 
 6111 
 
 51 
 
 8il 
 
 18il 
 
 41§i 
 
 81 
 
 13 
 
 28ii 
 
 623^ 
 
 52 
 
 811 
 
 19M 
 
 42:^=2 
 
 82 
 
 13^^ 
 
 28ii 
 
 62iJ 
 
 53 
 
 811 
 
 195/8 
 
 42il 
 
 83 
 
 13/ 
 
 293^ 
 
 63il 
 
 54 
 
 9A 
 
 \9l\ 
 
 4311 
 
 84 
 
 133/^ 
 
 29Tfe 
 
 645'2 
 
 55 
 
 9il 
 
 20M- 
 
 44M 
 
 85 
 
 1311 
 
 29ii 
 
 64s5 
 
 56 
 
 9il 
 
 20ii 
 
 45^ 
 
 86 
 
 13li 
 
 30 
 
 65ii 
 
 57 
 
 9il 
 
 2011 
 
 45ii 
 
 87 
 
 1311 
 
 30JI 
 
 66 d\ 
 
 58 
 
 911 
 
 21M 
 
 46A 
 
 88 
 
 13il 
 
 30fs 
 
 6611 
 
 59 
 
 9il 
 
 2111 
 
 47^2 
 
 89 
 
 14^ 
 
 3015 
 
 671% 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 14e^? 
 
 31b\ 
 
 677/8 
 
 131 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CHORDS OF ANGLES FROM ONE TO NINETY DEGREES 
 
 (Cofjcluded) 
 
 Ang. 
 
 18" Radius 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Chord 
 
 1 
 
 5/16 
 
 2 
 
 5/8 
 
 3 
 
 15/16 
 
 4 
 
 1 1/4 
 
 5 
 
 1 37/64 
 
 6 
 
 1 7/8 
 
 7 
 
 2 13/64 
 
 8 
 
 2 1/2 
 
 9 
 
 2 53/64 
 
 10 
 
 3 9/64 
 
 11 
 
 3 29/64 
 
 12 
 
 3 49/64 
 
 13 
 
 4 5/64 
 
 14 
 
 4 25/64 
 
 IS 
 
 4 45/64 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 5 21/64 
 
 18 
 
 5 5/8 
 
 19 
 
 5 15/16 
 
 20 
 
 6 1/4 
 
 21 
 
 6 9/16 
 
 22 
 
 6 7/8 
 
 23 
 
 7 11/64 
 
 24 
 
 7 31/64 
 
 25 
 
 7 51/64 
 
 26 
 
 8 3/32 
 
 27 
 
 8 13/32 
 
 28 
 
 8 45/64 
 
 29 
 
 9 1/64 
 
 30 
 
 9 5/16 
 
 31 
 
 9 5/8 
 
 32 
 
 9 59/64 
 
 33 
 
 10 7/32 
 
 34 
 
 10 17/32 
 
 35 
 
 10 53/64 
 
 36 
 
 11 1/8 
 
 37 
 
 11 27/64 
 
 38 
 
 11 23/32 
 
 39 
 
 12 1/64 
 
 40 
 
 12 5/16 
 
 41 
 
 12 39/64 
 
 42 
 
 12 29/32 
 
 43 
 
 13 3/16 
 
 44 
 
 13 31/64 
 
 45 . 
 
 13' 25/32 
 
 36" Radius 
 Chord 
 
 72" Radius 
 Chord 
 
 Ang. 18" Radius 
 Deg. Chord 
 
 5/8 
 
 1/4 
 
 7/8 
 
 1/2 
 
 9/64 
 
 49/64 
 
 25/64 
 
 1/64 
 
 41/64 
 
 9/32 
 
 29/32 
 
 17/32 
 
 8 5/32 
 
 8 25/32 
 
 9 25/64 
 10 1/64 
 
 10 41/64 
 
 11 17/64 
 
 11 7/8 
 
 12 1/2 
 
 13 1/8 
 
 13 47/64 
 
 14 23/64 
 
 14 31/32 
 
 15 37/64 
 1,6 13/64 
 
 16 13/16 
 
 17 13/32 
 
 18 1/32 
 
 18 41/64 
 
 19 15/64 
 
 19 27/32 
 
 20 29/64' 
 
 21 3/64 
 
 21 21/32 
 
 22 1/4 
 
 22 27/32 
 
 23 7/16 
 
 24 1/32 
 
 24 5/8 
 
 25 7/32 
 
 25 51/64 
 
 26 25/64 
 
 26 31/32 
 
 27 35/64 
 
 1/4 
 1/2 
 3/4 
 
 9/32 
 17/32 
 8 51/64 
 
 10 3/64 
 
 11 19/64 
 
 12 35/64 
 
 13 51/64 
 
 15 3/64 
 
 16 19/64 
 
 17 35/64 
 
 18 51/64 
 
 20 1/32 
 
 21 9/32 
 
 22 17/32 
 
 23 49/64 
 25 
 
 26 15/64 
 
 27 31/64 
 
 28 45/64 
 
 29 15/16 
 
 31 11/64 
 
 32 25/64 
 
 33 5/8 
 
 34 13/16 
 
 36 1/16 
 
 37 17/64 
 
 38 31/64 
 
 39 11/16 
 
 40 57/64 
 
 42 3/32 
 
 43 19/64 
 
 44 1/2 
 
 45 11/16 
 
 46 7/8 
 
 48 1/16 
 
 49 1/4 
 
 50 7/16 
 
 51 30/64 
 
 52 25/32 
 
 53 15/16 
 55 7/64 
 
 46' 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 S3 
 54 
 S5 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 •60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 
 ;71 
 
 72 
 73 
 
 74 
 75 
 '76 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 180 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 14 1/16 
 14 23/64 
 14 41/64 
 
 14 59/64 
 
 15 7/32 
 15 1/2 
 
 15 25/32 
 
 16 1/16 
 16 11/32 
 
 16 5/8 
 1^ 29/32 
 
 17 11/64 
 17 29/64 
 
 17 23/32 
 IS 
 
 18 17/64 
 18 35/64 
 
 18 13/16 
 
 19 5/64 
 19 11/32 
 19/39/64 
 
 19 7/8 
 
 20 1/8 
 20 25/64 
 20 41/64 
 
 20 29/32 
 
 21 5/32 
 21 13/32 
 21 21/32 
 
 21 59/64 
 
 22 5/32 
 22 13/32 
 22 21/32 
 
 22 57/64 
 
 23 9/64 
 23 3/8 
 23 39/64 
 
 23 55/64 
 
 24 3/32 
 24 21/64 
 24 35/64 
 
 24 25/32 
 25 
 
 25 15/64 
 25 29/64 
 
 36" Radius 
 Chord 
 
 28 1/8 
 
 28 23/32 
 
 29 9/32 
 
 29 55/64 
 
 30 27/64 
 31 
 
 31 9/16 
 
 32 1/8 
 
 32 11/16 
 
 33 1/4 
 
 33 51/64 
 
 34 23/64 
 
 34 29/32 
 
 35 29/64 
 36 
 
 36 35/64 
 Z7 5/64 
 
 37 5/8 
 
 38 5/32 
 
 38 11/16 
 
 39 7/32 
 
 39 47/64 
 
 40 17/64 
 
 40 25/32 
 
 41 19/64 
 
 41 13/16 
 
 42 21/64 
 
 42 53/64 
 
 43 21/64 
 
 43 53/64 
 44-21/64 
 
 44 53/64 
 
 45 5/16 
 
 45 51/64 
 
 46 9/32 
 
 46 3/4 
 
 47 15/64 
 
 47 45/64 
 
 48 11/64 
 
 48 41/64 
 
 49 3/32 
 
 49 9/16 
 
 50 1/64 
 50 15/32 
 50 29/32 
 
 72" Radius 
 Chord 
 
 56 17/64 
 
 57 27/64 
 
 58 37/64 
 
 59 23/32 
 
 60 55/64 
 62 / 
 
 1/8 
 1/4 
 3/8 
 1/2 
 
 67 391/64 
 
 68 23/32 
 
 69 13/16 
 
 70 29/32 
 72 
 
 73 S/64 
 
 74 lL/64 
 
 75 1/4 
 
 76 5/16 
 
 77 3/8 
 
 78 27/64 
 
 79 15/32 
 
 80 17/32 
 
 81 9/16 
 
 82 19/32 
 
 83 5/8 
 
 84 41/64 
 
 85 21/32 
 
 86 21/32 
 
 87 21/32 
 
 88 21/32 
 
 89 41/64 
 
 90 5/8 
 .91 19/32 
 
 92 9/16 
 
 93 33/64 
 
 94 15/32 
 
 95 13/32 
 
 96 23/64 
 
 97 9/32 
 t»8 13/64 
 99 1/8 
 
 100 1/32 
 
 100 15/16 
 
 101 53/64 
 
 Chords of intermediate angles can be obtained as shown on the diagram. 
 
 132 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 TABLE OF DIMENSIONS OF POLYGONS 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Co-efficient ^ 
 
 Side ^ 
 
 Side Co-efficient 
 
 Diameter = Co-efficient X Side 
 
 Xo. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 Sides 
 
 Coef. 
 
 Sides 
 
 Coef. 
 
 Sides 
 
 Coef. 
 
 Sides 
 
 Coef. 
 
 Sides 
 
 Coef. 
 
 Sides 
 
 Coef. 
 
 3 
 
 1.16 
 
 28 
 
 8.93 
 
 53 
 
 16.88 
 
 78 
 
 24.83 
 
 103 
 
 32.79 
 
 128 
 
 40.75 
 
 4 
 
 1.41 
 
 29 
 
 9.25 
 
 54 
 
 17.20 
 
 79 
 
 25.15 
 
 104 
 
 33.11 
 
 129 
 
 41.07 
 
 5 
 
 1.70 
 
 30 
 
 9.57 
 
 55 
 
 17.52 
 
 80 
 
 25.47 
 
 105 
 
 33.43 
 
 130 
 
 41.38 
 
 () 
 
 2.00 
 
 31 
 
 9.88 
 
 56 
 
 17.83 
 
 81 
 
 25.79 
 
 106 
 
 33.74 
 
 131 
 
 41.70 
 
 7 
 
 2.31 
 
 32 
 
 10.20 
 
 57 
 
 18.15 
 
 ^2 
 
 26.11 
 
 107 
 
 34.06 
 
 132 
 
 42.02 
 
 S 
 
 2.61 
 
 33 
 
 10.52 
 
 58 
 
 18.47 
 
 i>3 
 
 26.43 
 
 108 
 
 34.38 
 
 133 
 
 42.34 
 
 9 
 
 2.93 
 
 34 
 
 10.84 
 
 59 
 
 18.79 
 
 84 
 
 26.74 
 
 109 
 
 34.70 
 
 134 
 
 42.66 
 
 10 
 
 3.24 
 
 35 
 
 11.16 
 
 60 
 
 19.11 
 
 85 
 
 27.06 
 
 110 
 
 35.02 
 
 135 
 
 42.98 
 
 11 
 
 3.55 
 
 36 
 
 11.47 
 
 61 
 
 19.42 
 
 86 
 
 27.38 
 
 111 
 
 35.34 
 
 136 
 
 43.29 
 
 12 
 
 3.86 
 
 37 
 
 11.79 
 
 62 
 
 19.74 
 
 87 
 
 27.70 
 
 112 
 
 35.65 
 
 137 
 
 43.61 
 
 13 
 
 4.18 
 
 38 
 
 12.11 
 
 63 
 
 20.06 
 
 88 
 
 28.02 
 
 113 
 
 35.97 
 
 138 
 
 43.93 
 
 14 
 
 4.49 
 
 39 
 
 12.43 
 
 64 
 
 20.38 
 
 89 
 
 28.33 
 
 114 
 
 36.29 
 
 139 
 
 44.25 
 
 15 
 
 4.81 
 
 40 
 
 12.74 
 
 65 
 
 20.70 
 
 90 
 
 28.65 
 
 115 
 
 36.61 
 
 140 
 
 44.57 
 
 16 
 
 5.12 
 
 41 
 
 13 06 
 
 66 
 
 21.02 
 
 91 
 
 28.97 
 
 116 
 
 36.93 
 
 141 
 
 44.88 
 
 17 
 
 5.44 
 
 42 
 
 13.38 
 
 67 
 
 21.33 
 
 92 
 
 39.29 
 
 117 
 
 37.25 
 
 142 
 
 45.20 
 
 18 
 
 5.76 
 
 43 
 
 13.70 
 
 68 
 
 21.65 
 
 93 
 
 29.61 
 
 118 
 
 37.56 
 
 143 
 
 45.52 
 
 19 
 
 6.07 
 
 44 
 
 14.02 
 
 69 
 
 21.97 
 
 94 
 
 29.93 
 
 119 
 
 37.88 
 
 144 
 
 45.84 
 
 20 
 
 6.39 
 
 45 
 
 14.33 
 
 70 
 
 22.29 
 
 95 
 
 30.24 
 
 120 
 
 38.20 
 
 145 
 
 46.16 
 
 21 
 
 6.71 
 
 46 
 
 14.65 
 
 71 
 
 22.61 
 
 96 
 
 30.56 
 
 121 
 
 38.52 
 
 146 
 
 46.48 
 
 22 
 
 7.03 
 
 47 
 
 14.97 
 
 72 
 
 22.92 
 
 97 
 
 30.88 
 
 122 
 
 38.84 
 
 147 
 
 46.79 
 
 23 
 
 7.34 
 
 48 
 
 15.29 
 
 73 
 
 23.24 
 
 98 
 
 31.20 
 
 123 
 
 39.16 
 
 148 
 
 47.11 
 
 24 
 
 7.66 
 
 49 
 
 15.61 
 
 74 
 
 23.56 
 
 99 
 
 31.52 
 
 124 
 
 39.47 
 
 149 
 
 47.43 
 
 25 
 
 7.98 
 
 50 
 
 15.93 
 
 75 
 
 23.88 
 
 100 
 
 31.84 
 
 125 
 
 39.79 
 
 150 
 
 47.75 
 
 26 
 
 8.30 
 
 51 
 
 16.24 
 
 76 
 
 24.20 
 
 101 
 
 32.15 
 
 126 
 
 40.11 
 
 151 
 
 48.07 
 
 27 
 
 8.61 
 
 52 
 
 16.56 
 
 77 
 
 24.52 
 
 102 
 
 32.47 
 
 127 
 
 40.43 
 
 152 
 
 48.39 
 
 133 
 
FOUNDRYMEirS HANDBOOK 
 
 OUTSIDE DIAMETERS FOR POLYGONS 
 
 In laying out and making patterns many cases occur where squares, 
 
 hexagons or octagons must be scribed. The first step in this operation 
 
 is to lay out a circle of proper diameter inside of which the polygon 
 
 may be constructed. The accompanying tables give the proper diameters 
 for these circles for polygons ranging from 1-16 to 6 inches across 
 flats. 
 
 Distance Dia. Dia. Dia. Distance Dia. Dia. Dia. 
 
 across for for for across for for for 
 
 flats, squares, hexagons, octagons, flats, squares, hexagons, octagons 
 
 inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches 
 
 ^ ^ ^ is V/4 m U\ 111 
 
 Vs ii B^ ^1^ lit 111 m 
 
 A il ^ if m HI H§ Hi 
 
 j4 ii 3*^ H ii^ 2^ m ItV 
 
 T^ :^ 11 H IH 2\i 111 1^ 
 
 H H ^ Ji IfF 2M m Hi 
 
 i« V& y2 li \H 211 VA 111 
 
 y2 If ii ii Hi 2U m IM 
 
 & Ii Ii II m 2Ji 2b^ liJ 
 
 H ii ii II HI 2^5 2^ IM 
 
 ii ii Ii 34 1% 2§i 2ii 23^ 
 
 54 1:^ it ^t HI 2IJ 2H 2^ 
 
 it Is^ il ^2 211 2A 2H 
 
 % Uf l5\ tl 2tV 2g:'J ZVs 211 
 
 II l§i 1^ le^ 2^ 3 2il 211 
 
 1 111 1t5^2 Ib'i 2^6 33^3 211 2y^ 
 
 ItW 1J4 \\\ 1/2 2^ 31=^ 2JI 2i^ 
 
 1^ US HI Is'^ 2 A 3H 211 21/^ 
 
 1ft \\\ U/s 1#2 23/^ 311 23^ 2IJ 
 
 134 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 OUTSIDE DIAMETERS FOR POLYGONS 
 
 (Conc/ude^) 
 
 Distance Dia. Dia. Dia. Distance Dia. Dia. Dia. 
 
 across for for for across for for for 
 
 flats, squares, hexagons, octagons, flats, squares, hexagons. Octagons, 
 
 inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches 
 
 2A 3n 215 2U AV^ 6^ m 431 
 
 2y2 3M 2il 2il 4t% 6^ 4il 4JI 
 
 2fs 3V8 2H 2§i m 6A 5A Ail 
 
 2H 2M 33^ 2§i 4^ 6#Tj 5^ 4^ 
 
 2{h 3U 3^\ 2sl 4y2 6§l Sit 4^ 
 
 2^ 3il ■ 3JJ 211 4fs 6il 5iJ 4iJ 
 
 211 3il 314 3*^ 45/^ 6if SU S^ 
 
 2% 4t^ 3i% 3e\ 4iJ 6^ 5JI 5t^\ 
 
 2U 4A 3§I 3ii 43/J 6ii SBi 5.^? 
 
 3 4^ 3M 3^ 4il 6i§ 5fff 5JI 
 3t^ 4ii 3Ji 3A 47A 611 55/^ 5ri'2 
 3^ 4H- . 3ei 33/^ 4if 611 511 5hi 
 3^ 4H 2{h 3il 5 7A 5il 5Ji 
 3^ 4ii 334 3il 5^ 7^2 5ii 5ii 
 3t^ 4H 313 3il 5^ 7J4 5il 5M 
 3H 411 3iJ 3U 5tW 75i 511 5il 
 3t^ 4if 3U 3§i 5^/4 7^i 61^ 5H 
 31^ 4fJ 4ii 3§§ 5i% 7il 6^*^ 53/4 
 3fe 53^ 4f{'i 3ii 53/^ 7JS 6M 5il 
 3^ SVs 4A 3g| 5A 7ii 63^2 5i3 
 3H 53^ 4JI 311 Sy2 ni 6Ji 5iJ 
 3^ 5JI 4li 4^5 5i% 7il 6il 6g^ 
 311 Sgf 4Ji 4^ 55/g 711 6^ 6^ 
 3^ 5li 4Ji 4^ S\\ 8b\ 6^3 6A 
 3if 5^ 4l\ 4\\ 534 81/^ 6ii 6 A 
 
 4 5M 4^ 4li 511 83^2 6ii 6JI 
 Mi 5H 4ih 4n S7A 8t% 611 611 
 4^ 5M 4U 4M 511 8il 6if 6ii 
 4A 5il 4il 45i 6 811 611 6J^ 
 
 135 
 
to UN DRV MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 LENGTHS OF SIDES OF POLYGONS 
 
 Tables are presented on pages 134 and 135 giving the correct diam- 
 eters for circles circumscribing squares, hexagons and octagons of 
 various sizes ranging from iV to 6 inches across flats. In order to lay 
 out these polygons on a pattern with a pair of dividers it is necessary 
 also to know the length of one side of the polygon. These data are 
 given in the accompanying tables. 
 
 Distance 
 
 Length 
 
 Length 
 
 Length 
 
 Distance 
 
 Length 
 
 Length 
 
 Length 
 
 across 
 
 for 
 
 for 
 
 for 
 
 across 
 
 for 
 
 for 
 
 for 
 
 flats, 
 
 squares, 
 
 hexagons. 
 
 octagons, 
 
 flats. 
 
 squares. 
 
 hexagons, 
 
 octagons, 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 is 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ii ■ 
 
 m 
 
 IK 
 
 §3 
 
 u 
 
 % 
 
 'A 
 
 ^?=j 
 
 'h 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 Va 
 
 if 
 
 tk 
 
 T% 
 
 B^ 
 
 {\ 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 U 
 
 fs 
 
 Va 
 
 Va 
 
 6^ 
 
 A 
 
 1t^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 51 
 
 Jl 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 /8 
 
 1/2 
 
 1/2 
 
 U 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^ 
 
 i^ff 
 
 i& 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Va 
 
 fe 
 
 m 
 
 15^ 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 V2 
 
 V2 
 
 ^2 
 
 if 
 
 HI 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 f^ 
 
 f^ 
 
 U 
 
 \\ 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 W, 
 
 3? 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
 m 
 
 HI 
 
 \i. 
 
 Va 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 i^. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 U\ 
 
 M 
 
 Ya 
 
 V4 
 
 ^ 
 
 tk 
 
 lie 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 il 
 
 41 
 
 11 
 
 Ji 
 
 l\ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 l3\ 
 
 §1 
 
 % 
 
 Vs 
 
 V2 
 
 11 
 
 2^ 
 
 2^ 
 
 Ifr. 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 2/8 
 
 2% 
 
 u\ 
 
 7/8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 2^ 
 
 2ffi 
 
 m 
 
 §i 
 
 1^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 if 
 
 ^ 
 
 2y, 
 
 2% 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 VA 
 
 p/^ 
 
 l\ 
 
 i^ 
 
 2A 
 
 2r% 
 
 111 
 
 §1 
 
 itk 
 
 1t% 
 
 W 
 
 11 
 
 2Vs 
 
 23/8 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 136 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 LENGTHS OF SIDES OF POLYGONS 
 
 (Cm/c/ndr^) 
 
 Distance Length Lengtl; J.ength Distance Length Length Length 
 
 across for for for across for for for 
 
 flats, squares, hexagons, octagons, flats, squares, hexagons, octagons 
 
 inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. 
 
 2f« 
 
 2t^ 
 
 lii 
 
 li^ 
 
 4/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 2il 
 
 HI 
 
 2K^ 
 
 2y2 
 
 lA 
 
 l5^ 
 
 A^ 
 
 4tV 
 
 2li 
 
 n^ 
 
 2l"6 
 
 2i% 
 
 Hi 
 
 1^ 
 
 43/ 
 
 4/8 
 
 2J? 
 
 HI 
 
 2S/8 
 
 2S/8 
 
 Iff 
 
 Is'a 
 
 4t^ 
 
 4i^ 
 
 2i's 
 
 IM 
 
 2U 
 
 2i^ 
 
 lit 
 
 1b^ 
 
 4H 
 
 4H 
 
 2J§ 
 
 HI 
 
 2^ 
 
 23/ 
 
 IM 
 
 1b\ 
 
 4fff 
 
 4t»(i 
 
 2ii 
 
 Hi 
 
 2};1 
 
 2ii 
 
 m 
 
 IH 
 
 45/ 
 
 45/ 
 
 2^5 
 
 H2 
 
 27/8 
 
 2^8 
 
 m 
 
 1^6 
 
 4H 
 
 4}J 
 
 211 
 
 HI 
 
 2U 
 
 2ig- 
 
 m 
 
 ls\ 
 
 43/ 
 
 4-/ 
 
 23/4 
 
 Hi 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 HI 
 
 4i§ 
 
 2ii 
 
 2 
 
 3is 
 
 3h 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 4% 
 
 47/ 
 
 2il 
 
 25^ 
 
 3/8 
 
 3ys 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 4il 
 
 4ig 
 
 2S5 
 
 2b«5 
 
 3A 
 
 3^ 
 
 m 
 
 i-k 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 211 
 
 2i!ir 
 
 3J4 
 
 3H 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 5 IS 
 
 5^tf 
 
 2fl 
 
 2^2 
 
 3^ 
 
 3^6 
 
 HI 
 
 13/8 
 
 s% 
 
 5H 
 
 2%i 
 
 2^ 
 
 33/8 
 
 3Vs 
 
 m 
 
 Iff 
 
 5z% 
 
 5^ 
 
 3 
 
 2ii 
 
 3/g 
 
 3^ 
 
 HI 
 
 1 gi- 
 
 SVa 
 
 5^ 
 
 3^2 
 
 2h\ 
 
 3/. 
 
 3y2 
 
 2s^ 
 
 ll! 
 
 S-h 
 
 5^ 
 
 Si's 
 
 2M 
 
 3^ 
 
 3A 
 
 2^ 
 
 ly 
 
 53/8 
 
 55^ 
 
 3s\ 
 
 25^2 
 
 35/8 
 
 3n 
 
 2^2 
 
 1/ 
 
 5i\ 
 
 5:^ 
 
 36^? 
 
 2^ 
 
 3ih 
 
 3\k 
 
 2/8 
 
 IH 
 
 5J^ 
 
 5J4 
 
 3li 
 
 23^2 
 
 33/ 
 
 3r4 
 
 2H 
 
 IM 
 
 5i?s 
 
 St^ff 
 
 33^2 
 
 21% 
 
 3U 
 
 3H 
 
 2H 
 
 HI 
 
 55^ 
 
 5^ 
 
 3^/ 
 
 2U 
 
 3/8 
 
 37/8 
 
 2JI 
 
 m 
 
 5iJ 
 
 S\h 
 
 33^2 
 
 2il 
 
 3^1 
 
 3iS 
 
 2H 
 
 m 
 
 5?4 
 
 m 
 
 3tV 
 
 2^ 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2^ 
 
 m 
 
 5il 
 
 5fl 
 
 3il 
 
 2Ji 
 
 4^ 
 
 4A 
 
 2ih 
 
 nh 
 
 5^ 
 
 57/ 
 
 3§i 
 
 2t^ 
 
 4/8 
 
 4J^ 
 
 23/8 
 
 m 
 
 ri5 
 
 J Hi 
 
 5M 
 
 315 
 
 2il 
 
 4A 
 
 4y'« 
 
 2H 
 
 ni 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3y 
 
 2IJ 
 
 137 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PATTERNMAKER'S TABLE FOR ROUNDING CORNERS 
 
 i?=Radius 
 
 Z)=Distance to be scribed from 
 each corner, the comer is 
 flattened down to these 
 Hnes and the remaining 
 small fins can be easily 
 rounded over. 
 
 R 
 
 ^ 
 
 fV 
 
 H \h Ya \% V% 
 
 D 
 
 ii 
 
 ni 
 111 
 
 2il 
 
 8 4H 
 
 9 Sil 
 10 511 
 
 ^ 
 Vi 
 
 %i 
 Wa 
 111 
 
 3 
 
 l\ 
 
 II 
 
 Ii 
 Isl 
 
 3ii 
 4^ 
 
 5§i 
 
 8i 
 Ui 
 
 2i^ff 
 
 33^ 
 
 7/8 
 IM 
 
 2ii^ 
 2a 
 
 33^2 
 
 311 
 4§l 
 4fl 
 
 5tf 
 
 il 
 Ii 
 111 
 2^ 
 2ii 
 Zl\ 
 
 1^ 
 
 2tV 
 2li 
 
 3ii 
 
 3li 
 4 if 
 5^ 
 511 
 
 ii 
 1^ 
 
 1^2 
 
 Hi 
 
 2\l 
 211 
 3A 
 
 How THE Table Is Used 
 
 The values for D corresponding to radius measurements of less 
 than 1 inch, are indicated in the line of fractional values immediately 
 beneath the ruled line. Thus the value of D when R is Yx, is 9/64. 
 To find the corresponding values when R is greater than 1, follow the 
 horizontal line across from the whole number of the dimension to 
 where it intersects the vertical column under the desired fractional 
 value in the top line. Thus, to find the value of D when R is 2^/2, trace 
 the line horizontally across from 2, in the left hand column, until the 
 value immediatelv beneath Yz is found. Here the value for D will be 
 found to be 1 15/32. 
 
 138 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 TAPERS AND ANGLES 
 
 Taper per Foot ix Inches 
 
 ^ H fs 'A fs H -i\ Vz H y4 7A I VA VA 
 
 Corresponding Angles for Tapers 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 17' 
 
 35' 
 
 in. 
 
 54" 
 
 48" 
 
 1° 1° 1° 
 
 53' 11' 29' 47' 
 
 44" 36" 30" 24" 18" 10" 42" 44" 32" 18" 44" 48 
 
 20 2° 2° 3° 4° 4° 5' 5' 
 5' 23' 59' 34' 10' 46' 21' 57' 
 
 T.A.PER per Inch in Inches 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 0.0052 
 0.0104 
 0.0156 
 0.0208 
 0.0260 
 0.0312 
 0.0365 
 0.0417 
 0.0469 
 0.0521 
 0.0573 
 0.0625 
 
 0.0104 
 0.0208 
 0.0312 
 0.0417 
 0.0521 
 0.0625 
 0.0729 
 0.0833 
 0.0937 
 0.1042 
 0.1146 
 0.1250 
 
 0.0156 
 0.0313 
 0.0469 
 0.0625 
 0.0781 
 0.0938 
 0.1094 
 0.1250 
 0.1406 
 0.1563 
 0.1719 
 0.1875 
 
 ^ 
 A 
 ^ 
 
 
 ii 
 if 
 
 if 
 if 
 il 
 
 3^ 
 
 Vs 
 
 3^ 
 
 'A 
 
 3% 
 
 H 
 
 5^ 
 if 
 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 5^ 
 
 ^ A A ^ 
 
 H 
 If 
 
 6-1 
 
 M 
 
 64 
 
 3^ 
 64 
 
 
 52 
 il 
 
 13 
 
 33 
 
 64 
 
 3^ 
 
 64 
 
 si 
 
 II 
 
 A 
 §i 
 
 il 
 
 ^2 
 
 si 
 
 ^ 
 
 H si 
 
 13 il 
 
 il 1^ 
 
 I V/s 
 
 il 
 il 
 
 li 
 
 1^ 
 1^ 
 
 I A 
 
 139 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TAPERS AND ANGLES 
 
 Taper im.k Foot in Inches 
 m 1^ 15/8 13/4 m 2 2% 2J4 2H 21/ 2% 254 2^ 3 
 
 CoRRKSl'ONDlXr. AnGLKS I'GR TaPICRS 
 
 No. 6° 7° 7° 8° 8° 9° 10° 10° 11° 11° 12° 13° 13° 14° 
 
 of 33' 9' 44' 20' 36' 31' 7' 42' 18' 33' 29' 4' 39' 13' 
 
 in. 26" 10" 48" 26" 2" 36" 10" 42" 10" 36" 2" 24" 42" 
 
 Taper per Inch in Inches 
 
 1 5^ Vz ii ii 3^ hi hi fs M M ii hi hi M 
 
 2 hi % hi hi {'B H §1 H if H t\ §1 1^ / 
 
 3 ii Vs Si T^g M 1/ H ik M 5/ M ih M V4 
 
 4 n V2 U ii 5/s it ii H ^l Si % SI ii 1 
 
 5 il 5/^ U il 3i if Si it If Itf^ lt?3 1b\ UI IYa 
 
 6 ih Va M ^ it 1 1^ m ll's P/ l-lij 13/ li\; 1/ 
 
 7 ii ?^ ei 1b\ hA Ui IM lA lit lit Ul 111 1^3 13/ 
 
 8 31 1 u\ iH VA ni m 1/ 111 lit m ist m 2 
 
 9 is".^ 1/ 13^2 li% IM m IM H^ Isi m I3A 2^ 2^52 2/ 
 
 10 16^4 \% m m Ifg 111 lit V/s ISI 2ii 2fg 2H 211 2/ 
 
 11 m 13/ IH 115 111 lit m 2^ 2hl 2hl 2E 211 2H 2^ 
 
 12 IH 1/ IH 13/ m 2 2/ 2/ 23/ 2y2 25/ 23/ 2^ 3 
 
 140 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 TABLE OF SINES, TANGENTS, CHORDS AND 
 CIRCULAR ARCS 
 
 jA', j^. ,A^\ 
 
 (SfN£ 
 
 7A/^0£NT 
 
 CHOffO 
 
 C//?cuLAf? Arc 
 
 
 FOR l-IXCll 
 
 FOR 1-INCH 
 
 FOR 1-IN'CH 
 
 FOR 1-IXCH 
 
 lEG. 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 1 
 
 .0175 
 
 .0175 
 
 .0175 
 
 .0175 
 
 2 
 
 .0349 
 
 .0349 
 
 .0349 
 
 .0349 
 
 3 
 
 .0523 
 
 .0524 
 
 .0524 
 
 .0524 
 
 4 
 
 .0698 
 
 .0699 
 
 .0698 
 
 .0698 
 
 5 
 
 .0872 
 
 .0875 
 
 .0872 
 
 .0873 
 
 6 
 
 .1045 
 
 .1051 
 
 .1047 
 
 .1047 
 
 7 
 
 .1219 
 
 .1228 
 
 .1221 
 
 .1222 
 
 8 
 
 .1392 
 
 .1405 
 
 .1395 
 
 .1396 
 
 9 
 
 .1564 
 
 .1584 
 
 .1569 
 
 .1571 
 
 10 
 
 .1737 
 
 .1763 
 
 .1743 
 
 .1745 
 
 11 
 
 .1908 
 
 .1944 
 
 .1917 
 
 .1920 
 
 12 
 
 .2079 
 
 .2126 
 
 .2091 
 
 .2094 
 
 13 
 
 .2250 
 
 .2309 
 
 .2264 
 
 .2269 
 
 14 
 
 .2419 
 
 .2493 
 
 .2437 
 
 .2443 
 
 15 
 
 .2588 
 
 .2680 
 
 .2611 
 
 .2618 
 
 16 
 
 .2756 
 
 .2868 
 
 2783 
 
 .2793 
 
 17 
 
 .2924 
 
 .3057 
 
 .2956 
 
 .2967 
 
 18 
 
 .3090 
 
 .3249 
 
 .3129 
 
 .3142 
 
 19 
 
 .3256 
 
 .3443 
 
 .3301 
 
 .3316 
 
 20 
 
 .3420 
 
 .3640 
 
 .3473 
 
 .3491 
 
 21 
 
 .3584 
 
 .3839 
 
 .3645 
 
 .3665 
 
 22 
 
 .3746 
 
 .4040 
 
 .3816 
 
 . 3840 
 
 23 
 
 . 3907 
 
 .4245 
 
 .3987 
 
 .4014 
 
 24 
 
 .4067 
 
 .4452 
 
 .4158 
 
 .4189 
 
 25 
 
 .4226 
 
 .4663 
 
 .4329 
 
 .4363 
 
 26 
 
 .4384 
 
 .4877 
 
 .4499 
 
 .4538 
 
 27 
 
 .4540 
 
 .5095 
 
 .4669 
 
 .4712 
 
 28 
 
 .4695 
 
 .5317 
 
 .4838 
 
 .4887 
 
 29 
 
 .4848 
 
 .5543 
 
 .5008 
 
 .5061 
 
 30 
 
 .5000 
 
 .5774 
 
 .5176 
 
 .5236 
 
 31 
 
 .5150 
 
 .6009 
 
 .5345 
 
 .5411 
 
 32 
 
 .5299 
 
 .6249 
 
 .5513 
 
 .5585 
 
 33 
 
 . 5446 
 
 .6494 
 
 .5680 
 
 .5760 
 
 34 
 
 .5592 
 
 .6745 
 
 .5847 
 
 . 5934 
 
 3S 
 
 .5736 
 
 .7002 
 
 .6014 
 
 .6109 
 
 36 
 
 .5878 
 
 .7265 
 
 .6180 
 
 .6283 
 
 V 
 
 .6018 
 
 .7536 
 
 .6346 
 
 . 6458 
 
 38 
 
 .6157 
 
 .7813 
 
 .6511 
 
 . 6632 
 
 39 
 
 . 629:< 
 
 .8098 
 
 .6676 
 
 .6807 
 
 40 
 
 .6428 
 
 .8391 
 
 .6840 
 
 .6981 
 
 141 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE OF SINES, TANGENTS, CHORDS AND 
 CIRCULAR ARCS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 
 FOR 1-INCH 
 
 FOR 1-INCH 
 
 FOR 1-INCH 
 
 FOR 1-INCH 
 
 DEC. 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 RADIUS 
 
 '41 
 
 .6561 
 
 .8693 
 
 .7004 
 
 .7156 
 
 '42 
 
 .6691 
 
 .9004 
 
 .7167 
 
 .7330 
 
 43 
 
 .6820 
 
 .9325 
 
 .7330 
 
 .7505 
 
 44 
 
 .6947 
 
 .9657 
 
 .7492 
 
 .7679 
 
 .45 
 
 .7071 
 
 1.0000 
 
 .7654 
 
 .7854 
 
 46 . 
 
 .7193 
 
 1.0355 
 
 .7815 
 
 .8029 
 
 47 
 
 .7314 
 
 1.0724 
 
 .7975 
 
 .8203 
 
 48 
 
 .7431 
 
 1.1106 
 
 .8135 
 
 .8378 
 
 49 
 
 .7547 
 
 1.1504 
 
 .8294 
 
 .8552 
 
 SO 
 
 .7660 
 
 1.1918 
 
 .8452 
 
 .8727 
 
 51 
 
 .7772 
 
 1.2349 
 
 .8610 
 
 .8901 
 
 52 
 
 .7880 
 
 1.2799 
 
 .8767 
 
 .9076 
 
 53 
 
 .7986 
 
 1.3270 
 
 .8924 
 
 .9250 
 
 54 
 
 .8090 
 
 1.3764 
 
 .9080 
 
 .9425 
 
 55 
 
 .8192 
 
 1.4282 
 
 .9235 
 
 .9599 
 
 56 
 
 .8290 
 
 1.4826 
 
 .9389 
 
 .9774 
 
 57 
 
 .8387 
 
 1.5399 
 
 .9543 
 
 .9948 
 
 58 
 
 .8481 
 
 1.6003 
 
 .9696 
 
 1.0123 
 
 59 
 
 .8572 
 
 1.6643 
 
 .9848 
 
 1.0297 
 
 60 
 
 .8660 
 
 1.7321 
 
 l.OOOC 
 
 1.0472 
 
 61 
 
 .8746 
 
 1.8041 
 
 1.0151 
 
 1.0647 
 
 62 
 
 .8830 
 
 1.8807 
 
 1.0301 
 
 1.0821 
 
 63 
 
 .8910 
 
 1.9626 
 
 1.0450 
 
 1.0996 
 
 64 
 
 .8988 
 
 2.0503 
 
 1.0598 
 
 1.1170 
 
 65 
 
 .9063 
 
 2.1445 
 
 1.0746 
 
 1.1345 
 
 66 
 
 .9136 
 
 2.2460 
 
 1.0893 
 
 1.1519 
 
 67 
 
 .9205 
 
 2.3559 
 
 1.1039 
 
 1.1694 
 
 68 
 
 .9272 
 
 2.4751 
 
 1.1184 
 
 1.1868 
 
 69 
 
 .9336 
 
 2.6051 
 
 1.1328 
 
 1.2043 
 
 70 
 
 .9397 
 
 2.7475 
 
 1.1472 
 
 1.2217 
 
 71 
 
 .9455 
 
 2.9042 
 
 1.1614 
 
 1.2392 
 
 72 
 
 .9511 
 
 3.0777 
 
 1.1756 
 
 1.2566 
 
 73 
 
 .9563 
 
 3.2709 
 
 1.1896 
 
 1.2741 
 
 74 
 
 .9613 
 
 3.4874 
 
 1.2036 
 
 1.2915 
 
 75 
 
 .9659 
 
 3.7321 
 
 1.2175 
 
 1.3090 
 
 76 
 
 .9703 
 
 4.0108 
 
 1.2313 
 
 1.326S 
 
 77 
 
 .9744 
 
 4.3315 
 
 1.2450 
 
 1.3439 
 
 78 
 
 .9782 
 
 4.7046 
 
 1.2586 
 
 1.3614 
 
 79 
 
 .9816 
 
 5.1446 
 
 1.2722 
 
 1.3788 
 
 80 
 
 .9848 
 
 5.6713 
 
 1.2856 
 
 1.3963 
 
 81 
 
 .9877 
 
 6.3138 
 
 1.2989 
 
 1.4137 
 
 82 
 
 .9903 
 
 7.1154 
 
 1.3121 
 
 1.4312 
 
 83 
 
 .9926 
 
 8.1444 
 
 1.3252 
 
 1.4486 
 
 84 
 
 .9945 
 
 9.5144 
 
 1.3383 
 
 1.4661 
 
 85 
 
 .9962 
 
 11.4301 
 
 1.3512 
 
 1.4835 
 
 86 
 
 .9976 
 
 14.3007 
 
 1.3640 
 
 1.5010 
 
 87 
 
 .9986 
 
 19.0811 
 
 1.3767 
 
 1.5184 
 
 88 
 
 .9994 
 
 28.6363 
 
 1 . 3893 
 
 1.5359 
 
 89 
 
 .9999 
 
 57.2900 
 
 1.4018 
 
 1.5533 
 
 90 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 1.4142 
 
 1.5708 
 
 142 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 FINDING LENGTHS OF CHORD 
 
 To Find the Length of a Chord to Divide the Circumference 
 
 OF A Circle into A'' Equal Parts, Multiply 
 
 6* BY THE Diameter 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 26 
 
 .12054 
 
 51 
 
 .061560 
 
 76 
 
 .041325 
 
 2 
 
 
 27 
 
 .11609 
 
 52 
 
 .060379 
 
 77 
 
 .040788 
 
 3 
 
 .86603 . 
 
 28 
 
 .11197 
 
 53 
 
 059240 
 
 78 
 
 .040267 
 
 4 
 
 .70711 
 
 29 
 
 .10812 
 
 54 
 
 .058145 
 
 79 
 
 .039757 
 
 5 
 
 .58779 
 
 30 
 
 .10453 
 
 55 
 
 .057090 
 
 80 
 
 .039260 
 
 6 
 
 .50000 
 
 31 
 
 .10117 
 
 56 
 
 .056071 
 
 81 
 
 .038775 
 
 7 
 
 .43388 
 
 32 
 
 .098018 
 
 57 
 
 .055089 
 
 82 
 
 .038303 
 
 8 
 
 .38268 
 
 33 
 
 .095056 
 
 58 
 
 .054139 
 
 83 
 
 .037841 
 
 9 
 
 .34202 
 
 34 
 
 .092269 
 
 59 
 
 .053222 
 
 84 
 
 .037391 
 
 10 
 
 .30902 
 
 35 
 
 .089640 
 
 60 
 
 .052336 
 
 85 
 
 .036953 
 
 11 
 
 .28173 
 
 36 
 
 .087156 
 
 61 
 
 .051478 
 
 86 
 
 .036522 
 
 12 
 
 .25882 
 
 37 
 
 .084804 
 
 62 
 
 .050649 
 
 87 
 
 .036103 
 
 13 
 
 .23932 
 
 38 
 
 .082580 
 
 63 
 
 .049845 
 
 88 
 
 .035692 
 
 14 
 
 .22252 
 
 39 
 
 .080466 
 
 64 
 
 .049068 
 
 89 
 
 .035291 
 
 15 
 
 .20791 
 
 40 
 
 .078460 
 
 65 
 
 .048312 
 
 90 
 
 .034899 
 
 16 
 
 .19509 
 
 41 
 
 .076549 
 
 66 
 
 .047582 
 
 91 
 
 .034516 
 
 17 
 
 .18375 
 
 42 
 
 .074731 
 
 67 
 
 .046872 
 
 92 
 
 .034141 
 
 18 
 
 .17365 
 
 43 
 
 .072995 
 
 68 
 
 .046184 
 
 93 
 
 .033774 
 
 19 
 
 .16460 
 
 44 
 
 .071339 
 
 69 
 
 .045515 
 
 94 
 
 .033415 
 
 20 
 
 .15643 
 
 45 
 
 .069756 
 
 70 
 
 .044865 
 
 95 
 
 .033064 
 
 21 
 
 .14904 
 
 46 
 
 .068243 
 
 71 
 
 .044232 
 
 96 
 
 .032719 
 
 22 
 
 .14232 
 
 47 
 
 .066793 
 
 72 
 
 .043619 
 
 97 
 
 .032381 
 
 23 
 
 .13617 
 
 48 
 
 .065401 
 
 73 
 
 .043022 
 
 98 
 
 .032051 
 
 24 
 
 .13053 
 
 49 
 
 .064073 
 
 74 
 
 .042441 
 
 99 
 
 .031728 
 
 25 
 
 .12533 
 
 50 
 
 .062791 
 
 75 
 
 .041875 
 
 100 
 
 .031411 
 
 143 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 STANDARD FOUNDATION WASHERS 
 
 Diam. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Est. VVt. Lbs 
 
 Bolt 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 C. Steel 
 
 H" 
 
 5" 
 
 U2" 
 
 1 " 
 
 A" 
 
 ^8" 
 
 ^^" 
 
 %" 
 
 3.68 
 
 Vs 
 
 5 
 
 IH 
 
 lA 
 
 ii 
 
 Vs 
 
 Vs 
 
 A 
 
 3.75 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 VA 
 
 1^8 
 
 H 
 
 'A 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 6.6 
 
 Vs 
 
 6 
 
 2 A 
 
 lA 
 
 H 
 
 'A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 6.6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 2H 
 
 1^ 
 
 13^ 
 
 % 
 
 Vs- 
 
 A 
 
 11. 
 
 IVs 
 
 7 
 
 2ii 
 
 m 
 
 IM 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 11. 
 
 IM 
 
 8 
 
 2J^ 
 
 2^^ 
 
 1^^ 
 
 % 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 15.2 
 
 IK 
 
 8 • 
 
 3K 
 
 2J^ 
 
 \% 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 15.1 
 
 m 
 
 10 
 
 3J^ 
 
 2K 
 
 IVs 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 I A 
 
 33. 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 4M 
 
 3J^ 
 
 2H 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 n'2 
 
 33. 
 
 2M 
 
 12 
 
 4J^ 
 
 3^^ 
 
 2^^ 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 60.6 
 
 2^ 
 
 12 
 
 5K 
 
 4 
 
 25^ 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 61. 
 
 2% 
 
 15 
 
 5K 
 
 4^ 
 
 2% 
 
 1 
 
 IM 
 
 2A 
 
 107.8 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 6M 
 
 4^ 
 
 3.^, 
 
 1 
 
 I A 
 
 2A 
 
 107.6 
 
 3M 
 
 18 
 
 6^-8 
 
 5^ 
 
 35-^ 
 
 IH 
 
 lA 
 
 2H 
 
 182.9 
 
 31^ 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 53^ 
 
 35^ 
 
 13^8 
 
 132 
 
 2H 
 
 182.7 
 
 144 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 STANDARD WOOD WASHERS 
 
 — *-£ 
 
 Diam. of 
 
 A 
 
 1} 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 I- 
 
 Est. Wt. Lbs 
 
 Bolt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Steel 
 
 H" 
 
 IM" 
 
 ^" 
 
 A" 
 
 A" 
 
 • 8 
 
 ^i" 
 
 .06 
 
 H 
 
 1% 
 
 % 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 % 
 
 .18 
 
 Yi 
 
 2K 
 
 iM 
 
 H 
 
 ?^ 
 
 H 
 
 V2 
 
 .42 
 
 y% 
 
 3M 
 
 IM 
 
 H 
 
 K^ 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 .83 
 
 u 
 
 3H 
 
 IH 
 
 Vs 
 
 H 
 
 Vs 
 
 % 
 
 1.46 
 
 Vs 
 
 4H 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 2.14 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2H 
 
 iH 
 
 3^^ 
 
 \i 
 
 1 
 
 3.32 
 
 IH 
 
 SVs 
 
 2H 
 
 IM 
 
 1 
 
 ¥2 
 
 IK 
 
 4.72 
 
 IH 
 
 6H 
 
 2H 
 
 1^8 
 
 1 
 
 V2 
 
 IM 
 
 6.06 
 
 \y% 
 
 6K 
 
 3 
 
 IK 
 
 m 
 
 Vi 
 
 IK 
 
 7.67 
 
 Wi 
 
 yyo 
 
 3H 
 
 iVs 
 
 IH 
 
 ■h 
 
 IK 
 
 10.21 
 
 Wz 
 
 SVs 
 
 SVz 
 
 m 
 
 IM 
 
 % 
 
 IK 
 
 12.68 
 
 m 
 
 Wi 
 
 3U 
 
 m 
 
 1^8 
 
 H 
 
 \% 
 
 17.35 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 4J< 
 
 2% 
 
 IH 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 24.9 
 
 145 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 EPICYCLOIDAL GEAR TEETH 
 
 A=0.3 X pitch=distance between 
 the pitch and addendum circles. 
 
 B^O.375 X pitch=:distance between 
 pitch and root circles. 
 
 C=0.466 X pitch=thickness of gear 
 tooth. 
 
 D=distance from pitch circle to 
 line of flank centers. 
 
 E=distance from pitch circle to 
 radius base line. 
 
 F=face radius of gear tooth. 
 
 G^flank radius of gear tooth. 
 
 Table I 
 
 Table II 
 
 Values for Layout of 12-Tooth Gear 
 
 Pitch 
 
 D^ 
 
 F 
 
 Values for Layout of 13-14-Tooth Gear 
 G* Pitch A B C D E F G 
 
 'A 
 
 A 
 
 j_ 
 
 15. 
 
 JL 
 
 A 
 
 . 3^ 
 
 32 
 
 A 
 
 hi 
 
 lA 
 
 A 
 
 K 2 if 
 
 % 
 
 A 
 
 h 
 
 M . 
 
 ri 
 
 li 
 
 . H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 2A 
 
 A 
 
 H 3A 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 Vs 
 
 M . 
 
 . it 
 
 ii 
 
 . 1 
 
 A 
 
 y 8 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 fi 4i| 
 
 IK 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 H . 
 
 . A 
 
 M . 
 
 . lA 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 3K 
 
 ?^ 
 
 M 511 
 
 \y^ 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 H . 
 
 . h 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 . iM 
 
 ?-^ 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 s^ 
 
 H 6 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 li . 
 
 ■ h 
 
 % . 
 
 . iH 
 
 M 
 
 If 
 
 H 
 
 4A 
 
 ?^ 
 
 M 6K 
 
 ^'A 
 
 T& 
 
 \i 
 
 11 
 
 . ^ 
 
 fi . 
 
 . lA 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 ii 
 
 4K 
 
 1^ 
 
 fi 7if 
 
 iVs 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 M ' 
 
 . A 
 
 lA 
 
 . lA 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 4% 
 
 ?V 
 
 lA 7K 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 ih 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 . A 
 
 IH . 
 
 . iH 
 
 H 
 
 fi 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 5^ 
 
 3^ 
 
 lA 8M 
 
 VA 
 
 A 
 
 if 
 
 A . 
 
 . A 
 
 lA 
 
 . VA 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 5A 
 
 A 
 
 IM 9 
 
 2 
 
 if 
 
 M 
 
 H . 
 
 . A 
 
 lA . 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 ^i 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 A 
 
 lA 9K 
 
 2H 
 
 H 
 
 Xi 
 
 lA . 
 
 . A 
 
 lA . 
 
 '. 2H 
 
 4A 
 
 f^ 
 
 \jj 
 
 63<i 
 
 A 
 
 IM lOH 
 
 2J^ 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 1 A 
 
 _a_ 
 
 Iff . 
 
 . 2A 
 
 3-^ 
 
 /4 
 
 \i 
 
 1 ri 
 
 7K 
 
 A 
 
 IK 12 
 
 2% 
 
 M 
 
 lA 
 
 lA . 
 
 . A 
 
 m . 
 
 . 2M 
 
 53 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 SM 
 
 A 
 
 in 13iV 
 
 3 
 
 ft 
 
 \A 
 
 IM . 
 
 . iV 
 
 Iff . 
 
 . 3 
 
 fl 
 
 IK 
 
 IH 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 14M 
 
 3H 
 
 H 
 
 ij^ 
 
 IM . 
 
 . A 
 
 2A . 
 
 . SA 
 
 li 
 
 lA 
 
 Iff 
 
 9H 
 
 A 
 
 2K 15K 
 
 3^ 
 
 \ii 
 
 lA 
 
 1^ . 
 
 A 
 
 2^ . 
 
 . 3A 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 15-8 
 
 loA 
 
 A 
 
 2^ lOM 
 
 4 
 
 lil 
 
 iH 
 
 IM . 
 
 _5_ 
 
 2A . 
 
 . 4 
 
 lif 
 
 lA 
 
 Iff 
 
 12 
 
 A 
 
 2M 19A 
 
 *In this chart for 12 teeth only, the dimensions D and G are omitted as the flanks may 
 be formed with sufficient accuracy from the radii given for the face. 
 
 146 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 EPICYCLOIDAL GEAR TEETH 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 
 
 
 Table III 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table IV 
 
 
 
 
 Val 
 
 jes fo 
 
 r Layout of 15-16-Tooth G( 
 
 ;ar 
 
 Values 
 
 for Layout of 17-18-Tooth Gear 
 
 
 'itch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Pitch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Vz 
 
 A 
 
 j_ 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 ii 
 
 44 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 3 
 T6 
 
 If 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 H 
 
 37 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 e 
 
 i. 
 
 M 
 
 VA 
 
 % 
 
 Ti 
 
 J7 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 141 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 lA 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 2K 
 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 41 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 Iff 
 
 iVs 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 iH 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 2il 
 
 13^ 
 
 44 
 
 H 
 
 44 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 4f 
 
 2A 
 
 VA 
 
 5i 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 1^8 
 
 A 
 
 ff 
 
 3H 
 
 1J€ 
 
 ^8 
 
 41 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 2A 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 ii 
 
 le 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 
 3A 
 
 1^ 
 
 44 
 
 ii 
 
 Ai 
 
 44 
 
 JL 
 
 41 
 
 244 
 
 \y% 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 IX 
 
 114 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 3^ 
 
 IH 
 
 16 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 lA 
 
 I'e 
 
 1^^ 
 
 241 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 Va 
 
 IM 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 4A 
 
 iVs 
 
 Vi 
 
 ^^ 
 
 M 
 
 \A 
 
 _i_ 
 
 li^ 
 
 3A 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 14 
 
 H 
 
 111 
 
 A 
 
 144 
 
 4^8 
 
 m 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 \h 
 
 _5_ 
 
 U^ 
 
 3A 
 
 m 
 
 1^ 
 
 if 
 
 K 
 
 2A 
 
 A 
 
 IM 
 
 444 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 li 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 _6_ 
 
 iH 
 
 344 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 li 
 
 2H 
 
 A 
 
 144 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 144 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 314 
 
 2H 
 
 ii 
 
 f} 
 
 lA 
 
 2M 
 
 A 
 
 IH 
 
 5^ 
 
 2K 
 
 64 
 
 44 ] 
 
 A 
 
 IH 
 
 ^ 
 
 144 
 
 4H 
 
 2M 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 lA 
 
 25^ 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 6M 
 
 2J^ 
 
 % 
 
 H 
 
 I A 
 
 \% 
 
 ii 
 
 llf 
 
 4J^ 
 
 2M 
 
 H 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 33^ 
 
 A 
 
 114 
 
 6K 
 
 2M 
 
 53 
 
 1^^ 
 
 1*^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 h. 
 
 VA 
 
 5^ 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 IM 
 
 iM 
 
 3A 
 
 A 
 
 2^ 
 
 73^ 
 
 3 
 
 4f 
 
 \y% 
 
 141 
 
 2A 
 
 H 
 
 2^ 
 
 5|f 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 1^ 
 
 IH 
 
 3A 
 
 j_ 
 
 2A 
 
 8M 
 
 3M 
 
 44 
 
 \h 
 
 U^ 
 
 2^ 
 
 Vs 
 
 2^^ 
 
 644 
 
 3^ 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 1^ 
 
 3% 
 
 A 
 
 244 
 
 8M 
 
 3M 
 
 1 .^ 
 
 lA 
 
 l^ 
 
 2f| 
 
 _2_ 
 
 2^8 
 
 6|f 
 
 4 
 
 IP. 
 
 13^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 4e 
 
 ^ 
 
 244 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 iM 
 
 1^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 r)13 
 -16 
 
 ^ 
 
 2f4 
 
 7il 
 
 
 
 
 Table V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tal 
 
 Die VI 
 
 
 
 
 Vahies for Layout of 19-21-Tooth Gear 
 
 Values for Layout of 22-24-Tooth Gear 
 
 Pitch 
 
 B 
 
 C D 
 
 G Pitch 
 
 B 
 
 D 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 4f 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 =f^ 
 
 44 
 
 % 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 lA 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 ST 
 
 lA 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 .^^ 
 
 4f 
 
 J4 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 lA 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 5^ 
 
 44 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 lA 
 
 I'A 
 
 44 
 
 H 
 
 44 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 41 
 
 144 
 
 lA 
 
 44 
 
 H 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 A 
 
 13. 
 16 
 
 1*1 
 
 IK 
 
 % 
 
 41 
 
 H 
 
 ^^ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 2A 
 
 iH 
 
 ^8 
 
 44 
 
 37. 
 
 ST 
 
 A 
 
 I! 
 
 144 
 
 iVs 
 
 44 
 
 if 
 
 If 
 
 ii 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 2>€ 
 
 \A 
 
 41 
 
 ii 
 
 If 
 
 ff 
 
 A 
 
 ff 
 
 144 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 i^i 
 
 j_ 
 
 lA 
 
 2A 
 
 lA 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 41 
 
 ff 
 
 _5_ 
 
 lA 
 
 2A 
 
 m 
 
 Ki 
 
 5^8 
 
 % 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 j_ 
 
 lA 
 
 244 
 
 lA 
 
 A 
 
 ^i 
 
 H 
 
 44 
 
 A 
 
 114 
 
 2|f 
 
 m 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 13. 
 16 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 2ff 
 
 m 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 2H 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 if 
 
 A 
 
 1-5 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 3A 
 
 lA 
 
 -S_ 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 41 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 244 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 i-i 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 141 
 
 344 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 /A 
 
 15 
 
 44 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 2A 
 
 2M 
 
 if 
 
 44 
 
 lA 
 
 \A 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 314 
 
 2A 
 
 If 
 
 44 
 
 lA 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 1^^ 
 
 3A 
 
 2^ 
 
 54 
 
 41 
 
 1^ 
 
 Wa 
 
 A 
 
 IM 
 
 4A 
 
 2A 
 
 Va 
 
 41 
 
 lA 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 m 
 
 3ff 
 
 2^ 
 
 H 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 \A 
 
 A 
 
 IH 
 
 4ff 
 
 2M 
 
 e 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 lif 
 
 341 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 
 13^ 
 
 144 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 2A 
 
 441 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 ly^ 
 
 I4i 
 
 lA 
 
 A 
 
 2 A 
 
 4if 
 
 3J4 
 
 H 
 
 lA 
 
 Iff 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 2A 
 
 5if 
 
 354 
 
 44 
 
 lA 
 
 Iff 
 
 141 
 
 A 
 
 2 4J 
 
 4|f 
 
 3H 
 
 1 A 
 
 lA 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 2f! 
 
 5e 
 
 ^A 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 IM 
 
 if 
 
 2|f 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Iti 
 
 IK 
 
 Iff 
 
 2 
 
 A 
 
 Oii 
 -16 
 
 6ff 
 
 4 
 
 lif 
 
 IH 
 
 IH 
 
 lA 
 
 if 
 
 2A 
 
 5H 
 
 147 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 EPICYCLOIDAL GEAR TEETH 
 
 (CnntiiiHi'd) 
 
 A^O.3 X pitch=distance between 
 the pitch and addendum circles. 
 
 B=0.375 X pitch=distance between 
 pitch and root circles. 
 
 C=0.466 X pitch=thickness of gear 
 tooth. 
 
 D=:distance from pitch circle to 
 line of flank centers. 
 
 E=distance from pitch circle to 
 radius base line. 
 
 F=face radius of gear tooth. 
 
 G=flank radius of gear tooth. 
 
 Table VII 
 
 Table VIII 
 
 \^a 
 
 ues for Lay 
 
 out of 
 
 25-29-Toath Gear 
 
 Va 
 
 ues for Layout of 30- 
 
 3G-Tooth Gear 
 
 Pitch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Pitch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 M 
 
 ■h 
 
 A 
 
 «i 
 
 A 
 
 T5 
 
 K 
 
 ii 
 
 1.; 
 
 A 
 
 tV 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 e'i 
 
 A 
 
 ^8 
 
 .3-9 
 
 H 
 
 ii 
 
 fi 
 
 H 
 
 aV 
 
 a^ 
 
 A 
 
 fi 
 
 H 
 
 3^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 "f 
 
 ii 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 ff 
 
 1 
 
 -h 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 _5_ 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 lA 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 
 
 A 
 
 15 
 
 A 
 
 II 
 
 IK 
 
 IH 
 
 Ji 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 J_ 
 
 fi 
 
 IM 
 
 IK 
 
 fi 
 
 If 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 K 
 
 j_ 
 
 ff 
 
 Iff 
 
 IM 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 f« 
 
 -H 
 
 is 
 
 ft 
 
 IK 
 
 iM 
 
 ?'8 
 
 a 
 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 IK 
 
 \y^ 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 4i 
 
 "- 
 
 i 
 
 lii 
 
 If* 
 
 1K< 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 ifi 
 
 1^ 
 
 A 
 
 i€ 
 
 ii 
 
 rs 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 Iff 
 
 IK 
 
 T% 
 
 re 
 
 
 J. 
 
 ff 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 Uf 
 
 1^ 
 
 Yi 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 lif 
 
 -Wt 
 
 IK 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 3 
 
 -'4 
 
 «8 
 
 A 
 
 iK 
 
 Iff 
 
 1% 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 lil 
 
 2^ 
 
 1^4 
 
 ff 
 
 T2 
 
 
 7 
 
 fl 
 
 -rt 
 
 Iff 
 
 2^ 
 
 IK 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 IH 
 
 2-.^ 
 
 IK 
 
 A 
 
 if 
 
 : 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ii 
 
 s^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 2K 
 
 2 
 
 il 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 «^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 2i| 
 
 2 
 
 ff 
 
 M 
 
 
 H 
 
 ff 
 
 K 
 
 Iff 
 
 O 13 
 
 - 32 
 
 2^ 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 lA 
 
 *i 
 
 IT 
 
 l*i 
 
 2fi 
 
 m 
 
 if 
 
 fl 
 
 1 Tl 
 
 ff 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 2 11 
 
 2^2 
 
 /4 
 
 H 
 
 1,% 
 
 M 
 
 >8 
 
 IK 
 
 3M 
 
 2K 
 
 U 
 
 if 
 
 lA 
 
 ff 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 3 
 
 2M 
 
 |i 
 
 Ij^ 
 
 1^ . 
 
 if 
 
 ^ 
 
 2^ 
 
 3,^ 
 
 2^4 
 
 6i 
 
 Is^ 
 
 Is^ 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 O 3 
 
 - ST 
 
 3 if 
 
 3 
 
 If 
 
 IK 
 
 IM 
 
 /8 
 
 Tfe 
 
 2A' 
 
 3f| 
 
 3 
 
 fl 
 
 IK 
 
 Iff 
 
 fi 
 
 A 
 
 2A 
 
 3il 
 
 3J4 
 
 Vi 
 
 li^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 ii 
 
 ^ 
 
 2M 
 
 4A 
 
 3K 
 
 ff 
 
 is^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 2ff 
 
 3 ft 
 
 3H 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 IK 
 
 lA 
 
 if 
 
 2il 
 
 4^ 
 
 3K 
 
 1,^ 
 
 lA 
 
 IK 
 
 ff 
 
 A 
 
 2ff 
 
 4 a 
 
 4 
 
 IH 
 
 n-^ 
 
 Iff 
 
 1^ 
 
 if 
 
 2f* 
 
 •Ti! 
 
 4 
 
 IH 
 
 iK 
 
 
 If 
 
 H 
 
 15 
 
 3 A 
 
 4fi 
 
 148 
 
REFERENCES FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 EPIGYCLOIDAL GEAR TEETH 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 
 
 
 Table IX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table X 
 
 
 
 
 Values for Layout c 
 
 f 37-38-Tooth Gear 
 
 Values for Layou 
 
 t of 49-72-Tooth Gear 
 
 'itch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Pitch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 'A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 AS 
 
 s'j 
 
 A 
 
 2^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 'A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 ?7 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 tJ 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 iVs 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 ^8 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 Ji 
 
 lA 
 
 iH 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 13-^ 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 A- 
 
 H 
 
 lA 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 IM 
 
 134 
 
 =^8 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 jV 
 
 si 
 
 l3^ 
 
 llf 
 
 1^8 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 Ji 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 111 
 
 1:^8 
 
 M 
 
 If 
 
 a 
 
 If 
 
 61 
 
 1 A 
 
 IM 
 
 1^ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 ii 
 
 H 
 
 s^ 
 
 lA 
 
 IH 
 
 13'^ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 ii 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 134 
 
 IM 
 
 m 
 
 Vz 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 li 
 
 8^ 
 
 lA 
 
 IH 
 
 l?s 
 
 A 
 
 ^8 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 iH 
 
 III 
 
 1?4 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 >^ 
 
 1^8 
 
 Ifi 
 
 1^4 
 
 a 
 
 Ji 
 
 ii 
 
 H 
 
 ri 
 
 le 
 
 111 
 
 Us 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 Ji 
 
 ':'8 
 
 Vs 
 
 IM 
 
 2A 
 
 IJ^ 
 
 A 
 
 15 
 
 ^'8 
 
 > 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 3,( 
 
 /4 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 IM 
 
 2M 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 "jj 
 
 32 
 
 iH 
 
 23^ 
 
 2H 
 
 Ji 
 
 H 
 
 1 A 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 Iff 
 
 2H 
 
 23€ 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 lA 
 
 25 
 
 If 
 
 1,^8 
 
 '2% 
 
 2H 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 lA 
 
 32 
 
 H 
 
 IM 
 
 2fi 
 
 2^i 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 U 
 
 If 
 
 13. 
 
 2 A 
 
 2M 
 
 2H 
 
 e 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 M 
 
 ii 
 
 2H 
 
 3 A 
 
 2^i 
 
 T¥ 
 
 lA 
 
 5% 
 
 If 
 
 Ti 
 
 2j^ 
 
 2f| 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 IH 
 
 IH 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 2^8 
 
 3|f 
 
 3 
 
 !! 
 
 13'8^ 
 
 M 
 
 If 
 
 H 
 
 2H 
 
 3A 
 
 ■■iH 
 
 li 
 
 lA 
 
 IM 
 
 f^ 
 
 Ti 
 
 2A 
 
 3|i 
 
 ■iH 
 
 !^ 
 
 l^ • 
 
 If 
 
 e 
 
 61 
 
 2f| 
 
 3A 
 
 m 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 1^'^ 
 
 If 
 
 6J 
 
 2M 
 
 311 
 
 33^ 
 
 ItV 
 
 lA 
 
 ■'8 
 
 M 
 
 TS 
 
 2 If 
 
 3|f 
 
 4 
 
 U5 
 
 13-^ 
 
 la 
 
 If 
 
 ^ 
 
 3fs 
 
 43/^ 
 
 4 
 
 Uf 
 
 U'2 ] 
 
 If 
 
 fi 
 
 61 
 
 ■i-h 
 
 434 
 
 
 
 
 Table XI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tab 
 
 leXII 
 
 
 
 
 Values for Layout of 73-144-Tooth Ge 
 
 ar Va 
 
 ues for 
 
 Layout of 145-Tooth Gear or R 
 
 ick* 
 
 Pitch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Pitch 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 ;^4 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 i\ 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 13'8< 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 H 
 
 134 
 
 iJs 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 13-8 
 
 M 
 
 If 
 
 15 
 
 13^ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 -!i 
 
 15^8 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 5! 
 
 fl 
 
 VA 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 Js 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^4 
 
 fl 
 
 2H 
 
 tJ 
 
 fj 
 
 lA 
 
 ■2A 
 
 /4 
 
 if 
 
 lA 
 
 2% 
 
 H 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 13-^ 
 
 IH 
 
 334 
 
 Ii 
 
 lA 
 
 le 
 
 33-2 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 
 1?^ 
 
 4 
 
 liJ 
 
 13 2 
 
 Ill 
 
 *The dimensions 
 straight rack. 
 
 here given 
 
 A 
 
 6T 
 
 A 
 
 1.; 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 If 
 
 U 
 
 ?4 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 f! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 _5_ 
 
 A 
 
 1 A 
 
 m 
 
 13-^ 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 134 
 
 iM 
 
 A 
 
 3^ 
 
 lit 
 
 1% 
 
 1?-^ 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 IH 
 
 \A 
 
 13^ 
 
 A 
 
 -S. 
 
 m 
 
 l=/8 
 
 1^^ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 lA 
 
 1% 
 
 i?i 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 IH 
 
 13^ 
 
 1'8 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 Ifl 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 2 A 
 
 234 
 
 23-4 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 2M 
 
 2yi 
 
 23^^ 
 
 H 
 
 34 
 
 2|i 
 
 2H 
 
 2^4 
 
 e 
 
 Ji 
 
 2 If 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 J! 
 
 2|| 
 
 3M 
 
 334 
 
 14 
 
 iV 
 
 3 A 
 
 33^ 
 
 33^ 
 
 lA 
 
 If 
 
 3e 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 lif 
 
 may 
 
 be used for 
 
 any gear \vi 
 
 VA 
 
 lA 
 
 1 J- J- 
 
 ^ 64 32 
 
 lA If 
 
 1|* If 
 
 Iff If 
 
 l^s If 
 
 1 1\ l\ 
 
 1 A 
 1 = 
 
 lA 
 1 ' 
 
 lA 
 1 ^' 
 
 Uf 
 
 1 2' 
 
 Iff 
 
 llf 
 
 \A 
 
 \l\ 
 
 \H 
 
 If! 
 
 Iff 
 
 Iff 
 
 2A 
 
 2 A 
 
 2 If 
 
 2^8^ 
 
 2 If 
 
 2e 
 
 •) 51 
 - 6« 
 
 2 If 
 
 3 A 
 
 3 A 
 
 334 
 
 3 If 
 
 teeth or for a 
 
 149 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 EXHAUST CONNECTIONS 
 
 Sizes of Exhaust Connections for Wood -Working Machinery 
 
 Type of machines 
 
 Swing saws: Small size on dry kiln umber, large on wet 
 
 Rip saws: Dry kiln material 
 
 Not dry kiln material 
 
 Self-feed saws 
 
 Table saws: 
 
 For box factory work 
 
 Mitre saws 
 
 Variety saws ; 
 
 Variety saws with dado head 
 
 Double saws 
 
 Gang saw (Dependent on size and number of saws) 
 
 Band saws: 
 
 Blade under 2 inches wide 
 
 Blade 2 inches to 3 inches , 
 
 Blade 3 inches to 4 inches 
 
 Blade 4 inches to 6 inches , 
 
 Blade 6 inches to 8 inches 
 
 Jig saws '■ 
 
 Tenoning: Single head 
 
 Double head 
 
 Double end, double head 
 
 Variety molder or shaper: Single head 
 
 Double head 
 
 Double head, heavy w ork 
 
 Sanders: 
 
 Belt — Less than 6 inches wide 
 
 Belt — 6 to 8 and 10 inches wide 
 
 Belt — 12 and 14 inches 
 
 Drum — 24 inches long 
 
 Drum — 30 inches long 
 
 Drum — 36 inches long '. 
 
 Drum — 48 inches long 
 
 Drum — Over 48 inches 
 
 Discs — 24 inches diameter 
 
 Discs — 26 inches to 36 inches 
 
 Discs — 36 inches to 48 inches 
 
 Arm Sander 
 
 Planers, matchers, molders, stickers, jointers, etc. (all top and bottom heads) 
 
 Knives 6 inches to 8 inches 
 
 Knives 9 inches to 14 inches , 
 
 Knives IS inches to 20 inches 
 
 Knives 22 inches to 26 inches 
 
 Knives 28 inches to 36 inches 
 
 Side knives under IS inches 
 
 16-20 inches 
 
 21-24 inches 
 
 No. of 
 
 connections 
 
 Diameter 
 of pipe, 
 inches 
 
 SH to 6 
 4 
 
 i}4 
 5 
 4 
 
 iH 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 5 
 S 
 6 to 9 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 4 
 S 
 7 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4H 
 5 
 6 
 4 
 
 8 
 10 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 4 
 
 S 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 4': 
 
 *0ne hood for each cutter. 
 
 The above table gives the sizes of connections commonly used with wood-working machines, but it is 
 not intended to restrict the pipe to these diameters, as the size varies with the quantity of shavings, the 
 kind of lumber, its condition, whether wet or dry, and the variation in speed of the cutter heads. Modern 
 high-speed machines require larger connection than older types, even though the cutters be of the same 
 size. Experience will dictate just what increase is necessary. 
 
 150 
 
REPERENCRS FOR PATTERNMAKERS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DATA FOR THE PATTERNMAKER 
 
 Frequently pipe connections are made to castings and the pat- 
 ternmaker has to figure on cores of proper size to admit the pipe. 
 The finished diameters of the cored holes for various sizes of pipe 
 are given, with other information, in the pipe table below. The 
 table of wood screw data shows the size drills to use in drilling 
 patterns for screws of various sizes. The sizes of drills less than 
 34-inch diameter are given in Brown & Sharpe wire gage numbers. 
 The fillet table gives the principal dimensions of leather fillets. 
 
 Wrought Iron Pipe Data 
 
 Size, inches Js H H Vi U 1 IH 132 2 
 
 Actual external diam 0.405 0. 54 0.675 0.84 1.05 1.32 1.66 1.90 2.38 
 
 Actual internal diam 0.27 0.364 0.494 0.623 0.824 1.05 1.38 1.61 2.07 
 
 No.ofthreads 27 18 IS 14 14 113-^ UK H'A 8 
 
 Size of tap drill. (Cored 
 
 holes must be finished 
 
 to this diameter) 21-64 29-64 i| f| 1| 1 ,'e I'A 111 2 A 
 
 Size, inches 2'2 3 3^ 4 4)2 5 6 7 8 
 
 Actual external diam 2.88 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.56 6.63 7.63 8.63 
 
 Actual internal diam 2.47 3.07 3.54 4.03 4.51 5.04 6.07 7.023 7.982 
 
 No. of threads S 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 
 
 Size of tap drill. (Cored 
 
 holes must be finished 
 
 to this diameter) 25* ^li iU Hi ^% S^ 6h TVi Wi 
 
 Wood Screw Data 
 
 No. of screw 20 18 16 14 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 
 
 Drill for body- h -A 17/64 15/64 2 10 17 19 26 28 30 36 39 44 
 
 Drill for threads 15,64 1 6 12 19 23 26 29 33 37 41 44 47 SO 
 
 Da ta o.n Leather Fillets 
 
 No 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 
 
 Size or radius h la A li rs ^a A I2 Vs % la 1 
 
 Width of face ii h A 58 3u j^ Ih U l\ Ih 1 H lA 
 
 151 
 
S E C 'f I O N TV 
 
 NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 Page 
 
 Manganese Bronze C 154 
 
 Phosphor Bronze 155 
 
 Parson's Manganese Bronze 156 
 
 Bronze for Machinery Castings 157 
 
 The Effect of Various Elements on Strengths 
 
 of Manganese Bronze 158 
 
 Red Brass for Small Castings 159 
 
 Yellow Brass for Sand Castings 160 
 
 White Brass 161 
 
 Mixtures for Plumbers' Brass Goods 162 
 
 Cheap Brass Mixtures '. 163 
 
 Weights of Alloys and Metals 165 
 
 Determining Specific Gravity and Weights of 
 
 Alloys 166 
 
 Data on Alloys and Metals 167 
 
 Brass and Bronze Alloys Used in English 
 
 Practice 168 
 
 Tin-Antimony-Copper Alloys 169 
 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys 170 
 
 Composition of Miscellaneous Alloys 171 
 
 Copper-Tin-Phosphorus Alloys 172 
 
 Phosphor Bronze Alloys 178 
 
 Composition of Miscellaneous Alloys 179 
 
 Statuary Bronze 188 
 
 Patented Nonferrous Alloys 191 
 
 Aluminum Alloys 193 
 
 Hardening Effect of Additions of Commercial 
 
 Metals to Aluminum 197 
 
 Data on Aluminum Bronze 199 
 
 Aluminum Alloys Used in Aircraft 201 
 
 Patented Aluminum Alloys 202 
 
 Page 
 
 Common Casting Copper 204 
 
 Cheap Red Metal 205 
 
 Deoxidizers for Copper and Its Alloys 206 
 
 Copper Castings for Electrical Purposes 207 
 
 Comparative Hardness of Copper Alloys. . . . 209 
 
 Comparative Hardness of White Metals 212 
 
 Hardness of Bearing Metals 214 
 
 Proprietary Bearing Alloys 215 
 
 Babbitt and Antifriction Metals 217 
 
 Babbitt Used in Automobiles 219 
 
 Heat Resisting Castings 220 
 
 Odd and Unusual Alloys 221 
 
 Ounce Metal 222 
 
 Nickel Alloys 223 
 
 Brazing Metal 224 
 
 The Effect of Manganese Copper Additions.. 225 
 
 Miscellaneous Formulas 226 
 
 Fusible Alloys 228 
 
 Babbitt Metal 229 
 
 Soldering Alloys 230 
 
 Melting Points of Solders 232 
 
 Tests of Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys 233 
 
 Soldering Aluminum Bronze 235 
 
 Flux for Soldering 236 
 
 Fluxes for Nonferrous Metals 237 
 
 Patented Nonferrous Alloys 239 
 
 Miscellaneous Dips 241 
 
 Physical Requirements of Nonferrous Alloys. 242 
 
 Composition of Nonferrous Alloys 243 
 
 Requirements for Special Alloys 245 
 
 Pickling Solutions for Brass 246 
 
 153 
 
rO UNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MANGANESE BRONZE C 
 
 Used for propellers and castings that rnust be strong and ductile, 
 manganese bronze C, specified by the Philadelphia navy yard, has 
 the following analysis : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 56.00 
 
 Zinc 37.00 
 
 Ferromanganese, 80 per cent 4.00 
 
 Aluminum 1.25 
 
 Norway iron 1.75 
 
 This alloy is unlike ordinary manganese bronze because of the 
 absence of tin and the high content of iron, manganese and alumi- 
 num. It is a difficult alloy to mix unless the exact method of mak- 
 ing the hardener is known. This hardener is different than the one 
 employed in producing ordinary manganese bronze, but can be 
 made satisfactorily by melting 25 pounds of copper under a cover of 
 charcoal ; when very hot, add 2^ pounds of iron in the form of thin 
 sheet clippings, such as stove pipe iron, and stir thoroughly to dis- 
 solve the iron. Charge the iron loosely in small pieces to prevent 
 fusion and when melted add the aluminum, and stir again. When 
 the copper and iron have attained a high temperature, charge the 
 additional 24 pounds of the 49-pound charge. When this copper 
 has been melted, add 10 pounds of B grade manganese copper; melt 
 and add ?>7 pounds of zinc. Stir thoroughly, remove from the 
 furnace and pour into ingots. 
 
 For making the castings, melt the ingots and add 1.5 per cent 
 of zinc to compensate for volatilization. Use heavy feeders, gate 
 from the bottom, and do not shake-out the castings until they have 
 cooled to their natural bright, greenish yellow color. 
 
 The pouring temperature is from 1790 degrees to 1810 degrees 
 Fahr. 
 
 154 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 PHOSPHOR BRONZE 
 
 The term phosphor bronze is rather vague, as it is applied to a 
 large number of alloys of widely different compositions. When used 
 for the purposes of a bearing it contains a considerable percentage 
 of lead. A good example of a phosphor bronze bearing alloy 
 follows : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 81 
 
 Phosphor-copper (15 per cent) 3 
 
 Tin 7 
 
 Lead 9 
 
 ]\Ielt the copper under charcoal and when thoroughly liquid 
 add the phosphor-copper; allow the metal to stand a few minutes 
 with the furnace cover partially removed, then add the tin, and 
 lastly the lead, stirring vigorously. The idea was prevalent at 
 one time that by the use of phosphorus in bronze a large quantity 
 of lead could be retained. This is erroneous, as phosphorus will 
 cause the lead to separate in highly leaded mixtures. Of late there 
 has been a tendency to confine the term phosphor bronze to the 
 strongest grades of copper-tin alloys, thus indicating by the use of 
 this name that a bronze is required possessing the highest physical 
 properties possible in a copper-tin alloy. The formula for such an 
 alloy follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Tin • 5 
 
 Phosphor-tin (5 per cent) 5 
 
 The tensile strength of this alloy, when properly made, will 
 vary from 39,000 pounds to 40,500 pounds per square inch. This 
 variation ma}^ be due to several causes, such as the brand of cop- 
 per used and the care with which it is melted. 
 
 It will be found expedient to use crucible rings when melting 
 the copper. This will permit all of the ingots to be loosely charged 
 at one time and the ring will protect the projecting ingots from 
 the furnace gases. A little salt is also added when the copper be- 
 comes red, and as it sinks, charcoal should be liberally used so that 
 the surface of the metal is always under cover. AMien melted, add 
 the phosphor-tin first with thorough stirring, then, just before 
 removal from the fire, add the block tin. 
 
 155 
 
. FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PARSON'S MANGANESE BRONZE 
 
 In producing Parson's manganese bronze, the following alloy, 
 
 used as a hardener, first is made: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Norway iron clippings 36 
 
 Ground 80 per cent ferromanganese 8 
 
 Tin 20 
 
 A furnace capable of attaining a high temperature is required 
 to melt the hardener alloy. The iron and ferromanganese must be 
 liquified together, when the tin is added. In some cases the tin first 
 is melted and poured into the liquid iron and manganese, but it is 
 preferable to add the tin gradually in the solid form. This alloy 
 should be run into thin strips, to facilitate making the small weights 
 required. It is frequently shotted, but this should never be at- 
 tempted without further equipment, as it is a dangerous operation. 
 
 For Parson's bronze, melt the following in the proportions 
 
 given : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper '. 56.00 
 
 Zinc 41.50 
 
 Hardener 2.50 
 
 Aluminum 0.50 
 
 Melt the copper first; add the hardener; superheat a few min- 
 utes ; stir thoroughly ; add the aluminum and cool the metal with 
 bronze from previous heats. If none is on hand, reserve a small 
 amount of copper for this purpose ; cool until the metal while nicely 
 liquid, is not what would be considered hot; then commence to add 
 the zinc, charging a little at a time at first and adding it finally as 
 rapidly as the alloy will dissolve it without becoming chilled. When 
 the zinc addition has been made, stir thoroughly, do not superheat, 
 but pour into ingots. Metal with high elongation is accomplished 
 by melting again. 
 
 The analysis should be approximately as follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 57.10 
 
 Zinc 40.50 
 
 Iron 1.20 
 
 Tin 0.70 
 
 Manganese 0.10 
 
 Aluminum 0.40 
 
 156 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 BRONZE FOR MACHINERY CASTINGS 
 
 The general class of machinery castings may be taken to com- 
 prise all bronze parts used for engineering purposes that do not 
 require a special alloy, and includes a multitude of castings of 
 every imaginable shape and size, except those used for bearings 
 or where great strength or other qualifications are demanded. For 
 all purposes, where a good, reliable, easy-casting bronze is required, 
 of a rich gold color, the following formula can be recommended : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper SSVz 
 
 Tin 5y2 
 
 Zinc 3^ 
 
 Lead 2^ 
 
 The copper is first melted under charcoal, then the zinc is added, 
 
 next the tin, and lastly the lead, the metal being thoroughly stirred. 
 
 This alloy may be cheapened, if desired, by the addition of scrap 
 
 metal, as for instance: 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 66 6 
 
 Tin 4 2 
 
 Zinc 2 10 
 
 Lead 1 14 
 
 Scrap brass 25 
 
 The scrap should be carefully selected if it is desired to produce 
 an alloy of uniform quality, and should be of the same composition 
 as the new metal. Consequently, scrap of unknown composition 
 cannot be used in such cases. For the general run of castings, 
 however, a little deviation is of no consequence. Therefore, pur- 
 chased scrap may be used in any quantity up to 50 per cent of the 
 mixture, the only care necessary being to select such pieces that 
 experience has taught will be likely to be made of the same kind 
 of bronze. 
 
 157 
 
FOUNDRVMEiTS HANDBOOK 
 
 EFFECT OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS ON THE STRENGTH OF 
 MANGANESE BRONZE 
 
 An investigation to ascertain the influence of the usual additions of 
 tin, manganese aUiminuni and iron on brass of the following composition : 
 Copper, 60 per cent, and zinc, 40 per cent, the proportions usually 
 present in manganese-bronze, shows the following results : 
 
 Composition of Original Alloy 
 Copper 60; Zinc 40. 
 
 Impurity, 
 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 
 
 1.1 
 
 2.13 
 
 Manganese 
 
 1.16 
 
 2.07 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.9 
 
 Iron 
 
 1.02 
 
 Effect on 
 
 Yield Point, 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Increased 
 
 Efifect on 
 
 Maximum Stress, 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Increased 
 
 Efifect on 
 Elongation, 
 
 Per Cent 
 Decreased 
 
 19.0 
 33.0 
 
 11.0 
 4.0 
 
 61.0 
 83.0 
 
 11.9 
 
 12.3 
 
 25.5 
 
 11.9 
 
 12.3 
 
 improved 
 
 increased 
 
 increased 
 
 73.0 
 
 89.0 
 
 
 89.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 12.7 
 
 37.0 
 
 In making the alloys, the copper content of the 60-40 alloy was re- 
 duced by the amount of the tin, manganese, aluminum or iron that was 
 added. All these elements increase the yield point and tensile strength, 
 but reduce the elongation of the pure brass. 
 
 The Effect of Cadmium on Copper-Zinc Alloys 
 
 Researches recently conducted by Leon Guillet to determine the 
 effect of using zinc containing cadmium for making brass gave the fol- 
 lowing results : 
 
 Up to 1 per cent of cadmium, no injurious effect can be noticed. 
 
 With more than 1 per cent of cadmium, the resilience of the brass 
 is markedly lowered, but up to and under 2 per cent cadmium, the ten- 
 sile strength is not injured. 
 
 158 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 RED BRASS FOR SMALL CASTINGS 
 
 For small castings that must be rapidly finished by automatic 
 machines a free cutting metal of a good red color is required. 
 These qualities are obtained by the use of lead instead of tin or 
 zinc as the principal part of the alloy, thus producing an imitation 
 gun metal that casts well, has a fine bronze color when cut, and 
 makes clean, bright castings. A formula frequently used is as 
 
 follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 87 
 
 Lead 8 
 
 Zinc 2 
 
 Tin 3 
 
 Melt the copper under a cover of charcoal, then add the tin and 
 zinc and lastly the lead, stirring thoroughly. 
 
 This alloy will be found very easy to machine and is extensively 
 used for the manufacture of plumbers' red brass fittings. The ad- 
 dition of some other metal, such as zinc or tin, is necessary in cop- 
 per and lead alloys, even when the proportion of lead is compara- 
 tively small, otherwise this metal will sweat out of the mixture 
 and the castings will be marred by dark colored spots scattered 
 over the surface, or the lead will ooze out in minute beads, which, 
 when the castings are tumbled, batter up and produce very un- 
 sightly castings. The proportions of tin and zinc, given in the 
 formula, will prevent this condition, and sometimes the zinc is in- 
 creased to produce cheaper alloy, as in the following: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 82 
 
 Lead 8 
 
 Zinc 8 
 
 Tin 2 
 
 These alloys, although very useful in their proper sphere, are 
 not recommended for castings subjected to steam pressures. 
 
 159 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 YELLOW BRASS FOR SAND CASTINGS 
 
 While the proportions of zinc that can be used in making 
 yellow brass is susceptible of wide variation between certain limits, 
 it is not advisable to run above 30 per cent when good, clean yellow 
 brass sand castings are desired. A good strong, freely cutting 
 casting alloy is as follows : 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 70 
 
 Zinc 25 8 
 
 Tin 2 8 
 
 Lead 2 
 
 First melt the copper under the usual cover of charcoal to a 
 perfectly fluid condition, when the molten metal will appear clear 
 and limpid. There must be no indications of mush or bubbling 
 of the copper around the sides of the pot, but just a clear greenish 
 orange surface. When this condition prevails, the zinc can be added 
 without causing more than a slight hissing. Whenever the addi- 
 tion of the zinc is accompanied by a startling hissing noise, vivid 
 light and much smoke, the copper has been overheated and burned, 
 and the resulting metal will be of inferior quality and the losses 
 high. Consequently, special care is necessary in melting the cop- 
 per for yellow brass, and the zinc for the mixture should invariably 
 be heated before being introduced into the copper. This may be 
 accomplished by placing it on the furnace top, while the copper 
 is being melted. It should be added to the molten copper in small 
 pieces not more than 6 pounds in weight, and is lowered into 
 the furnace with tongs and not thrown in, each piece being sep- 
 arately stirred to thoroughly incorporate the zinc and to avoid 
 chilling the bath. After the zinc has been alloyed, the tin and 
 lead are added, and should the metal prove too hard for the pur- 
 pose for which it is intended, the quantity of tin can be diminished. 
 When the addition of zinc is accompanied by the signs which 
 indicate that the copper has been overheated, a deoxidizer should 
 be used if high grade metal is required, and either iron or man- 
 ganese is available for this purpose. If the former, use 1 per cent 
 of yellow prussiate of potash. This should be wrapped in paper 
 and lightly dropped upon the surface of the metal and allowed 
 to remain until the water is driven ofif, the furnace being closed 
 meanwhile. This may possibly take five minutes, when the potash 
 is stirred in, the stirrer being cautiously inserted at first, to avoid 
 possible danger of explosion. 
 
 Manganese may be introduced as manganese-copper in the pro- 
 portion of one-fourth of a pound to 100 pounds of metal, and can 
 be increased or decreased, as found necessary, to produce a pleas- 
 ing brown color on the casting. 
 
 160 
 
NONPERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 WHITE BRASS 
 
 True white brass is the alloy known as nickel silver, which is 
 composed of copper and zinc, whitened by the addition of nickel, 
 and possessing all the distinguishing features usually associated with 
 brass, except the yellow color. As the term is at present understood, 
 however, it applies to an alloy consisting largely of zinc and tin, which 
 melts at a comparatively low temperature and for many years was 
 known as white metal, but which has been greatly improved and modi- 
 fied in recent years, until it stands in a class by itself. It is much in 
 demand for bearings for automobiles and as a lining metal for bearings. 
 
 A formula that can be recommended follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tin 55.50 
 
 Phosphor-tin 2.00 
 
 Antimony 1.50 
 
 Zinc 38.75 
 
 Copper 2.25 
 
 When preparing the alloy it will be found advisable to have the 
 copper in the form of wire, sheets or ribbons, and to dissolve it in the 
 zinc by melting a portion of the latter with the copper. Melt 20 pound? 
 of zinc with the copper, and when it begins to flare, the copper will 
 be dissolved. Stir well to be certain that the copper is dissolved, then 
 gradually add the balance of the zinc, so as not to chill the molten 
 metal. When all the zinc is melted add the antimony and a small 
 piece of aluminum wire, possibly % ounce, then add the tin and lastly 
 the phosphor-tin, and pour into ingots. 
 
 161 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MIXTURES FOR PLUMBERS' BRASS GOODS 
 
 Considerable variation exists in alloys used for plumbing goods, 
 yellow brass being adopted by some makers and red alloys by others. 
 The predominating idea is to get a mixture as cheap as possible, and 
 to this end scrap metals are largely favored. A mixture that gives 
 good results on high pressure work (not steam) follows: 
 
 Sheet brass clippings 71 j/^ pounds 
 
 Copper wire 25 pounds 
 
 Lead 2 pounds 
 
 Tin 1 pound 
 
 Phosphor-copper (15 per cent) 8 ounces 
 
 The copper wire should be charged first, and when it begins to 
 sink down a worn-out dry battery is thrown in, with a small shovelful 
 of charcoal. The copper is then allowed to melt and the phosphor- 
 copper added ; the clippings are then charged, and it is advisable at 
 this stage to place a ring on the crucible to increase its., height, so 
 that a larger quantity of clippings can be packed in, each time. When 
 the clippings become red, they must be pushed down into the molten 
 copper, and this is repeated until the entire charge is melted. The 
 tin is next added and lastly the lead. The metal will smoke con- 
 siderably, and should be poured when it has ceased to boil, or to 
 impart vibrations to the skimmer. It will still smoke, but the surface 
 of the brass can be seen by blowing the smoke away, and should 
 appear bright. When pouring the molds, the metal should be rushed in 
 quickly, and with decision, otherwise the castings will be smoky. 
 
 162 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 CHEAP BRASS MIXTURES 
 
 Imitation Manganese Bronze 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 59.00 
 
 Zinc 40.00 
 
 Aluminum 5 ounces 
 
 Tin 5 ounces 
 
 Tin plate clippings 6 ounces 
 
 First melt the copper under charcoal; when hot, add the tin plate 
 
 loosely rolled; stir, add the aluminum, stirring again, and introduce the 
 
 zinc in small pieces; when thoroughly incorporated, add the tin. If 
 
 an easy cutting metal is desired, add several pounds of lead to this 
 
 alloy in place of an equal amount of zinc. 
 
 Cheap Yellow Brass 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 60.00 
 
 Zinc 36.00 
 
 Lead 4.00 
 
 Cheap Red Brass 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Scrap copper wire 40.00 
 
 Zinc 7.50 
 
 Lead 7.50 
 
 Machinery brass scrap 45.00 
 
 Melt the scrap brass first and when hot, add the copper as rapidly 
 as it can be dissolved ; follow with the zinc and the lead. This makes 
 a good, ordinary red metal. 
 
 Cheap Red Brass from All New Metals 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 83. OG 
 
 Lead 8.30 
 
 Zinc 6.50 
 
 Tin 2.00 
 
 163 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 CHEAP BRASS MIXTURES 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 A Tough Bending Alloy 
 
 ft 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 84.50 
 
 Zinc 10.00 
 
 Lead 3.00 
 
 Tin 2.50 
 
 This alloy is suitable for trolley ears, splicers and other castings 
 where a tough alloy that will bend without cracking is required. Melt 
 the copper and add the zinc, lead and tin in the order named. 
 
 A Half Red and Half Yellow Alloy 
 
 Pounds 
 Copper 55.00 
 
 Zinc 10.00 
 
 Lead 5.00 
 
 Yellow brass scrap 30.00 
 
 When the copper nears the melting point, add the yellow brass 
 scrap and run down together; then add the zinc and the lead. This 
 alloy has been used extensively for sprinkling wagon castings. The 
 castings come out of the sand having a rich red color externally, but 
 when cut, are yellow inside. 
 
 Seal Metal No. 1 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 80.00 
 
 Zinc 7.50 
 
 Lead 7.50 
 
 Tin 5.00 
 
 Seal Metal No. 2 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 76.50 
 
 Zinc •. 9.50 
 
 Lead 9.50 
 
 Tin 4.50 
 
 164 
 
NONFBRROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 WEIGHTS OF ALLOYS AND METALS 
 
 Per Cubic Foot and Per Cubic Inch 
 
 Wt. 
 
 per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 per 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Aluminum 166.5 0.0963 
 
 Alum, and tin, Al. 91. Sn. 9.... 178 0.103 
 Alum., copper and tin, Al. 85, 
 
 Cu. 7.5, Sn. 7.9 188 O.IOO 
 
 Alum., cop. and tin, Al. 6.25, 
 
 Cu. 87.5, Sn. 6.25 459 0.266 
 
 Alum., copper and tin, Al. 5, 
 
 Cu. 5, Sn. 90 425 0.244 
 
 Aluminum, Al, 75.7, Cu. 3 187 0.1082 
 
 Cop., zinc and manganese, Zn. 
 
 20, Mn. 1.3 
 
 Antimony ;.. 421.6 0.2439 
 
 Babbitt's alloy 454 0.263 
 
 Bismuth 612.4 0.3544 
 
 Brass, Cu. 80, Zn. 20 536.3 0.3103 
 
 Brass, Cu. 70, Zn. 30 523.8 0.3031 
 
 Brass, Cu. 67, Zn. 33 522.7 0.3025 
 
 Brass, Cu. 60, Zn. 40 521.3 0.3017 
 
 Brass, Cu. 50, Zn. 50 511.4 0.2959 
 
 Brass, alum., 2 per cent alum.. . 519 0.3000 
 
 Bronze, Cu. 95 to 80, Sn. 5 to 20. 552 0.3195 
 
 Bronze, alum., 10 per cent al.. . 480 0.2775 
 
 Bronze, alum., 5 per cent al. . . . 515 0.298 
 
 Bronze, phos 537 0.3095 
 
 Bronze, Tobin 503 0.291 
 
 Cadmium *. 539 0.3121 
 
 Chromium 436 0.254 
 
 Cobalt 533.1 0.3085 
 
 Copper 552 0.3195 
 
 Delta metal 527 0.305 
 
 German silver, Cu. 60, Zn. 20, 
 
 Ni. 20 530 0.307 
 
 Gold, (pure, 1200.9 lbs. per cu. 
 
 ft.) 1.150 0.665 
 
 Gun metal 544 0.315 
 
 Iridium 1,396 0.8076 
 
 Iron, cast 450 0.2604 
 
 Lead 709.7 0.4106 
 
 Lead and antimony, Pb. 30 
 
 Sb. 70 450 0.2604 
 
 Lead and antimony, Pb. 37. Sb. 
 
 63 460 0.266 
 
 Lead and antimony, Pb. 44, Sb. 
 
 56 475 0.275 
 
 Lead and antimony, Pb. 63, Sb. 
 
 37 514 0.2975 
 
 Wt. Wt. 
 
 per per 
 
 cu. ft. cu. in. 
 
 Lead and antimony, Pb. 83, Sb. 
 
 17 596 0.345 
 
 Lead and antimony, Pb. 90, Sb. 
 
 10 658 0.381 
 
 Lead & bismuth, Bi. 67, Pb. 33 639 0.370 
 
 Lead & bismuth, Bi. 50. Pb. 50 656 0.380 
 
 Lead & bismuth. Bi. 33, Pb. 67 682 0.395 
 
 Lead & bismuth, Bi. 25, Pb. 75 697 0.4035 
 
 Lead & bismuth, Bi. 17, Pb. 83 702 0.4065 
 
 Lead & bismuth, Bi. 12, Pb. 88 703 0.407 
 
 Manganese 499 0.289 
 
 Magnesium 109 0.063 
 
 Magnolia 650 0.376 
 
 Mercury 849 0.4915 
 
 Muntz metal, rolled 524 0.304 
 
 Nickel 548.7 0.3175 
 
 Osmium 1,402 0.812 
 
 Palladium 712 0.412 
 
 Partinium 178.8 0.1042 
 
 Platinum 1,347 0.7758 
 
 Platinum and iridium, Pt. 90, 
 
 Tr. 10 1,347 0.7758 
 
 Rhodium 755 0.437 
 
 Ruthenium 765 0.443 
 
 Silver 655.1 0.3791 
 
 Steel, cast 489.6 0.2833 
 
 Tin 458.3 0.2652 
 
 Tin and antimony, Sn. SO, Sb. 
 
 50 424 0.2457 
 
 Tin and antimony, Sn. 75, Sb. 
 
 25 442 0.256 
 
 Tin and bismuth, Bi. 78, Sn. 22 587 0.340 
 
 Tin and bismuth. Bi. 63, Sn. 37 570 0.330 
 
 Tin and bismuth, Bi. 50, Sn. 50 546 0.316 
 
 Tin and bismuth, Bi. 37, Sn. 63 530 0.307 
 
 Tin and bismuth, Bi. 22, Sn. 78 504 0.292 
 
 Tin and lead, Sn. 97, Pb. 3 456 0.264 
 
 Tin and lead, Sn. 89. Pb. 11.. . . 475 0.275 
 
 Tin and lead, Sn. 80, Pb. 20. . . . 487 0.282 
 
 Tin and lead, Sn. 67, Pb. 33.... 512 0.297 
 
 Tin and lead. Sn. 50, Pb. 50.... 550 0.3185 
 
 Titanium 224 0.130 
 
 Tungsten 1.078.7 0.6243 
 
 Zinc 436.3 0.252S 
 
 165 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DETERMINING SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WEIGHTS 
 
 OF ALLOYS 
 
 To find the approximate specific gravity of an alloy consisting 
 of any two metals, use Ure's'rule, which is as follows: 
 
 Multiply the sum of the weights into the product of the two 
 specific gra\ity numbers for a numerator, and multiply each 
 specific gravity number into the weight of the other body and add 
 the products for a denominator. The quotient obtained by dividing 
 the said numerator by the denominator is the truly computed mean 
 specific gravity of the alloy. 
 
 (W + w) Pp 
 M = ■ — ■ 
 
 Pw + Wp 
 
 where M is mean specific gravity of alloy, W and w the weights, 
 and P and p the specific gravity of the constituents. 
 
 To find the weight per cubic inch of an alloy, first find the sum 
 of the quotients obtained by dividing the weight of each constituent 
 metal by its Aveight per cubic inch. The w'eight of the alloy divided 
 by this sum is the required weight per cubic inch of the alloy. 
 
 A B C D E 
 
 a b c d e 
 
 W 
 w = — 
 
 S 
 
 Where W = weight and w = weight per cubic inch of alloy. 
 
 A = weight and a = weight per cul)ic inch of one con- 
 stituent. 
 B = weight and b = weight per cubic inch of another 
 constituent, etc. 
 
 For example, take the alloy consisting of tin 74, antimony 18, cop- 
 per 8. Taking W as 100 pounds, A (tin) = 74 pounds; B (anti- 
 monv) = 18 pounds; C (copper) = 8 pounds, and a = 0.2652, 
 b = 0.2439, c = 0.3195 (see page 165). 
 
 74 18 8 100 
 
 Then S = h ■ — 1 = ^^7.7 and \v = = 0.265 
 
 0.2652 0.2439 0.3195 377.7 
 
 Although the above give the correct mean calculated values, they 
 should not be used unless the required information cannot be ob- 
 tained from reliable sources, as the actual values vary slightly from 
 these due to the contraction of some metals or expansion of others 
 when alloyed. 
 
 166 
 
XOM'HRROUS METALS AND AI.I.OYS. 
 
 DATA ON ALLOYS AND METALS 
 
 In the following table are given the weights, specific gravities 
 and the melting points of various metals and alloys, with the chem- 
 ical symbols as determined by various authorities: 
 
 Weight per Melting 
 
 Cliemical cubic foot Specific point, 
 
 Metal symbol in pounds gravity deg. Fahr. 
 
 Aluminum, cast Al 160 2.56 1,225 
 
 Aluminum bronze 475 7.68 1,908 
 
 Antimony Sb 418 6.71 450 
 
 Babbitt metal 454 7.31 
 
 Bell metal 501 8.06 1,782 
 
 Bismuth Bi 617 9.90 516 
 
 Brass, cast 505 8.10 1,300 
 
 Bronze 534 8.56 1,890 
 
 Copper Cu 554 8.60 1,929 
 
 Cadmium Cd 536.85 8.64 612 
 
 Calcium Ca 98.01 1.41 1,436 
 
 Nickel silver 516 .... 1,940 
 
 Gun metal, 9 Cu, 1 Sn 531 8.50 1,850 
 
 Iron, cast 450.08 7.2 1,967 
 
 Iron, wrought Fe 476 7.55 2,732 
 
 Lead Pb 712 11.419 618 
 
 Magnesium Mg 108.62 1.74 1,200 
 
 Manganese Mn 499.40 8.00 2,273 
 
 Mercury Hg 849 13.596 Liquid 
 
 Nickel Ni 516 8.67 2,642 
 
 Phosphor bronze 537 8.60 1,885 
 
 Platinum Pt 1,342 21.522 3,227 
 
 Potassium K 54.31 0.87 
 
 Silver Ag 655 10.505 1,733 
 
 Steel 489.6 7.854 2,687 
 
 Tin Sn 462 7.409 450 
 
 Tobin bronze 523.06 8.379 1,340 
 
 Zinc Zn 428 6.86 779 
 
 To convert the melting points from degrees Fahr. to degrees 
 
 Cent., subtract Z2, divide by 9 and multiply by 5. 
 
 167 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 BRASS AND BRONZE ALLOYS USED IN 
 ENGLISH PRACTICE 
 
 Copper, 
 Class of Service. Lbs. 
 
 Bearings, heavy 84 
 
 Bearings, small 83 
 
 Bearings, engine 112 
 
 Bearings, heavy 160 
 
 Brass, common 112 
 
 Brass, dipping 112 
 
 Brass, coarse 112 
 
 Copper flanges 112 
 
 Copper rivets 112 
 
 Coppersmith's solder 112 
 
 Clock metal 112 
 
 Condenser linings 112 
 
 Gilding metal 56 
 
 Marine engines 112 
 
 Muntries mixture 112 
 
 Pistons 112 
 
 Piston rings 87 
 
 White metal 12 
 
 Hydraulic metal .112 
 
 Phosphor bronze 112 
 
 Soft bronze 112 
 
 Red metal 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 Per 
 
 
 
 
 Yel- 
 
 Cent 
 
 
 
 
 Low^ Phosphor- 
 
 Tin, 
 
 Zinc, 
 
 Lead, 
 
 Brass, 
 
 Copper, 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 10^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 103^ 
 
 10^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 64 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 614 
 
 4K2 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 '/2 
 
 168 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 TIN-ANTIMONY-COPPER ALLOYS 
 
 Alloys of tin, antimony and copper are used extensively as bearing 
 metal, Britannia metal, etc. Analyses show that the tin usually exceeds 
 70 per cent ; antimony is less than 20 per cent, and copper is less than 
 10 per cent. A large number of these alloys, obtained from various 
 sources, are given in the accompanying table. 
 
 Composition of Tin-Antimony-Copper Alloys 
 
 V 
 .4 
 
 Tin, Antimony, 
 
 Name of mclal per cent per cent 
 
 English Britannia 94 5 
 
 Bearing 91 4.5 
 
 English Britannia, sheet 90.6 7.8' 
 
 English Britannia, cast 90.6 9.2- 
 
 Bearing 90 6 
 
 Bearing, Russian R. R 90 8 . 
 
 English Britannia 90 6 
 
 English Britannia 90 7 
 
 Bearing 89.3 8 
 
 Pewter 89.3 7 
 
 Beaiing 88.9 7 
 
 Bearing 88.8 7 
 
 Queen's metal 88.5 7 
 
 Oueen's metal 88.5 7 ' 
 
 Bearing 87 7 
 
 English Britannia 85.5 9.7* 
 
 Bearing, heavy 85 7.5 
 
 Jacoby metal 85 10* 
 
 (lernian Britannia 84 9 * 
 
 French, car bearings 83.3 11.1 ■ 
 
 Bearing 83.3 8.3 » 
 
 Bearing, German R. K 83 11 » 
 
 Bearing, valve rods, etc 82 10 ■- 
 
 Bearing, French R. R 82 12. 
 
 Britannia, Baumgartel 81.9 16.3* 
 
 Bearing, Swiss R. R 80 10 
 
 Ashberry metal 80 14 % 
 
 Ashberry metal 79 IS* 
 
 Britannia, Ashberry 77.8 19.4 ' 
 
 Britannia, Ashberry 77.9 19.4 • 
 
 Bearing, English 76.7 18.5 » 
 
 Bearing, German 76 17 , 
 
 ]5earing 73 18- 
 
 Bearing 72 26 ^ 
 
 German Britannia 72 24 . . 
 
 Bearing, Karmarsch 71.4 7.2 
 
 Bearing, valve packing 71 24 • , 
 
 Bearing. Karmarsch 70.7 19.7- 
 
 Minofor, Britannia 68.5 18.2 , 
 
 Bearing, G. W. R., England 67 11 • 
 
 Bearing, French R. R 67 22 • 
 
 Dewrance metal, locomotive 33.3 44.5 , 
 
 Copper, 
 per cent Per cent 
 
 1 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 Bismuth, 2 
 
 3 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.8 Lead, 1.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 3.7 
 
 3.5 Zinc, 0.9 
 
 3.5 Bismuth, 1 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 Zinc, 3 
 
 7.5 
 
 5 
 
 2 Zinc, 5 
 
 5.5 
 
 8.3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 10 
 
 2 Zinc, 1 
 
 3 Zinc, 2 
 2.8 
 
 Zinc, 2.8 
 
 7.8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 21.4 
 
 5 
 
 9.5 
 
 3.3 Zinc. 10 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 22.2 
 
 169 
 
FO UNDR Y MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 LEAD-TIN-ANTIMONY ALLOYS 
 
 The ternar}' alloys, in the accompanying table, are used extensively 
 for bearing and type metals, as white metal for small castings, etc. A 
 few alloys containing a small amount of copper are given for compar- 
 ison. These alloys show that antimony never exceeds 25 per cent : lead 
 varies from 5 to 93 per cent, and tin, from 1 to 7S per cent. 
 
 Composition of Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys 
 
 Lead, 
 Name of metal per cent 
 
 Electrotype metal 93 
 
 Bearing metal 86 
 
 Linotype metal 85 
 
 Bearing 83.3 
 
 Stereotype metal 82 
 
 Bearing 82 
 
 Stereotype 82 
 
 Bearing 82 
 
 Bearing, Compagnie de I'Est 80 
 
 Bearing 80 
 
 Bearing, like Glyco, etc 80.5 
 
 Bearing, like Magnolia 78 
 
 Bearing, Magnolia and Tandem 77.7 
 
 Type metal 77.5 
 
 Bearing, anti-friction 77 
 
 Bearing, like Coleco 77 
 
 Bearing 76 
 
 Metallic packing, Compagnie d'Orleans 76 
 
 Bearing, American R. R 73.5 
 
 Piston packing, Compagnie du Nord 7i 
 
 Bearing, French R. R 70 
 
 Stereotype, Mackenzie metal 70 
 
 Bearing, Paris-Lyon-ftlediterranee R. R 70 
 
 Type 70 
 
 Bearing, American R. R 68 
 
 Bearing, graphite metal 68 
 
 Stereotype 68 
 
 Type 63.2 
 
 Beai irg C2 . 5 
 
 Bearing 62 
 
 Type 60.5 
 
 Type 60 
 
 Bearing 60 
 
 1 ype, common 60 
 
 Solder 60 
 
 Type 55.5 
 
 Type, best 50 
 
 Bearing 48 
 
 Bearing, American R. R., No. 2 46 
 
 Hoyle's metal 42 
 
 Bearing, Chemin de fer de I'Est Francais 42 
 
 Bearing 40 
 
 Bearing, German 40 
 
 Bearing, Italian R. R 37 
 
 Stereotype 35 
 
 White metal 3i 
 
 Bearing _ 10 
 
 Bearing 10 
 
 For small castings 5 
 
 Tin, 
 
 per cent 
 
 3 
 
 Antimony, 
 per cent 
 
 Vz" 
 
 8.3 
 12 
 16 
 
 14.8 
 10 
 
 8 
 15 
 
 14.5 
 15 
 
 16.8 
 16 
 
 12.5 
 14 
 17 
 10 
 
 18.5 
 15 
 10 
 17 
 20 
 18 
 11 
 17 
 18 
 24 
 10 
 10 
 24.2 
 
 5 
 20 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 4.5 
 25 
 10 
 
 16.5 
 12 
 16 
 15 
 26 
 25 
 
 5 
 10.6 
 15 
 12 
 20 
 
 Per cent 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 i.2 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 4.5 
 6 
 
 Arsenic, 
 
 ,0. 
 
 
 5.9 
 
 
 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 8 
 7 
 
 Copper. 
 Copper, 
 
 
 1. 
 
 .5 
 ,0 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 21 
 
 Copper, 
 
 2 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 26.2 
 27 
 
 Copper. 
 Copper, 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 .8 
 .3 
 
 14.5 
 
 3 5 
 
 Copper, 
 
 0, 
 
 .75 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 '5 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 36.5 
 
 46 
 
 Copper, 
 Copper, 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 38 
 
 Copper, 
 
 2 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 7S 
 
 Copper, 
 
 2. 
 
 4 
 
 75 
 75 
 
 Copper, 
 
 3 
 
 
 170 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 ALLOYS 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 a. 
 
 o. 
 o 
 U 
 
 -T3 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 -a 
 
 2 
 
 c^ 
 
 c 
 H 
 
 c 
 N 
 
 E 
 
 ■g 
 
 O 
 
 Brass, common vellovv 
 
 
 65 
 62 
 53 
 75 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 90 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 20.2 
 100 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 2. . 
 1 
 0.26 
 
 33.. 
 36M 
 47 
 21 
 
 
 Brass, naval rod mixture 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brass castings, common 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brass castings, good yellow 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Guri metal ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper flanges 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 
 Muntz metal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze statuary 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 German silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 Britannia metal 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 1.3 
 
 
 Chinese white copper 
 
 
 
 15.8 
 
 
 12.7 
 
 8 
 
 
 Medals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pattern letters 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 Pinchbeck 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Babbitt metal 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 1 
 9.2 
 
 
 Bell metal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chinese gongs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metal to expand in cooling 
 
 16.7 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pewter 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 5 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 21.4 
 
 
 
 Tvpe metal 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 5 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 27.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solders — 
 
 Newton's, melts at 212 deg. F 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rose's, melts at 201 deg. F 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tin solder, coarse, at 500 deg. F 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tin solder, ordinary, at 360 deg. F . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tin solder, melts at 225 deg. F 
 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brazing, hardest 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 Brazing, hard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brazing, soft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 
 Brazing, softest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper to copper 
 
 
 55 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 
 Copper to iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron solder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Steel solder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 
 Fine brass work 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pewter solder, ordinar\' 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 S"^ 
 
 
 
 Pewter solder, soft 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lead solder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold solder 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4- 
 2 
 
 
 
 Silver solder, hard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver solder, soft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 171 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COPPER-TIN-PHOSPHORUS ALLOYS 
 
 Bearing Alloy 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 80 4 
 
 Tin 14 8 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 5 4 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are given as follows : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 17.000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in- 2 inches 1.0 
 
 Remarks : — A hard and brittle alloy, likely to break in service 
 unless supported by a backing of tougher metal. 
 
 Piston Packing Rings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 81 4 
 
 Tin 10 12 
 
 Zinc 3 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper '5 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 19,000 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches, per cent 3.0 
 
 Remarks: — The greater ductility that would have been obtained 
 by decreasing the tin, has been largely offset by the addition of zinc. 
 The result, hgwever, is a stronger and more ductile alloy than the 
 first mentioned alloy. 
 
 Gear Wheels 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper ■. . 88 1 
 
 Tin 12 3 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 9 12 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 30.000 
 
 Elongation per cent in 2 inches 4.5 
 
 172 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COPPER-TIN-PHOSPHORUS ALLOYS 
 
 {Continual) 
 
 Gear Wheels 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 87 8 
 
 Tin 12 0. 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 10 8 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 31,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in two inches 7.0 
 
 Piston Packing Rings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 82 13 
 
 Tin 10 11 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 6 8 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 52,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches • •• . 6.0 
 
 Bearings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 84 5 
 
 Tin 10 3 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 5 8 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 42,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches- • 10.0 
 
 Bushings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper ; 84 7 
 
 Tin 10 5 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 5 4 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 42,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches • 12.0 
 
 173 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COPPER-TIN-PHOSPHORUS ALLOYS 
 
 {Co)itiniied) 
 
 Ordinary Castings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 85 13 
 
 Tin ■ 10 3 
 
 Fifteen per cent pliosphor copper 5 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 37,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches- • 11.0 
 
 Bearings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 85 6 
 
 Tin 9 6 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 5 4 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 45,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 12.0 
 
 Bearings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 85 7 
 
 Tin 9 9 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 5 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 45,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 15.0 
 
 Bearings 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 85 
 
 Tin 10 
 
 Fifteen per cent pliosphor copper 5 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 40,000 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches 1 1.0 
 
 174 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COPPER-TIN-PHOSPHORUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Sheaves 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 86 
 
 Tin 9 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor tin 5 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strenc^th, pounds per square inch 43.000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 25 
 
 Worm Gear Blanks 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 88 8 
 
 Tin '. 5 .0 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 6 8 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 56,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 28.0 
 
 Worm Gear Blanks 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 88 11 
 
 Tin 4 13 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 6 8 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 55,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 36.0 
 
 . Worm Gear Blanks 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 88 8 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 6 8 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 55,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 34.0 
 
 175 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COPPER-TIN-PHOSPHORUS ALLOYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Worm Gear Blanks 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Tin 4 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 6 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 51,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 43.0 
 
 Pinions 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 87 5 
 
 Tin 8 15 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 3 12 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 41,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 5 inches 22.0 
 
 Worm Gear Blanks 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper .....' 88 3 
 
 Tin *9 13 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 2 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 55,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 54.0 
 
 SheAves 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 89 13 
 
 Tin ' 7 3 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 3 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 55,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 50.0 
 
 176 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COPPER-TIN-PHOSPHORUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Gun Metal 
 
 ♦ Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 86 9 
 
 Tin 11 13 
 
 Zinc 1 9.5 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper 0.5 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are: 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 44,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 21.0 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 20.0 
 
 Gun Metal 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 86 9 
 
 Tin 11 6y2 
 
 Zinc 2 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper OJ^ 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 45,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 20.0 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 23.0 
 
 Gun Metal 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 86 81/- 
 
 Tin •. . 11 12 
 
 Zinc 1 11 
 
 Fifteen per cent phosphor copper • Oj^ 
 
 The physical properties of this alloy are : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 46,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 25.0 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 25.0 
 
 177 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PHOSPHOR BRONZE ALLOYS 
 
 No. Character of Sample Copper, 
 
 Per cent 
 
 1 Bearings 84.50 
 
 2 Piston packing ring 85.60 
 
 3 Gear Wheels 86.80 
 
 4 Gear Wheels 87.00 
 
 5 Piston packing ring 87.70 
 
 6 Bearings 88.90 
 
 7 Bushings 88.90 
 
 8 Castings 89.00 
 
 9 Bearings 89.70 
 
 10 Bearings 89.20 
 
 11 Bearings 89.10 
 
 12 Sheaves 90.40 
 
 13 Worm Wheel Rim 94.20 
 
 14 Worm Wheel Rim 94.40 
 
 15 Worm Wheel Rim 95.50 
 
 16 Worm Wheel Rim 95.20 
 
 Tin, 
 
 Zinc, 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Per cent 
 
 14.50 
 
 nil 
 
 0.86 
 
 10.85 
 
 2.74 
 
 0.82 
 
 12.20 
 
 trace 
 
 1.43 
 
 12.00 
 
 trace 
 
 1.56 
 
 10.70 
 
 nil 
 
 0.97 
 
 10.15 
 
 nil 
 
 0.82 
 
 10.30 
 
 nil 
 
 0.77 
 
 10.00 
 
 nil 
 
 0.71 
 
 9.40 
 
 nil 
 
 0.78 
 
 9.60 
 
 nil 
 
 0.71 
 
 10.10 
 
 nil 
 
 0.72 
 
 8.96 
 
 nil 
 
 0.73 
 
 4.90 
 
 nil 
 
 0.96 
 
 4.80 
 
 nil 
 
 0.98 
 
 4.95 
 
 nil 
 
 0.95 
 
 3.82 
 
 nil 
 
 0.86 
 
 The above alloys have the following physical properties: 
 
 Tensile strength, 'Elongation, per 
 
 No. pounds per square' inch cent in 2 inches 
 
 1 17,382 1.0 
 
 2 19,040 3.0 
 
 3 30,000 4.5 
 
 4 31,225 7.0 
 
 5 51,968 6.0 
 
 6 41,112 10.0 
 
 7 42,560 12.00 
 
 8 36.736 11.0 
 
 9 45,248 12.0 
 
 10 45,224 15.0 
 
 11 40,444 11.0 
 
 12 44,500 25.0 
 
 13 56,000 28.0 
 
 14 55,552 36.0 
 
 15 55,000 34.0 
 
 16 51,296 43.0 
 
 178 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COMPOSITIONS OF MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 Damar Bronze 
 
 Tliis alloy is used as a bearinj^ metal, the conijiosition beinijj. ap- 
 proximately as follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 76.50 
 
 Tin 11.00 
 
 Lead 12.50 
 
 Graney Bronze 
 
 This alloy also is used for making bearings. Its composition 
 follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 75.50 
 
 Tin 9.50 
 
 Lead 15.00 
 
 Die-Casting Alloys (Bronze) 
 
 Analysis No. 1 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 79.26 
 
 Zinc 15.24 
 
 Aluminum 4.78 
 
 Manganese 0.16 
 
 Iron 0.56 
 
 Tin Trace 
 
 Analysis No. 2 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 79.42 
 
 Zinc 16.00 
 
 Aluminum 3.85 
 
 Manganese 0.13 
 
 Iron 0.60 
 
 Analysis No. 3 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.88 
 
 Aluminum 10.06 
 
 Manganese 0.06 
 
 179 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Electrode Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 87.39 
 
 Tin 7.25 
 
 Manganese 0.18 
 
 Zinc 4.95 
 
 This bronze was used as the material of construction of bronze, 
 water-cooled electrode holders for ferrosilicon furnaces. It is a good 
 tough metal, suitable for many purposes where such an alloy is speci- 
 fied. The manganese content is somewhat higher than necessary. This 
 should be represented by the addition of 0.5 per cent of 30 per cent 
 manganese copper as the maximum. 
 
 Kochlin's Bearing Alloy 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Tin 10 
 
 This alloy is usually deoxidized with phosphorus, using 0.25 per 
 cent of phosphor copper. 
 
 Lafond's Heavy Friction Metal 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 83.00 
 
 Tin 15.00 
 
 Lead 0.50 
 
 Zinc 1.50 
 
 Harrington Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 57.00 
 
 Zinc 41.00 
 
 Tin 1.00 
 
 Iron 0.75 
 
 Aluminum 0.25 
 
 This alloy somewhat resembles manganese bronze, but is deficient 
 in elongation. It may be used for unimportant castings where cheap 
 metal is specified. 
 
 180 
 
 ' 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Cor2ti7iued) 
 
 Typewriter Metal 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 57 
 
 Nickel 20 
 
 Aluminum 3 
 
 Zinc 20 
 
 Place the nickel in the bottom of the crucible with copper on top; 
 use charcoal and borax as a flux ; when molten, add the aluminum 
 and if too hot, cool before adding the zinc. Used for typewriter parts. 
 
 Kern's Silicon Hydraulic Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 76.75 
 
 Yellow brass clippings 10.00 
 
 Tin 12.00 
 
 Zinc 1.25 
 
 Silicon copper 2 ounces 
 
 We do not recommend the use of silicon copper as a deoxidizer in 
 bronze, when the latter contains lead, 
 
 Geage's Alloy 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 60.00 
 
 Zinc • 38.50 
 
 Iron 1.50 
 
 Geage's alloy is one of the iron brasses that has been supplanted 
 largely by the advent of manganese bronze. 
 
 Non-Gran 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 87 
 
 Tin 11 
 
 Zinc 2 
 
 The analysis of this metal showed a small amount of lead and iron ; 
 the former probably was an impurity of the zinc and the latter, a 
 deoxidizing agent. 
 
 181 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Argentan -p^^ ^^„^ 
 
 ir^er cent 
 
 Copper 52 
 
 Nickel 26 
 
 Zinc 22 
 
 Argentan is a nickel silver designed for use as an imitation 
 silver. 
 
 Needle Metal p^^ ^^^^ 
 
 Copper 84.50 
 
 Lead 2,00 
 
 Tin 8.00 
 
 Zinc 5.50 
 
 15 per cent phosphor copper 2 ounces 
 
 Place the phosphor copper in the bottom of the pot and charge 
 
 the copper on top ; cover well with charcoal and melt. Needle 
 
 metal is so called because it is supposed to be sufficiently fluid to 
 
 run needles. 
 
 Japanese Bronze -p^.. ^^„. 
 
 •' Fer cent 
 
 Copper 83 
 
 Lead 10 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 2^nc 2 
 
 Japanese bronze is a free-cutting alloy, and as such is useful 
 
 for red brass castings that are to be rapidly machined. 
 
 MiRA Metal (Original Analysis) p^^. ^^^^ 
 
 Copper 74.76 
 
 Zinc 0.62 
 
 Lead 16.35 
 
 Tin 0.91 
 
 Iron 0.43 
 
 Nickel and cobalt 0.24 
 
 Antimony 6.69 
 
 This alloy is claimed to be acid-resistant and for that reason is 
 suitable for making castings that are exposed to the action of acid 
 liquors. Why this should be is not stated. The alloy is too brittle 
 to be of any use and the proper mixture follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 74.25 
 
 Lead 16-50 
 
 Tin 8.00 
 
 Nickel : 1-00 
 
 15 Per cent phosphor copper 0.25 
 
 Antimony, zinc, iron and cobalt are omitted. 
 Place the phosphor copper in the bottom of the pot ; charge the 
 copper on top and melt together with the 1 per cent nickel; then 
 add the tin, cool to pouring temperature and charge the lead. 
 
 182 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Acid Resisting Alloy 
 
 Irmann's alloy for resisting hot, concentrated sulphuric acid, 
 may be made as follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 41 
 
 Nickel SO 
 
 70 per cent ferrotungsten 6 
 
 10 per cent aluminum bronze 2 
 
 30 per cent manganese copper 1 
 
 Melt the copper and the nickel together under a flux of fluorspar 
 with a little lime and when thoroughly liquid, add the forrotungsten 
 in a pulverized form ; stir thoroughly, add the aluminum bronze and 
 the manganese copper. A high temperature is required to make 
 the alloy. 
 
 Nergandin Alloy 
 
 This alloy is used for condenser tubing as it is highly resistant 
 to corrosion. The alloy follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 70 
 
 Zinc 28 
 
 Lead 2 
 
 Melt the copper under plenty of charcoal, add the zinc gradually 
 and charge the lead last. 
 
 A Good General Acid Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 85.25 
 
 Tin 9.25 
 
 Lead 4.50 
 
 15 per cent phosphor copper 1.00 
 
 Melt the copper under charcoal, add the phospnor copper, allow 
 the mixture to stand for 5 minutes, then add the tin and the lead. 
 
 183 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Hydraulic Metal 
 
 Guillet's hydraulic metal consists of the following metals: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 82.00 
 
 Tin 8 
 
 Zinc 5 
 
 Lead 3 
 
 Manganese 2 
 
 The manganese is added in the form of metallic manganese or 
 as 30 per cent manganese copper. With 2 per cent manganese, how- 
 ever, the alloy is liable to be difficult to run. In practice, the man- 
 ganese should be reduced to the addition of 0.5 per cent of 30 per 
 cent manganese copper. 
 
 High Pressure Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 82.00 
 
 Tin 7.50 
 
 Zinc 5.00 
 
 Lead 5.50 
 
 Another High Pressure Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Tin 6 
 
 5 per cent phosphor tin 4 
 
 Bronze To Withstand High Pressure Carbon Dioxide 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 80.00 
 
 Tin 7.50 
 
 Zinc 12.50- 
 
 Hydraulic Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 85 
 
 Tin : 11 
 
 Yellow brass clippings 4 
 
 184 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Baily's Metal 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 82.00 
 
 Tin 13.00 
 
 Zinc 5.00 
 
 Baily's metal is the alloy used in n-jakin!^ the standard yard 
 measure of the United States, also the standard imperial yard of 
 Great Britain, and for 50 copies of this yard for the u.se of various 
 foreign governments. 
 
 Blanched Copper 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 91.00 
 
 White arsenic 9.00 
 
 This alloy used to be made by arranging copper turnings in 
 alternate layers with the white arsenic and charcoal in a crucible, 
 then fusing the charge. It is better made by the addition of 
 metallic arsenic to molten copper. The alloy is used for clock 
 dials and scales for thermometers and barometers. 
 
 Ancient Statuary 
 
 An analysis of a statute of Budha supposed to be 3500 years 
 old divulged the following composition: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 91.502 
 
 Iron 7.591 
 
 Silver 0.021 
 
 Arsenic 0.079 
 
 Sulphur 0.510 
 
 Gold 0.0005 
 
 Insoluble 0.292 
 
 The metal was simply a ferrous copper high in sulphur. 
 
 Aterite 
 
 Aterite is used as an acid-resisting metal, largely for the produc- 
 tion of valves. One analysis of a casting alloy gave the following: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 65.00 
 
 Nickel 9.00 
 
 Zinc 20.00 
 
 Iron 4.00 
 
 Lead 2.00 
 
 185 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 The following alloys are well adapted for the requirements of 
 electric railway service. 
 
 Bearing Metal 
 New Metal Mixture New Metal and Scrap Mixture 
 
 Pounds Pounds 
 
 Copper 77 Copper 38^ 
 
 Tin 8 Tin 4 
 
 Lead 15 Lead 7^ 
 
 Scrap 50 
 
 Maximum impurities allowed, 1 per cent. No. 1 Bearing Metal is used for axle, journal 
 and motor bearings, check plates, etc. 
 
 Bronze 
 Nezu Metal Mixture Nezv Metal and Scrap Mixture 
 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 Copper 88.40 Copper 62.00 
 
 Tin 5.50 Tin 3.80 
 
 Lead 2.80 Lead L90 
 
 Zinc 3.30 Zinc 2.30 
 
 Scrap 30.00 
 
 Maximum impurities allowed, l.S per cent. No. 2 Bronze is used Tor trolley wheels, car 
 trimmings, trolley harps, and such power house castings as key heads, glands, keeper hooks, 
 pump valves, oil and grease cups and all castings except bearings. 
 
 Bell Metal 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 82 
 
 Tin 18 
 
 Maximum impurity allowed, l.S per cent. This alloy is made of all new naetals, no scrap 
 being specified. Its use is confined to signal bells. 
 
 Steam Metal 
 
 Nczv Metal Mixture Nezv Metal and Scrap Mixture 
 
 Pounds Pounds 
 
 Copper 85 Copper 59>^ 
 
 Tin 5 ■ Tin 3^ 
 
 Lead 5 Lead 3J/2 
 
 Zinc 5 Zinc 3^ 
 
 Scrap 30 
 
 Maximum impurities allowed, 1.5 per cent. This alloy is used for all castings for steam 
 fittings. 
 
 Common Brass 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 67 
 
 Zinc ii 
 
 Scrap, up to 100 per cent. 
 
 Maximum impurities allowed, 1.5 per cent. Common brass is used for miscellaneous 
 castings, such as the various meter and controller parts. 
 
 All scrap must be of the same composition as the alloy with 
 which it is to be mixed, and where the amount of scrap specified 
 cannot be obtained, new metals must be used alone. 
 
 186 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 ALLOYS FOR U. S. BUREAU OF STEAM ENGINEERING 
 
 The following specifications for the composition of nonferrous 
 alloys were issued by the United States bureau of steam engineer- 
 ing. 
 
 Specifications for Casting Materials 
 
 The composition must be made of such materials as will give 
 the required chemical analysis. Scrap will not be used except such 
 as may result from the process of manufacture of articles of similar 
 composition. 
 
 Commercial Brass 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 64 to 68 
 
 Zinc 32 to 34 
 
 Iron 2.0* 
 
 Lead 3.0* 
 
 MuNTz Metal 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 59 to 62 
 
 Zinc 39 to 41 
 
 Lead 0.6* 
 
 Brazing AIetal 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 84 to 86 
 
 Zinc 14 to 16 
 
 Iron 0.06* 
 
 Lead 0.30* 
 
 Gun Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 87 to 89 
 
 Tin 9 to 11 
 
 Zinc 1 to 3 
 
 Iron 0.06* 
 
 Lead 0.30* 
 
 Journal Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 82 to 84 
 
 Tin 12.5 to 14.5 
 
 Zinc 2.5 to 4.5 
 
 Iron 0.06* 
 
 Lead 1.00* 
 
 *Maximum. 
 
 187 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 STATUARY BRONZE 
 
 Many different alloys are known as statuary bronze, some of 
 which incline more to the nature of yellow brass than bronze, as 
 they contain a considerable percentage of zinc. The alloy, how- 
 ever, which seems to possess the greatest claim to be considered 
 standard, is as follows: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Tin 7 
 
 Zinc 3 
 
 The addition of 8 ounces of lead to every 100 pounds of this 
 alloy is frequently made to facilitate machining. 
 
 Another alloy, frequently used on United States government 
 work, is as follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 Zinc 5 
 
 To every 100 pounds, add 8 ounces of lead. 
 An alloy, which is also considered standard and is frequently 
 used in casting tablets, is as follows : 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 90 
 
 Zinc 7 8 
 
 Tin 2 8 
 
 A tablet alloy which is more expensive, but not so liable to 
 produce smoky castings, follows : 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 88 
 
 Tin 6 
 
 Zinc 3 8 
 
 Lead 2 8 
 
 For a light colored alloy, the following is sometimes used : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 79 
 
 Zinc 20 
 
 Tin 1 
 
 As the latter is really a yellow brass, it will be found more 
 suitable for light, thin castings, than for heavier sections, as less 
 difficulty will be experienced with heavy castings if either of the 
 two alloys, first given, are used. 
 
 188 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 STATUARY BRONZE 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 The statue of Gennanicus in Potsdam, Germany, consists of the 
 
 following alloy: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.78 
 
 Tin 6.16 
 
 Zinc 2.35 
 
 Lead 1.33 
 
 Nickel 0.27 
 
 The statue of Bacchus also at Pottsdam follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.34 
 
 Tin 7.50 
 
 Zinc 1.63 
 
 Lead 1.21 
 
 Iron 0.18 
 
 The statue of The Shepard, also at Pottsdam contains a little 
 more tin as follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 88.68 
 
 Tin 9.20 
 
 Zinc 1.28 
 
 Lead 0.77 
 
 A statue of the Great Elector erected in Berlin, Germany, in 1703 
 was made of the following rather complex alloy : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.09 
 
 Tin 5.82 
 
 Zinc 1.64 
 
 Lead 2.62 
 
 Iron 0.13 
 
 Nickel 0.11 
 
 Antimony 0.60 
 
 The sculptor Glabenbeck used a very soft alloy. His statues of 
 Melanchthon at Wittenberg, and of William IV at Cologne were made 
 of the following alloy : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.55 
 
 Tin 2.99 
 
 Zinc 7.46 
 
 It is evident the individual preferences of the sculptor has had a 
 great influence in determining the alloy to be used for his work. 
 
 189 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 STATUARY BRONZE 
 
 (Conchided) 
 
 An analysis of the statue of Henry IV, Paris, France, showed it 
 to consist of the following alloy : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 91.40 
 
 Tin 3.75 
 
 Zinc 4.20 
 
 Lead 0.48 
 
 An analysis of the statue of Napoleon I, Paris, follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 75.00 
 
 Tin 3.00 
 
 Zinc 20.00 
 
 Lead 2.00 
 
 It will be noted the Napoleon statue was cast of a good grade of 
 yellow brass. This alloy is excellent for producing castings that are 
 required to be of a yellowish color when finished, and is easier 
 to cast than ordinary yellow metal. 
 
 The Column Vendome, Paris, consists of a copper-tin alloy as 
 
 follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.20 
 
 Tin 10.20 
 
 Zinc 0.50 
 
 Lead 0.10 
 
 The above was the old Vendome Column which was made by 
 recasting captured cannon. 
 
 An equestrian statue of Louis XIV, cast by Keller in 1699 had the 
 
 following composition : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 91.40 
 
 Tin 1.70 
 
 Zinc 5.35 
 
 Lead 1.37 
 
 This alloy is very soft, in which respect it dififers greatly from an 
 equestrian statue of Louis XV, the composition of which follows . 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 82.45 
 
 Tin 10.30 
 
 Zinc 4.10 
 
 Lead 3.15 
 
 190 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 PATENTED NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 Manganese Bronze 
 
 A method of making manganese bronze using a special hardener 
 was patented in Great Britain by F. Heusler and the British Mining & 
 Metal Co. The specifications cover an alloy containing from 15 to 20 
 per cent manganese; 5 to 15 per cent aluminum, and small quantities 
 of lead, tin, nickel, cobalt chronium and other metals. The following 
 alloy is preferred for the hardener: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 63.00 
 
 Manganese 25.00 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 Iron 2.00 
 
 The manganese bronze is made as follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 54.00 
 
 Hardener 6.00 
 
 Zinc 40.00 
 
 The finished manganese bronze would have approximately the 
 following analysis : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 57.78 
 
 Zinc ". 40.00 
 
 Manganese 1.50 
 
 Aluminum 0.60 
 
 Iron • 0.12 
 
 In making the alloy it would be necessary to allow about 1.5 per 
 cent excess zinc to compensate for volatilization, also in remelting fur- 
 ther additions would have to be made. The manganese, aluminum and 
 iron would be diminished by oxidation in making the alloy. 
 
 The above patent also specifies an alloy for bearings. In this 
 alloy the manganese bronze hardener is used as a deoxidizer. The 
 bearing alloy follows : 
 
 Per cent . 
 
 Copper 83.00 
 
 Tin 9 00 
 
 Zinc 6.00 
 
 Hardener 2.00 
 
 191 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PATENTED NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Aluminum-Manganese Bronze 
 
 The addition of manganese to aluminum bronze has been the 
 subject of patents in most civihzed countries. In Austria, F. Teltscher 
 was awarded a patent on the following alloy : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 88.16 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 Manganese 1.20 
 
 Zinc 0.64 
 
 Imitation Silver 
 
 Alloys having a silvery appearance afiford a fertile field for in- 
 ventors. The following example was patented in Great Britain 
 by C. E. Monkhouse and M, H. Denton: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 69.50 
 
 Nickel 15.00 
 
 Zinc 8.50 
 
 Tin 4.50 
 
 Lead , 2.50 
 
 Another alloy which looks like silver, and is said to have the 
 
 added value of being noncorrosive, and which takes a high polish 
 
 was patented by C. L. Jones in United States patent No. 1244742. 
 The alloy follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Nickel 67.80 
 
 Copper 28.00 
 
 Manganese 2.50 
 
 Iron 1.50 
 
 Vanadium 0.02 
 
 Another noncorrosive alloy is the following. It is to be used 
 for electrical contacts. The alloy which is expensive follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Platinum 45.00 
 
 Silver 25.00 
 
 Gold 15.00 
 
 Copper 15.00 
 
 The patent is United States No. 1101534 and the patentee R. B. 
 Graf. 
 
 192 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 ALUMINUM ALLOYS 
 
 Strong Aluminum Alloys 
 
 The following alloy is used extensively in the manufacture of automobile 
 pistons, aluminum worm wheels, and for all purposes requiring an alloy of 
 more than the usual strength. 
 
 First make the following hardener: 
 Melt together under charcoal 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 10 
 
 Nickel 1 ^ 
 
 When thoroughly fluid, add 5 pounds of aluminum in small pieces, and 
 while the alloy is at a high temperature, add 3^ pounds of tin plate and stir 
 vigorously with a thin iron bar until all the tin plate is dissolved. The alloy 
 should be thoroughly fluid, that is, no lumps should be located by the stirring 
 bar. At this stage, add gradually 10 pounds of aluminum, making a total of 15 
 pounds of this metal; thoroughly stir the bath and ingot. 
 
 To make the aluminum alloy, place a crucible of suitable size in the 
 furnace and melt therein 83^2 pounds of aluminum; allow it to attain a very 
 dull red temperature, then add 6 pounds of the hardener, and ]^ pound of 
 magnesium; stir well to insure the thorough incorporation of the added 
 metals; follow with an additional 10 pounds of aluminum, making a total of 
 93y2 pounds of this metal, 6 pounds of hardener and ^ pound of magnesium. 
 The resulting alloy then will approximate the following composition by 
 analysis: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 95.98 
 
 Copper • 2.00 
 
 Nickel 0.24 
 
 Iron l.OO 
 
 Silicon 0.40 
 
 Magnesium 0.38 
 
 When carefully made this alloy should possess the following physical 
 properties: 
 
 Ultimate strength, pounds per square inch 27,000 to 29,000 
 
 Yield point, pounds per square inch 12,000 to 14,000 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches, per cent 3.50 to 4.00 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 4.00 to 5.00 
 
 193 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 ALUMINUM ALLOYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Aluminum Alloys for Drawing Into Wire 
 Alloy A 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum 98.40 
 
 Copper 1-60 
 
 To make the alloy, melt together 96.80 per cent of pure aluminum and J.20 
 per cent of an alloy composed of 50 per cent copper and 50 per cent of aluminum 
 
 Alloy B 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum 97.70 
 
 Copper 1.00 
 
 Nickel 1.30 
 
 In making alloy B, first make a hardener, as follows : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 20.00 
 
 Nickel 26.00 
 
 Aluminum 54.00 
 
 To make the alloy melt the following together : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum 95.00 
 
 B hardener 5.00 
 
 Alloy C 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum 98.0'0 
 
 Manganese 2.00 
 
 In making alloy C, use the commercial alloy of manganese and aluminum 
 which contains approximately 20 per cent of manganese and the balance alumi- 
 num. This is the safest method of making the alloy from the standpoint of 
 the ordinary brassfounder. 
 
 Physical Properties 
 The physical properties of the foregoing alloys will be approximately as 
 follows: 
 
 Alloy A 
 Electrical conductivity, 50 per cent of that of copper. Tensile strength, 
 39,000 pounds per square inch in wire. 
 
 Alloy B 
 Electrical conductivity, 49 per cent of that of copper. Tensile strength, 
 45,500 pounds per square inch in wire. 
 
 Alloy C 
 Electrical conductivity, 48 per cent of that of copper. Tensile strength, 
 35,000 pounds per square inch in wire. 
 
 194 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 ALUMINUM ALLOYS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Aluminum Alloys for Casting 
 
 One of the most extensively used alloys of aluminum is what is known 
 as No. 12. It consists of aluminum and copper. The usual proportions 
 are copper, 8 per cent and aluminum, 92 per cent, but it is not unusual 
 for the alloy to be softened by reducing the percentage of copper to 7, 
 and sometimes to 6 per cent, the aluminum being increased in proportion 
 to the decrease in the percentage of copper. 
 
 The best method of making this alloy is by the use of a hardener com- 
 posed of equal parts of copper and aluminum, as follows: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper SO 
 
 Aluminum 50 
 
 Melt the copper under a cover of fine charcoal, and when thoroughly 
 liquid, adid the aluminum gradually, in small pieces, and between additions, 
 stir with an iron bar coated with alundum cement applied as a wash and 
 afterwards dried. Have the stirrer hot before dipping into the molten 
 metal. Add the aluminum no faster than the copper will dissolve it 
 without being chilled partly solid, and after the addition of all the aluminum, 
 remove immediately from the furnace and pour into ingots. Do not allow 
 the hardener to reach a bright red heat before removing it from the fur- 
 nace. 
 
 When cold, the hardener will be rather brittle and no difficulty will be 
 experienced in breaking it into pieces suitable for making weights. 
 
 To make the 8 per cent aluminum-copper alloy, or regular No. 12 
 aluminum, melt together the following proportions of hardener and pure 
 aluminum, in a crucible of suitable size: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pure aluminum 84 
 
 Hardener 16 
 
 If a softer alloy is required, smaller percentages of hardener may be 
 / added. 
 
 Great care always must be exercised in making alloys of aluminum 
 if good results are desired. This involves constant supervision throughout 
 the melting process. A bright red heat is always dangerous to aluminum, 
 because being so chemically active, it attacks the materials of which the 
 cruci!>le is made; merely rubbing the sides of the crucible with the stirring 
 rod frequently will start a reaction, the result of which is always harmful 
 to the alloy. The temperature of the metal, therefore, should be kept 
 no higher than a dull red, approximately 800 degrees Cent. 
 
 While thin castings require pouring at a temperature of about 800 
 degrees Cent, in many cases to insure proper running, this is too high for 
 castings of thick section. The latter should be poured no hotter than 700 
 degrees Cent., and below this temperature if possible. Hot-poured aluminum 
 castings will be porous, as indicated by black spots. At a red heat aluminum 
 greedily absorbs the steam generated by contact with the moist sand, at 
 the same time decomposing it, and combines with the oxygen to form 
 alumina which is a white solid. It retains the lively hydrogen in the form 
 of minute bubbles which are disseminated throughout the mass of the 
 casting. 
 
 195 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 ALUMINUM ALLOYS 
 
 {Concluded) t 
 
 An alloy of aluminum, zinc and copper, employed extensively } 
 
 for automobile work, follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pure aluminum 79 
 
 Aluminum hardener 6 
 
 Zinc 15 
 
 The specific gravity of this alloy is 3.10; the tensile strength is 
 as high as 25,000 pounds per square inch and the casting qualities 
 are good. 
 
 The following aluminum alloy also is frequently used: • 
 
 Pounds , 
 
 Pure aluminum 65 
 
 Zinc 35 
 
 The specific gravity of this alloy is 3.30 and its tensile strength 
 is in excess of 30,000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 The following alloy has good casting qualities and possesses 
 about the same tensile strength as the alloy previously named : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pure aluminum 70 
 
 Aluminum hardener 7 
 
 Zinc 23 
 
 A good, white alloy, suitable for pattern plates, follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 I^ure aluminum 79 
 
 Aluminum hardener 4 
 
 Tin 2 
 
 Zinc IS 
 
 Another alloy suitable for the same purpose as the foregoing, 
 
 follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pure aluminum 80 
 
 Aluminum hardener 10 
 
 Tin 10 
 
 When melting aluminum alloys the pasty dross that occasional- 
 ly forms on the surface of the metal can be removed by the addition 
 of a small piece of fused zinc chloride. The effect of this chemical 
 is to cause a reaction which effects a separation of the dross and 
 entangled metal, the former being liberated in the form of dust. 
 
 196 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 HARDENING EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF COMMERCIAL 
 METALS TO ALUMINUM 
 
 Zinc Alloys 
 The hardening efifect of zinc on aluminum is illustrated by the following 
 
 tests. 
 
 Alloy No. 1 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 96.00 
 
 Zinc 4.00 
 
 Alloy No. 2 
 
 Per cent 
 Aluminum 92.00 
 
 Zinc 8.00 
 
 Alloy No. 3 
 
 Per cent 
 Aluminum 85.00 
 
 Zinc 15.00 
 
 The specimens were tested for hardness by the conical impression test. 
 The test pieces were cast in chilled iron molds, but as this would give a false value 
 for aluminum, the specimens were annealed before being tested. Two tests were 
 taken of each specimen ; one after it had been softened by ordinary annealing, 
 and the other after it had been annealed for a period of three hours at a tem- 
 perature of 500 degrees Cent.. 
 
 The hardness of No. 1, softened, was 41, and after long annealing 39.5. 
 The hardness of No. 2, softened, was 48, and annealed, 54.5. The hardness 
 of No. 3, softened, was 75, and annealed, 97.5. These figures are the average of 
 two hardness tests. 
 
 Copper Alloys 
 The efifect of copper in hardening aluminum is shown as follows : 
 
 Alloy No. 4 
 
 Alloy No. 5 
 
 Alloy No. 6 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 98.00 
 
 Aluminum 96.00 
 
 Aluminum 92.00 
 
 Copper 2.00 
 
 Copper 4.00 
 
 Copper 8.00 
 
 The hardness of No. 1, softened, was 50.5, and annealed. 57.5; of No. 2, 
 softened, 64.25, and annealed, 86.5, and of No. 3, softened, 75.5, and annealed, 
 91.5. 
 
 Copper and Tin Alloys 
 
 When copper and tin were used together the hardening effect was at 
 follows : 
 
 Composition — 
 
 Aluminum 
 Per cent 
 
 92.00 
 88.00 
 88.00 
 84.00 
 
 Copper 
 Per cent 
 
 4.00 
 4.00 
 8.00 
 8.00 
 
 Tin 
 Per cent 
 
 4.00 
 8.00 
 4.00 
 8.00 
 
 Hardness • 
 
 Chilled casting Annealed 
 Softened 3 hours at 
 
 400 degrees Cent. 
 
 68.00 
 69.50 
 80.50 
 84.50 
 
 71.5 
 70.0 
 79.5 
 83.0 
 
 The addition of tin it will be noted does not exercise any appreciable hard- 
 ening eflfect on aluminum, while zinc is not as satisfactory as copper. 
 
 197 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 HARDENING EFFECT OF ADDITION OF COMMERCIAL 
 METALS TO ALUMINUM 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 Magnesium Alloys of Aluminum 
 
 The effect of magnesium in hardening aluminum is illustrated by the fol- 
 lowing tests. 
 
 Magnalium 
 
 Aluminum 
 Magnesium 
 
 Per cent 
 
 98.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 The hardness of the chill-cast alloy, softened, was 57.5. When annealed 
 at a temperature of 430 degrees Cent, for three hours, the hardness was 50.5. 
 Other aluminum-magnesium alloys follow : 
 
 Alloy No. 1 
 
 Per cent 
 Aluminum 96.00 
 
 Magnesium 4.00 
 
 Alloy No. 1 
 Annealed 80.00 
 
 Softened 80.00 
 
 Alloy No. 2 
 
 Per cent 
 Aluminum 92.00 
 
 Magnesium 8.00 
 
 Hardness 
 
 Alloy No. 2 
 Annealed 100.50 
 
 Softened 102.50 
 
 Alloy No. 3 
 
 Per cent 
 Aluminum 85.00 
 
 Magnesium 15.00 
 
 Alloy No. 3 
 Annealed Not tested 
 Softened 148.50 
 
 Aluminum, Magnesium and Copper Alloys 
 
 Composition 
 
 Aluminum Magnesium 
 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 — Comparative Hardness — 
 
 Copper Chilled Castings Annealed 
 
 Per cent Softened 3 hours at 
 
 400 degrees Cent. 
 
 95.50 
 
 0.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 77.50 
 
 108.50 
 
 96.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 86.50 
 
 100.50 
 
 94.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 101.50 
 
 132.50 
 
 94.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 99.00 
 
 66.50 
 
 92.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 116.50 
 
 102.00 
 
 The hardening effect of magnesium on aluminum is greater than that of 
 either copper or zinc. The effect of the three elements is approximately, as 
 follows : 
 
 To produce an alloy twice as hard as pure aluminum there is required zinc, 
 15 per cent; copper, 8 per cent; magnesium, 4 per cent. The hardening effect 
 of magnesium is therefore, twice that of copper, and nearly four times that of 
 zinc. 
 
 198 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 DATA ON ALUMINUM BRONZE 
 
 Iron in Aluminum Bronze 
 
 Tests of an alloy of aluminum, 10 per cent; iron, 1 per cent; 
 and copper, 89 per cent, with cast-to-size test bars were made. 
 Risers 2 inches diameter were placed on either end of the grips. 
 The bars were made with long grips. Four bars were cast and 
 tested as follows : 
 
 Bar, 1. Bar, 2. Bar, 3. Bar, 4. 
 
 Elastic limit 18,600 18,300 26,500 22,600 
 
 Ultimate strength 76,600 77,100 74,200 75,600 
 
 Elongation 26.0 27.5 23.0 27.0 
 
 Reduction of area 24.8 29.8 27.5 29.9 
 
 The elastic limit and ultimate strength are given in pounds per 
 square inch, the reduction of area in percentages, and the elonga- 
 tion as percentage of stretch in 2 inches. 
 
 Phosphorus -in Aluminum Bronze 
 
 Alloy used as control : Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.00 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 Iron 1.00 
 
 Alloy with phosphorus : Per cent 
 
 Copper 88.90 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 Iron 1.00 
 
 Phosphorus 0.10 
 
 Results of physical tests were as follows : 
 
 Control bar Treated bar 
 
 Yield point, pounds per square inch 26,100 27,700 
 
 Ultimate strength, pounds per square inch.. 76,400 70,000 
 
 Elongation per cent in 2 inches 21.0 12.5 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 17.6 17.5 
 
 Silicon Aluminum Bronze 
 
 The effect of silicon is illustrated by the following tests. The 
 alloy consisted of the following proportions : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 89.50 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 Silicon 0.50 
 
 Results of physical tests were as follows : 
 
 Yield point, pounds per square inch 28,800 
 
 Ultimate strength, pounds per square inch 77,000 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches, per cent 1.5 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 1.4 
 
 199 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DATA ON ALUMINUM BRONZE 
 
 (Conc/uded) 
 
 Adding Manganese to Aluminum Bronze 
 
 The effect of adding manganese to aluminum bronze is shown 
 by test. The alloy tested had following composition : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 89.00 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 30 per cent manganese copper 1.00 
 
 The alloy was cast into sand molds containing imprints of the 
 standard nonferrous test bars, which were cast to size having 2- 
 inch risers on either end of the grips as is usual in the case of 
 aluminvim bronze. The physical properties, on an average of three 
 test bars were as follows : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 63,800 
 
 Elastic limit, pounds per square inch 19,700 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 49.3 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 42.1 
 
 Calcium-Aluminum Bronze 
 
 The effect of calcium on aluminum bronze is illustrated by test. 
 The alloy tested had the following composition : 
 
 Copper 89.00 
 
 Aluminum 1 0.00 
 
 10 per cent calcium-copper 1.00 
 
 The alloy was cast into sand molds and the bars were cast to size 
 The average physical properties of three bars were as follows : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 54,000 
 
 Elastic limit, pounds per square inch 19,700 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 22.5 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 30.4 
 
 Iron in Aitmini'm Broxze 
 
 An alloy was cast into test bars attaclied to keel block in the 
 manner usual with nranganese bronze. The following alloy was tested: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 89.00 
 
 Aluminum 10.00 
 
 Iron 1.00 
 
 The bars were cut from the block and machined to standard size. 
 The following results were obtained : 
 
 Tensile strength, pounds per square inch 69,600 73,100 
 
 Yield point, pounds per square inch 20,400 23,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 19.5 22.5 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 23.0 21.6 
 
 200 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 ALUMINUM ALLOYS USED IN AIRCRAFT 
 
 Braces of Zeppelins 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum 99.07 
 
 Zinc 0.13 
 
 Iron 0.38 
 
 Silicon 0.36 
 
 Copper 0.06 
 
 This metal was simply commercially pure aluminum, as the zinc, 
 iron, silicon and copper are the usual impurities. 
 
 Channel Sections of Zeppelin 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Aluminum 88.68 
 
 Zinc 9.10 
 
 Iron 0.43 
 
 Silicon 0.49 
 
 Copper 0.70 
 
 Tin 0.15 
 
 Manganese 0.43 
 
 Nickel Trace 
 
 This alloy consists essentially of commercial aluminum stiffened 
 with zinc, copper and manganese. A somewhat softer alloy was used 
 for the brackets connecting the angles of the various sections of the 
 frame. This alloy follows: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum 90.27 
 
 Zinc 7.80 
 
 Iron : 0.45 
 
 Silicon 0.37 
 
 Copper 0.73 
 
 Tin 0.11 
 
 Manganese 0.27 
 
 Nickel Trace 
 
 As in the other alloys the iron, silicon and the. tin also trace of 
 nickel are not added intentionally, but exist as a part of the pure 
 aluminum. The alloy could be successfully imitated as follows: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Aluminum (commerciaUy pure) 91.25 
 
 30 per cent manganese copper 1.00 
 
 Zinc 7.75 
 
 All the above alloys are soft and ductile, too soft for most casting 
 purposes, but suitable for fabricated shapes such as the channel sec- 
 tions and connecting parts. 
 
 201 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PATENTED ALUMINUM ALLOYS 
 
 An alloy that is claimed to be particularly adapted to casting- 
 purposes is the subject of a patent by W. A. McAdams, United States 
 patent No. 1146185. The following proportions are suggested: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 82.00 
 
 Copper 12.00 
 
 Cadmium 5.00 
 
 Silver 1.00 
 
 In United States patent No. 1156093, Charles Pack protects alloys 
 of aluminum adapted for die-casting purposes. Two alloys are sug- 
 gested as follows : 
 
 For small, simple castings : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 91.00 
 
 Copper 9.00 
 
 The inventor finds it desirable and necessary to increase the 
 percentage of copper as the castings increase in size and become more 
 complicated. The highest percentage of copper he has been able to 
 use successfully, follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 80.00 
 
 Copper 20.00 
 
 The addition of iron to aluminum alloys also is suggested by A. W. 
 Morris in United States patent No. 1227174. The inventor claims the 
 presence of iron operates to reduce the shrinkage of the castings or 
 forgings, thus overcoming the danger of cracking. The iron, it is 
 claimed, also increases the density of the castings and the tensile strength 
 and elongation. The iron can be added to any alloy of aluminum, but 
 its aluminum content should not be under 70 per cent. 
 
 The percentage of iron should not be less than 1 per cent, or 
 more than 6 per cent, and the silicon content of alloy should be kept 
 low. 
 
 A combination of aluminum and beryllium has also been patented 
 by H. S. Cooper, United States patent No. 1254987. It is claimed the 
 alloy produced by melting together the two metals is greatly superior 
 to aluminum alone, and also of lower specific gravity. 
 
 202 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 PATENTED ALUMINUM ALLOYS 
 
 The following alloy was patented by W. A. McAdams, United 
 
 States patent No. 1095653: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 70.00 
 
 Zinc 22.00 
 
 Antimony 5.00 
 
 Copper "^OO 
 
 The object in adding antimony was doubtless to control the shrink- 
 age of the alloy. 
 
 The following alloy was patented by C. P. Van Gundy, United 
 States patent No. 1098137: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 86.50 
 
 Zinc 9.70 
 
 Lead 2.50 
 
 Copper 1.30 
 
 The object gained by addition of lead is a closer grained alloy 
 that will resist pressures. 
 
 The following alloy, patented by W. A. McAdams, United States 
 patent No. 1104369, is claimed to be suitable for "hammered silver- 
 ware": 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 80.00 
 
 Silver 4.00 
 
 Tin 8.00 
 
 Cadmium 8.00 
 
 As manganese is frequently used in making alloys of aluminum 
 it is interesting to note, this ha? been made the subject of a patent by 
 Alfred Wilm, Berlin, Germany, United States patent No. 1130785, 
 March 9, 1915. 
 
 The inventor states the addition of manganese is particularly ad- 
 vantageous when it also contains up to 2 per cent magnesium. As an 
 example the following alloy is given : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Aluminum 93.10 to 96.50 
 
 Magnesium 0.5 
 
 Copper 5.6 to 3.00 
 
 This alloy has certain properties, but the addition of as little as 
 0.5 per cent manganese, increases the strength about 17 per cent, the 
 hardness, by the ball test, about 10 per cent, and at the same time the 
 alloy is better to file and work. 
 
 203 
 
rOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMMON CASTING COPPER 
 
 A very useful alloy for soldering irons, copper hammers and all 
 copper castings where high conductivity is not essential, follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 96 
 
 Zinc 4 
 
 This formula will always be found satisfactory, as the zinc is 
 sufficiently high to insure solidity, whether ingot or scrap copper is 
 used. The color of the metal is sufficiently red to pass for copper, 
 and the castings can be relied upon to show up clean, bright, sound 
 and free from abnormal shrinkage. 
 
 The copper should be melted in a clean crucible, and, when first 
 charged, two tablespoonfuls of salt are added. The chlorine gas 
 from this protects the copper from excessive oxidation until it set- 
 tles down in a liquid state, when it should be covered with char- 
 coal, hard wood chips, tan bark, or any organic substance that 
 forms charcoal. The zinc should be added after the copper is melted. 
 The mixture is then thoroughly stirred and the metal is allowed 
 to superheat a few minutes before being cast. If the color of the 
 metal is not sufficiently red, the zinc, with careful melting, may be 
 reduced to 2 per cent- 
 
 204 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 CHEAP RED METAL 
 
 This mixture has a wide range of usefuhiess for red brass 
 castings when high tensile strength and elongation are not neces- 
 sary. The metal is suitable for plumbers' goods, small bushings, 
 valves and cocks, gas meter parts, or any red metal castings that 
 are to be rapidly finished on turret lathes. The mixture is as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 83.84 
 
 Lead 8.33 
 
 Zinc 8.33 
 
 Or, Pounds 
 
 Copper 20 
 
 Lead 2 
 
 Zinc 2 
 
 This mixture is easy to make. The copper is melted first, and, 
 when charged, a small quantity of common salt is also placed in 
 the crucible. When melting begins, charcoal is added to form a 
 cover to protect the metal from oxidation. When the copper has 
 melted, the zinc, which has been allowed to become hot by lying 
 on top of the furnace, is dropped in with the tongs. The mixture 
 is then stirred, the lead added, and the stirring vigorously repeated. 
 When ready to pour, the surface of the metal should be clean and 
 liquid under its cover of charcoal. The castings run smooth, with 
 a nice bronze color, and the metal should be poured hot, although it 
 is not necessarv for it to boil. 
 
 20.S 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DEOXIDIZERS FOR COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 This metal can be used in the production of copper castings to 
 prevent porosity, the amount to be added varying from one-half to 
 one per cent. The castings are, however, liable to run drossy- 
 
 Aluminum in Yellow Brass 
 
 Yellow brass is greatly improved for many purposes by the 
 addition of aluminum, the amount to be added varying from one 
 to six ounces per 100 pounds of metal. The brass is deoxidized 
 and strengthened, its fluidity is greatly increased, and the zinc oxide 
 smoke is greatly reduced. Aluminum in this connection is most 
 valuable in the case of light castings, as it adds to the certainty 
 with which the metal can be poured, and owing to the increase in 
 fluidity the loss from misrun castings is considerably reduced. The 
 metal should be poured as cool as is consistent with running the 
 castings, and it must enter the mold without agitation, to prevent 
 the formation of dross. 
 
 Boron 
 
 The use of boron nitride, boron suboxide and boron carbide have 
 been used as deoxidizers of copper and can now be obtained com- 
 mercially. The nitride is used to make solid castings in the proportion 
 of 2 per cent. As the nitride forms no alloy the copper is left in a 
 state of purity, and the resulting castings possess high electric con- 
 ductivity. 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Calcium is a powerful deoxidizer of copper and its alloys. It 
 has been little used for this purpose in the past, as experience has 
 shown this element to be a disappointment as a deoxidizing agent 
 in nonferrous alloys- 
 
 206 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COPPER CASTINGS FOR ELECTRICAL PURPOSES 
 
 It is important that copper castings used for switchboards, ca- 
 ble connectors, terminal lugs and other electrical work shall be 
 as nearly pure copper as possible, in order that their electrical effi- 
 ciency will be high. Absolutely pure copper cannot be cast, as it 
 absorbs gases while being melted which cause the castings to be 
 full of holes, or honeycombed. It is, therefore, necessary to add 
 some element to the molten copper which will eliminate the gases 
 and produce solid castings, and in ordinary casting copper, zinc pro- 
 duces the best results, but so much of it must be used that the met- 
 al is very little higher in conductivity than bronze. The copper 
 must also cast well, and produce clean solid castings, and while 
 magnesium gives the highest conductivity, silicon produces the 
 cleanest and most reliable castings. The following mixture is there- 
 fore recommended : 
 
 Copper 100 pounds 
 
 Ten per cent silicon-copper 12 ounces 
 
 The tensile strength of this copper is 23,000 pounds per square 
 inch, and the conductivity is high. 
 
 In order to obtain good results with such a small percentage of 
 silicon, the copper must be very carefully melted- The ingots should 
 be so placed in the crucible, that they do not extend over the top, 
 and two tablespoonfuls of salt is added with the ingots, several 
 pieces of charcoal being placed on top when the metal begins to 
 sink down and before it melts. The other ingots to be melted 
 should be placed on top of the pot until they become red hot, when 
 they can be removed with the tongs and pushed into the molten 
 metal, charcoal also being added from time to time, as required, to 
 keep the metal covered. When all of the metal is melted in this 
 manner its surface will be seen to be limpid beneath the charcoal. 
 The silicon-copper, may now be added, having been previously 
 warmed, and the contents of the crucible should be vigorously 
 stirred with a plumbago stirrer. The metal should then be super- 
 heated ten minutes, and poured into the molds quite hot. Bot- 
 tom-pour crucibles are best for this class of work, as they obviate 
 the necessity of contaminating the metal with an iron skimmer. 
 
 207 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPARATIVE HARDNESS OF COPPER ALLOYS 
 
 A careful investigation of the hardness of alloys of copper gives 
 results as follows: 
 
 Alloys Comparative Hardness 
 
 Copper 
 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 
 Per Cent 
 
 Zinc 
 Per Cent 
 
 Lead 
 Per Cent 
 
 Chilled 
 Castings 
 
 Annealed 
 3 Hours 
 
 Annealing 
 Temperature 
 Degrees Cent. 
 
 99.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 77.65 
 
 77.8 
 
 850 
 
 96.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 GO 
 
 00 
 
 99.15 
 
 102.7 
 
 700 
 
 92.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 128.0 
 
 128.0 
 
 700 
 
 85.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 219.95 
 
 181.50 
 
 700 
 
 80.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 285.50 
 
 274.00 
 
 700 
 
 88.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 00 
 
 4.00 
 
 121.50 
 
 107.50 
 
 700 
 
 84.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 00 
 
 8.00 
 
 119.00 
 
 104.00 
 
 700 
 
 88.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 00 
 
 102.50 
 
 108.00 
 
 700 
 
 88.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 00 
 
 104.00 
 
 112.50 
 
 700 
 
 92.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 00 
 
 147.00 
 
 136.00 
 
 700 
 
 84.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 00 
 
 156.00 
 
 132.50 
 
 700 
 
 85.00 
 
 00 
 
 15.00 
 
 00 
 
 81.00 
 
 79.50 
 
 900 
 
 70.00 
 
 00 
 
 30.00 
 
 00 
 
 87.00 
 
 89.00 
 
 900 
 
 65.00 
 
 00 
 
 35.00 
 
 00 
 
 92.50 
 
 84.50 
 
 900 
 
 60.00 
 
 00 
 
 40.00 
 
 00 
 
 128.50 
 
 154.50 
 
 800 
 
 55.00 
 
 00 
 
 45.00 
 
 00 
 
 181.30 
 
 183.50 
 
 800 
 
 66.00 
 
 00 
 
 30.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 79.50 
 
 79.00 
 
 800 
 
 62.00 
 
 00 
 
 30.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 71.00 
 
 71.50 
 
 800 
 
 66.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 00 
 
 169.00 
 
 138.00 
 
 800 
 
 62.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 00 
 
 286.50 
 
 243.00 
 
 800 
 
 58.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 00 
 
 201.00 
 
 199.00 
 
 800 
 
 The hardness was determined by means of conical impression or 
 punch tests of the kind which in contrast with impression tests usually 
 employed with homogeneous substances give co-efficients of hardness 
 that are independent of the magnitude of the load and of the depth 
 of the impression. 
 
 208 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COMPARATIVE HARDNESS OF COPPER ALLOYS 
 
 Alloys of Copper with Tin, Zinc and Aluminum 
 
 Alloys Comparative Hardness 
 
 Copper Tin Zinc Aluminum Chilled Annealed Annealing 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Castings 3 Hours Temperature 
 
 Degrees Cent. 
 
 99.00 00 00 1.00 75.60 71.25 900 
 
 96.00 00 00 4.00 92.50 88.25 900 
 
 92.00 00 00 8.00 117.50 119.50 900 
 
 90.00 00 00 10.00 202.00 225.00 900 
 
 88.00 00 00 12.00 225.50 222.00 900 
 
 85.00 00 00 15.00 400.00 400.00 900 
 
 92.00 4.00 00 4.00 153.00 136.50 700 
 
 88.00 8.00 00 4.00 214.50 182.00 700 
 
 88.00 4.00 00 8.00 215.50 212.00 700 
 
 84.00 8.00 00 8.00 250.00 244.50 700 
 
 58.00 00 40.00 2.00 192.00 187.50 800 
 
 CoppEK-NiCKF.L Alloys 
 Alloys Comparative Hardness 
 
 Copper 
 Per Cent 
 
 Nickel 
 Per Cent 
 
 Manganese 
 Per Cent 
 
 Chilled 
 Castings 
 
 Annealed 
 3 Hours 
 
 Annealing 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Degrees Cent 
 
 92.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 00 
 
 67.50 
 
 70.00 
 
 900 
 
 85.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 00 
 
 79.50 
 
 85.50 
 
 900 
 
 70.00 
 
 30.001 
 
 00 
 
 103.00 
 
 119.50 
 
 900 
 
 70.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 92.50 
 
 96.00 
 
 900 
 
 55.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 93.00 
 
 93.50 
 
 900 
 
 55.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 104.00 
 
 121.50 
 
 900 
 
 40.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 118.50 
 
 119.50 
 
 900 
 
 
 Copper-Manganese-Nickel Alloys 
 
 
 
 Alloys 
 
 
 Comparative 
 
 Hardness 
 
 
 Copper 
 Per Cent 
 
 Nickel 
 Per Cent 
 
 Manganese 
 Per Cent 
 
 Chilled 
 Castings 
 
 Annealed 
 3 Hours 
 
 Annealing 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Degrees Cent 
 
 92.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 85.35 
 
 91.50 
 
 900 
 
 88.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 95.50 
 
 98.00 
 
 900 
 
 88.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 105.50 
 
 105.50 
 
 900 
 
 209 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPARATIVE HARDNESS OF COPPER ALLOYS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 Copper, Nickel and Manganese Alloys 
 
 Comparative Hardness 
 
 • Alloy Averaged 
 
 Annealing 
 Copper Nickel Manganese Chilled Annealed Temp. 
 
 Per cent Per cent Per cent Casting 3 hours Deg. Cent. 
 
 84.00 8.00 8.00 111.00 117.50 900 
 
 81.00 4.00 15.00 119.00 113.00 900 
 
 77.00 8.00 15.00 127.00 119.00 900 
 
 Composition of Alloy 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 64.00 
 
 Tin 2.00 
 
 Aluminum 2.00 
 
 Iron 2.00 
 
 Zinc 30.00 
 
 This alloy is known as Durana metal. Its hardness in chilled 
 castings averages 197.50; when annealed at 800 degrees Cent, for 
 3 hours its hardness is 241.50 as determined by the conical impres- 
 sion test. 
 
 Ferrobronze Alloy 
 Composition of Alloy 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 58.00 
 
 Zinc 40.00 
 
 Iron 2.00 
 
 The hardness of ferrobronze in chilled castings is 137.50; when 
 annealed at 800 degrees Cent, for 3 hours the hardness is 150.50. 
 
 Copper 
 Bismuth 
 
 Copper and Bismuth Alloys 
 
 Alloy No. 1 Alloy No. 2 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 96.00 Copper 92.00 
 
 4.00 Bismuth 8.00 
 
 The hardness of alloy No. 1 is 51.65 in chilled castings, and 
 49.75 when annealed. The hardness of No. 2 alloy is 55.80 when 
 chilled, and 61.15 when annealed. 
 
 210 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COMPARATIVE HARDNESS OF COPPER ALLOYS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Copper and Silver Alloys 
 
 The comparative hardness of alloys of copper and silver as 
 determined by the conical impression test is as follows : 
 
 Alloy No. 1 Alloy No. 2 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 Copper 96.00 Copper 92.00 
 
 Silver 4.00 Silver 8.00 
 
 The hardness of alloy No. 1 is 80.40 in chilled castings and 
 88.50 when annealed at a temperature of 700 degrees Cent, for a 
 period of 3 hours. 
 
 Copper and Antimony Alloys 
 
 Alloy No. 1 Allov No. 2 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 Copper 96.00 Copper 92.00 
 
 Antimony 4.00 Antimony 8.00 
 
 The hardness of alloy No. 1 is 102.00 in chilled castings, and 
 101.50 when annealed at a temperature of 590 degrees Cent, for a 
 period of 3 hours. 
 
 Copper and Magnesium Alloys 
 Alloy No. 1 Alloy No. 2 Alloy No. 3 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 Copper 99.00 Copper 96.00 Copper 92.00 
 
 Magnesium 1.00 Magnesium 4.00 Magnesium 8.00 
 
 The hardness of alloy No. 1 is 95.05 in chilled castings, and 
 90.30 when annealed at 700 degrees Cent, for 3 hours. The hardness 
 of No. 2 chilled is 183.00; and annealed, 183.50. The hardness of 
 No. 3 alloy is 303 chilled, and 302 annealed. These values were 
 obtained in the same manner as those of all the previously mentioned 
 alloys, and illustrate the intense hardening effect of magnesium on 
 copper which is almost double that of tin from 4 per cent magnesium 
 up, and approximately 11 times that of zinc. 
 
 211 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPARATIVE HARDNESS OF WHITE METALS 
 
 The tests which gave the following results were made by the coni- 
 cal impression method. 
 
 Alloys Comparative Hardness 
 
 Tin Lead Antimony Copper Chilled Annealed Annealing 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Castings 3 Hours Temperature 
 
 Degrees Cent. 
 
 96.00 4.00 00 00 13.33 14.55 150 
 
 92.00 8.00 00 00 16.00 14.30 150 
 
 85.00 15.00 00 00 15.50 14.15 150 
 
 70.00 30.00 00 00 11.50 12.70 150 
 
 50.00 ' 50.00 00 00 9.90 10.15 150 
 
 96.00 00 00 4.00 12.75 11.75 200 
 
 92.00 00 00 8.00 15.50 14.55 200 
 
 85.00 00 00 15.00 24.30 23.45 200 
 
 96.00 00 4.00 00 16.60 14.80 200 
 
 92.00 00 8.00 00 21.10 21.15 200 
 
 85.00 00 15.00 00 25.25 23.00 200 
 
 70.00 15.00 15.00 00 20.35 22.35 150 
 
 55.00 30.00 15.00 00 15.10 18.55 150 
 
 88.00 00 8.00 4.00 27.20 23.60 200 
 
 84.00 00 8.00 8.00 30.15 27.70 200 
 
 81.00 00 15.00 4.00 29.30 26.60 200 
 
 77.00 00 15.00 8.00 33.90 33.20 200 
 
 From the above it will be noted that lead has a softening efifect 
 on tin and that copper and antimony together have the greatest hard- 
 ening effect. 
 
 Hardness of Alloys of Tin and Zinc 
 
 Alloy No. 1 Alloy No. 2 Alloy No. 3 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 Tin 99.50 Tin 99.00 Tin 96.00 
 
 Zinc 0.50 Zinc 1.00 Zinc 4.00 
 
 The hardness of No. 1, was 11.15, unannealed and 10.35 annealed. 
 Of No. 2, unannealed and 14.15 annealed, of No. 3. 17.00 unan- 
 nealed and 15.45 annealed. 
 
 212 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COMPARATIVE HARDNESS OF WHITE METALS 
 
 (Cofic/uded) 
 
 Hardening Effect of Bismuth on Tin 
 
 Alloy No. 1 Alloy No. 2 
 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 Tin 99.50 Tin 99.00 
 
 Bismuth 0.50 Bismuth 1.00 
 
 The hardness of No. 1 alloy unannealed was 11.90. and when 
 annealed 11.75. The hardness of No. 2 alloy was 14.85 unannealed 
 and 14.30 when annealed. With higher percentages of bismuth 
 the hardening effect was more evident. 
 
 Alloy No. 3 Alloy No. 4 
 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 Tin 96.00 Tin 92.00 
 
 Bismuth 4.00 Bismuth 8.00 
 
 The iiardness of No. 3 alloy was 26.65 unannealed, and 25.60 
 when annealed, that of No. 4 was 29.25 unannealed, and 28.90 
 when annealed. 
 
 Hardening Effect of Aluminum and Magnesium on Tin 
 
 Alloys Comparative Hardness Averaged 
 
 Tin 
 
 Al 
 
 uminum 
 
 Alagnesium 
 
 Chilled 
 
 A 
 
 nnealed 
 
 Annealing 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 P 
 
 er Cent 
 
 P 
 
 er Cent 
 
 Casting 
 
 3 
 
 Hours 
 D 
 
 Temperature 
 egrees Cent. 
 
 99.75 
 
 
 0.25 
 
 
 00 
 
 14.25 
 
 
 12.75 
 
 210 
 
 99.50 
 
 
 0.50 
 
 
 00 
 
 16.50 
 
 
 13.50 
 
 210 
 
 99.00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 00 
 
 17.33 
 
 
 14.35 
 
 210 
 
 98.00 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 00 
 
 20.15 
 
 
 14.25 
 
 210 
 
 99.50 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 0.50 
 
 20.05 
 
 
 15.80 
 
 180 
 
 99.00 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 25.50 
 
 
 15.65 
 
 180 
 
 98.00 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 31.85 
 
 
 18.50 
 
 180 
 
 In the above tests the great hardening effect of magnesium 
 is illustrated and in this connection the great effect that annealing 
 has in softening these alloys may be pointed out. 
 
 213 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 HARDNESS OF BEARING METALS 
 
 V Hardness tests carried out by F. Giolitti and M. Marantonio, of 
 Italy, gave the following results : 
 
 Copper, Tin, Lead, Hardness, 
 
 per cent per cent per cent Brinell 
 
 95.50 4.50 49 
 
 91.20 8.80 63 
 
 83.70 16.30 77 
 
 74.10 25.90 230 
 
 91.10 3.90 5.00 46 
 
 87.00 8.00 5.00 61 
 
 81.20 13.70 5.10 93 
 
 87.00 2.40 10.60 39 
 
 81.60 8.00 10.40 48 
 
 75.70 13.90 10.40 86 
 
 81.80 4.10 14.10 39 
 
 75.50 9.20 15.30 57 
 
 75.00 5.00 20.00 44 
 
 68.00 12.00 20.00 70 
 
 80.00 20.00 23 
 
 60.00 40.00 13 
 
 The foregoing results were obtained on cast alloys by the 
 
 Brinell hardness testing method. A steel ball, 10 millimeters in 
 diameter was used, and the pressure applied was 500 kilograms, or 
 
 1100 pounds. The results indicate how hardness is affected by the 
 content of lead and hardness increases in proportion to the per- 
 centage of tin added. 
 
 214 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 PROPRIETARY BEARING ALLOYS 
 
 The following bronzes are used extensively as bearing alloys, 
 and while the names by which they were known when first produced 
 have generally been discontinued, occasionally one of these alloys is 
 sijecified by its original name. The list of alloys presented herewith 
 permits of the easy identification of &ny of these alloys : 
 
 "S" Bearing Metal 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 79.70 
 
 Tin 10.00 
 
 Lead 9 5 
 
 Phosphorus .'...".'.. O'SO 
 
 "S" bearing metal also is used as an acid-resisting alloy. The 
 amount of phosphorus can be varied to best meet the requirements 
 of individual cases. The difficulties of making castings are increased 
 in proportion to the increase of phosphorus. When the phosphorus 
 is eliminated, the alloy becomes a straight 80 copper, 10 tin and 10 
 lead mixture. 
 
 Ex. B. Metal, Pennsylvania Railroad 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 76.80 
 
 Tin 8.00 
 
 Lead 15.00 
 
 Phosphorus • 0.20 
 
 "Ex. B. Metal" is used for car journal bearings and also some- 
 times for anti-acid purposes. 
 
 AjAx Plastic Bronze 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 65 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 Lead 30 
 
 Ajax plastic bronze also is used extensively for car journal 
 bearings and occasionally is used as an acid-resisting alloy. 
 
 215 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PROPRIETARY BEARING ALLOYS 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 AjAx Metal 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 77.00 
 
 Tin 11.50 
 
 Lead • 11.50 
 
 A small amount of phosphorus may be added to Ajax metal 
 to reduce oxides formed in melting. About 0.25 per cent of 15 per 
 cent phosphor copper is sufficient for this purpose. 
 
 Carmelia Metal 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 70.00 
 
 Tin 4.50 
 
 Lead 15.00 
 
 Zinc 10.00 
 
 Iron 0.50 
 
 Carmelia metal is a complex alloy. The advantages of the iron 
 
 addition are rather doubtful. 
 
 Carbon Bronze 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper ,. 75.00 
 
 Tin • 10.00 
 
 Lead 14.50 
 
 Carbon trace 
 
 Cornish Bronze 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 77.80 
 
 Tin ■ 9.50 
 
 Lead 12.50 
 
 Phosphorus 0.20 
 
 Damascus Bronze 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 76.90 
 
 Tin 10.50 
 
 Lead 12.50 
 
 Phosphorus • 0.10 
 
 216 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 BABBITT AND ANTIFRICTION METALS 
 
 Genuine Babbitt for Heavy Service 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 89 
 
 Antimony 8 
 
 Copper 3 
 
 Standard Genuine Babbitt 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 89.00 
 
 Antimony 7.50 
 
 Copper 3.50 
 
 No. 1 Calumet and Hecla (Hard Babbitt) 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 83.50 
 
 Antimony 1 1 .00 
 
 Copper 5.50 
 
 Armature Babbitt 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 87.00 
 
 Antimony 8.00 
 
 Copper 5.00 
 
 This mixture is softer than No. 1 Calumet and Hecla. 
 
 Motor Metal (Very Hard) 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tin '. 100 
 
 Antimony 10 
 
 Copper 10 
 
 Although hahl)ilts with a tin base are expensive mixtures, there are 
 many conditions t(ir which their use is justified and no substitution 
 can be made. 
 
 217 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 BABBIT AND ANTIFRICTION METALS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 No. 2 Calumet and Hecla 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tin 60.75 
 
 Antimony 10.50 
 
 Lead 25.00 
 
 Copper 3.75 
 
 Calumet and Hecla No. 2 is eminently adapted as a lining metal for 
 large crankshaft and other bearings for corliss engines. 
 
 Babbitt Cheaper than Calumet and Hecla No. 2 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Lead 50 
 
 Tin 35 
 
 Antimony 15 
 
 Hard Lead 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Lead ; 80 
 
 Antimony 20 
 
 Hard lead is improved considerably by the addition of a small per- 
 centage of tin and a reduction in the antimony, as follows: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Lead . . . . r 80 
 
 Antimony 15 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 Babbitt Used on Marine Engines 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Lead 72 
 
 Tin 21 
 
 Antimony 7 
 
 218 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 BABBITTS USED IN AUTOMOBILES 
 
 No. 1 Per Cent 
 
 Tin 88.00 
 
 Antimony 8.00 
 
 Copper 4.00 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Tin 61.50 
 
 Antimony 10.50 
 
 Copper 3.00 
 
 Lead 25.00 
 
 No. 3 Special. 
 
 Tin 31.00 
 
 Antimony 10.00 
 
 Copper 1.00 
 
 Lead 58.00 
 
 No. 4 Special. 
 
 Tin 5.00 
 
 Antimony 15.00 
 
 Lead 80.00 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Tin 10.00 
 
 Antimony 6.66 
 
 Copper 3.33 
 
 Lead 80.00 
 
 No. 6 
 
 Tin 75.00 
 
 Antimony 10.00 
 
 Copper 3.00 
 
 Lead 12.00 
 
 219 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 HEAT-RESISTING CASTINGS 
 
 Aluminum Bronze ^ 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 90.00 
 
 Iron 0.50 
 
 Aluminum 9.00 
 
 30 per cent manganese copper 0.50 
 
 Melt the copper under charcoal, add the iron in the form of 
 loosely coiled tin plate clippings, or thin, clean wire. Stir vigorously, 
 add 2 per cent of the aluminum, again stir to incorporate all the iron, 
 add the manganese copper and lastly the remainder of the aluminum. 
 Gate the castings from the bottom. Use heavy risers to feed metal to 
 supply the shrinkage, and pour the molds before the metal appears 
 dull in color. The castings, if small in section will possess approximate- 
 ly the following physical properties : 
 
 Tensile strength, lbs. per sq. inch 80,000 
 
 Yield point, lbs. per sq. inch 26,000 
 
 Elongation, per cent in 2 inches 30.00 
 
 Reduction of area, per cent 28.00 
 
 Aluminum bronze is tough and ductile up to a red heat and can be 
 forged. 
 
 Heat Resisting Bronze 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 91.00 
 
 Tin 4.50 
 
 5 per cent phosphor-tin 4.00 
 
 Lead 0.50 
 
 Melt the copper under charcoal, add 1 per cent of the phosphor-tin, 
 then the ordinary tin, next the balance of the phosphor-tin, and lastly the 
 lead. Stir thoroughly. Use large risers to feed the castings solid all 
 through, and pour the metal at a temperature at which it appears bright. 
 This alloy is phosphor-bronze. 
 
 Brass containing more than 10 per cent of zinc is not suitable for 
 heat-resisting castings. 
 
 220 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 ODD AND UNUSUAL ALLOYS 
 
 Helmet Metal 
 This is a somewhat meaningless name for an alloy, but the mixture 
 has been on the market several years and is used as a spring metal. 
 Its composition follows: P^,. q^^^^ 
 
 Cc)i)per 72 
 
 Zinc 28 
 
 This alloy is simply a yellow brass minus the tin, and resilience 
 is imparted to it by cold-rolling or drawing. The greatest resilience 
 is imparted by working it near to the fatigue point. Helmet metal is 
 too soft a mixture for sand castings and is not used for this purpose. 
 
 Montana Gold 
 This alloy formerly was used extensively for table flat ware. Ft 
 resembles 18-carat gold when polished, and with the exception of the 
 aluminum content, is practically the brass known as Gilding. The 
 composition of Montana gold is approximately as follows: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 89.00 
 
 Zinc 10.50 
 
 Aluminum 0.50 
 
 Platinoid 
 This alloy is in widespread use as an electrical resistance metal. 
 It is practically a 25 per cent nickel silver. Its composition follows: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 53.50 
 
 Manganese Copper (30 Per Cent) 0.50 
 
 Nickel 24.50 
 
 Zinc 21.00 
 
 Iron 0.50 
 
 Noheet Metal 
 This alloy is used as an antifriction metal and at one time was 
 widely exploited. The fact that it contains no copper and tin and anti- 
 mony only in small amounts was emphasized, although these metals 
 have never been considered detrimental to such alloys, but the reverse. 
 The composition of Nohcct metal follows: p^^ q^^^^ 
 
 Lead 98.41 
 
 Sodium 1.40 
 
 Tin 0.08 
 
 Antimony 0.11 
 
 An easy way of making this alloy is to melt the lead until it is 
 
 just liquid, when 2 per cent of sodium is added. 
 
 Nonpareil Antifriction Metal 
 
 This alloy has been on the market for an extended period and 
 by analysis has the following constitutents : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Lead 78.35 
 
 .Antimony 16.70 
 
 Tin ...." 4.95 
 
 Copper Trace 
 
 221 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 ODD AND UNUSUAL ALLOYS 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 Ounce Metal 
 
 Ounce metal derives its name from the fact that one ounce each 
 of the white metals is added to one pound of copper. It is an ex- 
 cellent formula for steam goods that are not subjected to high 
 pressures, and is extensively used for general castings. The formula 
 follows: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 80 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 Zinc 5 
 
 Lead 5 
 
 First melt the copper, using charcoal and salt, and, when liquid 
 and clear, add the zinc which should have been previously warmed. 
 Push it under the charcoal and stir vigorously. Add the tin next, 
 and lastly the lead, again stirring. 
 
 No specific directions can be given regarding the proper pour- 
 ing temperature, as that will vary greatly with the character of the 
 work, some castings requiring hot metal, and others comparatively 
 cool. 
 
 Key Metal 
 
 When ounce metal is made harder by doubling the quantity of 
 tin, it is largely known by the trade name of Key metal. The form- 
 ula then becomes : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 80 
 
 Tin 10 
 
 Zinc 5 
 
 Lead 5 
 
 Key metal is used whenever a hard metal is desired, and it de- 
 rives its name from being used in making the old-fashioned heavy 
 door keys, because it is sufficiently stifT not to bend, runs fluid and 
 files well. 
 
 It will be found useful for machinery castings when a stiff, 
 hard metal is desirable. 
 
 222 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 NICKEL ALLOYS 
 
 Stiff, White Nickel Alloy 
 
 For all work requiring a stiff, white alloy that will cast fairly well 
 
 and buff to a finish resembling nickel-plate, the following alloy will be 
 
 suitable : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper , 65.00 
 
 Nickel 32.25 
 
 Aluminum 2.75 
 
 Melt the copper and the nickel together under charcoal, or use a 
 flux consisting of fluorspar and lime, in a furnace capable of attaining a 
 very high temperature. An oil or gas-fired furnace is preferable to one 
 fired by coke or coal. When the alloy has reached a dazzling, white 
 temperature, add the aluminum carefully and stir with an iron bar coated 
 with alundum cement, thoroughly dried, and cast in dry sand or skin- 
 dried molds faced with fine silica sand bonded with fine fireclay and 
 molasses water. Pour the metal strongly and provide the castings with 
 generous gating facilities. 
 
 Nickel Bronze 
 
 Nickel bronze is the name generally applied to any alloy of copper 
 and tin containing nickel. The following alloy is a good example of this 
 class of alloys and finds application as a material for making high- 
 grade gears. The alloy follows : 
 
 Copper 85 pounds 1 1 ounces 
 
 15 per cent Phosphor-copper.. 5 ounces 
 
 Nickel 3 pounds 
 
 Tin 11 pounds 
 
 First melt the copper and the nickel together under a cover of 
 charcoal, with a little borax ; and when the copper is thoroughly melted 
 and hot, add the phosphor-copper and stir ; follow with the tin, stir once 
 more and pour on the warm side. 
 
 223 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 BRAZING METAL 
 
 Brazing metal is an alloy of copper and zinc, with sometimes 
 small percentages of lead, added for the purpose of improving its 
 machining qualities. The content of zinc varies according to the 
 amount of heat the castings will be subjected to, while being 
 brazed. The greater the quantity of zinc it contains, the more fu- 
 sible the alloy becomes, therefore, when the more refractory sold- 
 ers are to be used, or when the castings are so thin that there is 
 danger of crumbling, the more nearly the brazing metal approaches 
 casting copper in appearance and qualities. 
 
 Zinc is used in preference to tin in making brazing metal, be- 
 cause the copper-zinc alloys possess a certain amount of ductility 
 at a red heat, and do not crumble with the same facility as the cop- 
 per and tin metals. The color of the metal varies from a coppery 
 hue, with the smaller percentages of zinc, to a reddish yellow, with 
 the higher percentages, the structure of the metal being fibrous. 
 The formula that is extensively used for flanges to be brazed onto 
 
 copper pipe is as follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 87 
 
 Zinc 12 
 
 Lead 1 
 
 The copper must be melted under a cover of charcoal, a little 
 salt being added when the ingots become red. After the copper 
 is melted and appears limpid beneath the charcoal cover, the zinc, 
 having been previously warmed, is added in small pieces, the lead 
 is then put in, and the mixture thoroughly stirred, when it is 
 readv for casting. 
 
 224 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 EFFFCT OF MANGANESE-COPPER ADDITIONS 
 
 The addition of a small amount of manganese-copper is fre- 
 quently advantageous in yellow alloys, as it eliminates surface pin 
 holes in yellow brass castings, closes the grain and imparts a pleas- 
 ing brown color to the casting. The following alloys are recom- 
 mended : 
 
 No. 1 — Yellow Brass 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 66 12 
 
 Manganese-copper 4 
 
 Zinc 30 
 
 Lead 3 Q 
 
 No. 2 — Yellow Brass 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 70 
 
 Manganese-copper 8 
 
 Zinc 25 
 
 Tin 1 8 
 
 Lead 3 
 
 Lamp Bronze 
 
 Pounds Ounces 
 
 Copper 76 
 
 Zinc 18 
 
 Tin 3 
 
 Lead 3 
 
 Manganese-Copper 2 
 
 Manganese-copper should be added to the metal after the 
 copper is melted, and should be stirred in well, the surface of the 
 copper being covered with a layer of charcoal. The zinc is next 
 added, followed by the tin and lead. Manganese-copper should 
 contain no iron, and as the content of manganese in the copper 
 may vary, the quantity used in the alloys may be increased or 
 decreased, if the amount given in the formulas does not give the 
 required results. The best results from the use of manganese are 
 obtained when the castings possess a light brown skin. If the color 
 is sufficiently deep to injure the appearance of the castings, it will 
 in all probability cause cold shuts; in this case the quantity should 
 be reduced. If no external indication of the presence of manganese 
 is visible, it may be advisable to increase the amount added to de- 
 rive the full benefits of its use. 
 
 Ductile Yellow Brass 
 
 A mixture for a soft, ductile, yellow brass that can be riveted, 
 follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper 68 
 
 Zinc 30 
 
 Lead 2 
 
 225 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS 
 
 Acid Resisting Alloys 
 
 While no copper alloy can be said to be acid-proof, there are 
 some alloys that will resist acids much better than others, and because 
 lead is more resistant to acids than most metals, the so-called acid-proof 
 metals are generally highly leaded. An alloy of this type is as follows : 
 
 POUNDS 
 
 Copper 72 
 
 Phosphor-copper (15 per cent) 3 
 
 Tin IVa 
 
 Antimony 3^ 
 
 Lead 20 
 
 Melt the copper under charcoal, using a flux composed of four 
 ounces of borax, two ounces of soda ash, and eight ounces of sharp 
 sand. When melted, add the phosphor-copper, then the tin and anti- 
 mony. Stir the metal thoroughly and add the lead. This alloy can be 
 used for all castings that come into contact with acid fluids, but should 
 not be used when great strength is also desirable. Should the castings 
 bleed lead when taken hot from the molds, add two ounces of roll 
 sulphur to the flux. 
 
 Strong Alloy 
 
 A stronger alloy for the same purpose, that will also prove satis- 
 factory for bearings, follows : 
 
 POUNDS 
 
 Copper 74 
 
 Manganese-copper (30 per cent) 1 
 
 Tin S 
 
 Lead 20 
 
 Melt the copper and afterwards add the other component parts of 
 the alloy in the order given. 
 
 Bearing Metal 
 
 Another mixture on the same order, possessing excellent anti- 
 friction qualities combined with low cost, follows: 
 
 POUNDS 
 
 Copper 63 
 
 Manganese-copper (30 per cent) 5 
 
 Antimony ^ 
 
 Lead 30 
 
 Melt the copper, add the manganese-copper, next the antimony and 
 lastly the lead. Stir well, thickly cover with charcoal, drop two pounds 
 of borax onto the charcoal, allow the water to boil out, then stir the 
 contents of the crucible thoroughly. 
 
 226 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 BENEDICT NICKEL 
 
 Benedict nickel is most generally used in the form of sheet and 
 tubing by the plumbing trade for lavatory fittings, but at the present 
 there is a considerable demand for this alloy for bullet jackets and 
 many foundrymen are considering the advisability of engaging in its 
 manufacture in the form of bars for rolling. The formula follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 80.00 
 
 Nickel 20.00 
 
 In making this alloy, it is advisable to place the nickel in the 
 bottom of the crucible, with the copper on top. About 25 per cent 
 of scrap of the same composition can be used with each charge and 
 may be added with the copper and the nickel. It is good practice to 
 use a deepener on top of the crucible to enable all the cold metals 
 comprising the charge to be placed in the furnace at once. This 
 deepener is the upper portion of a worn-out crucible and is placed 
 loosely on top of the melting crucible in the capacity of a hopper. 
 In case all the charge cannot be placed in the crucible and deepener, 
 and scrap is used, it is better to reserve some of the copper than the 
 scrap for future addition, as the latter has a higher melting point 
 than the copper. 
 
 To protect the metals from oxidation, charcoal is frequently used 
 
 as a cover, some of which should be added with the cold metals. It 
 
 is a question, however, whether it is not better to avoid charcoal in 
 
 connection with copper-nickel alloys, because if carbon is absorbed 
 
 these alloys do not roll successfully; therefore, some contend that 
 
 the following flux is more suitable: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Unslackcd lime 67 
 
 Powdered fluorspar 33 
 
 Slack the lime to a cream, add the fluorspar, mix thoroughly and 
 dry; use a minimum of one per cent. 
 
 Bring the metal to a white heat before removal from the furnace, 
 stir well, and just before pouring, add 0.25 per cent of 30 per cent 
 manganese-copper. 
 
 227 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FUSIBLE ALLOYS 
 
 Alloys having low melting points find many industrial applica- 
 tions, being used as solders, for making fuse wire, fusible safety boiler 
 plugs, for the measurement of temperatures, as hardening baths for steel 
 and for the reproduction of medals. This class of alloys is composed 
 of lead and tin in varying proportions, with the addition of small per- 
 centages of bismuth or cadmium to increase the fusibility of the metal. 
 The composition and melting points of a number of fusible alloys are 
 given in the following table. 
 
 Tin, 
 
 Lead, 
 
 Cadmium, 
 
 Bismuth, 
 
 i\l citing point, 
 
 per cent 
 
 per cent 
 
 per cent 
 
 per cent 
 
 degrees Fahr. 
 
 25.00 
 
 75.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 482 
 
 34.00 
 
 66.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 1 
 
 40.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 412 
 
 50.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 370 
 
 60.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 334 
 
 66.00 
 
 34.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 43.50 
 
 43.50 
 
 
 
 13.00 
 
 311 
 
 40.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 
 
 20.00 
 
 283 
 
 34.00 
 
 33.00 
 
 
 
 33.00 
 
 258 
 
 20.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 212 
 
 18.75 
 
 31.25 
 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 208 
 
 25.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 200 
 
 12.50 
 
 25.00 
 
 12.50 
 
 50.00 
 
 140 
 
 26.60 
 
 13.40 
 
 10.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 100 
 
 Pure Banca tin is used by the United States government for mak- 
 ing fusible safety plugs for boilers. The melting point of these alloys 
 can be ascertained by suspending a sample of the metal on a wire in a 
 bath of water or melted wax, in which a thermometer is immersed. 
 The heat of the bath is increased gradually until the alloy melts, the 
 temperature being indicated by the thermometer. Water can be used 
 only for alloys melting below 212 degrees Fahr. Beyond this point the 
 use of wax is necessary. 
 
 228 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 BABBITT METAL 
 
 There are several different methods of making babbitt metals. One 
 is to first make an alloy of the most infusible metals and a sufficient 
 amount of tin to bring the melting point within the range of the 
 babbitt kettle. This is termed "hardening" and is added in the re- 
 quired proportions to the bath of melted tin in the kettle. By another 
 method the more infusible metals are added to the bath of tin in the 
 kettle, directly from the crucible in which they are melted. Still another 
 method is pursued when the alloy is made entirely in the crucible in the 
 absence of a babbitt kettle. In this case the copper is first melted and 
 the antimony is added and is allowed to become thoroughly heated. 
 The crucible is then removed from the furnace and the tin is added, the 
 heat of the hardening metal and what is absorbed by the crucible being 
 sufficient to liquefy the tin. The babbitt is then at a suitable heat for 
 pouring, while if the tin were added to the other metals while in the 
 furnace it might become overheated. Of these different methods, that by 
 which the hardening metals are added in the liquid state is recom- 
 mended. 
 
 A high-grade tin babbitt that will carry heavy loads and will with- 
 stand rough usage, being especially suitable for street railway service, 
 is as follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tin 85 
 
 Antimony 10 
 
 Copper 5 
 
 A small amount, as given above, can probably be more easily made 
 in the crucible in which the copper and antimony are melted in the 
 manner just stated. However, when several hundred pounds are made 
 at a time, it is better to first melt the required amount of tin in the 
 kettle and to obtain the correct weight it will probably be found neces- 
 sary to ingot some of the tin when melted, as the original ingots of tin 
 do not weigh exactly 100 pounds, but vary from 105 to 112 pounds. 
 While the tin is being melted, the copper and antimony are also being 
 melted in the crucible furnace. The copper is charged first and is 
 melted under charcoal. Then the antimony is added in small pieces to 
 avoid chilling the copper, each piece being allowed to melt before another 
 is added. When each addition is melted the alloy is stirred, care being 
 taken to feel to the bottom of the crucible to detect whether the cop- 
 per has chilled and solidified. If the copper has chilled it will be 
 necessary to superheat the metal until the entire bath is liquid, when the 
 balance of the antimony can be added. When the copper and antimony 
 are melted they can be poured into the bath of tin, which is stirred in 
 the meantime. The liquid babbitt is then covered with a thin 
 layer of powdered soft coal, stirred and cast. 
 
 229 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SOLDERING ALLOYS 
 
 Silver Solder 
 
 It is well known that for the purpose of brazing there is no alloy 
 that can compete with silver solder for making a satisfactory joint. 
 Therefore, in spite of its high cost, it is used extensively for brazing 
 band saws and other metal articles requiring a strong joint. What is 
 known as a Cotnmon Silver Solder is made of the following mixture: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Fine silver 66.50 
 
 Copper 22.25 
 
 Zinc 11.25 
 
 Although the foregoing alloy is expensive to produce, though 
 almost indispensable, efforts have been inade to cheapen it and still re- 
 tain the good flowing qualities of this solder. The following alloys are 
 examples of cheaper mixtures : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Fine silver 50 
 
 Copper 33 
 
 Zinc 17 
 
 , The above alloy has a deeper yellow color than the first one given. 
 A cheaper mixture follows : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Fine silver 37 
 
 Copper 50 
 
 Zinc 13 
 
 The color of the foregoing mixture more nearly approaches that 
 of ordinary spelter solder than that of the other two alloys and it flows 
 better than spelter solder. 
 
 For a solder that will melt at a low temperature and will flow 
 easily, the following mixture is recommended : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Silver 61 
 
 Copper 20 
 
 Zinc 14 
 
 Tin 5 
 
 The addition tin lowers the melting point and hardens the .solder. 
 
 230 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 SOLDERING ALLOYS 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 Brazing Solders 
 
 Ordinary brazing or hard solder is an alloy consisting of equal parts 
 of copper and zinc. For special purposes the proportions of the two 
 metals may vary within wide limits, according to the purpose for which 
 they are intended. The fusing point of the solder must be below that 
 of the article soldered. The higher the percentage of copper, the 
 stronger and the more refractory the solder will be. To lower the 
 fusing point, tin and lead are frequently added to the alloy. A num- 
 ber of typical formulas are given in the following table : 
 
 COPPER, POUNDS ZINC, POUNDS TIN, POUNDS LEAD, POUNDS 
 
 58 42 
 
 54 45 1 
 
 53 .47 
 
 50 50 
 
 45 50 3J^ 1J4 
 
 34 . 66 
 
 44 50 4 2 
 
 57 28 15 
 
 48 48 4 
 
 Spelter Solder 
 
 Spelter solder also is, frequently, made by the addition of zinc to 
 sheet brass. A number of these solder mixtures follow : 
 
 SHEET BRASS CLIPPINGS, 
 
 POUNDS ZINC, POUNDS TIN, POUNDS 
 
 75 25 
 
 64 36 
 
 70 24 6 
 
 67 30 3 
 
 Borax is generally used as a flux with spelter solder, being reduced 
 to a paste with water. Boric acid mixed with carbonate of soda also 
 is used. 
 
 231 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 1 
 
 MELTING POINTS OF SOLDERS 
 
 Lead and Tin Alloys 
 The melting point of lead and tin alloys and the hardness by the Brinell 
 method are as follows: 
 
 Tin 
 
 Lead 
 
 Alelting Point, 
 
 Hardness 
 
 per cent 
 
 per cent 
 
 degrees Fahr. 
 
 Brinell method 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 618.8 
 
 3.90 
 
 10 
 
 90 
 
 577.4 
 
 10.40 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 532.4 
 
 12.16 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 491.0 
 
 14.50 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 446.0 
 
 15.80 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 401.0 
 
 15.00 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 .^68.6 
 
 14.60 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 3S6.0 
 
 16.70 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 365.0 
 
 15.80 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 388.4 
 
 15.20 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 419.0 
 
 13.30 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 466.0 
 
 4.10 
 
 The hardest alloy it will be noted contains 66 per cent tin and 34 per 
 cent lead, which is practically the eutectic alloy and has the lowest melting 
 point. 
 
 
 Hard Solders 
 
 
 
 nnts of 
 
 the copper and zinc 
 
 alloys 
 
 follow : 
 
 Copper 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Mell 
 
 :ing point 
 
 per cent per cent 
 
 degrees Fahr. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 1980 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 
 1967 
 
 86 
 
 14 
 
 
 1890 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 
 1846 
 
 76 
 
 24 
 
 
 1796 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 
 1756 
 
 71 
 
 29 
 
 
 1746 
 
 66.4 
 
 33.6 
 
 
 1684 
 
 63 
 
 37 
 
 
 1666 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 
 1634 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 1616 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 
 1598 
 
 41 
 
 59 
 
 
 1544 
 
 35 
 
 65 
 
 
 1501 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 
 1477 
 
 29 
 
 71 
 
 
 1467 
 
 24 
 
 76 
 
 
 1364 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 
 1,301 
 
 232 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 TESTS OF LEAD-TIN-ANTIMONY ALLOYS 
 
 Interesting results in the conservation of tin have been ob- 
 tained from a number of tests of lead-tin-antimony alloys made 
 in England, by O. W. Ellis. A total of 21 alloys were tested for 
 yield point, tenacity, elongation, compressive strength and Brinell 
 hardness. The greatest yield point and the greatest hardness 
 were obtained with the following alloy : 
 
 I'er cent 
 
 Lead 68 80 
 
 Tin 9.10 
 
 Antimony 22.10 
 
 This is practically lead, 69 per cent; tin, 9 per cent and antimony, 
 22 per cent. All the alloys with more than 20 per cent of antimony 
 either cracked or failed entirely during the compression test. 
 
 The greatest tensile strength and elongation was possessed by the 
 following alloy : 
 
 Per cent ' 
 
 Lead 82.00 
 
 Tin 8.90 
 
 Antimony 9.10 
 
 The greatest compressive strength was shown by the following 
 alloy : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Lead 88.00 
 
 Tin 4.10 
 
 Antimony 7.90 
 
 The yield point, tenacity and elongation of the foregoing alloy 
 were very low. 
 
 The following alloy is interesting because it approaches the com- 
 position of some commercial alloys : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Lead 71.00 
 
 Tin 18.60 
 
 .\ntimony 10.40 
 
 It developed a good yield point and tenacity, j^oor elongation, had 
 medium comitrc^sivc strength and fair hardness. 
 
 233 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TESTS OF LEAD-TIN-ANTIMONY ALLOYS 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 The following alloy is interesting because it approaches in com- 
 position a well-known anti-friction metal : 
 
 * Per cent 
 
 Lead 79 60 
 
 Tin 4.50 
 
 Antnnony 15.90 
 
 In none of its properties was this alloy unusual. Its yield point 
 was fair; tenacity, good; elongation, poor; compression and hardness 
 medium as compared with the other alloys tested. 
 
 The most uniform alloy of the series was the following: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Lead 85.20 
 
 Tin • 4.60 
 
 Antimony 10.20 
 
 This alloy could be closely approximated by weighing the propor- 
 tions of the three metals as follows : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Lead 85.00 
 
 Tin 4.75 
 
 Antimony 10.25 
 
 This alloy possesses a fair yield point ; excellent tenacity and elonga- 
 tion ; high compressive strength and medium hardness. It appears to be 
 the most serviceable of the 21 alloys tested. 
 
 As a result of the tests, the following conclusions were reached : The 
 efifect of the presence of the tin-antimony compound in such alloys 
 is to render them weak and brittle. The general mechanical properties 
 of the lead-tin-antimony alloys containing less than 15 per cent tin are 
 improved by the addition of antimony in quantities not exceeding 10 per 
 cent. The efifect of increasing the antimony content of an alloy is to 
 increase its hardness. There appears to be a region of maximum 
 hardness in the vicinity of a composition containing lead, 70 per cent; 
 tin, 10 per cent and antimony, 20 per cent. 
 
 234 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 SOLDERING ALUMINUM BRONZE 
 
 One great drawback to the extended use of aluminum bronze is the 
 difficulty experienced in soldering the metal. This also applies to the 
 tinning of the surface, so that this alloy cannot be used for articles 
 that require the protection of a tin coating. 
 
 Copper Sulphate Flux 
 One method of soldering aluminum bronze employs a strong solu- 
 tion of copper sulphate as a flux. The parts to be soldered are 
 immersed in the solution and are touched with an iron rod which 
 produces a deposit of copper on the bronze. The parts are rinsed 
 clean, when the coppered surfaces can be tinned and soldered. Instead 
 of being coppered the surfaces can be nickeled, in w^hich case it will 
 appear that the bronze is really soldered. 
 
 The following flux, however, is more convenient as it permits the 
 bronze to be coppered and soldered at one operation. Make the follow- 
 ing solutions : 
 
 (1) Dissolve dry copper carbonate 2 ounces 
 
 Water 4 ounces 
 
 (2) Hydrochloric acid 6 ounces 
 
 Thin sheet iron >< ounce 
 
 Let the iron stand in the acid over night, then gradually add 
 solution No. 2 to solution No. L Add the acid slowly until efifer- 
 vescense ceases, and then add the rest rapidly. A clear green solution 
 will result, to which is added 4 ounces of zinc chloride solution made 
 as outlined on page 236. This flux will deposit copper under 
 the heat of the soldering iron to which the solder will adhere. The 
 following solder should be used in connection with the flux : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Tin 75 
 
 Lead 25 
 
 Melt toijether and run into convenient sticks. 
 
 235 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FLUX FOR SOLDERING 
 
 When gated patterns become detached they may be replaced easily 
 provided a good soldering fluid is employed. In making zinc chloride 
 flux, the following precautions should be observed to obtain the best 
 results : 
 
 Cleanliness is an important essential in making a good soldering 
 fluid. The acid should be placed in a clean vessel, either glass or pot- 
 tery. Metal containers should not be used as they are corroded by the 
 acid, which contaminates the flux. 
 
 To make one gallon of soldering fluid use three quarts of com- 
 mercial hydrochloric acid and place it in a suitable vessel ; add zinc 
 until the acid is cut. If the zinc is dirty it should be cleaned by dipping 
 in acid and washing. Add the zinc to the solution, piece by piece, to 
 prevent boiling over or the generation of sufficient heat to break the 
 vessel if the latter is glass; stir the solution occasionally. 
 
 When the action between the zinc and acid has ceased, and no 
 further bubbles appear when it is stirred, the solution should be filtered 
 through several thicknesses of cloth tied over the mouth of a second 
 jar to which the solution is transferred ; this should have a capacity of 
 at least one gallon. Add the following to the filtered solution : 
 
 (1) Warm soft water 1 pint 
 
 Sal-ammoniac 6 ounces 
 
 Add the sal-ammoniac to the water and stir until dissolved. 
 
 (2) Warm soft water 1 pint 
 
 Chloride of tin 4 ounces 
 
 Add the chloride of tin to the water and stir until dissolved, and 
 mix the three solutions. The mixture will be slightly cloudy, and 
 can be clarified by the addition of a small amount of hydrochloric acid, 
 which should be added one drop at a time until the solution clears. 
 This soldering flux will not spatter under the hot iron. 
 
 236 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 FLUXES FOR NONFERROUS METALS 
 
 Fl.l'XKS FOR J.KAll 
 
 The following- flux is used in lead refining: 
 
 Parts 
 
 Caustic soda 3 
 
 Roll sulphur 1 
 
 Mix together and add to the molten lead heated to 400 or 500 de- 
 grees Cent, allow the flux to act for a short time, then skim off. Another 
 way of preparing the same flux is as follows : 
 
 Parts 
 
 Caustic Soda 50 
 
 Sodium hyposulphite SO 
 
 Mix and use in the same manner as the former flux. 
 
 Fi.ux For Gkindixg 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Soda ash 25 
 
 Salt 25 
 
 Plaster of Paris 25 
 
 Fine charcoal 25 
 
 Mix 10 per cent of the flux with the grindings, and melt together in 
 a hot furnace. Ingot both the metal and the liqtiid flux, and when the 
 melt has cooled break away the slag with a hammer. 
 
 Ordinary Fli^x for all Kinds of Brass 
 
 F'ouuds 
 
 Powdered glass 80 
 
 Calcined borax 10 
 
 Fine charcoal 10 
 
 Add sufficient to form a liquid film of slag over the molten metal 
 and thus protect it from the oxidizing eft'ects of the furnace gase>;. 
 
 237 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 FLUXES FOR NONFERROUS METALS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Flux for Yei-low Brass 
 
 Parts 
 
 Salt cake 5 
 
 Silica 15 
 
 Coal dust 5 
 
 Bone ash 20 
 
 Salt cake is sodium sulphate and either the acid sodium sulphate 
 or normal sodium sulphate may be used. Silica, of course, is sand and 
 bone ash, calcium phosphate. This flux is used in the proportion of 
 1 or 2 per cent on the melted metal. 
 
 Flux for Grinuings 
 
 Parts 
 
 Plaster of paris 1 
 
 Soda . ash .'. 1 
 
 Salt 1 
 
 Fine charcoal 1 
 
 Mix the various ingredients thoroughly, and use from two to 10 
 pounds to 100 pounds of metal. Mix the flux thoroughly with the grind- 
 ings, and melt at a high temperature. 
 
 Flux for Red Brass 
 
 Parts 
 
 Powdered .class ^ 
 
 Calcined borax 1 
 
 Fine charcoal 2 
 
 Mix the ingredients thoroughly, and use on red brass in the pro- 
 portion of approximately 2 per cent. 
 
 Bell Metal Flux 
 
 Parts 
 
 Soda ash 1 
 
 White sand .' 1 
 
 Borax 0.25 
 
 Yellow prussiate of soda 1 
 
 Mix thoroughly and use 1 per cent on bell metals, after they are 
 fluid. Add the flux, let it heat for a few minutes, then stir into the 
 metal. This flux improves the tone of- bell metals. 
 
 238 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 PATENTED NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 Alloys for Lead-Coating Iron and Steel 
 
 The object of these alloys is to form a protective coating for iron 
 and steel. The alloys are claimed to protect the iron as they are 
 designed so they are not electropositive to the same. Three alloys 
 are given under patent No. 1168663. The patentees are Clayton 
 Mark Jr., and Clarence Mark. The alloys follow: ' 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 Lead 98.00 Lead 92.00 Lead 86.00 
 
 Zinc LOO Zinc 3.50 Zinc 6.00 
 
 Antimony LOO .'\ntimony 4.50 Antimony 8.00 
 
 Sheathing Metal 
 
 A metal for sheathing hulls of vessels, and which it is claimed is 
 also suitable for making piston rods, valve stems, shell bands and 
 bearings has been patented by J. Monville, Patent No. 1199200. The 
 alloy follows : 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 95.500 
 
 Iron 3.000 
 
 Tin 0.625 
 
 Zinc 0.625 
 
 Nickel 0.625 
 
 Alloy for Springs 
 
 An alloy suitable for the springs of watches has been patented 
 by G. E. Guillaume, Patent No. 1106206. The alloy follows: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 "Iron 66.20 
 
 Nickel ■ 28.50 
 
 Silicon 0.30 
 
 Chromium 1.50 
 
 Tungsten LOO 
 
 Manganese 2.00 
 
 Carbon 0.50-L00% 
 
 239 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PATENTED NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 {Co)uludcd) 
 
 Nonmagnetic Alloy 
 
 An alloy that is claimed to be nonmagnetic, and is suitable for 
 cutting tools, as it can be tempered, is the subject of a patent by J. 
 A. Douglas. The patent was taken out in Great Britain. No. 
 
 8331. The alloy follows: 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Nickel ., 60.00 
 
 Copper .' 28.00 
 
 Ferromanganese 3.00 
 
 Aluminum 4.00 
 
 Tin 5.00 
 
 Also ferrosilicon, chromium and tungsten may be added as con- 
 \enient. 
 
 B.A.BB1TTS 
 
 Two alloys for babbitting have been patented in Great Britain 
 by C. Billington, No. 11138. The alloys follow: 
 
 1 2 
 
 Per Cent Per Cent 
 
 Tin 84.00 Tin 74.00 
 
 Antimony 9.00 Antimony 9.75 
 
 Copper 6.00 Copper 5.00 
 
 Nickel 1.00 Nickel 1.25 
 
 Lead none Lead 10.00 
 
 Packing Rings 
 
 An alloy for packing rings that will withstand superheated 
 steam has been patented by G. E. Holder; U. S. Patent, No. 1127624. 
 The proportions are approximate. 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Copper 20.00 
 
 Nickel 15.00 
 
 Lead 65.00 
 
 Brake Band Linings 
 
 An alloy for brake band linings, has been patented by Mary 
 llolden, U. S. Patent, No. 1203338. The proportions are approximate. 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Lead 63.50 
 
 Copper 36.00 
 
 Phosphor Copper 0.50 
 
 240 
 
N ON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DIPS 
 
 Dip for Copper Castings 
 
 It is frequently desirable to brighten small copper castings, 
 such as rail bond lugs, commutator bars and similar parts. This 
 may be accomplished by immersing them for several minutes in 
 a solution composed of one quart of sulphuric acid to 10 quarts 
 of water. This solution should be made in a wooden tank lined 
 with asphalt. In the bottom of this tank a steam coil is placed 
 for the purpose of keeping the fluid hot. 
 
 After the castings are removed from the acid they should be 
 rinsed in hot lime water to prevent discoloration. The lime water 
 contains five pounds of lime to the barrel of water, and the solution 
 may be heated by a steam coil. A final rinsing in hot water com- 
 pletes the process of cleaning the castings. 
 
 To Prevent the Tarnishing of Brass When Dipped 
 
 To prevent the tarnishing of brass articles after passing through 
 the acid dip, rinse in the following solution : Cream of tartar, five 
 ounces, and clean, hot water, one gallon. 
 
 A Bright Dip for Brass, Bronze, Copper and German Silver 
 
 Sulphuric acid 2 gallons. 
 
 Nitric acid Ij^ gallons. 
 
 Salt 2 ounces. 
 
 A momentary immersion is all that is usually required. The 
 castings are rinsed in cold water, which is followed by cleaning in 
 hot water. Hardwood sawdust is used for drying. 
 
 Pickle for Cleaning Brass Castings 
 
 Sulphuric acid 5 quarts. 
 
 Water 5 quarts. 
 
 Nitric acid 4 quarts. 
 
 Muriatic acid 1 pint 
 
 Add the sulphuric acid to the water gradually. After the solu- 
 tion has cooled, add the nitric and muriatic acids. 
 
 Dip for Removing Sand From Brass Castings 
 
 Muriatic acid '. 1^ gallons. 
 
 Nitric acid 1 quart. 
 
 Water 2 quarts. 
 
 Add the acids to the water, immerse the castings in the solu- 
 tion until clean, then rinse thoroughly in cold water. 
 
 241 
 
FOUNDRVMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 The following specifications for the physical requirements of 
 nonferrous alloys were issued by the United States bureau of 
 steam engineering: 
 
 Minimum 
 tensile Yield Elongation 
 
 strength, lbs. point, in 2 ins., 
 Alloy per sq. in. pounds per cent 
 
 per sq. in. 
 
 Gun bronze 30,000 15,000 15 
 
 Manganese bronze 60,000 30,000 20 
 
 Monel metal 65,000 32,500 25 
 
 Phosphor bronze 40,000 20,000 20 
 
 Method of Casting Test Pieces 
 
 On manganese bronze screw propellers, test coupons should be 
 cast attached to the hub and to each blade, being cast flat on the 
 blade or hub. Those on the blades will be attached at half the 
 distance from the root of the periphery, and may be of any size 
 found necessary to give a sound test specimen. The coupons are 
 to be given no treatment other than machining to reduce them to 
 the proper diameter. For castings weighing over 200 pounds, 
 test pieces or coupons shall be taken in such a manner and from 
 such parts of the casting as will thoroughly exhibit the quality of 
 the metal, not less than three being taken for large propellers. 
 
 AloNEL Metal Test Coupons 
 
 For Monel metal propellers, three test coupons must be at- 
 tached to the hub. Two will be tested and one retained in case of 
 defect in either of the others. Castings of gun metal, manganese 
 bronze, Monel metal, or phosphor bronze weighing less than 200 
 pounds finished, may be tested by lots or heat, a lot not to exceed 
 200 pounds, and a heat 500 pounds of finished castings. Each lot 
 or heat will be represented by one test specimen when attached to 
 a casting or when a casting is sacrificed to obtain a test specimen. 
 If the castings are too small for the attachment of coupons, the 
 test pieces may be cast separately from the same metal. Where 
 test pieces are cast separately from the castings, two test pieces will 
 be required, one to be poured before and one after the castings. 
 Coupons shall be detached from the castings until they are stamped 
 by the inspector. The color of the fracture of the test pieces and 
 the grain of the metal must be uniform throughout. 
 
 242 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COMPOSITIONS OF NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 The following specifications for the composition of nonferrous 
 alloys were issued by the United States bureau of steam engi- 
 neering. 
 
 Specifications for Casting Materials 
 
 The composition must be made of such materials as will give 
 the required chemical analysis. Scrap will not be used except such 
 as may result from the process of manufacture of articles of sim- 
 ilar composition. 
 
 Valve Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 87 
 
 Tin 7 
 
 Zinc 6 
 
 Iron 0.06* 
 
 Lead 1.00* 
 
 Manganese Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 57 to 60 
 
 Zinc ..• 37 to 40 
 
 Tin 0.75 
 
 .Iron 1.00* 
 
 'Aluminum 0.50* 
 
 Alanganese 0.30* 
 
 Monel Metal Castings 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 35 
 
 Nickel 60 minimum 
 
 Iron 6.5 
 
 Aluminum 0.5 
 
 Lead None 
 
 Cast Naval Brass 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 59 to 63 
 
 Zinc 35.5 to 40.5 
 
 Tin 0.5 to 1.5 
 
 Iron 0.06* 
 
 Lead 0.60* 
 
 Phosphor Bronze 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 80 to 90 
 
 Tin 6 to 8 
 
 Zinc 2 to 14 
 
 Phosphorus 0.30 
 
 Iron 0.06* 
 
 Lead 0.20* 
 
 •Maximum. 
 
 243 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPOSITIONS OF NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 Composition for Brass Screw Pipe Fittings 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 77 to 80 
 
 Zinc 13 to 19 
 
 Tin 4.0 
 
 Iron 0.10* 
 
 Lead 3.00* . 
 
 Thrust Rings 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 82 to 84 
 
 Tin 12.5 to 14.5 
 
 Lead 2.5 to 4.5 
 
 MoNEL Metal Ingots 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Nickel 60 
 
 Copper 38 
 
 Manganese 2 
 
 Small percentages of other ingredients will be permitted in Monel 
 metal ingots provided that they do not affect the casting qualities or 
 are detrimental to the strength or non-corrosive properties of the metal. 
 
 .Xi.uMiNUM Alloys 
 
 An aluminum alloy known as "Partenium," and named after its 
 
 inventor, G. H. Partin, follows: 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Copper 78 
 
 Tin :.... 20 
 
 White arsenic 2 
 
 Melt the copper under charcoal, and when liquid throw the 
 arsenic, which has been previously wrapped in paper, onto the surface 
 of the copper and when thoroughly heated stir into the metal. Pour 
 the alloy into ingots and afterwards break up as fine as possible and 
 mix with 1 per cent tungsten and 3 per cent of pulverized antimony. 
 This mixture is again remelted and afterwards poured into ingots and 
 
 forms the hardening alloy, which is used as follows : 
 
 Per cent 
 
 . Aluminum 96 
 
 Hardening alloy 4 
 
 To make the alloy, first melt a portion of the aluminum, heat until 
 a deep red, and add the hardening alloy; when dissolved, charge the 
 remainder of the aluminum. 
 
 ^Maximum. 
 
 244 
 
NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 
 
 COMPOSITIONS OF NONFERROUS ALLOYS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 For the purpose of securing uniformity in the quahty of castings 
 for use on naval vessels the following standard requirements for 
 special alloys have been issued by the bureau of construction and repair 
 of the United States navy department: 
 
 Manganese Bronze p^j- Cent 
 
 Copper 56.00 
 
 Zinc 41.38 
 
 Iron 1.25 
 
 Tin 0.75 
 
 Aluminum 0.50 
 
 Manganese 0.12 
 
 This alloy is used for the turning gear of turrets, the main gear- 
 ing of the steering engine and other castings requiring great strength. 
 The castings must be sound, clean, free from blow holes, porous spots, 
 cracks or any other defects. Individual test pieces are required for 
 castings weighing over 200 pounds, while castings of less weight are 
 tested by lots. 
 
 The test pieces shall show an ultimate tensile strength of not 
 less than 60,000 pounds per square inch, an elastic limit of not less 
 than 30,000 per square inch, and an elongation of not less than 20 
 per cent in two inches. The color of the fractured section of the 
 test pieces, and the grain of the metal must be uniform throughout. 
 
 ToBiN Bronze Per Cent 
 
 . Copper 59.00 
 
 Zinc 38.40 
 
 Tin 2.20 
 
 Lead 0.30 
 
 Iron 0.10 
 
 Tobin bronze is most frequently used in the rolled condition, for 
 purposes where great strength is required or in cases where the alloy 
 is subject to corrosion by salt water. 
 
 MuNTZ Metal Pgr Cent 
 
 Copper 60.00 
 
 Zinc 40.00 
 
 This alloy is used for bolts and nuts that are subjected to the 
 action of salt water. 
 
 Anti-Friction Metal pgr Cent 
 
 Banca tin 88.80 
 
 Regulus of antimony 7.50 
 
 Best refined copper 3.70 
 
 This alloy is used for all white metal lined bearings, and bear- 
 ing surfaces. When practicable, the weighing and mixing of the 
 metals comprising this alloy will be witnessed by a government in- 
 spector. Otherwise, as many chemical analyses will be taken as may be 
 necessary to show that the alloy is of the proper composition. 
 
 245 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 PICKLING SOLUTIONS FOR BRASS 
 
 Roseleur's Dip 
 
 For removing sand from brass and bronze castings the following 
 dip, known as Roseleur's dip, is much used : 
 
 Gallons 
 
 Muriatic acid 6 
 
 Old aqua fortis (nitric acid) 1 
 
 Water 2 
 
 Submerge the castings and leave in the acid for a half hour, or 
 more if required to loosen the sand. Then remove and rinse and suV)- 
 merge in the following bright dip: 
 
 Yellow aqua fortis, 36 degrees 1 gallon 
 
 Sulphuric acid, 66 degrees 1 gallon 
 
 Common salt , 1 ounce 
 
 Mix this solution a day or two before using to allow it to cool. 
 Add the sulphuric acid to the nitric acid, and lastly the salt. If the ac- 
 tion is too rapid, add more sulphuric acid. The aqua fortis or nitric 
 acid should be yellow in color, and the dip is spent when it works slow, 
 or when the castings have a bluish white film . 
 
 FuMELESs Bright Dip 
 
 In place of the above bright dip, the following dip known as the 
 f umeless bright dip may be used : 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Sulphuric acid 10 
 
 Saltpeter 2 
 
 Water 5 
 
 Dissolve the saltpeter in the water, and add the sulphuric acid gradu- 
 ally, in a thin stream, stirring continually with a glass rod. The water 
 will get very hot, and time may be allowed for it to cool before all the 
 acid is added. Do not use the dip until it has become almost cold. 
 
 After the castings are dipped they should be rinsed in cold water, 
 then in hot water containing some whale oil or fig soap in the propor- 
 tions of one ounce of soap to one gallon of water. The castings are 
 then allowed to dry off naturally as a thin film of soap dries on and 
 protects them against oxidation. 
 
 246 
 
SECTION V 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 Page 
 
 Specifications for Gray Iron Castings 248 
 
 Specifications for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and 
 
 Fittings 231 
 
 Specifications for Locomotive Cylinders 255 
 
 Specifications for Cast Iron Pipe and Special 
 
 Castings 257 
 
 Page 
 Heat Treating Case Hardened Carbon Steel 
 
 Objects 263 
 
 Annealing Carbon Steel Castings 264 
 
 Scrap Metal Specifications 265 
 
 Specifications for Exhaust Systems 267 
 
 247 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRAY-IRON CASTINGS 
 
 1. These specifications cover three classes of gray-iron castings, as follows: 
 
 (a) Light Castings, those having any section less than 3^ inch in thickness; 
 
 (b) Heavy Castings, those in which no section is less than 2 inches in thickness; 
 
 (c) Medium Castings, those not included in either of the above two classes. 
 
 2. The tension test will be made only when specified by the purchaser and at his 
 expense. *■ 
 
 I — Manufacture 
 
 3. The castings shall he made by the ctipola process, unless furnace 
 iron is specified. 
 
 II — Chemical Properties and Tests 
 
 4. (a) Drillings taken from the fractured end of the transverse test bars shall con- 
 form to the following requirements as to sulphur: 
 
 Light castings not over 0. 10 per cent 
 
 Medium castings not over 0. 10 per cent 
 
 Heavy castings not over 0. 12 per cent 
 
 (b) One sulphur determination shall be made for each mold of test bars 
 cast, in accordance with the standard methods for samipling and analysis of pig 
 and cast iron (serial designation: A64) of the American Society for Testing 
 Materials. In case of dispute, the standards of the U. S. bureau of standards 
 shall be used for comparison. 
 
 Ill — Physical Properties and Tests 
 
 5. (a) The transverse test specimens (arbitration test bars) specified in section 
 7 (a), when placed horizontally upon supports 12 inches apart and tested under a centrally 
 applied load, shall conform to the following minimum requirements, interpreted in ac- 
 cordance with section 9: 
 
 Class of Casting 
 
 Light Medium Heavy 
 
 Load at center, !b 2500 2S00 3300 
 
 Deflection at center, in 0.10 0.10 0.10 
 
 (b) The rate of application of the load shall be such that a central deflection of 
 0.10 inch is produced in from 20-40 seconds. 
 
 Adopted as standard by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1918. 
 
 *It is recommended by committee A-3 on cast iron that the tension test shall not be made, 
 for the reason that cast iron is almost devoid of elasticity, and hence any deviation from an 
 absolutely straight pull in commercial testing machines yields defective results. 
 
 248 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRAY-IRON CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued') 
 
 6. When tension tests are specified, the tension test specimen shall conform to the 
 following minimum requirements as to tensile strength: 
 
 Light castinps 18,0001b. per sq. in. 
 
 Medium castings 21,000 lb. per sq. in. 
 
 Heavy castings 24,000 lb. per sq. in. 
 
 7. (a) Arbitration Test Bar — The form and dimensions of the mold for the 
 arbitration test bar shall be in accordance with Fig. 1. The bottom of the bar shall be 
 1/16 inch smaller in diameter than the top, to allow for draft and for the strain of pouring. 
 The pattern shall not be rapped before withdrawing. The flask shall be rammed up with 
 green moldmg sand, a little damper than usual, well mixed and put through a No. 8 
 
 <•• li 
 
 l^ ^**'ff^ 
 
 ^-2l'> 
 
 yy V. 
 
 lO'P/pt 
 Copt 
 
 /O'P/pe 
 Bored with 
 Vtnrholu. 
 
 FIG. 1— ARBITRATION TEST BARS 
 
 sieve, with a mixture of 1 to 12 bituminous facing. The mold shall be rammed evenly and 
 fairly hard, thoroughly dried, and not cast until it is cold. The test bar shall not be re- 
 moved from the mold until cold enough to be handled. It shall not be rumbled or 
 otherwise treated, being simply brushed off before testing. 
 
 ' (b) Tension Test Specimen — When tension tests are specified, the tension test 
 specimen shall be turned from any of the broken pieces of the transverse test specimens, 
 and shall conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 2. 
 
 249 
 
FOUNDRYM^'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRAY-IRON CASTINGS 
 
 (Concludec^) 
 
 8. (a) Two sets of two arbitration test bars each shall be cast from 
 each melt, one set from the first and the other set from the last iron going 
 into the castings. Where the melt exceeds 20 tons, an additional set of 
 two bars shall be cast for each additional 20 tons or fraction thereof. In case 
 of a change of mixture during the melt, one set of two bars shall also be 
 cast for every mixture other than the regular one. Each set of two bars 
 shall be cast in a single mold. 
 
 (b) All arbitration test bars cast shall be tested as specified in section 
 5 (a). 
 
 9. One arbitration test bar of each set cast shall conform to the require- 
 ments specified in section 5 (a); otherwise the castings represented by such 
 bars shall be rejected. 
 
 f-^.,Standard Thre9d-.»>'^ 
 
 V /' ■>ffi< — /' >rfT<- 
 
 Y " H- 
 
 Fis. 2 — Tension Test Specimen 
 
 IV — Workmanship and Finish 
 
 10. The castings shall be true to pattern, and free from cracks, flaws 
 and excessive shrinkage. In other respects they shall conform to whatever 
 points may be specially agreed upon between the manufacturer and the pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 V — Inspection 
 
 1. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry, at all 
 times while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed, to 
 all parts of the manufacturer's works which concern the manufacture of the cast- 
 ings ordered. The manufacturer shall afTord the inspector, free of cost all rea- 
 sonable facilities to satisfy him that the castings are being furnished in ac- 
 cordance with these specifications. * All tests and inspections shall be made 
 at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, 
 and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the oper- 
 ation of the works. 
 
 250 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON SOIL PIPE AND 
 
 FITTINGS 
 
 I — Manufacture 
 
 1. The cast iron from which the pipe and fittings are made shall be 
 of such composition, and the conditions of manufacture so maintained, that 
 the castings will be of uniform physical character, close-grain, and not hard, 
 brittle nor difficult to cut with file or chisel. 
 
 2. (a) When pipe or fittings are to be coated, coal-tar pitch shall be 
 used, which shall contain sufficient oil to make a smooth coating. The pitch 
 shall be tough and tenacious when cold, and not brittle nor having any ten- 
 dency to scale. 
 
 Pouring 3as/n 
 
 - 3"' 
 
 /;7r'2:5^*t- 
 
 '■/0"P/oe 
 Cope 
 
 ^/OP/pe 
 Sorec/ vy/f.^ 
 yent/fo/e.$ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^i3 
 
 FIG. 1— ARBITRATION TEST BARS 
 
 (b) The varnish shall be heated to about 300 degrees Fahr. and shall 
 remain at this temperature during the time the casting is immersed. 
 
 (c) Each casting shall be heated to a uniform temperature of about 
 300 degrees Fahr. immediately before it is dipped, and shall possess this 
 temperature at the time it is put in the bath. 
 
 (d) Each casting shall remain in the bath at least two minutes. 
 
 (e) Fresh pitch and oil shall be added when necessary to keep the 
 mixture of the proper consistency, and the vat shall be emptied of its con- 
 tents and refilled with fresh pitch w^henever the accumulation of sand or 
 carbonaceous matter renders this desirable, as can be seen by the solids adher- 
 ing to the under side or lower ends of the castings. 
 
 (f) After being coated, the pipe and fittings shall be carefully drained 
 of the surplus varnish. 
 
 II — Chemical Properties and Tests 
 3. Drillings taken from the fractured end of the arbitration test bar 
 shall not contain over 0.10 per cent of sulphur. 
 
 Adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1918. 
 
 251 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON SOIL PIPE AND 
 
 FITTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 III — Physical Properties and Tests 
 
 4. The transverse test specimens (arbitration test bars) specified in sec- 
 tion 7, when placed horizontally upon supports 12 inches apart and tested 
 under a centrally applied load, shall conform to the following minimum 
 requirements: 
 
 AVERAGE LOAD AT CENTER, LB 2500 
 
 AVERAGE DEFLECTION AT CENTER, IN 0.10 
 
 5. All pipe shall be tested to a hydrostatic pressure of not less than 
 50 pounds per square inch before coating. Any casting showing defects under 
 this hydrostatic test shall be promptly broken and returned to the cupola. 
 
 6. The form and dimensions of the mold for the arbitration test bar 
 shall be in .accordance with Fig. 1. The bottom of the bar shall be 1/16-inch 
 smaller in diameter than the top, to allow for draft and for the strain of 
 pouring. The pattern shall not be rapped before withdrawing. The flask 
 shall be rammed up with green molding sand, a little damper than usual, 
 well mixed and put through a No. 8 sieve, with a mixture of 1 to 12 bitumi- 
 nous facing. The mold shall be rammed evenly and fairly hard, thoroughly 
 dried, and not cast until it is cold. The test bar shall not be removed from 
 the mold until cold enough to be handled. It shall not be rumbled or other- 
 wise treated, being simply brushed off before testing. 
 
 7. From each melt of metal not less than three test specimens (arbi- 
 tration test bars) shall be poured, the first of which shall be poured within 
 five minutes after the first ladle is tapped and the remainder at intervals 
 not exceeding one hour throughout the melt. 
 
 IV — Standard Sizes and Weights 
 
 8. (a) The inside diameter of the barrel of any pipe or fittings or 
 branch thereof shall not vary more than Js"'"^^ under the nominal size of 
 pipe. 
 
 (b) The outside diameter of the barrel of pipe and fittings shall be 
 j4-inch greater than its nominal inside diameter. A variation in the outside 
 diameter of J^-inch over or under these figures will be permitted. 
 
 Table I 
 
 WEIGHT OF SOIL PIPE 
 
 Single Hub Double Hub 
 Per 5-ft. Length, Per ft. including Hub, Per 5-ft. Length, 
 
 Size in. pound pound pound 
 
 2 271/2 hVz 27V2 
 
 3 47 J4 9J^ 47 J4 
 
 4 65 13 65 
 
 5 85 17 85 
 
 6 100 20 100 
 
 252 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON SOIL PIPE AND FITTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
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 253 
 
 H c/) H 
 
 - > 
 
 h .5 U 3 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON SOIL PIPE AND FITTINGS 
 
 {Concliide{^) 
 
 (c) All pipe a'nd fittings shall be of uniform thickness of wall and 
 present true circles at the hub and spigot ends. A variation of 1/16-inch 
 under the following dimensions will be permitted, but only when the actual 
 weight is not less than the variation of the marked or estimated weight as 
 given in tables I and II : 
 
 THICKNESS OF BARREL 'A inch 
 
 THICKNESS OF BODY OF HUB -ts inch 
 
 THICKNESS OF BEAD OF HUB '.' Vi inch 
 
 THICKNESS OF BEAD OF SPIGOT END {g inch 
 
 9. (a) Weights and measurements of pipe and fittings shall be taken 
 as those of plain uncoated pipe. All weights shall be given in pounds. 
 
 (b) Individual lengths of pipe and fittings may weigh five per cent 
 less than designated in Tables I and II, but only when the average weight 
 of a given size and weight of pipe and fittings selected at random is not 
 less than that shown in Tables I and II. 
 
 (c) The regular length of pipe shall be such as to lay five feet 
 including hub. 
 
 (d) The average weights of soil pipe and fittings shall not be less 
 than those given in Tables 1 and II. 
 
 V — Workmanship anu Finish 
 
 10 (a) All pipe and fittings shall be practically straight and cylin- 
 drical and fittings true to pattern. The specified sizes shall be for the in- 
 side diameter and shall conform, within the allowable variation, to the di- 
 mensions given in the tables. 
 
 (b) All pipe and fittings shall be carefully examined for defects and 
 sounded with a hammer before shipment. No fillings with metal, cement or 
 other material, or so-called "burning on" of iron will be permitted. The 
 castings shall be sound and free from cracks, sand holes, blow-holes and 
 col.d-shots. 
 
 VI — Marking 
 
 11. All pipe and fittings shall be marked with the name of the manu- 
 facturer, or appropriate initial. Each casting shall have cast upon it the 
 minimum or estimated weight of the same as shown in Tables I and II. 
 
 YII — iNSrECTION AND REJECTION 
 
 12. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector representing the pur- 
 chaser, free of cost, all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the castings 
 are being furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests and inspec- 
 tion shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation 
 of the works and shall be made prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified. 
 
 13. All pipe and fittings which fail to conform to the provisions of 
 these specifications shall be subject to rejection. 
 
 254 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDERS 
 
 1 — Locomotive cylinders shall be made from good quality, close 
 grained gray iron cast in a dry mold. 
 
 Chemical Properties and Tests 
 
 2 — Drillings taken from the fractured end of the transverse test 
 bars shall conform to the following limits in chemical composition : 
 
 Phosphorus not over 0.90 per cent 
 
 Sulphur not over 0. 12 per cent 
 
 3 — A check analysis of drillings taken from the transverse test 
 bar may be made by the purchaser, and shall conform to the require- 
 ments specified in Section 2. 
 
 Physical Properties and Tests 
 
 4 — When placed horizontally upon supports 12 inches apart and 
 tested under a centrally applied load, the arbitration test bars, specified 
 in Section 6 (a), shall show an average transverse strength of not less 
 
 i : : , FIB 
 
 
 :i=£m. 
 
 r ■2i'>i 
 
 r"*-l 
 
 /fj 
 
 k-./i'J 
 
 FIG. 1.— MOLD FOR ARBITRA- 
 TION T£ST BAR 
 
 FIG. 
 
 -MOLD FOR CHILL TEST 
 
 SPECIMEN' 
 
 than 3200 pounds and an average deflection of not less than 0.09 inch. 
 
 5 — Before pouring, a sample of the iron shall be taken and chilled 
 in a cast-iron mold, as specified in Section 6 (&). The sample shall be 
 allowed to cool in the mold until it is dark red or almost black, when it 
 may be knocked out and quenched in water. The sample, on being 
 broken, must show a close grained gray iron, with a well-defined border 
 of white iron at the bottom of the fracture. The depth of the white 
 iron must not be less than 1-16 inch as measured at the center line. 
 
 Adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1914. 
 
 255 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDERS 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 6 — (a) Arbitration Bar. — The mold for the bars is shown in Fig. 
 L The bottom of the bar is 1-16 inch smaller in diameter than the 
 top, to allow for draft and for the strain of pouring. The pattern 
 shall not be rapped before withdrawing. The flask is to be rammed up 
 with green molding sand, a little damper than usual, well mixed and 
 put through a No. 8 sieve, with a mixture of 1 to 12 bituminous facing. 
 The mold shall be rammed evenly and fairly hard, thoroughly dried and 
 not cast until it is cold. The test bar shall not be removed from the 
 mold until cold enough to be handled. It shall not be rumbled or 
 otherwise treated, being simply brushed off before testing. 
 
 {h) Chill Test. — The form and dimensions of the mold shall be 
 in accordance with Fig. 2. 
 
 7 — (a) Two arbitration test bars, cast as specified in Section 6 
 (a), shall be poured from each ladle of metal used for one or more 
 cylinders. 
 
 (&) One chill test, cast as specified in Section 6 {h), shall be 
 poured from each ladle of metal used for one or more cylinders. The 
 chill specimens may be cast in adjacent molds, but in such cases a space 
 must be provided between the molds. (See Fig. 2). 
 
 Workmanship and Finish 
 
 8 — Cylinders shall be smooth, well cleaned, free from shrinkage 
 cracks and from other defects sufficiently extensive to impair the value 
 of the castings, and shall finish to blueprint size. 
 
 Marking 
 
 9 — Each cylinder shall have cast on it, in raised letters, marks 
 designating the maker, the date of casting, the serial and pattern num- 
 bers and other marks specified by the purchaser. 
 
 Inspection and Rejection 
 
 10. — (a) The purchaser or his inspector shall be given a reasonable 
 opportunity to enable him to witness the pouring of the cylinders and 
 test specimens, as well as to be present when physical tests are made. 
 
 {h) In case the inspector is not present to witness the pouring of 
 the castings and test specimens, the manufacturer will make all tests 
 required by the specification, and, upon demand, will furnish the 
 purchaser with a copy of the results of his tests, and will hold the 
 transverse and chill test specimens subject to examination by the in- 
 spector. The tests made by the manufacturer shall be considered final. 
 
 (c) All physical tests and inspection shall be made at the place of 
 manufacture. 
 
 11. — Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests made 
 in accordance with Section 3, shall be reported within five working 
 days from the receipt of samples. 
 
 256 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON PIPE AND 
 SPECIAL CASTINGS 
 
 Description of Pipes 
 
 The pipes shall be made with hub and spigot joints, and shall accurately 
 conform to the dimensions given in tables Nos. 1 and 2. They shall be straight 
 and shall be true circles in section, with their inner and outer surfaces con- 
 centric, and shall be of the specified, dimensions in outside diameter. They 
 shall be at least 12 feet in length, exclusive of socket. For pipes of each size 
 from 4-inch to 24-inch, inclusive, there shall be two standards of outside 
 diameter, and for pipes from 30-inch to 60-inch, inclusive, there shall be four 
 standards of outside diameter, as shown by table No. 2. 
 
 All pipes having the same outside diameter shall have the same inside diam- 
 eter at both ends. The inside diameter of the lighter pipes of each standard 
 outside diameter shall be gradually increased for a distance of about 6 inches 
 from each end of the pipe so as to obtain the required standard thickness and 
 weight for each size and class of pipe. 
 
 Pipes whose standard thickness and weight are intermediate between the 
 classes in table No. 2 shall be made of the same outside diameter as the next 
 heavier class. Pipes whose standard thickness and weight are less than shown 
 by table No. 2 shall be made of the same outside diameter as the class A pipes, 
 and pipes whose thickness and weight are more than shown by table No. 2 
 shall be made of the same outside diameter as the class D pipes. 
 
 For pipes 4-inch to 12-inch, inclusive, one class of special castings shall be 
 furnished made from class D pattern. Those having spigot ends shall have 
 outside diameters of spigot ends midway between the two standards of outside 
 diameter as shown by table No. 2, and shall be tapered back for a distance 
 of 6 inches. For pipes from 14-inch to 24-inch, inclusive, two classes of special 
 castings shall be furnished, class B special castings with classes A and B pipes, 
 and class D special castings with classes C and D pipes, the former to be 
 stamped "AB" and the latter to be stamped "CD." For pipes 30-inch to 60- 
 inch, inclusive, four classes of special castings shall be furnished, one for each 
 class of pipe, and shall be stamped with the letter of the class to which they 
 belong. 
 
 Allowable Variation in Diameter of Pipes and Sockets 
 
 Especial care shall be taken to have the sockets of the required size. The 
 sockets and spigots will be tested by circular gages, and no pipe will be re- 
 ceived which is defective in joint room, from any cause. The diameters of the 
 sockets and the outside diameters of the bead ends of the pipes shall not vary 
 from the standard dimensions by more than 0.06 of an inch for pipes 16 inches 
 or less in diameter; 0.08 of an inch for 18-inch, 20-inch and 24-inch pipes; 0.10 
 of an inch for 30-inch, 36-inch and 42-inch pipes; 0.12 of an inch for 48-inch, 
 and 0.15 of an inch for 54-inch and 60-inch pipes. 
 
 Adopted as standard by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1904. 
 
 257 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON PIPE AND 
 SPECIAL CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 
 
 r-,.-^ 
 
 
 
 
 VC 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 Aa\rio\^.ii-\ ^ y 
 
 ■■ \ 
 
 '^ 
 
 bis 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pipe l2'o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 1 — General Dimensions of Pipe 
 
 Diameterof Sockets Depth of Sockets. 
 
 Nominal 
 
 
 
 Actual 
 Outside 
 
 
 Special 
 
 
 
 Special 
 
 
 
 
 Diam. 
 
 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Pipe. 
 
 Castings. 
 
 Pipe. 
 
 Castings. 
 
 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.60 
 
 5.70 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.30 
 
 0.65 
 
 4 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.80 
 
 5.70 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.30 
 
 0.65 
 
 6 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 6.90 
 
 7.70 
 
 7.80 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.40 
 
 0.70 
 
 6 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 7.10 
 
 7.90 
 
 7.80 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.40 
 
 0.70 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9.05 
 
 9.85 
 
 10.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.75 
 
 8 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 9.30 
 
 10.10 
 
 10.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.75 
 
 10 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 11.10 
 
 11.90 
 
 12.10 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.75 
 
 10 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 11.40 
 
 12.20 
 
 12.10 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.60 
 
 0.80 
 
 12 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 13.20 
 
 14.00 
 
 14.20 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.60 
 
 0.80 
 
 12 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 13.50 
 
 14.30 
 
 14.20 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.70 
 
 0.85 
 
 14 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 15.30 
 
 16.10 
 
 16.10 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.70 
 
 0.85 
 
 14 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 15.65 
 
 16.45 
 
 16.45 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 l.S 
 
 1.80 
 
 0.90 
 
 16 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 17.40 
 
 18.40 
 
 18.40 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.80 
 
 0.90 
 
 16 
 
 C 
 
 — 
 
 17.80 
 
 18.80 
 
 18.80 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.90 
 
 1.00 
 
 18 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 19.50 
 
 20.50 
 
 20.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.7S 
 
 1.90 
 
 0.95 
 
 18 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 19.92 
 
 20.92 
 
 20.92 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.10 
 
 1.05 
 
 20 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 21.60 
 
 22.60 ' 
 
 22.60 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 20 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 22.06 
 
 23.06 
 
 23.06 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.30 
 
 1.15 
 
 24 
 
 A 
 
 — B 
 
 25.80 
 
 26.80 
 
 26.80 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.10 
 
 1.05 
 
 24 
 
 C 
 
 — D 
 
 26.32 
 
 27.32 
 
 27.32 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 30 
 
 
 A 
 
 31.74 
 
 32.74 
 
 32.74 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.15 
 
 30 
 
 
 B 
 
 32.00 
 
 33.00 
 
 33.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.30 
 
 1.15 
 
 30 
 
 
 C 
 
 32.40 
 
 33.40 
 
 33.40 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.60 
 
 1.32 
 
 30 
 
 
 D 
 
 33.74 
 
 33.74 
 
 33.74 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 36 
 
 
 A 
 
 37.96 
 
 38.96 
 
 38.96 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 36 
 
 
 B 
 
 38.30 
 
 39.30 
 
 39.30 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.80 
 
 1.40 
 
 36 
 
 
 C 
 
 38.70 
 
 39.70 
 
 39.70 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.10 
 
 1.60 
 
 36 
 
 
 D 
 
 39.16 
 
 40.16 
 
 40.16 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.40 
 
 1.80 
 
 42 
 
 
 A 
 
 44.20 
 
 45.20 
 
 45.20 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.80 
 
 1.40 
 
 42 
 
 
 B 
 
 44.50 
 
 45.50 
 
 45.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 42 
 
 
 C 
 
 45.10 
 
 46.10 
 
 46.10 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.40 
 
 1.75 
 
 42 
 
 
 D 
 
 45.58 
 
 46.58 
 
 46.58 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.80 
 
 1.95 
 
 48 
 
 
 A 
 
 50.50 
 
 51.50 
 
 51.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 48 
 
 
 B 
 
 50.80 
 
 51.80 
 
 51.80 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.30 
 
 1.65 
 
 48 
 
 
 C 
 
 51.40 
 
 52.40 
 
 52.40 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.80 
 
 1.95 
 
 48 
 
 
 D 
 
 51.98 
 
 52.98 
 
 53.98 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.20 
 
 2.20 
 
 54 
 
 
 A 
 
 56.66 
 
 57.66 
 
 57.66 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.20 
 
 1.60 
 
 54 
 
 
 B 
 
 57.10 
 
 58.10 
 
 58.10 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.60 
 
 1.80 
 
 54 
 
 
 C 
 
 57.80 
 
 58.80 
 
 58.80 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.15 
 
 54 
 
 
 D 
 
 58.40 
 
 59.40 
 
 59.40 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.40 
 
 2.45 
 
 60 
 
 
 A 
 
 62.80 
 
 63.80 
 
 63.80 
 
 5.50 
 
 S.SO 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.40 
 
 1.70 
 
 60 
 
 
 B 
 
 63.40 
 
 64.40 
 
 64.40 
 
 5.50 
 
 S.SO 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.70 
 
 1.90 
 
 60 
 
 
 C 
 
 64.20 
 
 65.20 
 
 65.20 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.20 
 
 2.25 
 
 60 
 
 
 D 
 
 64.82 
 
 65.82 
 
 65.82 
 
 s.so 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.70 
 
 2.60 
 
 258 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON PIPE AND 
 SPECIAL CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
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 60 
 
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 jooom(Nia\voro\Dt^oooovOf^oo 
 
 oovooooinooooooooo 
 
 OOronioOOr^lOOu-iOu-lOOOO 
 
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 VOOOr^OOOOOl/IOOClO 
 
 i^<7\oiiooo.-HCOOTi-.-.o<Mri 
 
 
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 r-] t^ o po r^i 
 
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 oommoiooooooooooo 
 
 C^fOiOVOOOOt^i. 
 
 i-T <-« 1^" ,-. Cvf CO -^ VO OO' ON ^^ 
 
 *-• oooo\,_,msofor-3ontN»rs.iotN.orN. 
 
 rT Cac0'^int^00OCs]iOO0\av.-'\0O«-< •?- 
 
 C C OOOoOOOOOOOO.-i«-i.-if-* 
 
 
 
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 Allowable Variation in Thick- 
 ness 
 
 For pipes whose standard thick- 
 ness is less than 1 inch the thick- 
 ness of metal in the body of the 
 pipe shall not be more than 0.08 
 of an inch less than the standard 
 thickness, and for pipes whose 
 standard thickness is 1 inch or 
 more, the variation shall not ex- 
 ceed 0.10 of an inch, except that 
 for spaces not exceeding 8 inches 
 in length in any direction, varia- 
 tions from the standard thickness 
 of 0.02 of an inch in excess of 
 the allowance above given shall 
 be permitted. 
 
 For special castings of standard 
 patterns a variation of 50 per cent 
 greater than allowed for straight 
 pipe shall be permitted. 
 
 Defective Spigots May be Cut 
 
 Defective spigot ends on pipes 
 12 inches or more in diameter 
 may be cut off in a lathe and a 
 half-round wrought-iron band 
 shrunk into a groove cut in the 
 end of the pipe. Not more than 
 12 per cent of the total number 
 of accepted pipes of each size 
 shall be cut and banded, and no 
 pipe shall be banded which is less 
 than 11 feet in length, exclusive 
 of the socket. 
 
 In case the length of a pipe 
 differs from 12 feet, the standard 
 weight of the pipe given in table 
 No. 2 shall be modified in accord- 
 ance therewith. 
 
 Special Castings 
 
 All special castings shall be 
 made in accordance with the cuts 
 and the dimensions given in the 
 table forming a part of these 
 specifications. 
 
 The diameters of the sockets 
 and the external diameters of the 
 bead ends of the special castings 
 shall not vary from the standard 
 
 259 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON PIPE AND 
 SPECIAL CASTINGS 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 dimensions by more than 0.12 of an inch for castings 16 inches or less in 
 diameter; 0.15 of an inch for 18-inch, 20-inch and 24-inch; 0.20 of an inch 
 for 30-inch, 36-inch and 42-inch, and 0.24 of an inch for 48-inch, 54-inch and 
 60-inch. These variations apply only to special castings made from standard 
 patterns. 
 
 The flanges on all manhole castings and manhole covers shall be faced 
 true and smooth, and drilled to receive bolts of the size given in the tables. 
 The manufacturer shall furnish and deliver all bolts for bolting on the man- 
 hole covers, the bolts to be of the sizes shown on plans and made of the 
 best quality of mild steel, with hexagonal heads and nuts and sound, well- 
 fitting threads. 
 
 Marking 
 
 Every pipe and special casting shall have distinctly cast upon it the 
 initials of the maker's name. When cast especially to order, each pipe and 
 special casting larger than 4-inch may also have cast upon it figures showing 
 the year in which it was cast and a number signifying the order in point 
 of time in which it was cast, the figures denoting the year being above and 
 the number below, thus: 
 
 1901 1901 1901 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 etc., also any initials, not exceeding four, which may be required by the 
 purchaser. The letters and figures shall be cast on the outside and shall be 
 not less than 2 inches in length and Y^ of an inch in relief for pipes 8 inches 
 in diameter and larger. For smaller sizes of pipes the letters may be 1-inch 
 in length. The weight and the class , letter shall be conspicuously painted 
 in white on the inside of each pipe and special casting after the coating has 
 become hard. 
 
 Allowable Percentage of Variation in Weight 
 
 No pipe shall be accepted the weight of which shall be less than the 
 standard weight by more than 5 per cent for pipes 16 inches or less in 
 diameter, and 4 per cent for pipes more than 16 inches in diameter, and 
 no excess above the standard weight of more than the given percentages 
 for the several sizes shall be paid for. The total weight to be paid for shall 
 not exceed for each size and class of pipe received the sum of the standard 
 weights of the same number of pieces of the given size and class by more 
 that 2 per cent. 
 
 No special casting shall be accepted the weight of which shall be less than 
 the standard weight by more than 10 per cent for pipes 12 inches or less in 
 diameter, and 8 per cent for larger sizes, except that curves, Y pieces and 
 breeches pipe may be 12 per cent below the standard weight, and no excess 
 above the standard weight of more than the above percentages for the 
 several sizes will be paid for. These variations apply only to castings made 
 from the standard patterns. 
 
 Quality of Iron 
 
 All pipes and special castings shall be made of cast iron of good quality, 
 and of such character as shall make the metal of the casting strong, tough 
 and of even grain, and soft enough to satisfactorily admit of drilling and 
 cutting. The metal shall be made without any admixture of cinder iron or 
 other inferior metal, and shall be remelted in a cupola or air furnace. 
 
 260 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON PIPE AND 
 SPECIAL CASTINGS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Tests of Material 
 
 Specimen bars of the metal used, each being 26 inches long by 2 inches wide 
 and 1 inch thick, shall be made without charge as often as the engineer may di- 
 rect, and, in default of definite instructions, the contractor shall make and test 
 at least one bar from each heat or run of metal. The bars, when placed flat- 
 wise upon supports 24 inches apart and loaded in the center, shall for pipes 12 inches 
 or less in diameter support a load of 1.900 pounds and show a deflection of not 
 less than 0.30 of an inch before breaking, and for pipes of sizes larger than 12 
 inches shall support a load of 2,000 pounds and show a deflection of not less 
 than 0.32 of an inch. The contractor shall have the right to make and break 
 three bars from each heat or run of metal, and the test shall be based upon the 
 average results of the three bars. Should the dimensions of the bars differ 
 from those above given, a proper allowance therefor shall be made in the results 
 of the tests. 
 
 Casting of Pipes 
 
 The straight pipes shall be cast in dry sand molds in a vertical position. 
 Pipes 16 inches or less in diameter shall be cast with the hub end up or down, as 
 specified in the proposal. Pipes 18 inches or more in diameter shall be cast with 
 the hub end down. 
 
 The pipes shall not be stripped or taken from the pit while showing color of 
 heat, but shall be left in the flasks for a sufficient length of time to prevent un- 
 equal contraction by subsequent exposure. 
 
 Quality of Castings 
 The pipes and special castings shall be smooth, free from scales, lumps, 
 blisters, sand holes and defects of every nature which unfit them for the use for 
 which they are intended. No plugging or filling will be allowed. 
 
 Cleaning and Inspection 
 
 All pipes and special castings shall be thoroughly cleaned and subjected to a 
 careful hammer inspection. No casting shall be coated unless entirely clean and 
 free from rust, and approved in these respects by the engineer immediately be- 
 fore being dipped. 
 
 Coating 
 
 Every pipe and special casting shall be coated inside and out with coal-tar 
 pitch varnish. The varnish shall be made from coal tar. To this material suffi- 
 cient oil shall be added to make a smooth coating, tough and tenacious when 
 cold, and not brittle nor with any tendency to scale oflf. 
 
 Each casting shall be heated to a temperature of 300 degrees Fahr. immedi- 
 ately before it is dipped, and shall possess not less than this temperature at the 
 time it is put in the vat. The ovens in which the pipes are heated shall be so 
 arranged that all portions of the pipe shall be heated to an even temperature. 
 Each casting shall remain in the bath at least five minutes. 
 
 The varnish shall be heated to a temperature of 300 degrees Fahr. (or less 
 if the engineer shall so order), and shall be maintained at this temperature during 
 the time the casting is immersed. 
 
 Fresh pitch and oil shall be added when necessary to keep the mixture at 
 the proper consistency, and the vat shall be emptied of its contents and refilled 
 with fresh pitch when deemed necessary by the engineer. After being coated the 
 pipes shall be carefully drained of the surplus varnish. Any pipe or special casting 
 that is to be recoated shall first be thoroughly scraped and cleaned. 
 
 Hydrostatic Test 
 When the coating has become hard, the straight pipes shall be subjected to a 
 
 261 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IRON PIPE AND 
 SPECIAL CASTINGS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 proof by hydrostatic pressure and, if required by the engineer, they shall also 
 be subjected to a hammer test under this pressure. 
 
 The pressures to which the different sizes and classes of pipes shall be 
 
 subjected are as follows: 20-inch diameter Less than 20-inch 
 
 and larger- diameter. 
 
 Pounds per sq. in. Pounds per sq. in. 
 
 Class A Pipe ISO 300 
 
 Class B Pipe 200 300 
 
 Class C Pipe 250 300 
 
 Class D Pipe 300 300 
 
 Weighing 
 The pipes and special castings shall be weighed for payment under the 
 supervision of the engineer after the application of the coal-tar pitch varnish. 
 If desired by the engineer, the pipes and special castings shall be weighed 
 after their delivery and the weights so ascertained shall be used in the final 
 settlement, provided such weighing is done by a legalized weighmaster. Bids 
 shall be submitted and a final settlement made upon the basis of a ton of 
 2,000 pounds. 
 
 Contractor to Furnish Men and Materials 
 
 The contractor shall provide all tools, testing machines, materials and men 
 necessary for the required testing, inspection and weighing at the foundry 
 of the pipes and special castings; and, should the purchaser have no inspector 
 at the works, the contractor shall, if required by the engineer, furnish a 
 sworn statement that all of the tests have been made as specified, this state- 
 ment to contain the results of the tests upon the test bars. 
 
 Power of Engineer to Inspect 
 The engineer shall be at liberty at all times to inspect the material at the 
 foundry, and the molding, casting and coating of the pipes and special cast- 
 ings. The forms, sizes, uniformity and conditions of all pipes and other 
 castings herein referred to shall be subject to his inspection and approval, 
 and he may reject, without proving, any pipes or other casting which is not 
 in conformity with the specifications or drawings. 
 
 Inspector to Report 
 The inspector at the foundry shall report daily to the foundry office all 
 pipes and special castings rejected, with the causes for rejection. 
 
 Castings to be Delivered Sound and Perfect 
 All the pipes and other castings must be delivered in all respects sound 
 and conformable' to these specifications. The inspection shall not relieve the 
 contractor of any of his obligations in this respect, and any defective pipe or 
 other castings which may have passed the engineer at the works or elsewhere 
 shall be at all times liable to rejection when discovered until the final com- 
 pletion and adjustment of the contract, provided, however, that the contractor 
 shall not be held liable for pipes or special castings found to be cracked 
 after they have been accepted at the agreed point of delivery. Care shall 
 be taken in handling the pipes not to injure the coating, and no pipes or 
 other material of any kind shall be placed in the pipes during transportation 
 or at any time after they receive the coating. 
 
 Definition of the Word "Engineer" 
 Wherever the word "engineer" is used herein it shall be understood to 
 refer to the engineer or inspector acting for the purchaser and to his properly 
 authorized agents, limited by the particular duties intrusted to them. 
 
 262 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 HEAT-TREATING CASE-HARDENED CARBON- 
 STEEL OBJECTS 
 
 It is recommended that the following treatments be applied to 
 case-hardened carbon-steel objects according to requirements: 
 
 1. When hardness of case only is desired and lack of toughness 
 or even brittleness unimportant, the carburized objects may be 
 quenched from the carburizing temperature, as for instance, by emp- 
 tying the contents of the boxes in cold water or in oil. Both the 
 core and the case are then coarsely crystallin. 
 
 2. In order to reduce the hardening stresses and to decrease 
 the danger of distortion and cracking in the quenching bath, the 
 objects may be removed from the box and allowed to cool before 
 quenching to a temperature slightly exceeding the critical range of 
 the case, namely, 800 to 825 degrees Cent. Both the core and case 
 remain coarsely crystallin. 
 
 3. To refine the case and increase its toughness, the carburized 
 objects should be allowed to cool slowly in the carburized box within 
 the furnace or outside to 650 degrees Cent, or below, and should 
 then be reheated to a temperature slightly exceeding the lower 
 critical point of the case (in the majority of instances a temperature 
 varying in accordance with the carbon content and thickness of the 
 case between 775 and 825 degrees Cent, will be suitable), and 
 quenched in water, or, for greater toughness but less hardness, in 
 oil. The objects should be removed from the quenching bath before 
 their temperature has fallen below 100 degrees Cent. This treat- 
 ment is more especially to be recommended when the carburizing 
 temperature has not exceeded 900 degrees Cent. It refines the case 
 but not the core. 
 
 4. To refine both the core and the case and to increase their 
 toughness, the objects should be allowed to cool slowly from the car- 
 burizing temperature to 650 degrees Cent, or below and should then 
 be (a) reheated to a temperature exceeding the critical point of the 
 core, which will generally be from 900 to 950 degrees Cent., followed 
 by quenching in water or in oil ; and (b) before they have cooled 
 below 100 degrees Cent., they should be reheated to a temperature 
 slightly exceeding the lower critical point of the case (in the ma- 
 jority of instances a temperature varying in accordance with the 
 carbon content and thickness of the case between 775 and 825 de- 
 grees Cent, will be suitable), and again quenched in water or oil. 
 
 Adopted as recommended practice by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1914. 
 
 263 
 
FOUNDRY MEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 ANNEALING CARBON-STEEL CASTINGS 
 
 1. The castings should preferably be sufficiently cleaned of adhering sand 
 before annealing to insure thorough and uniform heating. 
 
 2. The castings should be heated slowly and uniform to temperatures vary- 
 ing with the carbon content of the steel, approximately as follows : 
 
 Carbon Temperature 
 
 per cent degrees Cent 
 
 Up to 0.16 925 
 
 0.16 to 0.34 875 
 
 0.3S to 0.54 850 
 
 0.55 to 0.79 830 
 
 Nothing in these recommendations shall operate against the temperatures 
 aimed at being 50, and in special cases, 100 degrees Cent, higher than those given 
 in the table, when necessary to attain the the desired result. 
 
 3. The castings should be kept at a maximum temperature a sufficient length 
 of time to insure the refining of the grain. In general, the heavier the sections 
 of the casting, the longer must be the time of exposure to the maximum temper- 
 ature. 
 
 4. (a) The castings should be cooled slowly and uniformly in the furnace, 
 when it is desired that the steel shall possess the maximum softness. 
 
 (b) The castings may be cooled at an accelerated rate, when it is desired 
 that the steel possess rather higher tensile strength and elastic limit than can be 
 be procured by very slow cooling. This cooling must be so conducted as to 
 leave the steel reasonably free from cooling stresses. 
 
 The manner of carrying out this accelerated cooling should be such as will 
 attain the desired result. For instance, the castings may be withdrawn from the 
 furnace and buried in a bed of material that is a poor conductor of heat; or 
 the annealing furnace may be so thrown open that it will cool more rapidly than 
 if left closed. Should the castings be of such uneven section that they cool at 
 unequal rates at various points when the furnace is opened, especially if the carbon 
 of the steel is high, the furnace should be closed after the castings have become 
 black, and their further cooling so retarded that the stresses set up by the un- 
 equal rates of cooling are relieved. 
 
 Adopted as recommended practice by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1914. 
 
 264 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SCRAP METAL SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 The specifications adopted by the National Association of Waste Material 
 Dealers for scrap nonf errous metals are as follows : 
 
 Heavy Copper 
 
 Heavy copper shall consist of copper not less than ^-inch thick, and may 
 include trolley wire, heavy field wire, heavy armature wire that is not tangled; 
 also new copper clippings and punchings, untinned and clean, and also copper 
 segments that are clean. 
 
 No. 1 Copper Wire 
 
 No. 1 copper wire shall consist of clean, untinned copper wire not smaller 
 than No. 16 B. and S. wire gage, to be free from burnt copper that is hrittle, 
 and all foreign substances. 
 
 No. 2 Copper Wire 
 
 No. 2 copper wire shall consist of miscellaneous clean copper wire such as 
 of necessity would be sorted out of Heavy Copper wire and No. 1 Copper 
 Wire, but to be free of hair wire and burnt wire which is brittle. 
 
 Light Coppes 
 
 Light copper scrap shall consist of the bottoms of kettles and boilers, bath 
 tub linings, hair wire, burnt copper wire which is brittle, roofing copper and 
 similar copper; it should be free from visible iron, brass, lead and solder 
 connections, old electrotype shells and should not contain excessive paint, 
 tar and scale. 
 
 Cocks and Faucets 
 
 Cocks and faucets shall be mixed red and yellow brass scrap, free from 
 gas cocks and beer faucets ; this scrap should be at least half red brass. 
 
 Heavy Yellow Brass 
 
 Heavy yellow brass scrap shall consist of heavy brass castings, rolled I)rass, 
 rod brass ends, brass screws and tinned or nickel-plated brass tubing; it should 
 be free from iron and dirt and must be in pieces not too large for crucibles; 
 no piece should measure more than 12 inches over any one part; also it must 
 be free from aluminum and manganese mixtures. Condenser tubes shall not be 
 considered as heavv brass. 
 
 265 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SCRAP METAL SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Light Brass 
 
 Light brass scrap shall consist of light sheet brass, forks, spoons and 
 miscellaneous brass that is too light for heavy work. It must be free from 
 visible iron, gun shells containing paper, iron-loaded lamp bases and the works 
 of clocks. 
 
 New Brass Clippings 
 
 New brass clippings shall consist of the cuttings of new sheet brass and 
 must be absolutely clean and free from any foreign substance. 
 
 Brass Tubing 
 
 Brass scrap tubing shall consist of brass tubing free from nickelplating, 
 tinning or soldering, or tubes with cast brass connections. Sound, clean tubes, 
 free of sediment, and condenser tubes only should be accepted. 
 
 No. 1 Composition Turnings 
 
 No. 1 composition turnings shall be free from alumiiunii, manganese, plastic 
 and yellow brass turnings and must not contain over 2 per cent iron. They 
 should be free from grindings and other foreign material, especially babbitt and 
 adulterations made to resemble metal. Turnings not according to this specifica- 
 tion should be subject to sample. 
 
 No. 1 Yellow Brass Turnings 
 
 No. 1 yellow brass turnings shall consist of strictly rod turnings, free from 
 aluminum, manganese, composition and tobin turnings. They should not contain 
 over 3 per cent iron, oil, or other moisture and must be free from grindings 
 and babbitts. To avoid dispute, they should be purchased subject to sample. 
 
 Composition or Red Brass 
 
 Composition or red brass scrap shall consist of red brass, valves, machinery 
 bearings and other parts of machinery, including miscellaneous castings made 
 of copper, tin, zinc, and (or) lead, no piece to measure more than 12 inches 
 over any one part ; it should be free from aluminum, manganese, railroad boxes, 
 cocks and faucets, gates, pot pieces, ingots and burned brass. 
 
 Railroad Bearings 
 
 Railroad bearings shall consist of railroad boxes or car journal bearings 
 classed as used standard scrap and free from yellow boxes and babbitt ; exces- 
 sive grease and dirt on this scrap should be cause for rejection. 
 
 266 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 Specifications for the design, construction and operation of exhaust systems 
 for grinding, polishing and buffing wheels, which can be advantageously applied 
 by all manufacturers engaged in this work, have been adopted by the New 
 York State Department of Labor. These specifications, prepared by William 
 Newell, mechanical engineer of the department, were issued for the purpose of 
 effecting the efficient removal of dust from grinding and buffing wheels. Their 
 object is to prevent the construction of exhaust systems on faulty designs, such 
 as making the main suction duct too small, and not infrequently, the same size 
 throughout its length ; running the branch pipes into the main at right angles 
 and sometimes at the bottom of the main; the use of too small a fan, dust 
 collector, etc. The result of this improper construction is that the suction is 
 entirely inadequate to carry off the dust, which then clogs the ducts and spreads 
 about the room, impairing the health of the workmen. 
 
 The specifications follow : 
 
 Minimum sizes of branch pipes allowed for different sizes of emery or other 
 grinding wheels : 
 
 Maximum Minimum 
 
 Grinding Diameter 
 
 Diameter of Wheels. Surface, of Branch 
 
 Square Inches. Pipe, Inches. 
 
 6 inches or less, not over 1 inch thick 19 3 
 
 7 to 9 inches, inclusive, not over IJ^ inches thick 43 35^ 
 
 10 to 16 inches, inclusive, not over 2 inches thick 101 4 
 
 17 to 19 inches, inclusive, not over 3 inches thick 180 45^ 
 
 20 to 24 inches, inclusive, not over 4 inches thick 302 5 
 
 25 to 30 inches, inclusive, not over 5 inches thick 472 6 
 
 In case a wheel is thicker than given in the above tabulation, or if a disc 
 instead of a regular wheel is used, it must have a branch pipe no smaller than 
 is called for by its grinding surface. 
 
 Minimum sizes of branch pipes allowed for different sizes of buffing, polish- 
 ing, or rag wheels: 
 
 Maximum Minimum 
 
 Grinding Diameter 
 
 Diameter of Wheels. Surface, of Branch 
 
 Square Inches. Pipe, Inches. 
 
 6 inches or less, not over 1 inch thick. 19 3J^ 
 
 7 to 12 inches, inclusive, not ovei IJ^ inches thick 57 4 
 
 13 to 16 inches, inclusive, not over 2 inches thick 101 4J^ 
 
 17 to 20 inches, inclusive, not over 3 inches thick 189 5 
 
 21 to 24 inches, inclusive, not over 4 inches thick 302 5}^ 
 
 25 to 30 inches, inclusive, not over 5 inches thick 472 6><! 
 
 Buffing wheels, 6 inches or less in diameter, used for jewelry work may 
 have a 3-inch branch pipe. 
 
 The thickness given for buffing wheels applies to the thickness of the wheel 
 at the center. In case the wheel is thicker than given in the above tabulation, 
 it must have a branch pipe no smaller than is called for by its grinding surface. 
 
 267 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Branch pipes must be not less than the sizes specified, throughout their 
 entire length. 
 
 All branch pipes must enter the main suction duct at an angle not exceeding 
 45 degrees and must incline in the direction of the air flow at junction with main. 
 
 Branch pipes must not project into main duct. 
 
 All laps in piping must be made in the direction of the air flow. 
 
 All bends, turns, or elbows, whether in main or branch pipes, must be made 
 with a radius in the throat at least equal to V/z times the diameter of the pipe 
 on which they are connected. 
 
 The inlet of the fan or exhauster shall be at least 20 per cent greater in 
 area than the sum of the areas of all the branch pipes and such increase shall 
 be carried proportionately throughout the entire length of the main suction duct ; 
 that is, the area of the main at any point shall be at least 20 per cent greater 
 than the cotnbined areas of the branch pipes entering it between such point and 
 the tail end or dead end of the system. If such increase is made greater than 
 20 per cent, the area of the main at any point, except that portion of it between 
 the branch entering it nearest the fan and the fan, shall bear approximately the 
 same ratio to the combined areas of the branches preceding that point; that is, 
 between it and the tail end of the system, as the area of the main at the branch 
 nearest the fan bears to the combined areas of all the branches. This provision 
 is made to permit the use of a fan having a larger inlet area than the area of 
 the main at the branch pipe nearest to the fan, is desired. 
 
 The area of the discharge pipe from the fan shall be as large or larger 
 than the area of the fan inlet throughout its entire length. 
 
 The main trunk lines, both suction and discharge, shall be provided with 
 suitable clean-out doors not over 10 feet apart and the end of the main suction 
 duct shall be blanked off with a removable cap placed on the end. 
 
 Sufficient static suction head shall be maintained in each branch pipe within 
 1 foot of the hood to produce a difference of level of 2 inches of water between 
 the two sides of a U-shaped tube. Test is to be made by placing one end of 
 a rubber tube over a small hole made in pipe, the other end of the tube being 
 connected to one side of U-shaped water gage. Test is to be made with all 
 branch pipes open and unobstructed. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 In addition to the foregoing specifications, which are compulsory in the state 
 of New York, the following recommendations are made, which will result in 
 more efficient operation and longer life of the system : 
 
 Emery and buffing wheel exhaust systems should be kept separate owing to 
 danger of sparks from the former setting fire to the lint dust from the latter, 
 if both are drawn into the same suction main. 
 
 268 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 (^Confitjued) 
 
 In tlie case of undershot wheels, that is, the top of the wheel runs toward 
 the operator, which is almost always the direction of rotation of both emery 
 and buffing wheels, the main suction duct should be back of and below the 
 wheels and as close to them as is practicable ; or it should be fastened to the 
 ceiling of the floor below, preferably the former. If behind the wheels, it should 
 be not less than 6 inches above the floor at every point to avoid possible char- 
 ring of the floor in case of fire in the main duct and also to permit sweeping 
 under it. For similar reasons it should be at least 6 inches below any ceiling it 
 may run under. 
 
 Both the main suction and discharge pipes should be made as short and with 
 as few bends as possible, to avoid loss by friction. If one or the other must 
 be of considerable length, it is best to place the fan not far beyond where the 
 nearest branch enters the large end of the main, as a long discharge main is a 
 lesser evil than a long suction main. 
 
 Avoid any pockets or low places in ducts where dust might accumulate. 
 
 The main suction duct should be enlarged between every branch pipe entering 
 it, whenever space permits, and in no case should the main duct receive more 
 than two branches in a section of uniform area. All enlargements in the size 
 of the main should be made on a taper and not by an abrupt change. 
 
 If there is a likelihood of a few additional wheels being installed, it is ad- 
 visable to leave a space for them between the fan and the first branch and to 
 put in an extra size fan. Or, a space may be left beyond the fan so that the 
 fan may be moved along and the main extended when it is actually decided to 
 install additional wheels, provided the fan is of sufficient size to still comply 
 with these specifications after the additional branches are added. 
 
 Branch pipes should enter the main on the top or sides, but never at the 
 bottom. Two branches should never enter a main directly opposite one another. 
 
 Each branch pipe should be equipped with a shut-off damper or blast gate, 
 which may be closed, if desirable, when the wheel is not in use. Not more than 
 25 per cent of such blast gates should be closed at one time; otherwise, the air 
 velocity in the main duct may drop too low and let the dust accumulate on the 
 bottom. 
 
 It is important that the lower part of the hood shall come far enough for- 
 ward beneath the front of the wheel so that the dust will enter the hood and 
 not fall outside of it altogether, even if the accomplishment of this result neces- 
 sitates leaving considerable space between the wheel and the lower part of the 
 hood in order that the hood shall not interfere with the work. 
 
 Branch pipes should lead out of the hood as nearly as possible at the point 
 where the dust will naturally be thrown into them by the wheels. This is 
 important. 
 
 269 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 An objectionable practice sometimes found where small work is polished is 
 the use of a screen across the mouth of the branch pipe where it enters the 
 hood. Such screens are an obstruction to the passage of material and the 
 ravellings from buffing wheels are held against the screen by the suction, with 
 the result that in a short time the draught is almost entirely cut off. 
 
 The use of a trap at the junction of the hood and branch pipe is good 
 practice provided it is cleaned out regularly and not allowed to fill up with dust. 
 This will catch the heavier particles and so take some wear off the fan. It will 
 also serve to catch any nuts, pieces of tripoli, etc., dropped by accident, and in 
 the case of work on small articles, will enable them to be recovered when 
 dropped in the hood. 
 
 All bends, turns, or elbows, whether in main or branch pipes, should be 
 made with a radius in the throat of twice the diameter of the pipe on which 
 they are connected, wherever space permits. 
 
 Elbows should be made of metal one or two gages heavier than the pipe 
 to which they are connected, as the wear on them is much greater than on 
 the pipe. 
 
 The withdrawal of air from a room by an exhaust system naturally tends 
 to create a slight vacuum and for this reason inlets for air at least equal to the 
 sum. of the areas of the branch pipes should be left open. 
 
 Recommendations for the size of the cj'^clone separator or dust collector are 
 hard to give, as the separator must be proportioned to suit operating conditions, 
 light dusts requiring a larger separator than heavy dusts. The table on page 
 271 is reproduced from the catalog of a prominent separator manufacturer, 
 gives dimensions of separators stated to be suitable for metallic dusts and wood 
 shavings. For such, it is stated, a separator should be selected the area of 
 whose inlet is at least as large as the area of the discharge pipe from the fan. 
 For light buffing dusts, lint, etc., the air outlet from the top of the separator 
 should be so large that the velocity of discharge will not exceed 300 to 480 feet 
 per minute; then select a separator of which the other dimensions are propor- 
 tionate. The air outlet should be provided with a proper canopy or elbow to 
 exclude the weather, but should be otherwise unobstructed. There should be 
 ample clearance under the separator for the accumulation or storage of the dust 
 which should never be allowed to pile up as high as the bottom of the separator. 
 
 270 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 DUST SEPARATORS 
 
 The following table contains dimensions of separators suitable for metallic 
 dusts and wood shavings : 
 
 ^ Dimensions 
 
 5 Openings in Separator. -i-of Separator. — 
 
 g H 
 
 I- oi «« U 
 
 Q • < 
 
 o_2 
 
 < 
 
 (5 
 
 °!5 
 
 CD 
 (5 
 
 
 
 
 c.S 
 
 23 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 56 
 78 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 29^^ 
 35J^ 
 
 14 
 15>^ 
 
 265^ 
 32J4 
 
 47 
 
 13 
 
 132 
 
 6 
 
 41^^ 
 
 18^ 
 
 37/, 
 
 72 
 90 
 
 15 
 17 
 
 176 
 227 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 47'/$ 
 53/. 
 
 21 
 23 
 
 43^ 
 50 
 
 5 2(1 2/ X 9 
 
 6 28 3 X 10/ 
 
 7 ■.■.■.■...■ 38 1 
 
 or or \ 3/xl3 
 
 8 50J 
 
 9 63 4/ X 16 
 
 10 '. 78 5 X 18 
 
 or !.■ or^H 5/x21 115 20 314 10 59/ 26 56 
 
 12 ■.■.'.■.■. 1131 
 
 13 1331 
 
 or or \ 6/x24 
 
 14 : 154 J 
 
 15 177 7 x27 
 
 16 .: 2on 
 
 or or !- 8 x 30 
 
 17 227J 
 
 18 254 8/x32 
 
 19 2831 
 
 or ::::::: or \ 9 x35 
 
 20 314J 
 
 21 346 9 x40 
 
 ■J2 .. 380 10 x41 
 
 03 ;.".■.■ 4151 
 
 or or 1- 10/X43 
 
 24 452 J 
 
 2<; ■■■ 491 11 X 45 
 
 26 ;; 531 11 x48 
 
 27 572 n x51 
 
 og 621 ll/x54 
 
 29 660 12 x 57 
 
 ■JO 707 12 x60 
 
 31 ■■•;:;: 7541 
 
 or or }- 12/X63 
 
 39 804 J 
 
 •J7 855 13 X 66 
 
 -Ta 908 13/x69 
 
 Tc 962 14 x72 
 
 36 ■■;:■..■■..■■. 1,0171 
 
 o? : or [ 14/X75 
 
 37 1,075 J 
 
 3g 1,134 IS X 78 
 
 39 V.'.'.V. 1.1941 
 
 40 1.256J 
 
 41 1,320 16 x84 
 
 V 15/x81 
 
 156 
 
 23/ 
 
 433 
 
 10 
 
 65/ 
 
 29 
 
 61/ 
 
 189 
 
 26 
 
 531 
 
 10 
 
 71/ 
 
 32 
 
 67/ 
 
 240 
 
 28 
 
 615 
 
 10 
 
 17 Yz 
 
 35 
 
 72/ 
 
 272 
 
 31 
 
 754 
 
 10 
 
 83/ 
 
 38 
 
 77/ 
 
 315 
 
 33 
 
 855 
 
 10 
 
 89/ 
 
 41 
 
 82/ 
 
 360 
 410 
 
 36 
 39 
 
 1,017 
 1,194 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 93/ 
 97/ 
 
 46 
 47 
 
 85/ 
 89 
 
 451 
 
 41 
 
 1,320 
 
 11 
 
 101/ 
 
 49 
 
 93 
 
 495 
 528 
 561 
 621 
 684 
 720 
 
 44 
 46 
 49 
 52 
 55 
 58 
 
 1,520 
 1,662 
 
 1,885 
 2,123 
 2,375 
 2,642 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 12 
 12 
 M 
 12 
 
 105/ 
 109/ 
 113/ 
 117/ 
 121/ 
 125/ 
 
 51 
 54 
 57 
 60 
 63 
 66 
 
 97 
 
 99/ 
 103/ 
 109/ 
 111/ 
 115/ 
 
 807 
 
 61 
 
 2,922 
 
 13 
 
 129/ 
 
 69 
 
 118/ 
 
 858 
 
 932 
 
 1,008 
 
 64 
 67 
 70 
 
 3,217 
 
 3,525 
 3,848 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 133/ 
 137/ 
 141/ 
 
 72 
 75 
 72, 
 
 122/ 
 126/ 
 129/ 
 
 1,087 
 
 73 
 
 4,185 
 
 14 
 
 145/ 
 
 81 
 
 133/ 
 
 1,170 
 
 76 
 
 4,536 
 
 14 
 
 149/ 
 
 84 
 
 137/ 
 
 1,255 
 
 79 
 
 4,901 
 
 14 
 
 153/ 
 
 87 
 
 141/ 
 
 1,344 
 
 82 
 
 5,281 
 
 14 
 
 157/ 
 
 90 
 
 145/ 
 
 271 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Dimensions of Branch Pipes 
 
 The following table gives the diameter in inches of the main suction duct 
 at any point for any number of uniform size branch pipes when the area of 
 the main at any point is made equal to the combined areas of the branch pipes 
 preceding that point plus 20 per cent, the minimum required by the specifications : 
 
 Diameter of Rranch Pipes in Inches. 
 
 3 3j<^ 4 4K' s sj/> 6 eyi 7 
 
 "o o. Area of Each Branch Pipe in Square Inches. 
 
 1,0- 7.07 9.62 12.566 15.9 19.635 23.758 28.274 33.183 38.485 
 
 « r- ■ . 
 
 g c -^rea of Each Branch Pipe Plus 20 Per cent (Square Inches). 
 
 = J? S.4S4 11.544 15.08 19.08 23.562 28.51 33.93 39.82 46.182 
 
 Z .c . 
 
 1 3H 3Ji 4H 5 Syi 6 6^ 7li 7J4 
 
 2 4^ syi 6]4 7 734 s^ 94 loys iO% 
 
 3 5H eVa 7H SH 9Yi 10^ WA 123/i 13^ 
 
 4 654 734 8^ 97A, 11 \2% UYf. U% \SVi 
 
 5 75-i ^Vi 9% 11 12'4 UY 14J4 16 \7yi 
 
 6 8J^ 9J^ 10J4 12J^ 13;^ 14^ 16^ \7V2 18J4 
 
 7 854 10J4 llf^ 13J4 14J^ 16 171/2 nn 20J4 
 
 8 9H \0% \2Yt, 14 15^^ \7li 185^ 20J4 21^ 
 
 9 9% IVA Uli UJi 16% \i% 1934 2iys 23 
 
 10 10^ 12^ 13^ 1554 175^ 19^^ 2054 2214 24J4 
 
 11 11 123^ 145^ 163,^ 18>:J 20 2lJi 235i 25^ 
 
 12 ny. 133/^ 15^ 17J4 19 20^i 22H 24^ 2654 
 
 13 11?4 13^^ 157^ 17^1 19J4 2134 23H 2554 27^4 
 
 14 12J4 144^ 16!/< ISy 20y2 22s/g 2A% 263,4 28J4 
 
 15 12J4 1474 17 19J4 21 Ji 235^ 25H 275^ 29J4 
 
 16 13^ 155^ 1754 1934 22 24;,^ 265^ 28;^ 30J4 
 
 17 135^ 15?4 18'4 2034 225^ 24% 271^ 2954 315^ 
 
 18 14 16.}^ 185^ 21 234 2554 27% 30J4 32^ 
 
 19 140.^ 1654 19J4 21'^ 23^ 26^4 285^ 31^g 33J4 
 
 20 1454 17J4 1954 223^ 24^ 27 29J4 31^ 3454 
 
 21 15^ 1754 20Ji 2254 . 25^ 2754 30>^ 3254 35Ji 
 
 22 15;/ 18 2054 23% 2554 285^ 30% 33^ 36 
 
 23 15)4 18^i 21^ 2354 2654 29 31^ 34M 3654 
 
 24 16>^ 18^ 2\y2 24J4 26% 29% 324 3A7% 37% 
 
 25 16>^ 19J4 22 2454 27y2 30J.^ 32% 35s% 38fi 
 
 26 1654 1954 2254 25J^ 28 3054 33y2 363% 39^,^ 
 
 27 17J4 20 22^ 255^ 28J^ 3154 34^-^ 37 397% 
 
 28 17J^ 205-8 23J4 26>^ 29 32 3454 3754 40% 
 
 29 1734 20M 2354 2654 29"^ 32J^ 35^ 385i 4154 
 
 30 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 
 
 272 
 
SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXHAUST SYSTEMS 
 
 {CoJicludcd) 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows an exhaust system for eight 14-inch 
 emery wheels, designed in conformity with these specifications. For eight 14-inch 
 buffing wheels, the branch pipes would have to be not less than AYz inches in 
 diameter and the increased size of the main suction duct and the fan would 
 have to be determined as provided by the specifications. The main discharge 
 
 CLEAN-OUT DOORS - 
 
 REMOVABLE CVP 
 
 J"" ' y ^ I — -— REMOVABLE 
 
 SLIDE BLAST GAT;S 
 
 1 DUSr 1 
 RECEPTACLE 
 
 I I i^c'leam-out door 
 
 Side elevation of 
 oust separator 
 
 END ELEVATION 
 
 PLAN AND FXEVATIONS OF EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR EIGHT 14-INCH 
 EMERY WHEELS 
 
 pipe also would have to be larger and the cyclone separator should be consider- 
 ably larger for buffing wheels than for emery wheels. The dimensions on the 
 tapered sections indicate diameters at large and small ends, respectively. The 
 area of the main suction duct at the small end of each tapered section equals 
 the sum of the areas of the preceding branch pipes, plus 20 per cent. 
 
 273 
 
SECTION VI 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 » 
 
 Page 
 
 Gross Ton Conversion Tables 276 
 
 Decimal Parts of a Gross Ton 278 
 
 Net and Gross Ton Equivalents 280 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of Various Metals. . . 282 
 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions 283 
 
 Page 
 
 Table for Changing Centigrade to Fahrenheit 285 
 Volume and Weight of Piled Bell and Spigot 
 
 Cast Iron Pipe 287 
 
 Weight of Steel in Pounds from 1 to 1000 
 
 Cubic Inches 289 
 
 Table Converting Millimeters to Inches 291 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 275 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 GROSS TON CONVERSION TABLES 
 
 Pig iron and scrap, two of the most essential foundry raw 
 materials are bought and sold upon a basis of gross ton weight. 
 Previous to the war, many grades of the latter were computed 
 upon a net or 2000-pound ton unit, but through the influence 
 of the government during and since the period of federal con- 
 trol, the gross ton has come to be the accepted standard for all 
 classes of the commodities mentioned. The following tables give 
 the equivalent weight in pounds from 1 to 340 gross tons. The 
 decimal parts of a gross ton are presented in tabular form on pages 
 278 and 279. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING VALUES OF GROSS TONS IN POUNDS 
 
 Tons 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Pounds 
 2,240 
 4,480 
 6,720 
 8,960 
 11,200 
 13,440 
 15,680 
 17,920 
 20,160 
 22,400 
 24,640 
 26,880 
 29,120 
 31,360 
 33,600 
 35,840 
 38,080 
 40,320 
 42,560 
 44,800 
 47,040 
 49,280 
 51,520 
 53,760 
 56,000 
 58,240 
 60,480 
 62,720 
 64,960 
 67,200 
 69,440 
 71,680 
 73,920 
 76,160 
 78,400 
 
 Tons Pounds 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 
 Tons Pounds 
 
 Tons Pounds 
 
 80,640 
 
 71 
 
 159.040 
 
 106 
 
 237,440 
 
 82,880 
 
 72 
 
 161,280 
 
 107 
 
 239,680 
 
 85,120 
 
 73 
 
 163,520 
 
 108 
 
 241,920 
 
 87,360 
 
 74 
 
 165,760 
 
 109 
 
 244,160 
 
 89,600 
 
 75 
 
 168,000 
 
 110 
 
 246,400 
 
 91,840 
 
 76 
 
 170.240 
 
 111 
 
 248,640 
 
 94,080 
 
 77 
 
 172.480 
 
 112 
 
 250,880 
 
 96,320 
 
 78 
 
 174,720 
 
 113 
 
 253,120 
 
 98,560 
 
 79 
 
 176,960 
 
 114 
 
 255,360 
 
 100,800 
 
 80 
 
 179,200 
 
 115 
 
 257,600 
 
 103,040 
 
 81 
 
 181,440 
 
 116 
 
 259,840 
 
 105,280 
 
 82 
 
 183.680 
 
 117 
 
 262,080 
 
 107,520 
 
 83 
 
 185.920 
 
 118 
 
 264,320 
 
 109,760 
 
 84 
 
 188,160 
 
 119 
 
 266,560 
 
 112,000 
 
 85 
 
 190,400 
 
 120 
 
 268,800 
 
 114,240 
 
 86 
 
 192,640 
 
 121 
 
 271,040 
 
 116,480 
 
 87 
 
 194,880 
 
 122 
 
 273,280 
 
 118,720 
 
 88 
 
 197,120 
 
 123 
 
 275,520 
 
 120,960 
 
 89 
 
 199,360 
 
 124 
 
 277,760 
 
 123,200 
 
 90 
 
 201,600 
 
 125 
 
 280,000 
 
 125,440 
 
 91 
 
 203,840 
 
 126 
 
 282,240 
 
 127,680 
 
 92 
 
 206,080 
 
 127 
 
 284,480 
 
 129,920 
 
 93 
 
 208,320 
 
 128 
 
 286,720 
 
 132,160 
 
 94 
 
 21O560 
 
 129 
 
 288,960 
 
 134,400 
 
 95 
 
 212.800 
 
 130 
 
 291,200 
 
 136.640 
 
 96 
 
 215,040 
 
 131 
 
 293,440 
 
 138,880 
 
 97 
 
 217,280 
 
 132 
 
 295,680 
 
 141,120 
 
 98 
 
 219,520 
 
 133 
 
 297,920 
 
 143,360 
 
 99 
 
 221,760 
 
 134 
 
 300,160 
 
 145,600 
 
 100 
 
 224,000 
 
 135 
 
 302,400 
 
 147,840 
 
 101 
 
 226.240 
 
 136 
 
 304,640 
 
 150,080 
 
 102 
 
 228.480 
 
 137 
 
 306,880 
 
 152.320 
 
 103 
 
 230.720 
 
 138 
 
 309,120 
 
 154,560 
 
 104 
 
 232.960 
 
 139 
 
 311,360 
 
 156,800 
 
 105 
 
 235,200 
 
 140 
 
 313,600 
 
 276 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 GROSS TON CONVERSION TABLES 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Tons 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tons 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tons 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Tons 
 
 Pounds 
 
 141 
 
 315,840 
 
 191 
 
 427,840 
 
 241 
 
 539,840 
 
 291 
 
 651,840 
 
 K2 
 
 318,080 
 
 192 
 
 430.080 
 
 242 
 
 542,080 
 
 292 
 
 654,080 
 
 143 
 
 320,320 
 
 193 
 
 432,320 
 
 243 
 
 544,320 
 
 293 
 
 656,320 
 
 144 
 
 322,560 
 
 194 
 
 434,560 
 
 244 
 
 546,560 
 
 294 
 
 658,560 
 
 145 
 
 324.800 
 
 195 
 
 436,800 
 
 245 
 
 548,800 
 
 295 
 
 660,800 
 
 146 
 
 327,040 
 
 196 
 
 439,040 
 
 246 
 
 551,040 
 
 296 
 
 663,040 
 
 147 
 
 329,280 
 
 197 
 
 441,280 
 
 247 
 
 553,280 
 
 297 
 
 665,280 
 
 148 
 
 331,520 
 
 198 
 
 443,520 
 
 248 
 
 555,520 
 
 298 
 
 667,520 
 
 149 
 
 333,760 
 
 199 
 
 445,760 
 
 249 
 
 557,760 
 
 299 
 
 669,760 
 
 150 
 
 336,000 
 
 200 
 
 448.000 
 
 250 
 
 560,000 
 
 300 
 
 672,000 
 
 151 
 
 338,240 
 
 201 
 
 450,240 
 
 251 
 
 562,240 
 
 301 
 
 674,240 
 
 152 
 
 340,480 
 
 202 
 
 452,480 
 
 252 
 
 564,480 
 
 302 
 
 676,480 
 
 153 
 
 342.720 
 
 203 
 
 454,720 
 
 253 
 
 566,720 
 
 303 
 
 678,720 
 
 154 
 
 344,960 
 
 204 
 
 456,960 
 
 254 
 
 568,960 
 
 304 
 
 680,960 
 
 155 
 
 347,200 
 
 205 
 
 459,200 
 
 255 
 
 571,200 
 
 305 
 
 683,200 
 
 156 
 
 349,440 
 
 206 
 
 461,440 
 
 256 
 
 473,440 
 
 306 
 
 685,440 
 
 157 
 
 351,680 
 
 207 
 
 463,680 
 
 257 
 
 575,680 
 
 307 
 
 687,680 
 
 158 
 
 353,920 
 
 208 
 
 465,920 
 
 258 
 
 577,920 
 
 308 
 
 689,920 
 
 159 
 
 356,160 
 
 209 
 
 468,160 
 
 259 
 
 580,160 
 
 309 
 
 693,160 
 
 160 
 
 358,400 
 
 210 
 
 470,400 
 
 260 
 
 582,400 
 
 310 
 
 694,400 
 
 161 
 
 360,640 
 
 211 
 
 472,640 
 
 261 
 
 584.640 
 
 311 
 
 696,640 
 
 162 
 
 362,880 
 
 212 
 
 474,880 
 
 262 
 
 586,880 
 
 312 
 
 698,880 
 
 163 
 
 365,120 
 
 213 
 
 477,120 
 
 263 
 
 589,120 
 
 313 
 
 701,120 
 
 164 
 
 367,360 
 
 214 
 
 479,360 
 
 264 
 
 591,360 
 
 314 
 
 703,360 
 
 165 
 
 369,600 
 
 215 
 
 481,600 
 
 265 
 
 593.600 
 
 315 
 
 705,600 
 
 166 
 
 371,840 
 
 216 
 
 483,840 
 
 266 
 
 595,840 
 
 316 
 
 707,840 
 
 167 
 
 374,080 
 
 217 
 
 486.080 
 
 267 
 
 598,080 
 
 317 
 
 710,080 
 
 168 
 
 376,320 
 
 218 
 
 488,320 
 
 268 
 
 600.320 
 
 318 
 
 712,320 
 
 169 
 
 378,560 
 
 219 
 
 490.560 
 
 269 
 
 602.560 
 
 319 
 
 , 714,560 
 
 170 
 
 380,800 
 
 220 
 
 492,800 
 
 270 
 
 604,800 
 
 320 
 
 716,800 
 
 171 
 
 383,040 
 
 221 
 
 495.040 
 
 271 
 
 607,040 
 
 321 
 
 719,040 
 
 172 
 
 385,280 
 
 222 
 
 497,280 
 
 272 
 
 609,280 
 
 322 
 
 721,280 
 
 173 
 
 387,520 
 
 223 
 
 499,520 
 
 273 
 
 611,520 
 
 323 
 
 723.520 
 
 174 
 
 389,760 
 
 224 
 
 501,760 
 
 274 
 
 613,760 
 
 324 
 
 725,760 
 
 175 
 
 392.000 
 
 225 
 
 504,000 
 
 275 
 
 616,000 
 
 325 
 
 728,000 
 
 176 
 
 394,240 
 
 226 
 
 506.240 
 
 276 
 
 618,240 
 
 326 
 
 730,240 
 
 177 
 
 396,480 
 
 227 
 
 508.480 
 
 277 
 
 620,480 
 
 327 
 
 732,480 
 
 178 
 
 398,720 
 
 228 
 
 510,720 
 
 278 
 
 622,720 
 
 328 
 
 734,720 
 
 179 
 
 400,960 
 
 229 
 
 512,960 
 
 279 
 
 624,960 
 
 329 
 
 736,960 
 
 180 
 
 403,200 
 
 230 
 
 515,200 
 
 280 
 
 627,200 
 
 330 
 
 739,200 
 
 181 
 
 405.440 
 
 231 
 
 517,440 
 
 281 
 
 629,440 
 
 331 
 
 741,440 
 
 182 
 
 407,680 
 
 232 
 
 519,680 
 
 282 
 
 631,680 
 
 332 
 
 743,680 
 
 183 
 
 409,920 
 
 233 
 
 521,920 
 
 283 
 
 633,920 
 
 333 
 
 745,920 
 
 184 
 
 412,160 
 
 234 
 
 524,160 
 
 284 
 
 636,160 
 
 334 
 
 748,160 
 
 185 
 
 414,400 
 
 235 
 
 526,400 
 
 285 
 
 638,400 
 
 335 
 
 750,400 
 
 186 
 
 416,640 
 
 236 
 
 528,640 
 
 286 
 
 640,640 
 
 336 
 
 752,640 
 
 187 
 
 418,880 
 
 237 
 
 530,880 
 
 287 
 
 642,880 
 
 337 
 
 754,880 
 
 188 
 
 421,120 
 
 238 
 
 533,120 
 
 288 
 
 645,120 
 
 338 
 
 757,120 
 
 189 
 
 423.360 
 
 239 
 
 535,360 
 
 289 
 
 647,360 
 
 339 
 
 759,360 
 
 190 
 
 425,600 
 
 240 
 
 537,600 
 
 290 
 
 649.600 
 
 340 
 
 761,600 
 
 277 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DECIMAL PARTS OF A GROSS TON 
 
 To reduce railroad weights in pounds to tons and decimal 
 fractions this table saves much computation. Assuming a car- 
 load of pig iron, scrap or coke weighs 90,680 pounds, the table on 
 page 276 shows that 40' tons is 89,600 pounds, leaving a remainder 
 of 1080 pounds, which the following table indicates is .4821 of a 
 ton. The total carload therefore is 40.4821 tons. Multiplication 
 by the cost per ton gives the exact cost of the carload and multi- 
 plication by the freight rate gives the exact charges. 
 
 Pounds Decimal Pounds Decimal Pounds Decimal Pounds Decimal 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 150 
 
 0004 
 0009 
 0013 
 0018 
 0022 
 0027 
 0031 
 0036 
 0040 
 0045 
 0067 
 0089 
 0134 
 0179 
 0223 
 0268 
 0313 
 0357 
 0402 
 0446 
 0491 
 0536 
 0580 
 0625 
 0670 
 
 160 
 170 
 180 
 190 
 200 
 210 
 220 
 230 
 240 
 250 
 260 
 270 
 280 
 290 
 300 
 310 
 320 
 330 
 340 
 350 
 360 
 370 
 380 
 390 
 400 
 
 0714 
 0759 
 0804 
 0848 
 0893 
 0938 
 0982 
 1027 
 1071 
 1116 
 1161 
 1205 
 1250 
 1295 
 1339 
 1384 
 1429 
 1473 
 1518 
 1563 
 1607 
 1652 
 1696 
 1741 
 1786 
 
 410 
 420 
 430 
 440 
 450 
 460 
 470 
 480 
 490 
 500 
 510 
 520 
 530 
 540 
 550 
 560 
 570 
 580 
 590 
 600 
 610 
 620 
 630 
 640 
 650 
 
 1830 
 1875 
 1920 
 1964 
 2009 
 2054 
 2098 
 2143 
 2188 
 2232 
 2277 
 2321 
 2366 
 2411 
 2455 
 2500 
 2545 
 2589 
 2634 
 2679 
 2723 
 2768 
 2813 
 2857 
 2902 
 
 660 
 670 
 680 
 690 
 700 
 710 
 720 
 730 
 740 
 750 
 760 
 770 
 780 
 790 
 800 
 810 
 820 
 830 
 840 
 850 
 860 
 870 
 880 
 890 
 900 
 
 2946 
 2991 
 3036 
 3080 
 3125 
 3170 
 3214 
 3259 
 3304 
 3348 
 3393 
 3438 
 3482 
 3527 
 3571 
 3616 
 3661 
 3705 
 3750 
 3795 
 3839 
 3884 
 3929 
 3973 
 4018 
 
 278 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 DECIMAL PARTS OF A GROSS TON 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Pounds 
 
 910 
 
 920 
 
 930 
 
 940 
 
 950 
 
 960 
 
 970 
 
 980 
 
 990 
 
 1000 
 
 1010 
 
 1020 
 
 1030 
 
 1040 
 
 1050 
 
 1060 
 
 1070 
 
 1080 
 
 1090 
 
 1100 
 
 1110 
 
 1120 
 
 1130 
 
 I'HO 
 
 1150 
 
 1160 
 
 1170 
 
 1180 
 
 1190 
 
 1200 
 
 1210 
 
 1220 
 
 1230 
 
 1240 
 
 1250 
 
 Decimal 
 
 4063 
 4107 
 4152 
 4196 
 4241 
 4286 
 4330 
 4375 
 4420 
 4464 
 4509 
 4554 
 4598 
 4643 
 4688 
 4732 
 4777 
 4821 
 4866 
 4911 
 4955 
 5000 
 5045 
 5089 
 5134 
 5179 
 5223 
 5268 
 5313 
 5357 
 5402 
 5446 
 5491 
 5536 
 5580 
 
 Pounds 
 
 1260 
 1270 
 1280 
 1290 
 1300 
 1310 
 1320 
 1330 
 1340 
 1350 
 1360 
 1370 
 1380 
 1390 
 1400 
 1410 
 1420 
 1430 
 1440 
 1450 
 1460 
 1470 
 1480 
 1490 
 1500 
 1510 
 1520 
 1530 
 1540 
 1550 
 1560 
 1570 
 1580 
 1590 
 1600 
 
 ccinial 
 
 Pounds 
 
 5625 
 
 1610 
 
 5670 
 
 1620 
 
 5714 
 
 1630 
 
 5759 
 
 1640 
 
 5804 
 
 1650 
 
 5848 
 
 1660 
 
 5893 
 
 1670 
 
 5938 
 
 1680 
 
 5982 
 
 1690 
 
 6027 
 
 1700 
 
 6071 
 
 1710 
 
 6116 
 
 1720 
 
 6161 
 
 1730 
 
 6205 
 
 1740 
 
 6250 
 
 1750 
 
 6295 
 
 1760 
 
 6339 
 
 1770 
 
 6384 
 
 1780 
 
 6429 
 
 1790 
 
 6473 
 
 1800 
 
 6518 
 
 1810 
 
 6553 
 
 1820 
 
 6607 
 
 1830 
 
 6652 
 
 1840 
 
 6696 
 
 1850 
 
 6741 
 
 1860 
 
 6786 
 
 1870 
 
 6830 
 
 1880 
 
 6875 
 
 1890 
 
 6930 
 
 1900 
 
 6964 
 
 1910 
 
 7009 
 
 1920 
 
 7054 
 
 1930 
 
 7098 
 
 1940 
 
 7143 
 
 1950 
 
 ecimal 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Decimal 
 
 7188 
 
 1960 
 
 8750 
 
 7232 
 
 1970 
 
 8795 
 
 7277 
 
 1980 
 
 8839 
 
 7321 
 
 1990 
 
 8884 
 
 7366 
 
 2000 
 
 8929 
 
 7411 
 
 2010 
 
 8973 
 
 7455 
 
 2020 
 
 9018 
 
 7500 
 
 2030 
 
 9063 
 
 7545 
 
 2040 
 
 9107 . 
 
 7589 
 
 2050 
 
 9152 
 
 7634 
 
 2060 
 
 9196 
 
 7679 
 
 2070 
 
 9241 
 
 7723 
 
 2080 
 
 9286 
 
 7768 
 
 2090 
 
 9330 
 
 7813 
 
 2100 
 
 9675 
 
 7857 
 
 2110 
 
 9420 
 
 7902 
 
 2120 
 
 9464 
 
 7945 
 
 2130 
 
 9509 
 
 7991 
 
 2140 
 
 9554 
 
 8036 
 
 2150 
 
 9598 
 
 8080 
 
 2160 
 
 9643 
 
 8125 
 
 2170 
 
 9688 
 
 8170 
 
 2175 
 
 9710 
 
 8214 
 
 2180 
 
 9732 
 
 8259 
 
 2185 
 
 9754 
 
 8304 
 
 2190 
 
 9777 
 
 8348 
 
 2195 
 
 9799 
 
 8393 
 
 2200 
 
 9821 
 
 8438 
 
 2205 
 
 9844 
 
 8482 
 
 2210 
 
 9866 
 
 8527 
 
 2215 
 
 9888 
 
 8571 
 
 2220 
 
 9911 
 
 8516 
 
 2225 
 
 9933 
 
 8661 
 
 2230 
 
 9955 
 
 8705 
 
 2235 
 
 9978 
 
 279 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 NET AND GROSS TON EQUIVALENTS 
 
 The following table is in common use by dealers in scrap iron and 
 steel to convert the price of tonnage material from net to gross ton or 
 vice versa. Its use is simple. Assuming a quotation is made on the basis 
 of $38 per net ton, and it is desired to know the cost per gross ton. 
 The $38 is found in the middle column and in the column to the left 
 is found $42.56, which is the equivalent cost for a gross ton. Assuming 
 that the $38 quotation was on a gross ton, and it is desired to know 
 the equivalent for a net ton. The figure to the right reading $33.93 is 
 the equivalent for the net ton. 
 
 The table may be used also to convert tonnages. Thus 100 gross 
 tons is equal to 112 net tons, and 100 net tons is equal to 89 gross tons. 
 This is found by reversing the manner of reading the figures for prices 
 
 This table serves for quotations up to $50.75 per ton and for 
 quantities up to 5075 tons. 
 
 TABLE OF NET AND GROSS TON EQUIVALENTS 
 
 Gross 
 
 
 Net 
 
 1.12 
 
 $ 1.00 
 
 $ .89 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.96 
 
 1.75 
 
 156 
 
 2.24 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.79 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.23 
 
 3.08 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.46 
 
 3.36 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.68 
 
 3.64 
 
 3.25 
 
 2.90 
 
 3.92 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.20 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.35 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.00 
 
 3.57 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.25 
 
 3.79 
 
 5.04 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.02 
 
 5.32 
 
 4.75 
 
 4.24 
 
 5.60 
 
 5.00 
 
 4.46 
 
 5.88 
 
 5.25 
 
 4.69 
 
 6.16 
 
 5.50 
 
 4.91 
 
 6.44 
 
 5.75 
 
 5.13 
 
 Gross 
 
 
 Net 
 
 Gross 
 
 
 Net 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.00 
 
 5.36 
 
 12.60 
 
 11.25 
 
 10.04 
 
 7.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 5.58 
 
 12.88 
 
 11.50 
 
 10.27 
 
 7.28 
 
 6.50 
 
 5.80 
 
 13.16 
 
 11.75 
 
 10.49 
 
 7.56 
 
 6.75 
 
 6.03 
 
 13.44 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.71 
 
 7 84 
 
 7.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 13.72 
 
 12.25 
 
 10.94 
 
 8.12 
 
 7.25 
 
 6.47 
 
 14.00 
 
 12.50. 
 
 11.16 
 
 8.40 
 
 7.50 
 
 6.70 
 
 14.28 
 
 12.75 
 
 11.38 
 
 8.68 
 
 7.75 
 
 6 92 
 
 14.56 
 
 13.00 
 
 11.61 
 
 8.96 
 
 8.00 
 
 7.14 
 
 14.84 
 
 13.25 
 
 11.83 
 
 9.24 
 
 8.25 
 
 7.2,7 
 
 15.12 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.05 
 
 9.52 
 
 8.50 
 
 7.59 
 
 15.40 
 
 13.75 
 
 12.28 
 
 9.80 
 
 8.75 
 
 781 
 
 15.68 
 
 14.00 
 
 12.50 
 
 10.08 
 
 9.00 
 
 8.04 
 
 15.96 
 
 14.25 
 
 12.72 
 
 10.36 
 
 9.25 
 
 8.26 
 
 16.24 
 
 14.50 
 
 12.95 
 
 10.64 
 
 9 50 
 
 8.48 
 
 16.52 
 
 14.75 
 
 13.17 
 
 10.92 
 
 9.75 
 
 8 71 
 
 16.80 
 
 15.00 
 
 13.39 
 
 11.20 
 
 10.00 
 
 8.93 
 
 17.08 
 
 15.25 
 
 13.62 
 
 11.48 
 
 10.25 
 
 9.15 
 
 17.36 
 
 15.50 
 
 13.84 
 
 11.76 
 
 10.50 
 
 9.38 
 
 17.64 
 
 15.75 
 
 14.06 
 
 12.04 
 
 10.75 
 
 9 60 
 
 17.92 
 
 16.00 
 
 14.29 
 
 12.32 
 
 11.00 
 
 9.82 
 
 18.20 
 
 16.25 
 
 14.51 
 
 280 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 Gross 
 
 NET AND GROSS TON EQUIVALENTS 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 Net 
 
 Gross 
 
 Net 
 
 Gross 
 
 Net 
 
 18.48 
 
 16.50 
 
 14.73 
 
 31.36 
 
 28.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 44.24 
 
 39.50 
 
 35.27 
 
 18.76 
 
 16.75 
 
 14.96 
 
 31.64 
 
 28.25 
 
 25.22 
 
 44.52 
 
 39.75 
 
 35.49 
 
 19.04 
 
 17.00 
 
 15.18 
 
 31.92 
 
 28.50 
 
 25.45 
 
 44.80 
 
 40.00 
 
 35.71 
 
 19.32 
 
 17.25 
 
 15.40 
 
 32.20 
 
 28.75 
 
 25.67 
 
 45.08 
 
 40.25 
 
 35.94 
 
 19.60 
 
 17.50 
 
 15.63 
 
 32.48 
 
 29.00 
 
 25.89 
 
 45.36 
 
 40.50 
 
 36.16 
 
 19.88 
 
 17.75 
 
 15.85 
 
 32.76 
 
 29.25 
 
 26.12 
 
 45.64 
 
 40.75 
 
 36.38 
 
 20.16 
 
 18.00 
 
 16.07 
 
 33.04 
 
 29.50 
 
 26.34 
 
 45.92 
 
 41.00 
 
 36.61 
 
 20.44 
 
 18.25 
 
 16.29 
 
 33.32 
 
 29.75 
 
 26.56 
 
 46.20 
 
 41.25 
 
 36.83 
 
 20.72 
 
 18.50 
 
 16.52 
 
 33.60 
 
 30.00 
 
 26.79 
 
 46.48 
 
 41.50 
 
 37.05 
 
 21.00 
 
 18.75 
 
 16.74 
 
 33.88 
 
 30.25 
 
 27.01 
 
 46.76 
 
 41.75 
 
 37.28 
 
 21.28 
 
 19.00 
 
 16.96 
 
 34.16 
 
 30.50 
 
 27.23 
 
 47.04 
 
 42.00 
 
 37.50 
 
 21.56 
 
 19.25 
 
 17.19 
 
 34.44 
 
 30.75 
 
 27.46 
 
 47.32 
 
 42.25 
 
 37.72 
 
 21.84 
 
 19.50 
 
 17.41 
 
 34.72 
 
 31.00 
 
 27.68 
 
 47.60 
 
 42.50 
 
 37.95 
 
 22.12 
 
 19.75 
 
 17.63 
 
 35.00 
 
 31.25 
 
 27.90 
 
 47.88 
 
 42.75 
 
 38.17 
 
 22.40 
 
 20.00 
 
 17.86 
 
 35.28 
 
 31.50 
 
 28.13 
 
 48.16 
 
 43.00 
 
 38.39 
 
 22.68 
 
 20.25 
 
 18.08 
 
 35.56 
 
 31.75 
 
 28.35 
 
 48.44 
 
 43.25 
 
 38.62 
 
 22.96 
 
 20.50 
 
 18.30 
 
 35.84 
 
 32.00 
 
 28.57 
 
 48.72 
 
 43.50 
 
 38.84 
 
 23.24 
 
 20.75 
 
 18.53 
 
 36.12 
 
 32.25 
 
 28.79 
 
 49.00 
 
 43.75 
 
 39.06 
 
 23.52 
 
 21.00 
 
 18.75 
 
 36.40 
 
 32.50 
 
 29.02 
 
 49.28 
 
 44.00 
 
 39.29 
 
 23.80 
 
 21.25 
 
 18.97 
 
 36.68 
 
 32.75 
 
 29.24 
 
 49.56 
 
 44.25 
 
 39.51 
 
 24.08 
 
 21.50 
 
 19.20 
 
 36.96 
 
 33.00 
 
 29.46 
 
 49.84 
 
 44.50 
 
 39.73 
 
 24.36 
 
 21.75 
 
 19.42 
 
 37.24 
 
 33.25 
 
 29.69 
 
 50.12 
 
 44.75 
 
 39.96 
 
 24.64 
 
 22.00 
 
 19.64 
 
 37.52 
 
 33.50 
 
 29.91 
 
 50.40 
 
 45.00 
 
 40.18 
 
 24.92 
 
 22.25 
 
 19.87 
 
 37.80 
 
 33.75 
 
 30.13 
 
 50.68 
 
 45.25 
 
 40.40 
 
 25.20 
 
 22.50 
 
 20.09 
 
 38.08 
 
 34.00 
 
 30.36 
 
 50.96 
 
 45.50 
 
 40.63 
 
 25.48 
 
 22.75 
 
 20.31 
 
 38.36 
 
 34.25 
 
 30.58 
 
 51.24 
 
 45.75 
 
 40.85 
 
 25.76 
 
 23.00 
 
 20.54 
 
 38.64 
 
 34.50 
 
 30.80 
 
 51.52 
 
 46.00 
 
 41.07 
 
 26.04 
 
 23.25 
 
 20.76 
 
 38.92 
 
 34.75 
 
 31.03 
 
 51.80 
 
 46.25 
 
 41.29 
 
 26.32 
 
 23.50 
 
 20.98 
 
 39.20 
 
 35.00 
 
 31.25 
 
 52.08 
 
 46.50 
 
 41.52 
 
 26.60 
 
 23.75 
 
 21.21 
 
 39.48 
 
 35.25 
 
 31.47 
 
 52.36 
 
 46.75 
 
 41.74 
 
 26.88 
 
 24.00 
 
 21.43 
 
 39.76 
 
 35.50 
 
 31.70 
 
 52.04 
 
 47.00 
 
 41.96 
 
 27.16 
 
 24.25 
 
 21.65 
 
 40.04 
 
 35.75 
 
 31.92 
 
 52.92 
 
 47.25 
 
 42.19 
 
 27.44 
 
 24.50 
 
 21.88 
 
 40.32 
 
 36.00 
 
 32.14 
 
 53.20 
 
 47.50 
 
 42.41 
 
 27.72 
 
 24.75 
 
 22.10 
 
 40.60 
 
 36.25 
 
 32.37 
 
 53.48 
 
 47.75 
 
 42.63 
 
 28.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 22.32 
 
 40.88 
 
 36.50 
 
 32.59 
 
 53.76 
 
 48.00 
 
 42.86 
 
 28.28 
 
 25.25 
 
 22.54 
 
 41.16 
 
 36.75 
 
 32.81 
 
 54.04 
 
 48.25 
 
 43.08 
 
 28.56 
 
 25.50 
 
 22.77 
 
 41.44 
 
 37.00 
 
 33.04 
 
 54.32 
 
 48.50 
 
 43.30 
 
 28.84 
 
 25.75 
 
 22.99 
 
 41.72 
 
 37.25 
 
 33.26 
 
 54.60 
 
 48.75 
 
 43,53 
 
 29.12 
 
 26.00 
 
 23.21 
 
 42.00 
 
 37.50 
 
 33.48 
 
 54.88 
 
 49.00 
 
 43.75 
 
 29.40 
 
 26.25 
 
 23.44 
 
 42.28 
 
 37.75 
 
 33.71 
 
 55.16 
 
 49.25 
 
 43.97 
 
 29.68 
 
 26.50 
 
 23.66 
 
 42.56 
 
 38.00 
 
 33.93 
 
 55.44 
 
 49.50 
 
 44.20 
 
 29.96 
 
 26.75 
 
 23.88 
 
 42.84 
 
 38.25 
 
 34.15 
 
 55.72 
 
 49.75 
 
 44.42 
 
 30.24 
 
 27.00 
 
 24.11 
 
 43.12 
 
 38.50 
 
 34.38 
 
 56.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 44.64 
 
 30.52 
 
 27.25 
 
 24.33 
 
 43.40 
 
 38.75 
 
 34.60 
 
 56.28 
 
 50.25 
 
 44.87 
 
 30.80 
 
 27.50 
 
 24.55 
 
 43.68 
 
 39.00 
 
 34.82 
 
 56.56 
 
 50.50 
 
 45.09 
 
 31.08 
 
 27.75 
 
 24.78 
 
 43.96 
 
 39.25 
 
 35.04 
 
 56.84 
 
 50.75 
 
 45.31 
 
 281 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF SQUARE FOOT OF VARIOUS METALS 
 
 Thickness 
 
 of Gray Wrought 
 
 Section Iron Iron Brass Copper 
 
 (Inches) (Lbs.) (Lbs.) (Lbs.) (Lbs.) 
 
 
 2.34 
 4.68 
 
 ^ 7.02 
 
 ^ 9.36 
 
 T% n.7U 
 
 3/s 14.04 
 
 fff 16.38 
 
 Vz 18.72 
 
 ^s 21.06 
 
 Vs 23.40 
 
 H 25.74 
 
 H 28.08 
 
 il 30.42 
 
 ?^ 32.76 
 
 U 35.10 
 
 1 37.44 
 l^ 39.78 
 IJ^ 42.12 
 l:?ff 44.46 
 1% 46.80 
 l^c 49.14 
 iVs 51.48 
 1:^ 53.82 
 IJ^ 56.16 
 lA 58.50 
 1§^ 60.84 
 m 63.18 
 154 65.52 
 lig 67.86 
 V/s 70.20 
 HI 72.54 
 
 2 74.88 
 21^ 84.24 
 21/^ 93.60 
 
 3 112.32 
 
 2.52 
 5.04 
 7.56 
 10.08 
 12.60 
 15.12 
 17.64 
 20.16 
 22.68 
 25.20 
 27.72 
 30.24 
 32.76 
 35.28 
 34.80 
 40.32 
 42.84 
 45.36 
 47.88 
 50.40 
 52.92 
 55.44 
 57.06 
 60.48 
 63.00 
 65.52 
 68.04 
 70.56 
 73.08 
 75.60 
 78.12 
 80.64 
 90.72 
 
 2.7 
 5.4 
 8.1 
 10.8 
 13.5 
 16.2 
 18.9 
 21.6 
 24.3 
 27.0 
 29.7 
 32.4 
 35.1 
 37.8 
 40.5 
 43.2 
 45.9 
 48.6 
 
 2.88 
 5.76 
 8.64 
 11.52 
 14.40 
 17.28 
 20.16 
 23.04 
 25.93 
 28.80 
 31.68 
 34.56 
 37.44 
 40.32 
 43.20 
 46.08 
 48.96 
 51.84 
 
 51.3 54.52 
 
 54.0 57.60 
 
 56.7 60.48 
 
 59.4 63.36 
 
 62.1 66.24 
 
 64.8 69.12 
 
 67.5 72.00 
 
 70.2 74.88 
 
 72.9 77.76 
 
 75.6 80.64 
 
 78.3 83.52 
 81.0 86.40 
 
 83.7 89.28 
 
 86.4 92.16 
 97.2 103.68 
 
 100.80 108.0 
 120.06 129.6 
 
 115.20 
 138.24 
 
 Tin 
 (Lbs.) 
 
 2.35 
 4.71 
 7.07 
 9.43 
 11.79 
 14.14 
 16.50 
 18.86 
 21.22 
 23.58 
 25.93 
 28.29 
 30.65 
 33.01 
 35.37 
 37.72 
 40.80 
 42.44 
 44.80 
 47.16 
 49.51 
 51.87 
 54.23 
 56.59 
 58.95 
 61.30 
 63.66 
 66.02 
 68.38 
 70.74 
 73.09 
 75.45 
 84.88 
 94.32 
 113.18 
 
 Steel Lead 
 
 (Lbs.) (Lbs.) 
 
 2.59 3.69 
 
 5.18 7.38 
 
 7.77 11.07 
 
 10.36 14.76 
 
 12.96 18.45 
 
 15.55 22.14 
 
 18.14 25.83 
 
 20.73 29.52 
 
 23.32 33.21 
 
 25.92 36.90 
 
 28.51 40.59 
 
 31.10 44.28 
 
 33.69 47.97 
 
 36.28 51.66 
 
 38.88 55.35 
 
 41.47 59.04 
 
 44.06 62.73 
 
 46.65 66.42 
 
 49.24 70.11 
 
 51.84 73.80 
 
 54.43 77.49 
 
 57.02 81.18 
 
 59.61 84.87 
 
 62.20 88.56 
 
 64.80 92.25 
 
 67.39 95.94 
 
 69.98 99.63 
 
 72.57 103.32 
 
 75.16 107.01 
 
 77.76 110.40 
 
 80.35 114.39 
 
 82.94 118.08 
 
 93.31 132.84 
 
 103.68 147.60 
 
 124.41 177.12 
 
 282 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS 
 
 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS FOR 64ths 
 
 is 
 
 % 
 b\ 
 
 hi 
 % 
 
 .01563 
 
 .03125 
 
 .04688 
 
 .0625 
 
 .07813 
 
 .09375 
 
 .10938 
 
 .125 
 
 .14063 
 
 .15625 
 
 .17188 
 
 .1875 
 
 .20313 
 
 .21875 
 
 .23438 
 
 .25 
 
 §1 
 
 
 .26563 
 
 .28125 
 
 .29688 
 
 .3125 
 
 .32813 
 
 .34375 
 
 .35938 
 
 .375 
 
 .39063 
 
 .40625 
 
 .42188 
 
 .4375 
 
 .45313 
 
 .46875 
 
 .48438 
 
 .5 
 
 if 
 U 
 
 II 
 
 Vs 
 
 U 
 il 
 ii 
 if 
 §1 
 
 3/4 
 
 .51563 
 
 .53125 
 
 .54688 
 
 .5625 
 
 .57813 
 
 .59375 
 
 .60938 
 
 .625 
 
 .64063 
 
 .65625 
 
 .67188 
 
 .6875 
 
 .70313 
 
 .71875 
 
 .73438 
 
 .75 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 .76563 
 .78125 
 .79688 
 .8125 
 .82813 
 .84375 
 .85938 
 .875 
 .89063 
 .90625 
 i92188 
 .9375 
 .95313 
 .96875 
 .98438 
 1.00000 
 
 283 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS 
 
 (^Concluded) 
 
 EQUIVALENTS TO 3rds, 6ths, 12ths AND 24ths IN 64ths 
 
 1/24 
 
 .04167 
 
 A 
 
 9/24 
 
 .375 
 
 Vz 
 
 17/24 
 
 .70833 
 
 1/12 
 
 .08333 
 
 ^ 
 
 5/12 
 
 .41667 
 
 11 
 
 9/12 
 
 .75 
 
 3/24 
 
 .125 
 
 Ks 
 
 11/24 
 
 .45833 
 
 11 
 
 19/24 
 
 .79167 
 
 1/6 
 
 .16667 
 
 U 
 
 3/6 
 
 .5 
 
 V2 
 
 5/6 
 
 .83333 
 
 5/24 
 
 .20833 
 
 11 
 
 13/24 
 
 .54167 
 
 M 
 
 21/24 
 
 .875 
 
 3/12 
 
 .25 
 
 Va 
 
 7/12 
 
 .58333 
 
 ii 
 
 11/12 
 
 .91667 
 
 7/24 
 
 .29167 
 
 \\ 
 
 15/24 
 
 .625 
 
 5/8 
 
 23/24 
 
 .95833 
 
 1/3 
 
 .mii 
 
 l\ 
 
 2/3 
 
 .66667 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 EQUIVALENTS TO 7ths, 14ths AND 28ths IN 64ths 
 
 1/28 
 1/14 
 3/28 
 
 1/7 
 
 5/28 
 
 3/14 
 
 7/28 
 
 2/7 
 
 9/28 
 
 .03571 
 .07143 
 .10714 
 .14286 
 .17857 
 .21429 
 .25 
 
 .28571 
 .32143 
 
 
 5/14 
 11/28 
 
 3/7 
 13/28 
 
 7/14 
 15/28 
 
 4/7 
 17/28 
 
 9/14 
 
 .35714 
 .39286 
 .42857 
 .46429 
 .5 
 
 .53571 
 .57143 
 .60714 
 .64287 
 
 /2 
 
 19/28 
 
 5/7 
 
 21/28 
 
 11/14 
 
 23/28 
 
 6/7 
 
 25/28 
 
 13/14 
 
 27/28 
 
 .67857 
 
 .71429 
 
 .75 
 
 .78571 
 
 .82143 
 
 .85714 
 
 .89286 
 
 .92857 
 
 .96429 
 
 II 
 
 iJ 
 
 284 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 TABLE FOR CHANGING CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT 
 
 Rule 
 
 to chan; 
 
 ?e the > 
 
 -alues: Fahr. - 
 
 9 
 
 ^ — C + 32°. 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cent. = 
 
 (F— 32°) 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Degrees, 
 Cent. 
 
 Degrees, 
 Fahr. 
 
 Degrees, 
 Cent. 
 
 Degrees, 
 Fahr. 
 
 Degrees, Degrees, 
 Cent. Fahr. 
 
 Degrees, 
 Cent. 
 
 Degrees, 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Degrees, 
 Cent. 
 
 Degre 
 
 Fahr 
 
 —10 
 
 + 14 
 
 22 
 
 71.6 
 
 54 
 
 129.2 
 
 86 
 
 186.8 
 
 190 
 
 374 
 
 — 9 
 
 + 15.8 
 
 23 
 
 73.4 
 
 55 
 
 131 
 
 87 
 
 188.6 
 
 195 
 
 383 
 
 — 8 
 
 + 17.6 
 
 24 
 
 75.2 
 
 56 
 
 132.8 
 
 88 
 
 190.4 
 
 200 
 
 392 
 
 — 7 
 
 +19.4 
 
 25 
 
 77 
 
 57 
 
 134.6 
 
 89 
 
 192.2 
 
 205 
 
 401 
 
 — 6 
 
 +21.2 
 
 26 
 
 78.8 
 
 58 
 
 136.4 
 
 90 
 
 194 
 
 210 
 
 410 
 
 — 5 
 
 +23 
 
 27 
 
 80.6 
 
 59 
 
 138.2 
 
 91 
 
 195.8 
 
 215 
 
 419 
 
 — 4 
 
 +24.8 
 
 28 
 
 82.4 
 
 60 
 
 140 
 
 92 
 
 197.6 
 
 220 
 
 428 
 
 — 3 
 
 +26.6 
 
 29 
 
 84.2 
 
 61 
 
 141.8 
 
 93 
 
 199.4 
 
 225 
 
 437 
 
 — 2 
 
 +28.4 
 
 30 
 
 86 
 
 62 
 
 143.6 
 
 94 
 
 201.2 
 
 230 
 
 446 
 
 — 1 
 
 +30.2 
 
 31 
 
 87.8 
 
 63 
 
 145.4 
 
 95 
 
 203 
 
 235 
 
 455 
 
 
 
 +32 
 
 32 
 
 89.6 
 
 64 
 
 147.2 
 
 96 
 
 204.8 
 
 240 
 
 464 
 
 + 1 
 
 33.8 
 
 33 
 
 91.4 
 
 65 
 
 149 
 
 97 
 
 206.6 
 
 245 
 
 473 
 
 2 
 
 35.6 
 
 34 
 
 93.2 
 
 66 
 
 150.8 
 
 98 
 
 208.4 
 
 250 
 
 482 
 
 3 
 
 37.4 
 
 35 
 
 95 
 
 67 
 
 152.6 
 
 99 
 
 210.2 
 
 255 
 
 491 
 
 4 
 
 39.2 
 
 36 
 
 96.8 
 
 68 
 
 154.4 
 
 100 
 
 212 
 
 260 
 
 500 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 Z7 
 
 98.6 
 
 69 
 
 156.2 
 
 105 
 
 221 
 
 265 
 
 509 
 
 6 
 
 42.8 
 
 38 
 
 100.4 
 
 70 
 
 158 
 
 110 
 
 230 
 
 270 
 
 518 
 
 7 
 
 44.6 
 
 39 
 
 102.2 
 
 71 
 
 159.8 
 
 115 
 
 239 
 
 275 
 
 527 
 
 8 
 
 46.4 
 
 40 
 
 104 
 
 72 
 
 161.6 
 
 120 
 
 248 
 
 280 
 
 536 
 
 9 
 
 48.2 
 
 41 
 
 105.8 
 
 73 
 
 163.4 
 
 125 
 
 257 
 
 285 
 
 545 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 107.6 
 
 74 
 
 165.2 
 
 130 
 
 266 
 
 290 
 
 554 
 
 11 
 
 51.8 
 
 43 
 
 109.4 
 
 75 
 
 167 
 
 135 
 
 275 
 
 295 
 
 563 
 
 12 
 
 53.6 
 
 44 
 
 111.2 
 
 76 
 
 168.8 
 
 140 
 
 284 
 
 300 
 
 572 
 
 13 
 
 55.4 
 
 45 
 
 113 
 
 77 
 
 170.6 
 
 145 
 
 293 
 
 305 
 
 581 
 
 14 
 
 57.2 
 
 46 
 
 114.8 
 
 78 
 
 172.4 
 
 150 
 
 302 
 
 310 
 
 590 
 
 15 
 
 59 
 
 47 
 
 116.6 
 
 79 
 
 174.2 
 
 155 
 
 311 
 
 315 
 
 599 
 
 16 
 
 60.8 
 
 48 
 
 118.4 
 
 80 
 
 176 
 
 160 
 
 320 
 
 320 
 
 608 
 
 17 
 
 62.6 
 
 49 
 
 120.2 
 
 81 
 
 177.8 
 
 165 
 
 329 
 
 325 
 
 617 
 
 18 
 
 64.4 
 
 50 
 
 122 
 
 82 
 
 179.6 
 
 170 
 
 338 
 
 330 
 
 626 
 
 19 
 
 66.2 
 
 51 
 
 123.8 
 
 83 
 
 181.4 
 
 175 
 
 347 
 
 335 
 
 635 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 52 
 
 125.6 
 
 84 
 
 183.2 
 
 180 
 
 356 
 
 340 
 
 644 
 
 21 
 
 69.8 
 
 53 
 
 127.4 
 
 85 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 365 
 
 345 
 
 653 
 
 285 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE FOR CHANGING CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT 
 
 (Corir/uded) 
 
 Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, Degrees, 
 Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. 
 
 350 
 
 662 
 
 510 
 
 950 
 
 670 
 
 1238 
 
 830 
 
 1526 
 
 990 
 
 1814 
 
 355 
 
 671 
 
 515 
 
 959 
 
 675 
 
 1247 
 
 835 
 
 1535 
 
 995 
 
 1823 
 
 360 
 
 680 
 
 520 
 
 968 
 
 680 
 
 1256 
 
 840 
 
 1544 
 
 1000 
 
 1832 
 
 365 
 
 689 
 
 525 
 
 977 
 
 685 
 
 1265 
 
 845 
 
 1553 
 
 1005 
 
 1841 
 
 370 
 
 698 
 
 530 
 
 986 
 
 690 
 
 1274 
 
 850 
 
 1562 
 
 1010 
 
 1850 
 
 375 
 
 707 
 
 535 
 
 995 
 
 695 
 
 1283 
 
 855 
 
 1571 
 
 1015 
 
 1859 
 
 380 
 
 716 
 
 540 
 
 1004 
 
 700 
 
 1292 
 
 860 
 
 1580 
 
 1020 
 
 1868 
 
 385 
 
 725 
 
 545 
 
 1013 
 
 705 
 
 1301 
 
 865 
 
 1589 
 
 1025 
 
 1877 
 
 390 
 
 734 
 
 550 
 
 1022 
 
 710 
 
 1310 
 
 870 
 
 1598 
 
 1030 
 
 1886 
 
 395 
 
 743 
 
 555 
 
 1031 
 
 715 
 
 1319 
 
 875 
 
 1607 
 
 1035 
 
 1895 
 
 400 
 
 752 
 
 560 
 
 1040 
 
 720 
 
 1328 
 
 880 
 
 1616 
 
 1040 
 
 1904 
 
 405 
 
 761 
 
 565 
 
 1049 
 
 725 
 
 1337 
 
 885 
 
 1625 
 
 1045 
 
 1913 
 
 410 
 
 770 
 
 570 
 
 1058 
 
 730 
 
 1346 
 
 890 
 
 1634 
 
 1050 
 
 1922 
 
 415 
 
 779 
 
 575 
 
 1067 
 
 735 
 
 1355 
 
 895 
 
 1643 
 
 1055 
 
 1931 
 
 420 
 
 788 
 
 580 
 
 1076 
 
 740 
 
 1364 
 
 900 
 
 1652 
 
 1060 
 
 1940 
 
 425 
 
 797 
 
 585 
 
 1085 
 
 745 
 
 1373 
 
 905 
 
 1661 
 
 1065 
 
 1949 
 
 430 
 
 806 
 
 590 
 
 1094 
 
 750 
 
 1382 
 
 910 
 
 1670 
 
 1070 
 
 1958 
 
 435 
 
 815 
 
 595 
 
 1103 
 
 755 
 
 1391 
 
 915 
 
 1679 
 
 1075 
 
 1967 
 
 440 
 
 824 
 
 600 
 
 1112 
 
 760 
 
 1400 
 
 920 
 
 1688 
 
 1080 
 
 1976 
 
 445 
 
 833 
 
 605 
 
 1121 
 
 765 
 
 1409 
 
 925 
 
 1697 
 
 1085 
 
 1985 
 
 450 
 
 842 
 
 610 
 
 1130 
 
 770 
 
 1418 
 
 930 
 
 1706 
 
 1090 
 
 1994 
 
 455 
 
 851 
 
 615 
 
 1139 
 
 775 
 
 1427 
 
 935 
 
 1715 
 
 1095 
 
 2003 
 
 460 
 
 860 
 
 620 
 
 1148 
 
 780 
 
 1436 
 
 940 
 
 1724 
 
 1100 
 
 2012 
 
 465 
 
 869 
 
 625 
 
 1157 
 
 785 
 
 1445 
 
 945 
 
 1733 
 
 1105 
 
 2021 
 
 470 
 
 878 
 
 630 
 
 1166 
 
 790 
 
 1454 
 
 950 
 
 1742 
 
 1110 
 
 2030 
 
 475 
 
 887 
 
 635 
 
 1175 
 
 795 
 
 1463 
 
 955 
 
 1751 
 
 1115 
 
 2039 
 
 480 
 
 896 
 
 640 
 
 1184 
 
 800 
 
 1472 
 
 960 
 
 1760 
 
 1120 
 
 2048 
 
 485 
 
 905 
 
 645 
 
 1193 
 
 805 
 
 1481 
 
 965 
 
 1769 
 
 1125 
 
 2057 
 
 490 
 
 914 
 
 650 
 
 1202 
 
 810 
 
 1490 
 
 970 
 
 1778 
 
 1130 
 
 2066 
 
 495 
 
 923 
 
 655 
 
 1211 
 
 815 
 
 1499 
 
 975 
 
 1787 
 
 1135 
 
 2075 
 
 500 
 
 932 
 
 660 
 
 1220 
 
 820 
 
 1508 
 
 980 
 
 1796 
 
 1140 
 
 2084 
 
 505 
 
 941 
 
 665 
 
 1229 
 
 825 
 
 1517 
 
 985 
 
 1805 
 
 1145 * 
 
 2093 
 
 286 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 VOLUME AND WEIGHT OF PILED, BELL-AND-SPIGOT, 
 CAST-IRON PIPE 
 
 
 '(n 
 
 
 IS c 
 
 ^.s 
 
 o o 
 
 (3° 
 
 O 3 
 
 o " 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.38 
 0.42 
 0.45 
 0.45 
 
 167 
 185 
 200 
 200 
 
 13.41 
 12.11 
 11.20 
 11.20 
 
 21.414 
 19.796 
 18.961 
 18.961 
 
 24.935 
 24.465 
 23.636 
 23.626 
 
 4,164.131 
 4,533.330 
 4,724.224 
 4,724.224 
 
 1.604 
 1.635 
 1.693 
 1.693 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.40 
 0.43 
 0.45 
 0.47 
 
 230 
 243 
 260 
 265 
 
 9.74 
 9.26 
 8.61 
 8.45 
 
 23.646 
 22.953 
 22.873 
 21.823 
 
 16.479 
 16.135 
 15.754 
 15.491 
 
 3,787.720 
 3,920.034 
 4,004.480 
 4,104.372 
 
 2.428 
 2.479 
 2.539 
 
 2.582 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.43 
 0.45 
 0.48 
 O.Sl 
 
 295 
 315 
 338 
 355 
 
 7.59 
 7.11 
 6.63 
 6.31 
 
 26.537 
 25.356 
 24.135 
 23.503 
 
 11.433 
 11.222 
 10.983 
 10.738 
 
 3,376.136 
 3,534.332 
 3,713.000 
 3,811.172 
 
 3.495 
 3.565 
 3.642 
 3.725 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.43 
 0.47 
 0.51 
 0.54 
 
 364 
 393 
 426 
 445 
 
 6.15 
 
 5.70 
 5.25 
 5.03 
 
 28.825 
 27.285 
 25.764 
 25.114 
 
 8.539 
 8.356 
 8.177 
 8.017 
 
 3,008.000 
 3,283-240 
 3.477.234 
 3,567.092 
 
 4.684 
 4.787 
 4.900 
 4,990 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.47 
 0.51 
 0.56 
 0.61 
 
 513 
 567 
 624 
 665 
 
 4.36 
 3.95 
 3.59 
 3.37 
 
 33.425 
 30.833 
 28.666 
 27.456 
 
 5.224 
 5.118 
 5.009 
 4.906 
 
 2.680.164 
 2,906.196 
 3,129.393 
 3,262.730 
 
 7 656 
 7.804 
 7985 
 8.152 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.50 
 0.56 
 0.62 
 0.68 
 
 685 
 765 
 852 
 920 
 
 3.27 
 2.93 
 2.63 
 2.43 
 
 37.400 
 34.676 
 31.800 
 30.266 
 
 3.454 
 3.388 
 3.317 
 3.216 
 
 2,366.236 
 2,587.484 
 2,836.248 
 2,959.172 
 
 11. 579 
 11.836 
 12.058 
 12.435 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.53 
 0.60 
 0.68 
 0.75 
 
 870 
 
 985 
 
 1,110 
 
 1,210 
 
 2.57 
 2.27 
 2.02 
 1.93 
 
 41.230 
 37.218 
 
 35.858 
 34.839 
 
 2.497 
 2.444 
 2.384 
 2.159 
 
 2,172.492 
 
 2,407.236 
 2,646. 288 
 2,612.892 
 
 16.018 
 16 367 
 16.778 
 17.549 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.56 
 0.65 
 0.73 
 0.82 
 
 1,074 
 1,229 
 1,399 
 1,540 
 
 2.08 
 1.82 
 1.60 
 1.45 
 
 44.310 
 39.798 
 35.699 
 33.242 
 
 1.882 
 1.831 
 1.794 
 1.757 
 
 2,021.388 
 2.250.592 
 2,509 568 
 2,969.184 
 
 21.252 
 21.843 
 22.298 
 22.847 
 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.60 
 0.69 
 0.79 
 0.89 
 
 1,293 
 1,496 
 1,723 
 1,900 
 
 1.73 
 1.50 
 1.30 
 1.18 
 
 47.325 
 41.829 
 37.095 
 36.020 
 
 1.464 
 
 1.434 
 1.401 
 1.316 
 
 1,893.864 
 
 2,145.788 
 2,415.256 
 2,490.308 
 
 27.308 
 27.886 
 28.535 
 30.578 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 100 
 20O 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.63 
 0.74 
 0.85 
 0.96 
 
 l,.'v32 
 1,788 
 2,065 
 2,300 
 
 1.46 
 1.28 
 1.08 
 0.974 
 
 48.274 
 44.456 
 38.572 
 35.441 
 
 1.211 
 1.157 
 1.124 
 1.100 
 
 1,855.876 
 2,068.864 
 2,321.284 
 2,532.076 
 
 33.019 
 34.569 
 3.S.583 
 36.338 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 
 0.66 
 0.78 
 0.91 
 1.03 
 
 1,788 
 2,104 
 2,444 
 2,740 
 
 1.28 
 1.06 
 0.916 
 0.814 
 
 53.874 
 45.596 
 ^9.900 
 36.508 
 
 0.945 
 0.938 
 0.918 
 0.891 
 
 1,778.040 
 1,963.836 
 2,240.272 
 2,443.188 
 
 41.893 
 42.854 
 43.559 
 44.850 
 
 287 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 VOLUME AND WEIGHT OF PILED, BELL-AND-SPIGOT 
 CAST-IRON PIPE 
 
 {Concluded) 
 
 o. 
 
 t; 
 
 o 
 
 o . 
 
 DO 
 
 .s^ 
 
 p.^ 
 
 'a*j 
 
 o 
 
 'o. 
 
 •Si 
 
 w 
 
 o c 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 G 
 
 "o 
 
 _g 
 
 
 3 
 *^ o 
 
 'o'o 
 
 
 'o.H 
 
 m O 
 
 •T3 "^ 
 
 d 
 
 
 -o 
 
 •7^ U 
 
 60 
 
 
 _o 
 
 .c 
 
 ^ J3 
 
 _o 
 
 (U 
 
 « 
 
 .y c 
 
 •J a 
 
 . a 
 
 15^ 
 
 3 
 
 5 H 
 
 13 
 
 w 
 
 W 
 
 
 ^■" 
 
 o o 
 
 3 ° 
 
 O " 
 
 o " 
 
 PL, 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 24 
 
 100 
 
 0.75 • 
 
 2.407 
 
 0.931 
 
 5.5,122 
 
 0.679 
 
 1,626.132 
 
 59.207 
 
 24 
 
 200 
 
 0.87 
 
 2,803 
 
 0.799 
 
 49.463 
 
 0.646 
 
 1,811.112 
 
 61.906 
 
 24 
 
 300 
 
 1.02 
 
 3.299 
 
 0.679 
 
 43.122 
 
 0.630 
 
 2,080.876 
 
 63.415 
 
 24 
 
 400 
 
 1.16 
 
 3,680 
 
 0.600 
 
 38.783 
 
 0.619 
 
 2,277.256 
 
 64.639 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 0.87 
 
 3,482 
 
 0.649 
 
 59.733 
 
 0.434 
 
 1,513.268 
 
 92.039 
 
 30 
 
 200 
 
 1.01 
 
 4,027 
 
 0.556 
 
 52.760 
 
 0.421 
 
 1,697.492 
 
 94.892 
 
 30 
 
 300 
 
 1.19 
 
 4,783 
 
 0.468 
 
 45 550 
 
 0.411 
 
 1,965.660 
 
 97.337 
 
 30 
 
 400 
 
 1.37 
 
 5,420 
 
 0.413 
 
 41.047 
 
 0.402 
 
 2,181.364 
 
 99.387 
 
 36 
 
 100 
 
 0.98 
 
 4.699 
 
 476 
 
 63 567 
 
 0.299 
 
 1,407.388 
 
 133.544 
 
 36 
 
 200 
 
 1.14 
 
 5,460 
 
 0.410 
 
 55 586 
 
 0.295 
 
 1,610.884 
 
 135.577 
 
 36 
 
 300 
 
 1.36 
 
 6.543 
 
 0.342 
 
 47. 019 
 
 0.291 
 
 1,903.636 
 
 137.484 
 
 36 
 
 400 
 
 1.58 
 
 7,490 
 
 0.300 
 
 42.566 
 
 0.282 
 
 2,111.516 
 
 141.888 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 1.09 
 
 5,807 
 
 0.386 
 
 63.591 
 
 0.242 
 
 1,409.936 
 
 164.745 
 
 40 
 
 200 
 
 1.23 
 
 6.535 
 
 0.343 
 
 56 997 
 
 0.240 
 
 1,570.636 
 
 166.174 
 
 40 
 
 300 
 
 1.48 
 
 7,858 
 
 0.285 
 
 48.909 
 
 0.233 
 
 1.831.588 
 
 171.610 
 
 40 
 
 400 
 
 1.72 
 
 9,050 
 
 0.247 
 
 43.413 
 
 0.227 
 
 2,059.372 
 
 175.763 
 
 42 
 
 100 
 
 1.10 
 
 6,147 
 
 0.364 
 
 66.117 
 
 0.225 
 
 1,353.628 
 
 181.640 
 
 42 
 
 200 
 
 1.28 
 
 7,100 
 
 0.315 
 
 58 179 
 
 0.216 
 
 1,537.664 
 
 184.695 
 
 42 
 
 300 
 
 1.54 
 
 8,563 
 
 0.258 
 
 48.802 
 
 0.211 
 
 1,810.768 
 
 189.157 
 
 42 
 
 400 
 
 1.79 
 
 9,890 
 
 0.248 
 
 48.002 
 
 0.206 
 
 2,043.812 
 
 193.559 
 
 48 
 
 100 
 
 1.25 
 
 7.982 
 
 0.281 
 
 65.246 
 
 0.171 
 
 1,370.164 
 
 233.023 
 
 48 
 
 200 
 
 1.41 
 
 8,946 
 
 0.250 
 
 59 800 
 
 0.167 
 
 1,496.000 
 
 239.200 
 
 48 
 
 300 
 
 1.71 
 
 10,857 
 
 0.206 
 
 50 862 
 
 0.166 
 
 1.758.940 
 
 246.903 
 
 48 
 
 400 
 
 1.99 
 
 12,550 
 
 0.179 
 
 44.767 
 
 0.163 
 
 2,007.856 
 
 250.097 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 1.40 
 
 11,000 
 
 0.203 
 
 74 817 
 
 0.108 
 
 1,193.836 
 
 368.559 
 
 60 
 
 200 
 
 1.68 
 
 13,260 
 
 0.169 
 
 63.188 
 
 0.107 
 
 1,418.568. 
 
 373.897 
 
 60 
 
 300 
 
 2.05 
 
 16,040 
 
 139 
 
 52.903 
 
 0.105 
 
 1,685.760 
 
 380,599 
 
 60 
 
 400 
 
 2.41 
 
 18,970 
 
 0.118 
 
 46.253 
 
 0.102 
 
 1,938.820 
 
 391.978 
 
 Pile op 100 Pipe. 
 
 288 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 WEIGHT OF STEEL IN POUNDS FROM 1 TO 1,000 
 CUBIC INCHES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cm. 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.286 
 
 28.886 
 
 57.486 
 
 86.086 
 
 114.686 
 
 i43.2S6 
 
 171.886 
 
 200.486 
 
 229.086 
 
 257.686 
 
 2 
 
 0.572 
 
 29.172 
 
 57.772 
 
 86.372 
 
 114.972 
 
 143.572 
 
 172.172 
 
 200.772 
 
 229.372 
 
 257.972 
 
 3 
 
 0.858 
 
 29.458 
 
 58.058 
 
 86.658 
 
 115.258 
 
 143.858 
 
 172.458 
 
 201.058 
 
 229.658 
 
 258.258 
 
 4 
 
 1.144 
 
 29.744 
 
 58.344 
 
 86.944 
 
 115.544 
 
 144.144 
 
 172.744 
 
 201.344 
 
 229.944 
 
 258.544 
 
 S 
 
 1.430 
 
 30.030 
 
 58.630 
 
 87.230 
 
 115.830 
 
 144.430 
 
 173.030 
 
 201.630 
 
 230.230 
 
 258.830 
 
 6 
 
 1.716 
 
 30.316 
 
 58.916 
 
 87.516 
 
 116.116 
 
 144.716 
 
 173.316 
 
 201.916 
 
 230.516 
 
 259.116 
 
 7 
 
 2.002 
 
 30.602 
 
 59.202 
 
 87.802 
 
 116.402 
 
 145.002 
 
 173.602 
 
 202.202 
 
 230.802 
 
 259.402 
 
 8 
 
 2.288 
 
 30.888 
 
 59.488 
 
 88.088 
 
 116.688 
 
 145.288 
 
 173.888 
 
 202.488 
 
 231. OSS 
 
 259.683 
 
 9 
 
 2.574 
 
 31.174 
 
 59.774 
 
 88.374 
 
 116.974 
 
 145.574 
 
 174.174 
 
 202.774 
 
 231.374 
 
 259.974 
 
 10 
 
 2.860 
 
 31.469 
 
 60.060 
 
 88.660 
 
 117.260 
 
 145.860 
 
 174.460 
 
 203.060 
 
 231.660 
 
 260.260 
 
 11 
 
 3.146 
 
 31.746 
 
 60.346 
 
 88.946 
 
 117.546 
 
 146.146 
 
 174.746 
 
 203.346 
 
 231.946 
 
 260.546 
 
 12 
 
 3.432 
 
 32.032 
 
 60.632 
 
 89.232 
 
 117.832 
 
 146.432 
 
 175.032 
 
 203.632 
 
 232.232 
 
 260.832 
 
 13 
 
 3.718 
 
 32.318 
 
 60.918 
 
 89.518 
 
 118.118 
 
 146.718 
 
 175.318 
 
 203.918 
 
 232.518 
 
 251.118 
 
 14 
 
 4 004 
 
 32.604 
 
 61.204 
 
 89.804 
 
 118.404 
 
 147,004 
 
 175.604 
 
 204.204 
 
 232.804 
 
 261.404 
 
 15 
 
 4.290 
 
 32.890 
 
 61.490 
 
 90.090 
 
 118.690 
 
 147.290 
 
 175.890 
 
 204.490 
 
 233.090 
 
 261.690 
 
 16 
 
 4.576 
 
 33.176 
 
 61.776 
 
 90.376 
 
 118.976 
 
 147.576 
 
 176.176 
 
 204.776 
 
 233.376 
 
 261.976 
 
 17 
 
 4.862 
 
 33.462 
 
 62.062 
 
 90.662 
 
 119.262 
 
 147.862 
 
 176.462 
 
 205.062 
 
 233.662 
 
 262.262 
 
 18 
 
 5.148 
 
 33.748 
 
 62.348 
 
 90.948 
 
 119.548 
 
 148.148 
 
 176.748 
 
 205.348 
 
 233.948 
 
 252.548 
 
 19 
 
 5.434 
 
 34.034 
 
 62,634 
 
 91.234 
 
 119.834 
 
 148.434 
 
 177.034 
 
 205.634 
 
 234.234 
 
 252.834 
 
 20 
 
 5.720 
 
 34.320 
 
 62.920 
 
 91.520 
 
 120.120 
 
 148.720 
 
 177.320 
 
 205.920 
 
 234.520 
 
 ,263.120 
 
 21 
 
 6.006 
 
 34.606 
 
 63.206 
 
 91.806 
 
 120.406 
 
 149.006 
 
 177.606 
 
 206.206 
 
 234.806 
 
 263.406 
 
 22 
 
 6.292 
 
 34.892 
 
 63.492 
 
 92.092 
 
 120.692 
 
 149.292 
 
 177.892 
 
 206.492 
 
 235.092 
 
 253.692 
 
 23 
 
 6.578 
 
 35.178 
 
 63.778 
 
 92.378 
 
 120.978 
 
 149.578 
 
 178.178 
 
 206.778 
 
 235.378 
 
 263.978 
 
 24 
 
 6.864 
 
 35.464 
 
 64.064 
 
 92.664 
 
 121.264 
 
 149.864 
 
 178.464 
 
 207.064 
 
 235.664 
 
 264.264 
 
 25 
 
 7.150 
 
 35.750 
 
 64.350 
 
 92.950 
 
 121.550 
 
 150.150 
 
 178.750 
 
 207.350 
 
 235.950 
 
 254.550 
 
 26 
 
 7.436 
 
 36.036 
 
 64.636 
 
 92,.2Z6 
 
 121.836 
 
 150.436 
 
 179.036 
 
 207.636 
 
 236.236 
 
 254.836 
 
 27 
 
 7.722 
 
 36.322 
 
 64.922 
 
 93.522 
 
 122.122 
 
 150.722 
 
 179.322 
 
 207.922 
 
 236.522 
 
 265.122 
 
 28 
 
 8.008 
 
 36.608 
 
 65.208 
 
 93.808 
 
 122.408 
 
 151.008 
 
 179.608 
 
 208.208 
 
 236.808 
 
 265.408 
 
 29 
 
 8.294 
 
 36.894 
 
 65.494 
 
 94.094 
 
 122.694 
 
 151.294 
 
 179.894 
 
 208.494 
 
 237.094 
 
 265.694 
 
 30 
 
 8.580 
 
 37.180 
 
 65.780 
 
 94.380 
 
 122.980 
 
 151.580 
 
 180.180 
 
 208.780 
 
 237.380 
 
 265.980 
 
 31 
 
 8.866 
 
 37.466 
 
 66.066 
 
 94.666 
 
 123.266 
 
 151.866 
 
 180.466 
 
 209.066 
 
 237.666 
 
 266.266 
 
 32 
 
 9.152 
 
 37.752 
 
 66.352 
 
 94.952 
 
 123.^52 
 
 152.152 
 
 180.752 
 
 2C9.352 
 
 237.952 
 
 266.552 
 
 33 
 
 9.438 
 
 38.038 
 
 66.638 
 
 95.238 
 
 123.838 
 
 152.438 
 
 181.038 
 
 209.638 
 
 238.238 
 
 266.838 
 
 34 
 
 9.724 
 
 38.324 
 
 66.924 
 
 95.524 
 
 124.124 
 
 152.724 
 
 181.324 
 
 209.924 
 
 238.524 
 
 267.124 
 
 35 
 
 10.010 
 
 38.610 
 
 67.210 
 
 95.810 
 
 124.410 
 
 153.010 
 
 181.610 
 
 210.210 
 
 238.810 
 
 257.410 
 
 36 
 
 10.296 
 
 38.896 
 
 67.496 
 
 96.096 
 
 124.696 
 
 153.296 
 
 181.896 
 
 210.496 
 
 239.096 
 
 267.696 
 
 37 
 
 10.582 
 
 39.182 
 
 67.782 
 
 96.382 
 
 124.982 
 
 153.582 
 
 182.182 
 
 210.782 
 
 239.382 
 
 267.982 
 
 38 
 
 10.868 
 
 39.468 
 
 68.068 
 
 96.668 
 
 125.268 
 
 153.868 
 
 182.468 
 
 211.068 
 
 239.668 
 
 258.268 
 
 39 
 
 11.154 
 
 39.754 
 
 68.354 
 
 96.954 
 
 125.554 
 
 154.154 
 
 182.754 
 
 211.354 
 
 239.954 
 
 258.534 
 
 40 
 
 11.440 
 
 40.040 
 
 68.640 
 
 97.240 
 
 125.840 
 
 154.440 
 
 183.040 
 
 211.640 
 
 240.240 
 
 253.840 
 
 41 
 
 11.726 
 
 40.326 
 
 68.926 
 
 97.526 
 
 126.126 
 
 154.726 
 
 183.326 
 
 211.926 
 
 240.526 
 
 259.126 
 
 42 
 
 12.012 
 
 40.612 
 
 69.212 
 
 97.812 
 
 126.412 
 
 155.012 
 
 183.612 
 
 212.212 
 
 240.812 
 
 259.412 
 
 43 
 
 12.298 
 
 40.898 
 
 69.498 
 
 98.098 
 
 126.698 
 
 155.298 
 
 183.898 
 
 212.498 
 
 241.098 
 
 269.698 
 
 44 
 
 12.584 
 
 41.184 
 
 69.784 
 
 98.384 
 
 126.984 
 
 155.584 
 
 184.184 
 
 212.784 
 
 241.384 
 
 269.984 
 
 45 
 
 12.870 
 
 41.470 
 
 70.070 
 
 98.670 
 
 127.270 
 
 155.870 
 
 184.470 
 
 213.070 
 
 241.670 
 
 270.270 
 
 46 
 
 13.156 
 
 41.756 
 
 70.356 
 
 98.956 
 
 127.556 
 
 156.156 
 
 184.756 
 
 213.356 
 
 241.956 
 
 270.556 
 
 47 
 
 13.442 
 
 42.042 
 
 70.642 
 
 99.242 
 
 127.842 
 
 156.442 
 
 185.042 
 
 213.642 
 
 242.242 
 
 270.842 
 
 48 
 
 13.728 
 
 42.328 
 
 70.928 
 
 99.528 
 
 128.128 
 
 156.728 
 
 185.328 
 
 213.928 
 
 242.528 
 
 271.123 
 
 49 
 
 14.014 
 
 42.614 
 
 71.214 
 
 99.814 
 
 128.414 
 
 157.014 
 
 185.614 
 
 214.214 
 
 242.814 
 
 271.414 
 
 50 
 
 14.300 
 
 42.900 
 
 71.500 
 
 100.100 
 
 128.700 
 
 157.300 
 
 185.900 
 
 214.500 
 
 243.100 
 
 271.700 
 
 289 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 WEIGHT OF STEEL IN POUNDS FROM 1 TO 1,000 
 CUBIC INCHES 
 
 (Cotjc/uded) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cu. 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 14.586 
 
 43.186 
 
 71.786 
 
 100.386 
 
 128.986 
 
 157.586 
 
 186.186 
 
 214.786 
 
 243.386 
 
 271.986 
 
 52 
 
 14.872 
 
 43.472 
 
 72.072 
 
 100.672 
 
 129.272 
 
 157.872 
 
 186.472 
 
 215.072 
 
 243.672 
 
 272.272 
 
 53 
 
 15.158 
 
 43.758 
 
 72.358 
 
 100.958 
 
 129.558 
 
 158.158 
 
 186.758 
 
 215.358 
 
 243.958 
 
 272.558 
 
 54 
 
 15.444 
 
 44.044 
 
 72.644 
 
 101.244 
 
 129.844 
 
 158.444 
 
 187.044 
 
 215.644 
 
 244.244 
 
 272.844 
 
 55 
 
 15.730 
 
 44.300 
 
 72.930 
 
 101.530 
 
 130.130 
 
 158.730 
 
 187.330 
 
 215.930 
 
 244.530 
 
 273.130 
 
 56 
 
 16.016 
 
 44.616 
 
 73.216 
 
 101.816 
 
 130.416 
 
 159.016 
 
 187.616 
 
 216.216 
 
 244.816 
 
 273.416 
 
 57 
 
 16.302 
 
 44.902 
 
 73.502 
 
 102.102 
 
 130.702 
 
 159.302 
 
 187.902 
 
 216.502 
 
 245.102 
 
 273.702 
 
 58 
 
 16.588 
 
 45.188 
 
 73.788 
 
 102.388 
 
 130.988 
 
 159.588 
 
 188.188 
 
 216.788 
 
 245.388 
 
 273.988 
 
 59 
 
 16.874 
 
 45.474 
 
 74.074 
 
 102.674 
 
 131.274 
 
 159.874 
 
 188.474 
 
 217.074 
 
 245.674 
 
 274.274 
 
 60 
 
 17.160 
 
 45.760 
 
 74.360 
 
 102.960 
 
 131.560 
 
 160.160 
 
 188.760 
 
 217.360 
 
 245.960 
 
 274.560 
 
 61 
 
 17.446 
 
 46.046 
 
 74.646 
 
 103.246 
 
 131.846 
 
 160.446 
 
 189.046 
 
 217.646 
 
 246.246 
 
 274.846 
 
 62 
 
 17.732 
 
 46.332 
 
 74.932 
 
 103.532 
 
 132.132 
 
 160.732 
 
 189.332 
 
 217.932 
 
 246.532 
 
 275.132 
 
 63 
 
 18.018 
 
 46.618 
 
 75.218 
 
 103.818 
 
 132.418 
 
 161.018 
 
 189.618 
 
 218.218 
 
 246.818 
 
 275.418 
 
 64 
 
 18.304 
 
 46.904 
 
 75.504 
 
 104.104 
 
 132.704 
 
 161.304 
 
 189.904 
 
 218.504 
 
 247.104 
 
 275.704 
 
 65 
 
 18.590 
 
 47.190 
 
 75.790 
 
 104.390 
 
 132.990 
 
 161.590 
 
 190.190 
 
 218.790 
 
 247.390 
 
 275.990 
 
 66 
 
 18.876 
 
 47.476 
 
 76.076 
 
 104.676 
 
 133.276 
 
 161.876 
 
 190.476 
 
 219.076 
 
 247.676 
 
 276.276 
 
 67 
 
 19.162 
 
 47.762 
 
 76.362 
 
 104.962 
 
 133.562 
 
 162.162 
 
 190.762 
 
 219.362 
 
 247.962 
 
 276.562 
 
 68 
 
 19.448 
 
 48.048 
 
 76.648 
 
 105.248 
 
 133.848 
 
 162.448 
 
 191.048 
 
 219.648 
 
 248.248 
 
 276.848 
 
 69 
 
 19.734 
 
 48.334 
 
 76.934 
 
 105.534 
 
 134.134 
 
 162.734 
 
 191.334 
 
 219.934 
 
 248.534 
 
 277.134 
 
 70 
 
 20.020 
 
 48.620 
 
 77.220 
 
 105.820 
 
 134.420 
 
 163.020 
 
 191.620 
 
 220.220 
 
 248.820 
 
 277.420 
 
 71 
 
 20.306 
 
 48.906 
 
 77.506 
 
 106.106 
 
 134.706 
 
 163.306 
 
 191.906 
 
 220.506 
 
 249.106 
 
 277.706 
 
 72 
 
 20.592 
 
 49.192 
 
 77.792 
 
 106.392 
 
 134.992 
 
 163.592 
 
 192.192 
 
 220.792 
 
 249.392 
 
 277.992 
 
 73 
 
 20.878 
 
 49.478 
 
 78.078 
 
 106.678 
 
 135.278 
 
 163.878 
 
 192.478 
 
 221.078 
 
 249.678 
 
 278.278 
 
 74 
 
 21.164 
 
 49.764 
 
 78.364 
 
 106.964 
 
 135.564 
 
 164.164 
 
 192.764 
 
 221.364 
 
 249.964 
 
 278.564 
 
 75 
 
 21.450 
 
 50.050 
 
 78.650 
 
 107.250 
 
 135.850 
 
 164.450 
 
 193.050 
 
 221.650 
 
 250.250 
 
 278.850 
 
 76 
 
 21.736 
 
 50.336 
 
 78.936 
 
 107.536 
 
 136.136 
 
 164.736 
 
 193.336 
 
 221.936 
 
 250.536 
 
 279.136 
 
 77 
 
 22.022 
 
 50.622 
 
 79.222 
 
 107.822 
 
 136.422 
 
 165.022 
 
 193.622 
 
 222.222 
 
 250.822 
 
 279.422 
 
 78 
 
 22.308 
 
 50.908 
 
 79.508 
 
 108.108 
 
 136.708 
 
 165.308 
 
 193.908 
 
 222.508 
 
 251.108 
 
 279.708 
 
 79 
 
 22.594 
 
 51.194 
 
 79.794 
 
 108.394 
 
 136.994 
 
 165.594 
 
 194.194 
 
 222.794 
 
 251.394 
 
 279.994 
 
 80 
 
 22.880 
 
 51.480 
 
 80.080 
 
 108.680 
 
 137.280 
 
 165.880 
 
 194.480 
 
 223.080 
 
 251.680 
 
 280.280 
 
 81 
 
 23.166 
 
 51.766 
 
 80.336 
 
 108.966 
 
 137.566 
 
 166.166 
 
 194.766 
 
 223.366 
 
 251.966 
 
 280.566 
 
 82 
 
 23.452 
 
 52.052 
 
 80.652 
 
 109.252 
 
 137.852 
 
 166.452 
 
 195.052 
 
 223.652 
 
 252.252 
 
 280.852 
 
 83 
 
 23.738 
 
 52.338 
 
 80.938 
 
 109.538 
 
 138.138 
 
 166.738 
 
 195.338 
 
 223.938 
 
 252.538 
 
 281.138 
 
 84 
 
 24.024 
 
 52.624 
 
 81.224 
 
 109.824 
 
 138.424 
 
 167.024 
 
 195.624 
 
 224.224 
 
 252.824 
 
 281.424 
 
 85 
 
 24.310 
 
 52.910 
 
 81.510 
 
 110.110 
 
 138.710 
 
 167.310 
 
 195.910 
 
 224.510 
 
 253.110 
 
 281.710 
 
 86 
 
 24.596 
 
 53.196 
 
 81.796 
 
 110.396 
 
 138.996 
 
 167.596 
 
 196.196 
 
 224.796 
 
 253.396 
 
 281.996 
 
 87 
 
 24.882 
 
 53.482 
 
 82.082 
 
 110.682 
 
 139.282 
 
 167.882 
 
 196.482 
 
 225.082 
 
 253.682 
 
 282.282 
 
 88 
 
 25.168 
 
 53.768 
 
 82.368 
 
 110.968 
 
 139.568 
 
 168.168 
 
 196.768 
 
 225.368 
 
 253.968 
 
 282.568 
 
 89 
 
 25.454 
 
 54.054 
 
 82.654 
 
 111.254 
 
 139.854 
 
 168.454 
 
 197.054 
 
 225.654 
 
 254.254 
 
 282.854 
 
 90 
 
 25.740 
 
 54.340 
 
 82.940 
 
 111.540 
 
 140.140 
 
 168.740 
 
 197.340 
 
 225.940 
 
 254.540 
 
 283.140 
 
 91 
 
 26.026 
 
 54.626 
 
 83.226 
 
 111.826 
 
 140.426 
 
 169.026 
 
 197.626 
 
 226.226 
 
 254.826 
 
 283.426 
 
 92 
 
 26.312 
 
 54.912 
 
 83.512 
 
 112.112 
 
 140.712 
 
 169.312 
 
 197.912 
 
 226.512 
 
 255.112 
 
 283.712 
 
 93 
 
 26.598 
 
 55.198 
 
 83.798 
 
 112.398 
 
 140.998 
 
 169.598 
 
 198.198 
 
 226.798 
 
 255.398 
 
 283.998 
 
 94 
 
 26.884 
 
 55.484 
 
 84.084 
 
 112.684 
 
 141.284 
 
 169.884 
 
 198.484 
 
 227.084 
 
 255.684 
 
 284.284 
 
 95 
 
 27.170 
 
 55.770 
 
 84.370 
 
 112.970 
 
 141.570 
 
 170.170 
 
 198.770 
 
 227.370 
 
 255.970 
 
 284.570 
 
 96 
 
 27.456 
 
 56.056 
 
 84.656 
 
 113.256 
 
 141.856 
 
 170.456 
 
 199.056 
 
 227.656 
 
 256.256 
 
 284.856 
 
 97 
 
 27.742 
 
 56.342 
 
 84.942 
 
 113.542 
 
 142.142 
 
 170.742 
 
 199.342 
 
 227.942 
 
 256.542 
 
 285.142 
 
 98 
 
 28.028 
 
 56.628 
 
 85.228 
 
 113.828 
 
 142.428 
 
 171.028 
 
 199.628 
 
 228.228 
 
 256.828 
 
 285.428 
 
 99 
 
 28.314 
 
 56.914 
 
 85.514 
 
 114.114 
 
 142.714 
 
 171.314 
 
 199.914 
 
 228.514 
 
 257.114 
 
 285.714 
 
 100 
 
 28.600 
 
 57.200 
 
 85.800 
 
 114.400 
 
 143.000 
 
 171.600 
 
 200.200 
 
 228.800 
 
 257.400 
 
 286.000 
 
 290 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 TABLE CONVERTING MILLIMETERS TO INCHES 
 
 Based on 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch. 
 
 1 
 
 .03937 
 
 2 
 
 .07874 
 
 3 
 
 .11811 
 
 4 
 
 .15748 
 
 5 
 
 .19685 
 
 6 
 
 .23622 
 
 7 
 
 .27559 
 
 8 
 
 .31496 
 
 9 
 
 .35433 
 
 10 
 
 .39370 
 
 11 
 
 .43307 
 
 12 
 
 .47244 
 
 13 
 
 .51181 
 
 14 
 
 .55118 
 
 IS 
 
 .59055 
 
 16 
 
 .62992 
 
 17 
 
 .66929 
 
 18 
 
 .70866 
 
 19 
 
 .74803 
 
 20 
 
 .78740 
 
 21 
 
 .82677 
 
 22 
 
 .86614 
 
 23 
 
 .90551 
 
 24 
 
 .94488 
 
 25 
 
 .98425 
 
 26 
 
 1.02362 
 
 27 
 
 1.06299 
 
 28 
 
 1.10236 
 
 29 
 
 1.14173 
 
 30 
 
 1.18110 
 
 31 
 
 1.22047 
 
 i2 
 
 1.2S984 
 
 U 
 
 1.29921 
 
 34 
 
 1.33858 
 
 35 
 
 1.37795 
 
 36 
 
 1.41732 
 
 37 
 
 1.45669 
 
 38 
 
 1.49606 
 
 39 
 
 1.53543 
 
 40 
 
 1.57480 
 
 41 
 
 1.61417 
 
 42 
 
 1.65354 
 
 43 
 
 1.69291 
 
 44 
 
 1.73228 
 
 45 
 
 1.77165 
 
 46 
 
 1.81102 
 
 47 
 
 1.85039 
 
 48 
 
 1.88976 
 
 49 
 
 1.92913 
 
 50 
 
 1.96850 
 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 7i 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 
 2.00787 
 2.04724 
 2.08661 
 2.12598 
 2.16535 
 2.20472 
 2.24409 
 2.28346 
 2.32283 
 2.36220 
 2.401S7 
 2.44094 
 2.48031 
 2.51968 
 2.55905 
 2.59842 
 2.63779 
 2.67716 
 2.71653 
 2.75590 
 2.79527 
 2.83464 
 2.87401 
 2.91338 
 2.95275 
 2 99212 
 3.03149 
 3.07086 
 3.11023 
 3.14960 
 3.18897 
 3.22834 
 3.26771 
 3.30708 
 3.34645 
 3.38582 
 3.42519 
 3.46456 
 3.50393 
 3.54330 
 3.58267 
 3.62204 
 3.66141 
 3.70078 
 3.74015 
 3.77952 
 3.81889 
 3.85826 
 3.89763 
 3.93700 
 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 ISO 
 
 3.97637 
 4.01574 
 4.05511 
 4.09448 
 4.13385 
 4.17322 
 4.21259 
 4.25196 
 4.29133 
 4.33070 
 4.37007 
 4.40944 
 4.44881 
 4.48818 
 4.52755 
 4.56692 
 4.60629 
 4.64566 
 4.68503 
 4.72440 
 4.76377 
 4.80314 
 4.84251 
 4.88188 
 4.92125 
 4.96062 
 4.99999 
 5.03936 
 5.07873 
 5.11810 
 5.15747 
 5.19684 
 5.23621 
 5.27558 
 5.31495 
 5.35432 
 5.39369 
 5.43306 
 5.47243 
 5.51180 
 5.55117 
 5.59054 
 5.62991 
 5.66928 
 5.70865 
 5.74802 
 5.78739 
 5.82676 
 5.86613 
 5.90550 
 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 156 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 170 
 171 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 175 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 180 
 181 
 182 
 183 
 184 
 185 
 186 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 190 
 191 
 192 
 193 
 194 
 195 
 196 
 197 
 198 
 199 
 200 
 
 5.94487 
 
 201 
 
 7.91337 
 
 5.98424 
 
 202 
 
 7.95274 
 
 6.02361 
 
 203 
 
 7.99211 
 
 6.06298 
 
 204 
 
 8.03148 
 
 6.10235 
 
 205 
 
 8.07085 
 
 6.14172 
 
 206 
 
 8.11022 
 
 6.18109 
 
 207 
 
 8.14959 
 
 6.22046 
 
 208 
 
 8.18896 
 
 6.25983 
 
 209 
 
 8.22833 
 
 6.29920 
 
 210 
 
 8.26770 
 
 6.33857 
 
 211 
 
 8.30707 
 
 6.37794 
 
 212 
 
 8.34644 
 
 6.41731 
 
 213 
 
 8.38581 
 
 6.45668 
 
 214 
 
 8.42518 
 
 6.49605 
 
 215 
 
 8.46455 
 
 6.53542 
 
 216 
 
 8.50392 
 
 6.57479 
 
 217 
 
 8.54329 
 
 6.61416 
 
 218 
 
 8.58266 
 
 6.65353 
 
 219 
 
 8.6220i 
 
 6.69290 
 
 220 
 
 8.66140 
 
 6.73227 
 
 221 
 
 8.70077 
 
 6.77164 
 
 222 
 
 8.74014 
 
 6.81101 
 
 223 
 
 8.77951 
 
 6.85038 
 
 224 
 
 8.81888 
 
 6.88975 
 
 225 
 
 8.85825 
 
 6.92912 
 
 226 
 
 8.89762 
 
 6.96849 
 
 227 
 
 8.93699 
 
 7.00786 
 
 228 
 
 8.97636 
 
 7.04723 
 
 229 
 
 9.01573 
 
 7.08660 
 
 230 
 
 9.05510 
 
 7.12597 
 
 231 
 
 9.09447 
 
 7.16534 
 
 232 
 
 9.13384 
 
 7.20471 
 
 233 
 
 9.17321 
 
 7.24408 
 
 234 
 
 9.21258 
 
 7.28345 
 
 235 
 
 9.25195 
 
 7.32282 
 
 236 
 
 9.29132 
 
 7.36219 
 
 237 
 
 9.33069 
 
 7.40156 
 
 238 
 
 9.37006 
 
 7.44093 
 
 239 
 
 9.40943 
 
 7.48030 
 
 240 
 
 9.44880 
 
 7.51967 
 
 241 
 
 9.48817 
 
 7.55904 
 
 242 
 
 9.52754 
 
 7.59841 
 
 243 
 
 9.56691 
 
 7.63778 
 
 244 
 
 9.60628 
 
 7.67715 
 
 245 
 
 9.64565 
 
 7.71652 
 
 246 
 
 9.68502 
 
 7.75589 
 
 247 
 
 9.72439 
 
 7.79526 
 
 248 
 
 9.76376 
 
 7.83463 
 
 249 
 
 9.80313 
 
 7.87400 
 
 250 
 
 9.84250 
 
 291 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE CONVERTING MILLIMETERS TO INCHES 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 251 
 
 9.88187 
 
 301 
 
 11.85037 
 
 351 
 
 13.81887 
 
 401 
 
 15.78737 
 
 451 
 
 17.75587 
 
 252 
 
 9.92124 
 
 302 
 
 11.88974 
 
 352 
 
 13.85824 
 
 402 
 
 15.82674 
 
 452 
 
 17.79524 
 
 253 
 
 9.96061 
 
 303 
 
 11.92911 
 
 353 
 
 13.89761 
 
 403 
 
 15.86611 
 
 453 
 
 17.83461 
 
 254 
 
 9.99998 
 
 304 
 
 11.96848 
 
 354 
 
 13.93698 
 
 404 
 
 15.90548 
 
 454 
 
 17.87398 
 
 255 
 
 10.03935 
 
 305 
 
 12.00785 
 
 355 
 
 13.97635 
 
 405 
 
 15.94485 
 
 455 
 
 17.91335 
 
 256 
 
 10.07872 
 
 306 
 
 12.04722 
 
 356 
 
 14.01572 
 
 406 
 
 15.98422 
 
 456 
 
 17.95272 
 
 257 
 
 10.11809 
 
 307 
 
 12.08659 
 
 357 
 
 14.05509 
 
 407 
 
 16.02359 
 
 457 
 
 17.99209 
 
 258 
 
 10.15746 
 
 308 
 
 12.12596 
 
 358 
 
 14.09446 
 
 408 
 
 16.06296 
 
 458 
 
 18.03146 
 
 259 
 
 10 19683 
 
 309 
 
 12.16533 
 
 359 
 
 14.13383 
 
 409 
 
 16.10233 
 
 459 
 
 18.07383 
 
 260 
 
 10.23620 
 
 310 
 
 12.20470 
 
 360 
 
 14.17320 
 
 410 
 
 16.14170 
 
 460 
 
 18.11020 
 
 261 
 
 10 27557 
 
 311 
 
 12.24407 
 
 361 
 
 14.21257 
 
 411 
 
 16.18107 
 
 461 
 
 18.14957 
 
 262 
 
 10.31494 
 
 312 
 
 12.28344 
 
 362 
 
 14.25194 
 
 412 
 
 16.22044 
 
 462 
 
 18.18894 
 
 263 
 
 10.35431 
 
 313 
 
 12.32281 
 
 363 
 
 14.29131 
 
 413 
 
 16.25981 
 
 463 
 
 18.22831 
 
 264 
 
 10.39368 
 
 314 
 
 12.36218 
 
 364 
 
 14.33063 
 
 414 
 
 16.29918 
 
 464 
 
 1826768 
 
 265 
 
 10.43305 
 
 315 
 
 12.40155 
 
 365 
 
 14.37005 
 
 415 
 
 16.33855 
 
 465 
 
 18.30705 
 
 266 
 
 10.47242 
 
 316 
 
 12.44092 
 
 366 
 
 14.40942 
 
 416 
 
 16.37792 
 
 466 
 
 18.34642 
 
 267 
 
 10.51179 
 
 317 
 
 12 48029 
 
 367 
 
 14.44879 
 
 417 
 
 16.41729 
 
 467 
 
 18.38579 
 
 268 
 
 10.55116 
 
 318 
 
 12.51966 
 
 368 
 
 14.48816 
 
 418 
 
 16.45666 
 
 468 
 
 18 42ST6 
 
 269 
 
 10.59053 
 
 319 
 
 12.55903 
 
 369 
 
 14.52753 
 
 419 
 
 16.49603 
 
 469 
 
 18.46453 
 
 270 
 
 10.62990 
 
 320 
 
 12.59840 
 
 370 
 
 14.56690 
 
 420 
 
 16.53540 
 
 470 
 
 18.50390 
 
 271 
 
 10.66927 
 
 321 
 
 12.63777 
 
 371 
 
 14.60627 
 
 421 
 
 16.57477 
 
 471 
 
 18.54327 
 
 272 
 
 10.70864 
 
 322 
 
 12.67714 
 
 372 
 
 14.64564 
 
 422 
 
 16.61414 
 
 472 
 
 18.58264 
 
 273 
 
 10.74801 
 
 323 
 
 12.71651 
 
 373 
 
 14.68501 
 
 423 
 
 16.65351 
 
 473 
 
 18.62201 
 
 274 
 
 10.78738 
 
 324 
 
 12.75588 
 
 374 
 
 14.72438 
 
 424 
 
 16.69288 
 
 474 
 
 18.66138 
 
 275 
 
 10.82675 
 
 325 
 
 12.79525 
 
 375 
 
 14.76375 
 
 425 
 
 16.73225 
 
 475 
 
 18.70075 
 
 276 
 
 10.86612 
 
 326 
 
 12.83462 
 
 376 
 
 14.80312 
 
 426 
 
 16.77162 
 
 476 
 
 18.74012 
 
 277 
 
 10.90549 
 
 327 
 
 12.87399 
 
 377 
 
 14.84249 
 
 427 
 
 16.81099 
 
 477 
 
 18.77949 
 
 278 
 
 10.94486 
 
 328 
 
 12.91336 
 
 378 
 
 14.88186 
 
 428 
 
 16.85036 
 
 478 
 
 18.81886 
 
 279 
 
 10.98423 
 
 329 
 
 12.95273 
 
 3/9 
 
 14.92123 
 
 429 
 
 16.88973 
 
 479 
 
 18.85823 
 
 280 
 
 11.02360 
 
 330 
 
 12,99210 
 
 380 
 
 14.96060 
 
 430 
 
 16.92910 
 
 480 
 
 18.89760 
 
 281 
 
 11.06297 
 
 331 
 
 13.03147 
 
 381 
 
 14.99997 
 
 431 
 
 16.96847 
 
 481 
 
 18.93697 
 
 282 
 
 11.10234 
 
 332 
 
 13.07084 
 
 382 
 
 15.03934 
 
 432 
 
 17.00784 
 
 482 
 
 18.97634 
 
 283 
 
 11.14171 
 
 333 
 
 13.11021 
 
 383 
 
 15.07871 
 
 433 
 
 17.04721 
 
 483 
 
 19.01571 
 
 284 
 
 11.18108 
 
 334 
 
 13.14958 
 
 384 
 
 15.11808 
 
 434 
 
 17.08658 
 
 484 
 
 19.05508 
 
 285 
 
 11.22045 
 
 335 
 
 13.18895 
 
 385 
 
 15.15745 
 
 435 
 
 17.12595 
 
 485 
 
 19.09445 
 
 286 
 
 11.25982 
 
 336 
 
 13 22832 
 
 386 
 
 15.19682 
 
 436 
 
 17.16532 
 
 486 
 
 19.13382 
 
 287 
 
 11.29919 
 
 337 
 
 13.26769 
 
 387 
 
 15.23619 
 
 437 
 
 17.20469 
 
 487 
 
 19.17319 
 
 288 
 
 11.33856 
 
 338 
 
 13.30706 
 
 388 
 
 15.27556 
 
 438 
 
 17.24406 
 
 488 
 
 19.21256 
 
 289 
 
 11.37793 
 
 339 
 
 13.34643 
 
 389 
 
 15.31493 
 
 439 
 
 17.28343 
 
 489 
 
 19.25193 
 
 290 
 
 11.41730 
 
 340 
 
 13.38580 
 
 390 
 
 15.35430 
 
 440 
 
 17.32280 
 
 490 
 
 19.29130 
 
 291 
 
 11.45667 
 
 341 
 
 13.42517 
 
 391 
 
 15.39367 
 
 441 
 
 17.36217 
 
 491 
 
 19.33067 
 
 292 
 
 11.49604 
 
 342 
 
 13.46454 
 
 392 
 
 15.43304 
 
 442 
 
 17.40154 
 
 492 
 
 19.37004 
 
 293 
 
 11.53541 
 
 343 
 
 13.50391 
 
 393 
 
 15.47241 
 
 443 
 
 17.44091 
 
 493 
 
 19.40941 
 
 294 
 
 11.57478 
 
 344 
 
 13.54328 
 
 394 
 
 15.51178 
 
 444 
 
 17.48028 
 
 494 
 
 19.44878 
 
 295 
 
 11.61415 
 
 345 
 
 13.58265 
 
 395 
 
 15.55115 
 
 445 
 
 17.51965 
 
 495 
 
 19.48815 
 
 296 
 
 11.65352 
 
 346 
 
 13.62202 
 
 396 
 
 15.59052 
 
 446 
 
 17.55902 
 
 496 
 
 19.52752 
 
 297 
 
 11.69289 
 
 347 
 
 13.66139 
 
 397 
 
 15.62989 
 
 447 
 
 17.59839 
 
 497 
 
 19.56689 
 
 298 
 
 11.73226 
 
 348 
 
 13.70076 
 
 398 
 
 15.66926 
 
 448 
 
 17.63776 
 
 498 
 
 19.60626 
 
 299 
 
 11.77163 
 
 349 
 
 13.74013 
 
 399 
 
 15.70863 
 
 449 
 
 17.67713 
 
 499 
 
 19.64563 
 
 300 
 
 11.81100 
 
 350 
 
 13.77950 
 
 400 
 
 15.74800 
 
 450 
 
 17.71650 
 
 500 
 
 19.68500 
 
 292 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 
 
 TABLE CONVERTING MILLIMETERS TO INCHES 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 501 
 
 19.72437 
 
 551 
 
 21.69287 
 
 601 
 
 23.66137 
 
 651 
 
 25.62987 
 
 701 
 
 27.59837 
 
 502 
 
 19.76374 
 
 552 
 
 21.73224 
 
 602 
 
 23.70074 
 
 652 
 
 25.66924 
 
 702 
 
 27.63774 
 
 503 
 
 19.80311 
 
 553 
 
 21.77161 
 
 603 
 
 23.74011 
 
 653 
 
 25.70861 
 
 703 
 
 27.67711 
 
 504 
 
 19.84248 
 
 554 
 
 21.81098 
 
 604 
 
 23.77948 
 
 654 
 
 25.74798 
 
 704 
 
 27.71648 
 
 505 
 
 19.88185 
 
 555 
 
 21.85035 
 
 605 
 
 23.81885 
 
 655 
 
 25.78735 
 
 705 
 
 27.75585 
 
 506 
 
 19.92122 
 
 556 
 
 21.88972 
 
 606 
 
 23.85822 
 
 656 
 
 25.82672 
 
 706 
 
 27.79522 
 
 507 
 
 19.96059 
 
 557 
 
 21.92909 
 
 607 
 
 23.89759 
 
 657 
 
 25.86609 
 
 707 
 
 27.83459 
 
 508 
 
 19.99996 
 
 558 
 
 21.96846 
 
 608 
 
 23.93696 
 
 658 
 
 25.90546 
 
 708 
 
 27.87390 
 
 509 
 
 20.03933 
 
 559 
 
 22.00783 
 
 609 
 
 23.9763.^ 
 
 659 
 
 25.94483 
 
 709 
 
 27.91333 
 
 510 
 
 20.07870 
 
 560 
 
 22.04720 
 
 610 
 
 24.01570 
 
 660 
 
 25.98420 
 
 710 
 
 27.95270 
 
 511 
 
 20.11807 
 
 561 
 
 22.08657 
 
 611 
 
 24.0SS07 
 
 661 
 
 26.02357 
 
 711 
 
 27.99207 
 
 512 
 
 20.15744 
 
 562 
 
 22.12594 
 
 612 
 
 24.09444 
 
 662 
 
 26.06294 
 
 712 
 
 28.03144 
 
 513 
 
 20.19681 
 
 563 
 
 22.16531 
 
 613 
 
 24.13381 
 
 663 
 
 26.10231 
 
 713 
 
 28.07081 
 
 514 
 
 20.23618 
 
 564 
 
 22.20468 
 
 614 
 
 24.17318 
 
 664 
 
 26.14168 
 
 714 
 
 28.11018 
 
 515 
 
 20.27555 
 
 565 
 
 22.24405 
 
 615 
 
 24.21255 
 
 665 
 
 26.1810.^ 
 
 715 
 
 28.14955 
 
 516 
 
 20.31492 
 
 566 
 
 22.28342 
 
 616 
 
 24.25192 
 
 666 
 
 26.22042 
 
 716 
 
 28.18892 
 
 517 
 
 20.35429 
 
 567 
 
 22.32279 
 
 617 
 
 24.29129 
 
 667 
 
 26.25979 
 
 717 
 
 28.22829 
 
 518 
 
 20.39366 
 
 568 
 
 22.36216 
 
 618 
 
 24.33066 
 
 668 
 
 26.29916 
 
 718 
 
 28.26766 
 
 519 
 
 20.43303 
 
 569 
 
 22.40153 
 
 619 
 
 24.37003 
 
 669 
 
 26.3385,^ 
 
 719 
 
 28.30703 
 
 520 
 
 20.47240 
 
 570 
 
 22.44090 
 
 620 
 
 24.40940 
 
 670 
 
 26.37790 
 
 720 
 
 28.34640 
 
 521 
 
 20.51177 
 
 571 
 
 22.48027 
 
 621 
 
 24.44877 
 
 671 
 
 26.41727 
 
 721 
 
 28.38577 
 
 522 
 
 20.55114 
 
 572 
 
 22.51964 
 
 622 
 
 24.48814 
 
 672 
 
 26.45664 
 
 722 
 
 28.42514 
 
 523 
 
 20.59051 
 
 573 
 
 22.55901 
 
 623 
 
 24.52751 
 
 673 
 
 26.49601 
 
 723 
 
 28.46451 
 
 524 
 
 20.62988 
 
 574 
 
 22.59838 
 
 624 
 
 24.56688 
 
 674 
 
 26.53538 
 
 724 
 
 28.50388 
 
 525 
 
 20.66925 
 
 575 
 
 22.63775 
 
 625 
 
 24.60625 
 
 675 
 
 26.57475 
 
 725 
 
 28.54325 
 
 526 
 
 20.70862 
 
 576 
 
 22.67712 
 
 626 
 
 24.64562 
 
 676 
 
 26.61412 
 
 726 
 
 28.58262 
 
 527 
 
 20.74799 
 
 577 
 
 22.71649 
 
 627 
 
 24.68499 
 
 677 
 
 26.65349 
 
 727 
 
 28.62199 
 
 528 
 
 2Q.7%7i6 
 
 578 
 
 22.75586 
 
 628 
 
 24.72436 
 
 678 
 
 26.69286 
 
 728 
 
 28.66136 
 
 529 
 
 20.82673 
 
 579 
 
 22.79523 
 
 629 
 
 24.76373 
 
 679 
 
 26.73223 
 
 729 
 
 28.70073 
 
 530 
 
 20.86610 
 
 580 
 
 22.83460 
 
 630 
 
 24.80310 
 
 680 
 
 26.77160 
 
 730 
 
 28.74010 
 
 531 
 
 20.90547 
 
 581 
 
 22.87397 
 
 631 
 
 24.84247 
 
 681 
 
 26.81097 
 
 731 
 
 28.77947 
 
 532 
 
 20.94484 
 
 582 
 
 22.91334 
 
 632 
 
 24.88184 
 
 682 
 
 26.85034 
 
 732 
 
 28.81884 
 
 533 
 
 20.98421 
 
 583 
 
 22.95271 
 
 633 
 
 24.92121 
 
 683 
 
 26.88971 
 
 733 
 
 28.85821 
 
 534 
 
 21.02358 
 
 584 
 
 22.99208 
 
 634 
 
 24.96058 
 
 684 
 
 26.92908 
 
 734 
 
 28.89758 
 
 535 
 
 21.06295 
 
 585 
 
 23.03145 
 
 635 
 
 24.9999.S 
 
 685 
 
 26.96845 
 
 735 
 
 28.93695 
 
 536 
 
 21.10232 
 
 586 
 
 23.07082 
 
 636 
 
 25.03932 
 
 686 
 
 27.00782 
 
 736 
 
 28.97632 
 
 537 
 
 21.14169 
 
 587 
 
 23.11019 
 
 637 
 
 25.07869 
 
 687 
 
 27.04710 
 
 737 
 
 29.01569 
 
 538 
 
 21.18106 
 
 588 
 
 23.14956 
 
 638 
 
 25.11806 
 
 688 
 
 27.08656 
 
 738 
 
 29.05506 
 
 539 
 
 21.22043 
 
 589 
 
 23.18893 
 
 639 
 
 25.15743 
 
 689 
 
 27.12593 
 
 739 
 
 29.09443 
 
 540 
 
 21.25980 
 
 590 
 
 23.22830 
 
 640 
 
 25.19680 
 
 690 
 
 27.16530 
 
 740 
 
 29.13380 
 
 541 
 
 21.29917 
 
 591 
 
 23.26767 
 
 641 
 
 25.23617 
 
 691 
 
 27.20467 
 
 741 
 
 29.17317 
 
 542 
 
 21.33854 
 
 592 
 
 23.30704 
 
 642 
 
 25.27554 
 
 692 
 
 27.24404 
 
 742 
 
 29.21254 
 
 543 
 
 21.37791 
 
 593 
 
 23.34641 
 
 643 
 
 25.31491 
 
 693 
 
 27.28341 
 
 743 
 
 29.25191 
 
 544 
 
 21.41728 
 
 594 
 
 23.38578 
 
 644 
 
 25.35428 
 
 694 
 
 27.32278 
 
 744 
 
 29.29128 
 
 545 
 
 21.45665 
 
 595 
 
 23.42515 
 
 645 
 
 25.39365 
 
 695 
 
 27.36215 
 
 745 
 
 29.33068 
 
 546 
 
 21.49602 
 
 596 
 
 23.46452 
 
 646 
 
 25.43302 
 
 696 
 
 27.40152 
 
 746 
 
 29.37002 
 
 547 
 
 21.53539 
 
 597 
 
 23.50389 
 
 647 
 
 25.47239 
 
 697 
 
 27.44089 
 
 747 
 
 29.40939 
 
 548 
 
 21.57476 
 
 598 
 
 23.54326 
 
 648 
 
 25.51176 
 
 698 
 
 27.48026 
 
 748 
 
 29.44876 
 
 549 
 
 21.61413 
 
 599 
 
 23.58263 
 
 649 
 
 25.55113 
 
 699 
 
 27.51963 
 
 749 
 
 29.48813 
 
 550 
 
 21.65350 
 
 600 
 
 23.62200 
 
 650 
 
 25.59050 
 
 700 
 
 27.55900 
 
 750 
 
 29.52750 
 
 293 
 
FOUNDRYMEN'S HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE CONVERTING MILLIMETERS TO INCHES 
 
 (Concluded) 
 
 751 
 
 29.56687 
 
 801 
 
 31.53537 
 
 851 
 
 33.50387 
 
 901 
 
 35.47237 
 
 951 
 
 37.44087 
 
 752 
 
 29.60624 
 
 802 
 
 31.57474 
 
 852 
 
 33.54324 
 
 902 
 
 35.51174 
 
 952 
 
 37.48024 
 
 753 
 
 29.64561 
 
 803 
 
 31.61411 
 
 853 
 
 33.58261 
 
 903 
 
 35.55111 
 
 953 
 
 37.51961 
 
 754 
 
 29.68498 
 
 804 
 
 31.65348 
 
 854 
 
 33.62198 
 
 904 
 
 35.59048 
 
 954 
 
 37.55898 
 
 755 
 
 29.72435 
 
 805 
 
 31.69285 
 
 855 
 
 33.66135 
 
 905 
 
 35.62985 
 
 955 
 
 37.59835 
 
 756 
 
 29.76372 
 
 806 
 
 31.73222 
 
 856 
 
 33.70072 
 
 906 
 
 35.66922 
 
 956 
 
 37.63772 
 
 757 
 
 29.80309 
 
 807 
 
 31.77159 
 
 857 
 
 33.74009 
 
 907 
 
 35.70859 
 
 957 
 
 37.67709 
 
 758 
 
 29.84246 
 
 808 
 
 31.81096 
 
 858 
 
 33.77946 
 
 908 
 
 35.74796 
 
 958 
 
 37.71646 
 
 759 
 
 29.88183 
 
 809 
 
 31.85033 
 
 859 
 
 33.81883 
 
 909 
 
 35.78733 
 
 959 
 
 37.75583 
 
 760 
 
 29.92120 
 
 810 
 
 31.88970 
 
 860 
 
 33.85820 
 
 910 
 
 35.82670 
 
 960 
 
 37.79520 
 
 761 
 
 29.96057 
 
 811 
 
 31.92907 
 
 861 
 
 33.89757 
 
 911 
 
 35.86607 
 
 961 
 
 37.83457 
 
 762 
 
 29.99994 
 
 812 
 
 31.96844 
 
 862 
 
 33.93694 
 
 912 
 
 35.90544 
 
 962 
 
 37.87394 
 
 763 
 
 30.03931 
 
 813 
 
 32.00781 
 
 863 
 
 33.97631 
 
 913 
 
 35.94481 
 
 963 
 
 37.91331 
 
 764 
 
 30.07868 
 
 814 
 
 32.04718 
 
 864 
 
 34.01568 
 
 914 
 
 35.98418 
 
 964 
 
 37.95268 
 
 765 
 
 30.11805 
 
 815 
 
 32.08655 
 
 865 
 
 34.05505 
 
 915 
 
 36.02355 
 
 965 
 
 37.99205 
 
 766 
 
 30.15742 
 
 816 
 
 32.12592 
 
 866 
 
 34.09442 
 
 916 
 
 36.06292 
 
 966 
 
 38.03142 
 
 767 
 
 30.19679 
 
 817 
 
 32.16529 
 
 867 
 
 34.13379 
 
 917 
 
 36.10229 
 
 967 
 
 38.07079 
 
 768 
 
 30.23616 
 
 818 
 
 32.20466 
 
 868 
 
 34.17316 
 
 918 
 
 36.14166 
 
 968 
 
 38.11016 
 
 769 
 
 30.27553 
 
 819 
 
 32.24403 
 
 869 
 
 34.21253 
 
 919 
 
 36.18103 
 
 969 
 
 38.14953 
 
 770 
 
 30.31490 
 
 820 
 
 32.28340 
 
 870 
 
 34.25190 
 
 920 
 
 36.22040 
 
 970 
 
 38.18890 
 
 771 
 
 30.35427 
 
 821 
 
 32.32277 
 
 871 
 
 34.29127 
 
 921 
 
 36.25977 
 
 971 
 
 38.22827 
 
 772 
 
 30.39364 
 
 822 
 
 32.36214 
 
 872 
 
 34.33064 
 
 922 
 
 36.29914 
 
 972 
 
 38.26764 
 
 773 
 
 30.43301 
 
 823 
 
 32.40151 
 
 873 
 
 34.37001 
 
 923 
 
 36.33851 
 
 973 
 
 38.30701 
 
 774 
 
 30.47238 
 
 824 
 
 32.44088 
 
 874 
 
 34.40938 
 
 924 
 
 36.37788 
 
 974 
 
 38.34638 
 
 775 
 
 30.51175 
 
 825 
 
 32.48025 
 
 875 
 
 34.44875 
 
 925 
 
 36.41725 
 
 975 
 
 38.38575 
 
 776 
 
 30.55112 
 
 826 
 
 32.51962 
 
 876 
 
 34.48812 
 
 926 
 
 36.45662 
 
 976 
 
 38.42512 
 
 777 
 
 30.59049 
 
 827 
 
 32.55899 
 
 877 
 
 34.52749 
 
 927 
 
 36.49599 
 
 977 
 
 38.46449 
 
 778 
 
 30.62986 
 
 828 
 
 32.59836 
 
 878 
 
 34.56686 
 
 928 
 
 36.53536 
 
 978 
 
 38.50386 
 
 779 
 
 30.66923 
 
 829 
 
 32.63773 
 
 879 
 
 34.60623 
 
 929 
 
 36.57473 
 
 979 
 
 38.54323 
 
 780 
 
 30.70860 
 
 830 
 
 32.67710 
 
 880 
 
 34.64560 
 
 930 
 
 36.61410 
 
 980 
 
 38.58260 
 
 781 
 
 30.74797 
 
 831 
 
 32.71647 
 
 881 
 
 34.68497 
 
 931 
 
 36.65347 
 
 981 
 
 38.62197 
 
 782 
 
 30.78734 
 
 832 
 
 32.75584 
 
 882 
 
 34.72434 
 
 932 
 
 36.69284 
 
 982 
 
 38.66134 
 
 783 
 
 30.82671 
 
 833 
 
 32.79521 
 
 883 
 
 34.76371 
 
 933 
 
 36.73221 
 
 983 
 
 38.70071 
 
 784 
 
 30.86608 
 
 834 
 
 32.83458 
 
 884 
 
 34.80308 
 
 934 
 
 36.77158 
 
 984 
 
 38.74008 
 
 785 
 
 30.90545 
 
 835 
 
 32.87395 ■ 
 
 885 
 
 34.84245 
 
 935 
 
 36.81095 
 
 985 
 
 38.77945 
 
 786 
 
 30.94482 
 
 836 
 
 32.91332 
 
 886 
 
 34.88182 
 
 936 
 
 36.85032 
 
 986 
 
 38.81882 
 
 78,7 
 
 30.98419 
 
 837 
 
 32.95269 
 
 887 
 
 34.92119 
 
 937 
 
 36.88969 
 
 987 
 
 38.85819 
 
 788 
 
 31.02356 
 
 838 
 
 32.99206 
 
 888 
 
 34.96056 
 
 938 
 
 36.92906 
 
 988 
 
 38.89756 
 
 789 
 
 31.06293 
 
 839 
 
 33.03143 
 
 889 
 
 34.99993 
 
 939 
 
 36.96843 
 
 989 
 
 38.P3693 
 
 790 
 
 31.10230 
 
 840 
 
 33.07080 
 
 890 
 
 35.03930 
 
 940 
 
 37.00780 
 
 990 
 
 38.97630 
 
 791 
 
 31.14167 
 
 841 
 
 33.11017 
 
 891 
 
 35.07867 
 
 941 
 
 37.04717 
 
 991 
 
 39.01567 
 
 792 
 
 31.18104 
 
 842 
 
 33.14954 
 
 892 
 
 35.11804 
 
 942 
 
 37.08654 
 
 992 
 
 39.05504 
 
 793 
 
 31.22041 
 
 843 
 
 33.18891 
 
 893 
 
 35.15741 
 
 943 
 
 37.12591 
 
 993 
 
 39.09441 
 
 794 
 
 31.25978 
 
 844 
 
 33.22828 
 
 894 
 
 35.19678 
 
 944 
 
 37.16528 
 
 994 
 
 39.13378 
 
 795 
 
 31.29915 
 
 845 
 
 33.26765 
 
 895 
 
 35.23615 
 
 945 
 
 37.20465 
 
 995 
 
 39.17315 
 
 796 
 
 31.33852 
 
 846 
 
 33.30702 
 
 896 
 
 35.27552 
 
 946 
 
 37.24402 
 
 996 
 
 39.21252 
 
 797 
 
 31.37789 
 
 847 
 
 33.34639 
 
 897 
 
 35.31489 
 
 947 
 
 37.28339 
 
 997 
 
 39.25189 
 
 7Q8 
 
 31.41726 
 
 848 
 
 33.385/6 
 
 898 
 
 35.35426 
 
 948 
 
 37.32276 
 
 998 
 
 39.29126 
 
 799 
 
 31.45663 
 
 849 
 
 33.42513 
 
 899 
 
 35.39363 
 
 949 
 
 37.36213 
 
 999 
 
 39.33063 
 
 800 
 
 31.49600 
 
 850 
 
 33.46450 
 
 900 
 
 35.43300 
 
 950 
 
 37.40150 
 
 1,000 
 
 39.37000 
 
 294 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abrasive Wheel Manufacturers' Safety 
 
 Code, 54 
 Accidents, Causes of Grinding Wheel, 56 
 Acetylene Gas, Comparative Heat Values 
 
 of. 5 
 Acid Bronze Mixture, 183 
 Acid Resistant Castings, Composition of, 40 
 
 Acid Resisting 
 
 Alloy. 183 
 
 Alloys, 226 
 
 Metal, 182 
 Acid Still and Egg Castings, Composftion 
 
 of, 40 
 Addendum. Circles. Radii for Epicycloidal 
 
 Gear Teeth, 146 
 
 Agricultural Machinery, Castings 
 
 Composition of Ordinary, 40 
 
 Composition of Very Thin, 40 
 Air Cylinder Castings, Composition of, 40 
 Air Handled by Dust Collecting Hoods, 53 
 Air Pressure Table, 48 
 Air Velocity Tables. 49 
 Aircraft, Aluminum Alloys Used in, 201 
 Ajax Metal, Mixture for, 216 
 Ajax Plastic Bronze, Mixture for, 215 
 Alcohol in Etching Solutions for Iron and 
 
 Steel, Ethyl, 10 
 Allowance for Shrinkage in Castings, 60' 
 
 Alloy, 
 
 A Half Red and Half Yellow. 164 
 A Tough Ductile. 164 
 for Seal Metal No. 1. 164 
 for Springs. 239 
 
 Alloys and Metals 
 
 Data on. 167 
 Weights of, 165 
 
 Alloys, 
 
 Bron/e Die Casting, 179 
 
 Comparative Hardness of Copper. 208 
 
 Copper-Tin-Phosphorus. 172 ■ 
 
 for Solders. Tin and Lead, 232 
 
 Having a Low Melting Point, 228 
 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony, 170 
 
 Mixtures for Proprietary Bearing, 215 
 
 Odd and Unusual, 221 
 
 Patented Aluminum, 202 
 
 Patented Nonferrous. 191 
 
 Patented Nonferrous, 239 
 
 Physical Properties of Phosphor Bron/.e, 
 
 178 
 Physical Requirements of Nonferrous, 
 
 242 
 Soldering, 230 
 
 Specific Gravity and Weights of, 166 
 Strong Aluminum, 193 
 Tin-Antimony-Copper, 169 
 Used in Aircraft. Aluminum. 201 
 Used in English Practice, Brass and 
 Bronze. 168 
 
 Aluminum Alloys 
 
 Common. 1''3 
 
 for Castings. 195 
 
 Mixture for. 244 
 
 Patented. 202 
 
 Used in Aircraft. 201 
 Aluminum and Brass Alloy. Weight of. 165 
 Aluminum and Bronze Alloy, Weight of. 165 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 as a Deoxidizer for Copper, 206 
 
 at a Deoxidizer for Yellow Brass, 206 
 
 by Girth Method, Determining Weight 
 of, 107 
 
 Copper and Tin Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 
 Hardening Effect of Metals on, 197 
 
 Hardness of Alloys of Copper with Tin, 
 Zinc and, 209 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Manganese Bronze, Effect of, 158 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Aluminum Balls or Spheres, Weights of. Ill 
 Aluminum Bars per Running Inch, Weights 
 
 of Elliptical, 109 
 Aluminum and Magnesium on Tin, Hard- 
 
 ning Effect of, 213 
 Aluminum and Tin Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 
 Aluminum Bronze 
 
 Data on, 199 
 
 Heat Resisting Mixture for, 220 
 
 Soldering, 235 
 
 Aluminum Castings 
 
 Determined from Weight of Patterns 
 \y eight of, 120 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 Aluminum Fillets, Table for Computing 
 
 Weight of. 105 
 Aluminum Manganese Bronze, Patented 
 
 _ 192 
 Aluminum Rods or Cylinders per Running 
 
 Inch. Weights of, 113 
 American Railway Bearing Metal, 170 
 Ammonia Cylinder Castings, Composition 
 
 of, 40 
 Analysis, Calculating Mixtures for the 
 
 Cupola To Secure Definite, 38 
 Ancient Statuary Mixture, 185 
 Angle of Contact in Belts and Pulleys, 71 
 Angles and Tapers. 139 
 Angles from 1 to 90 Degrees, Chords of, 130 
 
 Annealing Boxes 
 
 for Malleable Work, Composition of. 40 
 Pots and Pans. Composition of. 40 
 Annealing Carbon Steel Castings. 264 
 Anti-Friction Bearing Metal, 170 
 Anti-Friction Bearing Metal, 226 
 
 Anti-Friction Metal 
 
 Mixture for, 245 
 Nonpariel, 221 
 
 Antimony Alloys 
 
 Hardness of Copper and, 211 
 
 Tests of Lead-Tin, 233 
 Antimony and Lead Alloy, Weight of. 165 
 Antimony and Tin Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 
 Antimony 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of. 165 
 Antimony-Tin-Copper Alloys. 169 
 Antimony-Tin-Lead Alloys. 170 
 Arcs. Table of Sines, Tangents, Chords and 
 
 Circular, 141 
 Areas of Irregular Figures, 22 
 Argentan Metal Mixture, 182 
 Argon, Melting Point of, 59 
 Arhberry Metal, 169 
 Armature Babbit. 217 
 Arsenic, Melting Point of, 59 
 Art Bronze Mixtures, 188 
 Aterite Mixture, 185 
 Austenite Structure, Etching Solution to 
 
 Show, 10 
 Automobiles, Babbitt, Mixtures for, 219 
 
 29: 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Automobile Castings, Composition of, 40 
 Automobile Cylinders, Composition of, 40 
 Automobile Flywheels, Composition of, 40 
 
 Babbitt 
 
 for Heavy Service, Genuine, 217 
 
 Used in Automobiles, 219 
 Babbitt Metal, 229 
 Babbitt's Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Babbitts, Patented Mixtures for, 240 
 Baily's Metal, 185 
 
 Balls for Ball Mills, Composition of, 40 
 Balls or Spheres, Weights of. 111 
 Bar, Determining the Weight of Irregular 
 
 82 
 Barium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Barrel Exhausts, Tumbling, 61 
 Bars, per Running Inch, Weights of 
 
 Elliptical, 109 
 Barth's Formula for Horsepower Delivered 
 
 by Belts and Pulleys, 74 
 
 Bearing Alloy 
 
 Kochlin's, 180 
 Phosphor Bronze, 155 
 
 Bearing Alloys 
 
 Copper-Tin, 174 
 
 Proprietary Mixtures for, 215 
 Bearing Metal, 170 
 
 Electric Railway, 186 
 
 Mixture for White Brass, 161 
 Bearing Metal Alloys, Copper-Tin, 172 
 Bearing Metals, Hardness of, 214 
 
 Bearing Mixture 
 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys, 170 
 Patented Manganese Bronze, 191 
 
 Bearings 
 
 in England, Mixtures Used for, 168 
 
 Mixture for Heavy, 169 
 
 Specifications for Railroad Scrap, 266 
 Bed Plates, Composition of, 40 
 Bedstead Work, Composition of, 40 
 Bees Wax Composition Vents, 2 
 Bell and Spigot Cast Iron Pipe, Volume and 
 
 Weight of Piled, 287 
 
 Bell Metal 
 
 Electric Railway, 186 
 
 Flux for, 238 
 Bells and Hoppers for Blast Furnaces, 
 
 Composition of, 40 
 Belting, Economical Speed for, 78 
 Belts and Pulleys, Data on, 65 
 Belts, Horsepower Transmitted by, 73 
 Bench, Details of a Coremaker's, 6 
 Benedict Nickel, 227 
 Beryllium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Binders, Composition of, 40 
 Bins, Tonnage of Coke in, 64 
 Bismuth Alloys, Hardness of Copper and 
 
 210 
 Bismuth and Lead Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Bismuth and Tin Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Tin, Hardening Effect of, 213 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Blanched Copper, 185 
 Blast Furnace Castings, Composition of 
 
 40 
 Blast Furnaces, Composition of Bells and 
 
 Hoppers, 40 
 Blast Pipes, Diameters of Cupola, 50 
 
 Blowers 
 
 Capacity Table of Cupola, 52 
 Computing Air Pressure in Pipes, 48 
 Diameters of Cupola Blast Pipes, 50 
 Testing, 37 
 Board Feet in Pattern Lumber, 122 
 Boiler Fronts, Composition of, 40 
 Boiler Plugs, Alloys for Safety, 228 
 
 Boron 
 
 as a Deoxidizer, 206 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Brake Band Linings, Mixture for, 240 
 Brakeshoes, Compositions of, 40 
 Brass, a Bright Dip for, 241 
 Brass and Aluminum Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Brass and Bronze Alloys Used in English 
 
 Practice, 168 
 Brass Balls or Spheres, Weights of Yellow, 
 
 111 
 Brass Bars per Running Inch, Weights of 
 
 Elliptical, 109 
 
 Brass 
 
 by Girth Method, Determining Weight 
 
 of, 107 
 Cheap Red, 163 
 
 Dip to Prevent Tarnishing of, 241 
 Ductile Yellow, 225 
 Flux for All Kinds of, 237 
 for Sand Castings, Yellow, 160 
 for Small Castings, Red, 159 
 Naval Rod Mixture, 171 
 Pickling Solutions for, 246 
 Specifications for Light, Heavy and 
 
 Tubing Scrap, 266 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of, 282 
 White, 116 
 
 Brass Castings 
 
 Determined from Weight of Patterns, 
 Weight of Yellow, 120 
 
 Dip for Removing Sand from, 241 
 
 Pickle for Cleaning, 241 
 
 Shrinkage of Thin, 60 
 Brass Fillets, Table for Computing Weight 
 
 of Yellow, 105 
 Brass Furnace Lining, Carborundum, 4 
 Brass Goods, Mixture for Plumbers', 162 
 Brass Mixtures, Cheap, 163 
 Brass Rods or Cylinders Per Running Inch, 
 
 Weights of Yellow, 113 
 Brazing Metal Mixture, 224 
 Brazing Metal, United States Standard, 187 
 Brazing Solders, 231 
 Brick Foundry Refractories, Fire, 3 
 Bright Dip for Brass, Fumeless, 246 
 
 Britannia Metal 
 
 Composition of, 169 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Mixture, 171 
 Bromine, Melting Point of, 59 
 Bronze Alloys 
 
 Physical Properties of Phosphor, 178 
 
 Used in English Practice, Brass and, 168 
 Bronze and Aluminum Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Bronze and Phosphor Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Bronze C, Manganese, 154 
 
 Bronze 
 
 Da mar, 179 
 
 Data on Aluminum, 199 
 
 Effect of Various Elements on the 
 
 Strength of Manganese, 158 
 Electric Railway, 186 
 for Machinery Castings, 157 
 High Pressure, 184 
 Hydraulic, 184 
 Imitation Manganese, 163 
 for Furnace Electrodes, 180 
 for Statuary and Tablets, 188 
 Heat Resisting, 220 
 Mixture for Ajax Plastic, 215 
 Mixture for Harrington, 180 
 Parson's Manganese, 156 
 Soldering Aluminum, 235 
 Weight of, 165 
 Weight of Tobin, 165 
 
 Bronze Mixtures_ _ 
 
 for Phosphor, 155 
 Nickel, 223 
 Bronze Specifications for Gun, Manganese 
 and Phosphor, 242 
 
 296 
 
INDEX— Continue J 
 
 Bronze Statuary Mixture, 171 
 
 Buffing Wheels, Minimum BranchlPipes 
 
 for, 53 
 Bushing Alloy, 173 
 
 Caesium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Cadmium' 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Copper-Zinc Alloys, Effect of,J|[lS8 
 Weight of, 165 
 Calcium Aluminum Bronze, 200 
 
 Calcium 
 
 as a Deoxidizer, 206 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Calculating Mixtures for the Cupola, 38 
 Calumet and Hecia Metal, Mixture for, 217 
 Capacity of Chimneys, 20 
 Capacity of Ladles, Measuring the, 46 
 Capacity Table of Cupola Blowers, 52 
 Caps and Covers, Weights of, 100 
 Car Castings, Composition of Gray Iron, 40 
 Car Wheels, Composition of Chilled, 40 
 Carbon Bronze, Mixture for, 216 
 Carbon Content for Various Castings, 40 
 Carbon Dioxide. Bronze to Withstand High 
 
 Pressure of, 184 
 Carbon, Melting Point of, SO 
 Carbon Steel Castings, Annealing, 264 
 Carbon Steel Objects, Heat Treating Case 
 
 Hardened, 263 
 Carborundum Brass Furnace Lining, 4 
 Carmelia Metal, Mixture for, 216 
 Case Hardened Carbon Steel Objects, 263 
 Cast Iron Fillets, Table for Computing 
 
 Weight of, 105 
 
 Cast Iron 
 
 Pickling Solutions for, 9 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 Weight of a Sciuare Foot of, 120 
 Cast Iron Pipe and Special Castings, 
 Specifications for, 257 
 
 Cast Iron Pipe 
 
 Pattern Sizes and Weights of, 117 
 Volume and Weight of Piled Bell and 
 Spigot, 287 
 
 Cast Iron Plate, Method of Determining 
 Weight of, 106 
 
 Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings. Specifi- 
 cations for, 251 
 
 Cast Naval Brass, Mixture for, 243 
 
 Casting Copper, 204 
 
 Castings 
 
 Alloy for Copper-Tin, 174 
 
 Aluminum Alloys for, 195 
 
 Annealing Carbon Steel, 264 
 
 Bronze for Machinery, 157 
 
 Compositions for Gray-Iron, 40 
 
 Dip for Copper, 241 
 
 from Patterns, Formulas for Determin- 
 ing Weights of, 120 
 
 Heat Resisting, 220 
 
 of Uniform Thickness from Block Pat- 
 terns, Method of Making, 24 
 
 per Foot, Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Perimeter for Girth Table for Determin- 
 ing the Weight of, 106 
 
 Pickling Solutions for Iron, 9 
 
 Red Brass for Small.^ IS'* 
 
 Rel.itions Between Composition and 
 Thickness of, 39 
 
 .Specifications for Gray-Iron, 248 
 
 Weights of Iron, 80 
 
 Weights of Solid Octagonal Iron, 108 
 
 Yellow Brass for Sand, 160 
 Castings for Electrical Purposes, Copper. 
 
 207 
 Causes of Grinding Wheel Accidents, 56 
 Caustic Pots, Composition of, 40 
 Cemenilte Grains, Etching Solutions to 
 
 Show, 10 ^ 
 Center of Gravity of Irregular Figures, 
 
 Finding. 23 
 
 Centigrade^to Fahrenheit, Table for [Con- 
 verting to, 285 
 Cerium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Chains and Ropes, Strength of, 36 
 Charcoal, Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 Charging Mixtures for the Cupola, 38 
 Chart, Metallurgical Temperature, 43 
 Cheap Babbitt Resembling Calumet and 
 
 Hecla, No. 2, 218 
 Cheap Brass Mixture for Plumbers' Goods, 
 
 162 
 Cheap Brass Mixtures, 163 
 Cheap Bronze for Machinery Castings, 157 
 Cheap Bronze Mixtures, 180 
 Cheap Red Brass, 163 
 Cheap Red Metal, 203 
 Cheap Silver Solder, 230 
 Cheap Yellow Brass, 163 
 Chemical Castings, Composition for, 40 
 Chemical Compositions for Gray-Iron 
 
 Castings, 40 
 Chemical Elements, Melting Points of, S9 
 
 Chemical Formulas 
 
 Composition for Gray-Iron Castings, 40 
 Etching Solutions for Iron and Steel, 10 
 Chemical Properties and Tests of Metal for 
 Locomotive Cylinders, 255 
 
 Chemical Properties 
 
 of Gray Iron Castings, 248 
 
 of Iron for Soil Pipe and Fittings, 2S1 
 Chemical Specifications for Casting 
 
 Materials, 243 
 Chemical Symbols for Metals, 167 
 Chemin de fer de I'Est Francais Bearing 
 
 Mixture, 170 
 Chilled Castings, Composition of, 40 
 Chills, Composition of, 40 
 Chimney Capacity, 20 
 Chimney Design, Data on, 14 
 Chimney Friction Losses, 18 
 Chinese Gong Mixture, 171 
 Chinese White Copper Mixture, 171 
 Chlorine, Melting Point of, 59 
 Chords and Circular Arcs, Table of Sines, 
 
 Tangents, 141 
 
 Chords 
 
 for Spacing Circular Lengths of, 126 
 of Angles from 1 to 90 Degrees, 130 
 Tables for Determining Lengths of, 143 
 Chrome Brick Refractories, 3 
 
 Chromium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Circle into Given Chords, Table for 
 
 Dividing, 143 
 Circles, Lengths of Chords for Spacing, 126 
 Circular Arcs, Tables of Sines, Tangents, 
 
 Chords and, 141 
 Clamping Device for Coreplate. 26 
 
 Clay 
 
 to Brick, Proportions of, 3 
 Used to Mold Thin Castings from Block 
 Patterns, 24 
 
 Clearances 
 
 for Electric Cranes, 32 
 
 for Hand Power Cranes. 34 
 Clock Metal Mixture Used in England, 168 
 Close Grained Iron, How to Get, 39 
 Coal, Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 Coal Gas Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 
 Coal 
 
 Storing Space Required for, 5 
 Weights of, S 
 Coatings for Steel Cores, 2 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 297 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Coke 
 
 Coraparativt Heat Values of, 5 
 in Bins, Tonnage of, 64 
 Storage Space Required for, S 
 Weights of, 5 
 
 Collars and Couplings for Shafting, 
 Composition of, 40 
 
 Collectors for Exhaust Systems, Specifi- 
 cations for, 267 
 
 Colors. Temperature Measurements by, 28 
 
 Columbium. Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Commercial Brass, 187 
 
 Common Castings Copper, 204 
 
 Composition and Thickness of Castings, 
 Relation Between, 39 
 
 Composition 
 
 of Miscellaneous Alloys, 171 
 
 of Nonferrous Alloys, 243 
 Composition Vents, 2 
 Composition for Gray-Iron Castings, 40 
 Compound Drive, Pulley Diameters in, 66 
 Computing Areas of Irregular Figures, 22 
 
 Computing Weight 
 
 from Specific Gravity, 31 
 of Coke in Bin, 64 
 of Pig in Piles, 63 
 
 Condenser Lining Mixture Used in England, 
 168 
 
 Conductivity of Aluminum Alloys, Elec- 
 trical, 194 
 
 Cone 
 
 Determining the Weight of, 86 
 Formulas for Determining the Weight ot 
 a Sector of, 87 
 Cone Pulleys, Composition of, 40 
 
 Connections 
 
 Data on Wrought Iron Pipe, ISl 
 for Woodworking Machinery, Exhaust 
 150 
 
 Constant 
 
 for Determining Weight of Hollow 
 
 Cylinder, 81 
 for IDetermining Weight of Solid Ellipse, 
 81 
 
 Constants 
 
 for Correcting Specific Gravity, 31 
 
 for Determining Weight of Aluminum 
 Castings, 101 
 
 for Determining Weight of Cast Iron, 101 
 
 for Determining Weight of Copper Cast- 
 ings. 101 
 
 for Determining Weight of Gun Metal 
 Castings, 101 
 
 for Determining Weight of Iron Cast- 
 ings. 80 
 
 for Determining Weight of Steel Cast- 
 ings, 101 
 
 for Determining Weight of Yellow Brass 
 Castings, 101 
 
 for Determining Weight of Zinc Cast- 
 ings, 101 
 Contact of Belts and Pulleys, Angle of, 71 
 
 Conversion Table 
 
 for Changing Centigrade to Fahrenheit, 
 285 
 
 of Decimal Equivalents to Fractions, 283 
 
 of Millimeters to Inches. 291 
 
 of Net and Gross Ton Equivalents, 280 
 Cocks and Faucets, Specifications for 
 
 Scrap, 265 
 Cooling, Metal to Expand in, 171 
 Cooling Period for Annealing Carbon Steel 
 
 Castings, 264 
 Copper, a Bright Dip for, 241 
 Copper Additions, EflFect of Manganese. 225 
 Copper Alloys, Comparative Hardness 
 
 of, 208 
 Copper Alloys on Aluminum, Effect of, 197 
 Copper and Its Alloys, Deoxidizers for, 206 
 Copper, Aluminum and Tin, Weight of 
 
 Alloy, 165 
 
 Copper Balls or Spheres, Weights of. 111 
 Copper Bars per Running Inch, Weights of 
 Elliptical, 109 
 
 Copper Castings 
 
 Determined from Weight of Patterns, 
 
 Weight of, 120 
 Dip for, 241 
 for Electrical Purposes, 207 
 
 Copper 
 
 Common Casting, 204 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Specifications for Heavy Scrap, Light 
 Scrap and Wire, 265 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of, 282 
 
 Zinc and Manganese Alloy, Weight of 
 165 
 Copper Fillets, Table for Computing 
 
 Weight of, 105 
 Copper Flange Mixture, 171 
 Copper-Tin-Phosphorus Alloys, 172 
 Copper Rods or Cylinders Per Running 
 
 Inch, Weights of. 113 
 Copper Sulphate Flux for Soldering, 235 
 Copper-Tin-Antimony Alloys, 169 
 Copper-Zinc Alloys, Effect of Cadmium 
 
 on, 158 
 Coremaker's Bench, Details of, 6 
 Coreplate Clamping Device, 26 
 
 Cores 
 
 Coatings for Steel, 2 
 
 Composition Beeswax and Rosin Vents 
 
 for, 2 
 Wax Vents for, 2 
 
 Corners, Patternmakers' Table for Round- 
 ing, 138 
 
 Cornish Bronze, Mixture for, 216 
 
 Cotton Machinery, Composition of. Cast- 
 ings for, 40 
 
 Couplings and Collars for Shafting, Com- 
 position of, 40 
 
 Covers, Weights of Caps and, 100 
 
 Cranes 
 
 Clearances for Electric, 32 
 Clearances for Hand Power, 34 
 Data Required in Ordering, 33 
 Cross Section Method of Determining 
 
 Areas of Figures, 22 
 Crowns for Pulleys, 78 
 Crusher Castings, Composition of, 40 
 Crusher Jaws, Composition of, 40 
 Cupola Blast Pipes, Diameters of, SO 
 
 Cupola Blowers 
 
 Capacity Table of, 52 
 Testing, 37 
 
 Cupola 
 
 Calculating Mixtures for the, 38 
 Elements Change in the, 39 
 
 Curves 
 
 for Determining Draft of Chimneys, IS 
 Giving Diameters of Chimneys, 21 
 Giving Loss of Draft in Chimneys, 19 
 
 Cutting Tools, Composition of Chilled 
 Iron, 40 
 
 Cylinder Bushings, Composition of Loco- 
 motive, 40 
 
 Cylinder 
 
 Determining the Weight of an Elliptical, 
 
 83 
 Determining the Weight of a Hollow, 85 
 Determining the Weight of a Sector of a 
 
 Hollow, 87 
 Determining the Weight of a Sector of a 
 
 Solid. 86 
 Determining the Weight of a Solid, 83 
 Determining the Weight of a Truncated 
 
 Circular. 83 
 
 298 
 
INDEX -Continued 
 
 \ 
 
 C^ylinders 
 
 Composition of, 40 
 
 Composition of Gas Engine, 41 
 
 Composition of Heavy Hydraulic, 41 
 
 Composition of Locomotive, 41 
 
 Composition of Medium Hydraulic, 41 
 
 Computing Weight of Hollo 81 
 
 Per Running Inch, Weights of Rods or, 
 
 113 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Specifications for Locomotive, 255 
 Cylindrical Iron Castings, Weights of, 80 
 
 Da mar Bron7.e, 179 
 
 Damascus Bronze, Mixture for, 216 
 
 Data on Belts and Pulleys, 65 
 
 Data on Chimney Design, 14 
 
 Data on Wrought Iron Pipe, 151 
 
 Daubing Mixture for Ladles, 4 
 
 Decimal Equivalents of fractions, 283 
 
 Decimal Parts of a Gross ton, 278 
 
 Decimal System, Table Converting to 
 
 Inches, 2*^ 
 Delta Metal, Weight of, 165 
 Deoxidizers for Copper and Its Alloys, 206 
 Designing Chimneys, 14 
 Details of a Coremakers' Bench, 6 
 Dewrance Metal, Locomotive, 169 
 Diameter Is Known, Table for Determining 
 
 Lengths of Chords to Divide Circle 
 When, 143 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Is Known, Tables for Determining Length 
 
 of Chord When, 126 
 
 of Iron Cylinders, Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 of Pipes and Sockets, Allowable Vari- 
 ations in, 257 
 
 of Polygons, Table for Determining, 
 133 
 
 Diameters 
 
 of Circles for Polygons from 1/16 to 6 
 Inches, 134 
 
 of Cupola Blast Pipes, 50 
 
 of Grinding Wheels, 54 
 
 of Pulleys, 65 
 
 of Tumbling Barrel Exhaust 
 Pipes, 61 
 Diamond Polishing Wheels, Composition 
 
 of, 40 
 Die Casting Alloys, Bronze, 179 
 Die Casting, Mixtures of Aluminum for, 202 
 Dies for Drop Hammers, Composition for, 
 
 40 
 Dimensions of Pipes, General, 258 
 Dimensions of Polygons, Table of, 133 
 Dips, Miscellaneous for Treating Cast- 
 ings, 241 
 Draft of Chimneys, 14 
 Drill Sizes for Wood Screws, 151 
 Driving Power of Belts, 73 
 Driving Pulleys, Diameters of, 65 
 Dross from Aluminum Alloys, Removing, 
 
 196 
 Ductile Bronze, Specifications for, 154 
 Ductile Manganese Bronze, 156 
 Ductile Yellow Brass, 225 
 Durana Metal, Mixture for, 210 
 Dust Collecting Hoods, Air Handled by, 53 
 Dust Separator, Specifications for, 271 
 Dynamo Frames, Bases and Spiders, 
 
 Composition of Large, 40 
 Dynamo Frames, Bases and Spiders, 
 
 Composition of Small, 40 
 
 Eccentric, Straps, Composition of, 41 
 Electric Cranes, Clearances for, 32 
 Electrical Castings, Composition of, 41 
 Electrical Conductivity of Aluminum 
 
 Alloys, 194 
 Electrical Purposes, Copper Castings for, 
 
 207 
 Electrode Bronze, 180 
 Electrolytic Etching, II 
 Electrotype Metal, 107 
 Elements on Iron, Effects of, 39 
 
 Ellipse, Weight of Solid, 81 
 
 Ellipsoid, Determining the Weight of 
 
 an, 88 
 Elliptical Bars, Weights of, per Running 
 
 Inch, 109 
 Elliptical Cone, Determining the Weight 
 
 of, 86 
 Elliptical Cross Section, Weight of a 
 
 Ring, 92 
 Elliptical Cylinder, Determining the Weight 
 
 of, 83 
 Embossing Heads, Composition of, 41 
 Engine Frames, Composition of, 41 
 Engineer, Definition of Word, 262 
 English Practice, Brass and Bronze Alloys 
 
 Used in, 168 
 Epicycloidal Gear Teeth, Table of Dimen- 
 sions for, 146 
 Equivalents of Fractions, Decimal, 283 
 
 Etching Solutions 
 
 Chemical Formulas for, 10 
 Iron and Steel, 10 
 
 Ethyl Alcohol in Etching Solutions^ for 
 Iron and Steel, 10 
 
 Ex B Metal, Pennsylvania Railroad Mix- 
 ture for, 215 
 
 Exhaust Connections for Woodworking 
 Machinery, 150 
 
 Exhaust Systems, Specifications for, 267 
 
 Exhausters, Air Handled by, 53 
 
 Exhausts, Tumbling Barrel, 61 
 
 Expand in Cooling, Metal to, 171 
 
 Face Radii for Epicycloidal Gear Teeth, 
 
 146 
 Facings for Steel Cores, 2 
 Facing Mixture for Skin Dried Molds, 2 
 Fan and Blower Casings, Composition of, 41 
 Fans and Dust Collectors for Exhaust 
 
 Systems, Specifications for, 267 
 Faucets and Cocks, Specifications for 
 
 Scrap, 265 
 Fer rite Grains, Etching Solution To Show, 10 
 Ferro Bronze Alloys, Hardness of, 210 
 Ferrocyanide Pots, Composition of, 41 
 Ferrous Sulphide Etching Solution, 12 
 
 Fillets 
 
 Determining Weight of Inside Circular,98 
 Determining Weight of Inside Circular, 
 
 102 
 Determining Weight of Outside Circular, 
 
 97 
 Determining Weight of Outside Circular, 
 
 98 
 Determining Weight of Outside Circular. 
 
 102 
 Determining Weight of Sector of Inside 
 
 Circular, 97 
 Determining Weight of Straight, 102 
 Data on Leather, 151 
 Determining Weight of Inside Circular, 
 
 104 
 Determining Weight of Outside Circular, 
 
 104 
 Determining Weight of Straight, 104 
 of Any Material, Determining the Weight 
 
 of, 82 
 of Difl^erent Materials, Weights of, 103 
 Table for Computing Weights of, 105 
 Firebrick Foundry Refractories, 3 
 Fittings and Soil Pipe, Composition of 
 Castings for, 42 
 
 Fittings 
 
 Composition of Brass for Screw Pipe, 244 
 Composition of Superheated Steam Lines 
 
 of Pipe, 42 
 Specifications for Cast Iron Soil Pipe 
 
 and, 251 
 Table of Weight of Soil Pipe, 253 
 Flank Radii of Epicycloidal Gear Teeth, 146 
 Flourine, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Flux 
 
 for Phosphor Bronze, 155 
 
 299 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 for Soldering, 236 
 
 for Use in Soldering Aluminum Bronze, 
 235 
 
 Fluxes 
 
 for Aluminum Alloys, 196 
 
 for Copper Alloys, 204 
 
 for Nonferrous Metals, 237 
 Flywheel Castings, Composition of, 41 
 Flywheel, Formulas for I'iuding the Weight 
 
 of, 45 
 Forges and Furnaces, Sizes of Pipes for, 62 
 Formula for Changing Centigrade to 
 
 Fahrenheit, 285 
 
 Formulas 
 
 Chemical Compositions for Gray-Iron 
 Castings, 40 
 
 for Air Pressure Computation, 48 
 
 for Air Velocity, 49 
 
 for Computing Weights of Caps and 
 Covers, 100 
 
 for Determining Specific Gravity and 
 Weights of Alloys, 166 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Cone, 86 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Frus- 
 trum of a Cone, 86 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Frus- 
 trum of a Rectangular Pyramid, 85 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Frus- 
 trum of an Elliptical Cone, 86 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Frus- 
 trum of a Triangular Pyramid, 84 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Hollow 
 Cylinder, 85 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Hollow 
 Sphere, 88 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Prismoid 
 of Irregular Shape, 84 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Pyramid 
 with a Rectangular Base, 85 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Ring 
 Made by Cutting a Cylindrical Hole 
 Through a Sphere, 91 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Ring of 
 Triangular Cross Section, 91 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Sector 
 of a Cone, 87 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Sector 
 of a Frustrum of a Cone, 87 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Sector 
 of a Hollow Cylinder, 87 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Sector 
 of a Solid Cylinder, 86 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Segment 
 of an Ellipsoid, 91 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Solid 
 Sphere, 88 
 
 for Determining the Weight of. a Solid 
 Triangular Casting, 88 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Trun- 
 cated Rectangular Casting, 85 
 
 for Determining the Weight of a Trun- 
 cated Triangular Casting, 84 
 
 for Determining the Weight of an Ellip- 
 soid, 88 
 
 for Determining the Weight of an Ellip- 
 tical Cone, 86 
 
 for Deterniining the Weight of Ellip- 
 tical Cylinders, 83 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Iron 
 Castings by Perimeter or Girth Table, 
 106 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Irregular 
 Bars, 82 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Parabo- 
 loids, 82 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Rectangu- 
 lar Castings, 82 
 
 for Eletermining the Weight of Solid 
 Cylinders, 83 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Straight 
 Fillets, 82 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Triangular 
 Pyramids, 84 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Truncated 
 Circular Cylinders, 83 
 
 for Determining the Weight of Truncated 
 Elliptical Cylinders, 83 
 
 for Determining the Weights of Spherical 
 Wedges, 93 
 
 for Determining Weight of Inside Circular 
 Fillets, 104 
 
 for Determining Weight of Outside Cir- 
 cular Fillets, 104 
 
 for Determining Weight of Straight 
 Fillets, 104 
 
 for Determining Weights of Castings 
 from Patterns, 120 
 
 for Determining Weights of Frustrums 
 of Hexagonal Pyramids, 89 
 
 for Determining Weights of Generated 
 Solids, 92 
 
 for Determining Weights of Hexagonal 
 Castings, 89 
 
 for Determining Weights of Hollow 
 Spherical Wedges, 94 
 
 for Determining Weights of Inside Cir- 
 cular Fillets, 98 
 
 for Determining Weights of Inside Cir- 
 cular Fillets, 102 
 
 for Determining Weights of Irregular 
 Castings, 94 
 
 for Determining Weights of Outside Cir- 
 cular Fillets, 98 
 
 for Determining Weights of Outside Cir- 
 cular Fillets, 102 
 
 for Determining Weights of Pyramids 
 with Hexagonal Bases, 89 
 
 for Determining Weights of Rings of 
 Elliptical Cross Section, 92 
 
 for Determining Weights of Sectors of 
 Inside Fillets, 97 
 
 for Determining Weights of Sectors of 
 Outside Circular Fillets, 97 
 
 for Determining Weights of Sectors of 
 Paraboloids, 93 
 
 for Determining Weights of Sectors of 
 Rings Made by Cutting Cylindrical 
 Through a Sphere, 95 
 
 for Determining Weights of Sectors of 
 Rings of Circular Cross Sections, 95 
 
 for Determining Weights of Sectors of 
 Spherical Segements, 90 
 
 for Determining Weights of Segements of 
 Rings of Elliptical Cross Section, 95 
 
 for Determining Weights of Segements of 
 Rings of Triangular Cross Section, 96 
 
 for Determining Weights of Solid Octa- 
 gonal Iron Castings, 108 
 
 for Determining Weights of Solids Gen- 
 erated by Revolving Plane Areas, 96 
 
 for Determining Weights of Spherical 
 Segements of One Base, 99 
 
 for Determining Weights of Spherical 
 Segements of Two Bases, 99 
 
 for Determining Weights of Straight 
 Fillets, 102 
 
 for Fillets of Different Materials, 103 
 
 for Finding Weights, 45 
 
 Mathematical. Center of Gravity, 23 
 
 Mathematical, Computing Areas of 
 Irregular Figures, 22 
 
 Mathematical. Data on Chimney Design, 
 14 
 
 Mathematical. Notes on Specific Gravity, 
 30 
 
 Mathematical. Pressure Exerted by 
 Molten Metal, 29 
 
 Mathematical. Weights of Iron Castings, 
 80 
 Foundation Washers, Standard, 144 
 Foundry Coke in Bins, Tonnage of, 64 
 Fractions, Decimal Equivalents of, 283 
 French Car-Bearing Metal, 169 
 French Railway Bearing Metal, 169 
 Friction Clutches, Composition of, 41 
 Friction Losses, Chimney, 18 
 Friction Metal, Lafond's Heavy, 180 
 
 300 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Frustrum 
 
 of a Circular Cone, Determining tlie 
 
 Weight of, 86 
 of a Cone, Determining the Weight of a 
 
 Sector of a, 87 
 of an I^Uiptical Cone, Determining the 
 
 Weight of. 86 
 Frustrumsof Hexagonal Pyramids, Weights 
 of. 8^^ 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 
 Weights of, S 
 Fumeless Bright Dip for Brass, 246 
 Furnace Cement, Mixture for, 4 
 Furnace Construction, Data on Chimney 
 
 Design, 14 
 Furnace Lining, Carborundum Brass, 4 
 Furnaces, Sizes of Pipes for Forges and, 62 
 Fuse Wire, Alloys for, 228 
 Fusible Alloys, 228 
 Gaging Temperature by Color, 28 
 Gallium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Gas, Comparative Heat Values of, S 
 Gas Engine Cylinders, Composition, of, 41 
 Gases, Chimney, 14 
 Geage's Alloy, 181 
 Gear Flanges, Worm, 175 
 Gear Teeth, Table of Dimensions for 
 
 Epicycloidal, 146 
 Gear Wheel Alloy, 172 
 
 Gears 
 
 Composition of Heavy, 41 
 
 Composition of Medium, 41 
 
 Composition of Small, 41 
 German Britannia Metal, 169 
 German Railway Bearing Metal, 169 
 
 German Silver 
 
 a Bright Dip for, 241 
 
 Weight of, 165^ 
 German Silver Mixture, 171 
 Germanium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Gilding Metal Used in England, 168 
 Girders. Shrinkage of Iron, 60 
 Girth Table for Determining the Weight of 
 
 Iron Castings, Perimeter for, 106 
 Glyco Bearing Metal, 170 
 
 Gold 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Gong Mixture, Chinese, 171 
 Graney Bronze, 179 
 
 Grate Bar Castings, Composition of, 41 
 Graphite Metal Bearing Mixture, 170 
 Gravity and Weights of Alloys, Specific, 166 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Notes on Specific, 30 
 
 of Irregular Figures, Method of Finding 
 the Center, of, 23 
 
 Gray- Iron Castings 
 
 Compositions for, 40 
 
 Specifications for, 248 
 Gray Iron, Weight of a Square Foot of, 282 
 Grinding Burrs, Composition of, 41 
 Grindings, Flux for, 237 
 
 Grinding Wheel Accidents, Causes of, 56 
 Grinding Wheel Hoods, Air Handles by, S3 
 Grinding Wheel, Specifications for Exhaust 
 
 System for, 267 
 Grinding Wheel Standards. 54 
 Grinding Wheels, Plan for Exhaust System 
 
 for, 273 
 Gross Ton Conversion Tables, 276 
 Gross Ton Equivalents, Net and, 280 
 
 Gun Bronze 
 
 Specifications for, 242 
 
 U. S. Standard, 187 
 Gun Carriages, Composition of, 41 
 Gun Metal Balls or Spheres, Weight of. 111 
 
 Gun Metal Bars per Running Inch, Weights 
 
 of Elliptical, 109 
 Gun Metal Castings Determined From 
 
 Weight of Patterns, Weight of, 120 
 Gun Metal, Cheap Mixture for Imitating, 
 
 159 
 Gun Metal Fillets, Table for Computing 
 
 Weight of, 105 
 Gun Metal Mixture, 171 
 Gun Metal Mixture, 177 
 Gun Metal Rods or Cylinders Per Running 
 
 Inch, Weights of, 113 
 Gun Metal, Weight of, 165 
 
 Hand Power Cranes, Clearances for, 34 
 Hand Wheels, Dimensions of Standard, 8 
 Hangers for Shafting, Composition of, 41 
 Hard Bearing Alloy, 172 
 Hard Lead, 218 
 Hard Solders, 232 
 
 Hardener 
 
 for Aluminum Alloys, 195 
 
 for Parson's Manganese Bronze, 156 
 
 for Use with Manganese Bronze, 154 
 
 Hardening Alloy for Aluminum, Mixture 
 for, 244 
 
 Hardening Effect of Metals on Aluminum, 
 197 
 
 Hardening Metal for Use in Making Babbitt, 
 229 
 
 Hardening Pots, Composition of, 41 
 
 Hardness of Bearing Metals, 214 
 
 Hardness of Copper Alloys, Comparative, 
 209 
 
 Hardness of White Metals, Comparative, 
 212 
 
 Hardware. Composition of Light, 41 
 
 Harrington Bronze, 180 
 
 Heat at Which Chemical Elements Melt, 59 
 
 Heat Measurement by Color, 28 
 
 Heat-Resistant Iron, Composition of, 41 
 
 Heat Resisting Castings, 220 
 
 Heat Treating Case-Hardened Carbon- 
 Steel Obiects. 263 
 
 Heat Treating Temperatures, 43_ 
 
 Heat Values of Fuels, Comparative, 5 
 
 Helium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Helmet Metal, 221 
 
 Hexagonal Castings, Weights of, 89 
 
 Hexagons 
 
 Diameters of Circles for Inscribing, 134 
 Lengths of Sides for Inscribing, 136 
 Heyns Reagent, 11 
 High Pressure Bronze, 184 
 High Speed Steel, Etching Solution for, 13 
 Hinges and Locks, Composition of, 41 
 Hollow Ware, Composition of, 41 
 Hoods, Air Handled by Dust Collecting, 53 
 Hoppers and Bells for Blast Furnaces, 
 
 Composition of, 40 
 Horsepower Measurement of Blowers, 37 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Required for Blowers, 52 
 
 Transmitted by Belts, 73 
 Housings for Rolling Mills, Composition 
 
 of, 41 
 Hoyle's Metal, 170 
 Hydraulic Bronze, Kern's Silicon, 181 
 
 Hydraulic Cylinders 
 
 Composition of Heavy, 41 
 
 Composition of Medium, 41 
 Hydraulic Metal, 184 
 Hydraulic Metal Mixture Used in England, 
 
 168 
 Hydrochloric Acid in Etching Solutions for 
 
 Iron and Steel, 10 
 Hydrofluoric Acid, Pickling Solutions for 
 
 Iron, 9 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Hydrostatic Test for Cast Iron Pipe, 261 
 
 301 
 
INDEX—Continued 
 
 •Imitation Manganese Bronze, 163 
 Imitation Silver, Patented, 192 
 Inches, Table Converting Millimeters to, 
 
 291 
 Indium, Melting Point of, S9 
 Ingot Molds and Stools, Composition of, 41 
 Ingots for. Mixture for Monel Metal, 244 
 Inscribing Polygons, Diameters of Circles 
 
 for, 134 
 Inspecting Cast-Iron Pipes, 261 
 Inspecting Locomotive Cylinders, 256 
 Inspecting Soil Pipe and F'ittings, 254 
 Inspection of Gray-Iron Castings, 250 
 
 Interpolation Tables 
 
 for Chords of Angles from 1 to 90 Degrees, 
 132 
 
 for Computing Board Feet in Lumber, 125 
 Iodine, Melting Point of, 59 
 Iridium and Platinum Alloys, Weight of, 165 
 
 Iridium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Iron and Steel, Alloys for Lead Coating, 239 
 Iron and Steel Etching Solutions, 10 
 Iron Balls or Spheres, Weights of, 111 
 Iron Bars per Running Inch, Weights of 
 
 Elliptical, 109 
 Iron by Analysis, Rules for Mixing, 39 
 
 Iron Castings 
 
 Compositions for Gray, 40 
 
 Determined from Weight of Patterns, 
 
 Weight of, 120 
 Specifications for Grav, 248 
 Weights of, 80 
 Weights of Solid Octagonal, 108 
 
 Iron 
 
 in Aluminum Bronze, Effect of, 200 
 
 in Piles or Ricks, Tonnage of, 63 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Pickling Solutions for, 9 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of Gray, 282 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of Wrought, 282 
 
 Weight of cast, 165 
 
 Iron Pipe and Special Castings, Specifica- 
 tions for, 257 
 
 Iron Pipe, Volume and Weight of Piled Bell 
 and Spigot Cast, 287 
 
 Iron Rods or Cylinders Per Running Inch, 
 Weights of, 113 
 
 Irregular Bar, Determining the Weight of, 82 
 
 Irregular Castings, Determining the Weight 
 of, 94 
 
 Irregular Figures, Computing Areas of, 22 
 
 Italian Railway Bearing Metal, 170 
 
 Jacoby Metal, Mixture for, 169 
 Japanese Bronze, 182 
 
 Journal Bronze, United States standard, 187 
 Judging Temperature by Color, 28 
 
 Karmasch Bearing Metal, 169 
 Kern's Silicon Hydraulic Bronze, 181 
 Key Metal Mixture, 222 
 Kochlin's Bearing Alloy, 180 
 Krypton, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Ladle Daubing, 4 
 
 Ladles Measuring the Capacity of, 46 
 
 Lafond's Heavy Friction Metal, 180 
 
 Lamp Bronze, 225 
 
 Lanthanum, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Laying Brick for Furnace Linings, 3 
 
 Laying Out Epicycloidal Gear Teeth, Table 
 
 for, 146 
 Lead and Antimony Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Lead and Bismuth Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Lead and Tin Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Lead and Tin Alloys, 232 
 Lead Castings Determined from Weight of 
 
 Patterns, Weight of, 120 
 Lead Coating Iron and Steel, Alloys for, 239 
 Lead 
 
 by Girth Method, Determining Weight 
 of, 107 
 
 Fluxes for, 237 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Aluminum Alloy, Effect of, 203 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of, 282 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys, 170 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys, Tests of, 233 
 Leather Fillets, Data on, 151 
 Length of Iron Cylinders, Shrinkage of, 60 
 Lengths of Chords for Spacing Circles, 126 
 Lengths of Chords, Tables for Determining 
 
 143 
 Light Castings, Bronze for, 188 
 Lime Pickling Solutions for Iron, 9 
 Lining, Carborundum Brass Furnace, 4 
 
 Linings 
 
 Laying Refractory Furnace, 3 
 Mixture for Brake Bands, 240 
 Links, Determining Strength of Crane 
 
 Chain, 36 
 Linotype Metal, 170 
 Lithium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Load for Chains and Ropes, Safe, 36 
 Locks and Hinges, Composition of, 41 
 
 Locomotive Castings 
 
 Composition of Heavy, 41 
 Composition of Light, 41 
 Locomotive, Composition of Cylinder 
 Bushings of, 40 
 
 Locomotive Cylinders 
 
 Composition of, 41 
 
 Specifications for, 255 
 Locomotive Dewrance Metal, 169 
 Locomotive Smoke Stacks, Composition of 
 
 Castings for, 42 
 Low Melting Point, Alloys Having a, 228 
 Lumber Board Feet in Pattern, 122 
 
 Machine-Cast Pigs in Piles, Tonnage of, 63 
 Machine Easily, Red Br:.ss that Will, 159 
 
 Machinery Castings 
 
 Bronze for, 157 
 
 Composition of Light, 41 
 
 Composition of Heavy, 41 
 Magnesite Cement, Chrome Brick Solid 
 
 in, 3 
 Magnesium Alloys on Aluminum, Effect 
 
 of, 198 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Aluminum Alloy, Effect of, 203 
 
 on Tin, Hardening Effect of Aluminum 
 
 and, 213 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Magnolia Bearing Metal, 170 
 
 Magnolia, Weight of, 165 
 
 Mahogany Patterns, Formulas for Deter- 
 mining Weights of Castings from, 120 
 
 Magnesium Alloys, Hardness of Copper 
 and, 211 
 
 Maganese Additions to Yellow Brass, 160 
 
 Manganese Bronze C, 154 
 
 Manganese Bronze 
 
 Effect of Various Elements on Strength 
 of, 158 
 
 Mixture for, 243 
 
 Mixture for United States Standard, 245 
 
 Parson's, 156 
 
 Patented, 191 
 
 Specifications for, 242 
 Manganese Bronze Imitation, 163 
 Manganese Content for Various Castings, 
 
 40 
 Manganese-Copper Additions, Effect of, 225 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Copper and Zinc Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Iron Mixtures, Effects of, 39 
 
 on Manganese Bronze, Effect of, 158 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 302 
 
INDEX—Continued 
 
 Manpanese in Aluminum Bronze, Effect 
 
 of, 200 
 Manganese Nickel Alloys, Hardness of 
 
 Copper, 209 
 Manganese Sulphide Etching Solution, 12 
 
 Malleable Iron 
 
 Pickling Solutions for, 9 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 Marine Bearing Mixture Used in England, 
 
 168 
 Marine Engines, Babbitt Used on, 218 
 Marking Soil Pipe and Fittings, 254 
 Martensite, F.tching Solution To Show, 1 
 Martins and Heyns Etching Solution, 10 
 
 Mathematical Formulas 
 
 Air Pressure, 48 
 
 Center of Gravity, 23 
 
 Computing Areas of Irregular Figures, 22 
 
 Data on Chimney Design, 14 
 
 for Finding Weights, 45 
 
 Notes on Specific Gravity, 30 
 
 Pressure Exerted by Molten Metal, 29 
 
 Weights of Iron Castings, 80 
 Measuring the Capacity of Ladles, 46 
 Medal Mixture, 171 
 
 Melting 
 
 a Cheap Red Metal. 205 
 
 a Half Red and Half Yellow Alloy. 164 
 
 Acid Resisting Alloys, 183 
 
 Aluminum Alloys, 193 
 
 Aluminum Allovs for Castings, 195 
 
 Babbitt Metal, '229 
 
 Benedict Metal, 227 
 
 Brass for Plumbers' Goods, 162 
 
 Brazing Metal, 224 
 
 Bronze for Machinery Castings, 157 
 
 Cheap Red Brass, 163 
 
 Common Casting Copper, 204 
 
 Copper for Castings for Electrical 
 
 Purposes, 207 
 Imitation Manganese Bronze, 163 
 Manganese Bronze C, 154 
 Mira Metal, 182 
 Needle Metal, 182 
 Parson's Manganese Bronze, 156 
 Phosphor Bronze, 155 
 Red Brass for Small Castings, 159 
 White Brass for Bearing Metal, 161 
 Yellow Brass for Sand Castings, 160 
 
 Melting Point 
 
 Allovs with a Low, 228 
 
 of Allo'-s, 167 
 
 of Fusible Alloys, 228 
 
 Melting Points 
 
 of Chemical Elements, 59 
 of Metals, 43 
 of Solders, 232 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Metal Mixture for Tvpewriter Castings, 1 81 
 Metal No. 1, Seal, 164 
 
 Metal 
 
 Pressure Exerted by Molten, 29 
 Which Expands in Cooling, 171 
 Metallic Packing, 170. 
 Metallurgical Temperature Chart, 43 
 Metals and Alloys, Data on, 167 
 
 Metals 
 
 Melting Points of, 43 
 Melting Points of, 59 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of Various, 282 
 Weights of Alloys and, 165 
 Metric System, Conversion Table of, 291 
 Microstructure, Etching Solutions to De- 
 velop Iron and Steel, 10 
 
 Millimeters to Inches, Table Converting, 
 
 291 
 Mine-Car Wheels, Composition of, 41 
 Mira Metal, 182 
 
 Miscellaneous Alloys, Composition, 171 
 Miscellaneous Dips, 241 
 Mixing Iron by Analysis, Rules for, 39 
 
 Mixture 
 
 Carborundum Brass Furnace Lining, 4 
 
 Fireclay, 3 
 
 for Brass Plumbers' Goods, 162 
 
 for Imitation Manganese Bronze, 163 
 
 for Ladle Daubing, 4 
 
 for Lafond's Heavy Friction Metal, 180 
 
 for Parson's Manganese Bronze, 156 
 
 for Red Brass for Small Castings, 159 
 
 for White Brass, 161 
 
 Furnace Cement, 4 
 
 of Seal Metal No. I, 164 
 
 Mixtures 
 
 Cheap Brass, 163 
 
 for Brass and Bronze Used in England 
 
 168 
 for Machinery Castings, Bronze, 157 
 for Manganese Bronze Propellers, 154 
 for the Cupola, Calculating, 38 
 of Yellow Brass for Sand Castings 160 
 Molding Thin Section Castings from Block 
 
 Patterns, 24 
 Molds, Facing Mixture for Skin Dried, 2 
 Molten Metal, Pressure Exerted by, 29 
 Molybdenum, Melting Point of, 59 
 Monel Metal Castings, Mixture for, 243 
 Monel Metal Ingots, Mixture for, 244 
 Monel Metal, Specifications for, 242 
 Monel Metal Test Coupons, Method of 
 
 Casting, 242 
 Montana Gold, 221 
 
 Motor Frames 
 
 Bases and Spiders, 
 
 Large, 41 
 Bases and Spiders, 
 Small, 41 
 Motor Metal, 
 Mouthpiece 
 
 Composition 
 Composition 
 
 Very Hard, 217 
 for Cupola Blast Pipes, 
 Length of, 51 
 Mower Castings, Composition of, 41 
 Muntz Metal Mixture, 171 
 
 Muntz Metal 
 
 Mixture for, 245 
 
 United States Standard, 187 
 
 Weight of Rolled, 165 
 
 Natural Gas, Comparative Heat Values of,5 
 Navy Yard Specifications for Manganese 
 
 Bronze C, 154 
 Needle Metal, 182 
 Neodymium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Neon, Melting Point of, 59 
 Nergandin Alloy Mixture, 183 
 Net and Gross Ton Equivalents, 280 
 Newton's Solder, 171 
 
 Nicliel 
 
 Benedict, 227 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of 165 
 
 Nickel Alloys 
 
 Miscellaneous, 223 
 
 Hardness of Copper, 209 
 Nickel Aluminum Castings. Shrinkage of, 60 
 Nickel Bronze Mixture 22? 
 Nickel Silver or White Brass, 161 
 Nickel Whitens Brass, 161 
 Nital Etching Solution, 11 
 Nitre Pot Castings, Composition of, 42 
 Nitric Acid in Etching Solution for Iron 
 
 and Steel, 10 
 Nitrogen, Melting Point of, 59 
 Noheet Metal, 221 
 
 303 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Nonferrous Alloys 
 
 Composition of, 243 
 
 Patented, 191 
 
 Patented, 239 
 
 Physical Requirements of, 242 
 Nonferrous Metals, Fluxes for, 237 
 Non-Gran Metal Mixture, 181 
 Non-Magnetic Alloy, 240 
 Nonpariel Anti-Friction Metal, 221 
 Novelty Castings, Composition of, 42 
 
 Oak Patterns, Formulas for Determining 
 
 \Veights of Castings from, 120 
 Octagonal Iron Castings, Weights o 
 
 Solid, 108 
 
 Octagons 
 
 Diameter of Circles for Inscribing, 134 
 Lengths of Sides for Inscribing, 136 
 
 Odd and Unusual Alloys, 221 
 
 Ornamental Castings, Composition of 42 
 
 Osmium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of, 16S 
 Ounce Metal Mixture, 222 
 Ovens, Data on Beehive and By-Product 
 
 Coke, 5 
 Oxygen, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Packing Rings, Mixture for, 240 
 Packing, Metallic, 170 
 Packing Ring Alloy, Piston, 172 
 
 Palladium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Paraboloid 
 
 Determining the Weight of, 82 
 
 Determining the Weight of, 84 
 
 Weight of a Sector of, 93 
 Paraffine Wax Vents for Cores, 2 
 Parson's Manganese Bronze, 156 
 Partinium, Weight of, 165 
 Patented Aluminum Alloys, 202 
 Patented Nonferrous Alloys, 191 
 Patented Nonferrous Alloys, 239 
 Pattern Data, Dimensions of Standard 
 
 Hand Wheels, 8 
 Pattern Letter Mixture, 171 
 Pattern Lumber, Board Feet in, 122 
 Pattern Sizes and Weights of Cast Iron 
 
 Pipe, 117 
 
 Patternmakers' Table 
 
 for Tapers and Angles, 139 
 for Rounding Corners, 138 
 Patternmaking Machinery, Exhaust Con- 
 nections for, ISO 
 
 Patterns . . „, . , , 
 
 Formulas for Determining Weights of 
 Castings from, 120 
 
 Methods of Making Castings of Uniform 
 Thickness from Block, 24 
 Pearlite Grains, Etching Solutions to 
 
 Show, 10 
 Peat, Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, Mixture for Ex B 
 
 Metal, 215 
 Perimeter for Girth Table for Determining 
 
 Weight of Iron Castings, 106 
 Peripheral Speed of Grinding Wheels, 54 
 Permanent Mold Castings, Composition 
 
 of- 42 . , .^ 
 
 Permanent Molds, Composition of, 42 
 Pewter Mixture, 171 
 Pewter, Mixture for, 169 
 Phosphor Bronze Alloy, Weight of, 165 
 Phosphor Bronze Alloys, 178 
 Phosphor Bronze Mixture Used in England, 
 168 
 
 Phosphor Bronze 
 
 Mixtures for, 155 
 Specifications for, 242 
 
 Phosphorus Content for Various Castings, 
 
 40 
 Phosphorus-Copper-Tin Alloys, 172 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 in Aluminum Bronze, Effect of, 199 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Iron Mixtures, Effects of, 39 
 
 Physical Properties 
 
 of Gray-Iron Castings, 248 
 
 of Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloys, 233 
 
 of Phosphor Bronze Alloys, 178 
 
 Physical Properties and Tests 
 
 of Iron for Soil Pipe and Fittings, 252 
 
 of Metal for Locomotive Cylinders, 255 
 
 Phvsical Requirements of Nonferrous 
 
 Alloys, 242 
 Piano Plate Castings, Composition of, 42 
 Pickle for Cleaning Brass Castings, 241 
 
 Pickling Solutions 
 
 for Brass, 246 
 
 for Iron, 9 
 Picric Acid in Etching Solutions for Iron 
 
 and Steel, 10 
 Pig Iron in Piles or Ricks, Tonnage of, 63 
 Piles or Ricks, Tonnage of Pig Iron in, 63 
 Pillow Block Castings, Composition of, 42 
 Pinchbeck Mixture, 171 
 Pine Patterns, Formulas for Determining 
 
 Weights of Castings from, 120 
 Pinions, Mixtures for Copper-Tin, 176 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Air Pressure in, 48 
 
 Pattern Sizes and Weights of Cast Iron, 
 
 117 
 Standard Dimensions for Cast Iron, 258 
 Volume and Weight of Piled Bell and 
 Spigot Cast Iron, 287 
 
 Pipes 
 
 Diameters of Tumbling Barrel Exhaust, 
 
 61 
 for Exhaust Systems, Specifications for, 
 
 267 
 for Forges and Furnaces, Sizes of, 62 
 Shrinkage of Iron, 60 
 Pipe and Special Castings, Specifications 
 
 for Cast Iron, 257 
 Pipe Castings, Composition of, 42 
 
 Pipe Fittings 
 
 Composition of, 42 
 
 for Superheated Steam Lines, Com- 
 position of, 42 
 Piston Brass Mixture Used in England, 168 
 Piston Mixture, Aluminum Alloy, 193 
 Piston Packing Ring Aljoy, 172 
 Piston Rings, Composition of, 42 
 Pitch Circles for Epicycloidal Gear Teeth, 
 
 Radius of ,146 
 Pitch Is Known, Table of Dimensions 
 
 for Laying Out Gear Teeth When, 146 
 Plan for Exhaust System for Emery Wheel, 
 
 273 
 Plate, Method of Determining Weight of 
 
 Cast Iron, 106 
 Platinoid Mixture, 221 
 Platinum and Iridium Alloys, Weight of, 165 
 
 Platinum 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Plow Points, Composition of Chilled, 42 
 Plugs for Piercing Billets, Composition of,42 
 Plumbago Coating for Steel Cores, 2 
 Plumbers' Brass Goods Mixtures for, 162 
 Polishing Wheels, Connecting Pipes for 
 
 Grinding and, 53 
 
 Polygons 
 
 Lengths of Sides of, 136 
 
 304 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Outside Diameters of Circles for In- 
 scribing, 134 
 
 Tables of Dimensions of, 133 
 Potassium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Pounds, Table for Converting Gross Tons 
 
 to, 276 
 Pouring Temperature of Manganese Bronze 
 
 C, 154 
 Praseodymium. Melting Point of. 59 
 Pressure Blowers,' Capacity Table of 
 
 Coupola, 52 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Exerted by Molten Metal, 29 
 
 in Cupola Blast Pipes, 50 
 Pressure Measurement of Blowers, 37 
 Pressure Table, Air, 48 
 
 Printing Press Castings, Composition of 42 
 Prismoid, Determining the Weight of an 
 
 Irregular, 84 
 Producer Groutings, 4 
 Propeller Castings, Manganese Bronze C, 
 
 154 
 Propeller Wheels, Composition of, 42 
 Proprietary Bearing Alloys, 215 
 
 Pulleys 
 
 Composition of, 40 
 Composition of Large, 42 
 Composition of Small, 42 
 Crowns for, 7S 
 Data on Belts and, 65 
 Width of, 78 
 Pumps, Composition of Hand, 42 
 
 Pyramid 
 
 Determining the Weight of a Frustrum 
 
 of a Triangular, 84 
 with a Rectangular Base, Determining 
 the Weight of, 85 
 Pyramids w-th Hexagonal Bases, Weights 
 of, 89 
 
 Queen's Metal, Mixture for, 169 
 
 Radiator Castings, Composition of, 42 
 Radiators, Composition of, 42 
 Radii for Leather Fillets, 151 
 Radium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Radius 
 
 of Circle for Rounding Corners, 138 
 of Gear Teeth, Epicycloidal, 146 
 of Turn for Cupola Blast Pipes, 50 
 
 Rag Wheels, Minimum Branch Exhaust 
 Pipes for, 53 
 
 Railroad Bearings, Specifications for Scrap, 
 266 
 
 Reagents for Etching Iron and Steel. 10 
 
 Rectangular Castings, Determining Weight 
 of, 82 
 
 Rectangular Pyramid, Determining the 
 Weight of a Frustrum of, 85 
 
 Red and Half Yellow Alloy, A Half, 164 
 
 Red Brass 
 
 Cheap, 163 
 
 Flux for. 238 
 
 for Small Castings, 159 
 
 Specifications for Scrap, 266 
 Red Metal, Cheap, 205 
 
 Red Metal Mixture Used in England, 168 
 Refractories, Foundry, 3 
 Retorts, Composition of, 42 
 
 Rhodium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Ricks 
 
 of Iron Pipe, Weight and Volume of, 287 
 Tonnage of Pig Iron in Piles or, 63 
 Ring of Elliptical Cross Section, Determin- 
 ing the Weight of, 92 
 
 Rings 
 
 Mixture for Packing, 240 
 Mixture for Trust, 244 
 
 of Triangular Cross Section, Determining 
 
 the Weight of, 91 
 Made by Cutting Cylindrical Holes 
 Through the Center of Spheres, 
 Determining the Weight of, 91 
 Riser in Determining Pressure in Mold, 
 
 Effect of, 29 
 Rolling Mills, Composition of Housings 
 
 for, 41 
 Rods or Cylinders Per Running Inch, 
 
 Weights of, 113 
 Rolls, Composition of Chilled, 42 
 Ropes, Strength of Chains and, 36 
 Roseleur's Dip for Brass, 246 
 Rosenhain and Houghton Etching Solution, 
 
 11 
 Rosin Composition Vents, 2 
 Rubidium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Ruthenium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 "S" Bearing Metal, 215 
 Safe Grinding Wheel Standards, 54 
 Safety Boiler Plugs, Alloys for, 228 
 Safety Specifications for Exhaust Systems, 
 
 267 
 Samarium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Sand-Cast Pigs in Piles, Tonnage of, 63 
 Sand Facing Mixture for Skin Dried Molds, 
 
 2 
 
 Sand 
 
 Formulas for Finding the Weight of, 45 
 from Brass Castings, Dip for Removing, 
 •241 
 
 Sand Mixtures for Facings, 2 
 
 Scales, Composition of Castings for, 42 
 
 Scandium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Scrap in Bronze Mixture, Quality of, 157 
 
 Scrap Metal Specifications, 265 
 
 Screw Data, VVood, 151 
 
 Screw Pipe Fittings, Composition of Brass 
 for, 244 _ 
 
 Sea Coal Facing Mixture for Skin Dried 
 Molds, 2 
 
 Seal Metal No. 1, 164 
 
 Section of Exhaust Connections for Wood- 
 working Machinery, 150 
 
 Sector of a Solid Cylinder, Determining the 
 Weight of, 86 
 
 Segar Cones for Determining Temperature, 
 28 
 
 Segments of an Ellipsoid, Determining the 
 Weight of, 91 
 
 Selenium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Separators. Specifications for Dust, 271 
 
 Shafting 
 
 Composition of Collars and Couplings 
 
 for, 40 
 Composition of Hangars, for, 41 
 
 Shavings, Exhaust Connections for Re- 
 moving, 150 
 
 Sheathing Metal, 239 
 
 Sheaves, Mixture for Copper-Tin, 175 
 
 Shrinkage 
 
 of Castings per Fool, 60 
 Reduced in Patented Alloys, 202 
 
 Sides of Polygons 
 
 Lengths of, 136 
 
 Table for Determining, 133 
 Silica Brick Refractories, 3 
 Silicon Content for Various Castings, 40 
 Silicon Copper, Melting. 207 
 Silicon Hydraulic Bronze, Kern's, 181 
 
 Silicon 
 
 in Aluminum Bronze, Effect of, 199 
 Melting Point of .59 
 on Iron Mixtures, Effects of, 39 
 Silk Printing in Etching Iron and Steel, 10 
 Silver Alloys, Hardness of Copper and, 211 
 
 305 
 
INDEX— Con/ in ucJ 
 
 Silver 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Patented Imitation, 192 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Silver Solder, 230 
 
 Simpson's Rule for Computing Areas, 22 
 Sines, Tangents, Chords and Circular Arcs, 
 
 Table of, 141 , , _, 
 
 Sixty-fourths, Decimal Equivalents tor. 2SJ 
 
 Sizes 
 
 of Belts, 77 
 
 of Grinding Wheels, Speed and, 54 
 
 of Pipes for Forges and Furnces, 62 
 
 of Pulleys, 78 
 
 of Tumbling Barrel Exhausts, 61 
 Skin Dried Molds, Facing Mixture for, 2 
 Slag Car Bowls, Composition of Castings 
 
 for, 42 . . r ^ • 
 
 Smoke Stacks, Composition ol Castings 
 
 for Locomotive, 42 
 Soda l.ye, Pickling Solutions for Iron, 9 
 Sodium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Sodium Picrate in Etching Solutions for 
 
 Iron and Steel, 10 
 Soft Castings, Yellow Brass for, 160 
 Soft Iron, How to Get, 39 
 
 Soil Pipe and Fittings 
 
 Composition of Castings for, 42 
 Specifications for Cast Iron, 251 
 
 Solder 
 
 Cheap Silver 230 
 Lead-Tin-Antimony, 170 
 Mixture for Alloys for, 228 
 
 Solder 
 
 of Low Melting Point, Mixture for, 230 
 Used in England, Mixture for Copper- 
 smiths, 168 
 
 Solder Mixtures, 171 
 
 Solders, Melting Points of, 232 
 
 Soldering Alloys, 230 
 
 Soldering Aluminum Bronze, 235 
 
 Soldering, Flux for, 236 
 
 Sorbite Structure, Etching Solution to 
 Show, 10 
 
 Space Required for Fuels, 5 
 
 Spacing Circles, Lengths of Chords for, 126 
 
 Specific Gravity and Weights of Alloys, 166 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 Notes on, 30 
 
 of Metals and Alloys 167 
 
 Specifications 
 
 for Cast Iron Pipe and Special Castings, 
 
 257 
 for Cast Iron, Soil Pipe and Fittings, 251 
 for Exhaust Systems, 267 
 for Gray Iron Castings, 248 
 for Locomotive Cylinders, 255 
 for Scrap Metal, 265 
 
 Speed 
 
 for Belting, Economical 78 
 of Belts and Pulleys, 65 
 of Grinding Wheels 54 
 Spelter Solder, 231 
 
 Sphere 
 
 Determining the Weif,ht of a Hollow, 88 
 Determin'ng the Weight of a Solid, 88 
 Spheres, Weight of Balls or. 111 
 
 Spherical Segments 
 
 of One Base, Weight of, 99 
 of Two Bases, Weight of, 90 
 of Two Bases, Weight of, 99 
 Weights of, 90 
 
 Spherical Wedges 
 
 Determining the Weights of, 93 
 Determining Weights of Hollow, 94 
 
 Springs, Nonferrous Alloy for, 239 
 
 Square Foot of Various Metals, Weight of, 
 
 282 
 Square Iron Castings Weights of, 80 
 
 Squares 
 
 Diameters of Circles for Inscribing, 134 
 Lengths of Sides for Inscribing in Circles. 
 136 
 Standard Crane Dimensions, 33 
 Standard Foundation Washers, 144 
 Standard Hand Wheels, Dimensions of, 8 
 Standard Sizes and Weights of Soil Pipe 
 
 and Fittings, 252 
 Standard Wood Washers, 145 
 Statuary Bronze Mixtures, 188 
 Steads Reagent for Etching Iron and Steel, 
 10 
 
 Steam Cylinders 
 
 Composition of Castings for Heavy, 42 
 Composition of Castings for Medium, 42 
 Steam Metal, Electric Railway, 186 
 
 Steel 
 
 Alloys for Lead Coating Iron and, 239 
 
 by Girth Method, Determining Weight 
 of, 107 
 
 in Pounds from 1 to 1000 Cubic Inches, 
 ^yeight of. 289 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of, 282 
 
 Weight of Cast, 165 
 Steel Balls or Spheres, Weights of. 111 
 Steel Bars per Running Inch Weights of 
 
 Elliptical, 109 
 Steel Castings, Annealing Carbon, 264 
 Steel Cores. Coatings for, 2 
 Steel Etching Solutions, Iron and, 10 
 Steel Fillets, Table for Computing Weight 
 
 of, 105 
 Steel Objects, Heat Treating Case-Hardened 
 
 Carbon, 263 
 Steel Rods or Cylinders per Running Inch, 
 
 Weights of, 1 13 
 Stereotype Metal. 170 
 
 Stools and Ingot Molds, Composition of, 41 
 Storage Space Required for Fuels, 5 
 Stove Plates, Composition of Castings for, 
 42 
 
 Strength 
 
 of Chains and Ropes, 36 
 
 of Copper-Zinc Alloys, Effect of Cadmium 
 on, 158 
 
 of Manganese Bronze, Effect of Various 
 Elements on, 158 
 
 of Phosphor Bronze, Tensile, 155 
 Strong Copper Alloys, 226 
 Strontium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Subtended Angles from Chords How to 
 
 Find, 130 
 Sulphur Content for Various Castings, 40 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 on Iron Mixtures, Effects of, 39 
 Sulphurous Acid in Etching Solutions for 
 
 Iron and Steel, 10 
 Superheated Steam Lines, Composition of 
 
 Pipe Fittings for 42 
 Swiss Railway Bearing Metal, 169 
 Symbols for Metals, Chemical, 167 
 
 Table 
 
 Converting Millimeters to Inches, 291 
 for Changing Centigrade to Fahrenheit 
 
 285 
 for Computing Weights of Fillets, 105 
 for Rounding Corners, Patternmakers', 
 
 138 
 Giving Decimal Parts of a Gross Ton, 278 
 Giving Net and Gross Ton Equivalents, 
 
 280 
 Giving Weight of Square Foot of Cast 
 Iron of Varying Thickness, 120 
 
 306 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 of Clearances for I'.Iectric Cranes, 32 
 of Clearances for Hand Power Cranes, 34 
 of Decimal Equivalents of Fraciions 283 
 of Dimensions for Epicycloidal Gear 
 
 Teeth, 146 
 of Dimensions for Standard Foundation 
 
 Washers, 144 
 of Dimensions for Standard Wood 
 
 Washers, 145 
 of Dimensions of Pipes, 2S8 
 of Dimensions of Polygons, 133 
 of l.enRths of Sides of Polygons, 136 
 of Sines, Tangents, Chords and Circular 
 
 Arcs, 141 
 of Weight of Steel in Pounds from 1 to 
 
 1000 Cubic Inches, 289 
 
 Tables 
 
 for Converting Gross Tons, 276 
 
 for Determining Board Feet in Pattern 
 Lumber, 122 
 
 for Determinine Chords of Angles from 1 
 to 90 Degrees, 130 
 
 Giving Weights of Balls or Spheres, 111. 
 
 Giving Weights of Elliptical Bars per 
 Running Inch, 109 
 
 Giving Weights of Rods or Cylinders per 
 Running Inch, 113 
 
 of Determining Lengths of Chords, 143 
 
 of Tapers and Angles, 139 
 Tablets, Mixtures for Bronze, 188 
 Tandem and Magnolia Bearing Metal, 170 
 Tangents, Cliords and Circular Arcs, Table 
 
 of Sines, 141 
 Tantalum, Melting Point of, 59 
 Tapers and Angles, 139 
 Tarnishing of Brass, Dip to Prevent, 241 
 Teeth, Table of Dimensions for Epicycloidal 
 
 Gear, 146 
 Tellurium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Temperature Chart, Metallurgical, 43 
 
 Temperature 
 
 for Annealing Carbon-Steel Castings, 264 
 Influence on Specific Gravity, 31 
 Measurement by Colors, 28 
 of Aluminum Alloys, Pouring, 195 
 of Manganese C, Pouring, 154 
 Temperature Table of Centigrade and 
 Fahrenheit Equivalents, 285 
 
 Temperatures 
 
 at Which Chemical Elements Melt, 59 
 for Heat Treating, 43 
 
 Tensile Strength 
 
 of Chains and Ropes, 36 
 of Phosphor Bronze, 155 
 Tension Test Specimen for Gray Iron 
 Casting, 249 
 
 Test Bars 
 
 for Gray Iron Castings, 249 
 for Metal for Locomotive Cylinders, 256 
 Test Pieces, Method of Casting, 242 
 
 Testing 
 
 Blowers, 37 
 
 Cast Iron Pipes, 261 
 
 Iron for Cast Iron Pipes, 261 
 
 Tests 
 
 of Gray Iron Castings, 248 
 
 of Lead-Tin and Antimony Alloys, 233 
 Thallium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Thermal Value of Fuels, 5 
 Thickness and Weight of Cast Iron Pipe, 
 
 Table Showing, 259 
 Thickness of Castings, Relation Between 
 
 Composition and, 39 
 Thorium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Thrust Rings, Mixture for, 244 
 Tin Alloys on Aluminum, Effect of, 197 
 Tin and Antimony Alloys Weight of, 165 
 Tin and Bismuth Alloys Weight of, 165 
 Tin and Lead Alloys Weight of, 165 
 
 Tin and Lead Alloys, 232 
 
 Tin and Zinc, Hardness of Alloys of,212 
 
 Tin-Antimony Alloys, Tests of Lead, 233 
 
 Tin-Antimony-Copper Alloys, 169 
 
 Tin-Antimony-Lead Alloys, 170 
 
 Tin Babbitt Metal. Melting, 229 
 
 Tin 
 
 Copper and Aluminum Alloy, Weight of, 
 
 165 
 Hardening EfTtct of Aluminum and 
 
 Magnesium on, 213 
 Hardening Effect of Bismuth on, 213 
 on Manganese Bronze, Effect of, 158 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Tin 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Used for Boiler Plugs, 228 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Weight of a Square Foot of, 282 
 
 Zinc and Aluminum, Hardness of Alloys 
 of Copper with, 209 
 Tin-Phosphorus Copper Alloys, 172 
 Tincture of Iodine, Etching Solution, 11 
 
 Titanium 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Tobin Bronze 
 
 Mixture for, 245 
 
 Weight of, 165 
 Ton Conversion Tables, Gross, 276 
 Ton, Decimal Parts of a Gross, 278 
 Ton Equivalents, Net and Gross, 280 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 of Coke in Bins, 64 
 
 of Pig Iron in Piles or Ricks, 63 
 Tough Ductile Alloy, a, 164 
 Toys, Composition of Castings for, 42 
 
 Triangular Casting 
 
 Determining the Weight of a Solid, 88 
 Determining the Weight of a Truncated 
 84 
 
 Triangular Pyramid 
 
 Determining the Weight of, 84 
 Determining the Weight of a Frustrum 
 of, 84 
 
 Troostite, Etching Solution to Show, 10 
 
 Truncated Circular Cylinder, Determining 
 the Weight of, 83 
 
 Truncated Elliptical Cylinder, Determining 
 the Weight of, 83 
 
 Truncated Rectangular Casting, Determin- 
 ing the Weight of, 85 
 
 Tubing, Specifications for Brass Scrap, 266 
 
 Tumbling Barrel Exhausts, 61 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 Weight of, 165 
 
 Turnings, Specification for No. 1 Com- 
 position, 266 
 
 Type Metal, 170 
 
 Typewriter Castings, Composition for, 42 
 
 Typewriter Metal, Mixture for, 181 
 
 United States Bureau 
 
 of Steam Engineering Metal Mixture, 187 
 of Steam Engineering Physical Require- 
 ments for Nonferrous Castings, 242 
 Uranium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Valve Bronze, Mixture for, 243 
 Valve Packing Bearing Metal, 169 
 
 Valves 
 
 Composition for Large, 42 
 
 Composition for Small, 42 
 
 Vanadium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 307 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Losses in Chimneys, 16 
 of Blowers, 37 
 of Belts and Pulleys, 67 
 of Grinding Wheels, 54 
 Velocity Table, Air, 49 
 
 Vents 
 
 Composition Beeswax and Rosin, 2 
 
 for Cores, Wax, 2 
 Volume and Weight of Piled Bell and Spigot 
 
 Cast Iron Pipe, 287 
 Volume Measurement of Blowers, 37 
 
 Washers 
 
 Standard Foundations, 144 
 Standard Wood, 14S 
 
 Water Heaters, Composition for, 42 
 
 Wax Vents for Cores, 2 
 
 Weaving Machinery, Composition of Cast- 
 ings for, 42 
 
 Weight and Specific Gravity, 30 
 
 Weight 
 
 of a Solid Ellipse, 81 
 
 of a Solid Generated by Revolving a 
 Plane Area About an Axis, 92 
 
 of a Square Foot of Cast Iron of Varying 
 Thickness, 120 
 
 of a Square Foot of Various Metals, 282 
 
 of Cast Iron Plate, Method of Determin- 
 ing, 106 
 
 of Coke in Bins, 64 
 
 of Iron Castings, Perimeter or Girth 
 Table for Determining the, 106 
 
 of Piled Bell and Spigot Cast Iron Pipe, 
 287 
 
 of Steel in Pounds from 1 to 1000 Cubic 
 Inches, 289 
 
 Required on the Cope to Resist Pressure, 
 29 
 
 Weights 
 
 Formulas for Finding, 45 
 
 of Alloys and Metals, 165 
 
 of Alloys, Specific Gravity and, 166 
 
 of Aluminum Fillets, 103 
 
 of Balls or Spheres, 111 
 
 of Caps and Covers, 100 
 
 of Castings from Patterns, Formulas for 
 
 Determining, 120 
 of Cast Iron Fillets, 103 
 of Cast Iron Pipe, Pattern Sizes and, 117 
 of Cast Iron Pipe, Standard Thickness 
 
 and, 259 
 of Cast Steel Fillets, 103 
 of Cones, 86 
 of Copper Fillets, 103 
 of Ellipsoids, 88 
 
 of Elliptical Bars per Running Inch, 109 
 of Elliptical Cones, 86 
 of Elliptical Cylinders, 83 
 of Fillets, 104 
 
 of Frustrums of Circular Cones, 86 
 of Frustrums of Elliptical Cones, 86 
 of Frustrums of Hexagonal Pyramids, 89 
 of Frustrums of Rectangular Pyramids, 85 
 of Frustrums of Triangular Pyramids, 84 
 of Fuels, 5 
 
 of Gun Metal Fillets, 103 
 of Hexagonal Castings, 89 
 of Hollow Cylinders, 81 
 of Hollow Cylinders, 85 
 of Hollow Spheres, 88 
 of Hollow Spherical Wedges, 94 
 of Inside Circular Fillets, 98 
 of Inside Circular Fillets, 102 
 of Inside Circular Fillets, 104 
 of Iron Castings, 80 
 of Irregular Bars, 82 
 of Irregular Castings, Determining, 94 
 of Materials for Cupola Charging, 38 
 of Outside Circular Fillets, 98 
 of Outside Circular Fillets, 102 
 of Outside Circular Fillets 104 
 
 of Paraboloids, 82 
 
 of Pig Iron in Piles, 63 
 
 of Prismoids, 84 
 
 of Pyramids with Hexagonal Bases, 89 
 
 of Pyramids with Rectangular Bar Bases, 
 
 85 
 of Rectangular Castings, 82 
 of Rings of Elliptical Cross Section, 92 
 of Rings of Triangular Cross Section, 91 
 of Rings Made by Cutting Cylindrical 
 
 Holes Through a Sphere, 91 
 of Rods or Cylinders per Running Inch, 
 113 
 of Sectors of a Cone, 87 
 of Sectors of Hollow Cylinders, 87 
 of Sectors of Inside Circular Fillets, 97 
 of Sectors of Outside Circular Fillets, 97 
 of Sectors of Paraboloids, 93 
 of Sectors of Rings Made by Cutting 
 Cylindrical Holes Through the Center 
 of Spheres, 95 
 of Sectors of Rings of Circular Cross 
 
 Section, 95 
 of Sectors of Solid Cylinders, 86 
 of Sectors of Spherical Segments, 90 
 of Sectors of Spherical Segments of Two 
 
 Bases, 90 
 of Sectors of the Frustrums of Cones, 87 
 of Segments of an Ellipsoid, 91 
 of Segments of Rings of Elliptical Cross 
 
 Section, 95 
 of Segments of Solids Generated by 
 
 Revolving a Plane Area, 96 
 of Segments of Rings of Triangular Cross 
 
 Section, 96 
 of Soil Pipe and Fittings, Standard Sizes 
 
 and, 252 
 of Solid Cylinders, 80 
 of Solid Cylinders, 83 
 of Solid Octagonal Iron Castings, 108 
 of Solid Spheres, 88 
 of Solid Triangular Castings, 88 
 of Spherical Segments of One Base, 99 
 of Spherical Segments of Two Bases, 99 
 of Spherical Wedges, '53 
 of Square Castings, 80 
 ■ of Straight Fillets, 82 
 of Straight Fillets, 102 
 of Triangular Pyramids 84 
 of Truncated Circular Cylinders, 83 
 of Truncated Elliptical Cylinders, 83 
 of Truncated Rectangular Bar Castings, 
 
 85 
 of Truncated Triangular Castings, 84 
 of Yellow Brass Fillets, 103 
 of Zinc Fillets, 103 
 Wheel Centers, Composition for, 42 
 Wheel, Formulas for Finding the Weight of 
 
 Fly, 45 
 Wheel Standards, Grinding, 54 
 
 Wheels 
 
 Composition for Large, 42 
 Composition for Small, 42 
 Composition of Chilled Car, 40 
 Composition of Mine-Car, 41 
 Dimensions of Standard Hand, 8 
 White Brass, 161 
 
 White Copper Mixture, Chinese, 171 
 White Iron Castings, Composition for, 42 
 White Metal Alloys, Composition of, 170 
 White Metal, Comparative Hardnessof, 212 
 White Metal Mixture LIsed in England, 168 
 White Nickel Alloy, Stifle, 223 
 Width of Face of Leather Fillets, 151 
 
 Wire 
 
 Aluminum Alloys for Drawing into, 194 
 Specifications for Copper Scrap, 265 
 
 Wood, Comparative Heat Values of, 5 
 
 Wood Screw Data, 151 
 
 Wood Washers, Standard, 145 
 
 Woodworking Machinery 
 
 Composition of Castings for, 42 
 Exhaust Connections for 150, 
 
 308 
 
INDEX— Concluded 
 
 Worm Gear Flanges Mixture for, 175 
 Worm Wheels for Automobiles, Aluminum, 
 
 193 
 Wrought Iron Pipe, Data on, 151 
 Wrought Iron, Weight of a Square Foot 
 of. 282 
 
 Xenon, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Yellow Alloy, A Half Red and Half, 164 
 Yellow Brass Balls or Spheres, Weights 
 
 of. 111 
 Yellow Brass Bars per Running Inch, 
 
 Weights of Elliptical, 109 
 Yellow Brass Castings Determined from 
 
 Weight of Patterns, Weight of, 120 
 
 Yellow Brass 
 
 Cheap, 163 
 
 Ductile, 225 
 
 Flux for, 238 
 
 for Sand Casting, 160 
 
 Specifications for Scrap, Heavy, 265 
 Yellow Brass Fillets, Table for Computing 
 
 Weight of, 105 
 Yellow Brass Mixtures for Plumbers' 
 
 Goods, 162 
 Yellow Brass Rods or Cylinders per Run- 
 ning Inch, Weights of, 113 
 Ytterbium, Melting Point of, 59 
 Yttrium, Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Zepplins, Aluminum Alloys Used in 
 
 Brasses for, 201 
 Zinc Alloys on Aluminum, Effect of Addi« 
 
 tions of, 197 
 Zinc and Aluminum, Hardness of Alloys of 
 
 Copper with Tin, 209 
 Zinc Balls or Spheres, Weights of. 111 
 Zinc Bars per Running Inch, Weights of 
 
 Elliptical, 109 
 Zinc Castings Determined from Weight of 
 
 Patterns, Weight of, 120 
 Zinc Chloride as a Flux for Aluminum 
 
 Alloys, 196 
 Zinc-Copper Alloys, Effect of Cadmium 
 
 on, 158 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Copper and Manganese Alloy, Weight of, 
 165 
 
 Hardness of Tin and, 212 
 
 Melting Point of, 59 
 
 Shrinkage of, 60 
 
 Weight of. 165 
 Zinc Fillets, Table for Computing Weight 
 
 of, 105 
 Zinc Rods or Cylinders per Running Inch, 
 
 Weights of, 113 
 Zinc Solder, 231 
 Zirconium, Melting Point of. 59 
 
 309 
 
341 90 
 

 
 
 
 
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