Ms 
 
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 Copy 1 
 
 Recent Speeches 
 
 OF 
 
 HonXhauncey M. Depew,LL.D. 
 
 At the Twentieth Annual Dinner given by the Montauk 
 Club, of Brooklyn, in celebration of Senator Depew's 
 Seventy-Seventh Birthday, April 29, 1911. 
 
 At the Annual Dinner of the University Club, Washington, 
 D. O, February 27, 1911 
 
 At the Dinner given to Senator Depew by the Republican 
 Club of the City of New York, April 7, 1911. 
 
 At the Dinner given to Ex-Presidents of the Union League 
 Club of the City of New York, April 8, 1911. 
 
 At the Dinner given by the Pilgrims Society of New York 
 to Mr. John Hays Hammond, Special Ambassador to 
 the Coronation of King George V, at Plaza Hotel, 
 May 24, 1911. 
 
 At a Masonic Celebration at the Manhattan Opera House, 
 New York, April 13, 1911. 
 
 At the Luncheon of the Society of Cincinnati and their 
 guests from other State Societies, Metropolitan Club, 
 New York, May 10, 1911. 
 
 Article by Mr. Arthur Wallace Dunn, of Washington, D.C., 
 on Mr. Depew's Retirement from the Senate. 
 
■ 
 
W-4JAAAA1U1 ill. 
 
*& Of 
 
 SPEECH OF HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 
 at the Twentieth Annual Dinner given by the 
 Montauk Club of Brooklyn in Celebration of his 
 Seventy-Seventh Birthday, on April 29, 1911. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen: It is very interesting 
 that the twentieth successive dinner which you have given me 
 on my birthday should coincide with this club coming of age. 
 Twenty-one years of club life to those who have been members 
 from the beginning is always full of charm. The club is the 
 nearest association to the family possible without domestic ties. 
 A man who has a sympathetic disposition and loves to mingle 
 with his fellowmen upon a basis more intimate than is afforded 
 in business will have among the living, and, in memory, those 
 who have passed away, an invaluable asset of choicest friend- 
 ships. In no place as in the club does human nature reveal 
 itself at its best and at its worst. Members become natural 
 with each other and their selfishness or their good fellowship 
 increases with the years. 
 
 I recall those who were present at that first birthday cele- 
 bration, and each one of them since has had distinctive fea- 
 tures. It has differed from all other affairs of the kind because 
 of its publicity and its freedom of discussion. The influence 
 of words uttered here or revelations made here have at times 
 reached far beyond the limits of this city. But these celebra- 
 tions have also had every characteristic of the family birthday 
 when the recipient is made happy because all present rejoice 
 in the anniversary, hope for its indefinite recurrence and each 
 of them can feel and sing "He is a jolly good fellow, which 
 nobody will deny." 
 
 One of the most interesting of these anniversaries was 
 given me the year I entered the Senate, and now we are here 
 the year that I retire. Twelve years in that great deliberative 
 body is wonderfully educational as well as enjoyable. It has 
 often been called a club and said to be the best in the United 
 
 Senator Depew's birthday is April 23rd, but, owing to local condi- 
 tions, the celebration of the event this year was the 29th. 
 
States. In a sense, it is. Within its walls, except in debate 
 upon political questions, there are no divisions of parties. 
 Republicans and Democrats, Stand-patters and Progressives, 
 mingle on the floor, in committee rooms, in the cloak room and 
 the dining room, with a daily familiarity which speedily 
 removes the rough edges from the most acidulous, irritable 
 and irritating of Senators. In the course of years, with hardly 
 an exception, they all become cordial friends, with the heartiest 
 good wishes for long continuance in the Senate. There is a 
 great difference in the jubilant expectations with which one 
 enters upon a new field of work and the calm and reminiscent 
 mood with which he returns to private life. The principal 
 difference which I find now is that while I was in I was in 
 receipt on the average of one hundred and fifty letters a day, 
 one hundred of them wanting things, most of which it was 
 impossible for me to procure, and the other fifty abusing me 
 because I failed to land the writer in a diplomatic or a con- 
 sular position, in a high place in the departments, or upon the 
 permanent pension roll either as a beginner or with an increase. 
 As an out, my mail dwindles to twenty letters a day, most of 
 them giving advice. Some say, "You are seventy-seven years 
 of age, remarkably well preserved, and yet you cannot hope 
 to reach one hundred unless you quit dining and eating." 
 Others say, "Chew until the last morsel has disappeared before 
 you swallow." Others say, "You must stop drinking." Others 
 prescribe the limits of exercise and the kinds of health foods. 
 Others tell me that the judgment of a man past seventy is 
 never good as to investments, that radical legislation is to 
 impair the income of railway securities, and, bad management, 
 of industries, but that he has a mine to develop or a fertilizer 
 to put upon the market and with a little money the returns 
 will mean luxury for life. 
 
 I was elected a Member of the Legislature in 1861. 191 1 
 rounds out fifty years in intimate contact with public life or 
 in the public service. The thought which most impresses itself 
 upon me is that the functions of government, the rights of the 
 citizen, the influence of laws upon the people have entirely 
 changed during that period ; I think, emphatically for the 
 better. The iconoclast has been abroad and shattered the 
 
most cherished images of the Fathers. If one of the framers 
 of the Constitution could be reincarnated and visit us today, 
 he would find the same great instrument almost unchanged, still 
 the fundamental law of the land, but he would discover that 
 legislation forced by the growth of the country, the rapid 
 development of its resources, the influences of steam and elec- 
 tricity, had compelled the enactment of restrictive laws which 
 he would regard as tyrannical restrictions upon individual 
 liberty, and that those laws had been sustained as Constitutional 
 by the interpretations of the Supreme Court. He would dis- 
 cover that these interpretations had so treated the general 
 principles of his Constitution as to make them applicable and 
 serviceable for a progress so radical as to seem to him revolu- 
 tionary. Jefferson pinned his faith on the individual. He 
 emphatically declared, "That government is best which gov- 
 erns least." His idea was to give the freest reign to individual 
 initiative, effort and achievement. It was this which made 
 him opposed to slavery and anxious for its abolition. The 
 ideas of Jefferson controlled the legislation of the Republic 
 down to the Civil War. The first break in the traditional 
 sentiments and principles which had so long governed us was 
 when the Supreme Court found warrant in the Constitution 
 to raise armies to coerce sovereign States and compel them 
 to remain within the Union; not only to raise armies, but to 
 incur gigantic debts and expand the revenue in every pos- 
 sible direction to establish the fact that the Union of the States 
 is indestructible and eternal. 
 
 After the Civil War and the elimination of slave labor, the 
 United States entered upon a new industrial era. Railroads 
 spanned the continent, and in doing so created farms, villages, 
 cities and new States. There were in 1861 about thirty- 
 five thousand miles of railway in the United States, 
 and in 191 1 the mileage has increased to two hundred 
 and thirty-six thousand, which is one-half the railway 
 mileage of the world. The necessity of great aggregations 
 of capital to construct these iron highways, to promote manu- 
 factures, to develop the resources of the country and its 
 mines, its forests and its fields, rapidly created corporations. 
 The old Jefferson ideas gave to capital, whether possessed by 
 
an individual or a partnership or a corporation, the freest rein. 
 The people were eager for the development of the national 
 w ealth. Their imaginations were fired with the opportunities 
 it gave to their children for success beyond the dreams of the 
 present generation and for the permanent and healthful 
 employment of everybody. After a while it was found that 
 if the corporation was not regulated by law, and did not have 
 upon it the restraining power of the government, and was 
 not compelled to have its operations exposed to the light of 
 publicity, that the public, the corporations and their investors 
 were subject to great evils and perils. Then began legislation 
 upon the collective instead of the individual principle. The 
 railroads, with the absolute freedom which was thought neces- 
 sary for their primitive expansion, engaged in ruinous competi- 
 tion with each other which impaired the efficiency of the 
 service and the strength of the companies. Discriminations 
 by rebates and other devices for favored cities, towns or 
 individuals became common. Business dried up along the 
 weaker lines under the original false idea that the proper way 
 to secure justice from the railroad was to promote competition 
 by law. Then rapidly came State and National commissions. 
 Then came prohibitions against rebates, discriminations and 
 favoritism, and then was developed what is nearly completed — 
 that ideal of corporate management, the controlling power of 
 the government to prevent abuses and also to protect the cor- 
 porations in their rights, the expansion, extension, improve- 
 ment and increasing efficiency of private ownership as against 
 the waste and profligacy of ownership by the government. 
 Now, here we have what might be called collective action 
 reversing our time-honored rules and principles and yet work- 
 ing beneficially for protecting without restricting enterprise 
 and progress. To accomplish these results larger powers 
 have been given to the Interstate Commerce Commission 
 and a Court of Commerce created with adequate juris- 
 diction. Soon it was found necessary that the old idea 
 which had governed us for eighty years should be reversed 
 as to all corporations. The legislation along this line reached 
 so many in every settlement of the country that it raised a wild 
 cry of alarm. It was shouted that private business was to be 
 
destroyed and fatal restrictions placed upon national develop- 
 ment. The selfishness which to save expense made factories 
 unsanitary and unsafe was practised as much by individuals 
 as by corporations. The employment of children and the 
 destruction of child life in order to make more money was 
 found to be as much the vice of individuals as of corporations. 
 So the law stepped in and swept away the whole theory of 
 individualism and proceeded drastically to protect by law, by 
 inspection and by government supervision the lives and the 
 health of the people in the factories and to protect the chil- 
 dren. We have not gone quite far enough. That frightful 
 holocaust of the factory fire in New York a few days since 
 shows that these laws must be more drastic, supervision more 
 perfect and punishment more severe. 
 
 These instances which I have cited, and they could be con- 
 tinued almost indefinitely, demonstrate the complete change 
 in our government in these fifty years of my public life, but no 
 sane men will question that the change has been most beneficial 
 and absolutely necessary. We as a people go to extremes. 
 Having advanced thus far, our danger is that the unthinking 
 may go on from protection to restrictions so severe as to 
 endanger progress and enterprise. Corporate development 
 during this period is not confined to the United States, but has 
 been equally rapid in all countries. With the cable and cheap 
 and rapid transportation over the seas the surplus savings of 
 each country are at the service of all nations. The fluidity of 
 capital makes Kings and Parliaments and Presidents and 
 Congresses boards of directors of those huge competitive busi- 
 ness organizations their several nations, upon whose success 
 depends the living of their peoples and the extent to which 
 prosperous conditions may ward off penury and starvation 
 and promote prosperity. The great industrial nations, like 
 Great Britain and Germany, encourage great combinations. 
 They do it to increase the efficiency and cheapness of their 
 productions, because their increasing populations and surplus 
 threaten dangerous congestion and are a menace to the stability 
 of their institutions and the peace and order of their com- 
 munities. Their object is to capture for the sale of their sur- 
 plus the markets of the world. They further help their own 
 
8 
 
 industries by encouraging and creating a mercantile marine 
 which will sail upon every sea and reach every port by sub- 
 sidies sufficiently large and liberal to accomplish this result. 
 The United States has taken an opposite course. We have 
 persistently refused encouragement to the upbuilding of a 
 mercantile marine. When Secretary of State Root made his 
 famous visit to the South American Republics, he found in 
 the crowded shipping of their ports but one vessel flying the 
 American flag and our battleship fleet in its cruise around the 
 world saw the ensign of their country only on their own masts. 
 The thousands of steamers in the ports of these countries were 
 English, German, French, Belgian, Italian, Austrian, Swedish 
 and Norwegian, some carrying American products, but all 
 agents for the manufacturers and business men of their 
 own countries. The country became so alarmed at the 
 rapidity with which industrial combinations were formed that 
 the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed twenty years ago. 
 It fairly expressed the idea of that period which was that the 
 common law which had proved ample for the restraint of bad 
 combinations for three hundred years was not sufficient to 
 meet these new conditions, but that all industrial combinations, 
 good or bad, should be prohibited and as far as possible we 
 should become as a people retailers rather than wholesalers 
 in the exploitation, perfecting and marketing of our products. 
 Capital seeking opportunities for investment, labor with unions 
 strong enough to protect itself demanding opportunities for 
 employment and increasing wages, and communities striving 
 against each other for immigration and the rapid development 
 of their local resources, were all carried along by the resistless 
 power of the tendency of the times to get around or to over- 
 come the effects of this law. Several States which have quickly 
 grasped both the opportunity and the necessity have endeavored 
 to overcome the restrictive and repressive influence of the law 
 by the exercise of their sovereign power, while others have 
 supplemented by more drastic acts the Sherman Law. The 
 States which have taken the independent course have attracted 
 immigration and capital and increased their population in the 
 last decade as well as expanded their industries, while the 
 commonwealths which have pursued the other course have 
 
decreased in population because their young men could find no 
 employment, and, therefore, were compelled to migrate either 
 to Canada for cheap farms or to the industrial States for their 
 opportunities. But these progressive commonwealths are find- 
 ing their legislation up against the power of the government 
 when their products go beyond their borders in interstate com- 
 merce. A large measure of the unrest, the lack of employment, 
 the halting of business, and the depreciation of securities, are 
 due to the uncertainties of this situation. The need of the hour 
 is constructive statesmanship which will provide by national 
 incorporations opportunity for the free play of capital, the 
 largest possible employment of labor and the protection of the 
 public under a supervision by a bureau of the general govern- 
 ment, which, while preventing abuses, will permit progress. 
 President Roosevelt made an admirable move in this direction 
 by his congress of Governors, the idea being that through them 
 there might be uniform laws throughout the country. It is 
 an almost insuperable barrier to our proper and wise develop- 
 ment as a nation that what is lawful and encouraged in one 
 commonwealth should be penalized in another, that the family, 
 that sacred relation upon which everything else rests, should 
 under diverse divorce laws be in danger of disruption and 
 destruction because a couple may be husband and wife in one 
 jurisdiction but the wife a mistress and the children illegitimate 
 in another. 
 
 One of the causes of unrest which is so universal is the 
 high cost of living. Due in a measure to this is the initiative, 
 the referendum and the recall, and many other devices to 
 destroy representative government. I met in my experience 
 a concrete illustration which seemed to prove that the main 
 trouble is not so much the high co^t of living as the cost of 
 high living. When I was a boy, sixty odd years ago, I knew 
 a successful village storekeeper who opened the store himself 
 at seven o'clock in the morning and closed it at night. He had 
 one assistant of all work, and he helped in building the fire, 
 for there were no furnaces in those days, in filling and trim- 
 ming the lamps, for there was no electric light or gas, and a 
 single horse, which he groomed himself, hauled the delivery 
 wagon and took his family out in the rockaway for a ride 
 
10 
 
 on Sunday afternoons. He was contented, happy and pros-, 
 perous. I stopped in to see his son not long ago. He had 
 furnace heat, electric lights, clerks who relieved him of much 
 of the work of his father, an automobile at the door, a tele- 
 phone on his desk and a typewriter on his lap, and complained 
 of the high cost of living. 
 
 One of the most extraordinary of the changes in the 
 period we are discussing is our attitude toward the negro. I 
 speak of this because of close contact with the question during 
 discussions in the Senate on the amendment to the Constitution 
 to change the method of electing United States Senators from 
 the Legislature to the people. I there found that the sentiment 
 which so overwhelmingly placed in the Constitution the 
 Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments for the protection of 
 the negro had decreased to an almost utter indifference to his 
 civil and political rights. The theory under which we permit 
 immigrants of every grade of intelligence to become citizens 
 after a certain probation is that under our common school 
 system, our free education and the influence of our institutions 
 they will be worthy of that high privilege. The results have 
 justified the theory. We do this also in the belief that it is 
 dangerous to have in our midst a large and increasing body 
 of aliens who neither enjoy nor can be permitted to enjoy the 
 privileges and responsibilities of citizenship. Many States 
 in which there is a large negro population have by various 
 devices deprived them of the suffrage. Of course this is in 
 violation of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the 
 Constitution. These States greatly fear that some time the 
 question may reach the Supreme Court of the United States 
 in such a way that the court may decide against this legisla- 
 tion. So when the resolution was offered during the last 
 Congress to change the Constitution by simply saying that 
 hereafter United States Senators should be elected by the 
 people instead of by the Legislatures, these States which 
 deny the negroes the right to vote made the demand that 
 they would not support the proposition unless the provision of 
 the Constitution which has been there for one hundred and 
 twenty-five years giving the United States supervisory power 
 over the elections should be repealed. A few days ago this 
 
II 
 
 question came up in the House of Representatives. The reso- 
 lution amending the Constitution was reported from the com- 
 mittee with this repeal of governmental supervision, and in 
 that form it passed the House by the affirmative vote of 
 three-fourths of its members. The resolution as it passed the 
 House not only changes the method of electing United States 
 Senators, but leaves the qualifications of the electors who shall 
 vote for them entirely in the discretion of the State Legis- 
 latures, which means that no negro will ever be permitted to 
 vote in a great many States for a United States Senator, and 
 means that the restrictive laws have this buttress for their 
 perpetuity if the question comes before the Supreme Court. 
 Suppose this action had been taken, I will not say immediately 
 after the Civil War, with its heat and passion, but thirty years 
 ago. There would have come through Henry Ward Beecher 
 from Plymouth pulpit, Dr. Storrs from the Puritan Church, 
 and Theodore Parker from the Temple in Boston, an appeal 
 which would have aroused the whole country. Every pulpit 
 in the Northern States would have rung with denunciations 
 of this bargain and surrender. All the great newspapers would 
 have joined and mass meetings everywhere would have voiced 
 the public indignation, but with the exception of a criticism 
 from a few newspapers there is apparently no feeling left on 
 the subject in the country. 
 
 Encouraged by this vote, the day after the repeal of this 
 century and a quarter old protection for the Government and 
 Congress was so overwhelmingly passed as a triumphant rider 
 on the proposition for the election of Senators by the people, 
 a resolution was offered in the House of Representatives to 
 repeal the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. 
 
 This half century is a wonderful inspiration for optimism. 
 Let the American boys and girls who have become familiar 
 with the rise and fall of empires, and with the startling 
 revolutions in Europe during those fifty years, study the 
 story of their own country from 1861 to 191 1. It has 
 no equal in all that tends to liberty, progress, intelligence 
 and the influences which make life worth the living. 
 There are some discoveries which are disquieting, but at 
 the same time they have their compensations in health and 
 
12 
 
 the prolongation of life. Fifty years ago we had not dis- 
 covered microbes or bacteria. We were peacefully ignorant 
 of the battles which are constantly raging in our blood between 
 the good and the bad microbes. Myriads of people died with 
 peritonitis, not knowing that to cut out the appendix ended 
 the trouble. Patent medicines, compounded mainly of whiskey, 
 opium or cocaine, were the greatest aids to the doctors and the 
 undertakers. While the Pure Food Law compels the makers 
 of these stuffs to put their formula on the bottle is declared to 
 be an invasion of individual liberty, it has saved millions of 
 lives. 
 
 My breakfast for years has been one boiled egg. I found 
 recently when I took it out of the shell that it was as lively as 
 soda water when the bottle is first opened. It had fermented. 
 I felt as did Horace Greeley, who, at a formal dinner, was so 
 absorbed in his talk that, not noting what he was eating, he 
 got a mouthful of the sorbet which was concocted of Jamaica 
 rum. Angry and spluttering, he turned savagely to his hostess 
 and shouted, "Madam, I never drink intoxicating liquors, 
 and you know it, but if I did I don't want my rum frozen." 
 I said to my dealer, "An egg fortifies me for the day, but I 
 don't want soda water eggs, for which I am paying you sixty 
 cents a dozen." "Well," said the eggman, "those are case 
 eggs, but I will send you fresher eggs for seventy cents a 
 dozen." Case eggs were cold storage eggs and the best of 
 that class. Nearly fifty millions of the worst, which had 
 become filthy poisons, were destroyed by the food inspectors 
 this year. Yet the cold storage men say, "This is an inter- 
 ference with individual liberty." But that law should be 
 strengthened. The farmer received for those seventy cent 
 eggs only twenty cents a dozen ; fifty cents went to the middle- 
 men. If the farmers would form a co-operative trust they 
 could divide that fifty cents with the consumers, and thus 
 increase their profits and reduce the cost of living. 
 
 As industrial occupations have become hazardous we are 
 progressing upon lines of legislation for the mass as against 
 the individual by making the individual responsible for death 
 or for damages incurred in these employments. We have even 
 within the last four years had legislation which makes the 
 
• 13 
 
 government as an employer responsible in compensatory 
 damages for injuries to its employees. If I may mention 
 myself in a birthday speech, that is one of my legislative 
 monuments. People think right when they are informed. No 
 demagogue long survives when the district school year has been 
 extended from ninety days to nine months in his community. 
 Just now many are rising to notice or distinction by denouncing 
 the "Interests." The "Interests" has become almost as effective 
 a cry for political purposes as was at one time the railroads 
 and at another time corporations. When an analysis is made 
 of what the orator is trying to accomplish in this vague denun- 
 ciation of the "Interests" it will be found that it is an appeal 
 to that universal unrest, strong in every one of us, against the 
 fellow who is a little better off than ourselves. 
 
 A statesman in the Legislature at Albany the other day after 
 the Assembly had cordially received me disturbed the harmony 
 by saying that I did not represent the common people. It was 
 a delightful occasion. This did not occur until after I left, 
 but there is nothing perfect in this world. There is always a 
 flaw in the emerald or a fly in the amber. But yet this state- 
 ment may mar his own political future by talking about the 
 common people. In our country, where all are equal before 
 the law, where there are no classes, no privileges, where ninety- 
 nine out of every hundred of the heads of our railroads, our 
 banks, our insurance companies, our business enterprises, our 
 statesmen, started as poor boys, there are no common people. 
 Even Lincoln never used that word, and if any man was a 
 tribune of the people he in all our history is their leader. I 
 heard General Spinola tell a story of how he ruined his chances 
 once for the Assembly by saying in a speech in the Sixth Ward 
 that he was glad to get down to that locality. An indignant 
 citizen sprang to his feet and yelled, "Low-cality is it? We'll 
 show you we are high-cality," and only the policeman saved him 
 from the mob. Everybody ought to think for himself, but 
 it is not easy to think right. I remember a Senator making 
 a speech upon a question where his State was divided and the 
 canvass for his re-election was on. As he balanced the pros 
 and cons until it became a fair wager how long he would stay 
 on the fence and on which side he would land, a witty colleague 
 
14 
 
 remarked, "That speech reminds me of a farmer who took 
 his clock to the maker and said, 'I wish you would mend this 
 clock. I do not know what is the matter with it, because when 
 it strikes four and the hands point to twelve I know it is half 
 past one.' " 
 
 Of the seventy-seven class is Doctor Eliot, President 
 Emeritus of Harvard. He celebrated his birthday during this 
 month. I read on Sunday his interview in which he gives 
 with that wonderful precision and lucidity which has always 
 characterized him the rules which make him vigorous at 
 seventy-seven and hopeful for the future. Cheerfulness and 
 temperance run through his inspiring talk. I think I can 
 agree with him when he says, "Go to church. Keep a clean 
 heart and a good conscience. Give your mind exercise as well 
 as your body — really think. Exercise regularly. Eat in 
 moderation. Take a full allowance of sleep. Avoid indul- 
 gence in luxury and the habitual use of any drug, not Only of 
 alcohol but of tobacco, tea and coffee." If I do not go to 
 church on Sunday, I am uncomfortable the whole week, and 
 always inspired by the services and the sermon. Eating in 
 moderation I have preached at all these dinners, but I never 
 have had time for regular exercises. Sleep is the absolute 
 necessity for health and longevity. It was said of Napoleon 
 that he required only four hours, but one of the innumerable 
 biographies from those who were on his staff says that he often 
 slept in his saddle. A man at seventy-seven should not attempt 
 things which would be easy at forty no matter how vigorous 
 he may feel. Matthew Arnold died because at sixty-five he 
 took a flying leap over a high fence to shame the boys. 
 
 The most difficult advice to follow given by Doctor Eliot is 
 to really think. Most people exercise their minds along the 
 lines of their business or profession, but on general subjects let 
 the newspapers do the thinking for them. This become a habit 
 from which it is almost impossible to break away and real 
 thinking becomes too hard a task. A farmer on the western 
 reserve of Ohio, sitting with a troubled look on his face, was 
 asked by a traveler what was the matter. He said, "My 
 Democratic neighbor got the better of me in an argument last 
 
i5 
 
 night, but wait until the weekly Tribune comes with old 
 Greeley's editorial and then I will smash him to bits." 
 
 Passing through Albany at one time I learned that the 
 Governor of our State, a very successful man, and whom I 
 highly valued as a friend, was ill. I stopped over a train and 
 went up to see him. I found him in dressing-gown and 
 slippers, surrounded by the hundreds of bills which had been 
 left on his hands by the Legislature and which were to be 
 signed or sent unsigned to the Secretary of State's office before 
 the constitutional limit of days allowed him had expired. He 
 said, "Chauncey, here are questions of sociology, of municipal 
 government, of the regulation of charities, of reformatories, 
 of conservation and a hundred other things, to which I have 
 never given attention. You make so many speeches on so 
 many questions that you must do a great deal of thinking. I 
 wonder if it affects you as it does me?" "Well," I said, 
 "Governor, how does it affect you ?" He said, "The same as a 
 rough sea, and I am a mighty poor sailor." 
 
 I was talking the other day with a farmer, an old friend, 
 and he revealed to me a brand new way of getting around 
 these most necessary laws against watering milk, short measure 
 in the basket and the barrel and short weight on the scales, 
 legislation against which is all of this period that I have been 
 discussing. He said, "I let my cows in warm weather stand 
 during the middle of the day in water. I find that by the 
 processes of absorption they give twenty per cent more milk." 
 Of course this method of watering milk is beyond the reach 
 of the law or the inspector. 
 
 My friend Choate has said in one of his happy speeches 
 that from seventy to eighty are the best days in a long life. 
 Having already passed the majority of these years, I am in 
 full accord with my friend. Gladstone said that the best and 
 happiest period of his life was after sixty, but he was in the 
 eighties when he swept the country by a marvelous personal 
 canvass and carried his Irish Home Rule Bill, and at eighty- 
 five he wrote to that most delightful of English social leaders, 
 Lady Dorothy Nevill, "The year hand of the clock of time has 
 marked eighty-five and has nearly run its course. I have 
 much cause to be thankful, still more to be prospective." It 
 
i6 
 
 was my privilege to meet Lady Dorothy very often years ago, 
 and so I read with the greatest interest her reminiscences which 
 have recently been published. In them Lady Dorothy tells this 
 charming story about an aunt who, she says, was the homeliest 
 woman in Great Britain, so homely that she passed forty with- 
 out ever receiving an offer. Wolfe, the explorer, was the lion 
 of the London season and sat beside her at dinner. She became 
 so excited with his adventures among the lions and elephants 
 that she dropped her fork. The explorer unhesitatingly plunged 
 under the table to find it in a more adventurous journey than 
 he had ever had in Central Africa. When he discovered it 
 he pinched her foot. It was the only attention she had ever 
 received and she fell madly in love with him. Soon after 
 they were married. This reminds me that in reading the life 
 of Samuel Rogers, the poet banker, his biography says that 
 while his faculties were not impaired otherwise his memory 
 was completely gone after ninety. An effort which was made 
 by a scientist to rouse that faculty when Rogers was ninety-two 
 resulted only in his recalling the name of the girl who had 
 rejected his offer of marriage when he was a young man. The 
 story of the pinch of the foot and its result and of this only 
 recollection of the nonagenarian poet indicates what lives 
 when everything else has died. 
 
 I frequently meet with men past sixty who complain that 
 their friends and companions are dead and they are unable to 
 find new ones to take their places. So they say life is very 
 dull and uninteresting. These unfortunate people have not 
 found the true secret of happiness at any age. It is to be part 
 of each generation, to be a participant in its work and in its 
 play, to appreciate its fun and not laugh at its follies, to be an 
 elder brother in your church associations, in your political 
 organizations, in your club life, in your fraternity, so alert 
 and valuable in your activities that you are welcomed by the 
 youngest and the experience of venerable years gives a value 
 to your advice which commands the attention of all. This 
 appreciation and applause is the most healthful of tonics and 
 one of the best aids to vigorous longevity. 
 
SPEECH OF HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 
 
 at the Annual Dinner of the University Club, 
 Washington, Monday, February 27, 1911. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen : As a university man, 
 to-night seems to me something like the gala day in the 
 Coliseum at Rome. If you can imagine this room to be the 
 Coliseum, and the President of the United States as the Em- 
 peror in his box, then Carter and I, and other Senators and 
 Members of Congress, who are in the same situation, pass be- 
 fore him like the gladiators of old saluting with the cry, 
 "Nos morituri te salutamus" — "We who are about to die 
 salute you." I only turn the Latin into English because most 
 of you have been out of college more than ten years. 
 
 Senator Carter and I are among the number of the elect 
 and the saints for whom this is the last week on the political 
 planet. On Saturday we expire. The catastrophe suggests 
 both sorrow and hilarity — sorrow for what we lose and 
 hilarity for what we escape. The angel of political death 
 appears in the Senate in these days in sundry disguises. At 
 one time he takes the form of the amendment to the Consti- 
 tution for the direct election of Senators ; at another the 
 resolution relating to the seat of Mr. Lorimer; at another the 
 Canadian reciprocity. He remarks on each of these propo- 
 sitions to those who are still in the ring, "Whichever way you 
 vote you are mine." A committee of farmers representing the 
 granges and agricultural societies of the State of New York 
 called upon me and said, "If you vote for this Canadian treaty 
 you need never expect any political favor which the united 
 farmers of the State of New York can prevent your receiving, 
 but if you vote against it you have our united support for the 
 rest of your life." Then a representative of the newspaper 
 publishers came in. Pie said, "If you don't vote for this treaty, 
 by editorial denunciation, paragraphical sniping and reper- 
 torial misrepresentation, we will make your life a burden and 
 retire you to permanent oblivion." "Well," I said, "suppose I 
 do vote for it. What will you do then?" The representative 
 said, "Then we will never mention you." 
 
i8 
 
 The Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives 
 has a collection of poetry for the use of Members delivering 
 memorial addresses on deceased Members. One used the 
 other day, I fear, might represent the tears over retiring 
 statesmen: "Here lies the body of my dear wife. My scalding 
 tears cannot bring her to life. Therefore, I weep." 
 
 How happy was the condition of the representative of 
 the people in the good old days. On the questions prevailing 
 in that period there were no divisions within the party, no 
 questions upon which the Senator or the Member could not 
 follow the leader with safety and devotion, while in these 
 days party lines are becoming so indistinct that the electorate 
 which gives rousing majorities one year for one side gives 
 equally rousing majorities the next year for the other side. 
 But the university man has a satisfaction which cannot be 
 enjoyed by any outside the order. Parties may come and 
 parties may go ; the political question of to-day may seem vital 
 for the republic, and be forgotten to-morrow ; but as time goes 
 on and age mellows, aspiration and enthusiasm for other things 
 fade and become nebulous, but the old campus, the old build- 
 ings, the old fence,, the old professors, the old associations 
 grow fresher, more beautiful, more satisfactory with the years. 
 
 We are happy in having with us here to-night one of the 
 men who constitute that enormous aggregation of men called 
 "New Yorkers." They come from every state in the Union 
 to our city to take their chances where failure is hopeless but 
 rewards are great. The one who succeeds in his profession, 
 his business, his calling of any kind, in this great town, is pre- 
 eminently the survival of the fittest and equivalent to a New 
 Yorker by birth. So this young Texan, Martin Littleton, 
 coming unknown and unheralded to the metropolis, speedily 
 won a rare position in the forefront of a crowded profession, 
 and then, turning to politics, reversed the time-honored ma- 
 jority in the district in which resides ex-President Roosevelt. 
 And yet, before he has taken his seat in the Lower House, he 
 confidently announces his candidacy for the Senate. We are 
 students of the classics and we love those acts of heroism of 
 the ancient times which have been the inspiration of all the 
 ages. The three hundred at Thermopylse, Curatius jumping 
 into the pit to save his country, Horatius holding the bridge, 
 
19 
 
 are familiar examples. So, when the Democratic Party, torn 
 asunder by faction and threatened with annihilation by internal 
 strife, seemed on the eve of destruction, Friend Littleton 
 heroically and unselfishly sent word to the leaders in the Legis- 
 lature at Albany, "I will make the sacrifice. Take me for 
 Senator." Certainly I should feel highly honored to have my 
 brilliant voung friend as my successor. 
 
 An incident, both picturesque and interesting, which took 
 place a few days ago in this Senatorial contest at Albany 
 happily and favorably illustrates the honor of men in public 
 life. Muckraking magazines, yellow journals and Chautauqua 
 lecturers have been for years preaching to the people that the 
 public life of the United States is the most decadent that exists 
 anywhere in the world. They have succeeded in producing a 
 widespread distrust of the representatives of the people, both 
 in State Legislatures and in Congress. It is a distrust so 
 deep-seated that I doubt if if. is ever removed. Everyone who 
 knows anything about progress in legislation knows the 
 enormous improvement which has taken place both in the 
 personnel of representatives and in the work which they have 
 performed since the Civil War. The lobby which used to fill 
 the halls of Congress has now practically disappeared. In the 
 New York Legislature the Democrats have a large majority 
 on joint ballot. They are responsible for the order of business. 
 They placed upon the record a rule that no pairs should be 
 recognized unless they were recorded with the clerk. It so 
 happened that a week ago when the roll was called in the joint 
 Assembly for the election of United States Senator it was 
 discovered that there were so many Democratic absentees that 
 the Republicans had a clean majority. The majority leader 
 claimed that the absentees were paired individually and with- 
 out his knowledge and asked that those pairs be recognized. 
 He was informed that under his own rule, which had been 
 adopted, those pairs were illegal. He admitted that they were 
 illegal, but begged the minority to recognize the pairs, which 
 were made individually without notice and in violation of the 
 rule, as a gentleman's agreement. Here is an interesting 
 question of ethics. If a legislator makes a private agreement 
 to violate a standing rule of the legislative body to which he 
 belongs and for which he voted, is that violation an agreement 
 
20 
 
 of a gentleman? Though the minority had it absolutely in 
 their power to elect a Senator and might have demanded that 
 the game should be played according to the rules, they decided 
 that, notwithstanding rules and orders, the gentleman's agree- 
 ment should be recognized. I do not believe that business men, 
 having the legal right, would have yielded under such condi- 
 tions. I know that no lawyer responsible for the interests of 
 his clients would have permitted his opponent to gain such an 
 advantage. And I state this only to show that in public life 
 and among public men there is the very highest and most 
 sensitive honor. As I have been the candidate of the minority 
 and receiving their united votes since the balloting began, I 
 would have been the recipient of this remarkable happening, but 
 I rejoice exceedingly that my friends did not take the advan- 
 tage which was legally in their power. The people had elected 
 a Legislature which was Democratic by a large majority, and 
 they had the right to expect a Democratic Senator. 
 
 Washington has changed marvelously since I first came 
 here twelve years ago. It is filling up with the palaces of the 
 men who have made fortunes all over the world in ventures of 
 vast magnitude. These palaces are going up in all the great 
 cities of the country. Nine-tenths of their owners boast that 
 they are self-made men and sneer at the products of the col- 
 leges and universities. In an active life of fifty-five years with 
 opportunities to meet more people than almost any man alive, 
 and know something of their careers, I have come to the con- 
 clusion that it is only the few wiho are exceptionally gifted 
 who can excel those who have had the benefits of a liberal 
 education. No one except those who have been privileged to 
 enjoy them can appreciate the infinite pleasures there are in 
 the advantages which the old institutions give. I remember 
 one wonderful man whose learning was limited to the three 
 R's, but who had a world-wide reputation for success, who 
 would have given a large part of his vast fortune if he could 
 have enjoyed a college training. But I knew another, and I 
 can see his shiny, bald head now, who was always speaking 
 contemptuously of the men of the schools. One day he said 
 to an eminent professor of physiology, "What has all your 
 education done for you, sir? See where I am and what I 
 have, and I am a self-made man." "Well," said the professor, 
 
21 
 
 "while you were making yourself why didn't you put some 
 hair on your head?" I remember another who angered a 
 famous painter with the same remark, and received this retort, 
 "I wish you would let me paint on the top of your head the 
 picture of a rabbit." "Why a rabbit," said the astonished 
 millionaire. "Because," said the artist "somebody might mis- 
 take it for a hare." 
 
 Every American boy starts with a quick mind. Afterward 
 it is a matter of development. I heard this story the last time 
 I was in New Haven. When the British Ambassador was 
 delivering his very able addresses to the university he had a 
 discussion on the street one day with President Hadley as to 
 the brightness of the street boy in London and America. 
 President Hadley said, "Let's test it with this newsie." The 
 President said, "Boy, can you tell us what time it is by your 
 nose?" to which the boy answered, "My nose isn't running this 
 morning." 
 
 Nothing impresses me more than the evolution of American 
 democracy. We started with very little power in the executive 
 and all power in Congress, when all the rest of the world were 
 under autocratic governments of the kings, and we were 
 afraid of the king. In the development of a century and a 
 quarter all the rest of the world, especially England and 
 France, have come to the absolute supremacy of the legislative 
 branch and the retirement of the executive, while we have 
 evoluted the other way. So, at that early period our English 
 and Scotch ancestors believed in three and four hour sermons 
 in the pulpit and whole-night speeches in Parliament. Now, 
 in the condensation on the other side the leading authorities 
 of the Church of England propose to condense the Ten Com- 
 mandments. They take the longest one which states what 
 you shall not covet, and, eliminating everything else, leave 
 only "Thou shalt not covet." If this rule could be applied to 
 the United States Senate its business would be finished and 
 its sessions ended in three months. As it is now, we have 
 statesmen whose great ambition is to have their posterity 
 point to the Congressional Record and say, "My father filled 
 more pages of that wonderful publication than any man of his 
 time." It would be an enormous benefit to many a man and 
 a tremendous relief to the world if such a one was only gifted 
 
22 
 
 with the feminine instinct of propriety, an instinct which never 
 fails, which is always correct, though in the matter of personal 
 adornment very expensive. In the recent excavations which 
 have been made on the site of ancient Babylon they have come 
 across, in the library of Nebuchadnezzar, where the books were 
 stenciled on clay and baked, the Babylonian story of the Garden 
 of Eden. And this publication proves, that when man and 
 woman first appeared upon earth, she had this instinct of 
 propriety for herself as well as for him. This story says that 
 after the accident of the apple, when Eve retired and wove a 
 dress for him and herself of the leaves in the Garden, that 
 Adam put his around his neck and she exclaimed, "Great 
 Heaven, Adam, that is not the place to wear it!" 
 
 It has been my privilege to serve under Presidents McKin- 
 ley, Roosevelt and Taft. McKinley had spent twenty years in 
 Congress and he looked to the Senators and Members exclu- 
 sively for guidance, advice and help. Roosevelt had a 
 genius for gauging the popular current beyond any of our 
 public men. He had invisible wires which reached every part 
 of the country and every department of industry, and through 
 them he gathered, long in advance, the trend of public opinion, 
 and then, with fife and drum, and cymbal and horn, became 
 its leader and carried its purposes into effect. In these 
 troublous times there is fluidity of parties, and more than ever 
 before in the history of the country great corporations and 
 great aggregations of wealth on the one side and agitation and 
 unrest on the other, are creating most critical and dangerous 
 situations. It is a period that calls for patience, for high cour- 
 age, for judicial fairness and for those rare and indefinable 
 qualities which command the confidence of the people. No- 
 where in such a crisis could the combination of culture and 
 experience be found equal to the task except in the product of 
 our American universities. Happily for the country and 
 happily for the people, one of the finest fruits of liberal culture, 
 one of the best results of the college, a man who has carried 
 the spirit of Alma Mater into every function of life and every 
 office that he has held, is our President, William H. Taft. 
 
WELCOMED HOME BY REPUBLICAN CLUB 
 
 Speech at the Dinner given to Senator Depew by 
 the Republican Club of the City of New York, 
 April 7, 1911. 
 
 My Friends : When a man enters upon a great office 
 he has doubts; when he retires he still has doubts; but if his 
 neighbors, among whom he has lived and who have known 
 him always, gather to greet, to welcome, to honor and to con- 
 gratulate, all doubts are removed. Any one properly consti- 
 tuted regards the consummation of a successful life to be 
 happiness. Happiness is not an accident nor purely a question 
 of temperament and environment, nor can it be secured by 
 cultivation. It is a gift, both from within and without; from 
 without, in unselfish friendship; from within, in appreciation 
 and gratitude. 
 
 There is a vast difference between going out with your 
 party or being beaten within your party. For a Republican 
 to be stepped on by the elephant is death, but to be kicked 
 by the Democratic donkey means only a period in the hospital. 
 
 The saying that ''a prophet is not without honor save in 
 his own country" may have been true in earlier days, but is 
 not applicable to our times. 
 
 Under our system of government, which, unlike the Eng- 
 lish, confines a representative to his home district or state, 
 no one can secure and hold public office unless he is held in 
 honor in his own country. If strong at home, if holding 
 continuously the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens, 
 storms of detraction, or hatred, or enmity from other states, 
 are powerless to disturb him. 
 
 I have just closed twelve years in the United States 
 Senate, very eventful ones in legislation and very happy ones 
 to me. When Tennyson sang "Better fifty years of Europe 
 than a cycle of Cathay" he did not possess American experi- 
 ence. In the fifty years since 1861 we have passed through a 
 crisis involving the existence of the country or its whole future 
 every decade. The civil war for the preservation of the Union, 
 
24 
 
 reconstruction for the permanent peace and perpetuity of the 
 Union, the defeat of fiat money, the resumption of specie 
 payments, the silver craze, the establishment of the gold stand- 
 ard and the experiment with colonial government were all 
 crises full of peril, full of history and of grave consequences 
 to the republic. I have experienced all there was to feel by an 
 active participation in each of those troublous periods. 
 
 It has been to me one supreme lesson in the absolute in- 
 destructibility of our institutions and liberties. Every citizen 
 passes through a period of seeing in the immediate future the 
 destruction of his country. But while believing this prophecy, 
 if you have seen several times the period set for the cataclysm 
 pass by and nothing happen, predictions of evil cease to dis- 
 turb your peace of mind. I have a letter of my great-grand- 
 father's, written during Jefferson's administration. He was a 
 judge and a Federalist. This letter to his son-in-law, a dis- 
 tinguished lawyer of the same faith, says : "With Jefferson 
 as President, an infidel in religion and a French revolutionist 
 in politics, I see, perhaps not in my time, but in yours, the end 
 of religion and liberty in these United States." Several gen- 
 erations have come and gone since the old gentleman left to 
 his children this grewsome legacy. Each generation has found 
 the country enjoying larger liberties, greater power and pros- 
 perity and opportunities for all undreamed of by their prede- 
 cessors. 
 
 There will be crises in the future, occurring probably 
 every decade, perils from the clashing of labor and capital, 
 perils from the growth of socialistic sentiment, perils of the 
 dangers to all property in the effort to control great corpora- 
 tions and wealth without checking progress and employment, 
 perils from the mob spirit and perils from autocracy. 
 
 England, handicapped, as we protectionists think, by free 
 trade, is trying to keep as much as possible of her former 
 position as the workshop of the world by encouraging indus- 
 trial combinations. This is done to reduce the cost of pro- 
 duction. The German states, as in the famous potash case, are 
 themselves interested in various industries. They form close 
 syndicates with their competitors in the same line of business 
 to maintain prices at home and utilize their government-owned 
 railroads and subsidized mercantile marine to so lower charges 
 
25 
 
 for transportation as to command foreign markets. Our legis- 
 lation forbids all combinations, the good as well as the bad, 
 and our task, as we extend our commerce, is to adjust our 
 conditions for competition with other nations. 
 
 We as yet have not fully grasped our position as a world 
 power and the duties it imposes, nor have we arrived at a 
 settled policy which is demanded by foreign governments 
 under the responsibilities assumed in maintaining the Monroe 
 doctrine. Judging the future by the past, the pendulum will 
 probably swing our way until the common sense of the people 
 checks its dangerous progress, and then politicians, with ears 
 to the ground catching the changing sentiment, will eagerly 
 lead in the opposite direction. So, if we who are here to-night 
 are permitted to visit these scenes a hundred years from 
 now, we will find conditions bettered, opportunities larger 
 and greater marvels brought about by inventions, and the game 
 of politics played possibly with the same cards and with similar 
 results to those which have characterized our period. Between 
 political crises and political stagnation, it is better for the 
 public good that the storm should rage and some temporary 
 damage be done, for a wreck here and there upon the shore 
 is nothing to the life-giving gale which lashes the ocean into 
 fury and sends the beneficent rainclouds over the earth and 
 clarifies sea and air of impurities. 
 
 In rendering an account of stewardship a catalogue would 
 be wearisome, but I rejoice in many things in which I was 
 permitted to participate, and for which I had opportunity to 
 render such assistance as was in my power. The carrying into 
 effect of the gold standard and the establishment upon a firm 
 basis of national and individual credit was one of the achieve- 
 ments of my period. 
 
 Before the conservation of natural resources had become 
 a question of any importance, as chairman of the committee 
 having charge of such matters in my earlier years, I became 
 convinced of the necessity of turning the Appalachian range 
 into a national forest. The eight states through which the 
 range runs could do nothing individually. The cutting off 
 of the trees led to the washing away of the undergrowth and 
 humus which held the rainfall and distributed it beneficially 
 through the valleys. The floods which followed the loss of the 
 
26 
 
 forests destroyed annually twenty million acres of fertile land. 
 The tragedy of the destruction of twenty million acres a year, 
 with all their possibilities for settlement and happy homesteads, 
 was beyond language to describe. I prepared a bill and passed 
 it through the Senate. It took ten years of continuous effort 
 to get it through the House of Representatives, but in this 
 last session, including also the White Mountains, it became 
 a law. The inclusion of the White Mountains was due to the 
 efforts of Senator Brandegee of Connecticut. 
 
 Reform by legislation is always slow and tedious and re- 
 quires continuous and persistent effort to succeed. The gov- 
 ernment had never yielded to a law which would make it 
 liable to those engaged in its service in dangerous employments 
 for similar compensation for death and injury to those which 
 were universal in industrial pursuits. For years that bill had 
 appeared and annually been buried. President Roosevelt and 
 Secretary of War Taft placed it in my hands, and in the last 
 hours of the closing session of the Sixty-first Congress I 
 succeeded in passing it and sending it to the President. I am 
 prouder of that than of many measures of country-wide inter- 
 est in whose perfection I participated. 
 
 The Senate is a comparatively small body with a mem- 
 bership which runs for six years, and with re-election for 
 another six. Associations and intimacies permit a member to 
 secure for his state things of importance which a young mem- 
 ber can never gain. I was assigned immediately upon enter- 
 ing to the great committee on commerce. This committee 
 passes upon all measures relating to the rivers and harbors of 
 the country and the improvements of the waterways. I be- 
 came deeply impressed with the scheme which that eminent 
 senator, Senator Frye, had prepared for Ambrose channel. I 
 joined with Senator Frye to make this project a success. None 
 of us dreamed at that time that mercantile marine engineering 
 would produce leviathans of 50.000 tons, and yet with a fore- 
 sight which was more of hope than of intelligence, we carried 
 to perfection a channel into the docks of the port of New York 
 of sufficient width and depth to accommodate and secure for 
 our harbor those marvelous carriers of the sea. 
 
 The barge canal comes to the Hudson River twelve miles 
 above the improvement which permits the floating of its larger 
 
27 
 
 craft. Last year near the close of the session the engineers 
 and a citizens' committee came to me with the statement that 
 unless the government at an expense of between six and seven 
 millions of dollars improved that twelve miles the barge canal 
 was a failure — it ended nowhere. 
 
 Senators are clamoring for appropriations for every river 
 and creek in the country. When most of the states are jealous 
 of New York, to secure an appropriation of this kind in the last 
 stages of a session or at any other stage is purely a matter of 
 personal relations with senators. I pleaded for, and secured, 
 the preliminary appropriation from my associates, more than 
 upon its merits, on the statement that it was absolutely essen- 
 tial for my re-election. There again comes in the personal 
 equation, for as a rule brother senators will do much to retain 
 among them one of their number. 
 
 In the same way, when every city, village and hamlet in 
 the country was howling for public buildings and lifting the 
 dome of the capitol with the cry that New York had been 
 petted and fed at their expense, I secured the two uptown 
 postoffices which are to cost between three and four millions 
 each. 
 
 And in the same way and for the same reasons and by 
 the same pleas, though the secretary of the navy might cry 
 economy and financiers protest, I secured for the Brooklyn 
 navy-yard one of the new, mighty dreadnoughts, giving em- 
 ployment in that yard to over 4,000 men, supporting 4,000 
 families for the next two years. And of the $24,000,000 which 
 have been appropriated for the harbors and lake coasts of our 
 state during my term, I venture to say that much of it has 
 come because of my continuance on the committee through 
 which those appropriations must pass. 
 
 During my twelve years we have nearly settled the railway 
 question and taken it out of politics by the Roosevelt railway 
 rate bill, the Elkins anti-rebate bill, and the Taft railroad bill 
 of the last session. I believe that when the results of this 
 legislation are worked out from their present crudities, and 
 there always will be crudities in the beginning of new admin- 
 istrations, that there will come greater benefits to the public 
 and more security to railway investors and efficiency of railway 
 management. 
 
28 
 
 Notwithstanding the opposition of our savings banks, 
 which I thought unwise, I did my best for the postal savings 
 banks law, believing it to be best for the country and that it 
 would keep here the $100,000,000 a year now sent abroad by 
 our foreign population because they do not trust our banks. 
 
 I have always supported the merchant marine subsidy, 
 and regret that it did not become a law and that our people 
 are now giving $200,000,000 a year for freight to foreign 
 shipping, and that American ships are not the carriers of 
 American trade all over the world. American ships with 
 American officers would be active agents for the extension of 
 our markets while foreigners are necessarily hostile. We are 
 the second naval power, and yet the other great naval powers 
 look upon us as of little account because in time of war we 
 have no mercantile marine for auxiliary cruisers, or colliers 
 for our fighting machines and they cannot stay two weeks 
 away from shore. 
 
 Owing to abundant experience from annual visits abroad 
 for many years, I became convinced that there is a necessity 
 for housing our diplomats, as other nations do, in the capitals 
 of other countries. I early commenced advocating this, and 
 regard it as a happy result for the dignity and prestige of the 
 United States that a beginning was made in this Congress by 
 an appropriation for this purpose. 
 
 As chairman of the committee on Pacific Islands and 
 Porto Rico, there came to me most interesting experiences in 
 the efforts to solve the serious problem presented by governing 
 the Philippine islands, Hawaii and Porto Rico. Many minds 
 have been at work and many men continually laboring to solve 
 these problems. It is a source of congratulation that peace 
 and prosperity in the Philippine islands and in Hawaii and in 
 Porto Rico are demonstrations of the wisdom which has 
 created out of no experience of our own a beneficent colonial 
 policy for our dependencies. 
 
 It is a tribute to the seat which I have occupied for the 
 last twelve years that the Democratic party, with 32 majority 
 in the legislature, was unable by its utmost efforts, though 
 working day and night for 74 days, to fill it until the Republi- 
 can minority gave them help. A seat in the United States 
 Senate is worthy of any man's ambition. 
 
29 
 
 "Why the Senate ?" asked a French critic of Thomas Jef- 
 ferson at the time of the French revolution. 
 
 "Because," said the great statesman and author of the 
 Declaration of Independence, "it is like the saucer to the tea 
 cup ; when the tea is too hot to drink with safety, it can be 
 cooled off in the saucer." 
 
 The Senate has been called the Millionaires' Club, and 
 yet with its ninety-two members a majority have not a com- 
 petence outside of their salary, and not over 10 per cent have 
 reached the millionaire mark. Seven senators died recently. 
 One started as a poor boy, and in developing the mineral re- 
 sources of his own state became a millionaire, but the joint 
 assets of the other six did not amount to $200,000, and three 
 left practically nothing. This is a fair average of the financial 
 condition of the Senate. 
 
 There are several kinds of senators. The most valuable 
 are those who seldom appear in the "Record," but work night 
 and day in the committee rooms and on the floor in the perfec- 
 tion of good measures and in defeating bad ones, and those 
 who "Think that day lost whose low descending sun views from 
 thy hand no noble action done," the noble action being some 
 more or less interesting remarks in the next morning's "Con- 
 gressional Record." 
 
 There has been much criticism both at home and abroad 
 upon the unlimited debate permitted in the Senate. During 
 the sixty-first Congress, which has just closed, there were 
 43,921 bills introduced and only 810 became laws. I believe 
 in the Jeffersonian doctrine of the least possible legislation, 
 and I think that is in accord with the best sentiment of the 
 country. Many and many of them died because unlimited 
 debate left no time for consideration. 
 
 During my twelve years' experience I know of no meas- 
 ure of importance which has failed because the Senate has 
 no rules to limit debate, no closure, no previous question. If 
 a measure is worthy, means are found before it is lost to 
 bring a minority to consent to its passage. After twelve years 
 of experience and much study and thought. I believe it would 
 be unfortunate to change the custom of the Senate. 
 
 There have been several filibusters in the Senate in my time 
 where a small minority endeavored to defeat, by using up the 
 
30 
 
 time between the commencement of debate and final adjourn- 
 ment, already agreed to by both Houses, some measure desired 
 by a large majority. Physical exhaustion counts continually 
 against a filibuster. But more than that, no man has sensations 
 so numb and feelings so dead and sensibilities so far lost as to 
 withstand for any lengthened period the ill-concealed anger 
 and contempt, and ultimately disgust, of his associates. 
 
 A senator engaged in a filibuster is an interesting mental 
 and psychological study. I have rarely heard one who could 
 go along for more than two hours without returning to the 
 beginning and traversing the same ground, and after doing 
 this several times he goes back and over the ground in prac- 
 tically the same language, like a cat pursuing its own tail. That 
 speech never appears in the "Record" until several weeks after- 
 ward, and then is edited to the limit, so the world never gathers 
 its inanities, its banalities and its repetitions. 
 
 The Senate stands by its traditions. One hundred years 
 ago every man over sixty took snuff. Because of this custom, 
 snuffboxes were placed on the Democratic and Whig, and then 
 the Democratic and Republican, sides. These snuffboxes are 
 still filled every morning. The snuff has been unused for years, 
 but not long since some quack started the idea, during a recent 
 attack of influenza, that snuff would cure it. If the influenza 
 keeps up, the habit may return and with it the old red bandana 
 to conceal the enormities of the practice. 
 
 The most confirmed result in my fifty-four years of public 
 and semi-public life is a belief in party organization. It has 
 its evils, as everything human does, but they can always be 
 cured or they cure themselves. I believe that good legislation 
 and progressive legislation come from there being in the coun- 
 try two great political parties, nearly evenly divided, so evenly 
 that the mistakes of one lead to the triumph of the 
 other. I tried insurgency early in life and got over it imme- 
 diately. It was when I went off with other Republicans in 
 support of Greeley. So our friends who so blithely claim that 
 insurgency is a brand new invention of their own are practicing 
 something which is very, very old. 
 
 An insurgent becomes regular when he and his friends 
 secure a majority. The planet Saturn had eight satellites, and 
 astronomers tell us that the rings of Saturn are kept in place 
 
3i 
 
 by the regular and methodical movement of these satellites 
 around the planet in one direction. But every once in a while 
 astronomers for hundreds of years have noticed a disturbance 
 of the rings which they were unable to explain. The enormous 
 telescope provided by Mr. Carnegie has penetrated this mys- 
 tery. It has found that there is a ninth satellite which moves 
 in and out among the others, but in the opposite direction, 
 always producing a disturbance and threatening a dangerous 
 collision. They cannot find that it contributes anything but 
 trouble to the stability of Saturn's place in the heavenly 
 universe. 
 
 The astronomers here named this insurgent in the planetary 
 system Phoebe. We will always have Phoebes, contrarily 
 minded, moving in the opposite direction and colliding with 
 the majority, but in the general economy of our political sys- 
 tem they sometimes produce a healthy shaking up. 
 
 Another fundamental among political principles which 
 experience has confirmed is representative government. There 
 is no doubt that an enthusiastic and able propaganda against 
 representative government by appealing to the sentiment called 
 the people's will has made great progress. There is no doubt 
 that it has discredited state legislatures and Congress. It has 
 led in many states to the initiative, the referendum and the 
 recall. It claims, in its extreme phase, that government can 
 only be popular when the actual meeting of the mob takes the 
 place of the deliberations of the legislative body and decisions 
 of the courts. 
 
 The man who acts as his own lawyer loses his property; 
 as his own doctor, loses his life ; as his own architect, lives in 
 an unsanitary building; as his own engineer, drives over a 
 bridge which falls into the stream. As life grows more intense 
 in its demands upon people in every department of work, they 
 must concentrate their minds on their industry if they would 
 succeed in their chosen pursuit. The people know that with 
 these conditions, and with the greatest intelligence among the 
 masses, to provide measures of government and principles of 
 justice is absolutely impossible. 
 
 They can select men, their neighbors, those who are willing 
 to serve and who are able to do this work for them, and then 
 judge of the capability and the intelligence of their representa- 
 
32 
 
 ti,ves, as they do of the work of their engineer and their lawyer 
 and their doctor, by results. It is to the credit of our institu- 
 tions that while every other country has changed in its funda- 
 mentals, we live after one hundred and twenty-five years under 
 the same constitution, practically unchanged and with a liberty 
 and prosperity and promise for the future which are magnifi- 
 cent testimonies to the wisdom of the fathers. 
 
 It was my privilege as secretary of the state of New York 
 at the time to be brought in close relations with President 
 Lincoln and his cabinet and the leading members of Congress, 
 and I have known with more or less intimacy every President 
 and nearly every public man of national reputation since. 
 I became a senator under McKinley and have served under 
 Roosevelt and Taft. McKinley had passed his life in the 
 House of Representatives. He had the profoundest rever- 
 ence for the legislative branch. He never introduced by mes- 
 sage or otherwise any of the great measures of his administra- 
 tion without long and frequent consultation with senators and 
 congressmen. I was consulted in regard to all of them in their 
 preparation and presentation, and afterward in advocating them 
 upon the floor, and this was the experience, I think, of most of 
 his own party and of the opposition. This gave McKinley a 
 hold upon Congress which few, if any, of his predecessors had 
 ever possessed. 
 
 I can say that as a senator from his own state I had ex- 
 ceptionally pleasant relations with President Roosevelt. 
 
 I believe that one of the most misunderstood of our 
 Presidents is President Taft. His life has been judicial and 
 never one of political strife, and so he looks upon questions as 
 a judge, and not from the viewpoint of a politician as all men 
 brought up in political life must. It never occurs to him what 
 may be the effect of a measure upon his own political fortunes. 
 I believe that as President Taft's measures are better under- 
 stood, his unselfish patriotism and devotion to the public service 
 better known among the people, that he will grow in popular 
 favor, so that when the national Republican convention meets 
 in 1912 there will be but one name before it, that of William 
 Howard Taft. 
 
 I highly appreciate the presence here to-night of that 
 distinguished citizen of our State, the Vice-President of the 
 
33 
 
 United States. After twenty-two years of most useful serv- 
 ice in the House of Representatives, his elevation to the 
 second place in our government was a merited promotion. 
 I have studied many presiding officers of the Senate. As that 
 body has few rules and resents any check, the duties of the 
 Chair are difficult and delicate to a degree. But, with his 
 large experience, his intimate knowledge of parliamentary 
 law and Senate precedents, his wonderful tact and uniform 
 good nature, Vice-President James S. Sherman makes one 
 of the best, if not the best, presiding officer the Senate ever had. 
 
 And now, my friends, we are all New Yorkers. Next to 
 his country, a man's allegiance and pride should be to his state. 
 My ancestor got his farm from the Indians before Governor 
 Dongan, and those who came after have largely remained by 
 the old fireside. The great men who have adorned our his- 
 tory from the time of Hamilton and Jay are the inspirations of 
 succeeding generations of New York youth. Thurlow Weed, 
 who was for thirty years the dominant political factor in the 
 political life of our state, was my preceptor in practical politics, 
 while William H. Seward, whom I knew intimately and loved 
 ardently, was my teacher in political principles. 
 
 Our glorious old commonwealth is foremost of all our 
 sister states in all that constitutes a great empire. I have always 
 felt, both in the Senate and out, that in working for the state, 
 which, with its unequalled harbor, its lake ports, its great 
 canal, its mighty metropolis, which is the financial and com- 
 mercial center of the United States, I was doing the best serv- 
 ice possible for my country. 
 
SPEECH OF HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 
 at the Dinner given to the Ex-Presidents of the 
 Union League Club of New York on Saturday 
 Evening, April 8, 1911. 
 
 Mr. President and Fellow Members of the Union 
 League Club: This meeting which you give with such a 
 large representation of our membership to the ex-Presidents 
 of this organization is one of the most interesting events in 
 the history of any club. The seven Presidents who have filled 
 that high office for thirty-eight years are here not only in 
 life but with vigor. The position of chief executive is inspiring, 
 keeps the arteries from hardening and prolongs life. 
 
 Our senior, Mr. Choate, happy in his eightieth year, has 
 talked to'us to-night with all that brilliancy, versatility, wit, 
 humor and eloquence with has endeared him for more than 
 half a century to his countrymen. I join with you in con- 
 gratulating him upon having preserved the poster which an- 
 nounced that the Republicans of the Twentieth Ward of New 
 York City would hold a ratification meeting for the election 
 to the Presidency of Fremont and Dayton in October, 1856, 
 and that the speakers would be Joseph H. Choate, Esquire, 
 and others. He had already reached that distinction so eagerly 
 sought by all young orators of rising from among others to 
 the first place on the program for the night. 
 
 But our friend Choate is not the sole survivor of the 
 speakers of the Campaign of 1856, for, in September of that 
 year, I was the only speaker at a Republican ratification at 
 Simpson's Hall, in the Village of Peekskill. What is the 
 Twentieth Ward compared with the Village of Peekskill? 
 
 The quotation of Mr. Choate from "Alice in Wonder- 
 land" most felicitously indicates the source of the success in 
 life of your ex-Presidents whom you welcome here this even- 
 ing. The philosophy of that quotation is that victory or lon- 
 gevity is largely a question of skill as a jawsmith. I would 
 like to know where in this country there are any citizens who 
 have got larger dividends out of the exercise of that member 
 
36 
 
 of the human anatomy, the jaw, than these ex -Presidents : 
 Joseph H. Choate, Horace Porter, Elihu Root and myself. 
 
 For many years I have been deeply interested in the plan 
 to care for the ex-Presidents of the United States. While there 
 are living seven ex-Presidents of the Union League Club, there 
 never has been more than two of the United States. The 
 cares of that office are a bar to longevity, and the living ex- 
 President speedily expires when a new one appears. We as 
 a people do not like to have our ex-Presidents return and 
 enter upon the ordinary vocations of life. Mr. Cleveland felt 
 that so strongly that he left a large and remunerative prac- 
 tice and lived in the quiet of scholastic Princeton. There 
 was a certain vexation among the people when Grant entered 
 business and when Harrison returned to the practice of law. 
 After much thought I had devised a scheme and contributed 
 much literature to it for pensioning ex-Presidents. The idea 
 had become popular and was generally supported in the press. 
 The thought was that the country should have those experi- 
 ences which can be secured nowhere except in the Presidency 
 by giving to the ex-President a life seat in either House of 
 Congress witH a salary sufficient to maintain the dignity of 
 the position. But the scheme was killed by President Roose- 
 velt. In a notable speech just before he retired from office, 
 he called attention to this effort and said in effect that he 
 desired to inform his countrymen that he did not wish them 
 to make any provision for him by way of pension or other- 
 wise, and then remarked with rare emphasis, "This ex-Presi- 
 dent can take care of himself." He certainly has demonstrated 
 not only to the United States but to the whole world his 
 vigorous and successful independence. 
 
 I do not know that the question of what to do with the 
 ex-Presidents of the Union League Club has ever been agi- 
 tated, but you have happily solved that problem. Dine them 
 frequently, dine them well and make them glad at the dinner 
 by your enthusiastic and cheering approval of their administra- 
 tions. 
 
 I was for seven years President of this club, three years 
 longer than anyone who ever held the place. It gave me a 
 knowledge of human nature, as exhibited without reserve in 
 
37 
 
 this family relationship, which has been of incalculable value 
 and amusing interest. It is an old saying that eighteen hun- 
 dred members of a club pay annual dues in order that they may 
 occasionally have a place to dine or to sleep, and one hundred 
 of their number enjoy palatial accommodations and comforts 
 at the lowest possible cost. It is among these perennials that 
 we study human nature — the few who grab all the morning and 
 evening papers so that the occasional dropper-in can find none, 
 the few who take all the seats in the library and all the tables 
 for correspondence and retain possession, the few who regard it 
 as an outrage if new members staying in town over night de- 
 prive them for an hour or so of their daily accommodations in 
 the dining-room, which they think belong to them by pre-emp- 
 tion alone. One of the plaints of the House Committee in my 
 time was how six members would combine their order and beat 
 the club by having an order for two secure a course dinner. 
 But, while this is one of the best social clubs in the world, 
 its distinction is political. It had its origin in 1863 in the dark- 
 est hour of the Civil War. It was organized to help the gov- 
 ernment with both money and men. Its members subscribed for 
 government securities when the credit of the nation was at the 
 lowest ebb, and they recruited regiments at the expense of the 
 club. A notable part of the history of New York in the Civil 
 War is the regiment of colored men raised and equipped by 
 the Union League Club. The prejudice in this city against the 
 negro was as great almost as in South Carolina. It was doubt- 
 ful if that regiment would be permitted to march down Fifth 
 Avenue and Broadway to the trains and steamers which were 
 to carry it to the front. The whole country doubted 
 whether, with the strong pro-slavery sentiment of that period 
 in this city, this regiment would be permitted to leave without 
 being attacked and possibly dispersed. But the members of 
 this club, who had raised that regiment, many of them well 
 advanced in years and known and honored for a generation 
 in this community, solved the question by marching at the 
 head of the colored regiment as it moved down Broadway. 
 Unarmed, as they were, the moral courage of their act awed 
 the crowd and instead of abuse and assault they were met 
 with cheers. 
 
38 
 
 This incident recalls to my mind at this moment the march 
 of the Seventh Regiment to the front. The government called 
 for the National Guard, and the Seventh Regiment of New 
 York, at that time the best drilled and equipped in the country, 
 immediately responded. Everyone who witnessed their depart- 
 ure have carried through life upon the tablets of memory the 
 most extraordinary picture of the Civil War. When the novelty 
 had worn away and people had become accustomed to the war 
 hundreds of regiments from New England and the rural part 
 of New York marched down Broadway without exciting much 
 interest or attention. But when the Seventh marched the peo- 
 ple did not know what war meant. We had had none since 
 the Mexican War of 1848, in which few participated and none 
 remembered. The attack on Sumter had aroused horror and 
 indignation through the North. In New York, with a much 
 smaller population then than now, the Seventh Regiment was 
 peculiarly representative of its business and professional life. 
 The whole country seemed to have come to New York to wit- 
 ness its departure. On every sidewalk and up to the roofs 
 of the stores and houses and banked in the side streets were 
 men and women waiting to give to the boys their greeting and 
 farewell. The regiment never looked so well. Its ranks were 
 full; none had stayed behind. The roars of the people which 
 preceded and followed them came from the full hearts of thou- 
 sands who felt that they were parting perhaps forever with 
 friends who were risking their lives for their benefit. While 
 there was everything to inspire glory in the wild enthusiasm 
 of these multitudes, there was a background of the tenderest 
 pathos. In carriages and upon temporary platforms, where 
 the cross-streets met the Avenue, stood the mothers, sisters, 
 wives and sweethearts of the soldiers. There was doubt if the 
 regiment would reach Washington without being destroyed 
 and greater doubt if its members would ever return alive. 
 From carriage window or from platform would be the flutter- 
 ing of the handkerchiefs as the loved one came abreast. There 
 was no sign from the ranks. It was "eyes front" and perfect 
 marching. But as company after company went by, these 
 women who had fluttered these handkerchiefs of farewell 
 dropped in heaps where they stood as if the Angel of Death had 
 
39 
 
 already done his dreadful work. I have seen most of the great 
 processions of the world, those of the pomp and splendor of in- 
 auguration of Presidents and coronation of Kings and Queens, 
 those of mourning over mighty dead, those of celebration over 
 historic events and those of commemoration of the victories 
 of war or the triumphs of peace, but never in my life have I 
 witnessed or felt anything so human, so closely in touch with 
 everybody, so pathetic, and yet so inspiring, as the march of 
 the Seventh Regiment down Broadway for the front in 1861. 
 
 Well, gentlemen, we are not here for reminiscence alone. 
 The ambition of this club is always to do what it can for the 
 present and provide as far as possible for the future. I regret 
 that in a way its political activities have abated in deference to 
 its social side. There was a long period when the utterances 
 of this club against fiat money, against debasing the currency 
 by free silver, in favor of the gold standard, and for right in- 
 dustrial principles, were potent in the platforms of political 
 conventions, in the speeches of candidates and in the legislation 
 of Congresses and Legislatures. Presidents and Governors and 
 candidates for legislative offices ardently desired the approval 
 of this club. Its power was in the fact that it did not name 
 candidates but it was understood that an unworthy candidate 
 would not receive its support and might receive its condemna- 
 tion. The presidency of this club placed the recipient upon the 
 high road to political recognition. 
 
 Of our Presidents, Choate, as Ambassador to Great Brit- 
 ain, left a memory which will last through generations, both on 
 the diplomatic and social side. Horace Porter was one of the 
 best Ambassadors we have ever had in France. John Jay 
 performed splendid service for his country as its representative 
 at the courts of Berlin and Vienna. Cornelius N. Bliss, while 
 Secretary of the Interior, astonished the land-grabber and the 
 robber of Indian lands and appropriations by treating them 
 as thieves, and carrying into that office the principles of an 
 honorable business life which had made him one of the most 
 distinguished merchants in New York. Elihu Root, as Secre- 
 tary of War, originated and carried into effect the reforms 
 which have made our Army an efficient machine, and, as 
 Secretary of State, he placed our consular service upon a busi- 
 
40 
 
 ness basis, with merit as the qualification for places, while, in 
 a larger way, by his wonderful visits to the capitals of the 
 South American Republics, he did more for Pan-American 
 peace and the preservation of the Monroe Doctrine than had 
 been accomplished by any statesman in half a century. 
 
 Gentlemen, the work of this club will never be finished. 
 New problems are constantly arising almost as important to 
 our future, as a people and a nation, as those of the preserva- 
 tion of the Union. The perpetuity of the Republic is assured, 
 the stability of its currency is established, but, in the future 
 as in the past, beneficent principles can be aided by the intelli- 
 gence, courage and patriotism of our club. 
 
SPEECH OF HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 
 at a Masonic Celebration at the Manhattan 
 Opera House, New York, on April 13, 1911. 
 
 Brethren : We all have been interested and instructed by 
 the eloquence of Brother Wolfe, of Washington. I think I 
 ought to reveal a secret, not a Masonic one, but a State secret. 
 One of the best officers in our consular service was Brother 
 Wolfe while Consul General at Cairo. It was at the time ol 
 the famous revolt of the Arabs against British rule, which for 
 a time was very threatening. An English official came to the 
 Consul General and said, "I think the rebels will capture Cairo, 
 and I advise you to leave. If they succeed, their first act will 
 be to kill ail the English and Christians." "Well," said Consul 
 Wolfe, carelessly flickering the ashes from his cigar, "that 
 does not affect me, for I am neither; I am an American and 
 a Jew." 
 
 The subject assigned to me, "The Mystic Tie," covers 
 the whole field of Freemasonry, but it has a larger sig- 
 nificance in the relation of peoples to each other, of capital 
 and labor, of employer and employee and in the life of govern- 
 ments. It is a far cry back to the building of Solomon's temple 
 and to the civilizations which had their rise and fall in the 
 thousand years that intervened before the birth of Christ. 
 We, as Masons, believe that the first successful effort to prac- 
 tically bring about the brotherhood of man occurred during the 
 building of that wonderful temple. Solomon had gathered not 
 only material but artisans from all the known world. These 
 races and nationalities were natural enemies. The only inter- 
 national law known was force and might. But Hiram, the 
 Master Builder, was more than an architect or a mechanic. He 
 was a statesman and a philanthropist. He brought together 
 these hostile elements into a society whose only creed was 
 the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man. For 
 three thousand years that sentiment has slowly worked its way 
 down the centuries. It has been often checked. For long 
 periods it had no life, so far as the relations of nations and 
 alien peoples to each other are concerned, but the flame has 
 been kept ever burning upon the altars of Masonic Lodges. 
 
42 
 
 We are to-day suddenly and in a large way brought face 
 to face with the problem of universal peace. The message of 
 the President of the United States meets with cordial and eager 
 response from the King, government and people of Great 
 Britain. In every church in England meetings are held to 
 promote peace and good-will among men. Carnegie contributes 
 a fund which yields five hundred thousand dollars a year to 
 give practical impulse to the movement. The advocates of great 
 armies and navies, who believe them to be insurance policies for 
 the peace of the countries which keep enlarging them, are met 
 for the first time with an opposition which is something more 
 than theory and sentimentalism. The Hague Tribunal has 
 demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of arbitration. It 
 has peacefully settled international questions which under the 
 rule of the ages could have been decided only by the arbitra- 
 ment of the sword. Now President Taft suggests to the civ- 
 ilized nations of the world, groaning under the burden of main- 
 taining their armies and navies and madly rushing toward 
 national bankruptcy in the effort to equal or outdo each other 
 by increasing the machinery of war, that arbitration may well 
 become universal, and armies in the future instead of increas- 
 ing can steadily diminish. As fast as this suggestion is ac- 
 cepted, so rapidly is extended among the peoples the beneficent 
 influence of "The Mystic Tie." 
 
 In July I will celebrate the fiftieth year of my entrance into 
 the Masonic fraternity. I think vigor, health and longevity 
 have come to me because of its associations. They have given 
 to me a half century of unalloyed pleasure, of warm friend- 
 ships and of growth in the belief of the beneficent influences 
 of our Order. What a wonderful half century from 1861, 
 when I became a Mason, until now in 191 1! In all that 
 makes life worth the living, in all that adds to material 
 prosperity, individual and national, in all that adds to 
 the comforts of life and the alleviation of diseases, this 
 half century has no parallel. It has given to the world a 
 larger liberty in government for the people and by the people 
 than any other half century of recorded time. Within this 
 half century the petty States of Germany have become united 
 in one empire and the German people, in their marvelous in- 
 dustrial development, in the expansion of their trade and their 
 
43 
 
 commerce abroad, in liberties which they never knew before, 
 have come to a large share in the blessings of the progress and 
 evolution of this half cycle ; so has united Italy; so has Republi- 
 can France; so has Great Britain, with a larger and more re- 
 sponsive democracy than almost any nation. We have wit- 
 nessed the creative processes of liberty penetrating the realm 
 of Russian autocracy, and of Persian and Turkish absolutism, 
 with something more than the semblance of representative gov- 
 ernment. The cables under the ocean bringing the round 
 earth in intimate communication as the sun rises in its course 
 every day, the leviathans of the deep constantly enlarging the 
 sum of exchanges of products which promote peace, comfort 
 and prosperity, the telephone, the necessary hand-maiden 
 of our daily life, are all the discoveries of our half 
 century. The air about us has been forced to yield the electric 
 current which is in time to conserve our coal deposits and our 
 forests and run our railroads and our industries. It has been 
 forced to surrender upon commercial lines life-giving nitrogen 
 to add to the productiveness of the soil and of its fruits. Edu- 
 cation, at the expense of the State, is brought to the door of 
 every child and equal opportunity to the home of every citizen. 
 One of the most affecting pictures in the story of Masonry 
 occurred at the time of the disbandment of the American Army 
 at the close of the Revolutionary War. Washington and 
 his officers were Masons. They met as a lodge in his tent upon 
 the eve of departure for their various homes, never to gather 
 again. We can easily imagine in the exchange of fraternal 
 greetings their expression to one another of a new extension of 
 "The Mystic Tie." "These thirteen colonies, with their adverse 
 interests and many antagonisms, have been brought into a 
 unified republic. We transmit to our children a united nation 
 founded upon the eternal principles of liberty, to be maintained 
 by them forever. We have fought and won for our people a 
 principle never before recognized in government and embodied 
 in the immortal declaration which has been our inspiration in 
 camp and upon battlefield, "All men are created equal, with 
 certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty and 
 the pursuit of happiness." "The Mystic Tie" framed that im- 
 mortal document, the Constitution of the United States, and 
 the machinery of the new government commenced its beneficent 
 
44 
 
 work. The Republic of the United States grew in everything 
 which constitutes a great, glorious and free empire for 
 seventy-eight years. Fifty years ago yesterday, Fort Sumter 
 was fired upon. In all the cabinets of Europe it was the uni- 
 versal belief, "This shot breaks 'The Mystic Tie,' and the 
 Republic of the United States goes down in blood as many 
 another has in the history of the world." The slave-holding 
 oligarchy firmly believed, "This shot breaks 'The Mystic Tie' 
 that binds our States to the Federal Government." No one 
 who witnessed it, can ever forget the shock, the horror, the 
 fear and the rage of that day. In the old village of Peekskill 
 I, with others who had attended church, were in the happy 
 crowds going to our homes. Newsboys suddenly flashed along 
 the street with the morning papers from New York shouting, 
 "Sumter has been fired upon." Men, women and children 
 stopped as if paralyzed and with blanched faces read the news. 
 But there was one support for "The Mystic Tie" which the con- 
 spirators had not reckoned upon. It was the sentiment for 
 "Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever," 
 spoken with lofty inspiration by Webster and embodied in 
 every school book and spoken for a generation in every decla- 
 mation contest and upon every school platform in the land. 
 "Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever," 
 rang from the farms and through the workshops and from 
 the pulpits and penetrated the offices of the lawyers and 
 doctors and the counting rooms of the merchants and the 
 shops of the manufacturers. In response to that cry millions 
 of men left their homes and marched to die if need be for the 
 perpetuity through all eternity of "Liberty and Union, one and 
 inseparable, now and forever." Slavery died, Lincoln reunited 
 the UnMn, the seceded States came into the equal share with 
 their victorious brethren of all the inestimable privilege of our 
 government. The reunited country has moved forward by 
 leaps and bounds to a position among the powers of the world, 
 to an expansion of its liberties, to a development of its terri- 
 tories, to a union and prosperity of its peoples, never before 
 accomplished anywhere or among any peoples in recorded 
 time. So, my brethren, both within the lodge for three thou- 
 sand years and in our country during its history, we live and 
 move and have our being under "The Mystic Tie." 
 
SPEECH OF HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 
 at the Dinner Given by the Pilgrims Society of 
 New York, to MR. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND, 
 Special Ambassador to the Coronation of King 
 George V, on May 24, 1911. 
 
 Mr. President: In honoring the Special Ambassador to 
 Great Britain for the coronation of King George, we Pilgrims 
 are performing one of our constitutional functions. The Pil- 
 grims Society of New York and the Pilgrims Society of 
 London have been among the most efficient agencies in bring- 
 ing about an era of perpetual peace, good-will and friendship 
 between the old country and the new. We meet to welcome a 
 distinguished visitor from the other side, and then, when he 
 goes away, we meet again to speed the parting guest. On the 
 other hand, we give our benediction, our blessing and our 
 good luck to our Ambassador going to his post, and then, 
 when he retires or is retired, we greet him with a cordial 
 welcome and consolation dinner, so that among the honors, 
 which come as a matter of course to an American Ambassador 
 going to England, are at least four good dinners and friendly 
 functions — from the Pilgrims in New York when he goes, and 
 London when he arrives, and London when he leaves, and in 
 New York when he returns. 
 
 While Special Ambassadors have been known among 
 royalties for centures in the interchange of greetings on 
 coronations and funeral ceremonies, I think the first from 
 the United States was created by President McKinley, unless 
 I might refer to an earlier occasion which was never reported. 
 Mr. Emory Storrs, a distinguished but eccentric lawyer of 
 Chicago, wanted to be Attorney-General in the Cabinet of 
 President Arthur. He was greatly disappointed because he 
 failed. His clients raised a fund to send him to Europe, and 
 he went to Arthur and said that he would like to go with 
 some distinction ; so Arthur, who appreciated Storrs perfectly, 
 had a commission made out on parchment, signed by himself 
 and attested by the Secretary of State, with the great seal 
 
46 
 
 attached, empowering Mr. Storrs as a Special Commissioner 
 
 to look into the trouble about the importation of cattle into 
 Great Britain from the United States. Our minister at that 
 time was James Russell Lowell. Lowell was furious, saying 
 that he was attending to that matter much better than could 
 this presumptuous Chicago lawyer. Storrs was a passenger 
 on the same ship with me. He showed me his credentials 
 every day, with signature and stamp and the seal, and finally 
 I said to him: "Storrs, what do you expect to accomplish?" 
 "Well, of course," he said, "I have no intention of bothering 
 about cattle. Our legation is amply competent to look after 
 that. What I am after is to compel old Lowell who, I under- 
 stand, shows few, if any, courtesies to Americans, to give me 
 a dinner and request me to select the guests." Lowell told 
 me afterward that to keep the peace with the brute and pre- 
 vent trouble at Washington he granted this request, expecting 
 that Storrs would want him to invite the Queen and the whole 
 royal family. He was delighted when the Chicago lawyer 
 selected Tyndall, Huxley, Tennyson and world-wide celebrities 
 in literature, science and art. I believe the cattle question, 
 while not burning very luridly, is still a spark, but, happily, 
 its extinguishment will not be among the duties of our friend, 
 Mr. Hammond. 
 
 It so happened that Mr. Storrs was also a fellow-pas- 
 senger on our return voyage. I said : "Tell me all about that 
 dinner." "Well," said Mr. Storrs, "I stood one day in ab- 
 sorbed attention before that marvelous Madonna by Raphael, 
 in the Dresden Gallery. It seemed to me that a divine inspira- 
 tion had guided the brush of the artist. Suddenly I was con- 
 scious that the gaze of the crowded room, all Americans, was 
 concentrated on me instead of the picture. I turned on the 
 people and said: "Excuse me, ladies and gentlemen, you are 
 in the presence of the world's wonder, which to see is an event 
 in life, and yet you drop this masterpiece for me. I never 
 have attracted attention by my personal appearance in our 
 own country. What is the matter? Is it my clothes? They 
 were made in Chicago." "No," said a fine-looking man who 
 acted as spokesman for the party, "y° u are of more interest to 
 us than all the old masters, because you made old Lowell 
 give you a dinner." 
 
47 
 
 The Special Ambassador, during the ceremonies, is the 
 whole show. The regular Ambassador is not in it. As a 
 result, the regular Ambassador has never yet, however he 
 may have acted outwardly, accepted with cordiality the pres- 
 ence of this functionary who precedes himself. Well, then, 
 the question arises, and has always arisen, "What is the Special 
 Ambassador to do?" Precisely the same as the special repre- 
 sentatives from the other great powers. He is the President 
 of the United States. Everywhere, at all places, he is received 
 as the President of the United States. In other words he is 
 Taft, and I am sure, as we all are, that our genial, companion- 
 able and attractive President has happily chosen in making our 
 friend Hammond on this distinguished occasion his personal 
 representative. 
 
 As a traveler for many years, I have had impressed upon 
 me the difference between an Ambassador and a Minister 
 Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary. By a rule, four 
 hundred years old, the Ambassador can stand covered, if he 
 chooses to do that, in the presence of the King. In any event, 
 he stands as an equal among the royalties, while a Minister 
 Plenipotentiary in England goes in after a Duke and ahead 
 of an Earl. This was our condition until the period of John 
 Hay. The British Government, by all sorts of ruses and sub- 
 terfuges, did their best to give some distinction to our Min- 
 ister, but they never could induce the Ambassadors of other 
 countries to let him in among the elect or to allow him to 
 march in with them. 
 
 One time, when I was in Paris, the Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs, whom I had met in America at the time I delivered 
 the oration at the unveiling of Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty in 
 New York Harbor, sent a special messenger asking me to 
 have the American Minister present me to him officially at 
 the Foreign Office. The Minister and I went down and had 
 to wait an hour after we arrived before we were admitted, 
 though the hour had been named. On making an inquiry, 
 we found that an Ambassador had arrived a few minutes 
 after we did, but, in deference to his rank, he had to be ad- 
 mitted first. I inquired, "From what country is this Am- 
 bassador?" The answer was, "Hayti." With that experience 
 I became a missionary for the creation of embassies, and I 
 
48 
 
 think the narration of this incident had something to do with 
 the final success of the movement. 
 
 While a Senator, I had a conference with the then Presi- 
 dent. The object of the consultation was to secure the reten- 
 tion of certain gentlemen in the diplomatic service and the 
 appointment of others. The President said: "I am going to 
 change nearly the whole diplomatic corps. While we never 
 can do without this service so long as other countries have it, 
 I regard the position as an honorary one to decorate citizens 
 who deserve distinction. England can give titles, knight- 
 hoods and decorations, France has the Legion of Honor, and 
 other countries have various orders which become hereditary 
 privileges, while we have nothing of the kind. Now critical 
 matters are always conducted by cable directly through the 
 foreign office and the Secretary of State and, therefore, I think 
 that when a man has been ambassador for four years, or cer- 
 tainly six, he ought to yield and allow the decoration to be 
 pinned onto the coat of some other worthy and deserving citi- 
 zen. The honor lasts for his life. It gives him the precedence 
 at all dinners in his own country, and is part of the record of 
 his family to endless generations, so I propose to remove many 
 of my most intimate friends, believing that I do them no harm, 
 while I confer honor and distinction upon others whom I 
 think eminently worthy." I do not entirely agree with the 
 President in this view, because I have known many instances, 
 in fact, they occur frequently, where the acquaintances formed 
 by the ambassador with the ruling powers of the country to 
 which he is accredited, and where the fact that he is on the 
 spot often removes frictions which might grow into serious 
 matters, and often removes prejudices and misunderstandings 
 before they have reached the dignity of a controversy, which 
 would call into play the activities of the ruler and the foreign 
 office, on the one hand, and the President and the Secretary of 
 State and possibly Congress, on the other. 
 
 Our friend will greet the King upon his coronation with a 
 special message from the President at a more auspicious 
 moment than has ever occurred before in the relations of our 
 two countries, when a King was crowned or a President was 
 inaugurated, because he arrives at the happy time when the 
 perpetual settlment of disputes by arbitration, suggested by 
 
49 
 
 President Taft and cordially seconded by King George, is re- 
 ceiving unprecedented welcome and approval from the Par- 
 liament and the people of Great Britain, and from the people 
 of the United States, and only awaits the action of Congress to 
 perfect its beneficent results. 
 
 It is with more than an expression of personal regard and 
 good wishes that we bid Ambassador Hammond farewell. 
 The occasion rises far above an individual compliment. It 
 is because we, as Americans, recognize in his mission, and in 
 the reception which it will receive in Great Britain, an added 
 impetus to the movement so happily inaugurated by. President 
 Taft for an eternity of peace, friendship and the reciprocal 
 benefits of amicable relations between Great Britain and the 
 United States. 
 

ADDRESS OF HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 
 at the Luncheon of the Society of the Cincinnati 
 and Their Guests from Other State Societies, 
 Metropolitan Club, New York, May 10, 1911. 
 
 Comrades: One of the most interesting of the com- 
 memorations of our Order of the Society of the Cincinnati is 
 the celebration of its organization. On his birthday we have 
 a formal, and more or less imposing, ceremonial for the 
 founder of the Society, George Washington, but this occasion 
 is always informal and the addresses particularly so. 
 
 I was reconstructing in my own mind on my way to this 
 luncheon the scenery and conditions of the period when the 
 Society was born, May ioth, 1783. The Continental Army and 
 some of their French allies were encamped at Newburgh-on- 
 the-Hudson. The war was over, and they were waiting for 
 New York to be evacuated by the British troops in order that 
 the victorious host of the Republic might make a formal entry, 
 be disbanded, and return to their homes after seven years of 
 glorious war. There is no more picturesque or beautiful spot 
 in the world than the Highlands of the Hudson, and especially 
 at this time of the year. Peace having arrived, these veterans 
 of the patriot army were enjoying a rest after their long and 
 arduous campaign and the terrible sufferings from want and 
 privation which they had endured. Just below them was 
 West Point suggesting a story still fresh in the minds of all 
 how their struggle might have been a disastrous failure if 
 Benedict Arnold's conspiracy at that place had been success- 
 ful. The communion of the officers must have been full of 
 reminiscences of gallant comrades who had died, of fields fought 
 over again, of the chivalric French without whose assistance 
 they might never have won. In the midst of such surround- 
 ings an inspiration came to the Commander-in-Chief, the one 
 man upon whom devolved the greatest responsibilities of hi* 
 age and the greatest trials of his time, but who with infallible 
 judgment never made a mistake, and always, with his happy 
 combination of genius, tact and sense, did the right thing at 
 the right time. Of course, then as now, organizations were 
 
52 
 
 created about the festive board. They knew no luncheons 
 then. Dinner was always at or soon after noontime, and the 
 evening meal was an informal affair called supper. That was 
 the universal habit of the people of the United States during 
 the first century of our existence. That dinner in Washing- 
 ton's tent was a suggestion, after all the hardships of these 
 veteran soldiers, of the future prosperity of the country which 
 they had created. The Hudson River was teeming with fish, 
 and especially rich in that best of them all, the shad. How dif- 
 ferent is our experience now with this most delicious of the 
 members of the finny tribe. As she returns from the sea to 
 her spawning beds she is met in the lower bay with the sludge 
 from the factories of the Standard Oil Company. Avoiding 
 that as best she can, her next draught of what should be pure 
 water is the sewage of the State of New Jersey, through the 
 Passaic River, emptying into our harbor. As she seeks to 
 escape in order to return to the place of her birth, she is 
 assailed on every side with the outpourings of the refuse of 
 this great city, of its sister on the other side and of the 
 innumerable factories along the banks. Contrast this fish with 
 the ones that were served on that memorable day in Washing- 
 ton's tent. It was my good fortune, as a Hudson River boy, 
 to eat such shad in my early days. When the river was pure, 
 when the water had the natural food of the fish, and when it 
 was brought alive from the nets to the table, then the shad was 
 a feast for the Gods. 
 
 But the Ramapo Hills and the hills about Newburgh were 
 at that time full of game, and our forefathers were keen and 
 successful sportsmen. There were no game laws, for none 
 were needed, and game was not, as it is, unhappily, in our 
 day, in danger of extermination by the pot hunter, the ignor- 
 ant legislator passing foolish laws and officers enforcing them 
 in a way to bring them into contempt and ridicule. 
 
 The cellars of the old colonial families were still full of 
 the choicest vintages of the old world, and they were drawn 
 upon freely and sent by General Schuyler and his associates 
 to the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 In these surroundings the Chief said to his compatriots, 
 "Let us form a society which will stand forever for the prin- 
 
53 
 
 ciples and the preservation of our new Republic." Then was 
 drafted, with that marvelous compactness and lucidity which 
 characterized all formal papers of Alexander Hamilton, the 
 constitution which has just been read to us, and to that con- 
 stitution, commencing with the signature of George Washing- 
 ton, there followed the officers of the Continental Army and 
 the officers of their French allies. According to the habit 
 of that period the membership was made hereditary. 
 
 1 once heard one of the ablest of British statesmen and 
 most eloquent of speakers, Lord Rosebery, say in his charming 
 way that if the American colonies had not rebelled, and 
 remained loyal to the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain, 
 their growth and prosperity would probably have been the 
 same if not greater. The overwhelming influence of these 
 most populous, wealthy and powerful of the semi-independent 
 colonies of the empire would have drawn Buckingham Palace 
 to New York, Windsor Castle to the Hudson and the Parlia- 
 ment Houses to Central Park. Of course, all this was in a spirit 
 of friendly humor and banter ; nevertheless, it suggests a preg- 
 nant thought. The movement of populations to new territories 
 in order that they may better their conditions, either in the 
 enjoyment of civil and religious liberty or materially, is gov- 
 erned more by sentiment than by interest. Australia has an 
 area a little greater than the United States. It has a soil and 
 climate eminently fitted to sustain a large population. For sixty 
 years it has had the same opportunities in government, in all 
 essential liberties and in attractiveness as our own country, and 
 yet, while our population has grown to one hundred million, 
 Australasia has only about eight million, less than the single 
 State of New York. Canada on our northern border has an 
 area in square miles about the same as our own. Two-thirds 
 of it at least is capable of profitable development in agriculture, 
 forestry and mining. Its existence as a colony, with every 
 independent power of self-government, except a sentimental 
 attachment as a member of the British Empire and the English 
 Crown, is coincident in years with that of the Republic of the 
 United States, and yet the population of Canada, with all the 
 power of Great Britain to assist, is less again than that of the 
 single State of New York. 
 
54 
 
 It is most interesting" that the great migrations of the last 
 century, of which such a large number came from the British 
 Isles, have steadily flowed into the United States and could not 
 be diverted to either Australasia or to Canada. If the govern- 
 ments of these colonies had been narrow or restricted or 
 illiberal, the question could be easily answered, but every 
 liberty, freedom of conscience, civil rights, liberty of locomo- 
 tion, free press, universal suffrage, are common to all these 
 governments. In the United States, however, the citizen is 
 not a subject. He is a sovereign. Within his sphere he is 
 a king, and, united to make a majority, he becomes the sov- 
 ereign power in the land. It is this sentiment of becoming an 
 independent citizen of a country with an independent govern- 
 ment which has created out of our wilderness great common- 
 wealths, which has spread populations over our plains and 
 mountains and valleys while these enormous colonies of the 
 mother country remain so largely still in primeval conditions. 
 
 It was about the time of the organization of the Society 
 of the Cincinnati when the army, in arrears of pay 
 for three years, angered at the Continental Congress by its 
 neglect, presented a petition to Washington stating in effect 
 that a new representative government never would be strong 
 enough to live, and their safety and that of their children was 
 in a powerful executive like a king ; if he only would take this 
 place, they had the power to put and keep him there and the 
 country would be safe. Washington rejected their proposal 
 with more temper than he had ever displayed, and, at the same 
 time, read them a lesson, which they never forgot, upon the 
 value of the liberty for which they had fought. It may have 
 been that this contemplated revolt suggested to Washington 
 the formation of this society as one of the bonds of union. 
 The keynote, the central thought of its Constitution as 
 approved by him, was loyalty to the Union of the States and 
 the preservation of the National Government. 
 
 A few months afterwards Washington bid farewell to his 
 officers at Fraunce's Tavern in New York and departed for his 
 home at Mount Vernon. The officers, returning to the thirteen 
 States to which they belonged, carried with them the charters 
 of the State societies as thev exist to-dav. As we read of 
 
55 
 
 the dangers of the young Republic, of the Articles of Con- 
 feredation which proved a rope of sand, of the difficulties in 
 the Constitutional Convention to form a national instrument 
 which would be acceptable to all, of the opposition to its rati- 
 fication which was successful for more than a year, and of the 
 perils of the new government until Washington had placed it 
 upon a firm foundation during his two terms as President, we 
 can appreciate the value of this Society in cementing the 
 Union of the States. Wireless telegraphy has come to us 
 within the last decade, but wireless telepathy is as old as 
 human intelligence. The officers of the Continental Army 
 were the leading spirits in their several communities. Every 
 one of them was actuated with the spirit of Washington. 
 Mails were irregular and communication difficult in that early 
 period, but each knew, as opposition to the Union, or to the 
 adoption of the Constitution, or to the administration of Wash- 
 ington, showed itself in his neighborhood what Washington 
 expected him to do, and, though his sword was sheathed, as 
 a citizen he performed that duty as loyally as he would have 
 done under the eye of his great commander upon the field of 
 battle. 
 
 Washington seems to us to have been the most industrious 
 man who ever lived. His estates, his business, his hospitality 
 were enough work for anyone, but he kept up a correspond- 
 ence, all written by his own hand, with his officers, with dis- 
 tinguished civilians and with eminent men in foreign lands. 
 The Constitutional Convention could never have agreed except 
 for his commanding influence and the support which he received 
 from the constituencies of its members among the officers of the 
 Army of the Revolution all over the country. It could never 
 have been ratified by the States except that in every State Con- 
 vention were these veterans carrying out the wishes, voicing 
 the sentiments and loyally following the lead of their great 
 chief. It is a delightful and at the same time a most respon- 
 sible heritage that has come to us, the descendants of the 
 officers who formed the Society of the Cincinnati. Each 
 period has its crises and its perils the same as during the 
 administration of Washington. They differ in degree and 
 intensity, and yet each of them require for their proper solu- 
 
56 
 
 tion the best intelligence, the highest patriotism and the most 
 devoted loyalty of the citizen. To the members of the Society 
 of the Cincinnati this duty is one specially imposed and gladly 
 accepted. As we celebrate the organization of the Society, 
 the birthday of Washington, its founder, and on the Fourth 
 of July the Declaration of Independence, we study again the 
 story of the founder, we read anew the life of the Republic 
 and we renew afresh the obligations transmitted to us by our 
 ancestors, and which we assumed when we signed our con- 
 stitution. 
 
From Leslie's Weekly, May iS, igu. 
 
 Senator Depew Tells the Wonderful Secret of 
 
 Success. 
 
 How a Rich Father Made His Son Work Up from the 
 Bottom of the Ladder Unassisted 
 
 By Arthur Wallace Dunn. 
 
 EDITOR'S NOTE: — The year 191 1 marks the fiftieth anniversary 
 of Senator Depew's initial appearance in the public forum. During 
 this time the Senator has been in intimate contact with public affairs. 
 His picturesque figure is better known than that of almost any other 
 in public life. Recently the Montauk Club of Brooklyn celebrated its 
 twenty-first anniversary and the seventy-seventh anniversary of Senator 
 Depew's birth. Over two hundred and sixty members gathered to 
 honor the retired Senator, thus completing the twentieth birthday party 
 which the club has tendered Mr. Depew. It was at this gathering, 
 over which William H. English presided, that Senator Depew remarked : 
 "This half century is a wonderful inspiration for optimism. It has no 
 equal in all that tends to liberty, progress, intelligence and the influences 
 which make life worth the living." 
 
 No man appeared in either house during the last session 
 of the Sixty-first Congress who seemed to be more perfectly 
 satisfied with his surroundings than Senator Chauncey M. 
 Depew of New York. It was known, as soon as the results 
 of the election of November 8th, 1910, were announced, that 
 Senator Depew would not be re-elected to the Senate, because 
 the Legislature of his State had gone Democratic. He was 
 one of many prominent men who went to Washington to spend 
 the last months they would ever have in public life. Many 
 were dejected, cast down and gloomy. But Senator Depew 
 was just as cheerful as before. His countenance was as beam- 
 ing, his smile as pleasant, his greeting as hearty and his laugh 
 as mirthful as in the days when he was still on the top wave 
 of political and personal prosperity and success. 
 
 It was after observing him in his best mood that I made 
 comment upon the way he accepted political reverses. The 
 conversation became general, and in reply to a question, de- 
 signed to bring out the views of Senator Depew, he discussed 
 several matters and mentioned many things which even those 
 who know him best either never knew or have forgotten. I 
 then asked the Senator to put in a condensed form the main 
 
58 
 
 features under discussion, and the result is the following 
 interesting story: 
 
 Your inquiry, "How, in retiring from active public serv- 
 ice when within a few months of seventy-seven years of age, 
 do you look upon the past?" is difficult to answer. Every 
 public man has critics and admirers, the one thinking his career 
 a failure, the other a success far beyond its merits. The ques- 
 tion seems to me to be, "Has one's life been useful and happy?" 
 If useful without being happy, there have been mightly few 
 dividends worth having. If happy without being useful, then 
 a man's days have been frivolous and not worth considering. 
 
 I remember as if it were yesterday when my father, who 
 was well-to-do and carrying on a prosperous business, said, 
 "Now you have your profession as a lawyer, you have a small 
 but good working library and your shingle is nailed on the 
 door, you will never get another dollar from me except through 
 my last will and testament." I could have got along easier 
 after being thus thrown out of the second-story window if I 
 had not been coddled before, but to be deprived of all income 
 was a trying situation. Several times, when in great stress 
 and debts, I went to my father and stated the conditions, and, 
 while the tears would roll down his cheeks, he maintained a 
 Spartan consistency in action. I thought very hard of him 
 during those years, but have blessed him ever since, because 
 this drastic method was essential to independence, though it 
 might have been tempered with a little mercy. 
 
 Well, I commenced practicing law in a village of twenty- 
 five hundred inhabitants, with an over-crowded bar of able and 
 experienced lawyers and very little means in the community to 
 support such a disproportionate number of legal talents. I 
 knew no one outside of the village and had no means of enter- 
 ing upon the larger avenues which came to classmates who had 
 formed valuable connections in large cities. Fifty-three years 
 have passed since then. Whatever I am and have are due to 
 my own exertions. I do not recall that I have been helped by 
 anybody. 
 
 In the law, I early made up my mind that financial success 
 and reputation were to be found more in corporation service 
 than in general practice, and from the attorneyship of one of 
 the smallest roads in the countrv — one hundred and twenty- 
 
59 
 
 eight miles— I became general counsel of one of the largest 
 railway systems in the United States and in the world. In 
 business there came to me the presidency of this system, with 
 all which that meant of powerful associations. Twice in my 
 life by indorsing notes— which has been my characteristic 
 weakness— for friends, in order to help them without any 
 expectation of any reward, I have lost all I had and been 
 plunged into debt. Happily, however, a persistent, insistent 
 and consistent cultivation of optimism inspired renewed efforts 
 to overcome the disaster. 
 
 My mother was a devout Calvinist and I owe much to her 
 continued teaching after every misfortune that all the ills of 
 life are really blessings in the disciplinarian plan of the Lord 
 for the ultimate best interests of the sufferer and in preparation 
 for greater opportunities and larger fortune. I have found the 
 doctrine always correct. One instance: Forty years ago 1 
 had by purchase a one-sixth interest in one of the most success- 
 ful business enterprises in the world dependent upon the 
 validity of a patent. At the urgent solicitation of friends who 
 thought the investment worthless, I gave it up. The interest 
 with the accumulations are worth to-day over one hundred 
 millions of dollars. One man who had a similar experience, 
 when his interest had become equal to about two millions, com- 
 mitted suicide because he had lost such a phenomenal fortune. 
 On the contrary, I am most thankful for my loss, because I 
 know that this luck would have led to absence of effort and 
 loss of health from an indulgence in luxuries which unlimited 
 money can buy that would have planted me in the old grave- 
 yard at Peekskill years ago. A dead multi-millionaire is of 
 no use to himself or anybody else, while it is a glorious thing 
 to have the continuing possession of health and happiness. 
 
 Yale in my day was a hotbed of politics. The slavery 
 question between 1852, when I entered, and 1856, when I 
 graduated, was breaking up old parties both in and out of the 
 universities. Breaking away from my family and old friends 
 and associates, I started on a stumping tour, immediately after 
 my graduation in 1856, for Fremont and free soil. That ap- 
 pearance on the platform has been uninterrupted and persistent 
 in all parts of the country for fifty-four years. This activity 
 on the platform carried me for two terms to the Legislature 
 
6o 
 
 of the State of New York, fifty years ago. Then, as a candi- 
 date for secretary of state, the Democratic majority which had 
 elected Governor Seymour the year before was reversed. 
 
 The Legislature being Republican and Seymour a Demo- 
 crat, tiie Legislature assigned to the secretary of state the col- 
 lection of the soldiers' votes. There were about four hundred 
 thousand voters from New York in the field, and the difficulty 
 of securing from Stanton, then Secretary of War, their loca- 
 tion, so that the necessary papers could be sent and the votes 
 secured, kept me in Washington for more than three months. 
 But the character of the mission brought me in intimate con- 
 tact with President Lincoln and in close association with all 
 the members of his Cabinet. This experience for a young 
 man, or for any man, was invaluable and is one of the choicest 
 recollections of a lifetime. It could, be expanded into a volume. 
 One lesson is impressed on me, and that is, in the long 
 run before the people, no man permanently triumphs in an 
 effort to fool them. I have met Cabinet ministers, Senators 
 and members of Congress who were afraid to have their con- 
 stituents know that they were acquainted with a railroad presi- 
 dent, while privately they were seeking every favor it was 
 possible for them to secure. During all my career I have taken 
 the ground that one-fifth of the voters of the United States 
 were interested, from a wage-earning standpoint, in the rail- 
 ways of the country and that they were entitled to as much 
 consideration, were as good citizens and would make as good 
 officers as the people engaged in any other pursuit. Certainly, 
 as I have found them, they are not nearly so selfish and not 
 nearly so wedded to personal interests as the majority of both 
 Houses, who, though engaged in many pursuits, yet have their 
 living in the tariff. 
 
 Facts are the most complete answer to loose charges and 
 assertions. Notwithstanding all the rot published about the 
 interests, and association with and working for the interests, 
 which has been the common stock of many newspapers and 
 magazines, I am proud of the record that I supported, by 
 vote and voice, every administration measure of Presidents 
 McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft. Certainly no representative of 
 the people and member of the Republican party could do more. 
 So, while general counsel of the New York Central Railroad, 
 
6i 
 
 I was offered the United States senatorship, hands down, in 
 1884, and declined. I was offered every position in Harrison's 
 Cabinet, in 1888, except Secretary of State, and subsequently 
 Secretary of State, and declined. While president of the New 
 York Central Railroad, I received the entire vote of the State 
 of New York through several ballots in the national convention 
 for President and enough more to run the vote up to ninety- 
 nine, and when I withdrew it would have been nearly three 
 hundred on the next ballot, with a fair prospect of success. 
 But I withdrew on the earnest petition of Western Republicans, 
 because of the intense anti-railroad feeling in their several 
 States. While still holding this position in the railway serv- 
 ice, I was elected United States Senator. 
 
 Now, let us see. Two terms in the Legislature, secretary 
 of state of New York, appointed but resigned the mission to 
 Japan, offered and declined the ambassadorship to Germany, 
 offered and declined three appointments in the Cabinet, 
 offered and declined once United States senatorship and elected 
 twice, and then retiring not because of defeat in the Legisla- 
 ture, but because a Democratic landslide had carried both the 
 State and Legislature, make the results of life on the political 
 side very satisfactory. Thirty years' service as Regent of the 
 University of the State of New York, elected by the Legis- 
 lature, and twelve years a member of the Governing Body of 
 Yale University, elected by the Alumni, gave wide, varied and 
 most interesting experiences among educators and hundreds of 
 thousands who owed their careers to the schools. As general 
 counsel of a railway system I retained lawyers in many states 
 and was brought into intimate relations with two generations of 
 leaders of the Bar, and as a railway president with all the 
 captains of industry. This close touch with these masterful 
 men has been most instructive in revealing the mainsprings 
 in our railway, industrial, commercial and financial develop- 
 ment, which has been so marvelous, especially in the last 
 third of the century. A large, interesting and entertaining 
 field seems to open to a veteran of these experiences when, 
 after he has rounded out his seventy-seventh year, he enters 
 upon the performance of such duties as a citizen as may fall 
 to his lot, especially when he is in possession of abounding 
 
62 
 
 health. Freed from cares and large responsibilities, loving 
 life on all its varied sides, there ought to be, Providence per- 
 mitting, happier years than ever before in the work and play 
 of wise old age. 
 
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