mMmmmmm GB 1025 .C2W28 1 V, *...' ^^^ TVi* A '^ '* •^•'.X y.:;^%r^. ..^'>:k'i:.\ ,//isi^'.% ^«« .c>^ •*^gfe»'. -^^ ^^ *: ■«>^.^^' v^ ^^•^^-"^ /^^'J^^^^-r^ ^°/^U:>- //>i?&' "oV* i**\-i;^. \ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Franklin K. Lane, Secretary United States Geological Survey ^ George Otis Smith, Director -^1 Water-Supply Paper 429 ^^51^^ GROUND WATER IN THE SAN JACINTO AND TEMEGULA BASINS, CALIFORNIA ^(^y^ BY GERALD A. WARING Prepared in cooperation with the DEPAKTMENT OF ENGrNEEEIN& OF THE STATE OF CAIIFOEOTA WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 Q'^ \}Z- < .Gi^^ d; •f B. OCT 2 1919 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 7 San Jacinto basin 7 General features 7 Geography 7 Geology 9 Climate 10 Settlement and industries 14 Irrigation systems 16 Lake Hemet Water Co IG Fairview Land & Water Co - 18 Citizens Water Co 18 Lakeview Water Co 19 Perris and Alessandro irrigation districts , 19 Ground water 20 Source of supply. 20 Quality of water 21 Description by areas 23 San Jacinto area . .* 23 Location and character 23 Hot springs 24 Artesian area 27 Ground-water level 29 Irrigation 30 Quality of water 31 Alkali : 31 'Hemet area 32 Location and character 32 Ground-water lerel 32 Irrigation 86 Quality of water 37 Alkali 37 Winchester area 37 Location and character 37 Ground- water level 38 Irrigation 41 Quality of water 41 Alkali 41 Lakeview area 42 Location and character 42 Artesian areas 42 Ground- water level 44 Irrigation 46 Quality of water ' 47 Alkali 47 3 4 CONTEXTS. San Jacinto basin — Continued. Description by areas — Contin^ied. Page. Moreno area 47 Location and character 47 Ground--5rater level 48 Irrigation 50 QuaKty of water 50 Perris area 50 Location and character 50 Ground-water level 51 Lrigation 62 Quality of water 63 Alkali 64 Menifee area 64 Location and character 64 Ground-water level 65 Irrigation ^. 68 Quality of water 69 Alkali 69 Elsinore Lake area 69 Location and character 69 Geologic features 70 Surface water 71 Hot springs 75 Ground-water level 75 Irrigation 76 Quality of water 78 Alkali 78 Temescal area 79 Location and character 79 Hot springs 79 Artesian ai'ea 80 Ground- water level 80 Irrigation _ 80 Quality of water 81 AlkaU 81 Temecula basin 81 General features ,. 81 Geography 81 Geology 82 CUmate 84 Settlement and industries 84 Surface water 85 Description by areas 86 Murrieta Valley 86 Location and character 86 Hot springs 87 Artesian areas 87 Ground-water level 88 Irrigation 89 Quality of water 89 Alkali 90 CONTENTS. 5 Temecula basin — Continued. Description by areas — Continued. Page. Temecula Valley 90 Location and character 90 Artesian area 91 Ground-water level 92 Irrigation 92 Quality of water 93 Alkali 93 Pumping tests, by Herman Stabler. 93 Notes on the plants 93 Tested plants - 93 Untested plants 97 Pumping station c>f the Temescal Water Co 97 Summary of tests 98 Factors affecting costs 102 Selection of machinery 105 Index Ill ILLUSTKATIONS. Page. Plate I. Sketch map of part of California, showing areas covered by water- supply papers of the United States Geological Sxirvey 7 II. Map of San Jacinto and Temecula basins, showing relief and drainage basins 8 III. Map of San Jacinto and Temecula basins, showing geologic forma- tions, ai'tesian basins, depth to water, and location of wells . . In pocket. IV. A, Eden Hot Springs; B, San Jacinto Valley, looking southward from Relief Hot Springs _ 24 V. Map of San Jacinto and Temecula basins showing irrigated lands, pumping plants, and principal distribution systems In pocket. VI. Map of San Jacinto and Temecula basins showing lands irrigated in 1904 and in 1915 In pocket. VII. San Jacinto Valley from Park Hill 30 VIII. Logs of wells in the Hemet area 32 IX. A, Perris and Alessandro valleys, from point about 2 miles north of Perris; B, Hemet irrigated district, from Reservoir Butte 36 X. A, Western part of Double Butte, Winchester area, looking toward Perris; B, Jimiper Flat, Lakeview Mountains 38 XI. A, San Jacinto River near Perris; B, Land near Perris prepared for seeding to alfalfa 51 XII. Escarpment along south side of Elsinore Lake .- . 68 XIII. A, Valley of Temecula River; B, Southern part of Elsinore Lake basin, from slopes northeast of Wildomar 70 XIV. A, Temescal Wash and bench lands below Temescal; B, Bench lands along southwest side of Temescal Wash, below Lee Lake 78 b CONTEKTS. Figure 1. Diagram showing seasonal precipitation at stations in the San Page. Jacinto basin ' 11 2. Diagram showing origin of artesian pressure in the San Jacinto basin. 21 3. Logs of wells in the San Jacinto area 26 4. Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells near Bowers 29 5. Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells in the Hemet area 35 6. Logs of wells near Winchester 38 7. Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells near Winchester 40 8. Logs of flowing artesian wells near Casa Loma 43 9. Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells near Lakeview 46 10. Logs of wells in the Moreno area 49 11. Logs of wells in the Perris area 52 12. Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record ^ells in the Perris area 61 13. Log of well in lilenifee Valley 65 14. Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells in Menifee Valley 68 15. Logs of flowing artesian wells in Temecula Valley 91 INSERTS. Page. Mineral analyses, etc., San Jacinto area 30 Mineral analyses, etc., Hemet area 36 Mineral analyses, etc., Winchester, Lakeview, and Moreno areas 40 Mineral analyses, etc. , Perris and Menifee areas 62 Mineral analyses, etc., Elsinore Lake and Temescal areas 78 Mineral analyses, etc., TemecuLj basin 86 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLr PAPER 429 PLATE 1 Areas covered by other water-supply papers published as a cooperative study of the U, S. Geolog- ical Survey in the Report c " ' " • ■ " nission of CaHfornia, 1912. ; Conservation Corn- Watering places in the desert regions of the south- eastern part of the State are described in Water-Sup- ply Paper 224. and the mineral springs of the State are described in Water-Supply Paper 338. SKETCH MAP OF PART OF CALIFORNIA Showing areas treated in the present report and in other water-supply papers of the U. S. Geological Survey relating to ground water GROUND WATER IN THE SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CALIFORNIA. By Gerald A. Waring. INTRODUCTION. A study of the conditions affecting tlie occurrence of ground water in the San Jacinto and Temecula basins in southern California was begiui in 1904 by Walter C. Mendenhall, to obtain data for a report on the area similar to reports which he had prepared on other areas in the southern part of the State.' A study of the fluctuation of the ground-water level was also begun by measuring the depth to water in certain wells at intervals of a few months. When the well records were collected it was expected that the results of the ground-water study could be prepared for early publication. The unavoidable delay in the preparation of this report has, however, been advanta- geous to the study of fluctuations of ground water for it has made the period of collection of records longer than would otherwise have been feasible. In the fall of 1915 the author spent about six weeks in the San Jacinto and Temecula basins, in bringing up to date the information collected earHer, and in July, 1916, he spent a few days in supple- mentary studies in this region. The detailed descriptions of the areas were prepared by the author, but the discussion of the general fea- tures and of the irrigation systems of the San Jacinto basin were written by Mr. Mendenhall. In connection with the studies of fluctuation of ground water tests of pumping plants in the region were made in 1910 by Herman Stabler, whose results are appended to the present report. SAN JACINTO BASIN. GENERAL FEATURES. GEOGRAPHY. The San Jacinto River basin is in western Riverside County, in southern Cahfomia. (See PI. I.) The basin is irregular in outline, about 65 miles in extreme length, east and west, 30 miles in greatest 1 V. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Papers 219, 237, 238, 239, 242. See index map, PI. I. 7 8 GROUND "WATER IN" SAN JACIKTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. width in a northeast-soutli-n^est direction, and 1,000 square miles in extent. Topographically it is a region of diverse and unique charac- teristics. The floor of the valley from the mouth of San Jacinto Canyon to the base of Box Springs Mountains is a remarkably level lowland whose general elevation is 1,500 to 1,800 feet above sea level, but from it a number of granitic mountains and buttes rise abruptly like islands from the sea. (See PI. II.) In its relation to the adjacent lowlands of Santa Ana Valley to the northwest and west this valley ?s a plateau, for it lips 500 to 1,000 feet above them; but in relation to its immediate environment it is distinctly a basin, for it is rimmed on all sides by an irregular upland formed by the San Jacinto Mountains and subsidiary ridges on the northeast and by Santa Ana and Elsinore mountains on the southwest. Northwestward, in the direction of Kiverside, the rim is not conspicuous, for the plains rise gently to the head of Box Springs and Sycamore canyons and then slope abruptly do"wnward to the citrus-clad slopes of the Eiverside mesa, 600 or 700 feet below. Toward the south the divide between the San Jacinto and Temecula basins is also indistinct, and the rim of the basin is broken by Paloma Valley; but beyond this valley the drainage passes southwestward to the Pacific through Temecula Canyon instead of northwestward to Santa Ana River. Southward and southeastward the land rises to the inclosed mountain basins of i>abtiste. Chihuahua, and Warner valleys, which interrupt the desert border of the upland area at elevations of 2,500 to 4,500 feet above the sea. The highest point in the boundary of the basin is San Jacinto Peak, 10,805 feet above the sea. * San Jacinto River itself is a stream of peculiar regimen and irregular course. Rising on the slopes of San Jacinto Mountains, its head- water tributaries plunge through deep canyons to their junction with the main stream that emerges upon the plain 5 or 6 miles southeast of San Jacinto. In these upper tributaries water flows thi'oughout the year, but during dry seasons the water that is not diverted for irrigation at the mouth of the canyon quickly sinks in the sands of the river channel above Florida. Ordinarily, however, during the winter high-water period the channel contains flowing water as far as the flats north of Lakeview Mountains. Minor floods do not ex- tend beyond this basin, but the exceptional storms of winter fill these flats to overflowing and the water then passes out through the channel west of Lakeview, crosses Perris VaUey, enters Railroad Canyon, and continues through this gorge to Elsinore Lake, a body of brackish water. A channel connects Elsinore Lake with Temescal Wash, which discharges into Santa Ana River below Corona. A few times since the occupation of the valley by white men Elsinore Lake has been raised by floods in San Jacinto River to the level of overflow into Temescal Wash; and during these exceptional times the San U. 3. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER -129 PLATK 11 MAP OF SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA UASINS. 8H0\\I\G RELIEF AND DRAINAGE BASINS. SAN JACINTO BASIN. 9 Jacinto has been a continuous stream from its source at the base of San Jacinto Peak to its jimction with Santa Ana River, through which it discharges into the sea; but under ordinary conditions the waters of the river do not join those of the ocean. GEOLOGY. In detail the geology of the San Jacinto basin is complex; but little of the detail bears on the question of water supply, the theme of this paper. It may besaid, however, that the basin occupies a depressed crustal block, which is bounded on the northeast and the southwest by faults. One of these faults extends along the northeastern base of Santa Ana and Elsinore mountains, and the valley that marks its position is occupied by Temescal Wash and Elsinore Lake basin. The second noteworthy fault extends northwest and southeast along the southern base of the ridge between the San Jacinto basin and San Timoteo Canyon. Between these lines of dislocation is the San Jacinto basin and on each side of it are the mountain ranges that separate it from adjacent drainage basins. (See PI. II.) On Christmas morning, 1899, a locally violent earthquake shock resxilting from movement along the San Jacinto fault or a related sub- sidiary fracture damaged several buildings in the city of San Jacinto. On the adjacent Indian reservation a few lives were lost by the fall of adobe house walls. The geographic limits of the disturbance seem to have been very narrow, apparently because the locus of the dis- placement was restricted to the hills back of San Jacinto. Most of the rocks of the basin are granitic, but to the south, in Diamond and Paloma valleys and in the hills between Elsinore and Perris, are masses of contorted black slates and schists, probably of Triassic age. To the northwest, along Temescal Wash, there are un- altered sandstones, shales, and clays of Eocene, Miocene, and possibly Pliocene age. (See PI. Ill, in pocket.) To the north the Badlands, between Moreno and San Timoteo Canyon, consist chiefly of partly consolidated gritty clay shales, which are overlain unconf ormably by gravels that are probably of alluvial origin. Definite evidence as to the age of the shales in these hills is lacking, but because of their re- semblance to similar rocks elsewhere in California, it is assumed that they were deposited during the Pliocene epoch. Near and east of Eden Hot Springs these sediments lie unconformably upon ancient granitic and metamorphic rocks, as shown in Plate IV, A. A series that is similar to that of the Badlands forms the lower slopes east of San Jacinto and also the hills between the lower courses of the South Fork of the San Jacinto and Bautista Creek. The isolated masses of Park Hill and Casa Loma Hill are composed of the same partly consolidated materials, but the Lakeview Mountains, the hills between Lakeview and Moreno, and in general the buttes that rise 10 GEOUXD \rATEE IX SAX JACINTO AXD XEMECULA BASIXS, CAL. above the floor of the vallev consist of older granitic and metamor- phic rocks. xUl the rocks thus far described are important in their relation to supplies of gi'ound water only because they furnish a practically water- tight bottom and rim for the basin, and because the loose alluvial material brought down by the streams has been deposited and accu- mulated in the iiTegularities of their surfaces. In this aUurial wash, which constitutes the modern valley fill, all the abundant supphes of ground water are found. Wise and effective use of the water de- pends on the possibility of recovering it cheaply and at such a rate that the water level will not be drawn down by the pumps and the flowing wells more rapidly than it is restored through absorption of rainfall and of flood waters diuing each winter. CLIilATE. The climate of the San Jacinto basin is typical of the moderately elevated interior basins of southern California. It is characterized by a division of the year into a wet and a dry season, generally low precipitation, large proportion of clear days, moderately high summer temperatures, and absence of low winter temperatures. The aver- age seasonal precipitation at San Jacinto is about 13 inches, at Elsi- nore 13 ^ inches, and at Idyllwild, on the slope of the San Jacinto Mountains at an elevation of 5,2.50 feet, nearly 28 inches. The avail- able monthly records of precipitation at these three stations are given in the following tables,^ and the seasonal precipitation and its de- parture from the average is shown graphically in figure 1. The sea- sonal instead of the annual precipitation was used in preparing the diagram, as it represents the total precipitation during each winter, the rainy season extending from about September to May. Precipitation, in inches, in Riverside County. Cal. idyilwUd. [Elevation 5,250 £eet.] Season. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. .Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. Sea- sonal. Year. An- nual. 1901 a3.47 5.81 2.42 5.25 3. S2 3. 00 .80 2.70 1.23 5.53 6.76 4. .59 0.37 1.22 .091 .20 6.10 .48 02. 19 al. 42 .10 .09 .04 .43 T. ■19.4.3 26.48 14.95 35.01 41.66 30.66 21.31 35.34 25.35 27.82 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1903 1909 1910 1911 17 94 1901-2 1902-3 1903-4 6.34' 3.44 .33 .57 T. 2.45 .03 .17 .73 2.77 .05i 1..50 2.73 1.00 1.S7 .5.5 .21 1.02 T. 2.21 T. .38 T. 3.11 .40 .15 .80 1.03 .10 .47 .25 T. .03 4.5.5 1.85 1.43 .43 0.69 3. SO 8.38 2.15 1.11 .70 4. .34 2.40 .15 0..34 2.00 .98 1.93 5.25 2.64 1.0.5 8.53 .10 m 10 19.82 23.50 15.33 1904-5 1905-6 1906-7 1907-8 6. 85; 8. 43 10. 07 2. 21 3.34' 5.3216.15 3.19 7. .30 2.71! 6.7S: .89 3.96, 3.S5 1.67 2.34 12.16 7.27 4.56; .26 5.20 .60 3.08 .33 9.35; 6.26 6.a3 1.34 3.77 2.73 1.48 1.14 .15 42.22 41. »4 27.94 23.90 190^9 190<>-10 1910-11 1911 40. .54 14.05 25.33 Means ....!.... J 1 ._j 27.80 26.60 . 1 i ! ■ 111 a Interpolated. i> Station discontinued. 1 V. S. Dept. Agr. Vv eather Bur. Bull. W, vol. 1, 1912, and later date. SAN JACINTO BASIN", 11 X o z o < o u CL 40 Id p vll d "~ - J| ' ' ■■ 35 30 _| M >iu: 1 27.SO TDtlci i?S 1 1 25 II 1 20 15 1 . 10 5 ■ 1 ft ^ or ecor t} II - 1 1 1 No record s< n V Jac ini O ., . 1 |. 1 15 M. ran 12S5i rifT es ■ llii 10 5 n 1 1 1 ll 1 1 1 1 h Jo r eco rd El sir on ^ Me 321 13.4 Si LCIU IS I 1 , J II r 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nc re core ■ 11 "* ift <0 t- 00 o> O »-< OJ CO -^ la to ooooooOOooooooooooooooooQOcaciCiOCsascaaiaia^aiaiCsoaoi FiGuiiE 1.— Diagram showing, seasonal precipitafcion at stafewns in the San Jacinto basin. 12 GROUND WATER IN" SAN" JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAI^ San Jacinto. [Elevation 1,550 feet.] 1S86 1886-87 1892-93 1893-94 1894-95..... 1895-96 1896-97 1897-98 1898-99 1899-1900... 1900-01 1901-02 1902-03 1903-OJ 1904-05 1905-06 1906-07 1907-08 1908-09 1909-10 1910-11 1911-12 1912-13 1913-14 1914-15 1915-16 1916 Means. .03 .13 T. .07 o.OS .22 ffi.08 .01 .10 .52 .17 .18 .20 .02 0.03 T. T. o. 10 .54 a. 10 1.53 .11 .32 .37 T. .45 .23 .50 .40 .28 .70 0.51 .04 .40 .16 .01 .06 1.16 .12 .45 .50 .07 .54 0.69 .66 .04 T. 1.76 3.38 .81 .42 .61 .06 .13 .24 3.30 .91 .90 .28 1.33 0.77 .80 2.09 1.20 .34 .18 1.83 4.57 .06 1.25 2.54 2.43 .11 .20 1.70 2.94 .48 2.13 .55 .70 0.17 1.27 3.16 5.30 .34 1.70 .47 1.38 .75 T. 2.12 ol. 64 1.02 .22 4.79 .57 .58 4.89 1.34 2.59 2.45 2.02 4.50 .33 1.50 4.19 1.66 .96 1.53 .10 3.74 .49 .69 4.62 1.57 1.37 11.15 6.48 1 2.03 2.92 3.25 .24 3.19 3.50 3.84 7.05 1.36 3.16 6.01 .89 .99 3.70 2.24 .81 1.63 .76 .33 2.31 4.54 3.02 4, 6.50 2.98 1.61 3.64 2.29 2.31 7.29 .97 1.03 .21 2.10 3.48 .25 .10 .51 .71 a. 71 o. 71 a. 71 1.97 .03 .53 4.99 .35 1.03 .94 .04 .35 1.39 3.24 .61 4.07 2.13 0.37 1.15 .26 .22 o. 14 1.67 0.67 1.86 .55 .01 .15 1.26 .57 .15 1.18 .06 .83 .04 0.03 .01 T. .16 .25 8.67 13.73 8.93 16.67 9.20 15.51 9.46 8.40 9.58 13.40 8.24 15.75 7, 18.59 14.79 18.02 12.67 13.76 12.52 15.44 12.64 7.29 18.87 17.26 16.60 12.95 1 1nterpolated. Elsinore. [Elevation 1,300 feet.] 1887 0.16 6.09 1.41 a2.49 2.29 3.43 1.56 3.59 2.30 .81 .19 5.32 2.78 4.80 4.93 6.51 3.74 6.81 .08 1.45 6.86 6.69 14.83 7.01 .80 0.06 5.87 1.54 .08 0.02 .09 0.05 'id.ii 1887 1888 15 08 1887-88 T. 0.10 0.16 .06 0.32 .69 1.72 2.93 4.04 5.37 22.08 1888 1897 al.76 .15 .48 4.61 2.03 2.50 1.49 7.72 2.14 2.24 2.80 3.57 .14 3.24 3.69 2.23 3.56 .78 0.77 .82 .96 .39 .42 2.64 6.55 4.14 4.36 11.98 3.68 .47 2.29 1.19 1.38 6.73 .65 .70 .26 1.14 .23 .77 .10 .30 1.71 .28 .30 1.59 .07 .18 .35 .25 1.80 .03 1.32 T. 1.04 .47 T. T. .03 .92 1.46 .04 .04 .13 .01 .18 T. .21 .08 .05 .04 "6."62 6.47 5.98 14.29 9.65 16.08 6.65 21.47 25.96 18.02 11.90 15.03 14.14 11.63 10.47 7.07 12.48 14.95 21.53 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 6 85 1897-98 T. .08 O.02 T. .09 T. 0.29 T. T. .74 O.05 1.12 .03 .73 .55 .10 .26 T T. .40 .82 T. .19 .30 T. .58 1.06 .98 .06 1.08 .13 .05 T. .12 .07 2.99 .53 .09 .53 .15 6.87 T. .04 .69 5.04 .35 1.26 5.61 1.34 .08 .24 1.43 .19 .20 .31 1.12 .56 .55 .04 .19 1.38 .55 3.04 T. .91 .20 5.51 .41 .82 6.65 .14 .80 . 77 1.83 4.03 2.23 6.24 1898-99 7.27 1899-1900 8.86 1900-01 1901-02 11.36 11 99 1902-03 12 09 1903-04 1904-05 8.98 24 55 1905-06 27.17 1906-07 14 36 1907-08 11.04 1908-09 21.13 1909-10 6.37 1910-11 12.41 1911-12 ... 9 71 1912-13 7.68 1913-14 .55 .65 .20 .25 .75 o" 13.63 1914-15 .65 16 49 1915-16 20.70 1916 .02 .51 .95 Means 13.48 13.45 a Interpolated. li Station discontinued; records Nov., 1912-Deo., 1915, by Temescal Water Co.: tr. S. Forest Service. records for 1916 by The precipitation at San Jacinto and Elsinore is almost entirely in the form of rain, but in some years considerable snow falls at Idyllwild. Most of the precipitation takes place during January, February, and March; that of November and December is less, gen- erally between 1 and 2 inches, and the average recorded precipitation SAN JACINTO BASIN. 13 in October and April is less than 1 inch. May, June, July, August, and September are practically rainless, the recorded averages ranging from a trace to one-half inch and usually representing rare, unseason- able storms. The average number of rainy days in a year at San Jacinto is 39 and at Elsinore 31. At Los Angeles the average is 36, at Riverside 41, San Bernardino 44, and San Diego 43. The average number of clear days at San Jacinto is 236, at Elsinore 243. These averages may be compared with the average of 157 at Los Angeles, 232 at Riverside, 213 at San Bernardino, and 266 at San Diego. Data regarding temperature are incomplete, but the average annual temperature at San Jacinto is 61.4° F., and at Elsinore 63.8°. These temperatures may be compared with the mean of 60.3° at Los An- geles, 63° at Riverside, 62.2° at San Bernardino, and 60.6° at San Diego. The minimum temperature recorded at San Jacinto is 20° F., that at Elsinore 18° F., and maybe compared with the minimum of 28° at Los Angeles, 21° at Riverside, 18° at San Bernardino, and 25° at San Diego. The effect of low precipitation and high temperature is observable in the character of the native vegetation of the basin. Moderately thick growths of sage and other flowering plaiits cover the plains, and various vegetal types that are grouped under the general term chap- arral cover the lower moimtain slopes. Cottonwoods border the stream channels within the mountains and out upon the valleys, where there is sufficient moisture to sustain them, and pines and other conifers are found in the mountains above an elevation of 4,000 feet. Mingled with conifers but extending to lower points on the slopes are live oaks, walnuts, and, in the sheltered and moister areas, sycamores, birches, maples, and willows. Grasses and related plants suitable for forage grow on the lowlands during the winter and spring and on the higher slopes of the mountain ranges throughout the year. Owing to the large proportion of clear days and the high tempera- tures during the summer, evaporation from water surfaces and moist lands is so great that the quantity of water needed for irrigation is comparable with that in valleys to the north and northwest in the vicinity of Riverside and San Bernardino. Under the best irrigation practice in these districts the minimum quantity of water applied is 30 inches, which, with the rainfall, means that the lands receive approximately 40 inches of water during the year. Under less care- ful practice water does not render so high a duty, and it is perhaps more usual to apply an amount equal to 40 or 50 inches in depth, the total, including applied water and rainfall, being by this practice equivalent to 50 or 60 inches. An effect of the high evaporation, due to the low precipitation and low humidity, is the accumulation of alkali at the surface where the water table lies within reach of capillarity and evaporation, say, about 8 feet below the surface. 14 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. The saturated low areas of San Jacinto Valley, therefore, like those of other valleys in southern California, are incrusted with alkali or have alkaline soils. SETTLEMENT AND INDUSTRIES. Settlement in San Jacinto Valley, in the modem sense, dates from the construction of the California Southern Railroad from San Ber- nardino across Perris Valley and through the Elsinore Basin and Temecula Canyon to San Diego in 1883. The hne through Temecula Canyon was washed out the year after it was constructed and has not been rebuilt, but the building of the railroad served to open the valley, and the population has increased with considerable rapidity since that time. Prior to the early eighties the large ranchos, which consist of Spanish grants and are used chiefly for grazing, represented practically the only settlement except the scattered groups of Mission Indians. Now thriving towns have been estabhshed, of which Perris, in the midst of Perris Valley, Elsinore, on the northern shore of Elsinore Lake, and San Jacinto and Hemet, in the valley opposite the mouth of San Jacinto Canyon, are the largest. According to the census of 1910 Elsinorej contained about 500 inhabitants, Hemet and San Jacinto nearly 1,000 each, and Perris Township (separate figures for the village not being available), nearly 1,500. The settlement at Elsinore is due chiefly to the grain-raising and cattle industries of Temecula and Murrieta valleys, the fruit growing west and south of the lake, and the tourist travel that is attracted by the mineral springs. Perris Valley has long been known as a grain-producing center. Dry farming was early practiced over most of the adjacent plains, but since the pumping plants have been used to supply water for irri- gation many of the grain fields have been transformed into fields of alfalfa, interspersed here and there with orchards of deciduous trees, and dairying has become an important local industry. On the higher lands about Moreno there were at one time 2,000 or 3,000 acres of orange groves irrigated by water brought from Bear Valley reservoir through the Alessandro pipe hne. As the water rights of this section were among the latest of those depending on the supply from Bear Valley, the shortage that resulted from the ten-year period of drought beginning with the winter of 1893-94 made it impossible to dehver water to this district. Many of the original groves, some of which had reached maturity and were beginning to bear, therefore died, and at present most of cultivable land in tliis region is again used to produce grain. Several hundred acres of thriving orchards north and west of Moreno are, however, irrigated in part by water pumped from wells and in part by water brought in the old canal from Mill Creek. SAN JACIKTO BASIN". 15 The greatest development during tlie last decade has been in the settlement clustered about the mouth of San Jacinto Canyon. In 1886, in order to increase the supply of water obtainable for the irri- gation of these lands from the normal flow of the San Jacinto and its tributaries, an enterprise was planned which contemplated the build- ing of an impounding reservoir in Hemet Valley, 2,700 feet above the lands to be irrigated, and during the wet period preceding the drought of 1893-94 a large canal system was constructed for the dis- tribution of these waters. The Hemet dam was not completed until 1895, partly because of difficulty in financing the project and in transporting material for construction over the steep mountain roads which alone offered access to the dam site, and partly because of interfereijce due to the excessive floods of the early nineties. When the dam was completed systematic development was begun, and, although checked, as were other irrigation enterprises in southern Cahfornia during the years of drought, it has since been resumed imtil now several thousand acres in the vicinity of Hemet and San Jacinto are planted to alfalfa, fruits, and vegetables. The utihzation of the ground water pumped from the deep, saturated alluvium of the lowlands has been a large factor in this growth and has been made possible by the perfection of internal-combustion engines and of elec- tric power derived from cheap oil fuel and from water power. Contemporaneous with the earlier agricultural growth in the basin were sporadic attempts at mining, some of which caused considerable local excitement, as, for example, in the hills west of Perris, at the old Goodhope mine, which at one time produced gold, and at the Gavilan mine, a few mUes to the northwest. Perhaps the most sensa- tional of the mining excitements centered around the Cajalco tin mine in the hills about 10 miles southwest, of Riverside. Extravagant statements made by an American mining promoter 'induced Enghsh capitahsts to invest in this enterprise, and for a year or more this property was the scene of intense activity. Shafts were sunk, drifts were driven, and glowing reports of ore bodies in sight were forwarded to the Enghsh stockholders. Meanwhile the local manager and his assistants were Uving a life of extravagant dissipation, silencing local objections to the fraudulent operations by patronage to merchants and by employment given to residents of the region. A period of reckoning came, however. The Enghsh directors sent a representa- tive to the scene of operations, the American manager fled, and the property was abandoned. Small deposits of copper carbonate half a mile northwest of the tin workings have been prospected from time to time, but ore in workable amount has not been discovered. An attempt was made at one time to mine coal at Alberhill, 4 or 5 miles northwest of Elsinore. The coal proved to be of inferior quaUty and of insufficient thickness for profitable working, but the associated 16 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAl7 clay deposits have been worked for pottery. The manufacture of tile and vitrified sewer pipe, which was undertaken at a large plant erected at Terra Cotta, was not commercially profitable, but from several points near by the clay has been dug and shipped to works at Riverside and other places. During the summer of 1916 several kilns were also being erected at AlberhiU by the Los Angeles Pressed Brick Co. From time to time reports of the finding of deposits of gem min- erals, such as garnet, kunzite, and tourmaline, of the varieties found at Pala and Mesa Grande in the mountains to the south, have caused local excitement, but no valuable discoveries of such minerals have been made in the San Jacinto region. Near the mouth of Lamb Canyon, on the northeast side of San Jacinto Valley, are ledges of crystalline limestone that was formerly burned in kilns at the canyon mouth and supplied to local markets, but the plant has been idle for a number of years. About 5 miles west of Perris is a syenitic rock that has been quar- ried for use in monuments. In the same region and also northeast of Elsinore and a few miles southeast of Temecula, the gray, coarsely crystalline granite has been quarried as a building and monument stone. Magnesite has been found in the hills 3 miles east of Winchester as a stockwork of veins in deeply decomposed serpentine.^ From 1908-1912 considerable material was quarried at this place and shipped to the reduction works at Los Angeles. During 1914-15 veins of feldspar in the granitic coimtry rock at Hemet Butte, 3 miles south of Hemet, were quarried. Small sawmills in the mountains northeast of San Jacinto formerly supplied considerable rough pine lumber for local use, but of late years this industry has declined. IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. LAKE HEMET WATER CO. The principal irrigation work in the San Jacinto basin is that planned and controlled by the Lake Hemet Water Co. and the Hemet Land Co. The Lake Hemet Water Co. was organized in March, 1887, by stockholders of the Hemet Land Co. The water company owns the Hemet dam and the distributing system, rep- resented by 100,000 shares of stock issued at $20 a share. Although there were originally a number of stockholders, the control came to be exercised by Mr. W. F. Whittier, who purchased the interests of many of the owners of stock. Construction of the Hemet reservoir »Hess, F. L., The magnesite deposits of Califomia: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 355, pp. 38-39, 1908. Gale, H. S., Late developments of magnesite deposits in California and Nevada: XJ. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 540, pp. 516-519, 1914. SAN JACINTO BASIN, 17 was begun in 1890, and after a number of delays, due to difEculties in the transportation of the material and to interruptions by storms, the reservoir was completed in 1893 to a height of 110 feet. In 1895 it was brought to 122| feet, the capacity at this height being 10,500 acre-feet. The engineer of the dam was the late J. D. Schuyler, from whose description the following summary is quoted: ^ It [the Hemet dam] is built of granite rubble, laid in Portland-cement concrete, and is now 122.5 feet above the creek bed, or 135.5 feet above lowest foundations, and is to be canied 30 feet higher. It is 100 feet thick at base, and has a batter of 1 in 10 on the water face and 5 in 10 on the lower side. Its present crest is 260 feet long, while the length at bottom is but 40 feet. The dam was carried up with full profile to the height of 110 feet above base, at which point the thickness is 30 feet. For the exten- sion to the 122.5-foot level an offset of 18 feet was made and the wall reduced to 12 feet at base and 10 feet at top. A notch 1 foot deep and 50 feet long was left in the center for an overflow or spUlwaj^ although it is anticipated that extreme floods may- pass over the entire length of the wall, as they did to the depth of several feet in January, 1893, when the dam was 107 feet in height. The dam is arched upstream, with a radius of 225.4 feet at its upper face, on the 150-foot contom-, and has a more substantial appearance by reason of this curvatui-e. From the reservoir, at an elevation of 4,200 feet, the outlet is through the rocky canyon of the South Fork of the San Jacinto to a pick-up weir at the mouth of Strawberry Creek, at an elevation of 2,200 feet. From this point a wooden conduit 3.24 miles long con- nects with 2 miles of 22-inch pipe, at the lower end of which 5 miles of open masonry ditch dehvers water to the distributing reservoir at Reservoir Butte. From this reservoir, which covers about 20 acres and has a capacity of approximately 90 acre-feet, laterals distribute the water over the 5,000 acres included in the tract of the Hemet Land Co. The principal ditches and the lands irrigated in 1915 are shown in Plate V (in pocket). The extent to which irrigation has been carried in the region is shown in Plate VI (in pocket) , which compares lands irrigated in 1915 with those irrigated in 1904. The Hemet Land Co. purchased the EstudiUo ranch and certain railroad sections and was incorporated by the same interests that formed the Lake Hemet Water Co. A large part of the lands in the tract is still owned by the land company. The unit commonly used by the water company in seUing water is the day-inch — that is, a flow of 1 miner's inch for 24 hours. The basis of sale of the water rights is usually 1 miner's inch to 8 acres, which is equivalent to 1 second-foot of water for 200 acres of land. Water rights under this system have brought a maximum price of $1,000 per miner's inch, a sum equal to ^125 for the right to enough water to irrigate 1 acre. Most of the land irrigated by the Hemet company is used for fruits of deciduous trees and oHves, although there are several 1 Schuyler, J. D., Reservoirs for irrigation: V. S. Geol. Survey Eigliteentli Ann. Kept., pt. 4, p. 662, 1897. 71065°— 1^—WSP 429 2 18 GEOUliTD WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. flourishing orange groves and a part of the irrigated land is planted in alfalfa and vegetables. A company controlled by the Lake Hemet Water Co., and organized to supply the town of Hemet with water for domestic use, distributes approximately 250 miner's inches of water. FAIBTIEW LAND & WATER CO. The Fairview Land & Water Co. was incorporated in 1885, and filed upon several thousand inches of water on the North Fork of San Jacinto River, on the South Fork below the mouth of Strawberry Creek, and on the stream below the junction of the two forks, for use on lands in the vicinity of Florida. Controversies between the Fair- view company and the Hemet Land & Water Co. over water rights were settled in 1887 by an agreement which confirmed the claim of the Hemet company to a part of the waters of the South Fork and the claim of the Fairview company to those of the North Fork and to another part of the waters of the South Fork. The Fairview company was organized, in a way not unusual in southern California, into a land company and a water company, the land company hold- ing the stock of the water company and distributing it with lands sold. This company came into the control of Mr. W. F. Whittier about 1901, and its interests and those of the Hemet company were harmonized by common ownership. CITIZENS WATER CO. In 1890-91 the San Jacinto VaUey Water Co. was organized. It constructed a large earthen ditch down each side of Winchester Valley, the apparent intention being to irrigate aU the southern part of the basin with water taken from San Jacinto River. Water was supplied through these ditches for a few years, but as the amount available at the intake was small and the seepage through the ditches was great, little water could be delivered at the lower part of the system. Later this company was transferred to the San Jacinto & Pleasant Valley Water Co., an irrigation system was formed under the Wright law, and the lands were bonded. The experience of this district, however, was similar to that of most others organized imder the same lav/, and operations were fuially suspended, the bonds were repudiated, the San Jacinto Water Co. repurchased the system, and the attempt to supply water to the Winchester Valley was abandoned. Within recent years the name has been changed to the Citizens Water Co. Water is now distributed to certain lands in the vicinity of Bowers southeast of San Jacinto and also to lands south and southwest of San Jacinto. For a number of years water was obtained solely from an intake pit scooped out in the south side of the river bed about 3 miles above San Jacinto, from which it was conducted to the lands through pipe SAN JACIKTO BASIN". 19 and cement-lined canals. Within recent years, as the area irrigated has been increased and the water available for use by gravity has to some extent decreased, pumping plants have been established both near the river channel and at wells sunk in the valley lands by the company. LAKEVIEW WATER CO. The Lakeview Water Co. was organized to colonize and utilize the lower lands on the northwest side of Lakeview Mountains near the center of the San Jacinto basin. These lands are fertile and sunny and are weU adapted to the cultivation of crops more profitable than grain if water can be applied to them. Near Gasa Loma, on the San Jacinto Viejo ranch, water is so close to the surface that much of the land is marshy part of the year. Forty acres of land were purchased here from the ranch, wells were sunk in 1900 or 1901, and a flume and canal were constructed to the Lakeview tract. It was expected that sufficient water would be obtained by flowing wells to fill the canal and irrigate the tract, but in this expectation the company was disappointed, the flow being so small that pumping was necessary. At this period the modern gasoline or distillate engine had not at- tained its present perfection, and pumping by steam power proved unsuccessful. For this reason and because of financial troubles the project was abandoned. Most of the olive orchards that were set out are still living, but other trees less capable of withstanding drought have died and the land is again used for dry farming. PERRIS AND ALESSANDBO IRRIGATION DISTRICTS. The Perris and Alessandro districts, in the western and north- western part of the San Jacinto basin, were organized under the Wright law after the construction of the Bear Valley dam in San Bernardino Mountains in 1884. Much money was spent in building the Alessandro pipe line and in laying a system of underground dis- tributing mains. The Santa Ana canal, designed to bring water from Santa Ana River to these districts was also partly built. Water was first brought in in 1892, and was supplied until 1896, during which time an area of 2,500 to 3,000 acres was set out in orchards, chiefly deciduous trees. The growth of the Redlands district and the de- mand for water to supply the prior rights there, together with the decreasing supply which resulted from the lessened rainfall, led to a practical discontinuance of the attempt to supply water from this area to the Alessandro Valley. Most of the orchards in the district died, and the greater part of the country has reverted to grain rais- ing, but a few orchards on the higher land above Moreno and Armada have been irrigated in part by water brought from Mill Creek through the old pipe line and in part by ground water obtained by pumping plants. 20 GROUND Yv'ATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. GHOTJND WATER. SOURCE OF SUPPLY. The ground water of the San Jacinto basin is derived wholly fronn the rain and snow that fall on its surface. This statement may appear to most readers to be self-evident, but the theory is so often advanced that the ground water may be supplied by lakes or large rivers, dis-. tant perhaps many miles, that it seem^s worth while to point out that the bedrock forming the hills and mountains bordering most valleys make a barrier more impenetrable than any dam constructed by man. The amount of water beneath the surface in a di-ainage basin depends chiefly on the size of the basin and the precipitation that annually reaches the surface. Of the total precipitation in the San Jacinto basin a considerable part runs into San Jacinto River and another considerable part is doubtless evaporated fi*om the lower lands; only a small part penetrates to the imderlying sands and gravels and replenishes the ground water. The lower lands of the San Jacinto basin are separated into a num- ber of more or less detached valleys to which the adjacent slopes are directly tributary and from which the run-off is small. The total run-off from the basin as a whole is therefore low, and consequently the proportion of the total precipitation that replenishes the ground- water supply is fairly large. On December 1, 1915, a gage was estabhshed on San Jacinto River at the mouth of Railroad Canyon, near the point at which the river discharges into Elsinore Lake. The record of daily stage observed during the succeeding winter, which was one of unusually heavy storms, shows that the total discharge from January 1 to September 30, 1916, was approximately 130,000 acre-feet. The records obtained at this station are presented on page 73. To this discharge should probably be added about 8,000 acre-feet of water caught in Hemet reservoir. The area of the drainage basin above the gage is 717 square miles. The total run-off of about 138,000 acre-feet produced by the unusu- ally wet winter of 1916 was therefore equivalent to a layer of water 3.6 inches deep over the entire basin. This was only about 20 per cent of the rainfall for that winter at Elsinore and San Jacinto, and doubt- less the run-off is less during years of more nearly normal rainfall. By far the greater part of the water in San Jacinto River comes from the mountain slopes in the eastern part of the basin, where, how- ever, the rainfall is much heavier than at Elsinore and San Jacinto. In the San Jacinto basin the groimd water is stored almost entirely in the deposits of sand and gravel tJiat underlie the valleys. In some places the lowlands are bordered by partly consolidated sediments which yield small quantitites of water, but the underlying granitic SAN JACINTO BASIN. 21 and other crystalline rocks contain very little water, even for the supply of domestic wells. As the water stored in the valley fill is derived from the precipita- tion on the surroimding slopes, the amount that can be annually with- drawn by pumyjing plants depends on that annually supplied by seep- age. If the pumps remove more water than is supplied in the course of the year the groxind-water level will be lowered; if the rate of sup- ply is equal to that of withdrawal the ground-water will rem-ain about constant. In the loose sand and gTavel of valleys like those of the San Jacinto basin the water level will be locally depressed near weUs that are being pumped, but the depressions caused while pumping a well probably do not extend far from that weU. The records of depths to water in certain wells in the San Jacinto basin, obtained from 1904 to 1916, are beheved to fui-nish rehable data concerning the changes in the ground- water level in various parts of this region. The results obtained by measurements in March, 1904, and in November, 1915, are indicated in Plate III (in pocket) by the lines showing depth to water. Beneath certain, areas in the basin water collects under sufficient pressure to force it to or above the surface when cased wells are put down. The only artesian area of notable size in the San Jacinto Flov/in? — II o r7^lt%\f^,"-i 1'; ^"iJ^V Bid rock -' fil-~j)jlyC, :s-, T'oc'-r^'i-^'vl^-G'' \^^''C-','?v -" ' ^ FiGUEE 2. — Diagram showing origin of artesian pressure in the San Jacinto basin. basin is that which extends northwestward through San Jacinto Val- ley proper; but flowing weUs have also been obtained about 2 miles west of Lakeview and near Temescal. (See PI. Ill,- in pocket.) A well at the northwest end of Elsinore Lake also yields flowing water obtained in the loose materials at the base of Elsinore Mountains. The conditions tmder which artesian water probably exists in all these places are shown in figure 2. QUALITY OF WATER. In connection with the study of the San Jacinto and Temecula basins, samples of water from 108 wells and springs, and 4 samples of surface waters (from Hemet irrigation canal, Temecula River, and Elsinore Lake) were collected for chemical examination. These 22 GROUND WATER IK SAN" JACINTO AND TTSMECULA BASINS, CAt, waters were tested by Dr. S. C. Dinsmore, under contract, in his labo- ratory at Reno, Nev., partial analyses being made of 43 samples, and less detailed examination of the others. Data concerning the loca- tion, ownership, and use of the waters examined, including analyses and assays of the waters, are given in the accompanying tables. From the figures giving the amounts of each substance present the relative quantities of scale-forming and foaming ingredients have been computed according to formulas developed by Stabler,^ and an "alkali coefficient" indicating the approximate suitability of the water for irrigation has also been computed from Stabler's formula.^ From the determined substances present and the computed quanti- ties the waters have been classified as to their chemical character and as to their value for domestic supplies, for irrigation, and for use in boilers. The suitability of water for domestic use is based partly on the amount of solid matter in solution and partly on the amounts of specific constituents. Water containing considerable amounts of alkaline salts in solu- tion is injurious to vegetation because, through- evaporation, the alkali gradually accumulates near the surface and becomes so con- centrated as seriously to affect the growth of the plants. The quality of the waters for irrigation has been classified by computing from Stabler's formula^ the "alkali coefficient" — defined as the depth in inches of water which, if distributed through a depth of 4 feet, would on evaporation yield sufficient alkali to render the soil injurious to the most sensitive crops. This coefficient does not take account of other factors, such as the methods of irrigation, conditions of drain- age, and variety of crops grown, but it indicates in a general way the suitability of the water for irrigation, as is shown by the classifica- tion, which is based on usual irrigation practice in the United States. Classification of water for irrigation. Alkali coefficient (inches). Classification. Remarks. More than 18 Good Water used successfully for many years without special care to prevent accumulation of alkali. Special care to prevent gradual accumulation of alkali has gen- erally been found necessary except in loose soils with free drainage. Care in selection of soils has been found to be 'imperative and artificial drainage has frequently been found necessary. Water practically valueless for irrigation. 18 to 6 . .... Fair 5.9 to 1.2 Poor Less than 1.2 Bad The mineral matter in water for use in boilers may cause scale, foaming, or corrosion. Scale is formed by the deposition within the boiler of certain substances in the water that go out of solution v/hen 1 stabler, Herman, Some stream waters of the western United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 274, pp. 165-181, 1911. ' Op. cit., p. 177. SAN JACINTO AREA, 23 it is heated and concentrated. Foaming in boilers, or tlie formation of masses of bubbles on the water surface and in the steam space above the water is usually caused by the concentration of certain of the mineral salts or by fine mud or other suspended matter in the water. Corrosion or pitting of the boiler iron is caused by the solvent action of acids in the boiler water. The tendency to produce corro- sion is also indicated in accordance with the formula developed by Stabler.^ The suitability of waters for use in boilers, as determined from their incrusting, corroding, and foaming constituents, may be expressed according to the following classification: Ratings of waters for boiler use according to proportions of incrusting, corroding, and foaming constituents M Incrusting and corroding constituents. Foaming constituents. Parts per million. Classification. Parts per million. Classification. More than — Not more than— More than— Not more than— 90 200 430 680 Good. Fair. Poor. Bad. Very bad. 150 250 400 Good. Fair. Bad. Very bad. 90 200 430 680 150 250 400 " Adapted from tables published by Am. Ky. Eng 1904, and vol. 9, p. 134, 1908. and Maintenance of Way Assoc. Proc, vol. 5, p. 595, In the analytical tables, under ''probability of corrosion," C indi- cates that the water has corrosive properties, N that it is noncorro- sive, and a question mark ( ?) that corrosion may or m.ay not take place. The scale-forming, foaming, and corrosive tendencies of each water are taken into consideration in determining its suitability for use in boilers, and the classification indicated in the column headed "quality for boiler use," represents judgment of the combined char- acters. In the column headed "chemical character," the general character of each water is indicated by the chemical symbols of the predominant substances present; the symbols Ca or Na, for example, indicate that the alkaline earths [calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)] or the alkalies [sodium (Na) and potassium (K)] are the predominant basic radicles present ; the symbols CO3, SO4, or CI indicate the pre- dominance of the acid radicles — carbonate, sulphate, or chloride. DESCRIPTION BY AREAS. SAN JACINTO AEEA. LOCATION AND CHAKACTEa. The San Jacinto area comprises the extensive lowlands, for the most part rather sandy, that border the south side of the river channel, between Park Hill, northwest of San Jacinto, and the mouth 1 Op. cit., pp. 174-175. 24 GEOUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND' lEMECULA BASINS, CAL, of the river canyon, 8 miles southeast of the city. (See PL IV, B, and PI. VII.) A bench 10 to 20 feet high, extending from Park HiU to Casa Loma marks a former bank of the river and separates the present lowlands from the somewhat higher mesa lands near Hemet. The area is bordered on the west by Lakeview Mountains and the granitic hills that culminate in Mount Russell. The northeastern limit of the area is sharply marked by the steep mountain slopes along the San Jacinto fault line. HOT SPRINGS. Along the northern side of the valley are several groups of hot springs whose origin appears to be related to the San Jacinto fault. At Eden Hot Springs (PI. IV, A), the most northern group along this fault, eight or more small springs rise within a space of 100 yards at the base of a steep granitic slope. The water issues from the granite less than 200 yards beyond the border of the shales and gravels that form the Badlands to the northwest, but the presence of the springs does not seem to be related to that of the sediments. The maximum temperature of the water is about 112° F. The water is moderately sulphureted but does not seem to be otherwise notably minerahzed. Analysis of water from the principal spring (No. 16 on map, PL III, in pocket; see table facingp. 30) shows it to be a moderately mineralized sodium-sulphate water, containing sec- ondary amounts of carbonate and only a small amount of calcium. The presence of normal carbonates to the extent of 14 parts per million is noteworthy. Rehef Hot Springs, also known as San Jacinto Hot Springs, are at the edge of the vaUey, 6 miles southeast of the Eden springs. At the Relief group six thermal springs issue from a bank of disinte- grated granite, and considerable water also rises in an adjacent marshy area several acres in extent. The place has been a resort for more than twenty years, a frame hotel and cottages and tents forming a little settlement in a grove adjacent to the springs. The waters are sulphureted and also taste distinctly alkaline. SmaU amounts of efflorescent alkaline salts form on the banks beside the springs, and the iron in the water, although present only as a trace, stains the towels and enameled tubs. An analysis of water from the spring (No. 89, PL III) that is used cliiefly for bathing (table facing p. 30) shows the general character of the watera from these springs, though they differ some- what in taste and doubtless in the relative amounts of substances m solution. The water analyzed is rather highly minerahzed and of the sodium-chloride type, though sulphate is an important constit- uent. Carbonate is absent and bicarbonate is remarkably low in amount. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY •WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 429 PLATE IV A. EDEN HOT SPRINGS; TERTIARY SEDIMENTS (ON THE LEFT) AND GRANITIC ROCKS (ON THE RIGHT). -B. SAN JACINTO VALLEY, LOOKING SOUTHWARD FROM RELIEF HOT SPRINGS. I SAN JACINTO AEEA. • 25 Soboba Hot Springs, or Ritchey Hot Springs, about 5 miles east of tbe San Jacinto springs, are also situated near the base of the mountains. Six springs furnish water that ranges in temperature from 70° to 111° F., and is used for domestic supply and to irrigate a small orchard and garden. The Soboba springs issue in a steep, narrow ravine whose precipitous walls consist largely of crushed gneiss. Recent landshde patches within the raviae also indicate that the rocks of this area are broken and disturbed and furnish local evidence that the high temperature of the spring waters is due to crushing and shpping of the rocks. Water from the spring highest on the hillside (No. 123, PI. Ill) is shown by analysis tabu- lated opposite page 30 to be moderate in mineral content, but it is interesting because of its comparatively high content of sihca — one- quarter of the total sohds — and for nearly as great a proportion of normal carbonate. This high content of silica and carbonate, together with the large proportion of alkahes and very little calcium and magnesium, shows plainly that the water is derived from granitic rocks. The following analysis of water from another spring of the group shows it to be somewhat more concentrated. It is high in silica and bicarbonate, but carbonate is reported absent. Sodium is proportionately high, but calcium and magnesium are present in almost insignificant amounts. Analysis of water from Soboba Hot Springs. [Artlmr R. Maas, analyst; about 1910.] Parts per ! million. : Silica (SiOj) 95 Iron and aluminum oxides (Fe203+Al203) 1.3 Calcium (Ca) 2.0 Magnesium (Mg) 3 Sodium (Na) 128 Potassium (K) 2. 5 Lithium (Li) Tr. Carbonate radicle (COg) ." Bicaxbonate radicle (HCO3) 214 Sulphate radicle (SO4) 59 Chloride radicle (CI) 38 Phosphate radicle (PO4) Tr. Nitrite radicle (NOj) Tr. Total solids by summation (bicarbonate calculated as carbonate) . 431 On Indian Creek, 5 miles southwest of the Soboba springs, two or more springs of tepid, faintly sulphureted water issue from the granite, practically on the upper border of the sedimentary deposits of gravel and clay that cover the lower slopes. In 1915 the springs were unimproved but they were used occasionally by the local inhabitants for bathing. 26 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. t2 SaSiOrSp: •h ■t, >i t C: ^ °i •i fa «i U) 1.1 .^ 1 ,N Q ci ^ c 6 g^ lo (J « 1^ n^ss^^W i!!l!l!!!!i!!!iiig!!ll!i!i 1^ IIL Mil Mi :!'!;^!i!i!!j[ii^!!ii ^ k ?i ^■ 1 't ;-■«/, <^■S:'l J-'S «;s !!:!:y:ii':'-'';q:iili^:iiiliSi!i!M!!!i!!i^^^^^ 1^ g |i:!!i!i;!i!'!i!s;i!!!iiii lililiiliii^^liie 5 5 1 1 1 t^ ii^^^ ■§^ si !l:^M!!i!!!J!!!ili!!i!a Ififfl ^mMMM <0 'iWWiiWP c-^ <-5i <<§ „ 51 il liSiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifi SAN JACIJiTTO AEEA. 27 ARTESIAN AREA. For tlie last 40 years or more flowing artesian wells have furnished water in the vicinity of San Jacinto. Many wells 6 or 8 inches in diameter have supphed water for irrigation of small tracts and numerous 2-inch wells have supplied domestic needs. It has been estimated that fully 1,500 wells, all flowing, have been sunk in the artesian area. The extent of this artesian area, as approximately outhned by the numerous wells, is shown in Plate III (in pocket). The northwestern limit of the flowing-well area was formerly con- sidered to be about at Casa Loma, but since 1911 a number of wells, still farther northwest, in the area known as Brownlands, have obtained flowing water. On the north the area in which weUs flow extends across the river channel nearly to the base of the moimtain slopes. On the south it is fairly definitely limited by a low bench that separates the lowlands of the valley from the shghtly higher mesa lands stiU farther south. This bench is practically continuous from the head of the valley east of Florida to Casa Loma and probably marks the southern bank of the river at a former time. The depth to layers of sand and gravel that carry artesian water is in general between 100 and 200 feet throughout the valley. The depth at which flowing water may be obtained varies considerably from place to place, however, and in some localities it varies greatly within short distances. This variation is exemplified at the ranch of Mr. H. C. Warren, about 2 miles northwest of San Jacinto. One well here obtained flowing water at a depth of 120 feet, but another well only 18 feet away was sunk to a depth of 254 feet before ob- taining a good flow. Two other wells near by found flowing water at depths of 150 and 320 feet, respectively. The logs of five flowing wells (Nos. 90, 93, 96, 98, and 121 on PI. Ill, in pocket), sunk a number of years ago in the lowland northwest of San Jacinto, are given in figure 3. These logs show the variation in the occm-rence and thickness of the water-bearing layers and indi- cate that the flowing water is obtained from the sand and gravel of the valley aUuvium. It is possible, however, that in a few places the sedimentary beds that form Park HiU and the hill at Casa Loma are penetrated by some wells, as the driUings from these materials probably would not be distinguishable from those from more recent gravels. The greatly increased demand on the ground-water supply, due to the extensive development of irrigation and the establishment of pumping plants, has noticeably reduced the artesian pressure within recent years, so that flowing wells yield less than they did a number of years ago. In the upper, southeastern end of the area a number of wells have entirely ceased to flow, but throughout this part of the area the weUs are very responsive to the seasonal changes in the 28 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO ANB TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. draft, and some of them which cease to flow in the early summer when the pumping for irrigation is begun resume flowing shortly after the general reduction of irrigation ia the faU. A smaller but noticeable change is also produced by the cumulative eflect of the varying rainfall of different winters. The following records of fluc- tuation have been kept at two weEs near the upper Hmit of the artesian area. Water levels in observation u-ells in the San Jacinto area. Well No. 125. at Bowers.i [Owner, C. A. Holmes (rormerly owned by J. Carmichael).) 1904 Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1905 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec.' 1906 Jan. Mar. May Aug. Sept. Dec. 1907 Feb. May Depth to water (fset). .. 3.0 .. 7.6 .. 7.8 .. 8.0 8.1 6. 7 4. 2 2. 3 19 Flowing. 21 Flo-wing. 22 Flomng. 3.7 2. 5 2. 7 3.1 2. 7 2. 7 11 Flowing. 3 Flowing. 26 Flowing. 20 Flowing. 13 Flowing. 18 Flowing. Depth to water (feet). -- O -- o 1907. • Aug. 30 ■. Dec. 31 1909. Apr. 3 Flowing. July 11 (2) Oct. 14 Flowing. 1910. Feb. 3 Flowing. Aug. 11 n.o 1911. Jan. 5 n.O 1912. May 28 ^30 1913. Oct. 18 10.7 1914. Feb. 5 6.2 Apr. 17 4.7 June 25 5. 7 Nov. 21 5.7 1915. May 21 Flowing slightly. Oct. 31 4.8 1916. May 5 Flowing. Nov. 15 Flowing sUghtly. 1 This number corresponds to the number of well on PI. lU and to well No. 81 of Water-Supply Papers 231, 2.51, and 331. 2 Flo%«ng 1 miner's inch. 3 Approximate measurement. SAN JACINTO AEEA. 29 1904. Mar. 1 Oct. 19 Nov. 19 Dec. 16 1905. Jan. 14 Feb. 23 Mar. 26 Apr. 19 May 19 June 20 July 22 Aug. 18 Sept. 22 Nov. 10 Weil No. 126, one-half mile east of Bowers.' (Owner, H. R. Kumler (formerly owned by Mrs. Ruby Hewitt).] Depth to water (feet). . . 14. .. 11.4 . . 11. 7 . . 12. 2 12.3 10.1 5.4 2.1 C) (=) 0.6 1.7 3.2 4.6 1905. Dec. 22. 1906. Depth to water (feet). .. 5.6 Jan. Mar. May June Aug. Sept. 30. 17. 11. 6.4 5.5 29 Flowing. 3 (*) 26 Flowing. 1907. Aug. 30 Flowing. Dec. 31 Flowing. 1909. Apr. 3 Flowing. 1915. Nov. 1 «5.0 These records are also shown graphically in figure 4. 1904 1905 190S 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915' 1916 a Z 5 lo Flowing Flowing . • .-., .• • •.. ,* o * * Well No. 125 ■ Flowing ' • ••, "^ Je.W No. I2G Figure 4. — Diagram showing fluctation of water level in record wells near Bowers. In this locality the effect of the winters of excessive rainfall in 1905-1907 is clearly shown by the resumption of flow of wells near the border of the artesian area, but of late years the supply of ground water has been locally affected by the use of pumping plants to obtain water for irrigation. GROUND-WATER LEVEL. Throughout much of the San Jacinto area the ground-water level is within 20 feet of the surface and in the greater part of it is less than 10 feet below the surface. So far as the available records show there has been no marked change in the ground-water level near San Jacinto nor in the Hmits of the area of flowing wells during the period from 1904 to 1915, though the artesian head has diminished in the upper part of this area. The continued use of weUs and pumping plants for irrigation will, however, further decrease the 1 This is record well 83 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. 2 Flowing good stream. 3 Flowing 5 miner's inches. * Flowing 7 miner's inches. 5 Approximate measm'ement. 30 GROUND WATER IZST SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. artesian head, and the area ia which wells wiU flow may shrink considerably unless a series of wet years provides suf&cient grouiid water to keep pace with the increased draft. In the lower hmds the ground-water level is at present so close to the surface, that it is improbable that the pumping lift wiU there become seriously great for a number of years. In the upper end of the valley, near Florida, the depth to water increases with the upward slope of the surface, but the ground-water table also slopes upward so that, alttiough in the vicinity of Florida the surface of the land rises 100 feet in a dis- tance of 1-^ miles, the depth to water increases only about 60 feet in that distance. iRHIGATION. Until about 1908 irrigation in the San Jacinto artesian area was restricted largely to the watering of such tracts of garden and alfaKa as could be served by the flowing wells. Fruit growing was also carried on in a small way, and dairying to the extent permitted by the small alfalfa fields. In recent years irrigation has become more extensively practiced, however. Small pumps have been installed at many of the old wells and at new wells of larger diameter, and many of these plants are conveniently operated by electric power. Several distillate pumping plants have also been installed in the artesian area and draw large quantities of water from the gi'ound supply. The approximate distribution of pumping plants and the lands under irrigation in 1915 are shown in Plate V (in pocket). In the pumping weUs it is customary to perforate the casing at all water-bearing horizons, so that the strata in which the water is under notable artesian pressure are not the only ones drawn upon. The pumping lift is small and is partly overcome by the artesian pressxire. Beyond the limits of the area of flowing wells a large acreage south and southwest of San Jacinto is supphed by the canal system of the Citizens Water Co. Late in the season a part of the water of this system is pumped, the company having four groups of wells in 1915. A considerable acreage to the southeast, above the company's canal, is irrigated by individual plants. In the summer of 1915 a well was sunk a mile west of Florida, where the ground-water level is about 50 feet below the surface, a pumping plant was installed, and a large area was planted in orchards of deciduous trees. A mUe east of Florida, on the Copeland ranch, ground water is used to irrigate citrus trees. Here water was struck at a depth of 85 feet, the well (No. 134 of PI. Ill, in pocket) being continued to 458 feet. The relative thick- ness of the water-bearing strata at this place is shown graphically by the log of weU 134 in figure 3 (p. 26). Ground water is also used for irrigation beyond the limits of the main valley lands, up the narrow valleys of the South Fork of San Jacinto River and of Bautista Creek. In 1915 a distillate plant near the channel of the South Mineral analyses and classification of waters in the San Jacinto area. [i'arlsper million except as otherwise dosignated. S. C. Dinsmore, analyst.) Location. • Date of coUpclion. Owner. Depth to water Nov., 1015 (feftt). Use. Detcrnuned quantities. | Computed quantitics.s Classification.^ Map num- ber.o Siiics (SiO.)- Iron (Fe). Caicium (Ca). Magne- sium (Mb). Sodium and po- tassium (Na-I-K).« Carbon- ate radicle (CO.). Blcar- lionate radicle (HCOi). Sulphate radicle (SO.). Chloride radicle (CI). Nitrate radicle (NO,). Total solids at 180* C. Total hard- CoCo,. Scale- forming ingre- dients. Foam- ing in- grcdi- ents. Alliall coeffi- cient (mches). Mineral content. Chemical character. Prob- ability of cor- rosion. 37 20 r.7 S. 5 Tr. .55 .25 2.7 Tr. Tr. Ti. 4S 4fi 40 33 22 5.0 54 fi.O 8.1 5.9 6.1 4.1 5.0 1.2 14 1.2 19 16 17 67 6.4 78 193 65 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 14 .0 55 219 192 166 148 90 56 58 17 0.0 .0 9.1 43 2.8 61 233 31 10 11 11 52 9.0 38 229 17 Tr. Tr. 2.0 6.0 .0 .0 .0 Tr. 258 216 200 311 124 2S1 K15 203 153 153 125 99 76 17 192 20 200 170 150 120 100 50 210 90 51 43 46 ISO 17 210 520 180 42 53 60 21 220 17 8.4 14 Moderate . ...do ...do ...do Low Moderate.. High Moderate . Ca.CO,.... ...do ...do Na-CO,.... Ca-CO,..„ Na-SO,.... Na-CI Na-CO,.... N N N N N Dad Good ...do ...do Fair Good Fair Good Fair ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Very bad.. Fair Goo. mill's nor) h of San Jacinto 2 miles norlhwo.'^t of San Judnto do do do do Do. . Do. Do. H.C. Warren Mr. Could do do do Domestic and irrigation . Do. 99 Do. do . Do. 120 122 124 127 m i iiiilp stKil !i tit S:in Jauinlu !'■ nil hi' 1 1 iif San Jacinlo i. if .-■■m Jacinto 1 ■ '. ■ ■■ nfSanJacinto Chinese gardeners Mr. Nikoshav City of San Jacinto C. E.Smith 4 Flows 10 %') do Domestic and stock Municipal supply Domestic and irrigation . Fair. . Good. . Do. . Do. . Do. IHII Soboba Indian Reservation . do 23 Domestic and irrigation . Fair. 131 (iO . Good. 133 Slmllessoutheast of San Jacinto Mr. Wilson 50 Domestic and irrigation . Do. . 71005—19. (To face page 30.) a Map numbers correspond to numbers oflocations on PI. Ill, in pocket. 6 See standards for classification by R. B. Dole and Herman Stabler in "Cronnd water in San Joaquin Valley, Cal.," by Mendenhall, Dole, and Stabler: U. S. Geol. Surrey Water-Supply Paper 393, pp. 50-Sl, 1916. « N=>noncorrosive; (?)=corrasionuncert!un or doubtful. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVET ■n-ATKR-SUPPLT PAPEH A2d PLATE VII SAN JACINTO VALLEY FROM PARK HILL. SAN JACINTO AREA. 31 Fork lifted water from the gravel and boulders of the wash into a pipe hne that supplied a citrus grove thi-ee-quarters of a mile to the west. At two points farther upstream smaller plants supphed 5 or 10 acres each of orchard and garden with water pumped from pits at the edge of the channel. At the upper end of the valley lands along Bautista Creek, in 1915, a gravity flow to irrigate an apple orchard was obtained by tunnehng into the creek gravels half a mile above. On the mountain slopes east of San Jacinto a tract of springs and moist ground, locally known by the Spanish term ''cienaga," yields water for the irrigation of adjacent orchards. This water issues from the deposits of clay and gravel on these lower slopes and is derived from the precipitation on the tributary slopes. The local opinion that the artesian water in the lowlands may be derived from these slopes does not take account of the small area of the cienaga and its inabihty to furnish the large amount of water obtained in the lower lands. The relation of the valley lands southeast of San Jacinto to the slopes of the cienaga region are shown in Plate VII. Several hot springs that issue along the slope above the vaUey have been sometimes cited as possibly related to the artesian flows obtained in the lowland. They have no connection with the artesian water, but are evidences of the structiural movements that formed the escarpment bordering the valley. QTTALITT OF WATEE. The table facing page 30 gives the results of analyses and laboratoi'y assays of water from 21 wells in the San Jacinto area that were collected and analyzed in order to show the general character of the ground water. Analyses of waters from three of the hot springs in the area are also included in the table. The chemical examination shows that the well waters are of mod- erate mineral content, only two (from weUs 86 and 134) containing more than 300 parts per miUion of solids in solution. Seventeen of the 21 well waters are of the calcium-carbonate type, the remaining 4 being sodium-carbonate in character. AH but three are classed as good for domestic use. The comparatively large amoimts of calcium and carbonate present render them only fair for use in boilers, because of their tendency to form rather large amounts of scale. AH but three — from weUs 86, 120, and 130 — are good for irrigation. The comparatively large amounts of bicarbonates in the water from wells 86, 120, and 130, which would probably yield some black alkah by evaporation, render them only fair for irrigation. ALKALI. In the upper end of San Jacinto Valley the ground water is too far beneath the surface to permit the deposition of alkali. North and northwest of San Jacinto, however, Avhere the water is less than 10 feet 32 GROUND WATEK. IK SAN JACINTO AND TEMEOULA BASINS, CAL. beneath much of the lowland, alkaline salts have collected to some extent in a few places, and the tendency for the soil of the lower areas to become alkaline will increase with the increase of irrigation and consequent stiU further rise of the ground-water level. The good quahty of the deeper ground water throughout most of the area, how- ever, renders it available for partly remedying the trouble by careful irrigation combined with proper drainage and the application of gypsum (land plaster) to the worst spots. The lowland south and southeast of Casa Loma is naturally alkaline, owing to the long- continued evaporation of ground water from it and the consequent collection of the mineral salts at the surface. These lands have, therefore, been given over to pasturage, a.nd it seems doubtful whether they can be profitably brought under cultivation, though they might be made to produce sugar beets or other alkah-resisting forage crops. HEMET AREA. LOCATION AND CHAB.ACTER. The Hemet area embraces the large open valley that lies between Park HiU and the granitic slopes to the south and also lands that slope gently westward and southwestward to the bases of outlying hills near Lakeview Mountains. During floods the drainage passes westward through Winchester Valley, but the slope is so gentle and the valley fill is so porous that the normal run-off is sHght. South of Hemet the open, nearly level land extends to Diamond VaUey, which forms a reentrant in the hills that border the drainage basin. This open valley is in most places covered with alluvium washed down from the adjacent slopes, but in its southeastern end there are heavy bench deposits of older alluvium (see PI. Ill, in pocket), which are perhaps contemporaneous with some of the deposits along the upper borders of San Jacinto Valley. GROTIND-WATEK LEVEL. Beneath the higher lands east and southeast of Hemet the ground- water level is more than 60 feet below the surface, and in the two or three weUs that were examined in 1915 pumping lifts of fully 100 feet were reported. The depth to water decreases westward, how- ever, and beneath the mesa lands water is found at depths of 20 to 40 feet. In the lowland west of Egan and toward Wildomar, the water is within 10 feet of the surface. To the south, in Diamond Valley, water is found at depths of 30 to 60 feet, the depth rapidly increasing as the land slopes upward to the deposits of older alluvium at the southern end. U. 3. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEK 429 PLATE VIH ■ Soil and ssnd : Clay \ ^'^^ IS \ Grai/e/iivater dC/ay ':<. Soil 3nd sand -Clay GrsyeO w Fi'ne sandifvater ffed d^y Fine sandiiVBter 's'^t.elw. GrsniC9 Ye/loY^ clay Send and S^-a\ Yelto^cl^y" (0 Gravel j tvsler Sandy losm ■y^imv clay ■~^ Sandy loam Kfe Ssnefy loam Sandy clay Clay nno sondiwater Clay Saiidy clay YcHot^ sand Blue sane/ Blue clay Sandy clayj Blacl< ssnd Black cfay Com en ted sane/ *\Black^ f Craven -3r Sandy loam "ffi \ Blue clay LOGS OF WELI^ IN THE HEMET AREA. p HEMET AEEA. 33 The logs of several wells in the Hemet area (PL VIII) show that the water-bearing strata, as in the lower lands near San Jacinto, are by no means uniform in thickness or in position. In the extreme western part of Hemet Valley, as would be expected bedrock is encountered comparatively near the surface (in wells 7i and 79), but in the main part of the vaUey wells more than 500 feet deep do not reach the bedrock. The variation in the thickness of the water-bearing gravels is shown in the logs of wells 104, 105, 106, 108, and 109, which are near the northern part of the mesa land. To the south, in the vicinity of Egan, the water-bearing strata appear to be more uniform. The following records have beers kept of the water level in three wells situated respectively one-half mile west of Egan, 1 mile west of Hemet, and 1 mile northeast of this town. Water levels in observation wells in the Hemet area. Well No. 73. one-half itule west of Egan.i 1905. Apr. 18 May 19 June 20 July 23 Aug. 19 Sept. 23 Nov. 10 Dec. 22 1906. Jau. 30 Mar. 16 May 12 June 28 Aug. 4 Sept. 27 Dec. 21 1907. Feb. 14 Aug. 30 Dec. 31 1908. Apr. 23 June 25 [Owner, Mrs. Maud F. Walker.] DeDth to water (feet). 1909. 10.5 Apr. 10. 8 10. 5 10. 5 10.6 11.1 10.9 11.2 10.7 10.6 10.3 9.6 10.3 10.6 10.6 9.2 9.7 9.7 9.3 9.5 1910. Feb. 3 . Aug. 10. 1912. July 20. 1913. Oct. 18 . 1914 Feb. Apr. June Aug. Nov. 5. 17, 25. 14. 21. 1915. Oct. 31 . 1916. May 6. Aug. 1 , Nov. 16. Depth to water Cfeet). .. 9.6 9.3 10.2 9.9 12.9 10.5 10.2 13.2 12.7 11.0 11.4 10.1 12.7 10.1 1 This is record well 81 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. 71065°— 19— wsp 429 ^3 34 GROUND WATER IK" SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. Well No. lit, 1 mile west of Hemet.' [Owner, J. E. Garrigan.] 190 I. Mar. 14 Dec. 15 1905 . Jan. 14 Feb. 23 Mar. 25 Apr. 18 May 18 June 20 Julv 23 Aug. 19 Sept. 23 Nov. 10 1906. Jan. 30 Mar. 17 May 12 June 29 Aug. 4 Sept. 27 Dec. 20 190 1. Feb. 13 May 18 Aug. 31 Dec. 31 1908. Apr. 23 June 25 Oct. 15 Dec. 28 Depth to water (feet). .. 33.0 . . 33. 2 1914. 33.4 33.2 33.1 33.1 33.0 33.2 33.1 34. 33. 5 33.0 32.7 32.4 32.8 32. 5 ^. 32.7 32. 6 32.5 32.0 32. 5 32.5 '..-.. 31.8 31.9 31.7 31. 1 31.7 1 This is record well 82 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 2.51, and 331. 1909. Apr. 2 . July 11. Oct. 14 . 1910. Feb. 3 . Aug. 11. 1911. Jan. 5 . 1912. May 28 . July 30. 1913. Oct. IS . Feb. Apr. June Aug. Nov. 2. 17. 25. 14. 21. 1915. May 21 . Oct. 31 , 1916. May 6 . Aug. . 7 . Nov. 15. Depth to water (feet). .. 31.6 . 31.5 . 31.3 31.2 31.1 30.8 32.2 30.5 31.6 30.6 30.7 30.8 31.1 30.9 31.2 31.0 29.9 30.3 29.8 HEMET AREA. 35 Well No. 118, 1 mile northeast of Hemet. [Owner, J. A. Barger (formerly o\'nied by W. D. Baisley).J 1905. Nov. 10 1906. Jan. 30 Mar. 17 Sept. 26 Dec. 20 1907. May 18 Dec. 31 1908. Apr. 22 June 24 Oct. 15 Dec. 29 1909. Apr. 3 July 11 Oct. 14 191C ►. Feb. 3. Aug. 11 Depth to water (feet). . . 57. 3 58.0 56.9 58.1 57.9 57.2 57.2 67. 2 57.2 57.4 57.2 57.1 58.0 57.0 56. 55. 1911. Jan. 5 . 1912. May 28 . July 29. Oct. 18 . 1913. Oct. 18 . Depth to water (feet). . . 55. 8 1914. Feb. Apr. June Aug. Nov. 5. 17. 25. 14. 21. 1915. May 23 . Oct. 31. 1916. Aug. 1 . Nov. 15. 56.9 56.0 54.7 57.3 55.5 55.9 56.5 57.0 5C.5 55.6 56.5 56.4 56.0 The variation in the water level in these three wells is shown graphically in figure 5, and indicates that during the period of record there have been only minor fluctuations in the ground-water level in the vicinity of the wells measured. 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 191S ^15 . '•'' ' . ,. • • . /ell No. 73 2 ., & 35 . ,....-.,. . . . • • • • • • • • • c • q 60 ■ • • • • • .. .. • • • * •* • ' ' •• " • • • Well No. 118 1 FiGTORE 5, — Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells in the Hemet area. The depth to water tliroughout the Hemet area was determined in March, 1904, and again in November, 1915, by measuring many wells in the area. The depths at the respective periods are indi- cated in Plate III (in pocket) by lines that show depth to water in 1904 and 1915. These lines indicate that in the mesa lands the water level has risen 5 to 10 feet. This rise may have been caused chiefly by the extensive irrigation in the region by surface water, but 36 GEOUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAE,. as rainfall was deficient in 1904 and above the average in 1914 and 1915, the rise may be due chiefly to increased rainfall in the later years. IRRIGATION. The extensive orchards south and east of Hemet (see PI. IX, B) are supplied almost entirely with water from Hemet reservoir. On two or thi'ee tracts that have no water right under the system, pump- ing plants have been installed, but the ground water here is. rather deep and the pumping Hft is correspondingly heavy. Within recent years fields of alfalfa and orchards of deciduous trees on a large area of the mesa lands lying beyond the limits of the canals of the San Jacinto and the Hemet companies have been brought under irrigation by means of individual pumping plants capable of deliver- ing 50 to 100 miner's inches of water, the pumping lift being between 20 and 50 feet. The soil of these mesa lands is light and sandy, is easily tilled, and seems to have good underdrainage, for in 1915 no water-soaked or alkaline areas were seen. The cost of pumping also leads to more careful use of water on these lands than on lands suppHed with water by gravity, and hence they are not so likely to become water-logged. In the western extension of the mesa lands, near the base of Lake- view Mountains, a number of weUs sunk in 1915 in the east haK of sec. 11, T. 5 S., K. 2 W., obtained water at depths of 20 to 50 feet. These higher lands were to be planted to orchards of deciduous trees. North and south of Egan large areas were in 1912-1915 set out to alfalfa, which was irrigated with water lifted either by electric power or by distillate engines. The ground-water level is near the surface, and wells 200 feet or more in depth have obtained large supplies. As the casings are usually perforated at all water-bearing horizons, so as obtain the maximum yield from each weU, the wells tap not only the shallower waters, which in this locality are some- what alkaline, but the deeper waters which are of better quahty. Practically aU of Diamond Valley has been given over to the dry farming of grain. In 1915, however, a number of 12-inch wells were drilled at intervals across its upper end, and it was the inten- tion to subdivide the large holding that embraces most of the valley and set out the land to orchards. The drainage area tributary to the upper part of the valley includes about 30 square miles and the greater part of this area consists of steep slopes 2,000 to 3,500 feet in elevation. The run-off from these slopes to the valley lands is therefore presumably large, but the amount that is absorbed by the lowlands and is available for recovery by weUs had not, in 1915, been tested. Only two areas, each consisting of about 10 acres of alfalfa, were irrigated in 1915. Each was supphed with water from a dug well by a small pumping plant. Mineral analyses and classification of water from wells in the Hemet area. [Parts per miilion except as otherwise designated. S. C, Dinsmoro, analyst.] ■ Location. Date of foJIpclion. Owner. Depth to water Nov., 1915 (feet). Use. Determined quantities. Computed quantities.b Class ifieatiou.'- Map ber.o SiUca (SiOi)- Iron CFe). Calcium (Ca). Mague- siiiin (Mg). Sodium and ijo- tassium (Na+K).<; Carbon- ate radiiio (COi). Bicar- bonate radielo (HCO,). Sulphate radicle (SO,). Chloride nidiele (CI). Nitrate radida (NO,). Total solids at ISO" c. Total hard- CaCc Seale- formiiag Ingre- dients. Foam- ing in- gredi- ents. Alkali coem- cient (inelias). Mineral content. Chemieal character. Prob- ability otcor- rosion.d mostic Quality for boiler use. Quality for irriga- tion. 69 70 75 fH Drilled well, a miles southwest of Humot. Dug well. 5 miles south of Hemet Drilled well, 2J miles southwest of Hemet. Drilled well, 4 miles northwest of Hemet. Aug., 1916 ...do Nov.. 1915 Oct., 1915 40 45 7 12 Domestic and irriga- tion. Domestic Irrigation 50 0. 20 62 57 7a 59 17 76 0.0 .0 .0 .0 224 268 136 236 83 233 11 83 56 152 26 2.0 7.0 3.0 .0 ■193 403 763 295 225 167 255 ISS 260 220 290 210 20O 200 300 08 23 14 12 56 Uoderate.. ...do High Moderate.. Ka-COi. . . ...do Na-SOi.... Ca-CO,.... (?) N m N Fair Good Fair Good Poor ...do Bad Poor Good. Fair. Do. Good. 44 30 2.3 .21) .5(J 6.0 14 9.8 76 146 25 Walberg-Doiier Laad a Map numbers correspond to numbers of locations on PI. HI, in pocket, b See standards for classilication by R. B. Dole and Herman Stabler in ' c Calculated. <* N=noncorrosive; C?)i=corrosion ujicertain or doubtful. nd water in San Joaquin Valley, Cal.," by Mendenhall, Dole, aod Stabler: U. S. Qeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 398, pp. 50-81, 1916. Laboratory assays ajul classijication of water from wells and Hemet canal in the Hemet area. [Parts per million except as otherwise designated. S. C, Dinsmorc, analyst.) Location. Date of collec- tion. Owner. Depth to water, Nov., 1915 (icet). U.se. Determined quantities. Computed quantities.6 Clas.siticatlon.fi Map her." Iron (Fe). Carbonate radicle (CO,). Bicar- bonate radicle (HCO,). Sulphate radicle (SO,). Chloride radicle (CI). Total hardness CaCO,. Total solids. Scale- forming ingred- ients. Foaming ingred- ients. .MkaU coefficient (inches). Mineral content. Chemical character. Proba- bility ofcor- (luality (or dolnostie use. Quality tor boiler use. tjuality (or irriga- tion. Nov. 1915 ...do .. I. M. Gibbel . 21 IS 12 12 8 6 12 13 30 Flows. 33 32 36 02 100 .'57 40 Stream. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 0. 30 Tr. .05 Tr. Tr. . Kt Tr. Tr. .75 Tr. .85 Tr. Tr. 205 163 1.W 151 1)3 Ifil 210 290 171 229 IU3 114 17s l^s 222 26S 2(13 127 132 5 130 104 168 2S7 6 10 132 10 121 104 222 95 229 33 5 5 178 46 81 55 40 197 12 61 43 17 S4 96 66 ei 60 16 16 12 79 85 73 96 125 168 91 232 140 178 140 140 204 172 205 60 110 88 770 250 4S0 400 440 910 240 390 5-10 270 440 550 eoo 430 660 340 240 170 110 120 100 130 160 200 120 2«0 170 210 170 170 230 200 210 90 140 120 760 160 400 300 200 730 140 140 270 00 260 380 350 230 410 300 110 50 4.0 15 9.8 14 29 8.0 14 25 24 55 23 17 2-1 27 21 7.3 19 51 High Moderate.. ...do ...do ...do High .Moderate.. ...do High Moderate. ...do .■^;g:::::: .Moderate. High Moderate.. ...do ...do Na-Cl No-CO,... Na-SO,.... ...do ...do ...do Na-CO,... Ca-CO,.... Na-SO,.... Ca-CO,.... Na-CO,. . . Na-SO,.... ...do ...do ...do Na-CO,... ...do Ca-CO,.... N N N N (7) (71 N N 'i' %' N N FBh- Good ...do ...do ...do Fair Good Fair ...do ...do ...do I'oir ...ilo Good Fair Good ...do ...do Very bad.. Fair Dad ...do ...do Very bad.. Fair Poor Bad Poor Dad ...do ...do Fair Very bad.. Bud Fair ...do Poor. Fair. Do. Do. Good. Fair. Do. 76 do do do do do do do Oct. 1915 ...do. 81 85 ...do Do. Do, Do 111 do sS ii:i . do Lingerlonger ranch 1 mile west of Hornet ...do do do Irrigation 115 L. E. Williams 116 14 miles south of Hemet ...do Dome.'itic and irrigation - . . Do 117 lis 1 mile northeast of Hemet ...do 111 do 132 3 mile^ east of Hemet (Hemet Canal) ...do Do 71065°— I'J. (To face p a Map numbers correspond to numbers of location^ on PI. Ill, in pocket, b Seestandards for classilication by R. B. Dole and Herman Stabler in " Ground water ii c N=noncorrosive; (?)=corrosion uncertain or doubtful. San Joa{|uin Valley, Cal.," by Mendenhall, Dole, and Stabler: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 398, pp. 50-^1, 1916. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY TAPER J29 PLATE IX ,1. TERRIS AND ALESSANDRO VALLEYS, FROM PUlM AhUU I 2 MILKS NuHTil OF I-LHRIS. U. IIEMET IRRIGATED DISTRICT. FROM RESERVUIR BUTTE. WINCHESTEB AREA. 37 During periods of excessive run-off the water escapes northward from Diamond Valley and thence westward, passing south of Egan and tlirough Winchester Valley. The run-off has, however, not been sufficient to form a well-defined channel through Diamond VaUey. The soil throughout this valley seems to consist chiefly of coarse, sandy alluvium derived from the adjacent granitic slopes. If water in ample quantity can be obtained for irrigation, these lands should prove well adapted to fruit growing. QTJALITY OF WATER. Analyses or laboratory assays were made of water from 21 wells in the Hemet area, and a sample of water from the Hemet canal was also tested for comparison with the ground-water supplies. The results of the chemical examinations are given in the table opposite page 36. The analysis of the water of Hemet canal shows it contains only 170 parts per million of sohds in solution. The mineral content of all the well waters is considerably higher, the range of the 21 samples being from 240 to 910 parts per million and the average 471 parts per milhon. The waters range in quality from fair to good for domestic use and irrigation (except No. 71, which is poor for irriga- tion) but from fair to very bad for use in boilers, because they con- tain rather large proportions of the scale-forming carbonates and sulphates in solution. ALKA.LI. In the western part of the Hemet area the depth to water in the lowest lands, which lie along the base of Lakeview Mountains, is less than 10 feet. The lack of good drainage combined with the constant evaporation of water from these moist lowlands has pro- duced a somewhat alkahne soil, and in consequence the lands are used chiefly for pasture. The slope is so gentle that reclamation by artificial drainage might be difficult, but it is probable that in most places the alkali is not so abundant as to preclude reclamation by a carefully planned system of irrigation and drainage combined with treatment with land plaster to neutrahze the harmful salts. WINCHESTER AREA. LOCATIOK AND CHARACTER. The Winchester area occupies a southern part of the San Jacinto basin. The main valley forms an extension, about 1^ miles wide, of the valley lands west of Hemet, but outliers from Lakeview Mountains to the north constrict the valley lands east of Winchester to a width of a mile. On the northwest Winchester Valley is sepa- rated from Perris Valley by an almost imperceptible divide west of Double Butte (see PI. X, J.),and its drainage passes southwestward 88 GEOrXD WATEE IN" SAIC JACISTTO AXD TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. and westward through Menifee Valley to Eailroad Canyon. On the south a range of hills separates Winchester Valley from Domenigoni VaUey, but a pass only about 25 feet high connects the two valleys. A similar low dinde on the east connects Domenigoni VaUey with Diamond Valley, and on the south its border is p ^ formed by a wide break in the liiUs that separate 5 ^~ the San Jacinto and Temecida basins, Domeni- I I I" goni Valley also di-ains westward to Menifee Val- ley, but the tributary area is so small and the valley is so flat that a well-defined drainage channel has not been formed. Granitic masses that rise at two places in Domenigoni VaUey indicate that the bedrock is not far beneath the surface. The valley appears, however, to occupy a small depression or shallow basin in the bed- rock, the lowest point of whose rim is on the west. In the Lakeview Mountains north of Winches- ter there is very httle cultivable land, for the I granitic bedrock is exposed in bouldery masses C over most of the surface. Juniper Flat (PI. X, I B) contains smaU tracts of agricultural land I but this region is devoted chiefly to grazing and ^ bee keeping. The southward drainage from 3 Juniper Fiat enters an extension of Winchester d Valley, in which the soil is composed of the I granitic wash from the adjacent slopes and is B well drained. GROTJITD-WATEB. LEVEL. iWm iliill ct ; ^ c: ■ ? .0 t V >• : -^ ;„ o \ .m:EM ^. Nov. 10 Dec. 22 1906 '. Jan. 29 Mar. 16 May 12 June 28 Aug. 4 Sept. 27 Dec. 21 190" 7 Feb. 14 May 18 Aug. 30 Dec. 31 1908. Apr. 23 June 25 Oct. 15 Dec. 28 1909. Apr. 2 July 11 Water levels in observation wells in the Winchester area. Well No. 55, 3i miles west of Winchester. [Ow-ner, F. H. Martin.] Depth of water 190o. (feet). Nov. 10 18.2 Dec. 22 18.6 17.2 16.2 16.8 16.7 17.0 17.4 17.9 15.9 14.7 15.9 16.7 15.7 16.2 1908. Oct. 15 . Dec. 28. 1909. Apr. 2 . July 11. Oct. 14 . 1910. Feb. 3 . Aug. 10. 1911. Jan. 5 . 1915. Nov. 8 . 1916. July 30. Well No. 63, at Winchester. [Owner, W. 20.0 20.4 20.2 19.5 18.7 20.4 19.6 19.5 19.3 13.4 18.7 18.0 18.3 18.0 18.5 19.4 19.3 18.5 19.2 1914. Feb. Apr. June Aug. Nov. 0. 17. 25. 14. 21. 1915. Oct. 31 . 1916. May 6 . Aug. 1 . Nov. 15. Depth of water (feet). 16.5 17.3 16.0 16.7 17.6 17.0 17.0 18.2 20.2 17.7 20.1 19.0 S. Haslam.l 1909. Oct. 14 1910. Feb. 3 1912. May 18 20.2 July 30 20.7 Oct. 18 24.5 1913. Oct. 18 23.7 23.3 24.7 21.1 21.3 22.4 21.0 16.5 17.4 17.9 40 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. 1904. Mar. 14 . Oct. 18 . Nov. 18. Dec. . . 1905 Jan. Feb. Apr. May- July Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec. 1906. Jan. 29 May Aug. Sept Dec. 1907. Feb. 14. Well No. 64, one-half mSe northeast of Winchester.! [Owner, Miss T. Tatterson.] Depth of ■water (£eet). .. 22.0 . . 24. 2 . . 23. 4 .. 22.5 22.2 21.4 20.2 20.2 19.6 19.7 19.8 20.1 20.3 19.2 20.0 19.9 20.1 20.2 19.7 May 18 18. Aug. 31 Dec. 31 18.8 19.2 1913. Oct. 18. 1914. Feb. 5 Apr. 17 Nov. _ 21 (no longer accessible). Depth of water (feet). .. 18.7 .. 19.2 .. 19.6 .. 19.6 1908. Apr. 23 June 25 ■Oct. 15 Dec. 28 1909. Apr. 2 Oct. 14... 1910. Feb. 3 Aug. 10 1911. Jan. 5 1912. May 29 20. 7 July 30 21. 3 Oct. 18 21.7 19.7 19.8 19.5 19.8 19.7 22.2 20.3 21.7 These raeasureraeiits, which are represented graphically in figure 7, indicate that the water level has fluctuated somewhat in response to the varying annual precipitation but has not notably changed during the period 1904 to 1916. ,, • * •• • , • * ■ - .. • • . • • • V /ell No. 55 , ... • o ^ • " • , ^ ' • • Well No. 63 ^ . " " * • Well No. 64 ' FiGUEE 7. — Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells near Winchester. The introduction of extensive irrigation by pumping may lower the ground-water level appreciably, but such a lowering would be beneficial to the lower lands, where at present the shallow depth to water favors the formation of alkali. 1 This is record well 80 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. Mineral anahjscs and classification of water froin drilled wells in the Winchester, Lal-cvicv, and Moreno ureas. [Parts per million except as otherwise d^ignated, B. C. Dinsmoro. anal>-si.J 3i miles west ol Winchosltr 2i miles south of Winchester IJ miles east or Winchester 2 miles soutlieast of Winchester. . Lakeview area: 5 miles north of Lakoviow 4 miles northeast of Lakeview 2 miles west of J-akeview 2* miles northeast of Lakeview. . . Aug., Nov., ...do.. F.H.Martin.... A. Domonigoni-. TiorVa'Vlel'L rancho. Carey Ranch Midland scho.il . Domestic and irriga- tion. Domestic and stock. . . Domestic and stock . . . Domestic Domestic and batluiig. Domestic and irriga- Domostic. Determined quantities. Sodiiun and po- tassium (Na+K:)c Bicar- bonate radicle (HCOs). Chloride Nitrate radicle rnditie (CI). (NO)). Total solids at ISO' C. rompatod quanlitlcs Scale- I Foam- Alkali fornihig' ing in- cocdi- JnRrerl-l gredi- otcnl icnts. ! ful;.. I (inches). ...do ...do Moderate. High ClflSslflcatloxuA Nft-Cl.,. ...do Ca-SO,.. Na-Cl.... Ca-COi... Ca-ri Na-SO... Very had.. Poor ..do Very bad.. Quality for irrljM- tlon. 'I Map numbers correspond to nmnbers of locations on I'l. HL in pocke ii SoestandardsforclassitlcationlJV R. B. Dole and Herman Stabler in c Calculated. d C=corrosive; N=noncorrosive; (?)=corrosion unfcrtain or doubtful. ' Ground water ij a Joaquin Vallej-, Cal.," by Mendenhall, Dole, and Stabler: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Taper Sl'-S. pp. 50-Sl, 1916. Laboratori/ iisso'fs and classification of water from tccUs ifi the Winchester, Lai-evicir, and Moreno areas. ITiirts per million except as otherwise designated. S. C, Dinsmore. analyst.] I>OC'ation. Date of collec- tion. Owner. Depth to water, Nov.. 1315 (feet). Use. Determined quantities. Computed (nianlitie:!.'' Ola^sin.'fttlon.l' Map nura- Iron (Fe). Carbonate radicle (COa). Biear- Ijonato radicle (HCO,). Sulphate radicle (SO,). Chloride radicle (CI). Total hardness as CaCOj. Total solids. Scale- (ormiiiE ingredi- ent-*. Foaming ingredi- ents. Alkali eoeJlloient (inehes). Mineral content. Choitilcal phuractor. Proba- bility oteor- roslou.c Qiialltv tor donio-itio Quality bo'lor Quality (or irrlKft- tlon. .59 Winchester area: Nov.,l!)15 10 17 3C Flows. Flows. 125 HM) Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 1.5 3.5 Tr. Tr. (1 319 216 224 151 322 237 93 2W 100 20H 37 1 10 5 172 262 91 91 10 10 50 '" 75 98 139 lU 122 136 79 95 7U0 970 420 370 330 260 210 100 130 170 110 l.iO 170 no 120 760 9-10 300 2.W 220 PHI 110 320 3.6 3.8 10 15 S,S 21) 31 7.0 Modoroto.. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Nu-CO). .. Na-n Na-rOi. .. ...do ...do Co-CO,.... Na-CO,... ...do N N N N N N Fair ...do Oood ...do ...do Dad Qood ...do Very bad.. ...do. Bad Fair ...do ...do ...do Dad I'oor do do Domestic and irrigation . . . Lakeview area: Do. Do. Good. 22 2;i 3 miles nortlieast of Lake\'iew 6i miles east of Lakeview Moreno area: 4 miles northeast of .Vlessandro '6ct.",'iiii^ Nov., 1915 i^akeview A\'ater Co Simnymead Orchard Co... 1 Domestic and irrigation . . . Do. I'alr. a Map numbers correspond to niunbcrs of locations on PI. Ill, in pocket. & See standards for classification by R. B. Dote and Herman Stabler in "Ground water ii c N=noncorrosive; (?)=oorrosion uncertain or doubtful. ■1 Joaquin Valley, Cal.," by Mendenhali, Dole, and Stabler; U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 39fi, pp. 50-Sl, 1916. 71005"— lu. (To face F WINCHESTER AREA. 41 IRRIGATION'. In 1890-91 a canal was constructed along each side of Winchester Valley by the San Jacinto Valley Water Co., and during the early nineties these canals supplied water to a number of orchards in the region. With a head of 250 miner's inches of water at San Jacinto it was, however, possible to deliver only 50 inches to the lands near Winchester, because of excessive losses from the earthen canals, and during the series of dry years beginning in 1893-94 they were aban- doned. After this project was given up some efforts were made to obtain water for irrigation by means of wells and steam pumping plants, but the expense proved to be prohibitive, and Winchester Valley largely reverted to dry farming. Within recent years dis- tillate engines and electric power have been utilized and a considerable acreage has been planted to alfalfa. Several hundred acres of decidu- ous trees — chiefly apricots and apples — have also been set out on the slightly higher lands on the valley border southeast and northeast of Winchester. Three or four weUs drilled several years ago on the Domenigoni ranch, near the center of Domenigoni VaUey, obtained water at a depth of 8 feet and encountered bedrock at 80 feet. They yielded fairly large supplies of water but the plans for their utilization and for the irrigation of alfalfa had not been carried out in 1915. QXTALITY OF WATER. Analyses and laboratory assays of seven well waters in the Win- chester area were made to ascertain the general character of the ground water in this region and the results are reported in the table opposite page 40. The analytical results show that the waters are rather highly min- eralized. The water of lowest mineral content (No. 62) from the county roadside watering well at Winchester, contains 420 parts per million of solids in solution, and although good for domestic use is bad for use in boilers and only fair for irrigation, because it contains rather large amounts of bicarbonate and chloride. The water from well No. 55, containing 3,110 parts per million of solids, is distinctly salty and has been used with little success in irrigating alfalfa. ALKALI. Though water is found near the surface in the Winchester area and conditions thus favor pumping, the advantage is largely offset by the fact that both the water and the land in the lower tracts are somewhat alkaline. Large acreages of the lower lands are unsuited to grain raising because of the alkali and have been given over to the pasturage of cattle and hogs. Alkali has accumulated chiefly in the lowland southeast of Winchester and in the southwestern part of Domenigoni Valley. The construction of drainage ditches might benefit these lands somewhat, but the natural slope is so slight that the possibility of overcoming the alkali by drainage alone seems doubtful. 42 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. LAKE VIEW AREA. LOCATION AND CHARACTER. The Lakeview area includes the valley lands north and northwest of Lakeview Mountains. In most places the bordering hills and mountains rise abruptly from the flat valley land, but to the north- west, along the border of the Badlands, the surface rises gradually to a low divide near Moreno, beyond which flood water flows west- ward and southward to Perris Valley. South and east of Lakeview, also, wide alluvial slopes intervene between the flat valley land and the steep, rocky slopes of Lakeview Mountains. San Jacinto River, continuing northwestward from San Jacinto, normally traversed the lowlands in a shallow, meandering channel to the northern and lowest part, known as Brownlands, and there spread out in a shallow lake from which the water flowed south- westward past Lakeview and across Perris Valley. Within recent years the channel has been straightened and leveed through a part of the lowland, however, and in 1915 a drainage district was formed for its further improvement. During the heavier storms of winter and until well into the summer the channel carries some water, but in the fall the flow usually ceases and the river is reduced to a series of long, shaUow stagnant pools. Nearly aU the land in the lower area, near the course of the river, consists of dark, rather heavy soil, evidently an aUuvium deposited over the flat lands by the flood waters. In the northern part of the lowlands the clays and sands of the adjacent Badlands have contrib- uted to the soils of the neighboring valley lands. On the slopes that border the lowliands on the west and south the soil is coarser and consists of the granitic M^ash from the adjacent slopes. ARTESIAN AREAS. Untn recent years it was thought that flowing artesian weUs were not obtainable in the San Jacinto area northwest of Casa Loma. About 1911, however, weUs that were put down several miles farther north obtained artesian flows, and the wells smik prior to November, 1915, indicate that the limits of the flowing-well area are approxi- mately as shown in Plate III (in pocket) . In this area the formations yielding flowing water are as a rule finer grained than they are farther upstream, near San Jacinto, but two or three wells near Brownlands have passed through thin beds of gravel containing pebbles the largest of which were half an inch in diameter. The artesian pressure in these wells, as in those near San Jacinto, is doubtless due to the manner in which layers of sand and gravel are confined between layers of more impervious, finer sand and clay. (See fig. 2.) The logs of two flowing weUs put down in the lowland near Casa Loma about 1900 (fig. 8) show the approximate thicknesses of the water-bearing strata penetrated near that place. LAKEVIEW AREA. 43 23 feetEo= Cl3/ Clay Sand J dry Clay Sand J dry Clay Sand; a /ittts iV3t^r^ 1^ Clay In the vicinity of Brownlands the average depth to flowing artesian water is about 225 feet. A test well put down to a depth of 1,500 feet found no good water- bearing beds below 250 feet, the material pene- trated for practically the entire depth below the lowest water sand being a clay gumbo. Consider- able gas, probably marsh gas, is associated with the water. From weUs in the northern part of the low- land several families were supplied with gas for cook- ing and heating during one winter. A well that was being drilled near the low- est part of the valley en- tered a 2^ocket of gas, which threw out the cas- ing and nearly wrecked the drilling machine. The pressure was soon relieved, however, and in the fall of 1915 there was no evi- dence of gas at the place. Along the river chaiuiel miles west of warm springs, 360 362 366 Coarse sand; smalt artesian flow Blue clay Sand; water Blue clay- Sand J water Sandy clay Cemented san'cf Fine sandfW^ter Clay Sand; i/vster Clay Sand, ivater Blue clay Cemented sane/ Clay Sand Sand; water t ?^ C/ay Sand/ water ^ Clay Sandj W3ter. 330 588 336 ^rClay ■'■ Coarse sandjwatec ■ C/oy Sandf dry Clay Sand; water -Clay ^Sand, a little water ' Cementjed sand Sand, dry Cemented sancf Flowed most strongly at 3 depth of leo-m^- reeti most of the water Furnished by sands between 3IOanc/ 368 feet. ' Clay Sand; water ^ Clay Sand; much water === '^'^y Sand, water Clay Sand; water Fine sand ^ -- and shiny mud; > two small pieces ; oF wooci hard clay about 2 Lakeview early known as the Hot Springs of the Pilar es, issue in a tule area several acres in extent. The water was at one time piped to a bath house on the higher land and the property was con- ducted as a bathing resort. Withia recent years two wells drilled on the ad- jacent slopes a few feet above the springs have obtained artesian flows of warm water, presumably from the same source as that which feeds the original springs. In 1915 a large cemented bathing pool was supplied by one of these wells, which yielded a flow of 15 or 20 TlGURE 8. — Logs ol flomng artesian wells near Casa Loma. 44 GROUND WATEB IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. gallons a minute at a temperature of about 80° F. Analysis of water from this well (No. 17; see table facing p. 40) shows that it is a moder- ately mineralized calcium-cliloride water, chloride forming nearly one-third of its total mineral content of 338 parts per million. GROTJND-WATEB, LEVEL. Throughout the lower parts of the Lakeview area ground water is witliin 10 feet of the surface. In the northern part of the valley, toward Moreno, the depth appears, from the few available records of wells, to increase approximately with the rise of the land, indicating that the water table is nearly horizontal. On the slopes near Lake- view the depth to water increases at a rate notably less. than that at which the surface slopes upward toward the mountains. Records of the depth to water in three wells near Lakeview from 1904 to 1916 are given in the following tables : Water levels in observation wells in the Lakeview area, Cal. Weil No. 18, at Lakeview.i Mar. 12 Nov. 19 Dec. 16 1905. Feb. 22 Mar. 26 Apr. 19 May- 19 June 21 July 22 Aug. 18 Sept. 22 Nov. 9 Dee. 23 1906. Jan. 30 May 11 June 29 Aug. 3 Sept. 26 Dec. 20 1907. Feb. 13 May 17 Aug. 30 Dec. 31 1905 !. Apr. 22 June 24 Oct. 16 Dec. 29 [Owner, Albert McDonald (formerly owned by K. D. Harger).] Depth to water (feet). . 29.0 . 30.1 . 29.8 . 29.4 . 29.2 . 29.0 . 28.9 . 28.8 . 28.9 . 29.1 . 29.2 . 29.4 . 29.6 . 29.5 . 29.2 . 29.2 . 29.2 . 29.4 . 29.7 . 29.3 . 28.7 . 29. 1 . 29.3 . 28.8 . 28.8 . 29.1 . 29.0 1909. Apr. 3 . July 12. Oct. 15 . 1910. Feb. 3. Aug. 11 . 1911. Jan. . 6 . 1912. May 28 . July 27. Oct. 18. 1913. Oct. 18 . Depth to water (feet). ,. 28.7 . 28.7 . 28.8 28.6 28.6 28. 7 j 28.6 29.0 29.3 30.0 1914 Feb. Apr. June Aug. Sept. Nov. 5 29.9 17 29.7 25 29.9 13 30. q 16 30.4 20 30. 1915. May 23 . Oct. 30 . 1916. May 5 . July 30 . Nov. 16. 29.6 28.7 30.6 30. 30. 9B .7 1 This is record well 85 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. LAKEVIEW AREA. 45 1905. Nov. 9 Dec. 23 1906. Jan. 30 Mar. 16 May 11 June 29 Aug. 3 Sept. 26 Dec. 20 1907. Feb. 3. May 17. Aug. 30. Dec. 31. 1908. Apr. 22. Oct. Dec. 16. 29. 1909. Apr. 3 . July 12. Oct. 15 . 1905. Nov. 9 . Dec. 23. 1906. Jan. 30 . Mar. 16. Aug. 1907. Aug. 30. Dec. 31. 1908. Apr. 22 . Oct. Dec. 16. 29. Well No. 19, at Lakeview. [Owner, Riverside County.] Depth of ■water (feet). .. 34.8 . . 34. 9 34. 9 34.5 34. 6 34. 5 34. 34. 9 34. 9 34. 6 34. 2 34.7 34.3 34. June 24 34.2 34.3 34.2 33.9 33.8 34.0 1910. Feb. 4. Aug. 11. 1911. Jan. 6 . 1914. Feb. 5 Apr. June Aug. Sept. Nov. 1915. May 23 . Oct. 31 . 1916. May 5. July 30. Nov. 16. Well No. 20, 3 miles east of Lakeview. [Owner, Lakeview Water Co.] 19. 2 19.3 19.4 18.5 June 29 19. 2 19.2 Sept. 26 19.2 19.1 19.1 19.0 June 24 19.0 19.4 19.1 1909. Apr. 3 . July 12. Oct. 15 . 1910. Feb. 4. Aug. 11 . 1911. Jan. 6 . 1915. Nov. 3 . 1916. July 30. Depth of water (feet). .. 33.7 .. 33.8 33.8 1912. May 28 33.4 Oct. 18 34. 2 1913. Oct. 18 34. 7 34.7 34.4 34.8 35.2 35.2 35.1 34.3 35.7 35.0 35.7 35.7 18.8 18.8 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.0 46 GEOUXD WATER lis' SAK JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. These records, wliicli are sliown grapliically in figure 9, indicate that there has been httle fluctuation in the ground-water level in the lowland area near Lakeview during the years of observation. A com- 1!>14 1905 liOf, 1907 190S 1-J09 1910 101 i KV2 1913 1914 19 1-5 I9iH ''so 2 ^ __ J .. _ . . . . i. T.. 1 . • 1 1 1 ' 1 ' well No. 18 1 1 1 < S 33 P 1 ; 1 : : 1 . . L . . ; .. .J . •.^- . ■ !. • I j I 1 Well No.'IS 1 ! 1 " '1 X 15 .. • • •• • . J .. .. . . . i. ■ L i J . i ! ! vye'i No. 23 ! 1 ! 1 i 1 Figure 9. — Diagi'am sliowing fluetnation of water level in record wells near Lakeview. parison of the measurements of depth to water hi a number of wells near Lakeview m March, 1904, and in November, 1915, shows, how- ever, a general rise of about 10 feet in the water level on the slopes baG 5| llHiiillilllfefoPllii i IS I r Si .«)^ llliiilisiiiiili^i^iili Mi (jy) coHli! MiilL MBliilliS OOP?.;)?;.'! I K.'.tKPAj 1 1 1^ ^ i!!iii!!!!i!!!!Blliaii!|i!!!!!i!!i!l!!!: o-'oSt in water level, so far as it was shown by measurements made in numerous wells ui 1904 and in 1915, is indicated by the lines in Plate III (in pocket), which show the depth of water at the two periods. It will be noted that east of Alessandro, beyond the zone PEEEIS AREA. 53 of active pumping, the water level in 1915 was approximately the same as in 1904. On the western edge of the vallev, too, the ground- water level appears not to be noticeably affected by the use of the water for irrigation in the lower lands to the east. In fact, the depth to water in several domestic wells along the western border of the valley was som.ewhat less in November, 1915, than it was in March, 1904. The shape of the rock bottom, of the valley apparently influences to an appreciable extent the depth to water throughout it. The depth is greatest in wells in a narrow north-south zone near Valverde, and is less both to the west, beneath the liigher lands of the valley border, and to the east, beneath the lower parts of the valley. The depth to water in several wells in the Perris area has been measui'ed from time to time since March, 1904, and the records are given in the following tables : Water levels in observation wells in the Perris area, Cal. Well No. 10, 2 J miles south of Alessandro.^ (Owner, Riverside County.] Depth to -,«„, water 1904. (feet). Oct. 18 52.3 Nov. 18 51. 8 Dec. 15 51.6 1905. Jan. 13 51.7 Feb. 22 50. 4 Mar. 24 49. 5 Apr. 19 49.2 May 19 49. 1 July 22 50. 3 Aug. 18 50. 7 Sept.22 50.9 Nov. 9 51. 1906. May 11 51. 7 June 29 52. 3 Aug. 3 52.7 Sept.26 52.7 1907. Feb. 13 51. 2 Aug. 30 52.0 Dec. 31 52. 1 1908. Apr. 22 52. 1915. June 24 53. 3 Nov. 5 Oct. 16 52. 4 Dec. 29 52. 2 1 This is record well 69 cf Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. Depth to ^ nno water 1909. (feet). Apr. 3 51.9 July 12' 52. 2 Oct. 15 52.5 1910. Feb. 4 51.6 Aug.ll 51.7 1911. Jan. 6 51.1 1912. July 27 52. 4 Oct. 18 51. 1 1913. Oct. 18 52.9 1914. Feb. 5 51.7 Apr. 16 51.4 Aug. 13 51. 9 Sept.l5 52.7 Nov. 20 52.7 49.5 54 GROUXD WATER i:;: sax JACIXTO A2sD temecula basixs, cal. Well No. 12, 4 miles northeast of Perris.i (Owner, Edward Poorman.J 1904. Dec. 16 Depth to water (feet). . . 32. 4 1905. Jan. 14 32. Feb. 22 31. 5 Sept.22 28.4 Nov. 9 29. Dec. 22 29.3 190G. Jan. 30 29. 3 Mar. 16 29. 2 May 11 29. 6 Aug. 3 29. 9 Sept.26 30. Dec. 20 30. 2 1907. Feb. 13 30. 3 May 17 30. 3 Aug. 30 30. 6 Dec. 31 30. 7 1908. Apr. 22 30. 3 June 24 31. 2 Oct. 16 32. 5 Dec. 29 31. 6 Depth to 1909. (feetj. Apr. 3 31.8 July 12 32. 2 Oct. 15 32. 6 1910. Feb. 4 Aug. 11 1911. Jan. 6 1912. May 28 37.2 July 29 37. 1 Oct. 18 38.9 31.3 33.0 34.7 1913. Oct. 18 49.5 1914. Feb. 5 50.1 June 25 52. 3 Sept. 16 54. 5 Nov. 20 55. 2 1915. Oct. 30 56. 1916. July 29 58. 3 1 This is record well 70 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. PEREIS AREA. 55 Well No. 24, 2^ miles north of Perris.i [Owner, C. S. Phillips (formerly owned by C. Lossman).] Depth to water (feet). . . 63. 2 1904. Dec. 15 1905. Jan. 13 63. 3 Feb. 22 63. Mar. 20 62. 5 Apr. 19 62. 2 May 19 62. Juzie 20 62. July 22 62. 2 Aug. 19 62. 2 Sept. 22 62. 2 Nov. 9 62. 4 Dec. 22 62.4 1906. Mar. 16 62. 3 May 11 62. 4 June 29 62. 4 Aug. 3 63. 2 Sept. 20 63. 3 Dec. 20 63. 3 1907. Feb. 13 63. 2 Aug. 30 ..." 63.9 Dec. 31 64. Depth to -,„«„ water 1908. (feet). Apr. 22 64. 1 Oct. 16 65.2 Dec. 29 66.0 1909. July 12 67. 6 Oct. 14 69.5 1910. Feb. 4 69.8 Aug. 11 72. 9 1911. Jan. 6 74.7 1912. May 28 July 29 Oct. 18. 1913. Oct. 18. 1914. Feb. 5 Kov. 20. (Dry). 76.0 Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. 1915. Nov. 5 Dry. 1916. July 30 Dry. 1904. Mar. 3. 1905. Nov. 9. Dec. 22. 1906. Jan. 29. May 12. June 28. Sept. 26. Dec. 20- 1907. Feb. 13 May 17 Aug. 31 Dec. 31 Well No. 29, at Ferris. [Owners, Hook Bros.) 1908. 46. 47. 2 46. 7 45.3 46 7 48 2 48 5 49 3 48 7 48 7 48 7 49 7 Apr. June Oct. Dec. 22. 24. 15. 28. 1909. Apr. 2- July 11. 1915. Nov. 14. 1916. July 30. 49.5 49.7 50.2 50.5 50.3 50.7 51.0 52.2 This is record well 71 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. 56 GROUKD WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. WellNo.30, atPerris.i [Owner, Santos Moro (formerly o^^'ned "by Crawford Carter).] 190^ L Mar. 3 Oct. 18 Nov. 18 Dec. 15 190f ). Jan. 13 Feb. 22 Mar. 26 Apr. 18 May 19 June 20 Jnly 23 Sept. 22 Nov. 9 Dec. 22 190( i Jan. 29 Mar. 16 June 28 Aug. 3 Sept. 26 Dec. 20 1907. Feb. 13 May 18 1908. Apr. 22 June 25 Oct. 15 Dec. 28 Depth to water (feet). . . 30. 2 . . 33. 3 . . 33. 2 . . 33. 3 32.5 31.7 30.8 30.6 30.2 30.1 30.3 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.7 31.7 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.2 32.0 32.2 34.9 36.0 37.4 37.2 1909. Apr. 2. July 11. Oct. 14. 1910. Feb. 3. Aug. 10. 1911. Jan. 5. 1912. May 28. July 29. 1913. Oct. 18. 1914 Feb. Apr. May June Aug. Sept, 1916. Oct. 31. 1916. Feb. 25. May 6. July 30. Depth to water (feet). . . 37. 2 . . 38. 3 .. 39.5 39.4 41.4 42.1 45.5 47.2 50.5 50.3 51.6 51.7 52.2 53.0 53.7 55.5 , 55. 8 54. 8 56. Nov. 15 55.1 1 This is record well 72 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. PEBEIS AREA. 57 Well No. 34, 3^ miles ea.°t of Perris. t [Owner, Mrs. L. R. Harford.] 1901. May • 1902. July - Oct. : Dec. : 1903. Feb. Apr. May Sept. 1904 Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. May July Sept. 1905. Sept. 23. Dec. 22. 1906. Jan. Mar. May June Aug. Sept. Dec. 29. 16. 12. 28. 4. 27. 21. Depth to water (feet). . . 28. 9 40.2 41.6 42.7 38.6 37.5 38.2 43.3 43.3 41.9 41.7 40.9 42.8 44.8 45.4 44.7 43.0 42. 42. 40. 38. 41. 42.4 43.5 1907. Feb. 14. May 18. Aug. 31. Dec. 31. 1908. Apr. 23. June 25 . Oct. 15. Dec. 28. 1909. Apr. 2. July 11. Oct. 14. 1910. Feb. 3. Aug. 10. 1911. Jan. 5. 1915. Nov. 9 . 1916. July 30. Depth to water (feet). . . 41. 8 . . 40. 3 . . 40. 7 .. 43.1 41. 9 43.4 46.5 46.7 44.6 43.9 46.9 46.5 45.9 49.9 72.0 67.0 1 This 13 record well 73 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. 58 GROUND ^VATER IX SA?T JACIXTO AXD TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. Well No. 42, 2i miles south of Perris.' [Owner, Dr. Eeese.] 1904 Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1905 Jan. Feb. Mar. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec. 1906 Jan. Mar. May June Sept. 1907 Feb. May Dec. 1908 Apr. June Oct. Dec. 13. 22. 26. 19. 20. 23. 19. 23. 10. 22. Depth to ■water (feetj. .. 15.0 .. 21.8 . . 19. .. 18.7 18.4 10.7 9.6 11.9 13.3 13.2 13.3 15. 5 15.7 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.2 15.4 16.2 15.7 15.7 16.6 17.9 16.7 17.7 18.0 1913. Oct. 18. 1914. Feb. May June Aug. Sept. Nov. 1916. May 6. July 30. Nov. 15 . Depth to water (feet). . - 17. 9 . . IS. 5 .. 18.6 1909. Apr. 2 July 11 Oct. 14 1910. Feb. 3 Aug. 10 1911. Jan. 5 1912. July 30 25.1 Oct. 18 26.3 18.2 19.5 20.7 30.3 31.2 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.5 33.1 1915. May 21 31.8 Oct. 31 32.2 10.6 13.6 14.6 1 This is record well 76 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. PEBKIS AREA. 59 Well No. 43, 1^ miles west of EthanaC (Owner, Temescal Water Co.] 1904. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1905. Jan. Feb. Mar. June. July Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec. 1906. Jan. Mar. May June Aug. Sept. Dec. 1907. Feb. May 18. 18. 15. 13. 22. 26. 20. 23. 19. 23. 10. 22. 29. 16. 12. 28. 4. 27. 21. 14. 18. Depth to water (feet). . . 24. . . 29. 8 . . 30. 3 .. 30.6 1904. Jan. Feb. Mar. May July 1905. Feb. Apr. June Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1906. Jan. Feb. Mar. May June 20. 5. 18. 5. 1. 1. 6. 22. 29. 4. 16. 12. 28. 30.2 26.8 25.8 28.0 28.7 29.4 29.7 30.2 29.7 29.6 28.7 27.7 27.7 28.6 30.1 30.2 29.2 27.9 1907. Aug. 31. Dec. 31. 1908. Apr. 23. June 25 . Oct. 15. Dec. 28. 1909. Apr. 2. July 11- Oct. 14. 1910. Feb. 3. Aug. 10. 1911. Jan. 5 . 1912. May 29. July 30. Oct. 18. 1913. Oct. 18. Depth to water (teet). . . 31. . . 31. 9 31.6 33.4 35.0 35.2 33.7 35.1 36.2 35.3 39.0 41.7 47.2 48.0 49.9 Filled up. Well No. 45, 3V miles [0^vIler, E. 44.2 41.3 40.4 41.6 46.0 44.7 43.1 45.4 46.9 47.5 47.8 48.2 44.7 42.8 42.3 42.7 41.1 44.8 southeast of Perris." E. Waters.] 1906. Aug. 4 45.0 Sept. 27 47.5 Dec. 21 45.2 1907. Feb. 14 Aug. 31 :.. Dec. 31 1908. June 25. Oct. 15. Dec. 28. 1909. Apr. 3. July 11. Oct. 14. 1910. Feb. 3. 1915. Nov. 8. 43.2 49.0 47.9 45.6 46.2 45.3 48.3 53.4 55.2 50.6 '80.0 1 This is record well 75 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. 2 This is record well 74 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 251, and 331. 3 Approximate measurement. 60 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. Well No. 51, 4J miles south of Perris.i [Ovmer, William Newport.] 1904 L. Oct. 18 Nov. 18 Dec. 15 190c ). Jan. 13 Feb. 22 Mar, 26 Apr. 18 May 19 Jxine 20 July 23 Aug. 19 Sept. 23 Nov. 10 Dec. 22 1906. Jan. 29 Mar. 16 May 12 June 28 Aug. 4 Sept. 27 Dec. 21 1907. Feb. 14 Aug. 31 Dec. 31 Deptli to water (feet). . . 37. 2 . . 37. 8 . . 38. 2 38.7 38.0 37.0 36.6 36.1 36.7 37.7 38.2 38.6 39.4 39.3 38.5 38.4 37.3 36.2 37.0 38.0 38.4 38.7 38.8 40.4 190S Apr. 23 June 25 Oct. 15 Dec. 28 1909 . Apr. 2 July 11 Oct. 14 Depth to water (feet). . . 39. 5 . . 40. 5 . . 42. 7 . . 43. 6 43.0 42.6 43.6 1910. Feb. 3 43.8 Aug. 10 45.4 1911. Jan. 5. 1912. May 29. July 30. Oct. 18. 1913. Oct. 18- 49.1 53.2 56.1 57.7 63.4 1914. Feb. 5 64.3 Apr. 17 63.0 June 25 Filled up. These records are shown graphically in figure 12. No large pumping plant had been installed near well 10 and the fluctuation there seems to have been due almost wholly to seasonal changes. The wet winter of 1914-15 apparently brought the water nearly up to its previous high level of the spring of 1905. WeUs 12, 24, and 30, situated in and north of Perris, within the influence of heavy pumping, show an almost constant lowering of the water level and little apparent recovery during the winter months since 1905. Well 29, in the southern part of Perris, shows the general lowering due to the increased use of pumps, but it is too near the hills to be seriously affected by the decUne in the water level. The other record weUs are in the valley lands east of San Jacinto River. Dur- ing the early years of observation the water level appears to have partly recovered dm-ing each spring, but the later measurements show a great decline in the water level until the wet winter of 1915-16, during which the two record wells that were still measurable, showed a marked rise in the ground-water level. 1 This is record well 77 of Water-Supply Papers 213, 215, and 331. PEEKIS AREA. 61 190.1 I905 1906 1007 1908. 1909 19:0 19U 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 so 60 1 . I.I. ' * •. •• Well Nolo' • 30 40 60 ■60 1 • ' * • • • , • 60 70 • • • ., Well No 24 Bcttom erf well D ''y - 60 • ',' , 1 * . SO 40 60 .. •. [.; ■, • •. V /ell No. 30 *** 40 50 60 70 . ■ 1 ."'• , • " '• . • . V /ell No. 34 10 20 • • . , ■ -. V tell No. 42 • • SO ... _.._ 50 , \^ /ell No. 43 40 -SO ■ • ' ■•". -.• . 80 v\ Ml No. 45 10 ... ■•'•••... • • • • . AO • V few No. 51 • • FiGUEE 12. — Diagram showing fluctuation of water level in record wells in the Ferris area. 62 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. In the wide sandy river channel above San Jacinto a part of the flood water has-been successfully stored underground by spreading the water over the adjacent sandy wash lands and allowing it to be absorbed. Dm-ing the spreading the surface is harrowed or plowed to break up the layer of silt depos,ited by the muddy water and permit the more rapid absorption of water, as the value of wat$r spreading, as practiced here and at a few other places in southern California, depends on the abUity of the surface materials quickly to absorb the flood water. It- has been thought locally that the ground-water supply near Perris might be replenished by allowing flood water from the river to flow into pits dug down to the beds of coarse sand and gravel that lie at depths ranging from 15 to 40 feet, but it seems very doubtful whether the muddy water could be prevented from silting up the sandy beds in such pits sufiiciently to allow the absorption of enough water to justify the cost of the work. If the plan were carried out the ground-water level near the river might be appreciably raised, but the possibility of benefit to the lands north of Perris and in the vicinity of Ethanac, where the water level has lowered most seriously, is questionable. IRRIGATION. In the early nineties, in connection with the Bear VaUey reservoir, which had recently been constructed, a pipe line and distribution system were laid through parts of Alessandro and Perris valleys, and a number of orchards were set out in the lands previously given over ialmost wholly to grain raising. The available water supply soon proved inadequate for the needs of aU the lands originally watered by it, partly because of a succession of dry years that greatly reduced the quantity of water stored each winter, and partly because the growing trees required more water each year. As the lands in the Perris region were some of the latest to obtain water rights under the system, they were the first to suffer from the deficiency of water. Supply to these lands was discontinued about 1896, and after the failure of the Bear Valley supply there was Httle development in Perris Valley for several years. About the time that water ceased to be delivered through the pipe line to Perris lands, however, Dr. W. B, Pay ton proved the existence of a large supply of ground water by a well that he put down about 2 miles east of Perris. Others fol- lowed his example, and by 1900 perhaps 500 inches (10 second-feet) of ground water was being developed in the Perris area. The Ethan A. Chase Co. of Riverside had purchased land 3 miles southwest of Perris in 1898. In 1899 the company bored a number of wells and the next year installed a pimaping plant that delivered about 75 miner's inches. In 1900 the Temescal Water Co. hkewise entered the valley sank wells, and constructed a canal through Raflroad Canyon to Elsi- nore and thence down Temescal Wash to Corona to supply the orange Mineral analyses arvl classijication of water from drilled wells in the Ferris and Menifee areas. [Collected Novombor, 1915; S. C Dinsmoro, analyst. Parts por million except as othorwjso doslgnatod.] Location. Owner. Depth to water Nov., 1915 (feet). Use. Determined quantities. Computed quantitles.h Classidcation.b Map ntim- bor.a SiUca (SiO,)- Iron (Fe). Calcl\im CCa). Magne- sium (Mg). Sodium and po- tassium (Na+K)e. Corlion- ate radicle (COa). Bicar- bonate radicle (HCO3). Sulphate radicle (SO.). Chloride radicle (CI). Nitrate radicle (NO3). Total solids at iso-c. Total hard- CaCOi. Scale- forming ingred- ients. Foam- ing in grcdi- cnts. Alkali coelli- cicnt (inches) Mineral content. Chemical character. Prob- ability of cor- QuaUty fordo- mesllc ^'^ty Quality 10 13 Ferris area: • 2i miles south of Alcssimdro similes northeast of Ferris 4 miles northeast of Ferris Riverside County Poorman Ranch H.C.Dailcy O.J. M. Favorite E E Waters 49 72 42 20 NO (15 32 Roadside watering Domestic and dairy . . . 41 43 55 CG 71 54 1.0 .20 .20 .25 3.7 Tr. ■ 51 54 93 79 250 77 75 21 17 20 22 72 22 19 4G 24 120 74 911 32 92 0.0 .0 .0 [o .0 .0 15« 100 231 22t3 134 175 207 17 It) 25 25 42 72 51 105 104 265 159 512 78 167 2^1 14 12 15 7.0 28 R.0 399 3S2 804 573 1,450 462 5M 214 205 339 28S 920 283 265 230 230 370 310 o- tas-sinra (Na+IC).. Carbon- ate radicle (COj). Bicar- bonate radicle (HCO,). Sulphate radicle (SOi). Chloride radicle (CI). Nitrate radicle (NO,). Total solids at ISO'C. Total hard- CaCOi. Scale- forming Ingre- dionts. Foam- ing in- gredi- ents. Alkali coeffi- cient (inches). Mineral content. Chemical character. Prob- ability of cor- rosion.d Quality for do- mestic Quality for boiler Quality for irriga- tion. 142 Elsinore Lake area: Drilled well, 3 miles soul h west of Elsinore. Drilled well, 2i miles west of Elsinoro. Bundy's Elsinore Hot Spring Elsinore Hoi Springs Dec, 1915 do July. 1916 Flows. 15 4 Domestic and irriga- tion . Domestic 47 37 OS 78 12 43 09 0.10 .75 .10 Tr. 1.5 .20 2.2 78 04 0.0 12 33 60 9.0 20 15 4.1 1.9 12 13 3.2 2« 25 79 S3 433 61 GO 0.0 .0 .0 3S 31 .0 24 183 173 112 21 3.".3 158 17 153 105 3G 55 148 42 98 30 17 ?? 409 10 7.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 11 .0 478 341 296 302 1,298 374 319 302 222 32 38 132 178 38 320 250 90 120 130 210 100 70 OS 210 220 1,200 160 ISO 04 90 14 16 2.8 23 36 Moderate. . ...do ...do ...do Moderotc'.i do.... Cn-SO,.-.. Ca-COj.... Na-CO,... Na-CI ...do Na-CO,... Na-SO,.... (J) m N N N (') N Fair ...do Good ...do Bad Good Fair Poor -..do Fair ...do Very bad.. Poor Fair Good. Do. Fair. Do. Poor. Good. Ho. W. B. Hohenshell Mrs. F. A. Arasbury. C.N. Gardner H5 Drinking and bathing. Bathing It7 Boating and bathing.. Drilled well. V. miles southeast of Sl^inorP. Dec, 1915 Julv 1916 Superior Water Co 20 a Map numbers correspond to numbers of locatio b See standards for classification by R. B. Dole and Herman & c Calculated, )Sive: (?) =corrosion uncertain or doubtful. ^ssays and classification of vater from wells anil Elsinore Lahc in Ihr Elsin [Oollcctcd December. 1915; S. C, Diiismore, analyst. Parts per million except as othi ; Lair and Temcscal areas. 'is;6 designiilcd.] LocaUon. OttTier. Depth to water. Nov., 1915 (feet). Use. Determined ciuantifies. Computed quantities.'' Classiflt^tion.b Map Iwr.o Iron (Fe). Carbonate radicle (CO,). Bicar- bonate radicle (HCO,). Sulphate radicle (SO,). Chloride radicle -- -" ■Sand; nater s/Blue clay 1 .230 Sand Hardpan . - 'Grai^el; floiv/ng iv^ier if 80 4ee 520 S2^ S26 530 Hardpan Grai^el; floiA/m^ tvater Blue c/ay Sand Clay Gr^yel; f/ow/n^ watef Hardpan ^nd c/&y Grai/el; /"/oyy/n^ ivaier Clay Fine sand Clay Sand and ^r4i^e/ Clay Sand, and .^rai/e/j flowing W3ter Clay Sand Blue clay Sand and gravel Clay with rocks Sand and .^rave/ Sand ^nd\^ra\felA isig water, small flow ! Clay and iiardpaO Fine sahd; water Coarse sand 361 386 3891 396, ^50 458 HSR A-SO A86 A.92 ^93 507 513 SZ7 526 538 s«o ={i^'ay and sand s Coarse sand 'flay Sand and clay Clay -^ ■ Sand, water, sma/i f/otV Sand and day Fine sand Gray el ' Clay and sand Coarse sand Clay Sandy clay Sand Clay with lime rocif i^^ Sandy clay ^^ Sand and iravelj i£j a little water Sandy clay Grat^el Sandy clay , \ \C03rse sand and .^raveli ) flowin.^ water Sandy clay FiGUEE 15.— Logs of flowing^ artesian wells in Temecula VaUey. 1 The four wells north edge of the valley (well No. 160, PL III) were said to yield about 200 gallons a minute. 92 GROUND WATEB IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. GROUND-WATER LEVEL. Throughout the lowland of Temecula Valley proper, ground water is found within 20 feet of the surface, and in the wide sandy flats of its upper portion is less than 10 feet below the surface. Beneath the open valley land on the northern side of Penjango Creek the depth to water rapidly increases toward the hills, and in November, 1915, was more than 80 feet along the northern border of the lowland. In the upper part of the valley of Penjango Creek the water level was also at an unexpectedly great depth in the fall of 1915, being more tharn 40 feet below the surface in wells dug beside the dry, sandy channel of the creek. The surrounding slopes are underlain by the older sands and gravels which seem also to constitute a deep, porous valley fill, into which the water sinks rapidly. The drainage area above the head of Penjango Creek Valley includes only about 8 square miles and seemingly does not absorb enough water to bring the ground water level near the surface. The conditions affecting ground water appear to be analogous to those in the deep alluvial deposits at the northwest end of Elsinore Valley. In the minor valleys in the upper part of the Temecula basin water is generally found relatively near the surface in the alluvial and residual materials. So far as was learned, no attempt has been made to obtaia water for other than domestic use and for stock. In Babtiste Valley — the largest of these upland valleys — several wells had been put down prior to August, 1916, as indicated in Plate III (in pocket). The depth to water in each well on August 2, 1916, is given in the following list: Depth to water in wells in Babtiste Valley, August, 1916. Well No. Owner. Total depth. Depth to water. Remarks. 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 W. M. Reed J. W. Shaney J. H. Arbuckle. .. G. B. Evans Joseph Daschner. H. G. Cooper T. E. Weatherill. W. E. Cort A. S. Contreras... do F. M. Hopkins... Feet. 74 107 110 157 Feet. Dry. 57 84 108 100 Rock at bottom. Windmill. Windmill. Approximate. Drilling Aug. 2, 1916; expected water at about 60 feet. Windmill. Do. Do. i IRRIGATION. The irrigation of alfaKa has been carried on in the lower part of the valley for many years in connection with dairying and stock raising. Part of the water for irrigation is obtained from four flowing wells. "^W PUMPING TESTS. -93 but mainly from a canal that takes water from Temecula River where the underflow of that stream rises to the surface. Most of the valley lands are devoted to grazing, however, the relatively small acreage of alfalfa land being shown in Plate V (in pocket). Both surface water and ground water are available for greatly extending the irri- gated acreage in this valley. In the lowlands near Penjango Creek little attempt at irrigation has been made because surface water can not easily be provided and the groimd water is not only deep but in relatively small amount. QUALITY OF WATER. Samples of water for analysis were collected from the easternmost flowing well in the valley (No. 161), from a shallow well (No. 159), and from Temecula River, 2 miles southeast of Temeciila.' The results are tabulated opposite page 86. The waters from the shallow and the flowing well are of nearly the same concentration but the river water is about twice as heavily mineralized as that from either of the wells. The waters from both wells are suitable for domestic use, but the river water is only fair because of its rather high total solids and its hardness. It is also classed, as fair for irrigation. The water is freely used in the irrigation of alfalfa on the Pauba ranch. ALKALI. As a whole the lands of Temecula Valley are well drained and are free from harmful amounts of alkahne salts. Near the channel of Temecula River, in the lower part of its valley, small deposits of efflorescent salts appear during the long, dry season. The slope of the valley lands is, however, sufficient to allow them to be easily drained by ditching, and it does not seem probable that alkali will develop to serious extent in any part of the irrigable areas. PUMPING TESTS. By Herman Stabler. NOTES ON THE PLANTS. TESTED PLANTS. In the summer of 1910, in connection with other studies of the water supply, pumping tests were made at six irrigation plants in San Jacinto Valley. A description of each plant and test is presented in the following pages, together with brief remarks concerning the results shown by the test. The data of chief interest to the irrigator have been collected in a table (p. 100). A summary of the principal points to be observed in order to obtain good service from a pumping plant is also appended. 94 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. WELL NO. 103,1 PLANT OF CAWSTON OSTRICH FARM. Location. — Two miles west of San Jacinto. Plant. — 40-horsepower Western distillate engine; belt-connected to an 8-incli Jackson vertical centrifugal pump. Four wells, 7 inches in diameter, respectively 144, 144, 145, and 148 feet deep, and two wells 10 inches in diameter and 146 feet deep. A small amount of surface water was found about 15 feet below the surface ; in three of the wells water-bearing gravel was reached at a depth of 75 feet, in one well at a depth of 65 feet, in one well at a depth of 54 feet, and in one well at a depth of 50 feet, the gravel continuing in all wells to the bottom. Cost. — Engine and pump, |2,000; wells and casing, ?1,300; complete plant, $3,800. Use in 1910. — The plant was used in 1910 to irrigate 100 acres of alfalfa, being run 12 hours a day fi-om the first of May to the middle of November. Reviarks. — The plant is at the edge of the mesa, west of San Jacinto, and was said to yield about a thousand gallons of water per minute. The consumption of distillate was about 3 J gallons per houi'. The pump was installed at the water level in a pit 15 feet deep, and the water was lifted about 10 feet above the surface of the ground at the plant. It appears that the pump installed was larger than was necessary for the flow of water obtained, and that the engine was not of sufficient power to operate the piunp at economical capacity against the prevailing head. A plant consisting of a 6-inch pump and 30-horse power engine, or a 7-infh pump with the 40-horsepower engine would have been more economical. However, the plant as installed and operated gave very fair satisfaction. WELL NO. 104, PLANT OF R. S. SMITH. Location. — Two miles west of San Jacinto. Plant. — 12-horsepower Western distillate engine; belt-connected to a 3-inch Eclipse vertical centrifugal pump. Well 7 inches in diameter and 108 feet deep. Log ofivell. — The following log is shown graphically in Plate VIII (p. 32). Depth. Sandy loam Water-bearing fine sand Yellow clay Water-bearing gravel Cost. — Engine and pump, $850; well and casing, $162; complete plant, $1,200. Use in 1910. — The plant was used in 1910 to irrigate 14 acres of alfalfa. The alfalfa was watered twice to each of seven crops. About 1 gallon of distillate was used per hoiu, twelve 110-gallon driuns being used during the season. Remarks. — The plant is on the mesa west of San Jacinto. A concrete reservoir about 50 feet square and 4 feet deep was used to store water during the night to supple- ment the water pumped during irrigation in the day. The discharge was stated at 315 gallons per minute. If the discharge was stated correctly, the pump was operated considerably above its economical capacity. Further lack of economy is the us3 of the plant for irrigation of an area so small as 14 acres, 300 gallons per minute being sufficient to irrigate a tract of land 40 or 50 acres. The duty of water on the tract inigated by this plant in 1910 appeal's to have been excessively low, 5^ acre-feet per acre. 1 This number corresponds with the number of the well on PI. Ill, in pocket. PUMPING TESTS. 95 WELX. NO. 94, PLANT OF W. F. KAISER. Location. — Lot 158, Faircliilds subdivision of San Jacinto Viejo. Plant. — 18-liorsepower WTiite and Middleton distillate engine, with. 50-inch pulley, belt-connected to a 5-inch Eclipse veitical centrifugal pump having a 12-incli pulley. Well 12 inches in diameter and 181 feet deep. Log ofwelL^-The following log is shown graphically in Plate VIII (p. 32). Depth. Sandy loam Water-bearing quicksand Clay and loam Water-bearing gravel Clay and cemented sand. Feet. 25 28 73 123 181 Cost. — Engine and pump, $1,200; well and casing, $395; plant, complete, $1,850. Use in 1910. — The plant was completed May 20, 1910, and used for the irrigation of 12 acres of alfalfa and for domestic supply. Bemarhs. — The plant is on the mesa southwest of the San Jacinto . The machinery was new, and the installation showed evidence of cajre and good workmanship. The pump was installed in a 27-foot pit, the total lift above the pump being 31 feet. A rough measurement by weir November 26, 1910, showed the discharge to be 410 gallons per minute when the vacuum gage stood at 27. The nominal capacity of the pump was considerably in excess of the apparent capacity of the well, and the engine was too small to operate the pump at economical capacity against the prevailing head. A 4-inch pump and a 15-horsepower engine would undoubtedly have been more desirable than those selected for this plant. Further lack of economy was shown in the use of so large a plant to irrigate a small area of land. The owner proposed to install an additional plant, making two plants on an area of 40 acres. The existing plant, as installed and operated, had the capacity to irrigate 40 acres in about 1.600 hours, with a duty of water of 3-acre-feet per care. The need of an additional plant, therefore, was not apparent. WELL NO. 109, PLANT OF JAMES COOK. Location. — Lot 157, Fairchilds subdivision of San Jacinto Viejo. Plant. — 12-horsepower Stover distillate engine, with 36-inch pulley; belt-connected to a 3-inch Jackson vertical centrifugal pump having a 6-inch pulley. Well 10 inches in diameter and 114 feet deep. Ijog of well. — The following log is shown graphically in Plate VIII (p. 32). Depth. Sandy loam Water-hearing gravel Blue clay Water-bearing gravel Blue clay Water-bearing gravel Blue clay Water-bearing gravel Feet. 32 38 60 67 82 ■83 84 114 Cost. — Engine and pump (second-hand), $500; well and casing, $202; plant com- plete, $800. Use in 1910. — Irrigation of Sj acres of potatoes five times and preparation of 3 acres for alfalfa. About 270 gallons of engine distillate, costing $29.70, were used for this work, probably 5.3 acre-feet of water being pumped. 96 GROUND WATEE IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. Remarls. — The engine was old and in poor condition, worn bearings and leakage around the piston being especially noticeable. The pump was also in poor condition, the discharge being less than the nominal economic capacity, although the pump was much overspeeded. The pump was installed in a pit 14 feet deep, 3 feet wide, and 24 feet long, pump and well being at opposite ends of the pit. The 5-inch suction pipe extended 20 feet horizontally from pump to well and then 26 feet vertically in the well. The water stood about 17 feet below the surface of the ground and was drawn down 11 feet when pumped at the rate of 206 gallons per minute. The plant was at the foot of the mesa, southwest of San Jacinto, and the water was discharged through about 100 feet of 5-inch pipe leading to the mesa level. A test of the plant November 28, 1910, gave the following results: Distillate used, 1.94 gallons per hour; discharge at highest speed, 206 gallons per minute; speed of engine, 245 to 270 r. p. m. ; speed of pump, calculated, 1,470 to 1,620 r. p. m. (overspeeded). Considerable difficulty was experienced in keeping the engine operating properly. Commendable features of this plant were its location at the foot of the mesa, giving best water supply with least cost for well and pump pit; the size of the pump, which was the smallest suitable for irrigation by flooding; the capacity of the well, which was the best seen in the valley. Uneconomic features were the use of a 12-horsepower engine for work that could be done equally well by a 6-horsepower engine; poor condi- tion of machinery; the small size of the farm, a pumping plant capable of furnishing water for an area five times as large as this farm being necessary for irrigation by flooding. WELL NO. 110, PLANT OF MRS. EVA L. SKENK. Location. — One mile southwest of San Jacinto. Plant. — 35-horsepower Olds distillate engine; belt-connected to a 6-inch Eclipse vertical centrifugal pump. Four wells — two 12-inch, one 10-inch, and one 7-inch; each about 165 feet deep. Cost. — Engine and pump, |1,650; wells and casing, ?1,240; complete plant, |3,200. Use in 1910. — Irrigation of 75 acres of alfalfa and 25 acres of potatoes. Remarks. — The pump was installed in a pit 5 feet below the surface of the ground. The wells all flowed, the static head being about 10 feet above the surface of the ground. During operation the suction head was eqidvalent to a vacuum of 26 to 27 inches. Two and one-half gallons per hour of distillate was required to operate the engine. The artesian flow amounted to about 90 gallons per minute and the discharge when the pump was operated was 810 gallons per minute. A cement-lined reservoir in which the artesian flow was stored during the night was used in connection with this plant. Six hundred feet of 12-inch steel pipe and about 1,700 feet of 12-inch cement pipe was used to carry the water. The engine seemed to be unnecessarily large for the pump installed and the pump was operated at a speed too high for the greatest economy. WELL NO. 72, PLANT OF PAUL WALKER. Location. — In the SE. J sec. 19, T. 5 S., R. 1 W. San Bernardino meridian, about 1 mile southwest of Egan. Plant. — 50-horse St. Mary's engine, with 44-inch pulley; belt-connected to an 8-inch Jackson vertical centrifugal pump having a 14-inch pulley. At this plant are 10 wells, of which eight are 12 inches and two 10 inches in diameter. The depths are as follows: 58, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66, 70, 79, 80, and 120 feet. One of the wells passed through 34 feet of water-beafing gravel and nine passed through 29 feet of water-bearing gravel. Log of 120-foot loell. — The following log is shown graphically in Plate VIII (p. 32). Sandy loam Water-bearing gravel. Blue clay PUMPING TESTS. 97 Cosf.— Engine and pump, $2,500; wells and casing, |1,360; complete plant, $4,250. Use in i9:?0.— Irrigation of 20 acres of alfalfa and 30 acres of melons. About 900 gallons of distillate, costing $90, were used during the year. Remarks.— Khont 3^ gallons per hour of distillate was used by the engine. The pump was inatalled at the water level in a pit 15 feet deep. The discharge lift waa 20 feet, and during operation the drawdown corresponded to a vacuum of 17 to 23 inches. This plant appeared to be exceptionally well designed. UNTESTED PLANTS. In addition to the plants tested there were several others between Winchester and San Jacinto and six or more southeast of San Jacinto for which no detailed information was obtained. The following statenient, based on a rough estimate for these plants, shows approxi- mately the state of development of ground water by pimiping in San Jacinto Valley above Winchester at the close of 1910. Number of plants, 21. Horsepower of engines, 594. Nominal capacity of pumps, 18,260 gallons per minute, equivalent to 2,030 miner's inches, or 40.6 second-feet. Practical capacity of plants, 12,060 gallons per minute, equivalent to 1,340 miner's inches, 26.8 second-feet. Capital invested, $50,000. Water pumpied in 1910, 2,380 acre-feet. Area irrigated in 1910, 700 acres. Cost per acre of pumping water, $20 (fixed charges, $13; operation, $7). PUMPING STATION OF THE TEMESCAL WATER CO. The following notes were obtained concerning the pumping station at Ethanac, in Perris VaUey. The Temescal Water Co. maintains a central power plant at Ethanac, equipped (in 1910) with three Babcock & Wilcox boilers of 150-horsepower capacity each, operated with crude oil as fuel; one 2-50-horsepower and one 350-horsepower Hamilton-Corhss com- pound condensing engine; one belt-driven 175-kilowatt General Elec- tric generator; and one belt-driven 350-kilowatt Stanley Electric Manufacturing Co. "S. K. C. system" generator. Three-phase alter- nating current of 45 amperes was generated and transmitted to local pumping stations at 2,400 volts. A part of the current was stepped up to 10,000 volts for transmission to Temescal and Corona. At the local plants the voltage was stepped do-vsni to 220 for the operation of the motors. The local stations were six in number and were ia general equipped with 30-horsepower motors and Jackson vertical centrifugal pumps, set in pits about 40 feet deep. A triplex deep- well piunp was installed at one of the stations. The total amount of water pumped at the six stations was about 600 miner's inches, equivalent to 12 second-feet or 5,400 gallons per minute, from fourteen 10-inch and 12-inch wells, with a mean suction 71065°— 19— wsp 429 7 98 GEOUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. lift of 26 feet and total lift of 66 feet. The horsepower delivered to the motors was 160, the useful water horsepower 90, and the apparent efficiency 56 per cent. The mean drawdown was about 14 feet early in the season, increasing to 28 feet as a maximum the last part of the season of 1910. The mean capacity per well per foot of drawdown was therefore, at the maximum drawdown, 1.53 miner's inches, equivalent to 0.031 second-foot or 13.8 gallons per minute. The pmnping season usually lasts about 10 months— from March to December, inclusive — though pumping at full capacity is not necessary during the early and late parts of the season. The cost of developing power (including fixed charges of $200 per month) at heavy load was found to be 1.15 cents per kilowatt hour in July and August of 1910, with crude oil for fuel at $1.15 per barrel. During July, 1910, 3.387 kilowatt hours were developed per gallon of crude oil. • These figures would indicate a fuel cost of 96.7 cents per acre-foot of water pumped, or 1.53 cents per useful water horsepower hour, and a total cost for power of $1.37 per acre-foot of water pumped, or 2.17 cents per useful water horsepower hour. These costs would be considerably exceeded by the average costs of a year's rxin, because of the uneconomical operation under part load during several months of the year and the accumulation of fixed costs when the plant is not in operation. It was estimated that the fixed charges on the pmnping plants amounted to approximately 50 cents per acre-foot of water pumped. The entire cost of dehvering pumped water to the ditches was probably about $2 per acre-foot. EjBB.ciency tests of some of the plants of the Temescal Water Co. were made by Le Conte in 1904, and reported in Bulletin 158, Ofiice of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture. Betterments, including the boring of additional wells and the extension of pits and lowering of pumps, were in progi'ess in 1910. This work was "expected to add considerably to the efl&ciency of the plants by reducing suction lifts. SUMMARY OF TESTS. In summarizing the cost of pumping at the six plants examined the results have been tabulated in three ways: (1) For a year of 4,800 hours, or continuous pumping throughout an irrigation season of 200 days; (2) for a year of 2,400 hours, or pumping 12 hours a day for an irrigation season of 200 days; and (3) as operated in 1910, which, except for two of the plants, represents occasional pumping only. This has been done in order to bring out clearly the effect of time of operation on the final costs. The irrigator sometimes con- siders only the actual expenses of operation of a plant when figuring on the cost of pumping water. The cost of irrigation by pumping, however, properly includes both fixed charges and cost of operation. PUMPING TESTS. 99 The fixed charges are interest on the money invested in the plant, taxes, and depreciation. With these may also be included the com- paratively small item of repairs. A fair annual fixed charge for pumping plants consisting of weUs, centrifugal pump, distillate engine, pump house, and pit is 14 per cent of the cost of the engine and pump plus 8 per cent of the cost of the complete plant. Such a charge must be met, whether the plant is operated or not, but it is often not taken into account by ranchers. This leads to an erroneous idea of the cost of irrigation by pumping. Since such a charge is practically independent of the operation of the plant, it follows that a plant shoiild be operated continuously throughout the irrigation season, if the most economical results are to be attained. The costs of operation are fuel, lubricating oil, and labor. The fuel used in an engine in satisfactory state of repair is nearly directly proportional to the power developed, and hence to the water pumped. For San Jacinto Valley the cost of distillate for fuel has been taken as 10 cents per gallon. Labor and lubrication are minor items and may be assumed as 2 cents per hour of operation without great error. On these bases, the cost of irrigation with the six pumping plants ia the valley that were tested has been estimated and is presented in the table on page 100. The actual discharge during test is given in three units — miner's inches, gallons per minute, and second-feet^ — and the discharge in acre-feet ^ is computed for periods of 200 days of continuous pumping . (4,800 hours) and 200 days of pumping 12 hom-s a day (2,400 hours). The number of hours required to pump 1 acre-foot is given, and the total amount of water reported to have been actually pumped in 1910 is also expressed in acre-feet. The areas irrigable during pumping seasons of 4,800 and 2,400 hours are computed for comparison with the number of acres that were irrigated in 1910. The duty of water in 1910 is obtained by dividing the acre-feet of water pumped by the number of acres irrigated. The column of drawdown shows the extent to which the water level in the wells was lowered during the tests. Generally about 20 minutes was required to reduce the water level to an elevation that remained constant thereafter with uniform discharge from the. plant. The total static head represents the difference in elevation between the water level in the well during operation and the level at which the water was discharged from the pumping plant. The estimate of useful water horsepower is derived from the dis- charge and the total static head, being the discharge in poimds per second (the discharge in second-feet X 62.3) multipHed by the total static head in feet, divided by 550 (the number of foot-pounds per second in 1 horsepower). 1 One second-foot of water is equivalent to 1 cubic foot per second. "^ One acre-foot of water is sufficient water to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot and is equal to 43,560 cubio feet. 100 GROUND "WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. Swm-mary of pumping-plant data. Area irrigable, assuming duty Discharge. of water of 3 Hours Acre- acre-feetperacre WeU to feet per annum. num- Owner, 1910. pirmp 1 acre- pumped ber.o m Gallons Acre- Acre- foot. 1910. Year Year Miner's per Sectmd- feet per feet per of of inches. min- ute. feet. 4,800 hours. 2,400 hours. 4,800 hours. 2,400 hours. Acres. Acres. 103 Cawston ostrich farm . 120 1,080 2.4 956 478 5.0 478 317 159 104 E. S. Sn W. F. K lith 35 45.5 315 410 .7 .9 278 362 139 181 17.3 13.2 77 36 93 121 46 94 aiser 60 109 James C Eva L. { Paul We ook . 23 90 175.5 208 810 1,580 .46 1.8 3.5 182 716 1,3% 91 358 698 25.3 6.7 3.5 5.3 279 73 61 239 465 30 110 119 72 Iker 232 Area Duty of Depth to water table.c Draw- down. Total Useful water horse- power. Fuel. Well Cost per useful water Cost Cost of irain- ber^ irrigated in 1910. water in 1910. static head. Gallons per Cost per per acre-foot of water pumped. ma- chinery. hour. hour. horse- power hour. Acres. Acre-ft. Feet. Feet. Feet. Cents. Cents. 103 100 4.8 20 25 63 14.4 3.3 33 2.3 81.65 $2, 000 104 14 5.5 28 29 60 4.8 1.0 10 2.1 1.73 850 94 12 3.0 31 29 61 6.3 1.5 15 2.4 1.98 1,200 109 4 1.3 17 11 46 2.4 1.9 19 7.9 4.82 500 110 100 2.8 C) 44 40 8.2 2.5 25 3.1 1.68 1,650 72 50 1.5 15 26 45 18.0 3.5 35 1.9 1.21 2,500 Annual cost of fuel, labor, Total cost per acre-foot Total cost per acre (rf Cost of Annual and lubrication. of pumping water. pumping water.!" WeU Per year Per year num- plete plant. fixed of 4,800 of 2,400 ber.a charges. Per Per As op- Per Per As op- hours hours As op- year of year of erated year of year of erated assuming assummg erated 4,800 2,400 m 4,800 2,400 in a duty a duty m hours. hours. 1910. hours. hours. 1910. of 3 acre- feet per acre. of 3 acre- feet per acre. 1910. 103 $3,800 $584 $1,680 $840 $836 $2.37 $2.98 $2.97 $7.11 $8.94 $14.26 104 1,200 215 576 288 160 2.85 3.63 4.87 8.55 10.89 26.78 94 1,850 316 816 413 81 3.12 4.03 10.54 9.36 12.09 31.62 109 800 134 1,008 504 28 6.27 7.02 30.58 18.81 21.06 39.75 110 3,200 487 1,296 648 505 2.49 3.17 3.56 7.47 9.51 9.97 72 4,250 690 1,776 888 95 1.77 2.26 10.76 5.31 6.78 16.14 a These numbers correspond with the numbers of well locations in Plate III. i The averages for plants 103, 104, 94, 110, and 72 for a year of 4,800 hours, one of 2,400 hours, and as operated in 1910 are, respectively, $7.56, $9.64, and $19.75. f Figures arc for depth below surface of ground. In most plants the water was lifted some distance above the surface. <* Artesian head, 4 feet. Under the heading "Fuel" the number of gallons per hour repre- sents the rate of consumption during the test. The cost per hour is figured at 10 cents per gallon for the distillate. The cost per useful water-horsepower hour is the cost per hour divided by the usefiil water horsepower, and the cost per acre-foot of water pumped is PUMPING TESTS. 101 equal to the number of hours required to pump 1 acre-foot, multi- pHed by the cost per hour of fuel. The annual fixed charges have been taken as 14 per cent of the cost of machinery plus 8 per cent of the cost of the complete plant. Under the heading "Annual cost of fuel, labor, and lubrication," the hom-ly cost is taken as the hourly cost of fuel (given under the heading of fuel), plus 2 cents an hoiu" for labor and lubrication. The number of hours operated in 1910 is obtained by multiplying the number of acre-feet pumped in 1910 by the number of hours required to pump 1 acre-foot. The total cost per acre-foot of pumping water for 4,800 hours, for 2,400 hours, and for the period of operation in 1910, is for each period equal to the annual cost of fixed charges plus fuel, labor, and lubri- cation, divided by the number of acre-feet pumped. The total cost per acre of pumping water during years of 4,800 and of 2,400 hours is taken as three times the cost per acre-foot, as it is assumed that a fair duty for water in this region is 3 acre-feet per acre. The total cost per acre as operated in 1910 is equal to the total cost per acre-foot of pumping water during that year, multiplied by the duty of water as actually used. A comparison of the areas irrigable during years of 4,800 and 2,400 hours with the areas irrigated in 1910 shows clearly that the plants were used far less than economy would dictate. This Vv'as due in a considerable degree to the fact that the plants were new and full acreage to be served had not been brought under iri'igation, but ia part to lack of appreciation of the high cost of irrigation by pumped water when the fixed charges are included. The figures in the column headed "Drawdown" indicate that, except at plant No. 109, the wells were pumped to the limit of their capacity, the pumps being placed at or near the water level. At plant No. 110 there was artesian flow heading 10 feet above the sur- face of the ground. Under "Cost per useful water horsepower hour," under the head- ing "Fuel," the figures indicate the comparative efiiciency of the plants. Plant No. 109 is the only one not operated with a fair de- gree of efficiency. This satisfactory condition was doubtless due in great measure to the fact that most of the plants were new. Com- parison of the cost of fuel, labor, and lubrication with the annual fixed charges shows that in 1910 the fixed charges exceeded the opera- tion charges at all but two plants (Nos. 103 and 110), whereas opera- tion for 4,800 hours woiJd result in fixed charges about one-third of operation charges and would make the cost of pumped water much more nearly proportional to the cost of operation. The next to the last column in the table gives the total cost per acre of pumping water for a season of 200 days of 12 hours, with duty of water at 3 acre-feet to the acre, and shows the cost per acre .102 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND lEMECULA BASINS, GAL. tkat could, reasonably be expected in the irrigation of alfalfa with distillate at 10 cents a gallon. Barring plant No. 109, whose high cost of operation was due to an old and very inefficient engine, the mean cost per acre is found to be $9.64, or less than half the average cost of $19.75 in 1910. By contiauous operation throughout the irrigatiag season, the cost could be still further reduced to $7.56 per acre with distillate at 10 cents a gallon. FACTORS AFFECTING COSTS. In the descriptions of the pumpiag plants tested attention has been called to specific factors that rendered the plant a relatively expensive source of water supply, but these factors may properly be mentioned agaia ia order to emphasize their effects on the cost of irrigation. Most of the pumpiag plants ia San Jacinto Valley were well housed, but at some plants housiag is neglected. The rapid depreciation of pumpiag machinery, as well as of farm machinery of other kiads, if not taken care of, is very real, and depreciation is an important factor ia the cost of water for irrigation obtaiaed from weUs. In 1910 the tendency throughout the vaUey was to install pumpiag machinery capable of more work than was required of it. This tendency raay have been in part attributable to the sellers of the ma- chinery, who of course desired to make large sales, but large plants appear also to have been iastaUed as a matter of convenience in operation. The irrigator finds it easier to run a large pumpiag unit for a few hours than to accomphsh the same amount of irriga- tion with a smaller plant requiriag perhaps two or three days to supply the same acerage with water, overlookiag the fact that the iaterest on the greater amount of capital iavested ia the larger plant and the increased amount that must be charged to depreciation form very considerable items in the total annual cost of irrigation. If a larger plant has been iastalled than is needed to supply the acreage watered the error can be remedied if more land can be furnished with water, and the same result can of course be accomplished either by briaging new land under irrigation or by supplyiag from one plant lands that have been watered by two or more pumping units, each of which has been operated only a smaE part of the time. Although theoretically the pumping system should be only large enough to furnish the necessary amount of water if kept running contiauously throughout the irrigating season, practically the lowest limit to the size of plant is approximately fixed by the necessity of pumping a stream large enough to flow through the irrigation ditches with sufficient velocity to permit its proper distribution. The size of stream that must be thrown in order to give proper distribution depends very largely on the character of the sod, however. In PUMPING TESTS. 103 Sacramento Valley, in the northern part of the State, it has been found, that "a discharge of at least 12 gallons per minute to the acre should, if possible be provided for aKaKa on ordinary loam soils in tracts of 40 to 200 acres, with larger capacities for smaller tracts and sHghtly smaller capacities for larger tracts." ^ At several plants in San Jacinto VaUey economy is obtained by the use of small plants pumping into reservoirs from which a suffi- cient irrigatiag head can be obtained during periods of irrigation. This practice has within recent years been encouraged by granting to plants using electric power somewhat lower rates for power used at night. In connection with the mistake of installing a plant larger than is needed for the area irrigated may be mentioned the installation of a pump Vhose capacity exceeds that of the well to supply water. The use of such a pump may entail considerable loss in efficiency either from excessive drawdown, which makes the pump lift greater than need be, or from the entrance of air into the pump, whose suction is .thereby impaired. This 'action is of course greatest when the water level is drawn down to the lower end of the suction pipe ; but even if this extreme lowering of the water level does not take place the fairly great velocity of flow into the suction pipe draws in bubbles of air which affect the priming. Such overtaxing can usually be overcome by enlarging the well or by sinking one or more auxihary wells con- nected to the pump intake by tunnels or by suction pipes. Although pumps in good condition may lift water about 28 feet under suction, a Hft of about 20 feet has been foimd in practice to be the maximum economical limit. Centrifugal pumps and the cylinders of reciprocating pumps should be placed not higher than this distance above the water level when pumping. Enlargements or bell-mouths on the ends of intake and discharge pipes are found to reduce the friction loss in head at points of entrance and discharge and thus slightly to increase the efficiency. Likewise, the elimina- tion of unnecessary elbows and bends in the pipes reduces losses from friction. At some pumping plants the end of the discharge pipe is placed higher than is necessary. Since every foot in height that the water is raised requires a certain amount of work, it is obvious that the discharge point should be only high enough to deliver the water into the ditch. The running of a large internal combustion engine at less than its load capacity is an important factor in increasing cost of pump- ing. Under such conditions, in order to keep do\\Ti to normal speed, the engine misses a number of explosions each minute. Serious loss in efficiency may thus be occasioned, as brake tests show that under 1 Bryan, Kark, Ground water for irrigation in the Sacramento Valley, Gal.: U. S. Gaol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 375, p. 38, 1915. 104 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. such conditions there is a marked loss in the effective work. This loss is due largely to the fact that the power consumed within the machine in compression of the charge and in friction is approxi- mately constant, and hence as the amount of work produced by the machine is decreased the energy consumed internally becomes a larger part of the total energy.^ The overloading of an engine, when normal speed may be kept up by feeding an extra amoimt of fuel, is also uneconomical, because of the excessive consumption of fuel and the strain on the machinery. Notable variations in speed, either of increase or of decrease beyond the normal, result in inefficient service, for every properly constructed engine is designed to rim under conditions of speed and load that are fairly well determined by the size of the engine parts, and any great variation in these conditions is bound to be attended by loss in efficiency from one or more causes. In electric motors underspeeding does not result in notable loss in efficiency, since the internal friction losses are slight and a large part (80 to 90 per cent) of the power consumed is given out as useful work. Overspeeding, however, may necessitate repairs due to overheating or burning out of parts. The proper adjustment of feed and ignition in an internal-com- bustion engine has great influence on the efficient working of the machine. If the ignition is retarded too much, an excessive charge of fuel is required. By advancing the spark, therefore, to produce a certain amount of pre-ignition, the consumption of fuel may be appreciably reduced. The temperatmre of the jacket water is a factor that is too often overlooked, for if the cylinder is cooled too much, the ignition may lag, and the same effect will be produced as by a spark too far retarded. At many plants too little attention is paid to the proper oiling and adjustment of the various bearings. Injury, of course, may quickly result to them from overheating due to lack of oil, or to running too tight; whereas if too much play is allowed the engine wiU be injured by pounding. Shpping of a loose belt is often the cause of poor service, whereas too tight a belt produces an undue strain on the pulley bearings. For proper running of a pump, relations of load and speed similar to those in an engine must be taken into consideration. Improper speeding of a centrifugal or other form of rotary pump will cause loss in efficiency, because if underspeeded the runner will not impart an economic proportion of its velocity to the water and therefore the pump wiU not hft water to its full capacity; and if overspeeded the runner wiU churn or will produce excessive velocity in the stream I Le Conte, J. N., and Tait, C. E., Mechanical tests of pumping plants in California: U.S. Dept. Agr. Office Exper. Sta. Bull. 181, p. 72, 1907. PUMPIITG TESTS. 105 of water and losses due to excessive friction in the intake and outlet pipes. Although a centrifugal pump throvra more water when some- what overspeeded, it requires much more power for a given discharge than does a larger pump run at the proper speed. As has been pre- viously mentioned, overspeeding may also cause marked drop in efficiency by drawing air into the pump and impairing its suction. Overspeeding is, however, less to be avoided than underspeeding, since the discharge drops rapidly with slower rotation. For each rotary pump there is a definite relation between the lift of the water and the speed of the pump for greatest efficiency. The proper speed for each lift is usually given by the pump maker and should be closely adhered to in order to obtain satisfactory results both in the amount of water lifted and in economy of power. In reciprocating pumps underspeeding may unduly diminish the discharge through failure of the valves to open and close promptly; overspeeding often residts in the breaking of sucker rods or the loos- ening of pump foundations and the consequent throwing out of alignment and increase in losses due to friction. The proper size and speed for the pump will be determined by the amount of water to be discharged and the lift. The engine or motor should then be adapted in size to give the necessary power. By means of the proper sized pidleys or gears the suitable working speed for both pump and prime mover can be obtained. SELECTION OF MACHINERY. The most common errors in the selection of machinery are (1) the purchase of a pump too large for the capacity of the well, necessi- tating operation at a low, uneconomical speed and generally, also, excessive suction lift; and (2) too low an estimate of total head, with consequent purchase of an engine with insufficient power. It is fortunate that these errors, when occurring together, are to a certain degree compensating. The net result is frequently an engine suited to the head and capacity of the well, but a pump too large for engine and for well capacity, a condition that does not, however, greatly increase the cost of the plant. The rancher usually depends largely on a pump or engine dealer or manufacturer for the design of his plant, and furnishes the dealer with certain data which are often given without a very clear idea of what is required or of the importance of accuracy. Furthermore, the rancher seldom has a yery definite idea of the relative cost of irrigation with plants of different sizes. The proper size of prime mover and pump for given lifts and discharge are given in some manufacturers' catalogues or will be suppHed by the service depart- ments of the firms. Consxiltation with these departments will often prevent costly mistakes in the installation of a plant. The following I 106 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECTJLA BASINS, GAL, tables may be of some assistance, however, in the selection of a suit- able combination of prime mover and pump. Time required for irrigation with pumps of various sizes, assuming 3 acre-feet as duty of water per acre per annum. "Water required per annum. Time required for pump to raise tabulated qtiantities of water, o Area to be irrigated. 3-inch pump, capacity 225 gallons per minute. 3|-inch pump, capacity 300 gallons per minute. 4-inch pump, capaciliy 400 gallons per minute. 5-inch pump, capacity 700 gallons per minute. 6-inch pump, capacity 900 gallons per minute. 7-inch pump, capacity 1,200 gallons per mmute. 8-inch pump, capacity 1,600 gallons per mmute. Ift-inch pump, capacity 3,000 gallons per mmute. Acres. 5 Acre-feet. 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 480 600 720 840 960 1,080 1,200 1,440 1,680 1,920 2,280 2,640 Sours. 360 720 1,080 1,420 2,160 2,880 4,320 Sours. Bours. Sours. Sours. Sours. Sours. Sours. 10 542 814 1,080 1,630 2,170 3,260 4,340 15 610 814 1,220 1,630 2,440 3,260 4,070 4,880 20 30 697 930 1,400 1,860 2,320 2,790 3,720 4,650 542 723 1,080 1,440 1,810 2,170 2,890 3,620 4,340 5,060 40 542 814 1,080 1,360 1,630 2,170 2,710 3,260 3,800 4,340 4,880 60 610 814 1,020 1,220 1,630 2,030 2,440 2,850 3,260 3,660 4,070 4,880 80 100 542 650 868 1,080 1,300 1,520 1,730 1,950 2,170 2 600 120 i 160 1 - 200 240 280 320 360 400 480 560 ! 3,040 3 470 640 760 4,120 4,770 880 j 1 1 a Capacities taken from manufacturers' catalogues. From the average rated capacity for each size of pump, obtained from manufacturers' catalogues (see table on p. 107) and the lift, the necessary water horsepower is obtained from the formula: TT i 1 J. 1. Total static head in feet X discharge in gallons per minute Useful water horsepo'wer= o q,, ° ^ An engine efficiency of about 43 per cent, determined mainly from experimental tests at good plants, has been used to compute from the water horsepower the required engine horsepower given in the table on page 107, in which the size of engine indicated is usually the nearest standard size above the required horsepower. The sizes of engine needed are larger than those given in similar tables in cata- logues of pumping machinery, but they are beheved, from results observed in actual operati9n of plants, to be approximately correct. PUMPING TESTS. 107 Engine horsepower, cost of pumping plant, annual fioced charges, and cost per hour of operation for pumps operated against various static heads. O' static head. Size of pump. Engine horse- power. Cost of pumping plant. Annual fixed charges. Cost per hour of operation. Feet. Inches. Cents. 20 3 a 1300 $69 6.7 3i 4 360 72 7.6 4 5 420 86 9.1 5 8 600 125 11.9 6 10 770 162 13.4 7 15 1,050 218 17.2 8 20 1,320 274 22.2 10 35 1,920 398 39.9 25 3 4 350 70 7.3 34 6 410 83 8.6 4 6 480 99 10.1 5 10 720 119 13.1 6 15 990 205 16^ 7 18 1,150 238 20!^ 8 26 1,480 307 27.3 10 45 2,250 467 49.3 30 3 4 360 71 8.3 3i 6 470 95 9.3 4 8 590 121 10.5 5 12 840 173 15.3 6 18 1,110 229 18.8 7 20 1,280 264 24.7 8 30 1,660 343 32.4 10 60 2,430 502 58.8 35 3 5 420 83 9.0 3i 6 480 96 10.5 4 8 600 122 11.9 5 15 960 197 17.5 6 18 1,120 230 21.9 7 25 1,450 298 28.5 8 35 1,840 379 37.4 10 60 2,660 549 68.3 40 3 6 480 94 9.3 3i 8 600 121 10.5 4 10 720 146 12.1 5 18 1,080 220 19.7 6 20 1,230 251 24.7 7 30 1,620 332 32.3 8 40 2,010 413 42.4 10 75 3,000 618 77.8 45 3 6 530 104 10.2 ^ 8 660 132 11.5 4 10 790 159 13.4 5 18 1,170 238 21.9 6 25 1,500 306 27.6 7 30 1,710 356 36.1 8 45 2,300 472 47.5 10 75 3,170 649 87.2 50 3 8 640 126 10.0 3.V 10 780 155 11.5 4' 12 910 182 14.6 5 20 1,290 261 24.1 6 25 1,510 307 30.4 7 35 1,920 392 39.9 8 50 2,470 506 52.5 10 100 3,760 773 96.5 55 3 8 650 127 10.8 3i 10 790 156 12.4 4 15 1,030 206 15.9 5 25 1,460 295 26.3 6 30 1,690 343 33.3 7 40 2,100 428 43.7 8 50 2,480 507 67.8 10 100 3,770 774 106.0 60 3 8 660 128 11.5 3i 10 800 157 13.4 4 15 1,040 207 17.2 5 25 1,470 296 28.5 6 30 1,700 344 36.1 7 45 2,270 462 47.5 8 60 2,710 553 62.8 10 100 3,780 775 116.0 a Cost of pumping plant is exclusive of wells and casing. Fixed charges are 8 per centofcostof pumping |)lant plus 14 per cent of cost of machinery. Cost of operation is cost of fuel at 10 cents a gallon plus 2cents an hour for laoor and lubrication. 108 GBOUND WATER IIST SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. The cost of pumping plant includes only the cost of engine, pump and fittings, and the housing. As the cost of engine and pump varies somewhat according to the make, and the cost of housing varies with the style of building used, the three items have been combined into the averages presented. The prices for the machinery, however, are average list prices for distillate engines and centrifugal pumps of the indicated sizes. The cost of housing is based on actual examples and is taken as about $50 for the smaller plants, the cost for larger plants increasing by about 10 per cent of the addi- tional cost of the machinery. No attempt has been made to deter- mine the average cost of well and casing, since these costs are so variable that averages would be of no special significance. In some places the cost of the completed well is relatively small; in others it may equal the cost of the remainder of the plant. The annual fixed charges have been computed as 8 per cent of the cost of pumpmg plant plus 14 per cent of the estimated cost of engine and pump alone. The cost per hour of operation is based on the probable amount of distillate, at 10 cents per gallon, used per hour, plus 2 cents per hour of operation for labor and lubrication. The duty of distillate is taken, as the result of numerous tests, at one-eighth gallon per hour per horsepower developed. In the table this is of course not the same as the horsepower "size" of the engine, which is adapted only approximately to the actual power required. The hourly consump- tion of distillate for each combination of pump and lift can be determined, if desired, from the last column by subtracting the cost of labor and lubrication (2 cents) and dividing by 10 (the assumed price in cents per gallon). For example, in a plant of the size indi- cated in the first fine of the table, the computed consumption of distillate is '.^ or 0.47 gallon per hour. From this figure other calculations based on different costs of distillate per gallon can be made. Example: It is desired to irrigate by pumpiug a tract of 80 acres of land to be set in aKalfa. In consideration of rainfall, evaporation, and other climatic conditions, the area should be flooded during the irrigation season with sufficient water to cover the land to a depth of 3 feet (equivalent to flooding 6 iaches in depth six times during the season). The depth to water in neighboring wells is about 20 feet, and it is desired to raise the water 5 feet above the surface of "the ground at the proposed pumping plant. The length of the irrigatuig season is about 200 days. Referring to the table on page 107, opposite 80 ia the first column, we find that a 3^y-inch pump will require 4,340 hours, or 21.7 hours a day, for 200 days to supply the desired amount of irrigation water; a 4-inoh pump wiU require 3,260 hours, or 16.3 hoTirs a day, for 200 days; a 5-inch pump wiU require 1,860 hours, or 9.3 hours a day for 200 days; PUMPING TESTS. 109 a 6-inch pump will require 1,440 tours, or 7.2 hours a day for 200 days. Now, the depth to the water being 20 feet and the lift above the surface of the ground 5 feet, a head of 25 feet must be provided for in addition to the suction hf t. The suction lift should be taken at 25 feet unless it is known that a well of great capacity can be obtained. The total static head, therefore, in this case will be 50 feet. In the table on page 107, opposite 50 in the column for static head, the follow- ing information can be found; (a) 3J-inch pump ; lO-horsepower engine ; cost with housing, $780. Fixed charges |155 Operation, 4,340 hours, at 11.5 cents per hour 499 Total yearly cost of pumping 654 Yearly cost per acre 8. 18 (&) 4-inch pump; 12-horsepo'wer engine; cost with housing, $910. Fixed charges $182 Operation, 3,260 hours, at 14.6 cents per hour 476 Total yearly cost of pumping 658 Yearly cost per acre 8. 22 (c) 5-inch pump; 20-horse power engine; cost with housing, $1,290. Fi xed charges $261 Operation, 1,860 hours, at 24.1 cents per hour 448 Total yearly cost of pumping 709 Yearly cost per acre 8.86 (d) 6-inch pump; 25-hor8epower engine ; cost with housing, $1,510, Fixed charges ^ $307 Operation, 1,440 hours, at 30.4 centa per hour 438 Total yearly cost of pumping 745 Yearly cost per acre 9. 31 (e) 7-inch piunp; 35-horsepower engine ; cost with housing, $1,920. Fixed charges $392 Operation, 1,080 hours, at 39.9 cents per hour 431 Total yearly cost of pumping 823 Yearly cost per acre 10. 29 It appears from these figures that the total cost of pumping increases gradually with the size of plant used. This is because the larger plants lie idle a proportionately greater time, while interest, taxes, de- preciation and other fixed charges accumulate. With the foregoing information in mind, the rancher can proceed to have a well, or wells, bored with some definite idea of the sort of plant he wiU need. The bor- ing, digging, or drilling of wells in such manner as to obtain the great- est flow of water at least cost is a matter subject to wide variation m procedure in accordance with local conditions. I.«t it be assi^med that a well is bored and the test ^ shows a flow of 300 gallons a minute with a lowering of 15 feet in the water surface. Such a well will sup- ply a S^-inch piimp with a suction lift of 15 feet (assuming the pump to be placed at the water surface) , or a 4-inch pump with a suction lift 1 Every well slionld he carefully tested by pumping and its flow measured before a pumping plant is piirchased. Only in this way can the plant purchsised be adapted to the flow obtainable from wells. 110 GROUND WATER IN SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS, CAL. of about 20 feet, but will not supply a larger pump. With this weU, therefore, the choice is narrowed down to plants a and &. It is now possible to revise the estimates because, instead of a suction lift of 25 feet, as previously assumed, it is known that the lift wlU. be about 15 feet for plant a, or 20 feet for plant h. The total static heads will be 40 feet and 45 feet, respectively. From the table on page 107 the following revised estimates are derived: a-l. 40-foot head, 3|-iiich pump, 8-liorsepower engine, cost witli housing, $600: Fixed charges $121 Operation, 4,340 hours, at 10.5 cents per hour 456 Total yearly cost of pumping 577 Yearly cost per acre 7. 21 6-1. 45-foot head, 4-inch pump, 10-horse power engine, cost with housing, $790: Fixed charges 159 Operation, 3,260 hoiirs, at 13.4 cents per hour 437 Total yearly cost of piimping 596 Yearly cost per acre 7. 45 It is seen that plant h-\ costs $190 more than plant a-l and that the yearly cost of pumping will be $19 greater. In view of the lesser time required for pumping, the larger plant would probably be chosen by most ranchers, but with the foregoing study of the problern, the choice could be made intelligently with clear knowledge as to what the added convenience of the larger plant will cost. If a stiU larger plant were, for any reason, considered desirable additional weUs would be required. Any engine or pump of standard make can be selected with the assurance that it will do satisfactory work if properly operated, due regard being paid to the general principle that machinery costing least is worth least. In San Jacinto Valley the distillate engine with vertical centrifugal pump set at the water level will generally prove satisfactory. In those parts of the valley where the water level is close to the surface or where there are flowing wells, the capacity of the weUs seems to be comparatively smaU, and it may be advisable to sink the pximp pit and install the pump considerably below the ground-water level. Steam plants for inigation, except in large units, are generally unsatisfactory. Where 75 horsepower or more is required, gas pro- ducers using crude oil for fuel, together with producer-gas engines, probably furnish the cheapest power obtainable. Such plants are not economical in small units. ' Deep-well pumps are much m.ore costly than centrifugal pumps, but are more efficient. Centrifugal pumps are better suited to present conditions in the valley, but if the water level should be generally lowered as the number and use of pumping plants continues, deep-weU pumps would become desirable in several places. INDEX. Page. Agriculture in San Jacinto Valley 14 in the Temecula tiasin 84-85 See also Iirigation, employment of. Alessandro, well near, depth to water in 53 Alessandro irrigation district, water supplied to 19 Alessandro Valley, depth to water in 48 from point north of Perris, plate showing. 36 irrigation in 62 location of 50 Alfalfa, raising of 14, 15, 85 See also Irrigation, employment of. Alkali, presence of 13-14, 31-32, 37, 41, 47, 64, 69, 78-79, 81 , 90, 93 Analyses of ground waters 25, 48, inserts facing 30, 36, 40, 62, 78, 86 Artesian weUs, areas of 21, 27-29, 42-44, 87-88, 91 flow of 27-29 logs of 26,27 Babcock, Edward S., analyses by 48 Babtiste Valley, depth to ground water in. . . 92 Badlands, rocks of 9 Bench lands below Lee Lake, plate showing. 78 below Temescal, plate showing 78 Boiler use, quality of waters for 22-23,31, 37, 41, 47, 63, 78, 81, inserts facing 30, 36, 40, 62, 78, 86 Bowers, wells Nos. 125 and 126 at, water level in 28-29 Brownlands, artesian water in 43 lake in 42 Bimdy's Elsinore Hot Spring, description of. 75 Caliche, deposit of 65 California, map of part of, showing areas cov- ered by water-supply papers 7 Cantarini, Auguste, wells of 87-88 Casa Loma, logs of wells near 42-43 Cawston ostrich farm, test of pumping plant on 94, 100 Cienaga east of San Jacinto, water from 31 Citizens Water Co., operations of 18-19, 30 Classification of ground waters 22-23, 31, 37, 41, 47, 50, 63, 69, 78, 81, 89-90, 93, inserts facing 30, 36, 40, 62, 78, 86 Clay, occurrence of 15-16, 79 Climate of the San Jacioto basin 10-14 of the Temecula basin 84 Coal, occurrence of 15,79 Cook, James, tost of pumping plant of. . . 95-96, 100 Corona, irrigation at 62-63 Diamond VaUey, grain growing in 36 nm-ofl from 37 Dinsmore, S. C, analyses by inserts facing 30, 36,40,62,78 Page. Domenigoni Valley, alkaliin 41 Kmits and drainage of 38 wells in 41 Domestic use, quality of waters for 22, 31, 37, 41, 47, 63, 69, 78, 81, 89-90, 93, inserts facing 30, 36, 40, 62, 78, 86 Double Butte, western part of, plate showing. 38 Earthquake of 1899, limits of. 9 Eden Hot Spring, description of 24 plate showing 24 Egan, well near, depth to water in 33, 35 Elsinore, precipitation at 11 , 12, 13 San Jacinto River near 72-74 Temescal Creek near 74 Elsinore Lake, escarpment along south side of, plat« showing 68 history of 71-72 log of flowing well near 76 Elsinore Lake area, alkali in 78-79 geologic features of 70-71 hot springs m 75 irrigation in 76-78 level of ground water in 76-76 limits and surface of 69 quality of ground water in 78 southern part of, plate shoeing 70 surface water in 71-74 Ethan A. Chase Co., operations of 62 Ethanac, well near, depth to water in 89 Pairview Land & Water Co., operations of... 18 Faults bounding San Jacinto basin, descrip- tion of 9 Field work, record of 7 Fruit trees, citrus, growing of 14 See also Irrigation, employment of. deciduous, growing of 14,84 See also Irrigation, employment of. Gas, occurrence of 43 Geography of San Jacinto basin 7-4 of the Temecula basin 81-82 Geology of San Jaciato basia 9-10 of the Temecula basin 82-83 Glen Ivy Hot Springs, description of 79-80 Grain, raisiag of 14, 84, 85 See also Irrigation, employment of. Hemet, wells near, depth to water in 34, 35 Hemet area, ground-water level in 32-36 irrigation in 36-37 limits and soil of 32 quality of water in 37 Hemet irrigated district from Reservoir Butte, plate showing 36 Hemet irrigation works, construction of 15 111 112 INDEX. Hemet Land Co., operations of 17-18 Hot springs in the San Jacinto basin, descrip- tion of 24-25 of the Pilares, location and water of 43-44 Idyllwild, precipitation at 10, 11 Indian Creek, warm sulphur springs on 25 Irrigation, employment of... 30-31,36-37,41,46-47, 50, 62-63, 68-69, 76-78, 80-81, 89, 92-93 quality of waters for 22, 31, 37, 41, 47, 50, 63, 69, 78, 81, 89-90, 93, inserts facing 30, 36, 40, 62, 78, 86. systems for 16-19 Juniper Flat, Lalceview Mountains, plate showing 38 soil of 38 Kaiser, W. F., test of pumping plant of 95, 100 Lake Hemet Water Co., operations of 16-18 Lakeview, wells at and near, depth to water in 44-46 Lakeview area, alkali in 47 artesian wells in 42-44 gas in 43 irrigation in 46-47 level of groiind water in 44-46 quality of water in. . 47, insert facing 40. surface and soils 42 warm springs in 43-44 Lakeview Water Co., operations of 19 Land, irrigated, maps showing In pocket. prepared for seeding, plate showing 51 Lee Lake, water in and under 80 Level of groimd water 29-30, 32-36, 44-46, 48-50, 51-62, 65-68, 75-76, 80, 88-89, 92 Lucerne, log of well near 70 Lucerne district, water supply of 77 Maas, Arthur E.., analysis by 25 Magnesite, occurrence of 16 Menifee area, alkali in 69 irrigation in 68-69 level of ground water in 65-68 limits and drainage of 64 quality of ground water in 69 soils of 65 Menifee School, wellsnear, depth to water in.. 66-68 Mill Creek, water for irrigation from 50 Mining, attempts at 15-16 Moreno area, irrigation in 50 logs of wells in 48-50 level of ground water in 48-50 quality of water in. . 50, insert facing 40. siuface and soil of 47-48 Mountains of Temecula basin, elevations of. . 82 Murrieta Creek, coiu-se and tributaries of 85 Mmrieta Valley, alkali in 90 artesian area in 87-88 extent and agriculture of 86-87 hot springs in 87 irrigation in 89 level of ground water in 88-89 quality of ground water in 89-90 Nigger Canyon, dam site in 86 Paloma Valley, irrigation in 68-69 location of 54 Ferris, wells at or near, depth to water in. . . 54-58, 59-61 Ferris area, irrigation in 62-63 level of ground water in 51-62 limits and soil of 50-51 quality of ground water in 63 Ferris irrigation district, water supplied to. . 19 Ferris Valley from point north of Ferris, plate showing 36 Frecipitation in the San Jacinto basin 10-13 in the Temecula basin 84 Fumping, cost of, factors afiecting 102-105 selection of machinery for 10.5-1 10 Fumping plants, tests of 93-110 untested, estimated capacity and expenses of 97 Fumps, horsepower and cost of lOS-llO time required for irrigation with 106 QuaUty of ground water ^ 21-23, 31, 37, 41, 47, 50, 63, 69, 78, 81, 89-90, 93 Kailroadin San Jacinto Valley 14 Relief Hot Springs, description of 24 Ritchey Hot Springs, description of 25 Salt Creek, course of 64 San Jacinto, precipitation at 11, 12, 13 San Jacinto area, alkali in 31-32 artesian area in 27-29 extent of 23-24 hot springs in 24-25 irrigation in 30-31 level of ground water in 29-30 quality of ground water in 31 San Jacinto basin, extent of 20 map of, showing depth to water and loca- tion of wells In pocket. showing imgated lands and principal distribution systems In pocket. showing lands irrigated in 1904 and in 1915 In pocket. showing relief and drainage basins. . . 8 San Jacinto Hot Springs, description of 24 San Jacinto River, channel and flow of 42, 51 description of 8-9 near Elsinore 72-74 near Ferris, plate showing 51 valley of, from Fark HiU, plate showing. . 30 from Relief Hot Springs, plate show- ing 24 San Jacinto Water Co., operations of 18 San Luis Rey River, discharge of. 86 Schanck, Francis R., cited 71 Schuyler, J. D., cited 17 Skenk, Mrs. E va L., test of pumping plant of. 96, 100 Smith, R. S., test of pumping plant of 94, 100 Soboba Hot Springs, description of 25 Source of ground water 20-21 Spreading of flood water 62 Springs, hot, at Elsinore, description of 75 hot, near Temescal, description of 79 warm, in the Lakeview area, description of 43 INDEX. 113 stabler, Herman, pumping tests 93-110 Stone, quarrying of 16 Storage of flood water underground, methods of 62 Temeoula basin, climate of 84 geography of 81-82 geology of 82-83 map of, showing depth to water and loca- tion of wells In pocket. showing irrigated land and principal distribution systems In pocket. showing relief and drainage basins ... 8 settlement and industries of 84-85 sinface water in 85-86 [Temeoula Canyon, dam site in 86 Temeoula River, course and flow of. 85-86 valley of, plate showing 70 I Temeoula Valley, alkali in 93 artesian area in 91 irrigation in 92-93 level of ground water in 92 limits of 90 quality of ground water in 93 71065°— X9—WSP 429 8 Temescal area, alkali in 81 hot springs in 79-80 irrigation in 80-81 level of ground water in 80 limits and soil of 79 quality of ground water in 81 Temescal Creek near Elsinore 74 Temescal Wash, course of. 79 plate showing 78 Temescal Water Co., operations of 62-63 pumping station of 97-98 Towns in San Jacinto VaDey 14-15 in the Temecula basin 84 Vegetation, nature of. 13 Walker, Paul, test of pumping plant of.. 96-97,100 Wells, logs of, plate showing 32 Winchester, weUs at and near, depth to water in 39-40 Winchester area, alkali in 41 irrigation in n level of ground water in ' 38-40 limits and soil of 37-38 quality of ground water in 41 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PTJBLICATION MAY BE PEOCTJRED FBOU THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 40 CENTS PER COPY WATEn-SlTPLY PAPEll 42fi PI^TE \"J MAP OF SAN JACINTO AND TEMECULA BASINS C'AEIFORNIA SlUnVINCi LANDS lIlHUiATIil) IN liKl'i AND IN 1!)15 S^zz!ii±ki;i^i-:'i^:ji A (^tl a J'^ V s GKor.or.iCAL sinixTJV WATI'.lt SITPLY PAPER 129 PI.ATK li\ Line niiowint depth to wbUf, in tec' WeU in regard to which (Uu were obtaiaed iNuwihtr rtftrrrd lo in un MAP OF SAN JACJINTC) AND TEMECULA BASINS CALIFORNIA SHOWING GKOI.OGir FOHMATIONS. AHTIvSIAN BASIN'S. DKPTHS TO WATER. AND WKI.LS ,:,::::/-: :y^^\ ,M' H,>>S ^'-■. Cl.KX'KI.AM) \A'rU).\,\l. \ Sta-, , /I'PKJ!, !:> i , I INDIAN'. Hl.ls. W\TPU SUPi n PAPPr 4i J PL-ITE T u p u A'=U O' 'tf*. *•-• ^^ ^ ►^j' ♦ o . ^^ <,^ .^ °- .//^i^-^ ^°^:^^'> /^-^'X • V> 4 *> 1* /. •«i..^" .',^IS^\ '^ .c-J^"" /^W/k\ '^t, .,^^ />5i^-. ^-^^ .4 4*^^ ^ c-^ Vs* O J7 rrf55^^'. o j-*.^ •^;5?StvI' •#» rO .''Jj:* ^ ^-J-^ e«'•• i^ JUL 83 N. MANCHESTER, '^^^ INDIANA 46962 %• -JJ^J "^ A-^^ c0.v.^-<. J" .^'-^^^ %