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PRINCIPLES 
 
 O F 
 
 MEDIO IISTE, 
 
 AND 
 
 MEDICINE 
 
 K 
 
 W ITHOUT 
 
 PRINCIPLE, 
 
 By E. DeVOE, 
 
 MEADVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PRICE, FIFTY CENTS. 
 
 \JJ. } 
 
 %A 
 
 BUFFALO: 
 
 
 
 BAKER & JONES, PRINTERS, 220 & 222 WASHINGTON STREET. 
 
 1869. 
 
f\ 
 
 
 
 tf 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand right hundred and sixty-nine 
 
 BY ELIJAH DeYOE, 
 in the District Court of the United States, for the Northern District of New York. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 •\ < '•^./-^<*^./"»>-».'• , v/•^.'•*\>"^.< , ' 
 
 When I first entered upon the duties of a Physician, I was struck by the fact that 
 Medical Practice of all schools was destitute of any reliable principles governing treat_ 
 ment of disease. That there was no certainty that the treatment of different physicians 
 of any School of Medicine would be based upon the same fundamental ideas in any 
 given case. Physicians of every school are liable to differ in regard to the expression 
 of disease. They are also liable to differ as to treatment, even when they agree in 
 diagnosis, i. e., in the description of disease. As I gained experience in the use of 
 medicines I discovered certain land-marks or principles which have guided me in their 
 application; and I have never known them to betray me. 
 
 I publish an outline of these principles, because I believe them to be of great 
 value to the public. Although a knowledge of them may not qualify every individual 
 always to dispense with a professional doctor, it may, and should be, a protection 
 against medical imposition; and, furthermore, we deem it but fair that one who finds 
 fault with the practice of others should show a better way. 
 
 It seems remarkable that principles so obvious and so demonstrable should never 
 have been given to the world before, but it does not surprise me that they have never 
 been set forth, advocated or practised upon by any medical sect. Being of universal 
 application, their advocacy would not promote sectarian interest, which requires exclu- 
 siveness. They are simple and comprehensible, and if generally adopted by physicians 
 would soon become the property of the public. And just to the extent that medicine 
 becomes popularized, professional doctors are flanked and driven to other vocations for 
 a livelihood. 
 
 The reader need not be surprised when he learns that this little book will meet 
 with no approval from sectarian doctors. It does nothing for them. So far as it has 
 any inflnence it will abate their power and their incomes. How can they afford to 
 speak well of it ? If these pages shall only serve to stimulate more popular discuF- 
 sion of medical matters, the writer will feel compensated for the trouble of their pre. 
 paration. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The legitimate source of knowledge is experience. Knowledge is diffused by 
 communication of ideas. There would be very little progress without discus- 
 sion. It is plain then, reader, that your own interest should prompt you to 
 investigate for yourself all debated questions in which your happiness and 
 prosperity are, to any considerable extent, involved . Your health is a matter 
 of inestimable importance to you. You may be well to-day, but only casual 
 observation ought to convince you that you have no guarantee against the 
 approach of disease. It is your duty to acquaint yourself with fundamental 
 ideas of true medical art in order to protect yourself against medical imposi- 
 tion. Genuine rational principles of medical art are, in themselves, simple and 
 easy of comprehension; but they are obscured and hidden beneath the verbiage 
 and redundant learning of the schools. Many persons think it their duty to 
 study hygiene, but almost all classes are reproachfully ignorant of appropriate 
 methods of dealing with acute disorders. This is a deplorable truth, because it 
 renders them incompetent to determine when they are well served. We have 
 known a great many instances where the physician has been discharged after 
 he had essentially conquered the disease of his patient, and another doctor 
 called who visited longer and charged more for treating disease of his own 
 making than the first doctor received for removing the original disorder. 
 
 To the amateur reader the nosological arrangements of disease by popular 
 writers are very pretty, and no doubt enhance his ideas of the amount of 
 learning exhausted in the profession — such nice classification of diseases . But 
 when acute disease makes its appearance in a family remote from a physician, 
 these refinements are worse than useless. They confound and discourage those 
 who might otherwise safely undertake domestic treatment. What the people 
 want are a few fundamental ideas that are reliable in regard to disease, and to 
 the physiological effects of the more important medical agents. A very few 
 medicines of the right kind will fulfil nearlv all indications in acute cases. 
 Although the human system is liable to a great many forms of acute disease, 
 the different conditions calling for different treatment are always reducible to a 
 few. They are not obstruse or difficult to comprehend. Men and women in 
 all conditions in life may, if they choose, master the art of dealing with them. 
 Every western pioneer knows how much may be done with an axe, a saw, a 
 hammer and an augur. He also knows very well that the difference in enjoy- 
 ment afforded its occupants between the most artistically constructed palace and 
 the rude hut of the back- woodsman is not at all commensurate with the differ- 
 ence in expense ; and so, domestic treatment, guided by a few great princi- 
 ples, and availing itself mainlv of domestic agents in their simplest form, would 
 leave little to be done l>v "scientific practice" in acute diseases. 
 
There is a prevalent notion to the effect that one cannot properly treat a 
 patient without knowing what disease he is suffering from. This teaching 
 emanates from a sect which exhausts so much learning upon the description of 
 disease that it has little, if any, left for cure. It seems plausible, but experience 
 proves that it is fallacious. A good medicine, judiciously used, in an advancing 
 but indefinite ailment, nineteen times in twenty flanks and totally routs the disturb- 
 ance before it reaches distinct development. It may be asked what authority we 
 have for such treatment, the answer is, experience, experiment. We have 
 nothing but experience and the results of experience to guide us in the treat- 
 ment of disease in any stage. This serves as well in primary and indistinct 
 stages as it does in any other. To be able to define, classify and name disease 
 is no evidence of ability to treat it. The treatment of disease is not ruled by 
 its specific form or expression, but by certain signs, symptoms and conditions 
 that are more or less common to all acute disorder. 
 
 It is the object of the writer to show, first, that there are enduring principles 
 in medicine. That these principles are simple and easy of comprehension, and 
 that the most reliable healing arts and agents are always within the reach of the 
 people. Second, that popular professional medicine is, in the main, artificial — 
 the product of the misapplication of learning and science which are brought 
 into requisition, not to aid in healing, but to obscure and nullify simple cura- 
 tive arts. 
 
MEDICAL ART. 
 
 >♦• 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF CURE. 
 
 Medical Art consists in the appropriate treatment of disease. It is naturally 
 divided into. two elements or sources. First, that which has for its object the 
 study of disease; and second, that which has for its object a knowledge of 
 healing agents, and their physiological action and influence on the human sys- 
 tem. These two branches of medicine are entirely distinct from each other. 
 The possession of one does not imply an acquaintance with the other. The 
 most profound knowledge of disease carries with it no ability to cure. There 
 is nothing in the nature of disease that indicates its remedy. The most learned 
 describers of disease often totally fail in the treatment of it. As healers, they 
 are many times excelled by illiterate and unpretending herb doctors. On the 
 other hand, the most intimate acquaintance with the medical properties, and 
 physiological action of medical agents , does not necessarily determine their uses. 
 One may know that this agent acts upon the bowels — another taken into the 
 stomach causes emesis or vomiting — a third acts upon the kidneys — a fourth 
 causes perspiration — a fifth stimulates, &c. , &c. ; but he may, at the same time, 
 be entirely ignorant as to when these actions should be set up. Some knowledge 
 of both these branches of medical art is necessary to safe and successful practice. 
 
 The chief difficulty in the way of domestic practice, is the want of a know- 
 ledge of disease, or, more properly, an inability to judge correctly of ill condi- 
 tions. For the signs and symptoms of these conditions are about all the guide 
 we have for the treatment of acute disorder. Of the essential nature of disease, 
 the physician knows but little more than his patron. It is an important object 
 with medical schools to magnify this difficulty to the domestic practitioner. To 
 that end they have made the most transcendental and hair-splitting refinements 
 in the classification, nomenclature, description and treatment of disease. The 
 natural effect of this is to give fictitious importance to the medical profession — 
 discourage humble endeavors to treat disorder and to master the general prin- 
 ciples of the healing ait — and also to make the doctor more necessary. But 
 this difficulty in judging of disease is more imaginary than real. If the reader 
 has seen many cases of acute d isorder treated by regular medical practitioners, in 
 the early stages of the disease, he will call to mind the fact that, in most cases, 
 when the doctor is asked to name the disturbance, he remains silent or evades 
 the question. He does so because he knows but little, if any, more about the 
 case than the questioner. He observes signs of acute disorder, but there is no^ 
 thing in these which indicates w T hat expression of disease will subsequently re- 
 veal itself. But we claim, emphatically, that if the doctor cannot tell what 
 specific disorder will follow the first signs of disease, he should always be able 
 
8 
 
 to treat the patient advantageously. An acquaintance with the primary prin- 
 ciples of medicine will scarcely allow him to make a serious mistake. If he 
 treats the symptoms present appropriately, it does not signify what form of 
 fever, inflammation, or specific disease, may follow, he will have done much to 
 abate the malignancy of the succeeding disorder. 
 
 The manner in which most medical works are prepared for popular and pro- 
 fessional use, indicates that the writers have very little knowledge of, or faith in, 
 general principles as a basis of practice. The names and classification of disease 
 they give us, imply that every different expression of it requires peculiar and 
 exceptional treatment. So every specific fever and inflammation, as they pre- 
 sent them to the public, has the treatment that is supposed to be appropriate to 
 it circumstantially detailed. But this mode of dealing with the subject of dis- 
 ease, and its treatment, is blinding and misleading to the medical student, for 
 the following reason: A great many different expressions of disease, which are 
 treated of by these authors, distinctively and specifically, present essentially the 
 same conditions of the system, and may be subdued by the same treatment. 
 
 A member of your family is attacked with acute disorder. The first thing 
 that occurs to you is, what is the matter ? What is the disease ? If you 
 knew, perhaps you could do him some good. 
 
 But you say to yourself, one is liable to a multitude of disorders, and each 
 disease has its specific treatment; and you ask yourself, how you can be sup- 
 posed to know where, in this long catalogue of disorders, you are to place the 
 particular ailment that you now desire to treat ? In answer to which, we say 
 that it is not necessary you should know what disease it is that expresses itself 
 by the symptoms and signs that attract your attention. It is not necessary that 
 you should know the specific character of the disease; it is only necessary that 
 you should be capable of judging of the conditions of the system. Almost all 
 forms of acute disease belong to the following classes : First, the febrile condi- 
 tion; second, the inflammatory; third, spasmodic or nervous. Observation of 
 disease, and the effects of medicine, have established the important fact, that all 
 these conditions, and certain other exceptional disorders which we have not here 
 classed, are controlled and conquered by the same medical agents and influen- 
 ces, whatever may be the specific name of the fever, the local expression of the 
 inflammation, or the particular form of disturbance. 
 
 In a large proportion of acute attacks, there is some form of fever or inflam- 
 mation. It has long been claimed by medical men, that fever is a general in- 
 flammation ; and that an inflammation is a local fever. If these propositions 
 are not strictly correct, they are sufficiently so for practical purposes. Appro- 
 priate treatment for one is good for all, though it may not meet in full the re- 
 quirements of each particular case. Inflammation is subject to the same laws, 
 and should be treated upon the same principles, whatever may have originated 
 it, and whether it be located chiefly in the eyes, head, thorax, abdomen or any 
 other locality. Having discovered the presence of fever, inflammation or acute 
 other disturbance, these conditions are to be treated at once without regard to 
 any special form of disease the future may develope. 
 
 All fevers, and many inflammations, are ushered in by nearly the same 
 heralds. The premonitory symptoms of different fevers and inflammations do 
 not differ more from one another than symptoms of the same disorder differ in 
 different cases. Primary symptoms, as a rule, do not especially characterize 
 the form of disorder which may be afterwards developed. Many times pre- 
 monitory symptoms, generally supposed to be characteristic of typhoid fever, 
 will be followed by transient and tractable disorders. Sometimes typhoid fever 
 
9 
 
 developes itself abruptly. In other cases it succeeds a long train ol threatening 
 symptoms. The warnings of diptheria and inflammation of the lungs, disorders 
 essentially different in their action, many times correspond to symptoms often 
 followed by continued i^yvv. It is desirable then that the reader should be im- 
 pressed with two important facts. The first is, that premonitory symptoms are 
 not alwavs definino- — that is, thev do not invariably indicate what form of dis- 
 ease will follow. The second is, that it is not necessary they should indicate 
 any specific form of disease in order that the case may be treated safely, appro- 
 priately and effectively. 
 
 Science has never been able to dictate the treatment of disease which is ar- 
 bitrary, or the effect of experiment. Strictly speaking, theory has but very 
 little to do with practice in medicine. A theory may be good, and the prac- 
 tice which it is supposed to indicate may be bad; and the theory may be very 
 irrational and absurd, while the practice connected with it may be successful. 
 Although the treatment of disease is arbitrary, or the result of experiment, 
 nevertheless a long series of experiments pointing one way, enable us to establish 
 a rule or principle which may serve as a guide in cases which have not hitherto 
 come under our experience. Doubtless there is some theory, more or less ra- 
 tional, behind all modes of treatment, which influences, to some extent, the 
 practice of the physician, 
 
 In our opinion, disease is the effect of exhaustion, local or general. When 
 general and slow, we may have the formation of tubercle. When o-eneral and 
 rapid, we may have some form of nervous fever. When rapid and local, we 
 may have a pleurisy or partial paralysis. 
 
 Pain or paralysis are among the first evidences of active disease. Intense 
 pain is nearly equivalent to paralysis. It compels cessation of labor, or rest. 
 The cause which produces exhaustion being removed by rest there is at once an 
 effort on the part of the system toward recovery. Pain is sedative, and sedation 
 abates pain. Pain relaxes — relaxation is antagonistic to pain ; thus pain tends 
 legitimately to its own abatement. To aid its work hasten sedation and relaxa- 
 tion. Pain comes upon a previously healthy tissue beeause of nervous exhaus- 
 tion ; which may follow poison, violence, great physical effort, protracted toil, 
 exposure to cold or from wasting pleasures and excesses. Pain is the voice of 
 nature crying out against outrage, and demanding respite. A man makes ex- 
 cessive demands upon his energies. He is attacked with pleurisy. Pain 
 compels him to desist from labor, rest disposes to relaxation, and relaxation 
 favors, as aforesaid, the subsidence of pain and inflammation. Appropriate 
 medication and treatment expedites these processes, and when the powers of the 
 system would otherwise, fail, suitable medical treatment naturally saves life. 
 The first object of the healer then is to place the patient m circumstances favor- 
 able to the recuperation of nervous force. In every possible way he should 
 be prevented from the further waste of energy. If any medical treatment be 
 of a nature to exhaust still more the vital powers, it is plain that it works in 
 concert with the disease and helps hurry the patient to the grave. Stimulants 
 and tonics in fevers and inflammations have the same effect as continued toil in 
 the same condition. Rest enables the vital powers to recuperate their ibices, 
 and proper medicines give the condition of rest. 
 
 We have said in substance, that all fevers and inflammations require the 
 same treatment. This would seem to favor the theory that disease is a unit, 
 and appropriate treatment should always lessen the aggregate amount cf disor- 
 der. It is very well known that successful physicians use fewer medicines for 
 the treatment of acute disease the longer they practice, "I have employed 
 
10 
 
 Dr. — in rny family for thirty years, 71 said an acquaintance, u and I have 
 
 observed that he almost always gives the same medicine, no matter what the 
 disease that he is called upon to treat ." This is the legitimate result of a con- 
 scientious use of proper medical agents in acute diseases. The style of the 
 aforesaid doctor would be very frequently imitated but for the necessity of 
 blinding the patron by the exhibition of a large number of agents. Too 
 much simplicity would excite suspicion, whether the physician understands his 
 business . It is, however, very easy to prepare a medicine that shall have a 
 favorable and effective action on almost all acute attacks. A preparation that, 
 if given in proper doses, may be used indiscriminately for every description of 
 acute disease ; and if the quantity be adjusted to the demands of the case, no 
 one will be injured by its effects, while in ninety-nine cases in a hundred it will 
 be followed by beneficial results. Materia Medica affords a multitude of agents 
 that may be used thus generally for the abatement of acute disorder. They 
 may properly be styled universal medicines. 
 
 What are the principle characteristics of those agents for which we claim such 
 a wide range of application ? They are emetic, Emeto Cathartic, Sedative, 
 Diaphoretic, Diuretic and Alterative. Many single agents possess all these 
 qualities in themselves. 
 
 In the action of this class of agents there is manifest a grand fundamental 
 principle underlying almost all treatment for acute disorder. This principle is 
 Relaxation. The application of this is almost universal, ■ If any marked 
 change is to be effected in the condition of the system, it must be relaxed . 
 This fact is noticeable both in the encroachment and subsidence of disease. 
 The system will not readily take.on disease if it be in a tonic, positive condition. 
 In a relaxed state it is susceptable to either salutary or malignant influences. If 
 disease already exists, the administration of tonics or astringents does not assist 
 a transition from disease to health, but tends to fix disorder. In some instan- 
 ces it may seem to invigorate, but the invigoration is only partial and does not 
 remove disease. In disease the vital forces are out of balance. Relaxation of 
 the system is necessary to the re-establishment of an equilibrium. In inflam- 
 mation of the lungs a disturbing cause of the circulation of the blood is 
 apparent. It meets with obstruction in its passage through those organs. It 
 seems reasonable that tonics, stimulants and astringents should intensify this 
 condition. Observation of the effects of such treatment will convince any one 
 that it does do so. It is undoubtedly true that some patients do recover under 
 this treatment, but this only goes to show that the inherent power of the system 
 in some individuals is so strong as to be able to overcome great obstacles to 
 recovery. I have. had extensive experience in the treatment of inflammation of 
 the lungs, and have always found that appropriate relaxing agents give almost 
 instant relief. I have found this disease more tractable than any other serious 
 inflammation or fever. The reason of this is found in the fact that the lungs 
 are composed of a thin spongy tissue through which the whole circulation of 
 the blood passes. Consequently proper medicines that are absorbed and taken 
 into the circulation, are remedial by beino' brought at once in contact with the 
 seat of the disease. In the hands of a large class of physicians, inflammation 
 of the lungs is a very dangerous and intractable disorder. Their treatment 
 violates the principle of cure, and is more dangerous because the lungs an 
 vital organs and are easily affected, both by medicines that remove disease and 
 those that irritate and fix it. I have, myself, many times witnessed the fatal 
 effects of iron and other tonics and astringents given by some practitioners in 
 this disease. 
 
II 
 
 Without attempting to explain the disturbing elements in a fever the fact is 
 established, by thousands of tests, that the proper administration of suitable 
 laxative agents, under favorable circumstances is followed by a mitigation of the 
 svmptoms of the disorder. In the most obstinate forms of fever when the use 
 of this class of agents is persisted in, the skin becomes moist and less hot, and 
 the circulation slower and more normal. The countenance snows less anxiety, 
 the patient is less restless, pain is abated, and if the patient had been delirious 
 he becomes calm and rational. 
 
 One of the most prompt and efficient modes of producing general relaxation 
 is by the use of proper nauseating and emetic medicines. Nature herself, in 
 her proc of renovation institutes this condition, which she frequently car- 
 
 ries to complete emesis or vomiting. A very constant symptom of the ap- 
 proach of acute disorder is the loss of appetite often followed by nausea and 
 vomiting. The emetic condition of the system is antagonistic to every form of 
 fever, inflammation and nervous derangement, and to every description of pain. 
 The nauseant condition is purifying. The spontaneous vomitings that attend 
 the early stages of pregnancy are natures mode of purifying the system, and 
 serve to prepare it for the great task it has before it. I have many times dem- 
 onstrated that 4 ' morning sickness " may be avoided by proper treatment ; which 
 proves it to be a sanitary measure instituted by nature, Protracted nausea pro- 
 motes a healthy action cf the whole glandular system. It will unlock the 
 most torpid and inactive condition of the liver. 
 
 In another place, under the caption Heat, we have shown the great relaxing 
 power of that agent; the facility with which it may be applied; its wide range 
 of usefulness ; its remarkable efficacy for the removal of pain ; and for the re- 
 duction of almost every form of circumscribed congestion and inflammation. 
 Through a practice of many years, I have made extensive use of this agent, 
 and never, in a single instance, have I known any unfavorable result follow its 
 application. 
 
 It is my belief, based- upon an extensive use of medicines, and a careful obser- 
 vation of their effects, that all of them which are not tonic, stimulant, or astrin- 
 gent, have a relaxing influence upon some organ or organs of the human body. 
 Experience shows that the best alterative properties, especially in acute disor- 
 der, accompany medicines which are relaxing in their action, and which are 
 most free fiom tonic, stimulating and astringent properties. We see the highly 
 alterative power of simple relaxation in the application of heat. In a mental 
 and moral sense, the benefit of relaxation is obvious to all classes of minds. It 
 is said of men whose faculties have been long on the stretch in the pursuit of 
 wealth or knowledge, or in the simple discharge of duty, that they need relaxa- 
 tion. 
 
 The simple principles of cure in acute disorder, set forth in these pages, are 
 not given to the public as opinions, but as enduring truths that will admit of 
 demonstration. The theory is simple, and the practice flowing from it, in the 
 main, obvious and distinctly marked. The exceptions are few and not of a 
 nature that are likely to confound the practitioner in regard to his duty. An 
 oversight of these exceptions is simply an omission of the best method, and not 
 a commission of a serious error. No harm is done to the patient. A depar- 
 ture from the line of conduct indicated by these fundamental ideas, I have in- 
 variably observed to be followed by bad results. Nevertheless I very well 
 know that the practice of a large class of physicians is in direct opposition to 
 these principles. It is well known that many persist in the use of alcoholic and 
 narcotic stimulants, and other tonic and astringent treatment, during the most 
 
12 
 
 intense febrile and inflammatory action. Nothing hi medicine is more demon- 
 strable than that this treatment intensifies and protracts these conditions. 
 Opium has a stimulating and stringent action upon the system, whether given 
 in health or disease. The effects of its action are among the essential elements 
 of fever. It increases arterial excitement. Even in health its administration 
 puts the mental faculties in a delirious condition. These effects are much more 
 pernicious when the system is already disordered. Can we hope to remove 
 disease by adding fever to fever, delirium to delirium ? The power of opium 
 to dull sensibility to pain, renders its primary effects agreeable. There are 
 cases where its use is pardonable and commendable — but very few where it 
 cannot be dispensed with. The preparations of opium disturb the stomach, 
 constipate the bowels and clog and obstruct generally, and in their reaction are 
 very trying to the patients' nerves. 
 
 Iron, quinine, alcohol and other stimulants and tonics are made use of by a 
 certain class of practitioners with similar unfortunate results. Their philosophy, 
 in justification of this course, is that, in continued fevers characterized by great 
 nervous depression, the patient must be sustained by stimulants. But the truth 
 is, stimulants cause further nervous exhaustion, and thus increase and intensify 
 the disorder which it is our endeavor to remove. What abates fever at once 
 tends to the increase of nervous force. It does so because it tends to the re-es- 
 tablishment of function. The imperious demand of nature in fevers, especially 
 those of a nervous character, is rest, relaxation, quietude and freedom from 
 every description of excitement. 
 
 Genuine febrifuge agents tend directly to the abatement of the signs and 
 symptons of inflammation. They diminish from the first arterial excitement. 
 They calm perturbation. They dissipate that anxious expression of countenance 
 which is one of the most universal signs of the presence of fever. They lessen 
 pain by removing its cause, and so equalizing nervous force as entirely to con- 
 trol delirium. 
 
 The percentage of deaths from continued malignant fevers, under appropriate 
 treatment, should be small. (In my practice they have not exceeded two per 
 cent. ) These fevers attack chiefly the young and middle aged, when the sys- 
 tem will bear great strain. The writer has known a patient with delirious con- 
 tinued fever to recover after forty-two days of uninterrupted fever, and almost 
 entirely without the aid of medicine- — so that with good nursing, and without 
 medical treatment, the percentage of deaths would be small, much smaller than 
 it is under the mercurial, narcotic, stimulating treatment of ' 'regular" j:>ractice. 
 
 It is criminal, in the light of this day, for any practicing physician not to 
 know that there are a great variety of medicines and simples, the direct action 
 of which is to abate fever, quiet arterial excitement, increase nervous force, and 
 thus, as it were, to compel the subsidence of delirium and the restoration of 
 function. These words are not uttered incoherently and recklessly, but are the 
 deliberate expression of one who has thousands of times seen the absolute power 
 of medicine over fevers, and knows that they may be abridged by proper treat- 
 ment. I have shown, or have endeavored to show, the applicability of princi- 
 ples to fevers and acute inflammations. These two conditions comprehend the 
 most numerous and dangerous expressions of acute disorder. There are few, 
 if any, acute diseases which we know are neither of inflammatory or febrile ori- 
 gin. There are some which do not present to our observation any febrile or 
 inflammatory symptoms. But it cannot be shown that these are not the result 
 of inflammatorv action. We do not know that neuralgia is not the result of in- 
 flammation in a nerve or nerve*. We may reasonably presume that colic is 
 
IS 
 
 of inflammatory origin, since it rapidly developed that condition to our observa- 
 tion. We do not know through what agencies convulsions, fits, tetanus and 
 other nervous and spasmodic diseases arc produced. We do know, however, 
 that treatment which we have found so valuable in fevers and inflammations, is 
 also appropriate and effective in all these disorders. Neuralgia, in acute cases, 
 cannot be better treated than by such a course as will relax the whole system, 
 and especially, if possible, the seat of the disease. The several kinds of 
 colic which medical books describe, and all acute pain in the visceral region, are 
 relieved by treatment instituted under these principles. And so reliable are 
 they, that I seldom trouble myself to ascertain the exact name of the disorder, 
 or its precise locality. 
 
 There are some diseases of the bowels which, it seems probable, are not asso- 
 ciated with fever or inflammation. These are attended with vomiting and purg- 
 ing, such as cholera, cholera morbus and cholera infantum. These, however, 
 do not constitute an exception to the rule. Experience has shown that these 
 diseases are most successfully treated by warming and relaxing agents. 
 
 Although these principles have a general application, and are easilv under- 
 stood, still, a comprehension of the theory alone will not make one a skillful 
 physician. A successful use of them requires experience in dealing with dis- 
 ease, study and close observation. The principle of relaxation admits of many 
 variations ; and these must be frequently brought into requisition at the bed- 
 side. How far relaxation should be carried; how rapidly the process should be 
 proceeded with; what particular agents are best adapted to the case in hand, are 
 questions of art that can only be solved by trained judgment. In some cases 
 the heat of the body should be brought down by relaxants possessing refriger- 
 ant properties. In others it should be raised by those that impart warmth. In 
 certain cases laxative cathartics are of great utility ; in others their use is inad- 
 missable. A single case may present symptoms that require all these and 
 other variations of treatment. And there may be twenty different expressions 
 of disease, (different diseases,) which will all be subject to one simple applica- 
 tion of this principle. 
 
 The reader will perceive by what has been before stated that a knowledge of 
 these principles obviates to a great extent the necessity of determining the pre- 
 cise name of the disease. That nineteen times in twenty medicine may be 
 given safely and profitably without knowing precisely what form of disorder is 
 expressed by the particular signs and symptoms present ; and if this treatment 
 be resorted to in the twentieth instance no harm will be done. ' ' Scientific 
 medicine " endeavors to make the public believe that each expression of disease 
 requires specific treatment, and it thrives by the popular acceptance of this 
 doctrine ; because it discourages domestic treatment. It is owing to the prev- 
 alence of these ideas that one doctor is spoken of as being good in scarlet fever. 
 Another is thought to understand dealing w T ith acute rheumatism. A third is 
 supposed to be exceptionally qualified for treating dysentery or inflammation of 
 lungs, but a physician who is really reliable and trustworthy in one of these 
 disorders ought to be so in all, for all present nearly the same conditions for 
 treatment. If a man is successful in typhoid fever and not in other forms of 
 fever and inflammations, it is evident that his success is hap-hazard. A man 
 who bases his treatment of disease upon the doctrine of specifics is untrustwor- 
 
 % Nothing is more common than for doctors to differ in diagnosis very 
 widely. (We have narrated a case where college professors pronounced a case 
 of disease of the liver to be consumption of the lungs.) They may give the 
 wrong specific, and the result might be serious. Several such acknowledged 
 
u 
 
 mistakes Lave occurred within a year past under my observation. No such un- 
 lucky accidents will ever happen to a man who practices medicine uj:>on sound 
 principles. 
 
 Popular medicine is considered, even by its own patrons, as a kind of lotterv 
 that is quite as likely to give them a blank as a prize. They expect that 
 specifics will be hurled at their diseases, which may chance to cure, or may kill 
 the patient, "Kill or Cure'' has passed into a proverb, and had its origin, no 
 doubt, from the theory as well as the practice of 4i scientific" doctors. 
 Many people believe that medicines that have power to cine are equally liable to 
 injure or kill. Nothing can be more erroneous. But it is true that drugs that 
 are capable of tainting the system have no healing virtues'. When the vital 
 power is insufficient for the wants of the system under the most favorable cri- 
 cumstances, then medicine, if it be of the right kind, will do no harm though 
 it can be of no avail. If a man cannot walk after a friend has tried to help him 
 to his feet, there is no reason why he should be 7 injured by the proffered nssist- 
 ance. 
 
 MEDICINES. 
 
 The vegetable kingdom stands between man and the cruder elements of nr- 
 ture. It is the grand laboratory where inorganic substances are manipulated, 
 softened and refined by the delicate processes of organic life, and made suitable 
 for man's sustenance. It is this department of nature, also, which furnishes 
 the most appropriate and reliable agents for the cure of diseases, and for the 
 preservation of his health. The infinitely varied mingling of the nutritious and 
 the medicinal, in the vegetable world, is a most suggestive fact. The acrid 
 escharotic action of organic medicines in their crude form, is often softened by 
 mucilaginous and farinacious elements. Thus, there are many organic altera- 
 tives that nourish the patient while thev combat disease. So perfect and beau- 
 tiful is this blending of the medicinal iuid the nutritive, that one mav take an 
 alterative with, his dinner, and the stomach will not revolt at the compound. 
 Indeed, these elements are so spliced into one another, that we may have any 
 desirable percentage of either. A dish of parsnips or of water cresses, in the 
 spring, is a genial alterative. 
 
 The power of "scientific" medicine, which has been derived from long years 
 of governmental favor and immunity, has not sufficed wholly to destroy popular 
 faith in simple vegetable remedies. It seems to be instinctive. The unhappy 
 victims of scientific practice, who have been poisoned and crippled by mercurial 
 drugs, turn with hope to the herb doctor for relief and cure. This natural bias 
 is well understood bv those itinerant medical hucksters who advertise them- 
 selves as Indian doctors. Certainly, it is a poor compliment to the light of our 
 times, that we should look for medical treatment to the unlettered savage. 
 That there should be a rational excuse for doing so, is an opprobrium to civili- 
 zation. Plants and roots are friendly to the animal world. Brutes are liable 
 to few diseases that instinct does not guide them to a remedy for, if they have 
 access to woods and fields. Botanic medicines are worth as much more to 
 man as reason is superior to instinct. By classifying and compounding them, 
 he can reach almost every conceivable difficulty. But so conservative is nature 
 — so loving to her children — that she favors very unintelligent uses of her pro- 
 ducts. How many millions have been greatly benefitted — how few injured — by 
 
15 
 
 the use of herb drinks and watery extracts of plants and roots; and of syrups 
 made in blissful ignorance of the physiological action of the agents used ; whether 
 they were tonics or emetics, cathartics or astringents, sedatives or stimulants, 
 refrigerants or spices, being- matter of no study and of no concern. 
 
 There is scarcely an important organ in the human body liable to disease that 
 may not be acted on by some organic agent or compound. The heart, the liver, 
 the pancreas, the spleen, the uterus, &o. • (fee, may be touched with medicine, 
 as the pianist touches the keys of his instrument, and the response is as sure 
 and definite. 
 
 Health consists in a harmonious exhibition of function. To express the same 
 in other words, a person is in health when all organs in the body are perform- 
 ing their several duties with their normal force and vigor. In disease, there is 
 abatement or cessation of function. Some of the organs are not doing their 
 duty, or are doing it in part only. We hold that to be a legitimate medicine 
 which restores and invigorates, or tends to restore and invigorate, function. 
 Or, in other words, that is a proper medicine which restores or tends to restore 
 harmony and equilibrium of action among all the organs of the body. The 
 vegetable world furnishes a redundancy of plants possessing these medicinal 
 virtues. A knowledge of only a few is requisite for the successful treatment of 
 acute disorder. Almost every region produces abundance for the wants of its 
 own inhabitants. 
 
 Organic medicines when appropriately used increase the amount of electrici- 
 ty and thus aid vital energy in its constant endeavors to expel disorder. They 
 have peculiar power over the liver, kidneys, pancreas and the whole glandular 
 system ; to arouse these organs from torpor and bring them to a healthy ex- 
 hibition of their (unctions. They will not strain them by excessive stimulation ' 
 or relaxation, as calomel and antimony do, nor will they remain in the system 
 as those poisons do, causing aches and pains and thus perpetually prompting 
 in the mind of the sufferer a curse for doctors They will not destroy the 
 teeth and give a put] id odor to the breath ; but they remove nausea, moisten 
 the mouth and throat when they are persistently dry and husky. They cor- 
 rect the senses of taste and smell when disordered, sweeten an offensive breath, 
 invigorate the blool, quicken the' mental perceptions and perfect the general 
 health. 
 
 It may be said with truth of organic medicines that they are natures reme- 
 dies, and when properly used they attack and lessen disease, while chemical 
 and mineral agents so freely and extensively employed being unfriendly in their 
 essential nature to the human organism, attack the constitution itself, and bv 
 impairing its powers, augment the amount of disorder in the body. 
 
 A knowledge of the effects of medicine obviates, to a great extent, the neces- 
 sity of a particular diagnosis. To one long accustomed to the use of healing 
 agents, the manner of tbeir reception by the system in disease, becomes an in- 
 dex as to the character and probable termination of the malady. When proper 
 medical agents, fairly tried, fail to produce their characteristic effect 5 ', the hope- 
 less nature of the disease may be inferred. Thus it is medicine becomes an 
 instructor and communicates knowledge that could not otherwise be obtained. 
 These facts beautifully illustrate the value of medicines and thfc limitation of 
 their functions, namely: — that they are aids to vital force and facilitate its ex- 
 pression, but never supply its place. But inappropriate and non-medical agents 
 blind us every way in regard to disease. Calomel, antimony, iron, arsenic, 
 iodine and their compounds have no adjusting control over function. 
 
 Medicines which seem to have direct effect in the removal of disorders have 
 
16 
 
 been called specifics. This term is inappropriate, and does not fully describe 
 their virtues They have a general action corresponding to their local effects. A 
 medicine that has power over inflammation of the lungs, dees also remove in- 
 flammation generally. Those medicines which have the effect to reduce inflam- 
 mation generally, do also overcome inflammations of a strictly local character. 
 Only a limited number of organs in the human body can be acted upon directly 
 through the internal administration of medicine There are no medicines 
 which have peculiar power over inflammation in the eye, but an inflammation 
 in this organ may be reduced with as much certainty as an inflammation in the 
 urethra, and by the same class of agents. We have heard of specifics for 
 scarlet fever and diptheria, but this is a gross misuse of the term. Scarlet 
 fever and diptheria, like measles, small-pox and erysipelas typhoid fever, &e. , 
 &c. , are constitutional diseases, they are all fevers and are all controlled and 
 reduced by similar treatment. 
 
 Organic medicines can be used in combination and not have the action of 
 one interfere with that of another. Each element in a compound produces its 
 legitimate effect. Even those which seem to be opposite in their nature do not 
 neutralize each other, but each exerts its own influence. Medicines of great 
 value have within themselves apparently opposite properties, and their compound 
 action, in some instances is highly beneficial. Rheubarb is cathartic and tonic . 
 If that agent is not at hand its equivalent can be formed of two other agents, 
 one of which is tonic and the other cathartic. The apparently contradictory 
 properties of certain medicines make them especially valuable for parti cular 
 uses. Here is a medicine which is emetic and tonic, two opposite properties . 
 It is also diaphoretic and diuretic. It possesses all these qualities in a high de- 
 gree. It is of great value in certain expressions of disease. But it cannot be 
 given alone with safety, even in medicinal doses, to persons affected with disease 
 of the heart. But, by combining it with an arterial sedative, we can qualify to 
 any desired extent its excessive tonic action; and, at the same time, avail our- 
 selves of its other valuable properties. In fevers we want sedation. Some 
 sedatives reduce heat; others warm the patient. It will be perceived, therefore, 
 that by combining and alternating medicines, we can preserve any desirable 
 temperature. 
 
 Medicine is both preventive and curative. -The developement of most dis- 
 eases may be arrested at indefinite stages of their progress. This is prevention 
 as well as cure. In arrestiug disease, we prevent the consequences of its unop- 
 posed developement. For this reason, it is justifiable to anticipate active disease 
 and premedicate for its prevention. It is true man) people have a dread of this 
 use of medicine, and think it should be employed only after acute disease has 
 been established, This suspicion of medicine, and aversion to premedication, is 
 owing to the terrible effects of poisons so extensively substituted for medicines. 
 It is a popular protest against what is significantly called apothecary medicine. 
 But, in truth, no medicine pays so well as that which forestalls disease and en- 
 ables the patient to evade an acute attack. In many cases malignant fevers 
 may be averted, or favorably modified, before 'these disorders culminate. This 
 is emphatically true of all diseases that have their origin in an impure state of 
 the blood, and their name is legion. Of some of these we may predict with 
 certainty, that they will result in the death of the patient, unless arrested by 
 proper medication , In diseases of a scrofulous or cancerous nature, or those 
 having a putrid tendency, the system must reach a certain degenerated condi- 
 tion before they express themselves locally. When taken in season, these may 
 always be kept in abeyance by anticipatory treatment. 
 
17 
 
 As a remarkable example illustrating the preventive power of medicine, we 
 report the ease of Miss Jane Matteson, of Guy's Mills, Crawford Co., Pa. 
 Miss M. was treated in the spring and summer of I860. Miss M. had four or 
 five hard, rapidly growing tumors in each breast, accompanied with severe 
 lancinating pain. When she came to me for treatment, these tumors gave every 
 indication of being schirrous cancerous growths. Her health and strength 
 were enfeebled. Under these circumstances we commenced medication. With- 
 in two weeks thereafter, the growth of these tumors was arrested and the pain 
 entirely conquered. Her health and vigor have returned. Over three years 
 have elapsed since she commenced taking medicine. Her health is good, and 
 the tumors remain without growth or pain. 
 
 It has been our experience, many times, to be called to treat some one mem- 
 he r of a household of six or eight individuals, fordiptheria or scarlatina maligna. 
 Apprehending that the disease w T ould attack other members of the family, it 
 has been our custom to anticipate it by such treatment as would, in our judg- 
 ment, prepare the person for the attack, or wholly ward it off. In such cases, 
 when the disease has extended to other members of the family, it has, without 
 exception, been of a milder and more tractable character. We have not lost a 
 patient of this class, though we have had the care of many such. There is al- 
 ways a predisposition before intense local expression. "Nothing is more appro- 
 priate than premedication in anticipation of malignant disorder. 
 
 The healing power of medicine always manifests itself, when appropriately 
 used, in the suppression of active disease, if the vital force is sufficient to sup- 
 port its action. Disease never stands still. It advances with more or less 
 rapidity toward its climax, unless it receives some check which assists the system 
 to throw it off. Some expressions of disease have a tendency to recovery — 
 others to death. But the course of either may be modified or entirely changed 
 by proper medicine. The eruptive fevers, such as small-pox, measles, &c, , 
 all have a tendency to recovery after they have run their course, and have reach- 
 ed a climax. But the system may be so influenced by medicine that their 
 usual course may be very much shortened and favorably altered. If scarlet 
 fever receives appropriate treatment in an early stage, it may never reach com- 
 plete maturity. In many instances thorough and appropriate medication will 
 utterly route the disorder in twenty- four hours. I have treated small-pox when 
 the disease was essentially conquered before the eruption appeared. 
 
 A swelling, threatening abscess may be aborted, and its culmination prevent- 
 ed by constitutional treatment, by medication which changes the inflammatory 
 character of the blood. I have never had a case of broken breast follow my 
 treatment of a lying-in patient. I have been frequently warned that certain 
 women whom I w T as expected to attend during confinement w T ould have broken 
 breasts, because on such occasions they had suffered that way before. One of 
 
 the most remarkable cases of this nature w r asthatof Mrs. of Meadville, 
 
 the mother of four children. At the birth of each child she had been confined 
 to the bed for several months from the effects of abscesses in the right breast. 
 One of these had been lanced so often that the connection of the milk ducts 
 was completely broken, so that no milk could be drawn from the breast. This 
 woman I attended during her last confinement. Both breasts filled with milk ; 
 one could be drawn bv the child. From the other no milk could be extracted. 
 As might be expected, the breast gave signs of inflammation, attended by con- 
 stitutional fever. In this case medicine perfectly controlled both fever and in- 
 flammation until milk ceased to be secreted in the unsound breast. From this 
 period medication was stopped , and the woman had no further trouble. It 
 
18 
 
 would be difficult to imagine any case that would more fully demonstrate that 
 abscess may be prevented by medicine. 
 
 There are certain depraved conditions of the system which express them- 
 selves by general debility, by absence of energy, by swellings and abscesses, 
 about the neck especially, chronic inflammation of the eyes or in fixed inflam- 
 mation of the joints, commonly called white swellings — hip disease, spinal 
 affections, and that disposition of the system which accompanies the formation 
 of tubercle. These various expressions of disease are included in the general 
 term, scrofula, or king's evil. This affection affords an admirable illustration of 
 that practice which relies upon the use of organic remedies. There is scarcely 
 any expression of this many faced disorder that is not amenable to a judicious 
 use of remedies prepared from roots and herbs. I have seen rickets in its most 
 active stage effectually cured by a single prescription composed of organic ex- 
 tracts. Active hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain has been cured by a 
 short course of medication. Our own practice would furnish a long and varied 
 list of examples o! cures wrought upon some form of this affection. I have 
 also seen the corroborative testimony of others who were experienced in the use 
 of botanic medicines. The history of medicine will not furnish a single exam- 
 ple of any form of this affection which has been cured by mineral agents. But 
 their use makes diseases which are counterparts of many of its expressions. 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 Is one of the most life giving and life sustaining agents in nature. As a 
 healing principle it is of inestimable importance in the treatment of both acute 
 and chronic disease. 
 
 The application of heat to local inflammation, to engorgements, congestions, 
 to any part of the body afflicted with cramp or spasm, to persons suffering 
 from sudden affections of the bowels, to any part affected with pain it can 
 scarcely fail to give some relief, and in any acute or sudden attack no one need 
 fear that any injury will follow the application of this agent. 
 
 A large towel or bed sheet dipped in boiling water, wrung, and applied to 
 to the head and face for neuralgia, or to any part affected with pain, as hot as 
 the sufferer can possibly bear it, and frequently repeated, will, nineteen times 
 in twenty, speedily abate inflammation and lessen pain. These applications 
 should be on a liberal scale. The cloth used should be large in order to hold a 
 great amount of heat, and the whole head or part affected should be thoroughly 
 enveloped. The wet cloth may be covered by dry flannels, in order to prevent 
 the escape of heat, they may be repeated as often as the nurse feels disposed to 
 do it. 
 
 Toothache may frequently be relieved by putting the feet in hot water and 
 using hot applications about the head and face. Pleuritic pains, or pains in the 
 chest, and colic pains or pains about the stomach and bowels, even when ob- 
 stinate, are relieved by persistence in the use of heat applied to the parts af- 
 fected. Pine and other soft wood blocks an inch thick and fear or five inches 
 square, boiled for an hour and a half in water and placed over the seat of pain, 
 inflammation or congestion will generally be found efficacious. At all events 
 they are good aids to other treatment. Bottles filled with hot water, heated 
 bricks or bags of sand may be used for the same purpose. Bear in mind the 
 object is .the reduction of pain and inflammation by the u *e of heat. Your 
 ow r n invention may perhaps contrive better modes for the use of this agent. 
 
ig 
 
 Urine retained in the bladder by spasmodic stricture of the urethra, by en- 
 largement of the prostrate gland, or by other causes to you unknown, will 
 usually beset free by the use of cloths wrung from hot water and placed over 
 the bladder, and they may also envelope the whole of the genital organs. 
 Roasted onions applied hot may be still more efficacious, because more relaxing. 
 
 Heat to the feet will relieve pressure upon the brain. Heat to the surface of 
 the body aids the action of the capillaries and thus equalizes and facilitates the 
 circulation of the blood. In all these applications care should be had to keep 
 the sufferer well covered . In all cases after the removal of hot cloths, the 
 clothes, of the sick person should not be left wet in contact with the body. Hot 
 drinks, such as alspice, ginger, peppermint and other warming teas are effec- 
 tive to allay pain in the stomach and bowels. They are equally useful also after 
 chills and other effects of exposure to cold. Injections of warm water into the 
 bowels a little above blood heat are of great* utility in obstinate attacks of colic. 
 These injections may be repeated indefinitely or until they relieve. No evil 
 effects need be apprehended from this treatment, even if the patient has inflam- 
 mation of the bowels or of the peritoneum. Injections into the rectum for 
 dysentery is also safe and appropriate treatment. There is no form of inflam- 
 mation in which the application of heat is not beneficial. 
 
 To act reflectively and perse veringly on these few hints on the application of 
 heat, will many times save the necessity of calling a doctor, even when not 
 another medical agent is at command. 
 
 Heat is a relaxing agent, and is one of the many that are of universal appli- 
 cation in acute diseases. In no instance have I known any injury to follow 
 its use. 
 
 DISEASES OF WOMEN. 
 
 A great many books have been printed, within a few years, treating exclu- 
 sively of diseases peculiar to women. Perhaps these books give additional im- 
 portance to the medical profession, but it is more than doubtful if they have, in 
 any wise, strengthened medical art. Beyond question, the practice they have 
 originated has been detrimental to the health of the female part of community. 
 i 'Scientific" medicine has endeavored to make a special study of these diseases. 
 But its labors have served to give the subject a' fictitious importance, and to 
 open new sources of wealth and power to the profession. The medication con- 
 nected with the practice is composed chiefly of fanciful chemical preparations, 
 destitute of medical virtues, that diminish the nervous force of the patient, and 
 thus disarm nature of her recuperative energy. New instruments are invented 
 — new appliances are put in requisition — that result in no benefit to the patient. 
 Where there is the remotest chance of a radical cure for felling of the womb, 
 the use of pessaries, and other mechanical supporters, only serve the purpose of 
 augmenting the business of professional doctors at the cost of the health and 
 money of their patients. 
 
 Local treatment for uterine difficulties is carried to a shameful extent by a 
 class of practitioners. Local treatment for ulcers on the neck of the womb is 
 not only a useless but a vicious practice. They cannot be cured by local treat- 
 ment; and, if they could, it would be an injury to the patient to do so. Ulcers 
 on the neck of the womb result from inflammation of the womb itself, and their 
 formation is nature's process for the reduction of the inflammation. To heal 
 
these ulcers by the application of caustics, or other external treatment, does not 
 remove the inflammation which caused them ; but it does lock up and fix it. 
 If, however, we reduce the inflammation in the body of the womb, the ulcers 
 on the neck will heal without other treatment. There are cases of uterine diffi- 
 culties where it is justifiable to make a physical examination to determine the 
 character of the disease. These cases afford a pretext for a great many abuses 
 in practice which merit a careful consideration by thinking people. The effects 
 of the labors of ' 'scientific" doctors, in this branch of the medical art, is piti- 
 ful. The invalid is amused but not cured ; and passes from doctor to doctor 
 without help, until what was once only trifling weakness has become fixed dis- 
 ease. Thus the medical profession thrives, and thus disease prevails in the 
 land. 
 
 Owing to sexual structure, disease expresses itself differently in the two sexes. 
 But there is nothing exceptional in the nature of disease. It is essentially the 
 same in man as in woman ; and treatment should be conducted on the same 
 principles. What reduces an inflammation in one will be equally efficacious 
 in the other. v 
 
SECTARIAN MEDICINE. 
 
 TRICKS OF THE TRADE. 
 
 e 
 
 In primitive states of society, medicine and theology were blended. Th 
 priest and the physician were one and the same person. Medicine, like theolo- 
 gy, had its temples, its priests, and its mystic rites. For a long time among 
 the Romans, as well as in the early history of other great nations, medicine 
 had no distinct status, but remained in the hands of the priests, and consisted 
 mainly, in superstitions rites and ceremonies, and in barbarous and cruel modes 
 of treatment. We have no account, however, even in that crude state of medi- 
 cal art, of any agents then in use so destructive to human tissues, or so hideous 
 in their physiological effects, as certain mineral drugs and compounds exten- 
 sively used in the strong light of our day. No savage tribes of this day present 
 such deplorable effects of vicious medication as characterize the work of our 
 scientific doctors. The tricks of modern jugglers are professedly deceptions ; 
 but those by which doctors rob us of our money, health and life, are gravely 
 perpetrated in the sacred name of science. ' 
 
 The earliest medical practitioners in this country were the clergy. The 
 medicine man of the North American Indians is also the prophet and priest of 
 his tribe. There has always been an effort on the part of medical practitioners, 
 to keep medicine an occult or secret art. So w r e find that, among various peo- 
 ple, and at different periods, it has been mixed with astrology, necromancy and 
 other secret arts and practices. 
 
 The practice of medical art has seldom been sustained on its own merits — 
 that is, by the simple, direct and undisguised skill of the physician. There is 
 usually some appeal to the love of the marvelous, or some excitation of the 
 superstitious biases of the invalid. He is made to believe that the doctor is an 
 embodiment of learning and science ; or, that he has some abridged method of 
 cure — some mysterious control over disease, not bound by the immutable laws 
 of cause and effect. In some instances, the whole art of the practitioner is 
 summed up in the use, or the attempted use of psychological power over the 
 patient. An example of this kind is shown in those who attempt to cure by 
 the use of charms ; by the pronouncing of certain mysterious and, to the patient, 
 incomprehensible phrases ; and by the laying on of hands. The rubbing and 
 friction doctors, by the stimulating power of nervous force, do put in requisition 
 an agent of positive healing virtue. In certain classes of difficulties, the effect 
 has a degree of permanency. But, in this practice, as in those examples just 
 named, it is chiefly the novelty and mystery of the art upon which the operator 
 relies for business. When these cease to operate, the^rick is played out. 
 
 There is a small number of practitioners who style themselves Uroscopists. 
 
22 
 
 They claim W be able to describe disease, and to treat it successfully, by exam- 
 ing the urine of the patient, without seeing him. A sample of this is carried 
 to the doctor in a vial, who sometimes goes through the form of examining it 
 with a microscope, and testing it in a tube with heat and chemicals. More 
 commonly, however, he takes the vial in hand, and putting on an air of wis- 
 dom, looks at it intently, conversicg, meanwhile, with the messenger. The 
 prescription is then put up and delivered to the agent. 
 
 These physicians rely mostly upon botanical agents, and it is but justice to 
 admit that they are far more successful in the treatment of either acute or 
 chronic disease than the self-styled regulars ; as any physician must be who uses 
 organic remedies with only indifferent skill. Their practice is not so objection- 
 able as their pretension to arts they' do not possess. The Uroscopist sees no 
 more in the urine than any other doctor, and it is not from knowledge obtained 
 from this source that he is enabled to judge of the patients disease, or what 
 medication it calls for. If he knew definitely the constituents of the urine, its 
 elements, and the precise quantitiy of each element, it would still afford him 
 slight knowledge of the patients disease, and no clue whatever to treatment. 
 That they often help their patients without seeing them, there is no rational 
 doubt. A little knowledge in regard to the condition of the patient can always 
 be drawn from the messenger, without asking a question that shall appear to 
 him as having any bearing on the case. If the doctor can only ascertain 
 whether the disorder is acute or chronic, which, in ninety-nine cases in a hun- 
 dred he can easily do, he can treat him safely, and in a majority of instances, 
 successfully , This goes to prove what we have said elsewhere, that pro- 
 fessional medicine is in large part artificial . The pretended study of the urine 
 is a blind. The patients attention must be diverted from the simple philosophy 
 of cure, and fixed upon some imaginary art or science of great profundity. 
 
 An examination of the pulse was once considered sufficient for the discovery 
 and treatment of all diseases that flesh is heir to. It is still of more value in 
 determining the condition of the patient than any other one sign we have. But 
 it would be useless for any man in these days to pretend to base a practice up- 
 on an examination of the pulse alone. A knowledge of its value is so wide 
 spread and so demonstrable that but few people could be humbugged by any 
 extraordinary pretensions to science in that direction. The urine is sometimes 
 an aid in the study of disease, but it is ridiculous to suppose that a man can 
 learn more from a bottle of urine alone than he can by systematic methods of 
 inquiry and physical examination. 
 
 The Clairvoyant would have his victims believe that he can see better through 
 
 the top of his head than through the natural organs of vision. Mrs . A 
 
 says a clairvoyant whom she employed described her disease ' ' exactly in every 
 particular." "And did you yourself know your disease, when you called him 
 in counsel?" '-No, of course not," she replied, "or I should not have sent 
 for him." " Well, if you did not know what your disease was, and your coun- 
 sel has described parts that cannot be examined by aid of any or all the organs 
 of sense, how do you know that he told you the truth." Of course there 
 could be no satisfactory answer to the question. It is easy to make statements 
 in regard to organs in the interior of the body, for what is affirmed cannot be 
 disproved. It is characteristic of many modes of practice, to tempt the con- 
 fidence of the patient for the purpose of securing patronage by endeavoring to 
 show a knowledge of his disease, but as we have elsewhere said, "a knowledge of 
 disease is only one branch of medical art, and does not imply ability to cure. 
 
 The artful medium iftes departed spirits to unfold the marvels of disease 
 
23 
 
 arid cure. Many of the mediums are young, and confessedly not experienced 
 in medical matters; but they affect to be acted on by higher and more intelli- 
 gent powers. No doubt many of the patrons of uroscopy, would consider these 
 
 latter as humbugs. But the trick lias the same signifieancy in all. It is a 
 mode of creating pi estige — a means of securing confidence, and is essentially 
 the same as that which gives importance to all sects. 
 
 Homeopathy is the shadow of Allopathy. Its birth was aided by a know- 
 ledge of the disease-making effects of their drugs. No man ignorant of alio- 
 pathy would ever have originated homeopathy. The principal trick of this 
 sect, unlike the examples just given, does not consist in the pretense of a mar- 
 velous manner of detecting disease, but in the principle upon which they admin- 
 ister medicine and discover the remedies of disease. It has, however, other 
 tricks by which it bids for patronage. Among the most prominent are, its 
 claims to be scientific — its doctrine of specifics, with its multitude of agents, 
 and its strictly exclusive character. This doctrine of specifics, that is, that 
 certain medicines have exclusive or exceptional power over particular expressions 
 of disease, is erroneous. There are no specifics in medicine, no medicines that 
 have exclusive power over any particular expression of disease. A proper use 
 of the same agents are effective with all forms of fever, and all local inflamma- 
 tions. Pleurisy root abates pain arising from inflammation of the pleural mem- 
 brane; but it has no specific or exceptional action in this disease. It abates 
 pain arising from fever or inflammation in any part of the body. Besides, 
 there may be a hundred medicines besides pleurisy root that conquers pleurisy, 
 and acts in the direction of cure over all inflammations and fevers. Colchicum 
 has some power "over acute rheumatism and gout, but it has the same power 
 over other inflammations and fevers as far as its use is called for, On the other 
 hand there are many other agents which have far more power over gout and 
 rheumatism than colchicum. Some medicines act with greater energy on cer- 
 tain organs than on others, but their beneficial effects on the system are by no 
 means bounded by their local action. They reduce inflammation located in 
 other parts of the body, as effectively as those which express themselves mainly 
 in those organs which seem more especially acted on by the medicine. For in- 
 stance some medicines act with exceptional energy on the kidneys, but the 
 same power these agents exert o^r inflammation in these organs, they 
 would manifest over inflammations in other organs. By their action on the 
 kidneys, they energize their functions, and cause certain excretory changes in 
 the blood. The blood so changed, exerts a healing influence over all affected 
 parts of the body. 
 
 Homeopathy may properly be called a fancy fraud of scientific medicine, and, 
 next to Allopathy, is the best planned and most thoroughly ramified system of 
 humbuggery that is any where trampling upon and smothering the simple heal- 
 ing arts. No doubt Hahnemann was disgusted with the systematic disease 
 making of Allopathy. He tells us that the disorders made by its drugs are the 
 most obstinate o f all chronic affections. But, singularly enough, the chief poi- 
 sons of these disease makers are Homeopathic specifics. Like many Allopaths 
 of his day, most likely Hahnemann was a medical skeptic; and, in breaking 
 away from the old school, may have said to himself: "I will beat a hole in the 
 noisy drum of these disease makers. I have no more faith in medicine than 
 they have, but my conscience will not let me make so much disease: I will 
 bring a rational philosophy to the aid of my ghost of medication ; I will tickle 
 the imagination of the lovers of the marvelous by my extreme dilutions. My 
 sugar-coated pills will be a pleasing contrast to the disgusting doses of the Alio- 
 
24 
 
 paths, and I shall win." Homeopathy is winning. In many large cities it is 
 driving Allopathy to the wall. Henre the hostility of the latter to Homeopathy 
 exhibits the very essence of malignity. 
 
 In every city there is a percentage of people who want to be doctored. 
 They don't expect to be cured, for the reason that they have no positive ail- 
 ments except ennui. They don't want to be out of fashion; and it is fashion- 
 able to receive the visits of a physician. Besides, they must he amused ; but 
 they don't want to be poisoned — that is, bat little; and they want that" little 
 concealed in sugar pills . Little pills that will not rack the nerves of those that 
 swalbw them. Homeopathy is admirably adapted to answer this demand. 
 As a fancy humbug it is superior to Allopathy, and better adapted to the wants 
 of our civilization. No sect can become popular that does not practice some 
 form of imposition. Practically -the Homeopathy of Hahnemann institution is 
 defunct. Extreme dilution is repudiated whenever the case in hand calls for 
 vigorous treatment. In fact we have seen the Homeopathist advertise his 
 medicine as concentrated, in comparison with the weaker and watery prepara- 
 tions of other physicians . 
 
 It is to the interest of all medical sects, that the people shall believe that the 
 medical art is beyond their comprehension — at least without years of prepara- 
 tory study. It is true that their aits are hard to understand. They are art- 
 fully made so. Physicians complicate disease, and complicate treatment. But 
 genuine medical art is very simple. If a man has fever, and you know how to 
 abate that fever, you know considerable medical art. And this you may easily 
 learn to do, though you cannot write your name or read the alphabet. 
 
 The public mind must be confoundtd by involved and contradictory theories, 
 and absurd practice. To make their teaching consistent, plain and truthful, 
 would be self-destruction. It would be no less than to tell every one how to 
 do without their services. To fully develope and empower an orthodox sect, 
 the public must be overwhelmed with awe by the psychological power of learn- 
 ing. To this ead the students brain is filled with technicalities and useless 
 jargon. Great importance is attached to qualifications and attainments entirely 
 irrelevant to healing arts. A medical phraseology is invented for effect — utterly 
 without utility, except to excite wonder for learning as useless as it is inco npre- 
 hensible. 
 
 For illustration, let us show how the wo d Neuralgia has served the profes- 
 sion in this direction. A man is severely distressed in the region of the stomach. 
 He says to his physician, after describing his case: "What is the matter with 
 me?" "0," says the doctor, "you have neuralgia of the stomach.'' The 
 patient is now satisfied that the doctor profoundly understands his case, and re- 
 ceives treatment with confidence. If the doctor, in answer to his patient's 
 interrogation, had said, "you have pain the stomach, 7 ' the patient would very 
 likely have replied, "I know that as well as you do." But, practically, the 
 doctor told him no more when he called it neuralgia. Neuralgia reveals no 
 more to the doctor than the word pain does to the patient. There can be no 
 pain without disorder in some one or more of the nerves of sensation. It is 
 true that when the word neurabia was first introduced into medical literature, 
 it signified pain in a nerve independent of other organs or disease. But the 
 definition was soon found not to be strictly correct. It is scarcely possible for 
 a nerve of sensation to be affected independent of other organs. This disorder 
 is corrected by treating it through the medium of other organs. Literally 
 neuralgia is pain in a nerve. But all pain is pain in a nerve or nerves. The 
 nerves only can make one conscious of pain. But pain is a very common sen 
 
25 
 
 sation. It is so common as to be esteemed vulgar by the "regulars." To tell 
 
 a man he has pain, is to toll him nothing now. So a scientific doctor calls it 
 neuralgia. Neuralgia is science, and nobody is supposed to comprehend it but 
 a doctor. 
 
 The institution of the family physician is an outgrowth of a disguised and 
 artificial profession. It is, in fact, a relict of the dark ages, when the priest and 
 the physician were one and the same person, and did the thinking, theologi- 
 cally and medically, for all classes; when to differ with the opinion of the doctor 
 in regard to health and the proper treatment of disease, would have been deem- 
 ed as presumptuous as to differ with the priest about matters pertaining to the 
 soul. The institution is not in accordance with the spirit of our times, and is a 
 bar to the diffusion of medical knowledge among the people. It is the interest 
 of the family physician to discourage the introduction of knowledge which 
 would better enable his patients to dispense with his services. When a family 
 has found a physician whose^skill, integrity, and prompt attention to business, 
 commend him to their "patronage, it is proper that such family should employ 
 him when they need his services, for what he is best qualified fcr do. But 
 what is there in medical art that should exempt the physician more than men in 
 other vocations from the laws of competition? Nothing. Only an outline 
 knowledge of the principles of medical art would make this fact apparent. 
 Most people confine their patronage to one physician because of their acknow- 
 ledged inability to judge of the value of medical service. Long acquaintance 
 with one man is the best guarantee they have for good service. They think 
 they know him. But it is an essential qualification of a "scientific" doctor not 
 to be known. He wears perpetually a professional mask, as impenetrable as that of 
 the veiled prophet [ of Khorassen, to the unmedical patron. This mask is an in- 
 tegral part of his professional qualification. It is studied and taught systemati- 
 cally. The Clarion County Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, in 
 its cole of ethics published in 1867, says: "A peculiar reserve must be main- 
 tained by physicians in regard to professional matters. " That reserve is intend- 
 ed, no doubt, to conceal from those whom this society, in high church style, 
 call ' laymen," professional ignorance, and that laugh in the sleeve which must 
 so often reveal itself to the members of the society. ' 'My son, " said a consid- 
 erate father to a child whom Providence had somewhat stinted in mental en- 
 dowments, "if you go with me to town you must not talk, and people will not 
 know you are ja fool." The sharp business tact of the American people is Jess 
 conspicuous in their dealings with the doctor than in any other department of 
 human affairs. One would suppose that life and health were of sufficient 
 value to stimulate cautiousness and conservatism to the last degree. But it is 
 astonishing how easily men and women, in all conditions of life, can be imposed 
 on in medical matters, when they are approached with the artificial authority of 
 scientific medicine. 
 
 The "regular" doctor is generally opposed to ordinary modes of advertising. 
 He is so for these reasons : — If a regular, combined and associated physician can 
 impress^the public with the idea that the representatives of his schooronly r 'are 
 properly qualified physicians, they have no occasion to advertize in any other 
 way, nor to strive for success as healers . They are sure to do all the chance 
 business and as much more as they can make by the use of their drugs. They 
 understand very well that, if they advertised their cure?, they would be esti- 
 mated and measured by their success in healing. "Don't talk 'about cures," 
 said a "regular" college professor to his class, "but base your claim to patron- 
 age on the fact that you are a regular physician." "The people," said he, 
 
26 * 
 
 u won't reason on these matters. They can't. Yon must command them by 
 authority — that always control's the unreflecting; and then it little matters what 
 your work is, it will be considered right." No! the regular physician does not 
 advertise directly ; and considering the deadly effect of his drugs, and the terri- 
 ble character of his work, it is a great misfortune to the public that he does 
 not. 
 
 But if the "regular" does not advertise, as aforesaid, he has, nevertheless, a 
 very effectual mode of blowing his own trumpet. Affecting to contemn the 
 judgement of the public as incompetent to judge of the character of his work, 
 he looks to the profession for his honors. The very assumption that the calomel 
 schools only graduate regular bred physicians, is a mode of advertising. Their 
 affectation of mystery, and their endlessly tautological phraseology, based upon 
 the most inconsequential learning, is still another mode of advertising. 
 
 Another mode in which " scientific" popular medicine uses its artificial pres- 
 tige and powder to sustain itself at the expense of independent thought and 
 action, and to appear wise in the public eye, is to apply some epithet of re- 
 proach to stigmatize all who shall attempt to practice medicine without its seal 
 and authority. This epithet is quack. With your scientific doctor, every kind 
 of medical practice is quackery except his own. If the best representatives of 
 scientific medicine should get progressive ideas, denounce the authority of their 
 school, and set up as independent practitioners, the immaculate fraternity of 
 regulars would call them quacks, as they do all who defect from their ranks. 
 But these men would know just as much outside of the calomel school as in it. So 
 reader, you see that quackery does not signify want of qualification, but want 
 of a particular kind of authority,, in other words the quack is a medical heretic 
 who presumes to do some of his own thinking. Now, let us suppose a young 
 parchmented li regular " fresh from the schools, commencing practice under the 
 auspices of the fraternity. His mouth is full of technical phraseology and the 
 jargon of scientific medicine, yet he may lack all the instincts and philosophy 
 of nature's physician. He ma}^ be utterly incapable of comprehending the 
 higher principles of the profession. He may poison his patients with calomel, 
 corrosive sublimate, antimony, &c. , &c. He may mark his ride everywhere 
 with wrecked systems, the legitimate effects of his accursed drugs. He may fill 
 his pockets with gold, and give his patients in return shattered constitutions and 
 depraved appetites. This man has a diploma, and in the language of the 
 schools, is a " properly qualified physician. r Those who strain their lungs 
 in crying quack, would never apply the epithet to such a case as this. 80 read- 
 er, when you hear one denounced as a quack, reflect a moment — consider who 
 uses the word — what is its signification, and you will not be disturbed by it, 
 quack ! quackery ! ! Why, that quackery must to be deprecated — most abun- 
 dant, is licensed quackery — authorized quackery — popular quackery — quackery 
 that maims, disables and destroys, all in the name of science. 
 
 This is the spirit of regular organized popular medicine. To make disease, 
 and therefore business for itself. To compel public patronage by combinations. 
 To crush out independent practitioners by refusing to counsel with them, and to 
 stifle all criticisms and independent thought in its patrons. " Any man" says 
 the great Harvey, ' ' who presumes to dispute their doctrines, or to practice in 
 oppositions to the prescriptions based upon them, is denounced as a quack and 
 a murderer, and visited with a malicious persecution that stops at nothing short 
 of destruction, root and branch ." 
 
 The prestige and power of the calomel schools depend chiefly upon artificial 
 aids. If ope could take from regular organized medicine that " peculiar reserve " 
 
21 
 
 which its representatives are instructed to maintain towards those whom tliey 
 call laymen — if one could take from it its "fuss and feathers," its affected dig- 
 nity, iu inflated phraseology $ its persistent time-honored humbuggery, and its 
 disease-making drugs, the effect would be like taking gas from a balloon, the 
 institution would collapse. Where five doctors now get rich, one would scarce- 
 ly get an economical living. 
 
 SECTARIAN MEDICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 A celebrated French surgeon, who had the benefit of forty years' experience 
 in the armies and hospitals of France, said that if all the medical literature then 
 extant were to be swept away, nothing would he lost that was worth preserving. 
 Whatever may have inspired such an opinion in his day, it is quite evident that 
 the floods of medical trash with which we are inundated, in our times, would 
 much better justify such judgment. These books show conclusively that it is 
 very difficult to convey to the minds of others distinct ideas of those things 
 which the writers do not understand themselves. It is probable that most 
 medical books are intended by their authors as nothing moie than professional 
 advertisements. Others are written for the purpose of introducing new r hum- 
 bugs as the old ones begin to play out. It is notorious that none of them have 
 communicated to the public knowledge of practical utility in regard to the treat- 
 ment of disease. The most careful analytical revision of all the medical litera- 
 ture extant, of every sect and school, would not furnish one healing principle 
 that would be accepted as such by all classes of physicians. No agreement be- 
 tween physicians, even of the same school, consulted separately, can be counted 
 on in their treatment of the most common expression of dangerous acute disease. 
 Why is this ? Is there, nothing tangible and permanent in medicine ? Un- 
 doubtedly there are principles in medicine as permanent as natural organic law r . 
 But it is to the interest of all medical sects that no such uniform principles of 
 medical practice shall be established. Most medical books are written by the 
 representatives of some school or sect, and who are, consequently, interested in 
 disseminating exclusive theories. There can be no exclusiveness where every 
 practitioner is governed by the same principles. Beside, the treatment of acute 
 disease is of such a nature that, if uniform principles of the right character were 
 adopted by physicians, they would soon become the property of the public, and 
 few professional doctors could be maintained. Thus, it is plain, that all sects 
 are interested in confounding the common understanding in regard to the most 
 fitting modes of medical treatment. Whatever common experience approves, 
 the dictum of the schools condemns. That, therefore, is a good professional 
 book which, while it seems to mean something, conveys no knowledge of prac- 
 tical utility to the reader. These books that claim to be scientific works, and 
 this pretension to science as an indispensable requisite to medical practice, is the 
 w r ool that obscures the mental vision of so many thousands of people, and makes 
 them willing to be poisoned, crippled and maimed. 
 
 It is amusing to hear medical dogberrys discourse of the learning of physi- 
 cians. They say that "Dr. A. is very scientific." "Dr. B. is one of the best 
 read men in the country. " Why, if a man were to read to any considerable 
 extent the medical literature of the day, under the impression tnat it would con- 
 vey solid, useful knowledge, he would be in great danger of becoming a lunatic 
 or an idiot. Good practical physicians seldom have many medical books, and 
 
28 . 
 
 the few they do have are but little read. Practical dealing with disease soon 
 drives away the mists, contradictions and absurdities so abundant in medical 
 literature. 
 
 Much is said about different systems of medicine. There is no [system in 
 medicine. Medical Art is not the result of the demonstrations of science, but 
 of experiment pure and simple. It would be just as fitting to speak of a system 
 of sculpture, and a system of fiddling, as a system of medicine. If there were 
 an established system in medicine, the doctor's work could be pre-determined. 
 Though medical literature is abundant as the locusts that plagued the Egyp- 
 tians, the duty of the physician can only be indicated by the occasion and cir- 
 cumstances that demand his services. Doctors disagree ! In the intensified 
 language of the day, that is no name for it. In the same case one physiciau 
 vomits where another expresses the positive opinion that emetics are conira in- 
 dicated. This one proposes a cathartic; that^one declares that physic would 
 needlessly weaken the patient, and it is his especial aim to prevent a movement 
 of the bowels. A fourth insists upon the application of blisters or antimonial 
 sores. The fifth says it is outrageous practice to interfere with the integrity of 
 the skin, and to take away that strength which the patient needs a to throw the 
 disease. This doctor does wonders by sweats. Is confident that he could 
 sweat out a typhoid. The** next M.D. knows sweating weakens a patient. He 
 don't know it does anything else. 
 
 Practical medical truth is buried under the verbiage of the schools. The in- 
 struction of popular medical works is an ignusfatuus that leads to bewilder, and 
 dazzles to blind. The precepts of medical literature shock both common sense 
 and philosophy. The great work of the medical teacher of to-day is to unlearn 
 the public of its errors. Men have so long helplessly leaned upon doctors, that 
 they seem almost incapable of independent thought in medical matters. Such 
 is the power of authority made by schools and associations, and utterly without 
 the support of science, that it induces thousands daily to submit to treatment 
 outrageous to reason and destructive to vital power. This wonderfuPpsycho- 
 logical influence folds in its embrace not only the ignorant and illiterate, but 
 men of intellect who have devoted their lives to literary pursuits. 'Tis true, 
 'tis pity ! and pity 'tis, 'tis true ! 
 
 SCIENTIFIC DOCTORS NOT HEALERS. 
 
 The flourishing state of the medical profession, the great number of practi- 
 tioners that rapidly make fortunes by doctoring, is demonstrative proof that 
 popular medicine has little in common with the healing art. If the labors of 
 these doctors were exclusively devoted to the removal of disease, the effect would 
 be manifest m their diminished and diminishing numbers. Their work should 
 continually abate the aggregate amount of disease and consequently lessen the 
 number of practitioners as it reduces the source of their^ subsistence . If pop- 
 ular medical sects would give positive evidence of skill in the healing art, their 
 work should constantly tend to make their own services less in demand. Skill 
 in healing is self nullification. That is the best doctor in any community, who 
 by his wisdom and art so preserves the health of his patrons^as to make his 
 services unnecessary or at least rarely in demand. If by his medicine and in- 
 struction in a single visit a doctor aborts a lever, or breaks down an inflamma- 
 tion that would otherwise have run thirty days, he gets only one thirtieth of the 
 
29 
 
 recompense of the unskillful physician whose services would be required for as 
 many as thirty visits. It is a fair presumption then, and a just estimate of 
 ability, that of a given number of doctors who have an equal number of patrons 
 under equally favorable circumstances, that is the best and most skilful one who 
 has the least to do. The best evidence then which the representatives of pop- 
 ular medicine could furnish of their power over disease, would be to make their 
 services unnecessary to the public, if not absolutely yet proximately. It is self- 
 evident that such is the tendency of medical skill. 
 
 Proper treatment of disease is not only curative but hy genie. To remove 
 the source of disease in the most simple and effective manner is to lay the foun- 
 dation of health. Usually such treatment conveys valuable and saving instruc- 
 tion to the patient. A good physician, from the very nature of his work, will 
 so disseminate hygenic principles as to continually diminish the medical require- 
 ments of his patients. The highest skill in the physician is to abbreviate dis- 
 ease and to prevent what would otherwise have culminated in malignant disor- 
 der, But this skill is rarely appreciated or compensated. The patient does not 
 know what he has been saved from, and cannot, therefore, properly estimate 
 the services rendered. Doctors who have many patients who are very sick, and 
 sick for a long time, get both reputation and money. 
 
 Healing is very unremunerative. It ]s disease-making and protracting that 
 pays. We had a patient who paid us a certain sum of money for sixty days 
 medical treatment. At the end of forty-five days he asked to have one-fourth 
 of the money refunded, on the plea that he was completely restored to health. 
 Had he not been entirely cured at the end of sixty days, he would not have 
 been dissatisfied w T ith the investment of the whole sum. 
 
 Organized or sectarian medicine does not depend solely upon natural 
 or fortuitous causes of disease for business ; but by its own drugs, combina- 
 tions and public teachings it puts causes in operation that make employment for 
 its own practitioners. An individual is doctored with calomel and opium for 
 the first time. This treatment is the setd of perrenial diseases. From that 
 time the profession has a heavy mortgage on his earnings, from which it draws 
 compound interest. He is doctored into disease with calomel and other poisons, 
 and calomel is still used to doctor the disorder it has made. 
 
 Calomel when taken into the system in health or disease produces the signs 
 and symptoms of a malignant inflammation, and that of a far more obstinate 
 and persistent character than most spontaneous inflammations. Opium is a 
 powerful stimulant astringent that increases arterial excitement and causes a kind 
 of delirium even in health . Iron and quinine are powerful clogging tonics, and 
 therefore every way adapted to the aggravation of febrile and inflammatory ac- 
 tion ; yet the use of these agents in many forms of fever and inflammation, is 
 authorized by the teachings of the allopathic schools. At the same time they 
 repudiate those simple febrifuge medicines that are always direct and effective in 
 their action to abate fever^and inflammation, and never do any harm. Thus it 
 is that * ( scientific" medicine confounds the common understanding in regard to 
 the action of medical agents, and debauches the public mind in regard to dis- 
 ease. It condems what heals and saves and authorizes what makes, intensifies 
 and protracts disorder. Its self-created authority destroys self reliance among 
 the people, and discourages domestic treatment. , 
 
 We have before remarked that scientific medicine is largely artificial, ingeni- 
 ously creating a demand for its own services. A community possessing only a 
 limited acquaintance with the simple rules of healing, at once annihilates medi- 
 eine as a distinct profession. For instance, the Shakers maintain no professional 
 
SO 
 
 doctors. They claim to have had but one case of typhoid fever in thirty years, 
 and that they say was the result of oversight, and is not likely to happen again. 
 They say, sensibly enough, how absurd it is to go to a doctor for the recovery 
 of your health, who is interested in keeping you sick. Other communities have 
 demonstrated the uselessness of an organized medical profession. Repeatedly 
 in my practice I have known a calomel doctor employed through the influence 
 of fear and ignorance to visit a patient weeks, and in one instance sixty days 
 after my treatment had reduced every manifestation of disease except what the 
 doctor made for himself. 
 
 It is a curious fact that skill in healing is incompatible with distinction to its 
 possessor. The most skillful have the least to do. Healing is a negative art. 
 It consists chiefly in arresting and preventing disease. Unlike painting, 
 sculpture and music it can leave no enduring monuments of the artists work. 
 No healer in modern times has achieved cosmopolitan eminence or any consid- 
 erable fortune ; and it is highly probable from the nature of medical art that the 
 reputation of Esculapius, Hippocrates and Galen was owing to other causes 
 than to their healing powers. The reputation of all sectarian doctors is mostly 
 local and purely artificial or professional — -m:-.de for themselves by themselves, 
 on the principal of mutual admiration and eulogy. Jenner, for his application 
 of vaccine may be thought an exception. But his discovery was preventive 
 rather than positively healing. And his case furnishes another demonstration 
 of the hostility of the profession to progressive medicine. He experienced at 
 the hands of the profession all that imdL'o and envy could inflict. It resisted 
 his discovery as long as resistance could avail. Harvey's discovery of the cir- 
 culation of the blood, although.it was purely scientific and not directly connect- 
 ed with the healing art, met with the same opposition. 
 
 The healing art is too simple ia its principles to admit of its practitioners ac- 
 quiring an extensive reputation. Dr. Dixon, of New York, has attained greater 
 notoriety by his profound skepticism of the efficacy of medicine, than has at- 
 tached to any healer of our times. All that has been established in regard to 
 the treatment of acute disease may be comprehended and practised by men and 
 women of ordinary capacity. That these simple arts are not better understood 
 is a reproach to the people of the nineteenth century, though this want of 
 knowledge is undoubtedly due in part to systematic efforts of professional medi- 
 cine to keep the public ignorant. Domestic medical art is sneered at, condemn- 
 ed and repudiated by the scientific practitioner, whose fortune depends upon 
 his ability to repress everything like self reliance among its patrons. 
 
 The art of reading is not so simple as that which relates to the management 
 of acute disease. Half the amount given to doctors would pay for instructing 
 every head of a family in the action of the most important medical agents, and 
 also when and how to use them . Only feeble light in this direction would en- 
 able the patron of the physician to detect and expose those very superficial arts 
 by which a fever or inflammation is sometimes protracted H\e or eight weeks, 
 that could be subdued in as many days by appropriate treatment. There are 
 cases occasionally that require close and long attention from the physician. 
 These serve as an effectual blind to the patron w 7 ho being ignorant of tne princi- 
 ples or rules governing medical art, cannot tell when these occur. 
 
 All medical sects are opposed to the healing art — at least so far as their or- 
 ganized and combined action is concerned. No sect or organization works for 
 its own destruction. The vitality of medical sects is in disease. The more 
 disease the better they thrive ; the aggregated influence of association cannot 
 promote cure when the tendency of cure is to the destruction of the association. 
 
31 
 
 What man in a race is going: to run fast when it is the hindmost who wins 
 the stakes. In such organization there is a tendency to the exclusion of the 
 most reliable curative agents, and to the introduction of those which make 
 and prolong disorder. Like the manna which fed the children of Israel in the 
 
 wilderness, the agents oi' cure are scattered broadcast by a bountiful providence 
 over the whole earth ; and like that manna too, they perish by every attempt 
 
 hoard or monopolize them. There an 1 many enterprises in the affairs of life 
 in which co-operation, association and organization are commendable because 
 the interests of the association and those of the public are identical. It is quite 
 the reverse in medicine, which thrives upon the misfortunes of its patrons. 
 Medical organization, therefore, is stimulated by its own interests to increase and 
 prolong disease, which is the source of the power and wealth of its members. 
 
 Thus one can see plainly enough that healing is a positive danage to the 
 medical profession. The very excelbncy of the healers work makes him hostile to 
 their interest 
 
 In order to confound the judgment of unmedical persons, and to excite pro- 
 found reverence for science, the profession sometimes authorizes the most absurd 
 treatment, such as the application of ice to sufferers from asiatic cholera; and 
 the use of calomel, and alcohol and narcotic stimulants for the reduction of deli- 
 rious nervous fevers. * 'What is the remedy in this case ?" inquired a student 
 of his tutor. ''The remedy," said the old doctor, "is warm water, but the 
 practice is cold water." How could the remedy be one thing and the practice 
 another \ Very easily. The schools and associations may establish a practice, 
 but experience determines the remedy. The schools and the associations are 
 interested in the prosperity of doctors — they are not equally interested in the 
 removal of disease. So extensively has the popular judgment been perverted 
 by the mineral practice, that many people think it necessary that, in order to be 
 made better, one must first be made worse. Whereas the curative effect of a 
 true medicine is direct from the first. With the best treatment, fevers will oc- 
 casionally find their victims in early and middle life. But, in enlightened coun- 
 tries, where we have the benefit of scientific medicine, a much greater number 
 are killed # by the doctor's drugs. 
 
 Mrs. P . called upon me and said she had just got out of doors after a long- 
 run of fever that, she said, had cost her upwards of seventy dollars, though she 
 lived within a short walk of her doctor. She wanted to know if I could do 
 something for her towards the recovery of her health. It was plain to see that 
 she had once possessed a superb physical system, and it was sad to note what 
 change had been wrought by seventy dollars worth of scientific doctoring. '*I 
 had," siid she, "when I was taken sick, beautiful teeth — look at them now;" 
 and her eyes filled with tears. Several of her teeth had fallen out and the re 
 maining ones were black and loose. Her nerves were shattered and made sus- 
 ceptable to every change of atmosphere, and her whole system withcut tone or 
 recuperative power. If there is any time, in the history of an individual, when 
 lie should be free from disease — when he should least need medicine — it is un- 
 doubtedly just after a fever properly treated. Malignant fevers do indeed tem- 
 porarily impair energy; but, when they do not take life, they do not taint and 
 disorganize like the calomel doctor's drugs. 
 
 Mr. 0. lives in a neiodiborino; town of Crawford Co. Said he was thrown 
 from a horse and had two of his ribs broken. Having a wholesome dread of 
 doctors he determined, if possible, to do without their services. Two weeks 
 had passed and he had so far recovered that he could get out doors and direct 
 matters on his farm. He was every day improving; but, in an evil hour, was 
 
32 
 
 persuaded to send for a doctor, The first drugs he took brought him to his bed, 
 where his ingenious doctor contrived to keep him for four long months. From 
 this bed he arose with the loss of most of his teeth (by calomel), and the per- 
 manent impairment of what had been a strong, well-balanced physical system. 
 His doctor bill amounted to one hundred and fifty dollars, to say nothing of the 
 damage he sustained by being unable to direct his affairs. This was ' 'scientific" 
 doctoring; and it is only by the aid of the sacred name of science that men are 
 enabled to practice such barefaced villainy. 
 
 ' 'The apothecary doctors," said a plain spoken man from the country, "charg- 
 ed me over one hundred dollars for killing my wife with calomel. I am myself 
 poisoned by the infernal drug, and never expect to recover from the effects of it. " 
 
 A large percentage of the reform doctor's time is devoted to the renovation of 
 systems racked, tainted and prostrated by mercurial treatment. These human 
 wrecks are to be found on every hand, though the number is scarcely suspected, 
 except by those who are called on to undertake the difficult task of rebuilding on 
 the ruins. 
 
 "I have come a long distance," said a woman of twenty-five years, "to see 
 if you can do anything for me," and she showed two crippled hands and arms. 
 The left hatid was stiffened at the wrist, and the fingers so contracted as to 
 render the hand useless. The right arm was adhered at the elbow joint, and 
 stiff. The palm of the hand was turned down, the two bones of the arm being 
 crossed and immovable, and the whole limb without function. ' 'I had Typhoid 
 fever, and my doctor, who is a regular bred physician, said the fever took a 
 bad turn." 
 
 "This is the work of poison, Madame, given by your regular physician. 
 Typhoid fever may kill, but it never produces such effects as these. " 
 
 Thus is poor humanity tortured and crippled. Every considerate person 
 must know that drugs which produce such terrible results locally, must shatter 
 and deprave the whole system. And so it w r as in this case. This unfortunate 
 woman was not only deprived of the use of her hands, but had other ailments, 
 the effect of poisonous treatment of the gravest character, such as she could be 
 redeemed from by no medical skill. 
 
 Mr. W. is blind in one eye, and nearly so in the other. This is his story :— 
 4 'I was living on a homestead which I had earned by hard work . I was worth 
 two thousand dollars. I took an inflammation in one eye and applied to a regu- 
 lar physician. His treatment increased the malignancy of the disease. I went 
 to New York to a more ''scientific" doctor, and within one month I lost entirely 
 the sight of an eye, and the disease had attacked the other. I doctored on 'till 
 I am as you see, nearly blind and a beggar." The result would have been far, 
 far better had he not went near any physician. The tendency of inflammatory 
 action is to abatement. With quietude, spare diet, and good nursing, he could 
 scarcely have suffered permanent impairment of his eyesight. 
 
 Many cases of fever especially of that class called nervous, beyond a perad- 
 venture, are made by certain modes of doctoring. We were called to see a lady 
 in Meadville. "Dr." said she, " what is the matter with me ?" "You have 
 fever, madam." "Yes, but what kind of fever," she inquired. "That is 
 more difficult to tell. It has not the appearance of any legitimate fever with 
 which I am acquainted. " The patient then informed me that a short time before 
 she had been terribly salivated by calomel and had not been well since. Fur- 
 ther investigation showed that this fever was a secondary mercurial fever, caused 
 by relicts of mercurial compounds still in the system ; and this disease-making 
 practice is scientific medicine ! 
 
33 
 
 IH the city of Buffalo I was called to sec a young man. We were requested 
 to examine the patient and report to his friends in an adjoining room. "Well 
 doctor, what is the matter with him." "He has a bilious attack," we replied. 
 
 "A bilious attack, indeed ! why, a prominent surgeon and practitioner of the 
 city has been called to attend him and says he has typhoid fever. That he will 
 probably be sick four or five weeks at least. He has prescribed calomel to be 
 followed by milk punch, with Dover powders at night." "I can assure you 
 that the young man has no typhoid fever, but the treatment you have named, if 
 continued, will be pretty sure to make one." A fever would be generated in 
 any well person subjected to such treatment. At the urgent request of the 
 friends we took charge of the patient, visited him four times, and three days 
 later saw him down town going to settle with his "scientific" doctor. 
 
 Such developements would be much more frequent but that " scientific'' 
 medicine has such a grip upon the public mind that the victimized patient once 
 entangled in the meshes rarely escapes, but is doctored on to the bitter end. 
 One of the saws by which this influence is maintained is that "It will not do 
 to change medicine." The doctor may lose patient after patient. Those that 
 still live mav be hourly sinking under the effects of their poisonous, disease- 
 making dru/s, and when the confidence of the friends of the sick in the skill of 
 the doctor is giving wav, thev are told that it will not do to change medicine, 
 and thus thousands have been deluded into the acceptance of this absurd dogma. 
 That any person having a modicum of common sense should be influenced by 
 such a doctrine shows how blindly and slavishly the maxims of medical auto- 
 crats are accepted by their patrons. The most limited understanding should 
 he able to comprehend the propriety of discontinuing the use of drugs which 
 are not reaching the case, but which are making new disease. If a man's hand 
 is in the fire, how much argument should be required to convince him of the 
 propriety of withdrawing it. Ah! how profound are the precepts of "scien- 
 tific" medicine. 
 
 The most popular medical sect, that which has most immunities and receives 
 most goyernmental favors — that in which the practitioner most rapidly acquires 
 a fortune — is also the most corrupt — is least successful in healing — and as might 
 be expected, has least faith in the curative power of medicine. Sects become 
 rich and powerful in proportion as healing arts are ignored and laid aside, and 
 their place supplied by disease-making drugs. 
 
 Doctors, like other people, are governed by motive. The doctor who works 
 in combination — that secures business by the authority of his association and 
 not by his skill, sees with his eyes half open that his mineral drugs and chemi- 
 cal poisons make him more business than medicines. He therefore easily learns 
 to forget the latter and to rely on the former, especially as he i& compelled in a 
 measure to use and recommend them by the terms of his fellowship in the med- 
 ical fraternity. "Come with us," said a member of one of those combinations 
 when we first came to Meadville, "join our association and we will take you 
 by the hand." " Upon what condition ?" we inquired. "Oh, that you use 
 and recommend our agents," was the reply. That is, if we would endorse their 
 disease-making practice, w r e could have their protection and be a 'scientific" 
 doctor. If not we must expect their hostility and be called a quack. 
 
 The medical sect next lower in the scale of popularity is obliged to do a little 
 more for the patient Having less "scientific' prestige it is not allowed to 
 make so much disease. As you go down the scale of populaiity, you will find 
 more and more simplicity, integrity and effectiveness in the treatment of disease. 
 The reason is plain. Having no adventitious support in the shape of combined 
 
34 
 
 associatians, and not being able to humbug in the name of science, they are 
 obliged to do their best. 
 
 If vou want evidence of the retrogressive character of scientific medicine, ex- 
 amine the contents of the drug stores they mainly patronize. You will find 
 their shelves filled with foreign drugs, no more necessary for the cure of our 
 diseases than Japanese clogs are for the protection of our feet. Many of these 
 articles, when they are unadulterated and of full strength, (which I am told is 
 seldom the case,) are good medicines; but we do not need them. Our coun- 
 try abounds in roots and herbs of more value for the removal of acute or 
 chronic disease than all the foreign drugs in the country . Ipecac, gamboge, 
 senna, jalap, squills, rhubarb, colchicum, etc. , etc. , are all good medicines, but 
 we do not need them. We have better, that cost only the digging and prepar- 
 ing. But scientific medicine so far as it could has ignored and contemned do- 
 mestic remedies. A knowledge of their uses by the people would be very 
 damaging to the profession. Even the foreign medicines named above are not 
 extensively used by the ' ' regular. " They are too curative and unprofessional 
 in their effects. ' ' Scientific" medicine does not want medicines so much as 
 drugs, chemicals, compounds of mercury, antimony, iron, bromine, arsenic, 
 etc., etc. These are pets of the profession. With these the scientific man 
 can doctor, and doctoring with these does in no wise injure the business, for the 
 more they are used the more remains to do; and there is no fear of the people 
 appropriating these drugs for domestic use; they experience enough of their 
 disease-making effects in the doctors' prescriptions. 
 
 There is a tendency in sectarian medicine for healing arts to fall into disuse 
 and forgetfulness. Many individual members, whose consciences protest against 
 the use of disease-making minerals, are often a little reconciled to their use on 
 the plea that they are required to use them by the association, and they cannot 
 sustain themselves as independent practitioners. Many men have great facility 
 in reconciling themselves to professional requirements Chat put money in their 
 pockets. 
 
 As time passes doctors come to have an indistinct kind of faith in the absurd 
 arts and practices that originated in sectarian interest. An observing mind will 
 easily satisfy itself that there is nothing too extravagant to be believed if it only 
 be enforced by a sufficient amount of authority. No doubt there are educated 
 physicians who really believe calomel to be a medicine; and as faith increases in 
 injurious and inutile drugs, real remedies are laid aside till a knowledge of their 
 efficacy is lost or forgotten in the death of those who alone knew their virtue. 
 
 The history of medicine is not definite. Tt is impossible to form even a 
 proximate idea of the sumber of medical sects which in different times and 
 places have, rose and reigned and fell. But it is certain that a great many have 
 passed away without leaving a single enduring principle as a monument of their 
 existence. Tongue cannot tell the number of disease-making drugs and appli- 
 ances that one medical sect or another has introduced into the popular practice 
 of the times. Commencing with mercurials there is a long list of mineral com- 
 pounds that are utterly without value to the healer as curative agents. So far 
 as their medicinal virtues are concerned, the whole catalogue is notfto be com- 
 pared in value with any one of a hundred plants that grow in abundance 
 throughout the length and breadth of the land. Chemical compounds are the 
 work of men's hands. Chemists make drugs to doctor with. It is only the 
 Creator who makes medicines that heal. Chemistry has never originated a 
 single medicine. It is not likely it ever will. If it were in the power of chem- 
 ists to make real curative medicines, like those which abound in the fields, the 
 
profession would abandon the chemists; because their work would tend to de- 
 stroy the profession. The most "elegant preparations" are inferior in acute 
 disease to a simple decoction of crude leaves, root or bark. 
 
 Infinite wisdom lias so planned the laws of organization that the healing arts 
 are ever within the reach of the poor and humble, and almost as cheap as the 
 pains and the dews of heaven. Riches and science have striven in vain to 
 monopolize them, but the more they have clutched at them the more they have 
 eluded their grasp. Innumerable modes of treating disease have been resorted 
 to in different times and places. Vast numbers of these have passed into ob- 
 livion. Of those still in use none have stood the test of all ages but those 
 involving the use of remedies found in the vegetable world, and those simple 
 cessory appliances almost always within the reach of all individuals. 
 
 MEDICINE NO SCIENCE. 
 
 What is seh'-stvled Scientific Medicine is a mode of practice in which the 
 treatment of disease is pretended to be the legitimate result of scientific investi- 
 gation. And such is the ignorance in regard to medicine that this absurd, 
 misleading and false conceit obtains extensive endorsement by all classes of peo- 
 ple. Only a superficial knowledge of medical art will convince any rational 
 mind that no amount of scientific attainments will ever enable any practitioner 
 to predetermine the appropriate treatment of disease. It is claimed that the 
 medical use of Iron has a scientific basis. We showed in our article on Iron 
 that no scientific analysis of the blood demonstrates a want of iron in that fluid. 
 And that if in any case there w 7 as a deficiency of iron no personal appearance of 
 an invalid will enable us to determine that fact Lastly, if we could be made 
 to know the fact of its deficiency we do not know that iron, given as a medicine, 
 assimilates and supplies that deficiency. We do know that when iron is given 
 it removes no disease, but tends to fix, immovably, that which is in the system. 
 Your Scientific Doctor has much to say about empirics and empiricism. An 
 empiric is one that tries experiments; but every educated physician knows well 
 enough that all there is or ever was in Medical Art of the least value is empiri- 
 cism — experiment, and the results of experiment. Medicine has not been, is 
 not, and never can be scientific; medical treatment is not even based on the de- 
 duction of science. 
 
 Medicine as a healing art consists in the appropriate treatment of disease. 
 The attainment of any amount of Science does not determine that point. 
 Chemistry, Anatomy, Physiology are Sciences, but a knowledge of them does 
 not give us the slightest clue to the appropriate treatment of disease. Many 
 men who have spent the vigor, vivacity and genius of youth in the acquisition 
 of Sciences supposed to be at the bottom of medicine, who have devoted long 
 years to the classification and description of disease, have sadly failed as curists 
 or healers. Indeed they have more than foiled; they have become skeptical in 
 regard to the healing power of medicine just in the ratio of the learning they 
 have exhausted. And this is much as if a pupil of Raphael should declare his 
 want of faith in the beautiful and sublime art of painting, because, after acquir- 
 ing much Science, he found himself unable to paint as well as his immortal 
 master. 
 
 Medicine is an art depending upon knowledge obtained from two distinct 
 sources. One of these sources is a knowledge of disease ; the other, a knowl- 
 
edge of the effects and action of medical agents. A proper use of these knowl- 
 edges can never be determined by Science. 
 
 A hot and dry skin — pain in the head, back and limbs, with the pulse at one 
 hundred and twenty beats per minute, point to no remedy for the disease of 
 which these are the symptoms and signs. Neither fever, inflammation, or 
 any other form of disease carry with them any indications of cure. I know it 
 is common for doctors in certain cases to say the indications are thus, or so. But 
 this is only the judgment of the doctor, trained a little by previous experiment 
 of his own or others. Science never has, never can help us here . Our knowl- 
 edge in this direction is entirely empirical — purely the result of experiment. 
 When medicine should be given ; what medicine should be given, and how 
 medicine should be given, are questions of Art, not of Science. If these 
 points could be fixed by Science there would be but one mode of medical prac- 
 tice among civilized men, and to err in that would be in the highest degree 
 criminal. There are different schools in Art, but there are no schools in 
 Science. 
 
 Though Science- does not enable us to predetermine appropriate treatment of 
 disease, there is one way in which it may be used, properly enough, as a profes 
 sional prefix. It is appropriate and truthful to say, scientific disease-makers. 
 For it is easy to determine by Science what will make disease every time. And 
 " scientific" doctors do agree in the uniformity with which they make disease. 
 But when they try their hand at healing it is impossible to predict their treat- 
 ment. 
 
 No amount of scientific study solves a single question of treatment. Even 
 the most profound knowledge of* disease implies no ability to treat it. There is 
 no authority whatever for the treatment of disease but experiment. Scientific 
 medicine, therefore, is a misnomer. He who claims to be a "scientific" doctor 
 is either ignorant of the force of the language he makes use of, or is an im- 
 postor. 
 
 All medical sects wish to be thought scientific, just as hypocrites like to wear 
 the livery of heaven. Science is used as a shield against criticism, and makes 
 exclusiveness and intolerance plausible. But the true sons of Science are broad- 
 minded and tolerant. Agassiz asks not the akl of exclusive combinations, but 
 quarries out the granite blocks of truth, unaided. 
 
 Self-styled scientific medicine, of all schools, is sectarian, and is aggressive, 
 persistent and unrelenting in maintenance of the articles of its creed. Its dog- 
 mas, put in practice, make disease, and it always wants to monopolize the busi- 
 ness of doctoring the disease that it makes. It refutes its own title by its per- 
 petual strivings to compel opinion, and to crush out independent effort. No 
 honest, conscientious physician, who earnestly devotes himself to the good of 
 the public, will be allowed to get a living if it be in the power of organized 
 " scientific" medicine to prevent him. 
 
 "You cannot succeed as an independent practitioner," said a "regular" to 
 me one day. " What ! not succeed, if I am really able to control disease V I 
 inquired. "No," said he "no matter how skillful you are there will be un- 
 seen influences that will nullify your best erf)rts. Everywhere detractors in 
 the interest of the organized profession will belittle your best work — magnify 
 and herald every little failure, and even censure that which most merits com- 
 mendation. Your patrons will be persuaded to discharge you in the midst of 
 your most successful labors, and ignorance and prejudice will be set in array 
 against you. What ! succeed because you are successful in treating disease ? 
 That will be the most substantial reason for crushing you out. " 
 

 No one can doubt that "scientific" medicine does progress as civilization ad- 
 vances. Bat this progress consists in its increased facilities for imposition. It 
 introduces new appliances which are only artful contrivances to increase profes- 
 sional business. It brings forward new agents which are not remedies, but new 
 sources of disease; and it gives us new modes of treatment which are only new 
 Bugs Humming the patient into slumber while the doctor empties his pocket. 
 
 u Scientific" medicine is a mode of treatment in violation of physiological law. 
 If it seems to remove one disease it usually leaves behind it a greater. Real 
 science ought to simplify appliances of treatment. But what is called Medical 
 Science every way makes treatment more complicated. 
 
 No medical sect will admit any other mode of practice to be scientific. But 
 each claims for itself what it denies to all others, which is sufficient proof that 
 none are scientific. 
 
 HIGH SCIENTIFIC ATTAINMENTS NOT NECESSARY TO THE 
 SUCCESSFUL PRACTICE OF HEALING ARTS. 
 
 True healing arts are simple. They depend upon an ability to judge of a 
 few ill conditions of the human system, and a knowledge of the remedies for 
 those conditions. Sectarian medicine, in order to keep the public ignorant, and 
 to compel them to pay for disease making and protracting, has associated these 
 simple arts with other arts, appliances and sciences, altogether irrelevant and 
 of no practical utility to the healer. 
 
 Chemistry is a science of o;reat value; but a knovvledo*e of it is not essential to 
 the practice of healing arts. If chemistry has furnished any aids to the practice 
 of medicine, the physician can avail himself of them without the necessity of 
 himself being a chemist. Healing arts, however, are not dependent on chem- 
 istry. They existed in their purity before chemistry was known. Essentially, 
 chemistry has done nothing for the healing art. It has not jKoduced a single 
 agent that may truthfully be called a medicine. It has improved the form of 
 some organic agents, and made them more convenient for use. It has not im- 
 proved their action . 
 
 Great stress is laid upon a knowledge of anatomy as a basis for the practice of 
 medicine. It is interesting to the medical student to know 7 how to locate the 
 principle organs of the body, especialy the visceral organs. It is a pleasing oc- 
 cupation to study the mechanical contrivance of the human system. It is a still 
 more attractive and fascinating pursuit to acquaint oneself with the functions of 
 different organs in the study of human physiology. But a knowledge of these 
 sciences forms no part of the healing art, which is dependent on observation and 
 experience or experiment. 
 
 Anatomy gives us no knowledge of disease. There is no disease in a dead 
 body. Disease is a condition of the living organism. One might as well look 
 among the ruins of a temple blown up by gunpowder for the purpose of ascer- 
 taining the elements and intrinsic qualities of that destructive compound, as to 
 look into a dead body with the view of acquainting himself with the nature of 
 disease. Disease can only be studied where it exists. If a dead body gives us 
 no knowledge of disease, how can it possibly teach us the remedy for it ? A 
 knowledge of anatomy is of service in surgical art, but surgery has necessarily 
 no connection with medicine. 
 
Although we ate mainly indebted to the vegetable kingdom for healing 
 agents, still a knowledge of the science of botany is in no wise connected with 
 medicine. To be able to name, classify, and even describe the physiology of 
 plants, is no guide to their medical virtues. And, contrawise, one may be 
 familiar with the medical properties and uses of a multitude of plants, and not 
 even be able to recognize them when growing in the held. The physician 
 meets with most of his agents in the form which best serves \he purposes of 
 commerce. The study of their uses is entirely independent of their form, cks 
 sification or physiology. 
 
 Sydenham and Laennec of the past, and Flint and others of our day, have 
 devoted much time and study to the developement of an art for the detection qf 
 thoracic diseases. It is claimed that this art owes much to the discov- 
 eries of modern science. The value of the art, supposing it to be reliable, 
 is greatly exaggerated. It is not of the least service in the treatment of the dis 
 orders whWi it is claimed that it enables us to describe. But, in truth, science 
 has done little or nothing for this art. The signs upon which this theory is 
 founded are furnished by the living, not by the dead. All of them, so far as 
 they determine the presence of disease, are independent of anatomical know- 
 ledge, and may have served the physician a thousand years ago as well as they 
 do now. Before it was known where the lungs in man are situated, or before 
 it was known even that man had lungs, there is no reason why disease in those 
 organs may not have been detected and successfully treated. We acquaint our- 
 selves with disease by the study of its signs and symptoms, and not by the cut- 
 ting up of dead bodies that have no disease. Inflammation and other affections 
 of the lungs are attended by certain expressions that must have been regarded 
 by the observing physician as characteristic of the presence of those disorders. 
 These signs have been the same ever since man has had his present organization; 
 and were as traceable at any time in the past as they are now by the light of all 
 our science. We cannot dissect a man while living to examine his lungs; and 
 if we could, they would tell us nothing of disease, but only the effect produced 
 by it. 
 
 But this art of exploration, auscultation, percussion, etc., is very unreliable. 
 Practically there is nothing in it but what might have been known, and proba 
 bly was known to the ancients, and to studious, skillful physicians of all times. 
 Whatever can be detected by the eye, the ear, the sense of touch, could always 
 have been so detected. 
 
 Not many years since the writer was present, with other medical students, in a 
 hospital of a large city, where several learned professors — former pupils of Flint 
 — were exhibiting to the class what they called a case of phthisis, or tubercular 
 consumption of the lungs. The patient coughed, and was greatly emaciated. 
 A professor in a medical college, together with several other professors, per- 
 cussed this patient with his fingers and also with a hammer and plate. He 
 auscultated the patient with naked ear; that is, he studied the respiratory 
 sounds by placing his ear to the chest of the patient. Pie also studied the 
 respiration by the aid of a binaural stethoscope. He palpated the patient; that 
 is, he tested the lungs by the use of his hands. He also endeavored to measure 
 the inflation of the lungs by the eye. This he pronounced a clear case of tuber- 
 cular consumption of the lungs. Four days later the patient died, and the 
 writer was present to see the post mortem examination. And, reader, what do 
 you suppose was found? Why, a pair of lungs in every respect perfect and 
 sound. The man died with abscess of the liver. 
 
 The ready apology will no doubt be put forward that Science is no way to be 
 
39 
 
 blamed because these men made a mistake. No, Science is no way to be blamed, 
 because there was no Science <<> blame. If one could determine the true con 
 dition 0$ the lungs in disease by Science, no such mistakes could occur. This 
 mode of judging of disease is only an art, and an art which is very unreliable, 
 
 as we have shown, even in the hands of those who are thought its best repre- 
 sentatives. The humbuggery and imposition practiced under the pretense of 
 skill in this art are immense, and so gross that the veriest simpleton ought to be 
 able to detect them. By this ait any man may explore the chest and describe 
 a supposed condition of the lungs. And whb can refute his statements? We 
 are not allowed to dissect our patients to see whether the doctors' diagnosis and 
 prognosis were worthy of their confidence. So the whole thing resolves itself 
 into a mere matter of opinion, and this opinion rules with the patient, not ac- 
 ccording to the science and skill of the doctor, but exactly in proportion to the 
 authority that backs it. The professors who made the mistake, narrated above, 
 may make such blunders every day, and their practice will not be injured by it, 
 for such an expose of their ignorance and refutation of their diagnosis might not 
 occur again in a lifetime. And if it did it would be likely to happen only 
 among medical students, who, if they belong to any medical sect, would have a 
 motive to conceal it. 
 
 A young doctor, fresh from the study of Sydenham and Laennec, and from 
 the instructions of the polished Flint, was eulogizing the perfection of this art 
 to an old physician whose early studies did not embrace this pet of the profes- 
 sion. The old doctor listened attentively until he had made an end, and then 
 remarked in a squeaking voice, and in a style all his own, ' Yes, yes ! God, 
 God ! but you can't see in there after all ! !" 
 
 When the writer was attending medical lectures, a woman was brought be- 
 fore the class, laboring under a severe attack of inflammation of the lungs, for 
 the purpose of enabling the students to study the disease. She was the sub- 
 ject of study for several days. Much was said over the case to enable the stu- 
 dents to detect and describe the disease, but not ten minutes was devoted to the 
 study or explanation of means that would relieve or cure. She was suffering 
 terribly, and proper medical treatment would have relieved her in two hours. 
 The question naturally arises, did the school devote itself to the promotion of 
 healing arts, or was its main object to teach such arts as would enable its pupils 
 to make most money out of disease ! 
 
 The conservative principle of the human race requires that healing arts should 
 not be dependent upon science, nor a high degree of civilization. The truth of 
 this proposition is demonstrated in the fact, that the human race existed and 
 flourished in population, in a savage or barbarous state, before science began to 
 be developed. In regard to population and general purity of health, many bar- 
 barous and even savage tribes are quite 011 a par with civilized nations. Their 
 number may be abridged by war and religious sacrifices, but not for the want of 
 "scientific" doctors. No where among savages are the effects of malpractice so 
 woefully manifest as in civilized countries where scientific practice is relied on 
 by the deluded people. Does high civilization change therapeutic law ? Not 
 in the least. Inflammatory action in a savage is the same that it is in a philoso- 
 pher. No special statistics are necessary to convince any well-informed rational 
 mind that there is more disease; that it is of a more persistent and intractable 
 character where "scientific" doctors abound than it is in those remote districts 
 where the isolated inhabitants cannot avail themselves of medical science. Dis- 
 ease made by poisonous drugs is far more obstinate than spontaneous disorder. 
 
 No savage or barbarous races have declined and perished for want of scien- 
 
40 
 
 tide medical knowledge. They do much better without it than we do with it. 
 They probably do not pay their doctor as much for making disease as for remov- 
 ing it. It is safe to say that we pay ten times as much for making disorder as 
 we do for curing it. 
 
 POPULAR CREDULITY. 
 
 "I think I shall quit practicing medicine," said Dr. Williams, a " regular ,! 
 friend of mine. " Will you tell me the reason?" I asked. " Well," said be, 
 4 'the people are becoming so credulous that I am disgusted with professional 
 experience. Formerly, if a man once got introduced into good families, he 
 kept them as long as he Avished. But now a man is sure of nobody. I find 
 some that I thought my most reliable and sensible patrons running after healing 
 mediums, clairvoyants, electropathies, "Indian doctors, and every species of 
 quackery . Talk about the intelligence of the people ! I verily believe the 
 world is going backward. 
 
 It was a naive and innocent conceit of the doctors, that they are retrograding, 
 because they are leaving the calomel practice. They are really on the high road 
 to progress, using their own faculties, perhaps for the first time, to find a better 
 way. If the child falls, it is because he is trying to walk alone. He would 
 never fall if he continued to lie in his cradle, nor would he ever leain to walk. 
 
 It is not those who are testing every new pretension that stand in the way of 
 reform . They are indeed the r^al progressives. Do you tell me they get im- 
 posed upon and humbugged ? possibly, but it is likely they have always been 
 imposed upon. If they have not found it, they are, nevertheless, looking for a 
 better vay. It may cost them something to learn, but they are determined to 
 be educated, cost what it will. There is another class that has not dared to 
 (piestion the immaculacy of the old doctors. These pride themselves upon be- 
 ing blindly wedded to impositions. Their stupidity is chronic. The old way 
 is good enough for them. As their fathers did before them, they are contented 
 to 2*0 to mill with the grist at cue end of the ba£\ and a bio: stone to balance it 
 at the other. If one tells them to divide the grain and so avoid the necessity of 
 carrying the stone, they say, practically, that what was good enough for their 
 fathers is good enough for them. This woman wants to be Wed, "But, mad- 
 am, bleeding is permanently injurious — you can be more effectually relieved 
 another way" "I don't believe bleeding hurts any one," she said. "My 
 mother was bled. over fifty times. Bleeding didn't kill her; she died with 
 dropsy." It would have been of no avail to tell this woman that dropsy is 
 caused directly by bleeding. I referred to a man's blackened teeth and tooth- 
 less gums as the work of calomel. He said his father had lost his teeth that 
 way, and he did not know that he was any better than his father. 
 
 These are your sensible, firm people, who are not led away by every kind of 
 doctrine. They are not to be humbugged by any new fangled ideas. Oh, no ! 
 they would like to see the tools they do it with. 
 
 This class hangs like a clog on the wheels of reform. The disposition of 
 these people to be imposed upon is idiopathic, congenital, ineradicaVe. They 
 may be bled till their blood is reduced to water. They may be calomelized till 
 their teeth are destroyed — till their bones rot, and until they have not a sound 
 tissue in their bodies, and they will still cling to this destructive practice. 
 They never venture to. criticise the treatment of a " regular " physician, but 
 
41 
 
 accept it as young robins do their food, with their mouths open and their eyes 
 shut. They accept popular treatment even against the evidence of their senses. 
 They have no opinions of their own, but are the very slaves of authority. The 
 grossest. malpractice, and the most skillful treatment, secure alike their approba- 
 tion. All this comes from paying a blind devotion to what is mistaken for 
 science, 
 
 You are an invalid . You want to get well. As a practical man, what have 
 you to do with the acquirements of the physician ? The best evidence of his 
 ability is to be found in the character of his work. That is the best science for 
 you that heals your malady. Here is the conceited Mr. A., whose pockets 
 have been leeched for twenty years by systematic orthodox medical treatment. 
 His own person bears the impress of its disease-making drugs, still he fancies he 
 has a mission to warn the public against pretenders. * 
 
 No man of common sense in these times has the least doubt that what is 
 called Allopathic practice is a stupendous failure. In the most intelligent and 
 investigating communities the percentage of those who are leaving it is greatest. 
 Its maime 1 and crippled victims are seeking relief in every direction. You tell 
 me that in many instances the people go to the "merest mountebanks and medi- 
 cal hucksters. Well, that only demonstrates how desperate their case is — how 
 entirely they have failed to get relief from their old doctors. The multiplication 
 of new medical sects is proof positive that old ideas in that line are going out, 
 because they have been weighed and found wanting. In the United States 
 there is a vast population that stands confounded, amazed, disheartened by the 
 outrages, cruelties, follies and absurdities of old school practice. They turn to 
 the right and to the left for relief and faith. You who fancy yourself a public 
 sentinel cry out through the iron collar of precedent you have worn for ages, 
 4 ' Beware! Beware! of these reformers. They have persuaded and turned 
 away much people." 
 
 But this crowd does not heed you. These people have a suspicion that you 
 are some way connected with one Demetrius, a silversmith, who has grown rich 
 by selling little silver shrines and gods to the ignorant and credulous. They 
 suspect that your solicitude about ' 'imposition" arises from the fear that you will 
 lose the monopoly of it. 
 
 Credulity ! The people are not so credulous as regular doctors are skeptical, 
 and it is but natural to expect that invalids will look otherwheres for relief from 
 disease when what is called scientific medicine acknowledges its inabilitv to cure. 
 
 REGULAR PROFESSIONAL SKEPTICISM. 
 
 Perhaps there is no fact better established than the skepticism of Allopathic 
 physicians in regard to the curative power of their medicines. Many of the 
 ablest writers of the calomel school have exhausted expression in the display of 
 their skepticism of medical art — or as they vainly scall it, science. Dr. Dixon, 
 of the New York Scalpel, says that "putting medicine into the mouth to cure 
 disese is an absurdity. You can cure a man or a pig, but you can only do it 
 when he is dead." A distr guished English physician calls medicine "the art 
 of conjecturing.'' The celebrated Abernethy said, "disease is multiplied in 
 proportion to the number of doctors." It is left for the reader to decide 
 for himself whether the doctor doubted the power of medicine to cure, or the 
 integrity and skill of his professional brethren. I think it was Dr. Good who 
 
42 
 
 said that "we know nothing of the effects of medicines except that they will 
 kill." Dr. James Graham, alluding to the classical refinements, tinsel glitter and 
 hifaulutin hypothesis of * 4 scientific" medicine, says, "It hath in every age 
 proved the bane and disgrace of the healing art." That is precisely what we 
 trust we shall be able to show in these pages. Dr. Rush, of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, says of "scientific" medicine, ' ' Our want of success i« owing to 
 the following causes: First, our ignorance of the disease; second, our ignorance 
 of a suitable remedy." It is impossible to read the more prominent works of 
 writers on "scientific" medicine and not to be convinced that they all lack faith 
 in their calling as a healing art. A volume might be filled with testimony 
 going to prove this fact. 
 
 This skepticism in, regard to the efficacy of medicine has been communicated 
 to many otherwise intelligent people outside of the medical profession by the 
 power of authority of prominent medical writers in connection with a knowledge 
 of disease made by mineral drugs. The author of "The Poor Rich Man and 
 the Rich Poor Man," puts in the mouth ot a physician the following language, 
 addressed to one of his patients: "Medicine has no more- tendency to remove 
 your disease than it would have to restore your leg if it had been sawn off and 
 thrown away. Medicines, drugs, my child, are poisons. We are obliged to 
 give them to arrest the progress of acute disease, but in chronic diseases they 
 obstruct and clog the efforts of nature and confound her operations. 
 
 How it is that poisons must be given to arrest the progress of acute disease, 
 while they aggravate chronic disease, the writer does not explain . The difference 
 between acute and chronic disease is in most instances the same as that between 
 a colt and a horse — one is oldeMhan the other. But this conscientious doctor 
 says further: "I'll tell you a secret, my child; the older we doctors grow the 
 less medicine we give. " The constant use of mineral drugs is very apt to shake 
 ones faith in the power of all medicines. While these drugs, themselves, have 
 undoubtedly been introduced through the influence of exclusive organizations in- 
 terested in making and protracting disease . 
 
 This want of faith is more characteristic of the denizens of cities and large 
 towns than of the inhabitants of rural districts. There is mere artificial life, and 
 greater departure from nature, in cities than jn the country. It would be as 
 easy to make some people doubt the testimony of their senses as to shake their 
 faith in the efficiency of medicine. 
 
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