Smmd&urwg State Heate Copyrighted, 1915 Kate Meade General Survey of Irish History and Contemporaneous Events BY KATE MEADE *Oo t>e&n •OATi t>o riiumncip X)6." Chicago, iqij J. S. HYLAND & CO. Publishers -& To the Noble Race Whose History and Achievements, IF KNOWN, Would make them the Most Renowned and Respected People in the World, This Volume is Respectfully Inscribed by THE AUTHOR JAN 18 1915 i)CI.A391383 PREFACE These outlines are respectfully offered as an aid to busy teachers and students in acquiring a more comprehensive knowledge of the History of Ireland. It is a difficult mat- ter to recommend a single text book, as there are many good points to be found in every one; yet, not all the good can be found in any one. The outlines systematize the matter and will aid materially in studying the subject from a va- riety of books. The study of history properly pursued should be more than the memorizing of a number of facts. It should be a good mental exercise leading towards the philosophy of history, and to the thorough understanding of the fundamental prin- ciples which are the basis of all good government. "History is philosophy teaching by experience," and by the study thereof the student should be led to profit by the tradi- tions and experience of his ancestors. The study of Biog- raphy, therefore, constitutes an important part of history, it is the study of history makers. The study of the lives and achievements of the patriots who labored to secure Ireland's inalienable rights, the martyrs whom persecution could not subdue, proscription discourage, or the penal laws deter, and who preferred death to dishonor, certainly gives examples of self-sacrifice, integ- rity and patriotism most ennobling and valuable to the citi- zen of any nation. The outlines with the suggested references are intended to encourage the student to read extensively. It is also sug- gested that students be required to keep note-books so that the opinions of various writers may be compared. That these outlines may serve as a convenient key to open wide the door leading to the corridors of that magnificent mansion containing the boundless records of the intellectual attainments and glorious achievements of our ancestors, al- lowing all who will to enter and become acquainted with the long hidden truth about the IRISH RACE, is the wish of THE AUTHOR. THE COVER DESIGN. In many great libraries and museums of Europe may be found numbers of cherished and priceless old Irish manu- scripts, the pages of which possess additional poetic beauty and charm for those who know the symbolism of Irish Art. Every line, space and unit in a truly Celtic design is sym- bolic. In Celtic Art the band or thread with its interlaced wind- ings and turns signifies Life with its complications, intrica- cies and mysteries. Many lives are woven into the whole or greater design — the life of a Nation. In the center, or above all, is the Great Circle representing the omniscient Mind or all-seeing Eye of God watching and directing all for eternity. Each life performs its part in building the history of a nation, and if that part be worthy and true, each life then holds its place, however small, in God's beautiful design. Above the circle is an appropriate quotation in the Irish language and above the scroll are the two birds, the message bearers. Within the great circle are four knots and a small circle within which are three small dots or stars, typifying special gifts of God. A knot in Celtic Art signifies the Love of God. As the four knots are surrounded and embraced by the great circle in the cover design, so may the omnipotent God ever hold in His infinite love all the people of the four provinces of Ireland secure in the possession of His precious gifts of Life, Liberty and Happiness. KATE MEADE. General Survey of Irish History with Contemporaneous Events Geography of Ireland I Pre-Christian Ireland II Early Christian Ireland Ill The Danish Invasion IV Anglo-Norman Invasion— 1172-1547 (375 years) V Periods of Insurrection, Confiscation and Plantation VI 1547-1690 (A Century and a Half). 1st Period — From Edward VI to Cromwell. 2nd Period — From The Restoration to Treaty of Limerick— 1688-1691. The Penal Laws— 1693-1782 VII Struggle Between English and Irish Parliaments — 1698-1782 VIII Independent Irish Parliament IX Irish Rebellion of 1798 X Fall of the Irish Parliament XI Act of Legislative Union with England 1800. Rising of United Irish Men 1803 XII Struggle for Catholic Emancipation XIII Young Ireland Movement and Famine of 1847-1848. .XIV The Fenians and Disestablishment — 1848-1869 XV The Land Question— 1869-1903 XVI 1. GEOGRAPHY OF IRELAND. 1. Location— Size— (32524 Sq. Miles). a. Advantages of location. (About 300 miles long, 175 miles wide.) b. Disadvantages. 2. Names. a. Inis Ealga — (Noble Island). b. Bahmba. Fodhla. Eire. c. Inis Fail — by Milesians — (Isle of Des- tiny). d. Scotia Major — after Milesian Queen. e. Hibernia (by Romans), f. Inis Na. Naoimh (In nis na Neeve) Isle of Saints. 5. Provinces. a Munster (Thomond— north. a. Munster f Desm0 nd— south. b. Leinster. c. Ulster. d. Connaught. (a, b, c, and d have had various bound- aries according to the aggressiveness of the ruling chief). e. Meath — a province given to the high king. 7 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 4. Counties — introduced by England. 1. Waterford, 4. Limerick, Munster 2. Tipperary, 5. Cork, 3. Clare, 6. Kerry. 1. Louth, 8. Queen's County, 2. Meath, 7. King's County, Leinster 3 * West Meath > 9 - Carlow, 4. Longford, 10. Wicklow, 5. Dublin, 11. Wexford, 6. Kildare, 12. Kilkenny. 1. Donegal, 6. Monaghan, 2. Londonderry, 7. Tyrone, Ulster 3- Antrim, 8. Fermanagh, 4. Down. 9. Cavan. 5. Armagh, 1. Roscommon, 4. Mayo, Connaught 2. Leitrim, 5. Galway. 3. Sligo. 5. Rivers. Shannon, Suire, Slaney, Lee, Boyne, Moy, Nore, Foyle, Bann, Avoca, Erne, Blackwater, Liffey, Barron. 6. Mountains. Highest Mourne Mountains. Point. Sliev Donald 2796 ft. Mountains near Clew Bay in Mayo. Muilrea 2638 ft. Macgillicuddy Reeks of Kerry. Garran Tual 3414 ft. 8 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Wicklow Mountains. Lugganaquila 3039 ft. 7. Lakes. Killarney, Lough Neagh, 1. Lough Allen. 2. Lough Ree. 3. Lough Derg — Expansions of the Shannon. Lough Corrib. Lough Erne, Mask and Conn. 8. Bogs. a. Kinds — Mountain bogs and flat bogs. That bog lying east of the Shannon known as the Bog of Allen. Barrow Bog — almost as large as the Bog of Allen. b. Number. Over 1000 bogs in Ireland. c. Uses. Bogs are sometimes dry and firm and by draining can be made productive. Turf cutting and drying for fuel. Turf lands becoming more valuable. d. History — Early stages of coal formation. Bog-oak — petrified wood. Bog lands of France and Germany. 9. Minerals. Coal, iron, lead, copper, silver, gold, slate and marble. Mines comparatively undeveloped. 9 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 11. Climate. Three-fourths of the year, the island is visited by the westerlies laden with mois- ture. II. PRE CHRISTIAN IRELAND. 1. Early Inhabitants. a. Firbolgs — A dark-haired race, short of stature like the Laplanders.. Lived in- land — cultivated the soil. The last king of the Firbolgs was Eocaid. b. Fomorians — Also a dark-haired race — tall, great seamen and fishermen ; lived on the islands of the western coast. Were more warlike than the Firbolgs. Were strong and full of the spirit of adventure. Builders of temples. c. Tuatha De Danaans — The people were golden-haired, blue-eyed, and had fea- tures like the Greeks. They were trad- ers and manufacturers. They were supposed to have come from Attica; sailed across the North Sea and came to the entrance of Lough Foyle. They burned their boats so there would be no going back. 2. Contest Between Firbolgs and Tuatha De Danaans. a. Sreng and Breas. b. Nuadat — leader of the De Danaans. 10 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY c. Battle of Southern Mag Tured — Lough Corrib — "The plain of the rock pil- lars." d. Treaty — Sreng — to govern one province, the De Danaans — the rest. Sreng chose Connaught. 3. Contest Between De Danaans and Fomorians. a. Breas succeeds King Nuadat, who was wounded. (A king who was not phys- ically perfect might not rule). Breas was half De Danaans and half Fo- morian. He was tyrannical and over- bearing and was driven from the king- dom. Fled to Balor of the "evil eye" and persuaded him to attack the De Danaans. b. Battle of Northern Mag Tured. (Moy- tura). King Nuadat healed of his wound, again in command, led his forces against the Fomorians, who were defeated. In the battle, Naudat and many chiefs fell. 4. Civilization of the De Danaans. a. Irish Pyramids at Brugh on the Boyne. Now called the mounds of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth. b. Relics. Beads — combs — amber trinkets, also some good bronze work. c. Stone Circles — Cromlechs. A cromlech always consists of a huge stone supported by several others, al- most equally huge which stand like the legs of a table upholding the large 11 GENEEAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY upper block. They are found all over Ireland. Often a stone circle sur- rounded a cromlech. There is much wonder as to who built these cromlechs. Some good reasons have been put forth to show that an older people than the De Danaans must have built them. d. Legend of Dagda 's Harp. 5. The Fomorians sometimes called Atlanteans. They seem to have dispersed from some- where near Gibraltar — Mt. Atlas. Must have sailed from west coast of Africa and Spain as far north as Nor- way. And some good theories are ad- vanced that these adventurous people even sailed westward to the shores of the western continent. 6. Gaelic Invasion.— Milesians— B. C. 1700; B. C. 1000. a. Legend of the landing of the Sons of Milid from Gaul or Spain. fo. Death of Miledh and his queen Scotia in battle between De Danaans and Mile- sians. g. Milesian victories. Battle near Tralee. Battle in Meath. Three kings and their three queens of the De Danaans were killed, d. Eremon to rule north half of the Island. Eber to rule the south. 12 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY These two brothers lived and ruled in peace one year, then followed a battle in which Eber was killed, leaving Ere- mon in full possession. e. Successors of Erenron. 117 successors before the advent of St. Patrick. Three of the most notable were Connor MacNessa; Cormac — 227 A. D. ; Niall of the Nine Hostages. Connor MacNessa is credited with estab- lishing the Knights of the Red Branch. 7. Character of the Milesians. a. Social and artistic development. With the Milesians came the planting of grain and the weaving of flax. (Look for similar things in History of Egyptian Art.) Better clothes were worn. The Milesians were skilled in the use of dyes. Wore Torques (twisted ribbon of gold) for diadems, collars, and belts. Crescent bands of finely embossed sheet gold were worn above the forehead. Brooches and pins of the most delicate workmanship were used to fasten the folds of their many colored cloaks. Read Douglas Hyde 's description of Cor- mac Mac Art, taking his seat at Tara. b. Homes — of the earlier races. — of the Milesians. Raths. 13 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY c. Weapons — of Fomorians — copper, bronze. The De Danaans — golden bronze. Milesians. (See Egyptian bronze. Note similarity. What would be a natural inference?) 8. Great Feis. Held every three years at Tara. a. Purpose. 1. To promulgate laws binding upon all Ireland. 2. To test, purge and sanction the an- nals and genealogies of Ireland, in Douglas the presence of all men so that no Hyde. untruth or flaw might creep in. 3. To register the same in the national record which came to be called the Saltair of Tara. 9. The King — Attendants, etc. At such meetings, which took place in No- vember, the king had ten personal at- tendants. A prince of noble blood, a druid, a physician, a brehon, a bard, a historian, a musician and three stew- ards. 10. Hospitality. a. At the Feis. b. To all strangers. c. The Brugaid (Bruge.) His duties. Brehon Laws studied later. 14 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY III. EARLY CHRISTIAN IRELAND. 1. Missionary work in Ireland previous to St. Patrick's coming, etc. 2. St. Patrick — Ireland's great missionary. a. Birth — Parents. b. Training. c. Captivity — Slieve Mish. His vision and return home. d. His mission. e. His converts. f. His generosity. g. Ireland converted without a martyr. Reasons ? h. Patrick 's first visit to Tara. The King and the Druids. The Shamrock. 3. Revision of the Brehon Laws — 438. 4. Armagh founded. 5. Corolicus — a citizen of Rome, also a chieftain of Britain, supposed to be a Christian, came to Ireland to capture slaves. St. Patrick's protest. 6. Death of St. Patrick. 7. St. Brigid. a. Birth and early history — 453. b. Mercy her great quality. c. Ministry to the lepers. d. Founds convent of Kildare, where both men and women studied. Kildare means "the church of the oak." 15 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY e. Bishop Connall. f . Death of St. Brigid— 525. 8. Churches and Schools. a. Donaghpatrick in Meath on the Black- water. Land given by King Laegaire. b. Monasterboice — Louth. Founded by St. Buite — died about 521. c. A group of buildings near Enniskillen on the island called Devenish ("the island of the oxen"). d. The House of Molaise in Sligo. e. Clonmacnoise founded 548 by St. Kieran. on the Shannon near Athlone. Became noted throughout all Europe. f. Moville — founded by St. Finnian 555. g. Bangor — St. Comgall. h. Glendalough — by St. Kevin. Ruins of old churches and round tower can still be seen. 9. St. Columba. a. Born at Garlen — Donegal — 521. b. Grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages. c. Education. Studied under St. Finnian in Meath and at Moville, in Co. Down under same. Also at Clonmacnoise under St. Kieran. d. Founded monastery of Kells in Meath. Founded monastery of Durrow in Kings Co. e. Dispute with St. Finnian over the copy of the "Book of Psalms.' ' Referred to 16 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY King Diarmaid — "to every cow be- longs its calf/' to every book belongs its copy, (early copyright), f. Battle of Cooldrevin. Columba victorious — voluntary exile. 10. First Irish missionary to other lands. a. St. Columba and his twelve compan- ions — 563. b. Iona — near west coast of Scotland. c. Founded Drumcliff near Cooldrevin in expiation for the great wrong done there. d. Literary skill. Said to have made 300 copies of the Gospels. Some say that he is the writer of the Book of Kells. He wrote both in Latin and Gaelic. Composed several Irish poems. 11. Progress made in new Irish Schools. (Chris- tian). a. Making of furniture. b. Knowledge of building, independent of principles used on continent. c. Quarried stone. d. Prepared skins of goats and sheep for manuscript. e. Could read and write both Irish and Latin. f. Riches of the Schools — Hospitality. 17 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 12. Irish Schools in Scotland and England. a. Lindesfarne on the coast of Northumber- land founded by an Irish monk in 634. St. Colman also taught there. b. Alfred, King of Northumberland, studied in Ireland. Bede speaks of the Irish schools, their food and teaching free. c. St. Columba at Iona (see above). Read: "Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars by J. Healy, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of Clonfert. Pub. Dub- lin, 1902. IV. THE DANISH INVASION: 1. Character of the Danes. 2. Lambay Islands near Dublin, raided 795. 3. Iona raided 802-806. 4. Innismurry, 807. 5. Connemara, 812. 6. Howth, 819. 7. Cape Clear Island off the coast of Cork. 8. Exposed position of the schools. a. Reason for such location. b. Howth, Moville and Bangor on penin- sulas. c. Fame of Ireland's riches. 9. Raids against Armagh and Clondalkin. 18 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 10. Round towers of Ireland. 11. First permanent Norse settlement made at Dublin 836. 12. Slaughter of Norsemen at Dublin 846. 13. Cork fortified by the Norsemen. 14. Limerick taken. 15. Cities with Norse names — Strangford, Carlingford, Wexford, Wa- terford, Smerwick in Kerry. 16. Reasons for Danish successes. a. Irish not prepared for war. b. Lack of united effort on the part of Irish chiefs. 17. Norse defeat— 853— King Aed. 18. Three Irish Kings of this period. a. Niall, son of Aed— High King 916-919. b. Malachi the Great— High King— 980. c. Brian Boru, brother of Mahon, King of Munster. These two brothers were in almost constant conflict with the Norse raiders. Finally, the Danes drove them across the Shannon into Clare. 19. Brian defeats the Norsemen at Sulcoit in Tip- perary — 968. The Munster men drove them into the strong fortress at Limerick. a. The Dalcassians : 19 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY This clan was ruled by Mahon and his brother Brian. Their territory was south of the Shannon. They were espe- cially noted for their bravery and had won the right to lead the advance against the nation's enemy and to be the last to retreat from the enemy's country. 20. Malachi attacks Dublin. a. Defeats the Danes near Tara. b. Captures Dublin, frees 2000 prisoners. c. Dublin recaptured by Danes and retaken by Malachi— 996. 21. Division of Ireland between Malachi and Brian. a. Character of Malachi. b. Character of Brian. 22. Malmordha — King of Leinster — resists Brian, and forms an alliance with Danes. Result — Brian and Malachi defeat Leinster in Wick- low. 23. Brian's alliance with the Danes and Leinster. 24. Brian becomes High King — 1002. a. Government. Rebuilt schools and churches. Enforced general obedience to law. Made public improvements — roads, bridges, etc. A period of general well being began. 20 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY b. Quarrel between Brian and King of Lein- ster. The game of chess — Brian's son. 25. Battle of Clontarf. Good Friday— 1014. Sitrie — Danish Chief. Results. V. ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION— 1172-1547 (375 years). Beginning with Henry II and ending with Henry VIII. 1. Who were the Normans? Character: Armor: Discipline. 2. Battle of Hastings— 1066. a. Character of William "the Conqueror." b. Harold "Last of the Saxon kings.' ' Read : Sir Walter Scott 's ' ' Harold. ' ' c. Castle builders — The Tower of London. Beef-eaters ? 3. The Feudal System. a. Definition: origin. b. Good effects: evil effects. c. Feudalism in France : England : Ireland. d. Charlemagne. e. Chivalry — Knighthood. f. Causes that led to the fall of feudalism in England. 21 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 4. The Clan system of Ireland. a. Brehon Law — Learn a few important provisions of it. b. Groups of society — How distinguished? Colors? c. Tenure of land. d. Meaning of the following terms used in the Brehon laws : * ' Tanistry, " " Gavel- kind," " Fosterage," ' ' Gossipred. " e. Meaning of the Feudal term: " Doing homage to the Overlord." f. Mistake of the Irish chiefs — (Henry II). (Read: Early Christian Ireland by Eleanor Hull— 1905.) 5. Causes that led to invasion of Ireland. a. Pretended. 1. To reform the church and refine a barbarous people. 2. The Pope's permission (a probable forgery — now questioned). b. Real causes. 1. Wealth of Ireland in 12th, 13th, and 14th Centuries. (Read : Irish Ele- ment in Medieval Culture by H. Zimmer.) 2. Ireland's important ports. Importance of the trade with Genoa and other European cities. 3. Natural wealth in minerals — agricul- ture — manufactures. 4. Education in Ireland — 12th, 13th, and 14th Centuries. 22 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Free Schools — Gaelic, the language of home and pleasure. Latin, the language used in trade. The Anglo- Saxon understands neither, so called the Irish " barbaric. " c. Treason of Dermot. Story of wife of O 'Ruarc. 6. Leaders in Invasion — Dermot MacMorrough. Strongbow — Henry II. Roderick 'Conor — Archbishop Law- rence 'Toole. Strongbow defeated at Thurles by Don- ald 'Brien, King of Thomand. John de Courcey in Ulster (1177) ; partial success ; finally defeated near Newry. 7. King Richard 1—1189—1199. a. Preparation for Third Crusade. Paid no attention to Ireland. b. Results of Crusades on travel? On home life ? On trade ? On learning, etc. c. Taxation — Reasons for excessive rates. d. Growing power of the Barons in Eng- land? In Ireland? e. Irish trade increases. Demand for Irish scholars. 8. King John— 1199— 1216. a. Character. b. English struggle for constitutional lib- erty. Leaders. 23 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY c. The Great Charter — some important pro- visions. Compare with American Dec- laration of Independence. d. King's need of money. Growing power of Cities. e. King denies the privilege of the Great Charter, to English Barons in Ireland. f. Troublesome Norman Irish Barons. De Lacy, Wm. de Burgo, John de Cour- cey. g. King John invades Ireland. His failure. Privileges of English law to apply to English settlers only. h. Gerald Barry, called Geraldus Cambren- sis, by his false statements in regard to Irish institutions, manners and customs did more harm to Ireland than all the invaders put together. 9. Normans in Ireland. By the year 1200, they had gained a foot- hold but had accomplished nothing that could be called a conquest. Then fol- lowed a century of conflict, from 1216 to 1318. Wars in the provinces. a. Leinster. 1224 — Wars in Meath and Kildare be- tween the Normans themselves — De- Lacy — Marshall. b. Munster. Battle of Callan-Geraldines, McCarthy. c. Connaught — Great Wealth. (See Mrs. Green's.) 24 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Commercial wars. Phelin O'Connor, d. Ulster. Battle of Credran — 1257; Maurice Fitz- gerald ; Godfrey 'Donnell. Battle of Downpatrick — 'Niell. 10. Changes of a Century. (Read : ' ' Irish Nationality ' ' — Mrs. Green, Ch. vi.) a. Anglo-Normans adopt manners, dress and even language of the Irish. Become independent of the English king and unite with Irish chiefs against king. b. In England, the influence of the Norman language is almost lost. The Anglo- Saxon again becoming powerful. The king, fearful of losing his hold upon Ire- land, sends out more settlers to Ireland. c. Difficulties that beset new settlers. Ignorance of Irish or Latin language. Opposed by old Irish and Norman Irish alike. d. Geraldines — Their leaders became Earls of Kildare. Fitzgeralds, Barrys, Co- gans, Graces, and others. Butlers — whose leaders became the Dukes of Ormond. De Burgos — Burks, MacWilliams, Mac- Davids, etc. e. Petition of Irish Chiefs for the protection of English law— 1278. Why? f. Other changes in Great Britain. 1. Welsh rebellion against English rul- ers (1282). Results. 25 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 2. Edward I improved the English laws; organized an armed militia; insured more freedom at elections; placed restrictions on officials (such as receiving bribes) ; lawyers must not use deceit to beguile the court ; forbade persons to utter slanders; forbade jurors to render a false verdict under pain of severe pun- ishment; required that gates of walled towns should be closed from sunset to sunrise; required that every man clear the brush wood on his own land 200 feet on each side of road ; tavern-keepers were not to sell ale or beer after curfew. 3. Jews banished from England by Ed- ward I (1290). What was the con- dition of the Jews in England dur- ing this century? Had they any social rights under the govern- ment? Could a Jew hold land in England ? ( Read : " Ivanhoe ' ' by Scott. ) 11. Invasion of Edward Bruce — 1315. Robert Bruce won victory over English King Edward II at Bannockburn (1314), resulting in the independence of Scotland. a. Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland at Dundalk. b. Describe his destructful campaign. c. Defeat at Battle of Athenry — 1316. 26 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY d. End of Bruce 's invasion. Battle of Faughart— 1318. e. Results — to old Irish — to New Irish. 12. Conditions in the Pale. Edward III— 1327- 1377. a. Black Rents. b. Weakness of the English government and strength of the great barons, about 1330. (See reason for, in English His- tory — French wars, etc.) c. Legal injustice. Two codes of law. An Irishman could be punished under Eng- lish law but could not demand the pun- ishment of an English offender, against the Brehon laws. Results. 13. The Black Death— 1347. (See English His- tory). 1361-1369. (One-third to one-half the population swept away.) Its far reaching effects. a. Review trade guilds in England and what they meant to the people. b. Raise in wages — after Black Death. c. Statute of Laborers. 14. Edward III— 1327-1377. Called the father of English Commerce — might as aptly be called the spoiler of Irish Commerce, a. His claim to the throne of France. The ground for Edward's claim was as follows: King Philip IV who was the 27 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY father of King Charles IV of France, left three sons and a daughter, Isabella, who married Edward II of England and became the mother of Edward III. Charles IV died without children and his brothers had only female issue. (See Salic Law.) Edward III of Eng- land claimed that he was the nearest male heir. The crown was given to a nephew of Philip IV who reigned as "Philip of Valois." The French held that Isabella could not give away a right she did not herself possess. b. The Hundred Years War— 1339. Lost all of France except Calais. c. Battle of Crecy — Great blow to Feudal- ism — gunpowder — 1346. Philip, King of France. d. Flemish weavers, brought to England about 1350. e. Edward's attitude toward Irish com- merce : Merchant adventurers. (See Mrs. Green's " Making of Ireland and Its Undoing")— pages 18, 19, 22, 26, 32, 52, 56, 137. f . Division of Parliament into two divisions, House of Lords and House of Com- mons. g. In 1376 under the leadership of the Black Prince the Commons first exer- cised the power of impeachment. (To impeach officers and ministers of the 28 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY King and to bring them to trial before the Lords.) 15. Statute of Kilkenny— 1367. (See Nolan Chap. XII.) a. Introduced by Lionel, Duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III, while Lord Lieutenant. Was passed 200 years after Norman invasion. Principal provisions. (See A. M. Sulli- van XXVI.) b. Results — Could not be enforced. Wid- ened the gulf between the two races. 16. Art MacMurrough Kavanagh, hero of the fourteenth century. a. Weakness of last years of Edward's reign. b. Richard II invasion — 1394, and MacMur- rough 's opposition. c. Results. 17. Ireland under Henry V and Henry VI — 1413- 1461. For thirty years the condition in Ireland remained much the same, for the Kings were busy in France, a. Sir John Talbot made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Henry V. Talbot very un- popular. He quartered his soldiers upon the people, which was a direct vio- lation of the terms of the Magna Charta. King obliged to recall the army. Note a similar move to quarter soldiers 29 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY upon the American colonists — 1774- 1775, and the demand for the recall. The action of Henry V with regard to Talbot was cited as a precedent. b. Trouble between Talbot and the Butlers. c. Settlers of the Pale at the mercy of the Irish. d. Richard Plantaganet, Duke of York, be- came Lord Lieutenant. He was the son of Lionel and Elizabeth De Burgo — Popular. His policy — Tried to bring about peace between the English of the Pale and the native Irish. e. Parliament of Dublin — 1449. What action? f. Parliament of Drogheda — 1450. g. Jack Cade's insurrection in England. Richard Plantaganet is obliged to re- turn to England. Contrast power of the barons and poverty of the King. Causes. Irish Commerce favored in consequence of the King's poverty. (Read "Last of the Barons," for War- wick, the King-maker, and a fairly ac- curate idea of this period.) 18. This period was interesting in other lands — Henry VI king of England. Siege of Orleans — Joan of Arc. Charles VII of France, crowned at Rouen. Loss of all English possessions in France, except Calais — 1457. 30 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY < i 1453"— Fall of Constantinople. Effect upon the trade of the world. Geographical knowledge of the time. Prince Henry of Portugal and his school for navigators. Irish hospital for mariners founded in Venice. 19. War of the Roses— began 1435. House of Lancaster. House of York. (Red Rose.) (White Rose.) Henry IV— 1399-1413. Edward IV— 1461-1483. Henry V— 1413-1422. Edward V— 1483 (?Crowned). Henry VI— 1422-1471. Richard III— 1483-1485. In Ireland — The Butlers. The Geraldines. 1. The Butlers and the Geraldines having taken opposite sides in the war of the Roses were in constant feud with each other. 2. The English monarchs could not give much attention to Irish affairs. 3. The extent of the Pale gradually de- creased, and the Irish chiefs continued to receive " Black Rents" in increasing amounts. It is interesting to note that this is the condition of the English in Ireland 300 years after the invasion of Henry II. 20. Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of Desmond — 1463-1467. Appointed Lord Lieutenant to succeed Richard Plantaganet. (See V— 17-g.) Character. 31 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Founded a college at Youghal. In authority only four years (Anger of Queen). A Parliament at Dublin in 1465 passed a law ordering Irish within the "Pale" to to adopt English dress and names. Also a law to execute any thief caught in the act of stealing. Result — An Irish chief could be mur- dered if the murderer would say he had caught the chief stealing. 22. Gerald Fitzgerald— eighth Earl of Kildare. Appointed Lord Lieutenant. 1477. a. Brotherhood of St. George founded (mili- tary). Purpose of the Brotherhood. Tax on all merchandise sold in Ireland to support the brotherhood. 23. Henry VII— 1485-1509. a. Founder of the House of Tudor. War of the Roses ended. b. Lambert Simnel called the Yorkish pre- tender. Followers — Earl of Kildare — Trouble in Ireland. Kildare removed from office. 24. Poyning — appointed Lord Lieutenant. a. Parliament of Drogheda— -1494. Who represented? How called? b. Poyning 's Law passed — 1495. Some pro- visions of: 32 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 1. All acts intended to be passed by the Irish Parliament must first be sub- mitted to the King of England and his Privy Council. 2. English laws were to be enforced in Ireland. 3. The Statute of Kilkenny, which had become almost a dead letter, was revived, alliances between the two races being once more forbidden, though the use of the Irish lan- language was now permitted. 4. It was made a felony to allow ene- mies or rebels (that is, native Irish), who resisted English au- thority, to pass through the dis- tricts on the border of the Pale. 5. Certain high offices, such as those of the chancellor, the treasurer, the master of the rolls, and judges, which had formerly been held for life, were now held only during the King's pleasure. c. Effects: The native Irish were not rep- resented in the so-called Irish Parlia- ment, and therefore, did not visibly lose much. English-Irish (Pale). Against these the law was directed with a three-fold rea- son: 1. To lessen the power of the barons. 2. To make the parliament a tool of the king. 33 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 3. To make the judges directly answer- able to the king. New Irish and native Irish drawn closer together to resist their common enemy. 25. Earl of Kildare — trial and acquittal. Interesting stories of the wit of this Earl. a. Kildare defeats Burke of Clanrickard. Battle of Knockdoe— 1504. b. Made Knight of the Garter. 26. Interesting side history: Columbus — The Discovery of America — 1492. Think of these two — The Land of the Free and Poyning's Law. During the reign of the next English king, an oppression begins which in time sends millions of exiles to this new land. 27. Henry VIII. Tudor— 1509-1547. Character. Married Catherine, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. a. Struggles in Ireland continue. Kildare defeated near Limerick by O'Brien and Clanrickard. Death of the Earl of Kildare— 1513. b. Garrett Fitzgerald — Lord Lieutenant. Ninth Earl of Kildare — Character — (as warlike as his father and dreaded by feudal lords). Wolsey was his enemy. 34 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY c. Pierce Roe — Earl of Ormond, head of the Butlers, was the enemy of Kildare and friend of Wolsey. d. Kildare summoned to England for trial. Charged with appropriating the King's revenues and being too free with Irish chiefs. e. Earl of Surrey made Lord Lieutenant — soon resigned and was succeeded by Pierce Roe. f. Marriage of Kildare to Lady Elizabeth Grey. g. Kildare appointed 1524. h. Earl of Desmond (a Geraldine) in league with Francis I of France. Kildare ordered to arrest Desmond — his escape. Kildare called to England. Opposed by Wolsey and Butler. i. Sir Wm. Skiffington — Lord Lieutenant. Kildare asked to act as advisor, j. Kildare reappointed. (Could not remain long in English favor.) Married his daughters to two Irish chiefs. (Violation of the Statute of Kil- kenny) . Removed the Lord Chancellor and ap- pointed another. (Violation of Poyn- ing's law.) Invaded the territory of the Butlers. k. Recalled to England, third time. Strengthens his position in Ireland. King sends fourth summons and Kil- 35 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY dare went to England — 1534. Impris- oned in Tower. 1. Silken Thomas — Rebellion. Cause — Reported death of his father. Siege of Dublin. Siege and capture of Maynooth. Silken Thomas surrendered. Ex- ecuted with five uncles, m. First Geraldine League formed. Two sons of Kildare and Lady Grey. 28. The Reformation. a. Review this movement on the Continent — Luther, etc. Another force — Jesuits founded 1534. In England. b. Henry desires a divorce — result. c. Act of Supremacy passed in England. Sir Thomas More. Wolsey. d. Skiffington, Butler and Geo. Brown (Henry's Archbishop of Dublin), were to prepare the way for reformation in Ireland. Now, note the value of Poyning's law to the King. e. Parliament of Dublin passed "Act of Su- premacy " in Ireland. f . 'Donnell and 'Neill opposed. g. Suppression of the monasteries. In- creases personal wealth and satisfies favorites, h. Henry receives title of "King of Ire- land" instead of "Lord of Ireland." 36 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY i. Anglo-Irish and native Irish called to this Parliament. Henry's overtures of peace to Irish chiefs. j. Rising of 1546. Nothing gained. k. Luther died 1546. Henry 1547. References for Anglo Norman Period. (Read " Irish Nationality — Chapter ix.) 37 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY References Public Library Subject Source H-4482 Food, Dress and Daily Life Child's Hist, of Ireland, in Ancient Ireland. by P. W. Joyce. A-1400 Food, Dress and Daily Life Irish Literature, by Jus- in Ancient Ireland. tin McCarthy. Vol. 5, page 1735. A-1282 Strongbow. Lawless', Ireland, Chs. C-3566 Henry II. X-XII. Green (1888). A-3473 Growth of Towns. Cheyney-Industrial and Social Hist, of England. Guilds. Introduction of Linen Weav- 1901. ers. Black Death. Cheyney, Chapter V. Great Charter. Short Hist, of England, by John R. Green, 115, 116, 122, 127. Great Charter. Old South Leaflets, No. 5, also pub. by Flanagan & Co., Chicago. A-5278 Readings in English History. E. P. Cheyney. A-3405 Town Life in the 15th Cent. Mrs. A. S. Green, 1894. For Hundred Years War. Green, 267, 270, 274, 281, For War of Roses. 281, 288, 299, 301. For War of Roses. Bright's Hist, of England. Vol. I, 316, 352. For Henry VIII. Green, 320, 323, 327, 331, 333, 348. For Henry VIII. Bright's, 11,383,389,398. Life of Sir Thomas More. Roper. 38 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Public Library Subject Source A-1381 Making of Ireland and Its Undoing. By Mrs. Alice S. Green, 1909. References to above Book Irish and Norman Union pages 2-7 Early Irish Commerce Chapter I. Pages Early Irish Fisheries 46-48 Early Irish Linen 48-49 Early Irish Woolen Manufactures 51-55 Early Irish Leather Trade 56-57 Wealth of Towns 67-78 Irish Dress 81-82 Position and Influence of Irish Women 83-87 Imaginative Literature Becket — Tennyson; Ivanhoe, Talisman — Scott; The Last of the Barons — Bulwer Lytton. King John, Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VIII — Shakespeare. GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY PERIODS OF INSURRECTION AND CONFISCA- TION. PLANTATION— 1547-1690 (a century and a half). 1st Period. From Edward VI to Cromwell. 2nd Period. From the Restoration to Treaty of Limerick— 1688-1691. 1. Edward VI— 1547-1553. a. Conditions in Ireland. Lands and churches confiscated. Works of Art destroyed. b. Planting of English Protestant colonies in Ireland. c. Protestant clergy — Tithes instituted. d. Death of Edward. 2. Lady Jane Grey — Victim of circumstances. 3. Queen Mary— 1553-1558. a. Her mother's defender, nevertheless her father's daughter, possesses his temper. Much belied. Her opposition to the government. b. Married King Philip of Spain. Character of Philip. c. Left Ireland in comparative peace. d. Irish commerce. e. English Protestants escape to Ireland. f. Queen's County and King's County formed. 4. Elizabeth— 1558-1603. a. General policy of the Tudors toward Ire- land. A policy of denationalization. 40 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY b. Real religious troubles in Ireland began. Clergymen forced to take oath of su- premacy or cease preaching. c. Act of Uniformity enforced. English Protestant prayer book. Fine for non- attendance at service. Effective in the Pale only, as the English had little authority outside of the Pale. 5. Rebellion of Shane O'Neill— 1561. A man of great resource and daring — much feared by the authorities. Took title of "The O'Neill" when his father, the Earl of Tyrone, died. a. Defeated Earl of Sussex — Lord Lieuten- ant. b. Shane visits English court — result. c. Shane defeated by Hugh O'Donnell — 1567, on the Donegal side of the Swilly. d. Shane escapes to the Scots of Antrim, with whom he had previously been at war. The Scotch army was now near Clanboy. While with these people, Shane- and a number of his followers were murdered. 6. New Counties formed. a. Longford was formed out of Annaly. b. Connaught was divided into Galway, Sligo, Mayo, Roscommon, Leitrim and Clare. c. Second Geraldine League. d. Sir Henry Sydney, Lord Lieutenant, a savage. Expedition into Munster — 41 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY hanging, burning, etc. Geraldines against the Dublin government and the Butlers. 7. The Geraldine also called the Desmond Rebel- lion. a. Cause — The widespread belief among the Irish that Elizabeth intended to spread Protestantism by the sword, and the re- ports that the government intended to colonize a vast area of Munster and the arrest of the Earl of Desmond and his brother. Also the difference between English and Irish law in the matter of succession to estates. b. Effects. — This rebellion was attended by a great amount of suffering and was followed by vast confiscations and the plantation of much of Munster. c. The Geraldines devastated the country but spared the inhabitants. The Butlers with the English. Devas- tated the country and killed the inhab- itants in a most cruel manner. A few details: Fitzmaurice, leader of the Geraldine — receives aid from Spain (1579). O 'Byrne and O'Toole. Lord Grey ordered to put down this re- bellion. Owing to his rashness, his army was almost destroyed at Battle of Glenmalure, Aug. 1580. 42 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Massacre of Leinster garrison 1580, after promise of quarter. Lord Grey recalled. End of the rebellion. Death of Earl of Desmond, 1583. Hunt- ed like an animal; surrounded and slain, d. Sale of the Geraldine estates. Sir Walter Raleigh and Spencer received grants of these lands, as reward for taking part in massacre of Leinster garrison at Smerwick. (Note that Raleigh is sometimes pictured as a cavalier!!) 8. Elizabeth's system of Plantation. (600,000 acres confiscated.) a. The ' ' Undertakers ' '—Raleigh, Spencer and others. b. Sources from which the "Undertakers" obtained people to till the soil. For some time the barons of England had been enclosing their fields, owing to the demand for labor in the cities, which made regular farming unprofitable. Raising sheep for their wool required less labor and was more profitable. Result — Idle, homeless people, great poverty, and in time a rivalry between the English and the long established Irish woolen trades. To be offered lands in Ireland served the double purpose of relieving conditions 43 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY in England and helped Elizabeth's plantation system in Ireland. (Read Industrial and Social England, by Cheney, for a fine account of these con- ditions. ) 9. Rebellion of Hugh O'Neill— 1595. a. Son of Mathew, baron of Dungannon, the rival of Shane O'Neill. Was educated in England. Note: Sir John Perott's policy of send- ing the sons of Irish chiefs to England to be educated (object clear). See: The Making of Ireland and Its Undoing, by Mrs. Alice S. Green, pp. 427-450. Had his claim to the Earldom of Tyrone recognized and was allowed to keep six companies of soldiers to preserve peace in the North (?). O'Neill learned diplomacy at the English court, where he was a favorite of Elizabeth. He trained six companies at a time until he had a large army. b. Causes of Rebellion. 1. Life among the Tyrone clansmen naturally aroused his patriotism. 2. He was closely connected with sev- eral of the Ulster chiefs who were against the government. 3. Capture of Hugh 'Donnell, chief of Tyrconnell, and two sons of Shane O'Neill. c. O'Neill was at once successful. 44 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Port More taken — Newry and Green- castle. Laid Siege to Monaghan. Maguire and McMahon. d. English position critical. Shortage of soldiers and money. Spanish Armada. More counties formed in Ulster, Armagh, Monaghan, Tyrone, Coleraine (after called Derry), Donegal, Fermanagh, and Cavan. e. Conditions of Peace drawn by O'Neill. 1. Full pardon to Catholics. 2. Removal of English officials from Irish territory. 3. Payment of One Thousand Pounds in silver, by Bagnal to 'Neill, as mar- riage dowry for his sister. f. Battle of Yellow Ford, Aug. 14, 1598. g. Earl of Essex sent over. His mistake. His failure. His return and execution. h. Lord Mount joy — Lord Lieutenant. Devastation of Southern Provinces. Sir Geo. Carew. Mount joy destroys Leinster. Famine in Munster. i. Red Hugh 'Donnell and Spanish aid. j. Battle of Kinsale, 1602. Irish defeat. Why? k. Siege of Dunboy. Donall 'Sullivan. Cruelty of Carew. Retreat of 'Sullivan. 1. Death of Elizabeth— 1603. 45 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH. In this reign, England began to take an active part in the work of exploration in the New World. Com- mercial rivalry between England and Spain — Defeat of Armada — 1588. Measures passed restricting Irish trade. This was a blow aimed at both Ireland and Spain, as the trade between Ireland and Spain was still extensive. Note, too, that notwithstanding the fact that a foreign power had been striving to conquer Ireland for 400 years; at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, the land was still prosperous and it remained for the " gentle queen" (?) to strike a blow more cruelly un- just than all that had gone before. (Read what Spen- cer had to say of Ireland as he found it. And no one can say that Spencer favored the Irish.) English men of letters were quite active. William Shakespeare was writing his great plays, died 1616. Edmund Spencer, sometimes called a worthy succes- sor of Chaucer, finished his Faerie Queen about 1590. Ben Jonson, Francis Bacon and others. In Ireland, however, there were few writers of Eng- lish, for English was little used outside of the Pale. The Irish still held their own language and Latin was the language of commerce. Read : ' ' Elizabethan Ireland — Native and English, ' ' by G. B. O'Connor; Mitchell's "Life of Hugh O'Neill," O'Clery's "Life of Hugh Roe O'Donnell," O'Sullivan Beare's "Ireland under Elizabeth," A. M. 'Sullivan's "Story of Ireland." 46 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY IRELAND UNDER THE FIRST OF THE STUARTS. 10. James 1—1603-1625. a. Accession hailed with hopes by Irish. b. Proclamation against Catholics by a Puri- tan Parliament. Succession by tanistry and gavelkind abolished 1604. c. Flight of the Earls. O'Neill and O'Don- nell (1607). Confiscation of six Ulster counties. d. Oath of Supremacy revived. e. Brehon Law abolished — English Law es- tablished throughout Ireland. 1610. f. Plantation of Ulster. Sir John Davis. (See Lawless 223-228.) 1. " Undertakers" — Either English or Scotch Protestants : holdings 2000 acres. Must plant English or Scotch Protestant colonists. 2. Servitors — Protestant Irish who up- held the Government during late rebellion: holdings 1500 acres. Must plant Scotch, English or Irish Protestant colonists. 3. Old Irish — holdings 1000 acres. Must plant Catholic tenants who were exempted from Act of Supremacy. (The third division the cause of more trouble.) 4. Special grants to Protestant churches and educational institutions. (Trin- ity College, founded by Elizabeth, received 10,000 acres.) Special 47 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY grants to London merchants and favored individuals. 5. Dispossessed natives — No provision made for them. They became wan- derers near their old homes or fled to the mountains, there to raise a few sheep. Boys to sea. g. "Discoverers" — Lawyers who found or invented flaws in the titles to lands which the Irish held. In Wexford alone, 60,000 acres had been discovered by the lawyers to belong to the King. (See Lawless — Chap, xxxiii.) h. A Parliament representing all Ireland, held in 1613. This was the first con- tested election. By the judicious use of "gifts," the King managed to get a small majority. Contest over Speaker — Sir John Davis — Sir John Everard. Statute of Kilkenny repealed — (Law- less xxxiv). 11. Charles 1—1625-1649. a. Character of the new King. Catholics' hope aroused. b. Strength of the Puritans. Parliament not with the King. Bill of Eight — 1628. Learn a few of its provisions. c. War with Spain. Money extorted from Catholics on prom- ise of Fifty Graces which never came. Extorted money from Protestants also. His duplicity. 48 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY d. Wentworth — Lord Lieutenant 1633. Later known as Lord Stafford. 1. His policy. To make the King master of all Ire- land, and to make him rich by trad- ing in grants of Irish lands. 2. His work — Collected 20,000 Pounds from Cath- olics on promise of freedom from the penal laws. Through his in- fluence, the Irish Parliament in 1634 voted an additional 240,000 Pounds to the King He evaded the "Graces" and in violation of all promises, confiscated lands in Connaught, extending his system to Clare and Tipperary. He drilled an army of 9,000 Irish Cath- olics to support Charles I. (This hanged him.) e. Laws passed to destroy Irish wool trade, because it interfered with English trade. Recall the fact that the dispos- sessed Irish who fled to the mountain lands (too worthless to be wanted by the English), raised sheep. The en- forcing of this law left these people nothing to face but starvation. There was no market at this time for meat. An excellent book on this subject is A History of the Commercial and Finan- cial relations between England and Ire land, by Alice E. Murray, P. S. King & 49 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Co., London — 1903. Chicago Pub. Lib. L-7104. f . Wentworth recalled 1640. Impeached and beheaded 1641. 12. Irish Rebellion of 1641-1649. a. Causes — Violation of the promises to pro- tect property from confiscation. Viola- tion of promise to extend religious tol- eration to Catholics. Success of Scotch Covenanters. b. Birth of the Project. Exiled chiefs determined to try once more for freedom. They had gained experience in military affairs, and had made powerful friends who were ene- mies of England. Owen Roe 'Neill, an exile in the Nether- lands, was a very learned man. He wrote and spoke Latin, French, Span- ish, English and Irish. c. Leaders at home. Roger O'Moore, Sir Phelim O'Neill, 'Byrne and Plunkett. Study charac- ter of each. d. Plan of campaign. O'Moore to surprise Dublin castle. O'Neill to capture forts in Ulster. e. Arrest of Maguire and MacMahon. (Traitor — Owen 'Connolly.) Sent to London and hanged. f. Success of O'Neill in Ulster. Gained Charlemount Fort by trick. New- ry — Dungannon also taken. O'Neill at 50 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY the head of 30,000 dispossessed tribes- men, now rendered desperate, seek re- venge. g. Spread of the "rising" throughout Ire- land. The MacMahons seized Carrickmacross and Castleblaney. Philip 'Reilly leveled Cavan. Roger Maguire leveled Fermanagh. (Enniskillen, Derry, Coleraine and Car- rickfergus not yet taken.) h. Provincial Synod — 1642. Provinces represented: Armagh and Kells. Action — Declared Confederate cause just and right. i. National Synod at Kilkenny. 1. Oath of Association. 2. Catholic Confederates of Ireland. 3. Provincial government formed. 4. Parliament of Kilkenny — Oct. 24, 1642. 5. The Supreme Council formed. It contained 24 members (six from each province), 11 bishops, 14 lords, and 226 commoners. 6. First act of this Parliament was an expression of loyalty to the King. 13. Arrival of Owen Roe O'Neill. July, 1642. Drilled patriots into a compact army. Old Irish Army in Ulster opposed Monro. 14. Preston — with Anglo-Irish in Leinster op- posed the Royalists. 51 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 15. Charles and English Parliament. a. Trouble between King and Parliament growing. Charles tried to make friends with Supreme Council of Kilkenny. Failed. b. Parliament accused the King of seeking aid from the Irish, which the King de- nied. c. Land and the Puritans. Measures to enforce conformity. d. The Revenue. Tonnage and poundage; monopolies; the forests; ship money; Hampden's resistance. e. The outbreak in Scotland; religious con- ditions there; the new service book. (J. H. Green— 509, 520, 528, 533.) 16. The Long Parliament. a. Meeting of the Short Parliament. Reasons for summoning; attitude; disso- lution. b. First session of the Long Parliament. (1640.) Ref. — Mrs. Green's " Irish Nationality," Chapter x.) Leadership of Pym, and Hampden. e. Action — Impeachment of Strafford. d. The Grand Remonstrance. e. Law forbidding dissolution of Parliament. f . Attempt of Charles to arrest five members of the House of Commons — practically an opening of hostilities. g. Cavaliers and Roundheads. 52 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 17. The Great English Rebellion of 1642- '49. a. King raises his standard at Nottingham. b. Prince Rupert and his effective work. Edgehill. Charles at Oxford. c. Oliver Cromwell and his policy. d. Battle of Marston Moor. e. Surrender of Charles to Parliament by Scotch. 18. Pride's Purge. a. Charles' flight to the Isle of Wight. b. Renewal of the war by the Scotch and Royalists against Parliament. C. Colonel Pride excludes from Parliament all who would not agree to punish the King. The sixty remaining were called the Rump Parliament. d. Trial and execution of the King — Janu- ary 30, 1649. 19. Oliver Cromwfell— Lord Protector. a. Proclamation of the Republic, Jan. 30, 1649. b. Abolition of the House of Lords. c. Use of English Church service forbidden. d. Emigration of Royalists. e. Cromwell's Rule in England. Country divided into eleven military districts and placed under martial law. Royal- ists heavily taxed. Catholic priests ban- ished. No books or papers could be pub- lished without the permission of the gov- ernment. f . Puritan fanaticism. g. Navigation laws — 1651. 53 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 20. Cromwell in Ireland. a. Conditions a few years previous to his ar- rival. 1. O'Neill leader of the Old Irish. 2. Preston — leader of Anglo-Irish. 3. Puritan or Parliamentary leaders were Monro and Inchiquin. (Mur- rough O'Brien). 4. The Glenmorgan Treaty, in which Charles promised the Catholics all favors. Archbishop O'Queely of Tuam. ( The treaty was found upon him.) 5. Battle of Benburb— 1646. 6. Jealousy of 'Neill and Preston. 7. Defeat of the two Irish armies. 8. Alliance of Royalists and Confeder- ates. 9. Charles II proclaimed King. 10. Defeat of Ormond. b. Capture of Drogheda and Wexford by Cromwell— 1649. c. Capture of Kilkenny and Clonmel and general devastation of Munster. d. His return to England — 1650. Ireton, his son-in-law, left in charge. e. Sir Charles Coote sent to besiege Athlone. f. Siege of Limerick — town betrayed. Lead- ers executed ; among them Dr. 'Brien, bishop of Emly. g. Death of Ireton, of the plague. The plague of 1651. 54 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY h. Coote after taking Athlone laid siege to Galway. Taken after nine months— 1652. 21. Fleetwood's High Court of Justice. Sentenced to death some 200 persons, among them Sir Phelim O'Neill. 22. Cromwell's confiscations in Ireland. a. Extreme cruelty toward Catholics. b. Presbyterians suffer. c. Bands of outlaws. d. Irish soldiers banished. 23. Cromwell's death, 1658. His character. 24. Results of confiscations. a. Well to do people were reduced to pov- erty. b. Poor people became laborers where they had been tenants. c. The acres assigned to many were not enough to yield them enough to keep from starving. d. Crowds of able-bodied men formed bands of outlaws for vengeance upon the usurpers. Attacked the new settlers by fire and sword. e. Army must be disposed of. Irish soldiers banished — 25,000 to France, Spain, Aus- tria and Venice. The lands of these ex- iled soldiers were given to the soldiers of Cromwell. f. Widows and orphans sent as slaves to West Indies. 55 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY g. Religious persecutions against Catholics very bitter. Priests hunted like beasts and still the faith was kept alive. Read : A-1209 — Cromwellian Settle- ments (Chicago Pub. Lib.), by J. P. Prendergast. (Many Irishmen took military service on the continent; others, under French protection, went to America. Many boys and girls were shipped as slaves to the West Indies.) VI. SECOND PERIOD— THE RESTORATION. 1. Charles II recalled to the throne. a. Character. 2. Acts of Settlement and Explanation passed by a Parliament of Dublin, three-fourths of which were Protestants. a. Court of claims. b. Innocent Catholics ; no one who had taken part in the rebellion before the truce of 1643, or who belonged to the Pope's party, or who sat in the Confederate As- sembly, or in the Supreme Council or re- ceived power from either. 3. Act of Explanation — Injustice of: 4. Laws restricting Irish trade with the Amer- ican colonies and restriction of the cattle trade with England. a. Act of 1663 allowed the exportation of Irish lean cattle during the first half of 56 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY the year and placed a prohibition duty on the exportation during the second half of year. b. Act of 1666. This act laid down that all great cattle, sheep and swine, also all beef, pork and bacon imported into Eng- land, except for necessary provisions, should be forfeited. The act was strengthened by subsequent statutes which extended the prohibition to Irish mutton, lamb, butter and cheese. c. Results: Immediate and remote. 5. Catholics persecuted: The so-called Popish plot. Arrest and ex- ecution of Dr. Oliver Plunkett, Arch- bishop of Armagh, charged with treas- onable correspondence. Death of Charles 11—1685. 6. James II — 1685. Character. 7. English Revolution of 1688. a. Opposing parties — Jacobites and Wil- liamites. b. Leaders in Ireland: Tirconnell, the Catholic Lord Lieutenant, held Ireland for James. (Talbot.) Derry and En- niskillen hold out for William. Schom- berg, Williamite general, arrived Au- gust, 1689. c. Excitement at Derry. d. Arrival of James from France. Cold re- ception at Derry; withdrew to Dublin 57 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY and assembled a parliament ; 50,000 men raised. e. Siege of Derry — Jacobites defeated at Newtonbutlar. f. William arrives in Ireland — 1690. g. Battle of the Boyne. Disgraceful conduct of James. His flight. 1,000 Irish killed. 1,200 English, in- cluding many officers. Officers who took part in this battle : Jacobites — Tirconnell, Sarsfield, Hamil- ton, Lauzon, Duke of Berwick and Sir Neal O'Neill. Williamites — Schomberg, Douglas, Calli- mote, Ginkle, Count Nassau and Sir John Lanier. h. Strength of the Irish now at Athlone, Aughrim and Limerick. Cork, Kin- sale and Galway fall into hands of Wil- liamites. i. Patrick Sarsfield; character, generalship as shown in previous campaigns. j. First siege of Limerick. Remarkable de- fense of the city. William's costly, yet, unsuccessful attack. William's return to England. k. Conditions in both armies, illness. 1. Tirconnell went to France — 1690, return- ing the following spring with a French officer named St. Ruth, who was to take supreme command. Character of St. Ruth; loses Athlone through neglect, killed at battle of Aughrim. 58 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY m. Second siege of Limerick. Ginkel's plan of attack. All parties anxious to end the war. 8. Treaty of Limerick signed October, 1691. Important provisions of the treaty. 9. Results of the Revolution. Catholics were severely repressed, contrary to the provisions of the Treaty of Lim- erick. A large number of Irish soldiers emigrated to the continent. Confisca- tion took place. Irish trade which in spite of bad laws had held its own was ruined. VII. PENAL LAWS— UNDER THE RULE OF WIL- LIAM AND MARY: ANNE: GEORGE I, II, AND III. "The Irish suffered a further calamity. The memory of their former civilization was deliberately blotted out as though it had never existed. Another story was given to the world — a picture gloomy and savage, and stained with every vice and folly. ' ' — Mrs. Green. The misrepresentation of the Irish people began with the first efforts at conquest. Gerald of Wales began a long line of slanders. "The lying bull of the herd," Keating calls him. Irishmen and "all those that favor their beastliness ' ' remained to the invaders through the changing generations "our natural enemies.' ' Their customs were ' ' damnable, ' ' their ancient law ' ' hateful to God." "The people are such as Satan himself cannot exceed in subtlety, treachery and cruelty." 59 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 1. Violation of the Treaty of Limerick by Dublin Parliament of 1692. Further violation in 1695 and 1697. a. Act depriving Catholics of the means of educating their children at home or abroad. b. An Act forbidding Catholics to be in possession of arms. c. An Act forbidding Catholics to be in the possession of a horse worth more than five pounds. d. An Act banishing all Catholic priests (ex- cept certain registered ones). e. An Act preventing Protestants from mar- rying Catholics. f. An Act disqualifying Catholics from be- coming solicitors. 2. Parliament of 1704 — passed a measure with the following provisions : a. At the death of the father the lands of all Catholics were to be divided among all the sons of the family, except in case of the eldest son professing Protestantism, when the father became merely a life tenant and the lands passed in entirety to the eldest son. b. No Catholic to inherit or purchase land, or lease it for more than thirty-one years, or to settle in Limerick or Gal- way. c. Catholic minors to be placed under Prot- estant guardians. 60 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY d. No Catholic to hold office under the gov- ernment or vote elections unless he took the oath of "adjuration and received the Sacrament of the Last Supper." VIII. STRUGGLE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND IRISH PARLIAMENTS— 1698-1783. 1. Review main provisions of Poyning's Law. 2. Molyneaux — principles — his remarkable book. 3. Patriotic party — Dr. Charles Lucas, Mr. Henry Flood, Jonathan Swift (Drapier Let- ters) . 4. Wood's Halfpence. 5. The Annesley Case and its unexpected results. 6. The Sixth of George 1—1789. 7. Famine and emigration — 1728-1729. Bishop Bolton. (See outline under Penal Laws — VII-6 and 7.) 8. Chesterfield's administration — 1745. a. Character. b. Enrolled Irish soldiers to fight for Eng- land. Encouraged the formation of bodies of volunteers. c. His useful administration cut short by his recall. 61 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 9. Review objective points of the French and In- dian war and war on European Continent. Results — American and English. 10. Formation of the Catholic Committee. a. Leaders — Dr. Curry, Charles O'Connor, Mr. Wyse. b. Henry Grattan — Leader of the Patriot Party, b 1746 d 1820. 11. The Octennial Bill — Importance of? 12. Townshend — Lord Lieutenant — a. Trouble over money bills. Effect of the Townshend acts in America. b. Independent action of the Irish Commons. c. Townshend resigns — 1772. 13. Edmund Burke. 14. The Pension List — governmental proteges. Opposition. 15. War between American Colonies and Eng- land. a. Irish sympathized with Americans as they had a common cause. b. The Embargo Act deprived Ireland of one of her best markets — Paul Jones. c. Barbarity of Magistrates in Ireland. d. Leaders of trouble in Tipperary — Sir Thomas Maude, William Bagnal, Parson Hewiston, John Kagwell. e. Death of Father Sheehy. G2 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 16. Effect of Burgoyne's surrender and French aid to America. a. England must conciliate Ireland. b. Catholic Relief Act. c. Some trade restrictions removed, 1780. d. Fox and the Volunteers. e. The Mutiny Bill — Its good and evil effects. 17. Surrender of Yorktown. 18. The Dungannon Convention— Feb. 15, 1782. 252 delegates. (Dungannon was old home town of Hugh O'Neill.) a. Growing political power of the Volunteers — Their demand for free trade and legis- lative independence. b. Kesolutions of the Convention. Known as the Irish Declaration of Independence. 1. That the King, lords and commons of Ireland alone had the right to legis- late for the country. 2. That the powers exercised by the privy councils of both England and Ireland under Poyning's Law were unconstitutional . 3. That the ports of Ireland were free by right to all countries not at war with England. 4. That as Irishmen, as Christians, and as Protestants the delegates of the Volunters rejoiced in the relaxation of the penal laws against their fel- low-countrymen. 63 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY c. Grattan's brilliant speech — April 16, 1782, stating the principles of the Dun- gannon Convention. This speech is known as Grattan's Declaration of Right. 19. Repeal of the Sixth of George I. 20. Act of Renunciation. (Remember that from 1727 until 1793 Cath- olics possessed no votes.) "A voice from America shouted 'Liberty' and every hill and valley of this rejoicing land answered, 'Lib- erty.' "—Flood. DECLARATION OF IRISH INDEPENDENCE. "That the kingdom of Ireland is a distinct kingdom, with a parliament of her own, the sole legislature there- of ; that there is no body of men competent to make laws to bind the nation, but the King, lords and commons of Ireland, nor any parliament which hath any authority or power of any sort whatever in this country, save only the parliament of Ireland; to assure his majesty that we humbly conceive that in this right the very essence of our liberty exists, a right which we, on the part of all the people, do claim as their birthright, and which we cannot yield but with our lives. ' ' IX. INDEPENDENT IRISH PARLIAMENT. 1. Grattan's Parliament. a. Its weakness; attempt at parliamentary reform.. (Portland's evasions — see Fisher, p. 125.) 64 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY b. Grattan and Emancipation. c. Lucas and Flood — anti-Catholic. 2. Strength of the Volunteers. a. Charlemont and Volunteers. b. Flood popular with the Volunteers. c. Quarrel between Grattan and Flood. Flood distrusted the English and de- clared the final agreement was not defi- nite or binding enough. Grattan was more generous with England and did not wish to place England "on her knees." Differences of opinion in re- gard to the disbanding of the Volun- teers. d. Renunciation Act. e. Second Dungannon Convention — Sept., 1783. f. The Dublin Convention— Nov. 10, 1783. 3. Flood's Reform Bill — rejected. 4. Volunteers disbanded. 5. Some measures of Catholic Relief passed. 6. General prosperity of this period. Ref. — Irish Nationality — Chapter XII. XI. FALL OF THE IRISH PARLIAMENT. Act of Legislative Union With England — 1800. "Independence! It was the success of the American Revolution that brought about the Independence of Ire- land, and it was the reaction from the French Revolu- 65 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY tion, or rather from its excesses, that was destined to destroy that independence. ' ' Review — Irish received abolition of commercial re- straints— 1779. Independence of Irish Parliament — 1782. Catholics acquired the right to own land and to inherit according to common law. 1778. Laws against the clergy and Catholic edu- cation repealed in 1782. Catholics admitted to the Bar and might serve on juries — 1792. In 1793 — they were granted the Parlia- mentary franchise. The country made great strides in devel- opment, but there was one obstacle — the corrupt Irish Parliament, elected by rot- ten boroughs and composed entirely of Protestants. 1. William Pitt's well-laid scheme to abolish the Irish Parliament — Provokes the Rebellion of 1798. The Orange Society, organized about 1796 and encouraged by Pitt, spread discord among people hitherto united. Belfast desired complete separation from Eng- land, and dreamed of founding an Irish Republic. Cornwallis' system of bribery. General Plan — Pitt was to see that the law passed in England and Cornwallis was to use any means to see that the law passed the Irish Parliament. 66 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 2. Action. a. Lord Cornwallis made opening speech presenting the scheme for the Union, Jan. 22, 1799. b. Ponsonby and Plunkett opposed. c. Union measure lost. d. Those holding government positions and who were not in favor of the bill imme- diately lost their positions. Positions offered to others to gain their votes. e. Pitt brought bill before English House of Commons. f. Sheridan and Foster oppose him. g. Next move — Government paid 1,260,000 Pounds ster- ling for bribery and corruption. 84 borroughs bought outright. 28 new peers were created and 32 received higher titles. 3. Catholics declare their opposition to Union at a meeting — January 14, 1800. Daniel O'Connell made his first political speech. 4. Particular study of O'Connell. (Of pure Gaelic stock, educated in Ireland and in France. Admitted to Bar 1798 and at once became known as a brilliant lawyer; a devout Catholic, his general reputation.) 5. The last meeting of the Irish Parliament. (January 15, 1800.) a. Grattan, clad in the uniform of the Volun- teers, addressed the House. Never had 67 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY he made a more eloquent speech, but secret service money told and the bill b. Bill signed by King George III, August 1, 1800, Act of Union went into force Jan. 1, 1801. c. Main provisions. 6. Other Leaders of this time. Ponsonby, Parsons, Plunkett, Busbe, Lord Clare and Lord Castlereagh. 7. Pitt promised that the Union would bring complete Catholic emancipation. Did it? OPINIONS OP WRITERS ON THE ACT OF UNION. 1. Dr. Johnson said to an Irish gentleman : "Don't unite with us; we would unite with you only to rob you. ' ' 2. The conduct of the Irish lawyers at this time was on the whole eminently noble. Both Whigs and Tories, Protestant and Catholic alike opposed it. At a great public meeting of prominent lawyers, a resolution con- demning the proposed Union was carried 166 to 32. At the end of 1803, there were only five members of the minority who had not received appointment from the government. 3. Busbe said: "For centuries, the British Parlia- ment and nation kept you down, shackled your com- merce and paralyzed your exertions, despised your 68 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY character, and ridiculed your pretensions to any priv- ileges, commercial or constitutional. She has never con- ceded a point to you which she could avoid, nor granted a favor which was not reluctantly distilled. They have been all wrung from her like drops of blood.' ' 4. Lord Byron in the House of Lords, described it as a Union of the shark with its prey. 5. ' ' The term ' honor, ' if it be applied to such men as Castlereagh or Pitt, ceases to have any real meaning in politics. ' ' 6. The Lord Lieutenant was Lord Cornwallis, but the principal agent of the government in corrupting the legislature was the chief secretary, Lord Castlereagh. Cornwallis wrote to the Duke of Portland: "Lord Castlereagh 's appointment gave me great satisfaction, and although I admit the propriety of the general rule, as he is so very unlike an Irishman, I think he has a great claim to an exception in his favor. ' ' In the same month, we find Lord Castlereagh writing to Mr. Wick- ham: "The principal provincial newspapers have been secured and every attention will be paid to the press generally." The public were prepared by a pamphlet in favor of a Union written by the Secretary Cooke. Cornwallis later wrote of himself : "I trust that I shall live to get out of this most cursed of all situations, and most repugnant to my feelings. How I long to kick those whom my public duty obliges me to court! My occupation is now of the most unpleasant nature, nego- tiating and jobbing with the most corrupt people under heaven. I despise and hate myself every hour for en- gaging in such dirty work, and am supported only by the reflection that without a Union, the British empire must be dissolved/ ' 69 GENERAL SUEVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 7. Lecky, writing of Pitt, says : ' ' Thus it was that a Minister who professed himself a warm friend of Catholic emancipation did more than any other English statesman to adjourn the solution of the question; that a Minister who began his career as the eloquent champion of parliamentary reform resisted steadily every attempt to reform the most corrupt bor- rough system in Europe ; that a Minister, whose political purity has been the theme of so many eulogists, was guilty in Ireland of a corruption, before which the worst acts of Newcastle and Walpole dwindle into insignifi- cance." "By raising the hopes of the Catholics almost to cer- tainty and then dashing them to the ground ; by taking this step at the very moment when the inflammatory spirit engendered by the Revolution had begun to spread among the people, Pitt sowed in Ireland the seeds of dis- cord and bloodshed, of religious animosities and social disorganizations, which paralyzed the energies of the country and rendered possible the success of his machin- ations. The rebellion of 1798 was the direct consequence of his policy. Lord Fitzwilliam warned the government of what would happen. ' ' 8. "In the case of Ireland, as truly as in the case of Poland, a national constitution was destroyed by a for- eign power, contrary to the wishes of the people. In the one case, the deed was a crime of violence ; in the other, it was a crime of treachery and corruption." R e f. — The End of the Irish Parliament, by J. R. Fisher. "The Making of Ireland and Its Undoing," Mrs. Green. For policy of England, see p. 479-85 ; p. 233, 449 ; 488-9. In trade, p. 166, 168, 192, 202, 227. 70 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY XII. RISING OF UNITED IRISHMEN IN 1803. 1. Decline of Irish prosperity after the Union. % Unionist Catholics disappointed in the hope of Emancipation. a. Bigotry of George III. b. Pitt's duplicity and temporary resigna- tion. e. Mr. Grey's action in House of Commons. d. Sensational report of "dangerous con- spiracies" made by secret committee of the House of Commons. 3. Acts of oppression followed. a. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act continued. b. Crime and Outrage Acts. c. Arms Acts. Note: — William Pitt, Lord Grenville, Lord Cornwallis, Lord Castlereagh and Secretary Dundas all resigned their offices within six weeks after the passage of the Union. Lord Clare died a year and a day after the Act of the Union went into effect. Re- pulsed on all sides, it is said he died of chagrin. 4. United Irishmen in Prance and elsewhere on the Continent. a. Thomas Addis Emmet. b. Dr. William James MacNevin. 71 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY c. Hugh Wilson. d. Thomas Russell. e. Thomas Corbett. 5. Robert Emmet. a. His education. b. His travels on Continent. Neeling, Napper Tandy, Talleyrand and others. c. His plan for a "Rising"— 1803. d. His part — the seizing of Dublin Castle — murder of Lord Kil warden. Emmet's indignation. e. His arrest ; trial and execution. f. Devotion of Anne Devlin. 6. Sarah Curran. 7. Thomas Moore, friend of Emmet. Steady ad- vance made by Irishmen as orators and writ- ers of the English language. 8. Grattan in the English Parliament, petitions for " Catholic relief." 9. Charles James Fox, Secretary of Foreign Af- fairs. Lord Grenville, First Lord of the Treasury. 10. Mr. O'Hara, the first member of the British Parliament to start a sentiment of Repeal of the Union. His strong opposition to any honors for Cornwallis. 11. Duke of Bedford, Viceroy of Ireland. a. Increase of Irish debt. b. The Maynooth grant increased from 8,000 Pounds to 13,000 Pounds per annum. 72 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Reason — The Irish College founded in Paris. Dr. Walsh at the head. This in- stitution sanctioned by Napoleon. c. Bill introduced by Lord Howick, called the " Catholic Officers ' Bill," violently opposed by George III. Ref . — Ireland and Her People, by Thomas W. Fitzgerald, 1911. Vol. 1-3. Biog. Vol. 4-5. History: Lib. A 1265— Ireland Since '98, by John Mitchel, 1871. Lib. C 18662, Daniel O'Connell and the re- vival of national life in Ireland, by Rob- bert Dunlop, 1900. XIII. STRUGGLE FOR CATHOLIC EMANCIPA- TION. 1. Petition for Catholic Relief Bill— 1806. Attitude of Grattan and Fox. 2. War between America and England — 1812. 3. War between France and England, a. Napoleon — Wellington. b. Commerce of Ireland during these wars. Note change when England is not at war. 4. Suppression of the Catholic Committee— 1821. a. Review period of its organization. 1757. b. Dr. Curry. Mr. Wyse of Waterford. 5. The Catholic Association of Ireland — 1823. a. Review — Convention Act — 1796. 73 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY b. Methods and aims of the Association. c. O'Connell's campaign of political educa- tion. Richard L. Shiel. Keogh's plan. 6. Election of O'Connell— 1828. 7. Emancipation Act passed March 30, 1829. a. Attitude of the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel. b. Some provisions of the Act. 8. Disfranchisement of the 40s. freeholders, in Ireland (not in England) . This Act substi- tuted a 10 pound freehold for a qualification to vote. Practically disfranchising the Catholics. 9. Industrial discontent between 1800 and 1825. Causes : (Read A Hundred Years of Irish History, by Richard Barry O'Brien. Lib. A 1469). Introduction of labor saving machinery. Carding machine and spinning jenny — James Hargraves. b. Improved power loom by Richard Ark- wright. c. First locomitive — Stephenson. d. Conditions in mines a little improved by the invention of the miners ' safety lamp. Sir Humphrey Davy. e. Sudden change from war to peace, 1815, produced great distress by placing dis- banded soldiers and sailors in an over- stocked labor field. Unfavorable seasons 74 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY and corn laws. Famine. Evils of ex- isting land system. Emigration. See Chapter XIII Mrs. Green's "Irish Na- tionality. ' ' XIV. THE TITHE WAR. 1. Tithes — Purpose of — How collected — Organized resistance, especially in the South. Wexford, Kilkenny and Cork. 2. Coercion Act 1833. The Church Temporali- ties Act 1833 and the Tithe Bill 1838. * 3. System of National Education, established in Ireland 1831 by Lord Stanley, then chief Secretary. Note A. What the English claimed for the system — and what it really was. Also attitude of thi3 system toward the Irish language. 3. English Poor Law System established in Ire- land by Lord John Russell 1838. Attitude of the Irish to this Bill. Read works of Charles Dickens, written some twenty years later to show they were not successful in England. 5. Importance of Reform Bill of 1832. (Eng- lish history.) 75 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 6. The Repeal Association, sometimes called the Society of the Friends of Ireland. a. The monster meetings, notable one at Clontarf— 1845. b. O'Connell addressed a sober, serious peo- ple owing to the wonderful mission of The Apostle of Temperance. 7. Father Mathew. 8. Government alarmed: Arrest and imprison- ment of O'Connell. Effect of imprisonment upon O'Connell. 9. The Young Ireland Party. a. Its objects and methods. b. Opposition of O'Connell and the Catholic Clergy. 10. "The Nation," the paper of the new party. Motto — "Educate that you may be free." The question of the freedom of the press arose. 11. Noted Leaders of the Party. Thomas Davis Charles Gaven Duffy. John Mitchel. John Blake Dillon. Thomas Meagher. William Smith O'Brien. James Stephens. O'Doherty 12. Famine of 1846 and '47— Population of Ire- land in 1845 was between 8 and 9 million. After the famine it was about six and a half million. Death of O'Connell in 1847. 76 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY XV. THE FENIANS AND DISESTABLISHMENT. 1. Division in the Young Ireland Party, (Review Irish political leaders — lesson XIV). a. The Irish Confederation. b. Military Clubs — and their official organ the ' ' United Irishmen. ' ' c. Passage of the Treason Felony Act — April 25, 1848. 2. Rising of 1848. a. Leaders — Their fate. b. Results — Immediate and Remote. 3. The Phoenix Society. James Stephens. O'Donovan Rossa. Conspiracy — Skibbereen. P. J. Downing instructor in the Phoenix So- ciety in New York. 4. The Fenian Brotherhood. O'Donovan Rossa, O'Leary, Kickham, O'Mahoney, Men of "48." John Mandeville and his nephews, James and Frank. a. Organized in both Ireland and in America. b. Rapid growth in America — reasons? c. England favors the South during Ameri- can Civil War. Effect upon Irish North- ern soldiers. d. "The Irish People ' '—official organ of the Fenians in Ireland. The English ' ' spy ' ' in Fenian ranks. 77 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY e. Important Fenian documents seized by the government. Arrest and escape of Stephens— 1865. 5. Fenian invasion of Canada. Results. The Know Nothing Party a movement against the Irish. President Johnson interferes. Brave work of John 'Neill. 6. Fenian Rising of 1867 in Ireland. The Erin's Hope from America. 7. Fenians in England. a. The Manchester martyrs. Allen, Larkin and O'Brien— Nov. 23, 1867. b. Clerkenwell explosion. Attack Chester Castle. 8. William E. Gladstone — Disestablishment 1869. * ' The alarm aroused public opinion and frightened the English. Men began to understand the profound misery in which Ireland was sunk, and the necessity for repair- ing the wrongs of the past. The Act of 1867 had just then sent to Parliament a body of members chosen on a wider and more democratic franchise. Almost imme- diately afterwards Gladstone secured the passage of the Bill for the 'Disestablishment' of the Anglican Church in Ireland, and the first Land Act (1870). To all appearances Fenianism had been a miserable fiasco. In reality it had succeeded where O'Connell and Young Ireland had failed. "—Paul Dubois 78 Chronological Table of Important Events in Irish History IRELAND BEFORE THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION A.D. 432 Beginning of St. Patrick's mission. 554 Malediction of Tara. 563 Christianity preached in the Western Isles by St. Columbkille. 574 Convention of Drumcheat (or Drumketta). 690 The Boromean Tribute ceased to be levied. 795 Beginning of Norse invasions. 832 Arrival of Turgesius. 845 Turgesius drowned. 853 "Nosegelt" collected. 968 Battle of Sulcoit. 976 Assassination of Mahon. 978 Brian Boru king of Munster. 980 Defeat of the Norsemen near Tara by Malachi II. 984 Brian Boru king of Leinster. 1000 Battle of Glenmana. 1002 Brian Boru usurps the position of Ard-ri. 1014 Battle of Clontarf. 1022 Death of Malachi II. 1048 Donogh O'Brien Ard-ri "with opposition." 1064 Dermot Mac Mael na mbo Ard-ri "with opposi- tion." 1072 Turlogh O 'Brien, Donald 's nephew, Ard-ri ' ' with opposition." 79 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1086 Death of Turlogh O'Brien. Murkertagh O'Brien succeeds Turlogh as King of Munster, and con- tends with Donal O'Loughlin for the crown of Ireland. 1119 Death of Murkertagh O'Brien. 1121 Death of Donal O'Laughlin. 1151 Turlogh O'Connor of Connacht became Ard-ri "with opposition." (This was the result of a long struggle between the 'Briens and 'Con- nors.) 1152 Abduction of O'Rourke's wife by Dermot Mac- Morrough. 1154 Struggle between Turlogh O'Connor and O'Loughlin, King of Ulster, for the crown of Ireland. Papal Bull granted to Henry II. 1156 Death of Turlogh O'Connor. Turlogh succeeded in the kingship of Connacht by his son Roder- ick (Rory). The struggle between the O'Con- nors and 'Loughlins continued. 1159 Murtagh O'Loughlin Ard-ri "with opposition." 1166 Death of O'Loughlin. Rory O'Connor Ard-ri. 1168 Banishment of Dermot MacMorrough. FROM THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION TO THE TUDOR PERIOD 1169 Arrival of Fitzstephen, Fitzgerald, Prendergast, and other Anglo-Normans. 1170 Arrival of Strongbow. 1171 Arrival of Henry II. Death of MacMorrough. 1172 Establishment of a Government in Dublin. Re- turn of Henry II to England. 1175 Treaty of Windsor. 1176 Death of Strongbow. 80 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1180 Death of Archbishop Laurence Toole. 1185 Arrival of Prince John. 1198 Death of Rory O'Connor. 1210 Arrival of King John. 1278 Petition of Irish Chiefs for the protection of English law. 1315 Arrival of Edward Bruce. His coronation at Dundalk. 1316 Arrival of Robert Bruce. 1318 Battle of Faughart. 1347 The Black Death. 1367 The Statute of Kilkenny passed. 1379 Statute against absentees passed. 1394 First expedition of Richard II. 1399 Second expedition of Richard II. 1402 Defeat of the 'Byrnes ( MacMorrough 's allies). 1407 MacMorrough defeated at Callan by Sir Stephen Scrope, Deputy. 1413 Colonists defeated at Wexford by MacMorrough. 1414 Sir John Talbot, afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury, appointed Lord-Lieutenant. 1417 Death of MacMorrough. 1449 The Duke of York, heir to the English throne, ap- pointed Lord Lieutenant. 1462 Battle between the Butlers (Lancastrians) and Geraldines (Yorkists) at Pilltown, Kilkenny. 1474 Establishment of the Brotherhood of St. George. THE TUDOR PERIOD 1487 Coronation of Simnel at Dublin. 1492 Warbeck's arrival in Cork. 1494 Appointment of Poynings as Lord Deputy. Act known as "Poyning's Law" passed. 81 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1497 Warbeck's second arrival in Ireland. 1504 Battle of Knockdoe. 1513 Death of the great Earl of Kildare. 1534 Rebellion of Silken Thomas. 1535 Capture of Maynooth Castle. Surrender of Silken Thomas. 1536 Act of Supremacy passed. 1537 Execution of Silken Thomas and his five uncles. 1540 Formal submission of many Irish chiefs. 1541 Henry VIII declared King of Ireland. 1558 The territories of Leix and Offaly ' ' planted. ' ' 1559 Shane 'Neill assumes the title of ' ' The Weill. ' ' 1560 Capture of O'Donnell and his wife by Shane O 'Neill. Act of Uniformity passed. 1561 Defeat of Sussex by Shane. Visit of Shane to London. 1563 The Treaty of Benburb. 1565 Scots of Antrim defeated by Shane 'Neill. 1567 Shane defeated by the 'Donnells at Letterkenny. Shane murdered by the Scots of Antrim. The Earl of Desmond and his brother arrested by Sir Henry Sidney. 1569 Eising of Sir James Fitzmaurice, Fitzgerald, and several others. 1571 Capture of Kilmallock by Sir James Fitzmaurice. 1573 Surrender of Fitzmaurice. 1579 Arrival (at Smerwick) of Fitzmaurice from the Continent. Death of Fitzmaurice. Rising of the Munster Geraldines. Desmond places him- self at the head of the rebels. 1580 Battle of Glenmalure. Massacre of the Spaniards at Smerwick. 1582 Conclusion of the Desmond rebellion. 1583 Murder of Desmond. 82 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1586 Confiscation and plantation of Munster. 1587 Capture of Red Hugh O'Donnell. 1592 Escape of Red Hugh O'Donnell. 1595 League of the Ulster chiefs. Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, assumes the title of "The O'Neill." Battle of Clontibret. 1597 Battles of Drumflugh and Tyrrell's Pass. 1598 Siege of Portmore and Battle of the Yellow Ford. 1599 Campaign of the Earl of Essex in Ireland. Bat- tle of the Plumes. 1600 Arrival of Mount joy and Carew in Ireland. 1601 Arrival of the Spaniards at Kinsale. 1602 Battle of Kinsale. Red Hugh sets out for Spain. Retreat of 'Sullivan Beare. 1603 Tyrone makes peace with Mount joy. Death of Elizabeth and accession of James I. THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE COMMON- WEALTH 1604 Succession of tanistry and gavelkind abolished. 1607 Flight of the Earls. 1608 Rebellion of O'Doherty. Confiscation of six Ul- ster counties. 1610 The Brehon Code abolished. 1611 Plantation of Ulster. 1626 The ' ' Graces ' ' promised. 1633 Appointment of Wentworth as Lord Deputy. 1640 Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, leaves Ireland. 1641 Conspiracy of Rory O 'Moore, Sir Phelim O 'Neill, and others. General rising throughout Ireland. 1642 Spread of the rising throughout Ireland. Con- federation of Kilkenny. 1643 Partial cessation of hostilities. GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1645 Rinucini's arrival. 1646 Battle of Benburb. 1647 Surrender of Dublin by Ormond to the English Parliament. Battles of Dungan Hill and Knocknanos. 1648 Dissension among the Confederates. 1649 Execution of Charles I. Prince Charles pro- claimed king at Cork. Rinucini leaves Ireland. Ormond besieges Dublin and is defeated at Rathmines. Arrival of Cromwell and capture of Drogheda and Wexford. Many of the south- ern garrisons declare for the Parliament. Death of Owen Roe. 1650 Capture of Kilkenny, Clonmel, and other towns by Cromwell. Return of Cromwell to England. 1651 Capture of Athlone and Limerick. 1652 Surrender of Galway. Act for the Settlement of Ireland passed. Transplantation of the Irish to the west of the Shannon begins. 1660 The Restoration. FROM THE RESTORATION TO THE TREATY OF LIMERICK 1662 Act of Settlement passed. 1663 Navigation Act passed in the English Parliament. 1665 Act of Explanation passed. 1666 Importation of Irish cattle and provisions into England prevented by an Act of the English Parliament. 1685 Accession of James II. 1686 Talbot appointed commander of the forces in Ire- land. 84 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Talbot created Earl of Tirconnell and Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland. Landing of William in England. Flight of James. Panic among the Protestants of Ire- land. Arrival of James II in Ireland. Derry and En- niskillen besieged. Parliament held at Dublin. Battle of Newtownbutler. Arrival of a Wil- liamite army under Schomberg. Arrival of William at Carrickfergus. Battle of the Boyne. James sets out for France. Lim- erick unsuccessfully besieged by the William- ites. Return of William to England. Kinsale and Cork captured by John Churchill, after- wards Duke of Marlborough. Athlone captured. Battle of Aughrim. Limerick again besieged. Articles of Limerick signed. This treaty was broken "ere the ink where- with 'twas writ could dry. ' ' THE PERIOD OF THE PENAL LAWS Catholics excluded from the Irish Parliament. Acts for disarming Catholics and for depriving them of education either in or out of Ireland. Publication of Molyneux 's book. The Case of Ire- land 's being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England stated. Passing of Act imposing pen- alties on Protestants who married Catholics. Passing of two Acts — one by the English Parlia- ment, the other by the Irish Parliament — which ruined the Irish woolen industry. The "Popery Act" passed. Passing of more penal measures. 85 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1719 Sherlock vs. Annesley case. Passing of the " Sixth of George I" in English Parliament 1723 Granting of patent to William Wood. 1724 Publication of Drapier's Letters. 1725 Withdrawal of the patent granted to Wood. 1727 Complete disfranchisement of the Catholics. 1760 Thurot's Raid. 1761 Beginning of the Whiteboy movement. 1768 Octennial Act passed. 1771 Measure of Catholic relief passed. 1775 Grattan enters Parliament. 1776 Embargo laid on export of provisions from Irish ports. 1778 Measure of Catholic relief passed. 1779 Enrollment of the Volunteers. 1780 English Parliament passed Acts which allowed Ireland "Free Trade." 1782 Measure of Catholic Relief passed. Dungannon Convention. Repeal of "Sixth of George I." THE ERA OF LEGISLATIVE INDEPENDENCE 1783 Renunciation Act passed. Flood's Reform Bill rejected. 1789 Action of the Irish Parliament with regard to the regency. 1791 Wolfe Tone appointed Secretary of the Catholic Committee. Society of United Irishmen estab- lished. 1793 Measure of Catholic relief passed. Gunpowder Act and Convention Act passed. 1795 Lord Fitzwilliam appointed Viceroy. Recall of Lord Fitzwilliam. Tone leaves Ireland for 86 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. America. Preparation of the United Irishmen (now a secret society) for a rising. 1796 The Insurrection Act passed. Tone and others in France. The French in Bantry Bay. 1797 Grattan withdraws from Parliament. Martial Law proclaimed in Ulster. 1798 Martial Law proclaimed in Leinster. Arrest of the leading United Irishmen. Risings in va- rious parts of Leinster. Risings in Down and Antrim. Arrival of the French at Killala. Ar- rival of the French at Lough Swilly. Capture of Tone. 1799 The proposals for the Union before the Irish Parliament. 1800 The Act of Union passed. AFTER THE UNION 1803 Rising under Robert Emmet. 1810 O'Connell elected chairman of the Catholic Com- mittee. 1823 Catholic Association founded by O'Connell. 1828 O'Connell returned for Clare. 1829 Catholic Relief Bill passed. 1830 Beginning of ' ' Tithe War. ' ' 1831 System of national education established. 1833 Church Temporalities Act passed. 1838 Tithe Bill passed. Irish Poor Law Bill passed. 1843 Trial of O 'Connell for conspiracy begins. 1845 Outbreak of the potato blight. 1847 The great famine year. 1848 Rising under Smith O 'Brien. 1858 Members of the " Phoenix Society" arrested. 1865 "Irish People" suppressed. 87 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1867 Fenian insurrectionary outbreak. 1869 Disestablishment of the Irish Church. 1870 Land Act passed. Home Government Association founded. 1872 Ballot Act passed. 1879 Land League established. 1881 Land Act passed. 1882 Arrears Act passed. Phoenix Park murders. 1885 Ashbourne Land Act passed. 1886 First Home Rule Bill introduced. 1891 Land Act passed. Death of Parnell. 1893 Second Home Rule Bill introduced. Gaelic League established. 1903 The Wyndham Land Act passed. THIRTY MEMORABLE DATES IN IRISH HIS- TORY 432 Mission of St. Patrick to Ireland. 795 Beginning of the Norse ravages. 1014 The battle of Clontarf . 1169 Beginning of the Anglo-Norman invasion. 1315 Bruce invasion. 1367 Statute of Kilkenny passed. 1494 Poyning's Law passed. 1536 Act of Supremacy passed. 1560 Act of Uniformity passed. 1567 Defeat and death of Shane O'Neill. 1598 Battle of the Yellow Ford. 1602 Battle of Kinsale. 1607 The ' ' Flight of the Earls. ' ' 1611 The plantation of Ulster. 1641 Beginning of Great Insurrection. 1649 Arrival of Cromwell. 88 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY A.D. 1652 Cromwellian Act of Settlement passed. 1690 Battle of the Boyne. 1719 The " Sixth of George I" passed. 1782 Dungannon Convention. Poyning's Law and the * ' Sixth of George I ' ' repealed. 1798 The " United Irishmen' ' rebellion. 1800 Act of Union passed. 1829 Catholic Emancipation Bill passed. 1847 The Famine. 1848 Rising under Smith O'Brien. 1867 Fenian Rising. 1869 Disestablishment of Irish Church. 1870 Land Act passed. 1881 Land Courts established. 1903 Wyndham Land Act passed. Note: References to books in this outline, when not other- wise specified, refer to call numbers in the Chicago Public Library. Ex. (Lib. L 7104.) 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY Chicago Public General Classification and Author. Library. Title. IRISH EMIGRANTS. A 3711 Irish in Australia. James F. Hogan, 1887. B III Irish in America. John F. Maguire, (The above includes an ac- 1868. count of the Irish in Can- ada.) Sketches from America. I 5126 Part I, Irish in Canada. John White, Part II, A Picnic to the 1870. Rocky Mountains. Part III, The Irish in America. Irish American Historical John D. Crim- Miscellany. mins, 1905. Part I, Irish in United States. Part II, Irish in New York City. Irish American History of the U-2264 John O'Hanlon, United States. 1903. B. 5465 Irish in American Revolution. James Haltigan, 1908. B-779 The American Irish and their Philip H. Bage- Influence on Irish Politics. nal, 1882. B. 2340 A History of the Irish Set- Thomas D'Arcy tlers in North America McGee, Bos- from earliest period to the ton, 1852. census of 1850. L 1639 Irish Emigration to the Stephen Byrne, United States. 1879. L 1650 Irish Emigration During the Thomas Addis B. 2344 Seventeenth and Eighteenth Emmet, New Centuries. York, 1899. 90 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Chicago Public General Classification and Author. Library. Title. IRISH EMIGRANTS. M-1510 Irish Faith in America; Tr. from the French. New York, 1881. M-410 The Religious Mission of the Rt. Rev. John L. Irish People and Catholic Spalding, Bp. Colonization. of Peoria, 1880. V. 2079 Irish in Chicago: Biograph- Charles French, ical History of the Ameri- Chicago, 1897. can Irish in Chicago. B. 2345 American Irish Historical So- ciety Journal. B 2191 History of the Friendly Sons John H. Camp- of St. Patrick and the Hi- bell, Philadel- bernian Society. phia, 1892. Irish in Pennsylvania — Irish Albert C. Myers, B4333 Quakers, etc. "1798" 1902. P. 1671 Historic Memoirs of Ireland. Sir Jonah Bar- rington, Lon- don, 1835. A 1174 A Personal Narrative of Thomas Cloney, Transactions in the County Dublin, 1832. Wexford during 1798 ; brief notes of the principal actors. A 1416 History of the Irish Insurrec- Edward Hay, tion of 1798. New York, 1873. The United Irishmen; their Richard R. Mad- lives and times. den, London, 1842. History of the Irish Rebellion William R. Max- of 1798. well, London, A 1190 1880. 91 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY General Classification and Title. Author. "1798" Ireland, 1798-1898. Documents relating to Ire- land, 1796-1804. Official ac- count of secret service money. '98 and '48. The Modern Revolutionary History and Literature of Ireland. Studies in Irish History and Biography; mainly of the 18th century. The Sham Squire; and the informers of 1798. FENIAN BROTHERHOOD. The Secret Societies of the European Revolution. The Fenian Brotherhood. Pp. 208-251. Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service : recollec- tions of a spy, by Henri Le Caron. Narration of the Fenian In- vasion of Canada. Fenian Poems. Ireland in 1868: the battle- field for English party strife. Repeal Association of Ireland. The Men of '48. Being a brief history of the repeal association and the Irish confederation. Wm. C. Morris, London, 1898. John T. Gilbert, Dublin, 1893. John Savage, 1856. C. Lilton Falk- iner, 1902. Wm. J. Fitzpat- rick, 1895. Thomas Frost, 1876. Vol.2— 275-302. Charles G. Hal- pine, 1866. Thomas Beach, 1892. Alexander Som- erville, 1886. J. O'Daly- Gerald Fitzgib- bon. James F. McGee, New York, 1874. 92 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY Chicago Public General Classification and Author. Library. Title. FENIAN BROTHERHOOD. A 1268 Young Ireland: The Felon's Michael Doheny, Track — a narration of '48. London, 1875. A 1321 Four Years of Irish History, Sir Chas. G. 1845 to 1849. Duffy, 1882. C 17788 My Life in Two Hemis- Sir Chas. G. pheres. Duffy, 1898. HOME RULE. L 135 Speeches on the Legislative Thomas G. Mea- Independence of Ireland. gher, 1853. A 1350 Irish Ideas. William O'Brien, 1893. A 1334 The Parnell Movement with Thos. P. O'Con- a sketch of Irish parties nor, 1886. from 1843. A 1365 The Cause of Ireland Pleaded Bern'rd O'Reilly, before the Civilized World. 1886. C 2922 Personal Recollections of an Richard Pigott, Irish National Journalist. 1882. L-11769 A History of The Irish Par- Frank H. O'Don- liamentary party. nell, Long- Contents I. Butt and Parnell. mans, 1910. Nationhood and anarchy. The curse of American money. II. Parnell and the Lieuten- ants, etc. A 1367 The Saving of Ireland, indus- Sir George Pow- trial, financial, political. ell, 1898. A 1398 Home Rule Speeches of John F. A. Stokes, E. Redmond. 1909. I. 10275 Ireland Yesterday and Today. Hugh Suther- land, 1909. (In North Ameri- can). 93 GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY General Classification and Title. Author. HOME RULE. Ireland's Case Stated in Re- ply to Mr. Froude. The New British Constitution and its master builders: Mr. Gladstone and the Home Rule movement in the English Parliament. Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement. Contents : Sir William Harcourt: The Fenian movement; The ris- ing of 1867; The Clerken- well explosion; From 1880 to the Kilmainham treaty; The Phoenix Park mur- ders ; Mr. Gladstone and his policy. Ireland Since the Union: Sketches of Irish History since 1798 to 1886. Ireland's Cause in England's Parliament. Incidents of My Life with Services in the Cause of Ireland. Ireland Under English Rule. The Crime Against Ireland. The Fall of Feudalism in Ire- land. Story of the Land League Revolution. Ireland Past and Present: A complete history of the land question. Thomas N. Burke, 1873. George D. C. Argyll, 1888. Sir Robert An- derson, 1906. Justin H. Mc- Carthy, Chi- cago, 1887. Justin Mc- Carthy, 1888. Thomas Addis Emmet, 1911. Thomas Addis Emmet, 1903. Mrs. J. E. Fos- ter, 1888. Michael Davitt, 1904. David P. Con- yngham, 1884. 94