JOURNAL OF THOMAS WALLCUT, IN 1790. WITH NOTES BY GEORGE DEXTER. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, for October, 1879. CAMBRIDGE: UNIVERSITY PRESS : JOHN WILSON AND SON. 1879. 15 ?^ OF w^s^^^' THOMAS WALLCUT'S JOURNAL. ' T a stated meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Soci- held Oct. 9, 1879, Mr. George Dexter communicated the ' jvving journal kept during a visit to Marietta, Ohio, and . the return journey to Philadelphia, by Thomas Wallcut, le of the founders of the Society and its first Recording ecretary. This journal had been found among Mr. Wall- it's papers, presented by his nephew, the Rev. Robert F. ^allcut, at the September meeting. An appreciative and touching memoir of Mr. Wallcut has been prepared by this nephew for the second volume of the Early Proceedings of the Society (pp. 193-208). From this it appears that he invested all his pay as hospital steward in the Revolutionary war, in a share of the Ohio Company, then just formed, and an enterprise in which many officers and soldiers of the Continental Army were interested. In 1789 he decided to visit the new settlement, without, however, any definite plan of remaining there permanentl}'. Among his papers is a copy of a letter from General Rufus Putnam, dated August 14, 1789, in which information is given as to the best way of reaching the Muskingum ; and two draughts of a let- ter to his. friend George R. Minot, from Ohio, dated October 31 and November 3, 1789, have been found also. From these draughts it appears that he arrived at Marietta on the 26th of October, having left Boston early in September, in a schooner (" Captain Snow "), and having had a rough passage of twenty-four days to Baltimore. Resting here four days, he tells Mr. Minot he found a conveyance for his portmanteau in a wagon, and started on foot for Wheeling, on the evening of October 1st, arriving there on the evening of the 20th. The only remark he makes about the journey is a comment on the wretched cabins of the settlers along the road on which he travelled ; " even for two hundred miles in Penn- sylvania, before I came to the Ohio," he says ; and he ex- presses a hope that " our people will be the means of intro- ducing more ambition and a better taste for building, as soon as we can turn our attention from the first and essential requisites of settling a new country." He remained but one day and two nights in Wheeling, and spent four days and a half in walking down to Marietta, having joined Mr. Cutler there (a son of the Rev. Manasseh Cutler), and one other person whose name he does not give. He is much pleased with all he sees and hears in Marietta, but " has thought of traversing a considerable part of the country, and may per- haps go down to Orleans," with the expectation of returning by way of Charleston to Boston. Mr. Wallcut remained in Marietta from October 26, 1789, to March 8, 1790. If he kept a diar}^ during the early part of his visit, it must have been in another book, for this begins with the first leaf of the book, *' Wednesday, January 20, 1790." It is a compact little volume, five inches by three and a half, and oj^ens on the shorter edge. It is kept in a very neat and careful manner. Mr. Wallcut's habits were method- ical, and his handwriting almost a model for this generation of poor peimien. After his return to Boston, Mr. Wallcut did not immedi- ately lose his interest in Ohio. Among his correspondence is an occasional letter from a friend there, — Mr. Mood}-, with whom he boarded, or Paul Fearing, the first lawyer in the State. But occupation ancJ distance from his lands (the Ohio purchase was the only financial investment he ever made) caused a gradual decrease of attention. Wlien applied to by a friend in Marietta, he sent money from time to time to pay the taxes and other claims upon him. Some letters from William R. Putnam, who seems to have acted as his agent, are found among his papers. But gradually, piece by- piece, the land was sold for unpaid taxes, until finally, in 1838, he made a quitclaim deed of all his interest to Nahum Ward, for the sura of one hundred dollars. It may be of interest to some Ohio antiquary to note that Mr. Wallcut's land (as appears by a letter from Mr. Ward, dated December 17, 1831) consisted of " eight-acre lot, number 287 ; three acres, number 575 ; half-acre lot, number 1083 ; one hundred and sixty acres, number 1142 ; one-hundred-acre lot, number 498 ; six hundred and forty acres, and two hundred and sixty- two acres, number 13, in range number 15, town number 11."* In printing the diary, the language has been modernized somewhat, and a few passages of a strictly private or personal nature have been omitted. Wednesday, 20 January, 1790. It was perceived this morning that the River Mus[kingum] had fallen. When I got up it appeared to me it had fallen about a foot, and it continued to fall through the day, and faster much than it had risen. It froze considerably last night, and this is as cold or the coldest day I have felt iu the country. Went * In a copy whicli Mr. Wallcut has made of a letter from Benjamin Lynde Oliver to him from Zanesville, July 23, 1812, occurs the following: " With re- spect to your land, all the information I can obtain is this, — it originally con- tained five lots and a section and fraction. 1st lot, No. 287, of eiglit acres, was a very good piece of land, and worth $10 per acre, at least. This is not redeemable. 2d lot, No. 575, of three acres, is rough, hilly land, not worth the taxes paid on it. 3d lot. No. 1083, is a house-lot, one-half acre, situated near the bank of the Ohio, a quarter of a mile from the Hockhocking, valuable merely as good land. 4th lot, No. 1142, one hundred and sixty acres, lies about twenty miles from Marietta. It is at least three or four miles from any settlement. It is rich land, but hilly, worth fifty cents or seventy-five cents per acre; and, when there shall be any settlement near it, will rise, perhaps, to $2 per acre. 5th lot. No. 498, of one hundred acres, lies about eighty-five miles from Marietta, and separated from the Ohio by a small Congress lot. This is all good land ; one-half of it is what is called bottom-land, — that is, low, rich, flat land, near the river. This land is worth at least ^i or $i per acre. The section No. 13, containing six hundred and forty acres, lies about forty miles west by south from Marietta, about six miles west by south from Athens. It is partly rich, partly thin, hilly land. It is worth, on an average, aboat-$l per acre. Seventy-four acres are sold. Tlie fraction, two hundred and sixty-two acres, lies contiguous to the section, and is of the same value per acre." out with Captain Prince,* and cut some poles for the smoke house. In the evening went to Mr. Parsons's vendue f and l)id upon some linen, a pattern for a shirt. I went as high as two dollars, which was as much as I thought it might be afforded for here, but it went above me. Thursday, 21 January. The weather much moderated to-day, and our creek and pond before the house fell so that it is almost dry. I believe this morning the Muskingnm had fell six or eight feet from the highest state of the flood in about twenty-four hours. Friday, 22 January, 1790. t Sabbath, 24 January, 1790. A pleasant day. This morning Mr. Brockway, Mr. Dix, Mr. Cushing, and several others left this place on a voyage to Orleans. Their object is trade, as they have some flour, and perhaps to seek their fortune. Captain P. started the proposal of going down with them as far as Belle Praie § to view that settlement. I readily assented to it with Mr. Moody. || We carried with us a * Captain Joseph Prince was a hatter by trade. He came from Boston, and Dr. Hildretli says he removed from Marietta to Cincinnati. Among Mr. Wall- cut's papers is a letter from him from tliat place, dated June 14, 1811. See " Pio- neer History," p. .330. t General Samuel H. Parsons, one of the judges of the Territorj', and a direc- tor in the Ohio Company, was a distinguislied officer in the Continental army. He was drowned in the Big Beaver Creek in November, 1789. Perhaps the vendue was a sale of liis effects, for his son Enoch, who was witli him in Ohio, returned to Connecticut in April of this year. There is a biography of General Parsons in Dr. Hildreth's "Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio"; and a full Parsons family genealogy in the " New England Historical and Genealogical Register," vol. i. pp. 20o-275. There is also an account of his death in Craig's " Olden Time," vol. ii. p. 528. He was one of the first to call attention to the curious mounds and earthworks in the Ohio Territory. See Haven's " Archae- ology of tlie United States," p. 23. } Nothing but the date is entered. § For an account of the settlement and ejirly history of Belpre, see Hildreth's "Pioneer History," chapters xvi.-xix. There were three settlements, some little distance apart, but the Indian war caused the building of Farmers' Castle at the middle settlement, in wliich garrison all the inhabitants took slielter. Dr. Hildretli gives a picture of Farmers' Castle and a list of its inhabitants in 17'J2, indicating the house in which each family dwelt. At tiie time of Mr. Wallcut's visit Farmers' Castle had not been built. II Mr. Nathaniel Moody was a baker in Marietta, with wliom ^Ir. Walh'ut and liis friend, the doctor, boarded during Mr. Wallcut's visit. Among the Wall- cut papers are two letters from Mr. Moody written after Mr. Wallcut's return to Hoston. From Mr. Prince's letter, cited above, it appears that Mr. Moody went also to (,'incinnati, that he was unfortunate in business there, and that he returned to New England for a time. When Mr. Prince heard last of him, he was in Kentucky. couple of loaves of bread, a half gallon whiskey, and some smoked ven- ison, and went aboard about 11 or 12 o'clock. We stopped twice to land some other passengers and articles and proceeded down. We got to Waldo Putnam's about dark, one of Mr. Moody's acquaintance, and got lodging and mush and milk there for supper. Our bed was very good. This Waldo Putnam is a grandson of General Israel, and son of Colonel. He has been here to help his son begin his farm, has got him in a comfortable and prosperous way, and has gone home to Con- necticut. Waldo appears to be cut out for a farmer. Captain Miles and family live in one part of the honse, Captain llaskel, Mr. Davis, Mr. Dunton, and some others live altogether here.* Monday, 25 January, 1790. Walked up this morning to Major Cushing's and Colonel Battelle's, who both urged us to breakfast with them, t Captain Prince went to Major Cushing's ; Mr. Moody and I stayed at Colonel Battelle's, where we made our breakfast on mush and milk and hashed turkey. When we left home we intended to stay here but one night and to return to-day, but Messrs. P. and M. inclined to spend the day here to look all through the settlement. I acquiesced, though I would rather have gone home to-day, as it was very pleasant and mild, and we might not have so good an one to-morrow. We were asked to dine at Colonel Oliver's J by Captain George Ingersoll ; — had a good dish of boiled beef and pork, cabbage, turnips, potatoes, and Indian bread and wheat bread, and all served in a decent and hand- some clean manner. Colonel Oliver and Major Goodale § are out * Aaron Waldo Putnam went out to Ohio with his father, Colonel Israel Put- nam, in 1788. They settled at Belprc, where the son married Bathslieba Loring, daughter of Daniel Loring. Lives of both father and son are in Dr. Ilildreth's "Memoirs of the Pioneer Settlers." Captain Benjamin Miles was from Massa- chusetts. Major Jonathan Haskel had a farm at Belpre. He was afterward in the United States service, and is one of the pioneers whose lives Dr. Ilildreth has preserved. Hildreth mentions a Jonas Davis, an unmarried man, as one of the early settlers of Belpre. He was killed by the Indians in 1795. See " Pioneer History," pp. 388, 414. t Major Nathaniel Cuslnng of Massachusetts was the second conmiander of the Farmers' Castle at Belpre. Colonel Ebenezer Battelle was also from Mas- sachusetts, and a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1775. He served frequently as chaplain to the settlement. Dr. Hildreth gives lives of both in his " Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers." t Colonel Alexander Oliver was from the western part of Massachusetts. He had a large family of children, eleven in all. See Ilildreth's " Pioneer His- tory," p. o8{}. § Major Nathan Goodale was the first commander of the garrison at Farmers' Castle. He was taken prisoner by the Indians, and died in captivity. Dr. Hildreth gives a memoir of him. 8 with the exploriug committee down the Ohio at Kaiihawa. They went out for five or six weeks, but have sent up for more provision, and do not expect to come home until some time in February. We drank tea at Captain Dana's.* Mrs. Oliver, Mrs. Munsell, and Betsy Oliver, Mr. JMunsell, Captain Prince, Mr. Moody, and Ingersoll, and I went to Captain D.'s to drink tea. It was sunset when we were done, and the women had three miles to walk home. Captain D. lent his skiff to go down by water, which was gratefully accepted on account of the ladies. t Tuesday, 26 January, 1790. This morning a prospect of foul weather to-day. The wind very high and a little rain. I do not regret staying yesterday unless we should have a wet day home. We went up to Colonel Oliver's to breakfast with Messrs. Ingersoll and Mayo,t and Mr. Munsell, who came down with us to see his wife (Colonel O.'s daughter), and to carry her home to INI. We had to assist Mr. Munsell through politeness to help him carry the skiff home. So we worked her up with Mrs. Lucretia in her, which made it noon when we got to Captain Dana's. We then took our baiting or dinner, and finished the meat (dried venison) and bread we brought with us, and some whiskey they (Munsell and Mood)') bought here. By this time a canoe of hunters were going up with meat to sell at Marietta. Mr. Munsell went with his wife in that canoe home, and we set off between twelve and one, and walked a brisk and very steady pace (about fourteen miles), which brought us to the garrison at sunset. § We were detained some time in getting over, but got home at dark before tea. It is counted twelve miles to Little Kanhawa on the Virginia shore, and sev- enteen miles to the lower blockhouse in tiie Belle Praie settlement, and four or five miles to the settlement at Hocking. We were treated with * Mr. Wallcut has partly drawn his pen through the words, " we slept again at Waldo Putnam's in a good bed ; had mush and milk for supper." t Cai)tain William Dana was from Watertown, Massachusetts, and lived at the upper Belpre settlement. Betsy Oliver married the Hon. Daniel Symmes of Cincinnati. Mrs. Levi Munsell was her elder sister. The Munsells lived in Marietta, where, with Joseph Buell, Mr. Munsell built the first frame house in 1789. They had both been sergeants in General Harmar's regiment, and Buell liad kept a diary, extracts from which are printed by Dr. Ilildreth. J Daniel Mayo, from Boston, a gr.aduate of Harvard College, was one of the unmarried men at Belpre settlement. He taught the school tliere. § The garrison was Fort Harmar, built in 1785 by Major John Doughty, on the opposite bank of the Muskingum from Marietta. There is a woodcut of it, with a description (written by Dr. Ilildreth), in the first volume of Williams's " American Pioneer," and a better picture and account in the " Pioneer His- tory. " attention, politeness, and hospitality. This settlement is the most for- ward of any, containing about twenty families and a hundred souls. On our return liome we met Hutchinson* going down to the exploring committee alone in a skiff with one barrel of whiskey and three of flour at or below Kanhawa. In the evening went to Mr. Parsons's room, but the members were scattered till late, and the President, Mr. Fearing,t adjourned to to-morrow evening, t Wednesday, 27 January, 1790. Weather pleasant, but colder than for some days past. This evening it began to snow. The society met, and proceeded to consider and discuss the question referred to this meeting, viz. : "Is the civil Government of the Western Territory as it now stands, by the Ordinance of Congress, calculated to secure the peace, freedom, and prosperity of the people ; and what is wanting to obtain so desirable an object ? " The society were not unanimous in any opinion, except that the Oi'dinance or Constitution would admit of amendments that might be very salutary, but that it is well framed for a temporary Constitution, and, taking futurity into consideration, some additions and amendments are necessary and proper. They, however, considered it as a compact that Congress cannot break, or infringe, without mutual consent. Major Dean Tyler § was elected a member, having stood seven days in nomination. * Hildretli mentions a Thomas Hutchinson as an early settler at Marietta. See " Pioneer History," p. 317. t Paul Fearing was from Plymouth county, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard College in 1785. He was the first attorney admitted to practise in Oliio, and represented that state in Congress from 1801 to 1803. He died in 1822. Dr. Hildretli has included him in his " Early Pioneer Settlers." Enoch Parsons was the third son of General Parsons, and when only twenty 3"ears old received the appointment of recorder or register of the county of Washington, May 14, 1789. He resigned this otfice perliaps on account of his father's death, in April of the ne.xt year, and returned to his native state, Connecticut, where he afterward filled manj* offices. He was a man of some literary taste, and must have been a congenial companion for Mr. VVallcut. Among other offices held by him was that of president of the Connecticut branch of the United States Bank. He died in 184G. There is a memoir of iiim, with a portrait in the "New England Historical and Genealogical Register," vol. i. pp. 159-1G2. i This is the earliest reference to a debating society, of which mention is made more than once in the diary. § Major Tyler moved to Waterford on the Muskingum, a short distance above Marietta, wliere he was tlie first constable. He was an educated man, a graduate of Harvard College, and taught the school and conducted the relig- ious services of Watcrford. Dr. Hildreth has publislied a short sketch of his life. He was early appointed a subaltern officer of the garrison at Marietta. See Colonel May's " Journal and Letters," p. 72. 2 10 Questions were then pnt into tlie hat for the next evening's dehate. '•"Whotlior the AmericMn Statrs have, oontrariaiit to the rejiuhvtions of tlie Spanish Government, a riaht, foini(h'(l in tlie customs and laws of nations, to navigate tlie iSIississippi from its source to its mouth"; No. 1. Parsons. No. 2. '' Is the police of the city of Marietta equal to the good government of the same; and what alteration, if any, is nec- essary to that purpose"; Prince. No. o. "Whether capital punish- ment ought ever to be instituted ; if admitted, ought it to be intlicteil in any other case than where the criminal is guilty of murder"; Fearing. No. 4. Is the popular opinion true that the interests of the farmer, the mechanic, and the merchant are one and the same, inseparably con- nected ; or does this supposed oneness of interest exist anywhere but iu the brains of specuhuive theorists or prejudiced politicians; — or, in other words, is it not necessary in the nature of things, and to preserve harmony in a system, that some one interest or principle should pre- dominate? If so, which principfe or interest that should be, must be another question " ; T. AV. No. 1 was elected. IMr. Daniel Axe Louis Tylas, who was a member when the Con- stitution was forming, but before it was completed went a journey up to Pittsburgh, being now returned, was invited to sign the articles, which he did accordingly. When we adjourned it was at twelve or one. The snow had fell about two inches. Thursday, 28 January, 1790. Very cold to-day; as [cold as] I have felt it in this place, but not that biting, stinging cold that we have at home. This evening Anselm Tupper * arrived from another tour in the woods with his men all safe. Friday, 21) January. The cold continues as yesterday, but clear and pleasant. Plistered my hands in cutting wood on a large beech. In the evening attended Mr. Parsons's auction and bought six yards of Irish linen for two shirts for the doctor at 3s. per yard. It is good linen, and cheaper than can be got in this country. Such they tell me has been sold for Us. Bought two pounds coffee ; also Captain P. and Mr. S., two each, so that we are now like to have coffee for a change, I hope, while I stay. Tea has been our diet night and morning ever since I came, except twice. Saturday, 30 January, 1790. Spent the most of the day in reading more reviews, monthly and critical, borrowed of Mr. Parsons. Weather * Ansehn Tupper was tlio son of General Renjamin Tapper, a will kmiwn Revolutionary officer, and was one of the surveyors of the Ohio Company, lie was of tlie first company that huuled at Marietta, April 7, 1788. The lather arrived in the following August. 11 considerably moderated, and clear and pleasant. N. B. It should have been noted yesterday that Mrs. Sargent * died about one of the clock of childbed sickness. This evening retui-ned Colonel INIcigs and tlie exploring committee with him, among whom were Commodore Whipple and General Tupper.f They have returned two or three weeks sooner than they intended, but when they [were] about to proceed up the Hocking, the ice was so thick coming down as to prevent them. They propose going out again in a few days to finish. Lord's Day, 31 January, 1790. Pleasant and mild, the snow en- tirely gone. Did not go to meeting to-day, but attended the funeral of Mrs. Sargent in the afternoon. The obsequies were performed with decency and respect. Monday, 1 February, 1790. Weather I'ainy and unpleasant, but mild. Finished reading the critical and monthly reviews borrowed of Mr. Parsons. Mrs. INIoody inoculated to-day.-t Tuesday, 2 February. Weather miich as yesterday. The Court of Quarter Sessions stood adjourned to this da}', as the t^ame jury were held to serve at this court. About 10 or 11 the court opened, and some time was lost in collecting a jury, and thirteen being collected, INIr. Fearing, attorney, attended us to the south-cast blockhouse. Colonel Meigs's chamber. Indictments were laid before us against two men for fighting, Newell and Sargeant, hunters. Bills were found against them severally. Mr. Woodbridge,§ foreman, asked the Jury if we * Mrs. Wintlirop Sargent was Ilowena Tapper, sister of Anselni Tupper .and daughter of General Benjamin. Her liushand was tlie well-known secretary of the Oiiio Company, and of the Territory. Tiieir marriage on Fehruary 6, 1789, was tiie first solemnized in the Territory. General Rufus Putnam per- formed the eeremony. See Hildretii's " Pioneer History," p. 24'J. t Colonel Return J. Meigs, a distinguisiicd officer in tiie Revolution, was one of the surveyors of the Ohio Company. He reached Marietta five days after the first party. He became afterward tiie agent for the Cherokee Indians. His son, of the same name, was governor of Ohio from IHIO to 1814. Commodore Wiiip[)le was a well-known naval officer in the Revolutionary war. Pie died in 18H), aged 85. General Tupper served as major of Colonel Fellows's regiment at the siege of Boston, and made two gallant expeditions down the harbor. See Frothingham's " Siege of Boston," pp. 230, 242. Lives of all three of these pioneers may be found in Dr. Hildretii's series of biographies. t For an account of tiie introduction of the small-pox into Marietta, see Hildretii's " Pioneer History," p. 263. § Dudley Wooi (bridge succeeded Mr. Parsons as recorder or register, in April, 1700. See Pres. Andrews's " Washington County, and the Early Settle- ment of Ohio," p. 79. 12 had any thing more to present, and nothing being offered, I proposed for the consideration of tlie jurj- four articles of complaint to be pre- sented as grievances. I prefaced them with some observations on their necessity and propriety, and the informality of the paper. With leave of the foreman I read them. The question was taken whether the jury would take them up and act upon them. Passed affn-matively. As it was expected it would take some time to deliberate on them, and being near one o'clock, we adjourned to three o'clock. About half- past three the jury met and debated the four articles. 1st Grievance. No law exists against duelling, &c. 2d Grievance. No incorporation of Marietta, and therefore no way of providing for the poor and sick strangers. 3d Grievance. No law licensing and regulating taverns, &c. 4th Grievance. No law against the crime of buying and selling the human species.* On the first, only Mr. Winsor and myself voted for it. On the second, passed unanimously affirmative. On the third, passed by a majority of nine affirmatively. On the fourth, passed by a majority of eleven affirmatively. These presentments concluded by referring the court to two former cases of two negroes being sold, and [asking?] that they would concur with the jury in an application to the governor and judges for remedy of these complaints. The court dismissed the jury. Speech of Captain Jona. Morris in the grand jury on the article of duelling. I think every government ought to en- courage duelling. It would discourage cowards, and we want brave men to [illegible.'] His eye and his whole countenance spoke the same language.f * Among these Wallcut papers is a small scrap on wliich Mr. Wallcut has written these grievances. It is probably tlie paper from which he read them to the grand jury. The names of tlie first grand jury are preserved by Dr. Hil- dreth in his " Pioneer History," p. 233. On the back of this paper of grievances Mr. Wallcut has written the names of the jurors " February Term, 1790, held by adjournment from December, 1789." The names are as follows : Dudley Woodbridge, Abraham Whipple, Stacy, Christopher Winsor, Charles Knowles, William Burnham, William Skinner, Levi Munscll, Joseph Buell, Wanton Casey, Munroe, Jonathan Morris, Tliomas Wallcut. t Mr. Wallcut entertained throughout his life very decided opinions on the subject of slavery and offences against good morals, and he was always fear- less in the expression of them, and ready for any service he tliouglit himself capable of performing to influence public opinion against these evils. Tiie following is a draught he prepared of an address to Governor St. Clair on Ills arrival with iiis family in Ohio, which happened during Mr. Wallcut's visit. 13 Wednesday, 3 February, 1790. We had no meeting last night, and Mr. Fearing gone to Wolf Creek to-day.* We had a meeting this Perliaps the opportunity of presenting his " grievances " to the grand jury in- duced him to suppress tliis address. Tliere is no mention of it in the diary. " To His Excellenri/ Arthur St. Clair, Esq., Governor and Commander-in-chief of the Territory/ of the United States North-west of the Ricer Ohio : " The subscribers, citizens of Marietta, in the county of Washington, in the Territory aforesaid, congratulate you on your safe arrival in your government with your family. " We beg leave to observe that, as men, as American citizens, and as Cliris- tiatis, we conceive ourselves born to certain natural inherent and unalienable rights, which we hold to be sacred, and which cannot be violated without endan- gering the public peace, liberty, and safet}' ; and that infringements upon these rights ought not to go unpunished. "As friends to the rights of mankind, and following the dictates of that char- ity and benevolence which we owe to our fellow-men, however the common parent of us all may have distinguished us from each other by complexion, education, or any other circumstance, we cannot but view with serious concern when inroads are made upon the barriers tliat secure to us these important blessings, or sutRcient checks are not provided by law to restrain and punish the inordinate passions of oppressive, cruel, and avaricious men against the innocent, the helpless, and the injured. " We therefore beg leave to call your Excellency's attention, and to earnestly recommend to your notice, certain abuses and otfences against the interests of society and good government which have taken place here, and against which it is said by some tliere is either no law, or that the laws are insufficient for the remedying and punishing like offences in future. " "The first thing we beg leave to mention is that a certain Isaac Mixer, an inhabitant and innkeeper in tliis city and county, a man of notoriously vicious character, keeps a disorderly, riotous, and ill-governed house, which is consid- ered by tlie citizens in general as an intolerable nuisance to the place, and one that will not only bring an odium and prejudice against the inliabitants and tlieir police, but is also, in its tendency, destructive of peace, good order, and exemplary morals, upon which not only the well-being but the very existence of society so mucli depends. " To remedy and prevent the like abuses in future, we beg leave to suggest to your attention whetlier it is not immediately necessary that a law should be enacted for licensing and regulating taverns and other places of public resort, with proper penalties. " We next beg leave to observe that we apprehend the said Isaac Mixer has committed a flagrant trespass upon the rights of humanity, the privileges of American subjects, and the peace and happiness of this jurisdiction, as well as the dignity of the United States, in selling a certain negro boy named Prince, about tlie age of seven years, out of this jurisdiction into the State of Virginia, * For an account of the Wolf Creek mills, see Hildreth's " Pioneer History,' p. 422. Mr. Fearing's father lived there. 14 evening, and agreeable to the articles elected our officers for this month ; Enoch Parsons, President, T, W., Seci'etary, and Joseph Piince, Treas- urer. The question to be debated this evening was referred to tlie next meeting. The meeting was soon finished, as they wanted to have a card party, and called in IMunro and Elliot.* I went home as soon as our meeting was over, and read a critical and English review bor- rowed of Elliot. Weather much as yesterday. Began to rain pretty hard this evening. Thursday, 4 February. A pretty smart snow-storm, with cold and high winds ; about two or three inches of snow fell. Friday, 5 February. Pretty cold to-day. This and yesterday seem more like New England winter weather than any I have felt here. Had some talk with Mr. Dodge about going home.f wliere slavery is tolerated by law. Tins atrocious crime, we presume, is against the divine and moral, as well as (according to Judge Biackstone) against the Jewish code, the common law of England, and the ordinance of Congress for the government of the Territory, which we apprehend to be our constitu- tion, and therefore the supreme law of the land. And considering that this is the second instance that the said Mixer has shown his contempt and defiance of the aforesaid sacred rights of mankind, we cannot refrain from expressing to your Excellency our appreliensions that, if this evil is not speedily checked, it may grow to the abominable and degrading traffic of buying and selling our fellow-creatures in this place. " When so just ideas of rational and constitutional freedom are like the life- giving rays of the sun, darting their benign influence over most of tiie king- doms of the world, — while the Christian, the philosopher, and the good men of every community expect and devoutly look forward to the complete emancipa- tion of the whole human race, — it would ill become Americans to wink at crimes so enormous ; nay, rather, they would not continue to support their character of being foremost to break and destroy every yoke of slavery, every manacle of tyranny. We therefore trust your Excellency will indulge us so far, and impute it to laudable motives, when we express our earnest wishes that a law may be enacted with heavy penalties, for like abuses in future. In the mean time we cannot but entertain fears tiiat the above-mentioned boy is daily liable to be sold away from place to place, till he may be transported where he will be a slave beyond remedy. At the same time, we beg leave to express our wishes, that, if it is practicable and consistent with law, the said Mixer may be held answerable for his conduct, and the boy reclaimed as a subject of this jurisdiction, and entitled to like privileges with ourselves and our children." * Captain Josiah Munroe was of the first company that arrived at Marietta. See Hildreth's " Pioneer History," p. 200. + A Captain John Dodge was one of the party of three who built the Wolf Creek mills in 1789. Mr. Wallcut left Marietta and travelled part of the way to riiiladelphia with a Mr. Dodge. 15 Saturday, 6 February, 1790. Weather pleasant and milder than yesterday. Employed myself in chopping wood. I feel best those days which are partly improved in exercise. Lord's Day, 7 February. Did not go to meeting. Pleasant and mild, but windy. Spent the evening with Mr. Gridley,* and drank tea. Colonel Battel le and wife came in after tea to spend the even- ing. We stayed till about nine or after, and came away together. I accompanied Colonel B. and wife as far as the stockade, and found Mr. Tylas coming down to the point with a lantern which I improved until, about half way, the wind blew it out. Very dark and muddy. Heard of the Wolf Creek men losing their millstones in going with them up Muskingum. They seem to be peculiarly unfortunate or are very careless. Monday, 8 February. A little snow on the ground this morning. Pleasant and moderate. This evening a man came from Belle Pre to inform of the boat being found and taken up by Captain Stone f at Belle Pre ; every thing saved. Tuesday, 9 February. Cold, clear, and pleasant. Meeting of our society adjourned to to-morrow evening. Wednesday, 10 February, 1790. Cold and clear. Our meeting again adjourned. The Ohio and Muskingum both so full of ice that there is no passing. Thursday, 11 February. Societj'- met this evening and debated the subject of the navigation of the Mississippi again, being the ques- tion of Mr. Parsons proposed last meeting. A diversity of sentiment prevailed, but all agreed in the probability or certainty of a trade taking place in a few years, by strength or force if not by right or treaty, or some other way. The laws and customs of nations were much insisted on, but they who laid so much stress on them ought to have told us what they were. For my part, I declared my ignorance of them without reserve, and therefore argued only upon the ground of what appear to me the laws of nature, as well as the reason and justice of our right to the trade, the nature and circumstances of the case, &c. A meeting of agents was to sit to-day, but could do no busi- ness for want of one member, and adjourned. Sent express for Major Goodale from Belle Pre. * A William Gridley is mentioned as one of those who came to Marietta the first season. See Horace Nye's " Reminiscences," quoted in Howe's " Historical Collections of Ohio," p. 510. t Captain Jonathan Stone from Massachusetts was one of the Belpre asso- ciation. See Hildreth's "Pioneer History," pp. 366, 382. 16 Friday, 12 February, The snow entirely gone. The rivers Ohio and Muskingum both stiil choked up with the ice, that the passing is very dangerous. Saturday, 13 February, 1790. The rivers continue so choked with ice that the exploring committee cannot go out to finish their surveys. Lord's Day, 14 February. Did not go to meeting. Weather un- settled, raw and rainy. Monday, 15 February. The people at Belle Pre having taken out every thing from the boat but the stones and gudgeons,* she was again carried away by the ice and seen by some hunters down about Kanhawa amidst a large cake of ice, so that she could not be come at. However, the pork, flour, bread, beans, hams, and a variety of other articles with some tools were saved at Belle Pre. This affair seems to be a strange medley of good and bad luck. Tuesday, 16 February. Thaw and rain ; the air soft and very foggy. This melts and carries off the ice very fast. Tlie rivers rise. No meeting this evening. I fear ours will be but a short-lived society. They seem to have so little taste and animation for it that we evi- dently have the symptoms of decay .f Wednesday, 17 February, 1790. The rivers continue to rise exceed- ing fast. Had a meeting this evening. After the business was over, Mr. Parsons resigned his place as president, which was not accepted. The evening spent till twelve o'clock or after, courting him to hold it. Mr. Fearing has been absent two or three meetings, and seems inclined to drop his connection. It has rained considerably to-day. Thursday, 18 February. Warm and pleasant part of the day, and rained part. I went out in the evening before I went to bed and found the back water of Muskingum had come into the creek at the door and above the bridge so as to cover our dam and fill the pond high. Towards night and in the evening, it rained very hard, with thunder and lightning. Expect to be routed again with the high water. Friday, 19 February. We got up at sunrise this morning. The doctor calling, and telling us the water rose so flist that it would soon be in the house, when I immediately got up. We soon had the tea-kettle on, and got our coflTee boiled ; and before we could get our breakfast * A gudgeon is the iron piece on the end of a wooden shaft on wliicli it turns. See Webster's Dictionary Unabridged. Tlie boat is tlie same that was lost wliile on its way to Wolf Creek. See entries of 7th and 8t!i February. t We have seen no mention elsewliere of this debating society. Its life was probably as short as Mr. Walicut feared. IT done, the water came in so fast that the floor was afloat, and we stood in water to our buckles to drink the last dish. We had before got such articles upstairs as the water might injure. Everybody on the point be- low the great bridge is obliged to move. Only three houses are out of reach of the water, owing to their being placed so high. Messrs. Woodbridge (Merchant), Rockwell, Wells (Tailors), Mr. Bent, Prince, Webster, Moody, Skinner, Mixer, Mills, Lucas, Neal, Tuttle, Barber, Landon, Matthews.* The flood carries away fences, barrels, and every thing that will float, so that some are busy in towing the timber off their garden lots to go down the stream, which saves a vast deal of labor (six parts in seven, they say). Went up to Dr. True's pest- house t and got my dinner with Moody. At night carried the doctor's bedding into Mr. Fearing's to sleep, as the doctor is determined to stay and take care of the house. Which he did and slept there. At agents' meeting this week the following busitiess was acted upon, — encouragement for mills, iron-works, salt-works, manufactures, com- pany orders, and a petition of S. Symons in behalf of some people who desire to settle in this purchase. Saturday, 20 February, 1790. Went up to Mr. Moody's and got my victuals. The river continues to rise; the ice almost all passed down. But it is supposed there have been heavy rains, as well as the Alleghany probably broke up, that cause the present rise, which several besides Colonel Oilman t say is about one foot higher than it was * Mr. Wallcut has left a blank space liere, as if he intended to add more names of sufferers from the flood. Dr. Hildretli says, in his account of the floods of the Ohio River, printed in the first part of tlie first vohime of the publications of the Ohio Historical Society (p. 55), that for some 3'ears after the settlement of Marietta, there was no flood that did any damage. " The river in the spring and autumn was generally about ' full bank,' but never overflowed so much as to remove fences. Small buildings were erected on the low bot- toms near the river, by the early settlers, for the convenience of fattening hogs, &c., and remained there for years without molestation from the water." Mr. Wallcut's account would imply that this freshet of 1790 was something more than the usual " full bank " of the season. t When the small-pox appeared at Marietta, a town meeting decided that houses should be put up back of the plain, and the people be inoculated. See Hildreth's " Pioneer History," p. 2G4. Dr. True's pest-house was probably one of these. Dr. True was an early emigrant to Marietta, and a valued pliysician and citizen. He died in 1823. His life is in Hildreth's " Memoirs of the Pioneer Settlers." t This is probably Joseph Oilman, from Exeter, New Hampshire, who emigrated to Marietta with his family in 1789, and was appointed probate judge in December of the same year. Dr. Hildreth has a life of him and of his son, Benjamin Ives Oilman, in his pioneer biographies. 3 18 last May. When the water had got \ip to the top of the stone-work of Mr. Moody's oven, it fell in, which will be not only a heavy loss to him, especially in his present circumstances, but to the settlement, as many depend partly on him for bread. Tiie surveyors' conmiittee, &c., cannot carry out hard bread with them as they used to do till it is rebuilt, which I would uot do in the same place again. Slept at Mr. Fearing's again. Lord's Day, 21 February, 1790. Went down again as usual this morning to the house. They say the water has fallen about twelve or thirteen inches. Found the doctor in the house. He had got some bricks upon the floor, and kindled a little fire. ... Went to Mr. Wood- bridge's * in a canoe, and bought some more sugar, where I received a welcome letter from home, the first word I have heard since I left them. Many particulars that I expected to be informed of I was dis- appointed in. Mr. ]\foody received his yesterday afternoon by the same conveyance, Mr. Cutter f of Cambridge going down to Miami in a Kentucky boat.f I suppose mine got left at Mr. Woodbridge's, and * Dudley Woodbridge kept a general store in Marietta. An account with Mr. Wallcut shows that he sold shoes, " shalooii," &c., as well as groceries. See, also, note on page 11. t This name may be Cutler. There were families of both names in Cam- bridge. But Mr. Moody sajs, in a letter to Mr. Wallcut, dated Marietta, Sep- tember 14, 1791, "there have been two persons killed by the Indians here lately, a Captain Rogers, and old Mr. Karr, at the mouth of Duck Creek and Wolf Creek; also one Kelly, killed at Belleville, and his son taken prisoner; one Joseph Cutter, who was from Cambridge, either killed or taken pris- oner." t A Kentucky boat is described by Judge Burnet in his " Notes on the North- western Territory," p. 49, as a flat boat " made of green oak plank, fastened by wooden pins to a frame of timber, and calked with tow, or any other pliant substance that could be procured." Mr. Christian Schultz, who visited Marietta in September, 1807, describes (Travels, vol. i. pp. 129-132) the various kinds of boats used on the Western rivers and their cost. " Kentucky boats," he says, "are strong frames of an oblong form, varying in size from twenty to fifty feet in length, and from ten to fourteen in breadth ; they are built of stout square timber, and before they are sided and roofed in, have much the appearance of old graving scows, ex- cepting that the front part or bow has somewhat of a rake. The gunwales are generally from twelve to twenty -four inches higii, and from three to six indies thick ; on the top of these are mortised square joists of three or four feet in length, and four or five inches thick, which are sided up like a house with ordi- nary boards; on the top of these studs are secured the foot of each rafter, on which the roof is laid, which likewise answers the purpose of a main and quarter deck ; they are steered by a long swing oar of the whole length of the boat, and 19 that is why I did not get it last evening. After breakfast took a walk of two or three miles over the hills beyond the hospital towards Duck Creek * upon the side of the three and eight acre lots, A beautiful mild, pleasant, warm day like May. Have not had so agreeable a walk since I came here. On my return met Captain Knowles f and Mr. Burnham going to view their eight-acre lots. I accompanied them and returned with them. I slept this night at Mr. M.'s house. . . . Monday, 22 February, 1790. . . . The water has abated so that Lucas and Neal and several more are moving back into their houses. . . . After breakfast I busied myself in kindling a fire to dry the house, and after dinner got Mr. Bent to lay the floor, which the water had thrown up together in a confused heap. N. B. The water had risen about four feet upon the floor, and about four and a half without it. Wept up about four o'clock and dined. . . . The water has now got so low that we can pass the great bridge t by the help of rails laid from log to stump and log, &c. In the evening I sat up late to make a large fire to dry the house in the night. Last evening arrived here Captain Thompson, late of Lamb's artillery, with despatches for Governor St. Clair, who is by this time at Kaskias. Went to Judge Gilman and excused myself as one of the appraisers of Joshua Cheever's estate and effects. The doctor showed me, as a natural curiosity of the country, a complete lobster in miniature, about two inches in length, with the tail extended without the horns. They are found in plenty in streams and springs of water. Mr. Cutler § gave me some alum found on the surveys. Tuesday, 23 February, 1790. The most part of the day warm and pleasant, so that the roads dry fast, but rain in the night keeps them. generally have from one to three hands to manage a boat, having frequent occasion, when heavily loaded, to use their unwieldy oars in order to keep nearly in the middle of the river. Some of these floating machines, with a shed roof, bear a very striking resemblance to what you daily see in the streets of New York when new houses are building, and generally denominated a lime house." * Duck Creek flows into the Ohio a short distance east from Marietta. It is a considerable stream. t Charles Knowles is mentioned by Hildreth (" Tioneer History," p. 233) as a member of the first grand jury, Sept. 9, 1788, and a William Burnham was of the jury on which Mr. Wallcut served. I The great bridge was probably that over Tyber Creek, which empties into the Muskingum in tlie southern part of the town. See Colonel May's journal, p. 76 ; Ilildretli's " Pioneer History," pp. 225, 226. § This was probably Jarvis Cutler, son of the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, who was one of the first party of emigrants. Dr. Hildreth gives a sketch of his life in the pioneer biographies. 20 wet. This morning walked up to the pest-hnuse all the way without the help of a canoe. Did not go to agents' meeting to-day, for staying to take care of the house and make fires to dry the house. I fastened the house to go up to breakfast and dinner, and in the evening drank tea in Captain Prince's house, where I had the pleasure of reading a newspaper (Carlisle) in which was some French news, beside President Washington's speech at the opening of the session of Congress in Jan- uary. Nothing seems so grateful and welcome here as a letter or newspaper. Slept with him [Captain Prince]. Spent part of the after- noon in the stockade,* talking with the doctor. "Wednesday, 24 February. After breakfast went to the stockade to the meeting of agents to excuse myself from attending on a committee which Colonel Meigs told me yesterday afternoon 1 was appointed upon, to fix the wages or compensation to the donation committee.f I went between ten and eleven, and the meeting was adjourned to to-morrow afternoon, three o'clock. This is a commission I do not like, for sev- eral reasons. In the afternoon I went to make a fire and prepare the house for Mr. M. and family to return home, which they did before night. Very high, blustering winds to-day. The long-expected (and second) raft of boards from Wolf Creek arrived this day, but left part on an island coming down. It has been peculiarly unfortunate for all concerned, — the delay and loss occasioned to the proprietors as well as those who have waited for them. Thursday, 25 February, 1790. Very pleasant but very raw ; cold wind and very blustering; so that Mr. Skinner's boat is obliged to return back this morning. They set out yesterday about noon, but it was too rough to proceed. They say the river rose again last night about a foot. At three o'clock went up to the stockade to agents' meeting. I excused myself from the committee to fix the compensa- * The stockade, called the " Campus Martius," commenced soon after the settlement, for the protection of the people, is figured from a plan by Wintlirop Sargent in Hildreth's history, p. 215, and is described at p. 227. It was not yet finislied at the time of Mr. Wallcut's visit. t The managers of the Oliio Company at Marietta had no power to give away, or even to sell, the Company's laud, and many emigrants passed beyond to Ken- tucky or to tlie Miami settlements, who might have been induced to remain at Marietta. This defect was remedied by vote of the shareholders, and a dona- tion committee appointed to select land for actual settlers. The conditions upon which lands were granted are given, from the records of tlie Company, in Hildreth's history, p. 244. The first donation committee, appointed February 6, 1789, as appears from one of Mr. Wallcut's extracts from the records of the Com- pany, were Hnfiis Putnam, John Dodge, Griffin Greene, Alexander Oliver, Jona- tliau Devol, Robert Oliver, Return J. Meigs, Captain Dana, Nathan Goodale. 21 tion to the donation committee. Mr. Backus * was appointed in my room. A report was made, signed Wanton Casey,t chairman of the committee of ways and means for retrieving the credit of the Company funds. The subject of the salt springs which was agitated last week was again brought up. It was first moved by Mr. G. Greene (alias, he had the modesty to ask) that the great salt spring near the Scioto (if it falls within our purchase) should be given away to any one who would find it, «S:c. That motion did not obtain. At this meeting they (that is, General Tupper, Greene, «S:c.) came forward again by Colonel Oliver, making a motion that the undertakers should give five per cent to the Company. $ It was debated some time, and opposed principally by Colonel Sproat,§ and finally referred to the next meeting on Monday next, 9 o'clock. Weather raw and variable. Colonel S. notified the people at meeting that he had warned and requested the people on the point to turn out and mend the bridges, &c. The agents agreed to meet him. Friday, 26 February, 1790. Weather unsettled and variable. The Muskingum continues to rise ; — about another foot from yester- day. About nine or ten o'clock Colonel Sproat comes and rallies all hands to clear the roads of the drifted timber, and mend the bridges that the flood had unsettled, and thrown up some of the timber. I * This was probably Elijah Backus, from Connecticut, who emigrated early to Marietta. He purchased afterward Blennerhasset's Island. t Wanton Casey was from Rhode Island, and belonged to the Belpre asso- ciation. He returned to his native state after the Indian war. See Hildreth's " Pioneer History," pp. 273, 387. Among these Wallcut papers is a copy of a letter, dated July, 1811, in which Mr. Casey describes his lands at Belpre, and offers them for sale. t Salt was scarce, and commanded a very high price during the early days of the Ohio settlement. The existence of salt springs was known from the reports of white men taken captive by the Indians, and it was supposed that these springs were witliin the limits of the purchase of the Ohio Company. When the Scioto salt wells were discovered (by Mr. Greene in 1794), tiiey were found to be beyond the Ohio Company's lines, and they finally became the property of the state. See Hildreth's " Pioneer History," pp. 260, 405, 475 ; Howe's " His- torical Collections of Ohio," p. 263. See also below, entry of 2 March. Griffin Greene was a cousin of General Nathanael Greene. Colonel Robert Oliver was from Massachusetts, and was prominent in building the mills on Wolf Creek. Lives of both these pioneers are given by Dr. Hildreth. § Colonel Ebenczer Sproat was one of the surveyors of the Ohio Company, and came to Marietta with the first company of emigrants. He was appointed the first siieriff" of Washington county, September 2, 1788. His biography is in Dr. Hildreth's collection. 22 assisted to mcntl the bridge near our house. It begins to rain when we had done work. After dinner went up to the stockade, and throiigli the politeness of Colonel Meigs was permitted to read the records and to take some extracts from them ; -^ viz. : respecting the conditions of donation land ; and the naming Of the city and a grant of a scjuare to the Queen of France ; also the names of stjuares, &c.* Had some conversation with Colonel Meigs about a spot for taking up a donation lot, &c. He says Old Town is the place which is now filling up for an association, — as it is tlie plan of the agents to proceed regularly down the Ohio and up the Muskingum in forming the settlements, so that the Oxbow seems to be the only opening at present for me to subscribe in. Weather rainy and unsettled to-day. This morning arrived here a keel boat going down with a fiimily to settle at Morgan's place among the Spaniards.! About the same time a Kentucky boat with flour for Mr. Greene, Woodbridge, &c. About noon arrived Captain Bnllard of Virginia and old Mr. Hubbcl of Connecticut, going with two large Kentucky boats of flour down to Orleans. They left the point in the evening. The doctor informs me of plenty of mussels and quahogs up the Muskingum and Wolf Creek ; also of a beautiful large butterfly called the Bufl'aloe, among the natural curiosities of the country. Saturday, 27 February, 1700. Some frost last night, but a beautiful pleasant and mild morning. Set out to go up to stockade again to-day: going up met Mr. Matthison, who informed me Colonel Meigs is gone to Duck Creek to-day to survey, but I shall have an opportunity in the afternoon to peruse the records again. A large Kentucky boat passed down the river this morning; another passed down soon after. About noon arrived a boat from which brought a letter from General Putnam directed to to be connnunicated to the agents and pro- prietors of the Ohio Company. $ After dinner went up to the stockade, and spent the afternoon in perusing and copying extracts from the records of the Company, till dark. A moderately pleasant and mild day. This evening Mr. Tilas favored me with the reading of four Pittsburg newspapers. * Tliese extracts from the records of the Ohio Company are still preserved among tlie Wallcut papers. Tliey contain nothing that has not been printed already. t Colonel George Morgan's settlement at New Madrid, in what is now the state of Missouri, conunenced in 1788. See Monette's " Valley of the Missis- sippi," vol. i. p. 475; Albach's "Western Annals," pp. 505, 50LI. \ (Jeneral Putnam resigned his office of probate judge in Deeemher, 1780, and may have been at the Kast on business of the Company at this time. lie was appointed United States judge for the Territory, March 31 of this year. 23 Lord's Day, 28 February. A very pleasant morning, the wind some- what cliilly. Shaved and dressed to go to meeting. Grown niihl and warm but something windy so that the roads mend fast. Went to meeting to-day. In the evening wi'otc some observations on the salt springs. Monday, 1 March, 1790. Went to agents' meeting this forenoon. The most of the time was taken up in discussing a question pioposed by G. Greene, one of the directors, — whether Mr. Story * should be continued as a minister at the expense of the Ohio Company. A letter was read from General Kufus Putnam on the affairs of the Com[)any, particularly that the resolution for a final division, he says, is dis- approved of by non-residents as well as himself, &c., and advising a suspension of all further proceedings upon that, or any more surveys, for the present, as two hundred shares are found delinquent, and it is probable Congress will have to take back part of the lands, or so much as cannot be paid for. The salt springs were barely mentioned again, and it being late they adjourned after one, to meet again to-morrow morning. Upon a second invitation from Mr. D. Story, I dined with him at Captain Enoch Shepard's,t where he boards, who is brother to General Shepard. I spent the afternoon in Colonel Meigs's chamber, taking off the names and numbers of lots lying each side of mine, &c. Also went to Mr. Charles Greene's and got the association for Old Town. Carried it home with me, and copied it to return to-morrow. Kain again to-day. Tuesday, 2 March, 1790. Pleasant and mild this morning and fresh breezes ; much frost last night. Went up to the stockade, and returned the paper to Mr. Greene, with my name to it for a lot in Old Town association. Went to the meeting. The time mostly spent as yesterday, but greater variety of questions. Mr. G. Greene and Colonel Oliver refused paying the exploring committee in any other but conditional orders, which produced some warmth in the de- bates between them and General Tujjper, Major Goodale, &c.t Colonel * For a sketch of the Rev. Daniel Story, the first settled minister in Mari- etta, see Dr. Hildreth's " Memoirs of tiie Early Pioneer Settlers," p. 325. t Captain Enoch Shepard was a valuable citizen of Marietta, interested in the erection of mills, &c. i Among Mr. Wallcut's extracts from the records of the directors and agents of the Ohio Company we find, under date of February 6, 1789, that Judge Par- sons, Colonel Crary, and General Tupper were appointed a committee to recon- noitre tiie lands, and that they were to be paid one dollar a day for this service, and find their own provisions. 24 Sproat called upon me, and returned me as a grand jury man for next court ; but I informed him I hoped to be on my journey home before that time. lie also requested me to write a caption for subscription toward Mr. Story's support, which I did nearly in the following terms, as my memory serves me : — *• Whereas the worship and reverence of the Supreme Ruler of the world is essential to the well-being of society, and is the most solid foundation as well as the surest support of government and good morals, with every thing useful and ornamental to a civilized people ; and whereas we, the subscribers, are impressed with a sense of the importance of these blessings, and of our obligations lo secure and transmit them to our posterity to the latest generation, we do promise to give in money or labor what is affixed to our respective names, &c., &c." In the afternoon the meeting was held in Major Sargent's or Colo- nel Meigs's room, as Mrs. Winsor * was dying or dead of the small- pox. After all the business was over and an adjournment proposed for two weeks, I rose and said : '' Mr. Chairman, I have understood that I have the privilege of speaking in this meeting." This being assented to, I said that I had some observations of a public nature to make, which, as I was not used to public speaking, and to save their time as well as to give my ideas with more precision, I had committed to writing. And having leave to read them, I proceeded and read them through ; and then observed, " Mr. Chairman, in addition to this, I think that General Putnam's letter corroborates some of the remarks I have just delivered." General Tupper seemed in a hurry to go somewhere, and again called for an adjournment, as he had for several times. Colonel Oliver, a director, and this afternoon representing Colonel Sproat's agency, moved that as I had as a proprietor offered my sentiments upon a certain measure, by way of protest and remon- strance, it might be put on file (if agreeable to me). Colonel Meigs seconded the motion. General Tupper asked if it should be put on file or lay on the table. It was determined, I think nem. con., that it should be filed. I then said : " Mr. Chairman, if the agents think it fit, I will sign it." This being assented to, I signed and dated, and Colonel Meigs filed it. Mr. G. Greene, a director, then observed that as I was about to return home, I might be wrongly impressed with the sub- * Cliristoplier Winsor was on the grand jury witli Mr. Wallcut. See note, p. 12. Dr. Hildretli says that six persons who took the small-pox by infection died, and two only of the hundred inoculated, and these aged people. See " rioneer History," p. 264. 25 ject, and made some observations tending to eflface any misconceptions of the subject. I did not see tlie force or aptness of Iiis remarks, and replied that the matter struck me differently. His remarks were in- tended to show the impracticability of making the springs a reserved lot; he said it could not be, and that the object of his motion was to jDrevent the spring from falling into the hands of any individual. I then asked him how that could be the intent of his motion, when he had proposed to give it away to any one, or any number, who would find it out, &c., «&;c.* The agents being all upon the go, and having other business to attend, the meeting was adjourned for a fortnight. I went to Mr. Gridley's to inform him of the probability of my going next Saturday, that he might have his letters ready, &c. Was urged to stay and take a dish of colfee, which I did. Entering into conversation about the country, donations, settlements, &c., I made out half-past eight o'clock, and went home in the dark, which was very great, with extreme high winds and some rain, the roads very miry. I had a bad time on 't. A strange and sudden reverse of good and bad fortune. While we were in Colonel Meigs's chamber at agents' meeting, some j^eople from Wolf Creek informed JNIajor White t that his boards are not lost, but that the half of the raft which lay under water in the flood now appears on an island. Wednesday, 3 March, 1790. I expected from the fine temperature of the weather for yesterday and some time past, that we should have no more winter, but I was disappointed this morning. In the latter part of the night and this morning we had a pretty smart snow-storm, * Among Mr. Wallcut's loose papers is a draught of Ids remarks on the salt springs, perhaps tlie observiitions he says he wrote on tiie Sunday evening before. He objects to the proposal of Mr. Greene to give tlie springs to the fiiuler, or to lease tliem for five per cent. He .«pcaUs of tlie uncertainty wlietlier the great springs will be found to be witliin tlie bounds oT the Company's purchase, and proposes two alternatives, if thej' be so found. I. Tliat they be reserved as a public lor, the common property of tlie whole Company, and, after due notice, sold at auction, the proceeds to be kept as a fund for future contingencies and e.xpenses of the Company. The prospect of this will, he thinks, improve the financial condition of the Company. II. As two of the directors have already been empowered to ask Congress for a charter and aid in founding a university, lie suggests that these springs be reserved as a grant to the universit}', and if that project fail, that they make a fund for the support and encouragement of schoolmasters and ministers. t Major Hatfield Wiiite, from Danvers, ^rassacluisctts, was commissary of the first party of emigrants. With Colonel Robert Oliver and Captain Dodge, he built the mills at Wolt Creek. There is a short biographical sketch of him in Hildreth's " Memoirs of the Early Pioneers," p. 390. 4 20 with liiuli wiiul iiboiit Avostorly. but variaMo. In cuttiiijx otV a largo boiH'li K>g I tVlt tlio loiio of tlio I'oUl as sensibly as I have at lionie ofltMi on a winter niorning. Vimv liigli winds and oxironie cold for tliis ci nntry. This is a very snddt-n and y way of apology, introduced to him the subject of my protest, lie says he thii.ks I was right and justifiable in conduct. He tliinks !Mr. Greene probably knows more abont the spring than he talks of publicly. Went to Captain Knowles's and ^Ir. lUirnham's. and rctin\u'd liim llurcliins's pamphlet about Western Territory. &c.$ AVent to Colonel Battelle's to inform them of my going on Saturday or Sabbath next. Drank tea with them. Introduced to iiim also the subject of my conduct at agents* meeting. He thought I was justiti- able and right in doing it : said he had spoken with some of the agents afterward, who thought well of it. Friilay. o ^larch. 1700. Weather unsettled and variable. Spent most of the day reading Ty tier's edition of Salmon's Grammar Geo- iiraphical.^ Wind high aud niw. About twelve o'clock William and • This sontoniv has been intorlineil, but Mr. Wailcut lias written " X. B. this is right, and should not have been scratclied out." + By the middle of May, says HIKlreili, the seareity of food was felt gener- ally. An early frost bail spoiled the corn crop of the jirevioiis summer, and the woods had Inxm thinned of game. There was quite a famine lor a time. See " Pioneer History," pp. :X»4-2O0. J This was Thomas llutcluns's " Topognipliical Peseriptiin of Virgini.<», IVnnsylvania, Maryland and North Canilina, comprehending the rivers of Ohio, Kanhawa, Scioto, Ohen.>kee, Walmsh, Illinois. Mississippi, &c." Sm.Svo. pp. ii, SO. Boston, 1TS7. It is quite nire. Pr. Belknap's copy is preserved in this Society's Library. § Thomas S^ilmon's " Geographical and Historical Grammar " was once a very popular biHik. Many editions were publisheil. some after th.e author's death. In Harvard College Library th.ere is a eopy of tlic thirteenth edition, publislied in 17So, with h new preface aud dedicatiuu, but we caunut councct the name of Tvtler with it. 27 Jolin Sprnfjno, ITeiiry l^ap;loy, mid John rijinliior (tlio saiiio wlio escaped from tlic Indians)* set out from IMnskinu;nm point in a (t;inoo to f^o Imntin^j; down tlie Oliio. Inslcad of crossini;- (lii'cclly over (o tiie garrison poiiit and keepini;' llui sliore, tliey imprndently and nmieces- surily went strai;i,lit into tlie Ohio ; and l\n\ wind hh)win■ 5 5 ^ 7/ per week ' To 6 pounds pork fa) /i i>er pound 2 To washing 32 pieces ® /3 per piece .... S To sundries, snuff, whiskey, bread, &c 6 5 £6 15 We are now ready, or shall be, to start to cross the Ohio to-morrow afternoon. We intend to sleep at Williams's,! and start from there by, * Tlie originals of tliese bills are preserved among the Wallcut i)apLrs, and we find also two letters from Mr. Moody. t Isaac Williams, a pioneer in Western Virginia. See note in Colonel May's journal, p. 70, and a biography in Dr. IlilJreth's "Memoirs of the Pioneer Settlers," p. 475. 29 or before, sunrise. This, we expect, will save us two or three hours, rather than to cro?s from home in the morning. We hope by this to get through to Clarksburg in three days, and sleep but two nights in the woods. Lord's Day, 7 March. 1790. Pleasant, but high winds ; weather variable. After shaving went up to the stockade to meeting. After meeting took leave of my friends and accpiaintance that were there, being prepared and ready to cross the Ohio in the afternoon. At dinner Colonel jMeigs, Mr. Fearing, and others brought me letters for their friends, which I stowed away, tied up in my saddle-bags. The minister gave notice that Divine service would be attended next Sab- bath at INIr. Munsell's hall on the point. My acquaintance here discover a politeness and attention that much affects me, several offering their service to help us over the river. The gentlemen of our flimily, with Captain Mills, Mr. Harker, Mr. Bent, &c., propose to get Mr. Mitchell's large boat and carry us over to the Vir- ginia shore. Messrs. Dodge and Proctor, our company, with the doc- tor, being all ready and together, the wind blew so fresh, and a large surge in the Ohio, with a snow-storm, that most of our friends think it not prudent for us to cross until the wind abates. We waited for the lulling of the storm till sunset, and then gave over the prospect of going over the river to-night. However, I propose to sleep on the floor with the doctor, to-night, that I may be ready early, before day. Mr. Mayo arrived from Belle Pre with letters from himself and Cap- tain Ingersol, &c. Monday, 8 March, 1790. Pleasant, clear, cold, and high winds. We were up before sunrise, and got some hot breakfast, coffee and toast; and Captain Prince, Mr. Moody, Mr. Skinner, Captain ]Mills and brother, Mr. Bent, etc., accompanied us over the river to Sargent's or Williams's, and took leave of us about nine o'clock, and we proceeded on our journey. We had gone but a little way when we found the path so blind that Ave could not proceed with certainty, and I was obliged to go back and get a young man to come and show us the way. When we had got back to our companions again, they had found the road, and we walked twenty miles this day. Weather raw, chilly, and a little snow. The country after about five or six miles from the Ohio is very broken and uneven, with high and sharp hills. Tuesday, 9 iMarch, 1790. The weather for the most part of the day pleasant, but cold winds, northerly. The country very rough, the hills high and sharp. One third of the road must go over and on the ridges, and another third through the valleys. We walked this day 30 about twcnty-tlirco or twenty-four miles, and slept near the forty-fourth or forty-fifth mile tree. Wednestlay, 10 March, 1790, "Weather raw and moist. To-day we crossed several of the large creeks and waters that fall into the Ohio. This occasioned a loss of much time, waiting for the horse to come over for each one, which he did as regularly as a man would. The country much the same, but rather better to-day, except that a great deal of the road runs along through the streams, and down the streams such a length with the many bridges that will be wanted, that it will be a vast expense, besides the risk and damage of being carried away every year by the floods. AYe had so much trouble in crossing these streams that at last we forded them on foot. One of the largest in particular, after we had rode it several times, we waded it four or five times almost knee-deep, and after that a luimber of times on logs, or otherwise, without going in water. Two of the streams, I doubt not, we crossed as ofteu as twenty times each.* We walked this day about fifteen miles. Thursday, 11 ^larch, IT'.Hl With much fatigue and pain in my left leg, we walked about tiftcen miles to-day. They all walked better than I. and had got to Carpenter's and had done their dinner about two o'clock when I arrived. They appear to be good farmers and good livers, have a good house, and seem very clever people. IMr, C, is gone down the country. They have been a frontier here for fifteen years, and have several times been obliged to move away, I got a dish of cotfee and meat for dinner, and paid ninepence each, for the doctor and me. We set ofl', and crossed the west branch of the Monongahela over to Clarksbnrgh, The doctor paid his own ferriage. We went to Major Robinson's, and had tea and meat, &c„ for supper, I paid ninepence each, for the doctor and me. Weather dull and unpleasant, as yesterday. Friday, \'2 March, 1700. Weather good and pleasant to-day. We set ot!' before sunrise and got a little out of our road into the JNIorgan- town road, but soon got right again. We breakfasted at Webb's mill, a good house and clever folks. Had cotlee. meat, &c. ; paid sixpence each, for me and the doctor. Lodged at Wickware's, who says he is a Yankee, but is a verv disagreeable man for anv countiv, rouiih and * A largo nini) of Viitiiiiia, niatlo in 18'JG, by Ilorinan Bdye, a copy of wliicli was jiroseiiteil to the Library of this Society by tiio Goiioral Assembly of that state, shows that MiJillo Islaiul Creek ami its numerous branches were the streams that Mr. Wallcut and his party encountered. 31 ugly, and lie is very dear. I paid one sliilling apiece foi* the doetor's and my supper, upon some tea made of mountain birch, perliajis black birch, stewed pumpkin, and sodden meat. A[)[)etile supplies all deficiencies.* Saturday, 13 ]\rareli, 1790. l>eauliful weather all day. Set ofif not so early this morning as yestei'day. 'VUr dovlov paid his i'erriago himself. Mr. IMoore, a traveller toward his home in Dunker's Bottom, Fayette County, Pennsylvania,! set out with us. He seems a very mild, good-natured, obliging old gentleman, and liMit me his hors(! to ride about two miles, while he drove his pair of steers on foot. The doctor and I being both exeessivi^ly fatigued, he with a pain in his knee, and mine in my left leg, but shifting about, were nnal)le to keep up with our company, and fell much behind them. IMet Mr, Carpenter on his return home. He appears to be a very clever man. When we had come to Field's,J I found Mr. Dodge had left his horse for us to ride, and to help us along, wliich we could not have done without. We got a dish of tea without milk, some dried smoked meat and hominy for dinner; and from about three o'clock to nine at night, got to Ramsay's. Seven miles of our way were through a new blazed path where they propose to cut a new road. We got out of this in good season, at sundown or before dark, into tin; wagon road, and forded Cheat Kiver on our horses. Tea, meat, &c., for supper. Old Simpson § and Ilorton, a constable, had a terrible scuflle here this evening. Lord's Day, 14 March, 1790. Mr. Dodge is hurrying to go away again. I tell him I must rest to-day. I have not written any thing worth mention in my journal since I set out, until to-day, and so must do it from memory. I want to shave a beard seven days old, * Mr. Wnllcut paid the expenses of his companion, the doctor, on this jour- nej', and amoni; these Wallcut papers we find a incniorandum of money spent for liim. In it Wickwatc's is calk'd Wickware's Ferry. Tlie river crossed must liave heen tlie Ty^art's Valley, or cast brandi of the Monon^ahela, and on B<")ye's map there is a Wiekwire's Creek, not far from Three Fork's Creek, which empties into tiie Tygart's Valley River near the old southern line of Monongalia County. t There is a Diuikard's Creek in the southern part of the present Greene county, Pennsylvania (tiie next county to Fayette), and a towiisliip along its banks called Duukard. There is also a district in Freston county, Virginia, on Cheat River, called Dunker's Bottom. X On Boye's niiip is a Fielil's Creek just east of Laurel Mountain.. § There was a famous hunter and trapjier named John Simpson wlio gave his name to a creek in Western Virginia. This may have been the person. 32 and change a sliirt about a fortnight dirty ; and my fatigue makes rest absohitely necessary. So take my rest this day, whether he has a mind to go or stay with us. Eat very hearty of hominy or hoiled corn with milk for breakfast, and boiled smoked beef and pork for dinner, with turnips. After dinner shaved and shirtcd me, which took till near night, it being a dark house, without a bit of window, as in- deed there is scarce a house on this road that has any.* Monday, 15 March, 1790. Waited and got some tea for breakfast, before we set out. Settled with liamsay, and paid him 9rf. per meal, for five meals, and half-pint whiskey Gt/. The whole came to eight shillings. Weather very pleasant most of the day. We walked to Brien's about half-past six o'clock, wiru-h they, call twenty-four miles. We eat a little fried salt pork and bit of vension at Friends',t and then crossed the great Youghiogeny. About two miles further on, we crossed the little ditio at Boyles's. My thorogonimbles % are stopped ; five or si.>: times to-day they have arrested me. Poor Dodge is the worst, he has had about thirty bouts, and they last him till night; mine stopped at noon ; the doctor and Proctor not so much aflected. AVe walked a\)out or near an hour alter dark, and were very agree- ably surprised to find ourselves at Brien's instead of Stackpole's, which is four miles further than we expected. Eat a bit of Indian bread, and the woman gave us each about half a pint of milk to driidv, which was all our sup|)er. Tuesday, IG March, 1790, We were up this morning, and away about or before sunrise, and ascended the backbone of the Alleghany, and got breakfast at Williams's. I cannot keep up with my company. It look me till dark to get to Davis's. § Messrs. Dodge and Proctor had gone on before us about three miles to Dawson's. || We got some bread and butter and milk for supper, and drank a quart of cider. Mr. Davis was oiiginally from Ashford, county of Windham, Connect- icut; lias been many years settled in this country; has married twice, * Mr. Wiilliait leaves a bhmk spaee hero, ami writes tlie lieaJmg" Cliaractcr of Old Simpson." t rrieiulsviile is a village on tlieeast bank of the Yougliioghcny, about seven miles soutli of the Pennsylvania line. Tliis may be the place wiiere the part}- crossed the river. See Fisher's " Gazetteer of tlie Slate of Maryland." J Thorough go Nimble, a looseness, a violent purging. Gross's " Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," .s. '•. § The memoranda of expenses calls this " Old Davis's on the Potomac." II Fisher's "Gazetteer" gives Dawson's as a post otfice in Allegliany county, on the nortli-west side of the Potomac liivcr, eleven miles soutli-west of Cumberland. 33 and got many cliiLlrcii. His cider in a brown mug seemed more like home than any tiling I liave met witli. Wednesday, 17 March. \Vc were np tliis morning before day, and were set ott" before it was cleverly liglit. Got to Dawson's, three miles, where IMessrs. D. & P. lodged, and got some tea for bicakfast* and set off" in good season, tlie doctor and I falling behind. As it is .very miry, Aitiguing walking, and rainy, whicli mak(!s extremely pain- ful walking in tlie clay and mud, we could not keep np with I). We stopped about a mile and a half from the INIethodist meeting near the cross roads at Cressops,* and four from Cumberland, and got some fried meat and eggs, milk, butter, &c., for dinner, which was a half pistareen each. After dinner the doctor and I walked into Cumber- land village about three o'clock, and i)ut up at Herman Stitcher's or Stidger's. We called for two mugs of cider, and got tea, bread and butter, and a boiled leg of fresh young pork for supper. The up[)er part of the county of Washington has lately been made a separate county, and called Alleghany, as it cxtiMids over part of that moun- tain, and reaches to the extreme boundary of INIaryland, The courts, it is expected, will be fixed and held at tiiis place, Cumberland, which will probably increase its growth, as it thrives pretty fast already. We suppe0. Very fine weather again to-day. We walked twenty-four miles to McFerren's in Hancock, and arrived there, sun al)Out half an hour liigi:. McFcrren says this town has * Crc'sap Town is six niik-s soutli-wcst of Cuniberhuid on tlie state road. See Fislicr's " Gazetteer." t In liis memoranduni of expenses, Mr. Walleiit enters " ilinner at Jacob's in Skii>toii or Fort, tenpeiice." Tlie branches of tlie I'otomac join only a few niik'S below Old Town. 34 been settled about ten or twelve years, and is called for the man who laid it out or owned it, and not after Governor Hancock. It is a small but growing place of about twenty or thirty houses, near the bank of the Potomac, thirty-five miles below Old Town, and live below Fort Cumberland ; twenty-four above Williamspoit, and ninety-five above Georgetown. We slept at iMcI'^erren's, a so-so house. lie insisted on our sleeping in beds, and would not permit sleeping on the floors. AVe all put our feet in soak in warm water this evening. It was recom- mended to us by somebody on the road, and I think they feel the better for it.* Saturday, 20 March. A very fine day again. We have bad remarkably fine weather on this journey hitherto. But two days we had any rain, and then but little. We stayed and got breakfast at McFerren's, and set out al)nut eight o'clock, and walked about twenty- one miles this day to Thompson 's,t about half a mile from Buchanan's $ in the Cove Gap in the North IMountain. JMy feet do not feel quite so bad this day, as they have some days. I expect they are growing stronger and fitter for walking every day, though it has cost me a great deal of pain, throbbing, beating, and aching to bring them to it. It seems the warm water last niglit did me some good. Lord's Day, 21 March, 1790. We set off" this morning before day- light was clear, and went a pretty smart step till about half-past eight brought us to Campbeirs,§ which is eight miles in about two hours and a half. Got a good breakfast and set off immediately. We walked very smartly and very steadily, and they got to McKanlis's in Shippensburgh.il the sun an hour high ; the doctor a little later, and I * 111 liis niemoranihiin of expenses for the lOtli, l\Ir. Wallcut lias " break- fast at Tonyn's the Irishman, one sliilliiif^ " ; ami "one pint of ciiler at Widow Farrels', sign of the Swan, foiirpence." t In his memoranda Mr. Wallcut puts " Airetown" after Thompson's. Ayr is a township of Fulton county. See Egle's " History of Pennsylvania," p. 707. t This was jirohably .James Buclianan, the fatlier of the thirteenth President of the United States. See Egle's "History of Pennsylvania," p. 758; Day's " HistcnMeal Collections of Pennsylvania," p. 354. § In Heading Howell's large map of Pennsylvania, 1792, many of the tav- erns on the great road to the West are indieated. This of Caniipbell's is between Loudon and Ciiambersburg. Mr. Wallcut's memorandum locates it in Peters- town. See also Dr. Harris's " Journal of a Tour to Ohio," p. 72, which places it at the " Cold Springs." II Shippensburg is one of the oldest towns in Ponn^sylvania, west of the Susquehanna river, and in the early days of Western travel was a place of con- siderable importance. See Egle's " Pennsylvania," p. C3L 35 got in just at sunset. On the way, about one o'clock, we stopped and got oats, &c., for tlie horse, and we got a pint of milk apiece. Tiie doctor seems out of humor with something. He asked for bread and a lialf-pint more, and he had it. The road has grown very fine com- paratively, and the weather is exceedingly fine, almost too warm to travel in. Went in the evening and heard a Mr. Copeley, an English- man and Methodist, pray, &c. He was concluding when I got there. He has a son who lives in this place, and wants to write by me to a brother he has at the manufactory in Hartford. He appears, to be a traveller, &c. ; but wiietlier lie may be called a travelling preacher or exhorter, I know not. We made a hearty supper of ti!a and fresh pork fried, and went to bed — tiiat is, to lie on the [)latdv as usual — about nine. Monday, 22 March. 1790. Up and away before sunrise, and walked to bieakfast to McCracken's.* He has been an officer in the continental army. I find it will not do for me to try any longer to keep up with my company, and as they propose going through Read- ing, and we through Philadelphia, we must part to-niglit or to-morrow. I conclude to try another seven miles, and if I cannot keep up, we part at Semple's, the next stage. They got to Semple's f before me, and waited for me. I coTiclude to stay and dine here, and part with Messrs. Proctor and Dodge. I am so dirty ; my beard the ninth day old, and my shirt the time worn, that I cannot with any decency or com- fort put off the cleaning any longer. I again overhauled the letters, as I had for security and care taken all into my saddle-bags. I sorted them and gave Mr. Dodge his, with what lay more direct in his way to deliver, and took some from him for Boston and my route. I jiaid Mr. Dodge three shillings more in addition to six shillings I had paid him before at the Widow Carrel's.t according to our agree- ment at twelve shillings to Philadelphia; and as we had gone together and he had carried our packs three hundred miles (wanting two), it was near the matter. He supposed I should do right to give him a shilling more. I told him as I had agreed witli him at the rate of fifty pounds, when they did not weigh above thirty-five, and at the rate of going up to Pitt instead of returning, which is but half price, * Mr. Wallcut says (memoranda of expenses) tlial Captain McCracken's is in tiie township of Newton. It is laid down on Howell's map as about six miles from Siiippensburg. t Semple's or Sample's is in West Pennsboro', according to Mr. Wallcut's memorandum. See also Colonel May's journal, p. 105. X See entry of Thursday, the 18th inst. 86 I thought it was a generous price, and paid him accordingly as by agreement. We wisliod each olher a good journey, and IMr. Procton the doctor, and I drank a ning of cider together. When we had got cleaned, a wagoner came along very luckily, and dined with us, and going our way, we put our packs in his wagon, and rode some to help. We gave him a quarter of a dollar for this half day and to- morrow. We got to Carlisle in the evening and put up with Adam at Lutz's. This Carlisle is said to be extremely bad in wet weather. It prob- ably is nearly or quite as bad as Pittsburg, Marietta, Albany.* I went to Lutz's because Adam puts up there, he being of his nation, but it is a miserable house, and Adam says he is sorry he carried us there. The victuals were good, but they are dirty, rough, impolite. AVe supped on bread and milk, and Lutz would insist on our sleeping in a bed and not on the floor ; so we did so. Tuesday, 23 JMarch, 1790. A pleasant day and the roads very much dried, so that the travelling is now comfortable. We dined at Callender's in more fashion than since I left home. Adam stopped at Sanpson's so long that it was dark when we got over the I'iver to Chambers's, where we stopped another half liour.f Set off about seven o'clock, and got to Toot's about (deven. All abed, but Adam got us a bit of bread and butter, and made us a fire in the stove, and we lay on the floor.l Wednesday, 24 March, 1790. Old Toot is a crabbed ... lie has been scolding and swearing at Adam all this morning about something that 1 cannot understand. It has rained last night, and the roads are again intolerable. Adam says he cannot go again until his father says the word, and that may not be this two or three days. But we cannot go and carry our packs on our backs now, the roads are so bad, and we should gain nothing to walk, but spend our strength to little or on purpose. We must wait for a wagon to go along our way, and join it, or wait for the roads to grow better. Carried our dirty things to wash ; two shirts, two pair stockings, and one handkerchief for me; two shirts, two pair stockings, and one* * There is a good account of Carlisle in Dr. Egle's " History of Pennsyl- vania," pp. 623-631. t Callender's is laid down on Howell's map about five miles bcj'ond Carlisle. Simpson's and Chambers's are on opposite banks of the Susquehanna river, a short distance below Harrisburg. J JMr. Wallout's memorandum of expenses shows that "Old Toot's" was in Middlclowu. 37 pair trowsers for the doctor. "Went to several places to look for shoes for the doctor. He could not fit himself at the shoemakers, and boiiglit a pair in a store for 8s. id. Pennsylvania, or Gs. Sd. our currency. We went to Henry JNIoore's, the sign of the two Highlanders. I drank ^ a quart of beer and dined. Old Toot is a supervisor, and is gone to Harrisburg to-day, to settle some of his business. Thursday, 25 March, 1790. The sun rises and shines out so bright to-day that I am in hopes the roads will be better, at least, when we go. Old Toot could not finish his business yesterday, and is gone again to-day. He is uncertain when he shall send Adam forward to Piiiladelphia, perhaps not until Monday. It will not do for us to stay, if we can somehow get along sooner. Time hangs heavy on our hands, but we do what we can to kill it. The doctor and I went down to Moore's and dined together, which was a shilling L. M. apiece. We then came back to Toot's and drank a pint of cider-royal* together. The house is for the most part of the day filled with Germans, who talk much, but we cannot understand them. We have coffee and toast, or meat for breakfast, and mush and milk for supper. Our time is spent in the most irksome manner possible ; eating and drinking, aud sleeping and yawning, and attending to the conversation of these Dutch. In the evening the house is crowded with the neighbors, &c., and for the . . . f Old Toot says, and Adam too, that he will not go till Monday. This is very discouraging. Friday, 26 March, 1790. A very dull prospect to-day. It rained very hard in the night, and continues to rain this morning. No wagons are passing, and none coming that we can hear of. We have no prospect now but to stay and go with Adam on jNIonday. We stay at home to-day and murder our time. We read McFingal, or Ballads, or wiiatever we can |)ick up. AVe had coffee and toast and fresh fried veal for breakfast, and ate heartily, and so we eat no dinner. The doc- tor goes out and buys us Srf. worth of cakes, and we get a half-pint of whiskeys which makes us a little less sad. In comes a man to in(piire news, &c., of two men from JNIuskingum. He had heard Thompson's report, which had made so much noise and disquiet all through the coun- try. He had three Harrisburg papers with him, which give us a little relief in our dull and unwelcome situation. At dark there come iu * Ciilerroviil was " made by boiUng three or four barrels of fresli api)le- cider down to one or less, thus adding to itsstrengtlias a beverage." Atkhisou's " History of Ivaiiawiia County," p. 188. t Tiiere is a hne left blank here. 38 two men with a wnj^^on and want lodging, &c. They stay thi> night, and with them we find an opportunity of going forward as far as Lan- caster, which we are determined to embrace. Saturday, 27 March, 1790. We stay and get a good breakfast before we set out, and agree to give Mr. Bailey 2s. L. !M. for carrying our basri^aije. This is his/her than any thiuij it has cost us on the road in proportion, but we cannot help it. It is better than to waste so much time in a tavern. It rains steadily, and the road is all mush and water. Before I got on a hundred rods I am half-leg deep in mire. Set off about eiglit o'clock, and overtook the wagon about two miles aliead. However, it clears off before night, and the sun shines warm, and the roads mend fast. We made a stay in Elizabethtown about two hours to feed and rest. The doctor and I had two quarts of beer and some gingerbread and buckwiieat cakes for dinner. We got to Colonel Peden's to lodge, which is eighteen miles through an intolerable bad road, to-day.* (Elizabetlitown, about fifty houses ; Middletown, about an hundred houses.) We paid our landlady this evening, as we are to start so early in the morning it would not do to wait till the usual time of getting up to pay tlien, and we have got nine miles to go to reach Lancaster. Lord's Day, 28 March, 1790. We started this morning at day dawn, and got to at the Black Horse, four and a half miles to breakfast. The wagon went by us, and fed at Shoo|)'s. I left the doctor with them and to take care of the tilings, and walked into the town before them. Stopped at Gross's, the Spread Eagle, and left word for the doctor, which they never told him. I heard the bell ring for church just as I got here, which made me go into town after wait- ing some time for them. Took leave of Mr. Bailey, (fccf I went to the English Episcopal Church, and then went back to look for the doctor, and he looking for me ; we were some time in chase, and missed each other. Found we could not get served at the Angel, so took our baggage and walked down to Doersh's, who keeps the stage. Got dinner here. Shaved, shirted, put on my boots, and went out into town. Stopped at the court-house and heard a Methodist. Walked further about ; stopped and looked into the Catiiolic chapel, and talked with the priest. Looked into the churches, such as I could, and re- * Mr. Wallcut notes in his expenses for this day, "to Fisher's ferriage over Sweetara Creek, twopence"; and "supper at Colonel Peden's in Kaphoe, ten- pence." Ka[)lio is a township in the nortiiern part of Lancaster County. t Mr. Wallcut notes among his expenses, "paid David Bailey for carrying pack to Lancaster, one shilling." 39 turned to tea at sunrlown. Spent the remnincler of the time till bed i-eading newspapers. AVashed my feet and went to bed just before ten. Monday, 29 March, 1790. After breakfast the doctor and I took a ramble about the town, to look at it and to inquire if we could find any wagon going to Pliiladelphia, that we can get our baggage carried. The most likely place we can hear of is to go to the Creek, about a mile from town. Immediately after our walk we settled and paid, and set out at just eleven o'clock. Paid toll over Conestoga bridge, and stopped at Loclier's, at the Indian King, two miles from Lancaster, and drank a quart of beer. It was not good. Dined at Blesser's, on a cold meal, which was 8d. L. M. apiece. Got to Hamilton's at Sals- bur)-, a very good house ; nineteen miles.* This is more than I ex- pected wheii I set out at eleven o'clock. A very good supper ; rye mush and milk, cold corn beef, and apple pie on the table. But Sd. L. M. for supper and lodging apiece. We have had very good weather for travelling, and the roads are drying fast. In hopes that we shall find some wagon going on the Philadelphia road, that we may get our packs carried part of the way. Tuesday, 30 March, 1790. We walked twenty-four miles this day, that is, from Hamilton's to Fahnstock's. Very pleasant weather, suit- able for travelling ; not too warm nor too cold. My feet very tender and sore, but we kee]) along steady. Got to Fahnstock's, Admiral Warren, about eight o'clock. Got some bread and milk for supper. The doctor had nothing but a pint of cider for his supper. We slept well, considering my being excessively fatigued, Tiie post overtook us.f Wednesday, 31 March. Stayed to breakfast this morning, which was very good, but I do not like the practice, at least I do not seem to need eating meat with breakfast every morning. I sometimes eat it two or three times a day because it is set before me, and it is the fashion to have meat always on the table. We dined about seven miles from Phihxdelpliia;! crossed the Schuylkill about suiist-t, and walked into town about dark. Crossed the Scluiykill over the floating bridge, and paid our toll. Id. Pennsylvania each. After looking and walking about a good deal, we stopped, and went into the Widow Paul's, who said she * Blesser's was in Leacock townsliip, and Hamilton's sign was the Bull. These notes are from Mr. AVallcut's memoranda of expenses. t Mr. "Wallciit notes as liis expenses for tlie SOtli March, " breakfast at Ashe's in West Calne, eightpence," and " dinner and one gill whiskey at Downing's, one shilling and twopence." These places are in Chester Count}'. t Mr. Wallcut notes among liis expenses, " cold dinner with cider at Stick- er's, seven miles from riiiladelphia." 40 was full, and sent us to Mr. Samuel Davis at the White Horse, where we lodged.* Thursday, 1 April, 1790. Fine, pleasant weather; very much fatigued. About ten or eleven got rested, and shaved, and then walked out to see the town, market, &c. Inquired for some cloth ; found a good and handsome raven black at Hugh Ferguson's and Daniel Lapsley's. In the evening Dr. Thomas, the doctor, and I went to St. Paul's, and heard Mr. Filmore preach a sermon preparatory to fast, it being Good Friday to-morrow. f Friday, 2 April. Went to St. Peter's Church this forenoon, where Bishop White read the service, and Mr. Behn preached, j In the after- noon (it rained excessive hard) went to Christ Church, and heard Mr. Blackvvell. Afterward went to the new German chapel and saw the holy sepulchre, &c. Could not get in at the other chapels. Saturday, 3 April, 1790. A veiy fine day after the rain. Went, over the way across the market, and had some conversation with Friend Joseph Crnkshank.§ who appears not only a friend by profession, but friendly indeed. Our talk was mostly on the Indians and negroes, and he gave me six pamphlets to disperse, and a number of others for myself, and I bought five or six of him amounting to 2s. 9rf. or 2s. 10//. L. M. Went to Lap.sley's and bought two and a quarter yards raven black suj)erfine cloth at five dollars per yard. Got 2\ for eleven dollars. Bought lining and trimmings at Friend Amos Taylor's, amounting to 14s. U)d. Pennsylvania. Carried all to David Brooks || to make, who first wet it as I directed, and I went with him and saw it. In the after- noon went to the button manufacturer's^ and to see the almshouse and hospital, — " iVo entrance 'without pui/iiif/ sixpence" ; but a half pistareen * Samuel Davis kept at No. 2 Elbow Lane, a small lane running south tVoni IIii;!i (now Market) Street, between Second and Third Streets. t Hiddle's riiiladelphia Directory for 1701 has a David Lnpsie.v, a storekeeper. Kobert Thomas was a druggist at No. 9 Nortli Third Street. The Kev. Josepli Pilmore wiis an Episcopal clergyman, at tliis time tlie assistant at St. Paul's Church. He had been in early life a follower of Wesley. See Sprague's " Anuals of tiie American Pulpit," vol. v. pp. 266-270. I The Kev. Joseph G. Bend was an assistant minister of the united parishes of Cin-ist Clnn-cli and St. Peter's from 1787 to 171)1. See Dorr's " Historical Account of Ciirist Ciuu'ch," p. 212. He is doubtless the person iutemled. § Josepli Cruksliauk was a printer and bookseller at No.