LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Chap.f.l^^ Copyright No. 
 
 Shelf.__iMii 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE 
 
 From 1663 to 1900 
 FOR USE IN SCHOOLS 
 
 BY 
 
 G. R. McGEE 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF COLLEGE STREET SCHOOL, JACKSON, TENN. 
 
 TEACHER OF HISTORY IN PEABODY STATE INSTITUTE 
 
 FORMERLY PRINCIPAL OF PEABODY HIGH SCHOOL, TRENTON, TENN. 
 
 3^«<C 
 
 NEW YORK . : . CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
TWO COPIES RECEIVE.: 
 
 Offlaa of tkw 
 
 M'^R2O1900 
 
 l*«gl«ttf of Copyrlgfct^ 
 
 56743 
 
 Copyright, 1899, by 
 G. R. McGEE. 
 
 TENN. HIST. 
 E-P1 
 
 SECOND COPY, 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This book has been written because the teachers of the 
 state have asked for it. How well it will meet their 
 demands remains to be seen. It is the result, in book 
 form, of the author's long observation and experience as 
 principal of a large graded school and as an instructor in 
 history in the state institutes. 
 
 The material has been accumulated through many years 
 and from many sources. In the few instances where 
 there are conflicting statements I have followed my own 
 judgment in reaching conclusions. Whenever possible, I 
 have consulted persons, places, or original records. The 
 greatest difficulty has been what to omit, as it is impossible 
 to embrace all in the limits of a schoolbook. 
 
 The book has been written for children of the fifth to 
 the seventh grade of our public schools, and in language 
 that they can understand. No effort has been made to do 
 anything more than to tell the story of a great state in 
 a manner that will interest the readers for whom it is 
 intended. As the work progressed the test of scJioolroom 
 use has been applied unsparingly, and with satisfactory 
 results. 
 
 While intended for children, it is hoped that the book 
 may prove interesting to older readers. Some usually 
 accepted statements in the general history of our country 
 have been flatly contradicted. This has been done delib- 
 erately and after careful investigation. Not to have done 
 
4 PREFACE 
 
 SO would have been to leave the whole people of Tennessee 
 misrepresented with regard to the Civil War, and would 
 have been especially unjust to the Union men of the state. 
 History virtually presents them in the attitude of ''Yankee 
 sympathizers." The truth is they were simply Union 
 men, without sectional consideration, and were as hostile 
 to northern disunionists as they were to southern ones. 
 On the other hand, nine tenths of the Confederate soldiers 
 of Tennessee were never secessionists. Justice and our 
 own self-respect demand that our children shall know the 
 truth about these matters. 
 
 The appendix, containing the Constitution of Tennessee 
 and a number of reference tables, will be found valuable 
 to readers of every class. 
 
 My thanks are due to Professor S. G. Gilbreath of Pea- 
 body Normal College, Superintendent C. S. Douglas of 
 Gallatin, the officials of the State Library and of the Ten- 
 nessee Historical Society, for special information on local 
 history ; to Colonel John AlHson of Nashville for permis- 
 sion to use freely his " Dropped Stitches in Tennessee 
 History " ; to Hon. John R. Walker of Trenton for aid in 
 preparing the tables of the judiciary ; and to Superintend- 
 ent S. A. Mynders of Jackson for assistance in reading 
 the proofsheets. None of these gentlemen, however, are 
 responsible for any error that may be found in the book. 
 
 I am especially indebted to my daughter, Miss Ora 
 McGee, for her valuable services in preparing the manu- 
 script for the press, and to the publishers for the trste 
 and skill shown in the completed book. 
 
 G. R. McGEE. 
 Jackson, Tenn., 
 February 12, 1900. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PERIOD I. 1663-1769 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Introduction n 
 
 II. Indians , . 17 
 
 III. Explorers 23 
 
 IV. Adventurers 29 
 
 PERIOD II. 1 769-1 796 
 
 V. The Revolutionary War 34 
 
 VI. The Pioneers 44 
 
 VII. Watauga Association , . . . . . . -53 
 
 VIII. Robertson and Sevier 62 
 
 IX. Kings Mountain 67 
 
 X. Indian Wars .......... 73 
 
 XL State of Frankhn ......... 78 
 
 XII. The Cumberland Settlements 84 
 
 XIIT. Davidson County . . . . . . . , .91 
 
 XIV. The Spaniards 95 
 
 XV. The Territory 100 
 
 XVI. Domestic and Social Life 107 
 
 
 PERIOD IIL 1 796-1 
 
 861 
 
 
 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Starting the New Government ii/f 
 
 XVIIL 
 
 Administrations of WilUe Blount 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Administrations of Joseph McMinn 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 XX. 
 
 Carroll, Houston, and Hall • . 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Administrations of William Carroll . 
 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 XXIL 
 
 Cannon's and Polk's Administrations 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 XXIIL 
 
 James C. Jones's Administrations 
 
 
 
 
 159 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Four Administrations 
 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Johnson and Harris 
 
 
 
 
 17s 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PERIOD IV. 1861-1865 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XXVI. Nullification and Secession 184 
 
 XXVII. Causes of the Civil War 191 
 
 XXVIII. The Battle Ground . . 201 
 
 XXIX. Famous Tennesseeans 208 
 
 PERIOD V. 1865-1900 
 
 XXX. Domestic Reconstruction . 
 
 XXXI. Political Reconstruction 
 
 XXXII. Senter's Administration 
 
 XXXIII. Administrations of John C. Brown 
 
 XXXIV. Administrations of Porter and Marks 
 
 XXXV. Hawkins's and Bate's Administrations 
 
 XXXVI. Administrations of Taylor and Buchanan 
 
 XXXVII. Administrations of Turney and Taylor 
 
 XXXVIII. McMillin's Administration 
 
 XXXIX. Schools 
 
 XL. Conclusion 
 
 215 
 219 
 225 
 231 
 236 
 241 
 246 
 253 
 259 
 262 
 
 275 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Constitution of Tennessee 
 Governors of Tennessee 
 Secretaries of State 
 
 Comptrollers 
 
 Treasurers ..... 
 Superintendents of Public Instruction 
 State Board of Education 
 Commissioners of Agriculture 
 Attorneys General .... 
 Judges of the Supreme Court . 
 State Librarians .... 
 
 1 
 
 XXV 
 XXV 
 
 XXV i 
 XXV i 
 xxvii 
 XXV ii 
 xxviii 
 xxix 
 xxix 
 xxxi 
 
 Legal Holidays xxxi 
 
 For list of counties, with date of formation, population, and county 
 seat of each, see pages 42, 43.) 
 
TO THE TEACHER 
 
 Good maps and good books used under the direction of 
 an earnest and conscientious teacher will almost invariably 
 insure interest and enthusiasm in a history class. 
 
 To teach history successfully you must have a fair 
 knowledge of the general subject, — the broader the cul- 
 ture, the better for all concerned. Perfect famiHarity with 
 the text-book used is indispensable. Not the mere famil- 
 iarity of knowing its words, but a clear view of its facts, 
 geography, scope and purpose, references, and allusions. 
 
 A good teacher seeks to interest, instruct, and inform 
 his pupils ; a poor one, to prepare them for an examination. 
 
 For the convenience of those who may use this book it 
 has been divided into Peidods, as follows : — 
 
 Period I. extends from 1663, the date of Charles II.'s 
 grant of Carolina to the Earl of Clarendon and his asso- 
 ciates, to 1769, the date of the first known settlement 
 of English-speaking people in Tennessee. The subjects 
 treated in this period are Indians, Explorers, and Adven- 
 turers. This period should be thoroughly mastered in its 
 facts and geographical details, and its references clearly 
 explained before the succeeding period is taken up. 
 
 Period II. extends from 1769, the date of the first set- 
 tlement, to 1796, the date of Tennessee's admission into 
 
 7 
 
8 TO THE TEACHER 
 
 the American Union. The subjects treated, under several 
 minor headings, are the Settlement and Orgajiization of 
 the State. These twenty-seven years embrace the '' Heroic 
 Age " of Tennessee. The period is the most eventful, 
 romantic, and glorious in the annals of the state, with the, 
 possible exception of the era of civil war. Judiciously 
 handled, it will be of absorbing interest and incalculable 
 benefit to those who study it. 
 
 Period III. extends from 1796, the date of Tennessee's 
 admission into the Union, to 1861, the beginning of the 
 Civil War. The subject treated is The State before the 
 Civil War. It is the period of development in constitu- 
 tional, legislative, and judicial affairs ; and of growth from 
 pioneer communities into a great and powerful common- 
 wealth. It is notable for the number of distinguished 
 men it produced, and the prominent parts they took in the 
 arena of both state and national politics. 
 
 Period IV. extends from 1861 to 1865, and embraces the 
 blood-stained years of TJie War betivecn the States. It 
 should be closely studied in order that our young people, 
 who are now so far from the din of that strife, may clearly 
 understand the motives of the men of Tennessee who took 
 part in that memorable struggle on either the Confederate 
 or the Federal side. This is due the memory of the heroic 
 dead, and to the spirit of true patriotism which has ever 
 characterized Tennesseeans. 
 
 Period V. extends from 1865, the close of the Civil War, 
 to 1900, the last year of the nineteenth century. The sub- 
 
TO THE TEACHER 9 
 
 ject is The State since the Civil War. The whole period 
 is within the memory of all persons over forty years of 
 age. It is marked by great political turmoil, the ad- 
 justment of a whole people to a new order of living, 
 and remarkable educational, commercial, and industrial 
 development. 
 
 The topics under the heading, ''What have we learned.?" 
 are not intended to be exhaustive, but only suggestive. 
 No one can prescribe exact questions for the use of a 
 competent teacher, and no effort has here been made to 
 do so. Neither is any special '* method of instruction " 
 recommended. A clear ideal of what is desired and a 
 fixed purpose to work up to that ideal will usually suggest 
 reasonably good methods in any school work. 
 
Period I. 1663- 1769 
 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ^ 
 
 To THE Girls and Boys of Tennessee : 
 
 We cannot properly begin to study the history of Ten- 
 nessee until we have taken a brief view of some parts of 
 the history of America and of the United States, therefore 
 I give you this introduction. 
 
 The people who live in Tennessee, who have made it a 
 civilized country, and who have made its history, are the 
 children, grandchildren, etc., of people who came from 
 Europe and settled in America. Before the days of 
 Columbus the people of Europe knew nothing of Amer- 
 ica. They had never heard of such a country. 
 
 In 1492 Columbus sailed from Spain across the Atlantic 
 Ocean and discovered some, of the islands of the West 
 Indies. He afterward discovered South America, but he 
 never saw North America. No people except savages, 
 that Columbus called Indians, then lived in America. 
 
 For more than a hundred years after Columbus's discov- 
 ery, people from Europe, especially from Spain, France, 
 and England, were busy sailing along the coasts, paddling 
 boats up and down the rivers and lakes, and tramping through 
 
12 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 the woods and prairies of the new country. Each party of 
 explorers claimed for their own nation all the lands they 
 saw. 
 
 Now look at the map of North America, and I will explain 
 to you how some of these claims became so confused as to 
 
 Landing of Columbus 
 
 cause a great deal of trouble to the people who moved into 
 the country, and a great deal of quarrehng and fighting 
 among the nations that made the claims. 
 
 The Spaniards claimed that, as Columbus was in the 
 service of Spain when he made his discoveries, the whole 
 Western Continent should belong to them. As they made 
 their first settlements along the Gulf of Mexico they claimed 
 everything from the Gulf of Mexico northward to the Arctic 
 Ocean, besides the lands which they actually occupied on 
 the Gulf and to the south of it. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 13 
 
 The English said that Columbus never saw North Amer- 
 ica, but that it was first seen by John Cabot, in 1497, while 
 he was in the English service. On Cabot's discovery the 
 English claimed all the country from the Atlantic coast to 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The French claimed everything from the St. Lawrence 
 River and the Great Lakes southward to the Gulf of Mexico, 
 because Champlain, La 
 Salle, and some other 
 Frenchmen had been the 
 first to explore the inte- 
 rior of the country by 
 way of the St. Lawrence, 
 the Great Lakes, and the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 Now look again at 
 your map and you can 
 plainly see that the three 
 nations were claiming 
 the same land, and that 
 what is now the State of 
 Tennessee is part of that 
 very land. 
 
 None of the nations 
 seemed to pay any attention to the rights of the Indians 
 who lived over the whole country and were the real 
 owners of the soil. The Indians of course did not like 
 this, and while the English, French, and Spaniards quar- 
 reled and fought over their claims to the new lands, 
 the Indians, at one time or another, hated and fought 
 them all. 
 
 This will show you the real cause of some of the wars on 
 Tennessee soil that must be mentioned in the early history 
 
 Indian 
 
14 
 
 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 of the state, and will explain why Tennessee has been at 
 different times occupied by French, Spanish, and English 
 soldiers and traders. 
 
 In 1660 Charles II. became King of England. His 
 father had been executed about twenty years before, and 
 
 Charleston 
 
 ^ THE 
 
 V UNITED STATES 
 Utine March 4, 1789 
 
 iO Lonjitude West 
 
 from Greenwich 80 
 
 he himself had been driven out of England. Until he was 
 made king, he had lived as best he could in other countries 
 of Europe by the aid of some faithful friends. He was a 
 dissipated, frolicking, worthless sort of monarch, but he 
 seems to have been grateful to the friends who were kind 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 5 
 
 to him in his exile, and to some of those who had helped to 
 make him king. To reward the Earl of Clarendon and 
 a few others of these friends he gave them, in 1663, all 
 that purt of North America lying between 31 degrees 
 and 36 degrees of north latitude, extending from the At- 
 lantic to the Pacific Ocean, and called this grant Caro- 
 lina. The "Clarendon Grant" was enlarged, in 1665, by- 
 half a degree on the north, and by two degrees on the 
 south. 
 
 After white people had come from Europe and Virginia 
 to live in the country, this grant was divided into North 
 Carolina and South Carolina and the boundary lines were 
 considerably changed. The Mississippi River was made 
 the western boundary line, and the parallel of 36^ degrees 
 the northern boundary line of North Carolina. The other 
 boundaries were fixed somewhat as you now see them on 
 your maps, except that there was no dividing line between 
 North Carolina and Tennessee. There was no Tennessee 
 in name. North Carolina extended from the Atlantic 
 Ocean to the Mississippi River, and what is now Ten- 
 nessee was then the western half of North Carolina. 
 Thus you see that the early history of our state is the 
 history of a part of North Carolina. 
 
 Be sure that you have the map well in mind before you 
 try to go farther in this book. A good history of the 
 United States and one of England will explain to you fully 
 some things that are very briefly mentioned in this and in 
 other chapters. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Date of the discovery of America by Europeans. 
 
 2. From what country Columbus sailed and what part of America he 
 
 discovered. 
 
 3. The first hundred years after Columbus's discovery. 
 
1 6 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 4. Claims of the Spanish, of the EngHsh, of the French. 
 
 5. How the Indians' rights were treated. 
 
 6. Result of the conflicting claims. 
 
 7. How these disputes have affected Tennessee. 
 
 8. Sketch of Charles H. of England. 
 
 9. Grant of American land to his friends. 
 
 ID. Division of this grant and change of boundaries. 
 
 11. Tennessee about the year 1700. Give present boundaries. 
 
 12. Other sources of information needed. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 As our ancestors saw them, the Indians were tall, straight, 
 well-formed people, and were active, hardy, and strong. 
 
 Indians at Home 
 
 They had brownish red skins, some of them being much 
 darker than others. They had black eyes, and coarse, 
 straight, black hair; and the men had no beard. They 
 very rarely had handsome faces or even pleasant-looking 
 
 17 
 
1 8 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 ones. They had some noble traits of character, and some 
 of their chiefs were great and wise men for savages ; but 
 usually they were ferocious and untamable. 
 
 They were brave and cunning, cruel and revengeful, 
 very fond of gay colors and trinkets, very lazy and dirty, 
 and were great Hars and rogues. Indeed, they did not seem 
 to think that there was much wrong in lying, stealing, and 
 murder. They were ignorant savages, and many of the 
 white men who first came among them to trade taught 
 them to gamble and to love strong drink. The evil things 
 they learned from the white traders, added to the vices 
 they already had, made the Indians a very bad people. 
 
 They had no houses but a sort of huts called wigwams. 
 They lived, as most savages do, chiefly by hunting and 
 fishing, though some of them had patches of corn and 
 beans and pumpkins. The women did nearly all of the 
 work, while the men hunted, fought, and lounged about 
 the camp. They traded the skins and furs of the wild 
 animals they killed for earrings and beads, knives and 
 hatchets, red paint and bright-colored cloth, and such other 
 things as they fancied. 
 
 The people of Europe in the seventeenth century did 
 not know how to make such soft, warm woolen goods as 
 they do to-day, so furs were more valuable then than now. 
 
 This made the EngUsh, French, and Spanish traders 
 very active in the fur trade and each very anxious to get it 
 all. Each nation tried to make the Indians hate the other 
 two and not trade with them. This caused a great deal of 
 trouble. There was another set of traders who wanted 
 the Indians' land, and they caused more trouble. Nearly 
 all of them cheated and wronged the Indians shamefully, 
 and the Indians in turn killed many settlers and burned 
 their houses, and roasted the women and children in the 
 
INDIANS 
 
 19 
 
 fire, and in many other ways treated the white people 
 shamefully. So much for cheating and wrongdoing in 
 general. 
 
 The Indians of North America were not all exactly 
 alike in appearance and habits of life, nor did they all 
 speak the same language. Those who lived in the same 
 region and spoke the same language were called a tribe ; 
 
 Indian Massacre 
 
 as, the tribe of Cherokees, the tribe of Chickasaws, etc. 
 Each tribe was governed by its chiefs or head men, and 
 different tribes were very often at war with each other. 
 Indeed, hunting and fighting seemed to be about the whole 
 business of an Indian's life. 
 
 When white people first settled on Tennessee soil, the 
 Cherokee Indians lived in the mountains and valleys of 
 what is now East Tennessee, and in the adjoining parts 
 of North and South Carolina and Georgia. They had 
 
20 
 
 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 cattle and horses, and raised considerable crops of corn. 
 They were rich Indians. The Chickamaugas lived along 
 the little river or creek that now bears their name, and 
 in the mountains about where Chattanooga now stands. 
 These Chickamaugas were kinsmen of the Cherokees, 
 though they lived as a separate tribe. 
 
 The Creeks lived along the Tennessee River, in what 
 is now North Alabama, and perhaps in a little of the 
 southern part of Middle Tennessee. 
 
 n (.INI a:. 
 
 The Chickasaws lived in North Mississippi and on the 
 high hills or bluffs along the Mississippi River in West 
 Tennessee, where Memphis and Randolph now stand. 
 The Choctaws lived in Mississippi, south of the Chicka- 
 saws, and sometimes came into Tennessee. There were 
 very few if any other Indians in what is now Tennessee, 
 besides those we have named. 
 
 Now carefully locate each tribe on the map, and you 
 will see that no Indians lived in Middle Tennessee except 
 along the extreme southern border, and none in West 
 Tennessee except along the Mississippi River. 
 
 The Chickasaws claimed all of West Tennessee as their 
 
INDIANS 
 
 21 
 
 hunting ground, and there seems to have been no serious 
 dispute with other tribes about this claim. While they 
 did not Hve all over that part of Tennessee lying between 
 the Tennessee and the Mississippi rivers, they owned the 
 country, and hunted over it, and sometimes crossed over 
 into Middle Tennessee. 
 
 The Indians said that the Shawnees once lived along 
 the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee, but were 
 driven out by the Cherokees, 
 Creeks, and Chickasaws The 
 
 <A^ 
 
 
 Elk" and "Buffalo' 
 
 Uchees once lived 
 in the country around 
 Nashville, but the tribe 
 was killed out by the Cher- 
 okees. Other tribes may have 
 lived in Middle Tennessee in the long-gone years, but none 
 lived there when the white man first came west of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains. 
 
 At that time all of the country bounded by the Cum- 
 berland Mountains, the Tennessee River, and the Ohio 
 River was a vast hunting ground claimed by the Chero- 
 kees, the Chickamaugas, the Creeks, the Chickasaws, the 
 Shawnees of Indiana, and the Iroquois of New York. 
 
 A part of this region was Middle Tennessee, and none 
 of the Indian tribes dared live there for fear of the attacks 
 of all the others who claimed the country as their hunting 
 
 lENN. HIST. — 2 
 
22 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 ground. So many and so fierce had been the battles in 
 this region that the part of it which Hes between the Cum- 
 berland and the Ohio rivers was called *'The Dark and 
 Bloody Qround," or, in the Indian tongue, ''Kentucky." 
 
 As no one lived in all of this beautiful country, and only 
 occasional parties of Indian hunters passed through it, the 
 wild animals had it almost to themselves. Deer, ** buffalo," 
 bears, "elk," swans, geese, ducks, turkeys, and many other 
 kinds of wild game were abundant. This made it a fine 
 place for hunters, and when the white hunters heard of it, 
 some of them ventured into the dangerous and disputed 
 game preserves, as you shall read in another chapter. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1 . Personal appearance of the Indians. 
 
 2. Their tastes and dispositions. 
 
 3. Their homes and manner of living. 
 
 4. Value of the fur trade in the seventeenth century. 
 
 5. On what day did the seventeenth century begin ? On what day 
 
 did it end ? 
 
 6. Rivalry of the English. French, and Spaniards. 
 
 7. Conduct of the traders and of the Indians. 
 
 8. An Indian tribe. 
 
 9. Tribes living in Tennessee, and home of each. 
 
 10. Tribes claiming Middle Tennessee ; West Tennessee. 
 
 11. " The Dark and Bloody Ground." 
 
 12. " A Game Preserve." 
 
 13. Wild animals in Tennessee. 
 
 14. The white hunters. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 EXPLORERS 
 
 Very soon after the discovery of America the Spaniards 
 began to explore the country around the Gulf of Mexico 
 
 De Soto discovers the Mississippi 
 
 and to make settlements there. You must remember that 
 the Spaniards claimed all the land in North America. 
 
 In 1537 a Spanish general named De Soto landed in 
 Florida with a party of soldiers and began to march 
 through the country northward and westward to see what 
 he could find. He found very little of anything except 
 woods and swamps and Indians and graves for many of 
 his men. For five years he wandered over what is now 
 
 23 
 
24 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and perhaps Ten- 
 nessee, crossing the Mississippi River into Arkansas about 
 where the city of Memphis now stands. 
 
 In 1542 De Soto died in Arkansas or Louisiana and 
 was buried in the Mississippi River, which he had dis- 
 covered in 1 54 1. This was the only important discovery 
 he made in all his wanderings. He is mentioned here 
 because he and his party were probably the first white 
 men that ever saw Tennessee. We do not knoiv this, but 
 think it is probably true. 
 
 In 1607 the English made their first permanent Ameri- 
 can settlement, at Jamestown, in Virginia, and for more 
 than a hundred years they were busy making settlements 
 along the Atlantic coast. Remember that they claimed 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 In 1605 the French, who claimed all from the St. 
 Lawrence and the Great Lakes southward, made their 
 first settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; and in 1608 
 a Frenchman named Champlain founded Quebec in 
 Canada. In 1681 another Frenchman, named La Salle, 
 went west from Quebec to Lake Michigan and thence to 
 the Mississippi River. He floated down this river to its 
 mouth, and named the whole Mississippi Valley Louisiana, 
 in honor of King Louis XIV. of France. In 1682 he 
 went back up the river, stopped at the present site of 
 Memphis or near it, built a fort called '' Prudhomme," and 
 left some French soldiers to hold it until he should go to 
 France and return. This is the first that we know of the 
 French in Tennessee. They afterward built another fort 
 in Tennessee at a place called French Lick on the Cum- 
 berland River, at or very near the site of Nashville. 
 
 This was one of an irregular line of forts extending 
 from Quebec to the mouth of the Mississippi River. With 
 
EXPLORERS 
 
 25 
 
 soldiers in all this line of forts the French intended to 
 keep the English on the east side of the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains. But the English would not stay there. They 
 wanted the game and the furs and the rich land on the 
 west side, and said they meant to have them whether the 
 French were willing or not. 
 
 La Salle on the Mississippi 
 
 Much of the time from 1690 to 1763 the Enghsh and 
 French were fighting desperately, in what are called the 
 " Intercolonial Wars," to drive each other out of North 
 America. The Spaniards took part in some of the wars, 
 and most of the Indians helped the French. 
 
 The result of these wars was that the French were 
 driven out of North America. The English then held 
 Canada and all of the country east of the Mississippi 
 River (except New Orleans) ; but they gave Florida back 
 to Spain, its previous owner, in 1783. The Spanish had 
 
26 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 Florida and New Orleans and all the land west of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Florida at that time extended from the Atlantic Ocean 
 to the Mississippi River; but after all the fighting and 
 surrendering and treaty making, the northern boundary of 
 Florida had never been fixed to the satisfaction of all 
 parties. Years afterward the Spanish governor general 
 at New Orleans thought he might be able to hold for his 
 royal master, the King of Spain, all the territory explored 
 by De Soto. So he went up the Mississippi to the mouth 
 of Wolf River and built Fort Barancas, on the site of 
 Memphis, and claimed all south from there as Spanish 
 territory. Tennessee, or a part of it, was then claimed 
 by the Spaniards on account of Columbus's discovery, 
 De Soto's exploration, and the Fort Barancas occupation. 
 We shall learn more about the Spanish claims further on. 
 
 All of the forts that have been mentioned were miHtary 
 trading posts where French, Spanish, and a few English 
 fur traders dealt with the Indians or kept goods for that 
 purpose. As these traders were always wandering over 
 the country from one fort to another, or from the forts to 
 the Indian towns, they were among the very first white 
 people to explore the land we now call Tennessee. 
 
 During the period of French and Spanish exploration 
 the EngHsh colonists east of the mountains had not been 
 idle. In 1748 Dr. Thomas Walker and a party of hunters 
 came from Virginia into Powells Valley in East Tennessee, 
 crossed the mountain at Cumberland Gap, and hunted 
 along the Cumberland River. The mountains, the gap, 
 and the river were probably named by this party in honor 
 of the Duke of Cumberland, the prime minister of Eng- 
 land. After them came hunters and trappers from North 
 Carolina and South Carolina as well as Virginia, and some 
 
EXPLORERS 
 
 27 
 
 of these gave names to Walden Ridge, Powells Valley, 
 and many other places in East Tennessee. 
 
 In 1756 or 1757 the English built Fort Loudon on the 
 Tennessee River, about thirty miles from the present city 
 of Knoxville, to keep the Cherokee Indians peaceable. 
 The French were trying to get them to make war on the 
 English settlers in North Carolina. Fort Loudon is the 
 place where English people first lived in Tennessee. But 
 it was not really a home ; it was only a fort in which 
 soldiers and traders, 
 with possibly a few 
 of their families, 
 lived for a short 
 time. It was taken 
 and destroyed by 
 the Indians three or 
 four years after it 
 was built. 
 
 Although the In- 
 dians destroyed the 
 fort and killed the 
 people there, we 
 know that white 
 men still ventured 
 into Tennessee, for 
 on the bark of a 
 beech tree in the valley of Boons Creek, has been found 
 the following inscription : — 
 
 '' D. Boon CillED A BAR On Tree in ThE yEAR 1760." 
 
 Daniel Boone and other hunters were in Tennessee 
 about this time, and this inscription is very probably the 
 work of Boone or some of his friends. 
 
 Daniel Boone 
 
28 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 After the treaty of peace was made between England 
 and France in 1763, many hunters and explorers besides 
 Boone and his companions poured over the mountains 
 from Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina, 
 though the country was still dangerous for white men. 
 
 On their return home, these hunters told such fine 
 stories of the beautiful rich country they had seen, that 
 many people in Virginia and the Carolinas were anxious 
 to move west of the mountains, buy good land for very 
 little money, or take it from the Indians for nothing, and 
 establish pioneer homes in Tennessee. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Spanish claims in North America. 
 
 2. De Soto and his wanderings. 
 
 3. His important discovery. Date. 
 
 4. His connection with Tennessee history. 
 
 5. English claims in North America. 
 
 6. English settlements. Date of first. 
 
 7. French claims in North America. 
 
 8. French settlements. 
 
 9. La Salle and Louisiana. 
 
 10. Fort Pmdhomme. Date. 
 
 1 1 . French Lick. 
 
 12. Line of forts — their pvu-pose. 
 
 13. The Intercolonial Wars and the Indians. 
 
 14. The three nations after 1763. 
 
 15. Limits of Florida in 1783. 
 
 16. Fort Barancas. Spanish claims. 
 
 17. First explorers of Tennessee. 
 
 18. Explorers from the English colonies. 
 
 19. Fort Loudon. Date. Its character. 
 
 20. Daniel Boone. 
 
 21. Effect of the treaty of 1763. 
 
 22. Effect of the hunters' reports. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 ADVENTURERS 
 
 When the English destroyed the French power in 
 America there were no states here as there are now, but 
 what are now the states of New Hampshire, Massachu- 
 setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- 
 Hna, South Carolina, and Georgia were then thirteen English 
 colonies. From Virginia southward each of them extended 
 from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. 
 
 The King of England appointed the governors in some 
 of the colonies, and in some of them the governors were 
 elected according to the provisions of a charter granted 
 by the king. But all of the governors and all of the peo- 
 ple were subjects of the King of England. 
 
 When England and France made their treaty of peace, 
 in 1763, nothing was said about the Indians' right to the 
 land west of the Alleghanies, which the P^ench had been 
 forced to give up to the English. While the Intercolonial 
 Wars were going on, the French told the Indians that if 
 the English were successful they would take all of the 
 Indians' land from them. This made most of the Indians 
 help the French. 
 
 The English were victorious, and after peace was made 
 the Indians were very much alarmed when they heard of 
 the hunters and explorers, mentioned in Chapter III., com- 
 ing from the EngHsh colonies into their hunting grounds- 
 
 29 
 
30 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 They believed the EngUsh were about to do what the 
 French had said they would do. This was one of the 
 chief causes of a general Indian attack upon the English 
 colonies, called in the history of the United States " Pon- 
 tiac's War." The Indians were badly defeated in battle, 
 Pontiac was murdered by another Indian, and the war soon 
 came to an end. 
 
 King George III. of England did not wish his colonies 
 in America to be disturbed by any more Indian wars ; so 
 he ordered the governors of the colonies not to allow any 
 of his subjects in America to trespass on the Indian lands 
 west of the Alleghany Mountains. But the governors 
 either would not or could not keep them from it. The 
 king then made treaties with the Indians and appointed a 
 set of officers called Indian Commissioners, who were to 
 go among the Indians, be friendly with them, hear their 
 complaints against white men who had wrpnged them, see 
 that the Indians had justice done them, and keep them 
 loyal to the king and government of Great Britain as 
 agreed in the treaties. 
 
 The king also issued an order that no one should settle 
 upon land belonging to the Indians, and that no one except 
 his agents should buy land from the Indians west of the 
 Alleghany Mountains. This order also provided that if 
 any white man did buy land from Indians and the Indians 
 moved away and gave it up to him, the white man should 
 not have a title to it, but it should become public land 
 belonging to the government of the king. 
 
 This order seemed to make the Indian reasonably safe 
 in the possession of his land ; but the people in the colo- 
 nies paid Httle attention to the king's order. They said 
 the Indians were very bad neighbors, that they had helped 
 the French in the French and Indian War, that in 
 
ADVENTURERS 3 1 
 
 Pontiac's War they had tried to kill all the English, 
 that they were heathens and lazy barbarians who would 
 not work the land, and besides, that they had three or four 
 times as much as they needed if they would work it. 
 
 Thus, with one argument and another, some colonists 
 convinced themselves that they ought to cross the Alle- 
 ghanies and settle on the Indians' land, or at least see 
 where they would like to settle, in spite of the king and 
 his governors and Indian Commissioners .r, 
 and all the redskins in North 
 America. So over the 
 mountains the adven- 
 turers came, and 
 roved through ! 
 the Indians' 
 hunting grounds, 
 killing his deer 
 and buffalo, and 
 occasionally an In- 
 dian himself; and some- 
 times the Indians killed 
 them. 
 
 Parties of hunters came into the 
 new regions and lived very much as 
 the Indians did, roaming about and a Long Hunter 
 
 hunting for a year or more before returning home. These 
 were called "long hunters." Land companies sometimes 
 employed these ** long hunters " as guides for their sur- 
 veying parties which were laying out the land intended 
 for settlement or for sale to speculators. 
 
 Officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and 
 Indian War were sometimes paid in land warrants. A 
 land warrant is a written or printed paper, signed by the 
 
32 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS 
 
 proper officers, and giving to the person to whom it is 
 issued the right to take and keep as his own property a 
 certain number of acres of the public land belonging to 
 the state or nation that issues the warrant. North Caro- 
 lina had issued some of these warrants, and the soldiers 
 who had received them wanted land in that part of North 
 Carolina which is now Tennessee. 
 
 Poor men with large families wished to improve their 
 fortunes by going west, where they could get good land 
 to give their children when they grew to be men and 
 women. 
 
 Rowdies and rogues and rascals of many kinds, who in 
 the older settled parts of the colonies were in great dan- 
 ger of being sent to jail or the whipping post, thought that 
 the wild woods west of the mountains would be a good 
 place for them to hide from the officers of the law. 
 
 Besides all these there were no doubt many people of 
 restless, daring spirit who wished to go west solely for the 
 sake of adventure and to see something new. 
 
 We do not positively know that any of these people 
 actually built houses and made themselves homes in Ten- 
 nessee before the year 1769. But we do know that for 
 six or more years before that date they were coming and 
 going across the mountains. 
 
 In 1767 the Iroquois complained that the white people 
 were taking their land and killing or driving away their 
 game. The Indian Commissioner for the northern tribes 
 then called a great Indian council at Fort Stanwix — near 
 the site of Rome, New York, and bought from the Iro- 
 quois and other northern tribes their title to all the lands 
 between the Ohio and Tennessee rivers. The Commis- 
 sioner for the southern tribes called a council at Hard 
 Labor, South CaroHna, and bought the title to the same 
 
ADVENTURERS 33 
 
 land, except a few reservations, from the Cherokees. The 
 Cherokees had chiefs in both councils. 
 
 These treaties were finished in December, 1768. Early 
 in 1769 we find William Bean living in his log cabin on 
 Boons Creek, near where it empties into the Watauga 
 River. 
 
 Before this time we have seen French, Spanish, and 
 English soldiers, traders, hunters, and explorers wander- 
 ing over the country and living at military posts in the 
 vast wilderness ; now we see a family and a home of Eng- 
 lish-speaking people estabHshed in Tennessee, and here 
 the real history of the state begins. 
 
 "WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1 . Difference between a colony and a state. 
 
 2. The thirteen English colonies, in the order given. 
 
 3. Extent of the four southern colonies. 
 
 4. Colonial governors. Charters. 
 
 5. Why the Indians helped the French in war. 
 
 6. Cause of Pontiac's War. 
 
 7. Order of King George III. to colonial governors. 
 
 8. Indian Commissioners. 
 
 9. Orders of the king concerning Indian lands. 
 
 10. How the colonists treated the king's orders. 
 
 1 1 . Land companies. 
 
 12. " Long hunters." 
 
 13. Owners of land warrants. 
 
 14. Other adventurers. 
 
 15. Treaty of Fort Stanwix. 
 
 16. Treaty of Hard Labor. 
 
 17. First real home of white people in Tennessee. Date. 
 
Period II. 1 769-1 796 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF 
 THE STATE 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
 
 Let us leave Captain William Bean in his Watauga 
 home while we learn a chapter of United States history. 
 We must learn this well in order that we may understand 
 the condition of affairs in the ''Thirteen Colonies" men- 
 tioned in Chapter IV., and how this affected the settlement 
 in Tennessee. Remember that all of these colonies were 
 under the government of the King of England. 
 
 The laws of England are made by a body of men called 
 the " Parliament." Part of the members are appointed or 
 born to the office and compose the House of Lords ; part 
 are elected by the people of Great Britain, and these 
 elected members compose the House of Commons. 
 
 The American colonists had forms of government that 
 resembled the government of their old home in England. 
 Each colony had a governor, who in general was the king's 
 representative, and a colonial legislature or general assem- 
 bly, instead of a parliament. Part of the members of this 
 legislature were appointed by the royal governor and were 
 called the council ; and part were elected by the people of 
 the colony and were called the assembly. 
 
 It is one of the rights of every freeborn Englishman 
 
 34 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 35 
 
 that he must not be taxed except by the parliament in 
 which he has representatives. The American colonists 
 claimed all the rights of Englishmen and said that they 
 should not be taxed except by the colonial legislatures in 
 which they had representatives. The colonists claimed 
 that the people in England and in America had the same 
 king, but not the same legislative body. 
 
 Before the French and EngHsh began the *' Intercolonial 
 Wars " the EngHsh Parliament had never tried to lay taxes 
 on the Americans or make any local laws for them. The 
 king, and the governors he appointed, and the colonial 
 legislatures did all the governing in the colonies. 
 
 These wars had been very expensive, and at their close 
 England was in great need of money. The Parliament 
 thought the American colonies would be a good place to 
 get some of the money they needed, and they said the 
 wars had been partly for the Americans' benefit, so they 
 began to pass laws laying taxes on the Americans. 
 
 The Americans said they had no representatives in the 
 British Parliament, and that, therefore, the Parhament had 
 no right to tax them ; and that they would not pay a penny 
 of the taxes. The Parliament said they did have the right, 
 and they meant to use it, as the money was to be raised 
 only for colonial expenses, and that the Americans should 
 pay the taxes. 
 
 The Americans then petitioned the king to keep the 
 Parliament from taxing them, but the king took sides with 
 the Parliament, and the royal governors of course followed 
 the king's example, and most of the minor officers in the 
 colonies followed the governors. The king, the Parlia- 
 ment, the royal officials, and a few other people were on 
 one side of the dispute ; the colonial assemblies and most 
 of the American people on the other. 
 
36 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OP^ THE STATE 
 
 The Parliament also passed laws to make the Americans 
 ship their goods in certain vessels, and to prevent them 
 from manufacturing certain articles, and in many ways 
 seemed to treat them as if they were not as good as the 
 people in England. 
 
 The Americans resented all of these things and said 
 they were loyal subjects of the king and entitled to all the 
 rights of freeborn Enghshmen, and that they intended to 
 have these rights if they had to fight for them. 
 
 Each year from 1765 to 1775 the quarrel grew worse, 
 and finally the king sent an army to force the Americans 
 to obey. Instead of obeying they deter- 
 mined to fight the king's soldiers, and 
 organized bodies of men to do this, call- 
 ing them Sons of Liberty or Minutemen 
 or Regulators. 
 
 In 1775 the fighting began, and it con- 
 tinued nearly eight years. This war is 
 called the American Revolutionary War. 
 Those in America who took the side of 
 the king and Parliament were called 
 "Tories." Those who favored the Amer- 
 ican cause were called ''Whigs." 
 
 As Tennessee was a part of North 
 
 Minuteman ^ 
 
 Carolina, and as more of the first set- 
 tlers of Tennessee came from the eastern part of North 
 Carolina than from any other colony, we are interested 
 most in what happened there in the Revolutionary days. 
 
 People in this country now think that any one who is 
 honest, industrious, and moral, who obeys the laws of his 
 country and observes the rules of good manners, is entitled 
 to respect for his personal worth. Our ancestors in North 
 Carolina and in other colonies did not think exactly as we 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 37 
 
 do on this subject. They came mostly from England, 
 where people were divided into classes or grades of soci- 
 ety and were respected very much according to the class 
 to which they belonged. Living in America had modified 
 these English notions, but they still existed. Many people 
 left the older colonies and came to Tennessee to be rid 
 of these class distinctions. They wished to be free men 
 respected for their own worth. 
 
 The class idea made the royal governors and tax col- 
 lectors and other officers of the king think it a great show 
 of rudeness that the American common people should be 
 claiming rights, and talking about liberties, and refusing 
 to obey the British Parliament. Many of the officials said 
 that these common people ought all to be killed for their 
 impudence, and robbed them and abused them until the 
 people thought that most of the king's officers ought to be 
 killed for their meanness. When people get into such a 
 temper as this it takes but little to start them fighting. 
 
 In North Carolina the royal officials were among the 
 most tyrannical and rascally in America, and Governor 
 Tryon and all of the petty scamps who held office under 
 him became so insolent and overbearing that the people 
 organized parties of men called Regulators to resist the 
 oppression of these officials. 
 
 In May, 1771, Governor Tryon, with a party of the 
 king's soldiers, fought a battle with a band of regulators 
 at Alamance Creek, about forty miles northwest of Raleigh. 
 The regulators were defeated, many of them were killed, 
 a few were captured and hanged, and many of those who 
 escaped crossed the mountains into Tennessee. 
 
 This battle made the people more angry than ever. 
 They wished to be loyal subjects of King George III. of 
 England, but if his officers were to treat them wrongly and 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 3 
 
38 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 then kill them because they resisted, they began to think 
 it would be better to have no king at all. As matters 
 grew worse and the country more disturbed each year, 
 many more of the liberty-loving people fled to Tennessee. 
 In April, 1775, the colonial legislature of North Caro- 
 lina met at Newbern. The royal governor knew, from 
 the speeches of John Ashe and some others, that the 
 members of the assembly were not friendly to him or the 
 king's cause ; so he ordered the legislature to adjourn and 
 
 Battle of Alamance 
 
 the members to go about their own business and said he 
 would attend to the king's business without any of their 
 help. 
 
 This was the last royal legislature that ever met in North 
 Carolina. As soon as the assembly adjourned, the same 
 members reassembled without the governor's leave, de- 
 clared themselves representatives elected by the people 
 to secure the rights of free men, and said they meant to 
 attend to that business without any of the governor's help. 
 While they were in session the battle of Lexington was 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
 
 39 
 
 fought, in Massachusetts, and the Revolutionary War had 
 begun. 
 
 May 19, 1775, the Mecklenburg County Convention met 
 at Charlotte, elected Abraham Alexander chairman and 
 John Alexander secretary, and the next day adopted the 
 famous " Mecklenburg Resolutions." These consti- 
 
 
 WKL*^^^bI^^B a^ii iKtMKS^ 
 
 ^t^ 
 
 I 
 
 j^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^- > v^^ 
 
 Mecklenbure Convention 
 
 tuted the first "Declaration of Independence" in America, 
 being more than a year older than the declaration adopted 
 by the Continental Congress at Philadelphia July 4, 1776. 
 In their most important parts the two documents are very 
 much alike. 
 
 While the strife between Great Britain and the colonies 
 was going on, many people, not only from North Carolina 
 but also from Virginia, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and 
 
40 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 other places moved into the wilds of Tennessee, where there 
 were no king's officers and petty tyrants to trouble them. 
 Now keep in mind the following facts : — 
 
 1. The dispute between Great Britain and her colonies 
 in America began in 1765 about the rights of freemen and 
 brought on the Revolutionary War, which ended 1783. 
 The settlement of Tennessee began within these years, — 
 in 1769. 
 
 2. Many people in the older colonies, disgusted with 
 class distinctions brought over from Europe, moved into 
 Tennessee, where no such notions existed. 
 
 3. The people of North CaroHna were among the first 
 and most active to resist British tyranny, and fought the 
 first battle against British authority at the Alamance in 
 May, 1 77 1. Immediately after this battle many of the 
 defeated regulators moved into Tennessee. 
 
 4. Our North Carolina ancestors, in the famous *' Meck- 
 lenburg Resolutions," published the first Declaration of 
 American Independence, May 20, 1775. The historian, 
 Bancroft, says of these people : ** Any government but one 
 of their own institution was oppressive to them. North Car- 
 olina was settled by the freest of the free." These were 
 the patriots that made their homes beyond the mountains, 
 along the Holston, the Watauga, and the Nollichucky. 
 
 This chapter is intended not only to show you the con- 
 nection between the Revolutionary struggle and the early 
 settlement of our state, but also to give you some idea of 
 the bold, liberty-loving, independent people who founded 
 the early homes in Tennessee. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. The thirteen colonies. 
 
 2. British Parliament. Lords and Commons. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 4I 
 
 3. Colonial legislatures. 
 
 4. Rights of Englishmen. 
 
 5. Rights of American colonists. 
 
 6. Connection in government between England and America. 
 
 7. Laws before the Intercolonial Wars. After. 
 
 8. American view of parliamentary tax. British view. 
 
 9. Petition of the Americans to the king. Result. 
 
 10. Impositions in addition to taxes. 
 
 11. War begins. Date. 
 
 12. " Whigs '' and " Tories." 
 
 13. Why we are interested in North Carolina. 
 
 14. Real respectability. Classes of society. 
 
 15. Effect in North Carolina of class distinctions. 
 
 16. ElTect on settlement of Tennessee. 
 
 17. The Regulators. 
 
 18. Battle of the Alamance. Effect on Tennessee. 
 
 19. Effect on the people of North Carolina. 
 
 20. Last " royal legislature " in North Carolina. 
 
 21. Battle of Lexington. 
 
 22. Mecklenburg Convention. Date. Declaration of Independence. 
 
 23. Effect on Tennessee of the Revolutionary struggle. 
 
 24. The four facts to be remembered. 
 

 
 CO 
 
 UNTIES OF EAST TENNESSEE 
 
 
 
 Name 
 
 When 
 formed 
 
 Pop., 
 
 1890 
 
 County Seat 
 
 Name 
 
 When 
 formed 
 
 Pop., 
 
 1890 
 
 County Seat 
 
 Anderson 
 
 180I 
 
 15,128 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Knox 
 
 1792 
 
 59.557 
 
 Knoxville 
 
 Bledsoe 
 
 1807 
 
 6.134 
 
 Pikeville 
 
 Loudon 
 
 1870 
 
 9.273 
 
 Loudon 
 
 Blount 
 
 1795 
 
 17.589 
 
 Maryville 
 
 Marion 
 
 1817 
 
 15.411 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Bradley- 
 
 1835 
 
 13,607 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 McMinn 
 
 1819 
 
 17.890 
 
 Athens 
 
 Campbell 
 
 1806 
 
 13,486 
 
 jacksboro 
 
 Meigs 
 
 1835 
 
 6,930 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Carter 
 
 1796 
 
 13.389 
 
 Elizabethton 
 
 Monroe 
 
 1819 
 
 15.329 
 
 Madisonville 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 1 801 
 
 15.103 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Morgan 
 
 1817 
 
 7.639 
 
 Wartburg 
 
 Cocke 
 
 1797 
 
 16,523 
 
 Newport 
 
 Polk 
 
 1839 
 
 8,361 
 
 Benton 
 
 Grainger 
 
 1796 
 
 13.196 
 
 Rutledge 
 
 Rhea 
 
 1807 
 
 12,647 
 
 Dayton 
 
 Greene 
 
 1783 
 
 26,614 
 
 Greeneville 
 
 Roane 
 
 1801 
 
 17.418 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Hamblen 
 
 1870 
 
 11,418 
 
 Morristown 
 
 Scott 
 
 1849 
 
 9.794 
 
 Huntsville 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 1819 
 
 53.482 
 
 Chattanooga 
 
 Sequatchie 
 
 1857 
 
 3.027 
 
 Dunlap 
 
 Hancock 
 
 1844 
 
 10,342 
 
 Sneedville 
 
 Sevier 
 
 1794 
 
 18,761 
 
 Sevierville 
 
 Hawkins 
 
 1786 
 
 22,246 
 
 Rogersville 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 1779 
 
 20,879 
 
 Blountville 
 
 James 
 
 187I 
 
 4.903 
 
 Ooltewah 
 
 Unicoi 
 
 1875 
 
 4,619 
 
 Erwin 
 
 jefterson 
 
 1792 
 
 16,478 
 
 Dandridge 
 
 Union 
 
 i8so 
 
 11.459 
 
 Maynardville 
 
 Johnson 
 
 1835 
 
 8,858 
 
 Mountain City 
 
 Washington 
 
 1777 
 
 20,354 
 
 Jonesboro 
 
 
 
 COUNTIES OF MH 
 
 DDLE TENNESSEE 
 
 
 Bedford 
 
 1807 
 
 24.739 
 
 Shelbyville 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 1837 
 
 15.650 
 
 Smithville 
 
 Cannon 
 
 1835 
 
 12,197 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 Dickson 
 
 1803 
 
 13.645 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 Cheatham 
 
 1856 
 
 8,845 
 
 Ashland City 
 
 Fentress 
 
 1823 
 
 5,226 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 Clay 
 
 1870 
 
 7,260 
 
 Celina 
 
 Franklin 
 
 1807 
 
 18,929 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Coffee 
 
 183s 
 
 13,827 
 
 Manchester 
 
 Giles 
 
 1809 
 
 34.957 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 1855 
 
 5.376 
 
 Crossville 
 
 Grundy 
 
 1844 
 
 6.345 
 
 Altamont 
 
 Davidson 
 
 1783 
 
 108,174 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Hickman 
 
 1807 
 
 14.499 
 
 Centerville 
 
 42 
 
Name 
 
 Houston 
 
 Humphreys 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Macon 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Maury 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Moore 
 
 Overton 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pickett 
 
 Benton 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Chester 
 
 Crockett 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Dyer 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Hardeman 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Haywood 
 
 When 
 formed 
 1871 
 1809 
 1801 
 1817 
 
 1843 
 1809 
 1842 
 
 1835 
 1807 
 1796 
 1872 
 1806 
 1819 
 1879 
 
 1835 
 1821 
 1879 
 1870 
 
 1845 
 1823 
 1824 
 1823 
 1823 
 1819 
 1823 
 
 Pop., 
 
 1890 
 
 5.390 
 11,720 
 
 13.325 
 12,286 
 
 2.555 
 27.382 
 10,878 
 18,906 
 38,112 
 29,697 
 
 5.975 
 12,039 
 
 7.785 
 4.736 
 
 County Seat 
 
 Erin 
 
 Waverly 
 
 Gainesboro 
 
 Lawrenceburg 
 
 Hohenwald 
 
 Fayetteville 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Lewisburg 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Clarksville 
 
 Lynchburg 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Linden 
 
 Bvrdstown 
 
 Name 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Robertson 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 Smith 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Trousdale 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 Warren 
 
 Wavne 
 
 White 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Wilson 
 
 When 
 formed 
 1842 
 1796 
 1803 
 1799 
 1803 
 1786 
 1870 
 1840 
 1807 
 1817 
 1806 
 1799 
 1799 
 
 Pop., 
 
 1890 
 
 13.683 
 20,078 
 
 35.097 
 18,404 
 
 12,193 
 
 23,668 
 
 5.850 
 
 2,863 
 
 14.413 
 11,471 
 12,348 
 26,321 
 27,148 
 
 COUNTIES OF WEST TENNESSEE 
 
 11,230 Camden 
 
 Henderson 
 
 23,630 Huntingdon 
 
 Henrv 
 
 9,069 Henderson 
 
 Lake 
 
 15,146 Alamo 
 
 Lauderdale 
 
 8,995 Decaturville 
 
 Madison 
 
 19,878 Dyersburg 
 
 McXairy 
 
 28,878 Somerville 
 
 Obion 
 
 35,859 Trenton 
 
 Shelbv 
 
 21,029 Bolivar 
 
 Tipton 
 
 17,698 Savannah 
 
 Weakley 
 
 23,558 Brownsville 
 
 
 I82I 16,336 
 
 I82I 21,070 
 
 1870 5,304 
 
 1835 18,756 
 
 I82I 30,497 
 
 1823 15,510 
 
 1823 27,273 
 
 I8I9 112,740 
 
 1823 24,271 
 
 1823 28,955 
 
 County Seat 
 
 Cookeville 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Ivlurfreesboro 
 
 Carthage 
 
 Dover 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Hartsville 
 
 Spencer 
 
 McMinnville 
 
 Waynesboro 
 
 Sparta 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Lexington 
 
 Paris 
 
 Tiptonville 
 
 Ripley 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Selmer 
 
 Union City 
 
 Memphis 
 
 Covington 
 
 Dresden 
 
 43 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE PIONEERS 
 
 When an army moves from one place to another it can- 
 not always travel along public roads, but sometimes must 
 make its own roads. The soldiers who go in front to cut 
 trees, clear roads, and do other necessary work are called 
 ''pioneers." The pioneers are those who lead the march 
 and prepare the way for the army to come after them. 
 
 The people who come first into a new country, build the 
 first houses, raise the first crops, etc., are called the pio- 
 neers of that country, because they go before the others 
 and prepare the country for civilized life. 
 
 Virginia was next to North Carolina in the number of 
 pioneers she sent into Tennessee. William Bean, of Vir- 
 ginia, made the first settlement on Watauga River in 1 769, 
 and his son Russell Bean, was the first white child known 
 to have been born in Tennessee. Very soon Bean had 
 neighbors around him, and this section was called " The 
 Watauga Settlement." 
 
 About the year 1771 Parker and Carter, wishing to 
 trade with the Indians, set up a store near the present 
 town of Rogersville. People from near Abingdon, Vir- 
 ginia, which was then called Wolfs Hill, and some others 
 soon settled about this store. This community was called 
 **The Carters Valley Settlement." 
 
 About the year 1772 Jacob Brown opened a store for 
 Indian trade on the NoUichucky River. Pioneers soon 
 
 44 
 
THE PIONEERS 45 
 
 gathered around this store, and the settlement was called 
 Brown's Store, or "The Nollichucky Settlement." 
 
 Now find Holston River on your map ; fix in mind its 
 location, and the direction it runs in Tennessee. Then 
 locate Watauga River, Nollichucky River, and Rogers- 
 ville, and you will know just about where the first three 
 groups of pioneer cabins stood in Tennessee. 
 
 The first settlers were not troubled by Indians for sev- 
 eral years. The Cherokees were the only tribe very 
 near them, and they had enough of fighting just then. 
 These Cherokees were fond of war, — in fact, said they 
 could not live without it. A little while before Bean set- 
 tled on the Watauga the Cherokees decided, as they had 
 no neighbors worth fighting, that they would go over and 
 fight the Chickasaws. The Chickasaws beat them terribly 
 in battle, plundered their camps, killed numbers of their 
 warriors, and chased the remainder of them back home. 
 After this sore defeat they were not in condition to pro- 
 voke a war with the white men, and therefore left the 
 settlers in peace for several years. 
 
 The first settlers of Tennessee thought they were in 
 Virginia, but when the boundary line between Virginia 
 and North Carolina was estabhshed west of the mountains, 
 they found themselves in that part of North Carolina which 
 had been reserved by treaty for the Cherokee Indians. 
 
 As soon as the settlers learned this they secured from 
 the Indians a ten years' lease of the lands they claimed. 
 Afterward they bought the land from the Indians, giving 
 what the red men thought was a big price, and what the 
 white men knew was a very small one. At that time a 
 tract of land about as large as the present county of Wash- 
 ington or Rutherford or Gibson could be bought for about 
 ten or fifteen dollars. 
 
46 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 One of the greatest troubles about the sales and treaties 
 of these early days was that neither white men nor Indians 
 honestly observed boundary Hnes. The Indians were a 
 sort of grown-up children, who knew very little about 
 moral law or duty, and the wisest and best chiefs among 
 them could not keep their young men from trespassing on 
 the land they had sold to the white people. Some of the 
 white men were more greedy than ignorant, and would 
 not do what they knew to be right in keeping off the 
 Indians' land. This was one cause of Indian wars. 
 
 The pioneers were a hardy, resolute, fearless class of 
 people. They had come into a wilderness to make homes, 
 to better their fortunes, and to enjoy the liberty they did 
 not have in the older colonies. They expected to face 
 dangers and endure hardships, and they did both with 
 the courage and fortitude that belong to the Anglo-Saxon 
 race. 
 
 Let us see if we can picture to ourselves how these pio- 
 neers looked, how they lived, what they did. 
 
 Most of them wore moccasins instead of shoes. The 
 men and boys wore short pantaloons and leather leggings 
 reaching from the foot to above the knee. They had no 
 coats, but wore hunting shirts. These were sometimes of 
 heavy cloth, but usually of dressed deerskin, and were worn 
 over the other clothing just as we wear coats. They were 
 cut and made very much like an ordinary shirt, except that 
 they were open the entire length of the front, and had a 
 belt at the waist. In this belt the pioneer carried a small 
 hatchet, or tomahawk, and a long, sharp hunting knife. 
 He wore a cap of mink skin, or of the skin of some other 
 small animal, very often with the tail for a tassel. He 
 had a long, muzzle-loading, flintlock rifle, and a leather 
 pouch suspended by a strap over his shoulder. In this 
 
THE PIONEERS 
 
 47 
 
 pouch he carried his gun wipers, tow, patching, bullets, 
 and flints, and fastened to the strap was a horn in which 
 he carried his powder. Now, can you see how the pioneer 
 looked ? 
 
 The women and girls wore bonnets, dresses, shawls, etc., 
 very much as they do to-day, except that grown people's 
 skirts were a little 
 shorter and girls' a little 
 longer than now, and all 
 were very plainly made. 
 There were no sewing 
 machines in that day, 
 and our great - grand- 
 mothers had so much of 
 other work to do that 
 they spent but little of 
 their time on tucks and 
 ruffles. 
 
 Cotton was little 
 known then ; the people 
 raised hemp, flax, and 
 wool, spun them into 
 thread with a hand 
 wheel, wove the thread 
 into cloth on a hand 
 loom, and cut out and made up all their garments at 
 home. 
 
 There was no other way to get clothing. There was no 
 place to buy anything, except at the stores of Indian traders, 
 and they kept very few things that white people wanted. 
 
 There were no roads and no bridges, so wagons and 
 carts could not be used. The pioneer moved into the 
 country on foot or on horseback and brought his household 
 
 Pioneer Girl 
 
48 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 goods on pack horses. These household goods would now 
 be considered a very scant outfit. They were about as 
 
 follows : the clothes of 
 the family, some blank- 
 ets and a few other bed- 
 
 Pack Horses 
 
 clothes, with bedticks to be filled with grass, hair, or other 
 suitable material ; a large pot, a pair of pothooks, an oven, 
 a skillet, and a frying pan ; a hand mill to grind grain, a 
 wooden trencher to make bread in, a few pewter plates, 
 cups, and other dishes ; some axes and hoes, the iron parts 
 of plows, a broadax and a froe, a saw, and an auger. 
 Added to these were supplies of seed of field crops, gar- 
 den vegetables, and fruit trees. The pioneer who had all 
 these things was thought to be very well furnished indeed. 
 Many pioneers did not have half so much. 
 
 When the family reached the place they wished to make 
 their home, the men and boys cut trees and built a log 
 house, split boards with the froe and made a roof, which 
 
THE PIONEERS 
 
 49 
 
 was held on by weight poles, since the pioneers had no 
 nails and no place to get them. They split logs and 
 hewed the sides flat and smooth to make a floor and door- 
 shutters, built the chimney of logs and split sticks, cov- 
 ering the inside with a heavy coat of clay to keep the 
 wood parts from taking fire. They finished the house 
 by filling the spaces between the logs of the walls with 
 clay mortar to keep out the cold wind. The cabin was 
 rather rough and not very handsome, but it was strong 
 and warm. 
 
 Carpets, mirrors, rocking chairs, and many other things 
 with which we furnish our houses were unknown to the 
 pioneer. He made some rough, strong bedsteads and 
 tables, benches and three-legged stools, and drove some 
 pegs into the walls, or fastened up some deer horns, to be 
 
 Log House 
 
 used as racks for clothing, guns, and other articles. Then 
 he employed the best mechanic he could find to make a 
 spinning wheel and a hand loom for his wife and daughters 
 to use. 
 
 The family is now settled and all that are old enough go 
 
50 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 to work. The horses and cattle are turned into the woods 
 to eat grass in summer and cane in winter, and they need 
 Httle or no feeding, but are taught to come home at night 
 to get salt and a little grain. 
 
 The father and sons cut the small trees and bushes from 
 a piece of land and chop girdles around the large trees to 
 kill them. They make rails and build a fence around this 
 piece of land, pile the brush and burn it, and they have a 
 field ready to plow and plant. After the first crop has 
 been raised there is usually plenty in the settler's cabin, 
 for his land is new and very rich. 
 
 The mother and daughters spun, wove, knit, cooked, 
 washed, dressed skins, and made clothing for the family. 
 
 Wild game fur- 
 nished all their 
 meat, and maple 
 sap their sugar; 
 they got water 
 from natural 
 springs, and all 
 the cooking was 
 done on the fire- 
 place. 
 
 There were no 
 
 schools, no 
 churches, no 
 towns, no rail- 
 roads, not even a 
 wagon road, — 
 nothing but the 
 vast wilderness filled with wild animals and wild Indians, 
 with here and there a few white settlers. Do you not 
 think it required brave hearts to live there ? 
 
THE PIONEERS 5 I 
 
 That was one hundred and thirty years ago. The people 
 of that day never saw a cooking stove nor a sewing machine, 
 a cotton gin nor a wheat thresher, a grass mower nor a 
 horse rake, a steamboat nor a railroad, a telegraph nor a 
 telephone, a roller mill nor a street car, a barbed wire fence 
 nor a can of vegetables, a brkss cartridge nor a breech- 
 loading gun, nor a hundred other things that are very com- 
 mon with us. 
 
 You must not think that these pioneers were stupid and 
 ignorant. Many of them lived grand and noble lives. 
 They loved liberty more than luxury, and, sacrificing ease 
 for independence, they laid for us the foundation of a great 
 commonwealth. It should be an important part of the 
 business of every boy and girl in Tennessee to take good 
 care of this precious inheritance. 
 
 At the pioneers' social parties that followed logrolHngs, 
 cornshuckings, and quiltings, young men and maidens 
 enjoyed, in their simple way, the same pleasures that have 
 ever been dear to all young hearts. The boys and girls 
 had games and sports as boys and girls have to-day. They 
 worked and played beneath skies as fair as those of Italy, 
 under the shadow of mountains grand in their beauty as 
 the Alps, and beside streams more sparkling and musical 
 than the classic Arno. 
 
 Old people, young people, and children, all had brave 
 hearts and wilhng hands, and at Watauga, Carters Val- 
 ley, and Nollichucky they were preparing the way for civi- 
 lization. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Military pioneers. 
 
 2. Civil pioneers. 
 
 3. Pioneers of Tennessee. 
 
 4. First settler. Date. 
 
SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 5. First three groups of settlements. Locate carefully. 
 
 6. First settlers not troubled by Indians. 
 
 7. Settlers iind they are in North Carolina. Action. 
 
 8. Price paid to Indians for land. 
 
 9. One cause of some Indian wars. 
 
 10. Character of pioneer people. 
 
 11. Dress of pioneers. H-ow obtained. 
 
 12. Outfit and method of moving. 
 
 13. Houses and furniture. 
 
 14. Work of the family. 
 
 15. Some things pioneers of Tennessee never saw. Why ? 
 
 16. What the pioneers loved most. 
 
 17. What the pioneers have done for us. 
 
 18. Pleasures of young people and children, 
 iq. The three settlements. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 
 
 After the pioneers had Uved quietly a Uttle while in 
 their new homes in Tennessee they began to feel the need 
 of something else besides log cabins, rich land, and plenty 
 of game. 
 
 They had come to the new country to enjoy liberty and 
 they had it in full. In fact, there was a little too much of 
 it for a community where all were not good people. Some 
 bad men came among the good ones and used their liberty 
 to do wrong. There were no sheriffs, nor magistrates, 
 nor judges in the new settlements to make disorderly char- 
 acters behave themselves or to punish them for misbehav- 
 ing. There was no place for the settlers to record the 
 deeds to their land, no court to act upon the wills of people 
 who died or to appoint guardians for their children, no 
 officer authorized to issue a marriage license ; in fact, the 
 pioneers were without any government. It is true they 
 were in North Carolina, but at first they did not know this, 
 thinking instead that they were in Virginia ; and if they 
 had known all about their situation, it would have been 
 of little value to them, for at that time, 1772, they hated 
 the royal government in North Carolina, as many of them 
 had fled from its oppression. Besides all this, a journey 
 from Watauga to the capital of either North Carolina or 
 Virginia would then have required more time and would 
 
 53 
 
54 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 have been more difficult than a trip would now be from 
 Rogersville to the capital of California. 
 
 Something had to be done to secure orderly and decent 
 Hfe for a civilized people. The pioneers promptly settled 
 the question by forming a free government of their own. 
 This government was the Watauga Association, organized 
 in 1772. 
 
 At the beginning the association included only the 
 Watauga and the Carters Valley settlements, but in 1775 
 it was known that some people of the Nollichucky Settle- 
 ment were '' Tories." Men from Wolfs Hill, Carters Val- 
 ley, and Watauga went down to Brown's Store and made 
 the Nollichucky people, and all other disaffected people, 
 take the *'oath of fidelity to the common cause" of 
 American liberty. Nollichucky became part of the Wa- 
 tauga Association, and there was very little more of '* Tory- 
 ism " in Tennessee. 
 
 The original paper, called " Articles of Association," 
 that these people all signed and agreed to live by, has 
 been lost ; but from some other old documents we have 
 learned a good deal about this simple and original form of 
 government. 
 
 The people met in general convention and elected a 
 committee of thirteen men who were to take the laws of 
 Virginia as a guide and make laws suited to the needs of 
 the new settlements. This committee was the legislative- 
 body. The Committee of Thirteen elected from their own 
 number five commissioners who were to elect one of their 
 own number chairman, settle all disputes, punish offenders, 
 and discharge other duties similar to those performed by 
 our county and circuit courts. This was the judicial body, 
 but seems also to have had some executive powers. 
 
 The clerk of the court was elected by the Committee 
 
WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 55 
 
 of Thirteen. There was a sheriff and a prosecuting attor- 
 ney, but we do not know by whom they were chosen. 
 These were the executive officers, so far as we know. 
 
 It is not probable that the same men served all the time 
 in any of these offices, but we know nothing of changes 
 except in the office of clerk. Felix Walker, Thomas Gom- 
 ley, William Tatham, and John Sevier were clerks at dif- 
 ferent times. 
 
 Here is a list of the officials as their names appear in a 
 petition, without date, sent to North Carolina in 1776 : — 
 
 Committee of Thirteen. 
 
 John Carter, Chairinan. Charles Robertson. Zach Isbell. 
 
 Jas. Robertson. James Smith. Jacob Womac. 
 
 John Sevier. John Jones. Robert Lucas. 
 
 WilHam Bean. George Russell. William Tatham. 
 Jacob Brown. 
 
 The Five Commissioners. Other Officers. 
 
 John Carter, Chairinan. William Tatham, Clerk. 
 
 Charles Robertson. Lewis Bowyer, Attorney. 
 
 James Robertson. (The name of the sheriff is 
 
 John Sevier. unknown.) 
 Zach Isbell. 
 
 As a model of government the Watauga Association 
 would not please a modern lawyer or politician, but under 
 it the new settlements grew rapidly in numbers and thrift, 
 and all seemed prosperous and happy. 
 
 The people had an absolutely free government, one that 
 was wholly of their own making, one that had been estab- 
 lished ''by the consent of every individual." The stanch 
 patriots who managed affairs thought that such a govern- 
 ment ought to be respected and obeyed, — and it was. The 
 commissioners held their sessions at regular times, recorded 
 deeds, probated wills, issued marriage licenses, fined those 
 
56 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 who were disorderly, sent rascals to the whipping post for 
 small offenses and hanged them for greater ones, with the 
 energy and promptness of men who were thoroughly in 
 earnest about the discharge of public duties. 
 
 When the Revolution began, the Watauga Association 
 named their country Washington District, in honor of Gen- 
 eral George Washington, and voted themselves indebted 
 to the United Colonies for their share of the general ex- 
 penses of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 This action made the British try to destroy the settle- 
 ments. Alexander Cameron was Indian Commissioner 
 for the British government among the Cherokees. He 
 furnished guns and ammunition for the Indians and per- 
 suaded them to make war on the settlers. 
 
 In the spring of 1776, a friendly Indian woman, named 
 Nancy Ward, told the white people that seven hundred 
 Cherokee warriors, in two divisions, intended to attack the 
 settlements. The chief, " Dragging Canoe," was to com- 
 mand one division, and a chief named " Old Abraham," 
 the other. 
 
 Dragging Canoe was to capture Heaton's Station, a fort 
 between the two branches of Holston River, about six miles 
 from their junction, and then destroy all the settlements 
 in that region. Old Abraham was to capture the Watauga 
 Fort and destroy everything in that region. After destroy- 
 ing the Tennessee settlements both divisions were to go 
 into Virginia and there continue the robbing, burning, and 
 killing. In the Virginia raid they were to be joined by 
 *'The Raven," a chief who was to lead a third band of 
 warriors. 
 
 When the settlers heard of this, they were very much 
 alarmed. They sent the news to their Virginia friends 
 and asked them to send men and ammunition to help in 
 
WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 
 
 57 
 
 the defense. The Virginians sent both. The Tennes- 
 seeans made their forts stronger, gathered the women and 
 children into them, and provided plenty for all to eat. 
 
 There were forty fighting men at Fort Watauga, and 
 one hundred and seventy, including the Virginians, at 
 Heaton's Station. 
 
 A pioneer fort or station was made by building at each 
 corner of a square piece of ground a strong log house, 
 with others be- 
 tween these if 
 needed, all hav- 
 ing their doors 
 facing the inside 
 of the square. 
 Thick posts eight 
 or ten feet high 
 were then set side by side . 
 between the houses so as 
 to make a solid wall all around 
 the square. A gate was made 
 of heavy timber and fastened 
 on the inside with a strong chain or bar. Small open- 
 ings were made in the walls for the men in the fort to 
 shoot through. These openings were called portholes 
 or loopholes. Sometimes the houses at the corners had 
 a second story so much larger than the lower one that it 
 projected two or three feet beyond the wall of the fort. 
 From the loopholes of these blockhouses, as they were 
 called, an enemy might be shot if he had succeeded in 
 getting up to the wall of the fort to cut or burn it. Such 
 a fort as this was a very good protection against Indians, 
 as they had no cannon and the guns they used could not 
 send a bullet through a thick log. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 4 
 
 -^v-y 
 
 Fort 
 
58 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 In July, 1776, the Indians came. The men at Heaton's 
 Station, following the advice of Captain William Cocke 
 and Isaac Shelby, marched out of the fort, met Dragging 
 Canoe at Island Flats, killed many of his best warriors, 
 wounded him, and totally routed his whole band. The 
 white people did not have a man killed and had only five 
 wounded. 
 
 The Watauga men were too few to march out and fight 
 openly, but these forty good riflemen defeated Old Abra- 
 ham's three hundred and fifty warriors when the fort was 
 attacked, though the Indians tried for more than a week 
 to capture it. 
 
 James Robertson was captain and John Sevier Heuten- 
 ant of those forty brave pioneers. These are the two 
 greatest men in the early history of Tennessee, but every 
 man in that fort was a hero whose memory deserves to be 
 honored whether his name is known or not. 
 
 After these battles a part of the Indians prowled about 
 the settlements in parties of two or three, stealing cattle 
 and horses, burning houses, and killing people whom they 
 found alone, until the settlers killed most of them, or drove 
 them off. The people therefore decided that the best way 
 to protect themselves from the Indian raids would be to 
 attract the Indians' attention to their own homes and make 
 them afraid of the white man's raids. 
 
 Virginia and North Carolina sent soldiers to take part 
 in the expedition against the Indians. The Watauga men 
 joined them, and they marched into the Cherokee country, 
 killed all the Indians they could find, burned their towns, 
 destroyed their crops, killed or drove away their horses 
 and cattle, and tried to make them understand that attack- 
 ing the Watauga settlements was a dangerous business. 
 
 This Indian war made all of the settlers determined 
 
WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 59 
 
 Whigs. Those who had been disposed to be Tories and 
 had to be forced to take the oath, now hated the British 
 for having set the Indians against them. 
 
 The Watauga settlements had grown rapidly under 
 their simple form of government, and the people had 
 hoped to establish a colonial government of their own 
 similar to those of other American colonies. But the 
 Revolutionary War had begun, and they thought them- 
 selves too few to fight all the Indians and British and 
 Tories that might be sent against them, so they considered 
 it best to join some other colony. 
 
 In August, 1776, they asked to be annexed to North 
 Carolina. One hundred and thirteen men signed the 
 petition for annexation, each with his own hand except 
 two, who made their "mark." There were not more than 
 six or seven hundred people in all the settlements, so these 
 signers must have been about all of the men. From this 
 we see that less than two per cent of the pioneers were 
 unable to write. Our ancestors were not illiterate back- 
 woodsmen. 
 
 In November, 1776, the Provincial Congress of North 
 Carolina met at HaUfax to draw up a bill of rights and 
 form a constitution for the state. Among the delegates 
 were John Carter, John Sevier, Charles Robertson, and 
 John Haile from Washington District, so we may safely 
 conclude that Watauga had been annexed, and we learn 
 that three of the men who had helped to found the 
 Watauga Association helped to frame the first free con- 
 stitution of the State of North CaroHna. 
 
 The Watauga Association, though annexed to North 
 Carolina, seems to have continued its government until 
 February, 1778. In November, 1777, Washington District 
 became Washington County, with boundaries including 
 
6o 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 the whole of the present State of Tennessee. What a 
 huge county that was ! Can you give the boundaries ? 
 
 Following is a list of the first justices of the peace in 
 Washington County. These magistrates, who took the 
 oath of office in February, 1778, composed the first county 
 court that was ever organized in Tennessee. 
 
 William Bean. 
 John Carter. 
 Zach Isbell. 
 Robert Lucas. 
 James Robertson. 
 Charles Robertson. 
 George Russell. 
 John Sevier. • 
 Jacob Womac. 
 
 J. Chisholm. 
 William Clarke. 
 William Cobb. 
 Benjamin Gist. 
 Andr. Greer. 
 Thos. Houghton. 
 J no. McMaihen. 
 Jno. McNabb. 
 William McNabb. 
 
 Thos. Price. 
 Valentine Sevier. 
 John Shelby, Jr. 
 James Stuart. 
 Jesse Walton. 
 RichM White. 
 Benjamin Wilson. 
 Joseph Wilson. 
 Mich'l Woods. 
 
 Compare the first nine names with the names of the 
 "Committee of Thirteen," and you will see that, although 
 the Watauga Association had ceased to exist, the manage- 
 ment of the public affairs of Washington County was 
 largely directed by the same men that had helped to found 
 and administer the first entirely free government in 
 America. 
 
 The germ of Tennessee was the Watauga Association ; 
 the first government established on this continent abso- 
 lutely free of religious tests, class distinctions, kingly 
 dictation, or proprietary interference. It was " a govern- 
 ment of the people, by the people, and for the people " ; 
 it served its purpose and has passed to its place of honor 
 in the temple of history. Let us honor the memory of the 
 pioneers who had the wisdom to found it and the courage 
 to administer its difficult affairs through six years of toil 
 and hardship on a remote and dangerous frontier. 
 
WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 6t 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Need of the pioneers. Why? 
 
 2. Distance from civilization. 
 
 3. Watauga Association. 
 
 4. Articles of Association. 
 
 5. The legislative body. 
 
 6. The judicial. 
 
 7. The executive. 
 
 8. Changes in office. 
 
 9. The list of names. 
 
 10. Character of the government. 
 
 1 1 . Prompt administration of law. 
 
 12. Washington District. Patriotism. 
 
 13. Conduct of the British. 
 
 14. Nancy Ward. 
 
 15. British and Indian plan. 
 
 16. Preparations of the Watauga Association. 
 
 17. A station or fort. 
 
 18. The battles at Heaton's Station and Watauga. 
 
 19. The two greatest men. 
 
 20. Indian methods after the battle. 
 
 21. Invasion of the Cherokee country. 
 
 22. Effect of the Indian war on "Toryism." 
 
 23. Petition for annexation to North Carolina. 
 
 24. The signers of the petition. A " mark." 
 
 25. The annexation, and end of Watauga Association. 
 
 26. First county court in Tennessee. Date. 
 
 27. Names of men connected with Watauga Association, first constitu- 
 
 tion of North Carolina, and first county court in Tennessee. 
 
 28. The first free jrovernment in America and its founders. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 ROBERTSON AND SEVIER 
 
 James Robertson. — Colonel Richard Henderson of North 
 Carolina bought from the Cherokee Indians a very large 
 
 tract of land, lying partly in 
 what is now Tennessee, and 
 partly in what is now Kentucky, 
 and called it Transylvania. Be- 
 fore making the trade with the 
 Indians he employed Daniel 
 Boone and several other hunt- 
 ers to go out and examine the 
 land for him. 
 
 This party of hunters left 
 Wake County, North Carohna, 
 in the spring of 1769, and with 
 them went a young man who 
 wished to find for himself better 
 land than the sandy pine ridges 
 of North Carolina. This young man was James Robertson. 
 He was born in Brunswick County, Virginia, in 1742, and 
 while he was a small boy his parents moved to North 
 Carolina, where he grew to manhood. 
 
 He married Miss Charlotte Reeves and was living with 
 his wife and one child, in Wake County, when Boone and 
 his party of hunters started over the mountains. He 
 traveled with Boone and his companions as far as Watauga 
 
 62 
 
 James Robertson 
 
ROBERTSON AND SEVIER 63 
 
 and there stopped with William Bean and another settler 
 named Honeycut. 
 
 Robertson was so pleased with the Watauga country, 
 that he built a house and raised a crop there and then went 
 back to North Carolina for his wife and child. In 1770 or 
 1 77 1 he moved his family to their new home, and, as we 
 already know, became one of the leading men in the 
 Watauga Association. He was not related to his friend 
 and associate, Charles Robertson, who was from South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Late in the year 1778 James Robertson left Watauga 
 and went to a new home deeper in the wilderness. He 
 settled near where Nashville now is, and soon helped to 
 organize a government there somewhat like the Watauga 
 Association. He became chairman of the " Committee of 
 Notables," and was the real leader of the new settlement 
 in all of its struggles. 
 
 He was colonel and afterward brigadier general of his 
 district, Indian Commissioner to the Cherokees, a member 
 of the North Carolina Legislature, and, in 1 796, a member 
 of the convention that framed the first constitution of the 
 State of Tennessee. He died at the Chickasaw Agency 
 near Memphis, in 18 14, while on a mission from President 
 Madison to the Chickasaw Indians. His body was removed 
 to Nashville in 1825. 
 
 He has very justly been called ''The Father of Middle 
 Tennessee." His long life was one of continual activity 
 and usefulness. He was not a great scholar, but his letters 
 indicate fair education. He was a cool, prudent, fearless, 
 firm man, of keen judgment, good manners, and great 
 kindness. His personal appearance is described by his 
 granddaughter, Mrs. Cheatham, as follows : — 
 
 " He was about five feet nine inches in height, heavy 
 
64 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 built, but not fat. His head inclined slightly forward, so 
 that his light blue eyes were usually shaded by his heavy 
 eyebrows. His hair was very dark, — like a mole in color, — 
 and his complexion, though naturally very fair, was dark- 
 ened and reddened by exposure. I remember him as 
 being uncommonly quiet and thoughtful and full of the 
 cares of business. We all loved and venerated him." 
 
 John Scvic7\ — The Huguenots of France were a reli- 
 gious denomination somewhat like American Presbyte- 
 rians, and were so cruelly perse- 
 cuted that many of them fled to 
 England and America. Among 
 the refugees who came first to 
 England and then to America, 
 was a family named Xavier. In 
 England this name became Se- 
 vier. These Seviers were the 
 ancestors of John Sevier, who 
 was born in Rockingham 
 County, Virginia, in 1745. He 
 seems to have been reasonably 
 
 John Sevier 
 
 well educated for the age in 
 
 which he lived. He was mar- 
 ried at seventeen years of age, and at twenty-eight was a 
 widower with three sons. 
 
 In 1772 he visited Watauga and met James Robertson. 
 Soon after this he moved to Watauga, and some time after 
 the defeat of Old Abraham he married Miss Katherine 
 Sherrill, who has been called his '' Bonnie Kate." 
 
 He was a member of the " Committee of Thirteen," 
 Robertson's lieutenant at the battle of Watauga, com- 
 mander of the Tennesseeans at the battle of Kings 
 Mountain and in many Indian wars, governor of the short- 
 
ROBERTSON AND SEVIER 65 
 
 lived State of Franklin, member of Congress from North 
 Carolina and from Tennessee, and first governor of the 
 State of Tennessee, and held many other important public 
 positions. While on a mission from President Madison to 
 the Creek Indians, in 181 5, he died at the agency in Ala- 
 bama. His remains were removed to Knoxville in June, 
 1889. 
 
 Sevier was five feet eleven inches high, weighed about 
 one hundred and fifty pounds, had light hair, fair skin, blue 
 eyes, was strikingly handsome in form and features, and 
 remarkably kind and generous. His manners were grace- 
 fnl, winning, and exceedingly popular. He was a more 
 dashing and briUiant man than Robertson and was his 
 equal in courage, firmness, and self-reliance. He had no 
 more solid qualities of character than Robertson, but was 
 a man of broader views and greater statesmanship. 
 
 No history of Tennessee could be written without say- 
 ing a great deal about Robertson and Sevier. As their 
 names must be mentioned so often, it is best that you 
 should be familiar with the lives of these greatest of all 
 the pioneers of Tennessee. This sketch of them is very 
 short, and you should read some larger books. 
 
 These two great men were lifelong friends. Both came 
 to Tennessee in the early years of its settlement, both 
 shared the perils and enjoyed the love and esteem of their 
 fellow-pioneers, both devoted the whole of their long lives 
 to the service of the state, both died far from home while 
 on Indian missions for the United States government, 
 and within a year of each other. The bodies of both were 
 removed, long years after death, to be buried in the soil 
 of the state they had loved and served so well. Truly, 
 " they were very lovely in their lives, and in death they 
 were not divided." 
 
66 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 Of James Robertson? Of John Sevier? 
 
 1. Birth, time and place. 
 
 2. Education. 
 
 3. Marriage. 
 
 4. Settlement in Tennessee. 
 
 5. Public services. 
 
 6. Qualities. 
 
 7. Personal appearance. 
 
 8. Comparison. 
 
 9. Death and burial. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 KINGS MOUNTAIN 
 
 When the Watauga settlements became Washington 
 County, in 1778, a wagon road was opened across the 
 mountains into the settled parts of North Carolina, and 
 travel became much easier. Many more people then 
 moved into Tennessee, and in 1779 the huge County of 
 Washington was divided, part of its territory being cut 
 off to form Sullivan County, the 
 second county organized in Tennes- 
 see. Isaac Shelby was appointed 
 colonel of the new county, and, after 
 a short time, John Sevier was made 
 colonel of Washington County. In 
 the same year Jonesboro, the oldest 
 town in Tennessee, was laid out and 
 made the county seat of Washington 
 County. 
 
 The Tennesseeans were known to 
 be thorough Whigs, and as they increased in numbers they 
 became more able to aid the Revolutionary cause, and they 
 did this to their utmost. To their enemies they were a very 
 troublesome sort of soldiers. They had no baggage to 
 look after. All were mounted on fleet horses that had been 
 raised to make their own living in the woods. Each man 
 carried a small sack of parched corn which he ate instead 
 of bread, and killed wild game for his meat. A blanket and 
 
 67 
 
 saac Shelby 
 
68 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 a long Deckhard rifle, with the usual hunting knife and 
 tomahawk, completed his equipment. They came suddenly 
 upon their enemies, fought with deadly effect, as every 
 man was a sure marksman, and moved away so swiftly as 
 to defy pursuit. 
 
 When Alexander Cameron set the Indians to making war 
 on the Tennessee settlements, as related in Chapter VII., 
 he was obeying the orders of' Captain Stuart, the British 
 Indian agent for all of the southern tribes. This was 
 carrying out a general plan of the British government 
 for the Indians to attack the Americans on the west while 
 the British soldiers were attacking them on the east. We 
 have learned how the Indians were defeated at Watauga 
 and Island Flats. Colonel William Moultrie shot the Brit- 
 ish war ships to pieces at Sullivans Island so that the 
 British army could not be landed at Charleston to make 
 the attack on the east, and the whole plan of i yy6 was a 
 failure. 
 
 A similar plan was laid out by the British for the year 
 1780, and Governor Rutherford of South Carolina asked 
 Colonel Sevier and Colonel Shelby to send him all the 
 men they could spare to help defend Charleston. Two 
 hundred men started, but the British had captured Charles- 
 ton before they had gone halfway on their journey. They 
 then joined General McDowell of North Carolina and won 
 a battle at the Enoree River. 
 
 Next the British took Savannah, and then Cornwallis 
 defeated Gates at Camden, and the British and Tories 
 held nearly all the important places in Georgia, South 
 Carolina, and North CaroUna. The American cause 
 seemed lost. McDowell's forces disbanded and crossed 
 the mountains. 
 
 Among the British officers Colonel Patrick Ferguson, 
 
KINGS MOUNTAIN 69 
 
 who commanded the left wing of Cornwallis's army in 
 North Carolina, was one of the most active and energetic 
 in punishing Whigs and gathering Tories into the army 
 to go with Corn-wallis into Virginia to finish the war there. 
 
 Ferguson sent word to the Tennesseans, or over-moun- 
 tain men, as he called them, that he intended to make 
 them a visit and burn their houses and destroy their settle- 
 ments unless they returned to their allegiance to the King 
 of England. As they had no idea of returning to alle- 
 giance to any king, they decided to pay Colonel Ferguson 
 a visit instead of waiting for him to call on them. 
 
 Sevier and Shelby got Colonel WiUiam Campbell of 
 Virginia, Colonel Cleveland of North Carolina, and some 
 other leaders who had small bodies of soldiers, to join 
 them, and made Colonel Campbell commander of their 
 whole force of about fifteen hundred men. Ferguson was 
 at Gilbert-town, on his way to Watauga, when he heard 
 that the over-mountain men, with their Deckhard rifles, 
 were coming to call on him. 
 
 This was not what Colonel Ferguson expected, nor was it 
 at all to his Hking. He decided that Gilbert-town was not 
 a good place to receive company ; especially visitors that 
 were very handy in the use of Deckhard rifles. He there- 
 fore retreated to Cowpens and sent to CornwalHs for more 
 men, though he had about two thousand, partly • British 
 regulars and partly Tories. Some of his messengers were 
 captured by the Whigs, and none reached Cornwallis until 
 about the time of the battle of Kings Mountain. No help 
 came, and his Tories deserted him until he had only about 
 fifteen hundred men. 
 
 From Cowpens he marched to the boundary line be 
 tween North Carolina and South Carolina, and posted his 
 men on the top of a very high, steep hill, which he named 
 
70 
 
 SKrn.KMKNT AND ORr.AM/A riON OV llIK STATb: 
 
 Kings Mountain, and doclared that all the cnor-niountain 
 men and all the other rebels in America eould never drive 
 him from his position. 
 
 Campbell and the hardv pioneers followed him steadily 
 and rapidly, making the last part of their march all day 
 and all night in a drenching rain. Many of the men could 
 not keep up with the rapid march, and only Libout eleven 
 
 Battle of Kings Mountain 
 
 hundred took part in the battle, — more than half of them 
 being Tennesseeans. 
 
 On Saturday, October 7, 1780, the pioneers surrounded 
 the mountain and began the battle. Ferguson was a 
 brave and skillful otTicer, but the pioneers were better 
 marksmen than his men, and his soldiers fell thick and 
 fast around him. De Peyster, his second in command, 
 begged him to surrender, but he refused, cut down the 
 white tlag that was twice raised, sounded his silver whistle 
 
KIN(;S MOUNTAIN ^i 
 
 to rally his men, and stul)bornly continued the battle until 
 he was shot dead. This was the end of ]^^erguson's vain 
 threat to burn the houses and destroy the settlements of 
 the over-mountain men. The over-mountain men had 
 killed him and destroyed his army to protect their own 
 homes. Not only had they done this; they had cut off the 
 left win<; of Cornwallis's army, and he was forced to re- 
 treat from North Carolina. 
 
 When Ferguson fell, De Peyster surrendered at once. 
 The actual fighting lasted a little more than one hour. 
 Two hundred and twenty-five British and thirty Americans 
 were killed. One hundred and eighty British and sixty 
 Americans were wounded. Eight hundred prisoners, fif- 
 teen hundred guns, many wagons and horses, and a large 
 amount of plunder of various kinds were surrendered. 
 
 The prisoners were sent into Virginia, and the wagons 
 and other property that could not be carried away were 
 burned. After hanging nine Tories, who had been guilty 
 of desperate crimes, the over-mountain men went quickly 
 back to their homes, as they feared an Indian raid might 
 occur while they were absent. 
 
 The battle of Kings Mountain marks the turning point 
 in the Revolutionary War. It was won chiefly by the 
 skill and energy of Sevier and Shelby and the heroic 
 courage and endurance of their patriotic soldiers. These 
 men were pure patriots who served their country because 
 they loved their country, not because they expected or 
 received any pay. The early settlers of Tennessee richly 
 deserved the high honor of being called ** The Rear Guard 
 OF THE Revolution." This is the title of a very charming 
 book, by James R. Gilmore, in which is told much about 
 John Sevier and James Robertson and the Watauga settle- 
 ment. 
 
'JZ SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. First county of Tennessee. Size. 
 
 2. Second county. Why organized. Date. 
 
 3. Military commanders of each county. 
 
 4. Importance of county colonel at that time. 
 
 5. Oldest town in Tennessee. 
 
 6. Tennessee soldiers of the Revolutionary period. 
 
 7. War plans of the British for 1776. Result. 
 
 8. The call for Tennesseeans in 1780. 
 
 9. American disasters. 
 
 10. Colonel Ferguson and his message to the over-mountain men. 
 
 11. Plan and arrangements of the Tennesseeans. 
 
 12. Ferguson's preparations to receive his expected visitors. 
 
 13. The march and number of men in the battle. 
 
 14. Battle of Kings Mountain. 
 
 15. After the battle. 
 
 16. Importance of the victory. 
 
 17. " The Rear Guard of the Revolution." 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 INDIAN WARS 
 
 The war that began with the Indian attack upon the 
 Watauga settlements has been described in Chapter VII. 
 This was not the first nor the last Indian war in which 
 the Watauga people were engaged. The others of most 
 importance to the Watauga settlers will be described in 
 this chapter. 
 
 Point Pleasant. — In 1774 Lord Dunmore, Governor of 
 Virginia, sent some surveyors into Kentucky to lay out 
 land which had been bought from the Indians by the 
 treaty of Fort Stanwix. The Indians killed the surveyors 
 and began a war on the Virginia settlers. The governor 
 ordered General Lewis to raise an army and kill the 
 Indians or drive them out of Kentucky. 
 
 At that time the Watauga settlements were claimed 
 by Virginia. Captain Evan Shelby, the father of Isaac 
 Shelby, raised a company of fifty men at Watauga and 
 joined General Lewis's army. Isaac Shelby was lieuten- 
 ant, and James Robertson and Valentine Sevier, a brother 
 of John Sevier, were sergeants in that company. 
 
 October 6, 1774, the army camped on the banks of the 
 Ohio River, where Point Pleasant now is, and sent out 
 hunters each day to supply the camp with game. A little 
 before daylight, on the morning of October 10, James 
 Roberston and Valentine Sevier started out hunting and 
 met an army of Indians coming to attack the camp. They 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 5 73 
 
74 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 fired on the Indians and ran back to the camp. Soon the 
 battle began.* It lasted all day and was one of the fiercest 
 ever fought by the Indians. They were thoroughly beaten 
 in the end, and fled across the Ohio River. This was 
 Watauga's first experience in Indian wars. 
 
 CJiickaniaiiga. — The Chickamaugas were the most fero- 
 cious and lawless of all the Indians, and they had been 
 joined by a number of white outlaws worse than themselves. 
 In 1779, the British Indian agents were collecting in the 
 Chickamauga towns, just below where Chattanooga now 
 stands, the guns and amxmunition to be used by the Indians 
 in the campaign of 1780, already explained in Chapter IX. 
 The settlers did not know this, but they did know that 
 the Chickamaugas were prowling about, steaHng and kill- 
 ing, and that they seemed to have plenty of guns and 
 ammunition. The settlers suspected where these came 
 from and determined to destroy the Chickamauga towns. 
 
 Captain Evan Shelby was chosen by North Carolina 
 and Virginia to command the expedition against the 
 Chickamaugas. He knew all about Indians and their 
 habits, and was himself as silent and sly as an Indian. 
 His force floated down the Tennessee River in boats and 
 came upon the Chickamaugas so unexpectedly that they 
 were able to offer little resistance. He killed their braves, 
 destroyed the British guns and ammunition, burned their 
 towns and their corn, and left them scattered in the woods 
 and too busy getting enough to eat to trouble the white 
 people for at least a year after his visit. 
 
 Boyds Creek. — When Sevier and his men returned from 
 Kings Mountain, they found that they had not reached 
 home a day too early. The Indians were preparing to 
 attack the settlements. Sevier determined to treat them 
 as he had treated Ferguson, — go to them instead of wait- 
 
INDIAN WARS 75 
 
 ing for them to come to him. He gathered his trusty- 
 riflemen, met the Indians at Boyds Creek, and slaugh- 
 tered them without mercy. 
 
 Echota. — After the battle at Boyds Creek, Sevier pushed 
 forward to the Little Tennessee River and defeated another 
 body of Indians at Echota. As this was the home of 
 Nancy Ward, the friendly Indian woman, it was not 
 destroyed. All the other towns of that region were 
 burned. 
 
 Tellico. — The towns along the Tellico, Hiawassee, and 
 Chickamauga were laid in ashes, and Sevier pushed on 
 to the Coosa River in Georgia. Everything that could 
 be of any use to the Indians was burned, broken, killed, 
 or carried away. Sevier took only prisoners enough to 
 exchange for white people that had been carried off by 
 the Indians. Behind him he left only dead Indians and 
 cattle, smoke-blackened ruins, and ravaged fields. This 
 whole expedition lasted sixty-three days, and Sevier had 
 only one man killed. 
 
 Tiickasege. — In 1781 the Cherokees living high up in 
 the mountains, about the head waters of Little Tennessee 
 River, began stealing horses and cattle and killing settlers. 
 They thought their country was too wild and rough for 
 Sevier to reach them, but he and his bold riflemen cHmbed 
 over the wild, high mountains and carried slaughter and 
 fire and destruction to the Tuckasege towns as they had 
 done to the valley towns the year before. 
 
 To go into the details of all of Sevier's Indian wars 
 would make this chapter too long. Enough has been 
 told for you to understand his methods. Sevier was a 
 really kind and generous man, but he was a fearless and 
 resolute one. He knew the Indians well, and knew that 
 they would continue to plunder and kill white people 
 
76 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 unless they were made afraid to do it. For this reason 
 he adopted measures that made the name of *' NolHchucky 
 Jack," as the Indians called him, a dread and a terror to 
 the Cherokees. 
 
 The Indians were treated very unjustly in many ways, 
 and wicked white men often led them into trouble. We 
 have seen how the British brought ruin upon them by 
 
 Indian Battle 
 
 starting them into war with the Watauga or East Tennessee 
 settlers. Further on in this history we shall see how the 
 Spaniards led them into trouble with the Cumberland, or 
 Middle Tennessee, settlers. The Indian's greatest mis- 
 take was that he would not try to become civilized. A 
 civilized and a savage people can never live peaceably 
 together. The white men knew this and, as the Indians 
 would not be civilized, the white people tried to extermi- 
 nate them as they did wolves or bears or other dangerous 
 animals. 
 
INDIAN WARS 77 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Formation of General Lewis's army. 
 
 2. The Watauga company. 
 
 3. Battle at Point Pleasant. 
 
 4. Character of the Chickamaugas. 
 
 5. British arrangements among them. 
 
 6. Captain Evan Shelby's expedition. 
 
 7. Boyds Creek. 
 
 8. Eciiota. 
 
 9. Tellicoj Hiawassee, Chickamauga, and Coosa Rivers. 
 
 10. Length of Seviers campaign. Results. 
 
 11. Tuckasege. 
 
 12. Sevier's methods. 
 
 13. Conduct of white men toward the Indians. 
 
 14. The Indian's greatest mistake. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 STATE OF FRANKLIN 
 
 In 1783 another section of territory was cut off from 
 Washington County and formed into Greene County. 
 There were then three counties in what is now Tennessee, — 
 Washington, SulHvan, and Greene. The people of Ten- 
 nessee, in spite of all difficulties and dangers, had steadily 
 increased in numbers and wealth and were beginning to 
 feel strong enough to form a new state of their own. 
 
 The Revolutionary War was over and the Congress and 
 all the states were very much in debt for war expenses. 
 Congress had proposed that the states should give their 
 western lands to the general government and that Congress 
 should sell these lands and pay all of the debts. 
 
 The states agreed to this plan, and in 1784 North 
 Carolina ceded to the United States what is now the State 
 of Tennessee and gave Congress two years in which to 
 accept or reject the grant. This seemed at first to be all 
 good enough, but very soon facts were discovered that 
 alarmed the people of Tennessee very much. 
 
 There had been no suitable arrangement for a govern- 
 ment during the two years that Congress might delay 
 accepting. 
 
 There had been no brigadier general appointed for the 
 three counties, and no one else could lawfully call out the 
 soldiers. The Indians might attack the settlers at any time 
 and kill and plunder as they pleased. 
 
 78 
 
STATE OF FRANKLIN 
 
 79 
 
 No judge of the superior court had been provided, and 
 no one else could legally try criminal cases. As soon as 
 this should become known, the horse thieves and murderers 
 and bandits of all classes would crowd into the settlements, 
 where they would be safe from law and do as they pleased. 
 
 The people had no desire to live through two years of 
 Indian butchery and lawlessness. They abused North 
 Carolina roundly, said that she cared nothing for her 
 children west of the mountains, and had never been any- 
 thing more than a stepmother to them at best. After 
 saying as many bad things of their stepmother as they 
 could think of, they determined to take care of themselves 
 in their own way, without leave or license from the State 
 of North Carolina or any one else. 
 
 Each miUtary company elected two representatives, and 
 these representatives formed the County Committee. The 
 County Committees called a general convention which 
 met at Jonesboro in August, 1784, and elected John Sevier 
 president and Landon Carter secretary. This convention 
 resolved to form a new state and provided for another 
 convention to form a constitution and start the new govern- 
 ment. Soon a very strange constitution, providing that 
 lawyers, doctors, and preachers should never be members 
 of the legislature, was presented. It also contained sev- 
 eral other things so new and strange that the people 
 would not have it. Then the constitution of North Caro- 
 lina, with a few changes, was adopted, and the new state 
 was named Franklin. Frankland was first proposed, but 
 it was changed to Franklin in honor of Dr. Benjamin 
 Franklin. 
 
 John Sevier was elected governor of the new state, and 
 David Campbell judge of the superior court. Greeneville 
 was made the capital of the state. The first legislature 
 
80 SEITLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 met early in 1785 ; Landon Carter was speaker of the Sen- 
 ate, and Thomas Talbot was clerk. William Cage was 
 speaker of the House, and Thomas Chapman was clerk. 
 
 The new government went at once into the discharge of 
 all the duties of a regularly formed state. It made treaties 
 with the Indians, opened courts, organized new counties, 
 and fixed taxes and officers' salaries to be paid in money, 
 corn, tobacco, whisky, deer skins, mink skins, beeswax, 
 tallow, hemp, flax, linsey, wool, bacon, and in fact almost 
 anything in common use among the people. What a time 
 the tax collectors must have had ! 
 
 When the Governor of North Carolina heard what was 
 going on over the mountains he sent an address to the 
 people of the. new state, ordering them to disband their 
 government and return at once to their allegiance to the 
 State of North Carolina. The Legislature of North Caro- 
 lina repealed the act of cession to the United States, John 
 Sevier was appointed brigadier general of the militia, and 
 David Campbell was appointed judge of the superior court 
 of the district. 
 
 John Sevier at once advised the people to drop the 
 Franklin movement, as North Carolina had provided all 
 that was necessary for their proper government and pro- 
 tection. They would not listen to his advice, but said they 
 would have a new state and that he must be their governor. 
 As he could not make them follow his advice he deter- 
 mined to serve them, and for more than two years he put 
 forth every effort of his splendid talents to establish and 
 maintain the State of Franklin. 
 
 Two parties grew up in the country, — the Franklin party 
 and the North Carohna party. John Sevier was the leader 
 of the Franklin party, and a man named John Tipton, of 
 the North Carolina party. Tipton was at first strongly in 
 
STATE OF FRANKLIN 8 1 
 
 favor of the Franklin movement, but when he savv^ that 
 the people preferred Sevier for governor, he changed to 
 the other side. He hated Sevier more than he loved any 
 party or principles. Most historians seem to consider him 
 a very high-tempered, narrow-minded man. 
 
 The Legislature of North Carolina passed acts of pardon 
 for all those who would return to their allegiance, and 
 Governor Caswell issued proclamations in a kind and gen- 
 erous spirit, and these acts led many people to think better 
 of North Carolina than they had done a year before. Be- 
 sides this, a great many people began to be afraid that if 
 they did not return to their allegiance their stepmother 
 might conclude to give them a little of the persuasion that 
 mothers sometimes give when their children are naughty 
 and unruly. For these and other reasons the North Caro- 
 lina party became stronger every day. After a while a 
 set of North Carolina officers were elected and there were 
 two governments in force in the same country. 
 
 The rival officers quarreled and fought over their sup- 
 posed rights ; the stronger party often turned the weaker 
 one out of doors and took possession of the courthouses, 
 jails, and public records ; the people did not know to which 
 officers they ought to pay taxes, and therefore paid no taxes 
 at all ; marriage licenses, guardian bonds, mortgages, deeds, 
 and all public papers recorded by one party were not rec- 
 ognized as lawful by the other, and everything was getting 
 into such a tangle that many of the people heartily wished 
 that they had never heard of the State of Franklin. 
 
 Sevier tried with all his might to persuade North Caro- 
 Una to agree to the independence of the State of Franklin, 
 but North Carolina would not do it. He then tried to get 
 the United States Congress to recognize the state, but 
 Congress would not listen to the proposition. Finally he 
 
82 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 tried to get the help of the State of Georgia, but Georgia 
 said it was none of her affairs and that North CaroHna 
 and Frankhn must settle it between themselves. 
 
 Day by day the Franklin party became weaker, and 
 when Sevier's term as governor expired, in March, 1788, 
 the State of Franklin was dead and North Carolina was 
 in full control. Sevier went on an expedition against the 
 Cherokees, and on his return was arrested and handcuffed 
 by order of Tipton, who held office under North Carolina. 
 
 Sevier was sent over the mountains to be tried for trea- 
 son ; that is, attempting to form a separate government 
 within the territory of a state and refusing to obey the 
 governor when ordered to return to his allegiance to North 
 Carohna. He was rescued by his friends, neither the judge 
 nor the sheriff seeming to care, and was never tried. Really, 
 nobody except Tipton was very anxious to have him tried. 
 He was soon elected to the Senate of North Carolina, was 
 restored by act of the legislature to all his former privileges, 
 and was made brigadier general of the Washington Dis- 
 trict. In 1789 he was elected a member of the United 
 States Congress from the western district of North Caro- 
 lina, and was the first congressman from the Mississippi 
 Valley. Year after year his fame increased until the end 
 of his long life, and he is, perhaps, the grandest figure in 
 Tennessee history. 
 
 It is not at all probable that the Franklin movement was 
 a willful rebellion or an ambitious revolution. John Tipton 
 and a few others Hke him were very anxious to have the 
 State of Franklin until they found that they could not get 
 the offices they wanted, and then they turned against it. 
 Perhaps some men of the Frankhn party were influenced by 
 bad motives, but the great majority were not. Sevier, Cocke, 
 Doak, Ramsey, Campbell, Carter, Houston, and many others, 
 
STATE OF FRANKLIN ^^ 
 
 who held the high offices of the FrankHn government, had 
 all the offices they wanted before the State of Franklin 
 was formed and also after it ceased to exist. They were 
 all great and good men who had the unbounded confidence 
 of the people and had nothing personal to gain by the for- 
 mation of a new state. 
 
 The State of Franklin was organized because the people 
 demanded it. They knew that the formation of a new 
 state had been provided for in the annexation of Watauga 
 to North Carolina. They were beginning to feel strong 
 enough for the change, and when they considered them- 
 selves abandoned by North Carolina without law or pro- 
 tection they thought the time had come to form the new 
 state. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Counties in 1783. 
 
 2. Increase in numbers and wealth. 
 
 3. Plan for paying the Revolutionary war debts. 
 
 4. Cession of Tennessee to the United States. 
 
 5. Cause of alarm among the settlers. 
 
 6. Opinions of North Carolina. 
 
 7. Organization of the State of Franklin. 
 
 8. Chief officers and capital. 
 
 9. Acts of the new government. 
 
 10. Action of the governor and legislature of North Carolina. 
 
 11. John Sevier's advice. Result. 
 
 12. The two parties and their leaders. 
 
 13. Action of Governor Caswell and its effect. 
 
 14. The two sets of officers. Resulting confusion. 
 
 15. Sevier's efforts to establish the new state. 
 
 16. End of the State of Franklin. 
 
 17. Sevier's arrest and result. 
 
 18. Sevier restored to citizenship and office. 
 
 19. Was the formation of Franklin a rebellion ? 
 
 20. Character of the prominent men of Franklin. 
 
 21. Real cause of the Franklin movement. 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS 
 
 Do you remember anything of Colonel Richard Hender- 
 son and his ''Transylvania" purchase mentioned in Chap- 
 ter VIII. ? He had a number of partners, and they were 
 all together called ''The Transylvania Company." 
 
 All the fine land he bought from the Indians was worth 
 nothing unless he and his partners could' get settlers, to 
 live on it. Land that produces no crops or other wealth 
 is of no real value. 
 
 Many of the Indian chiefs were in favor of this sale of 
 land because they thought that white settlers along the 
 Cumberland and Kentucky rivers would keep northern 
 Indians off their southern hunting grounds. Oconostota, 
 a famous Cherokee chief, opposed the sale and predicted 
 that the white people would have a great deal of trouble 
 in settling the country they had bought. His prediction 
 was correct, as we shall see in the course of this story. 
 
 The Transylvania Company offered large tracts of good 
 land for a very small price to any one who would settle on 
 their purchase. In 1778 Thomas Sharpe Spencer and a 
 party of hunters came from Kentucky to settle in Middle 
 Tennessee near where Nashville now stands. The place 
 was then called Big Salt Lick or French Lick, and was a 
 wild, lonely, dangerous country. After clearing a piece of 
 ground, near Castalian Springs, in what is now Sumner 
 County, planting corn, and learning the dangers of living 
 there, all of the party except Spencer said they would rather 
 
 84 
 
THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS 
 
 85 
 
 keep the hair on their heads and not have quite so much 
 rich land and fat game. They went back to Kentucky, 
 leaving Spencer by himself in the wilderness. He said he 
 
 would risk the Indians' getting 
 his scalp, so he watched his clear- 
 ing, raised his crop of corn, and 
 lived all the following winter in a 
 hollow sycamore tree. This 
 lan was the first actual settler in 
 Middle Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 Spencer did 
 not know that 
 there was a 
 white man with- 
 in a hundred 
 miles of him, 
 but there were 
 along the Cum- 
 berland River 
 a few hunters 
 and trappers in 
 the service of 
 Captain De Mumbreun, or Montbreun, a French fur trader 
 who afterward lived at Nashville. 
 
 Spencer was a man of gigantic size. One day he passed 
 near the hut of one of these trappers ; soon afterward, it 
 is said, the trapper saw his tracks and ran away to the 
 French settlements on the Wabash River and reported 
 that the Cumberland country was inhabited by such big 
 giants that he was afraid to stay there. This story may 
 be true or it may be a joke that some one made on the 
 great size of Spencer's feet. 
 
 Spencer at Home 
 
86 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 We do not know what promises the Transylvania Com- 
 pany made to James Robertson and some of his Watauga 
 friends, but they must have been very Uberal. Late in the 
 year 1778, Robertson, seven other white men, and one 
 negro left Watauga and traveled through the wbods to the 
 place where Spencer had raised his crop of corn during the 
 summer of that year. They at once selected land near 
 French Lick, built cabins and forts, cleared fields, and 
 planted corn the following spring. Soon after the arrival 
 of Robertson's party they were joined by another under the 
 lead of a trapper named Casper Mansker. 
 
 Robertson went to see General George Rogers Clark at 
 Kaskaskia, about the title to their lands, and on this trip 
 met John Raines and a party of pioneers on their way to 
 Kentucky. He persuaded them to go with him to French 
 Lick. Soon after Raines came a party of settlers from 
 South Carolina moved in, and, for a little while, there was 
 almost a steady stream of immigrants coming into the 
 Cumberland country. 
 
 Robertson and his companions had left their wives and 
 children at Watauga. December 22, 1779, a flatboat called 
 the Adventure, and a number of small craft, left Fort 
 Patrick Henry, on the Holston River, to float down the 
 Holston into the Tennessee, and down the Tennessee to 
 the Ohio, then to be poled and paddled up the Ohio to the 
 Cumberland, then up the Cumberland to French Lick. 
 This fleet of boats was under the command of John Don- 
 elson, and carried the families of Robertson and his associ- 
 ates, in company with many other immigrants, to the 
 Cumberland country. They did not reach Nashville, or 
 French Lick, until April 24, 1780. 
 
 John Donelson kept a daily journal of this long voyage. 
 It is one of the most interesting old documents of Tennes- 
 
THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS 8/ 
 
 see history, but is too long to be given here. You can 
 find the whole of it in Ramsey's Annals of Tennessee and 
 in some other large histories. 
 
 Donelson's journal tells how these brave adventurers 
 suffered from hunger and cold, and storms and wrecks, 
 and sickness and Indian attacks, and how they succeeded 
 in passing through all of these, and many other perils, 
 and finally landing at the Big Salt Lick to take posses- 
 sion of the log-cabin homes that loving hands had built 
 for them. 
 
 All of the immigrants that have been mentioned did not 
 settle at Nashville. In May, 1780, there were eight regu- 
 lar stations, or forts, and some scattered settlements. The 
 stations were Nashborough, the present Nashville ; Free- 
 land's, north of Nashville ; Gasper's, farther north at 
 Goodlettsville ; Fort Union, about six miles up the river 
 from Nashville ; Eaton's, on the east side of the Cumber- 
 land about two or three miles below Nashville ; Stones 
 River, west of the Hermitage ; Asher's, very near Galla- 
 tin ; and Bledsoe's at Sulphur Springs, or Castalian Springs, 
 in what is now Sumner County. Can you describe a 
 pioneer fort or station } If you cannot, turn back and 
 read Chapter VII. 
 
 As soon as the pioneers had established homes in the 
 wilderness they set about organizing a government that 
 would insure decency and good order in the new settle- 
 ments. Each station sent representatives to Nashborough, 
 and they drew up a " Compact of Government " which 
 was signed, May 13, 1780, by two hundred and fifty-six 
 persons, only one man making his ''mark." 
 
 The " Compact of Government " is a long document 
 that may be found in Putnam's History of Middle Tennes- 
 see. It provided a government suited to the needs of the 
 
SS SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 time and place for which it was made. The judicial and 
 executive powers were placed in the hands of twelve 
 ''Notables " or ''General Arbitrators." James Robertson 
 was made the chairman of this body and was therefore 
 the real governor of the colony and the commander of the 
 militia, 
 
 Robertson and his associates in office went to the dis- 
 charge of their public duties in much the same manner as 
 did the " Committee of Thirteen " at Watauga, except that 
 they never hanged any one. The " Compact of Govern- 
 ment " did not give them that power. 
 
 Until the summer of 1780 the Cumberland settlers were 
 not troubled by Indians. There were three reasons for 
 this. I. John Sevier had given the Cherokees enough of 
 war to keep them quiet for a little while. 2. One of the 
 boats in Donelson's fleet carried a family that had small- 
 pox. This boat was kept behind the others. The Indians 
 captured it, killed the people, plundered the boat, took 
 smallpox themselves, and died by hundreds. 3. The win- 
 ter of 1779-80 was so severe that the Cumberland River 
 was frozen deeply enough for cattle to be driven across it 
 on the ice.^ This severe weather made game very scarce 
 and kept the Indians busy making fires and getting enough 
 to eat. 
 
 In the summer of 1780 the Indians began to kill the 
 settlers and hunters that they found alone or in small 
 parties, and this was kept up all the season. There was 
 
 ^ Only twice, if at all, in the history of Tennessee has the weather been so 
 cold as in 1780. On " Cold Friday," February 5, 1835, cattle and hogs were 
 frozen to death. On the night of February 12, 1899, the official record shows 
 29 degrees below zero at Trenton, 28 at Union City, and 27 at Dresden. 
 These are the lowest records in the state. We have no official record for 
 1780 and 1835. 
 
THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS 
 
 89 
 
 no open attack upon the settlements, but if a man went 
 out to gather corn, to hunt, to feed his stock, or to visit a 
 neighbor he was in constant danger of being shot by an 
 Indian hidden away in a thicket or canebrake. 
 
 Indian Warriors 
 
 In spite of this constant danger and loss of life, the 
 Cumberland settlements were growing stronger and better 
 prepared to resist the fierce Indian war which came upon 
 them the next year. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. The Transylvania Purchase. 
 
 2. Indian views of the treaty and sale. 
 
 3. Inducements to settle in the Cumberland country. 
 
 4. The first settler in Middle Tennessee. 
 
 5. Spencer and the Frenchman. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 6 
 
90 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 6. James Robertson and his party. 
 
 7. Other settlers. 
 
 8. The voyage of the Adventure. 
 
 9. John Donelson's journal. 
 
 10. The eight stations or forts. 
 
 11. The Compact of Government. 
 
 12. No Indian troubles until the summer of 1780. 
 
 13. First Indian warfare on the Cumberland. 
 
 14. Progress of the settlements. 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 
 DAVIDSON COUNTY 
 
 In the spring of 1781 the Indians determined to destroy 
 the Cumberland settlements, and Cherokees, Creeks, Chick- 
 amaugas, and some others united for this purpose. They 
 
 Defense of Nashborough 
 
 attacked the fort at Nashborough, April 2, 1781, and were 
 totally defeated by the heroic settlers in a savage fight 
 called the battle of the Bluffs. At a critical time in the 
 battle, Mrs. Robertson, it is said, turned out of the fort 
 about fifty fierce dogs and set them on the Indians. 
 
 91 
 
92 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 After their defeat the Indians divided into small parties, 
 stole horses and cattle, burned houses, and killed people 
 who were at work or out hunting. They could quack Uke 
 ducks or gobble like turkeys or imitate the cries of nearly 
 all wild beasts and thus lead hunters up to their hiding 
 places and shoot them. The white men soon learned this 
 trick and turned it against the Indians. Mansker, Spen- 
 cer, Castleman, and many others became even more expert 
 at " gobbling up " Indians than the Indians were in deceiv- 
 ing them. 
 
 For years every man in the Cumberland settlements 
 slept with a loaded rifle within reach. If one plowed or 
 chopped, others stood guard for him with loaded guns ready 
 for use. Some one was constantly on watch at the gates 
 of the forts, and scouts ranged the woods in all directions. 
 No one outside of a fort was safe for a single moment. 
 James Robertson is said to have slept with one eye open 
 every night ; that is, he was constantly watchful and care- 
 ful for the safety of the settlement. He was a wonderful 
 man, — a man of iron when necessary, — but withal so 
 kind and true that he was the friend, the guide, the coun- 
 selor and commander of all the people, and the real '' Father 
 of Middle Tennessee." 
 
 In 1783 the Cumberland settlements were organized into 
 Davidson County, embracing in its territory all of Middle 
 Tennessee north of Duck River. A Court of Pleas and 
 Quarter Sessions (county court) was estabHshed by North 
 Carolina and the "Compact of Government" came to an 
 end. A log courthouse eighteen feet square, and a jail of 
 smaller size and Hke material, were built. Nashborough 
 was made the county seat, and its name was changed to 
 Nashville in 1784. James Robertson was elected represen- 
 tative to the North CaroHna Legislature, and attended the 
 
DAVIDSON COUNTY 93 
 
 sessions regularly, though he had to go and come more 
 than six hundred miles, and half of the way at the constant 
 risk of his life. What a brave, true-hearted man he must 
 have been ! 
 
 The newly formed county court seems to have been 
 about the nearest approach to an omnipotent body that 
 ever existed in North America. It levied and collected 
 taxes, cleared roads, laid out towns, sent gffenders to jail 
 and the whipping post, opened and operated a land office, 
 regulated the currency, made and enforced sumptuary 
 laws, raised and equipped armies, declared war and made 
 treaties, tried to negotiate with a foreign nation, — Spain, 
 — for the navigation of the Mississippi ; in fact, did a 
 little of everything within the power of a governor, legis- 
 lature, and courts of a state, besides several things that 
 were not. There seems to have been only one thing that 
 it could not do ; that was to draw money from the North 
 Carolina treasury. Not a penny would North Carolina 
 ever spend for the benefit of her western settlers. 
 
 Strange as the proceedings of Davidson County Court 
 may now appear, it was necessary that those magistrates 
 should act as they did. Immigrants were constantly com- 
 ing in and were a welcome addition to the strength of the 
 settlements. They had to buy corn until they could raise 
 a crop. Now, if some one who had corn to sell wished to 
 ship it down the Cumberland River and sell it to a Ken- 
 tucky distiller, the court would issue an order forbidding 
 it. This looks like taking a man's personal rights from 
 him. We should call such an order a sumptuary law. 
 But it was a necessity ; the corn was needed to make 
 bread for the incoming settlers until they could raise a 
 crop. 
 
 It seems to us very absurd that a county court should 
 
94 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 keep a standing army. But the Cumberland people were 
 six hundred miles from the capital of their state ; they 
 were in the midst of savage enemies and had to take care 
 of themselves. They looked to their county court for 
 everything pertaining to the public safety, as it was the 
 only legal authority within reach of them. The men who 
 composed this court were true patriots. While they took 
 the responsibility of some very strange and arbitrary 
 acts, they seem always to have tried to serve their people 
 faithfully. 
 
 Under the rule of this all-powerful county court the 
 Cumberland settlements grew and spread over the coun- 
 try, though some one was killed almost every day by the 
 Indians. Robertson and all of the wise men tried to make 
 peace with the savages, but could not do it In another 
 chapter I will explain to you why they could not. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Indian plans for 1781. 
 
 2. Battle of the Bluffs. 
 
 3. Indian warfare after the battle. 
 
 4. Conditions under which settlers lived and worked. 
 
 5. "• The Father of Middle Tennessee.'' 
 
 6. Davidson County. 
 
 7. The county seat, courthouse, and jail. 
 
 8. Representative in the legislature. 
 
 9. Remarkable proceedings of the county court. Reasons. 
 
 10. Who now exercise the powers then exercised by that county court ? 
 
 1 1 . Prosperity of the county. 
 
 12. Efforts to make peace with the Indians. 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE SPANIARDS 
 
 Now let us learn a chapter of Spanish American history 
 so that we may better understand the condition of the 
 Cumberland people. It looks a little strange that we 
 should study Spanish affairs in order to understand about 
 Tennessee, but we must do it, and the lesson must be well 
 learned. 
 
 In 1762, while the "Intercolonial Wars" were going 
 on, England took Cuba from Spain. The next year, you 
 remember, England and France made their treaty of peace, 
 and France surrendered all of her territory east of the Mis- 
 sissippi River (except New Orleans) to England ; about the 
 same time, also, France gave New Orleans and all her land 
 west of the Mississippi to Spain. England thus owned all 
 of the country east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans 
 and Florida; but by the same treaty of 1763, she gave 
 Cuba back to Spain in exchange for Florida, so as to have 
 all of her American possessions together. Study carefully 
 the map of North America in connection with this para- 
 graph, — do not try to understand it without the map 
 before you. 
 
 In 1783 the Revolutionary War closed, the thirteen 
 English colonies in North America became independent 
 states, and thus England lost all of her territory east of 
 the Mississippi except Canada and Florida. England then 
 gave Florida back to Spain in exchange for the Bahama 
 Islands, and left Spain and the United States to quarrel 
 
 95 
 
96 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 over the northern boundary Hne of Florida, which had 
 never been definitely established. 
 
 As the United States was not at that time a strong 
 nation, Spain at once put soldiers into the forts at Pensa- 
 cola, Mobile, New Orleans, and Natchez ; and the Spanish 
 governor general, who Hved at New Orleans, claimed 
 what is now Alabama, Mississippi, much of Tennessee, 
 and a small part of Kentucky as Spanish territory. In 1794 
 he built Fort Barancas where Memphis now is. 
 
 Nearly all of the Indians in this territory, except the 
 Chickasaws, hated the Americans. The Spaniards told 
 the Indians that the King of Spain was their friend, and 
 that he would keep the Americans from taking their land 
 from them. Then they sent out their agents and traders, 
 who furnished the Indians with guns and ammunition and 
 told them to kill out all of the white settlers west of the 
 mountains in Tennessee. 
 
 To make still more trouble for all of the people of the 
 United States, west of the mountains, the Spaniards would 
 not allow them to use the Mississippi River. In those 
 days there were no railroads nor good wagon roads across 
 the mountains. The western settlers had no way to carry 
 their produce to market except by the rivers, and all of 
 these rivers finally ran into the Mississippi. The settlers 
 could not buy tea nor coffee nor sugar nor anything else 
 unless they could get to a market to sell their crops and 
 thus get money to buy what they needed. 
 
 You are probably thinking that it seems very foolish 
 and wicked for the Spaniards to have encouraged the In- 
 dians to kill white people, and to have kept the western 
 settlers from buying and selling in Natchez and New 
 Orleans, where many Spanish merchants were anxious to 
 trade with them. 
 
THE SPANIARDS 97 
 
 The Spanish officials thought they had good reasons for 
 acting as they did. Count Aranda, the Prime Minister of 
 Spain, had told the Spanish king that the United States, 
 if left to themselves, would soon become a great power 
 and drive the Spanish out of North America. A Creek 
 Indian chief, Alexander McGillivray, had made a very simi- 
 lar prediction to the governor general at New Orleans. 
 
 The object of the Spanish authorities, therefore, was to 
 keep the United States from becoming a great power. 
 They determined to prevent the use of the Mississippi 
 River for trade, and thus discourage western settlement ; 
 to get the Indians to destroy the settlements that were 
 already in Tennessee and Kentucky ; then to claim that 
 the northern boundary of their Florida possessions was 
 somewhere near the mouth of the Ohio River. If this 
 plan could be carried out, they knew that the United 
 States would be much weaker and Spain much stronger in 
 America. 
 
 As one means of carrying out their purposes, the Span- 
 iards made a treaty with McGillivray, and promised him 
 the regular pay of a Spanish general if he would keep the 
 Indians at war with the Cumberland settlers. The Span- 
 ish traders furnished plenty of guns and ammunition, and 
 the business was exactly to the taste of McGillivray and 
 the Indians. 
 
 Now you can understand why Robertson and the Cum- 
 berland settlers could not make peace with the Indians. 
 The chiefs were paid to keep the war going on. McGilli- 
 vray did not care how many white people nor how many 
 Indians were killed, nor whether Spain or the western 
 settlers were ruined by the war. He stayed in his Alabama 
 home and pretended to be a friend to both parties while 
 drawing his pay and keeping up the war. 
 
98 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 McGillivray was only one fourth Indian. His father 
 was a Scotchman of good family, his mother a half-blood 
 Indian. Her father was a Spaniard who held office in the 
 French army. From Pickett's History of Alabama, and 
 other sources, we learn that McGillivray was tall, slender, 
 very handsome, a fine scholar, a poHshed gentleman in 
 manners, having the cool judgment and shrewdness of a 
 Scotchman, the self-conceit and duplicity of a Spaniard, 
 and the treachery and ferocity of an Indian. Perhaps he 
 was altogether the most remarkable combination of scholar, 
 savage, gentleman, ruffian, diplomat, knave, and scoundrel 
 that ever lived in America. 
 
 This man, who seems to have had no more conscience 
 than a wildcat, ruled the Creeks and Seminoles, and had 
 great influence among other tribes. He made fair prom- 
 ises to James Robertson and to the Spanish governor, 
 accepted presents from both, though he cared nothing for 
 either of them, and never had the shghtest regard for his 
 own promises. He kept the Indians making war on the 
 settlers only because he was paid to do so, and kept mak- 
 ing fair promises to the Cumberland people because he 
 hoped thereby to get more pay. 
 
 Robertson finally learned McGillivray's character, and 
 saw that it was useless to have any dealings with him. 
 He then turned his attention to the Spanish governor at 
 New Orleans in order to secure peace for the Cumberland 
 settlements. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Conquest and transfers of American territory in 1762 and 1763. 
 
 2. Other transfers in 1783. 
 
 3. Spanish claims east of the Mississippi in 1783. 
 
 4. Spanish dealings with the Indians. 
 
THE SPANIARDS 99 
 
 5. Spanish markets of Natchez and New Orleans necessary to western 
 
 settlers. 
 
 6. Predictions of Count Aranda and of Alexander McGillivray. 
 
 7. Spanish plans and purposes in preventing the use of the Mississippi. 
 
 8. The treaty with INlcGillivray. 
 
 9. Why Robertson could not make peace with the Indians 
 ID. Family history of Alexander McGillivray. 
 
 11. Personal appearance and general character. 
 
 12. Dealings with Robertson and the Spaniards. 
 
 13. Lesson learned by Robertson. 
 
 14. Next efforts for peace on the Cumberland. 
 
 d 
 
 J 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 
 THE TERRITORY 
 
 In all of their struggles with Indians, and hardships of 
 every kind, the Cumberland people never received any 
 real help from North Carolina. The legislature passed 
 acts that amounted to nothing more than giving them 
 leave to take care of themselves. This they knew they 
 could do, and had done without any acts of the North 
 Carolina Legislature, and therefore they did not feel very 
 grateful to North Carolina, or very much in love with her 
 ways. 
 
 James Robertson wanted for his people two things, 
 which he saw he would never get through the aid of 
 North Carolina. One was a real treaty of peace with 
 the Indians, and the other was the free navigation of the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 The Spaniards wanted the Tennessee and Kentucky 
 settlements entirely destroyed, or they wanted them to 
 form new governments, and become part of the Spanish 
 empire in America. 
 
 Don Estevan Miro was the Spanish governor at New 
 Orleans. Robertson wrote him a very nice letter, and he 
 sent Robertson a very pretty reply. A number of letters 
 passed between them, in which they did a great deal of 
 bowing and smiHng and handshaking and passing of com- 
 pliments, — all on paper, of course, — and I am afraid 
 none of it was sincere. This sort of dickering in fine 
 
THE TERRITORY lOI 
 
 phrases between politicians is called diplomacy. Each 
 tries to get as much and give as little as he possibly can, 
 and be so polite and smiling and agreeable about it that it 
 shall appear to be just the other way. 
 
 Robertson had the North Carolina Legislature name 
 Middle Tennessee " Miro District," and Governor Miro 
 declared that he felt himself highly honored, and promised 
 to do great things for the Cumberland settlers ; but he did 
 very little, as far as the settlers could see. The Indians 
 kept kilHng them, and they were allowed only a very 
 restricted use of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Some things that Robertson wrote to Miro have made 
 some people beheve that he wished the western settlements 
 to join the Spanish colonies. No one who has carefully 
 studied the Hfe and character of Robertson ought to be- 
 lieve this. He was too good a man, too stanch a patriot, 
 too great a lover of liberty, to wish himself and family and 
 friends to be subjects of the King of Spain. 
 
 While Robertson was using all of his art and skill with 
 the Spanish governor, while Bledsoe and Raines and 
 Castleman and others were fighting the Indians, while 
 men, women, and children were daily being killed within 
 sight of their own doors, North Carolina again ceded Ten- 
 nessee to the United States government. This cession was 
 made in February, 1790, and was accepted by Congress 
 in April ; and in May a bill was passed for the govern- 
 ment of " The Territory of the United States South of the 
 Ohio River." 
 
 William Blount was appointed governor of the newly 
 formed territory, and David Campbell judge of the supe- 
 rior court. John Sevier was made Brigadier General of 
 Washington District, or East Tennessee, and James 
 Robertson of Miro District, or Middle Tennessee. 
 
I02 SETfLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 Rogersville was first made the capital of the territory, 
 but in a Httle while the seat of government was moved 
 to Knoxville. 
 
 The legislature of the territory was composed of a 
 legislative council, elected by Congress, and a territorial 
 
 assembly elected by the peo- 
 ple of the territory. The 
 Legislative Council was com- 
 posed of the following five 
 ^^ ^?P members : — 
 
 Griffith Rutherford, President. 
 John Sevier. 
 James Winchester. 
 Stockley Donelson. 
 Panne nas Taylor. 
 
 This council made George 
 Roulstone their clerk, and 
 William Blount Christophcr Shoat their door- 
 
 keeper. 
 The Territorial Assembly was as follows : — 
 
 From Washington County, Leroy Taylor and John Tipton. 
 
 From Sullivan County, George Rutlage. 
 
 From Greene County, Joseph Hardin. 
 
 From Davidson County, James White. 
 
 From Sumner County, David Wilson. 
 
 From Hawkins County, William Cocke and Joseph McMinn. 
 
 From Tennessee County, James Ford. 
 
 From Jefferson County, George Doherty and Samuel Wear. 
 
 From Knox County, Alexander Kelly and John Baird. 
 
 David Wilson was elected speaker ; Hopkins Lacy was 
 made clerk. The Assembly elected James White as dele- 
 gate of the territory to the United States Congress. 
 
THE TERRITORY IO3 
 
 This legislature did some good service, — educational, 
 military, and political. The first session began on the 
 fourth Monday in February, 1794. Before this date the 
 laws of the territory had been selected by the governor and 
 judges of the courts, from the laws of any of the states. 
 
 In the list of representatives you see the name of James 
 Ford from Tennessee County. There is now no such 
 county. It was west of Davidson and Sumner counties. 
 When the state took the name Tennessee, the county 
 was abolished and its territory was divided into the two 
 counties of Robertson and Montgomery. 
 
 During Governor Blount's administration two new 
 counties, Sevier and Blount, were formed ; the population 
 was greatly increased, and the Indian wars were brought 
 to an end. The ending of the wars, however, was not due 
 to Governor Blount, the Assembly, nor the United States 
 Congress, but chiefly to the bold acts of James Robertson 
 and the people of the Cumberland settlements. 
 
 When Tennessee became a territory of the United 
 States, the President was trying to majce a treaty with 
 Spain for the free navigation of the Mississippi River. 
 This was just what Robertson and his Middle Tennessee 
 people wanted. Governor Blount was ordered to allow no 
 attack on the Indians, lest the Spaniards might be offended 
 and refuse to make the treaty. 
 
 The people waited and waited, but no treaty came. 
 Plenty of Indians came, however, and they skulked about 
 the settlements, burning houses, stealing horses, and kill- 
 ing people until the settlers got out of patience waiting for 
 the treaty with Spain. They begged to be allowed to 
 attack the Indians, but Governor Blount said, '' No, you 
 must not; that might upset all the negotiations with 
 Spain." 
 
I04 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 The settlers waited awhile longer and learned that 
 Spanish traders were buying American scalps from the 
 Indians, in order to get them to kill more white people. 
 Then their anger knew no bounds. They threatened to 
 kill both Indians and Spaniards in spite of the governor, 
 the President, or any one else. Robertson said, " Be 
 patient." And they obeyed him. 
 
 Robertson's brother was killed, then his son was killed ; 
 men, women, and little children were murdered almost 
 every day. Buchanan's Station was attacked by five or 
 six hundred Indians, but was successfully defended by 
 fifteen heroic men, with the aid of the brave women, who 
 molded bullets and loaded the guns through all that stub- 
 born fight. Finally the patience of Robertson and of 
 every one else came to an end, and they determined to 
 disobey their rulers and give the Creeks and Chickamaugas 
 a taste of Sevier's methods with the Cherokees. 
 
 In September, 1794, General Robertson ordered Major 
 Ore to destroy the five lower towns of the Chickamauga- 
 Cherokees. The most important of these were Nickojack 
 and Running Water. They were all on or near Tennessee 
 River, below Lookout Mountain, and so secure did the 
 Indians consider them that they said not even ** Nolli- 
 chucky Jack" could reach them. 
 
 Several years before this time the Indians had killed a 
 man named Brown and all of his family except one little 
 boy. This boy grew up among the Indians of the lower 
 towns and knew all about the places. The Indians had 
 been forced to exchange him for some prisoners Sevier 
 had taken, and Robertson persuaded him to guide Major 
 Ore and his five hundred men to the lower towns. 
 
 With Brown as a guide, the soldiers came silently and 
 suddenly upon the Indians and so completely surrounded 
 
THE TERRITORY IO5 
 
 them that very few escaped. The destruction was as 
 thorough as if Sevier had done the work. Every Indian 
 that was seen, except a few women and children, was 
 killed, every wigwam was burned, everything was taken 
 away or destroyed. Some Spanish traders were killed, 
 and Spanish goods, guns, ammunition, a military commis- 
 sion for an Indian chief, and property and scalps of Cum- 
 berland people were found in the Indian towns. This is 
 called the Nickojack Expedition or Ore's Expedition. 
 
 When the report of this expedition reached the ears of 
 the officials, there was a great stir. The Secretary of War 
 wrote a severe letter to Governor Blount, and Governor 
 Blount wrote a stinging reproof to General Robertson, 
 and General Robertson wrote a sharp reply in which he 
 said, in effect, that he and the Cumberland people did not 
 intend to sit still and be scalped by the Indians while the 
 officials were passing compliments with the Spaniards ; 
 and if they did not like his way of doing they might get 
 some one else to serve as brigadier general. But he was 
 too valuable a man to dismiss from office, and here the 
 matter ended. The Indian wars in Middle Tennessee also 
 ended, except a few raids of little importance, though very 
 annoying. 
 
 In 1795 there were found to be more than sixty thousand 
 people in the territory. This was a population large 
 enough to make a state. A convention was therefore 
 called, which met at Knoxville in January, 1796, and 
 framed the first constitution of the State of Tennessee. 
 Andrew Jackson proposed the name of the state, though 
 it had been called the Tennessee country long before this 
 time. In June, 1796, President Washington signed the 
 act of Congress that made Tennessee the sixteenth state 
 of the American Union. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 7 
 
I06 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Aid of North Carolina to the Cumberland people. 
 
 2. Robertson's two important wants. 
 
 3. What the Spaniards wanted. 
 
 4. Correspondence between Robertson and Miro. 
 
 5. Diplomacy. 
 
 6. Miro District. 
 
 7. Charges against Robertson. 
 
 8. Second cession of Tennessee to the United States. 
 
 9. Organization of the territory. 
 
 10. The territorial legislature. 
 
 1 1 . Tennessee County. 
 
 12. Important events of Governor Blounfs administration. 
 
 13. The treaty making with Spain. 
 
 14. Effects of waiting for the treaty. 
 
 15. Threats of the settlers. 
 
 16. Buchanan's Station. 
 
 17. The end of the waiting. 
 
 18. The five "lower towns." 
 
 19. The Nickojack Expedition. 
 
 20. Effect among the officials. 
 
 21. Effect on Indian wars in Middle Tennessee. 
 
 22. How the territory became the State of Tennessee. 
 
CHAPTER XVI 
 
 DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 
 
 Domestic life means the way families live in their own 
 homes. The domestic life described in Chapter VI. may 
 be taken as a fair picture of that in all early settlements 
 in Tennessee. 
 
 Social life means how people of different families that 
 live in the same community act in their mingling and inter- 
 course with each other. Much of social Hfe belongs to the 
 churches and the schools, and much of this chapter will 
 be devoted to them. 
 
 Among the pioneers the ties of personal friendship were 
 made very strong by common dangers and common hard- 
 ships. Whenever necessary, they would share with one 
 another their money, clothes, provisions, ammunition, tools, 
 labor, or anything else that they might have. A settler's 
 cabin was open, without money and without price, for the 
 relief or assistance of any worthy man. If a man had a 
 house to build or logs to roll in his newly cleared ground, 
 or any other work that was too heavy for one man, he 
 invited his neighbors to help him. They always came 
 cheerfully and never thought of being paid for their work. 
 Indeed, they would have considered the offer of pay as an 
 insult. The one who had been helped was expected to 
 help others. To fail to invite a worthy neighbor to such 
 workings, or to refuse to go when invited, was considered 
 an evidence of very bad manners, not far removed from 
 downright meanness. 
 
 107 
 
I08 SETFLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 If a man was sick or unable from accident to care for 
 his crop, his neighbors assembled and did the work for 
 him in a single day, and went home thinking they had 
 done only a neighborly act. Selfishness, dishonesty in 
 word or act, and cowardice were vices not to be endured 
 in a pioneer community. Persons guilty of these were 
 promptly driven out of the country. 
 
 There were few disputes or lawsuits, therefore little 
 need for lawyers except as counselors on legal forms of 
 doing business. The people were hardy and strong, and 
 sickness was very rare. Hence there were few if any 
 doctors. Young people usually had their social pleasures, 
 dancing, games, etc., at night after the labors of the log- 
 rollings, house raisings, and quiltings were over. The 
 boys and girls did not grow up in total ignorance, but it 
 was a hard task for them to get the Httle education they 
 received. Books were few and costly and not at all suit- 
 able for children. Teachers were scarce and not very 
 expert in their business. About two months of mid- 
 summer and about the same length of time in midwinter 
 furnished the only school days of the most fortunate. At 
 all other times of the year it was necessary for all that 
 were old enough, to work at clearing ground, cultivating 
 a crop, or making clothing. 
 
 Until the Indian wars were ended there could be no 
 schools outside the forts. Teachers and pupils would have 
 been butchered and the houses burned in short order. 
 After the wars were over, log cabins were built to be used 
 as both schoolhouses and churches. In the forts, or outside 
 of them, those schools of early days were very different 
 •from the schools that you attend. Many of the school- 
 houses had no floor but the ground. There were no desks, 
 blackboards, globes, charts, etc. The seats were long 
 
DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 
 
 109 
 
 benches, without backs, made of hewed logs. The " writ- 
 ing bench " was a hewed-log shelf, the proper height for 
 writing, extending along the wall usually the entire length 
 of the house. The windows were openings, the whole 
 length of the house, made by sawing out a log on each 
 
 
 Bi 
 
 H^H^Se. ' ^^l^m^Sf j^'^^^^^k 
 
 [Vf^ 
 
 ^ '•^ ■***- ilA'lEfflilllUL^^ 
 
 
 / ' y 
 
 :^«*i»' 
 
 Interior of a Schoolhouse 
 
 side. There was no glass used, but wooden shutters were 
 sometimes provided. 
 
 There were three divisions of the pupils, — the big boys, 
 the Httle boys, and the girls. The big boys brought their 
 axes to school as regularly as their books ; they felled trees 
 and cut them into firewood for the use of the school. 
 The little boys carried in the wood and made fires ; the 
 girls kept the house clean. 
 
 There were no classes or grades as we have them now ; 
 each pupil usually stood close beside the master and recited 
 alone, except at the spelling hour, when all stood in line 
 
no SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 and spelled orally. All studied their lessons aloud, and 
 the amazing din this created did not seem to disturb any one. 
 The principal books used were Dilworth's Speller, Dayball's 
 AritJunctic, Pilgrim s Progress, and the Bible. Each pupil 
 made his own copybook of foolscap paper and brought his 
 own bottle of ink made from oak balls or elder berries. 
 The master made all of the pens out of goose quills, and 
 wrote all of the copies. 
 
 School opened about seven o'clock in the morning and 
 closed about five o'clock in the afternoon. The noon 
 recess was from one to two hours. The school was in 
 session on Saturday and Sunday just as it was on any other 
 day of the week. Time was precious, and there were no 
 Sunday schools, and rarely any church services, to attend. 
 With all of the disadvantages of their surroundings, 
 many of the boys and girls of pioneer days managed to 
 
 get a fairly good education. 
 Do you think you would have 
 done so t 
 
 In 1778 or 1779 Samuel 
 Doak, who was educated at 
 Princeton College, New Jersey, 
 came to Washington County, 
 and soon after his arrival 
 opened a good school in a log 
 cabin on his own farm. This 
 is said to have been the first 
 real institution of learning in 
 the Mississippi Valley. In 
 1788 Doak's school was incorporated by the North Carolina 
 Legislature as Martin Academy. In 1795 the territorial 
 legislature chartered Martin Academy as Washington Col- 
 lege, located at Salem, and Doak was made its president 
 
 Samuel Doak 
 
DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE III 
 
 In 1794 Blount College was founded near Knoxville. 
 Samuel Carrick was made president of this school, which 
 is now the University of Tennessee. This was probably 
 the first nonsectarian college chartered in the United 
 States. Greene College was founded at Greeneville by 
 its first president, Hezekiah Balch, in 1794. In 1785 the 
 Legislature of North Carolina incorporated Davidson 
 Academy, near Nashville. Now take your map and 
 locate Salem, Greeneville, Knoxville, and Nashville, and 
 you will have in mind the only places in Tennessee where 
 a liberal or high school education might be obtained when 
 the state was admitted to the Union in 1796. 
 
 About the year 1772 Charles Cummins, a Presbyterian 
 minister of Abingdon, Virginia, was preaching occasion- 
 ally to the Watauga settlers. He was probably the first 
 ordained preacher that ever held religious services among 
 the white settlers of the state. Long before this date, 
 however, priests of the Roman Catholic Church had held 
 rehgious services in what is now Tennessee, among the 
 French and Spanish explorers and soldiers. 
 
 Tidence Lane, a Baptist minister, was the first known 
 regular pastor of a church in Tennessee. His church was 
 established at Buffalo Ridge, Washington County, in 1779. 
 Samuel Doak, who was a Presbyterian, was preaching at 
 various places among the Watauga settlers at about the 
 same date. As preacher, teacher, and politician, his influ- 
 ence in the state was immense, and its effects are still felt. 
 
 The first Methodist preacher in Tennessee, that we 
 know of, was Jeremiah Lambert, who came to the Holston 
 Circuit in 1783. Bishop Asbury held the first Methodist 
 Conference in Tennessee in 1788. It was held at a private 
 house, lasted three days, and the bishop preached every 
 day. The three denominations mentioned were the princi- 
 
112 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 
 
 pal ones, perhaps the only organized ones, in Tennessee 
 when it became a state. The Presbyterians were most 
 numerous. 
 
 The Bible, the hymn book, and the catechism came with 
 the settler into Tennessee, and were the principal books, 
 very often the only ones, in the early log-cabin homes. 
 Whether the pioneers were Presbyterians, Baptists, or 
 Methodists, those who professed to be religious were 
 thoroughly so according to the standards of their day. 
 They were men of strong convictions, very independent 
 in thought and very decided in action. They had the 
 greatest contempt for counterfeits or shams of any kind. 
 
 Churches were few and very rude in structure. The 
 log schoolhouses, courthouses, and private dwellings were 
 used as places of worship. When it was known that there 
 would be preaching at a certain house, nearly all the set- 
 tlers within fifteen miles of the place would assemble at 
 the appointed hour. The congregation would look very 
 strange to-day. The women and girls were clad in home- 
 spun dresses, with quilted or slat bonnets on their heads and 
 moccasins on their feet. The men and boys wore hunting 
 shirts and leather leggings, coon-skin caps, and moccasins ; 
 and all carried their rifles as if going to war. They never 
 knew what moment the Indians might attack them. 
 
 The congregation was quiet and orderly. There were 
 usually two sermons ; one in the forenoon and one in the 
 afternoon, but none at night, unless the services were held 
 in a fort. The minister read out the hymns, two lines at 
 a time, and the whole congregation sang them from mem- 
 ory. Sermons and prayers were usually long, and more 
 earnest and forcible than polished or elegant. 
 
 Try to imagine for yourself the appearance of every- 
 thing at one of these meetings : the grand, wild forest ; 
 
DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE II3 
 
 the rough log walls of the house ; the slab benches with 
 no backs ; the dht floors ; the severely simple and quaint 
 service; the strange dress of the people and the preacher; 
 the rifles standing around within easy reach ; the sun-burned, 
 wind-browned faces ; the stern, resolute expression of coun- 
 tenance, that comes from daily contact with danger and 
 hardship. When you see all this, remember that those 
 broad-shouldered, strong -limbed, stern -faced men and 
 women were true in purpose, loving in heart, and heroic 
 in soul. They feared God, but nothing else. They went 
 to church for His service alone, and their worship was " in 
 spirit and in truth." 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Domestic life. 
 
 2. Social life. 
 
 3. Domestic life described in Chapter VI. 
 
 4. Friendship among the pioneers- 
 
 5. Heavy work. 
 
 6. Bad manners. 
 
 7. Sick or disabled neighbors. 
 
 8. Intolerable vices. 
 
 9. Lawyers and doctors. 
 
 10. Difficulties of getting an education. 
 
 11. A pioneer schoolhouse, pupils, classes, books. 
 
 12. Samuel Doak's school. 
 
 13. Blount College. 
 
 14. Greene College. 
 
 15. Davidson Academy. 
 
 16. The four places to be located on the map. 
 
 17. First religious services in Tennessee. 
 
 18. First regular pastor in Tennessee. 
 
 19. Influence of Samuel Doak. 
 
 20. First of the Methodists. 
 
 21. Religious books and religion among the pioneers. 
 
 22. A pioneer meeting. 
 
 23. The imaginary picture and conclusion. 
 
Period III. 1 796-1861 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 
 STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT 
 
 Grown people usually think that boys and girls know 
 very little about politics, and that they have very little 
 taste for learning the political history of their country. 
 This idea may be correct, but I do not believe it, and in 
 this chapter will be given, in connection with other things, 
 some simple facts of poHtical history. 
 
 The government of the United States, and of each 
 state of our country, is intended to be a government of 
 public opinion. That is, the laws must be made and exe- 
 cuted as the majority of the people wish these things to 
 be done. An election is only a regularly established way 
 of finding out what public opinion is. 
 
 The officers elected are not the people's masters ; they 
 are public servants chosen to carry out the will of the 
 people. All of our officers should be treated with the 
 greatest respect, and all of our laws should be carefully 
 observed. It is a shame for any one in this free govern- 
 ment to be disrespectful or disobedient to officers or to 
 violate law. We are a free people ; therefore disrespect 
 to officials or disregard of law is an insult to the whole 
 people. Try to understand this and remember it. 
 
 114 
 
STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT II5 
 
 In all free governments there will grow up two or more 
 political parties. People of equal patriotism have differ- 
 ent opinions about the best way to conduct public affairs. 
 Those who hold the same or nearly the same opinions 
 will unite to form one political party, while those who 
 differ from them will form another party. 
 
 When the Constitution of the United 
 States was formed in 1787, there immedi- 
 ately began to be two political parties : 
 the Federalists, who thought that very 
 great powers should be given to the 
 general or federal government; and the 
 Anti-Federalists, or Democratic Republi- 
 cans, who thought that more powers 
 should be held by the states and fewer Alexander Hamilton 
 given to the federal government. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury in 
 President Washington's Cabinet, was the leader of the 
 Federalists ; Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State in 
 President Washington's Cabinet, was the leader of the 
 Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, as they were 
 afterwards called. 
 
 When Tennessee became a state, nearly all of her people 
 believed the political doctrines of Thomas Jefferson to be 
 the right ones. As nearly all were of the same political 
 opinion, there was no party contest for any office and very 
 little trouble about electing officers. 
 
 Five members from each of the eleven counties were 
 elected to form the constitutional convention. This con- 
 vention met at Knoxville, January 11, 1796, and elected 
 WilHam Blount chairman ; William Maclin secretary ; 
 John Sevier, Jr., clerk. 
 
 A committee, of two members from each county, was 
 
ii6 
 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 appointed to draw up a bill of rights and a constitution for 
 the state. So well did they do the work, according to the 
 ideas of that day, that Jefferson said it was the best and 
 
 most republican constitu- 
 tion that had been made. 
 The fathers of our state 
 government had the two 
 virtues of economy and in- 
 dustry. They charged the 
 state ^1.50 a day for their 
 services in the convention, 
 and 2)s cents a mile for 
 traveling expenses ; they 
 paid the clerks $2.50 a 
 day, and the doorkeeper 
 $2.00 a day ; the entire in- 
 cidental expenses were only 
 $12.62; and the convention 
 returned to the treasury the 
 unexpended remainder of 
 the money that had been 
 The whole session lasted only 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 set apart for their use 
 twenty-seven days. 
 
 As soon as the convention adjourned. Governor Blount 
 issued an order for the election of a governor and members 
 of the legislature for the new state. The elections were 
 held according to this order, and the Ji7^st Legislature of 
 the State of Tennessee met at Knoxville, tJie first capital of 
 the State of Tennessee, March 28, 1796. 
 
 The Senate organized by electing James Winchester 
 speaker, Francis A. Ramsey clerk, Nathaniel A. Bucking- 
 ham assistant clerk, Thomas Bounds doorkeeper. The 
 House of Representatives organized by making James 
 
STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT 11/ 
 
 Stuart speaker, Thomas H. Williams clerk, John Sevier, 
 Jr., assistant clerk, John Rhea doorkeeper. 
 
 When organized, the legislature examined the *' election 
 returns " and decided that John Sevier was elected gov- 
 ernor. He was sworn into office, in presence of both 
 houses of the legislature, March 30, 1796, by Judge Joseph 
 Anderson. 
 
 The legislature then elected the following officers : 
 William Maclin, Secretary of State ; Landon Carter, Treas- 
 urer of Washington and Hamilton Districts ; WiUiam Black, 
 Treasurer of Miro District ; John McNairy, Willie Blount, 
 and Archibald Roane, Judges of the Superior Court ; Hop- 
 kins Lacy, John Lowry, and Howell Tatum, Attorneys for 
 the State ; Wilham Blount and William Cocke, Senators 
 in Congress. As the state was not admitted into the 
 Union until June, the senators were reelected in August. 
 Andrew Jackson was elected by the people to be repre- 
 sentative in Congress. 
 
 Perhaps you wish to know why the people were so 
 anxious to have a state government. The territorial gov- 
 ernment had been a good one, Governor Blount was an 
 able and popular man, and the territory was thriving and 
 prosperous under his administration. Why have all these 
 conventions and elections } Why did the people put them- 
 selves to the trouble and expense of making a change t 
 
 While a territory, Tennessee could take no part in the 
 government of the United States, as the people had no 
 senators or representatives in Congress. The people were 
 bound to obey the laws passed by Congress and to live 
 under the government of the President of the United 
 States ; but they had no voice in making the laws and no 
 vote in electing the President. This was one reason for 
 making the change. 
 
Il8 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 The governor and the judges of the territory were 
 appointed by the President, and the Legislative Council 
 was elected by Congress. This left the people very little 
 share in their local or home government, and did not suit 
 their free and independent spirit nor serve their best 
 interests. They wished to elect their own governor and 
 their own legislature and manage their own home affairs. 
 This was another reason for making the change. Thus 
 we see that the wish to take part in national affairs and 
 to enjoy the benefits of local self-government were the chief 
 causes that led the people to form a state government. 
 
 The constitution of the state provided that two years 
 should be the term of office for the governor, and that no 
 man should be allowed to hold the office for more than 
 three terms in succession. Governor Sevier was elected 
 three times without opposition, and was followed, in 1801, 
 by Archibald Roane. In 1803 Sevier was again a candi- 
 date, but Roane was a candidate against him. 
 
 Sevier's enemies tried to defeat him by telHng the 
 people that Sevier had been speculating in land warrants 
 while he was governor, and tried to make it appear that 
 he had forged some of them. John Tipton and Andrew 
 Jackson took part in circulating these reports. In 1798 
 Sevier had appointed Jackson a judge of the superior or 
 supreme court, the legislature had afterward elected him, 
 and he was still holding that office. Sevier denounced 
 him very bitterly as being ungrateful and showing himself 
 unfit to be a judge. So fierce did the quarrel grow that 
 Jackson challenged Sevier to fight a duel, but their friends 
 interfered and put an end to the quarrel. 
 
 Tipton got the legislature to investigate the charges 
 against Sevier's honesty, but nothing could be proved that 
 injured him in the estimation of the people, as they again 
 
STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT II9 
 
 elected him governor for three successive terms and then 
 sent him to Congress. 
 
 The treaty of 1795, between the United States and Spain, 
 gave the western people a very restricted use of the Mis- 
 sissippi River. In 1797 it was charged against William 
 Blount in the United States Senate that he had entered 
 into a conspiracy to take Louisiana and Florida away from 
 Spain and transfer them to England, as he thought Eng- 
 land would be a better neighbor than Spain. 
 
 On this charge WilHam Blount was expelled from the 
 United States Senate July 8, 1797. A United States offi- 
 cer was sent to Knoxville to arrest him and take him to 
 Philadelphia to be tried for high crimes. But the whole 
 affair was as bad a failure as the attempt to try Sevier for 
 treason. Blount would not go ; the officer alone could not 
 take him by force, and when he summoned men to help 
 him they very politely refused to do so, and told him that 
 Blount had done nothing wrong and could not be carried 
 out of Tennessee for trial. 
 
 After investigation the United States Senate decided 
 that they had no case against Blount. He was immedi- 
 ately elected to the state senate and made speaker of that 
 body. He died at Knoxville, March 21, 1800, and is 
 buried in the churchyard of the First Presbyterian Church. 
 Next to Sevier and Robertson he was the most popular 
 and beloved man in the state. The people never believed 
 that he intended any wrong in the Louisiana affair. In 
 1800 Spain secretly gave the whole of Louisiana back to 
 France; and in 1803 President Jefferson bought it from 
 France for ^15,000,000, and thus put an end to all trouble 
 about the Mississippi River. This purchase also put an 
 end to the very small FederaUst party that had existed 
 in Tennessee — all went over to Jefferson. 
 
120 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 From the organization of the state, in 1796, to the close 
 of Sevier's last term there had been but two governors. 
 Sevier had served twelve years, Roane had served two. 
 The growth and prosperity of the state had been wonderful. 
 Treaties had been made with the Indians, farms had been 
 cleared, roads opened, bridges made, churches and school- 
 houses built, new counties formed, towns laid out and occu- 
 pied, stores, shops, and post offices opened ; better buildings 
 than pioneer cabins were beginning to appear ; and com- 
 merce was beginning to feel the effects of free navigation. 
 Lawyers, preachers, and other men of learning were com- 
 ing into the country. The population had grown from a 
 little more than sixty thousand to two hundred and sixty 
 thousand people. Silk dresses, Leghorn bonnets, ruffled 
 shirt fronts, and beaver hats might have been seen on the 
 streets of Knoxville. When Governor Sevier passed out 
 of office, in 1809, Tennessee was a thriving young state 
 just entering upon the brilliant career that was opening 
 before her, — prosperity in all her wide domain, peace 
 within all her borders, and plenty in all her homes. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1 . The kind of government under which we live. 
 
 2. An election. 
 
 3. Duty of officers. 
 
 4. Duty of the people in a free government. 
 
 5. Cause of political parties. 
 
 6. Two parties that began in 1787. 
 
 7. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 8. Political opinions and elections in Tennessee in 1796. 
 
 9. The constitutional convention. Place, date, number of members. 
 TO. The committee and their work. 
 
 1 1 . Evidences of economy and industry. 
 
 12. First legislature and first capital of the state. 
 
STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT 121 
 
 13. First senators and first representative in Congress. 
 
 14. Why the people wished to have a state government. 
 
 15. First and second governors. How long did each serve ? 
 
 16. Charges against Sevier in 1803. 
 
 17. Quarrel between Sevier and Jackson. 
 
 18. The Tipton investigation and its result. 
 
 19. The expulsion of William Blount from the United States Senate. 
 
 20. The attempt to arrest and try him. 
 
 21. Close of Blounfs career. 
 
 22. End of the Mississippi River troubles. 
 
 23. General condition of the state in 1809. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 8 
 
CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 
 
 In 1809 Willie Blount, a brother of Senator William 
 Blount, was elected governor; he served three successive 
 terms, closing his last administration in 18 15. He was not 
 
 a great or brilliant man like 
 Sevier, nor was he the equal 
 of his brother William. He 
 was an honest, patriotic, sen- 
 sible man ; he was a firm 
 friend of Andrew Jackson, 
 was popular with all parties, 
 and made a good governor. 
 
 The first three years of 
 Blount's time in office were 
 similar to the last years of 
 Sevier's administrations. The 
 people were busy with all 
 the occupations of a new and 
 growing state. They had open markets, free trade, and 
 rich land. They raised fine stock and big crops ; bought 
 and sold goods and land, and worked and played very 
 much as you see people doing now. 
 
 One thing occurred during this administration that 
 slightly changed the physical geography of the western 
 part of the state. 
 
 In 181 1 earthquakes were felt in the country near 
 the Mississippi River, from the mouth of the Ohio to 
 
 Willie Blount 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 123 
 
 Vicksburg. In West Tennessee the shocks were very 
 severe. Great cracks were opened in the ground, some 
 of them ten miles long, as wide as an ordinary street or 
 public road, and deep enough to bury a two-story house 
 in. Every season has partly filled them with leaves, 
 brush, etc., but traces of many of them may still be seen 
 in the counties of Lake, Obion, Dyer, and Lauderdale. 
 
 The mouth of the Reelfoot River was Hfted up, and for 
 miles along its course the land sank down far below the 
 country around it. The sunken places were afterward 
 filled with water, and thus was formed the famous Reel- 
 foot Lake, from which Lake County takes its name. No 
 white people had homes in West Tennessee at that time, 
 but a few white hunters and traders were in the country. 
 Slight earthquakes have occasionally been felt in the same 
 region ever since then. 
 
 About the time that Tennessee became a state. Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte was rising into power in France. In 
 1799 he made himself ruler of his country, and until 181 5 
 he kept all Europe in a tumult of war. He conquered 
 all the nations of central and western Europe, except Eng- 
 land, but England held the mastery of the seas, and was 
 determined to hold it at any cost. To do this it was 
 necessary to have a great many seamen. 
 
 The war was so long, and so many sailors were killed 
 in the great sea fights, that the British government was 
 obliged to impress men, or force them to go into the navy. 
 Next, it claimed the right to search the ships of other 
 countries to see if they had on board any British sailors 
 that might be forced into the British Navy. The United 
 States declared that England should not search American 
 ships. England declared that she would do it, and she 
 did search many of them. This, with some other disputes, 
 
124 
 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 finally brought on what is called the War of 1812, or the 
 
 Second War with Great Britain. 
 
 As soon as war was declared, in June, 181 2, the Ten- 
 
 nesseeans volun- 
 teered as soldiers 
 in great numbers. 
 General Andrew 
 Jackson was placed 
 in command of 
 them, and they 
 started to New Or- 
 leans to defend that 
 city and the south- 
 ern country against 
 the British. They 
 stopped at Natchez, 
 however, as it was 
 learned that the 
 British were not on 
 their way to New 
 Orleans. 
 
 In January, 181 3, 
 General Jackson re- 
 ceived orders from 
 the Secretary of 
 War to discharge 
 his soldiers and turn 
 over all his wagons, 
 provisions, etc., to 
 General Wilkinson 
 of the regular army. 
 
 Jackson replied that some of his soldiers were sick, 
 
 and the well ones not able to pay their own expenses 
 
 Impressing Seamen 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 
 
 125 
 
 back home, and that he would not discharge them at 
 Natchez. 
 
 This was a very bold stand for a volunteer army officer 
 to take, but it showed Jackson's courage and his love for 
 his soldiers. He put his sick men into the wagons and 
 marched his troops back to Tennessee, and then dis- 
 charged them. When Congress met, the members said 
 Jackson had done right, and they voted the money neces- 
 sary to pay the expenses of bringing the soldiers home. 
 
 Tecumseh was a famous chief of the Shawnee Indians, 
 who lived in the Northwest Territory. When the United 
 States and Great Britain 
 went to war, in 18 12, 
 Tecumseh tried to unite 
 all the Indians against 
 the Americans. He and 
 his brother, the Prophet, 
 visited the Chickasaws, 
 Choctaws, and Creeks, 
 and got William Weath- 
 ersf ord, a half-breed 
 Creek chief, and most of 
 the Creek Indians to 
 unite with them. The 
 Chickasaws and Choc- 
 taws would have nothing 
 to do with the plot. 
 
 In August, 18 1 3, the 
 Creeks captured Fort 
 Mimms, near Mobile, and butchered men, women, and 
 children, though they had surrendered under promise of 
 protection. Some of these people were Tennesseeans, 
 and at once the Creek War became a Tennessee war. 
 
 Tecumseh addressing the Indians 
 
126 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 The men of Tennessee volunteered to fight both Indians 
 and British, and called for General Andrew Jackson to 
 lead them. 
 
 In the early years of our state there existed a very fool- 
 ish custom of fighting duels to settle difficulties. Jesse 
 Benton and William Carroll had fought a duel in which 
 Jackson had acted as Carroll's second. When Jesse Ben- 
 ton's brother, Thomas H. Benton, heard of this, he said a 
 great many ugly things about Jackson. Jackson threat- 
 ened to horsewhip him as soon as they met. But that was 
 a rash promise, as Benton was very much the same kind 
 of man as Jackson. They met in Nashville and had a 
 desperate fight in which Jackson was badly wounded. He 
 was in bed from the effects of this wound when he was 
 called to take command in the Creek War. 
 
 Jackson's heroic soul did not hesitate a moment. The 
 soldiers were enlisted. General John Coffee was sent with 
 the cavalry to Huntsville, and the remainder of the army 
 assembled at Fayetteville, where Jackson took command. 
 Hearing that Weathersford and his hostile Creeks were 
 moving toward Tennessee to attack some friendly Indians, 
 Jackson pushed forward into Alabama to protect the 
 friendly Indians. 
 
 The war raged over North Alabama, with Jackson suc- 
 cessful in all the battles though he was many times almost 
 ruined by lack of supplies, failure of General Cocke to aid 
 him at the right time, and mutinies among his hungry 
 soldiers. It is said that a soldier one day complained to 
 the general that he had not had enough to eat in several 
 days. " Neither have I," said the general, " but I will 
 divide what I have with my soldiers," and pulling a 
 handful of acorns out of his pocket he offered them 
 to the soldier. The man told his comrades, and they 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 12/ 
 
 decided that if the general could live on acorns they 
 could too. 
 
 Governor Blount came to Jackson's rescue when lazy or 
 rascally contractors were allowing him and his army to 
 suffer. The governor, upon his own responsibility, fur- 
 nished nearly $400,000 to buy provisions and ammunition 
 for the army. The money was afterward repaid from 
 the public treasury. 
 
 After the Creeks had been defeated many times they 
 gathered in nearly full strength at a bend of the Talla- 
 poosa River called Tohopeka, or the Horseshoe. They 
 built a strong breastwork of logs across the narrow part 
 of the bend, and considered their camp safe against all 
 attack. 
 
 The country between the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers 
 was called the '' Hickory Ground." The Indians' prophets 
 had taught the Indians that this country could not be con- 
 quered by the white man. Jackson cut a road through 
 the Hickory Ground to Tohopeka, and captured the place 
 after a desperate battle, in which 
 seven hundred Creek warriors were 
 killed and three hundred women and 
 children were captured. This was in 
 March, 18 14, and afterward Jackson 
 was called ''Old Hickory." 
 
 This battle ended the Creek War 
 and destroyed the power of the Creek 
 nation. Weathersford surrendered 
 and lived peaceably in Alabama the * 
 
 • 1 r 1 • IT ^/r r 1 Weathersford 
 
 remamder of his life. Most of the 
 
 Creeks were moved to the Indian Territory in 1836, and 
 the remainder of them joined the Seminoles in Florida. 
 We shall hear no more of the Creek Indians, as a tribe, in 
 
128 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 this history. Like most other Indian tribes they were 
 much abused and sadly wronged. British and Spanish 
 emissaries were continually getting them into war with the 
 Americans, who in self-defense were obliged to kill them 
 or drive them from their lands. 
 
 In the spring of 1814 Jackson was made a major gen- 
 eral in the United States Army and was given command 
 of the southern country. In August Colonel Nicholls, of 
 the British Army, made his headquarters at Pensacola and 
 tried to excite the Indians and the people of Louisiana 
 against the United States. 
 
 General Jackson wrote the Spanish Governor of Florida 
 that he must not allow the British to come into his terri- 
 tory to make war on the United States. The governor 
 paid no attention to this letter, and in November, 18 14, 
 Jackson marched his army into Florida and captured and 
 destroyed Pensacola and took possession of Mobile. He 
 then notified the Spanish authorities that he would treat 
 them all as enemies if they allowed any more harboring of 
 British in their territory. 
 
 From Pensacola Jackson moved to New Orleans, which 
 the British threatened to attack. Here on January 8, 181 5, 
 he fought one of the most remarkable battles recorded in 
 history. With an army of volunteers, inferior in numbers 
 and arms, he totally defeated an army of Wellington's 
 veteran soldiers, inflicting a loss of nearly three thousand 
 men, while the Americans lost only twenty-seven. 
 
 The battle of New Orleans was unnecessary, as peace 
 had been made between the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain, by their agents in Europe, December 24, 18 14. Does 
 it not seem strange that no one at New Orleans knew any- 
 thing of this on January 8, 1815 .? If a treaty were made 
 in Europe to day, it would be known in New Orleans the 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 
 
 129 
 
 same day that the papers were signed. Can you explain 
 this great difference ? 
 
 The war with the Indians and the British, and espe- 
 cially the battle of New 
 Orleans, made Andrew 
 Jackson one of the great 
 men of the United 
 States. John Coffee, 
 William Carroll, William 
 Hall, and Sam Houston 
 had also won fame in 
 the wars, and Tennessee 
 had become the "Volun- 
 teer State " of the Amer- 
 ican Union. 
 
 Governor Willie 
 Blount's administration 
 closed with the people 
 glad and thankful for 
 the return of peace, and proud of the fame of their 
 state in war. 
 
 Battle of New Orleans 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Successor of Governor Sevier- Chari^cter. 
 
 2. First three years of Willie Blount's time in office. 
 
 3. Earthquakes of 181 1. Reelfoot Lake. 
 
 4. Napoleon Bonaparte and Great Britain. 
 
 5. Impressing seamen. 
 
 6. " Right of Search." 
 
 7. War of 1812. Other name. 
 
 8. Tennessee volunteers and their first expedition. 
 
 9. "The mustering out." 
 
 10. Tecumseh's plans. 
 
 1 1 . Fort Mimms massacre. 
 
 12. Effect in Tennessee. 
 
I30 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 13. Duel between Carroll and Jesse Benton. 
 
 14. Jackson and Thomas H. Benton. 
 
 15. Campaign against the Creeks. 
 
 16. Jackson's troubles in the war. 
 
 17. Governor Blount's aid. 
 
 18. Battle of the Horseshoe. 
 
 19. Result to the Creek Indians. 
 
 20. Jackson, Nicholls, and the Spanish governor. 
 
 21. Pensacola and Mobile. 
 
 22. Battle of New Orleans. 
 
 23. News in 181 5 and at the present time. 
 
 24. Effect of the wars on Jackson and on Tennessee 
 
 25. Other famous Tennessee soldiers. 
 
CHAPTER XIX 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 
 
 Joseph McMinn was elected Governor of Tennessee at 
 the close of Willie Blount's third term in 181 5. Governor 
 McMinn was a native of Pennsylvania, and had been a 
 soldier in the Revolutionary War. After the close of the 
 war he came to Tennessee and settled in Hawkins County. 
 He was a plain farmer, and had been a member of the 
 Tennessee Legislature, and speaker of the Senate in 1807. 
 
 McMinn seems to have been a good, honest man ; more 
 of a politician than a statesman, and not very much of 
 either. His honesty, industry, and tact gave him the con- 
 fidence of the people, but he had not the ability to deal with 
 some of the troublesome questions that came up during 
 his administrations. 
 
 A bank, properly managed, always makes money for its 
 owners and is a great convenience to the people in trans- 
 acting their business. But if the management is bad, or 
 the officers dishonest, a bank may do a great deal of mis- 
 chief. From 1807 to 1865 the State of Tennessee made 
 many experiments in the banking business. The legisla- 
 tures that passed the various banking laws seem to have 
 thought, either that the state could make money by these 
 schemes and thus save the people from paying taxes to 
 support their state government, or that the state banks 
 could lend the people money on better terms than other 
 banks would lend it, and thus make business more active 
 in the state. 
 
 131 
 
132 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 From bad management, or political contrariness, or the 
 dishonesty of bank officers, or some great misfortune, like 
 the Civil War, most of the banking plans turned out 
 badly, and the state lost money and got into debt by these 
 ventures. 
 
 Governor McMinn favored some of the worst of these 
 banking laws. He did not do this because he was dis- 
 honest or intended to do wrong, but because he was not 
 statesman enough to see the bad effects that would follow 
 the bad laws. A majority of the members of the legisla- 
 tures that passed these acts were equally honest and 
 patriotic ; they intended no wrong, they simply made 
 mistakes. 
 
 A complete history of the connection of the state with 
 banks would make this book a very large one, and the 
 girls and boys of Tennessee would find that part of it very 
 dry reading. In fact, I believe they would not read it at 
 all, and what they would be able to learn from it would 
 be of very little use to them if they did read it ; therefore 
 I shall not write it. When necessary, I shall refer to the 
 banks and banking acts under the different administra- 
 tions, as many governors besides McMinn had to deal with 
 them. That is all that this book will have to say about 
 banks. 
 
 While McMinn was governor, the Seminole Indians in 
 Florida were joined by some of the Creeks who had not 
 surrendered after the battle of the Horseshoe. White 
 outlaws and negroes also joined them, and the whole band 
 of ruffians and savages began stealing, robbing, and mur- 
 dering along the borders of Alabama and Georgia. This 
 was in 1818. 
 
 Florida still belonged to Spain. President Monroe tried 
 to get the Spanish governor to stop the mischief, but noth- 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 1 33 
 
 ing was done. He then told General Jackson to stop it. 
 Jackson gathered some Tennessee troops, got some more 
 from Georgia and Alabama, and marched into Florida. 
 He captured and killed all the outlaws he could find, and 
 burned the Indian towns. He also took the Spanish 
 towns of St. Marks and Pensacola, and drove the Spanish 
 governor out of the country. 
 
 Among the prisoners were two British subjects, Arbuth- 
 not and Ambrister. Jackson had Arbuthnot hung and 
 Ambrister shot because they had been furnishing guns 
 and ammunition to the Indians, buying stolen goods from 
 them, and encouraging them to keep up their robberies 
 and murders. 
 
 This trouble came near causing a war between Spain 
 and the United States, but the next year President Monroe 
 bought Florida from Spain, and all further trouble was 
 avoided. 
 
 To avoid any possible trouble with the friendly Chicka- 
 saw Indians, General Jackson and General Shelby were 
 directed, as soon as Jackson had ended the Seminole dif- 
 ficulties in 1818, to buy all of the Chickasaws' land east 
 of the Mississippi and north of the thirty-fifth parallel of 
 north latitude. This land consisted of West Tennessee and 
 Western Kentucky. 
 
 The most important event within the six years that 
 McMinn was governor was the early settlement of West 
 Tennessee. This settlement was unlike that of East 
 Tennessee and Middle Tennessee ; for in West Tennessee 
 the ax and the plow had far more to do with the advance 
 of civilization than did the rifle and the tomahawk. There 
 were no wars connected with it. 
 
 Remember that all of Tennessee lying between the 
 Tennessee and Mississippi rivers was the hunting ground 
 
134 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 of the Chickasaw Indians, and that these Indians had 
 always been friendly with the English-speaking white 
 people. The whole of West Tennessee was bought from 
 these Indians in 1818, and opened for settlement in 18 19. 
 
 Now spend a few minutes studying the map of West 
 Tennessee. Note the course of the Tennessee River, and 
 of the Big Sandy, which flows into it. Look at the Mis- 
 sissippi River and its tributaries, the Obion, the Forked 
 Deer, the Big Hatchie, and the Wolf. Imagine the con- 
 dition of the country as it was in 181 8, with not a county 
 laid out, not a town or a railroad, not even a settlement of 
 white people nor a wagon road of any kind ; nothing but 
 forests of giant trees and dense canebrakes covering the 
 whole land. No Indians lived in the country except at the 
 Chickasaw Bluffs, on the Mississippi River. It was a vast 
 hunting ground that the Indians had sold to the white 
 people, and was just opened for settlement. 
 
 Now suppose some people at Nashville, some at Knox- 
 ville, and some at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in the year 18 19, 
 that wished to move into West Tennessee ; how would they 
 go there ? The Knoxville people could float their flaiboats 
 down the Tennessee River until they came to what is now 
 Hardin County, or down to the mouth of Big Sandy, and 
 up that river into what is now Henry County, or might 
 stop anywhere between these counties, or might go 
 farther on. The Nashville people could float down the 
 Cumberland River into the Ohio, and join the Pittsburg 
 emigrants, and all go down the Ohio into the Mississippi. 
 They might stop anywhere between what is now Tipton- 
 ville, in Lake County, and the bluff where Memphis now 
 stands, or they might go up the Obion River, or the 
 Forked Deer, or the Big Hatchie, or the Wolf. 
 
 What we have supposed on this subject is exactly what 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 135 
 
 occurred. The first settlements were made along the 
 rivers, and the early settlers lived very much as the pio- 
 neers of East and Middle Tennessee had done, except 
 that they built no forts and had no Indian wars. As the 
 people could give all of their attention to the pursuits of 
 peace, they quickly opened roads, made bridges and ferries. 
 
 Fiatboat 
 
 and got into direct communication with Middle Tennessee 
 and Kentucky. 
 
 The country was settled rapidly, and between 18 19 and 
 1824 there were organized in West Tennessee the counties 
 of Obion, Weakley, Henry, Dyer, Gibson, Carroll, Tipton, 
 Haywood, Madison, Henderson, Shelby, Fayette, Harde- 
 man, McNairy, and Hardin. These are the older coun- 
 ties of the western division of the state, all the others 
 having been formed by cutting off parts of these. No 
 other section of the great Southwest had ever grown so 
 
136 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 rapidly in population and wealth. See if you can tell why 
 this was so. 
 
 Which is the oldest settlement in West Tennessee is a 
 disputed question. The temporary homes of hunters and 
 traders have been called settlements, and actual settlements 
 have been called camps, until the subject is very much 
 confused. Perhaps Memphis is as old as any of them. 
 It is certain that white people were permanently settled 
 there in 1820, and perhaps a little earlier, and there could 
 have been no legal settlement anywhere in West Tennes- 
 see before 18 19. 
 
 The counties and towns of our state have usually been 
 named in honor of some distinguished man ; as Monroe 
 County for President Monroe, Robertson Country for Gen- 
 eral James Robertson, McNairy County for Judge McNairy, 
 Knoxville for General Knox, Nashville for Colonel Nash, 
 Jackson for President Andrew Jackson. If you study 
 over the names, you will find this to be the general rule, 
 but Memphis is one of the exceptions. 
 
 There are two great rivers of the world that you will 
 find very much alike in some respects, though very differ- 
 ent in others. They are the Nile in Africa and the Mis- 
 sissippi in North America. Each rises in a region of lakes 
 and flows through a valley famed for its fertile lands and 
 abundant crops. Each empties into the sea by a " delta 
 mouth " ; that is, the mouth of each river is divided into 
 several branches. 
 
 Long, long before the Christian era, before the days 
 when Abraham went down into Egypt, there stood, on the 
 banks of the Nile, a famous city called Memphis. It was 
 the great ^commercial center of the valley of the Nile in 
 the long, long ago. The people who settled on the Chick- 
 asaw Bluffs wished their new town to become the great 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 137 
 
 commercial city of the valley of the Mississippi, and they 
 named it Memphis. 
 
 The spot upon which Memphis stands is historic ground, 
 and it is most probably the part of Tennessee that was 
 first known to white men. About it cluster memories 
 of the visionary ambition of De Soto ; the patience and 
 devotion of Marquette ; the heroic enterprise of La Salle ; 
 Louis XIV. and the Crozat grant ; the disastrous battles 
 of the French with the Chickasaws ; the intrigues of Miro, 
 Carondelet, and Gayoso ; the forts Prudhomme, Assump- 
 tion, Barancas, and Pickering ; the daring schemes of 
 Aaron Burr ; the long struggle with Randolph for com- 
 mercial supremacy ; the grotesque titles of " Pinch " and 
 *' Sodom " ; and the wise foresight and prudence of John 
 Overton. 
 
 If the long line of Frenchmen, Spaniards, and English- 
 men ; of soldiers, priests, and adventurers ; of Indians, 
 hunters, and traders ; of early settlers, land surveyors, and 
 flatboat men, could rise from their graves and tell us all 
 that happened on that bluff from 1541 to 1821, it would 
 make a story of far more wild and romantic interest than 
 any tale of the Arabian Nights. 
 
 The voices of these men are silent, and all of the story 
 can never be told, but I will give you a list of books from 
 which you can learn a great deal of it. When you have 
 time or opportunity to do so read Ramsey's Amials of Ten- 
 nessee, Phelan's Larger History of Tennessee, Perkins's 
 Annals of the West, Monette's History of the Mississippi 
 Valley, Roosevelt's Winning of the West, Keating's His- 
 tory of Memphis, and a good history of the United States. 
 
 Memphis was never the center of settlement for West 
 Tennessee as Nashville had been for Middle Tennessee. 
 There was no necessity for such a center. The whole 
 
 lENN. HIST. — 9 
 
138 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 country was peaceable and might be settled anywhere. 
 The greatest danger was from bears, panthers, wolves, 
 and wildcats, and the greatest mischief they did was to 
 kill the settlers' pigs, calves, and colts. To kill out these 
 troublesome beasts of prey the Chickasaw Indians were 
 encouraged to hunt over the country after many white set- 
 tlements had been made. 
 
 The Donkey and the Hunters 
 
 General Tipton, for whom Tipton County was named, 
 was raising good farm stock on the south side of Hatchie 
 River. He had several fine donkeys and hired out one of 
 these, named " Moses," to a Mr. Barnes on the north side 
 of Hatchie. Moses got away from Barnes and started 
 home. In Hatchie bottom he was killed by some Chicka- 
 saw hunters, who thought he was a new kind of wild beast. 
 They sold his hide to a trader, and Barnes found it on 
 a trading boat in Hatchie River. He called up the 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OP^ JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 1 39 
 
 Indians and explained to them that the animal belonged 
 to General Tipton and was worth $500. The Indians 
 brought up their horses, appointed three white men and 
 two Indians to value them, and gave Barnes enough of 
 them to pay for Moses. 
 
 From the early settlement to the Civil War the growth 
 of West Tennessee was rapid and prosperous, with no very 
 striking or tragic events in its history. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Dates of Governor McMinn's administrations. 
 
 2. Character and public services of Joseph McMinn. 
 
 3. Advantages of a well-managed bank. 
 
 4. Ideas of Tennessee legislators about banks. 
 
 5. Mistakes of the governor and legislature. 
 
 6. History of Tennessee banks. 
 
 7. Outrages in Georgia and Alabama. 
 
 8. Government of Florida in 1818. 
 
 9. Jackson's method of stopping the trouble. 
 
 10. Execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 
 
 1 1 . Purchase from the Chickasaws. 
 
 12. Most important event while McMinn was governor. 
 
 13. Compare first settlements in West Tennessee with those of East 
 
 and Middle Tennessee. 
 
 14. Natural ways of travel in West Tennessee. 
 
 15. How the country was acquired and why it grew so rapidly. 
 
 16. Counties organized from 18 19 to 1824. 
 
 17. Oldest settlement in West Tennessee. 
 
 18. Names of our counties and towns. 
 
 19. The Nile and the Mississippi. 
 
 20. Ancient and modern Memphis. 
 
 21. Historic events connected with Memphis. 
 
 22. Books of reference. 
 
 23. Why Memphis was not a center of settlement. 
 
 24. Encouragement to Chickasaw hunters. 
 
 25. Story showing their honesty. 
 
CHAPTER XX 
 
 CARROLL, HOUSTON, AND HALL, 1821-1835 
 
 Up to 1 82 1 the four governors who had served the state 
 had been elected for their personal worth, without regard 
 to questions of public policy or, as we call it, politics. 
 There was a change in 1821. The prominent candidates 
 for governor then were Edward Ward and William 
 Carroll. 
 
 Ward was a Virginia gentleman of learning and wealth, 
 but of manners and habits not suited to the plain ways of 
 a new state. He had aristocratic notions of government 
 and society, and was accused of having been a Federalist 
 in Virginia, and of having changed his politics after he 
 came to Tennessee for the purpose of getting votes. 
 These things made him unpopular. 
 
 WiUiam Carroll was a native of Pennsylvania, and had 
 come to Nashville as a hardware merchant when quite a 
 young man. He was a successful business man, fond of 
 military life, and had been one of Jackson's bravest and 
 best officers in the Creek War. He was plain and sincere 
 in manners, social in disposition, and especially popular 
 with his old soldiers. 
 
 The constitution of 1796 made taxes upon large land 
 owners lighter, proportionally, than upon small ones. 
 Under this constitution also the legislature elected all of 
 the judges of courts and justices of the peace to hold office 
 
 140 
 
CARROLL, HOUSTON, AND HALL, 1821-1835 I4I 
 
 for life if they behaved well. The county courts elected 
 the coroners, sheriffs, trustees, etc., for the counties. 
 This left the people to elect only the governor and mem- 
 bers of the legislature. 
 
 Carroll advocated a change of the constitution to reform 
 these and many other affairs in the government of the 
 state. Ward wished the constitution and government of 
 the state to remain as they were. This was the chief issue 
 between the two candidates. With this canvass began the 
 prominent parts that newspapers have since taken in the 
 elections of the state. Before that date the papers pub- 
 lished the news as they found it and said little about can- 
 didates. 
 
 The canvass was quite warm and exciting, and many 
 ridiculous and amusing things were said and done on both 
 sides. The great mass of the people supported Carroll, 
 and he received more than three times as many votes as 
 Ward. Carroll was governor for three successive terms, 
 or until 1827, when Sam Houston and William Hall filled 
 the office for two years. After this Carroll was again 
 elected three times in succession. That is, Carroll was 
 governor from 1821 to 1835, except the two years from 
 1827 to 1829. John Sevier and William Carroll are the 
 only men who have ever held the office of Governor of 
 Tennessee for twelve years. 
 
 As the administration of Houston and Hall has no 
 marked or special features, these men will be considered 
 here, and the long term of Carroll will be treated in an- 
 other chapter. 
 
 Sam Houston was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, 
 in 1793, and came to Tennessee in 1806. Hard work and 
 little schooling was the lot of his boyhood. When a large 
 boy he joined a band of Cherokee Indians and lived among 
 
142 
 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 ''^mf^^^^m 
 
 them nearly two years. He then joined the army and 
 made himself famous at the battle* of the Horseshoe. 
 After peace was made he studied law and was elected 
 district attorney at Nashville. In 1823, and again in 
 
 1825, he was elected to 
 Congress. In 1827 he 
 succeeded William Carroll 
 "as governor. In January, 
 1829, he married Miss 
 Eliza Allen of Sumner 
 County. About the first 
 of April she left him and 
 returned to her father's 
 house. Neither of them 
 ever accused the other of 
 anything wrong, or ever of- 
 fered a word of explanation 
 of this strange conduct. 
 Immediately after the separation from his wife, Houston 
 resigned the governorship and went to the Indian Terri- 
 tory, where he lived for some time with his old friends, 
 the Cherokees. From there he went to Texas and became 
 the leader of the Texans in their war with Mexico. He 
 was commander of the Texan army in the famous battle 
 of San Jacinto which won the independence of Texas. 
 He was made president of the new republic, and after it 
 was annexed to the United States he was senator in Con- 
 gress, and afterward governor of the state. He reared 
 in Texas a family of two sons and four daughters, having 
 married Miss Margaret Lea, from Marion, Alabama. He 
 died in 1863. 
 
 When Houston resigned the governorship, William Hall 
 was speaker of the state Senate. By the provisions of the 
 
 Sam Houston 
 
CARROLL, HOUSTON, AND HALL, 1821-1835 
 
 143 
 
 constitution he became governor, and served from April, 
 1829, till October, whenv Carroll succeeded him. 
 
 William Hall was born in Virginia and came to Sumner 
 County, Tennessee, in his 
 youth. He had become 
 sheriff of his county, and a 
 brigadier general in the 
 Creek War, and was a de- 
 voted friend of Andrew 
 Jackson and William Car- 
 roll. As speaker of the 
 Senate he had shown him- 
 self an able and capable 
 ofHcer. His term as gov- 
 ernor was only about six 
 months, and was too short 
 for the display of any great 
 statesm.anship. 
 
 The Houston-Hall administration contented itself with 
 maintaining, as nearly as possible, the policy" of Carroll, 
 which was perhaps the best it could have done. It was 
 remarkable for nothing except the sudden and dramatic 
 resignation of Houston, and the consequent display of van- 
 ity and sensitiveness in the character of a really great man. 
 
 William Hall 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Political questions before 1821. 
 
 2. Sketch of Edward Ward. 
 
 3. Sketch of William CarroU. 
 
 4. Provisions of the constitution of 1796. 
 
 5. The issue between the two candidates. 
 
 6. The newspapers. 
 
 7. The canvass. 
 
144 '^HE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 8. Result of the election. 
 
 9. Length of CarrolPs governorship. 
 
 10. Successor of Carroll in 1827. 
 
 11. Sketch of Sam Houston in Tennessee^ 
 
 12. After he left Tennessee. 
 
 13. What is meant by "speaker of the Senate" ? 
 
 14. When does he become governor of the state ? 
 
 15. Sketch of William Hall. 
 
 16. Noted events of the Houston-Hall administration. 
 
CHAPTER XXI 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM CARROLL, 1 821-1835 
 
 Among the first acts of Governor Carroll was the giving 
 of some good advice to the people of the state. He told 
 them that stay laws and replevin acts and loan offices and 
 state banks, and all the other 
 fine things that politicians and 
 office seekers had been talking 
 about so nicely, could never put 
 any wisdom into their heads nor 
 any money into their pockets ; 
 that if they wished to be wise 
 men they must use their own 
 common sense and think and 
 study about how to manage 
 their own affairs ; that if they 
 wished to improve their for- 
 tunes it could be done by work- 
 ing more and talking less about 
 hard times ; by spending less money for foreign goods and 
 saving what they made ; by paying their debts and attend- 
 ing to their own business, instead of waiting for luck or 
 Providence or office holders to attend to it for them. 
 
 I suspect that this would be very good advice for people 
 of the present day ; even for girls and boys in school, who 
 are sometimes tempted to grumble about hard lessons and 
 trust to luck or their teachers or some one else to help 
 them, when they should go resolutely to work and help 
 
 H5 
 
 William Carroll 
 
146 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 themselves. But of course none of the girls and boys who 
 read this book ever act that way, and if you should see 
 any that do, you may just read them Governor Carroll's 
 advice. 
 
 The governor knew that if he could get the people to 
 think and act as he advised, there would soon be money in 
 the treasury to make the improvements in roads, buildings, 
 etc., that the state needed very -much ; and that he would 
 be able to secure changes in the government that would be 
 of real value to the whole people. 
 
 The following were the principal things that Governor 
 Carroll earnestly advocated : — 
 
 1. A change in the constitution that would improve the 
 methods of laying taxes and electing officers, and that 
 would avoid conflicts between the different courts. 
 
 2. A good system of internal improvements. 
 
 3. A state penitentiary. 
 
 4. A hospital for insane people. 
 
 5. A state capitol. 
 
 These were not the only measures that Governor Carroll 
 advocated, but they were the principal ones, and he secured 
 all of them except the building of the capitol. That was 
 not begun until 1845. 
 
 In Chapter XX. the election of officers by the legisla- 
 ture and the county courts has been explained. The con- 
 stitution of 1 796 did not establish any courts, but provided 
 that the legislature might establish superior and inferior 
 courts of law and equity. The legislature estabhshed 
 county, circuit, chancery, and supreme courts ; but failed 
 to specify the exact duties or jurisdiction of each court. 
 
 Under this system a man might bring a suit before a 
 justice of the peace, and appeal to the county court, and 
 then the other party might take it out of the county 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM CARROLL, 1821-1835 147 
 
 court to the circuit court, and then appeal to the supreme 
 court. Before it could be decided there, the lawyers of 
 either side might file a bill in equity and take the case out 
 of the supreme court and have it all tried over again in 
 the chancery court, and then appeal again, and so on. 
 The poor men who had started the suit would then begin 
 to wish they had never heard of it, and their neighbors 
 who were witnesses wished it more heartily still, and often 
 said so in very emphatic language. The witness fees, 
 clerks' fees, lawyers' fees, and court costs in a five-dollar 
 suit would sometimes amount to ^500 or more. 
 
 Governor Carroll said that the constitution ought to be 
 changed so as to allow the people to elect their own 
 officers to serve for a specified term ; and that it should 
 estabhsh courts and regulate or limit their jurisdiction. 
 In 1834 he succeeded in having a convention held which 
 made a new constitution that reformed these and many 
 other features of the state government. 
 
 Nearly all of the governors from Sevier to Carroll had 
 asked the legislatures to vote money for ''internal improve- 
 ments." Internal improvements mean just about this : 
 to hire men to pull logs, brush, and other obstructions 
 out of the smaller rivers so that boats could sail freely in 
 them ; to open and grade wagon roads and bridge the 
 streams between the different towns and counties ; and 
 to do whatever else might be needed to make traveling 
 over the state, carrying crops to market, and bringing 
 goods from market, easier and cheaper for the people. 
 
 Governor Carroll got larger appropriations for these 
 purposes than other governors had received, and made 
 very great improvements, especially in the smaller rivers. 
 Later in the history of the state " internal improvements " 
 included macadamized roads and railroads, but there was 
 
148 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 not a railroad built in the state until 1851, when the Nash- 
 ville and Chattanooga began to run the first train of cars 
 in Tennessee. 
 
 Long ago the punishments for violations of the law were 
 often cruel and brutal. The offender was branded with 
 a red-hot iron, or was whipped until the blood ran down 
 to his heels, or his hands and neck and feet were made 
 fast in the stocks and kept there until he fainted from the 
 summer heat, or was frost-bitten by the cold of winter. 
 
 Very often the juries would not convict a man that was 
 guilty, because they knew the punishment would be greater 
 than was deserved. This had a bad effect. Lawbreakers 
 became more numerous, and Governor Carroll recom- 
 mended that many punishments be changed to hard labor 
 in the county workhouses and the penitentiary. His 
 recommendation was followed, and in 1831 the peniten- 
 tiary was established where lawless characters are locked 
 up for a term of years, sometimes for hfe, and are made 
 to work every day at some useful employment. 
 
 Another great event in the history of this administra- 
 tion was the founding at Nashville, in 1832, of a hospital 
 for the insane. Before that date the unfortunate people 
 who had lost their reason had to be kept in the county 
 jails, or taken care of by their friends at great trouble and 
 expense, and usually without proper arrangements for 
 their comfort or safety. From the small beginning at 
 Nashville in 1832, the state has enlarged this grand charity 
 to three fine asylums : one near Nashville, built in 1849 ; one 
 near Knoxville, built in 1883 ; and one near Bolivar, built in 
 1887. When people spend their money for the relief of the 
 suffering and unfortunate, it shows that they are becoming 
 a kinder and better people, and the beginning of such 
 charities is an important event in the history of a state. 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM CARROLL, 1821-1S35 1 49 
 
 You must not think that Governor Carroll alone accom- 
 plished all the reforms mentioned in this chapter, or that 
 all that he did has been mentioned. He did many other 
 good things and many good people helped him, but he 
 was the leading spirit. When he believed a measure to 
 be right he never cared v^hether it was popular or not ; 
 he kept urging it until he convinced the people and the 
 legislature that it ought to be carried out. With the 
 possible exception of John Sevier no other governor of 
 Tennessee ever exercised as commanding an influence 
 over the people and the legislature, and Carroll's adminis- 
 trations mark in the history of the state an epoch that 
 was almost revolutionary in results. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Governor CarrolPs good advice. 
 
 2. Application to girls and boys. 
 
 3. Probable result to the state of following the governor's advice. 
 
 4. Five principal measures advocated. 
 
 5. Were these five all ? 
 
 6. Reference to Chapter XX. 
 
 7. Courts under the Constitution of 1796. 
 
 8. A s^iall lawsuit under this old system. 
 
 9. Constitutional convention of 1834. 
 
 10. Explain " internal improvements." 
 
 11. First railroad in Tennessee. 
 
 12. Legal punishment in the olden time. 
 
 13. Effect on juries and on crime. 
 
 14. Governor Carroll's ideas on this subject. 
 
 15. Date of establishing the penitentiary. 
 
 16. Insane people before 1832. 
 
 17. Location of asylums for the insane. 
 
 18. What is shown by the building of such institutions ? 
 
 19. William CarrolPs work as a governor. 
 
 20. His influence in the state. 
 
CHAPTER XXII 
 
 CANNON'S AND POLK'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 
 
 From 1830 to 1850, it might be said, Tennessee almost 
 ruled the United States. Her senators and representatives 
 in Congress were shrewd and able men, her great states- 
 men filled important places 
 in the Cabinet and in for- 
 eign ministries, her lawyers 
 were judges of federal, cir- 
 cuit, and supreme courts, 
 and Tennesseeans were 
 Presidents during twelve 
 years in a period of twenty. 
 No other state except Vir- 
 ginia had ever held so 
 commanding an influence 
 in national affairs. 
 
 In this chapter will be 
 given short sketches of 
 some of these distinguished 
 men, and of some of their 
 political battles. 
 Andrew Jackson was born at Waxhaw, South Carohna, 
 in 1767. At fourteen years of age he was in the Ameri- 
 can army fighting the British. His brother was killed in 
 the war, and he himself was wounded and much abused by 
 the British. He never forgot their injustice and cruelty. 
 
 150 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
CANNON'S AND POLK'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 151 
 
 At the close of the Revolution he studied law and came to 
 Rogersville, Tennessee, in 1788 or 1789. Thence he 
 moved to Nashville, where he made his home for the 
 remainder of his life. 
 
 He was a soldier in the Nickojack Expedition, member 
 of the constitutional convention of 1796, representative 
 
 The Hermitage 
 
 and senator in Congress, judge of the Superior Court of 
 Tennessee, a general in the army, and President of the 
 United States from 1829 to 1837. He died at ''The 
 Hermitage," his home near Nashville, June 8, 1845, and 
 he and his wife are buried there. Rarely, if ever, has a 
 man lived who had such lofty patriotism, such bitter 
 prejudices, such dauntless courage, and such unbending 
 will. 
 
152 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 After the War of 1812 Jackson was one of the most 
 noted men in the United States. In 1824 he was a candi- 
 date for President, against John Quincy Adams of Massa- 
 chusetts, WiUiam H. Crawford of Georgia, and Henry 
 Clay of Kentucky. Jackson received 99 electoral votes, 
 Adams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37. It required 131 
 votes to elect, so no one was elected by this vote, and in 
 accordance with the Constitution of the United States the 
 House of Representatives had to elect a President. Clay 
 disHked Jackson and persuaded his friends to vote for 
 Adams. Adams was elected and made Clay his Secretary 
 of State. Jackson and his friends charged Adams and 
 Clay with having made a corrupt bargain, and this made 
 Clay and Adams and their friends dislike Jackson even 
 more than before. 
 
 Since the death of the Federalist party in 18 12, all the 
 people had been Democratic Republicans, but after the 
 contest between Jackson and Adams the Clay and Adams 
 party began to be called National Republicans and the 
 Jackson party. Democrats. 
 
 Jackson and Adams were again candidates for President 
 in 1828, and Jackson was elected. He served eight years, 
 being reelected in 1832. He was firm and resolute in 
 carrying out his ideas of duty, and very hostile to all who 
 differed from him ; and he made many bitter enemies and 
 many warm friends. He was very anxious to have Martin 
 Van Buren of New York succeed him in 1837, and his 
 attempts to force his ideas on the people of Tennessee 
 divided his party in the state. 
 
 Hugh L. White was one of the distinguished Tennes- 
 seeans of this period. He was born in North Carolina in 
 1773, and came to Tennessee in 1786. He became a 
 member of the legislature, judge of the supreme court of 
 
CANNON'S AND POLK'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 1 53 
 
 the state, and United States senator. He wished to be a 
 candidate for President in 1836 to succeed Jackson in 1837. 
 Andrew Jackson, Felix Grundy, Aaron V. Brown, Cave 
 Johnson, James K. Polk, John Catron, and others were 
 against him. A newspaper, called TJic Nashville Unio7i, 
 was established to oppose him. 
 
 Some of those who favored Hugh L. White were John 
 Bell, Newton Cannon, Ephraim H. Foster, Allen A. Hall, 
 and David Crockett. The Whig and TJie Clarion were 
 two newspapers at Nashville that advocated White's cause. 
 Tennessee voted for White, but Van Buren was elected 
 President in 1836. 
 
 William Carroll was the Democratic, or Jackson, candi- 
 date for governor in 1835, ^^d Newton Cannon the Na- 
 tional Republican, or White, candidate. From about this 
 date the National Republicans were called Whigs. Cannon 
 was elected, not because 
 the people thought less of 
 Carroll, but because they 
 were unwilling to submit 
 to Jackson's dictation. The 
 people loved and honored 
 General Jackson, but they 
 thought he had no right to 
 try to make them vote for 
 Martin Van Buren for 
 President. 
 
 Newton Cannon was 
 born in North Carolina in 
 1 78 1, and came to Tennes- 
 see when he was a boy. 
 
 He became a lawyer and was elected a member of the legis- 
 lature from Williamson County in 18 11. From the legis- 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 10 
 
 Newton Cannon 
 
154 I'HE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 lature he went to the Creek War and became a colonel of 
 volunteers. In 1 8 14 he was elected to succeed Felix Grundy 
 in the United States Congress. He was Governor of Ten- 
 nessee four years, from 1835 to 1839. He was again the 
 Whig candidate in 1839, but was defeated by James K. 
 Polk, who served only one term, from 1839 to 1841. 
 
 The administrations of Governor Cannon had no special 
 influence on the affairs of the state. The Seminole War 
 in Florida occurred in 1836, and Tennesseeans, according 
 to their custom, took an active part in the war. Pioneer 
 Hfe had nearly passed away. Towns, cities, schools, 
 churches, and well-cultivated farms were becoming numer- 
 ous, and evidences of growing wealth and culture were 
 seen in all parts of the state. Carroll's vigorous adminis- 
 trations and the constitutional convention of 1834 had 
 made needed reforms in the state government, and this 
 was a period of law and order. 
 
 The last years of Carroll's rule and the first years of 
 Cannon's saw the overthrow of the worst band of crimi- 
 nals that ever infested the Southwest. Before good wagon 
 roads and railroads were made, nearly all of the commer- 
 cial wealth of the country passed up and down the rivers. 
 The very worst characters of the country assembled along 
 the rivers for the purpose of steahng and robbing from 
 the boats, and sometimes bands of them would take pos- 
 session of a little river town and defy the authorities. 
 They were called river pirates. 
 
 John A. Murrel was a Tennesseean of whom his coun- 
 trymen have just cause to be ashamed. He was a man of 
 good sense and could have been a useful citizen if he had 
 turned his attention to something besides meanness. He 
 made himself famous, or rather infamous, as the *' great 
 land pirate." He lived in Madison County, and organized 
 
CANNON'S AND POLK'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 1 55 
 
 all of the thieves, robbers, gamblers, cutthroats, and ruf- 
 fians that he could, from Kentucky to New Orleans, into 
 one band of which he was the chief. They gambled in the 
 towns, robbed boats on the rivers, stole horses and negroes 
 from farms, and killed people everywhere. They threat- 
 ened to kill any person who reported one of their number 
 to the officers of the law. 
 
 In 1834 Virgil Stewart discovered Murrel in the act of 
 stealing negroes from one of his neighbors. Murrel was 
 sent to the penitentiary for ten years, and was completely 
 broken down in mind and health by the time his term 
 expired. He lived but a short time after his release from 
 prison. Five gamblers and ruffians tried to take posses- 
 sion of Vicksburg, Mississippi, on the 4th of July, 1835. 
 They were captured and hanged 
 by the citizens without trial. At 
 other places some were hanged, 
 some shot, and some sent to 
 prison. This was the end of the 
 Murrel Clan and the river pirates. 
 
 James K. Polk was born in 
 North Carolina November 2, 
 1795. He came to Tennessee in 
 1806, but was educated at the 
 University of North Carolina, 
 
 where he graduated in i 
 
 James K. Poik 
 
 He studied law, but soon went 
 
 into politics, and was a member of the legislature in 1823. 
 From 1825 to 1839 he was a representative in Congress 
 and speaker of the House of Representatives for the last 
 four years of this period. He was Governor of Tennessee 
 from 1839 to 1 84 1, and President of the United States from 
 1845 to 1849. His term of office closed March 4, 1849, 
 
1 56 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 and he died the 15th of June following. His remains, with 
 those of his wife, who lived until August, 1891, are buried 
 in the Capitol grounds at Nashville. 
 
 Governor Polk's administration was a period of wild 
 political excitement in which the immediate affairs of the 
 state had little or no part. Every one seemed to think 
 that the state could get along well enough without any 
 special care, and each political party turned its whole 
 attention to national affairs and noisy campaigns. 
 
 In 1840 the Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison 
 of Ohio for President, and the Democrats renominated 
 Martin Van Buren. As Tennessee was the home of 
 Andrew Jackson, who was ardently for Van Buren, the 
 Whigs determined that the vote of Tennessee should be 
 given to Harrison. The Democrats were just as deter- 
 mined that Van Buren should have it. 
 
 Before that time no such political uproar had ever been 
 created in America. The men in public life in Tennessee 
 were, as a body, by far the most able and brilliant in the 
 United States, and, as expressed by a writer of that day, 
 "all went into the campaign with their coats off and their 
 sleeves rolled up." He meant that each one intended to 
 work long and hard for the election of his candidate. 
 
 There were conventions and barbecues and torchlight 
 processions and big speakings without number. There 
 was a Whig convention at Nashville where Henry Clay is 
 said to have spoken to ten acres of people. The Whigs 
 called Van Buren a Dutch aristocrat and a poHtical 
 huckster, and Jackson's ** heir apparent to the government," 
 and many other names not at all complimentary. The 
 Democrats said Harrison was a frontier soldier who was 
 ignorant of civil affairs; that he was an old Hoosier fit 
 only to live in a log cabin in the backwoods of Ohio, drink 
 
CANNON'S AND POLK'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1S41 1 57 
 
 hard cider, and skin coons. In fact, there is no teUing 
 how many rough and dirty things were said. If any one 
 believed half of the ugly stories that were told, he would 
 think that both candidates and most of their friends ought 
 to have been put into the state's prison or the lunatic 
 asylum. 
 
 The newspapers went into the fight with all of the 
 humor and sarcasm and bitterness that Jeremiah Harris 
 and William G. Brownlow could command, — and that was 
 far from being a little. What one party said would be 
 twisted around to the use of the other. Log cabins, coons, 
 and cider became Whig emblems, while the Democrats 
 used roosters and spread-eagles. Nearly everybody seemed 
 to have gone mad, and only a few men kept their senses 
 and made grand speeches on pubUc questions. 
 
 As the election day approached, the excitement grew 
 worse. All over the state there was a grand campaign- 
 closing, with drums, fifes, brass horns, guns, firecrackers, 
 banners, roosters, eagles, coons, cabins, hard cider, drunken 
 men, fist fights, aching heads, and bloody noses. Harrison 
 was elected, and the Whigs were jubilant. They imme- 
 diately began making preparations to defeat Polk for 
 governor in 1841. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Influence of Tennessee from 1830 to 1850. Why 
 
 2. Sketch of Andrew Jackson. 
 
 3. The presidential election of 1824. 
 
 4. Jackson's charge against Adams and Clay. 
 
 5. Political parties after 1824. 
 
 6. Jackson's term as President and conduct in office. 
 
 7. Attempt to have Martin Van Buren succeed him. 
 
 8. Sketch of Huo^h Lawson White. 
 
158 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 9. Distinguished men opposed to White. 
 
 10. Those who wished him to be a candidate. 
 
 11. The newspapers. 
 
 12. Whig and Democratic candidates for governor in 1835. 
 
 13. Result of election and reasons for this result. 
 
 14. Sketch of Newton Cannon. 
 
 15. Conditions under Cannon's administration. 
 
 16. River pirates. 
 
 17. John A. Murrel. 
 
 18. Overthrow of the outlaws. 
 
 19. Sketch of James Knox Polk. 
 
 20. Conditions under Governor Polk's administration. 
 
 21. Candidates for President in 1840. 
 
 22. Reasons for a very active campaign in Tennessee. 
 
 23. Party abuse of rival candidates. 
 
 24. Newspapers and party emblems. 
 
 25. Close of the campaign, and the election. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII 
 
 JAMES C. JONES'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1845 
 
 In 1839 Newton Cannon and James K. Polk had can- 
 vassed the state in joint debate. This means that the two 
 candidates for governor made appointments to speak on 
 certain days at the principal towns in the state. At one 
 town Cannon would speak first and Polk would answer 
 him. At the next place Polk would speak first and Can- 
 non would answer him, and so they went over the state. 
 
 Cannon was a good lawyer and a strong man in debate, 
 but was a slow, dignified speaker and was somewhat dull 
 .and tiresome to the crowds 
 that attended the speakings. 
 Polk was a bright, ready man 
 who made jokes at Cannon's 
 expense, and told stories that 
 made the people laugh, and 
 kept Cannon worried and 
 irritated all the time. Polk 
 could also debate the ques- 
 tions thoroughly when he 
 chose to do so, as he was a 
 very able and well-informed 
 man. As you already know, 
 Polk was elected. 
 
 In 1 84 1 the Whigs put up against Polk a candidate who 
 was very different from Cannon. This was James Cham- 
 berlain Jones, usually called '' Lean Jimmy " because he 
 
 159 
 
 James Chamberlain Jones 
 
l6o THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 was six feet two inches high, and weighed only one hundred 
 and twenty-five pounds. He was born in Davidson County 
 in 1809, and was a farmer in Wilson County when he was 
 elected to the legislature in 1837 ^^^ again in 1839. He 
 was Governor of Tennessee from 1841 to 1845, and was the 
 first native of the state to hold that office. He moved to 
 Memphis in 1850 to become president of the Memphis and 
 Charleston Railroad. He was elected to the United States 
 Senate in 1852, and died in 1859. 
 
 Polk knew he was superior to Jones in serious debate, 
 and therefore wished to conduct the canvass in a serious 
 manner, but Jones was too shrewd a politician to allow 
 that. 
 
 Polk found himself in 1841 in much the same plight 
 that Cannon had been in 1839. Jones was a natural 
 mimic and actor. He paid no attention to Polk's argu- 
 ments except to turn them into ridicule, and to make a 
 laughingstock of their author. He burlesqued Polk's 
 speeches with the most outrageous and ridiculous anecdotes, 
 that brought roars of laughter from the crowds. Polk 
 lost his temper ; Jones kept perfectly cool and, while 
 looking as serious as a judge on the bench, told more jokes 
 and made them spicier than before. Polk was mortified 
 and disgusted ; Jones looked as solemn as the Sphinx ; the 
 people shouted themselves hoarse and laughed until their 
 sides ached. 
 
 All of the Whigs and a few of the Democrats said it 
 was good enough for Polk ; that Jones was making him 
 "take some of his own medicine"; that he was being 
 /'paid back in his own coin" for the way he had treated 
 Cannon in 1839. Jones was elected, and again defeated 
 Polk in 1843, chiefly, but not entirely, by the same 
 methods as in 1841. These two men have generally 
 
JAMES C. JONES'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1845 161 
 
 been regarded as the authors or originators of what has 
 been called "the art of stump speaking." It is a great 
 pity that any such "art" as these campaigns exhibit was 
 ever practiced. In a free government the merits of all 
 public questions should be freely discussed, without politi- 
 cal trickery or campaign stage acting, and the people 
 ought to vote according to their best judgment. 
 
 For several years before Governor Jones came into 
 office the state had been giving large sums of money for 
 internal improvements. The Whigs accused the Demo- 
 crats of giving the contracts for work in such manner as 
 to influence elections, and of using the state bank for the 
 same purpose. The Democrats denied this, and said 
 that the Whigs wished to get into office so that they might 
 do the very things which they had accused the Democrats 
 of doing. Of course the honest men of both parties wished 
 no such unfair things to be done by any one. 
 
 In the legislature of 1841 the Whigs had a very small 
 majority in the House of Representatives. In the Senate 
 there were twelve Democrats, twelve Whigs, and one inde- 
 pendent member. There were two United States senators 
 to be elected. The independent, Samuel Turney, was 
 elected speaker of the Senate, and he and the twelve Demo- 
 crats voted for H. L. Turney, Samuel's brother, for United 
 States senator. The Whigs of the House would not 
 accept this, but invited the Senate to meet them in joint 
 session. This the Democrats refused to do, and Ten- 
 nessee had no senators in Congress from 1841 to 1843. 
 Samuel Turney and the twelve Democrats have ever 
 since been called " the immortal thirteen." Andrew John- 
 son was one of them. 
 
 Governor Jones nominated a new board of directors for 
 the state bank, but "the immortal thirteen" voted against 
 
l62 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 them and left the old Democratic directors in office. The 
 governor also recommended an investigation of the affairs 
 of the bank, but the "immortal thirteen" defeated this also. 
 People began to think that there might be some truth in the 
 charges made against the Democrats, and Polk, though an 
 able and upright man, was badly defeated in 1843. 
 
 During Jones's administrations the "state debt" began 
 to appear as a political question. I shall not try to ex- 
 plain this to my young readers now. The banks, internal 
 improvements, land grants, and the state debt are very 
 closely interwoven in state affairs, and together they form 
 a very complicated problem. Only our best lawyers, 
 ablest statesmen, and wisest historians understand this 
 very confused and intricate part of the history of the 
 state. The state debt will be mentioned under the admin- 
 istrations of the governors who had most trouble with it. 
 
 The Legislature of Tennessee held its sessions at Knox- 
 ville until 18 12. Three sessions were then held at Nash- 
 ville, and then one at Knoxville in 1817. From 18 19 to 
 1825 all sessions were held at Murfreesboro. After 1825 
 they were held at Nashville. In 1843 the legislature 
 made Nashville the permanent capital of the state, and 
 the corner stone of the CajDitol was laid on the 4th of July, 
 1845. The legislature used the building in 1853, but it 
 was not finished until 1856. Before 1853 the legislature 
 had held its meetings in courthouses. 
 
 Governor Jones and the legislators of 1843 made two 
 appropriations that are a lasting credit to them and an 
 honor to the state. They gave the first money ever given 
 for that purpose from the treasury, to establish at Nash- 
 ville a school for the blind, and at Knoxville a school for 
 deaf mutes. Before that time the Tennessee girls and 
 boys who were blind or deaf had to grow up without edu- 
 
JAMES C. JONES'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1845 1 63 
 
 cation, unless their parents were able to send them away to 
 the schools in Europe or in some of the northeastern states. 
 The founding of these schools shows that the people were 
 not thinking entirely of political hubbub, but were growing 
 more refined in feeling, and more wise and practical in 
 their methods of helping the needy and unfortunate. 
 
 The Capitol, Nashville 
 
 In 1844 James K. Polk was nominated by the Demo- 
 crats for President of the United States. The Whigs 
 nominated Henry Clay of Kentucky. Both parties knew 
 that the fight would be desperate, and both believed that 
 Tennessee would be the center of the political battle. 
 There was still almost the same grand array of able 
 statesmen and brilliant orators in both parties that had 
 conducted the former campaign. All over the state the 
 scenes of 1840 were repeated. The Democrats had a 
 
l64 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 better candidate than then and fought harder for him. 
 The Whigs won in Tennessee, but Polk was elected Presi- 
 dent. This was the first time that a candidate had ever 
 lost his own state and still been elected. The defeat of 
 Clay was a great disappointment to the Whigs, as they 
 considered him the greatest man of the United States. 
 
 In 1845 Governor Jones's second term of office expired, 
 and he declined to be a candidate again. The Whigs 
 nominated Ephraim H. Foster, and the Democrats Aaron 
 V. Brown. Brown was elected and served only one term. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. A canvass in joint debate. 
 
 2. Canvass of Polk and Cannon. Result. 
 
 3. Whig candidate for governor in 1841. 
 
 4. Sketch of James C. Jones. 
 
 5. Canvass of Jones and Polk. 
 
 6. How the people regarded Polk's humihation. 
 
 7. "The art of stump speaking.'' 
 
 8. Best method of maintaining good government. 
 
 9. Charges of the Whigs against the Democrats. 
 10 Democratic denial. 
 
 II- The two parties in the legislature of 1841. 
 
 12. Tennessee without United States senators. 
 
 13. '-The immortal thirteen." 
 
 14. New board of directors and investigation of the state bank. 
 
 15. Conclusions of many people. Result. 
 
 16. The "state debt" as a part of our history. 
 
 17. The three capitals of the state. 
 
 18. Permanent capital and the building of the Capitol. 
 
 19. Famous appropriations of 1843. 
 
 20. W^hat these appropriations show. 
 2T. Presidential campaign of 1844. 
 
 22. Peculiar condition of Polk's election. 
 
 23. Candidates for governor in 1845. 
 
 24. Result of the election. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV 
 
 FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853 
 
 1. Aaron V. Brown, Democrat. 
 
 2. Neill S. Brown, Whig. 
 
 3. William Trousdale, Democrat. 
 
 4. William B. Campbell, Whig. 
 
 From 1840 to i860 questions of purely state policy 
 had little or nothing to do with the choice of governors. 
 Every state election was fiercely contested on some issue 
 of national or sectional politics. So nearly equal were 
 the parties in Tennessee that, from the election of Polk in 
 1839 to the election of Andrew Johnson in 1853, the gov- 
 ernors were alternately 
 Democrats and Whigs, 
 and none except James C. 
 Jones held the office more 
 than one term. 
 
 Aaron Vail Brown was 
 born in Virginia in 1795. 
 His parents moved to Giles 
 County, Tennessee, in 
 181 3, and had him edu- 
 cated at the University of 
 North Carolina. He stud- 
 ied law at Nashville and 
 after commencing practice 
 formed a partnership with James K. Polk. He was a 
 member of the state Senate from 1821 to 1827, and rep- 
 resentative from Giles County in 1831. He was a member 
 
 165 
 
 Aaron Vail Brown 
 
1 66 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVTL WAR 
 
 of Congress from 1839 to 1845, when he was elected Gov- 
 ernor of Tennessee. In 1857 he was appointed Postmaster 
 General by President Buchanan, and died at Washington 
 city in 1859. He was a fine lawyer, a fluent speaker, and 
 a sagacious politician. He was a sturdy Democrat of the 
 Jackson school. 
 
 The Whig candidate for governor in 1845 was Ephraim 
 H. Foster. He was a native of Kentucky, but came to 
 Davidson County, Tennessee, in 1797, when only three 
 years old. He was educated at the University of Nash- 
 ville, and became a lawyer. He was General Jackson's 
 private secretary in the Creek War, and began public life 
 as a member of the legislature, where he served in 1827, 
 1829, and 1835. In 1837 he was elected to the United 
 States Senate, but resigned in November, 1839, because 
 he had been instructed by the legislature to vote for some 
 of Van Buren's measures. He was one of the candidates 
 for the United States Senate defeated by "the immortal 
 thirteen" in 1841. In 1843 he was elected United States 
 senator and served until 1845, when he became a candidate 
 for governor and was defeated by Aaron V. Brown. He 
 died in 1854. He was a talented man, a brilliant orator, 
 and was personally very popular, though he was considered 
 inconsistent in his political course. 
 
 In Chapter XX. the war between Texas and Mexico 
 was mentioned in connection with Sam Houston's life. 
 After Texas became an independent state it desired to be 
 admitted to the American Union. Some of the people of 
 the United States were in favor of this, and some were 
 opposed to it. Some said that it would bring on a war 
 between the United States and Mexico, and that they 
 wanted no war. The abolitionists, in the North, said that 
 it would add more slave territory to the country, and that 
 
FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853 167 
 
 they did not want any more. Those in favor of annexa- 
 tion said they would risk all of these things to help the 
 Texans, as nearly all of them were people from the United 
 States. 
 
 When Polk was a candidate for President he boldly 
 advocated annexing Texas, and in 1845 Texas became one 
 of the United States. The danger of war grew out of a 
 dispute between Texas and Mexico about a boundary line. 
 Texas claimed that the Rio Grande River was the dividing 
 line. Mexico claimed that the Nueces River was the line. 
 Between these rivers was a strip of disputed territory. 
 
 In the spring of 1846 President Polk ordered General 
 Zachary Taylor to take his army into the disputed terri- 
 tory and hold it for Texas. The Mexicans resisted this, 
 and thus began the Mexican War, which closed with the 
 surrender of the city of Mexico to a United States army 
 in September, 1847. 
 
 Governor Aaron V. Brown called for twenty-six hun- 
 dred soldiers for the Mexican War. In answer to this call 
 thirty thousand volunteered. Tennessee was the "Volun- 
 teer State." Among the famous men of Tennessee who 
 took part in this war were Gideon J. Pillow, W. T. Has- 
 kell, William Trousdale, WilUam B. Campbell, B. F. Cheat- 
 ham, and William B. Bate. The last two were very young 
 at the time of the Mexican War, and afterward became 
 iamous in the Civil War. 
 
 The readiness with which Tennesseeans volunteered for 
 this war was caused in part by the treatment the Mexicans 
 had given men from their own state in the Texan War of 
 1836. In a fort called the Alamo, at San Antonio, Texas, 
 4000 Mexicans besieged 140 men under Colonel William 
 Travis. After killing about ten times their own number 
 of Mexicans, the Texans surrendered under positive prom- 
 
1 68 
 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 ise to be treated as prisoners of war. Instead of keeping 
 his promise, the Mexican general, Santa Anna, had these 
 men murderpd. Among them was David Crockett from 
 Tennessee, tth]' ^^^' rs? ct ) 
 
 David Crockett was born in the wilds of East Tennessee 
 in 1786. Early in life he removed to Middle Tennessee, 
 
 At the Alamo 
 
 married, and settled in what is now Giles County. It was 
 a wilderness then without definite county lines. He made 
 a good soldier in the Creek War, was elected colonel of 
 the militia of his county, and afterward a member of the 
 legislature. From Giles he removed to Obion County, 
 and was again sent to the legislature in 1823. In 1825 he 
 was defeated for Congress, but was elected in 1827. In 
 1829 he was defeated on account of his violent opposition 
 to Jackson. In 1833 he was again sent to Congress and 
 
FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853 
 
 [69 
 
 was one of Jackson's strongest political enemies. In the 
 election of 1835 he was again defeated, and he then went 
 to Texas. He was killed in cold blood March 6, 1836, 
 after the surrender of the Alamo. 
 
 Many absurd stories have been told of Colonel Crockett's 
 fondness for hunting, his whisky drinking, his ignorance, 
 and his boorishness. Born and reared as he was in the 
 forests of a new country, 
 he was very naturally fond 
 of hunting and adventure, 
 and killed many bears, 
 panthers, and other wild 
 beasts. But hunting was 
 not his business ; it was 
 only his amusement. He 
 was never in any sense 
 a drunkard. Instead of 
 being ignorant he was 
 really very shrewd and in- 
 telligent. His opportuni- 
 ties at school had been 
 very poor, but I have 
 
 seen letters, written with his own hand, that showed good 
 sense and great information, as well as good writing and 
 fine taste in composition. Instead of being a boor he was 
 a very social and popular man of good manners according 
 to frontier standards. 
 
 The Mexican War not only secured Texas for the 
 United States, but added what is now California, Nevada, 
 Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of 
 Colorado. Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma. This was 
 the greatest addition ever made to the territory of the 
 United States except Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 1 1 
 
 David Crockett 
 
I/O 
 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 A Tennessee President had given to the United States a 
 domain nearly equal in area to fifteen states as large as 
 Tennessee. 
 
 The whole of Governor Aaron V. Brown's administra- 
 tion was a period of political struggle and war excitement, 
 and the peaceful pursuits of the people are seldom men- 
 tioned in the newspapers, magazines, and books of that 
 day. 
 
 The admission of Texas and the gain of the new terri- 
 tory increased the great strife about negro slavery. The 
 people charged all of the trouble to the Democratic party. 
 President Polk was accused of being partial to Democrats 
 in making appointments in the army, and of treating Gen- 
 eral Taylor unfairly because he was a Whig. Governor 
 Aaron V. Brown had to answer these and many other 
 
 charges against his party 
 when he became a candidate 
 for reelection in 1847. He was 
 defeated by Neill S. Brown, 
 the Whig candidate for gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 Neill S. Brown was born in 
 Giles County, Tennessee, in 
 1 8 10. He was a soldier in the 
 Seminole War, a member of 
 the legislature, a presidential 
 elector, a candidate for Con- 
 gress, and from 1847 to 1849, 
 
 Neill S. Brown ,, 
 
 Governor 01 lennessee. He 
 was the second governor who had been born and reared in 
 the state. In 1850 he was minister to Russia, in 1855 
 speaker of the state House of Representatives, and in 
 1870 a member of the constitutional convention of Ten- 
 
FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853 
 
 171 
 
 nessee. He died at Nashville in 1886, loved and honored 
 as few public men have been. 
 
 Probably the most important state feature of Governor 
 Neill S. Brown's administration was his effort to estabhsh 
 a system of public schools. He urged the legislature to 
 pass a law that would allow the counties to levy a school 
 tax and establish schools of their own. An act was 
 passed, but not in the form he wished it, and it resulted 
 in no permanent school system. 
 
 In the presidential campaign of 1848, Lewis Cass of 
 Michigan was the Democratic candidate, and the Whigs 
 nominated General Zachary Taylor of Mexican War fame. 
 The speakings and torchlight processions and political 
 songs and general uproar and tumult of the campaign were 
 very little inferior to the stormy canvass of 1840. Taylor 
 was elected, and the Whigs were wild with delight. In 
 1849 they nominated Neill S. 
 Brown for reelection as gov- 
 ernor, but he was defeated 
 by the Democratic candidate, 
 William Trousdale. 
 
 General WilHam Trousdale 
 was born in North Carolina in 
 1790, and came to Tennessee 
 when only six years old. He 
 left school to become a soldier 
 in the Creek War, and was 
 under Jackson at Pensacola 
 and New Orleans. In 1835 
 he was a member of the state 
 Senate, in 1836 a colonel in the Seminole War, in 1847 a 
 brigadier general in the Mexican War. So many and so 
 brave had been his services in camp and battle that he 
 
 William Trousdale 
 
172 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 was called **The War Horse of Sumner County." In 
 1849 he was elected Governor of Tennessee and he held 
 office one term. In 1852 President Pierce made him min- 
 ister to Brazil. He died in 1872. 
 
 One of the most important events in the period of Gov- 
 ernor Trousdale's administration was the meeting of the 
 ''Southern Convention " at Nashville in 1850. This was 
 an assembly of men from the southern states to consider 
 the compromise measures then before Congress, and to 
 give their opinions about what the South had better do 
 on the subject of negro slavery. 
 
 This convention had been called chiefly by the efforts 
 of Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of Andrew Jack- 
 son. Nearly all of the members were Democrats, and 
 they made speeches and passed resolutions that led many 
 people to think that they were either very rash and foolish, 
 or very disloyal to the Union. Others said they were wise 
 and good men, who wished nothing more than what was 
 plainly written in the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Andrew J. Donelson said the proceedings of the conven- 
 tion were not what he desired or expected, and that he 
 would not indorse its action. The Whigs denounced the 
 meeting as a secession convention of Democrats. Aaron 
 V. Brown and A. O. P. Nicholson denied this, and claimed 
 that the Democrats were as loyal to the Union as the 
 Whigs were. However this may have been, the people 
 of Tennessee became a little suspicious of the Democratic 
 party, and in 185 1 Governor William Trousdale, renomi- 
 nated for governor, was defeated by the Whig candidate. 
 General William B. Campbell. 
 
 William B. Campbell was born in Davidson County in 
 1807. He was a nephew of Governor David Campbell, of 
 Virginia, under whom he studied law. He was state's 
 
FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1 845-1 853 
 
 173 
 
 William B. Campbell 
 
 attorney in 1829, member of the legislature in 1835, a 
 captain in Trousdale's regiment in the Seminole War, 
 member of Congress from 1837 to 1843, colonel of the 
 First Tennessee Regiment 
 in the Mexican War, a 
 judge of the circuit court, 
 and Governor of Tennes- 
 see from 185 1 to 1853. In 
 1865 he was again sent to 
 Congress, and he died in 
 1867. 
 
 In the Mexican War 
 Campbell's regiment was 
 called the " Bloody First" 
 At the storming of Monte- 
 rey, instead of ordering his 
 regiment to charge, Camp- 
 bell shouted to his soldiers, " Boys, follow me." The Whigs 
 made this expression their campaign cry in the canvass of 
 185 1. This canvass, however, was conducted by Trous- 
 dale and Campbell in a manner that was very different 
 from many others. Both were great men ; they were fel- 
 low-soldiers and gentlemen. In debate they are said to 
 have been as courteous to each other as if they had been 
 speaking in a parlor, with ladies for an audience. 
 
 William B. Campbell was the last Whig Governor of 
 Tennessee, and the third native of the state to hold its 
 highest office. The presidential campaign of 1852 was 
 almost as exciting in Tennessee as those that had pre- 
 ceded it. The Whigs carried the state for their candidate, 
 General Winfield Scott, but the Democratic candidate, 
 Franklin Pierce, was elected. This was the last election 
 the Whigs ever carried in the state. 
 
174 T^HE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Elections in Tennessee from 1840 to i860. 
 
 2. The strength of the two political parties. 
 
 3. Sketch of Aaron V. Brown. 
 
 4. Sketch of Ephraim H. Foster. 
 
 5. Objections to the admission of Texas. 
 
 6. Position of President Polk and a majority of the people. 
 
 7. The disputed territory. 
 
 8. How the Mexican War began. 
 
 9. Response in Tennessee to the call for soldiers. 
 
 10. Famous Tennesseeans in the Mexican War. 
 
 1 1 . Sketch of David Crockett. 
 
 12. Territory added to the United States. 
 
 13. Period of Governor Aaron V. Brown's administration. 
 
 14. Charges against the Democratic party in 1847. Result. 
 
 15. Sketch of Neill S. Brown. 
 
 16. Most important state feature of Neill Brown's administration. 
 
 17. The presidential campaign of 1848. 
 
 18. Sketch of William Trousdale. 
 
 19. The " Southern Convention." 
 
 20. Opinions of Whigs and Democrats. 
 
 21. Effect on state election of 185 1. 
 
 22. Sketch of William B. Campbell. 
 
 23. Canvass between Trousdale and Campbell. 
 
 24. The last struggle of the Whigs in Tennessee. 
 
CHAPTER XXV 
 
 JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861 
 
 Andrew Johnson was Governor of Tennessee from 
 1853 to 1857. I^ 1^53 he defeated Gustavus A. Henry, a 
 native of Kentucky, born in 1804, and educated at Tran- 
 sylvania University. Henry came to Clarksville, Tennessee, 
 in 1833. He was once a member of the legislature, and 
 a presidential elector in every election from 1840 to 1852. 
 When Tennessee seceded, he was elected to the Confederate 
 Senate. He died at his home in Clarksville in 1880. He 
 was a remarkably handsome, graceful, and accomplished 
 man, and was called the '' Eagle Orator." This title was 
 a distinguished honor for one in the midst of that proud 
 array of great and brilliant men who thronged the public 
 arena of that time. 
 
 In 1855 Andrew Johnson defeated Meredith P. Gentry. 
 Gentry was born in North Carolina in 1809, and came to 
 Williamson County in 181 3. From 1835 to 1839 he was a 
 member of the legislature. He was a Whig member of 
 Congress from 1839 to 1853, and his speeches there gave 
 him a national reputation as an orator and a statesman. 
 His most famous speeches were one on a bill to prevent 
 Federal interference in local elections, and one against Gen- 
 eral Winfield Scott as a candidate for President. He was 
 winning in manner, strong in debate, a silver-tongued 
 orator, — great in the midst of great men. He was opposed 
 to secession, but followed the fortunes of his state and was 
 
 175 
 
1/6 
 
 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Andrew Johnson 
 
 a member of the Confederate Congress. He died at 
 Nashville in 1866. 
 
 Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, 
 December 29, 1808. When ten years old he was " bound " 
 
 to a tailor to learn his trade. 
 His apprenticeship lasted seven 
 years, and, with great labor and 
 difficulty, he learned to read after 
 working hours. He never went 
 to school a day in his life. In 
 1826 he went to Greeneville, 
 Tennessee, and began business 
 as a tailor in his own shop. 
 Here he married, and his wife 
 taught him writing, arithmetic, 
 and other simple elements of an 
 education. After this his great 
 learning was acquired by his own efforts. 
 
 His first office was that of alderman of Greeneville, then 
 he was made mayor, and then elected to the legislature, 
 where he was one of "the immortal thirteen." In 1843 he 
 was sent to Congress, where he remained, by reelections, 
 until 1853, when he was elected governor. After being 
 governor four years he was elected to the United States 
 Senate, where he remained until the Civil War. He took 
 the strongest possible ground against secession, or any form 
 of disunion. In 1862 he was appointed Military Governor 
 of Tennessee. In 1864 he was elected Vice President by 
 the Republicans, and in 1865, by the death of President 
 Lincoln, he became the seventeenth President of the United 
 States. 
 
 As lohnson was a Democrat, he and the Republican 
 Congress could not agree about the " Reconstruction Policy." 
 
JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861 1 77 
 
 Congress impeached him and tried to turn him out of office, 
 but failed. His long trial is one of the most dramatic chap- 
 ters in the history of the United States. March 4, 1875, 
 he again entered the United States Senate, but died at 
 Carters Station, Tennessee, on the last day of the following 
 July. His body was wrapped in the American flag and 
 buried at Greeneville. In the same cemetery are buried 
 his wife, three sons, and one daughter. His only living 
 child, Mrs. Martha Patterson, who was " Lady of the White 
 House " while he was President, lives at his old home in 
 Greeneville. 
 
 Andrew Johnson was one of the greatest men of the 
 state, or of the nation. He would have been great in any 
 age or any land, in spite of many characteristics that were 
 anything but great. Having risen from poverty and 
 obscurity, he hated aristocracy and oppression ; but when 
 in power himself he was one of the most arbitrary and 
 masterful of men. He possessed the great mind and broad 
 views of a sagacious statesman, and a patriotism that would 
 have dared the stake or the gibbet ; but some of his acts 
 seem to have been influenced by petty spites and bitter 
 prejudices. While one of the most courageous, independent, 
 and original of men in declaring his convictions and policy 
 on public questions, he sometimes descended to the tricks 
 of a politician. Some of his public utterances contain the 
 strong, dignified, far-sighted views of a sage and patriot, 
 and are among the valuable state papers of the nation ; 
 others are filled with violent personalities unbecoming the 
 dignity of a public station. Perhaps we are too near him 
 in time to do the memory of this great man justice. As 
 we are able to see his career to-day, it looms up a giant 
 pillar of cloud and fire that towers in splendor through 
 obscuring mists of partisan bitterness. 
 
1/8 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Before the administration of Governor Johnson the State 
 Library was composed ahiiost entirely of court reports, 
 Congressional documents, and a few other books of a purely 
 public nature. In 1854 the legislature gave $5000 to buy 
 books for the library, and appointed R. J. Meigs to attend 
 to the purchase. Mr. Meigs was soon after this made libra- 
 rian and given a regular salary. Additions have been 
 made, from time to time, until there is now in the Capitol 
 a large library containing thousands of valuable books, 
 papers, and pictures. This collection belongs to the people 
 of Tennessee. If you go to the State Library, you will 
 find there a polite librarian who will get for you almost any 
 book you may call for, and you may read it in the room, 
 but no one is allowed to carry the books away from the 
 library. 
 
 The Tennessee Historical Society was permanently 
 organized at Nashville in 1857, though it had been in 
 existence a number of years before this date. This is a 
 voluntary association of people for the purpose of collect- 
 ing and preserving whatever is rare and valuable in his- 
 tory. They have books made hundreds of years ago, 
 Indian relics of many strange kinds, letters written by 
 James Robertson and other famous men, the sword of John 
 Sevier, the sash worn by Colonel Ferguson when he was 
 killed at Kings Mountain, mummies from Egypt, coins 
 that may have been carried in the purses of Roman 
 emperors. Confederate money, state banknotes, postage 
 stamps, old newspapers and magazines, quaint specimens 
 of furniture and tableware, and hundreds of other rare 
 and curious things. If you visit this institution, the custo- 
 dian will politely show you all of these curiosities, but you 
 must keep your hands off everything. 
 
 In 1853 the legislature appropriated ^30,000 to establish 
 
JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861 1 79 
 
 agricultural and mechanical fairs. At these fairs the 
 farmers showed their fine horses, sheep, and cattle ; their 
 huge pumpkins, turnips, and ears of corn ; their fat 
 chickens, turkeys, and geese ; and ever so many more 
 things, to let the world know what fine farm products 
 Tennessee could furnish for market. The mechanics 
 showed their nice buggies, wagons, and plows ; their 
 barrels, jugs, and churns ; their furniture, shoes, and cloth- 
 ing ; and many other articles, to show the world what fine 
 work Tennessee mechanics could do. 
 
 For a time these fairs were very popular, and the State 
 Fair at Nashville was once attended by thirty thousand 
 people. In a few years the interest in them became so 
 small that the legislature aboHshed the State Fair and 
 stopped helping the county fairs. In their stead was 
 established the " Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics, and 
 Mines," which is in charge of a commissioner who gathers 
 and distributes information on industrial subjects. 
 
 Now let us review a little. In the administrations of 
 Governor Carroll we find imprisonment for debt, the 
 stocks, and the whipping post abolished. This shows that 
 the people were becoming more humane. In the admin- 
 istrations of Governor Jones we find schools established 
 for the blind and the deaf. This shows that the people 
 were becoming more kind and charitable in feeling. In 
 the administrations of Governor Johnson and Governor 
 Harris we see the rise and growth of the State Library, 
 the Historical Society, colleges and schools of many 
 grades, and a state department of industries. This shows 
 the advance in learning and intellectual life. The days of 
 struggle for the necessities of physical life had passed 
 away, and the administrations of Johnson and Harris may 
 be called the era of wealth and culture, and of the develop- 
 
l8o THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 ment of a distinctly southern spirit among the people of 
 Tennessee. 
 
 The period of Johnson and Harris was a time of great 
 political excitement and change. The Whig party was 
 dying, the abolition party was- growing rapidly in the 
 North, and in the South the Democrats were sweeping 
 everything before them. In 1856 Tennessee gave her 
 electoral votes to James Buchanan for President. This 
 was the first time that the state had voted for a Democratic 
 candidate for President since the election of Andrew Jack- 
 son in 1832. 
 
 In 1857 Isham G. Harris was elected governor, defeat- 
 ing Robert Hatton. In 1859 ^^ was again elected, defeat- 
 ing John Netherland. In 1861 he was reelected, having 
 practically no opposition. He was the fourth governor 
 born and reared in the state, and the first from West 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Robert Hatton was born in Sumner County, Tennessee, 
 in 1827. He was an educated, accomplished young lawyer 
 when nominated for governor in 1857. He had been a 
 member of the legislature and a candidate for presidential 
 elector. After his defeat for governor he was sent to 
 Congress, where he served until near the beginning of the 
 Civil War. He was made a brigadier general in the Con- 
 federate Army and was killed at the battle of P'air Oaks, 
 in. Virginia, in 1862. 
 
 John Netherland was born in Virginia in 1805, and came 
 to Tennessee in 18 14. He became one of the brilliant 
 orators and popular public men of his day. He was three 
 times a Whig member of the legislature and twice a presi- 
 dential elector. He opposed secession, but took no part in 
 the war that followed. After the Civil War President 
 Johnson appointed him minister to Brazil, but he declined 
 
JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861 
 
 the appointment. His last service to the state was in the 
 convention that formed the constitution of 1870. He died 
 at Rogersville in 1887. 
 
 Isham Greene Harris was born at Tullahoma, Ten- 
 nessee, February 10, 18 18. He moved to Paris in 1838, 
 studied law, and began prac- 
 tice in 1 84 1. He was a 
 member of the legislature in 
 1847, a candidate for presi- 
 dential elector in 1848, and 
 member of Congress from 
 1849 to 1853. He opened 
 a law office in Memphis in 
 1853, and was chosen a presi- 
 dential elector in 1856. He 
 was elected Governor of Ten- 
 nessee in 1857, 1859, ^i^d 
 1 86 1. After the election of 
 Lincoln he became a strong 
 advocate of secession, and in 
 declaring Tennessee out of the American Union. During 
 the greater part of the Civil War he served as a volunteer 
 aid to the Confederate commanders. At the close of the 
 war he went to Mexico, but returned to Memphis in 1867. 
 In 1876 he was elected United States senator, and was 
 continued in office until his death, which occurred at 
 Washington city in July, 1897. 
 
 Among the great men of Tennessee, Governor Harris 
 takes very high rank. He was firm, fearless, and rigidly 
 honest in the face of appalHng dangers and strong temp- 
 tations. His public career covers a period of fifty years, 
 and the greater part of that time was the stormiest in 
 political tumult and the bloodiest in war that the nation 
 
 Isham G. Harris 
 
 861 issued the proclamation 
 
1 82 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 has ever known. Through every conflict, whether m 
 Congress, in the governor's chair, or on the field of battle, 
 Governor Harris bore himself as a leader of men, and a 
 public servant worthy of confidence and respect. He had 
 faults, and in his long public career made some bitter 
 enemies ; but none ever questioned the sincerity of his 
 professions or the integrity of his conduct. 
 
 The most prominent feature of the administrations of 
 Governor Harris was the intense political excitement that 
 centered in the presidential contest of i860, which resulted 
 in the election of Abraham Lincoln and the secession of 
 the southern states. Harris's last election as governor 
 occurred when secession was an accomplished fact, and 
 when, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, the 
 blast of the bugle and the roll of the drum was marshaling 
 nearly three millions of men to the fiercest struggle, the 
 bloodiest war of the nineteenth century. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1 . Subject and date of Chapter XXV. 
 
 2. Gustavus A. Henry. 
 
 3. Meredith P. Gentry. 
 
 4. The youth of Andrew Johnson. 
 
 5. His education. 
 
 6. His public life before he became President. 
 
 7. Troubles with Congress. 
 
 8. His last public service and death. 
 
 9. His character as a great man. 
 
 10. The State Library. 
 
 11. The Tennessee Historical Society. 
 
 12. State and county fairs. 
 
 13. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 14. Evidences of progress in the time of Governor Carroll. 
 
 15. In the time of Governor Jones. 
 
 16. In the time of Governors Johnson and Harris. 
 
JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1 853-1861 183 
 
 17. Political changes occurring in the Johnson-Harris time. 
 
 18. Presidential vote of Tennessee in 1856. 
 
 19. Governor of Tennessee from 1857 to 1861. 
 
 20. Robert Hatton. 
 
 21. John Netherland. 
 
 22. Isham G. Harris before he became governor. 
 
 23. His term as governor, and most important official act. 
 
 24. His career after the Civil War. 
 
 25. His character as a public man. 
 
 26. Presidential election of i860 and result. 
 
 27. Conditions when Harris was last elected governor. 
 
Period IV. 1861-1865 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI 
 
 NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION 
 
 You have already been told that when the American 
 Union of States was formed there sprang up two political 
 parties, the FederaHsts or centralizing party, and the Anti- 
 Federalists (Democratic Repubhcans)or state's rights party. 
 The FederaHsts thought that the general or federal gov- 
 ernment should be supreme in all things. The Anti-Fed- 
 erahst thought that a state should be supreme, within its 
 own limits, on all affairs that did not involve the rights of 
 other states or nations. 
 
 This definition does not mark any details, but gives broad 
 or general principles that have guided one or another of 
 all the variously named political parties of our country. 
 These two principles came into conflict on a number of 
 public questions, but chiefly on the question of the tariff, 
 or taxes on foreign goods imported into this country, and 
 on the question of negro slavery. The result was to bring 
 up the doctrines of "nullification " and "secession." 
 
 NuUification means to set aside or to make void. As 
 used in United States government affairs it means about 
 this : the Congress might pass a law and the President 
 approve it; but if any state thought this law unjust or a 
 
 184 
 
NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION 
 
 185 
 
 violation of its rights under the Federal Constitution, that 
 state might by act of its own legislature suspend or 
 aboUsh, within its own Umits, the execution of the United 
 States law. The 
 ''Virginia Resolu- 
 tions," written by 
 Madison, and the 
 "Kentucky Reso- 
 lutions" by Jeffer- 
 son, declared this 
 right in 1 799. 
 
 In 1832 South 
 Carolina passed 
 her celebrated 
 '' NulUfication Or- 
 dinance" with 
 reference to the 
 tariff, and in 1833 
 Pennsylvania 
 passed her famous 
 " Personal Liberty 
 Bill " in defiance 
 of the decision of 
 the Supreme 
 Court of the 
 United States about runaway slaves. Andrew Jackson 
 was President when these things occurred. He appealed 
 to the people to observe the laws of their country, and 
 threatened to hang those who refused to do so. Compro- 
 mises were made in Congress, in regard to the tariff, and 
 the difficulties were settled for a time. 
 
 There was no more nulHfication in any state of the 
 South, but after Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 12 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
1 86 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 in 1850, several states of the North enacted laws very simi- 
 lar to the Pennsylvania Personal Liberty Bill. That is, they 
 practically nullified the act of Congress, though not avow- 
 ing nullification as did South Carolina. The nullifiers did 
 not advocate secession. They claimed to be Union men, but 
 said that every state had the right, under the Constitution 
 
 of the United States, to 
 protect its own interests 
 in the Union. 
 
 The secessionists 
 claimed that whenever 
 the Federal government 
 did anything in viola- 
 tion of the provisions of 
 the Constitution of the 
 United States, or of one 
 of the states, any state 
 had the right to secede 
 or withdraw from the 
 Union. They declared 
 that the American Un- 
 ion had no powers ex- 
 cept those given by the 
 states, that its constitution was a compact or agreement of 
 sovereign and independent states, and that whenever the 
 Federal government violated the agreement, or acted in 
 such way as to make the Union oppressive or injurious 
 to any of its members, the states were no longer bound by 
 the agreement. 
 
 I know that this is a difficult subject for my young 
 friends to understand, but I have tried to make plain for 
 you the difference between ** nullification," or the setting 
 aside of the laws of Congress by a state in the Union, and 
 
 Jefferson Davis 
 
NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION 1 8/ 
 
 "secession," or a state's going entirely out of the Union. 
 I have given you the two doctrines as stated by their advo- 
 cates, and have told you enough of the history of nullifica- 
 tion. It is necessary for us next to look into the history 
 of secession, as the use of this assumed right was the 
 direct cause of the war between the states. 
 
 Before we begin this, however, I wish to remind the 
 girls and boys of Tennessee that the truth in history, as in 
 all other matters, is the only thing that is worth knowing. 
 No difference whether it is for Tennessee or against Ten- 
 nessee, whether it suits our taste or does not suit it, we 
 should seek to know the exact truth. There are many 
 books, especially story books and school histories of the 
 United States, that do not give us correct ideas about nulli- 
 fication, negro slavery, secession, and the Civil War. 
 
 The books referred to do not state direct falsehoods, but 
 they omit so much and cover up so much of the truth, and 
 give the truth that they tell in such an unfair way, that 
 they make false impressions or deceive people. Tennessee 
 is a southern state and is not willing to be falsely accused. 
 Most of the school histories give us the idea that slavery, 
 nullification, secession, rebellion, and all other bad things 
 of a social and political nature belong almost exclusively 
 to the South. This is not the truth. 
 
 The tJiree southern states of Virginia, Kentucky, and 
 South CaroHna have passed "nullification ordinances," or 
 laws that amounted to the same thing. The eleven north- 
 ern states of Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wis- 
 consin, and Kansas passed state laws to punish, with severe 
 penalties, any one who obeyed the laws of Congress with 
 reference to fugitive slaves. 
 
 There was a time when all of the states then in exist- 
 
1 88 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 ence, both north and south, allowed negro slavery, and no 
 one seemed to think it was wrong. The first American 
 slave ship was built at Marblehead, Massachusetts, with 
 northern money, manned by northern seamen, and run for 
 northern profit. The South owned slaves, and so did the 
 North. The North brought negroes from their native 
 home in Africa to sell them into slavery in America ; the 
 South did not, but both North and South bought them 
 from these northern kidnappers. 
 
 In 1796 Thomas Jefferson was a candidate for Presi- 
 dent. In speaking of his probable election, Governor 
 Wolcott of Connecticut said : " I sincerely declare that I 
 wish the northern states would separate from the southern 
 the moment that event shall take place." That is, a Con- 
 necticut governor wished his state to do, in 1796, precisely 
 what South Carolina did in i860, — secede from the Union 
 because it was not pleased with the President elected. 
 
 Governor Plumer of New Hampshire says that the 
 avowed purpose of many New England leaders in 1805 
 was to dissolve the Union, because they did not like the 
 probable results of the purchase of Louisiana. In 18 11 
 a bill was before Congress for the admission of the State 
 of Louisiana into the Union. Josiah Quincy, member of 
 Congress from Massachusetts, said : " I declare it as my 
 deliberate opinion that, if this bill passes, the bonds of the 
 Union are virtually dissolved ; and that as it will be the 
 right of all the states, so it will be the duty of some, to 
 prepare definitely for a separation, amicably if they can, 
 violently if they must." This was the first open threat of 
 disunion that was ever made in Congress. 
 
 In 18 14, while the second war with England was going 
 on, the famous Hartford Convention met at Hartford, 
 Connecticut. Governor Plumer says that James Hillhouse 
 
NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION 1 89 
 
 and Roger Griswold, both members of the convention, told 
 him that they were decidedly in favor of dissolving the 
 Union and establishing a " Northern Confederacy." 
 
 In 1845 John Qiiincy Adams and a number of other 
 northern congressmen declared that the annexation of 
 Texas would be sufficient cause for the dissolution of the 
 Union, and would lead to that result. The Legislature of 
 Massachusetts approved these declarations, and passed 
 resolutions that avowed the right of secession as a remedy 
 for grievances. 
 
 What I have told you on these subjects, and much more 
 of similar kind, may be found in Cooper's AiJierican Poli- 
 tics, Jameson's Dictionary of American History^ Henry's 
 Voice of The People, Fiske's Critical Period of American 
 History, Hildreth's History of the United States, and other 
 books of like character. I have told you these things, 
 not because you like them or I like them, but because they 
 are facts of history. 
 
 The people of Tennessee were neither secessionists nor 
 nulhfiers. Before i860 it is very doubtful if there were 
 as many as one thousand secessionists in the state, though 
 the population at that time was more than one million. 
 Tennessee had ever been conservative, loyal, and patriotic. 
 She never favored any nullification or disunion schemes of 
 either North or South. When the Civil War was forced 
 upon the state, the people were divided in their opinions 
 about their duty. The greater part of them followed the 
 fortunes of the Confederacy, the smaller part adhered to 
 the Union. Each followed his own convictions of duty. 
 Tennessee never wished the war or helped to bring it on. 
 Warlike as her sons had ever been, she tried to maintain 
 peace, and took no part in the disturbances until war had 
 actually begun. 
 
190 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Difference between Federalists and Anti-federalists. 
 
 2. Chief questions upon which conflicts arose. 
 
 3. Explain " nullification." 
 
 4. South Carolina and Pennsylvania acts. 
 
 5. President Jackson's course. 
 
 6. Claims of the nullifiers respecting the Union. 
 
 7. Explain the doctrine of secession. 
 
 8. Valuable part of history. 
 
 9. Books that give false ideas. 
 
 10. Representations of the South. 
 
 11. Southern states and northern states that have nullified. 
 
 1 2 . Early African slavery . 
 
 13. Part taken by the North and the South in slave trade. 
 
 14. Proposed Connecticut secession in 1796. 
 
 15. Proposed New England secession in 1805. 
 
 16. Josiah Ouincy's secession threat. 
 
 17. The Hartford Convention. 
 
 18. John Q. Adams and Massachusetts on secession. 
 
 19. Tennessee on nullification and secession. 
 
 20. Division of the people of the state in Civil War. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII 
 
 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 It is best for us now to take a brief view of the history 
 of African slavery. This is necessary because slavery was 
 the cause of the secession of the southern states, and 
 secession was the direct cause of the Civil War. 
 
 When the Spaniards began colonizing the West. Indies 
 they made slaves of many of the Indians. The Indians 
 soon died out, and then negroes were brought from Africa 
 to fill their places. It was quickly learned that the negroes 
 were much easier civilized and made better servants than 
 the Indians. The West Indies were soon stocked with 
 African slaves. 
 
 The Dutch took up the slave trade, or business of tak- 
 ing negroes from Africa to other countries to sell them 
 into slavery. A slave ship would land on the coast of 
 Africa, and the captain would show some negro chief a 
 tempting display of red, yellow, and green cloth, some 
 butcher knives, hatchets, and brass jewelry. The chief 
 was a brutal savage who knew very little of the difference 
 between right and wrong, and cared less than he knew. 
 He wanted the gaudy things that were before his eyes, 
 and would give fifty or a hundred of the people of his 
 tribe for fifty dollars' worth of the slave trader's goods. 
 
 Sometimes two African tribes would go to war. The 
 victorious tribe would sell their prisoners to the traders, 
 who would carry them away to other lands to be sold into 
 
192 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 slavery. Not only the Spaniards and Dutch, but nearly 
 all the civilized nations of Europe engaged in this inhuman 
 traffic. Many of the traders declared that it was right to 
 take the necrroes from their heathen homes to civilized 
 
 Negroes Dancing 
 
 countries where they would be taught morahty and religion. 
 The negro did get the teaching from humane masters, and 
 if this had been the trader's purpose, his business would 
 have been all right ; but his real purpose was not to bene- 
 fit the negro, but to make money for himself. 
 
 In 1 6 19 a Dutch trader brought some Africans to 
 Jamestown, Virginia, and sold them to the planters there. 
 
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 193 
 
 This was the beginning of negro slavery in our country. 
 It was soon estabHshed in all the English colonies in 
 North America, and at that time was not considered 
 wrong. About seventy 
 years later the German 
 Mennonites, a religious 
 body then living in Penn- 
 sylvania, began to declare 
 that they thought it wrong 
 to buy and sell slaves. 
 This was the first protest 
 against slavery in Amer- 
 ica, and these people 
 seemed to think it no 
 wrong for persons to 
 keep slaves they already 
 owned. 
 
 Within the next hun- 
 dred years many people, 
 both North and South, 
 decided that slavery it- 
 self was wrong. But 
 that generation of people 
 was not responsible for 
 the beginning of slavery, 
 and they were in some 
 doubt as to what they 
 ought to do. Slave labor 
 was never as profitable 
 in the North as in the South, therefore more people 
 in the North were willing to free their negroes. The 
 work of liberation went on in both sections without a halt 
 until Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1792. The people 
 
 Whitney at work on the Cotton Gin 
 
194 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 of the North had freed nearly all of their negroes or sold 
 them in the South, and, after the gin was invented, they 
 established factories to spin and weave cotton. The peo- 
 ple of the South saw fortunes in cotton raising. They 
 freed fewer negroes, and raised more cotton for the north- 
 ern factories. The gin and the spinning frame are prob- 
 ably the real explanation of why slavery existed longer in 
 the South than in the North. 
 
 The Northwest Territory was given to the Federal gov- 
 ernment chiefly by Virginia. The "Ordinance of 1787," 
 adopted by the Continental Congress for the government 
 of that territory, was copied chiefly from a report which 
 Thomas Jefferson had made a few years before. Jeffer- 
 son's report had proposed that slavery in all the western 
 territory of the United States should be prohibited after 
 the year 1800. The Ordinance of 1787 provided that 
 slavery should never exist in the Northwest Territory. 
 This ordinance, based as we have seen on the work of a 
 southern statesman and slave owner, was adopted in Con- 
 gress by the vote of eight states, of which four, including 
 Virginia, were southern. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States, which went into 
 effect in 1789, forbade Congress to stop the slave trade 
 before 1808 (when it was stopped by act of Congress) and 
 distinctly recognized the right of each state to act as it 
 chose about slavery within its own limits. When Ten- 
 nessee became a state in 1796 many people wished slavery 
 prohibited after a certain number of years, but this was 
 not put into the state constitution, and Tennessee became 
 a slaveholding state in a union of partly free and partly 
 slaveholding states. 
 
 The old records of the Tennessee legislature, and of the 
 county courts, show that from the organization of the 
 
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 1 95 
 
 state until 1832, the work of freeing slaves and giving 
 them legal privileges was continually going on. Early in 
 the history of the state these affairs occupied so much of 
 the time of the legislature that an act was passed, in 1801, 
 transferring nearly all such business to the county courts. 
 There was so much of it that the legislature could not 
 attend to it. 
 
 In 1 8 19 or 1820 EHhu Embree began the publication of a 
 newspaper, at Jonesboro, Tennessee, called The Emancipa- 
 tor. This was the first abolition paper ever pubUshed in 
 the United States. The books that claim Benjamin Lundy 
 of Ohio as the first abolition editor are wrong. Lundy did 
 not begin his paper until 1821, and Embree died in 1820. 
 Thus we learn that the people of Tennessee were freeing 
 their own negroes and were advising others to do as they 
 did. Tennessee, however, never proposed to interfere in 
 the affairs of other states, or to attempt forcibly to free 
 other people's negroes. 
 
 Now it may be asked why freeing the slaves was almost 
 stopped after 1840. This was caused by a set of people 
 who insisted that their ideas and ways were exactly right 
 and that those of every one else were wrong. One set of 
 these extremists, who lived in the North and owned no 
 slaves, said that Congress and the President ought to free 
 all the negroes right off, without any consideration of time, 
 condition, circumstances, or consequences. Congress and 
 the President pointed out the fact that they were all under 
 oath to support the Constitution of the United States, and 
 that the plan of liberation would be in violation of the 
 Constitution they had been sworn to support and defend. 
 
 These northern people then began denouncing Congress, 
 the President, the laws, the Constitution, the Union, the 
 flag, and everything else that allowed or protected slavery. 
 
196 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 They held conventions, made speeches, published news- 
 papers, and printed books that declared that slavery was 
 the sum of all villanies, that hell was too comfortable a 
 place for a slaveholder, that the Constitution was a league 
 with hell and a covenant with the devil, that the Union 
 was an unholy alliance with evil that deserved the ven- 
 geance of High Heaven, that the laws of Congress were 
 impious and infernal and that it would be doing God's serv- 
 ice to violate them, that the President of the United States 
 was a slave trader and negro driver, that the flag of the 
 Union was a dirty rag whose stripes represented nothing 
 but negroes' scars, and a great deal more of very ugly and 
 very disloyal sentiments. The lovers of the Union tried 
 very hard to silence these agitators, but could not do so. 
 
 Only a few people of the North visited the South and 
 knew the real condition of affairs. A great many of them 
 finally accepted as true the statements of the violent aboli- 
 tionists, and gradually there grew up in the North an 
 abolition political party. Demagogues and professional 
 politicians then made use of the popular sentiment to get 
 into office, and increased the excitement in order that they 
 might stay in office. The extreme agitators circulated 
 documents among the free negroes in the South advising 
 them to kill the white people and free the slaves. This 
 was begun at Southampton, Virginia, in 1831, and fifty- 
 five persons — men, women, and children — were killed 
 by negroes. 
 
 The people of the South became alarmed. A slave- 
 holders' convention met in AnnapoHs in 1842 and decided 
 that if free negroes were to be made dangerous by the 
 abolitionists, freeing negroes must stop, and those already 
 freed must be deprived of privileges and have legal restric- 
 tions put upon them. Laws were passed prohibiting 
 
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR I97 
 
 owners from freeing their slaves unless they sent them en- 
 tirely out of the state. Few owners were able to set their 
 negroes free and then pay their expenses to some other 
 country, therefore emancipation was practically ended by 
 the overzealous abolitionists. 
 
 While the abolitionists were preaching their doctrines on 
 every street corner, and advising murder as a remedy for 
 wrong, there grew up an extreme party in the South. 
 They declared that they had, or ought to have, the right to 
 carry their slaves into any state or territory of the Union 
 whether the people living there wanted them or not ; that 
 negroes were created to be made slaves ; that the African 
 slave trade ought to be reopened ; that the Union only pro- 
 tected abolition fanatics and robbed the South of her rights ; 
 that any state had a right to secede, and the Union ought 
 to be dissolved ; that they wished all the abolitionists were 
 collected in New England, and New England were in hell, 
 and ever so many more things that nobody ought to have 
 said. 
 
 The extreme men met in Congress and quarreled and 
 fought over the slavery question, until Union men in every 
 section of the country became seriously alarmed at the 
 turn affairs were taking. The whole question was thought 
 to have been settled by the Missouri Compromise in 1820, 
 but the agitators paid no attention to this. There were 
 furious debates and threats of secession over the admis- 
 sion of Texas in 1845, the admission of CaHfornia in 1850, 
 the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. Then came the Dred 
 Scott Decision in 1857 ^'^^ John Brown's Raid in 1859. 
 By this time the people of the United States were excited 
 to a dangerous degree on the slavery question. 
 
 In i860 there were four candidates for President: 
 Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and John C. Brecken- 
 
198 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 ridge of Kentucky, both Democrats ; Abraham Lincoln 
 of Illinois, Republican; John Bell. of Tennessee, Constitu- 
 tional Union candidate. Tennessee voted for Bell, but 
 Lincoln was elected. Some of the southern states decided 
 that they would not be safe in the Union with a sectional 
 President. South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, 
 Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded, and organized the 
 Confederate States government at Montgomery, Alabama, 
 February 4, 1861. This was exactly one month before 
 President Lincoln went into office. 
 
 Fort Sumter 
 
 Governor Harris called an extra session of the Tennes- 
 see Legislature to meet January 7, 1861. This legislature 
 passed a resolution asking the people to vote, on the 9th 
 of February, for or against a convention to consider the 
 secession of Tennessee from the Union. The people 
 voted against the proposition, the majority being nearly 
 four to one. When President Lincoln went into office, 
 March 4, 1861, he declared that he had no right to inter- 
 fere with slavery in the states, and no desire to do so. 
 This made the people better pleased with their union 
 vote in February. 
 
 April 12, 1 86 1, the South Carolina soldiers attacked 
 Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, and forced the 
 United States garrison to surrender the fort. Three days 
 
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 1 99 
 
 later President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand 
 soldiers to force the seceded states back under the author- 
 ity of the Union. This action meant war, and in anger 
 and sorrow the people of Tennessee saw that they would 
 be forced to take part in it. 
 
 President Lincoln called for soldiers from Tennessee. 
 Governor Harris refused to send them, and said that if 
 Tennessee must fight she would fight with the South. 
 The legislature was called together April 25, passed an 
 ordinance of secession May i, and submitted it to a vote 
 of the people June 8. So great had been the change of 
 opinion that at this election the majority in favor of seces- 
 sion was more than two to one. This settled the question, 
 and July 2, Tennessee joined the Confederacy. She was 
 the last state to secede, and had clung to the Union as 
 long as there was any hope of peace. A majority of the 
 people of East Tennessee adhered to the Union to the 
 last, and petitioned the legislature to allow them to form 
 a separate state. The request was refused. 
 
 For the Civil War the Federals enlisted 2,778,304 men ; 
 the Confederates enlisted about 600,000 men. Tennessee 
 furnished 30,000 soldiers for the Federal Army, and 100,000 
 for the Confederate Army. This was nearly one ninth of 
 the whole population of the state. True to the heroic 
 traditions of their ancestors, the Tennesseeans bore them- 
 selves throughout the war as among the best and bravest 
 in that long and bloody struggle. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1 . Direct cause of the Civil War. 
 
 2. Slavery in the West India Islands. 
 
 3. Dutch slave traders. 
 
 4. Two ways of obtaining negroes in Africa. 
 
200 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 5. Nations engaged in the slave trade. 
 
 6. Moral benefits in the slave trade. 
 
 7. What makes the difference between moral good and evil in an action ? 
 
 8. Introduction of slavery into the English colonies of America. 
 
 9. First protest against slavery in America. 
 
 10. Opinions on slavery about 1760. • 
 
 11. More freeing of slaves in the North than in the South. 
 
 12. Effect of the cotton gin and spinning frame. 
 
 13. The Ordinance of 1787. 
 
 14. Provisions about slavery in the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 15. Tennessee's position in the American Union. 
 
 16. The old records of the legislature and the county courts. 
 
 17. The act of 1801. 
 
 18. The first abolition paper in the United States. 
 
 19. Principles and actions of the people in Tennessee about slavery. 
 
 20. What caused the suspension of freeing the negroes ? 
 
 21. Demands on the President and Congress. Reply. 
 
 22. Abuse from the extreme abolitionists. 
 
 23. Efforts of the lovers of the Union. 
 
 24. Growth of abolition political party. 
 
 25. The Southampton affair. 
 
 26. The slaveholders' convention. 
 
 27. Laws passed in some states of the South. 
 
 28. The extreme agitators in the South. 
 
 29. The sectional quarrel in Congress. 
 
 30. On Missouri Compromise, Annexation of Texas, &c., consult a his- 
 
 tory of the United States, and get explanations from your teacher. 
 
 31. The election of President in i860. 
 
 32. Action of certain southern states. 
 
 33. Extra session of the Tennessee Legislature, January 7, 1861. 
 
 34. What did the vote of February 9 show ? 
 
 35. President Lincoln's declaration about slavery. 
 
 36. The attack on Fort Sumter and its result. 
 
 37. Governor Harris's reply to President Lincoln's call for troops. 
 
 38. Extra session of the Tennessee Legislature, April 25, 1861. 
 
 39. What did the vote of June 8 show.? 
 
 40. Action of East Tennessee. 
 
 41. Federal and Confederate armies. 
 
 42. Tennessee's troops in each army. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII 
 
 THE BATTLE GROUND 
 
 From May, 1861, to May, 1865, little was done, talked 
 of, or thought of in Tennessee except war. Early in 1861 
 every county seat 
 became a mili- 
 tary camp. The 
 lawyers and doc- 
 tors left their 
 offices, the mer- 
 chants and me- 
 chanics left their 
 stores and shops, 
 the farmers and 
 laborers left the 
 fields, the young 
 men left the col- 
 leges, — all that 
 were fit for mili- 
 tary service 
 joined the army. 
 Guns, pistols, and 
 swords of all kinds were brought out and furbished up for 
 use. Lead mines and saltpeter mines were opened and 
 worked. Mechanics who had enlisted in the army were 
 detailed to make more weapons. Everywhere resounded 
 the preparations for a fierce and bloody war. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 13 201 
 
 Federal Soldier 
 
 Confederate Soldier 
 
202 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Major General Gideon J. Pillow was appointed com- 
 mander of the army of the state, with headquarters at 
 Memphis. Brigadier General B. F. Cheatham was put in 
 command of the Department of West Tennessee, with 
 headquarters at Union City ; Major General S. R. Ander- 
 son in command of the Department of Middle Tennessee, 
 with headquarters at Nashville ; Brigadier General W. R. 
 Caswell in command of the Department of East Tennes- 
 see, with headquarters at Knoxville. This arrangement 
 continued until the troops were organized and transferred 
 to the Confederate service. President Davis of the Con- 
 federacy then appointed General Leonidas Polk to command 
 in Tennessee, and General Pillow was given command of 
 a division in the Confederate Army. 
 
 About the middle of September, 1861, General Albert 
 Sidney Johnston was placed in command of the Western 
 Department. He arranged a line of defenses to keep the 
 Federal troops out of Tennessee. 
 
 1. General Felix K. Zollicoffer was sent to Cumberland 
 Gap and fortified a camp on Fishing Creek. 
 
 2. General William J. Hardee occupied Bowling Green, 
 Kentucky, where General Johnston made his head- 
 quarters. 
 
 3. General Simon B. Buckner was sent from Bowling 
 Green to Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, near 
 Dover, and a strong fort was built there. 
 
 4. Fort Henry was hurriedly and imperfectly con- 
 structed on the Tennessee, about eleven or twelve miles 
 from Fort Donelson, and placed under command of Gen- 
 eral Lloyd Tilghman. 
 
 5. Columbus, Kentucky, was seized and strongly forti- 
 fied by General Polk to guard the Mississippi River. 
 
 6. As an additional protection for the Mississippi, Fort 
 
THE BATTLE GROUND 203 
 
 Pillow was built at Randolph, and Island No. 10 was 
 fortified and garrisoned by General Mackall. The islands 
 in the Mississippi River are numbered from the mouth of 
 the Ohio southward, and Number 10 is near the town of 
 New Madrid, Missouri. 
 
 There were some changes of commanders at these 
 places, but very early in the war this was the arrangement. 
 These forts and camps formed a long ^ 
 line extending from Cumberland Gap 
 to the Mississippi River at Columbus, 
 and down that river nearly to Mem- 
 phis. There were not men enough 
 nor cannon enough at any of these 
 places to hold them against a strong 
 force. Many of the soldiers were 
 
 . Ill Confederate Flag 
 
 very poorly armed, and the posts, ex- 
 cept Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, were too far apart to 
 help one another. 
 
 The Federal forces were gathered at Cairo, Illinois, and 
 at Louisville, Kentucky, and prepared to break through 
 the Confederate line. November 7, 1861, General Grant 
 of the Federal Army tried to capture a part of General 
 Polk's forces, which had crossed the river from Columbus to 
 Belmont. Grant was defeated and went back to Cairo. 
 January 19, 1862, General Thomas of the Federal Army 
 defeated General Zollicoffer's army at Mill Springs, near 
 Cumberland Gap. Zollicoffer was killed, and Cumberland 
 Gap was lost. February 6, Fort Henry was easily taken. 
 February 16, after five days' hard fighting, Fort Donelson 
 was surrendered to General Grant with fifteen thousand 
 Confederate soldiers. 
 
 General Johnston withdrew his forces from Bowling 
 Green and Columbus to Corinth, Mississippi, and collected 
 
204 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 some small commands from other places. Nearly all of 
 Tennessee was at once occupied by Federal soldiers. 
 General Grant moved his forces up the Tennessee River 
 to Pittsburg Landing, on the west side of the river, a short 
 distance above Savannah, and waited for General Buel's 
 force from Nashville to join him. April 6, 1862, Johnston 
 attacked him in his camp and routed his army. Johnston 
 was killed in the afternoon, and his successor, Beauregard, 
 stopped the battle. That night Buel arrived, and next day 
 Beauregard's army was driven back to Corinth. 
 
 This was one of the great battles fought on Tennessee 
 soil, and is called the battle of Shiloh because it was fought 
 around Shiloh church. Island No. 10 was captured April 
 8, Fort Pillow was abandoned June i, and a week later the 
 Confederate gunboats at Memphis were destroyed by the 
 Federal fleet, and the city surrendered. The whole of 
 the original line of Confederate defenses had been wiped 
 out, and the Federal Army was in possession of all of 
 Tennessee except the southeastern part. 
 
 After March 5, 1862, Andrew Johnson was no longer a 
 United States senator. President Lincoln appointed him 
 Military Governor of Tennessee. He came to Nashville 
 and tried to get the people of the state to come back under 
 the authority of the Union. Very few of them would have 
 anything to do with his plans, and about all that he accom- 
 pHshed had to be done by force. This really served no 
 good purpose at all. 
 
 In the summer of 1862 General Beauregard was removed 
 from the command of the Western Confederate Army, and 
 General Braxton Bragg took command. He moved the 
 army from Mississippi to Chattanooga and marched into 
 Kentucky. He captured Cumberland Gap, defeated the 
 Federal Army at Richmond, Kentucky, loaded a train of 
 
THE BATTLE GROUND 
 
 205 
 
 wagons nearly thirty miles long with provisions and army 
 supplies captured from the Federals, and fought a battle 
 at Perryville, Kentucky, in which he was worsted, but 
 which saved his wagon train. He then retreated into 
 Tennessee and established winter quarters at Murfreesboro. 
 Here, December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863, another 
 great battle was fought. The Confederates won the first 
 day, the Federals the second. Neither seemed to have 
 gained anything. The Confederates went leisurely to 
 Shelbyville ; the Federals remained where they were. 
 
 Lookout Mountain (as seen fronn Chattanooga) 
 
 In June the Federals moved out to attack Bragg. He 
 slowly retreated to Chattanooga. September 19 and 20, 
 1863, a desperate battle was fought along Chickamauga 
 Creek. The Federals were defeated and driven back into 
 Chattanooga. Bragg occupied Missionary Ridge and 
 Lookout Mountain, and was about to starve the Feder- 
 als into surrender when Grant came to their relief with 
 reenforcements. 
 
206 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 October 25, General Grant drove Bragg from the Moun- 
 tain and the Ridge after two bloody battles. The Con- 
 federate Army retreated to Dalton, Georgia ; the Federals 
 remained at Chattanooga until the next spring. The 
 armies of Burnside and Longstreet fought two hard battles 
 at Knoxville, November 28 and 29, 1863, in which the 
 Federals were successful in holding the city against the 
 Confederate attack. 
 
 After many battles and skirmishes in Georgia, during 
 the spring and summer of 1864, General Hood was put in 
 command of the Confederate Army. He marched the 
 army back into Tennessee, and November 30 fought the 
 desperate battle of Franklin. The Federals were defeated 
 and retreated to Nashville, but the victory had been won 
 at terrible cost. In proportion to the number engaged, 
 more men were killed in this battle than in any other 
 fought in the state. 
 
 Hood followed the Federals to Nashville, and December 
 15 and 16, 1864, the battle of Nashville was fought. The 
 first day the Confederates held their own, the next day 
 they were totally defeated. This was the last great battle 
 fought in the state. 
 
 The thirteen battles that have been mentioned were only 
 the great contests in which large armies were engaged ; 
 there were other smaller battles fought within or near the 
 borders of our state, and many of them were of great im- 
 portance in prolonging or deciding the war. The State of 
 Tennessee was really a battle ground from 1861 to 1865. 
 On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered in Virginia, 
 and the long Civil War was ended. The Confederate 
 Army had been literally worn out by the superior power 
 of the Union in men, money, and war supplies of every 
 kind. 
 
THE BATTLE GROUND 207 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Forming an army in Tennessee in i86l. 
 
 2. Arming the soldiers. 
 
 3. State commanders. 
 
 4. Transfer to Confederate service. 
 
 5. The line of defenses. 
 
 6. The islands in the Mississippi. 
 
 7. Weakness of the line of defenses. 
 
 8. Battle of Belmont. 
 
 9. Mill Springs, and results. 
 
 10. Capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. Result". 
 
 11. Next move of General Johnston and of General Grant. 
 
 12. Battle of Shiloh. 
 
 13. Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, and Memphis. 
 
 14. Andrew Johnson as military governor. 
 
 15. Bragg's expedition into Kentucky. 
 
 16. Battle of Murfreesboro. 
 
 17. Battle of Chickamauga. 
 
 18. Condition and rescue of the Federal army. 
 
 19. Battles of Missionary Ridge and of Lookout Mountain. 
 
 20. Campaign in Georgia and new Confederate commander. 
 
 21 . The battle of FrankUn. 
 
 22. The last great battle in the state. 
 
 23. The minor engagements. 
 
 24. The end of the fighting. 
 
CHAPTER. XXIX 
 
 FAMOUS TENNESSEEANS 
 
 The Civil War and the exciting political conditions that 
 preceded it brought into public notice some Tennesseeans 
 who were very able men though they took little or no part 
 in the politics of the state. 
 
 *' Filibusters" is a name applied to citizens of a country 
 who try to interfere by force of arms in the affairs of 
 
 another country that is on 
 friendly terms with their 
 own government. The 
 name is Spanish, and in the 
 sixteenth century meant 
 the pirates or sea robbers 
 of the Gulf of Mexico and 
 the, Caribbean Sea. 
 
 The most famous filibus- 
 ter of the United States 
 was a Tennesseean, — 
 William Walker. He was 
 born in Nashville in 1824. 
 He studied law, then medi- 
 cine, then edited a newspaper in New Orleans and after- 
 ward in San Francisco. He then practiced law for a while 
 in California, but it was too quiet and tame a business to 
 suit his taste. In 1853 he organized an expedition against 
 Sonora, Mexico, but failed and surrendered to the United 
 States officers at San Diego. Nothing could be proved 
 
 20$ 
 
 PI! liv^^ 
 
 William Walker 
 
 V y /^ 
 
FAMOUS TENNESSEEANS 
 
 209 
 
 against him, and he was released. Two years later he in- 
 vaded Nicaragua, conquered the country, and had himself 
 elected president. In a short time he was driven out by 
 an insurrection and returned to the United States. In 1857 
 and in 1858 he tried to go back to Nicaragua, but was pre- 
 vented by United States officials. In i860 he went with 
 an armed expedition against Honduras, but was captured 
 and, by order of the president of that state, was shot. 
 
 As lawyer, doctor, editor, soldier, diplomat, and adven- 
 turer William Walker was one of the most remarkable 
 men the state has produced. His career is not worthy of 
 imitation, but it shows wonderful courage and great versa- 
 tility of talent. 
 
 Gideon Johnson Pillow was born in Williamson County, 
 Tennessee, in 1806. He was educated at the University 
 of Nashville, studied law, and 
 began practice at Columbia. 
 He was one of the delegates 
 to the Democratic convention 
 that nominated James K. Polk 
 for President in 1844. I^^ 
 1846 he was appointed briga- 
 dier general of volunteers to 
 serve in the Mexican War. 
 For gallant service he was 
 promoted to the rank of ma- 
 jor general in 1847, ^.nd was 
 severely wounded at Chapul- 
 tepec. At the close of the 
 Mexican War he resumed the practice of law at Columbia. 
 In 1852 he received twenty-five votes in the Democratic 
 convention for the nomination to the office of Vice Presi- 
 dent. When the Civil War began he entered the Confed- 
 
 Gideon Johnson Pillow 
 
THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 erate Army and was made a biii;adier general and served 
 in the Western Department. After the close of the war he 
 practiced law in Memphis and managed an extensive cot- 
 ton plantation in Arkansas. He died in 1878. 
 
 Leonidas Polk was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 
 1804. He was edncated at the United States Military 
 Academy at West Point, gradnating in 1827. He re- 
 signed his commission in the 
 army, studied for holy orders, 
 and was ordained a minister in 
 the Episcopal Church in 1831. 
 After a short period of seryice 
 in Richmond, Virginia, he trav- 
 eled abroad and then moved 
 to Columbia, Tennessee. In 
 1838 he was made a bishop. 
 Three years later he moved to 
 Louisiana, and in 1856 began 
 the greatest work of his life by 
 giving his active aid in found- 
 ing the University of the South 
 His name will be associated with 
 1 his other services are forgotten. 
 When the Civil War began. Bishop Polk was made a 
 major general in the Confederate Army. In 1862 he was 
 promoted to be lieutenant general. He is said to have 
 disobeyed orders at the battle of Chickamauga and was 
 therefore relieved from command and transferred to an- 
 other department. After some distinguished services in 
 his new held he was restored to his okl command, and 
 took part in the canipaign between Chattanooga and 
 Atlanta. In June. 1864, he was killed by a cannon shot 
 while inspecting a fort near Marietta, Georgia. 
 
 Leonidas Polk 
 
 at Sewanee, Tennessee, 
 this iireat school when a 
 
FAMOUS TENNESSEEANS 
 
 21 I 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Cheatham was born at Nashville in 
 1820. At twenty-six years of age he entered the army for 
 service in the Mexican War. As captain and colonel he 
 won fame in this war and at its close was appointed major 
 i;eneral of Tennessee volunteers. In 1849 he went with 
 the great throng of fortune _ 
 
 hunters to the gold fields 
 of California, but soon re- 
 turned to Tennessee. At 
 the beginning of the Civil 
 War he was made a briga- 
 dier general in the Con- 
 federate Army and served 
 with distinguished honor 
 throughout the war, rising 
 to the rank of major gen- 
 eral. He was a stern, hard 
 fighter, but a kind man, 
 much l)eloved by his sol- 
 diers, who affectionately called him " Old Frank." Of 
 course they never used this title in speaking to their gen- 
 eral, but around their camp fires they rarely gave him any 
 other. It is a custom among soldiers to nickname the 
 commanders they love. 
 
 After the Civil War General Cheatham returned to 
 Nashville. When General Grant became President he 
 offered General Cheatham an appointment in the civil 
 service of the United States, but Cheatham did not accept 
 it. The two men were warm ])crsona] friends, though 
 they had taken opposite sides in the war. In 1872 Gen- 
 eral Cheatham, Andrew Johnson, and Horace Ma3mard 
 were candidates for congressman at large. That is, Ten- 
 nessee was entitled to one more representative in Congress 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Cheatham 
 
212 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 than there were districts in the state, so one representative 
 had to be elected by the votes of all the people of the 
 state. Maynard was elected. In 1875 Cheatham was 
 made Superintendent of State Prisons, and held the posi- 
 tion for four years. In 1885 he was appointed postmas- 
 ter at Nashville, but died in September, 1886. 
 
 Nathan Bedford Forrest was born in Bedford County, 
 Tennessee, in 1821. Of his youth we know very little. 
 
 In 1842 he moved to Her- 
 nando, Mississippi, and be- 
 came a cotton planter. Ten 
 years afterward he was liv- 
 ing in Memphis. In 1861 
 he joined the Confederate 
 Army, and served through- 
 out the war, rising steadily 
 in rank until he became a 
 lieutenant general. He was 
 a military genius, and per- 
 haps the greatest soldier 
 that Tennessee has ever pro- 
 duced. Without military 
 education or training he be- 
 came one of the greatest commanders of the war. He 
 never lost a battle that he had planned himself, and never 
 allowed his army to be surprised and forced to fight at 
 disadvantage. He failed a few times under orders of 
 other commanders. The story of all his daring and bril- 
 liant feats would be as thrilling as the wildest tales of the 
 Scottish border. 
 
 After the Civil War General Forrest devoted himself to 
 business in Memphis, and became president of the Mem- 
 phis and Selma Railroad. He died in October, 1877. 
 
 ^xV'^^ 
 
 Nathan Bedford Forrest 
 
PAMOUS TENNESSEEANS 
 
 213 
 
 Matthew Fontaine Maury 
 
 Matthew Fontaine Maury was born in Virginia in 1806, 
 but was reared and educated in Tennessee. In 1825 he 
 entered the United States navy. While other young offi- 
 cers were froUcking, Maury 
 would be drawing chalk 
 figures on cannon balls to 
 help him in learning the 
 problems of navigation. 
 In 1827 he made a cruise 
 around the world, and gained 
 a personal knowledge of 
 countries and people that 
 afterward made his geogra- 
 phies such charming books. 
 In 1 83 1 he was made com- 
 mander of the ship Fal- 
 moutJi, and ordered to the 
 Pacific Ocean. In 1834 he published his book on navi- 
 gation, which was made the text for study at the Naval 
 Academy. In 1837 he had a fall which broke his right 
 leg at the knee, and made him a cripple for life. After 
 this accident he was assigned to shore duty at Washington. 
 
 Maury made important reforms in the navy, established 
 the National Observatory, directed the soundings of the 
 sea that resulted in the laying of ocean cables, or subma- 
 rine telegraph hues, started the signal service and weather 
 bureau, wrote a physical geography of the sea, and a series 
 of geographies for use in schools. He has added more 
 to our scientific knowledge of the sea and the winds than 
 any other man that has ever lived. When the Civil War be- 
 gan he took part with the Confederacy. He died in 1877. 
 
 David Glascoe Farragut was born in Knox County, Ten- 
 nessee, in 1 80 1. When nine years old he was put into the 
 
214 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 United States Navy to be trained for a naval officer. Like 
 Maury, he attended to his business, — studied and worked 
 well. As a boy he took part in the war with England in 
 1812, and afterward, as he rose in rank, saw much service 
 
 at many naval stations at 
 ^""^ home and abroad. In 
 
 1 86 1 he adhered to the 
 Union, and was sent to 
 the Gulf of Mexico to as- 
 sist in the blockade of the 
 southern ports. He soon 
 showed himself to be the 
 ablest officer in the navy. 
 In April, 1862, he went 
 up the Mississippi River 
 and captured New Or- 
 leans, though it was well 
 defended by forts, gun- 
 boats, and floating bat- 
 teries. In 1864 he fought 
 the fiercest naval battle of the war except one, and cap- 
 tured the city of Mobile. In recognition of distinguished 
 services Congress created for him the special rank of 
 vice admiral. Only the most prominent of his actions 
 have been mentioned. He is considered the greatest of 
 all the American commanders on the ocean. He died 
 in 1870. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 Make a list of the seven Tennesseeans described in this chapter. 
 Study each carefully, and see what you can learn of these famous 
 men from other sources as well as from these short sketches. 
 
 David Glascoe Farragut 
 
Period V. 1865- 1900 
 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 CHAPTER XXX 
 
 DOMESTIC RECONSTRUCTION 
 
 The years that immediately followed the close of the 
 Civil War were years of strife and gloom. The Union 
 men thought that they had been badly treated by the Con- 
 federates, and the Confederates thought they had been 
 shamefully wronged by the Union men. Each party was 
 angry and defiant. 
 
 The battles and raids and marches, to and fro, of both 
 armies had destroyed millions of dollars' worth of prop- 
 erty. The horses and mules had been taken by the sol- 
 diers for use in the army, hogs and cattle had been killed 
 for meat, grain and hay had been wasted and hauled away, 
 stores and residences had been robbed and burned, wagons 
 and farming tools had been destroyed, the people had very 
 little money to buy anything and were almost without 
 clothing and food. 
 
 The negroes had been told that they were going to be 
 set free and, in their childish way of thinking, they con- 
 sidered that freedom meant freedom from work. So most 
 of them, especially the young and thoughtless, quit work 
 and started out in quest of pleasure. 
 
 215 
 
2l6 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR 
 
 The four years of war had broken up the courts and 
 almost destroyed the whole force of civil law. Worthless 
 and vicious men had discovered that they could do almost 
 as they pleased if they kept themselves out of the hands 
 of army officers, and they were very careful to do that. 
 They roamed over the country, insulting, abusing, and rob- 
 bing people, until no one felt safe even in his own house. 
 
 Thousands of the bravest and best men of the state had 
 been killed in battle, and thousands more were maimed for 
 life. Widows, orphans, and desolate homes were seen all 
 over the land. Churches and schoolhouses had been con- 
 verted into hospitals and many of them burned, when 
 abandoned, sometimes to prevent the spreading of dis- 
 eases, sometimes out of genuine meanness. Everywhere 
 were ashes, desolation, and grief. 
 
 This is a dark picture of the conditions in Tennessee 
 in the spring of 1865, but it is a correct one for most of 
 the state. The people, however, were not of a stock to 
 sit down and give themselves up to despair. They went 
 to work as best they could to " reconstruct " their fortunes. 
 Men with one arm or one leg hitched a little ox to the 
 plow, if they could not get a horse or a mule, and made a 
 crop. Everybody went to work, cotton was at a very high 
 price, and in the fall the people had some money ; mer- 
 chants began to bring in goods, mechanics opened shops, 
 and all branches of business began to revive. The negroes 
 soon learned that they could not live on freedom and the 
 talk of demagogues and carpetbaggers, and they went to 
 work. Their labor aided materially in the return of 
 prosperity. 
 
 These results were obtained slowly and in the midst of 
 difficulties. The war left few people in the state with any 
 property except their land. The social and industrial 
 
DOMESTIC RECONSTRUCTION 21/ 
 
 organization of the country had to be " reconstructed." 
 In other words, the people had to begin life anew, very 
 much as their pioneer ancestors had done when they 
 entered the state, but under very different conditions. 
 
 Between 1865 and 1870, in spite of financial ruin, ill- 
 judged national legislation, and the most perplexing and 
 complicated domestic problems, the men and women of 
 Tennessee succeeded in starting the revival of the fallen 
 fortunes of their state. This was done, too, under politi- 
 cal conditions that were a strange compound of civil law, 
 anarchy, and military despotism. 
 
 It is very hard for people who did not live in that period 
 to understand the conditions. We must remember that 
 part of the people of Tennessee had been for the Union 
 and part for the Confederacy. Where all, or very nearly 
 all, of the people had been for the Union, law and order 
 were soon restored. The same was true where all had 
 been for the Confederacy. In sections where the people 
 were divided in opinion the bitterness and rancor of party 
 feeling caused trouble. Lawless characters took advan- 
 tage of this, and stirred up strife for their own selfish ends. 
 There were some sections of this kind where only military 
 force could have kept the peace. The military force, how- 
 ever, was not always wisely used, and in some instances 
 its presence produced only anger and defiance of law. 
 Thus we see that in some parts of the state there was 
 quiet civil law ; in some, military authority ; and in some, 
 very little government of any kind. 
 
 The pioneers of Tennessee were a brave, patient, hardy 
 race of whom their descendants are justly proud. The 
 present generation of boys and girls in Tennessee have as 
 just cause for pride in their parents and grandparents of 
 the war and the ** Reconstruction Period," They faced 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 14 
 
2l8 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR 
 
 dangers that were as gr^eat and difficulties as serious as 
 any that ever tried the souls of , the pioneers. They met 
 every trial with a courage and fortitude worthy of their 
 heroic ancestors, and have left to their children an inheri- 
 tance of immortal fame. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1 . When did the Civil War begin and when did it end ? 
 
 2. Views of Confederates and Unionists. 
 
 3. Destruction of property by the war. 
 
 4. The negroes and freedom. 
 
 5. Effects of the war on civil government. 
 
 6. The killed and maimed. 
 
 7. Churches and schoolhouses. 
 
 8. The dark picture. 
 
 9. Spirit of the people. 
 
 10. Effects of the first crop. 
 
 11. Change in the negroes' opinions. 
 
 12. Property after the war. 
 
 13. Domestic "reconstruction."" 
 
 14. Conditions between 1865 and 1870. 
 
 15. Division of the people in Tennessee. 
 
 16. Quiet sections of the country. 
 
 17. Disturbed sections. 
 
 18. The people of i860 to 1870 compared with the pioneers. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI 
 
 POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 
 
 From 1862 to March 4, 1865, Andrew Johnson was 
 Mihtary Governor of Tennessee. In January, 1864, he 
 tried to restore civil government in the state under Federal 
 authority. He ordered an election of county officers in all 
 of the counties that were under control of the Federal 
 Army, but the people refused to vote or to take any part in 
 this scheme, and the election was a total failure. 
 
 In November, 1864, a President and a Vice President of 
 the United States were to be elected. Lincoln and John- 
 son were the candidates of the Republican party, and 
 McClellan and Pendleton of the Democratic party. In 
 September, 1864, a Union convention met at Nashville 
 and nominated Lincoln and Johnson electors for the state. 
 They prescribed an oath to be taken by all voters, and 
 called a mass meeting of the Union men of the state for 
 January 9, 1865, to select delegates to a convention to 
 revise the constitution of Tennessee. 
 
 The Democratic electors objected to the oath prescribed 
 by the Nashville Convention and withdrew their names 
 from the contest. The Republican electors received all 
 the votes that were cast, but the vote of Tennessee was not 
 counted in the Presidential election of 1864, though a 
 Tennesseean was elected Vice President. 
 
 The revision convention met as provided, and adopted 
 a number of amendments to the constitution of the state, 
 
 219 
 
220 
 
 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 among them one forever abolishing slavery. These 
 amendments were submitted to a vote of the people and 
 ratified February 22, 1865. The thirteenth amendment to 
 the Constitution of the United States, abolishing slavery, 
 was not adopted until December 18, 1865, and President 
 Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, of January i, 1863, 
 did not include Tennessee. Tennessee freed her own 
 negroes. Neither Lincoln's proclamation nor the thir- 
 teenth amendment had any part in it, and the real emanci- 
 pation day in Tennessee is the anniversary of Washington's 
 birthday. 
 
 An election for state officers under the amended consti- 
 tution was provided for by the convention, and members 
 of the legislature were elected March 4, 1865, and Wilham 
 
 G. Brownlow was elected 
 governor. 
 
 William Gannaway 
 Brownlow was born in Vir- 
 ginia in 1805. He learned 
 the trade of a house car- 
 penter, but abandoned it 
 early in life and became a 
 Methodist minister. In 
 1828 he came to Tennes- 
 see, and in 1839 became a 
 local preacher at Jonesboro 
 and editor of TJic WJiig. 
 He moved to Knoxville, 
 transferred TJie Whig to 
 that city, and continued its publication until the begin- 
 ning of the war. This paper had a very large circulation 
 and was one of the most independent, sarcastic, and abusive 
 newspapers ever published in the state. Mr. Brownlow 
 
 William Gannaway Brownlow 
 
POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 221 
 
 preached many sermons, defended the institution of slavery 
 in debate, ran for Congress against Andrew Johnson in 1843 
 and was defeated, wrote several books, the most famous of 
 which is called Parson Brownlow'' s Book. In this he gives 
 his unpleasant experiences with the Confederates and his 
 views on secession and the war. He was in every fiber a 
 southern Union man, and regarded secession as both fool- 
 ish and wicked. He was a member of the convention that 
 revised the constitution of the state, was elected Governor 
 of Tennessee in 1865, and again' in 1867. In 1869 he was 
 sent to the United States Senate, where he remained until 
 1875. He died at Knoxville in April, 1877. 
 
 The four years from 1865 to 1869 have generally been 
 called the ** Brownlow Period." It was the time of " Re- 
 construction," and exhibited in its details almost every 
 phase of the stormiest revolutionary tendencies, and the 
 vilest political and personal animosities. All persons who 
 had either directly or indirectly taken any part in the war 
 against the Union, or who had in any way given aid or 
 sympathy to the Confederacy, were not allowed to vote at 
 any election. This placed the control of the state in the 
 hands of a minority of the people. 
 
 In East Tennessee the voters were usually good and 
 respectable citizens. In the other divisions of the state 
 this was true to a limited extent, but a majority of those 
 allowed to vote in Middle and West Tennessee constituted 
 an "unsavory lot." The legislature passed ** franchise 
 acts " which gave the governor almost unlimited control 
 of elections, and authorized him to use the military power 
 of the state to enforce these acts. Those who were not 
 allowed to vote became indignant and defiant, and opposed 
 and embarrassed the state government in every possible 
 way. 
 
222 
 
 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 A part of the Union men advocated a more liberal policy 
 and were called Conservatives ; the others were called 
 Radicals. In 1867 the Radicals nominated Governor 
 Brownlow for reelection ; the Conservatives nominated 
 Emerson Etheridge. The Conservative nomination was 
 useless. The legislature had given the governor all 
 power over elections, and he issued a proclamation which 
 plainly showed that he intended to use it for the purpose 
 of having himself reelected. After a short canvass, in 
 which there was more personal abuse, fighting, lynching, 
 and violence of every kind than was ever before known 
 in the state, Etheridge withdrew and Governor Brownlow 
 was elected. 
 
 Emerson Etheridge was born in North Carolina in 1819, 
 and came to Tennessee when a boy. He began the prac- 
 tice of law in 1840. In 
 1845 he was elected mem- 
 ber of the legislature from 
 Weakley County. He 
 was a Whig member of 
 Congress from 1853 to 
 1857. Ii^ 1857 he was 
 defeated by the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, J. D. C. 
 Atkins, but in 1859 de- 
 feated Atkins. When 
 the troubles arose be- 
 tween the states he was 
 a decided Union man and 
 did all in his power to 
 keep Tennessee from seceding. From 1861 to 1863 he 
 was clerk of the House of Representatives at Washington. 
 In 1867 he was a candidate for governor, but withdrew 
 
 Emerson Etheridge 
 
POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 223 
 
 before the election. In 1869 he was sent from Weakley 
 County to the state Senate. In 1878 he was offered the 
 Republican nomination for the governorship, but declined 
 it. He is still living on his farm near Dresden, full of the 
 patriotic " memories of the past " which he enjoys rehears- 
 ing to young people. 
 
 In February, 1869, Governor Brownlow was chosen 
 United States senator. D. W. C. Senter, speaker of the 
 state Senate, became governor by succession until the 
 election in August of that year. In May, 1869, the Re- 
 publican convention disagreed, as they had done in 1867. 
 The Conservatives nominated Senter for governor, and 
 the Radicals William B. Stokes. Senter now had the 
 same power that Brownlow had in 1867, and he used it 
 to have himself elected. He ordered the election com- 
 missioners to issue certificates, or permits to vote, to all 
 actual citizens of the state. All the Democrats united 
 with the Conservatives, and Senter was easily elected. A 
 Democratic and Conservative legislature was also chosen, 
 and the state government was again in the hands of officers 
 elected by a majority of all the people. 
 
 De Witt Clinton Senter was born in McMinn County, 
 Tennessee, in 1834. He received only a common school 
 education. From 1857 to 1861 he represented Grainger 
 County in the legislature. When the war began he took 
 such strong ground for the Union that he was for a time 
 imprisoned by the Confederate authorities. From 1865 
 to 1869 he was a member of the state Senate, and was 
 chosen speaker of the Senate in the year LS6y. When 
 Brownlow was made United States Senator in February, 
 1869, Senter became governor by succession, and was 
 elected governor in August of the same year. He died 
 in 1897. 
 
224 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Civil and military governors. 
 
 2. Johnson's effort to restore civil government. 
 
 3. Presidential candidates in 1864. 
 
 4. The Union Convention at Nashville. 
 
 5. The Democratic electors and presidential vote of Tennessee. 
 
 6. Revising the state constitution. 
 
 7. Emancipation in Tennessee. 
 
 8. State elections in 1865. 
 
 9. Sketch of Governor Brownlow. 
 
 10. Character of the "Brownlow Period." Date. 
 
 1 1 . The state in the hands of a minority. 
 
 12. Voters in the three divisions of the state. 
 
 13. The " Franchise Acts." 
 
 14. Radicals and Conservatives. 
 
 15. Nominations for governor in 1867. 
 
 16. Character of canvass and result. 
 
 17. Sketch of Emerson Etheridge. 
 
 18. Governor by succession in 1869. 
 
 19. Convention of 1869, and nominations. 
 
 20. Result of elections in August. 
 
 21. Sketch of Governor Senter. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII 
 
 SENTER'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1871 
 
 Before we take up Governor Senter's administration you 
 must have some explanation of a few things that affected 
 other southern states more than they did Tennessee, but 
 still had much influence in 
 our own state. 
 
 At the close of the Civil 
 War all of the seceding 
 states were placed under 
 military government. Con- 
 gress then began to discuss 
 plans of government for 
 these states in the future. 
 President Johnson had his 
 plans, and Congress had 
 quite different ones. The 
 plans of Congress were 
 adopted. What were called 
 " provisional governments " 
 
 were organized under Federal authority in all of these 
 states except Tennessee. This scheme was called *' Re- 
 construction." 
 
 These " provisional governments " had the form of reg- 
 ular state governments, but were really under control of 
 the Federal army. In the states undergoing " Recon- 
 struction " the actual citizens who had been in any way 
 
 225 
 
 De Witt Clinton Senter 
 
226 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR 
 
 connected with the Confederacy were not allowed to take 
 any part in the government. The negroes and a great 
 number of worthless men from the North, called carpet- 
 baggers, did almost all the voting, and the carpetbaggers 
 held nearly all of the offices. These men were called 
 carpetbaggers because they did not have any interest in 
 the state, and owned no more property in it than could be 
 carried in a carpetbag. They never intended to remain in 
 the state and become good citizens, but were a set of adven- 
 turers who meant to plunder the people and then leave the 
 country. 
 
 These carpetbaggers wished to keep the negroes under 
 their own control so that they might be sure of their votes 
 at every election. To do this they organized a secret polit- 
 ical society called the *' Loyal League " and persuaded all 
 the negroes to join it; promising them great things if they 
 did so, and threatening disgrace and danger if they did not. 
 This Loyal League did some deeds of violence and crime. 
 Bad men who never belonged to it, as well as those who 
 did, used its name as a cloak for villainies of every charac- 
 ter, and the League became a nuisance and a terror. The 
 courts afforded no protection, as the judges of the courts 
 were usually members of the League. 
 
 Carpetbaggers never held power in Tennessee, as there 
 were plenty of genuine Union citizens in the state to keep 
 them out, and the people of the state did their own " recon- 
 structing." The Loyal League, however, was organized 
 in Tennessee, and in some places showed many of its worst 
 features. It either encouraged idleness and crime or was 
 made an excuse for these things. 
 
 In opposition to the League there grew up another 
 secret organization called the " Ku Klux Klan." There is 
 no authentic history of the " Klan." Its members would 
 
SENTER'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-187] 
 
 227 
 
 never say much about it, and would write nothing at all. 
 No one else could give correct information. A committee 
 of Congress made extensive investigations, but their pub- 
 Hshed report reveals only the fact that they learned in 
 reality very little about it. 
 
 As good authority as we have says the order was organ- 
 ized first at Pulaski, Tennessee, in the fall of 1866, by 
 
 some young men whose object 
 /;^, was amusement. They 
 
 adopted grotesque and 
 outlandish disguises, 
 ^ ^ y^ and went about fright- 
 ening superstitious ne- 
 groes. A member of 
 this Klan would con- 
 ceal a large rubber 
 ^ bag under his black 
 robe, with a tube ex- 
 tending from the 
 bag up under his 
 disguise to about the 
 position of his mouth. 
 The whole party, in their 
 hideous uniforms, would 
 then go to some negro's house 
 and ask for water. When the 
 water was brought the leader 
 would take the bucket, appar- 
 ently drink the whole pailful, and then ask for more. 
 After seeming to drink two or three pails of water he 
 would thank the amazed negro, and tell him that it was 
 the first drink of water he had taken since the battle of 
 Shiloh. This usually brought on the climax, — the negro 
 
 Ku KIux Klan 
 
228 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 dropped the bucket and took to his heels, supposing the 
 man to be the ghost of some soldier who had been killed 
 in battle. 
 
 The young men soon learned that they could scare the 
 wits out of a Loyal League meeting, and turned their order 
 into a band of regulators for the protection of society. It 
 grew and spread rapidly until it extended over the whole 
 South, and almost entirely suppressed the Loyal League. 
 After the organization became powerful, bad men used it 
 for improper purposes. Just as in the case of the Loyal 
 League, many outrages were committed in its name by 
 men who were never members of the Ku Klux Klan. 
 These bad acts caused the hostility of the state govern- 
 ment, and the congressional investigation. 
 
 As law and order became more firmly established in the 
 hands of all the people, the Ku Klux Klan died out. In 
 the early part of Governor Senter's administration there 
 were serious Ku Klux outrages, but public sentiment 
 against them was constantly growing stronger, and at the 
 close of his term they had almost passed away. A new 
 order of affairs was beginning in the state, and new ques- 
 tions, that had little to do with the old grudges of the war, 
 were claiming public attention. 
 
 In the legislature which met in October, 1869, the Dem- 
 T)crats had a majority in both the House and the Senate. 
 The business before the new legislature was about this : — 
 
 1. To provide for maintaining the public credit. 
 
 2. To limit or restrain the power of the governor. 
 
 3. To restore to all respectable citizens the right to vote. 
 
 4. To suppress the lawless acts of those supposed to 
 belong to the Ku Klux Klan or the Loyal League. 
 
 5. To provide for a new constitution suited to the 
 changed conditions of the state. 
 
SENTER'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1871 229 
 
 They passed a resolution to sustain the credit of the 
 state, and appointed a committee to investigate the state 
 debt and the railroads to which bonds had been issued. 
 The laws which gave extraordinary powers to the governor 
 were repealed, and a bill was passed restoring the right to 
 vote to all male citizens who had been living six months in 
 the state. There was a severe Federal law against the Ku 
 Klux, and under it some of them had been sent to the peni- 
 tentiary. The part of Governor Senter's message relating 
 to the Ku Klux was therefore passed over without action. 
 
 The most important work of this legislature was an act 
 providing for a constitutional convention to be held at 
 Nashville in January, 1870. This act was submitted to a 
 vote of the people on the third Saturday in December, 
 1869, and was approved by a very large majority. The 
 convention met at the time appointed, made many changes 
 in the old constitution of the state, and added some new 
 features. They submitted their work to a vote of the 
 people in May, 1870, and it was ratified. This constitu- 
 tion is the one under which we now live, — the one printed 
 in this book. 
 
 The close of Governor Senter's administration marks the 
 end of Republican rule in Tennessee. There has been 
 one Republican governor since that time, but only for one 
 term, and so brief was that period that Democrats never 
 really lost control of the affairs of the state. The Demo- 
 cratic convention of 1870 nominated John C. Brown for 
 governor. The Republicans nominated W. H. Wisener. 
 Brown was elected, receiving nearly twice as many votes 
 as his opponent. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1 . Condition of the seceding states at the close of the war. 
 
 2. President Johnson and Congress. 
 
230 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 3. Reconstruction. 
 
 4. Provisional governments. 
 
 5. Carpetbaggers. 
 
 6. The Loyal League. 
 
 7. Abuses of the organization. 
 
 8. Carpetbaggers in Tennessee. 
 
 9. The Loyal League in Tennessee. 
 
 10. The Ku Klux Klan. 
 
 1 1 . Difficulty of getting information about it. 
 
 12. Probable origin of Ku Klux, (The name is said to have been de- 
 
 rived from the Greek word, kuklos^ which means a circle.) 
 
 13. Amusing pranks of the early Ku Klux. 
 
 14. Change in the order. 
 
 1 5 . Abuses of its power. 
 
 16. Dying out of the Klan. 
 
 17. 'New public issues. 
 
 18. Items of business before Governor Senter's legislature. 
 
 19. Forming the Constitution of 1870. 
 
 20. The end of Republican rule in Tennessee. 
 
 21. Nominees for governor in 1870. and result of election. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN C. BROWN, 1871-1875 
 
 John C. Brown was born in Giles County, Tennessee, 
 
 in 1827. When only twenty-one years old he began the 
 
 practice of law at Pulaski. When the war began, in 1861, 
 
 he was a successful lawyer 
 
 and prominent citizen of 
 
 his county. He joined the 
 
 Confederate Army as a 
 
 captain of infantry, served 
 
 gallantly through the 
 
 whole war, and rose by 
 successive steps to the 
 rank of major general. At 
 the close of the war he re- 
 sumed his law practice at 
 Pulaski. He was president 
 of the constitutional con- 
 vention of 1870, and per- 
 formed his delicate and difficult duties as presiding officer 
 with rare tact and ability. He was Governor of Tennessee 
 from 1 87 1 to 1875, defeating W. H. Wisener in 1870, and 
 Alfred A. Freeman in 1872. He was the third governor 
 who bore the name of Brown, and was a brother of Gov- 
 ernor Neill S. Brown. After the expiration of his second 
 term as governor he became an official of the Texan Pacific 
 Railroad, and soon afterward its president. He died in 
 
 John C. Brown 
 
 231 
 
232 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Many of the exciting and vexing questions that had 
 been prominent in the state since 1861 had practically 
 passed away when General Brown was made governor. 
 There were two very important subjects to be considered 
 in the period of his administrations. 
 
 1. The settlement of the state debt. 
 
 2. The organization of a public school system. 
 
 The state debt is a difficult subject to understand. The 
 best short history of it is to be found in Governor Bate's 
 message to the legislature of 1883. It is not best to at- 
 tempt to give my young readers anything more than an 
 outline of what it is and how it was created. 
 
 From 1796 to 1833 there was no such thing as a state 
 debt in Tennessee. Enough of taxes to pay the necessary 
 expenses of the state government was levied, collected, 
 and paid out each year, and there was usually a little 
 money left in the treasury. In 1833 the state, very un- 
 wisely, issued $500,000 in interest-bearing bonds and used 
 the money received for these bonds to establish a bank. 
 After this more bonds were issued to buy the Hermitage, 
 to build the Capitol, and for several other purposes, until 
 the state's own debt was more than $3,000,000 in 1861. 
 This is what has been called " the state debt proper." 
 
 The *' internal improvement " mania caused another 
 immense debt. The state lent its credit to turnpike com- 
 panies, plank-road companies, and railroads, until they 
 created a debt of nearly $14,000,000 by the time the war 
 began in 186 1. It was never intended or expected that 
 the state would be called upon to pay these bonds. The 
 state was only a surety ; the companies were expected to 
 earn the money necessary to pay the interest and to take 
 up the bonds. The war came, stopped the business of the 
 companies, destroyed their property, and broke them up. 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN C. BROWN, 1871-1875 233 
 
 The debt fell upon the state. This has been called the 
 •'* state aid debt." 
 
 At the close of the war the turnpikes, railroads, etc., 
 were in such ruin that more *' state aid" was given to 
 repair them and to put new ones into operation. Thus 
 another debt of nearly $14,000,000 was created. There 
 had been no interest paid on any of the bonds from 1861 
 to 1865, and more bonds were issued to pay off the interest 
 that had accumulated during the war. These issues of 
 bonds made between 1865 and 1869 have been called the 
 " Brownlow debt." All taken together, — good, doubtful, 
 and fraudulent, — the state debt amounted to more than 
 $35,000,000 when Governor Brown went into office in 
 
 1871. 
 
 The governor's message to the legislature of 1871 and 
 1872 called special attention to this enormous debt, and 
 urged some settlement of it. The members of the legisla- 
 ture in discussing the subject declared the ''state debt 
 proper " to be just, and that all of it ought to be paid ; the 
 ** state aid debt" to be a hardship, and that the bond- 
 holders ought to bear part of the losses on that; the 
 " Brownlow debt" to have been created by doubtful and 
 perhaps illegal methods of a legislature that did not repre- 
 sent the taxpayers of the state, and that none of it ought 
 to be paid. They did a great deal of talking and speech- 
 making and political wrangling, and very little of any- 
 thing else on the subject before them. 
 
 The elections of 1872 were especially exciting in Ten- 
 nessee. Governor Brown was a candidate for reelection, 
 and the Republicans were putting forth every effort to 
 defeat him. Andrew Johnson, Horace Maynard, and B. 
 F. Cheatham were candidates for congressman in the state 
 at large. General Grant was a candidate for reelection to 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 15 
 
234 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 the Presidency and was opposed by Horace Greeley, an 
 able and distinguished Liberal Republican of New York. 
 In the great political excitement and turmoil the state debt 
 received little consideration, and almost nothing was done 
 for it in Governor Brown's administrations. 
 
 The public school question fared better. The legislators 
 knew that the people needed schools whether the state 
 debt was paid or not. That could wait, but the children 
 were growing up, and they could not wait. The negroes 
 had been made citizens and had no education. It was 
 considered both wise and humane to give them education 
 to fit them as quickly as possible for their new duties. 
 
 In 1873 a school law was passed which provided for 
 a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, a county 
 superintendent in each county, city superintendents where- 
 ever necessary, and a board of three school directors in 
 each school district. Schools for white children and those 
 for colored children were to be organized and conducted 
 separately. 
 
 The legislature levied a state tax to pay the expenses of 
 these schools, and authorized counties and cities to levy 
 additional taxes for the same purpose. The tax was small, 
 but the people had lost most of their property by the 
 ravages of war, and a heavy debt was hanging over them. 
 A less heroic race would never have undertaken such a 
 task under the conditions that then existed. 
 
 John M. Fleming, a scholarly and accomplished gentle- 
 man of Knoxville, was appointed state superintendent, and 
 the school law of 1873 went into operation. It has been 
 amended and considerably changed since its passage, but 
 in its important features it is the school law of to-day, — 
 the law under which the public schools of Tennessee are 
 now conducted. 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN C. BROWN, 1 871-1875 235 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Sketch of Governor John C. Brown. 
 
 2. Troublesome questions from 1861 to 1869. 
 
 3. The two important subjects in Governor Brown's administrations. 
 
 4. State finances before 1833. 
 
 5. The "state debt proper." 
 
 6. The "state aid debt." 
 
 7. The " Brownlow debt." 
 
 8. The entire debt in 1871. 
 
 9. The legislature of 187 1 and 1872, and the state debt. 
 
 10. The three exciting political contests in 1872. 
 
 1 1 . Importance of public schools. 
 
 12. School officials according to the law of 1873. 
 
 13. How are our pubhc schools supported ? 
 
 14. Condition of the people when the school law was passed. 
 
 15. First state superintendent under the new law. 
 
 16. The school law of 1873 ^^'^'^^ that of the present time. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF PORTER AND MARKS, 1875-1881 
 
 In the Democratic convention of 1874 there were not 
 less than a dozen men who wished to be nominated for 
 governor, and in the Repubhcan convention there were 
 nearly as many. The Democrats nominated James D. 
 Porter, and the Republicans Horace Maynard. Porter was 
 elected by a majority of more than forty-seven thousand 
 votes. The next year Maynard was sent by President 
 
 Grant as United States min- 
 ister to Turkey. 
 
 James D. Porter was born 
 at Paris, Tennessee, in 1828. 
 He was educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Nashville, and be- 
 gan the practice of law at 
 Paris in 185 1. He was a 
 member of the legislature 
 from 1859 to i86i,and took 
 an active part in the exciting 
 events attending secession. 
 He was General Pillow's ad- 
 ^ „ , iutant s^eneral and assisted 
 
 James D. Porter J ^ 
 
 in organizing the troops. 
 Afterward he became General Cheatham's chief of staff 
 and served in that position through the war. In 1865 
 he resumed the practice of law at Paris. He was a 
 
 236 
 
PORTER AND MARKS, 1875-1881 237 
 
 member of the constitutional convention of 1870, and 
 judge of the circuit court of his district from 1870 until he 
 was nominated for governor in 1874. He was Governor 
 of Tennessee from 1875 to 1879. After the close of his 
 last term as governor he became president of the Nashville, 
 Chattanooga, and St. Louis Railroad and resigned after 
 four years' service. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed 
 him Assistant Secretary of State. In 1887 he resigned 
 this office and withdrew from political life. He lives as a 
 private citizen at Paris, Tennessee ; is one of the trustees 
 of the Peabody Educational Fund, and a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of the University of Nashville, at which 
 he was educated. 
 
 In 1875 Andrew Johnson was elected United States 
 senator from Tennessee, but died in July of the same year. 
 Governor Porter appointed David M. Key of Chattanooga 
 to fill the unexpired term of Senator Johnson. In 1877 
 President Hayes appointed Mr. Key Postmaster General. 
 This was a notable appointment, as Mr. Key was a Demo- 
 crat, had been a Confederate soldier, and was with one 
 exception the first Cabinet officer appointed from a seced- 
 ing state after the war. 
 
 This appointment showed clearly that the President cf 
 the United States wished the people to understand that the 
 old war grudges ought to be forgotten. Mr. Key resigned 
 his Cabinet office in 1880 to accept the office of judge 
 of the federal court for the district of East Tennessee. 
 Horace Maynard was recalled from Turkey to be made 
 Postmaster General. Thus two distinguished Tennesseeans 
 held this office during one presidential term. 
 
 In 1878 the Democratic convention nominated Albert 
 S. Marks for governor"; the Republicans nominated Emer- 
 son Etheridge. Marks was elected. 
 
238 
 
 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Albert S. Marks 
 
 Albert S. Marks was born in Kentucky in 1836. He 
 came to Tennessee when a youth, and in 1858 began the 
 
 practice of law at Winches- 
 ter. When secession was 
 first proposed he was a 
 Union man, but when the 
 war began he joined the 
 Confederate Army and be- 
 came colonel of a regiment. 
 In the battle of Murfrees- 
 boro he made a record for 
 gallantry that placed his 
 name on the Confederate 
 roll of honor, but received 
 a wound that caused the 
 loss of one leg. After the 
 war he resumed the practice of law. In 1870 he was 
 elected judge of the chancery court and remained in this 
 position until nominated for governor in 1878. He was 
 Governor of Tennessee from 1879 to 188 1. He died at 
 Nashville in 1891. 
 
 The administrations of Porter and Marks were noted for 
 the wonderful advances made by the people of the state in 
 building up what the war had destroyed. New churches, 
 new schoolhouses, new residences, new stores, new factories, 
 new industries of every kind, were springing up all over 
 the state. It was a time of peace and growth. The towns 
 especially moved forward in prosperity, and increased very 
 rapidly in wealth and population. 
 
 In state politics the " debt of Tennessee " was the all- 
 absorbing question, and it seemed as if almost every man 
 in the state had an idea of his own as to how it ought to 
 be settled. Some wished to pay it all, some wished to pay 
 
PORTER AND MARKS, 1875-1881 239 
 
 a part of it, and some wished to pay none. You must 
 understand that a state cannot be sued in court and forced 
 to pay its debts as an individual can. The payment of a 
 state debt is a matter of honor with the people of that state. 
 If they refuse to pay it, the creditors have no way to help 
 themselves. 
 
 In the winter of 1876 the state's creditors proposed to 
 Governor Porter to take three fifths, or sixty cents on the 
 dollar, with six per cent interest, as payment in full of all 
 their claims. The governor called the legislature together 
 and submitted the proposition to them, strongly recom- 
 mending that it be accepted. After carefully considering 
 the question, seemingly with a view to getting the greatest 
 number of votes for themselves at the next election, the 
 legislature adjourned and went home without having done 
 anything. This was the end of what was called the *' sixty 
 and six" compromise. 
 
 Governor Marks was as anxious for a settlement of the 
 state debt as Governor Porter had been, and urged the 
 legislature of 1879 to do something with the vexed ques- 
 tion. An act was passed settling the debt at fifty cents on 
 the dollar with four per cent interest. Most of the credi- 
 tors were wiUing to accept this, but when the act was sub- 
 mitter to a vote of the people it was rejected. This was the 
 end of what was known as the ** fifty and four " proposition. 
 
 Between 1875 and 1880 there had grown up in the 
 United States a new political party called the Greenback 
 party. One of their doctrines was that the government 
 should issue more treasury notes so as to make money 
 more plentiful. The backs of these notes were printed 
 with green ink, -and the notes were therefore called green- 
 backs. The party took its name from the money it advo- 
 cated. 
 
240 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 In 1880 the Democrats were divided on the state debt 
 question, and Governor Marks refused to be a candidate 
 for reelection. The " fifty and four " or state-credit Dem- 
 ocrats nominated John V. Wright for governor. The low- 
 tax Democrats nominated S. F. Wilson. The Greenback 
 party nominated R. M. Edwards. The Republicans 
 declared themselves in favor of settling the state debt 
 according to the wish or consent of the creditors, and 
 nominated Alvin Hawkins, who was easily elected on 
 account of the strife and divisions among the Democrats. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Nominations for governor, and election in 1874. 
 
 2. Sketch of Governor Porter. 
 
 3. The United States senator elected in 1875. 
 
 4. President Hayes's first Postmaster General. 
 
 5. Why this appointment was remarkable. 
 
 6. Hayes's second Postmaster General. 
 
 7. Nominations for governor and election in 1878. 
 
 8. Sketch of Governor Marks. 
 
 9. Progress of the state during Porter's and Marks's administrations. 
 
 10. The main issue in state politics. 
 
 11. Different ideas on the settlement of the state debt. 
 
 12. How could a state be brought into a court for trial .? 
 
 13. Proposition of the bond owners to Governor Porter. 
 
 14. Action of the legislature on the proposition. 
 
 15. What is meant by the " sixty and six" compromise ? 
 
 16. Governor Marks's feeling about the state debt. 
 
 17. Action of the legislature of 1879. 
 
 18. Vote of the people on the act. 
 
 19. What is meant by the " fifty and four" proposition ? 
 
 20. The Greenback party. 
 
 21. Governor Marks's refusal to be nominated for reelection. 
 
 22. Nominations of governor, and election of 1880. 
 
CHAPTER XXXV 
 
 HAWKINS'S AND BATE'S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1881-1887 
 
 Alvin Hawkins was born in Kentucky in 1821, but 
 came to Tennessee when only five years old. He received 
 a good education and in his early manhood was a teacher. 
 In 1843 he began the practice 
 of law at Huntingdon. In 
 1853 he was elected from Car- 
 roll County to a seat in the leg- 
 islature. When the troubles 
 
 he was an 
 
 Union man 
 
 1 his energy 
 
 secession of 
 1862 he was 
 
 began 
 
 of 1861 
 uncompromismg 
 and put forth a 
 to prevent the 
 Tennessee. In 
 
 Alvin Hawkins 
 
 elected to Congress, under 
 the proclamation of Andrew 
 Johnson as military governor, 
 but was not allowed to serve. 
 In 1864 he was appointed Federal attorney for the western 
 district of Tennessee. In 1865 he resigned this position 
 and was afterward appointed a judge of the supreme court 
 of the state. He held this position three years, resigning 
 in 1868, but in 1869 was elected to the same office. 
 The constitution of 1870 displaced him, and he resumed 
 his law practice. He was Governor of Tennessee from 
 1 88 1 to 1883. He is still living at his old home in Hunt- 
 ingdon, Governor Hawkins's public career has been a 
 
 241 
 
242 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 long one, and much of it in the midst of events and asso- 
 ciations that besmirched many men. Through all of this 
 he has passed with a clean record, and is a living example 
 of the fact that pubHc life does not corrupt a patriot. 
 
 Governor Hawkins's message to the legislature of 1881, 
 like those of preceding governors, urged the importance of 
 settling the state debt. This was really the only important 
 question for consideration. An act was passed in April, 
 1 88 1, settling the state debt at dollar for dollar in full, 
 with three per cent interest. This settlement was not sub- 
 mitted to a vote of the people, as the " fifty and four " prop- 
 osition had been. Henry J. Lynn, as representative of a 
 number of taxpayers, brought a suit in court to prevent 
 the issue of the bonds. The Supreme Court of Tennessee 
 decided the case in Lynn's favor and the '' hundred and 
 three " settlement was as dead as the " fifty and four." 
 Nevertheless the ''state debt" was still very much alive, 
 and would not " down " at the bidding of either Democrats 
 or Republicans. 
 
 In 1882 Governor Hawkins called an extra session of the 
 legislature and told the members that they must try again 
 to settle this debt. They tried again by adopting what 
 has been called the "graded interest settlement." They 
 passed an act to settle the debt at sixty cents on the dollar 
 with three per cent interest for the first two years, four 
 per cent for the next two years, five per cent for the next 
 two, and six per cent after that time. The creditors re- 
 fused this and the " graded interest settlement " went the 
 way of all previous attempts to down this mighty ghost of 
 past extravagance, war, and rascality. 
 
 In 1882 the Democratic convention declared in favor of 
 paying the " state debt proper " in full, and the remainder 
 of the debt at fifty cents on the dollar with three per cent 
 
HAWKINS AND BATE, 1881-1887 
 
 243 
 
 interest, and nominated William B. Bate for governor. A 
 part of the Democrats, nicknamed " Sky-Blues," objected 
 to this plan of settlement and nominated J. H. Fussell. 
 The Republicans nominated Governor Hawkins for reelec- 
 tion. The Greenback party nominated John R. Beasley. 
 Bate was elected. 
 
 William B. Bate was born in Sumner County, Ten- 
 nessee, in 1826. By the time he was twenty-two years 
 old he had finished his aca- 
 demic education, had been a 
 clerk on a steamboat, and had 
 served as a soldier through 
 the Mexican War. In 1849 
 he was elected a member of 
 the Tennessee Legislature. 
 In 1852 he began the prac- 
 tice of law at Gallatin, having 
 graduated from the law school 
 of Cumberland University. 
 In 1854 he was elected at- 
 torney general for his dis- 
 trict, and while holding this 
 
 office declined a nomination for Congress. In 1861 he 
 joined the Confederate Army and served with high honor 
 through the war. He was severely wounded three times 
 and rose through successive grades to the rank of a major 
 general. At the close of the war he began the practice 
 of law at Nashville. He was Governor of Tennessee 
 from 1883 to 1887. At the close of his last term he was 
 elected to the United States Senate and, by reelection, 
 still holds that position. He is a careful student of poli- 
 tics, a methodical, safe man, and his public services to the 
 state have been of the greatest value. 
 
 William B. Bate 
 
244 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Governor Bate's message to the legislature gave a brief 
 history and detailed statement of the debt of Tennessee, 
 and advised a prompt settlement on the terms announced 
 by the Democratic convention. The legislature followed 
 his advice, and March 15, 1883, passed a bill that pro- 
 vided for taking up all of the old bonded debt and issuing 
 new bonds that should be due in thirty years, but that 
 might be called in and paid off at any time after 1888. 
 All of the new bonds that were issued to take up the 
 "state debt proper" were to bear the same interest as 
 before the war, and this part of the debt was to be paid 
 in full. In addition to the ** state debt proper," that has 
 already been explained, a few other bonds were settled at 
 full value. Among these were some bonds belonging to 
 schools, and some belonging to Mrs. Polk, the widow of 
 President James K. Polk. 
 
 The remainder of the debt was to be cut down to fifty 
 cents on the dollar and the new bonds were to bear three 
 per cent interest. 
 
 This is called the " fifty and three " settlement, and it 
 removed from the politics of the state a question that for 
 fourteen years had been a sore subject for the people, and 
 a rallying cry for demagogues of all political parties, or of 
 no party at all. 
 
 The remainder of Governor Bate's administrations was 
 a time of rapid growth in wealth and prosperity. With 
 the state debt laid to rest, the people turned their atten- 
 tion to the development of the resources of the state and 
 the improvement of their schools, which made remarkable 
 advances under the supervision of Hon. Thomas H. Paine, 
 who held the office of state superintendent from 1883 
 to 1887. But we shall learn of the schools in another 
 chapter. 
 
HAWKINS AND BATE, 1 881-1887 245 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. Sketch of Governor Hawkins. 
 
 2. Act of 1 88 1 to settle the state debt. 
 
 3. Lynn's lawsuit. 
 
 4. Effort to settle the debt in 1882. 
 
 5. Democratic platform of 1882. 
 
 6. Candidates for governor in 1882, and result of the election. 
 
 7. Sketch of William B. Bate. 
 
 8. Governor Bate's first message to the legislature. 
 
 9. Date of the " fifty and three " settlement. 
 
 10. Terms of the settlement. 
 
 11. Benefit to the people. 
 
 12. Remainder of Governor Bate's administrations. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN, 1887- 1893 
 
 In 1886 there was a political contest for the governor- 
 ship of Tennessee that differed from all others that had 
 ever occurred in the state. Robert L. Taylor was nomi- 
 nated by the Democrats, and his brother, Alfred A. Taylor, 
 by the Republicans. The two candidates were natives of 
 East Tennessee, sons of a distinguished father who had 
 been a Whig member of Congress before the war. They 
 were as affectionate brothers as if they had not differed in 
 politics, and every one knew there would be only good 
 humor in the party strife between them. 
 
 Some one said that a contest of kinsmen reminded him 
 of the ''Wars of the Roses." At once the Democrats 
 adopted the white rose of York as their emblem, and the 
 Republicans took the red rose of Lancaster. Republican 
 ladies exchanged roses with Democratic ones so that each 
 might have suitable colors to make into bouquets for their 
 respective favorites. You could have told a man's politics 
 by noticing the color of the rose in his buttonhole as easily 
 as by noticing which candidate he cheered. Never since 
 1 861 had such crowds assembled to hear political speeches, 
 and never were crowds better entertained or more jolly 
 and good-humored. 
 
 The brothers discussed the tariff and the navy and 
 national aid to education, and several other subjects per- 
 taining to United States affairs, far more than they did 
 
 246 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN 24/ 
 
 any purely state questions. About the only state question 
 was the penitentiary lease system. They were young men 
 who had been boys while the war was in progress, and 
 none of its old rancor and grudges affected them. They 
 spoke with grave dignity of important matters when they 
 chose to do so, and told anecdotes to make people laugh 
 when it suited them. The campaign of " Bob " and "Alf," 
 as they were familiarly called, attracted more attention 
 than that of any other two state candidates in America, 
 and ended in the triumph of the Democrats. 
 
 Robert L. Taylor was born July 31, 1850, in Carter 
 County, Tennessee. He was educated at Pennington, New 
 Jersey, and at Athens, Ten- 
 nessee. He began the prac- 
 tice of law in 1878, but went 
 into politics the same year 
 and was elected to Congress 
 as a Democrat from a Re- 
 publican district. He was a 
 Democratic elector in the 
 Presidential contest of 1884, 
 and won fame as an orator 
 throughout the state. He 
 received a Federal appoint- 
 ment from President Cleve- 
 land, but resigned this office 
 in 1886 to become a candidate for governor. He was 
 Governor of Tennessee from 1887 to 1891 and again held 
 the same office from 1897 to 1899. He is the only man 
 since William Carroll who has been the undisputed Gov- 
 ernor of Tennessee for six years, though Governor Harris 
 was elected three times. Since his retirement from office 
 Governor Taylor has traveled and lectured extensively. 
 
24S THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR 
 
 He is one of the most genial and lovable of men, and one 
 of the most popular orators now living. 
 
 With one exception Governor Taylor's administrations 
 have no special or marked features. They present an era 
 of peace and prosperity with, no strange events or starthng 
 facts to record. The time of greatest contentment and 
 happiness for the whole people of a country is usually the 
 most barren period for the historian. 
 
 The exception referred to in the preceding paragraph 
 was one of the most exciting elections ever held in the 
 state, though it had no political significance. This was 
 the election in 1887 on the prohibition amendment to the 
 state constitution. A strange fact about the people of the 
 United States is that they spend more money for intoxi- 
 cating liquors than they do for bread. In May, 1884, a 
 convention of people who were opposed to the liquor trade 
 met at Nashville and asked to have the constitution of 
 Tennessee so amended as to abolish the manufacture and 
 sale of liquor in the state. 
 
 To amend the state constitution it is necessary for one 
 legislature to pass the amendment, for the next legislature 
 to approve it, and then for it to be adopted by a majority 
 of the votes of the people. The legislature of 1885 passed 
 the prohibition amendment, the legislature of 1887 ap- 
 proved it, and ordered an election to be held the following 
 fall. Lawyers, doctors, preachers, teachers, politicians, 
 and private citizens of both political parties began mak- 
 ing speeches for the amendment. The women of the state 
 worked earnestly for it, but some men worked more earn- 
 estly against it, and the prohibition amendment was lost. 
 It received a large number of the votes cast, but not the 
 requisite majority. 
 
 Throughout the administrations of Governor Bate and 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN 249 
 
 Governor Taylor there had existed associations of farmers 
 sometimes called Grangers, sometimes Wheels, and finally 
 the Farmers' Alliance. Near the close of Taylor's last 
 term the Alliance men expressed the belief that about all 
 of the affairs of government were conducted very much 
 in the interest of professional and commercial business, 
 and very little to the advantage of agricultural industries. 
 They took an active part in the politics of 1890, and the 
 result was the nomination of John P. Buchanan for gov- 
 ernor by the Democratic convention. The Republicans 
 nominated Samuel Hawkins, a nephew of Governor Alvin 
 Hawkins. Buchanan was elected. 
 
 John P. Buchanan was born in Williamson County, 
 Tennessee, October 24, 1847. He belongs to a family 
 famous in the history of the 
 state. His paternal great- 
 grandfather was Major John 
 Buchanan, the pioneer com- 
 panion of James Robertson in 
 the settlement of Nashville in 
 1779, and the founder of the 
 celebrated Buchanan's Station 
 in 1782. 
 
 John P. Buchanan received 
 a good common school educa- 
 tion and became a prosperous 
 farmer. He was elected a 
 member of the Legislature of 
 Tennessee in 1886 and again in 
 elected Governor of the State of Tennessee and served 
 one term. He now lives in Rutherford County, and is 
 engaged in his favorite pursuit of farming and stock 
 raising. 
 
 TENN. HIST. — 16 
 
 John p. Buchanan 
 
 In 1890 he was 
 
250 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Governor Buchanan was a farmer, had been a leading 
 spirit in the ** AlHance," and the farmers of the state had 
 high hopes that his administration would somehow bring 
 great gain to them. In fact, they expected of him un- 
 reasonable and impossible changes in the management of 
 state affairs. Of course they were disappointed. 
 
 The most serious event in Governor Buchanan's admin- 
 istration was an insurrection among the coal miners, which 
 grew out of the penitentiary lease system. 
 
 In 1866 the prison inspectors reported to the legislature 
 that the penitentiary had been costing the state an average 
 of $15,000 a year for the preceding thirty years, and that 
 something should be done to relieve the taxpayers of this 
 expense. The legislature passed an act appointing a 
 board of directors with authority to lease the prison or hire 
 out the convicts to the best bidder for their labor. That 
 is, the scamps who had gotten into prison by violating the 
 laws were to be hired out and forced to earn their own 
 living instead of being supported at the public expense. 
 
 The first lease was made in 1867 to Ward & Briggs at 
 40 cents per day for each convict. They established large 
 shops in the prison and set the convicts to hard work. 
 The prisoners did not like the arrangement, and in June, 
 1867, succeeded in burning the east shops with all their 
 contents. Ward & Briggs then refused to pay for the 
 labor, and claimed damages from the state for the machin- 
 ery and material destroyed. The state paid the damages 
 and canceled the contract. 
 
 December i, 1871, Cherry, O'Connor & Co. leased the 
 penitentiary and continued their contract until January i, 
 1884, when the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company 
 became lessees. They left about one third of the convicts 
 in the prison at Nashville and subleased them to Cherry, 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN 2$ I 
 
 Morrow & Co., a firm of wagon makers. About one third 
 were transferred to the mines at Tracy City, where a strong 
 prison had been built. The remainder of the prisoners 
 were sent to the Inman mines in Marion County, the Coal 
 Creek mines in Anderson County, and the marble quarries 
 in Knox County. The whole number of convicts at that 
 time was about thirteen hundred. 
 
 Under the lease system, instead of being an expense, 
 the penitentiary brought to the state a revenue of more 
 than $100,000 a year. But it created great discontent 
 among the miners. Proprietors would not hire free men 
 to work their mines when they could get convict labor 
 much cheaper. This left many men without work, and 
 threatened their families with want. Besides this, the 
 people who lived in the mining districts objected to having 
 large bodies of convicts so near their homes. At least, 
 they claimed that they did, though their conduct afterward 
 did not at all sustain this claim. 
 
 The miners objected, protested, and threatened without 
 effect. In July, 1891, trouble began and continued at in- 
 tervals until late in the fall of 1892. The miners attacked 
 the prisons and released the convicts. Governor Buchanan 
 sent some" state troops to maintain order. They were gen- 
 erally, not in every instance, poorly trained or not trained 
 at all, badly armed, and supplied with very few cartridges. 
 The miners openly defied the state authorities, overpowered 
 the soldiers, released the prisoners, and burned the pris- 
 ons at Tracy, Briceville, Coal Creek, Oliver Springs, and 
 Inman. General Karns finally suppressed the insurrection 
 by military force. 
 
 Many people were in active sympathy with the miners, 
 and the authorities of the state did not seem to understand 
 the serious nature of the trouble until many blunders had 
 
252 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 been committed that involved great expense and some loss 
 of life. The condition of the state guard was such as to 
 call forth severe criticism, and should be a warning to all 
 legislatures to provide the state guard with suitable equip- 
 ment to protect the state from similar cost and humiliation. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 1. The candidates for governor in 1886. 
 
 2. Expected nature of the campaign. 
 
 3. The white and the red roses. 
 
 4. The crowds and the questions discussed at the speakings. 
 
 5. Unusual attention given to the canvass. 
 
 6. Sketch of Robert L. Taylor. 
 
 7. Character of Governor Taylor's administrations. 
 
 8. The prohibition amendment. 
 
 9. How the constitution may be amended. 
 
 10. Result of the election. Political significance. 
 
 11. The Farmers' Alliance in politics. 
 
 12. Nominations for governor in 1890, and result of the election. 
 
 13. Sketch of John P. Buchanan. 
 
 14. What was expected of Governor Buchanan, 
 
 15. Report of the prison inspectors in 1866. 
 
 16. Action of the legislature. 
 
 17. First lease of the penitentiary, and results. 
 
 18. Second lease. 
 
 19. Third lease, and distribution of the convicts. 
 
 20. Advantage to the state of the lease system. 
 
 21. Discontent among the miners. 
 
 22. Beginning of troubles at the mines. 
 
 23. What the miners did. 
 
 24. Condition of the state guard. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF TURNEY AND TAYLOR, 1 893-1 899 
 
 In 1892 the Democrats nominated Judge Peter Turney 
 for governor ; the Republicans nominated George W. 
 Winstead of Knoxville. Governor Buchanan was urged 
 to declare himself an independent candidate for the in- 
 dorsement of the people, but refused to do so. Turney 
 was elected. 
 
 Peter Turney was born in Marion County, Tennessee, 
 in 1827. He is a son of Hopkins L. Turney, who was 
 selected for United States 
 senator by '' the immortal 
 thirteen," and who years 
 afterward actually became a 
 senator in defiance of a Dem- 
 ocratic caucus against him. 
 
 Governor Turney was edu- 
 cated at Winchester and at 
 Nashville. He studied law 
 under the tuition of his 
 father, and began practice at 
 Winchester in 1848. He was 
 one of the first and most out- 
 spoken secessionists in the 
 state. In 1861 he joined the Confederate Army and became 
 colonel of ** Turney's First Tennessee Regiment." He 
 served gallantly throughout the war, was severely wounded 
 
 253 
 
 Peter Turney 
 
254 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 at Fredericksburg, declined promotion because he did not 
 wish to leave his regiment, and came back with *' his 
 boys " to Winchester after the surrender. He was elected 
 a judge of the supreme court of the state in 1870, 1878, 
 and 1886. From 1886 until he was made governor he 
 was the chief justice of the state. His period of service, 
 twenty-three years, was longer than that of any other 
 justice who has been on the supreme bench. He was 
 Governor of Tennessee from 1893 to 1897. At the close 
 of his last term of office he resumed his law practice, but 
 his feeble health has prevented frequent attendance at 
 court away from his home. He still lives at Winchester. 
 
 Three prominent incidents in the history of the state 
 deserve record as belonging to the administrations of 
 Governor Turney. 
 
 1. Abolition of the penitentiary lease system. 
 
 2. The contested election of 1894. 
 
 3. Preparation for the Tennessee Centennial. 
 
 After the troubles of 1891 and 1892 had subsided, it 
 was thought best to find some profitable way of employing 
 convicts without bringing them into competition with free 
 laborers. 
 
 Some people advocated the purchase by the state of a 
 large tract of land containing coal or iron or building stone, 
 and working it entirely by convicts. Labor on the public 
 roads in all parts of the state was proposed by some, but 
 this required too much expense for guards. A number of 
 other solutions of the problem were proposed, but it was 
 soon discovered that any profitable labor must come into 
 competition with all other labor of the same kind. 
 
 The legislature abolished the lease system, purchased a 
 large tract of land near the Cumberland River, about eight 
 miles northwest of the Capitol, and built a new and very 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF TURNEY AND TAYLOR 255 
 
 large, fine prison. The convicts are employed in various 
 manufactures and handicrafts in the prison, and in raising 
 on the farm field and garden crops for their own use. A 
 large tract of coal-producing land was also bought, and 
 convicts mine all the coal used in the Capitol, the asylums, 
 and other public buildings. 
 
 In 1894 Governor Turney was a candidate for reelec- 
 tion. The Republicans nominated H. Clay Evans of 
 Chattanooga. At the close of the election both candidates 
 claimed to have been elected. Mr. Evans took the oath 
 of office while the matter was in dispute, claiming that the 
 election returns showed that he had received more votes 
 than Governor Turney. The matter was carried before 
 the legislature for investigation and settlement. 
 
 There is a law in Tennessee that requires every citizen 
 between twenty-one and fifty years of age to pay his poll 
 tax every year. If he fails or refuses to do this, he forfeits 
 his right to vote. The legislative investigation of the 
 Turney and Evans contest showed that many men had 
 voted who had not paid their poll taxes, and that other 
 violations of the election laws had occurred. It was 
 claimed that most of the fraudulent votes were cast in 
 counties where Evans received his largest majorities, and 
 that he was therefore not legally elected. Governor Tur- 
 ney was declared the lawful governor of the state, was 
 inaugurated, and served the full term. 
 
 In 1893 many enterprising and patriotic people began 
 to talk of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of 
 Tennessee's admission into the American Union. The 
 date would be June i, 1896. In 1894 an association was 
 organized for the purpose of preparing a grand exhibit of 
 the arts, sciences, inventions, resources, industries, and 
 products of the state. 
 
256 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 The committees worked with all their might, secured a 
 beautiful piece of ground on the western border of Nash- 
 ville, raised immense sums of money to prepare the 
 grounds and buildings, and enlisted the interest of people 
 not only in Tennessee, but all over the United States, and 
 in some foreign lands. With all of their effort and indus- 
 try, however, they could not get ready by June i, 1896, 
 and the *' Tennessee Centennial " had to be deferred until 
 1897. 
 
 In the fall of 1896 Robert L. Taylor was elected gov- 
 ernor and began his third term in January, 1897. The 
 first day of May, 1897, the Tennessee Centennial Exposi- 
 tion was formally opened. Guns were fired, flags were 
 raised, bands of musicians led long processions of people. 
 Governor Taylor and other distinguished orators made 
 speeches, and everybody congratulated everybody else on 
 the great exhibition that was opened for the instruction 
 and entertainment of all the people who chose to visit 
 Nashville in the gala days between May i and November 
 I, 1897. 
 
 Within the exposition grounds were long, winding, 
 graveled roads bordered by beds of beautiful flowers. 
 Here and there were artistic fountains that emptied their 
 waters into a clear lake on which pleasure boats were sail- 
 ing all day and late into the night. The buildings were 
 of wood, but so finished with plaster as to represent very 
 light gray stone. They were of almost all sizes and de- 
 signs ; some of them very large and very beautiful. 
 
 In these buildings was exhibited a marvelous array of 
 almost everything to be found in a civilized country. 
 There were specimens of timber, iron, coal, stone, minerals 
 of many other kinds, and all of the tools and machinery 
 with which these things are worked into useful products. 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF TURNEY AND TAYLOR 257 
 
 There were vehicles of every kind from wooden-wheeled 
 ox carts to the most elegant and elaborate palace cars. 
 There were textile fabrics from the coarsest heavy 
 blankets to the most delicate and costly laces ; work of 
 pupils in schools from all over the state and from many 
 other states ; jewelry and toys of every conceivable design ; 
 arms and ammunition ; battleships and lighthouses ; old 
 relics and curiosities ; statues and pictures that cost 
 thousands of dollars ; and many, very many, more things 
 that were parts of that grand exhibit of Tennessee's one 
 hundred years in the march of progress. 
 
 There was one part of the exposition grounds called 
 "Vanity Fair." This was filled with the booths and tents 
 of the side-show men, who clamored all day for people 
 to come in and see "the grandest show on earth." Those 
 who went saw about what is usually seen in the trick 
 shows of jugglers and mountebanks in most of our large 
 cities. Nevertheless "Vanity Fair" was a favorite place 
 with most of the children. 
 
 Two nights in each week there were scenes of rare 
 beauty on the exposition grounds. Cunningly contrived 
 figures of elephants, swans, and many other beasts and 
 birds, resplendent with the blaze of pyrotechnic light, 
 marched through the grounds or glided over the lake. 
 Rockets rose high in the air and exploded in starry 
 showers of crimson and purple and gold. Jets of clear 
 water rose from fountains illuminated by electric lights 
 and glowed with every hue and tint of the rainbow, and 
 sparkled and gleamed with every changeable grace of the 
 aurora, until all seemed the work of enchantment, and 
 the place a veritable fairyland. 
 
 When the first blasts of November winds were scatter- 
 ing the fallen leaves the grand exposition closed. It had 
 
258 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 been one of the most successful and creditable ever under- 
 taken and carried out by a single state. Every depart- 
 ment had shown the wonderful progress of the state since 
 her pioneer days, and the creation and management of 
 the great exhibit had shown the genius and energy of 
 the men and women who had charge of its fortunes. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ? 
 
 1. Candidates for governor in 1892, and result of the election. 
 
 2. Sketch of Governor Turney. 
 
 3. Three prominent features of Governor Turney's administrations. 
 
 4. Different ideas about employing the convicts. 
 
 5. Competition in labor. 
 
 6. Present employment of convicts. 
 
 7. The election of 1894. 
 
 8. Appeal to the legislature. 
 
 9. Election laws. 
 
 10. Into what fund does the poll tax go? 
 
 11. What are fraudulent votes? 
 
 12. Decision of the legislature in the Turney and Evans case. 
 
 13. Preparations for the Tennessee centennial. 
 
 14. Objects of the exposition. Correct date. 
 
 15. Work of the committees, and result. 
 
 16. Election of 1890. 
 
 17. Formal opening of the Centennial Exposition. 
 
 18. The exposition grounds. 
 
 19. The buildings. 
 
 20. Articles on exhibition. 
 
 21. "Vanity Fair." 
 
 22. The grounds at night. 
 
 23. Valuable lessons of the centennial exhibit. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVIII 
 
 McMILLIN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1899- 
 
 In 1898 the Democratic convention nominated Benton 
 McMillin for governor. The Republicans nominated 
 James A. Fowler. McMillin was easily elected, his long 
 and successful public service 
 having given him an influ- 
 ence in the state that few 
 men possessed. 
 
 Benton McMillin was 
 born in Monroe County, 
 Kentucky, September 11, 
 1845. He was educated at 
 Kentucky University, and 
 after preparing for the 
 practice of law came to 
 Tennessee in 1869. In 1875 
 he represented the counties 
 of Macon, Clay, and Jackson 
 in the Tennessee Legislature, 
 dential elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and 
 the same year was elected from Smith County to the 
 legislature. In 1878 he was elected to Congress, and 
 served, by repeated reelections, until 1898, when he 
 declined further service in that position. For sixteen 
 years out of the twenty he was elected on one nomina- 
 
 Benton McMillin 
 
 In 1876 he was a Presi- 
 
 tion, no one beine: willin< 
 
 to 
 259 
 
 oppose him. He was a 
 
260 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 member of the Committee on Ways and Means for four- 
 teen years, and of the Committee on Rules to the end of 
 his term of service. He was the author of the famous 
 '* Income Tax Bill," which was intended to make holders 
 of huge fortunes pay their just proportion of the public 
 expenses. In his long service in Congress he was a fellow- 
 member with three Presidents of the United States, and at 
 the time of his retirement had a longer record of continuous 
 service than any other Democratic member of the House 
 of Representatives. He is now (January, 1900) Governor 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 After the inauguration of Governor McMillin in Janu- 
 ary, 1899, those who were traveling over the state heard 
 from the people such expressions as these : " The state 
 has a governor," " We may expect an administration," 
 *' Those who hold state appointments will be required to 
 do something," and many others of like character, showing 
 confidence in the abihty and intentions of the chief execu- 
 tive. 
 
 As only one year of the present administration has yet 
 passed into history, we can say but little of it. Educa- 
 tional affairs have thus far been most prominent. The 
 governor's first message to the legislature advised that 
 some measures be adopted to reduce the cost of books 
 used in the public schools. The legislature passed an act 
 requiring that after September i, 1899, the same kind of 
 books shall be used in all the public schools of the state. 
 Under this law all books proposed for use in the public 
 schools are first examined by a " Sub Commission " of five 
 skilled and experienced teachers appointed by the gov- 
 ernor, who decide on their merits without knowing any- 
 thing of their prices. The Sub Commission reports the 
 merits of the books to the '' Text-book Commission," 
 
McMILLIN'S ADMINISTRATION 261 
 
 which is composed of the governor, the state superinten- 
 dent, and three members of the State Board of Education. 
 The books are adopted, and contracts are made with pub- 
 Ushers by the Text-book Commission once in five years. 
 This act is called the " Uniform Text-book Law." It 
 is now in force, and gives to every child in the state school- 
 books at moderate and uniform prices, and if he moves 
 from one school to another it is not necessary to change 
 his books. If other features of the bill prove as meritori- 
 ous as these, the law will never be repealed. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 As this chapter tells only of men and events of the year 1899, you 
 may make up the list of topics for yourself. First read the whole chap- 
 ter carefully. Then select what you think it is best for you to remem- 
 ber. Then arrange these items in short, correct sentences. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX 
 SCHOOLS 
 
 In Chapter XVI. you have been told of the pioneer schools 
 and of the first academies and colleges in the state. Since 
 that time many schools, both great and small, have grown 
 up in Tennessee. Among the great denominational insti- 
 tutions are the following : University of the South, at 
 Sewanee, an Episcopal school ; Vanderbilt University, at 
 Nashville, a Methodist school ; South Western Presbyterian 
 University, at Clarksville, a Presbyterian school ; Cum- 
 berland University, at Lebanon, a Cumberland Presbyterian 
 school; South Western Baptist University, at Jackson, a 
 Baptist school ; Christian Brothers' College, at Memphis, 
 a Catholic school. Besides these there are many special 
 and technical schools and colleges, and many private insti- 
 tutions of every grade. 
 
 The great schools for colored people are Plsk University, 
 Central Tennessee College, and Roger Williams Univer- 
 sity, all at Nashville. These are not all of their schools 
 for higher education, but are the leading ones in endow- 
 ment, equipment, and numbers attending them. 
 
 The great state institutions are as follows : — 
 
 1. School for Deaf Mutes, at Knoxville. 
 
 2. School for the Blind, at Nashville. 
 
 3. Tennessee Industrial School, at Nashville. 
 
 4. University of Tennessee, at Knoxville. 
 
 5. Peabody Normal College, at Nashville. 
 
 6. The Tennessee public schools, all over the state. 
 
 262 
 
SCHOOLS 
 
 263 
 
 The School for Deaf Mutes and the School for the Blind 
 have been mentioned in Chapter XXIII. Their names 
 show the class of people they are intended to educate. 
 They are among the greatest and noblest institutions of the 
 state, and open the way to pleasure and usefulness to boys 
 
 Fisk University 
 
 and girls who would otherwise become ignorant and depend- 
 ent men and women. 
 
 The Tennessee Industrial School was founded in 1887, 
 chiefly by the generosity of Colonel E. W. Cole, who gave 
 a good farm of about one hundred acres, with good 
 buildings, and $5000 to establish the school. Mr. W. C. 
 Kilvington was made superintendent of this institution, 
 and, from the beginning to the present, it has flourished 
 under his wise and able management. It is a school for 
 
264 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 children who have no parents and no homes, though some 
 others who pay for their tuition are admitted. The state 
 makes annual appropriations for the support of the school, 
 and each county is entitled to send a certain number of 
 pupils. It has a reformatory division distinct from the main 
 school. The boys and girls are in separate departments. 
 They spend half days in school, and half days at work on the 
 farm, in the gardens, in the shops, or at domestic duties. 
 
 The founding of Blount College, in 1794, has been men- 
 tioned in Chapter XVI. There are no written records of 
 the college until 1804. A little after this date we find 
 among the pupils' names Barbara Blount, Polly McClung, 
 Jennie Armstrong, and several others which show that 
 ''girls in college" is no new departure in Tennessee. 
 
 In 1 806 Congress appropriated large grants of land for a 
 state college or colleges. In 1807 this appropriation was 
 combined with the funds of Blount College, forming a state 
 institution., The school was located at Poplar Spring, near 
 Knoxville, and the name was changed to East Tennessee 
 College. In 1826 the college was removed from Poplar 
 Spring to its present site, " Barbara Hill," a piece of 
 ground named in honor of Miss Barbara Blount, daughter 
 of Governor William Blount. In 1840 the name was 
 changed to East Tennessee University. 
 
 The school had varying fortunes, usually not very good 
 ones, until the Civil War, when the school suspended. 
 Each army used the buildings at several different times in 
 the course of the war. After the war the P'ederal govern- 
 ment paid the trustees $15,000 for damages done the build- 
 ings, grounds, etc. In 1869 the fund appropriated by 
 Congress for establishing an Agricultural and Mechanical 
 College was given to the University, and the Agricultural 
 and Mechanical College was organized as one of its depart- 
 
SCHOOLS 
 
 265 
 
 ments. From small beginnings, after the war, the Univer- 
 sity has grown to be one of the strongest and best of the 
 South. In 1879 its name was once more changed, and it 
 became the University of Tennessee. 
 
 University of Tennessee 
 
 George Peabody was born in Danvers, Massachusetts,, 
 in 1795. In 18 12 he went to Georgetown, Maryland, and 
 became a clerk in a store. In 1815 he went into business 
 for himself in Baltimore. In 1829 he went to London and 
 engaged in the iron trade. In 1837 he became a London 
 banker and soon acquired an immense fortune. In his 
 youth he had little opportunity for schooling, and he 
 resolved that the boys and girls who wished to learn should 
 have better privileges than had fallen to his lot. In 1867 
 he appointed a board of trustees and gave them $3,500,000, 
 
 TENN. HIST, — 17 
 
266 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 with instructions to use the interest on this money for the 
 education of the children in the southern states. This is 
 the ** Peabody Educational Fund." 
 
 Peabody died in 1869, and his body was brought from 
 London to his native land in a British ship of war escorted 
 by an American war vessel as if he had been a president 
 or a king. He deserved this high honor, as he was one 
 of the greatest and best men that ever lived. He made 
 millions upon millions of dollars, and gave the money 
 away to benefit the poor and the needy, and to make peo- 
 ple wiser and better. The Peabody Educational Fund 
 was only one of his great gifts. He made many others 
 both in England and America. 
 
 From 1872 to 1875 the demand for competent teachers 
 was greater than could be supplied. The trustees of the 
 Peabody Fund had been helping schools all over the state, 
 but had concluded that the best way to help the schools 
 would be to establish a normal college for the training of 
 teachers. In March, 1875, the legislature created the 
 State Board of Education, but gave them no money to 
 estabhsh a normal school. The University of Nashville 
 offered the use of its grounds and buildings, and the Pea- 
 body Trustees furnished $12,000. December i, 1875, 
 Peabody Normal College was opened, with Dr. Eben S. 
 Stearns as its president. At the first session there were 
 only sixty pupils, but the school has grown steadily in 
 favor and usefulness, and is to-day one of the great educa- 
 tional institutions of the South. The first state appropri- 
 ation was $10,000, made in April, 1881. Since that time 
 the appropriations have been doubled. 
 
 The public schools of Tennessee really began in 1873, 
 though there were many *' school acts " before that time. 
 The first school tax levied in the state was in 18 16, and 
 
SCHOOLS 
 
 267 
 
 from that date until i860 there was almost continuous 
 legislation upon the school question. The legislatures 
 devised elaborate school systems that contained many- 
 good features, but always embracing some inefficient or 
 foolish provisions. In 1848 the president and directors of 
 the state bank were made the State Board of Common 
 
 Peabody Normal College, University of Nashville 
 
 School Commissioners. At one time the state treasurer 
 was made, ex officio, state superintendent ; and various 
 other acts of like character were passed. The result was 
 that the census of i860 showed that about one fifth of the 
 grown white people of the state had never seen the inside 
 of a schoolhouse. 
 
 After the war the condition was worse, as the many 
 good private schools in the state had been forced to sus- 
 
268 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 pend, and there had been absolutely no schools for four 
 years. The negroes had been freed, and they were all 
 illiterate. The condition was alarming to all thoughtful 
 people. The legislature of 1867 provided a good school 
 law, but the people were not prepared to make use of it, 
 and the plan failed for lack of popular favor. 
 
 From 1865 to 1873 the friends of education worked 
 earnestly for some solution of the difficult problem. Dr. 
 Sears, agent of the Peabody Fund, aided many schools, 
 A. S. Barnes & Co, and D. Appleton & Co. and others 
 gave more than one hundred thousand volumes of school- 
 books, and the State Teachers' Association, organized in 
 July, 1865, put forth its best efforts to advance the cause 
 of popular education. 
 
 Slowly the prejudice against negro schools and against 
 public schools of all kinds gave way ; and slowly the peo- 
 ple grew able to build schoolhouses and to spare their 
 children from the lields. In 1872 the State Teachers' 
 Association prepared a bill and memorial to be submitted 
 to the next legislature. With slight changes and amend- 
 ments this bill became the school law by act of the legis- 
 lature in March, 1873. It has been amended and modified, 
 but is practically the school law of the present. Its prin- 
 cipal provisions have been given in Chapter XXXIII. 
 
 The school law, however, did not at once make good 
 schools. There was an immense amount of work to be 
 done in laying out school districts, building houses, elect- 
 ing capable school officers, and preparing the minds of the 
 people to receive and adopt a system which was new and 
 strange to most of them, and against which many people 
 had very bitter prejudices. 
 
 There are still living many men and women who were 
 members of the State Teachers' Association in the seventies 
 
SCHOOLS 
 
 269 
 
 and were in the " thick of the fight " for establishing the 
 pubUc schools. By the younger members of the Associa- 
 tion, these veterans are usually called the " Old Guard." 
 You would be much astonished to hear the Old Guard 
 relate the amusing and provoking incidents of the early 
 days of the public schools. The ignorance, the prejudice, 
 the malice and sophistry, then arrayed against them would 
 now be considered as good evidences of insanity. 
 
 The state superintendents held " teachers' institutes " 
 in all parts of the state. The name of these assemblies was 
 understood well enough 
 then, but to the younger 
 generation it is decid- 
 edly misleading. They 
 were not summer schools 
 for the instruction of 
 teachers at all. They 
 were really neighbor- 
 hood mass meetings at 
 which lawyers, doctors, 
 preachers, teachers, and 
 popular orators of all 
 callings made speeches 
 
 upon educational subjects. They rarely, if ever, continued 
 longer than two days, and were intended to instruct the 
 people and arouse interest in education. They accom- 
 plished their purpose, justified the wisdom of their found- 
 ers, and slowly passed away to be followed by the real 
 teachers' institute in which systematic instruction is given 
 in the science and art of teaching. 
 
 Opposition to public schools gradually fell under the 
 telling blows of the institute and the thorough work of the 
 teachers and superintendents. Log shanties and crude 
 
 .« 
 
 A Davidson County Schoolhouse in 1 799 
 
2/0 
 
 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 appliances have been almost wholly swept away by the 
 onward march of progress, and comfortable, convenient 
 schoolhoLises with modern means for instruction are to be 
 seen in every town and most country places. The public 
 schools rest upon the firm basis of popular favor, the 
 
 A Davidson County Schoolhouse in 1899 
 
 whole people have better educational advantages than ever 
 before in the history of the state, and the " Old Guard " 
 feel that their labor has not been in vain. 
 
 Without in the slightest degree disparaging the services 
 of other gentlemen who have held the office, there are four 
 state superintendents that deserve special mention in con- 
 
SCHOOLS 
 
 271 
 
 Leon Trousdale 
 
 Thomas H. Paine 
 
 nection with the rise and progress of the public schools. 
 These are Leon Trousdale, Thomas H. Paine, Frank M. 
 Smith, and W. R. Garrett. They were so thoroughly 
 identified with the public school movement from the be- 
 ginning, so entirely familiar with all of its phases, that when 
 called to the office of state superintendent they were able 
 to accomplish what others probably could not have done. 
 They have so impressed themselves upon the school sys- 
 
 Frank M. Snaith 
 
 W. R. Garrett 
 
mB-% wj, » I! 'if J mviii' m< /', mi , ' .4;; m s iH 'mm 
 
 O V 
 
 s ^ 
 
 O 4^ 
 
 O 2 
 
 272 
 
SCHOOLS 273 
 
 tern of the state that their influence must be felt to the 
 end of its history. 
 
 The latest legislation affecting the public schools is 
 the *' Uniform Text-book Law " mentioned in Chapter 
 XXXVIII. Under its provisions the governor appointed, 
 as the first Sub Commission under the new law, the follow- 
 ing gentlemen : — 
 
 Professor Wharton S. Jones, Chairman. 
 Superintendent F. M. Bowling, Vice Chairman. 
 Professor Charles Mason, Secretary. 
 Professor W. M. Billingsly. 
 Superintendent J. G. Stinson. 
 
 The Sub Commission began their work May 25, 1899, 
 and spent about one month examining books submitted for 
 use in the public schools of the state. They then made 
 their report to the "Text-book Commission," which is 
 composed of — 
 
 Governor Benton McMillin, President. 
 State Superintendent Morgan C. Fitzpatrick. 
 Superintendent Thomas H. Paine. 
 Superintendent Charles S. Douglas. 
 Professor A. D. Wharton. 
 
 After examining the report of the Sub Commission a 
 selection of books for use in all public schools of the state 
 was made by the Commission, and contracts were made 
 with publishers to furnish these books to all schools in the 
 state at a uniform price for a period of five years. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 Schools and colleges in 1796. 
 Church schools now in Tennessee. 
 
2/4 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 3. Other schools in the state. 
 
 4. Schools for negroes. 
 
 5. State schools. 
 
 6. School for the deaf and for the blind. 
 
 7. Tennessee Industrial School. 
 
 8. Girls in Blount College. 
 
 9. How did Blount College become a state school ? 
 
 10. Present location and second change of name. 
 
 11. Effects of the war on the university. 
 
 12. Agricultural and Mechanical College fund. 
 
 13. Present condition of the university. 
 
 14. Sketch of George Peabody until he became wealthy. 
 
 15. Why was he so highly honored at his funeral .'^ 
 
 16. What is the Peabody Educational Fund ? 
 
 17. What is a normal school ? 
 
 18. Founding of Peabody Normal College. 
 
 19. Present condition of the College. 
 
 20. Real beginning of the public schools of Tennessee. 
 
 21. First school tax. 
 
 22. School legislation from 181 5 to i860. 
 
 23. Educational condition in Tennessee in i860. 
 
 24. Conditions in 1865. 
 
 25. The law of 1867. 
 
 26. Work done before 1873. 
 
 27. The law of 1873. See Chapter XXXIII. for provisions. 
 
 28. The work to be done after the law was passed. 
 
 29. The " Old Guard." 
 
 30. First teachers' institutes. 
 
 31. Present condition of public schools. 
 
 32. Four famous state superintendents. 
 
 33. The '-Uniform Text-book Law." 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 A STATE under ordinary or natural conditions will be 
 what its people make it. The people compose the state, 
 and it will be good or bad, great or ignoble, according to 
 the conduct of its citizens. The girls and boys who read 
 this book will become the citizens of Tennessee, and the 
 fair fame of their state will be in their keeping. They will 
 become not only citizens of Tennessee, but of the great 
 American Union of States. In this Union Tennessee has 
 borne a glorious part in the past, and her character in the 
 future will be whatever her sons and daughters make it. 
 
 In order that we may know something of the grand part 
 that Tennessee has taken in national affairs let us review 
 some of the facts that have already been stated, and add to 
 this review a few others not yet presented. 
 
 In 1865 there were thirty-five states in the Union. Fif- 
 teen of them were older than Tennessee, thirteen of them 
 had much more wealth and greater population, and five 
 others were nearly her equals in these respects. So we 
 see that in age, wealth, and population Tennessee was 
 about an average state. 
 
 There had been seventeen Presidents, or an average of 
 about one President to two states. Tennessee had fur- 
 nished three of these, Andrew Jackson, 1829 to 1837; 
 James K. Polk, 1845 to 1849; Andrew Johnson, 1865 to 
 1869. This was six times the number to which she would 
 have been entitled in an equal distribution. 
 
 27s 
 
2/6 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Of Cabinet officers Tennessee has had about three times 
 the average share : George W. Campbell was for a time 
 Secretary of the Treasury under Madison ; John H. Eaton 
 was Jackson's first Secretary of War ; Felix Grundy was 
 Attorney General under Van Buren ; John Bell was W. H. 
 Harrison's Secretary of War ; Cave Johnson was Polk's 
 Postmaster General; Aaron V. Brown was Buchanan's 
 first Postmaster General ; David M. Key was Postmaster 
 General under Hayes; and Horace Maynard held the same 
 office. 
 
 Tennessee has sent abroad more than twice the number 
 of United States ministers to which she was entitled, and, 
 considering her interior position and little connection with 
 foreign affairs, the number is far in excess of that of other 
 states. John H. Eaton was minister to Spain in 1831, 
 William H. Polk to Italy in 1845, Andrew J. Donelson to 
 Germany in 1848, Neill S. Brown to Russia in 1850, Wil- 
 liam Trousdale to Brazil in 1852, John L. Marling to Ven- 
 ezuela in 1853, James Williams to Turkey in 1858, Allen A. 
 Hall to Bolivia in 1863, Horace Maynard to Turkey in 
 1875. Besides these she has sent a great number of con- 
 suls to foreign ports. 
 
 John Bell and James K. Polk were speakers of the 
 national House of Representatives. Hugh L. White and 
 Isham G. Harris were presidents pro tcni. of the United 
 States Senate. John Catron and Howell E. Jackson were 
 judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 A Tennessee Postmaster General revolutionized the 
 mailing system of the United States by the introduc- 
 tion of postage stamps during President Polk's admin- 
 istration, and the first telegraphic news message ever 
 sent in America- announced the nomination of President 
 Polk. 
 
CONCLUSION 277 
 
 In war Tennessee has been no less famed than in peace. 
 Sevier and his soldiers turned the tide of the Revolution at 
 Kings Mountain and helped to secure American indepen- 
 dence. The Creek War was fought and won by Tennes- 
 seeans with almost no aid from other states. In the southern 
 department of the United States, Tennessee furnished 
 most of the soldiers for the War of 18 12, and the only gen- 
 eral who won national fame. For the Mexican War Ten- 
 nessee offered ten times her quota of soldiers. In the 
 Civil War there were no better or more earnest and patri- 
 otic soldiers in the Federal Army than those from Tennes- 
 see. There was never on earth a better assembly of 
 soldiers than the Confederate Army. Tennessee furnished 
 one hundred thousand of these ; General Cheatham was 
 called " the bravest of the brave," and General Forrest 
 *'the Marshal Ney " of the Confederacy. In the war 
 with Spain Tennesseeans cheerfully volunteered from every 
 section of the state for service under the old flag, and in 
 the West Indies and the far-off Philippine Islands gave 
 proof of their courage and patriotism. 
 
 In every department of the Federal government and in 
 every phase of our country's history Tennessee's service 
 has been remarkably great, and her influence out of all 
 proportion to her population, wealth, or local advantages. 
 Only Virginia and Massachusetts have exercised more 
 influence in national affairs. 
 
 What have been the causes of this ? The long lines of 
 brilliant orators, of sagacious statesmen, of brave soldiers, 
 of wise jurists, of able officers for the army and the navy, 
 of scholarly men and noble women, have not made our 
 state great by accident. They did it by their intellectual 
 force and sterling honesty. They could be trusted because 
 they studied their duties well, and had the courage and 
 
278 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 honesty to perform them faithfully. The conduct of her 
 good citizens has made the state famous. 
 
 All of this renown is no cause for vainglory or boasting 
 on the part of young Tennesseeans. The fame of the past 
 can do you no good unless you set its noble examples 
 before you as the ideals of your lives. As you close this 
 brief history of a glorious commonwealth, do so with the 
 resolution to be worthy of your grand inheritance of honors 
 bravely won and nobly kept. 
 
 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 
 
 It is suggested that each pupil be encouraged to get out of this chap- 
 ter all that he can without the aid of topics made by author or teacher. 
 Let him make his own topics. After this let the teacher point out what- 
 ever has escaped the pupiPs observation. 
 
 The bare facts of any story may be taught by systematic drill. This 
 method, however,, would have little value in the teaching of patriotism* 
 honor, courage, good manners, or personal and civic virtue. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF TENNESSEE, 1870 
 
 This constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at Nashville, 
 January 10, 1870, and adjourned February 23, 1870 ; was adopted by a vote 
 of the people of 98,128 for to 33,872 against, on the twenty-sixth day of 
 March, 1870. 
 
 Preamble and Declaration. 
 
 Whereas, The people of the territory of the United States south of the 
 River Ohio, having the right of admission into the General Government as a 
 member State thereof, consistent with the Constitution of the United States, 
 and the act of cession of the State of North Carolina, recognizing the ordi- 
 nance for the government of the territory of the United States north-west of 
 the Ohio River, by their delegates and representatives in convention assem- 
 bled, did, on the sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 seven hundred and ninety-six, ordain and establish a Constitution or form of 
 government, and mutually agreed with each other to form themselves into a 
 free and independent State, by the name of the State of Tennessee ; and, 
 
 Whereas, The General Assembly of the said State of Tennessee (pursuant 
 to the third section of the tenth article of the Constitution), by an act passed 
 on the twenty-seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty-three, entitled " An act to provide for the calling of 
 a convention," passed in obedience to the declared will of the voters of this 
 State, as expressed at the general election of August, in the year of our Lord 
 one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, did authorize and provide for 
 the election, by the people, of delegates and representatives, to meet at Nash- 
 ville, in Davidson County, on the third Monday in May, in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, for the purpose of revising 
 and amending or changing the Constitution; and said convention did accord- 
 ingly meet and form a Constitution, w^hich was submitted to the people, and 
 was ratified by them, on the first Friday in March, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and thirty-five; and, 
 
 Whereas, The General Assembly of said State of Tennessee, under and in 
 virtue of the first section of the first article of the Declaration of Rights, con- 
 
ii APPENDIX 
 
 tained in and forming a part of the existing Constitution of the State, by an 
 act passed on the Hfteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, did provide for the caUing of a con- 
 vention by the people of the State, to meet at Nashville on the second Mon- 
 day in January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
 seventy, and for the election of delegates for the purpose of amending or 
 revising the present Constitution, or forming and making a new Constitution; 
 and, 
 
 Whereas, the people of the State, in the mode provided by said act, have 
 called said convention and elected delegates to represent them therein; now, 
 therefore. 
 
 We, the delegates and representatives of the people of the State of Tennes- 
 see, duly elected, and in convention assembled^' in pursuance of said act of 
 Assembly, have ordained and established the following Constitution and form 
 of government for this State, which we recommend to the people of Tennessee 
 for their ratification; that is to say : 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 Declaration of Rights. 
 
 Section i. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- 
 ments are founded on their authority and instituted for their peace, safety, and 
 happiness; for the advancement of those ends they have, at all times, an 
 inalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish the government 
 in such manner as they may think proper. 
 
 Sec. 2. I'hat government being instituted for common benefit, the doctrine 
 of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, 
 and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. 
 
 Sec. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship 
 Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience; that no 
 man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of wor- 
 ship, or to maintain any minister against his consent; that no human authority 
 can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience; 
 and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establish- 
 ment or mode of worship. 
 
 Sec. 4. That no political or religious test, other than an oath to support 
 the Constitution of the United States and of this State, shall ever be required 
 as a qualification to any office or public trust under this State. 
 
 Sec. 5. That elections shall be free and equal; and the right of suffrage, 
 as hereinafter declared, shall never be denied to any person entitled thereto, 
 except upon a conviction by a jury of some infamous crime, previously ascer- 
 tained and declared by law, and judgment thereon by a court of competent 
 jurisdiction. 
 
APPENDIX iii 
 
 Sec. 6. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and no reli- 
 gious or political test shall ever be required as a qualification for jurors. 
 
 Sec, 7. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
 and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures; and that general 
 warrants, whereby an officer may be commanded to search suspected places, 
 without evidence of the fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not 
 named, whose offenses are not particularly described and supported by evi- 
 dence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be granted. 
 
 Sec. 8. That no man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his 
 freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner 
 destroyed or deprived of his life, hberty, or property, but by the judgment of 
 his peers or the law of the land. 
 
 Sec. 9. That in all criminal prosecutions the accused hath the right to be 
 heard by himself and his counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the 
 accusation against him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses 
 face to face; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; 
 and in prosecutions by indictment or presentment, a speedy public trial by an 
 impartial jury of the county in which the crime shall have been committed, 
 and shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself. 
 
 Sec. 10. That no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in 
 jeopardy of life or limb. 
 
 Sec. II. That laws made for the punishment of acts committed previous to 
 the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are contrary 
 to the principles of a free government; wherefore no ex post facto law shall be 
 made. 
 
 Sec. 12. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture 
 of estate. The estate of such persons as shall destroy their own lives shall 
 descend or vest as in case of natural death. If any person be killed by casualty, 
 there shall be no forfeiture in consequence thereof. 
 
 Sec. 13. That no person arrested and confined in jail shall be treated with 
 unnecessary rigor. 
 
 Sec. 14. That no person shall be put to answer any criminal charge but 
 by presentment; indictment, or impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 15. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless 
 for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption great ; and 
 the privileges of the writ oi habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, 
 in case of rebellion or invasion, the General Assembly shall declare the public 
 safety requires it. 
 
 Sec. 16. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. 
 
 Sec. 17. That all courts shall be open, and every man, for an injury done 
 him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due 
 course of law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial, or delay. 
 Suits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as 
 the Legislature may by law direct. 
 TENN. HIST. — 18 
 
IV ArrENDIX 
 
 Sec. 1 8. The Legislature shall pass no law authorizing imprisonment for 
 debt in civil cases. 
 
 Sec. 19. That the printing presses shall be free to every person to examine 
 the proceedings of the Legislature, or of any branch or officer of the Govern- 
 ment; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The free 
 communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of 
 man, and every citizen may freely speak, write, and print on any subject, 
 being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. But in prosecutions for the 
 publication of papers investigating the official conduct of officers or men in 
 l^ublic capacity, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indict- 
 ments for libel the jury shall have a right to determine the law and the facts, 
 under the direction of the court, as in other criminal cases. 
 
 Sec. 20. That no retrospective law, or law impairing the obligations of 
 contracts, shall be made. 
 
 Sec. 21. That no man's particular services shall be demanded, or property 
 taken or applied to public use, without the consent of his representatives, or 
 without just compensation being made therefor. 
 
 Sec. 22. That perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of 
 a free State, and shall not be allowed. 
 
 Sec. 23. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble 
 together for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and apply 
 to those invested with the powers of government for redress of grievances, or 
 other proper purposes, by address or remonstrance. 
 
 Sec. 24. That the sure and certain defense of a free people is a well-regu- 
 lated militia; and, as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to 
 freedom, they ought to be avoided as far as the circumstances and safety of 
 the community will admit; and that in all cases the military shall be kept in 
 strict subordination to the civil authority. 
 
 Sec. 25. That no citizen of this State, except such as are employed in the 
 army of the United States or militia in actual service, shall be subjected to 
 punishment under the martial or military law. That martial law, in the sense 
 of the unrestricted power of military officers or others to dispose of the 
 persons, liberties, or pi-operty of the citizen, is inconsistent with the principles 
 of free government, and is not confided to any department of the government 
 of this State. 
 
 Sec. 26. That the citizens of this State have a right to keep and to bear 
 arms for their common defense ; but the Legislature shall have power, by law, 
 to regulate the wearing of arms with a view to prevent crime. 
 
 Sec. 27. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 28. That no citizen of this State shall he compelled to bear arms, pro- 
 vided he will pay an equivalent, to be ascertained by law. 
 
 Sec. 29. That an equal participation in the free navigation of the Mississippi 
 is one of the inherent rights of the citizens of this State; it cannot, there- 
 
APPENDIX V 
 
 fore, be conceded to any prince, potentate, power, person or persons 
 whatever. 
 
 Sec. 30. That no hereditary emoluments, privileges, or honors, shall be 
 granted or conferred in this State. 
 
 Sec. 31. That the hmits and boundaries of this State being ascertained, it 
 is declared they are as hereafter mentioned — that is to say : Beginning on 
 the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of 
 Virginia intersects it, in latitude thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north; 
 running thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to the place 
 where the Watauga River breaks through it; thence a direct course to the 
 top of the Yellow Mountain, where Bright's road crosses the same; thence 
 along the ridge of said mountain, between the waters of Doe River and the 
 waters of Rock Creek, to the place where the road crosses the Iron Mountain; 
 from thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the place where 
 Nolichucky River runs through the same; thence to the top of the Bald 
 Mountain; thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the Painted 
 Rock, on French Broad River; thence along the highest ridge of said moun- 
 tain to the place where it is called the Great Iron or Smoky Mountain; thence 
 along the extreme height of said mountain to the place where it is called the 
 Unicoi or Unaka Mountain, between the Indian towns of Cowee and Old 
 Chota; thence along the main ridge of the said mountain to the southern 
 boundary of this State, as described in the act of cession of North Carolina 
 to the United States of America; and that all the territory, lands, and waters 
 lying west of the said line, as before mentioned, and contained within the 
 chartered limits of the State of North Carolina, are within the boundaries and 
 limits of this State, over which the people have the right of exercising sov- 
 ereignty, and the right of soil, so far as is consistent with the Constitution of 
 the United States, recognizing the Articles of Confederation, the Bill of 
 Rights, and Constitution of North Carolina, the cession act of the said State, 
 and the ordinance of Congress for the government of the territory north-west 
 of the Ohio; Provided, Nothing herein contained shall extend to affect the 
 claim or claims of individuals to any part of the soil which is recognized to 
 them by the aforesaid cession act; And provided also, That the limits and 
 jurisdiction of this State shall extend to any other land and territory now 
 acquired, or that may hereafter be acquired, by compact or agreement with 
 other States or otherwise, although such land and territory are not included 
 within the boundaries hereinbefore designated. 
 
 Sec. 32. That the erection of safe and comfortable prisons, and inspec- 
 tion of prisons, and the humane treatment of prisoners shall be provided 
 for. 
 
 Sec. t^T)- That slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, are forever prohibited 
 in this State. 
 
 Sec. 34. The General Assembly shall make no law recognizing the right of 
 property in man. 
 
VI APPENDIX 
 
 ARTICLE 11. 
 
 Distribution of Powers. 
 
 Section i. The powers of the Government shall be divided into three 
 distinct departments: the legislative, executive, and judicial. 
 
 Sec. 2. No person or persons belonging to one of these departments shall 
 exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others, except 
 in the cases herein directed or permitted. 
 
 The Legislative Department. 
 
 Sec. 3. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General 
 Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, both 
 dependent on the people, who shall hold their offices for two years from the 
 day of the general election. 
 
 Sec. 4. An enumeration of the qualified voters and an apportionment of 
 the Representatives in the General Assembly shall be made in the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and within every subsequent term of 
 ten years. 
 
 Sec. 5. The number of Representatives shall, at the several periods of mak- 
 ing the enumeration, be apportioned among th'e several counties or districts, 
 according to the number of qualified voters in each, and shall not exceed 
 seventy-five until the population of the State shall be one million and a half, 
 and shall never exceed ninety-nine; Provided, That any county having two- 
 thirds of the ratio shall be entitled to one member. 
 
 Sec. 6. The number of Senators shall, at the several periods of making the 
 enumeration, be apportioned among the several counties or districts, accord- 
 ing to the number of qualified electors in each, and shall not exceed one-third 
 the number of Representatives. In apportioning the Senators among the 
 different counties the fraction that may be lost by any county or counties in 
 apportionment of members to the House of Representatives shall be made up 
 to such county or counties in the Senate as near as may be practicable. 
 When a district is composed of two or more counties they shall be adjoining, 
 and no counties shall be divided in forming a district. 
 
 Sec. 7. The first election for Senators and Representatives shall be held on 
 the second Tuesday in November, one thousand eight hundred and seventy; 
 and forever thereafter elections for members of the General Assembly shall be 
 held once in two years, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- 
 ber. Said elections shall terminate the same day. 
 
 Sec. 8. The first session of the General Assembly shall commence on the 
 first Monday in October, 1871, at which time the term of service of the mem- 
 bers shall commence, and expire on the first Tuesday of November, 1872, at 
 which session the Governor elected on the second Tuesday in November, 
 1870, shall be inaugurated; and forever thereafter the General Assembly shall 
 
APPENDIX Vll 
 
 meet on the first Monday in January next ensuing the election, at which 
 session thereof the Governor shall be inaugurated. 
 
 Sec. 9. No person shall be a Representative unless he shall be a citizen of 
 the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, and shall have been a citizen 
 of this State for three years and a resident in the county he represents one 
 year immediately preceding the election. 
 
 Sec. 10. No person shall be a Senator unless he shall be a citizen of the 
 United States, of the age of thirty years, and shall have resided three years 
 in this State and one year in the county or district immediately preceding the 
 election. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he 
 was elected, be eligible to any office or place of trust, the appointment to 
 which is vested in the Executive or General Assembly, except to the office of 
 trustee of a literary institution. 
 
 Sec. II. The Senate and House of Representatives, when assembled, shall 
 each choose a Speaker and its other officers; be judges of the qualifications 
 and election of its members, and sit upon its own adjournments from day to 
 day. Not less than two-thirds of all the members to which each House shall 
 be entitled shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number 
 may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized by law to compel the 
 attendance of absent members. 
 
 Sec. 12. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
 its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
 expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have 
 all other powers necessary for a branch of the Legislature of a free State. 
 
 Sec. 13. Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases except treason, 
 felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session 
 of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same; and 
 for any speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
 Sec. 14. Each House may punish by imprisonment, during its session, any 
 person not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House by any 
 disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence. 
 
 Sec. 15. When vacancies happen in either House the Governor for the 
 time being shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 Sec. 16. Neither House shall, during its session, adjourn without the con- 
 sent of the other for more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
 in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Sec. 17. Bills may originate in either House, but may be amended, altered, 
 or rejected by the other. No bill shall become a law which embraces more 
 than one subject, that subject to be expressed in the title. All acts which 
 repeal, revive, or amend former laws, shall recite in their caption, or other- 
 wise, the title or substance of the law repealed, revived, or amended. 
 
 Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read once on three different days, and be 
 passed each time in the House where it originated before transmission to 
 the other. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been read and 
 
viii APPENDIX 
 
 passed, on three different days, in each House, and shall have received on its 
 final passage, in each House, the assent of a majority of all the members to 
 which that House shall be entitled under the Constitution; and shall have 
 been signed by the respective Speakers in open session — the fact of such 
 signing to be noted on the journal; and shall have received the approval of 
 the Governor, or shall have been otherwise passed under the provisions of this 
 Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 19. After a bill has been rejected, no bill containing the same sub- 
 stance shall be passed into a law during the same session. 
 
 Sec. 20. The style of the laws of the State shall be : '■^Bc it enacted by the 
 General Assembly of the State of Tennessee^ No law of a general nature shall 
 take effect until forty days after its passage, unless the same or the caption there- 
 of shall state that the public welfare requires that it should take effect sooner. 
 
 Sec. 21. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish 
 it, except such parts as the welfare of the State may require to be kept secret; 
 the ayes and noes shall be taken in each House upon the final passage of 
 every bill of a general character, and bills making appropriations of public 
 moneys; and the ayes and noes of the members on any question shall, at the 
 request of five of them, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Sec. 22. The doors of each House and of committees of the whole shall be 
 kept open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept secret. 
 
 Sec. 23. The sum of four dollars per day, and four dollars for every twenty- 
 five miles traveling to and from the seat of government, shall be allowed to 
 each member of the General Assembly elected after the ratification of this 
 Constitution, as a compensation for their services. But no member shall be 
 paid for more than seventy-five days of a regular session, or for more than 
 twenty days of an extra or called session ; or for any day when absent from 
 his seat in his Legislature, unless physically unable to attend. The Senators, 
 when sitting as a court of impeachment, shall each receive four dollars per 
 day of actual attendance. 
 
 Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence 
 of appropriations made by law ; and an accurate statement of the receipts 
 and expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and published with 
 the laws at the rise of each stated session of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 25, No person who heretofore hath been, or may hereafter be, a col- 
 lector or holder of pubHc moneys, shall have a seat in either House of the 
 General Assembly, or hold any other office under the State government, until 
 such person shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for 
 which he may be accountable or liable. 
 
 Sec. 26. No Judge of any court of law or equity, Secretary of State, 
 Attorney-general, Register, Clerk of any court of record, or person holding 
 any office under the authority of the United States, shall have a seat in the 
 General Assembly, nor shall any person in this State hold more than one 
 lucrative office at the same time ; Provided, that no appointment in the 
 militia, or to the office of Justice of the Peace, shall be considered a lucrative 
 
APPENDIX IX 
 
 office, or operative as a disqualification to a seat in either House of the 
 General Assembly, 
 
 Sec. 27. Any member of either House of the General Assembly shall have 
 liberty to dissent from and protest against any act or resolve which he may 
 think injurious to the public or to any individual, and to have the reason for 
 his dissent entered on the journals. 
 
 Sec, 28. All property, real, personal, or mixed, shall be taxed, but the 
 Legislature may except such as may be held by the State, by counties, cities, 
 or towns, and used exclusively for public or corporation purposes, and such as 
 may be held and used for purposes purely religious, charitable, scientific, 
 literary, or educational, and shall except one thousand dollars' worth of per- 
 sonal property in the hands of each tax-payer, and the direct product of the 
 soil in the hands of the producer and his immediate vendee. All property 
 shall be taxed according to its value, that value to be ascertained in such 
 manner as the Legislature shall direct, so that taxes shall be equal and uni- 
 form throughout the State. No one species of property from which a tax 
 may be collected shall be taxed higher than any other species of property of 
 the same value. But the Legislature shall have power to tax merchants, 
 peddlers, and privileges in such manner as they may from time to time direct. 
 The portion of a merchant's capital used in the purchase of merchandise sold 
 by him to non-residents and sent beyond the State, shall not be taxed at a rate 
 higher than the ad valorem tax on property. The Legislature shall have the 
 power to levy a tax upon incomes derived from stocks and bonds that are not 
 taxed ad valorem. All male citizens of this State over the age of twenty-one 
 years, except such persons as may be exempted by law on account of age or 
 other infirmity, shall be liable to a poll-tax of not less than fifty cents nor 
 more than one dollar per annum. Nor shall any county or corporation levy 
 a poll-tax exceeding the amount levied by the State. 
 
 Sec. 29, The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the several 
 counties and incorporated towns in this State to impose taxes for county and 
 corporation purposes respectively, in such manner as shall be prescribed by 
 law ; and all property shall be taxed according to its value, upon the princi- 
 ples established in regard to State taxation. But the credit of no county, city, 
 or town shall be given or loaned to or in aid of any person, company, asso- 
 ciation, or corporation, except upon an election to be first held by the qualified 
 voters of such county, city, or town, and the assent of three-fourths of the 
 votes cast at said election. Nor shall any county, city, or town become a 
 stockholder with others in any company, association, or corporation, except 
 upon a like election, and the assent of a like majority. But the counties of 
 Grainger, Hawkins, Hancock, Union, Campbell, Scott, Morgan, Grundy, 
 Sumner, Smith, Fentress, Van Buren, and the new county herein authorized 
 to be established out of fractions of Sumner, Macon, and Smith Counties ; 
 White, Putnam, Overton, Jackson, Cumberland, Anderson, Henderson, Wayne, 
 Cocke, Coffee, Macon, Marshall, and Roane shall be exempted out of the 
 provisions of this section, so far that the assent of a majority of the qualified 
 
X APPENDIX 
 
 voters of either of said counties voting on the question shall be sufficient, 
 when the credit of such county is given or loaned to any person, association, 
 or corporation ; Provided, That the exception of the counties above named 
 shall not be in force beyond the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty, 
 and after that period they shall be subject to the three-fourths majority appli- 
 cable to the other counties of the State. 
 
 Sec. 30. No article manufactured of the produce of this State shall be taxed 
 otherwise than to pay inspection fees. 
 
 Sec. 31. The credit of this State shall not be hereafter loaned or given to 
 or in aid of any person, association, company, corporation, or municipality; 
 nor shall the State become the owner, in whole or in part, of any bank, 
 or a stockholder with others in any association, company, corporation, or 
 municipality. 
 
 Sec. 32. No convention or General Assembly of this State shall act upon 
 any amendment of the Constitution of the United States proposed by Congress 
 to the several States, unless such convention or General Assembly shall have 
 been elected after such amendment is submitted. 
 
 Sec. 2,Z- No bonds of the State shall be issued to any railroad company 
 which at the time of its application for the same shall be in default in paying 
 the interest upon the State bonds previously loaned to it, or that shall here- 
 after and before such application, sell or absolutely dispose of any State bonds 
 loaned to it for less than par. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 Executive Department. 
 
 Section i. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in a 
 Governor. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Governor shall be chosen by the electors of the members of 
 the General Assembly at the time and places where they shall respectively 
 vote for the members thereof. The returns of every election for Governor 
 shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning 
 officers, directed to the Speaker of the Senate, who shall open and publish 
 them in the presence of a majority of the members of each House of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall be 
 Governor; but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them 
 shall be chosen Governor by joint vote of both Houses of the General Assem- 
 bly. Contested elections for Governor shall be determined by both houses of 
 the General Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 3. He shall be at least thirty years of age, shall be a citizen of the 
 United States, and shall have been a citizen of this State seven years next 
 before his election. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Governor shall hold his office for two years, and until his suc- 
 cessor shall be elected and qualified. He shall not be eligible more than six 
 years in any term of eight. 
 
APPENDIX XI 
 
 Sec. 5. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State, 
 and of the militia, except when they shall be called into the service of the 
 United States; but the militia shall not be called into service except in case 
 of rebellion or invasion, and then only when the General Assembly shall 
 declare by law that the public safety requires it. 
 
 Sec. 6. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, after convic- 
 tion, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 7. He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for his services, 
 which shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which he 
 shall have been elected. 
 
 Sec. 8. He may require information, in writing, from the officers in the 
 executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respec- 
 tive offices. 
 
 Sec. 9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General Assem- 
 bly by proclamation, in which he shall state specifically the purposes for which 
 they are to convene; but they shall enter on no legislative business except 
 that for which they were specifically called together. 
 
 Sec. 10. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 
 
 Sec. II. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly infor- 
 mation of the state of the government, and recommend for their consider- 
 ation such measures as he shall judge expedient. 
 
 Sec. 12. In case of the removal of the Governor from office, or of his death 
 or resignation, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve on the Speaker 
 of the Senate; and in case of the death, removal from office, or resignation of 
 the Speaker of the Senate, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve on 
 the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Sec. 13. No member of Congress, or person holding any office under the 
 United States, or this State, shall execute the office of Governor. 
 
 Sec. 14. When any officer, the right of whose appointment is by this Con- 
 stitution vested in the General Assembly, shall, during the recess, die, or the 
 office, by the expiration of the term, or by other means, become vacant, the 
 Governor shall have the power to fill such vacancy by granting a temporary com- 
 mission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 15. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Gov- 
 ernor and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great Seal of the 
 State of Tennessee. 
 
 Sec. 16. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the 
 authority of the State of Tennessee, be sealed with the State seal, and signed 
 by the Governor. 
 
 Sec. 17. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by joint vote of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and commissioned during the term of four years. He shall 
 keep a fair register of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, 
 and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers 
 relative thereto, before the General Assembly; and shall perform such other 
 duties as shall be enjoined by law. 
 
xii APrENDIX 
 
 Sec. 1 8. Every bill which may pass both Houses of the General Assembly 
 shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor for his signature. 
 If he approve, he shall sign it, and the same shall become a law; but if he 
 refuse to sign it, he shall return it, with his objections thereto in writing, to the 
 House in which it originated, and said House shall cause said objections to be 
 entered at large upon its journals, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after 
 such reconsideration, a majority of all the members elected to that House shall 
 agree to pass the bill notwithstanding the objections of the Executive, it shall 
 be sent, with said objections, to the other House, by which it shall be likewise 
 reconsidered. If approved by a majority of the whole number elected to 
 that House, it shall become a law. The votes of both Houses shall be deter- 
 mined by yeas and nays, and the names of all the members voting for or 
 against the bill shall be entered upon the journals of their respective Houses. 
 If the Governor shall fail to return any bill with his objections, within five 
 days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
 shall become a law without his signature, unless the General Assembly, by its 
 adjournment, prevents its return, in which case it shall not become a law. 
 Every joint resolution or order, except on questions of adjournment, shall like- 
 wise be presented to the Governor for his signature, and before it shall take 
 effect shall receive his signature, and on being disapproved by him, shall in 
 like manner be returned with his objections; and the same, before it shall take 
 effect, shall be repassed by a majority of all the members elected to both 
 Houses, in the manner and according to the rules prescribed in case of a bill. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Elections. 
 
 Section i. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, being a citizen 
 of the United States, and a resident of this State for twelve months, and of the 
 county wherein he may offer his vote for six months next preceding the day of 
 election, shall be entitled to vote for members of the General Assembly and 
 other civil ofificers for the county or district in which he resides; and there 
 shall be no qualification attached to the right of suffrage except that each 
 voter shall give the judges of election where he offers to vote satisfactory evi- 
 dence that he has paid the poll-taxes assessed against him for such preceding 
 period as the Legislature shall prescribe, and at such time as maybe prescribed 
 by law, without which his vote cannot be received. And all male citizens of 
 the State shall be subject to the payment of poll-taxes and the performance of 
 military duty within such ages as may be prescribed by law. The General 
 Assembly shall have power to enact laws requiring voters to vote in the election 
 precincts in which they may reside, and laws to secure the freedom of elec- 
 tions and the purity of the ballot-box. 
 
 Sec. 2. Laws may be passed excluding from the right of suffrage persons 
 who may be convicted of infamous crimes. 
 
APPENDIX xili 
 
 Sec. 3. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the 
 peace, be privileged from arrest or summons during their attendance at elec- 
 tions, and in going to and returning from them. 
 
 Sec. 4. In all elections to be made by the General Assembly the members 
 thereof shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal. 
 All other elections shall be by ballot. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 Impeachment. 
 
 Section i. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of 
 impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When sitting for 
 that purpose the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation, and the Chief 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, or, if he be on trial, the senior Associate Judge, 
 shall preside over them. No person shall be convicted without the concur- 
 rence of two-thirds of the Senators sworn to try the officer impeached. 
 
 Sec. 3. The House of Representatives shall elect from their own body 
 three members whose duty it shall be to prosecute impeachments. No im- 
 peachment shall be tried until the Legislature shall have adjourned sine die, 
 when the Senate shall proceed to try such impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme Court, Judges of the inferior 
 courts, Chancellors, Attorneys for the State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and Sec- 
 retary of State shall be liable to impeachment whenever they may, in the 
 opinion of the House of Representatives, commit any crime in their official 
 capacity which may require disqualification; but judgment shall only extend 
 to removal from office and disqualification to fill any office thereafter. The 
 party shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- 
 ment according to law. The Legislature now has, and shall continue to have, 
 power to relieve from the penalties imposed any person disqualified from 
 holding office by the judgment of a court of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 5. Justices of the Peace, and other civil officers not hereinbefore men- 
 tioned, for crimes or misdemeanors in office, shall be liable to indictment in 
 such courts as the Legislature may direct; and, upon conviction, shall be 
 removed from office by said court as if found guilty on impeachment, and 
 shall be subject to such other punishment as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 Judicial Depart.ment. 
 
 Section i. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme 
 Court and in such circuit, chancery, and other inferior courts as the Legisla- 
 ture shall from time to time ordain and establish in the Judges thereof and in 
 
xiv APPENDIX 
 
 Justices of the Peace. The Legislature may also vest such jurisdiction in cor- 
 poration courts as may be deemed necessary. Courts to be holden by Justices 
 of the Peace may also be established. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of tive Judges, of whom not more 
 than two shall reside in any one of the grand divisions of the State. The 
 Judges shall designate one of their own number who shall preside as Chief 
 Justice. The concurrence of three of the Judges shall, in every case, be 
 necessary to a decision. The jurisdiction of this court shall be appellate only, 
 under such restrictions and regulations as may from time to time be prescribed 
 by law; but it may possess such other jurisdiction as is now conferred by law 
 on the present Supreme Court. Said court shall be held at Knoxville, Nash- 
 ville, and Jackson. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified 
 voters of the State. The Legislature shall have power to prescribe such rules 
 as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of Section 2 of this Article. 
 Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be thirty-five years of age, and shall, 
 before the election, have been a resident of the State for five years. His term 
 of service shall be eight years. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Judges of the Circuit and Chancery Courts, and of other infe- 
 rior courts, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the district or circuit to 
 which they are to be assigned. Every Judge of such courts shall be thirty 
 years of age, and shall, before his election, have been a resident of the State 
 five years, and of the circuit or district one year. His term of service shall be 
 eight years. 
 
 Sec. 5. An Attorney-general and Reporter for the State shall be appointed 
 by the Judges of the Supreme Court, and shall hold his office for a term of 
 eight years. An Attorney for the State for any circuit or district for which a 
 Judge having criminal jurisdiction shall be provided by law shall be elected 
 by the qualified voters of such circuit or district, and shall hold his office for a 
 term of eight years, and shall have been a resident of the State five years, and 
 of the circuit or district one year. In all cases where the Attorney for any 
 district fails or refuses to attend and prosecute according to law, the court shall 
 have power to appoint an Attorney pro tempore. 
 
 Sec. 6. Judges and Attorneys for the State may be removed from office by 
 a concurrent vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, each House vot- 
 ing separately; but two-thirds of the members to which each House may be 
 entitled must concur in such vote. The vote shall be determined by ayes and 
 noes, and the names of the members voting for or against the Judge or Attor- 
 ney for the State, together with the cause or causes of removal, shall be entered 
 on the journal of each House respectively. The Judge or Attorney for the 
 State against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive 
 notice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, 
 at least ten days before the day on which either House of the General Assem- 
 bly shall act thereupon. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Judges of the supreme or inferior courts shall, at stated times, 
 
APPENDIX XV 
 
 receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by \dLw, which 
 shall not be increased or diminished during the time for which they are 
 elected. They shall not be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold 
 any office of trust or profit under this State or the United States. 
 
 Sec. 8. The jurisdiction of the circuit, chancery, and other inferior courts 
 shall be as now established by law until changed by the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 9. Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but 
 may state the testimony and declare the law. 
 
 Sec. 10. Judges or justices of the inferior courts of law and equity shall 
 have power in all civil cases to issue writs of certiorari to remove any cause, 
 or the transcript of the record thereof, from any inferior jurisdiction into such 
 court of law, on sufficient cause, supported by oath or affirmation. 
 
 Sec. II. No Judge of the supreme or inferior courts shall preside on the 
 trial of any cause in the event of which he may be interested, or where either 
 of the parties shall be connected with him by affinity or consanguinity, within 
 such degrees as may be prescribed by law, or in which he may have been of 
 counsel, or in which he may have presided in any inferior court, except by 
 consent of all the parties. In case all or any of the Judges of the Supreme 
 Court shall thus be disqualified from presiding on the trial of any cause or 
 causes, the court, or the Judges thereof, shall certify the same to the Governor 
 of the State, and he shall forthwith specially commission the requisite number 
 of men of law knowledge for the trial and determination thereof. The Legis- 
 lature may, by general laws, make provision that special Judges may be 
 appointed to hold any court the Judge of which shall be unable or fail to 
 attend or sit, or to hear any cause in which the Judge may be incompetent. 
 
 Sec. 12. All writs and other process shall run in the name of the State of 
 Tennessee, and bear test and be signed by the respective Clerks. Indict- 
 ments shall conclude : " Against the peace and dignity of the Stated 
 
 Sec. 13. Judges of the Supreme Court shall appoint their Clerks, who shall 
 hold their offices for six years. Chancellors shall appoint their Clerks and 
 Masters, who shall hold their offices for six years. Clerks of the inferior 
 courts, holden in the respective counties or districts, shall be elected by the 
 qualified voters thereof, for the term of four years. Any Clerk may be 
 removed from office for malfeasance, incompetency, or neglect of duty, in 
 such manner as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sb:c. 14. No fine shall be laid on any citizen of this State that shall exceed 
 fifty dollars, unless it shall be assessed by a jury of his peers, who shall assess 
 the fine at the time they find the fact, if they think the fine should be more 
 than fifty dollars. 
 
 Sec. 15. The different counties of this State shall be laid off, as the General 
 Assembly may direct, into districts of convenient size, so that the whole 
 number in each county shall not be more than twenty-five, or four for every 
 one hundred square miles. There shall be two Justices of the Peace and one 
 Constable elected in each district by the qualified voters therein, except dis- 
 tricts including county towns, which shall elect three Justices and two Con- 
 
xvi APPENDIX 
 
 stables. The jurisdiction of said officers shall be co-extensive with the 
 county. Justices of the Peace shall be elected for the term of six and Con- 
 stables for the term of two years. Upon the removal of either of said officers 
 from the district in which he was elected his office shall become vacant from 
 the time of such removal. Justices of the Peace shall be commissioned by 
 the Governor. The Legislature shall have power to provide for the appoint- 
 ment of an additional number of Justices of the Peace in incorporated towns. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 State and County Officers. 
 
 Section i. There shall be elected in each county, by the quahfied voters 
 therein, one Sheriff, one Trustee, one Register — the Sheriff and Trustee for 
 two years and the Register for four years; but no person shall be eligible to 
 the office of Sheriff more than six years in any term of eight years. There 
 shall be elected for each county, by the Justices of the Peace, one Coroner, 
 and one Ranger, who shall hold their offices for two years. Said officers 
 shall be removed for malfeasance or neglect of duty, in such manner as may 
 be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. Should a vacancy occur subsequent to an election in the office of 
 Sheriff, Trustee, or Register, it shall be filled by the Justices; if in that of 
 the Clerk to be elected by the people, it shall be filled by the courts; and 
 the person so appointed shall continue in office until his successor shall be 
 elected and qualified ; and such office shall be filled by the qualified voters 
 at the first election for any of the county officers. 
 
 Sec. 3. There shall be a Treasurer or Treasurers and a Comptroller of the 
 Treasury, appointed for the State by the joint vote of both Houses of the 
 General Assembly, who shall hold their offices for two years. 
 
 Sec. 4. The election of all officers and the filling of all vacancies not other- 
 wise directed or provided by this Constitution shall be made in such manner 
 as the Legislature shall direct. 
 
 Sec. 5. Elections for judicial and other civil officers shall be held on the 
 first Thursday in August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and for- 
 ever thereafter on the first Thursday in August next preceding the expiration 
 of their respective terms of service. The term of each officer so elected shall 
 be computed from the first day of September next succeeding his election. 
 The term of office of the Governor and other executive officers shall be com- 
 puted from the fifteenth of January next after the election of the Governor. 
 No appointment or election to fill a vacancy shall be made for a period 
 extending beyond the unexpired term. Every officer shall hold his office 
 until his successor is elected or appointed and qualified. No special election 
 shall be held to fill a vacancy in the office of Judge or District Attorney but 
 at the time her-ein fixed for the biennial term of civil officers; and such vacancy 
 shall be filled at the next biennial election recurring more than thirty days 
 after the vacancy occurs. 
 
APPENDIX xvii 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Militia. 
 
 Section i. All militia officers shall be elected by persons subject to military 
 duty within the bounds of their several companies, battalions, regiments, 
 brigades, and divisions, under such rules and regulations as the Eegislatur^ 
 may, from time to time, direct and establish. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant-general and his other 
 staff officers; the Majors-general, Brigadiers-general, and commanding officers 
 of regiments, shall respectively appoint their staff officers. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Legislature shall pass laws exempting citizens belonging to 
 any sect or denomination of religion, the tenets of which are known to be 
 opposed to the bearing of arms, from attending private and general musters. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 Disqualifications. 
 
 Section i. Whereas, ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, 
 dedicated to God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from 
 the great duties of their functions ; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or 
 priest of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to a seat in either 
 House of the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 2. No person who denies the being of God, or a future state of 
 rewards and punishments, shall hold any office in the civil department of this 
 State. 
 
 Sec. 3. Any person who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight 
 a duel, or knowingly be the bearer of a challenge to fight a duel, or send or 
 accept a challenge for that purpose, or be an aider or abettor in fighting a 
 duel, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this 
 State, and shall be punished otherwise, in such manner as the Legislature 
 may prescribe. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 Oaths — Bribery of Electors — New Counties. 
 
 Section i. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed to any office 
 of trust or profit under this Constitution, or any law made in pursuance 
 thereof, shall, before entering upon the duties thereof, take an oath to sup- 
 port the Constitution of this State and of the United States, and an oath of 
 office. 
 
 Sec. 2. Each member of the Senate and House of Representatives shall, 
 before they proceed to business, take an oath or affirmation to support the 
 Constitution of this State and of the United States, and also the following 
 
XVlll APPENDIX 
 
 oath : " I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that, as a member of this Gen- 
 eral Assembly, I will, in all appointments, vote without favor, affection, 
 partiality, or prejudice ; and that 1 will not propose or assent to any bill, 
 vote, or resolution which shall appear to me injurious to the people, or con- 
 sent to any act or thing "whatever that shall have a tendency to lessen or 
 abridge their rights and privileges as declared by the Constitution of this 
 State." 
 
 Sec. 3. Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in 
 meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall suffer such punishment as the laws 
 shall direct; and any person who shall, directly or indirectly, give, promise, 
 or bestow any such reward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable 
 for six years to serve in the office for which he was elected, and be subject to 
 such further punishment as the Legislature shall direct. 
 
 Sec. 4. New counties may be established by the Legislature, to consist of 
 not less than two hundred and seventy-five square miles, and which shall con- 
 tain a population of seven hundred qualified voters. No line of such county 
 shall approach the court-house of any old county from which it may be taken 
 nearer than eleven miles, nor shall such old county be reduced to less than 
 five hundred square miles ; but the following exceptions are made to the 
 foregoing provisions, viz. : New counties may be established by the present 
 or any succeeding Legislature out of the following territory, to wit : Out of 
 that portion of Obion County which lies west of the low-water mark of Reel- 
 foot Lake ; out of fractions of Sumner, Macon, and Smith Counties, but no 
 line of such new county shall approach the court-house of Sumner and Smith 
 Counties nearer than ten miles, nor include any part of Macon County lying 
 within nine and a half miles of the court-house of said county, nor shall more 
 than twenty square miles of Macon County, nor any part of Sumner County 
 lying due west of the western boundary of Macon County, be taken in the 
 formation of said new county ; out of fractions of Grainger and Jefferson 
 Counties, but no line of such new county shall include any part of Grainger 
 County north of the Holston River, nor shall any line thereof approach the 
 court-house of Jefferson County nearer than eleven miles (such new county 
 may include any other territory which is not excluded by any general provi- 
 sion of this Constitution) ; out of fractions of Jackson and Overton Counties, 
 but no line of such new county shall approach the court-house of Jackson or 
 Overton Counties nearer than ten miles, nor shall such county contain less 
 than four hundred qualified voters, nor shall the area of either of the old 
 counties be reduced below four hundred and fifty square miles ; out of frac- 
 tions of Roane, Monroe, and Blount Counties, around the town of Loudon, 
 but no line of such new county shall ever approach the towns of Maryvilie, 
 Kingston, or Madisonville nearer than eleven miles, except that on the south 
 side of the Tennessee River said lines may approach as near as ten miles to 
 the court-house of Roane County. The counties of Lewis, Cheatham, and 
 Sequatchie, as now established by legislative enactments, are hereby declared 
 to be constitutional counties. No part of Bledsoe County shall be taken to 
 
APPENDIX Xix 
 
 form a new county, or a part thereof, or be attached to any adjoining county. 
 That portion of Marion County included within the following boundaries : 
 Beginning on the Grundy and Marion County line at the Nick-a-jack Trace, and 
 running about six hundred yards west of Ben. Posey's to where the Tennessee 
 Coal Railroad crosses the line ; running thence southeast through the Pocket, 
 near William Summers', crossing the Battle Creek Gulf at the corner of 
 Thomas Wooten's field ; thence running across the Little Gizzard Gulf to 
 Raven Point ; thence in a direct line to the bridge crossing the Big Fiery 
 Gizzard ; thence in a direct line to the mouth of Holy Water Creek ; thence 
 up said creek to the Grundy County line, and thence with said line to the 
 beginning, is hereby detached from Marion County and attached to the 
 County of Grundy. No part of a county shall be taken off to form a new 
 county, or a part thereof, without the consent of two-thirds of the qualified 
 voters in such part taken off ; and where an old county is reduced for the 
 purpose of forming a new one, the seat of justice in said old county shall not 
 be removed without the concurrence of two-thirds of both branches of the 
 Legislature ; nor shall the seat of justice of any county be removed without 
 the concurrence of two-thirds of the qualified voters of the county. But the 
 foregoing provision requiring a two-thirds majority of the voters of a county 
 to remove its county seat, shall not apply to the counties of Obion and Cocke. 
 The fractions taken from old counties to form new counties, or taken from 
 one county and added to another, shall continue liable for their pro j-ata of 
 all debts contracted by their respective counties prior to the separation, and 
 be entitled to their proportion of any stocks or credits belonging to such old 
 counties. 
 
 Sec. 5. The citizens who may be included in any new county shall vote 
 with the county or counties from which they may have been stricken off for 
 members of Congress, for Governor, and for members of the General Assem- 
 bly, until the next apportionment of members of the General Assembly after 
 the establishment of such new county. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 Miscellaneous Provisions. 
 
 Section i. All laws and ordinances now in force and use in this State, not 
 inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue in force and use until they 
 shall expire, or be altered or repealed by the Legislature. But ordinances 
 contained in any former Constitution or schedule thereto are hereby abrogated. 
 
 Sec. 2. Nothing contained in this Constitution shall impair the validity of 
 any debts or contracts, or affect any rights of property, or any suits, actions, 
 rights of action, or other proceedings in courts of justice. 
 
 Sec. 3. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be 
 proposed in the Senate or House of Representatives; and if the same shall 
 be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each of the two 
 TENN. HIST. — 19 
 
XX APPENDIX 
 
 Houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their 
 journals, with the yeas and nays thereon, and referred to the General Assem- 
 bly then next to be chosen, and shall be published six months previous to the 
 time of making such choice; and if, in the General Assembly then next chosen 
 as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by 
 two-thirds of all the members elected to each House, then it shall be the duty 
 of the General Assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments 
 to the people in such manner and at such times as the General Assembly shall 
 prescribe. And if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or 
 amendments by a majority of all the citizens of the State voting for Repre- 
 sentatives voting in their favor, such amendment or amendments shall become 
 a part of this Constitution. When any amendment or amendments to the 
 Constitution shall be proposed in pursuance of the foregoing provisions, the 
 same shall, at each of the said sessions, be read three tmies on three several 
 days in each House. The Legislature shall not propose amendments to the 
 Constitution oftener than once in six years. The Legislature shall have the 
 right, at any time, by law, to submit to the people the question of calling 
 a convention to alter, reform, or abolish this Constitution; and when, upon 
 such submission, a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of said propo- 
 sition, then delegates shall be chosen, and the convention shall assemble in 
 such mode and manner as shall be prescribed. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Legislature shall have no power to grant divorces, but may 
 authorize the courts of justice to grant them for such causes as may be speci- 
 fied by law; but such laws shall be general and uniform in their operation 
 throughout the State. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries for any 
 purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery tickets in this State. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Legislature shall have no power to change the names of per- 
 sons, or to pass acts adopting or legitimatizing persons, but shall, by general 
 laws, confer this power on the courts. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Legislature shall fix the rate of interest, and the rate so 
 established shall be equal and uniform throughout the State ; but the Legisla- 
 ture may provide for a conventional rate of interest, not to exceed ten per 
 cent, per annum. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Legislature shall have no power to suspend any general law 
 for the benefit of any particular individuals, nor to pass any law for the benefit 
 of individuals inconsistent with the general laws of the land; nor to pass any 
 law granting to any individual or individuals rights, privileges, immunities, or 
 exemptions other than such as may be by the same law extended to any mem- 
 ber of the community who may be able to bring himself within the provisions 
 of such law. No corporation shall be created, or its powers increased or di- 
 minished by special laws, but the General Assembly shall provide by general 
 laws for the organization of all corporations hereafter created, which laws may 
 at any time be altered or repealed; and no such alteration or repeal shall 
 interfere with or divest rights which have become vested. 
 
APPENDIX XXI 
 
 Sec. 9. The Legislature shall have the right to vest such powers in the 
 courts of justice, with regard to private and local affairs, as may be expedient. 
 
 Sec. 10. A well-regulated system of internal improvement is calculated 
 to develop the resources of the State and promote the happiness and pros- 
 perity of her citizens; therefore it ought to be encouraged by the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Sec. II. A homestead in the possession of each head of a family, and the 
 improvements thereon to the value, in all, of one thousand dollars shall be 
 exempt from sale under legal process during the life of such head of a family, 
 to inure to the benefit of the widow, and shall be exempt during the minority 
 of their children occupying the same. Nor shall said property be alienated 
 without the joint consent of the husband and wife when that relation exists. 
 This exemption shall not operate against public taxes, nor debts contracted 
 for the purchase-money of such homestead or improvements thereon. 
 
 Sec. 12. Knowledge, learning, and virtue being essential to the preservation 
 of republican institutions, and the diffusion of the opportunities and advantages 
 of education throughout the different portions of the State being highly con- 
 ducive to the promotion of this end, it shall be the duty of the General Assem- 
 bly in all future periods of this Government, to cherish literature and science. 
 And the fund called the common school fund, and all the lands and proceeds 
 thereof, dividends, stocks, and other property of every description whatever, 
 heretofore by law appropriated by the General Assembly of this State for the 
 use of common schools, and all such as shall hereafter be appropriated, shall 
 remain a perpetual fund, the principal of which shall never be diminished by 
 legislative appropriation; and the interest thereof shall be inviolably appro- 
 priated to the support and encouragement of common schools throughout the 
 State, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof; and no law shall be 
 made authorizing said fund, or any part thereof, to be diverted to any other 
 use than the support and encouragement of common schools. The State 
 taxes derived hereafter from polls shall be appropriated to educational pur- 
 poses, in such manner as the General Assembly shall, from time to time, direct 
 by law. No school established or aided under this section shall allow white 
 and negro children to be received as scholars together in the same school. 
 The above provisions shall not prevent the Legislature from carrying into effect 
 any laws that have been passed in favor of the colleges, universities, or acade- 
 mies, or from authorizing heirs or distributees to receive and enjoy escheated 
 property under such laws as may be passed from time to time. 
 
 Sec. 13. The General Assembly shall have power to enact laws for the 
 protection and preservation of game and fish within the State, and such laws 
 may be enacted for and applied and enforced in particular counties or geo- 
 graphical districts designated by the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 14. The intermarriage of white persons with negroes, mulattoes, or 
 persons of mixed blood, descended from a negro to the third generation, 
 inclusive, or their living together as man and wife, in this State, is prohibited. 
 The Legislature shall enforce this section by appropriate legislation. 
 
xxii APPENDIX 
 
 Sec. 15. No person shall, in time of peace, be required to perform any 
 service to the public on any day set apart by his religion as a day of rest. 
 
 Sec. 16. The declaration of rights, hereto prefixed, is declared to be a part 
 of the Constitution of this State, and shall never be violated on any pretense 
 whatever. And to guard against transgression of the high powers we have 
 delegated, we declare that everything in the bill of rights contained is excepted 
 out of the general powers of the Government, and shall forever remain 
 inviolate. 
 
 Sec, 17. No county office created by the Legislature shall be filled other- 
 wise than by the people or the County Court, 
 
 Schedule. 
 
 Section i. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of the Consti- 
 tution, it is declared that the Governor of the State, the members of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and all officers elected at or after the general election of March, 
 1870, shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed in this Constitution. 
 
 Officers appointed by the courts shall be filled by appointment, to be made 
 and to take effect during the first term of the court held by Judges elected 
 under this Constitution. 
 
 All other officers shall vacate their places thirty days after the day fixed for 
 the election of their successors under this Constitution. 
 
 The Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer shall hold their offices 
 until the first session of the present General Assembly occurring after the 
 ratification of this Constitution, and until their successors are elected and 
 qualified. 
 
 The officers then elected shall hold their offices until the fifteenth day of 
 January, 1873. 
 
 Sec, 2. At the first election of Judges under this Constitution there shall be 
 elected six Judges of the Supreme Court, two from each grand division of the 
 State, who shall hold their offices for the term herein prescribed. 
 
 In the event any vacancy shall occur in the office of either of said Judges at 
 any time after the first day of January, 1873, it shall remain unfilled, and the 
 court shall from that time be constituted of five Judges. 
 
 While the court shall consist of six Judges they may sit in two sections, and 
 may hear and determine causes in each at the same time, but not in different 
 grand divisions at the same time. When so sitting the concurrence of two 
 Judges shall be necessary to a decision. 
 
 The Attorney-general and Reporter for the State shall be appointed after 
 the election and qualification of the Judges of the Supreme Court herein pro- 
 vided for. 
 
 Sec, 3. Every Judge and every officer of the executive department of this 
 State, and every Sheriff holding over under this Constitution, shall, within 
 twenty days after the ratification of this Constitution is proclaimed, take an 
 oath to support the same; and the failure of any officer to take such oath shall 
 vacate his office. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 xxm 
 
 Sec. 4. The time which has elapsed since the sixth day of May, 1861, until 
 the first day of January, 1867, shall not be computed in any cases affected by 
 the statutes of limitation, nor shall any writ of error be affected by such lapse 
 of time. 
 
 Done in convention at Nashville, the twenty-third day of February, in the 
 year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and of the inde- 
 pendence of the United States the ninety-fourth. In testimony whereof we 
 have hereunto set our names. 
 
 Thos. 
 W. S. 
 
 John Allen, 
 Jesse Arledge,- 
 Humphrey Bate, 
 Jno. Baxter, 
 A. Blizzard, 
 Nathan Brandon, 
 James Britton, 
 R. P. Brooks, 
 Neil S, Brown, 
 James S. Brown, 
 T. M. Burkett, 
 John W. Burton, 
 Wm. Byrne, 
 Alex. W. Campbell, 
 Wm. Blount Carter, 
 Z. R. Chowning, 
 James A. Coffin, 
 Warren Cummings, 
 Robert P. Cypert, 
 T, D. Davenport, 
 N. V. Deaderick, 
 G. G. Dibrell, 
 N. F. Doherty, 
 J. E. Dromgoole, 
 James Fentress, 
 
 A. T. Fielder, 
 P. G. Fulkerson, 
 John A. Gardner, 
 John E. Garner, 
 S. P. Gaut, 
 Charles A. Gibbs, 
 
 B. Gordon, 
 
 J. B. Heiskell, 
 
 Attest: T. 
 W. Jones, Assistant Secretary. 
 Kyle, Second Assistant Secretary. 
 
 John C. Brown, President. 
 
 R. Henderson, 
 H. L. W. Hill, 
 Sp'l Hill, 
 Sam S. House, 
 Jno. F. House, 
 T. B. Ivie, 
 Thomas M. Jones, 
 David N. Kennedy, 
 
 D. M. Key, 
 
 Sam J. Kirkpatrick, 
 A. A. Kyle, 
 Jos. A. Mabry, 
 A. G. McDougal, 
 Malcom McNabb, 
 Matt. Martin, 
 John H. Meeks, 
 Thos. C. Morris, 
 J. Netherland, 
 A. O. P. Nicholson, 
 Geo. C. Porter, 
 Jas. D. Porter, Jr., 
 Geo. E. Seay, 
 Samuel G. Shepard, 
 
 E. H. Shelton, 
 Wm. H. Stephens, 
 John M. Taylor, 
 
 J. C. Thompson, 
 N. Vance Thompson, 
 James J. Turner, 
 Geo. W. Walker, 
 Richard Warner, Jr., 
 N. H. Williamson, 
 W. M. Wright. 
 E. S. RusswuRM, Secretary, 
 
XXIV APPENDIX 
 
 Ordinance. 
 
 Section i. Be it ordained by the Convention, That it shall be the duty of 
 the several officers of the State authorized by law to hold elections for mem- 
 bers of the General Assembly and other officers, to open and hold an election 
 at the place of holding said elections in their respective counties, on the fourth 
 Saturday m March, 1870, for the purpose of receiving the votes of such quali- 
 fied voters as may desire to vote for the ratification or rejection of the Consti- 
 tution recommended by the Convention, and the qualifications of voters in said 
 election be the same as that required in the election of delegates to this 
 Convention. 
 
 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of said returning officers in each county in this 
 State to enroll the name of each voter on the poll-books prepared for said 
 election, and shall deposit each ballot in the ballot-boxes respectively. Each 
 voter who wishes to ratify the new Constitution shall have written or printed 
 on his ticket the words " Nev/ Constitution," or words of like import; and 
 each voter who wishes to vote against the ratification of the new Constitution 
 shall have written or printed on his ticket the words " Old Constitution," or 
 words of like import. 
 
 Sec. 3. The election shall be held and the judges and clerks shall be 
 appointed as in the case of the election of the members of the General 
 Assembly; and the returning officers, in the presence of the judges or in- 
 spectors, shall count the votes given for the "New Constitution," and of 
 those given for the "Old Constitution," of which they shall keep a correct 
 estimate in said poll-books. They shall deposit the original poll-books of 
 said election with the Clerks of the County Courts in the respective counties; 
 and shall, within five days after the election, make out accurate statements of 
 the number of votes in their respective counties for or against the "New 
 Constitution," and immediately forward by mail one copy of said certificates 
 to the Governor and one to the Speaker of the Senate. So soon as the poll- 
 books are deposited with the County Court Clerks, they shall certify to the 
 President of the Convention an accurate statement of the number of votes 
 cast for or against the " New Constitution," as appears on said poll-books; and 
 if any of said returning officers shall fail to make the returns herein provided 
 for within the time required, the Governor shall be authorized to send special 
 messengers for the result of the vote in those counties whose officers have so 
 failed to make returns. 
 
 Sec. 4. Upon the receipt of said returns it shall be the duty of the Gov- 
 ernor, Speaker of the Senate, and the President of this Convention, or any 
 two of them, to compare the votes cast in said election; and if it shall appear 
 that a majority of all the votes cast for and against the new Constitution were 
 for "New Constitution," it shall be the duty of the Governor, Speaker of the 
 Senate, and President of this Convention, or any two of them, to append to 
 this Constitution a certificate of the result of the votes, from which time the 
 Constitution shall be established as the Constitution of Tennessee, and the 
 Governor shall make proclamation of the result. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 XXV 
 
 Sec. 5. The Governor of the State is required to issue his proclamation as 
 to the election on the fourth Saturday in March, 1870, hereto provided for. 
 
 John C. Brown, President. 
 Attest: T. E. S. Russwurm, Secretary. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF TENNESSEE FROM 1790. 
 
 William Blount, Territorial Gov- 
 ernor, 1790-96. 
 
 John Sevier, 1 796-1801. 
 
 Archibald Roane, 1801-03. 
 
 John Sevier, 1803-09. 
 
 WilUe Blount, 1809-15. 
 
 Joseph McMinn, 1815-21. 
 
 William Carroll, 1821-27. 
 
 Samuel Houston, 1827 to April, 
 1829, when he resigned, and 
 Wilham Hall, Speaker of the 
 Senate, became Governor, serv- 
 ing to October, 1829. 
 
 William Carroll, 1829-35. 
 
 Newton Cannon, 1835-39. 
 
 James K. Polk, 1839-41. 
 
 James C. Jones, 1841-45. 
 
 Aaron V. Brown, 1845-47. 
 
 Neill S. Brown, 1847-49. 
 
 William Trousdale, 1849-51. 
 
 William B. Campbell, 1851-53. 
 
 Andrew Johnson, 1853-57. 
 
 18. Isham G. Harris, 1857-63. Robert 
 
 L. Caruthers was elected Gov- 
 ernor in 1863, but on account 
 of Tennessee being in posses- 
 sion of Federal troops, was 
 unable to qualify. President 
 Lincoln appointed Andrew 
 Johnson Military Governor of 
 Tennessee, who served from 
 1862 to 1865. 
 
 19. William G. Brownlow, 1865-69. 
 
 20. D. W. C. Senter, 1869-71. 
 
 21. John C. Brown, 1871-75. 
 
 22. James D. Porter, 1875-79. 
 
 23. Albert S. Marks, 1879-81. 
 
 24. Alvin Hawkins, 1881-83. 
 
 25. William B. Bate, 1883-87. 
 
 26. Robert L. Taylor, 1887-91. 
 
 27. John P. Buchanan, 1891-93. 
 
 28. Peter Turney, 1893-97. 
 
 Robert L. Taylor, 1897-99. 
 Benton McMillin, 1899-. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF STATE FROM 1792. 
 
 Daniel Smith, Territorial Secretary, 
 
 1792-96. 
 William Maclin, 1 796-1807. 
 Robert Houston, 1 807-11. 
 W. G. Blount, 1811-15. 
 WilUam Alexander, 181 5-1 8 (died). 
 
 Daniel Graham, appointed August, 
 1818, served till 1830 (resigned). 
 
 T. H. Fletcher, appointed September, 
 1830, served till 1832. 
 
 Samuel G. Smith, 1832-35. 
 
 Luke Lea, 1835-39. 
 
XXVI 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 John S. Young, 1839-47. 
 
 W. B. A. Ramsey, 1847-55. 
 
 F. N. W. Burton, 1855-59. 
 
 J. E. R. Ray, 1859-65. 
 
 E. H. East, appointed in 1862 by An- 
 drew Johnson, Mihtary Governor, 
 served to 186:;. 
 
 A. J. Fletcher, 1865-70. 
 T. H. Butler, 1870-73. 
 Charles N. Gibbs, 1873-81. 
 David A. Nunn, 1881-85. 
 John Allison, Jr., 1885-89. 
 Charles A. Miller, 1889-93. 
 W. S. Morgan, 1893-. 
 
 COMPTROLLERS — OFFICE CREATED IN 1835. 
 
 Daniel Graham, 1836-43. 
 
 Felix K. Zollicoffer, 1843-49. 
 
 B. N. Sheppard, 1849-51. 
 
 Arthur R. Crozier, 1851-55. 
 
 James C. Luttrell, 1855-57. 
 
 James T. Dunlap, 1857-62. 
 
 Joseph S. Foster, appointed by Andrew 
 
 Johnson, Military Governor, 1862- 
 
 65. 
 J. R. Dillin, elected 1865, failed to 
 
 qualify, being a member of the 
 
 Legislature that elected him, and 
 
 ineligible. 
 
 S. W. Hatchett, 1865-66. 
 
 G. W. Blackburn, 1866-70. 
 
 E. R. Pennebaker, 1870-73. 
 
 W. W. Hobb, January, 1873, to May, 
 
 1873. 
 John C. Burch, May, 1873-75. 
 James L. Gaines, 1875-81. 
 James N. Nolen, 1881-83. 
 P. P. Pickard, 1883-89. 
 J. W. Allen, 1889-93. 
 James A. Harris, 1893-99. 
 Theodore King, 1899-. 
 
 TREASURERS FROM 1796. 
 
 The act of April 13, 1796, and territorial act of September, 1794, Chapter 9, 
 provided for two District Treasurers, viz. : District of Miro, and District of 
 Washington and Hamilton. Act of November i, 1827, created the offices 
 of Treasurer of Western District, at Jackson, Tennessee ; Treasurer of Wash- 
 ington and Hamilton, or East Tennessee, at Knoxville ; and Treasurer of 
 Miro, at Nashville. The constitution of 1834 provided for one Treasurer for 
 the state, to be elected by the legislature for two years. 
 
 Daniel Smith, Territorial Secretary, 
 
 acted as Treasurer from 1792 to 
 
 1794. 
 Landon Carter, Territorial Treasurer 
 
 of Washington and Hamilton, 1 794- 
 
 1800. 
 
 Howell Tatum, Territorial Treasurer 
 of Miro, 1794-96. 
 
 William Black, Miro, 1796-97. 
 
 Robert Searcy, Miro, 1 797-1803. 
 
 John Maclin, Washington and Hamil- 
 ton, 1800-03. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 XXVll 
 
 Thomas McCorry, Washington and 
 
 Hamilton, 1803-13. 
 Thomas Crutcher, Miro, 1803-13. 
 Thomas McCorry, East Tennessee 
 
 (Washington and Hamilton), 1813- 
 
 15- 
 
 Thomas Crutcher, Miro, 1813-36. 
 Matthew Nelson, East Tennessee, 
 
 1815-27. 
 Miller Francis, East Tennessee, 1827- 
 
 36. 
 James Caruthers, Western District, 
 
 1827-36. 
 Miller Francis, State, 1836-43. 
 Matthew Nelson, State, 1843-45. 
 
 Robert B. Turner, 1845-47. 
 Anthony Dibbrell, 1847-55. 
 G. C. Torbett, 1855-57. 
 W. Z. McGregor, 1857-65. 
 R. L. Stanford, 1865-66. 
 John R. Henry, 1866-68. 
 W. H. StiUwell, 1868-69. 
 J. E. Rust, 1869-71. 
 William Morrow, 1 871-77. 
 M. T. Polk, 1877-83. 
 Atha Thomas, 1883-85. 
 J. W. Thomas, 1885-86 (died). 
 Atha Thomas, 1886-89. 
 M. F. House, 1889-93. 
 E. B. Craig, 1893-. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 This office was created in 1835, abolished in 1843, re-created in 1865, pro- 
 vided for in the constitution of 1870, and again created in 1873. 
 
 Robert H. McEwen, 1836-40. 
 Robert P. Currin, 1840-41. 
 Scott Terry, 1841-43. 
 L. R. Stanford, 1865-67. 
 John Eaton, Jr., 1867-69. 
 A. J. Tipton, 1869-71. 
 John M. Fleming, 1873-75. 
 Leon Trousdale, 1875-81. 
 W. S. Doak, 1881-82. 
 
 G. S. W. Crawford, 1882-83. 
 Thomas H. Paine, 1883-87. 
 Frank M. Smith, 1887-91. 
 W. R. Garrett, 1891-93. 
 Frank M. Smith, 1893-95. 
 S. G. Gilbreath, 1895-97. 
 Price Thomas, 1897-99. 
 Morgan C. Fitzpatrick, 1899-. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 The State Board of Education was organized by Governor Porter under 
 authority of an act of the General Assembly, passed March 23, 1875. ^^^ 
 Governor and the State Superintendent are ex officio members, the Governor 
 being President of the Board. There are five other members appointed by 
 the Governor, each to serve for a period of six years. The Secretary is elected 
 by the Board. 
 
 1876, James D. Porter, President; Leon Trousdale, State Superintendent; 
 
 E. H. Ewing; J. J. Reese; J. W. Hoyte; R. W. Mitchel; J. B. Lindsley, 
 
 Secretary. 
 1877 and 1878. James D. Porter, President ; Leon Trousdale, State Superin- 
 
xxviii APPENDIX 
 
 tendent; E. H. Ewing; H. Presnell; J. W. Hoyte; R. W. Mitchel; J. B. 
 
 Lindsley, Secretary. 
 879 and 1880. Albert S. Marks, President; other members as above. 
 
 881. Alvin Hawkins, President; W. S. Doak, State Superintendent; E. H. 
 Ewing ; Leon Trousdale ; J. W. Hoyte ; W. P.Jones ; J, B. Lindsley, Sec'y. 
 
 882. Alvin Hawkins, President; G. S. W. Crawford, State Superintendent ; 
 E. S. Joynes; Leon Trousdale; J. W. Hoyte; W. P. Jones; J. B. Lindsley, 
 Secretary. 
 
 883 and 1884. W. B. Bate, President ; Thomas H. Paine, State Superin- 
 tendent; Frank Goodman; Leon Trousdale; J. W. Hoyte; W.P.Jones; 
 J. B. Lindsley, Secretary. 
 
 885 and 1886. W. B. Bate, President; Thomas H. Paine, State Superin- 
 tendent ; Frank Goodman ; Leon Trousdale ; Frank M. Smith ; W. P. 
 Jones; J. B. Lindsley, Secretary. 
 
 887 to 1890. Robert L. Taylor, President ; Frank M. Smith, State Super- 
 intendent; Thomas H. Paine; C.S.Douglass; John W. Bachman; W. P. 
 Jones; Frank Goodman, Secretary. 
 
 891 and 1892. John P. Buchanan, President ; W. R. Garrett, State Super- 
 intendent ; Thomas H. Paine ; C. S. Douglass ; Frank M. Smith ; W. P. 
 Jones; Frank Goodman, Secretary. 
 
 893 and 1894. Peter Turney, President ; Frank M. Smith, State Superin- 
 tendent; Thomas H. Paine; C. S. Douglass; H. D. Huffaker; W. P. Jones; 
 Frank Goodman, Secretary. 
 
 895 and 1896. Peter Turney, President ; S. G. Gilbreath, State Superin- 
 tendent ; Thomas H. Paine ; C. S. Douglass ; H. D. Huffaker ; A. D. 
 Wharton; Frank Goodman, Secretary. 
 
 897 and 1898. Robert L.Taylor, President; Price Thomas, State Superin- 
 tendent ; Thomas H. Paine ; C. S. Douglass ; H. D. Huffaker ; A. D. 
 W^harton ; Frank Goodman, Secretary. 
 
 899. Benton McMillin, President; Morgan C. Fitzpatrick, State Superin- 
 tendent and Secretary ; Thomas H. Paine ; C. S. Douglass ; H. D. Huf- 
 faker; A. D. Wharton; Frank Goodman. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines was established in 1854, 
 the governor being ex officio president. E. G. Eastman was elected secretary 
 and served to the war. By act of March 4, 1875, ^he ofBce of Commissioner 
 was created, and the department was established on its present basis. 
 
 J. B. Killebrew, 1875-81. 
 
 A. W. Hawkins, 1881-83. 
 A.J. McWhirter, 1883-87. 
 
 B. M. Herd, 1887-91. 
 
 D. G. Godwin, 1891-93. 
 T. F. P. Allison, 1893-97. 
 John T. Esserry, 1897-99. 
 Thomas H. Paine, 1899-. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 XXIX 
 
 ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 
 
 The office of Attorney-General and Reporter for the State was created in 
 
 George T. Yerger, 1831-39. 
 
 Return J. Meigs, 1839 to November, 
 
 1839. 
 West H. Humphreys, 1839-51. 
 \V. G. Swan, 1851-54. 
 John L. T. Sneed, 1854-59. 
 
 John W. Head, 1859 to the war. 
 Thomas H. Coldwell, 1865-70. 
 Joseph B. Heiskell, 1870-78. 
 Benjamin J. Lea, 1878-86. 
 George W. Pickle, 1886-. 
 
 JUDGES OF TENNESSEE FROM 1792. 
 
 1792. William Blount, Governor, David Campbell, and Joseph Anderson 
 composed the Territorial Court to 1796. 
 
 1796. Act of April 9, 1796, established a Superior Court of Law and Equity, 
 and provided for three judges for the state. 
 
 John McNairy, Archibald Roane, and 
 WilUe Blount were commissioned, 
 on April 11, 1796, Judges of the 
 Superior Court of Law and Equity 
 for the state, 
 
 Howell Tatum (vice McNairy, re- 
 signed), 1797-98. 
 
 W. C. C. Claiborne (rice Willie Blount, 
 declined), 1796-97. 
 
 David Campbell, 1 797-1807. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, appointed Septem- 
 ber, 1798, and elected December, 
 1798, served to 1804. 
 
 Samuel Powell, 1807-09. 
 
 John Overton (c^zV^ Jackson), 1804-09. 
 
 Parry W. Humphreys, 1807-09. 
 
 Hugh Lawson White (in place of A. 
 Roane), 1801-07, 
 
 Thomas Emmerson (vice White), 
 1807-09. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS. 
 
 By the act of November 16, 1809, a Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals 
 was created, Circuit Courts established, and five judicial circuits erected; 
 judges elected by the legislature to serve during good behavior. The follow- 
 ing served as indicated : — 
 
 W. W. Cooke, 1815-16 (died), 
 Archibald Roane, added to the court 
 
 Hugh L. White, 1809-15. 
 George W. Campbell, 1809-11. 
 John Overton, 181 1- 1 6. 
 
 October 21, 1815, served to 1818. 
 
XXX 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Robert Whyte (vice Overton), i8l6- 
 
 35- 
 John Haywood, 1816-26. 
 Thomas Emmerson, 1819-22. 
 Jacob Peck, 1822-35. 
 William L. Brown, added to the court 
 
 in 1822, resigned July, 1824. 
 John Catron, 1824-35 (Chief Justice 
 
 from 1831). 
 
 Hugh L. White was elected in 1824, 
 
 but declined, 
 
 Thomas L. Williams was appointed 
 vice White, but declined, and the 
 legislature declined to fill the va- 
 cancy. 
 
 Henry Crabb, appointed, vice Hay- 
 wood, in 1827 (died same year). 
 
 Nathan Green, 1831 
 
 SUPREME COURT UNDER CONSTITUTION OF 1834. 
 
 Nathan Green, 1835-53 (resigned). 
 William B. Reese, 1835-47. 
 William B. Turley, 1835-50 (resigned). 
 Robert J. McKinney, 1847-63 (served 
 
 till war discontinued courts). 
 Robert L. Caruthers, 1853-61. 
 W. F. Cooper, appointed in 1861 
 
 (served till war discontinued courts). 
 A. W. O. Totten {vice Turley), 1850- 
 
 55- 
 William R. Harris, 1855-58 (died). 
 Archibald Wright, 1858-63 (served 
 
 till war discontinued courts). 
 
 Russell Houston, from January 25, 
 
 1865, to August 24, 1865. 
 Samuel Milligan, from January 25, 
 
 1865, to January, 1867. 
 Henry G. Smith, from January 25, 
 
 1865, to January, 1867. 
 James O. Shackelford, from August 
 
 24, 1865, to 1867 (resigned). 
 Andrew McClain, 1867-70. 
 Alvin Hawkins, from June, 1867, to 
 
 1870. 
 George Andrews, from June, 1867, to 
 
 1870. 
 
 SUPREME COURT UNDER CONSTITUTION OF 1870. 
 
 T. A. R. Nelson, from 1870 to Decem- 
 ber 5, 1871 (resigned). 
 
 A. O. P. Nicholson, Chief Justice, from 
 1870 to March 23, 1876 (died). 
 
 J. W. Deaderick (Chief Justice, 1878- 
 84), 1870-84 (died). 
 
 Robert J. McFarland {vice Nelson), 
 from 1872 to 1884 (died). 
 
 Peter Turney (Chief Justice, 
 
 1870-93. 
 Thomas J. Freeman, 1870-86. 
 John L. T. Sneed, 1870-78. 
 William F. Cooper, 1878-86. 
 H. H. Lurton, 1886-93. 
 W. C. Fowlkes, 1886-90 (died) 
 B. J. Lea, 1890-94 (died). 
 
 1886), 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 XXXI 
 
 PRESENT SUPREME COURT. 
 
 ELECTED FOR EIGHT YEARS, i8Q4. 
 
 1. D. L. Snodgrass, Chief Justice, 
 
 1 886-. 
 
 2. W. C. Caldwell, Assistant Justice, 
 
 1886-. 
 
 3. W. D. Beard, 1894-. 
 
 4. John S. Wilkes, 1894-. 
 
 5. W. C. McAlister, 1894- 
 
 LIBRARIANS. 
 
 The office of State Librarian was created in 1854. Prior to that time the 
 Secretary of State had been ex officio Librarian. See Chapter XXV. 
 
 Return J. Meigs, 1854-61. 
 John E. Hatcher, 1861-65. 
 A. Gattinger, 1865-69. 
 William H. Wharton, 1869-71. 
 Mrs. Paralee Haskell, 1871-79. 
 Mrs. S. P. Hatton, 1879-87. 
 
 Mrs. Sue P. Lowe, 1887-91. 
 Mrs. Linnie Williams, 1891-95. 
 Mrs. Irene Ingram, 1895-97. 
 Miss Pauline L. Jones, 1897-99. 
 Miss Jennie E. Lauderdale, 1899-. 
 
 LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN TENNESSEE. 
 
 (See Acts of 1889, Chapter 63.) 
 
 January i, New Year's Day. 
 
 February 22, Washington's Birthday. 
 
 Good Friday. 
 
 April 26, Memorial Day. 
 
 May 30, Decoration Day. 
 
 July 4, Independence Day. 
 
 Thanksgiving. 
 
 December 25, Christmas Day. 
 
 All General Election Days. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abolitionists. t8o, 195, 197. 
 
 Adams, John <^umcy, 152, 189. 
 
 Admission of Tennessee, 105. 
 
 Adventurers, 29-33. 
 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College, 
 
 Alabama, Indian war in, 126. 
 
 Alamance Creek, 37, 40. 
 
 Alamo, 167. 
 
 Alexander, Abraham, 39, 
 
 Alexander, John, 39. 
 
 Allen, Eliza, 142. 
 
 Ambrister, 133. 
 
 Amendment, thirteenth, 220. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph, 117. 
 
 Anderson, S. R., 202. 
 
 Annapolis, 196. 
 
 Anti-federalists, 115, 184. 
 
 Aranda, Count, 97. 
 
 Arbuthnot, 133. 
 
 Armstrong, Jennie, 264. 
 
 " Articles of Association," 54. 
 
 Asbury, Bishop, in. 
 
 Ashe, John, 38. 
 
 Asher's Station, 87. 
 
 Atkins, J. D. C, 222. 
 
 Bahama Islands, cession of, 95. 
 
 Baird, John, 102. 
 
 Balch, Hezekiah, in. 
 
 Banks, 131, 132, 162, 232. 
 
 Barancas, Fort, 26, 96. 
 
 Barnes, Mr., 138. 
 
 Bate, William B., 167, 232, 243, 244. 
 
 Bean, Russell, 44. 
 
 Bean, William, 33, 44, 55, 60, 63. 
 
 Beasley, John R., 243. 
 
 Beauregard, General, 204. 
 
 Bell, John, 153, 198, 276. 
 
 Belmont, battle at, 203. 
 
 Benton, Jesse, 126. 
 
 Benton, Thomas H., 126. 
 
 Big Salt Lick, 84, 87. 
 
 Billingsly, W. M., 273. 
 
 Black, William, 117. 
 
 Bledsoe, loi. 
 
 Bledsoe's Station, 87. 
 
 Blind, school for, 162, 
 
 " Bloody First," 173. 
 
 Blount, Barbara, 264. 
 
 Blount College, in, 264. 
 
 Blount, William, territorial governor, loi; 
 
 Indian troubles, 103-105; chairman consti- 
 264. tutional convention, 115, 116; senatoi, 117; 
 
 charges against, 119. 
 Blount, Willie, 117, 122-129. 
 Bluffs, battle of the, 91. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 123. 
 Boone, Daniel, 27, 62. 
 Boone Creek, 27, 33. 
 Bounds, Thomas, 116. 
 Bowling, F. M., 273. 
 Bowling Green, 202. 
 Bowyer, Lewis, 55. 
 Boyds Creek, 74. 
 Bragg, Braxton, 204, 205. 
 Breckenridge, John C, 197. 
 Brown, Aaron Vail, opposes Hugh L. White, 
 
 153; administration of, 164-167; charges 
 
 against, 170; in southern convention, 172; 
 
 Postmaster General, 276. 
 Brown, Jacob, 44, 55. 
 Brown, John, 197. 
 Brown, John C, 229, 231-234. 
 Brown, Neill S., 170, 171, 231, 276. 
 Brown, Mr., 104. 
 " Brownlow Debt," 233. 
 Brownlow, William G., 157, 220-223. 
 Brown's Store, 44, 45, 54. 
 Buchanan, James, 166, 180. 
 Buchanan, John P., 249-251, 253. 
 Buchanan's Station, 104. 
 Buckingham. Nathaniel A., 116. 
 Buckner, Simon B., 202. 
 Buel, General, 204. 
 Buffalo Ridge, in. 
 Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines, 
 
 179. 
 Burnside, General, 206. 
 
 Cabot, John, 13. 
 Cage, William, 80. 
 Cairo, 203. 
 
 California, admission of, 197. 
 Camden, 68. 
 
 Cameron, Alexander, 56, 68. 
 Campbell, David. 79, 80, 82, loi. 
 xxxiii 
 
XXXIV 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Campbell, George W., 276. 
 
 Campbell, William B., 69, 70, 167, 172, 175. 
 
 Canada won by the English, 25. 
 
 Cannon, Newton, 153, 154, 159. 
 
 Capital, state, 162. 
 
 Capitol, state, 146, 162. 
 
 Carolina. See North Carolina and South 
 
 Carolina. 
 Carpetbaggers, 226. 
 Carrick, Samuel, in. 
 Carroll, William, 126, 129, 140, 141, 145-149, 
 
 153- 
 Carter, John, 55, 59, 60. 
 Carter, Landon, 79, 80, 82, 117. 
 Carter, Mr., 44. 
 
 Carters Valley Settlement, 44, 54. 
 Cass, Lewis, 171. 
 Castalian Springs, 84. 
 Castleman, 92, loi. 
 Caswell, Governor, 81. 
 Caswell, W. R., 202. 
 Catron, John, 153, 276. 
 Centennial. Tennessee, 255-258. 
 Central Tennessee College, 262. 
 Cession to United States, 78. 
 Champlain, 13, 24. 
 Chapman, Thomas, 80. 
 Charles II., 14. 
 Charleston, 68, 198. 
 Chattanooga, 205, 206. 
 Cheatham, Benjamin Franklin, 167, 202, 211, 
 
 212, 233, 277. 
 Cheatham, Mrs., 63. 
 Cherokees, 19, 21, 33, 45, 56. 
 Chickamauga Creek, 75, 205. 
 Chickamaugas, 20, 21, 74. 
 Chickasaw Bluffs, 134. 
 Chickasaws, 20, 21, 45, 125, 133, 138. 
 Chisholm. J., 60. 
 Choctaws, 20, 125. 
 Christian Brothers' College, 262. 
 Churches, 112. 
 Civil War, 184-207, 277. 
 Clarendon Grant, 10, 15. 
 Clarion, The, 153. 
 Clark, George Rogers, 86. 
 Clirke, William, 60. 
 Clay, Henry, 152, 156, 163, 164. 
 Cleveland, Colonel, 69. 
 Cobb, William, 60. 
 Cocke, William, 58, 82, 102, 117, 126. 
 Coffee, John, 126, 129. 
 Cole, E. W., 263. 
 
 Colleges, no, in, 262. See Schools. 
 Colonies, 29, 34, 35. 
 Columbus, Christopher, 11. 
 Columbus, Kentucky, 202. 
 
 " Committee of Notables," 63. 
 
 " Committee of Thirteen," 54, 60, 64. 
 
 " Compact of Government," 87, 92. 
 
 Confederacy, 198, 226. See Civil War. 
 
 Confederate Army, 202-204, 277. See Civil 
 
 War. 
 Conservatives, 222. 
 Constitution, of North Carolina, 59. 
 
 of Tennessee, 105, 116, 118, 146, 229, i-xxv. 
 
 of United States, 194. 
 Continental Congress, 39. 
 Convention, Constitutional, 115, 147, 229. 
 
 Hartford, 188. 
 
 Mecklenburg, 39. 
 
 Nashville, 219. 
 
 Revision, 219, 220. 
 
 Slaveholders', 196. 
 
 Southern, 172. 
 Coosa River, 75. 
 Corinth, Mississippi, 203. 
 Cornwallis, 68, 69, 71. 
 Cotton gin, 193. 
 
 Counties, 42, 43, 102, 103, 135, 136. 
 Courts reformed, 146, 147. 
 Cowpens, 69. 
 
 Crawford, William H., 152. 
 Creek War, 125-127, 277. 
 Creeks, 20, 21, 125-128, 132. 
 Crockett, David, 153, 168, 169. 
 Cuba, 95. 
 
 Cumberland, Duke of, 26. 
 Cumberland Gap, 202-204. 
 Cumberland Settlements, 84-89 92, 97, 98. 
 Cumberland University, 262. 
 Cummins, Charles, in. 
 
 Dalton, Georgia, 206. 
 
 " Dark and Bloody Ground," 22. 
 
 Davidson Academy, in. 
 
 Davidson County, 93-94. 
 
 Davis, President, 202. 
 
 De Mumbreun, Captain, 85. 
 
 De Pcyster, 70, 71. 
 
 De Soto, 23, 24. 
 
 Deaf Mutes, School for, 162. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 39. 
 
 Democratic Republicans, 115, 152, 184. 
 
 Democrats, 152, 156, 161, 172, 180, 219, 229. 
 
 Doak, Samuel, no, in. 
 
 Doherty, George, 102. 
 
 Donelson, Andrew Jackson, 172, 276 
 
 Donelson, Fort, 202, 203. 
 
 Donelson, John, 86. 
 
 Donelson, Stockley, 102. 
 
 Douglas, Charles H., 273. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 197. 
 
 *' Dragging Canoe," 56, 58. 
 
INDEX 
 
 XXXV 
 
 Dred Scott Decision, 197. 
 Dunmore, Lord, 73. 
 Dutch, 191, 192. 
 
 " Eagle Orator," 175. 
 Earthquakes, 122, 123. 
 East Tennessee University, 264. 
 Eaton, John H., 276. 
 Eaton's Station, 87. 
 Echota, 75. 
 Edwards, R. M., 240. 
 Emancipation, 196, 197. 
 Emancipation Proclamation, 220. 
 Ema7icipator, The, 195. 
 Embree, Elihu, 195. 
 English claims, 13. 
 English Parliament, 35. 
 English settlements, 24, 26, 27. 
 Enoree River, 68. 
 Etheridge, Emerson, 222, 237. 
 Evans, H. Clay, 255. 
 Explorers, 23-28. 
 
 Fairs, 179. 
 
 Farmers' Alliance, 249. 
 
 Farragut, David Glascoe, 213, 214. 
 
 " Father of Middle Tennessee," 63, 92. 
 
 Fayetteville, 226. 
 
 Federal Army, 203, 204, 225. See Civil War. 
 
 Federal government, 184-186. 
 
 Federalists, 115, 184. 
 
 Ferguson, Patrick, 68-71. 
 
 " Fifty and four " proposition, 239. 
 
 " Fifty and three " settlement, 244. 
 
 Filibusters, 208. 
 
 Fishing Creek, 202. 
 
 Fisk University, 262. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Morgan C, 273. 
 
 Fleming, John M., 234. 
 
 Florida, 25, 95, 128, 132, 154. 
 
 Ford, James, 102, 103. 
 
 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 212, 213, 277. 
 
 Foster, Ephraim H., 153, 164, 166. 
 
 Fowler, James A., 259. 
 
 " Franchise Acts," 221. 
 
 Franklin, battle of, 206. 
 
 Franklin, State of, 65, 78-83. 
 
 Freeland's Station, 87. 
 
 Freeman, Alfred A., 231. 
 
 French claims, 13. 
 
 French Lick, 24, 84, 86. 
 
 French settlements, 24. 
 
 Fugitive Slave Law, 185. 
 
 Fussell, J. H., 243. 
 
 Garrett, W, R., 271. 
 Gasper's Station, 87. 
 Gates, General, 68. 
 
 TENN. 
 
 " General Arbitrators," 88. 
 Gentry, Meredith P., 175. 
 George IIL, 30, 37. 
 Gilmore, James R., 71. 
 Gist, Benjamin, 60. 
 Gomley, Thomas, 55. 
 Government, Federal, 184-186. 
 
 military, 217, 219, 225. 
 
 of colonies, 29, 34, 35. 
 
 of pioneers, 54. 
 
 provisional, 225. 
 
 state, 115-118, 140, 141, 147, 217. 
 
 territorial, loi, 102, 118. 
 " Graded interest settlement," 242. 
 Grangers, 249. 
 
 Grant, General, 203-205, 211, 233. 
 (jreeley, Horace, 234. 
 Greenback party, 239. 
 Greene College, in. 
 Greeneville, 79, in. 
 Greer, Andrew, 60. 
 Griswold, Roger, 189. 
 Grundy, Felix, 153, 154, 276. 
 
 Haile, John, 59. 
 
 Halifax, 59. 
 
 Hall, Allen A., 153, 276. 
 
 Hall, William, 129, 141-143. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 115. 
 
 Hard Labor, 32. 
 
 Hardee, William J., 202. 
 
 Hardin, Joseph, 102. 
 
 Harris, Isham Greene, 180-182, 198, 199 276 
 
 Harris, Jeremiah, 157. 
 
 Harrison, William Henry, 156, 157. 
 
 Hartford Convention, 188. 
 
 Haskell, W. T., 167. 
 
 Hatton, Robert, 180. 
 
 Hawkins, Alvin, 240-243. 
 
 Hawkins, Samuel, 249 
 
 Heaton's Station, 56, 57. 
 
 Henderson, Richard, 62, 84. 
 
 Henry, Fort, 202, 203. 
 
 Henry, Gustavus A. (Eagle Orator), 175. 
 
 Hiawassee River, 75. 
 
 " Hickory Ground," 127. 
 
 Hillhouse, James, 188. 
 
 Honeycut, Mr., 63. 
 
 Hood. General, 206. 
 
 Horseshoe, battle of the, 127. 
 
 Houghton, Thomas, 60. 
 
 Houston, Sam, 82, 129, 141, 142. 
 
 Huguenots, 64. 
 
 Huntsville, 126. 
 
 " Immortal Thirteen," 161, 166. 
 " Income Tax Bill," 260. 
 
 HIST. — 20 
 
XXXVl 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Indian Commissioners, 30. 
 
 Indian raids, 57, 58, 88, 132. 
 
 Indian wars, 46, 73-76; in Middle Tennessee, 
 103-105; Creek War, 125-127; Seminole 
 War, 132, 133. 
 
 Indians, 17 22; rights of, 13, 30, 31; in Inter- 
 colonial wars, 25, 29; destroy Fort Loudon, 
 27; land bought from, 45, 134; attack Cum- 
 berland Settlement, 91 ; Spaniards aid, 96, 
 97. ?>ce.Cherokees,Chicka}tia7tgits,Chick- 
 asaws,Chocta2f.<s, Creeks, Iroquois, Semi- 
 fioles, Shaivnees. 
 
 Insane, hospital for, 146, 148. 
 
 Insurrection among coal miners, 250, 251. 
 
 " Intercolonial Wars," 25, 29, 35, 95. 
 
 Internal improvements, 146, 147, 161, 232. 
 
 Iroquois, 21, 32. 
 
 Isbell, Zach, 55, 60. 
 
 Island Hats, 58. 
 
 Island No. 10, 203, 204. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 150-153; names Tennessee, 
 105; representative in Congress, 117; judge 
 of the Superior Court, 118; in War of 1812, 
 124, 125; in Creek War, 126; Major General 
 United States Army, 128, 129; in Seminole 
 War, 133; President, 185. 
 
 Jackson, Howell E , 276. 
 
 Jamestown, 24, 192. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 115, iig, 185, 188, 194. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, one of " Immortal Thir- 
 teen," 161; Governor of Tennessee, 175- 
 177; Military Governor, 204, 219; President, 
 225; candidate for Congress, 233; United 
 States senator, 237. 
 
 Johnson, Cave, 153, 276. 
 
 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 202-204. 
 
 Jones, James Chamberlain, 159-164. 
 
 Jones, John, 55. 
 
 Jones, Wharton S., 273. 
 
 Jonesboro, 67, 79. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 197, 
 
 Kelly, Alexander, 102. 
 
 Kentucky, 73, 135. 
 
 " Kentucky Resolutions," 185. 
 
 Key, David M., 237, 276. 
 
 Kilvington, W. C, 263. 
 
 Kings Mountain, 64, 69-71, 277. 
 
 Knox, General, 136. 
 
 Knoxville, capital at, 102, 116; Constitu- 
 tional Convention at, 105, 115; Blount 
 College founded near, in; named for Gen- 
 eral Knox. 136; legislature at, 162; army 
 headquarters at, 202; battles of, 206. 
 
 Ku Klux Klan, 226-229. 
 
 La Salle, 13, 24. 
 
 Lacy, Hopkins, 102. 
 
 Lambert, Jeremiah, iii. 
 
 Land warrants, 31, 32. 
 
 Lane, Tidence, 11 1. 
 
 Lea, Margaret, 142. 
 
 Lebanon, 262. 
 
 Lee', General, 206. 
 
 Legislature, territorial, 102; state, 116, 162. 
 
 Lewis, General, 73. 
 
 Lexington, 38. 
 
 Library, state, 178. 
 
 Lincoln, President, 182, 198, 199, 219. 
 
 Longstreet, General, 206. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, 205, 206. 
 
 Loudon, Fort, 27. 
 
 Louisiana, 24, 119, 169, 188. 
 
 Louisville, 203. 
 
 Lowry, John, 117. 
 
 " Loyal League," 226, 228. 
 
 Lucas, Robert, 55, 60. 
 
 Lundy, Benjamin, 195, 
 
 Lynn, Henry J., 242. 
 
 McClellan, General, 219. 
 
 McClung, Polly, 264. 
 
 McDowell, General, 68. 
 
 McGillivray, Alexander, 97, 98. 
 
 McMaihen, Jno. , 60. 
 
 McMillin, Benton, 259, 260, 273. 
 
 McMinn, Joseph, 102, 131-139. 
 
 McNabb, Jno , 60. 
 
 McNabb, William, 60. 
 
 McNairy, John, 117. 
 
 Mackall, General, 203. 
 
 Maclin, William, 115, 117. 
 
 Madison, James, 185. 
 
 Mansker, Casper, 86, 92. 
 
 Marblehead, 188. 
 
 Marks, Albert S. , 237-240. 
 
 Marling, John L., 276. 
 
 Martin Academy, no. 
 
 Mason, Charles, 273. 
 
 Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 213. 
 
 Maynard, Horace, 211, 212, 233, 236, 237, 
 
 276. 
 " Mecklenburg Resolutions," 39, 40. 
 Meigs, R. J , 178. 
 Memphis, 136, 137, 202, 204. 
 Mennonites, 193. 
 Mexican War, 142, 166-169, 277. 
 Middle Tennessee settled, 84-89, 92, 97, 
 
 98. 
 Military government, 217, 219, 225. 
 Mill Springs, battle of, 203. 
 Mimms, Fort, 125. 
 Miners' insurrection, 250, 251. 
 
INDEX 
 
 XXXVll 
 
 Minutemen, 36. 
 
 " Miro District," loi. 
 
 Miro, Don Estevan, 100. 
 
 Missionary Ridge, 205. 
 
 Mississippi River, Spanish control, 96, 97, 
 
 100, 103; Americans control, 119; in Civil 
 
 War, 203. 
 Missouri Compromise, 197. 
 Mobile, 12S, 214. 
 Monroe, President, 132, 133. 
 Montgomery, 198. 
 Moultrie, William, 68. 
 Murfreesboro, 162, 205. 
 Murrel, John A., 154. 
 
 Nash, Colonel, 136. 
 
 Nashborough, 87, 91. 
 
 Nashville, 87; named for Colonel Nash, 136; 
 hospital for insane at, 148; legislature at, 
 162; State Fair at, 179; army headquarters 
 at, 202; battle of, 206; convention at, 219, 
 centennial at, 255-258. 
 
 Nashvitle Utu'on, 153. 
 
 National Observatory, 213. 
 
 National Republicans, 152, 153. 
 
 Navy, reforms in, 213. 
 
 Negro schools, 234, 262, 268. 
 
 Negroes, 170, 184, 226. See Slavery. 
 
 Netherland, John, 180. 
 
 New Orleans, 95, 128, 214. 
 
 Newspapers, 153, 157. 
 
 Nicaragua, 209. 
 
 Nicholls, Colonel. 128 
 
 Nicholson, A. O P., 172. 
 
 Nickojack Expedition, 104, 105. 
 
 " Nollichucky Jack," 76. 
 
 Nollichucky Settlement, 45, 54. 
 
 North Carolina, Tennessee part of, 15, 45; 
 Watauga Association annexed to, 59; cedes 
 Tennessee to U. S., 78; Franklin State 
 formed in, 79-83. 
 
 Northwest Territory, 194. 
 
 " Notables," 88. 
 
 Nueces River, 167. 
 
 Nullification, 184-189. 
 
 " Nullification Ordinance," 185. 
 
 Oconostota, 84 
 
 " Old Abraham," 56, 58, 
 
 " Old Frank," 211. 
 
 " Old Guard," 269. 
 
 " Old Hickory," 127. 
 
 " Ordinance of 1787," 194. 
 
 Ordinance of secession, 199. 
 
 Ore, Major, 104, 105. 
 
 Over-mountain men, 69. 
 
 Paine, Thomas H., 244, 271, 273. 
 
 Parker, Mr., 44. 
 
 Parliament, English, 34, 35. 
 
 Patterson, Martha, 177. 
 
 Peabody Educational Fund, 266. 
 
 Peabody, George, 265. 
 
 Peabody Normal College, 262, 266. 
 
 Pendleton, George H., 219. 
 
 Penitentiary lease system, 247, 250, 251, 
 254- 
 
 Penitentiary, state, 146, 148. 
 
 Pennsylvania Personal Liberty Bill, 185, 186. 
 
 Pensacola, 128, 133. 
 
 Perryville, 205. 
 
 Personal Liberty Bill, 185, 186. 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, 172, 173. 
 
 Pillow, Fort, 202-204. 
 
 Pillow, Gideon Johnson, 167, 202, 209. 
 
 Pioneers, 44-51, 107-113. 
 
 Pirates, river, 154, 155. 
 
 Pittsburg Landing, 204. 
 
 Plumer, Governor, 188. 
 
 Point Pleasant, 73. 
 
 Political Reconstruction, 219-223. 
 
 Polk, James K., Governor of Tennessee, 154- 
 156: stump-speaking of, 159, 160; in Mexi- 
 can War, 167; President, 163-165, 275; 
 Speaker of House, 276. 
 
 Polk, Mrs., 244. 
 
 Polk, Leonidas, 202, 210. 
 
 Polk, William H., 276. 
 
 Pontiac's W"ar, 30. 
 
 Port Royal, 24. 
 
 Porter, James D., 236, 237. 
 
 Postage stamps, 276. 
 
 Price, Thomas, 60. 
 
 Prohibition amendment, 248. 
 
 " Prophet," The, 125. 
 
 Provincial Congress of North Carolina, 59. 
 
 Provisional governments, 225. 
 
 Prudhomme, Fort, 24. 
 
 Public schools, 234. See Schools. 
 
 Quebec, 24. 
 Quincy, Josiah, 188. 
 
 Radicals, 222. 
 
 Railroads, 148. 
 
 Raines, John, 86, 101. 
 
 Ramsey, Francis A., 82, 116. 
 
 " Raven," The, 56. 
 
 " Rear Guard of the Revolution," 71. 
 
 Reconstruction, domestic, 215-218. 
 
 political, 219-223, 225. 
 Reelfoot River, 123. 
 Reeves, Charlotte, 62. 
 Regulators, 36, 37. 
 
XXXVlll 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Religion, iii, 112. 
 
 Republicans, 219, 229. 
 Democratic, 152, 184. 
 National, 152, 153. 
 
 Revision Convention, 219, 220. 
 
 Revolutionary War, 34-40, 68-71. 
 
 Rhea, John, 117. 
 
 Richmond, Kentucky, 204. 1 
 
 Right of search, 123. | 
 
 Rio Grande River, 167. 
 
 River pirates, 154, 155. 
 
 Roane, Archibald, 117, 118, 120. 
 
 Robertson, Charles, 55, 59, 60. 
 
 Robertson, James, 62-64; in " Committee of 
 Thirteen," 55; in Indian wars, 58, 73, 103- 
 105; justice of peace, 60; chairman of 
 "Notables," 63, 88; at French Lick, 86; 
 called " Father of Middle Tennessee," 92; 
 representative in North Carolina legisla- 
 ture, 92; brigadier general, loi ; and Span- 
 ish Governor, 100, loi. 
 
 Robertson, Mrs., 91. 
 
 Roger Williams University, 262. 
 
 Rogersville, 102. 
 
 Roulstone, George, 102. 
 
 Running Water, 104. 
 
 Russell, George, 55, 60. 
 
 Rutherford, Governor, 68. 
 
 Rutherford, Griffith, 102. 
 
 Rutlage, George, 102. 
 
 Salem, Tennessee, no. 
 San Antonio, 167. 
 San Diego, 208. 
 San Jacinto, 142. 
 Santa Anna, 168. 
 Savannah, Georgia, 68. 
 Schools, 108-110, 171, 234, 244, 260-273. 
 Schools for Blind and Deaf Mutes, 162,262,263. 
 Scott, Winfield, 173. 
 Sears, Dr., 268. 
 
 Secession, 182, 184-189, 198, 199, 225. 
 Secession of Tennessee, 181, 199. 
 Seminole War, 132, 133, 154. 
 Seminoles, 127, 132. 
 Senter, D. W. C, 223, 225-229. 
 Settlement, of East Tennessee, 32, 33, 40, 44, 
 45, 53-60. 
 
 of Middle Tennessee (Cumberland), 84-89, 
 92, 97, 98. 
 
 of West Tennessee, 133-136. 
 Settlements, English, 24, 26, 27. 
 Settlements, French, 24. 
 Sevier, John, 64, 65; in Watauga Association, 
 
 55; in Indian wars, 58, 74, 75; delegate to 
 
 Provincial Congress, 59; justice of peace, 60; 
 
 Colonel Washington County, 67; in Revo- 
 
 lutionary War, 68, 69, 71, 277; Governorr 
 State of Franklin, 79, 80; tried for treason, 
 82 ; fame of, 82 ; Brigadier General East Ten- 
 nessee, loi ; member Legislative Council, 
 102; Governor of Tennessee, 117, 118, 120. 
 Sevier, John, Jr., 115, 117. 
 Sevier, Valentine, 60, 73. 
 SeWanee, 210. 
 Shawnees, 21, 125. 
 Shelby, Evan, 73, 74. 
 
 Shelby, Isaac, Colonel Sullivan County, 67; 
 in Revolutionary War, 68, 69, 71; subdues 
 Indians, 73; purchases West Tennessee, 133. 
 Shelby, John, Jr., 60. 
 Shelbyville, 205. 
 
 Sherrill, Katherine (" Bonnie Kate"), 64. 
 Shiloh, 204. 
 
 Shoat, Christopher, 102. 
 Signal service bureau, 2x3. 
 " Sixty and six " compromise, 239. 
 " Sky-Blues," 243. 
 Slaveholders' convention, 196. 
 Slavery, 191 ; strife over admission of Texas, 
 170; party conflict about, 184; abolished, 
 220. See Civil War. 
 Smith, Frank M., 271. 
 
 Smith, James, 55. 
 
 Sonora, 208. 
 
 Sons of Liberty, 36. 
 
 South. See Civil War. 
 
 South Carolina, 15, 185, 188. 
 
 South Western Baptist University, 262. 
 
 South Western Presbyterian University, 262. 
 
 Southampton, 196. 
 
 Southern convention, 172. 
 
 Spain, 95-98, 132, 133. 
 claims of, 12, 26. 
 
 Spanish explorations, 23. 
 
 Spencer, Thomas Sharpe, 84, 85, 92. 
 
 St. Marks, 133. 
 
 Stanwix, Fort, 32, 73. 
 
 State Board of Education, 266. 
 
 State commanders, 202. 
 
 State debt, 162, 229, 232, 238, 242, 244. 
 
 State governrpent, 115-118, 140, 141, 147, 217. 
 
 State, growth of, 154. 
 
 State Guard, 252. 
 
 State Library, 178. 
 
 State's rights party, 184. 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 234. 
 
 State Teachers' Association, 268. 
 
 Stearns, Dr. Eben S., 266. 
 
 Stewart, Virgil, 155. 
 
 Stinson, J. G., 273. 
 
 Stokes, William B., 223. 
 
 Stones River, 87. 
 
INDEX 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Stuart, James, 60, 68, 117. 
 Sub Commission, 260, 271, 
 SulfiVan County, 67. 
 Sullivans Island, 68. 
 Sumter, Fort, 198. 
 
 Talbot, Thomas, 80. 
 
 Tallapoosa River, 127. 
 
 Tariff, 184. 
 
 Tatham, William, 55. 
 
 Tatum, Howell, 117. 
 
 Taylor, Alfred A., 246. 
 
 Taylor, Leroy, 102. ^ 
 
 Taylor, Parmenas, 102. 
 
 Taylor, Robert C, 246-249, 256. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary, 167, 170, 171. 
 
 Teachers' Institute, 269. 
 
 Tecumseh, 125. 
 
 Tellico River, 75. 
 
 Tennessee Centennial, 255-258. 
 
 Tennessee County, 102, 103. 
 
 Tennessee Historical Society, 178. 
 
 Tennessee Industrial School, 262, 263. 
 
 Territorial government, 101-103. 
 
 Territory, 100-105. 
 
 Texas, 142, 166, 167, 189, 197. 
 
 Thirteen English colonies, 29, 95. 
 
 Thirteenth amendment, 220. 
 
 Thomas, General, 203. 
 
 Tilghman, Lloyd, 202. 
 
 Tipton, John, 80, 82, 102, 118, 138. 
 
 Tohopeka, 127. 
 
 Tories, 36, 54, 59, 68. 
 
 Transylvania, 62. 
 
 " Transylvania Company," 64. 
 
 Travis, Williim, 167. 
 
 Treaty, between England and France, 28, 29. 
 
 between United States and Spain, 119. 
 
 ending War of 1812, 128. 
 
 with Indians, 30, 33, 67. 
 Trousdale, Leon, 271. 
 Trousdale, William, 167, 171-173, 276. 
 Tryon, Governor, 37. 
 Tuckasege, 75. 
 Turney, H. L., 161. 
 Turney, Peter, 253-255. 
 Turney, Samuel, 161. 
 
 " Uniform Text-book Law," 260, 261, 271. 
 
 Union City, 202. 
 
 Union, Fort, 87. 
 
 University of Nashville, 266. 
 
 University of Tennessee, in, 262, 265. 
 
 University of the South, 210, 262. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, 152, 153, 156. 
 
 Vanderbilt University, 262. 
 
 Vicksburg, 155. 
 
 Virginia, 44. 
 
 " Virginia Resolutions," 185. 
 
 " Volunteer State." 129, 167. 
 
 Walker, Felix, 55. 
 
 Walker, Thomas, 26. 
 
 Walker, William, 208. 
 
 Walton, Jesse, 60. 
 
 " War Horse of Sumner County," 172. 
 
 War, Civil, 184-207, 277. 
 
 Indian. See Indian Wars. 
 
 Intercolonial, 25, 29, 35, 95. 
 
 of 1812, 123-128, 277. 
 
 Revolutionary, 34-40, 68-71. 
 Ward, Edward, 140. 
 Ward, Nancy, 56, 75. 
 Washington College, no. 
 Washington County, 59, 60, 67, 78. 
 Washington District, 56, 59. 
 Watauga Association, 44, 53-60, 63, in 
 Watauga, Fort, 56, 57. 
 Wear, Samuel, 102. 
 Weather bureau. 213. 
 Weathersford, William, 125-127. 
 West Indies, 11, 191. 
 West Tennessee, 133-136. 
 Wharton, A. D., 273. 
 Wheels, 249. 
 Whig, The, 153, 220. 
 Whigs, 36, 59, 153, 156, 161, 173, 180. 
 White, Hugh L., 152, 153, 276. 
 White, James, 102. 
 White, Richard, 60. 
 Whitney, Eli, 193. 
 Wilkinson, General, 124. 
 Williams, James, 276. 
 Williams, Thomas H., 117. 
 Wilson, Benjamin, 60. 
 Wilson, David, 102. 
 Wilson, Joseph, 60. 
 Wilson, S. F., 240. 
 Winchester, James, 102, 116. 
 Winstead, George W., 253. 
 Wisener, W. H , 229, 231. 
 Wolcott, Governor, 188. 
 Wolf's Hill, 44, 54. 
 Womac, Jacob, 55, 60. 
 Woods, Michael, 60. 
 Wright, John V., 240. 
 
 Zollicoffer, Felix X., 202, 203. 
 
^900 
 
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