•-^v. ,^^^ ^'^y^WJ/'^m "^ "^ •Stj ^ >-o''' ^f -9- J' o ,' A ^ J .^^' ^^., % ^. 'P-. ^oo^ "^^ V^ O o ^VILDER'S S5 Iv^ElEl.CHC^^I^TS' I^O^W^, CORNER OF CHATHAM STREET, S3 C£> ^ "CP C£:> 5^3^ o These Safes have been before the public for many years, during which time they have been extensively sold in all parts of the world, and have been often tested and proved superior to any Safes made in this country. Their great reputation has induced some manufac- turers to use my name, and some Safes have recently been made and sold at auction, and other ways, marked Wilder, which were not the genuine Wilder's Safe, and that the public may not be deceived, I have adopted the following Name Plate, and all safes hereafter made by me will be marked on the Door as follows : And with cast letters on ihefeet of Safes— J. E. WILDER, Maker. (^* None are genuine unless thus marked. Certificates of tests of my Safes in the largest Conflagrations in this country can be seen at my office. JOHN E. WIIME, lanufacturer and Proprietor, Q5 MERCHANTS' RO\V, BOSTON. N. B. — Bank Safes, Town Safes, House Safes, Steel Lined Boxes, Iron Chests, and all the best approved Bank Locks for sale or made to order. JAMES FRENCH & CO. PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN S 'I' A T I F E R Y Wo. 7S IVASHIWOTOIV STREET, BOSTON. O^Country Traders, Booksellers, Teachers, Clergymen, Banks, Railroads, Insuralnce and other Companies, furnished on the best terms. OKI>KRS SOI.I€ITJEI> BY JJ^S. FKEJKCH .fe CO. THE GROVER & BAkIeR mmm umwi m >.,>.,^ CONTINUE TO MANUFACTURE THEIR " Premium " Machines, at prices varying from !:r90 to #140 Shuttle " " " 75 to 85 And have lately introduced a novel style, expressly designed for FAMILY SEWING, price, $75 ( Boston— 18 Summer St. (Alercantile Build.) SALES-ROOMS : j I^ew York-^OS Broadway. ( Philadelphia— 161 Chestnut Street. And in all the principal Stores in the United States. BOOKS BOUND. Harper's Magazine, Oraliam's Magazine, Putnam's •* Blacliikvood's " Oodey's " &c. &c. Particular altenlion given to binding Music. ©to ^mb lletoniilr. Orders for above kind of Binding respectfully solicited. DAMRELL & MOORE, 16 Devonshire St., Boston. [1] FURNICEESTIBLISHMENT. The particular attention of the public is called to the Subscriber's celebrated FOR COAIi, which continues to maintain its high superiority over the numerous articles re- cently introduced to the public, claiming to be improvements over all others. This Furnace is recommended to all those who prefer facts which have been es- tablished by long practical experience, to mere advertising puffs based only on fiction. Also, to a NEW PATTERN PXJIINACE FOR WOOD, constructed upon a similar principle to that of the H. Pattern Furnace, and par- ticularly adapted for use in the country, or wherever wood is consumed instead of coal. Another and smaller size has just been added to the list, which is sold at a reduced price. Attention is also called to a new and beautiful article called PENKHYN MARBLE MANTELS AND PIER SLABS, in imitation of the higher cost styles of Marble, and superior to it in polish and ability to resist acids, while they are afforded at a much cheaper rate. Also, for sale, anew pattern Improved Flat Heater Stove, English Parlor and Chamber Grates. Improved Cooking Ranges, Parlor, Office and Cooking Stoves, Ventila- tors. Chimney Tops, Registers, Rumford Ovens, and Cooking and Heating Ap- paratus generally, at the new and elegant store recently erected upon the old Chickering Estate, nearly opposite the Adams House, by 336 d^ 338 TVaslilngtou Street, Boston. m NEW STORE, : : : : NEW GOODS. Persons in want of PAPER HANGINGS will find at No. 113 Washington Street, a new and complete assortment, of every variety, at very low prices. HITCHINUS & DENNETT. BOOK AGENTS WANTED, To canvass for Subscribers to the 8ti(ii)ei*Ic^i(| ^oHs-^if S^iielr^. This work is a large Royal 8vo of 800 pages, Bound in Morocco, Gilt, and Illustrated with 350 POE TRAITS of the most eminent persons this country has produced, and is truly a great American production. As this work is only sold to Subscribers, it ofi'ers a great inducement to agents. Apply to F. C. MOOKE & CO., 16 Devonshire St., Boston. Rear of the MARLBORO' HOTEL, No. 231 WASHINGTON ST., BOSTON. Through the arch — u'^der the Lowell Institute. For Colds, Coughs, and attacks of almost all acute and painful af- fections these baths give instant relief. PROF. VERGNE'S ElECTRO-CHEMICAl BATHS, With all the improvements of E. E. MARC Y, M. D., the most scientiflc operator in New York city are given by DUS. COLBY & BLODGET, rear of Marlboro' Hotel, Boston, where, by an ingenious improvement of their own, in the manner of application, they are able to reach many cases, that the ordinary method utterly fails to benefit. These baths extract MINERAL POISONS, and remove diseases occasioned by them. They also cure Rheumatism, Paralysis, St. Vitus' Dance, Nervous Affections, Scrofula, &c., &c. They also administer THE MEDICATED ELECTRO-CHEMICAL VAPOR BATHS, A most agreeable and effectual mode of applying the Electro-Chemical principje (entirely their own invention), and which affords the most complete relief in Gout, Sluggish Circulation, Sudden Colds, Skin Diseases, Catarrh, Dropsy, Asthma, Pleurisy, &c., &c. They have lately added more rooms to their here- tofore extensive establishment, and are now prepared to give these Baths at TWO DOLLARS EACH, or six tickets for $10. Iodine Vapor, Sulphur Fume, Plain Vapor, Warm, Cold and Shower Baths administered every day, from 6 A. M., to 10 P. M. [4] KINMONTH & CO., 275 WasMngton St., through to 8 & 10 Winter Street, IMPORTERS, JOBBERS & RETAILERS OP SILKS, RIBBONS, EMBROIDERS, IM, MERIIES, UNDERCLOTHING, FLANNELS, CHOICE MAKES. OF EVERY DESCRIPTION; ALSO, THE BEST CLASS OP AND OTHER ia:oTJSEK:EEi>iisra- g-ooids. HISTORY BOSTON, PROM 1630 TO 1856. Honor to the Past, Gratitude for the Preseni, and Fidelity to the Future.' ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY ENGRAVINGS. BOSTON: F. C. MOORE & COMPANY. 1856. 0« Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by J. SMITH ROMANS, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Vi' 4/\ [5J OAK HALL CLOTHING HOUSE, UNRIVALLED EMPORIUM FOR GENTLEMEN'S, YOUTHS' AND LITTLE CHILDREN'S FURNISHING GOODS, HATS, CAPS, &C., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. «EO. w. ^immoNs^ piper & co., 32, 34, 36 and 38 North Street, PREFACE The present volume is not intended as a formal history of the metropo- lis of New England, nor as a complete index to the many public institutions for which it is so famous. Our object has been to furnish a mere outline of the early history of the city, with notices of some prominent events : adding an account of some few institutions that are particularly deserving the attention of citizens and strangers. The Appendix will be found to contain much information relating to towns in the vicinity. For that portion which describes the beautiful "Forest Hills Cemetery," we are indebted to the late General H. A. S. Dearborn, who little thought, when he was preparing the sketch in the month of May last, that he would so shortly " Rest his head upon Vie lap of earth." He died July 29th, 1851, some few days before this volume could be com- pleted for publication. The compiler takes occasion to express his acknowledgments to Dr. S. G. Howe, of Boston, and to Professors Bond, Horsford, and Francis, of Harvard University, and to the Rev. J. B. Felt, of the Massachusetts Historical Society, for copious materials furnished by them for this work. [7] I GMiT rai HEKML BH I TO C3 H I CJ J^ C3r O AND ALL POINTS IN THE GREAT WEST; VIA GEE AT WESTERN . AND MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROADS. ♦ THE ONLY EOTJTE VIA. mmkM FALLS & SCSPENSIOIV BRIDGE, TO DETROIT, CHICAGO, MILWAUKIE, 6ALENA, BURLINGTON, HOCK ISLAND, DUBUQUE, AND ALL POINTS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH!! [8] TRAINS LEAVE BOSTON AS FOLLOWS, SUNDAYS EXCEPTED: From Boston and Worcester Depot, Mail, Express, Accomo'n, Express. 7 A. M. 8 1-2 A. M. 1 1-2 P. M. 3 P. M. Mail, Accom. Fitchburg, 7 A. M. 12 M. Connecting at Albany with Express Trains on New York Central Rail- road, at NIAGARA FALLS SUSPENSION BRIDG-E WITH GREAT IVESTERN RAIEliVAY, At DETROIT with MICHIGAN" CENTRAL RAIL- flOAD, and at Lake Station with the "Cut Off" for St. Louis, Rock Island, Peoria, &c., (Saving 40 IJiles Travel and Corresponding Time and Expense,) and at CHICAGO WITH ALL THE LINES WEST &. SOUTH. PASSENGERS by this Route are carried to the NEW UNION DEPOT IN CHICAGO from which aU important WESTERN TRAINS leave, say- ing all expense of transferring themselves and Baggage. [C?- Passengers have ample time to view NIAGARA FALLS and the MAMMOTH WIRE RAILWAY SUSPENSION BRIDGE that spans the Rapids just below and in full view of the Falls, affording a more grand and imposing sight than is elsewhere to be found on the American conti- nent. N. B. No other Railroad Line West runs within 23 miles of Niagara Falls or Suspension Bridge. Ireifflit Marked G. W. R. "Will be Forwarded at Be- dueed Kates and with Great Despatch. O" THROUGH TICKETS may be had at the Principal Railroad Offices between Boston and Suspension Bridge, and of M. HUGHES, Em- grant Agent, Corner of South and Beach Streets, and at the Company's Oflace, 21 State St., Boston, Where correct and reliable information in regard to passage or freight can be obtained. W. ELDBEDGE, Beceiver. P. K. BAND ALL. General Eastern Agent. [9] CO-PARTNERSHIP NOTICE. The Subscriber has associated with him. ANDREW C. DENISON A. M., a graduate of Yale College, and for several years past, colleague •with the Rev. Dr. Nelson, of Leicester, Mass., and OLIVER E. LINTON, who for five years past, has been the faithful and efficient Head Assistant at the Commercial College. "With increased facilities for imparting instruction, the Subscriber will be enabled to give more of his personal attention to students, and to the examination and adjustment of Books, Complicated Accounts, and the general business of an Accountant, in which he has had twenty years' experience. GEORGE N. COMER. Boston, 1st March, 1856. COMER'S COMMERCUL COLLEGE, GRANITE BUILDING, Corner of WASHINGTON & SCHOOL STS., Founded A. D., 1840. For practical Instruction in Penmanship, Book-keeping, Navigation, Engineering, Surveying, the Languages, and Common English Studies, upon moderate terms. No Class System. No extras. Students aided in procuring suitable employment. Separate department for females. Day and evening Sessions, Catalogues and Circulars of terms can be had at the Institution, or upon request will be sent by mail free. :} GEORGE N. COMER, A C DENISON I Principals, aided by able OLIVER E. LINTON, ^ '"'''''''''''• INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. Page. ADVERTISING AGENCY. Richardson, B. R., & Co 116 AMBROTYPES. Briggs, Jesse ,50 CampbeU,B.r 107 ARCHITECT. Briggs, Luther, Jr 116 ARTIFICULLKGS. Miller, Jas. & Co., 54 ASTROLOGER. Lister, Dr. T 123 AUCTIONEERS. Brodhead & Co., 26 Robinson, E 122 AXES. Douglas Axe Manufacturing Co., 113 BALM OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS. Fetridge, W. P., & Co 10 BANKERS. Blake, Howe & Co., 51 BELLHANGER. Crane, A. B 25 BELTING. Cheever, Tap pan & McBurney, 30 BIRD AND CAGE STORE. Currier, A. D 97 BLACKSMITHS. Mason & French, 97 BOOKS. Coolidge, C. E., & Co 39 Clapp, Otis 80 BOOKBINDEPS. Damrell & Moore, 3d coyer page Ulman, Wm 92 BOOTS AND SHOES. Mansfield. John 25 Moseley, Thomas E., & Co 71 iMarsh, T. J., Jr 118 j Page. BROKERS. Jenkins, A 29 Goodwin, G. K 47 BURNING FLUID. Porter, John, & Co Ill CARPETING. Strout & Bradford, 30 Allen & Lincoln, • • 35 CARRIAGES. Swords, John , , . . . 42 CIGARS. Hincke, Brothers, & Co., 123 CLAIRVOYANT. PhelpSjMrs.G : 29 CLOTHING. Smith, J. W., & Co • • 64 CLOTHING WAREHOUSE. Oak Hall, 5 CLOCKS. Howard & Davis, 82 COAL DEALER. Tay,R.L 112 COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. Comer's, 9 Chickering & Son., 6 COMMISSION MERCHANT. Bray, Edgar W 37 COMB MANUFACTURER. Joslin, Wm. A 42 CORSET WAREHOUSE. Adams, Mrs. Q.W 75 Adams, 14 CROCKERY WAKE. Stedman, D. B., & Co 20 French, Wells & Co 52 COUNSELLORS. Russell, Benj. F 37 Hudson, C. H 37 yi. INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. Page. DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS, Sawyer, John, & Co 33 DENTISTS. Cummings & Flagg, 101 DESIGNERS. Manning, Brown & Co., 104 DESK MANUFACTURER. Smith, Stephen 38 DIE SINKER. Smith, Wm.H 47 DISTILLERS. Barnard, J. M., & Co 86 DOMESTIC ARCADE. Wheelock, 0. K 123 DRUGGISTS. Weeks & Potter, 44 DRY GOODS. Beebe, J. M., Kichardson & Co., 53 Pierce, Brothers, & Flanders, . . 68 lunmouth & Co., 4 EATING HOUSES. Chase, F. J., & Co 23 Campbell, A. R., & Co 96 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. Palmer & Hall, 27 ELECTROTYPERS. Winter & Brother, 66 ENGRAVERS. Bradford, L. H., & Co 36 ENGRAVER (SEAL.) Mitchell, Francis N 41 ENGRAVERS ON WOOD. Andrew, John 55 Gulick, D. B 93 Smith, D.T 94 Taylor & Adams, 115 FANCY GOODS. Abbott, Wm. E 46 FIRE AND WATERPROOF COMPOSITION. Bailey, D. W 60 FISH DEALERS. Nickerson, E., & Co 48 FLORISTS. Evers, Bock & Schlegel 79 FURNISHING GOODS. Reeves, W. C 20 Se Baker & Ham, , FURNITURE. Harlow, G. T 27 Allen, A. H 35 Severance, B. W., & Co 43 Blake, James G 45 Buckley & Bancroft, 81 Barnes, Jennings & Co., 89 Boyce, C. B., & Co 113 Smallwood, E. A 126 FURNACES. Rice, A. M 83 & 84 Chilson, Gould & Co., last p. of cover Herman, Leopold 1 FURRIERS. Walko, Martin, & Co 71 FURS. Richter,R 32 GAS BURNERS. Wood, A. H 63 GAS MANUFACTURING APPARATUS. Appleton, J. C, agent 117 GRATES. Tilton & McFarland, 17 HAND STAMP. Bigelow, M. B., agent. . . HARDWARE. Doggett, N. B. & N. A 37 Cushman, E. A 40 May. Samuel, & Co 54 HARMONIUMS. & Hamlin, 118 HARNESSES Hannaford, F. W 19 HATS Bent &Bush, 22 Ives & Tuthill, 79 Whiton, Frederick 107 HOTELS. Traders' Hotel, 36 Commercial Hotel, 40 Adams House, 61 Glades House, 85 Webster House, 95 Lexington House, 100 Merrimac House, 110 INSURANCE. New England Mutual Life, ... 1 1 j .• VI INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. IRON FENCES. Weeman, W. E Page. ,. 57 IRON RAILING. Healey, J. 1 88 Weeman, E • • 11 ISINGLASS. Ruggles, George H 78 JEWELLERS. Qoldsmith, Wm 25 Jenkins, Nathaniel 62 Pond, L. A 106 Gooding, Josiah 116 LACES. Holbrook, C. C, & Co 71 LAMPS. Ufford, S. N. & H. G 69 LEAD PIPE. Steams, George L 31 LINING PIPES. Guy, W. B 27 LITHOGRAPHER. Bradford, L. H., & Co 36 LOAN FtIND ASSOCtATION. United States, 74 LOCOMOTIVE AND RAILWAY SUPPLY. LangjWm. B., & Co Ill LOOKING GLASSES. Sowle & Ward - 71 MARBLE MANUFACTURERS. Leighton, D 24 American Verd Antique, 80 MATCHES. Byam, Pearson, Carleton, & Go. 65 MATTRESSES. Patten, I. W .. 32 MEDICAL COLLEGE, (N. E.) Female, 42 MEDICATED VAPOR BATHS. Colby & Blodget, 3 MERCANTILE ACADEMIES. Hannaford & Payson, 72 Bradshaw's, Ill MILLSTONES. Brown, Charles W 92 MILLINERY. Walsh, Madame, 14 Goldsmith, Mrs 25 Beckers, Madame Souveraine ... 31 Page. MINERAL AND SODA WATER. Fairbanks & Beard, 114 MOROCCO, FANCY AND VELVET WORK. Nutze, E 20 NOTARIES. Jenks, Samuel H 39 OIL. Phillips, Eben B 23 PAINTERS. Cloutman, J. S 22 Rose, Horace C 34 Gardner, Henry N 56 PAPER HANGINGS. Hitchings & Dennett 2 Geogery, S. H., & Co l8 Lockett, James G 39 Marden, Spafford & Co., 105 PAPER WAREHOUSE. Grant, Warren & Co., 68 PHYSICLAN. Leach, Wm 41 PIANO FORTES. Hallet, Davis & Co.,. .1st cover page Chickering & Sons, 6 Hews, George 96 Woodward & Brown, 99 PLASTERER, (STUCCO.) McCann, Peter 19 PLUMBERS. Pearce, Wm 19 Neal, Samuel 21 Ross, James 29 White, Lowell & Co., 32 Dudley,B.F 34 PRINTERS. Rand,W.H 42 Damrell & Moore, 96 PROVISIONS. Clark, Nathan 33 English, A. T 40 PUBLISHERS, (photograph.) Drew & Coffin, 47 PUBLISHERS. French, James 8d cover page RAIL ROAD ROUTES. Boston & Lowell, 119 Fitchburg R. R., 119 Great Western & Central Rouv, 7&8 viii. INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. Page. Western & South Western U. S. M, and Express, 12 & 13 ROSEMARY. Spalding, J. Russell 58 RUSSIA SALVE. Redding & Co., 10 Wilder, John E 2d cover page Denio & Roberts, . last page of cover Tilton & McFarland, 17 SAVINGS BANK, People's, 108 SCALES. Walker, P. H 109 Fairbanks, E. & T., & Co. last cover SCHOOL FURNITURE. Ross, Joseph L., 15 & 16 SEEDS. Hovey & Co., 23 SE6ARS. Richardson, Lewis G 69 SETTEES. HaskeU, Wm. 98 SEWING MACHINES. Grover & Baker, 3d cover page & 73 Hunt & Webster, 25 Nichols, Leavitt & Co., 87 SEWING SILK. Messinger & Brother, 80 SHERRY WINE BITTERS. Wheeler, Lewis 103 SHIRTS. Locke,r. B 23 SHOE FINDINGS. Armstrong, Wm 29 SILVER WARE. Harding, N., & Co 102 SODA WATER, Scripture, Gilman 102 STAINED COT GLASS. Cook, J.M 78 STATIONERY. Cutter, Tower & Co., 41 Page. STEAM AND GAS PIPE. Braman, Perham & Co 65 STEAM ENGINE CO. Tufts, Otis, agent 78 STOVES. Merrifield, Moses 26 Read, J. M 46 Winchester, I. T 76 & 77 TAILORS. Day, Thomas C 22 Pitman, E 26 Earl, John, Jr 28 Abbott, J. E. & R. W 72 Randidge, G. L 90 Weir, Robert 121 TOBACCO. Bullock, Albert 32 Estabrook, Benj 91 TOILET ARTICLES. Bogle, Wm 120 TOYS. Herman & Co., 34 Phelps, Dr 90 TUBES. Walworth, J. J., & Co 113 TURNER OF WOOD, ETC. Bourguignon, W TYPE FOUNDERS. Phelps & Dalton, WATCHMAKER. SmithjH. W 26 WATER FILTERS. Phelps, O.C 59 WINES. Pollard, J.H 27 Smith, Ralph & Co., 31 Nason, George 36 WINDOW BHADES. Kelty, J. B. & G. L 28 Bruce, Charles H., & Co WORKS OP ART. Wiggin,J.K 97 INDEX TO PIRMS. Page. Adams Corset Warehouse, , — 14 Armstrong, Wm 29 Allen, A. H 35 AUen & Lincoln, 35 Abbott, ■William E 46 Andrews, John 55 Adams House, 61 American House, 67 Abbott, B. W. & J. E 72 Adams, Mrs. G. W '. 75 American VerdAntique Marble Co. 80 Appleton, J. C 117 Bent & Bush, 22 Brodhead&Co., 26 Boston Belting Co., 30 Beckers, Madam Souveraine, 31 Bullock, Albert 32 Bruce, Chas. H., & Co 33 Bradford, L. H., & Co 36 Boyden, J. E 36 Bray, Edgar W 37 Blake, James G 45 Briggs, Jesse 50 Blake, Howe & Co., 51 Beebe, J. M., & Co 63 Bailey,D. W 60 Braman, Perham & Co., 65 Byam, Pearson, Carleton & Co., 65 Bigelow,M.B 66 Boston Steam Engine Co., 78 Buckley & Bancroft, 81 Barnard, J. M., & Co 86 Barnes, Jennings & Co., 89 Brown, Charles W 92 Bourguinon, W 98 Bradshaw, John HI Boyce, C. B., & Co 113 Briggs, Luther, Jr 116 Baker & Ham, 116 Boston and Lowell Railroad, 119 Bogle, Wm 120 Cloutman, John S 22 P»ge. Chase,r. J.,& Co 23 Comer & Co., 9 Chickering& Sons, 6 Colby & Blodget, 3 Crane, A. B 52 Clark, Nathan 33 Coolidge, Chas. E., & Co 39 Cushman, E. A 40 Commercial House, 40 Cutter, Tower & Co., 41 Chamberlain, Daniel 61 Cook, J. M ,. 78 Clapp, Otis '. 80 Clark, J. M 85 Campbell.A. R., &Co.... 96 Cummings & Flagg, 101 Campbell, B . F 107 Chilson, Gould & Co,., .last page of cov. Damrell & Moore,.3d page cover, & 96 Day, Thomas C 22 Dudley,B. F 34 Doggett, N. B. & N. A 37 Drew& Coffin 47 Douglas Axe Manuf. Co., 113 Day&Co.,0 124 Denio & Roberts, — last page of cover. Earl, John, Jr 28 Enghsh, Abrani T 40 Evers, Bock & Schlegel, 79 Eastabrook, Benj 91 Edwards, J. C 97 French, James, & Co., 3d page of cover. French, Wells & Co., 52 Fairbanks & Beard, 114 Fitchburg Railroad, 119 Fetridge, W. P., & Co 10 Grover & Baker Sewing Machines, 3d page of cover and 7 8 Goldsmith, WilUam 25 Goldsmith, Mrs 25 Guy, Wm.B 27 Goodwin, G. K 47 INDEX TO FIRMS. Gardner, Henry N Grant, Warren & Co., Glades House, Gulick,D.B Gooding, Josiah Gregery, S. H., & Co Great Western & Central Route,. Greenleaf & Brown , last Hallet, Davis & Co.,. . .1st page of Hannaford, F. W Hunt &Webster, , Hovey & Co., Harlow, G. T.... Herman & Co., Hudson, C.H Holbrook, Charles C, & Co Hanaford & Payson, Howard & Davis, — •. Healey, J.I Hews, George Haskell, William O Harding, Newell, & Co., Hanson, James L Hincke, Brothers, & Co Herman, Leopold Hitchings & Dennett, Ives & Tuthill, Jenkins, A Jenks, Samuel H Joslin, Wm. A Jenkins, Nathaniel Kelty, J. B. & G. L Kinmonth & Co., Lock,r. B Leighton, D Lockett, James G Leach, William, M. D Lexington House, Lang, W. Bailey, & Co Lister,Dr. T McCann, Peter Mansfield, John Merrifield, Moses Mitchell, Francis N Miller, James, & Co May, Samuel, & Co Mansfield, John Page. .. 56 .. 85 .. 93 .. 116 .. 18 ..7&8 cover, cover. .. 19 .. 25 .. 23 .. 27 .. 34 .. 37 ,.. 71 .. 72 Page. Moseley, Thomas E., & Co 71 May & Co 74 Messinger & Brother, 80 Mason & French, 97 Manning, Brown & Co., 104 Marden, SpaflFord & Co., 105 Merrimac House 110 Mason & Hamlin, 118 Marsh, Thomas J 118 Nutze, E 20 Neal, Samuel 21 Nason, George 36 N. England Female Medical College 42 Nickerson & Co., E 48&49 N. E. Mutual Life Insurance Co.,. . 61 Nichols, Leavitt & Co., 87 Pierce, W 19 Phillips, Eben B 23 Pitman, Ezekiel 26 Pollard, J. H 27 Palmer & Hall, 27 Phelps, Mrs. G 29 Patten, L W 32 Pattee, A.D 40 Phelps, O.C 59 Pierce, Brothers, & Flanders, 68 Phelps & Dalton, 88 Phelps,Dr.J. W 90 Pond, L.A 106 People's Savings Bank 108 Porter, John, & Co Ill Reeves, C. W 20 Ross, James 29 Richter, R 32 Rose, Horace C 34 Russell, Ben j. F 37 Rand, Wm. H ^ 42 Read, J. M 46 Rice, Lewis 67 Richardson, Lewis G 69 Ruggles, George H 78 Rice, A. M 83&84 Randidge, G. L 90 Richardson, B. R., & Co 116 Robinson, E 122 Redding & Co., 10 Ross, Joseph L 15 & 16 INDEX TO FIRMS. Page. Simmons, G. W., Piper & Co., 5 Stedman.D.B., &Co 20 Smith, H.W 26 Strout & Bradford 30 Smitli, Ralph, & Co 31 Steams, George L 31 Sawyer, John 33 Smith, Stephen 3S Swords, John 42 Severance, B. W., & Co 43 Smith, WiUiam H 47 Spalding, J. Russell 58 Smith, J. W., & Co 64 Sowle &Ward, 71 Smith, Daniel T 94 Scripture, Gilman 102 Smallwood, Edwin A 126 Tilton & McFarland, 17 Traders' Hotel, 36 Tay.R.L 112 Taylor & Adams, 115 UflFord, S. N. & H. G 69 U. States Loan Fund Association, . . 74 P»ge. Ulman, William 92 Union Gas Works Co., 117 Wilder, John E 2d page of cover. White, Lowell & Co 32 Weeks &PotteT 44 Weeman, W. E 57 Western & South Western R. R. 12 & 13 Walsh. Madame 14 Weeman, Ebenezer 11 Wood, A.H 63 Winter & Brother 66 Walko, Martin, & Co 71 Winchester, I. T 76477 Webster House, 95 Wiggin, J.K 97 Woodward & Brown, 99 Wheeler, Lewis 103 Whiton, Frederick 107 Walker, P. H 109 Walworth, James J., & Co 113 Weir, Robert 121 Wheelock, O. K 123 [10] A PERFUMED BREATH. What lady or gentleman would remain under the curse of a disagreeable breath when by using the " BALM OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS," as a dentrifice would not only render it sweet, but leave the teeth white as alabaster ? Many persons do not know that their breath is bad, and the subject is so delicate their friends will never mention it. Four a single drop of the " Balm" on your tooth- brush and wash the teeth night and morning. A fity cent bottle will last a year. THE BALM OF THOUSAND FLOWERS Eradicates all Tan, Freckles, Pimples and Eruptions from the face, leaving the skin pure, soft and white. I'RIOE, I^IFT"52- CEHSTTS- W. p. FETRIDGE & CO., NEW YORK AND BOSTON, Proprietors. AND FOR SALE BY ALL DRUGGISTS. THE GREAT RUSSIAN REMEDY. PBO BONO PUBLICO. t^- " Every mother should have a box in the house handy in case of accidents to the children." BEDDING'S RUSSIA SALVE. It is a Boston remedy of thirty years' standing, and is recommended by physicians. It is a sure and speedy cure for BURNS, PILES, BOILS, CORNS, FEL- ONS, CHILBLAINS and old Sores of every kind. For FEVER SORES, ULCERS, ITCH, SCALD HEAD. NET- TLE RASH,BUNIONS, SORE NIPPLES, (re- commended by nurses) WHITLOWS, STIES, FESTERS, FLEA BITES, SPIDER STINGS, FROZEN LIMBS, SALT RHEUM, SCURVY SORE and CRACKED LIPS. SORE NOSE, WARTS and FLESH WOUNDS, it is a most valuable remedy and cure, which can be testified toby thousands who have used it in the city of Boston and vicinity for the last 30 years. In no instance will this Salve do an injury, or interfere with a physicians' prescrip- tions. It is made from the purest materials, from a recipe brought from Russia— of articles growing in that country— and the proprietors have letters from all classes, clergymen. Physicians, sea captains, nurses, and others who have used it themselves and recommended it to others. BEDDING'S RUSSIA SALVE is put up in lara;e tin boxes, stamijed on the cover with a picture of a horse and a disabled soldier, which picture is also en- graved on the wrapper. PniCE, S5 Cents a box. Sold in all the stores in town or country, or may be ordered of any wholesale druggist. REDDING & CO., Proprietors, 8 State St., Boston. \ SKETCHES OF BOSTON, PAST AND PRESENT. CONTENTS. Pago Boston in the Times of the Pilgrims, 1 Prominent Incidents in the History of Boston, 27 • The Churches of Boston, 62 The Bridges and Ferries of Boston, ' 130 Faneuil Hall, 137 Faneuil Hall Market, 138 Grand Junction Railroad, 140 Asylum and Farm School, 142 The Islands in Boston Harbor, 143 Boston in Districts, 146 East Boston, 148 The Theatres, 151 Cochituate Water- Works, 153 The New City Jail, 160 The Eye and Ear Infirmary, 162 The Boston Athenaeum, 163 The New Custom-House, 166 The Club-House, 168 The Boston Society of Natural History, 168 The New Court-House, 171 The New Almshouse, 172 The State's Prison, 176 Massachusetts General Hospital, 180 The McLean Asylum for the Insane, 183 The State-House, 185 Massachusetts Historical Society, 188 Provident Association for Savings, 191 The Banks in Boston, 192 Hancock House, 193 CONTENTS. Boston Common, 195 Perkins Institution for the Blind, 198 The Public Schools of Boston, 203 History of the Public Schools, 233 Conclusion, 245 HENEY N. GARDNER, HOUSE FAINTEB, I1ITM@E m WeSB & liEBLi, isro. ss K:iisro-STOisr st.^ [11^ EBENEZER WEEMAN Has tlie best selection of Patterns for IRON RAILINGS In New England. He devotes his entire attention, and has spared no expense to introduce foreign and original designs. He is constantly adding to his large stock, a great variety of new patterns, suitable for all purposes,— Cemetery, Hocse, Garden, Balustrades, &c., which cannot be surpassed in style or design. All persons in want of IRON PENCE, RAILING, &c., can, by calling on the Subscriber, purchase a better Fence at a lower price than at any other establishment in the State, as he makes it his entire business. E, WEEMAN, No. 26 MERRIMAC STREET, (OPPOSITE GOUCH STREET,) B o s T o isr , Whe7'e he has been for the past thirty years. [13] WESTERN AND SOUTH WESTERN U. S. Mail and Express Route. NEW YORK & ERIE RAILROAD. Broad Gauge and no Change of Cars or Baggage. FOR THE WEST EROM NEW YORK CITY. 1856. Spring Arrangement. 1856. TRAINS LEAVE BOSTON FOR NEW YORK, VIA STOSINGTON k NORWICH, DAILY, AT 5 U O'CIK, P. M. Express Trains leave New York, from foot of Duane St., as follows, yia Buffalo Express & Syracuse Express, at 7 A.M., The first connecting at Buffalo with "Lightning Express" for Cleaveland Cincinnati, Toledo. Indianapolis, Louisville, Chicago, and St. Louis. The Syracuse Express taking passengers for Oswego, Rochester and Niagara Falls ; and by way of Great Western Railway, for Hamilton, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, &c. Hail Train, for Dunkirk, stopping at Way Stations, at 8.15, A. M. Night Express, for Dunkirk and Buffalo, at 5 F> M. Connecting at Dunkirk with Express Trains on L. Shore R. R., for al places South and West. Emigrant Train, for Dunkirk and Buffalo, at 5 P. M. Boston Office, 15 State Street, 113] F.A.I^ES ^"52" THIS liOTJTE. Tlirougli Fares, viz. 1st Class. Emig. 29,50 Alton, 111. Aurora, 111. Batavia. N. Y. Beloit, Wis. Buffalo, N. Y. Bellefontaine, O. Bloomington, 111. Burlington, Iowa, Canandaigua, N. Y. Council Bluffs, lo. Cleveland. O. Columbus, O. Cincinnati, O. Crestline, O. Chicago, 111. Cairo, 111. Cairo, 111. via Cin. and Kiver, 28,50 Dixon, 111. 27,00 Dunkirk, N. Y. 11.90 Dayton, O, v. Clyde, 20,50 Dayton, via Sandusky, 20,50 25,80 10,23 27,00 11.00 6,00 19.00 12,00 27,00 30,00 15,00 9,46 5,00 46,75 15,50 8.50 18,90 10,25 2)>,50 11,00 17,50 24,00 12,00 32,00 Detroit, Mich. Dubuque, Iowa, Delaware, O. Dunleath, 111. Erie, Pa. Evansville, via Ind. Do, via Cin. & Riv, Ft. Wayne, via Tol. Do. via Crestline, Freeport, 111. I'ulton, 111. Galesburg, 111. Geneva, N. Y. Galena, 111. Hamilton, Canada, Indianapolis, Ind. Ithaca N. Y. Iowa Cityj JeffersonviUe, Ind. 17,00 29,60 18,50 29,60 13,15 28,25 26,00 21,50 21,30 27,60 28,00 29,00 9,00 29,10 12,50 22,50 7,80 20,55 23,00 Do. via O. &. M. E. R. 23,00 Janesville, Wis. Kenosha, Wis. Kansas, via St. Louis Kansas, via Jeff. City, Lafayette, Ind, La Salle, 111. La Croix, Iowa, Lawrenceburg, Ind. Lexington, Ky. Louisville, via Indi. 27,00 25.50 38,25 24,50 26,00 33,00 21.25 23,60 23,00 10,3 15,40 7,00 12,50 14,00 13,50 Louisville, via O & M. R. R. Louisville, via Cin. Logansport, Ind. London, Canada, Mansfield, O. Marion, O. Mendota, 111. Mount Vernon, O. Madison, Ind. Madison, Wis. Michigan City, Ind. Milwaukie, Wis. Muscatine, Iowa, Naples, 111. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Newark, O. New Albany, Ind. via Mich. City, Oswego, N. Peru, Ind., via. Col. Peru, Ind. via. Tole, Prairie du Chien, I'eoria, 111. Paducah, Ky. Princeton, 111. Quincy, 111. Rochester, N. Y. Rock Island, 111. Racine, Wis. Rockford, 111. Syracuse, N. Y. Sandusky, O. Shelby. 0. Springfield, 111. Springfield O. Sidney, O. St. Joe, Mo. St. Louis, via Chica. Do. via Cin. & R. R. Do. via Cin. & Riv. Do, via Vincennes E. via Terre Haute & Alton, St. Paul, M. T 1st class. 23,00 23,00 23,00 14,75 17,60 18.09 26,65 18,50 23,50 28,50 23,00 26,40 29,80 31,10 11,00 19,00 25,00 8,96 24,75 2,50 32,00 28,00 28,00 27,30 32,50 9.58 28,30 25,80 26,75 7,96 17,15 17,25 28,75 19,75 19,60 40,25 33,00 31,00 29,50 30,00 ),00 :6,25 Toronto, v. G. W. R. 13,50 Toledo, O. Terre Haute, Ind. Vincennes, Ind. Wabash. Waukcgan, Wis. Xenia, 0. Zanesville, O. 18,50 24.75 27,00 22,10 2.5,00 20,20 1S»,75 Emig. 12,00 8,00 6,00 14,00 7,50 0,75 16.50 11,80 ♦Meals and State Rooms included on River Steamers. Tickets for All Stations on the line of N. Y. & E. R. R. [Cr'T^o secure the Lowest Rates of Fare, Tickets must be purchased at the Boston Agency, as they will cost !fF3 more if procured in New York. j:7=-Tickets sold at the Office of the Stonington Railroad ; at No. 2 Albany St., near Boston & AVorcester R. It. Depot, and at Office of the Adams Ex. Co., 84 Washington St. Any information given as to dififer- ent routes. Passengers allowed to stop over at any point April 24, 1856. I». C. McCAI^I^VM, Oeneral Sup't, ^. Y. F. A, SUMXEK, General Jkvcent. No. 15 State Street. I [141 ADAMS' CORSET WAREHOUSE, 2S l¥iiiter Street, Boston, (Formerly Washington Street), IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF Of every description, and Sole Agent for the sale of the CELEBRATED FRENCH -S^^ERLEY CORSET. NOTICE TO THE LADIES. TITEIV 8AIiOO]V I>ES lUODElS. MADAME WALSH, having taken Rooms in Amory Hall Building, 323 Wash- ington Street, (corner of West St.). Boston, entrance on both streets. Respect- fully informs her former patrons, friends, and the public generally, that she is now open on FASHIONABLE MILLINERY, and will execute with dispatch all or- ders for Millinery, Dress Making, &c. Also, receives her Fashions as heretofore, from Paris, London and New York. Plain and Fancy Dress Hats, manufactured at the shortest notice, and warrant- ed to give satisfaction. A well selected stock of Materials, Straw Goods, Flowers, Ribbons and Laces, is oifered at a small advance on cost, at wholesale and retail. Fancy Dress Hats for Patterns. Models, Modes and Shapes, for Dresses, &c., constantly on hand, and for sale at low prices. DRESS CUTTING by square rule, taught in two Lessons. Price, f 5.00. INDEX TO EMBELLISHMENTS. Page. Old House in Dock Square, 40 E. Nickerson, 49 Adams House, 61 First Congregational Church, 61 American House, 68 New Brick or Second Church, 68 First Baptist Church, , 69 Old South Church, 70 Mercantile Building, 70 Stone Chapel, Tremont Street, 71 Friends Meeting House, Milton Place, 72 Church in Brattle Square, St. Paul's Church, Tremont Street, 74 New South Church, 75 Christ Church, Salem Street, , Federal Street Church, , HoUis Street Church, Trinity Church, Summer Street, 79 Maverick Congregational Church, East Boston, 80 Baldwin Place Baptist Church, 81 First Uniyersalist Church, Hanover Street, 82 Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Franklin Street, Shawmut Congregational Church, 84 Christian Church, Tyler Street, 85 Glades House at Shirley Point, 86 South Boston Methodist Episcopal, 86 Church of the Holy Trinity, Suffolk Street, 87 Gore Block, 87 First Independent Baptist Church, Belknap Street, Third Baptist Church, Charles Street, Park Street Church, 90 Hawes Place Church, South Boston, 91 St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal Church, South Boston, 92 Israelitish Synagogue, Warren Street, XIV. INDEX TO EMBELLISHMENTS Page. Church of the New Jerusalem, Bowdoin Street, 94 Union Church, Essex Street, 95 Webster House, Hanover Street, 95 New North Church, Hanover Street, 96 Bulfinch Street Church, 97 Phillips Church, South Boston, 98 Church of the Advent, Green Street, 99 Twelfth Congregational Church, Chambers Street, 100 Lexington House, Lexington, Mass., 100 Bowdoin Street Church, 101 St. Vincent De Paul's Church, Roman Catholic, Purchase Street, 102 Harvard Street Baptist Church, 103 Pine Street Church, 104 Salem Street Church, 105 South Congregational Church, 106 Mariner's Church, Purchase Street, 107 Seamen's Bethel, North Square, 108 Grace Church, Temple Street, 109 Fourth Universalist Church, South Boston, 110 Merrimac House, 110 Central Congregational Church, Winter Street, Ill Fifth Universalist Church, Warren Street, 112 St. Augustine's Church, South Boston, 113 South Baptist Church, South Boston, 114 Third Methodist Episcopal Church, 115 Joy's Building, 115 St. Mary's Church, Endicott Street, 116 St. Patrick's Church, Northampton Street, 117 Methodist Church, Meridian Street, East Boston, 118 Fourth Methodist Episcopal Church, North Russell Street, 119 Thirteenth Congregational Church, 120 Rowe Street Baptist Church, 122 Niles Block, 122 Bowdoin Square Baptist Church, 123 Warren Street Chapel, 124 Tuckerman Chapel, Pitts Street, 125 Suffolk Street Chapel, • 126 West Church, Lynde Street, 127 First Methodist Church, Hanover Street, 129 Grand Junction R. R. Wharf, East Boston, 141 INDEX TO EMBELLISHMENTS. XV. Page. National Theatre, 151 Boston Water Works, 153 New City JaU, 160 Tlie New Atlienaeum, 163 The New Custom House, -j 166 The New Court House, Court Square, 171 The New Almshouse on Deer Island, 173 Massachusetts State Prison, Charlestown, 176 Massachusetts General Hospital, 180 State House and Boston Common, 186 View of addition to State House on Mt. Vernon Street, 189 Carver Sword, 189 Winslow's Chair, ; 189 Philip's Samp-pan, 190 The Bank of Commerce, 192 The Hancock House, Beacon Street, 193 Perkins Institution, South Boston, '. 200 Latin School. Bedford Street, 209 Eliot School, North Bennet Street, 210 Normal and High School for Girls, 211 Mayhew School, Hawkins Street, 213 State Normal School, Framingham, 216 Bowdoin School, Myrtle Street 217 English High School, Bedford Street, 218 Hancock School, Riclimond Place, 219 Boylston School, Fort Hill, 222 Ingraham School, Sheafe Street, 223 State Normal School, Salem, 224 Lyman School, East Boston,, 226 Phillips School, Pinckney Street, 226 Brimmer School, Common Street, 228 SdjocI Jfunutiire Winh. JOSEPH L. ROSS, Proprietor. OF ALL SIMILAR ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE UNION. Corner of Hawkins and Ivors Streets, Boston. 147 tad Street, New York. Offices ^! Kntered, according to Act of ConRress, in tho year 1856, by Joseph L. Ross, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. WMc^^cMiM(&Mi&Mc&-:Si-&M^QfcMc&^^ ROSS S IMPROVED MODERN SCHOOL FURNITURE An Illustrated Catalogue and information forwarded, on application, by mail or otherwise. Entered, according to Act of Congress, In the year 1856, by Jos«ph h. Ross, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. pmw^-w- THE SUBSCRIBERS Would call the attention of the public to their large assortment of OF E-VEK,"5r SIZE -A-XsTID ST^^LE, Of their own manufacture, ranging in prices from $6 to $40, which they will sell at a less price than any other dealers in the United States. Please call and examine before purchasing elsewhere. A liberal discount made to builders. TILTON & M^PARLAND, 14 Hanover Street, Boston, Mass. TILTON & M^FARLAND'S WOELD EENOWNBD FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES. We manufacture all sizes of Bank, Jeweller and Mercantile Safes. These Safes have taken the First Premium at every Fair throughout the United States where they have been exhibited ; and are preferred before all others at the United States Patent Office, at Washington. These Safes are warranted free from dampness ; and they possess many improvements over all others. IDEI^OTS FOE SA.3L.B- 14 Howard Street, Boston, 172 Broadway, cor. Maiden Lane, N. Y., 145 Pratt Street, Baltimore, 18 Exchange Street, Portland, Me., 69 Market Street, Nashville, Tenn., 00 Battery Street, San Francisco, Cal. [18J S. H. GREGORY & CO., IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OFFER A MOST EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF FHd AND UERICAN i PAPER HANaiRGS. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, AT Nos. 23 & 25 Court Street, H. GREGORY, 0. W. ROBINSON BOSTON SHAIVMUT - TRIMOUNTAIN. [A brief sketch of the leading events in the early history of Boston had been pre- pared for this little volume: but the following' remarks were finally considered more appropriate, to precede views of Boston as it is in 185C. They form part of " An address to the citizens of Boston, on the 17th of September, 1830, the close of the second century from the first settlement of the city," By Josiah Q,uincy, LL. D., then President of Harvard University.] Cities and empires, not less than individuals, are chiefly indebted for their fortunes to circumstances and influences independent of the labors and wisdom of the passing generation. Is our lot cast in a happy soil, be- neath a favored sky, and under the shelter of free institutions ? How few of all these blessings do we owe to our own power, or our own prudence ! How few, on which we cannot discern the impress of long past genera- tions .' It is natural that reflections of this kind should awaken curiosity con- cerning the men of past ages. It ia suitable, and characteristic of noble natures, to love to trace in venerated institutions the evidences of ances- tral worth and wisdom ; and to cherish that mingled sentiment of awe and admiration which takes possession of the soul in the presence of ancient, deep-laid, and massy monvunents of intellectual and moral power. Standing, after the lapse of two centuries, on the very spot selected for us by our fathers, and surrounded by social, moral, and religious blessings greater than paternal love, in its fondest visions, ever dared to fancy, we naturally turn our eyes backward, on the descending current of years ; seeking the causes of that prosperity which has given this city so distin- guished a name and rank among similar associations of men. Happily its foundations were not laid in dark ages, nor is its origin to be sought among loose and obscure traditions. The age of our early an- cestors was, in many respects^ eminent for learning and civilization. Our ancestors themselves were deeply ve-sed in the knowledge and attain- ments of their period. Not only their motives and acts appear in the gen- eral histories of their time, but they are unfolded in their own writings, with a simplicity and boldness, at once commanding admiration and not permitting mistake. If this condition of things restrict the imagination in its natural tendency to exaggerate, it assists the judgment rightly to an- alyze, and justly to appreciate. If it deny the power, enjoyed by ancient cities and states, to elevate our ancestors above the condition of humanity, it confers a much more precious privilege, that of estimating by unequiv- ocal standards the intellectual and moral greatness of the early, interven- ing, and passing periods ; and thus of judging concerning comparative at- tainment and progress in those qualities which constitute the dignity of our species. Instead of looking back, as antiquity was accustomed to do, on fabling legends of giants and heroes, — of men exceeding in size, in strength, and in labor, all experience and history, and, consequently, being obliged to contemplate the races of men dwindling with time, and growing less amid increasing stimulants and advantages ; we are thus enabled to view things in lights more conformed to the natural suggestions of reason, and actual results of observation ; — to witness improvement in its slow but sure progress ; in a general advance, constant and unquestionable ; — to pay due honors to the greatness and virtues of our early ancestors, and be, at the same time, just to the not inferior greatness and virtues of succeed- ing generations of men, their descendents and our progenitors. Thus we substantiate the cheering conviction, that the virtues of an- cient times have not been lost, or debased, in the course of their descent, but, in many respects, have been refined and elevated ; and so, standing faithful to the generations which are past, and fearless in the presence of the generations to come, we accumulate on our own times the responsibil- ity that an inheritance, which has descended to us enlarged and improved, shall not be transmitted by us diminished or deteriorated. As our thoughts course along the events of past times, from the hour of the first settlement of Boston to that in which we are now assembled, they trace the strong features of its character, indelibly impressed upon its acts and in its history ; — clear conceptions of duty ; bold vindications of right; readiness to incur dangers and meet sacrifices, in the mainten- ance of liberty, civil and religious. Early selected as the place of the chief settlement of New England, it has, through every subsequent peri, od, maintained its relative ascendancy. In the arts of peace and in the energies of war, in the virtues of prosperity and adversity, in wisdom to plan and vigor to execute, in extensiveness of enterprise, success in accu- EARLY HISTORY. 3 mulaling wealth, and liberality in its distribution, its inhabitants, if not unrivalled, have not been surpassed, by any similar society of men. Through good report and evil report, its influence has, at all times, lieen so distinctly seen and acknowledged in events, and been so decisive on the destinies of the region of which it was the head, that the inhabitants of the adjoining colonies of a foreign nation early gave the name of this place to the whole country ; and at this day, among their descendents, the people of the whole United States are distinguished by the name of " Bos- tonians." Amidst perils and obstructions, on the bleak side of the mountain on which it was first cast, the seedling oak, self rooted, shot upward with a determined vigor. Novy slighted and now assailed; amidst alternating sunshine and storm ; with the axe of a native foe at its root, and the light- ning of a foreign power, at times, scathing its top, or withering its branches, it grew, it flourished, it stands, — may it for ever stand ! — the honor of the field. Our ancestors have left no Corinthian temples on our hills, no Gothic ca- thedrals on our plains, no proud pyramid, no storied obelisk, in our cities. But mind is there. Sagacious enterprise is there. An active, vigorous, intelligent, moral population throng our cities, and predominate in our fields ; men patient of labor, submissive to law, respectful to authority, regardful of right, faithful to liberty. These are the monuments of our ancestors. They stand immutable and immortal, in the social, moral, and intellectual condition of their descendants. They exist in the spirit which their precepts instilled, and their example implanted. Let no man think that to analyze, and place in a just light, the virtues of the first set- tlers of New England, is a departure from the purpose of this celebration ; or deem so meanly of our duties, as to conceive that merely local rela- tions, the circumstances which have given celebrity and character to this single city, are the only, or the most appropriate topics for the occasion. It was to this spot, during twelve successive years, that the great body of those first settlers emigrated. In this place, they either fixed permanently their abode, or took their departure from it for the coast, or the interior. Whatever honor devolves on this metropolis from the events connected with its first settlement, is not solitary or exclusive: it is shared with Massachusetts; with New England ; in some sense with the whole Unit- ed States. For what part of this wide empire, be it sea or shore, lake or river, mountain or valley, have the descendants of the first settlers of New England not traversed ? what depth of forest not penetrated ? what dan- ger of nature or man not defied? Where is the cultivated field, in re- deeming which from the wilderness, their vigor has not been displayed? Where amid unsubdued natiure, by the side of the first log-hut of the set- tler, does the school-house stand and the church-spire rise, unless the sons of New England are there ? Where does improvement advance, under the active energy of willing hearts and ready hands, prostrating the moss-cov- ered monarchs of the wood, and from their ashes, amid their charred roots, bidding the greensward and the waving harvest to upspring, and the spirit of the fathers of New England is not seen, hovering and shed- ding around the benign influences of sound social, moral, and religious in- stitutions, stronger and more enduring than knotted oak or tempered steel ? The swelling tide of their descendants has spread upon our coasts ; ascended our rivers; taken possession of our plains. Already it encircles our lakes. At this hour the rushing noise of the advancing wave startles the wild beast in his lair among the prairies of the West. Soon it shall be seen climbing the Rocky mountains, and, as it dashes over their cliffs, shall be hailed by the dwellers on the Pacific,* as the harbinger of the coming blessings of safety, liberty, and truth. The glory, which belongs to the virtues of our ancestors, is seen radiat- ing from the nature of their design; —from the spirit in which it was ex- ecuted ; — and from the character of their institutions. That emigration of Englishmen, which, two centuries ago, resulted in the settlement of this metropolis, was distinguished by the comparative greatness of the means employed, and the number, rank, fortune, and in- tellectual endowments of those engaged in it, as leaders or associates. Twelve ships, transporting somewhat less than nine hundred souls, consti- tuted the physical strength of tlie first enterprise. In the course of the twelve succeeding years, twenty-two thousand souls emigrated in one hun- dred and ninety-two ships, at a cost, including the private expenses of the adventurers, which cannot be estimated, in our currency, at less than one million of dollars. At that time the tide of emigration was stayed. In- telligent writers of the last century assert that more persons had subse- quently gone from New England to Europe, than had come to it during the same period from that quarter of the globe. A contemporary historian represents the leaders of the first emigration as " gentlemen of good estate and reputation, descended from, or connected by marriage with, noble fam- ilies ; having large means, and great yearly revenue, sufficient in all rea- son to content ; their tables abundant in food, their coffers in coin ; posses- sing beautiful houses, filled with rich furniture ; gainful in their business, and g^rowing rich daily ; well provided for themselves, and having a sure competfctice for their children; wanting nothing of a worldly nature to complete the prospects of ease and enjoyment, or which could contrib- ute to the pleasures, the prospects, or the splendors of life." The question forces itself on the mind. Why did such men emigrate ? Why did men of their condition exchange a pleasant and prosperous home for a repulsive and cheerless wilderness ? a civilized for a barbarous vicini- ty ? why, quitting peaceful and happy dwellings, dare the dangers of • This, it will be recollected, wag written some years before the gold discoTerie» in California. EARLY HISTORY. 5 tempestuous and unexplored seas, the rigors of untried and severe climates, the difficulties of a hard soil, and the inhuman warfare of a savage foe ? An answer must be sought in the character of the limes ; and in the spir- it which the condition of their native country and age had a direct ten- dency to excite and cherish. The general civil and religious aspect of the English nation, in the age of our ancestors, and in that immediately pre- ceding their emigration, was singularly hateful and repulsive. A foreign hierarchy contendmg with a domestic despotism for infallibility and su- premacy in matters of faith. Confiscation, imprisonment, the axe and the stake, approved and customary means of making proselytes and pro- moting uniformity. The fires of Smithfield, now lighted by the corrupt and selfish zeal of Roman pontiffs ; and now rekindled by the no less cor- rupt and selfish zeal of English sovereigns. All men clamorous for the rights of conscience, when in subjection ; all actively persecuting, when in autnority. Everywhere religion considered as a state entity, and hav- ing apparently no real existence, except in associations in support of es- tablished power, or in opposition to it. The moral aspect of the age was not less odious than its civil. Every benign and characteristic virtue of Christianity was publicly conjoined, in close alliance, with its most offensive opposite. Humility wearing the tiara, and brandishing the keys, in the excess of the pride of temporal and spiritual power. The Roman pontiff, under the title of "the servant of servants," with his foot on the neck of every monarch in Christendom; and under the seal of the fisherman of Galilee, dethroning kings and giv- ing away kingdoms. Purity, content, and self-denial preached by men who held the wealth of Europe tributary to their luxury, sensuality, and spiritual pride. Brotherly love in the mouth, while the hand applied the instrument of torture. Charity, mutual forbearance, and forgiveness chanted in unison with clanking chains and crackling fagots. Nor was the intellectual aspect of the age less repulsive than its civil and moral. The native charm of the religious feeling lost or disfigured amidst forms, and ceremonies, and disciplines. By one class, piety was identified with copes, and crosiers, and tippets, and genuflexions. By another class, all these are abhorred as the tricks and conjuring garments of popery, or, at best, in the language of Calvin, as " tolerable fooleries " ; while they, on their part, identified piety with looks, and language, and gestures extracted or typified from Scripture, and fashioned according to the newest " pattern of the mount." By none were the rights of private judgment acknowledged. By all, creeds, and dogmas, and confessions, and catechisms, collected from Scripture with metaphysical skill, arranged with reference to temporal power and influence, and erected into standards of faith, were made the flags and rallying points of the spiritual swords- men of the church militant. The first emotion which this view of that period szcites, at the present day, is contempt or disgust. But tiie men of lliat age are no more re- sponsible for the mistakes into which they fell, under the circumstances in which the intellectual eye was then placed, than we, at this day, for those optical illusions to which the natural eye is subject, before time and experience have corrected the judgment and instructed it in the true laws of nature and vision. It was their fate to live in the crepuscular state of the intellectual day, and by the law of their nature they were compelled to see things darkly, through false and shifting mediums, and in lights at once dubious and deceptive. For centuries, a night of Egyptian darkness had overspread Europe, in the " palpable obscure " of which, priests and monarchs and nobles had not only found means to entiiral the minds of the multitude, but absolutely to loose and bewilder their own. When the light of learning began to dawn, the first rays of the rising splendor dazzled and confused, rather than directed, the mind. As the coming light penetrated the thick darkness, the ancient cumulative cloud severed into new forms. Its broken masses became tinged with an un- certain and shifting radiance. Shadows assumed the aspect of substan- ces; the evenescent suggestions of fancy, the look of fi.xed realities. The wise were at a loss what to believe, or what to discredit ; how to quit and where to hold. On all sides sprang up sects and parties, infinite in number, incomprehensible in doctrine; often imperceptible in difference; yet each claiming for itself infallibility, and, in the sphere it affected to influence, supremacy; each violent and hostile to the others, haughty and hating its non-adhering brother, in a spirit wholly repugnant to the humility and love inculcated by that religion, by which each pretended to be actuated ; and ready to resort, when it had power, to corporeal penal- ties, even to death itself, as allowed modes of self defence and prosely- lism. It was the fate of the ancestors of New England to have their lot cast in a state of society thus unprecedented. They were of that class of the English nation, in whom the systematic persecutions of a concentrated civil and ecclesiastical despotism had enkindled an intense interest con- cerning man's social and religious rights. Their sufferings had created in their minds a vivid and inextinguishable love of civil and religious liberty; a fixed resolve, at every peril, to assert and maintain their natural rights. Among the boldest and most intelligent of this class of men, chiefly known by the name of Puritans, were the founders of this metropolis. To a superficial view, their zeal seems directed to forms and ceremonies and disciplines which have become, at this day, obsolete or modified, and so seems mistaken or misplaced. But the wisdom of zeal for any object ia not to be measured by the particular nature of that object, but by the nature of the principle which the circumstances of the limes, or of so- ciety, have identified with such object. Liberty, whether civil or religious, is among the noblest objects of hu- EARLY HISTORY. 7 man regard. Yet, to a being constituted like man, abstract liberty has no existence, and over him no practical influence. To be for him an effi- cient principle of action, it must be embodied in some sensible object. Thus the form of a cap, the color of a surplice, ship-money, a tax on tea, or on stamped paper, objects in themselves indifferent, have been so in- separably identified with the principle temporarily connected with them, that martyrs have died at the stake, and patriots have fallen in the field, and this wisely and nobly, for the sake of the principle, made by the cir- cumstances of the time to inhere in them. Now in the age of our fathers, the principle of civil and religious liber- ty became identified with forms, disciplines, and modes of worship. The zeal of our fathers was graduated by the importance of the inhering principle. This gave elevation to that zeal. This creates interest in their sufferings. This entitles them to rank among patriots and martyrs, who have voluntarily sacrificed themselves to the cause of conscience and their country. Indignant at being denied the enjoyment of the rights of conscience, which were in that age identified with those sensible objects, and resolute to vindicate them, they quitted country and home, crossed the Atlantic, and, without other auspices than their own strength and their confidence in Heaven, they proceeded to lay the foundation of a commonwealth, under the principles and by the stamina of which, their posterity have established an actual and uncontroverted independence, not less happy than glorious. To their enthusiastic vision, all the comforts of life and all the pleasures of society were light and worthless in com- parison with the liberty they sought. The tempestuous sea was less dreadful than the troubled waves of civil discord ; the quicksands, the unknown shoals, and unexplored shores of a savage coast, less fearful than the metaphysical abysses and perpetually shifting whirlpools of des- potic ambition and ecclesiastical policy and intrigue ; the bow and the tomahawk of the transatlantic barbarian, less terrible than the flame and faggot of the civilized European. In the calm of our present peace and prosperity, it is difficult for us to realize or appreciate their sorrows and sacrifices. They sought a new world, lying far off in space, destitute of all the attractions which make home and native land dear and venerable. Instead of cultivated fields and a civilized neighborhood, the prospect be- fore them presented nothing but dreary wastes, cheerless climates, and repulsive wildernesses, possessed by wild beasts and savages; the inter- vening ocean unexplored and intersected by the fleets of a hostile nation ; its usual dangers multiplied to the fancy, and in fact, by ignorance of real hazards, and natural fears of such as the event proved to be imagi- nary. "Pass on," exclaims one of these adventurers, "and attend, while these soldiers of faith ship for this western world ; while they and their wives and their little ones take an eternal leave of their country and kin- i dred. With what heart-breaking affection did they press loved friends to their bosoms, whom they were never to see again ! their voices broken by grief, till tears streaming eased their hearts to recovered speech again; natural affections clamorous as they take a perpetual banishment from their native soil; their enterprise scorned; their motives derided; and they counted but madmen and fools. But time shall discover the wisdom with which they were endued, and the sequel shall show how their policy overtopped all the human policy of this world." Winthrop, their leader and historian, in his simple narrative of the voyage, exhibits them, when in severe sufferings, resigned; in instant ex- pectation of battle, fearless; amid storm, sickness, and death, calm, con- fident, and undismayed. " Our trust," says he, " was in the Lord of hosts." For years, Winthrop, the leader of the first great enterprise, was the chief magistrate of the infant metropolis. His prudence guided its councils. His valor directed its strength. His life and fortune were spent in fixing its character, or in improving its destinies. A bolder spir- it never dwelt, a truer heart never beat, in any bosom. Had Boston, like Rome, a consecrated calendar, there is no name better entitled than that of Winthrop to be registered as its " patron saint." From Salem and Charlestown, the places of their first landing, they ranged the bay of Massachusetts to fix the head of the settlement. Af- ter much deliberation, and not without opposition, they selected this spot ; known to the natives by the name of Shatvmut, and to the adjoin- ing settlers by that of Trimountain ; the former indicating the abun- dance and sweetness of its waters ; the latter the peculiar character of its hills. Accustomed as we are to the beauties of the place and its vicinity, and in the daily perception of the charms of its almost unrivalled scenery, — in the centre of a natural amphitheatre, whose sloping descents the riches of a laborious and intellectual cultivation adorn, — where hill and vale, river and ocean, island and continent, simple nature and unobtrusive art, with contrasted and interchanging harmonies, form a rich and gorgeous landscape, we are little able to realize the almost repulsive aspect of its original state. We wonder at the blindness of those, who, at one time, constituted the majority, and had well nigh fixed elsewhere the chief seat of the settlement. Nor are we easily just to Winthrop, Johnson, and their associates, whose skill and judgment selected this spot, and whose firmness settled the wavering minda of the multitude upon it, as the place for their metropolis ; a decision, which the experience of two centuries has irrevocably justified, and which there is no reason to apprehend that the events or opinions of any century to come will reverse. To the eyes of the first emigrants, however, where now exists a dense and aggregated mass of living beings and material things, amid all the accommodations of life, the splendors of wealth, the delights of taste, EARLY HISTORY. 9 and whatever can gratify the cultivated intellect, there were then only a few hills, which, when the ocean receded, were intersected by wide marshes, and when its tide returned, appeared a group of lofty islands, abruptly rising from the surrounding waters. Thick forests concealed the neighboring hills, and the deep silence of nature was broken only by the voice of the wild beast or bird, and the warwhoop of the savage. The advantage9' of the place were, however, clearly marked by the hand of nature; combining at once present convenience, future security, and an ample basis for permanent growth and prosperity. Towards the continent it possessed but a single avenue, and that easily fortified. Its hills then commanded, not only its own waters, but the hills of the vicin- ity. At the bottom of a deep bay, its harbor was capable of containing the proudest navy of Europe ; yet, locked by islands and guarded by winding channels, it presented great difficulty of access to strangers, and, to the inhabitants, great facility of protection against maritime invasion ; while to those acquainted with its waters, it was both easy and accessi- ble. To these advantages were added goodness and plenteousness of wa- ter, and the security afforded by that once commanding height, now, alas ! obliterated and almost forgotten, since art and industry have lev- elled the predominating mountain of the place ; from whose lofty and im- posing top the beacon-fire was accustomed to rally the neighboring popu- lation, on any threatened danger to the metropolis. A single cottage, from which ascended the smoke of the hospitable hearth of Blackstone, who had occupied the peninsula several years, was the sole civilized mansion in the solitude; the kind master of which, at first, welcomed the coming emigrants ; but soon, disliking the sternness of their manners and the Severity of their discipline, abandoned the settlement. His rights as first occupant were recognized by our ancestors ; and in November, 1634, Edmund Quincy, Samuel Wildbore, and others were authorized to assess a rate of thirty pounds for Mr. Blackstone, on the payment of which all local rights in the peninsula became vested in its inhabitants. The same bold spirit which thus led our ancestors across the Atlantic, and made them prefer a wilderness where liberty might be enjoyed to civilized Europe where it was denied, will be found characterizing all their institutions. Of these the limits of the time permit me to speak only in general terms. The scope of their policy has been usually regard- ed as though it were restricted to the acquisition of religious liberty in the relation of colonial dependence. No man, however, can truly un- derstand their institutions and the policy on which they were founded, without taking as the basis of all reasonings concerning them, that civil independence icas as truly their object as religious liberty; in other words, that the possession of the former was, in their opinion, the essen- tial means, indispensable to the secure enjoyment of the latter, which was their great end. 10 BOSTON. The master passion of our early ancestors was dread of the English hierarchy. To place themselves, locally, beyond the reach of its power, they resolved to emigrate. To secure themselves after their emigration, from the arm of this their ancient oppressor, they devised a plan, which, as they thought, would enable them to establish, under a nominal subjec- tion, an actual independence. The bold and original conception, which they had the spirit to form and successfully to execute, was the attain- ment and perpetuation of religious liberty, under the auspices of a free commonwealth. This is the master-key to all their policy, — this the glorious spirit which breathes in all their institutions. Whatever in them is stern, exclusive, or at this day seems questionable, may be accounted for, if not justified, by its connection with this great purpose. The question has often been raised, when and by whom the idea of in- dependence of the parent state was first conceived, and by whose act a settled purpose to effect it was first indicated. History does not permit the people of Massachusetts to make a question of this kind. The honor of that thought, and of as eflicient a declaration of it as in their circum- stances was possible, belongs to Winthrop, and Dudley, and Saltonstall, and their associates, and was included in the declaration, that " the only CONDITION on which THEY WITH THEIR FAMILIES WOULD REMOVE TO THIS COUNTRY, WAS, THAT THE PATENT AND CHARTER SHOULD REMOVE WITH THEM." This simple declaration and resolve included, as they had the sagacity to perceive, all the consequences of an effectual independence, under a nominal subjection. For protection against foreign powers, a charter from the parent state was necessary. Its transfer to New England vest- ed, effectually, independence. Those wise leaders foresaw, that, atnong the troubles in Europe, incident to the age, and then obviously impending over their parent state, their settlement, from its distance and early insig- nificance, would probably escape notice. They trusted to events, and doubtless anticipated, that, with its increasing strength, even nominal subjection would be abrogated. They knew that weakness was the law of nature in the relation between parent states and their distant and de- tached colonies. Nothing else can be inferred, not only from their making the transfer of the charter the essential condition of their emigration, thereby saving themselves from all responsibility to persons abroad, but also from their instant and undeviating course of policy after their emi- gration ; in boldly assuming whatever powers were necessary to their con- dition, or suitable to their ends, whether attributes of sovereignty or not, without regard to the nature of the consequences resulting from the exer- cise of those powers. Nor was this assumption limited to powers which might be deduced from the charter, but was extended to such as no act of incorporation, like that which they possessed, could, by any possibility of legal construe- EAllLY HISTORY. 11 tion, be deemed to include. By the magic of their daring, a private act of incorporation was transmuted into a civil constitution of stale ; under the authority of which they made peace and declared war ; erected judi- catures; coined money; raised armies ; built fleets; laid taxes and im- posts; inflicted fines, penalties, and death; and in imitation of the British constitution, by the consent of all its own branches, without asking leave of any other, their legislature modified its own powers and relations, pre- scribed the qualifications of those who should conduct its authority, and enjoy or be excluded from its privileges. The administration of the civil affairs of Massachusetts, for the sixty years next succeeding the settlement of this metropolis, was a phenome- non in the history of civil government. Under a theoretic colonial rela- tion, an efficient and independent Commonwealth was erected, claiming and exercising attributes of sovereignty, higher and far more extensive than, at the present day, in consequence of its connection with the gen- eral government, Massachusetts pretends either to exercise or possess. Well might Chalmers asserts, as in his Political Annals of the Colonies he does, that " Massachusetts, with a peculiar dexterity, abolished her charter " ; that she was always "fruitful in projects of independence, the principles of which, at all times, governed her actiona." In this point of view, it is glory enough for our early ancestors, that, under manifold disadvantages, in the midst of internal discontent and external violence and intrigue, of wars with the savages and with the neighboring colonies of France, they effected their purpose, and for two generations of men, from 1630 to 1692, enjoyed liberty of conscience, according to their view of that subject, under the auspices of a free commonwealth. The three objects, which our ancestors proposed to attain and perpetuate by all their institutions, were the noblest within the grasp of the human mind, and those on which, more than on any other, depend human hap- piness and hope; — religious liberty, civil liberty, and, as essential to the attainment and maintenance of both, intellectual power. On the subject of religious liberty, their intolerance of other sects has been reprobated as an inconsistency, and as violating the very rights of conscience for which they emigrated. The inconsistency, if it exist, is altogether constructive, and the charge proceeds on a false assumption. The necessity of the policy, considered in connection with their great de- sign of independence, is apparent. They had abandoned house and home, had sacrificed the comforts of kindred and cultivated life, had dared the dangers of the sea, and were then braving the still more appalling terrors of the wilderness; for what? — to acquire liberty for all sorts of consciences 1 Not so ; but to vindicate and maintain the liberty of their own consciences. They did not cross the Atlantic on a crusade in behalf of the rights of mankind in general, but in support of their own rights and liberties. Tolerate! Tolerate whom? The legate of the Roman Pon- 12 BOSTON. tiff, or the emissary of Charles the First and Archbishop Laud? How consummate would have been their folly and madness, to have fled into the wilderness to escape the horrible persecutionsof those hierarchies, and at once have admitted into the bosom of their society, men brandishing, and ready to apply, the very flames and fetters from which they had fled ! Those who are disposed to condemn them on this account, neither realize the necessities of their condition, nor .the prevailing character of the times. Under the stern discipline of Elizabeth and James, the stupid big- otry of the First Charles, and the spiritual pride of Archbishop Laud, the spirit of the English hierarchy was very different from that which it as- sumed, when, after having been tamed and humanized under the whole- some discipline of Cromwell and his Commonwealth, it yielded itself to the mild influence of the principles of 1688, and to the liberal spirit of Til- lotson. But, it is said, if they did not tolerate their ancient persecutors, they might, at least, have tolerated rival sects. That is, they ought to have tolerated sects imbued with the same principles of intolerance as the transatlantic hierarchies ; sects, whose first use of power would have been to endeavor to uproot the liberty of our fathers, and persecute them, according to the known principles of sectarian action, with a virulence in the inverse ratio of their reciprocal likeness and proximity. Those who thus reason and thus condemn, have considered but very superficially the nature of the human mind and its actual condition in the time of our ancestors. The great doctrine, now so universally recognized, that liberty of con- science is the right of the individual, — a concern between every man and his Maker, with which the civil magistrate is not authorized to interfere, — was scarcely, in their day, known, except in private theory and solitary speculation ; as a practical truth, to be acted upon by the civil power, it was absolutely and universally rejected by all men, all parties, and all sects, as totally subversive, not only of the peace of the church, but of the peace of society. That great truth, now deemed so simple and plain, was so far from being an easy discovery of the human intellect, that it may be doubled whether it would ever have been discovered by human reason at all. had it not been for the miseries in which man was involved in consequence of his ignorance of iU That truth was not evolved by the calm exertion of the human faculties, but was stricken out by the collis- ion of the human passions. It was not the result of philosophic research, but was a hard lesson, taught under the lash of a severe discipline, pro- vided for the gradual instruction of a being like man, not easily brought into subjection to virtue, and with natural propensities to pride, ambi- tion, avarice, and selfishness. Previously to that time, in all modifications of society, ancient or mod- ern, religion had been seen only in close connection with the State. It EARLY HISTORY. 13 was the universal instrument by which worldly ambition shaped and moulded the multitude to its ends. To have attempted the establishment of a state on the basis of a perfect freedom of religious opinion, and the perfect right of every man to express his opinion, would then have been considered as much a solecism, and an experiment quite as wild and vis- ionary, as it would be, at this day, to attempt the establishment of a state on the principle of a perfect liberty of individual action, and the perfect right of every man to conduct himself according to his private will. Had our early ancestors adopted the course we, at this day, are apt to deem so easy and obvious, and placed their government on the basis of liberty for all sorts of consciences, it would have been, in that age, a cer- tain introduction of anarchy. It cannot be questioned, that all the fond hopes they had cherished from emigration would have been lost. The agents of Charles and James would have planted here the standard of the transatlantic monarchy and hierarchy. Divided and broken, without prac- tical energy, subject to court influences and court favorites. New England at this day would have been a colony of the parent state, her character yet to be formed and her independence yet to be vindicated. Lest the consequences of an opposite policy, had it been adopted by our ancestors, may seem to be exaggerated, as here represented, it is proper to state, that upon the strength and united spirit of New England mainly depend- ed (under Heaven) the success of our revolutionary struggle. Had New England been divided, or even less unanimous, independence would have scarcely been attempted, or, if attempted, acquired. It will give addition- al strength to this argument to observe, that the number of troops, regular and militia, fiirnished by all the States during the war of the revolution, was 288,134 Of these New England furnished more than half, viz. . . 147,674 And Massachusetts alone furnished nearly one third, viz. . * 83, 162 The non-toleration which characterized our early ancestors, from what- ever source it may have originated, had undoubtedly the effect they in- tended and wished. It excluded from influence in their infant settlement all the friends and adherents of the ancient monarchy and heirarchy ; all who, from any motive, ecclesiastical or civil, were disposed to disturb their peace or their churches. They considered it a measure of " self- defence," And it is unquestionable, that it was chiefly instrumental in forming the homogeneous and exclusively republican character, for which the people of New-England have, in all times, been distinguished ; and, above all, that it fixed irrevocably in the country that noble security for religious liberty, the independent system of church government. The principle of the independence of the churches, including the right of every individual to unite with what church he pleases, under whatever • See " Collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society," Vol. I. j 14 BOSTON. sectarian auspices it may have been fostered, has through the influence of time and experience, lost altogether its exclusive character. It has be- come the universal guaranty of religious liberty to all sects without dis- crimination, and is as much the protector of the Roman Catholic, the Episcopalian, and the Presbyterian, as of the Independent form of wor- ship. The security, which results from this principle, does not depend upon charters and constitutions, but on what is stronger than either, the nature of the principle in connection with the nature of man. So long as this intellectual, moral, and religious being, man, is constituted as he is, the unrestricted liberty of associating for public worship, and the in- dependence of those associations of external control, will necessarily lead to a most happy number and variety of them. In the principle of the independence of each, the liberty of individual conscience is safe un- der the panoply of the common interest of all. No other perfect security for liberty of conscience was ever devised by man, except this independ- ence of the churches. This possessed, liberty of conscience has no dan- ger. This denied, it has no safety. There can be no greater human secu- rity than common right, placed under the protection of common interest. It is the excellence and beauty of this simple principle, that, while it secures all, it restricts none. They, who delight in lofty and splendid monuments of ecclesiastical architecture, may raise the pyramid of church power, with its aspiring steps and gradations, until it terminate in the despotism of one, or a few ; the humble dwellers at the base of the proud edifice may wonder, and admire the ingenuity of the contrivance and the splendor of its massive dimensions, but it is without envy and without fear. Safe in the principle of independence, they worship, be it in tent, or tabernacle, or in the open air, as securely as though standing on the topmost pinnacle of the loftiest fabric ambition ever devised. The glory of discovering and putting this principle to the test, on a scale capable of trying its eflicacy, belongs to the fathers of Massachu- setts, who are entitled to a full share of that acknowledgment made by Hume, when he asserts, " that for all the liberty of the English constitu- tion, that nation is indebted to the Puritans." The glory of our ancestors radiates from no point more strongly than from their institutions of learning. The people of New England are the first known to history, who provided, in the original constitution of their society, for the education of the whole population out of the general fund. In other countries, provisions have been made of this character in favor of certain particular classes, or for the poor by way of charity. But here first were the children of the whole community invested with the right of being educated at the expense of the whole society; and not only this, — the obligation to take advantage of that right was enforced by severe supervision and penalties. By simple laws they founded their common- wealth on the only basis on which a republic has any hope of happiness EARLY HISTORY. ]a or continuance, the general information of the people. They denomina- ted it " barbarism " not to be able " perfectly to read the English tonsue and to know the general laws." In soliciting a general contribution for the support of the neighboring University, they declare that "skill in ! the tongues and liberal arts is not only laudable, but necessary for the well-being of the commonwealth." And in requiring every town, having one hundred householders, to set up a Grammar School, provided with a master able to fit youth for the University, the object avowed is, " to en- able men to obtain a knowledge of the Scriptures, and by acquaintance with the ancient tongues to qualify them to discern the true sense and meaning of the original, however corrupted by false glosses." Thus lib- eral and thus elevated, in respect of learning, were the views of our an- cestors. To the same master passion, dread of the English hierarchy, and the same main purpose, civil independence, may be attributed, in a great de- gree, the nature of the government which the principal civil and spirit- ual influences of the time established, and, notwithstanding its many ob- jectionable features, the willing submission to it of the people. It cannot be questioned that the constitution of the State, as sketched in the first laws of our ancestors, was a skilful combination of both civil and ecclesiastical powers. Church and state were very curiously and effi- ciently interwoven with each other. It is usual to attribute to religious bigotry the submission of the mass of the people to a system thus stern and exclusive. It may, however, with quite as much justice, be resolved into love of independence and political sagacity. The great body of the first emigrants doubtless coincided in general re- ligious views with those whose influence predominated in their church and state. They had consequently no personal objection to the stern dis- cipline their political system established. They had also the sagacity to foresee that a system which by its rigor should exclude from power all who did not concur with their religious views, would have a direct ten- dency to deter those in other countries from emigrating to their settle- ment, who did not agree with the general plan of policy they had adopt- ed, and of consequence to increase the probability of their escape from the interference of their ancient oppressors, and the chance of success in laying the foundation of the free commonwealth they contemplated. They also doubtless perceived, that with the unqualified possession of the elective franchise, they had little reason to apprehend that they could not easily control or annihilate any ill eflTect upon their political system, aris- ing from the union of church and state, should it become insupportable. There is abundant evidence that the submission of the people to this new form of church and state combination was not owing to ignorance, or to indiiference to the true principles of civil and religious liberty. Notwithstanding the strong attachment of the early emigrants to their 16 BOSTON. civil, and their almost blinrl devotion to their ecclesiastical leaders, when either, presuming on their influence, attempted any thing inconsistent with general liberty, a corrective is seen almost immediately applied by the spirit and intelligence of the people. Ill this respect, the character of the people of Boston has been at all times distinguished. In every period of our history, they have been sec- ond to none in quickness to discern or in readiness to meet every exigen- cy, fearlessly hazarding life and fortune in support of the liberties of the commonwealth. It would be easy to maintain these positions by a re- currence to the annals of each successive age, and particularly to facts connected with our revolutionary struggle. A few instances only will be noticed, and those selected from the earliest times. A natural jealousy soon sprung up in the metropolis as to the inten- tions of their civil and ecclesiastical leaders. In 1634 the people began to fear, lest, by reelecting Winthrop, they "should make way for a Gov- ernor for life." They accordingly gave some indications of a design to elect another person. Upon which John Cotton, their great ecclesiastical head, then at the height of his popularity, preached a discourse to the General Court, and delivered this doctrine : " that a magistrate ought not to be turned out, without just cause, no more than a magistrate might turn out a private man from his freehold, without trial." To show their dislike of the doctrine by the most practical of evidences, our ancestors gave the political divine and his adherents a succession of lessons, for which they were probably the wiser all the rest of their lives. They turned out Winthrop at the very same election, and put in Dudley. The year after, they turned out Dudley and put in Haynes. The year after, they turned out Haynes and put in Vane. So much for the first broach- ing, in Boston, of the doctrine that public office is of the nature of free- hold. In 1635, an attempt was made by the General Court to elect a certain ntimber of magistrates as councillors for life. Although Cotton was the author also of this project, and notwithstanding his influence, yet such was the spirit displayed by our ancestors on the occasion, that within three years the General Court was compelled to pass a vote, denying any such intent, and declaring that the persons so chosen should not be ac- counted magistrates or have any authority in consequence of such elec- tion. In 1636, the great Antinomian controversy divided the country. Bos- ton was for the covenant of grace ; the General Court for the covenant of works. Under pretence of tfie apprehension of a riot, the General Court adjourned to Newtown, and expelled the Boston deputies for daring to remonstrate. Boston, indignant at this infringement of its liberties, was about electing the same deputies a second lime. At the earnest solicita- tion of Cotton, however, they chose others. One of these was also ex- EARLY HISTORY. 17 pelled by the Court ; and a writ having issued to the town ordering a new election, they refused making any return to the warrant, — a contempt which the General Court did not think it wise to resent. In 1639, there being vacancies in the Board of Assistants, the governor and magistrates met and nominated three persons, " not with intent," as they said, "to lead the people's choice of these, nor to divert them from any other, but only to propound for consideration (which any freeman may do), and so leave the people to use their liberties according to their consciences." The result was, that the people did use their liberties ac- cording to their consciences. They chose not a man of them. So much for the first legislative caucus in our history. It probably would have been happy for their posterity, if the people had always treated like nominations with as little ceremony. About this time also the General Court took exception at the length of the "lectures," then the great delight of the people, and at the ill effects resulting from their frequency ; whereby poor people were led greatly to neglect their affairs; to the great hazard also of their health, owing to their long continuance in the night. Boston expressed strong dislike at this interference, "fearing that the precedent might enthrall them to the civil power, and, besides, be a blemish upon them with their posterity, as though they needed to be regulated by the civil magistrate, and raise an ill-savor of their coldness, as if it were possible for the people of Boston to complain of too much preaching." The magistrates, fearful lest the people should break their bonds, were content to apologize, to abandon the scheme of shortening lectures or diminishing their number, and to rest satisfied with a general understand- ing that assemblies should break up in such season as that people, dwel- ling a mile or two off, might get home by daylight, Winthrop, on this occasion, passes the following eulogium on the people of Boston, which every period of their history amply confirms : — " They were generally of that understanding and moderation, as that they would be easily guided in their way by any rule from Scripture or sound reason," It is curious and instructive to trace the principles of our constitution, as they were successively suggested by circumstances, and gradually gained by the intelligence and daring spirit of the people. For the first four years after their emigration, the freemen, like other corporations, met and transacted business in a body. At this time the people attained a representation under the name of deputies, who sat in the same room with the magistrates, to whose negative all their proceedings were sub- jected. Next arose the struggle about the negative, which lasted for ten years, and eventuated in the separation of the General Court into two branches, with each a negative on the other. Then came the jealousy of the deputies concerning the magistrates, as proceeding too much by their discretion for want of positive laws, and the demand by the deputies that 18 BOSTON. persons should-be appointed to frame a body of fundamental laws in re- semblance of the English Magna Charla. After this occurred the controversy relative to the powers of the magis- trates, during the recess of the General Court ; concerning which, when the deputies found that no compromise could be made, and the magis- trates declared that, " if occasion required, they should act according to the power and trust committed to them," the speaker of the House in his place replied, — " Then, gentlemen, you will not be obeyed." In every period of our early history, the friends of the ancient hier- archy and monarchy were assiduous in their endeavors to introduce a form of government on the principle of an efficient colonial relation. Our ancestors were no less vigilant to avail themselves of their local situ- ation and of the difficulties of the parent state to defeat those attempts; — or, in their language, " to avoid and protract." They lived, however, under a perpetual apprehension that a royal governor would he imposed upon them by the law of force. Their resolution never faltered on the point of resistance, to the extent of their power. Notwithstanding Bos- ton would have been the scene of the struggle, and the first victim to it. yet its inhabitants never shrunk from their duly through fear of danger, and were always among the foremost to prepare for every exigency. Castle Island was fortified chiefly, and the battery at the north end of the town, and that called the " Sconce," wholly, by the voluntary contribu- tions of its inhabitants. After the restoration of Charles the Second, their instructions to their representatives ijn the General Court breathe one uniform spirit, — " not to recede from their just rights and privileges as secured by the patent." When, in 1662, the king's commissioners came to Boston, the inhabitants, to show their spirit in support of their own laws, took measures to have them all arrested for a breach of the Saturday evening law; and actually brought them before the magistrate for riotous and abusive carriage. When Randolph, in 1684, came with his quo warranto against their charter, on the question being taken in town meeting, " whether the freemen were minded that the General Court should make full submission and entire resignation of their charter, and of the privileges therein granted, to his Majesty's pleasure," — Boston resolved in the negative, without a dissentient. In 1639, the tyranny of Andros, the governor appointed by James the Second, having become insupportable to the whole country, Boston rose, like one man; took the battery on Fort Hill by assault in open day; made prisoners of the king's governor, and the captain of the king's frigate, then lying in the harbor; and restored, with the concurrence of the country, the authority of the old charter leaders. By accepting the charier of William and Mary, in 1692, the people of Massachusetts first yielded their claims of independence to the crown. It is only requisite to read the official account of the agents of the colony, EARLY HISTORY. 19 to perceive both the resistance they made to that charter, and the neces- sity which compelled their acceptance of it. Those agents were told by the king's ministers, that they " must take that or none " ; — that " their consent to it was not asked " ; — that if " they would not submit to the king's pleasure, they must take what would follow." "The opinion of our lawyers," says the agents, "was, that a passive submission to the new, was not a surrender of the old charter ; and that their taking up with this did not make the people of Massachusetts, in law, uncapable of obtaining all their old privileges, whenever a favorable opportunity should present itself ." In the year 1776, nearly a century afterwards, that " favorable opportunity did present itself," and the people of Mas- sachusetts, in conformity with the opinion of their learned counsel and faithful agents, did vindicate and obtain all their "old privileges" of selfgovernment. Under the new colonial government, thus authoritatively imposed upon them, arose new parties and new struggles; — prerogative men, earnest for a permanent salary for the king's governor ; — patriots, resisting such an establishment, and indignant at the negative exercised by that officer. At the end of the first century after the settlement, three generations of men had passed away. For vigor, boldness, enterprise, and a self sacri- ficing spirit, Massachusetts stood unrivalled. She had added wealth and extensive dominion to the English crown. She had turned a barren wil- derness into a cultivated field, and instead of barbarous tribes had planted civilized communities. She had prevented France from taking possession of the whole of North America ; conquered Port Royal and Acadia ; and attempted the conquest of Canada with a fleet of thirty -two sail and two thousand men. At one time a fifth of her whole effective male population was in arms. When Nevis was plundered by Iberville, she voluntarily transmitted two thousand pounds sterling for the relief of the inhabitants of that island. By these exertions her resources were exhausted, her treasury was impoverished, and she stood bereft, and "alone with her glory." Boston shared in the embarrassments of the commonwealth. Her com- merce was crippled by severe revenue laws, and by a depreciated curren- cy. Her population did not exceed fifteen thousand. In September, 1730, she was prevented from all notice of this anniversary by the desolations of the small-pox. Notwithstanding the darkness of these clouds which overhung Massa- chusetts and its metropolis at the close of the first century, in other as- pects the dawn of a brighter day may be discerned. The exclusive policy in matters of religion, to which the state had been subjected, began gradu- ally to give plape to a more perfect liberty. Literature was exchanging subtile metaphysics, quaint conceits, and unwieldy lore, for inartificial reasoning, simple taste, and natural thought. Dummer defended the 20 BOSTON. colony in language polished in the society of Pope and of Bolinghroke. Coleman, Cooper, Chauncy, Bowdoin, and others of that constellation, were on the horizon. By their side shone the star of Franklin ; its early brightness giving promise of its meridian splendors. Even now began to appear signs of revolution. Voices of complaint and murmur were heard in the air. "Spirits finely touched and to fine issues," — willing and fearless, — breathing unutterable things, flashed along the darkness. In the sky were seen streaming lights, indicating the approach of luminaries yet below the horizon ; Adams, Hancock, Otis, Warren ; leaders of a glorious host; — precursors of eventful times; "with fear of change perplexing monarchs." It would be appropriate, did space permit, lb speak of these luminaries, in connection with our revolution ; to trace the principles, which dic- tated the first emigration of the founders of this metropolis, through the several stages of their development ; and to show that the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, itself, and all the struggles which preceded it, and all the voluntary sacrifices, the self devotion, and the suflTerings to which the people of that day submitted, for the attainment of independence, were, so far as respects Massachusetts, but the natural and inevitable consequences of the terms of that noble engagement, made by our ances- tors, in August, 1629, the year before their emigration ; — which may well be denominated, from its early and later results, the first and original declaration of independence by Massachusetts. " By God's assistance, we will he ready in our persons, and with such of our families as are to go with us, to embark for the said plan- tation by the first of March next, to pass the seas {under God's protec- tion) to inhabit and continue in Neio England. Provided always, that before the last of September next, the whole government, together WITH THE PATENT, BE FIRST LEGALLY TRANSFERRED AND ESTABLISHED, to remain WITH US AND OTHERS, WHICH SHALL INHABIT THE SAID PLAN- TATION." — Generous resolution ! Noble foresight! Sublime self devo- tion ; chastened and directed by a wisdom, faithful and prospective of distant consequences! "Well may we exclaim, — " This policy over- topped all the policy of this world." For the advancement of the three great objects which were the scope of the policy of our ancestors, — intellectual power, religious liberty, and civil liberty, — Boston has in no period been surpassed, either in readi- ness to incur, or in energy to make useful, personal or pecuniary sacrifi- ces. She provided for the education of her citizens out of the general fund, antecedently to the law of the Commonwealth making such provi- sion imperative. Nor can it be questioned that her example and influ- ence had a decisive effect in producing that law. An intelligent gener- osity has been conspicuous among her inhabitants on this subject, from the day when, in 1635, they "entreated our brother Philemon Pormont to :i9] PLUMBING ESTABLISHMENT. Nos. 12 & 28 City Exchange, Devonshire St., Boston. WARM, COLD, and SHOWER BATHS, WASH BASINS, FOUNTAINS, HYDRANTS, CESS POOLS, FORCE PUMPS and Water Closets, DRAIN TRAPS, PLUMBING WORK of every description executed in any part of the Union. I* E T E I?, 3S/I: o C .A. 3sr 3sr , PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL BRASS COCKS, PLATED COCKS, LEAD PIPES, SHEET LEAD, COPP'R PUMPS, And every requis- ite in use in the Plumbing Busi- ARCHITECTURAL MODELLER. 0::7=-Exterior of Buildings done in MASTICK, either panelled or plain; also, Mouldings, Cornices, &c., either plain or ornamental ; Foun- tains, Vases and Urns done in artificial stone and various other cements. No. 39 Portland Street, BOSTON. F. IV. HAHMAFORD, Manufacturer of COACH, CHAISE, PRESS WAGON No. 98 Union A good assortment of Blankets, Surcingles, BUGGY AND EX- HARNESSES. 8t., Boston. Curry Conibs,Brush- es, Whips, etc; con- stantly on hand. [30j D. B. STEDMAN & CO., IMPORTERS OF EARTHEN, CHINA AND GLASS WARE, And Dealers in Paper Hangings, Girandoles, Solar Lamps, &c., No. 165 milAL STREET, (BELOW BROAD ST.) BOSTOIST- ^. €. REEVES, Dealer in all kinds of GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS, 37© Washing^ton St., - - - - BOSTON. Fine Shirts made to order from Measure. MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF FANCY MOROCCO AND VELVET WORK, SURGICAL INSTRUMENT and JEWELRY CASES POCKET BOOKS, PORT FOLIOS, &c., No. 33 School Street, - - - BOSTON. i^^Jobbing done with despatch. EARLY HISTORY. 21 become schoolmaster, for the teaching and nurturing children with us," to this hour, when what is equivalent to a capital of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars is invested in school-houses, eighty schools are maintained, and seven thousand and five hundred children educated at an expense exceeding annually sixty-five thousand dollars. No city in the world, in proportion to its means and population, ever gave more uniform and unequivocal evidences of its desire to diffuse in- tellectual power and moral culture through the whole mass of the com- munity. The result is every day witnessed, at home and abroad, in pri- vate intercourse and in the public assembly; in a quiet and orderly de- i meanor, in the self-respect and mutual harmony prevalent among its citizens ; in the general comfort which characterizes their condition ; in their submission to the laws ; and in that wonderful capacity for self- government which postponed, for almost two centuries, a city organiza- tion; — and this, even then, was adopted more with reference to antici- pated, than from experience of existing, evils. During the whole of that period, and even after its population exceeded fifty thousand, its financial, economical, and municipal interests were managed, either by general vote, or by men appointed by the whole multitude ; and with a regular- ity, wisdom, and success, which it will be happy if future administra- tions shall equal, and which certainly they will find it difficult to exceed. The influence of the institutions of our fathers is also apparent in that munificence towards objects of public interest or charity, for which, in every period of its history, the citizens of Boston have been distinguished, and which, by universal consent, is recognized to be a prominent feature in their character. To no city has Boston ever been second in its spirit of liberality. From the first settlement of the country to this day, it has been a point to which have tended applications for assistance or relief, on account of suffering or misfortune ; for the patronage of colleges, the en- dowment of schools, the erection of churches, and the spreading of learn- ing and religion, — from almost every section of the United States. Sel- dom have the hopes of any worthy applicant been disappointed. The benevolent and public spirit of its inhabitants is also evidenced by its hospitals, its asylums,^ public libraries, alms-houses, charitable associa- tions, — in its patronage of the neighboring University, and in its sub- scriptions for general charities. It is obviously impracticable to give any just idea of the amount of these charities. They flow from virtues which seek the shade and shun record. They are silent and secret out-wellings of grateful hearts, desir- ous unostentatiously to acknowledge the bounty of Heaven in their pros- perity and abundance. The result of inquiries, necessarily imperfect, however, authorize the statement, that, in the records of societies having for their objects either learning or some public charity, or in documents in the hands of individuals relative to contributions for the relief of suf- 22 BOSTON. fering, or the patronage of distinguished merit or talent, there exists evi- dence of the liberality of the citizens of this metropolis, and that chiefly within the last thirty years, of an amount, by voluntary donation or be- quest, exceeding one million and eight hundred thousand dollars. Far short as this sum falls of the real amount obtained within that period from the liberality of our citizens, it is yet enough to make evident that the best spirit of the institutions of our ancestors survives in the hearts, and is exhibited in the lives, of the citizens of Boston ; inspiring love of country and duty ; stimulating to the active virtues of benevolence and charity ; exciting wealth and power to their best exercises ; counteracting what is selfish in our nature ; and elevating the moral and social virtues to wise sacrifices and noble energies. With respect to religious liberty, where does it exist in a more perfect state than in this metropolis ? Or where has it ever been enjoyed in a purer spirit, or with happier consequences ? In what city of equal popu- lation are all classes of society more distinguished for obedience to the institutions of religion, for regular attendance on its worship, for more happy intercourse with its ministers, or more uniformly honorable sup- port of them ? In all struggles connected with religious liberty, and these are inseparable from its possession, it may be said of the inhabi- tants of this city, as truly as of any similar association of men, that they have ever maintained the freedom of the Gospel in the spirit of Christian- ity, Divided into various sects, their mutual intercourse has, almost without exception, been harmonious and respectful. The labors of in- temperate zealots, with which, occasionally, every age has been troubled, have seldom, in this metropolis, been attended with their natural and usual consequences. Its sects have never been made to fear or hate one another. The genius of its inhabitants, through the influence of the in- tellectual power which pervades their mass, has ever been quick to detect " close ambition varnished o'er with zeal." The modes, the forms, the discipline, the opinions which our ancestors held to be essential, have, in many respects, been changed or obliterated with the progress of time, or been countervailed or superseded by rival forms and opinions. But veneration for the sacred Scriptures and attachment to the right of free inquiry, which were the substantial motives of their emigration and of all their institutions, remain, and are maintained in a Christian spirit (judging by life and language), certainly not exceeded in the times of any of our ancestors. The right to read those Scriptures is universally recog- nized. The means to acquire the possession and to attain the knowledge of them are multiplied by the intelligence and liberality of the age, and extended to every class of society. All men are invited to search for themselves concerning the grounds of their hopes of future happiness and acceptance. All are permitted to hear from the lips of our Saviour himself, that "the meek," " the merciful," "the pure in heart," "the [31] SAMUEL NEAL, 61 Cambridge St., BOSTON, FITTER rP OF WATER CLOSETS, FORCE AND BRASS COCKS ; -ALSO,- ICK Til m IMB ITER PIPES, il Bathing Apparatus, Wash Basins, Wash Trays, Boilers, Cisterns, Hydrants, Fountains, AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OP Good IVork . . JTIoderate Prices. I^^City and Country Orders promptly attended to. [33] BENT & BUSH, MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN HATS, GAPS &FDRS, MlUTmy [IPS. STIEDS. CORNER OF Court and Washington Streets, BOSTOiM, THORIAS C. DAY, Merchant Tailor, AND DEALER IN AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, No. 116 Commercial Street, .... BOSTON. SIO]¥ PAI]¥TII¥CJ !E2 s t ^; To 1 1 s Ix xxx o XX t . JOHN S. CLOUTMAN, OVER 220 WASHINGTON STREET, NEABLr OPPOSITE WINTER STREET, (CT-For sale, Japanned Sheet Tin, Smalts, Gold Leaf, Fat Oil, Lettering Pencils, &c.j &c. EARLY HISTORY. 23 persecuted for righteousness' sake," are those who shall receive the bless- ing, and be admitted to the presence, of the Eternal Father ; and to be assured from those sacred records, that, " in every nation, he who feareth God and worketh righteousness is accepted of him." Elevated by the power of these sublime assurances, as conformable to reason as to revela- tion, man's intellectual principle rises "above the smoke and stir of this dim spot," and, like an eagle soaring above the Andes, looks down on the cloudy cliffs, the narrow, separating points, and flaming craters, which divide and terrify men below. It is scarcely necessary to speak of civil liberty, or tell of our constitu- tions of government; of the freedom they maintain and are calculated to preserve ; of the equality they establish ; the self-respect they encour- age ; the private and domestic virtues they cherish; the love of country they inspire; the self devotion and self-sacrifice they enjoin ; — all these are but the filling up of the great outline sketched by our fathers, the parts in which, through the darkness and perversity of their times, they were defective, being corrected ; all are but endeavors, conformed to their great, original conception, to group together the strength of society and the religious and civil rights of the individual, in a living and breathing spirit of efHcient power, by forms of civil government, adapted to our condition, and adjusted to social relations of unexampled greatness and extent, unparalleled in their results, and connected by principles elevated as the nature of man, and immortal as his destinies. It is not, however, from local position, nor from general circumstances of life and fortune, that the peculiar felicity of this metropolis is to be de- duced. Her enviable distinction is, that she is among the chiefest of that happy New England family, which claims descent from the early emi- grants. If we take a survey of that family, and, excluding from our view the unnumbered multitudes of its members who have occupied the vacant wilderness of other states, we restrict our thoughts to the local sphere of New England, what scenes open upon our sight ! How wild and visionary would seem our prospects, did we indulge only natural an- ticipations of the future ! Already, on an area of seventy thousand square miles, a population of two millions ; all, but comparatively a few, descendants of the early emigrants ! Six independent Commonwealths, with constitutions varying in the relations and proportions of power, yet uniform in all their general principles ; diverse in their political arrange- ments, yet each sufficient for its own' necessities ; all harmonious with those without, and peaceful within ; embracing under the denomination of towns, upwards of twelve hundred effective republics, with qualified powers, indeed, but possessing potent influences ; subject themselves to the respective state sovereignties, yet directing all their operations, and shaping their policy by constitutional agencies ; swayed, no less than the greater republics, by passions, interests, and affections ; like them, exciting 24 BOSTON. competitions which rouse into action the latent energies of mind, and infuse into the mass of each society a knowledge of the nature of its in- terests, and a capacity to understand and share in the defence of those of the Commonwealth. The effect of these minor republics is daily seen in the existence of practical talents, and in the readiness with which those talents can be called into the public service of tlie state. If, after this general survey of the surface of New England, we cast our eyes on its cities and great towns, with what wonder should we be- hold, did not familiarity render the phenomenon almost unnoticed, men, combined in great multitudes, possessing freedom and the consciousness of strength, — the comparative physical power of the ruler less than that of a cobweb across a lion's path, — yet orderly, obedient, and respectful to authority ; a people, but no populace ; every class in reality existing, which the general law of society acknowledges, except one, — and this exception characterizing the whole country. The soil of New England is trodden by no slave. In our streets, in our assemblies, in the halls of election and legislation, men of every rank and condition meet, and unite or divide on other principles, and are actuated by other motives, than those growing out of such distinctions. The fears and jealousies, which in other countries separate classes of men and make them hostile to each other, have here no influence, or a very limited one. Each individual, of whatever condition, has the consciousness of living under known laws, which secure equal rights, and guarantee to each whatever portion of the goods of life, be it great or small, chance, or talent, or industry may have bestowed. All perceive that the honors and rewards of society are open equally to the fair competition of all ; that the distinctions of wealth, or of power, are not fixed in families ; that whatever of this nature exists to-day, may be changed to-morrow, or, in a coming generation, be abso- lutely reversed. Common principles, interests, hopes, and affections, are the result of universal education. Such are the consequences of the equality of rights, and of the provisions for the general diffusion of knowledge and the distribution of intestate estates, established by the laws framed by the earliest emigrants to New England. If from our cities we turn to survey the wide expanse of the interior, how do the effects of the institutions and example of our early ancestors appear, in all the local comfort and accommodation which mark the gen- eral condition of the whole country ; — unobtrusive, indeed, but substan- tial ; in nothing splendid, but in every thing sufficient and satisfactory. Indications of active talent and practical energy exist everywhere. With a soil comparatively little luxuriant, and in great proportion either rock, or hill, or sand, the skill and industry of man are seen triumphing over the obstacles of nature; making the rock the guardian of the field; moulding the granite, as though it were clay ; leading cultivation to the hill-lop, and spreading over the arid plain, hitherto unknown and unan- [33] SHIRTS MADE TO FIT, Locke's Shirt Depot, 177 Washing^ton Street, near Milk Street, BOSTON. Shirts, Collars and Stocks of every variety, — the largest assortment in the United States, at the lowest prices, wholesale and retail. Fine Shirts made to order to float short notice. Gentlemen's Furnish- ing Goods, of every description. ]\ew England BY F- J"- Cli^^^SE s at private residences. Liberal advan- ces made on consignments. EZEKIEIi PITMA^ GENT^S FURNISHING GOODS, No. 31 Dock Square, . . . Boston. NOTICES OP PROMINENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OP BOSTON. [The following narrative is but little more than an abbreviated compilation from Snow's History of Boston. Holmes's Annals, and other works, have been occasion- ally consulted.] If the city of Boston, and the surrounding communities, in their present state of population and general prosperity, are regarded as the successful issue of a great enterprise, conceived in the highest spirit of adventure, demanding in its commencement courage to overcome great obstacles and fortitude to endure sharp trials, and in its progress, judg- ment, energy, and that perseverance which keeps honor bright, its his- tory, however briefly written, must possess attractions for the contempla- tive mind. If, as has been observed, the relation is deficient in all those mysterious and uncertain traditions which claim to invest the local histories of the Old World with the charms of poetry, it will not be denied by those who trace the present state of things from its humble beginning, and consider how comparatively shor\ has been the " blossoming time. That from the seedness the bare fallow brings To teeming foison," that it abounds in features of development, and in incidents, which are to be counted among those truths more strange than fiction, upon which the thoughts and sympathies dwell, not with the evanescent feelings stimu- lated by tales of fancy, but with profound and lasting emotions of wonder and gratitude. To those who are familiarly acquainted with the nature of our people, and our city's institutions, and are fitly imbued with the spirit of the early founders of this republic, it must be always a pleasing occupation to »3 HISTORY OP pass in review the various forms under v^hich our social and political life has been unfolded here, in what may with propriety be called the seat and centre of its being. In Boston may be found the most perfect mani- festation of the New England character throughout all its phases, from the severe and exclusive Puritan,- contending for "freedom to worship God," whose contest would never have witnessed its present triumph had he been less stern and exacting, that is, less suited to the age in which he wrought, to the present advocate and practiser of universal toleration in religion and opinion, — the latter being the natural and rightful descendant of the former, — the liberty and independence once established (and for the first time on earth), expanding ita broad wings to shield all sects and cover all doctrines. But while this subject must be one of special interest to Americans, and above all to the people of New England, still observers of less pene- tration, such as regard the history of this city only with that general concern belonging to the affairs of men, cannot fail on looking back to discern and follow out a natural and necessary sequence of events, ac- cording to which the present extent and flourishing condition of Boston and its dependencies are only the natural expansion of an originally vigorous root. On the I9lh of March, 1627 - 28, the council of Plymouth, in England, sold to some knights and gentlemen about Dorchester, that part of New England which lies between a great river called Merrimack, and a certain I other river there called Charles. But shortly after this, these honorable persons were brought into an acquaintance with several other persons of quality about London, who associated with them, and jointly petitioned the king to confirm their right by a new patent, which he did in the fourth year of his reign. This patent, or charter, was dated on the 4lh of March ; and it is singular that this day, which dates the beginning of the first social contract in the history of mankind based upon self govern- ment, and the broadest principles of civil and religious liberty, should still be preserved in our Federal Constitution as the period of those peace- ful changes in the administration of the affairs of the nation, which, in their constant recurrence, demonstrate that self government is the secret of society, — that democracy is successful. This charter constituted the associates, and all others who should be admitted into the association, one corporate body politic, by the name of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. Their general business was to be disposed and ordered by a court com- posed of a Governor, Deputy -Governor, and eighteen assistants. Be- tween the time of the purchase above mentioned, and the grant of the charter, one expedition of fifty or sixty persons, and another of three hundred and eighty-six men, women, and children, were sent out by the company, and formed establishments at Charlestown and Salem. Adven- [37] New and Valuable Invention ! WM. B. GUY, PATENTEE FOR liiiii wwm Will iiiiii A desideratum long needed, as the oxidation of iron or lead, produced by the action of water ou metallic pipes, renders the water very injurious and unhealthy. Also, inventor of a Glass Strainer for the bottom of Wells and Springs, which cannot fail to come into general use. Also, several new patterns of Pumps, which will be put up to order. ETr^Call and examine. 22 SUDBUBY STBEET. J. H. POIiliARD, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in New York and IVewark Champagne Cider, London Porter, and Scoteli Ales, Poultney & Massey's and Newlin & Budman's Philadelphia Porter and Ales, and Kerr & Co. 's, Boyd Brothers & Co. 's Superior Aew York and Albany Pale Ales, Also, Phipp's Boston Ale. No. 168 Commercial Street, BOSTON. PA1.JIIER & nAL£., Successors to Daniel Davis, Jr., Have removed to 158 Washington Street, Boston, Where may constantly be found all kinds of Magnetic and Telegraphic Appara- tus, and MATERIALS FOR TELEGRAPH LINES, PLATINA FO' .f^D WIRE, GALVANIC BATTERIES, INSULATED WIRE, and a" i»-f| .aratus for the various Medical Appliances of Electricity and tw^nism. Also, Batteries and Apparatus for the EXjEo :i?,0-C:E3:E]VEIC-A.ILi BuA^THS. Furnished at the shortest notice, and at the lowest prices. All Orders promptly attended to, eitiier by mail or otherwise. G. T. HARLOW, DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF GHAIES AND STOOLS. n^o. 34 IXorth Market St. [S8] Window S hades & Curta in Goods, G. L. & J. B. KELTY, MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OP CORNICES, BANDS, PINS, I.OOPS, CORD AND TASSEL.S. ALSO, KEim IIPRDVED imilC FIXflES. All kinds of Shades made and put up in the best manner. No. 170 Washington Street, BOSTON. JOHN EARL, Jr., HRdHlIT TIIIOR, ARMY AND NAVY UNIFtfiWIS AND No. 139 Washington St., CORNER OF SCHOOL STREET, (UP stairs), BOSTonsr. turers from the latter place were well received by the Indian Chief Saga- more, the Sachem of that tribe, who is described as a man of gentle and good disposition. The success attending these plantations, encouraged the company to persevere, and several of the principal members entered into aa agree- ment to remove with themselves and families, provided the whole govern- ment, together with the patent, was legally transferred and established to remain in perpetuity with themselves, and the future inhabitants and free associates of the settlement. This last proposition was accepted with hesitation, but finally acceded to as an inducement to gentlemen of wealth and quality to embark in the expedition with their property and families. Without retaining in their own hands the administration of the government, they would not have consented to risk their fortunes and happiness on such an arduous and distant enterprise. It is not probable that the full importance of this measure was foreseen at the time of its adoption, even by our fathers. It was demanded as a means of personal security and independence, and was characteristic of that self-respect, personal pride of character, and jealous love of liberty, which, after their religious zeal, most distinguished the founders of the city. Who, however, not endowed with the gift of prophecy, could have anticipated all the consequences which lay intreas- ured in those weak beginnings ? But, if the men of that day, the kings and statesmen, the wise men of England, — wise in their generation only, we mean the hierarchy, — were utterly unconscious of the momentous results involved in their de- cisions, we, who live to witness those results, find no difficulty in tracing them back, through the progress of things, to their first elements. We must remember that the leading men in this enterprise were wealthy, and well connected at home ; that they had honorable pursuits, and were in possession of ' fruitful lands, stately buildings, goodly orchards and gar- dens ' in the country of their birth. They are spoken of as "persons of quality and distinction." They were, moreover, "an excellent set of real and living Christians." By separating themselves from all the estab- lished societies of the Old World, and occupying a fresh and open field of action in the New World, they were able, without obstacle or inter- ruption, to create a community embodying and exemplifying all their peculiar opinions and traits of character. The change in the affairs of the company before spoken of, occurred in August, 1629, and on the 20th of the ensuing October, a special court was held for the election of a Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Assistants, from among those who were about to emigrate. Mr. John Winthrop was chosen Governor, and Mr. Thomas Dudley, Deputy. Preparations were immediately begun for the embarkation of a great colony, and they were carried on with such vigor, that by the end of / 30 HISTORY OF February, 1630, a fleet of fourteen sail was furnished with men, women, and children, with all the necessaries of life, with mechanics, and with people of good condition, wealth, and quality, to malce a firm plantation. The number of the colonists embarked in this fleet was fifteen hundred, and the cost of the outfit of the expedition was about one million of dol- lars, at that time a very large sum. On the I4th of June, the Admiral of the New England fleet arrived at Salem. In the vessel that bore that distinction. Governor Winthrop and Mr. Isaiac Johnson came passengers, and the Governor has left a journal containing a circumstantial account of the voyage, one event of which was, that the ship was cleared for action to engage a fleet of Dunkirkers, as they were thought to be ; but the Dunkirkers proved to be their own friends, and so their "fear and danger was turned into mirth and friendly entertainment." During this voyage, very strict attention to religious duties was ob- served, and the most rigid discipline enforced. The original design, that the principal part of the colony should settle in one place, to be called Boston, was frustrated by various circumstances. Governor Winthrop himself stopped at Charlestown, where several Eng- lish were already established; detachments that had arrived in other ves- sels before tht Governor, set themselves down at Watertown and Dorches- ter. Salem was already inhabited, though the colony was found in a sad condition. Above eighty deaths had occurred the winter before, and many of the survivors were weak and sickly. The first intention of the Governor, and those with him, was to make Charlestown their permanent abode, but from this he was deterred by the increasing sickness there also, attributed to the bad water, for as yet the inhabitants had found only one brackish spring, and that not accessible except when the tide was down. Besides those settled at Charlestown, there was one Englishman of the name of Samuel Maverick living on Noddle's Island, now East Boston, who made some figure in the history of the after times; and another named William Blackstone, an Episcopal clergyman, who resided in a small cottage on the south side of Charles River, near a point on the western side of a peninsula, which, at high water, appeared like two islands. The Indians called this peninsula Shawmut, but the English settlers had given it the name of Trimoun- TAIN, on account of its presenting the appearance, when seen from Charlestown, of three large hills, on the westernmost of which were three eminences, whilst on the brow of one of these eminences appeared three hillocks. This singular repetition of the same form gave rise, probably, to the name of Trimountain. Mr. Blackstone, taking compassion upon the unhappy condition of the colony, invited the Governor and his friends to remove to his side of the river ; and in August, Mr. Johnson, an influential and leading man, to- gether with several others, began a settlement. But previous to this, on [39] IVM. ARMSTRONG, DEALER IN Nos. 32 & 34 Clinton Street, Shoe Threads, French and American Calf Skins, Oak and Hemlock Tanned Sole Leather. DCr" Also, — Manufacturer of Fine Boot Lasts. .=0 A. JENKINS, MONEY & REAL ESTATE BROKER, 106 SUBBtJRY STREET, 106 MONEY TO LOAN ON Piano Fortes, Gold and Silver Watches, Boots and Shoes, Clothing and Jewelry, Furniture, Hardware, Guns and Pistols, Silver Ware, &c. Houses and Stores Advertised, Bought, Sold and Let. Also, Stocks of Goods Bought, Sold and Exchanged. JAMES ROSS, ■ 9 No. 4 JBoylston Street, N. B. All orders promptly and faithfully attended to. CLAIRYOTANT E2s:-A.3yci3sr^^Tioisrs, BY MRS. G. PHELPS, Particular attention paid to Females. [30] BOSTON BELTING CO., MANUFACTURERS OP |h& |l Ar §mh India Rubber Belting-, « « Hose, " *' Packing. No. 37 MILK STREET, John Chas. John G. Tappan, M. Burnet, H. Cheever, BOSTOIT. STROUT & BRADFORD, Manufacturers, Importers and Wholesale Dealers in AliTED FLOOR CARPETS, TABLE OIL CLOTHS, Entry and Door Mats, &c., Nos. 1 and 2 Holmes' Block, llaymarket Square, JAMES F. STROUT, CHAS. R. BRADFORD, ] N. B. All kinds of Store and Church Shades got up at short notice. BOSTON. 31 the 30th day of July, Governor Winthrop, Deputy-Governor Dudley, Mr. Johnson, and the Rev, Mr. Wilson, signed a covenant in the following terms : — " In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in obedience to his holy will and divine ordinance, " We, whose names are here underwritten, being by his most wise and good providence brought together into this part of America, in the Bay of Massachusetts, and desirous to unite into one congregation or church, under the Lord Jesus Christ, our head, in such sort, as becometh all those whom he hath redeemed and sanctified to himself, do hereby bolemnly and religiously, as in his most holy presence, promise and bind ourselves to walk in all our ways according to the rule of the gospel, and in all sincere conformity to his holy ordinances, and in mutual love and respect to each other so near, as God shall give us grace." Others were soon added to this church. The covenant itself, and the immediate attention of the prominent individuals of the colony to re- ligion, and the establishment of a visible church, are introduced as sig- nificant indications of the true spirit of the time, and the objects of the expedition. The first meeting of the Court of Assistants under the authority of the new patent v/as held on board the ship Arabella, at Charlestown, on the 23d of August, at which the first question propounded was, — How shall the ministers be maintained? That was met by ordering that houses should be built for them at the public charge, and that their salaries should be established. The minister at Watertown, Mr. Phillips, was to have thirty pounds a year, and Mr. Wilson twenty pounut; a year, until his wife came over. All this was at the common charge, and Governor Winthrop imdertook to see it executed. At the second meeting of the Court of Assistants, the name of Boston WELS given to the settlement of Trimountain ; this took place on the 7th day of September, 1630, which is the date of the foundation of the city, now preserved on the city seal. It is understood that this name was selected partly in compliment to the Rev. John Cotton, at that time an eminent dissenting preacher at Boston, in Lincolnshire, who was soon expected to join the colony, and partly because Boston had been one of the noted scenes of persecution of the Puritans, and partly again because several of the first settlers were bom there. The name of Boston was originally designed for the chief city, and it is not improbable that Win- throp and Johnson had the sagacity to perceive that the peninsula pos- sessed all the physical features suited" to great commercial prosperity and enterprise. Having now brought our fathers to the permanent earthly home of themselves and their posterity, let us endeavor to create to our minds some idea of the state and appearance of this now world-renowned spot, 32 HISTORY OF when it was in a slate of almost savage nature, only inhabited by Aborigi- nal Indians. We look in vain for any recognizable trace of this period in the present condition of the region. The hills of Boston have been dug down and carried away for the convenience of building, and the loose material thus collected has been used to fill up large tracts of marsh and mud-lands; woods have been cut down on the main land and the islands ; the forest of trees is supplanted by the forest of masts, the forest of na- ture by that of art ; and in every direction the tokens of a highly flour- ishing and populous society have usurped the seat of a comparatively bleak solitude. But the imagination of an agreeable writer, Mr. Lothrop Motley, of Boston, has supplied us with a picture of the original Shaw- mut, both graphic and natural, in his work called " Merry Mount," to which we must refer the reader. The third Court of Assistants sat at Charlestown on the 28lh of Septem- ber. The first General Court of the Colony convened at Boston on the 19th of October, every person being present who was free of the corpora- tion. We will complete our picture of the settlement by mentioning some of the events of the year 1630, which, in its infant state, it was thought worth while to record. " Oct. 25. The Governour began to discourage the practice of drink- ing toasts at table: so it grew by little and little to be disused. " 1631. March 4, Nicholas Knopp was fined five pounds for taking upon him to cure the scurvy by a water of no value, which he sold at a very dear rate ; to be imprisoned till he pay his fine, or give security for it, or else be vrhipped, and be liable to any man's action, of whom he had received money for the said water. 'May 18. Election day at Boston; Winthrop and Dudley are re- chosen by general consent. " July 4. The Governour built a bark at Mystick, which was launched this day, and called the Blessing of the Bay. In the course of the season this vessel made several coasting trips. " 26. Monthly trainings are ordered." It would be strange, indeed, to compare these incidents with those that now mark the progress of the times ; to contrast, for example, the build- ing of the little boat, the " Blessing of the Bay," the solitary instance of that year, with the annual productions of the teeming ship-yards that now line the banks of the Mystic, either in number or size, " Your argosies with portly sail, — Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood. Or, as it were, the pageants of the sea " ; — to set the single voyage to Rhode Island to trade for a hundred bushels of corn, by the side of that commerce which has peopled the wide waste of waters from the Arctic to the Antarctic, and now surrounds the globe with [31] Ealph Smith & Co., Importers and Dealers in WINES AND LIQUORS, JVo. 30 Exchange Street, )if.K-.iK!lTS:} 3i®gs®S3". AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF Demijohns and Bottles at Manufacturers' Prices. GEORGE L. STEAMS. MANUFACTUBER OP PATENT IMPROVED LEAD PIPE, PURE BLOCK TIN PIPE AND SHEET LEAD. Also, Dealer in PIG LEAD and BAR LEAD, No. 2S WATER STREET (opp. Simmons' Block), BOSTON. Madame SOUVERAINE BECKERS'S NOUYEAUTES de PARIS, NO. 316^ ^VASHINQTON STREET, (OVEB. MR. GIBBENS'S), iBOiSi'ora'. [33] -Rooms of tlie Inslitution for the Blind No. 20 Bromfield Street, Boston MATTHESSES, And Sold Wholesale and Retail as above. Chairs cane-seated, Sofas repaired, old Mattresses made over, and Feathers purified by Steam at short notice, and in the best manner. N. B.— Ship's Cabins furnished witn Bedding at short notice. I. W. r JLTTESr, ^gent. ALBERT BULLOCK, DEALER IN m^M ^ Opposite the Mercknt's Hotel, leading from State Street to Market Square, BOSTON. N. B.— A well selected stock of very "Choice" Havana and Principe Cigars, Fine Cut Tobacco, Factory prices, Cfavendish and all varieties Fine Chewing Tobacco, Pipes, Snulfs, Cigar Cases, &c., wholesale and Retail. WHITE, LOWELL & CO^ No. 785 Washington Street, Boston, And Corner of Main and East "Worthington Sts., Springfield, Mass. Manufacturers and Dealers in "Water Closets, Marble Slabs, Brass Cocks, Force Pumps, Bathing Tubs, Lead Pipe, Wash Basins, Showrer Baths, Sheet Lead, India Rubber Hose, Silver Platea Work, Bath Boilers, &c. Orders from the country attended to and work of all description done at short F?A.VmTE, R.M.LANE, C.C.WHITE. ~ R. RICHTBK, Importer and Manufacturer of all kinds of FANCY FURS, COATS, ROSES, OliOVES, T "R "ROVnTTlVr Good Stable attached to th« House. $ ti . J2i. i5U 1 UihlS . GEOEGE NASON, DEALER IN mm^ mmm ill No. 236 Commercial Street. ^m J.iliebi3e ^orieij ^^b Sxcb^oge S^olfcK BOSTON. England, and in 1644, an order was passed condemning any one who should attempt to make a party in favor of the king. Very soon after, a great tumult was raised by the seizure of a Bristol ship in the harbor, oy the captain of a London ship acting under the authority of a commis- sion from the Parliament. This aifair, in which may be discerned the first demonstration of the Boston spirit of liberty, and determination to maintain its chartered rights, owing to the prudence of the magistratea, terminated peaceably. " In the beginning of the year 1649, Boston suffered a mournful loss in the death of Governor Winthrop. From the first moment of placing his foot on the peninsula he had been its firmest friend. Hia resolute perse- verance in opposition to Dudley's plan of establishing the capital at Cam- bridge, laid the foundation of Boston's greatness, and the endeavors of Endicott and his party to obtain the same honor for Salem, were rendered unavailing through the wisdom and prudence of Winthrop. He was one of the earliest Selectmen, and frequently served on that board. In almost every event of any moment we find him bearing part, and except for one short period he was an oracle and favorite with the people. Or, as Cotton expresses it, he was their friend in all things by his counsel, a help for their bodies by physic, and in their estates by law. " He was a pattern to the people of that frugality, decency, and tem- perance, v/hich were necessary in their circumstances, and even denied himself many of the elegancies and superfluities of life, which he had en- joyed elsewhere. This he did, both that he might set others a proper ex- ample, and be the belter enabled to exercise that liberality in which he delighted. His charily indeed was unbounded. He would often send his servants on some errand, at meal times, to the houses of his neighbors, to see how they were provided with food, and if there was a deficiency would supply them from his own table. He mingled with his sterner vir- tues a happy portion of well-timed wit." His remains were deposited in the family tomb on the north side of the chapel burial-ground. His portrait is preserved in the Land-Office at the State House. The death of Governor Winthrop may be marked as an epoch in the history of Boston. The population of the town had greatly increased ; the extension of trade had led to the construction of wharves and other improvements ; the public instruction of youth was instituted; and a regular system of police established. With regard to the trade, it must excite not a little surprise to learn that even as early as this, the surplus produce of the land was sent to Virginia, the West Indies, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Madeira; in exchange for which were received the fruits, wines, and manufactures of those countries. Mr. Hugh Peters is noticed in Winthrop's Journal do HISTORY OP as laboring with great success to promote the commercial spirit, especial- ly in Salem, which owed her first distinction to his counsel. But ag the Bostonians of that period were strictly a church-going people, the most satisfactory idea of the advance of population will be furnished by the dates of the erection of the churches, a few of which may be given in chronological order. The second meeting-house in the town was built at the head of the North Square, in 1649. In 1669, a third house of worship was erected on the spot where the Old South now stands. And by the close of the century (1698), the seventh religious society, which was the fourth Congregational or Brattle Street Church, was formed in Boston. The first important event in the colony that followed the death of Governor Winthrop, was the death of Mr. Cotton. His body ' was most honorably interred, with a most numerous concourse of people, and the most grievous and solemn funeral that was ever known, perhaps, upon the American strand ; and the lectures in his church, the whole winter, were but so many funeral sermons upon the death and worth of this ex- traordinary person.' His memory did not receive so much attention from his contemporaries without his deserving it, for in the language of the " Old Men's Tears," he was in his life, light, and learning, the brightest and most shining star in their firmament. Others of the first settlers passed from the active scenes of life about this time ; among them Captain Keayne, who died as late as 1656. He was the father of the Great Artil- lery ; and is distinguished among the early benefactors of the town, a class of public-spirited and benevolent men for which Boston has been famous beyond all other places. His will contains bequests to Harvard College, to his pastor, to the Artillery Company, to the poor of the church, and those of the town, for the foundation of a library, and to the free school. The year 1653 is rendered memorable by the first grea^ fire. In the year 1655, Mrs. Ann Hibbins was tried, and in 1656 executed, for Witchcraft. Her husband, who died in 1654, was an agent for the colony in England, for several years one of the Assistants, and a merchant of note in the town. The worst offence of this miserable old lady seems to have been, that the loss of property had so soured her disposition as to render her odious to her neighbors. This was the third execution for witchcraft in New England. In 1657-9, the first town-house was built. An examination of the Probate records of this period shows that the inhabitants of the town were abundantly supplied with the elegancies and luxuries of life, in fur- niture, dress, the table, and in servants. We have already observed that the people of thia colony sympathized [37] EDGAR W. BRAY, FOR THE SALE OP BAR AND PIG IRON, STEEL, &C., Dealer in Axles, Springs, Bolts, Nuts and Eivets, CAR, MACHINIST AND BLACKSMITH FINDINGS : uA-OEISTT FOE, Kinsley Iron & Machine Go's Superior Salisbury Bar Iron, Car and Tender Wheels, Axles, Locomotive Forgings, Shafting, Mill Work, Crow Bars, Drill, Bar, Axle and Sledge Moulds, Windlass Necks, Trusses, Castings, &c., &c. No. 21 Doane Street, BOSTON. 492 Washington Street, IMPORTERS OF AND Bates' Genuine Drilled-Eyed Needles. 10=' CUTLERY REPAIRED AND SHARPENED. BENJ. F. RUSSSLIi, C. H. HUDSON. Stfiol-Kieii ^f\b Coqf|3eilolr fiiiol*i()e|j ^nD 0oi(K)selloh AT LAW, 11 SCOLLAY'S BUILDING, 11 Schollay's Building, BOSTOISr. TREiyEoisra? ro'W, Tremont Bow. BOSTON. [38] BANK & counting-room FURNITURE. STEPHEN SMITH, 51 insr bostokt- This Institution was opened in 1848, and incorporated in 1850. It haf' fiix professorships, and the same course of education as in the other Med- ical Colleges in the country. Its annual term commences on the fire Wednesday of November, and continues four months. Tuition fees S5 to each of the six Professors, and the Demonstra-i tion— $36 in all. The Massachusetts Legislature, in 1854, established 8; number of free scholarships, for pupils of this State. Further particulars can be had of the subscriber. SAMU£JL OREOORir, Sec. N. E. Fern. Med. College, 274 Washington St., Boston, MaMi| BOSTON. 43 was destined to confer immortal benefits upon the native land of its pos- sessor, and to gratify and enlighten the world. We have omitted to mention in chronological order the construction of Long Wharf in 1709 - 10, an interesting event in the commercial history of the town. On the 24th of February, a great tide occurred, which is described, as follows, by Cotton Mather : — " It rose two feet higher than ever had been known unto the country, and the city of Boston particularly suffered from it incredible mischiefs and losses. It rose two or three feet above the famous Long Wharf, and flowed over the other wharves and streets, to so surprising an height, that we could sail in boats from the Southern battery to the rise of ground in King Street, and from thence to the rise of ground ascending toward the North meeting-house. It filled all the cellars, and filled the floors of the lower rooms in the houses and warehouses in town." The fourth newspaper, styled the New England Weekly Journal, ap- peared in March, 1727 ; this also was printed on a half sheet of foolscap size, folio. In the year 1740, the arrival of the celebrated George Whitefield dis- turbed the state of general quiet, which the religious community of Bos- ton had enjoyed for fifty years. His powerful preaching revived that strictness of principle and zeal in practice for which the first comers were so prominently distinguished. It is said that more than twenty-three thousand persons listened to his farewell sermon on the Common. Vari- ous opinions were expressed as to the good accomplished by his visit, though there is no doubt of the strength and permanency of the impres- sion. In the same year, Peter Faneuil proposed to present the town with a structure, to be undertaken and completed at his own expense, for a market. The proposal being accepted, it was finished in 1742, and pre- sented to the selectment. At a town meeting in July, a committee was appointed " to wait upon Peter Faneuil, and in the name of the town to render him their most hearty thanks for so bountiful a gift, with their prayers, that this and other expressions of his bounty and charity may be abundantly recompensed with the divine blessing." It was also voted to call the hall over the market, " Faneuil Hall," in honor of the donor, who has thus acquired a world-wide celebrity. Faneuil's death took place in 1743, and a funeral oration, the first oration ever heard within those walls, destined to echo to the soul-stirring eloquence of so many future heroes, statesmen, and orators, was delivered on this occasion. In 1747, the old hall was burned, and in the year following repaired and rebuilt, somewhat on its present much enlarged and improved plan. A serious tumult was occasioned the same year, by the impressment of some seamen and mechanics by an English squadron lying in the harbor. The house of Governor Shirly was attacked, and the mob determined to seize and detain the naval officers who were in it. Captain Erskine, of 8 44 HISTORY OP the Canterbury, and several inferior officers, were secured. The squadron was commanded by Commodore Knowles, who afterwards forsook the service of his country, and entered into that of the Empress of Russia. Notwithstanding the Governor's remonstrances, and representations of the confusion and indignation caused by this outrage, the Commodore refused all terms of accommodation, and even threatened to bombard the town if the officers were not set at liberty. His discretion, or his instinct, per- haps, seems to have persuaded him to better counsels. The military were called out, and serious consequences were apprehended, when, upon the interference of the General Court, which was in session at the time, and the condemnation in town meeting of the riot, as well as of the act of impressment that had given rise to it, the difficulty was reconciled, and most, if not all, of the persons impressed were dismissed. A most calamitous fare occurred on the 20lh of March, 1759, the loss in which was estimated at £, 71,000 ; and another in the month of January, 1761, causing great damage. The weather was so intensely cpld that the harbor was frozen over for several days. The interior of Faneuil Hall Market was again consumed, but the walls were left standing. It was immediately repaired, the General Court granting a lottery for that pur- pose. We have now arrived at that period of our history, not only the most eventful for the city of Boston, but also for the nation and for mankind. Between the years 1760 and 1776, were enacted those important scenes, which preceded and attended the first steps of the Revolution. Boston was the principal theatre of these scenes. Immediately after the conquest of Canada in 1759, the home government seemed to be in- spired with a blind and headlong spirit of hostility towards the English colonies in North America. It is easy to conceive that this spirit had its immediate exciting cause in the difference between the political condi- tion of the Canadas themselves, and that of the ancient colonies. The former were subject provinces, the conquests of war; the latter were in- dependent States, accustomed to recognize no other government than their own. The humiliation of the former must have exhibited the pride of freedom in the latter in a striking contrast ; but, at the same time that we look to this as an immediate provocation, we must not forget that a party had always existed from the year 1692, which opposed submission to the present charter, and encouraged, by word and deed, a resolute op- position to every seeming act of encroachment upon the privileges con- ferred by the first patent. Indeed, as far back as the year 1676, one hun- dred years before the Declaration of Independence, the Court of the colony had distinctly announced the fundamental principle of the Revo- lution ; that taxation witliout representation was an invasion of the rights, liberties, and property of the subjects of his Majesty. When, therefore, at the later period in question, the government of Great Britain [4:3] B. W. SEVERANCE & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN CAEPETS, Jlecj^nf f^kkb Gi)qli)beir §ef3, UPHOLSTERY GOODS, ITwijkmg-ifasses anlrllates, ALSO, PAINTED WINDOW AND IIXTURES. Nos. 124 and 126 Hanover St., B. W. SEVERANCE. [44] WEEKS & POTTER, 154 Wasliington. St., Boston^ IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN DRUGS, CHEMICAL.S, EXTRACTS, Essences, Oils, &c,, &c. In connection with the above, we are constantly supplied with a pure article of MEDICINAL COD LIVER OIL, which we have brought to us daily, and we can warrant it always pure, and should be happy to supply the trade at the lowest market prices. Also, we manufacture TtruiTEi) PiLii so:s:es, of which we are prepared to supply in large or small lots, at the lowest prices. WE ALSO IMPORT DIRECT SWEDISH AND GERMAN LEECHES, of which we always have on hand a large supply. Having had large ex- periencr in the Leech Trade, it will be much to the advantage of the pur- chaser to send us his orders, in preference to sending to those who do not know their nature, as it is frequently the case of their all dying, by being improperly packed. WE ARE PROPRIETORS OP MRS. M. N. GARDNER'S INDIAN BALSAM OF LIVERWORT AND HOARHOITND, THE CELEBRATED REMEDY FOR CONSUMPTION, Coughs, Colds, Liver Complaint, Spitting of Blood, Whooping Cough, Asthma, DiflSculty of Breathing, Influenza, Quincy, Croup, and all Pul- monary Complaints. DR. LEMUEL WARREN'S E3Sr-A.3yCEL TOOTH I^O^WIDEH,, The BEST TOOTH POWDER IN EXISTENCE, perfectly simple in its composition, and effective in its mechanical and medicinal operation. Put up in neat style, with directions, and retailed at 01SrXj"52' 12 1-2 OEISTTS. WE DEAL LARGELY IN PATENT MEDICINES, of which we always have on hand a full assortment. Orders respectfully solicited. Terms liberal. BOSTON. 45 renewed its attacks, it encountered the resistance, not prompted by sud- den excitement, but proceeding from a sedate conviction of duty and honor, matured through several generations of men. Ignorant or regard- less of this, it formed plans for changing their forms of government, crippling their trade, and raising revenue by means of taxes laid by Par- I liament without the consent of the people. Without attempting any connected history of the measures by which these objects were to be accomplished, it is necessary to refer to them occasionally, in order to explain the events we are about to record. The order from the Board of Trade, for application for Writs of Assist- ance, was, as is well known, the first of these measures. Between that time and the passage of the Stamp Act, in 1765, ample time was afforded to prepare the minds of the people for coming events; and that time was well improved. Brave and eloquent leaders were not wanting to direct, nor willing and fearless followers to pursue, the course to which freedom pointed. The appointment of Andrew Oliver, as distributor of stamps for Mass- achusetts, occasioned the first popular outbreak of passion proceeding from the love of liberty. An effigy of Mr. Oliver and a boot (the emblem of Lord Bute) with the devil peeping out of it, having the Stamp Act in his hand, besides various other satirical emblems, were found, at break of day, hanging on a large elm tree, at the head of Essex Street, opposite Boylston Market. The Lieutenant-Governor directed the Sheriff to have the effigy removed ; but his officers reported that it could not be done, without peril of their lives. The excitement continued all day. A build- ing, intended, as was supposed, for a stamp office, was entirely demol- ished. At eleven o'clock at night, the Lieutenant-Governor and Sheriff ventured to approach the people, to persuade them to disperse, and were received with a volley of stones. The next day the violence was re- newed ; the houses of Mr. Storey, Register Deputy of the Admiralty, and of Mr. Hallowell, Controller of the Customs, were attacked and in- jured. This is the origin of the " Liberty Tree," so dear to every true Bostonian. The house of the Lieutenant-Governor was also attacked. Every thing movable was destroyed in a most minute manner, except such things of value as were worth carrying off; among which were £, 1,000 sterling in specie, besides a great quantity of family plate, &c. An attempt was made to destroy the house. The next day the streets wefe found scat- tered with money, plate, gold rings, &c. The respectable part of the community, however, were as far from justifying these outrages as they were strenuous to oppose the imposition of internal taxes by the authori- ty of Parliament. A town-meeting was held the next day, at which the citizens expressed their detestation of the violent proceedings of the past night, and unanimously voted, that the Selectmen and Magistrates be 8* 4b HISTORY OP desired to use their utmost endeavors to suppress such disorders for the future. Another demonstration of the public feeling followed upon the arrival of a quantity of the stamps in the month of September. This occurred on the day on which the Stamp Act was to take effect. An account of the proceedings of the 1st and 5th of November is to be found in the Massachusetts Gazette, from which it appears that several obnoxious persons were burnt in effigy in company with figures of the pope, the devil, and other effigies of tyranny, oppression, and slavery. The whole affair was conducted with great spirit, but without violence. In the early part of December, Mr. Oliver was compelled by the Sons of Liberty, as they styled themselves, to appear under the Liberty Tree, and, in the presence of the Selectmen, merchants, and principal inhabi- tants of the town, to make a public resignation, unreserved and un- qualified, of his office of Distributor of Stamps. The Liberty Tree be- came a sort of idol with the people. On the 14th of February, 1766, it was pruned after the best manner, agreeably to a vote, — passed by the true born Sons of liiberty, — so that the tree became a great ornament to the street. This tree stood at the corner of Essex Street, opposite the Boylston Market, and was cut down by the British soldiers while they had possession of the city, in the winter of 1775-76, and converted into fuel. The 20th of February, being the day fixed for burning one of the Stamp Papers in the principal towns in every colony, this ceremony was con- ducted in Boston with great decency and good order, and the effigies of Bute and Grenville, in full court dress, were added to the bonfire. On the 24lh, a vessel arrived from Jamaica with stamp clearances. The Sons of Liberty directed one of their number 'to go and demand in their name those marks of Creole slavery.' Upon being received they were exposed at the stocks upon a pole, and finally burnt in the centre of King (now State) Street. While the smoke was ascending, the execu- tioner said in a loud voice, ' Behold the smoke ascends to heaven, to wit- ness between the isle of Britain and an injured people!' Three cheers were given, and the street was cleared in a few minutes without disorder. We find in the Boston Gazette of March 17th, the determination ex- pressed to spill the last drop of blood, if necessity should require, rather than live to see the Stamp Act in operation in America. This is the first intimation of the possibility of an appeal to arms. When information of the repeal of the Stamp Act reached Boston, on the 16th of May, the inhabitants were as loud and active in the demonstrations of their joy as they had been before of their resentment. The bells were rung, and the cannon was fired under the Liberty Tree, and in other parts of the town. The 19th was appointed for a day of general rejoicing. Such was the ardor of the people that the bell of Dr. Byles's church, the nearest to the Liberty Tree, was rung at one o'clock in the morning, and soon answered by the other bells of the city. The drums beat and guns were fired ; the [45] JAMES a. ELAKE, MANUFACTURER OP AND DEALER IN OOTT-A-O-E FTJI^nsriTTJPtE, Looking-Glasses, Curled Hair, Matresses, Feathers, &c. IMPORTER OF Upholstery, Plushes, Damasks, Hair Seating, &c. Nos. 12 to 24 CORNHILI., The undersigned would give notice that he is prepared to receive and execute with promptness, all orders for CABINET FURNITURE, as here- tofore, (having completed his new arrangements since the fire at his Factory in Camhridgeport,) and would assure those who wish to obtain the most fashionable articles of Household Furniture, and at reasonable rates, that they will find the styles and prices satisfactory. This department is under the superintendence of Mons. A. ELIAERS, (formerly of Paris,) who has had much experience in the manufacturing of ELEGA^T Furniture, and who will give faithful attention to all orders entrusted to his care. Constantly in the Ware-rooms, for sale, every description of Furniture requisite for furnishing dwelling houses, tvhich the public are invited to examine. MIRRORS. In this department purchasers will find every size and style of Looking-Glasses, and at the lowest prices. FRENCH SILVERED PLATES, very white and pure, of all sizes, al- ways on hand. LADIES' TRIMMINGS made to order. Miss MARY ANN TUCKER, formerly with Messrs. Lawson & Harrington, will receive orders for Ladies' Trimmings, as heretofore. The UPHOLSTERY department contains the most fashionable styles of Decorative Goods, and is constantly replenished with new importa- tions. Upholstery Work, in all its branches, promptly attended to. Pure Curled Hair Mattresses and Feather Beds, always in store. Live Geese Feathers, by the pound, as wanted. Mr. GEORGE T. BLAKE, who has had many years' experience, has charge of the general arrangements of the business, and our patrons will find him prompt in attending to their orders. Nos. 12 to 24 COKNHILL, BOSTON", first door on the left from "Washington Street. JA1«I£S O. BL.AKE. Boston, March, 1856. [4:6] WILLIAM E. ABBOTT, 225 TFASHINGTON STREET, OPPOSITE FRANKLIN STREET, DEALER IN FINE CUTLERY, STATIONEEY, AND ALL DESIRABLE ARTICLES POU THE TOILET, Constantly on hand a complete assortment of the above articles, to which are added, by every arrival, all Novelties of English, French, Ger- man, and India Manufacture, and will be sold at prices that will compare most favorably with any other similar establishment in this country. ~ J. M. READ'S RAJVOE, Tliere are four sizes of J. M. READ'S RAIVGE, Prices froni $30 to $40. When used exclusively for Hard Coal, during the whole of the year, they consume from three to four tons of Coal, de- pending on the size of the Eange and family, but more particularly on the Coolc than either ; have all tlie improvements of Kanges set in brick, for ventilating the room from steam, for heating Oven, and adjoining Rooms, and HotWater Backs, for Bath Boilers. At tlie same time, they can be set up and removed almost as easily as a common Cook- ing Stove. Warranted to work well with Wood, and every variety of Hard Coal. NEW ERA is a NEW STYLE of COOKIXO AJVI> PA.iei.OR STOVE coiiiBilyx:!). Operating on the same principle as Read's Celebrated Range. For sale at Xo. 31 Union Street, Boston. BOSTON. 47 Liberty Tree was decorated with flags, and colors were displayed from the houses. In the evening the town was illuminated, and fireworks were let off in every direction, especially on the Common. Appropriate sermons were preached from several pulpits on succeeding days. The accidental arrival of a detachment of Royal Artillery, served, in addition to the angry and offensive language of the British government and its officers here, to keep up the public excitement in Boston, until the passage of the bill imposing duties on tea, &c., and the act changing the administration of the customs in America. Consequent upon these, a town-meeting was held on the 28th of October, at which the illustrious Otis was chosen Moderator. At this meeting an address was read re- commending economy and manufactures ; and the town took into con- sideration the petition of a number of the inhabitants, ' that some effec- tual measures might be agreed upon to promote industry, economy, and manufactures,' thereby to prevent the unnecessary importation of Euro- pean commodities which threatened the country with poverty and ruin. " Messrs. John Rowe, Wm. Greenleaf, Melatiah Bourne, Sam'l Aus- tin, Edto. Payne, Edm. GLuincy, tertius, John Ruddock, Jona. Wil- lianis, Josh. Henshaw, Hend. Inches, Solo, Davis, Joshua Winslow, and Thos. Cushing, were appointed a committee to prepare a subscrip- tion paper, for the above object. Accordingly, they brought forward a form, in which the signers agree ' to encourage the use and consumption of all articles manufactured in any of the British Amer. colonies and more especially in this province, and not to purchase, after the 31st of Dec. next, any of certain enumerated articles, imported from abroad ; and also strictly to adhere to the late regulation respecting funerals, and not to use any gloves, but what are manufactured here, nor procure any new garments upon such an occasion, but what shall be absolutely neces- sary.' Copies of these articles were directed to every town in this prov- ince, and to all the other principal towns in America, where they were generally approved and adopted." Difficulties which occurred between the crew of his Majesty's ship Romney, and several town-meetings, from which emanated remonstrances to the Governor, and resolutions to avoid, £is far as possible, importations from Great Britain, supplied General Gage with the desired pretext for sending regular troops to Boston. When this intention was known, another town-meeting was held, which was opened with prayer by the Rev. Samuel Cooper. A committee was appointed to wait upon his Ex- cellency, and request him to communicate the reasons for the troops being ordered here, and also to ask him to issue precepts for the General As- sembly. The refusal of the Governor to comply with the latter request, led to the first State Convention ; the idea of which originated in Boston. On Friday, September 30th, 1768, the British troops landed at Long Wharf. The Town-House and Faneuil Hall were converted into tempo- 48 HISTORY OP rary barracks, and Boston become a garrisoned place. About this lime, two hundred families in town had agreed to abstain entirely from the use of tea. Other towns, and the students of Harvard College, followed the example. All amusements were given up, the British officers attempted to get up assemblies, but were unable to secure the presence of any ladies out of their own families. The women of Boston refused to join in fashionable gayeties while their country was in mourning. On the night of the 30th of January, 1769, a fire broke out in the jail, from which the prisoners were rescued with difficulty. In the morning, the walls alone v/ere standing. At this fire, the city and soldiers were seen acting in harmony for the last time. At the time of the annual election for Rep -asentatives, the Selectmen requested General Mackay, the commander of the troops, to remove them from the town, which being refused, the town met, and entered upon their records a declaration of their right, and a protest against being compelled to proceed to election under such circumstances. Disputes between the people and the servants of the crown now became frequent, but nothing produced greater excite- ment than an attack upon Mr. Otis by a number of army, navy, and revenue officers at the British Coffee House. In October the town pub- lished an appeal to the World, or vindication of Boston, from the asper- sions of Bernard and others. In January, 1770, the merchants renewed their agreement not to import British goods. At one of the several meet- ings held in Faneuil Hall, in connection with this subject, Lieutenant- Governor Hutchinson sent a message directing the meeting to disperse. After a calm consideration of the message, it was unanimously voted to proceed. Hitherto the altercations between the people and those in authority, had been limited to angry words and language of defiance ; but now the union for liberty was to be cemented by blood. The first victim was a boy of eleven years of age, named Christopher Snyder. He was killed i by one Ebenezer Richardson, known as the informer, who had created a riot by attempting to pull down a pole on the top of which the faces of ( several importers were carved. He was killed on the 23d of February, and buried on the 26th. All the friends of liberty were invited to attend the funeral of this little hero and first martyr to the noble cause! The corpse was set down under the Tree of Liberty. The coffin bore several inscriptions. On the foot, " Latat anguis in herba " ; on each side, " Heeret lateri lethalis arundo " ; aad on the head, " Innocentia nusquam tuta." Four or five hundred school-boys preceded the body; six of the child's playfellows bore the pall. After the relatives, followed a train of thirteen hundred inhabitants on foot, and the procession was closed by thirty chariots and chaises. A week after this event, the Boston mas- sacre occurred. It originated in an attempt of three or four young men to force a passage by a sentinel, in which one of them received a slight DREW & COFFIN, OFFICE ROOMS I No. 270 "Wasliiagton Street, No. 365 Washington Street, p. Si Door So. of Avon Place. 3d Boor No. of the Adams Bouse. [' GEO. H. DREW. A. K. COFFIN. shotog.b.ai?h:s, i?x,Aiscr ok GOi.ODaEi). j Daguerreotypes on Plate or Glass, taken in the best manner. i^- Particular attention given to copying Photographs, Daguerreotypes, Engravings, and, Paintings. ,eo WILLIAM iL. SMITH, STENCIL AND STEEL LETTER CUTTER, Also, small Stencil Dies, Steel and Iron Stamps, Stencil Plates, Seals, and Embossing Presses, made to order. IC/^ All Orders from City or Country promptly attended to. ,„^ No. 89 Washington St....Up Stairs, B o s T o 3sr - IsJIODSTE^ST TO LO-Au3Sr. G. K. GOODWIN, m 10 SALEM STREET, BOSTON. On hand, a large lot of unredeemed Watches for sale at half the original cost. [481 EBENEZER NICKERSON & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL FISH DEALERS, No. 7 Commerce Street, and 35 City Wliarf, QUINCY MARKET BLOCK, BOSTONo [49] I E. 3>Tici5:EPtso:isr, 60 TEARS IN THE FISH BUSINESS. Ebenezer Nickerson, the original of the ahove sketch, •was horn in ProvincetowD, Mass., August 17, 1768, and died in Waltham, October 21, 1855, aged eighty-seven years and two mouths. For more than fifty years he was engaged in mercantile business in this city, and was pointed out as one of its marked characters. Probably few private citizens have ever been more generally known, or more universally respected throughout New England. Hundreds of persons, in each of its country villages, will recognize his features vrith pleasure. He was the first in this city to make the trade in dry and pickled fish an exclusive business, and for many years he carried it on without competition. In those days the sales were quite limited, on ac- count of the difiBculty and expense of transporting so bulky an article. The opening of railroads gave a sudden impulse to the trade, and started 9 [50] up numerous competitions. Our subject, however, by a long life of strict integrity, scrupulous honesty, and candid truthfulness, had se- cured the unbounded confidence and even affection of a verv numerous body of customers. As a natural consequence, the house he established has always transacted a large proportion of the business done intheir line in Boston, with profit to themselves, and satisfaction to their customers. Indeed it is no uncommon occurrence for them to receive the visits of friends who say they have bought goods of the house for forty years, and never at any other. Until within the past five years the senior member continued to de- vote his whole time and attention to the business. During the period named, it has been continued by his sons with increased facilities, and they now carry it on under the old firm and style. AMBROTYPE GALLERY, 123 Washington Street, BOSTON. The "AMBROTYPE," (unchanging, &c.,) is taken upon fine plate glass ; an indestructible cement is then poured upon the picture, and another plate of glass pressed upon it. The cement soon hardens, and the two plates become in effect one, with the picture in the centre, as permanent as the glass itself, and will remain unchanged for ages. They can be taken in one quarter the time of Daguerreotypes, and of any size They are not reversed ; can be seen in any light : hence are very suitable for frames, lockets, and pins. Daguerreotypes can be copied in this permanent style, either larger or smaller than the originals. RIGHTS FOR SALS, And instructions given, in Catting's Patent Amkotype and Mezzograph Process. BOSTON. 49 wound. This encounter soon attracted a crowd, a part of which threat- ened an attack upon the sentinel at the Custom-House. On the alarm being given, a sergeant and six men were sent to his support; and the commander of the guard, Captain Thomas Preston, upon being informed of this, followed to prevent mischief. By this time the bells were rung, and people collected from all quarters. The soldiers were soon surrounded by men armed with clubs, and pressing close upon them, while those at a distance threw sticks of wood, snowballs, and pieces of ice at them. The crowd defied them to fire. Finally, thinking the order was given, they fired in succession from right to left. Three citizens were killed instantly, two received mortal wounds, and several were more or less in- jured. Upon this, the mob increased to the number of four or five thou- sand, and most of the troops were called out, or got under arms. Several officers were knocked down by the mob, and one very much injured. It was with difficulty that the Lieutenant-Governor, at the head of the 29th Regiment, persuaded the people to retire. A body of a hundred men, composed of some of the most distinguished inhabitants, remained and organized themselves into a Citizen's Guard. Captain Preston surren- dered himself, and was committed to prison that night. The eight soldiers were committed the next day. At eleven o'clock in the morning of the next day, a town-meeting was held, and a committee was appointed to wait on the Lieutenant-Governor and Colonel Dalrymple, to express to them the opinion of the town, that it was impossible for the soldiers and inhabitants to live in safety together, and to urge the immediate removal of the former. The answer to this application not being satisfactory, the committee were sent back to the Lieutenant-Governor, armed with a more urgent remonstrance. After some cavils, the Lieutenant-Governor offered to remove one of the regiments, when Samuel Adams promptly replied, " If the Lieutenant-Governor, or Colonel Dalrymple, or both to- gether, have authority to remove one regiment, they have authority to remove two ; and nothing short of a total evacuation of the town by all the regular troops, will satisfy the public mind and preserve the peace of the province." Hutchinson, by the advice of the Council, complied with this demand, and both regiments were removed to the Castle in less than fourteen days. The funeral solemnities which followed the massacre brought together a great concourse of people. The four bodies were de- posited in one grave. Wilmot, charged with the murder of Snyder, was acquitted ; Richardson was brought in guilty, but was ultimately par- doned by the king. About this time an attempt was made to smuggle in some tea, in a cargo from London, but the owners were forced to send it back, the traders and people adhering in good faith to their agreement, not to import or use imported goods. The trial of Captain Preston com- menced in October. He was defended with masterly ability by John Adams and Josiah Quincy, Jr., Esq., who, to use the words of Tudor, " in 50 HISTORY OP SO doing, gave a proof of that elevated genuine courage, wiiicii ennobles hu- man nature. For leaders on the patriotic side, the attempt, while the pub- lic were in a state of such high exasperation, to defend an officer who was accused of murdering their fellow-citizens, required an effort of no ordi- nary mind : it was made successfully, and will ever hold a distinguished rank among those causes that adorn the profession of the law; in which a magnanimous, fearless advocate boldly espouses the side of the unfor- tunate, against the passions of the people, and hazards his own safety or fortune in the exertion." Captain Preston was acquitted, as were also six of the soldiers. A verdict of manslaughter was brought against the other two, who were slightly branded and discharged. The anniversary of the Boston massacre was commemorated the following year, and the first of the " Boston Orations " waa delivered by Master James Lovell. In November, 1772, the following proceedings took place at a town- meeting : — " It was then moved by Mr. Samuel Adams, that a Committee of Cor- respondence be appointed, to consist of twenty-one persons, — to state the Right of these Colonists, and of this Province in particular, as men, as Christians, and as subjects : to communicate and publish the same to the several towns in this province and to the world, as the sense of this town, with the infringements and violations thereof, that have been, or from time to time may be, made. Also requesting of each town a free com- munication of their sentiments on this subject; and the question being accordingly put, passed in the affirmative, nem. con. " Also voted, that James Otis, S. Adams, Joseph Warren, Dr. B. Church, Wm. Dennie, Wm. Greenleaf, Jos. Greenleaf, Thomas Young, Wm. Pow- ell, Nath. Appleton, Oliver Wendell, John Sweetser, Josiah Quincy, Jr., John Bradford, Richard Boynton, Wm. Mackay, Nath. Barber, Caleb Davis, Alex. Hill, Wm. Molineux, and Robert Pierpont, be, and hereby are, appointed a Committee for the purpose aforesaid, and that they be desired to report to the town as soon as may be." The English East India Company, having obtained a license to export a quantity of tea to America, free from the payment of any customs or duties whatsoever, despatched the ship Dartmouth, which arrived in Bos- ton on the 2Sth of November, 1773, with one hundred and twelve chests of tea. Information of the intention of the company had been received long before the arrival of this ship, and caucuses were held in various parts of the town, to induce the consignees to make a public resignation of their commissions. The day after the arrival of the Dartmouth, the following notice was circulated in Boston and the neighboring towns : — " Frjends, Brethren, Countrymen ! "That worst of plagues, the detested TEA, shipped for this port by the East India Company, is now arrived in this hari)or. The hour of de- BOSTON. 51 struclion, or manly opposition to the machinations of Tyranny, stares you in the face. Every friend to his country, to himself, and to posterity, is now called upon to meet at Faneuil Hall, at nine o'clock, this day (at which time the bells will ring), to make a united and successful resistance to this last, worst, and most destructive measure of administration. " Boston, Nov. 29, 1773." The number of people brought together by this notice was immense, and the meetings were continued by adjournment during this and the following day. A watch was appointed to prevent the landing of the tea, and it was " Voted, that it is the determination of this body to carry their votes and resolutions into execution at the risk of their lives and property." Another ship arrived on the 1st of December, and a brig about the same time. No preparation having been made by the owners and consignees for the departure of the vessels, another and fuller meeting was held on Thursday, the 16th of December, which remained in session, with a short recess, until five o'clock in the afternoon. A refusal having been received at that time from the Governor of a permit for the vessels to pass the Castle, the meeting broke up with most admired disorder, and the multitude rushed to Griffin's wharf. Thirty men, disguised as In- dians, went on board the ships with the tea. In less than two hours, two hundred and forty chests and one hundred half-chests were staved and emptied into the dock. The affair was conducted without tumult, and no injury was done to the vessels, or the remaining cargo. No opposition was made to this adventure by the ships of war or the troops. The names of the adventurers have never been made known. This act led to the determination to subdue America by force of arms. On the 31st of March, 1774, the king gave his assent to the Boston Port Bill. On the 13th of May, the town passed the following vote : — " Voted, That it is the opinion of this town that if the other colonies come into a joint resolution to stop all importations from G. B. and ex- portations to G. B. the same will prove the salvation of N. America and her liberties. On the other hand, if they continue their exports and im- ports, there is high reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious oppression will rise triumphant over right, justice, social happiness, and freedom. And ordered. That this vote be transmitted by the Moderator to all our sister colonies in the name and behalf of this town." General Gage arrived the same day, and on the 1st of June the Custom- House was closed. The solemnity of these sad times was increased by the occurrence of a fire, on the 10th of August, in which several persons perished. The new charter made it unlawful to hold any town-meetings, but the people of the country assembled at Dedham, and afterwards at Milton. At the close of the year 1774, Governor Gage had under his command at Boston eleven regiments, besides four companies of artillery. 52 HISTORY OP In the year 1775, an association was formed in Boston, of upwards of thirty persons, chiefly mechanics, for the purpose of watching the move- ments of the British, the members of which watched the soldiers by patrolling the streets all night. It was this association that gave notice of the expedition to destroy the stores at Concord, preparations for which had been made in profound secrecy. Towards the end of May, consider- able reinforcements arrived at Boston from England, accompanied by Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. On the 17th of June, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought. After which, Boston was effectually guarded and brought into a state of siege. No provisions were allowed to enter, the troops and inhabitants were reduced to great necessities, and the breaking out of the small-pox added to the general wretchedness. On the 2d of July, General Washington took command of the American Army. Such was the scarcity of fuel during the following winter, ihat the Old North Meeting-house and above one hundred other large wooden build- ings were taken down and distributed for firewood. The Old South Church was transformed into a riding school; HoUis street. Brattle street, the West and the First Baptist Meeting-houses, were occupied as hospitals or barracks for the troops. On the ISth of March, 1776, the British troops embarked and aban- doned the town. The inhabitants of Boston speedily returned to their homes, and on the 29th of March, a regular meeting was held for the choice of town-officers. At the meeting for the choice of Representatives, in the ensuing May, it was unanimously resolved, to advise their Representatives " that, if the honorable Continental Congress should, for the safety of the colonies, declare them independent of the kingdom of Great Britain, they, the in- habitants, would solemnly engage with their lives and fortunes, to sup- port them in the measure." The Declaration of Independence was made public at Boston on the 18th of July, with great parade and exultation. Although Boston con- tributed its full proportion of men and means to support the cause of the Revolution, it ceased from this time to be the seat of war. It remained firm in its determination to make no terms with Great Britain, unaccom- panied with an acknowledgment of independence. But the intelligence of peace, which was received on the 23d of April, 1783, called forth the most lively demonstrations of joy and satisfaction. The adoption of the Federal Constitution was equally an occasion of rejoicing, and was cele- brated by a numerous procession, composed of all classes and trades, with appropriate badges. The beacon upon Beacon Hill was blown down in the autumn of 1789, and the monument commemorating the principal events of the Revolu- tionary War was commenced the next year, and completed in the spring of 1791. It was a plain column, of the Doric order, built of brick and [51] No. 14 State Street, BOSTON. . Organized, ------- 1843. DISTRIBUTIONS IN CASH. Net Accumulation, April 1, 1856, $830^000. WILLARD PHILLIPS, Pres't. BENJ. F. STEVENS, Sec'y- Pamphlets, Reports and Applications sent by mail on application to the Secretary. BLAKE, HOWE & CO., GEO. BATY BLAKE, JOHN RICE BLAKE, JAS. MURRAY HOWE. Brokers and Wegotiators of Stocks, NO. 4, CORNER OF STATE STREET, BOSTON. B., H. & CO. draw Bills upon Messrs. GEORGE PEABODY & CO., LON- DON, for any amount from £1 upwards, and payable at from one to sixty days* sight, at the lowest market rates. They also buy Bills of Exchange, or sell them for their owners on commission. Circular Letters of Credit on Messrs. Geo. Pea- body & Co. will be furnished to travellers ia Europe or along the Mediterranean Sea. For freight or other moneys deposited with their correspondents in England —on terms which will be explained at their office,— an equivalent will be paid in Boston at the current rate of Exchange, less a charge of one-half of one per cent., being half the usual banker's commission. B., H. & CO. give their attention, also, to the purchase and sale of Stocks, at the Brokers' Board and elsewhere, both in Boston and, by their agents, in Ne\r York and the Southern cities. As they confine themselves to a strictly commis- sion business in this department, invei^tors and others may be sure of an impartial and undivided attention to their interests. Good Commercial Paper is also bought and sold at the most favorable rates. Capitalists preferring this kind of investment will find a most undoubted security with a remunerating rate of interest; while banks and other moneyed institutions can employ their funds both safely and profitably, with a confidence of receiving them again in money at short intervals. tSiS] FRENCH, WELLS & CO., IMP0ETEB8 OF PIPii iiiilliSi Bobemian & French Flower Vases, ooLoa-nNTBs, Qa^c^ IIP SI a ca i:^ c^ 12* £> IMITATOR OF WOOD AND MARBLE, Wo. 32 Kingston Street, Boston. Best French Zinc Paint used exclusively. To whom it may concern : Mr. H. N. Gardner has painted my house; it has been finished about three months. I have been acquainted with paint- ers more or less, and have seen much of their work. I do not hesitate to say that the work recently done on my house, by Mr. Gardner, is as good as any that can be found in this city ; and in my opinion it is the best, and will be as durable as it is possible for any painting. For proof of Mr. Gardner's excellent workmanship, I shall be pleased to wait upon any person who would like to call and see for themselves. Sept. 14, 1854. Respectfully, 0. S. Sanders, 11 Bowdoin St. Mr. H. N. Gardner having done work for me, I can cheerfully recom- mend him as a skilful Painter, particularly where great nicety is re- quired. J. L. WilLiAMS, 158 Tremont St. Boston, Sept. 28, 1854. To whom it may concern : We take great pleasure in recommending to your favorable notice Mr. H. N. Gardner, as one of the best House Painters in the city, and an honorable man. Any orders you may feel disposed to give him, will, we have no doubt, be fulfilled to your entire satisfaction. Respectfully, Sam'l Gilbert, 36 State, house 83 Summer St. Sam'l F. Morse, 79 Summer St. Benj. Woodward. Caleb Eddy, 76 State St., house 4 Exeter Place. James H. Fearing, 8 Federal, house 10 Edinboro' St. Geo. L. Thayer, Pearl St., house 52 Harrison Ave. Edwin H. Hall, 39 Milk, house 18 Columbia St. Mrs. Sargent, 13 Chestnut St. J. T. Sargent, 70 Dover St. 0;I7="H. N. G. keeps in his employ workmen whose experience is a sure guaranty that all work entrusted to his care, will be executed in a thor- ough and satisfactory manner, second to none done in this city. All work will be performed under his immediate supervision, and on the shortest notice. S. WiLLARD, 9 Congress St. House Painting. Half the trouble and inconvenience attending house painting is obviated by employing a painter who thoroughly understands his business — one who is neat and tidy in all his operations. Such a man is Henry N. Gardner, whose place of business is at No. 82 Kingston street. This we know from practical experience. He employs none but workmen of ability, and oversees all their work personally. He uses none but the best of stock, and his work will bear the strictest examina- tion. We can confidently recommend Mr. G. to all who are in want of good work,at fair living prices, and feel assured he will do it to satisfaction. The reputation he has acquired has been earned by a strict attention to his profe.ssion in all its branches. H. W. BUTTON. BOSTON. 57 refuge were not to be built with music, or if with music, not of that profane sort to the idle sounds of which the stones of the heathen capital danced into their places, but with the sage and solemn tunes of peni- tential psalms, of hymns of joyful thanksgiving, — the music of the full- voiced choir heard " In service high and anthems clear," which brought all heaven before the eyes of him who listened with faith and love. The present state of the fine arts in the city of Boston affords the best possible evidence that the sterner qualities of the Puritan character were by no means inconsistent with the higher graces of the mind. Indeed, the former, like the hardest materials in inanimate nature, seem capable of receiving the most exquisite polish. And when we allude to the in- troduction of a taste for ajt, and for the more refined enjoyments of social life, we do not mean to speak or think of it as something contradictory to the sentiments of the original founders of this colony, — for that, in- deed, would discover ignorance ef their wealth, their education, and social position at home, —but as something necessarily wanting until the struggle for existence and for safety had ceased, — as the adornments of the edifice, not the less comprised in the original plan, because they do not appear until the pillars on which they repose are standing upon their firm bases. Moreover, the highest refinements of social life have always followed in the path of commerce, which is not more the constant friend of liberty, than of knowledge and art. The first building especially appropriated to public amusements was erected in the year 1756. This was Concert Hall, at the head of Hanover street. It was designed for concerts, dancing, and other entertainments. It was subsequently enlarged and improved at a great expense, and was the place in which the British officers conducted their amusements while in possession of the town. A law of the province passed about the year 1750, prohibited theatrical exhibitions under severe penalties. An effort to obtain a repeal of this law in 1792, failed. Notwithstanding which, plays were performed under the title of moral lectures, in the " new ex- hibition room in Board Alley," now Hawley street. A majority of the town regarded the prohibitory laws as " unconstitutional, inexpedient, and absurd," and in obedience to the public wishes, the theatre in Fed- eral street was built, and opened in 1794. To this was added the Hay- market Theatre, in 1796, which stood near the foot of the mall, on the spot now occupied by the three story buildings south of Colonnade Row. Various other places of public entertainment, including several museums, were opened subsequently to the year 1790. Institutions of a more elevated character preceded and accompanied these provisions for the mere enjoyment of the people. The American Academy of Arts and 58 HISTORY OP Sciences was incorporated in the year 1780. The design of this institu- tion was "to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people." The Meaioirs of this Academy have done, and are now doing, much to enlarge the bounds of human knowledge. It is now in a state of great activity and usefulness, and enrolls among its fellows and honorary members the most eminent names in science and literature in this country and in Europe. In 1794, was incorporated the Massachusetts Historical Society, which had for its object the collection, preservation, and communication of materials for a complete history of the country. In the same year the Boston Library Society came into existence, and very soon filled its shelves with valuable works of science and general literature, particularly those which, on account of their cost, are not commonly accessible. The present fine institution of the Athensura originated in the year 1806, by the establishment of a reading-room, containing valuable foreign and domestic periodicals, publications, and books of general reference. The proprietors of this institution were incorporated in 1807, and through the untiring spirit and inexhaustible liberality of private individuals, it has risen to its present state of usefulness and honor ; its building is one of the chief architectural ornaments of the city, and its library and rooms of statuary and painting are the habitual resort of the lovers of knowl- edge and art. Passing over many minor literary associations, we must make a hasty enumeration of those charitable institutions which, if a selection were made, must be designated as the most prominent characteristic of Boston. There is no general sentiment, not even the love of liberty, which, from the early foundation of the colony, has displayed itself with more force and harmony. Its objects are numerous, and upon some of them "all sorts of persons, rich and poor, orthodox and heretics, strong and weak, influential and influenced, male and female, young and old, educated and uneducated, unite their eflforts, and the result is such a combination of charities as has never before been found in any city of its size." The tardy self-reproach of Lear " O, I have ta'en Too little care of this ! " will not visit the pillow of the mechanic or merchant, the lawyer or tradesman, of Boston. If their sagacity has first pointed the way to wealth, and their boldness has followed it successfully, they have not for- gotten the " houseless heads and unfed sides, the looped and windowed' raggedness," that are to be found in every, the most prosperous, com- munity. We will merely give the names of some of these charitable institutions. [57] W. E. WEEMAN'S FOR GARDENS, Cemetery Fences, CS-W. E. W. is prepared to manufacture to order, at tlie lowest prices, every description of plain and ornamental Iron Railing, from the ,most improved and modern designs. Samples may be seen at his Warerooms, Nos. 84 & 86 Sudbury St., Boston. All orders in the City or Country promptly attended to. [58] NEARLY 1,000,000 SOLD. SPALDING'S AND CASTOR OIL. It will Ornament— Embellish— Cleanse— Invigorate, and give richness and brilliancy to the Hair. After its use, the Hair has been restored to bald places, and stopped from falling off. The fac-simile of J. Russell Spald- ing's signature, is on every bottle of the genuine. Clinton's New Hair Dye, Will give a perfect hlaclc or brown col- or, to gray, red and light Hair, and "Whiskers. Price $1,00. French's Hair Remover, Will take off surplus Hair from the lips, forehead, neck, &c. Price 60 cents. Silver Plating Fluid, Will clean all silver ware, and renew old Plated articles. Also, give a perfect coat- ing of pure silver to brass, copper, com- postion, and many metals. It secured the highest premium at the Great Industrial Exhib iiion. J. RUSSELL SPALDING, APOTHECARY, AND Manufacturing Chemist, No. 27 Tremont Row, OPPOSITE MUSEUM, Boston, Mass., Is manufacturer and proprietor of the above articles, where orders may be ad- dressed, N. B.— Agents wanted, travelling and local. s o o ft P4 in 1—3 Qj ^ C5 P4 Ms 03 s > fl CD H Among those which have been incorporated are the Massachusetts Humane Society, the Massachusetts Charitable Fire Society, the Massa- chusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, the Boston Dispensary, the Boston Female Asylum, the Howard Benevolent Society, the Asylum for Indigent Boys, the Provident Institution for Savings, the Society for the Religious and Moral Instruction of the Poor, the Penitent Females' Refuge, the Female Orphan Asylum, the Lying-in Hospital, the Blind Asylum, the Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Farm School, and the Insane Asylum. Besides these, and many more of the same kind, there are charitable provisions made by every religious society for its own poor, and there is a public establishment called the Ministry at Large, the object of which is, to inquire into all descriptions of destitution, and to apply the necessary alleviation. The views of the societies above named, are general and comprehensive, but there are other institutions not less active, though more limited in their scope. Such are the Samaritan and Fragment Societies ; the Fatherless and Widows' Society ; the Society for the Relief of the Distressed ; the Episcopal Charitable Society ; the British Charitable, the Irish Charitable, the Massachusetts Charitable, and the Fuel Societies ; the Needlewoman's Friend and the Seaman's Friend Societies; the Prison Discipline Society, &c., &c. If we add to these many strictly private associations for benev- olent purposes, we may without vanity repeat the words cf Increase Mather, who said, " for charity, he might indeed speak it without flattery, this town hath not many equals on the face of the earth." From this topic we pass, by an easy and natural transition, to our system of free schools, and other means of education, the indispensa- ble support of republics. The Massachusetts system of free schools is too well known throughout the world to require that its history or meth- ods should be given here. The earliest trace of it is found in the Boston records under the date of April 13th, 1635, — that is, five years after the settlement. A subscription " towards the maintenance of a free school- master," at the head of which stand the names of Governor Vane, Gov- ernor Winthrop, and Mr. Richard Bellingham, is found on the last leaf of the oldest volume of town records ; and the same records show, that the subject has continued from that time to the present, to command the unintermitted, faithful, and earnest attention of the authorities of the town. Among the fruits of this system of free education, may be counted several voluntary associations of young men, having for their object in- structions of a higher degree, so organized as to be accessible to all ; such as the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the Mercan- tile Library Association, the Mechanics' Institute, Sec. The best minds of the State and country are employed in delivering courses of public lectures before these societies every winter. Neither must we omit to mention that noblest of private foundations, the Lowell Institute, — the DU HISTORY OP work of a wise, patriotic, and munificent spirit, wiio, by means of it, has done so much for his city, and for the promotion of knowledge, " That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue." In 1822, the act of the Legislature was passed, conferring upon Boston the name and privileges of a city. This change had engaged the atten- tion of the people of Boston as early as the year 1651, and from that lime forward, at considerably long intervals, ineffectual attempts had been made to bring it about. The charter was not accepted finally without opposi- tion. The first Mayor was the Hon. John Phillips, who, during a year of some excitement, administered the new form of government in a man- ner suited to conciliate the feelings of its opponents. The adoption of the city charter, and the election of the Hon. Josiah Quincy to the otSce of Mayor on the second year, must be regarded as a most important era in the history of Boston. " The destinies of the city of Boston," said Mr. Quincy, in one of his inaugural addresses, "are of a nature too plain to be denied or misconceived. The prognostics of its future greatness are written on the face of nature too legibly and too indelibly to be mistaken. The indications are apparent from the location of our city, from its har- bor, and its relative position among rival towns and cities; above all, from the character of its inhabitants, and the singular degree of enter- prise and intelligence which are diffused through every class of its citi- zens." To hasten the fulfilment of those prognostics, to interpret those indications, to unfold and direct those destinies, Mr. Quincy applied all the powers of a mind, vigorous, inventive, resolute, and expanded, with such prudence and courage, that he has added lustre to a name distin- guished in the annals of this colony, and of the country, from the date of the first patent to the present day. Quincy Market, which has been justly styled "one of the boldest, most useful, and splendid public improvements that have taken place in the Eastern States," is not only a great advantage to the city, but a fitting monument of Mr. Quincy 's genius. How well the impulse to improvements given by Mr. Quincy has been followed out, the subsequent pages of this volume, containing pictorial and o'ther descriptions of the public buildings and places of the city, will abundantly show. The introduction of Railroads, the first two of which were opened for public travel in 1S35, supplied a means of further progress, well suited to the character of our people. The union of this city with the great lakes on one side, and England on the other, with the Canadas on the north, and the States on the south, has rendered it one of the principle depots of commerce, and one of the chief mediums of travel. We mentioned on a former page, that in 1711, a Southern and Eastern mail ran once a week to Plymouth and Maine, and a "Western mail once [59] TO THE I»UIJi:,IC. O. C- I=K[ EL I^S'S IMPROVED PATENT WATER FILTER, MANUFACTURED BY THE INVENTOR. The special attention of Plumbers, Builders, and those using water on pressure, is called to the article aboTe mentioned, as being the most con- venient, durable, and beautiful filter in the market. It being a portabl e article, entirely does away with the necessity of throwing it away, and purchasing a new one after six or twelTe months' use. It is so con- structed that it can be taken apart and cleaned at pleasure ; in fact it must be cleaned before the animalculag and filth becomes putrid, which is a desirable point in articles of this kind. It has been in operation for the past season, and has far surpassed the most sanguine anticipations of the inventor. Letters patent have been granted, which bear date, June 12, 1S55. The improvement I claim over all others, is — 1st. It can be taken apart and cleaned at pleasure. 2d. Its being substantial and durable. 3d. It will not deliver water unless kept clean, which can be done easily. 4th. The filtering medium is purely metallic, and is silver plated, pre- venting corrosion. 5th. It will filter water finer than any other article ever introduced. 6th. Th(' filtering medium can be renewed for 25 cents, if it should be required TESTIMONIALS of its efficiency can be seen at the manufactory, where its operation can be witnessed by any and all interested. Manufactory in GORE BLOCK, opposite Revere House, Entrance on Pitts St., Boston . For sale by all Plumbers. Territorial rights for sale, if applied for soon. N. B. All persons are hereby cautioned against infringing on my Patent, as I shall prosecute all violations of the same. O. C I»HJB1.I»S. IMPROVED WATER FILTER. We aUuded the other day to Mr. O. C. PHELPS'S improved Patent Water Filter, and mentioned that we had seen it, and that it appeared to be all that the inventor claimed. We have since used it, and can bear testimony to the many advantages which it possesses. As respects durability, the ease with which it can be cleaned, the little liability to get out of order, and the trifling cost of renewing the filtering medium, when necessary, we think it not surpassed by any filter in use.— Boston Journal. A NEW FILTER. Mr. O. C. Phelps, Gore Block, opposite the Revere House, has an "Improved Patent Filter," which, for construction, beauty, utility and convenience of use, has much to recommend it. A trial of this filter will satisfy all who use the Cochituate water, of the importance of purifying all the water used for family purposes. Having tried this filter, we can endorse all that is claimed for it by the inventoi.— 2 lanscript. (From the Chronicle.) PHELP'S IMPROVED FILTER. Mr. O. C. Phelps, an artizan of this city, has completed and patented an "Improved Patent Filter," and after having witnessed its operation, we can but speak of it in the highest terms. Its con- struction is quite simple, its general appearance neat, and even ornamental ; and for utility, those who have used it, express but one opinion— that it answers the desired end in every respect. All who use the Cochituate, or water from any other source, have only to give this apparatus a trial, to be convinced of its great value. Dr. Hayes, Dr. Jackson, and other gentlemen of equal note, have given their approval of the filter, and the subjoined note, from one competent to decide upon its merits, we fully endorse :— "Mr. Phelps— Dear Sir : Having used one of your improved filters, at my house, for some time, I do not hesitate to say that it is the best I have met with, after trving various others, and that it will do all that you claim for it. GEORGE DARRACOTT." [60] FIRE AND WATER-PROOP COMPOSITION EOOFS. Your attention is respectfully called to this valuable improvement in ''f. the method of Roofing. It has been fully tested under every variety of circumstances ; and is safely recommended, as combining advantages j which can be claimed by no other Roof. This Roof was firSt applied to Buildings in Cincinnati (twelve years ago), since which time it has been introduced into nearly every city in thd ■ United States, and more recently in the British Provinces anj Canadas. ' It has been used upon Dwelling Houses of the first class, IVarehouses, [ Railroad Depots, Freight and Car Houses, Manufactories and Bridges, 1 and has been pronounced by Architects, Builders, and otherf, who have ; a knowledge of its merits, to be of greater durability, an d possessed of I fire and water resisting properties, to an extent beyond that of any other Roofing material now in use. During the past two years these Roofs have established for themselves • in New England and the Canadas a reputation second to none ; and i testimonials from various parts of the Union, admit their superiority over all others. The incUnation required is but one inch to the foot, thus leaving the i Roof in a good condition for Drying pux-poses, and rendering it available i in case of fire. The Composition with which these Roofs are covered, is composed of mineral and other substances, so combined as to possess sufficient elas- ticity to prevent all liability to crack, while at the same time the tenacity is greater than possessed by any other material. It is not affected by the jar of machinery, and can be afforded at a less i price than any other i'ire-Proof Roof now in use. Circulars may be obtained, and further information may be had, upon application at the Office. D. W. BAII.EY. Boston, June 1, 1856. 7 liiberty Square. BOSTON. 61 a fortnight to Connecticut and New York. In 1791, a new lelegrapli was invented by Mr. Grout, of Belcliertown, witli which he boasted that in less than ten minutes he had asked a question and received an answer from a place ninety miles distant. We Introduce these facts here to suggest to the reader a moment's re- flection upon the great changes and improvements which seem to mark our age as one of the most favored in history. The rapid increase of Boston in wealth, population, and all the elements of greatness, reminds us that no small portion of the benefits of this favored age has fallen to our share. "When the first bridge to South Boston was built, that whole peninsula contained but ten families, and now it numbers the population of a small city. In 1831, there was but a single family on Noddle's Island, East Boston ; it now contains sixteen thousand inhabitants. Both these parts of the city are in the most flourishing condition, and share largely in the general prosperity. When justice is done to South Boston, by a judicious improvement, which will confer upon it a portion of the water advantages to which East Boston owes its more rapid gain. South Boston will also become the seat of commerce as well as of manufactures. But we must close here our brief, and to us unsatisfactory, abridgment of the history of Boston. It would be impossible, however, for a native Bostonian, when on this theme, to lay down his pen without grasping at some of the rich fruit, — the "apples of gold in pictures of silver," — the instructions of that wisdom which speaketh in the streets of our city, to those who are able to heed her voice. If this history teaches any thing, and such a pregnant history must contain many precious maxims, it teaches this, that implicit obedience to law is, in a republican communi- ty, the only security for life and property ; that the Union of these States is the most important element in our commercial prosperity ; and apart from those personal interests which must, more or less, influence the conduct of all men, we find the strongest inducements to the support of our commercial prosperity in this consideration, — that commerce is the human instrument which, above all others, has been employed by the Creator of the Universe in promoting the physical, moral, and intellectual advancement of mankind. 11 CHURCHES AND MINISTERS. o H O H GO CO w o p^ is s aii-^^ .2 ^%t 33ga ^ En 3 cc 1^ CO to ->■ CO •p8I«as Hen »Y <» cocooqoqoq oqoqoq oooooo oocccooo ,3 C "" .2 M u 3 • ; bcs' ; C3 Clj 2 aJ ill' SS as _ 'a •papunoj a a ' B^ : : a d B a ^.2 .2 .2 .2 ^^if y. a c C3 a opppp § :-^^5 -_ bi^ "-3 2 ti bl) bb 1 nog »h73 a c p I ^■5 a o. O c3 I ill .2 '".a CO>0 S S 3 c? a, ca r^ M 2 M Ht^HW M o M a a; M o ss I eoojccoo < lOCO oooo >CN rfl'TH'^fl rH ) CO OOCO OO CO OO CO -# CO (M OO CO oococo oooo ^2 6^: 1^ tcp» fcC-w OHH<1 a P5 "• o ! .^ , 3) a> a ag N Cl O ?? Sfe- - - iH^^Stl^H^cf. . f > > f ) aj a> 4) aj 'SI 9) O . > >; > i>: t; >: V a> a> « a> o) « P3 « PC! PJ M PS « 1^ :i§^-S • t3 ,d &D -a 3 105 05 00 ■ -r o .2 n eg -c a n .S -5J 'S >< '2 M -g a t«j M a St) ov-|0,qP o op gM^bb^tbfcb^^bb-^^^gg^ 2 ^ S S «s -73 O O *-• ■ g O O H 5555 !oP o «s 5a 5'ill.l g^ §1 i'ta a.2 a a| I gSp3Cqo>JP3ggPOOtftW ;^ P3 Pi gj pq pti pi >^ o o C0aiai3iCiCJi-HOOOO(M!Mc6c0rtlrtiTj0 t"'l-'"''"il OO00£»0OCO00COCO00ajCX>CO0O000OCOQO0O000000C»X)CO : J C -5 IIS .2 I I'll I"" fl"S£SSai55 .a 0) o ^ a ^ § jH o ■d-d tH K^,^ jj OOCsftSocO a o o o o o u fH f- >-l S 3 3 coo fccO u PrS3 03 (MO [03J The cuts below represent A. H. WOOD'S GAS BURNER, Patented November 9th, A. D. 1852, for checking th^ pressure and distributing the gas in the burner, &c. - Its merits, in regard to utiUty and economy, are satia factory to those who have had it in use for years. Some years since, it was thought by many, (who cred- ited the assertion of those who should have given cor- rect information), that light, from gas, was in proportion to the amount used ; and of more recent date, I have found the same party zealously urging the sale of Burn- ers that were known to be of temporary construction, and requiring a large amount of gas (in proportion to the light) to supply them, assuring their patrons that they were equal, if not superior, to any of the modern improvements. Reasons might be adduced, if space would admit, but sufiace to say, please notice Circular of July Ist, 1856. Careful experiments and observations have con- vinced me, that light is obtained in proportion to the combustion of the gas, rather than in the amount used ; and in order to get the most light, from a given quantity of gas, it is necessary to have a Burner founded on good principle and mechanism, combined with good apphcation and care.* * In no other way (I think) can we obtain what has been sought by the consumers. I presume it will not be disputed by any impar- tial person, who has given pratical attention to the burning of gas, that the greatest amount of light, and the most perfect combustion, might be obtained from rarified gas, at a small pressure in the burner, provided we could spread the flame so as to give surface to the light, and prevent its flickering. This, by my improvement, is attainable, and ^consists in a novel arrangement of devices, by which the dense flow of gas is effectually checked, and distributed in the burner ; also a spreader and heater arranged near the delivering orifice ' in the jet, that forms a base to the flame, and j imparts heat to the burner and appendage below, ^ by which the flame is spread to a proper width at a low pressure, and by the combination of which (after being lit four or five minutes) it creates a steady flow of rarified gas within, and air around the burner, creating the most perfect gas light ever offered to the public. A. H. WOOD, B O ST03Sr 86 Court Street. [64] J. W. SMITH & CO., MERCHAIT TAILORS, And Wholesale and Betail Dealers in SUPERIOR READY-MADE CLOTHING, AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS, Dock Square, corner of Elm St., B0ST03Sr. p. S. Our Stock of Ready-Made Clothing, on our lower floor, is manufactured expressly for our retail sales, and is the best stock of the kind in Boston. Custom work in style and workmanship equal to any up town establishment, and all is done from fifteen to twenty per cent, less than most other Tailoring Establishments. 5 1^ i) to 5^ fen's ^5 "Sja«a---m-^: g tg W Hj !;;> ;g >S F ^ ■ " I p^ ^ 15 Cu lo M CO oooo ooc ) CO ooc "o'S :^ -.r"'-^ ffi ^ ^ •:=! b:^ ^Sft aa^^£>§g . if si S6^ • re M '3 !«s : 13 "d 5 >^ y "i 'o 5 P ^ ^ £ P^^^ a -S •? -^ 5 ',3 P "^ *f P^^^J '-S rt i^ 1 o . o >>o in o 9 o c3ooMPaoooSoSa^wcaS£i! lOOlC'OkOlOlOlbcOCDOCOCOiXlOOCOOii occoaooooooooocooooooococococxjoococ :-22 i-S : : :i 'III- ^1 it a5>>3p.S2^3 ^ .a 3 f .2 § > .2 ,= c ^ S' : O r- i 1 o oi 'W ^"ri r5 . "*^ ao§jg§a.a« 1 e 1 § a ^ a, *3 S i3 3 O) O .a 2 Si M 5 O g O c3 Q) i> a) ^ 6 5^-9 O E°" o ~ "" « -S ^ d ? «s •« « I . .a ^ M .2 .2 -** ^ -jl '43 1^ 2 "a "S o " '=5 £ ft S S .2 03 fc 53 J - >> 2 o 1-^ a .•3 fl 5 ^ ^ a o o o »^ a 2 ^ "-' § 5 " 5 ^ p, -3 rt ^ ^ 3 I t5 -^ i3 fe a S) g 3 O bfa CHURCHES OF BOSTON CHURCHES OF BOSTON. The first church building erected in Boston was in the year 1632. Its location was near the present corner of State street and Devonshire street. Mr. Emerson, in his historical sketches of the church, slates its location as not far from the spot on which the former Exchange Coffee- House was built. The church covenant of the first society was in the following words : — " In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in obedience to his holy will and divine ordinance, " We, whose names are here underwritten, being by his most wise and good providence brought together into this part of America, in the Bay of Massachusetts, and desirous to unite into one congregation or church, under the Lord Jesus Christ, our head, in such sort, as becomelh all those whom he hath redeemed and sanlified to himself, do hereby solemnly and religiously, as in his most holy presence, promise and bind ourselves to walk in all our ways according to the rule of the gospel, and in all sincere conformity to his holy ordinances, and in mutual love and respect to each other so near, as God shall give us grace." The second church in Boston was erected in 1649, at the head of the North Square ; " when the northeast part of the town being separated from the other with a narrow stream cut through a nick of land by in- dustry, whereby that part is become an island." The first Episcopal Society was formed in Boston in the year 1686, when the service of the Common Prayer Book was introduced. Such was the inveterate opposition of the early colonists to the adoption of any other form of worship than their own, that it was with great difficulty that the Baptists, Quakers, Roman Catholics, and Episcopalians, obtained a foot- ing in the city. The Old South Church was forcibly taken possession of in that year, the ministers who were previously consulted having agreed " that they could not, with a good conscience, consent to the use of their churches for the Episcopal service." The first Baptist Society was formed in the year 1665, when prosecu- tions against members of that denomination were commenced. Their first house of worship was at the corner of Stillman and Salem streets. The first Quakers who appeared in New England arrived at Boston in the year 1656. The General Court passed sentence of banishment against them. Three years afterwards, two members of this denomination were executed on account of their religious tenets. In 1661, King Charles the Second issued instructions that no more prosecutions should be made. A Roman Catholic Church was first formed in this city in the year 1789. The first Methodist Church, erected in Boston, was opened by a Meth- odist Missionary in the year 1796. This building was erected in Hanover Avenue. The first Universalist Society was established in the year 1785, when they purchased the meeting-house at the corner of Hanover and Bennett streets. [65] OFFICE, No. 8 CharlestowTQ, opposite MANUFACTORY, No. 4 Haymarket Cooper Street. Square. BOSTOIV STEJLM A^NT^ GA.S I»II»E TFORKS. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Steam and G-as Pipe, Lap-welded Boiler Plues, of all sizes. Brass and Iron Fittings, of all kinds. Boilers, Heaters, Indicators, Gas Lightinff Apparatus, and eveiythtng appertaining to Steam and Gas. B.P. & Co, will give their personal attention to the construction for -vfarming Factories, Hotels, and Public Institutions, upon new and improved plans ; also. Pipes conducted through buildings of all kinds for Gas, and all work done in a neat and workmanlike manner. JASON BRAMAN, ? JOHN PERHAM, S 5 WILLIAM P. NEWELL, > OLIVER S. BARRETT. BIT^M, PEARSOKT, CJLRI.£XO]Kr ,T»r^crp V^ k5 J- I^IM . | ELLERT PEABODT. CHARLES C. HOLBROOK & CO., For the past 20 years at 305 "Washington St., corner of Temple Avenue, have removed to the New and Spacious Store, No. 12 Summer, a few doors from Washington St. where can be found one of the best selected stocks of L^^CES, E3VrBE,OI3DEE,IES, Gloves of all kinds, Hosiery, Mitts, Mantillas, Ladies' and Infants' Wardrobes, complete, every description of Ladies'. Gent's and Children's Silk, Merino, and Cotton Vests and Drawers, Handkerchiefs of all prices, White Goods, &c. &c. Every article in this establishment is marked in plain figures, and one price strictly adhered to. All our friends and customers may rest assured of obtain- ing a good bargain, by favoring us with a call. IS STJilVvIlVnEK, ST- 12 BOSTON. SO¥LE & WARD, Summer Street, Boiston, MANUFACTURERS OP LOOKING GLASSES, PICTURE FRAMES AXD MOUISmG, AND IMPORTERS OP Looking Glass Plates and Pictures. MARTIN ¥ALKO AND CO., FURRIERS, Importers of Children's French Hats, AND MANUFACTURERS OP All Styles of Children's Hats, Caps, LADIES' RIDING HATS, ETC., One Price. 16 Summer Street BOSTON. A good assortment of Dress Furs constantly on hand. MARTIN WALKO. CHARLES MARSH. PARKER MERRILL. BOSTOIsT MERCANTILE ACADEMY, Mercantile Building, Summer Street, This school recently located at No. 3 Winter Street, is now permanent- ly established in the beautiful and spacious rooms adjoining those of thi Mercantile Library Association. Instruction is given by a full and able corps of teachers, in the com- mon English Studies, Penmanship, Book-keeping, Mathematics, Lan- guages, and Drawing. Each student re ceiyes instruction as he needs it, while a separate room is prorided for those who prefer regular recitations in classes. XEACHERS : | L. B. Hanaford, A.M., I S. C. Bello, ■ J. W. Patson, I LuiGi Monti, C. F. Gerrv, a. M., I Henri List, S. H. FoLSOM, A. B., j Max Richter, Calvin S. Mixter, | J. \V. Tavernee. VISITORS : N. B. Shurtleff, M. D., I Rev. Otis A. Skinner, Jacob Sl eeper, Esq. David B. Tower, Esq Benj, B.Musset, Esq. I Wm. H Jameson, Esq HANAFOED & PAYSON, Proprietors. R, W. & J. E. ABBOTT, MERCHANT TAILORS, , No. 16 SUMMER STREET, Boom, No. 10 Mercantile Building, B0ST03^T. THE MOST FASHIONABLE j Broadclotlis, Cassimeres, Doeskins, and Vestings, ' Constantly on hand, and made up in style, at short notice i STONE CHAPEL. STONE CHAPKIi, TREMOXT STREET. This Society, originally Episcopalian, met with much opposition from the inhabitants of Boston, and it was only through the authority of Gov- ernor Andros, that they succeeded in performing the Church service pub- .icly in the Old South Church on the 23d of March, 1687. In the year 1639 the first edifice, which was built of wood, was erected on the spot where the present one now stands, but did not occupy so much ground. In the year 1710 it was enlarged to nearly double its former size, and in 1749 the corner-stone of the present edifice was laid by Governor Shirley. This Church is situated at the corner of School and Tremont streets. CLERGY R. Radclipfe, and R. Clark, from 1686 to 1689. S. Miles, from 1689 to 1723. G. Hatton, A. M., from 1693 to 1696. C. Rudge, A. M., from 1699 to 1706. H. Harris, from 1709 to 1729. R. Price, from 1729 to 1746. T. Howard, A. M., from 1731 to 1736. A. Davenport, A. M., from 1741 to 1744. H. Cane, D. D., from 1741 to 1776. C. Brockwell, A. M., from 1747 to 1755. J. Troutbee, A. M., settled 1775, left 1775. J. Freeman, from 1783 to 1835. S. Gary, from 1809 to 1815. F. W. P. Greenwood, D. D., from 1824 to 1843. E. Peabody, present Pastor, settled in 184-. FRIENDS' MEETING-HOUSE. FRIENDS' MEETIXG-HOUSE, MILTOJV PLACE. There are but few Quakers in Boston. They occasionally hold meet- ings here, but the persons composing these meetings are generally resi- dents of other places ; they are chiefly from Lynn. Their Meeting-House is quite small, built of stone, and is a very neat edifice. It is in Milton Place, situated a little back from Federal street. Like the Friends themselves, it is so quiet and retired that a person might pass through the street a number of limes, and not observe the building. From the year 1664 to 1808, the Society of Friends held regular meetings in Boston. They built the first brick meeting-liouse in the town, in Brat- tle street, and another of similar materials in Congress street. The for- mer was sold in 1708, the latter was erected prior to 1717, and stood till April, 1825, when the building was sold and demolished. Connected with this house was a burial ground, in which the dead of the Society were in- terred. Their remains were removed to Lynn in the summer of 1826. The land was sold in 1827, and the stone building opposite the west end of Lindall street, occupies the site of the old Church. The first Quakers who came to Boston, arrived in May, 1656. The laws against the sect were very severe in the Colony, and every Quaker found in it was liable to the loss of one of his ears. Four were put to death. BRATTLE STREET CHURCH. 73 CHURCH IN BRATTLE SQUARE. This was the seventh religious Society formed in Boston. The earliest date of which it is mentioned, is January 10, 1698, when Thomas Brattle conveyed to them a piece of land known as Brattle's close, which now forms a part of the Church lot. The Church was early called the Mani- festo Church, from a declaration of principles published by the "under- takers " or founders of the Society. The first house of worship, a wooden building, was taken dovra in May, 1772, to make room for the one which now stands in Brattle Square, which was built upon the same spot, and consecrated July 25, 1773. PASTORS. B. CoLMAN, D. D., from 1699 to 1747. W. Cooper, from 1716 to 1743. S. CoopfeR, from 1746 to 1783. P. Thacher, from 1785 to 1802. J. S. BocKMiNSTER, from 1805 to 1812. E. Everett, D. D., LL. D., from 1814 to 1815. J. G. Palfrey, D. D., from 1818 to 1830. S. K. Lothrop, D. D., installed June 17, 1834, present Pastor. 96 ST. PAUL'S CUDRCH. ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, TREMONT STREET. The corner-stone was laid September 4th, 1819, with appropriate solem- nities. The Church was consecrated June 30, 1820. This edifice is situated on Tremont street, between Winter and West streets, and fronts towards the Common, It is built of fine gray gran- ite, and is an imitation, so far as respects the architecture, of a Grecian model of the Ionic order. The body of the Church is about 112 feet long by 72 feet wide, and 40 feet high from the platform to the top of the cor- nice. The portico projects about 14 feet, and has six Ionic columns, 3 feet 5 inches in diameter, and 32 feet high, of Potomac sandstone, laid in courses. The interior of St. Paul's ia remarkable for its simplicity and beauty. The ceiling is a cylindrical vault, with panels which span the whole width of the Church. It makes an imposing appearance, and is a credit to the city. RECTORS. Rev. Samuel Farmer Jartis, D. D., instituted July 7, 1820, connection dissolved August 22, 1825. Rev. ^LONZo Potter, D. D., inst. Aug. 29, 1826, dissolved Sept. 6, 1831. Rev. Dr. John S. Stone, inst. June 19, 1832, dissolved June 7, 1841. Rev. Alexander H. Vinton, instituted June, 1842, present Rector. [13] SEWING MACHINES. THE GBOTES & B&EEB SEWING MACHIIiE CO. Would respectfully give notice of the removal of their Sales-Room from Haymaeket Square to No. 18 SITMMEE STREET, In the Mercantile Building, at the corner of Hawley street., Where they have on view their different varieties of Varying in style and finish, and in price from Seventy-five to One Hun- dred and Fifty Dollars. Their latest style is a MIllY SEWING MAOniNE IN BOX, (box open, ready to operate machine,) LESS SPACE THAN A SQITAIIB FOOT! The price of these machines is placed so low that they are eagerly sought after by those who desire to make a SAVING OF TIME, LABOR AND MONEY. The same machine Is made ON TABLE, and any person wishing to purchase a Sewing Machine, will here find a large number of kinds, at all prices to choose from, adapted to any variety of sewing, either on Cloth, Leather, or any fabric. OFFICES. 18 Summer Street, - . . Boston. 405 Broadway, New York. 42 So. Fourth Street, Phuadelphu. Cannon Street West, • • • • London. 10 Rue Lepeletier, Paris. 94 Sooth Bridge, Edingburgh. 13 [74] -'l UNITED STATES mm mm ^^miym:mm No. 9 MERCANTILE BUIEDINO, j ENTRANCE, 16 SUMMER STREET, BOSTON. This Institution commenced business in October of 3855, and hag already become the most extensive of any Institution of the kind in this country. The First Stock has all been taken up, and the Books for the second issue are now open. The Entrance Fee is Si on each Share. The regular Monthly Dues will be $2, and the ultimate par value $500. To such persons, Ladies, Gentlemen, or Children, as wish to deposit a few dollars, (or a larger sum) each month, from their income, where they can reap the benefit of a rapid and large accumulation, or to those who wish to become the owners of a homestead, or to improve, or to free one from incumbrance, there is no other Institution which offers facilities so good and safe. HON. JAMES BUFFINGTON, President. ALPHEUS P. BLAKE, Secretary. HARDWARE, METALS AND TOOLS. Corner of State St. No. 1 Broad St. TIN PLATE, Sheet Iron, Boiler Plate, Galvanized Iron, SHEET BRASS, Sheet Copper, Sheet Lead, Sheet Zinc, Sheet Steel, BLOCK TIN, Bar Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Nickel. lAYICO. Iron Wire, Steel "Wire, Brass Wire, Copper Wire, Zinc Wire, Lead Wire, Tinned Wire, ' Annealed Wire, Ger. Silver Wire, Ger. Silver Sheets, Ger. Silver Tubing, Brass Tubing, Stub's Piles, Stub's Tools, Stub's Steel, Crucibles, CAST STEEL, Spring Steel, German Steel, Blistered Steel, EMERY, Anvils, Vises, Piles, Rasps, Nuts, Washers Rivets, Bolts, CHAINS, Smiths' Bellows, Portable Forges, Tinners' Tools, Tinners' Machines, Silversmiths' Rolls and Furnaces. No. 1 Broad Street, Boston. NEW SOUTH CHCRCH. NEW SOUTH CHURCH. This Church is situated at the junction of Summer and Bedford streets. The first meeting of the proprietors on record, was held " at the Bull, in Boston," July 14, 1715. The Church was dedicated January 8, 1717. The present edifice was dedicated December 29, 1814. PASTORS. Rev. Samuel Checkley, ord. April 15, 1719, died Dec. 1, 1769, aged 73. Rev. Penuel Bowen, ord. colleague, April 30, 1766, left May 12, 1772. Rev. Joseph Howe, ord. May 19, 1773, died August 25, 1775, aged 28. Rev. Oliver Everett, ord. January 2, 1782, left May 27, 1792, died Nor. 19, 1802, aged 50. Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, ord. Feb. 5, 1794, left Nov. 4, 1810, in- ducted Pres. Harvard College, Nov., 1810, died April 26, 1840, aged 69. Rev. Samuel C. Thacher, ord. May 15, 1811, died Jan. 2, 1818, aged 32. Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, ord. Oct. 21, 1818, left June 24, 1821, died Aug. 2, 1843, aged 46. Rev. Alexander Young, ord. Jan. 19, 1825. CHftlST CHURCH. CSIKIIST CHUKCH, SAt,EM STKEET. The corner-stone was laid in '1723, and the Church was opened for public worship the same year by the Episcopal denomination. It is situated on Salem Street, opposite the street leading to Copp's hill. It is built of brick, is 70 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 35 feet high, with a steeple 175 feet in height, haying an area of 24 feet square. This Church contains a set of eight bells (the only peal in the city), which were put up in 1774. RECTORS. Rer. Timothy Cotler, D. D., settled Dec. 29, 1723, died Aug. 7, 1765. Rev. James Gbeaton, settled May 80, 1760, left Aug. 31, 1767. ReT. Mather Btles, Jr., settled September, 1768, left April, 1776. Rev. Stephen Lewis, settled Aug., 1778, left Sept., 1784. Rev. WiLLUM Montague, settled June, 1787, left May, 1792. Rev. WmLUM Walter, D. D., settled May 29, 1792, died Dec. 5, 1800. Rev. Samuel Haskell, settled May, 1801, left Sept. 1803. Rev, Asa Eaton, D. D., settled Aug. 23, 1803, left May, 1829. Rev. Wm. Croswell, A. M., inst. June 24, 1829, left June, 1840. Rev. John Woart, A. M., instituted Nov. 1, 1840, left Jan., 1851. Rev. William T. Smithett, the present Pastor, was ordained in 18 51. [rS] MRS. G. W. ADAMS^ as IVIWTER STREET, (Removed from Washington Street, Owiiig to the continual de- Imand all through the past! ' season for their peculiarly easy \ fitting COKSETS, they have been induced to order largely, and now Would offer the French English, and German Corsets at UNPRECEDENTED LOW PBICE3, together with all the beautiful varieties of Mrs. ADAMS' own French made Bodices, which are now too well known and i appreciated to need comment. It being the intention of Mrs. A. to sell all the Corsets that are to be sold in Boston this Spring, owing to the prices, she would beg -^-<:^ This Church! ■was organize with fifty mem- bers Nov. 20, 1845, under the auspi- ces of the City Missionary Socie- ; ty, and worship- ed in a chapel erected by that so- ciety till the fall of 1851, when it was removed, and the fine Church edi- fice which now adorns the south part of the city, erected thereon by ,, the Shawmut So- ^ ciety, and was dedicated Nov. 18, ,-^1852. It is built on. ^i Shawmut Ave- p;^ nue, nearly front- '^z- ing Blackstone =_ Square, in one of r^£^ the pleasantest parts of the city. It is of the Roman- esque style and reflects much cre- dit on the design- er, J. D. Towle, Esq., Architect, of this city. The ed- ifice is built of brick, with a mas- tic front ; 100 feet deep by 66 feet broad, having a graceful spire ris- ing to the height of 190 feet. This church is univer- sally admired, and is believed to be as nearly perfect in its arrange- ments as any in the city. Its spa- cious vestibules and lecture rooms, its "ladies' draw- ing room" and an- te-rooms are all admirably_ fitted for their intended purposes. The auditory is 75 feet by 63, and contains 140 pews, includ- ing the singing gallerv, and when the side galleries are put in, as designed.will seat aoout 1(K)0 people. Its neatly frescoed walls, its beautiful rosewood pulpit, its fine large organ, (built under the superintendence of Mr. Thomas Appleton) , its well furnishedpews, au combined, present to the eye the utmost harmony of good taste and simplicity, ine pros- pects of the society are very encouraging. PASTOKS. Rev. George Oviatt, inst . Nov. 20, 1845 ; dis. March 28, 1849. Rev. "William Cowper Foster, inst. Oct. 25, 1849 ; dis. December 30, 1851. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 85 CHRISTIAN CHURCH, TYLEE STREET, COENER OP KNEELAND. This Church was organized July 1, 1804, -with seven members. Their first meetings were held in a large wooden building in Friend Street, then adjoining the Mill Pond. They afterwards occupied a hall in Bedford Street till Dec. 29, 1825, when they entered and dedicated the brick church at the corner of Summer and Sea Streets, where they continued to worship until October, 1852, when they sold their house for the purpose of a more convenient location, and worshipped in a vestry at the corner of Beach St. and Harrison Avenue, while building another house on the corner of Tyler and Kneeland Streets, which was completed and dedicated Sept. 29, 1853. This church edifice which we represent above, is finished in a neat, chaste and most appropriate manner. It will seat about 600 persons, and cost $20,000. PASTORS. Rev. Abner Jones, from 1804 to 1807; suppHed from 1807 to ISIG. Rev.Elias Smith, from 1816 to 1817; supplied from 1817 to 1819. Rev. Simon Clough, from 1819 to 1824 ; supplied from 1824 to 1825. Rev. Charles Morgridge, from 1825 to 1826 supplied from 1826 to 1828. Rev. Isaac C. Goff, from 1828 to 1829. Rev. J. V Himes, from 1830 to 1837. Rev. Simon Clough, from 1837 to 1839. Rev. Edwin Buraham, from 1839 to 1840. Rev. J. S. Thompson, from l&il to 1843. Rev. E Edmunds since August 1, 1843, and is the present pastor. ■ - mi I M. BARNARD & CO., DISTILLERS OF NEW ENGLAND RUM, ALCOHOL AND CORDIALS. 16 ADAIIIS STREET, OFFICE, IS iiiri iiiiif if iiifa Particular attention paid to the Manufacture of Alcohol for Fluid Purposes. Town Agents supplied on the most liberal terms, According to the recent Liquor Statue of the State. JOUN M. BARNARD. HENRY A, FULLER. METHODIST CHURCH. SOUTH BOSTON METHODIST EPISCOPAL. The Methodist Episcopal Church in South Boston originated in the summer of 1834, under the labors of Rev. Abel Stevens, then pastor of the Methodist congregation in Church street. He commenced occasional preaching in a private room which had been procured by a few pious indi- viduals for the purpose of holding a public prayer meeting. The numbers attracted by the interesting and eloquent address of Mr. Stevens, soon rendered it necessary to seek a more ample place of worship. "Harding's Hall" was procured, which they entered Oct. 31, 1834. In May, 1836, they removed to "Franklin Hall," and left in 1840. Their house of worship, having a pleasant central location on D street, between Fourth street and Broadway, was consecrated for Divine service June 17, 1840. It is a plain, neat edifice, of the Gothic style of architec- ture, and capable of seating about 550 persons. Thi.s Chapel in 1851 was enlarged and remodelled. The basement was raised six feet. PASTORS. F. P. Tracy, 1836. O. R. Howard, 1837. J. Macreading, 1838. J. MuDGE, Jr., 1839. H. C. DtTNHAM, 1840. I. A. Savage, 1841 -42. J. Whitman, 1843-44. J. W. Merrill, 1845. G. F. Poole, 1846-47. H. V. Degen, 1848-49. E. Cooke, 1850-51. :CHOLS, LEAVITT& CO., Manufacturers of Howe's improved Sewing Machines, table for Silk, Cotton, or Linen Thread, with or without wax, adapted to sewing all jds of Cloth or Leather. Gore Block, opposite Revere House, Boston; No. 411 Broad- y. New York. Price $90 to $150. Also, Patent Binding Folders and Hemming Guides hand. Silks, Needles and Thread for sale at lowest Cash Prices. ♦15 [88] Dickinson Type Fomidry, BOSTON, MASS. LETTEK-PBESS PRINTINa OP EVERY VARIETY, "Willi whatever else may be required from a Constantly for sale by PHELPS & DALTON, 52 Washington Street. IRON RAILINGS, FOR Cemeteries, Gardens, Buildings, &c.,&c. J. I. HEALEY, No. 51 Sudbury Street, .... Boston. CHUECH OF THE HOLY TRINITr. 87 CHTJKCH OF THE HOLY TBINITY, SUFFOLK STREET. This building was erected in 1842—3, the comer-stone having been laid on the 29th June, 1842, by Bishop Fenwick. The people who attend religious service here, are all German origin, and number about 3000, some of them being residents of Exjxbury and other adjoining towns. The first pastor connected with this church, was the Rev. Francis Rolof ; the second. Rev. G. H. Plathe ; the third. Rev. Alexander Martini ; the fourth and present pastor is the Rev. Gustave Eck, assisted for a time by Rev. Francis Lachat, who has been succeeded during the past year by Rev. Aloysius Janalik. In the vestry of this church, and in the building adjoining, are four schools numbering collectively about 200 pupils, who are taught in German in the forenoon, and in English in the afternoon. FIRST INDEPENDENT BAPTIST CHURCH. FIRST INDEPENDEM' BAPTIST CHURCH, BELKNAP STREET. This Church was constituted under the title of the " African Baptist Church," on the 5th day of August, A. D. 1805. It was incorporated under its present title, A. D. 1833. The building was erected for the use of colored persons, and was dedi- cated in December, 1806, when the Rev. Thomas Paul was installed as minister. The house is 43 by 40 feet, of 3 stories, and built of brick. The building, which was built by subscription, is situated in a court near Belknap street, adjoining the "Smith School " edifice. It is very plain and commodious, being capable of seating 600 persons. The pro- prietors have it in contemplation, if the necessary means can be raised, to modernize, and otherwise improve the premises. PASTORS. T. Pattl, from 1805 to 1829. W. Christian, ind. 1832, left 1832. S: GoocH, from 1832 to 1834. J. Given, from 1834 to 1835. A. Archer, from 1836 to 1837. G. H. Black, from 1838 to 1841. J. T. Raymond, from 1842 to 1847. W. B. Serrington, from 1847 to 1849. A. T. Wood, Inst. 1850, left 1S50. W. Thompson, settled October, 1850, present Pas- tor. BARNES, JENNINGS & CO. FURNITURE AND UPHOLSTERY WAREROOMS, D. C. Barnes, 1 BOSTON". E. Jennings, > ^ScCoTey's patent Befrigerators. Tucker's Patent Sprine.Bed. [90] G. L. RANDIDGE, MILITARY, NAVAI AND CITIZEN'S No. 25 SCHOOL STREET, BOSTON. Allow me to call your attention to several original styles of COATS made in Paris, to my order. These Garments will be open to the inspection of gentlemen, for a few days previous to being disposed of. You are respectfully invited to examine a NEW STOCK of CHOICE GOODS, which has been selected by me with great care, from recent importations. I^^ Garments warranted satisfactory, and at prices reduced from former seasons. GEORGE L. RANDIDGE, 25 School Street. DR. PHELPS' TRUSSES, SUPPORTERS AND BRACES- The great number of radical cures of Hernia within the last few years, by the use of Dr. J. W. Phelps' Spiral Spring Trusses, has given them preference over all others. His apparatus for the correction and cure of all kinds of deformities are used at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and are recommended by the first Surgeons in Europe and America. At the Sign of the Golden Eagle, No. 68 TBEMONT STREET, BOSTON. THIRD BAPTIST CHDRCH. THIRI> BA.PTIST CHURCH, CHA.RI.£S STREET, This Church, consisting originally of 19 members from the Second Baptist Church, and of 5 from the First, was constituted August 5, 1807. On the same day the Meeting-House was dedicated to the worship of God. It is built of brickj'and exclusive of the tower, is 75 feet square. It is an elegant edifice, adorned with a cupola and bell, and cost $27,000. That portion of the street on which this Church was built, was reclaimed from the flats. The bell here used, was the first used in Boston by the Bap- tists. On the 5th of October, 1807, Rev. Caleb Blood, of Shaftsbury, Vt. , accepted an invitation to become its Pastor, and the relation between Mr. Blood and the Church was dissolved Jun« 5, 1810. Rev. Daniel Sharp, D. D., entered on his pastoral labors on the first Sabbath in March, 1812, although he was not installed until the 29th of April, 1812. Dr. Lowell, of the West Church, is the oldest pastor in Boston now ofiiciating. Settled in 1806. Dr. Sharp, of this Church, at the time of his death, was the next. Settled in 1812. Rev. J. C. Stockbridge, present Pastor, was settled in 1852. 90 PARK STREET CHURCH. . PARK STREET CHURCH, (As seen from the Common, near the big Elm.) This Church was gathered February 27, 1809. At its formation it con- sisted of 26 members. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid May 1, 1809, and consecrated January 10, 1810. This Church is situated at the corner of Tremont and Park streets, — one of the most commanding and delightful spots in the city. The archi- tectural beauty of the spire, elevated 218 feet above the pavement, adds much to the appearance of the metropolis, and forms one of its most striking features when viewed from the harbor or the surrounding country. Number of members in July, 1S42, 596, of whom 432 are females. PAS TORS . E. D. Griffin, from 1811 to 1815. S. E. Dwight, from 1817 to 1826. E. Beecher, from 1826 to 1830. J. H. Linsley, foom 1832 to 1835. S. Aiken, from 1837 to 1848. A. L. Stone, present Pastor, installed Janu- ary 25, 1849. HAWES PLACE CHURCH. HAWES PliACE CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTON. The Hawes Place Congregational Society was incorporated in the year 1818. The Church was formed Oct. 27, 1819, and consisted of 14 members. The Church was built in 1832, and dedicated January 1st, 1833. This society in South Boston originated in the desire of a few individu- als, mostly of the Rev. Dr. Harris's congregation in Dorchester, to be ac- commodated with a nearer place of worship. The appearance of the Church has lately been greatly improved by re- moving the steps in front, and by other alterations. Mr. Hawes, the founder of the Church, died Jan. 20, 1826, aged 88 years, leaving by his will sufficient funds for the support of the ministry. The first minister, Mr. Wood, received ordination as an Evangelist, from a Council assembled at Weymouth, Nov. 13, 1821, and died in 1822, with- out sustaining a pastoral relation to the society. The Rev. Lemuel Capen was invited to become their minister Jan. 28, 1823, and sustained this re- lation to the society without a formal installation, in consequence of his connection with the Public School. He was installed as Pastor, Oct. 31, 1827, and left in 1839. Rev. Charles C. Shackford was ordained May 19, 1841, left 1844. Rev. George W. Lippet was ordained 1844, left 1851. The pulpit is at present unsupplied. 92 ST. Matthew's church. ST. MATTHEW'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAIi CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTON. This Church was organized in March, 1816, and for about two years ser- vices were held in the school-house, conducted by a lay reader. The services of the Protestant Episcopal Church were celebrated for the first time, in that part of the city called South Boston, on Sunday, March 31, 1816. This Church is situated on Broadway, and is a neat and commodious brick building. The expenses of its erection were chiefly defrayed by be- nevolent members of Trinity and Christ Churches. PASTOKS. From IBIS, till 1824, the public services were performed by laymen, or by clergymen who made occasional visits to the Church. The first or- dained minister was Rev. J. L. Blake, June, 1824, left June, 1832. Rev. M. A. D'W.HowE, Aug., 1832, left Oct., 1832. The Church was then closed till Fel)., 1834. Rev. E. M. P. Wells, Feb., 1834, left April, 1835. Rev. H. L. CoNOLLY, May, 1835, left May, 1838. Rev. Joseph H. Clinch, June, 1838, present rector. [91] BENJ. ESTABROOK Would respectfully inform his friends and the trade generally, that he has taken the store No. 7 Union St., near Dock Square, where he intends to keep constantly on hand a select stock of both Foreigm and Domestic, and embracing all the choice and popular brands of the day. His assortment of IMPORTED CIGARS AND TOBACCOS will be found complete, and can be furnished by him on as favorable terms as any other dealer in New England. Manufactured Tobacco in great variety, among which may be mentioned the celebrated brands of Twin Brothers, Cubanoes, Indian Queens, Rose Bud, Esmeselders, Clipper, Cherry Ripe, Luxurious Prune, Don Quix- otes, Patrick Henry, Hammets, Together with a good assortment of FINE CUT, consisting of Goodwin's Pure American, do Sarsaparilla, do Yellow Bank, John Anderson's, Hoffman's, Suggetts, Henry Miller's, &c., &c. All of which I shall sell at manufacturers' prices. Also, a large lot of I)Il.Ji'S S"!© TOBACCO, A very choice article. Various kinds of Natural Leaf and Twist. Boston, May 23d, 1856. [93] CHARLiES IF. BROWN, MILLWEIGHT, BTTRH MILLSTONE MANTJFACTUREI AND PATENTEE AND BUILDER OF PEEWCH BURR PORTABLE GRINDING MILLS, Nos. 65 Sc 67 Haverhill Street, Boston, ( formerly 187 Sea Street. Mill Gearing fitted to order ; French Burr Mill Stones, 36 inches diameter ai under made from one entire piece ; all above that size, made in pieces ; Boltiii Cloth, Mill Picks, Elevating Screws, &c., furnished at short notice. ISRAELITISH SYNAGOGUE. WAKEEN STEEET. This buildinor, which was erected inlSal, is a small wooden structure, tastefully- decorated and pleasing in its appearance. It will seat about 500 persons, and has connected with it, rooms for a school and for business meetings of the trustees of the society, and for other purposes. There are, also, in the rear, bathing rooms for the females of the society, after the ancient customs of the Israelites. The traUeries of the church are set aside for the use of the females of the congregation, the body of the church being occupied exclusively by the males. The Synagogue of Israelites were first organized in Boston in 1843, and consist- ed at that time often members with their families. There are at the present time belonging to the society about 120 families. The name which the Synagogue adopts, and by which they are incorporated, is " Ohebei Shalom," which bemg interpreted is, " Friends of Peace." Connected with the Church is a school for their children, where they are taught in the ancient Hebrew as well as in the English language. There are, also, two charitable associations made up of members of this Syna- gogue, the one for males and the other for females. The services in their church are all conducted in the Hebrew language, and with all the ancient forms and ceremonies. They have the five books of Moses written on parchment, from which their Rabbi reads as part of their Sabbath ser- vice. At the present time the Rev. Joseph Sachs officiates as their religious in- structor, and also as teacher of their children in the Hebrew tongue. They give him the ancient title of Rabbi. Their Sabbath commences on Friday at Sun- down, and ends at the corresponding hour on Saturday. Their numbers are quite rapidly increasing. They have a burial ground at East Boston. 16* 94 CHURCH OF THE NEW JERUSALEM. CnUltCU OF TUK: ^EJV Jf^CCUSAiLKM, BOW'DOIN STRKET. This building -wras erected in 184;'), and cost, including lot, buildinp, organ and furniture, about sixty thousand dollars. The entrance of the church is designed in chaste Gothic architecture; fronts 15 feet on Bowdoin street, and passes thence through a vestibule 40 feet long, to the Auditory, The Auditory is 62 feet by 80 in the'clear, and contains 110 pews. The side galleries contain 30, and the cross end 20, making in all 1(5(3 pews, capable of seating KXIO persons. The entire ceil- ing is tinished with groined arches, and so formed as to admit light through the roof to the nave, which produces a soft and agreeable effect. The Easterly end forms a peculiarly elegant and grand feature of the edifice, there being placed on the centre of the chancel a lofty tabernacle; designed for a depository of the Sa- cred Scriptures, and a pavilUon on either side of the tabernacle, all of which are highly ornamental. The pulpit is on the main floor, in front of the chancel, but withdrawn from the centre. The organ is also on the first floor, in a room pre- pared expressly for its reception, so that it is without the usual case, and almost entirely concealed from view. Under the church is a basement of 12 feet in height in the clear, divided into apartments, which are used for the Sabbath School,X.ectures and Social meetings, &c. &c. The house is remarkably well situated, being almost exactly in the cen- tre, and on the highest land of the city, yet at the same time being very quiet and retired, and abundantly supplied with light and air. The society which worships here was organized in 1S18. The Rev. Thomas Worcester, the present pastor, was settled with them in 1828. [03] D. B. GULICK, 191 Washington Street, (Directly opposite Parker Fowle's Carpet Warehouse,) Bega leave to inform Publishers, Authors, Printers, Inventors and others, that he is prepared with every facility to execute «n t!)c aSest Stgle of tje ^rt. Many years' experience in the business, and upon first class illustrated works, warrants him in assuring the public of his ability to give the most complete satisfaction in every description of "Wood Engraving. Illustrations for Books, Newspapers, Magazines, Business Cards, Bill Heads, Labels, Posters, Views of Factories and Public Buildings designed for publication, on the most REASONABLE TEBM8. [94] §00k ^IhiBixiiihws, PORTRAITS, BUILDINGS,* Views, lacbmcry, labels, Seals, Baik Cliecks, Bill Jlads, BUSINESS CARDS, FOR COLOR PRINTING, &C' . IWUm IN THE FINEST AND BEST STYLE 01 THE ART.' Orders from a distance satisfactorily executed from Sketches, Daqdeb,- REOTTPES, or other accurate information. To those wishing Engravings^ the facilities of Express, &c., offer a77iple accommodation. * See Booton Almanac of 1856 ; also Lady's, for Fancy Designs. ESSEX STREET CHURCH. 95 UNION CHURCH, ESSEX STREET. This Church was gathered August 26, 1822. The Meeting-House in Essex street was dedicated in December, 1816, and is owned by the Essex Street Congregational Society. It was rebuilt in 1840-41, and reopened March 28, 1841. The tower of this Church is new, and is seen to the best effect from the corner of Harrison avenue and Essex street, as presented in the engraving. The side walls of the old house, with the roof, were carried up 12 or 15 feet, and a new floor inserted above the ground floor. A commodious and weU-proportioned lecture-room now occupies a part of the original floor of the house, entirely above ground, A marble pulpit, the first of that material in Boston, was placed in the Church when it was rebuilt. There is also a pedestal Font of white marble in the Church. The part of the city in the vicinity of this Church has lately been much improved by the erection of handsome blocks of dwellings, and the open- ing of a new street opposite the Church from Essex street to Beach street. PASTORS. Rev, Samuel Green, inst. March 26, 1823, dismissed March 26, 1834. Rev. Nehemiah Adams, present Pastor, installed March 26, 1834. The whole number of members July, 1842, was 576, of whom 130 were males, and 446 females. 96 NEW NORTH CHURCH. JVEAV NORTH CHURCH, HANOVER STREET. The New North was the second Congregational Church built at the north part of Boston, and the fifth in the order of the other Churches of that name. The first house was dedicated May 5th, 1714, and the second, which is the present. May 2, 1804. or nearly ninety years afterwards. It is a substantial brick edifice, at the corner of Hanover and Clark streets. The original cost was $26,570, exclusive of tho land. Nearly all this sum was realized from the first sale of pews. The inside is a square of 72 feet, two ranges of Doric columns under the galleries, and Corinthian columns above them support the ceiling, which was in an arch of moder- ate elevation in the centre, — the whole well adapted for sight and sound. Rev. John Webb, ordained October 20, 1714, died April 16, 1750. Rev. Peter Thacher, installed January 28, 1723, died March 1, 1739. Rev. Andrew Eliot, D. D. ord. April 14, 1742, died September 13, 1778. Rev. John Eliot, D. D., ordained Nov. 8, 1779, died February 14, 1813. Rev. Francis Parkman, D. D., ord. Dec. 8, 1813, resigned Feb. 1, 1819. Rev. Amos Smith, ordained December 7, 1842, resigned June 5, 1848. Rev. Joshua Young, present Pastor, ordained February 1, 1849. Rev. A. B. Fuller, his successor, was ordained in 1853. [95] THE WEBSTEH HOUSE 378 &0 380 HANOVER STREET. 'ossessing all the accommodations and conveniences of a fikst class ho EL, and being centrally located and of easy access to the business thorough- ares of the city, offers an inviting home to the business and travelling lublic. [96] FIRST CLASS The Subscriber solicits attention to valuable improvements recently added to his well known AMERICAN ACTION PIANOS ; among which j are three new scales of great fulness and beauty of tone, including a 7| diagonal scale, all of which unite every desirable requisite in a first class \ Piano, and at greatly reduced prices. Manufactory and Warerooms at 379 Washington St. Boston. A. R. CAMPBELL & CO. Nos. 6 & 7 Wilson Lane, Boston. N. B. A Room has been fitted, expressly for the accommodation of i] Ladies visiting the city. A. R. Campbell. Chas. H. Coverlt. W. Campbell. DAMRELL & MOORE, 16 DEVONSHIRE STREET, Four Doors from State Street. Circulars, Bill Heads, Cards, Labels, Merchants' Show Bills, Hand Bills, Auction Bills, Reports, Bank Checks, Engraved and Cop- perplate Cards, &c., &e.. Printed with the utmost despatch, in the best style, at the lowest l Prices. No. 16 Devonshire, 4 doors from State St. BULFINCH STREET CHURCH. BUL.F1NCH STREET CHURCH. The house is of brick, and is 74 by 70 feet, having for its front a pedi- ment in wood supported by half columns, the centre ones in imitation of freestone, and the outer ones white, corresponding with the entablature. There are three principal entrances to the Church in front. It is sur- mounted in front on each comer by cupolas, in one of which is an excel- lent toned bell. The proportions and arrangement of the interior are in good taste both for speaking and effect. The Society worshipping at this Church was incorporated by an Act of the Legislature, January 21st, 1823, by the name of the " Central Univer- salist Society." The corner stone was laid October 7th, 1822, and the fol- lowing is the principal inscription on the plate deposited underneath : — "HE that built and Bustains all things is Jehovah. This house, devoted to the worship of Almighty God, and the promulgation of his great Salvation through Jesus Christ, the Chief Corner-Stone, was commenced, and this stone laid October VII., in the year of our Lord MDCCCXXII., of the Independence of the United States the forty-sixth, and of the Institution of the city of Boston, the first." PASTORS. Paul Dean, installed May 7, 1823, resigned May 3, 1840. Frederick T. Gray, installed November 26, 1839. 17 PHILLIPS CHURCH. PHILLIPS CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTOX. This Church was gathered December 10, 1823, consisting at that time of thirteen persons. Rev. Prince Hawes, who had been some time preach- ing for them, was installed over them April 28, 1824. A house of worship was erected at the junction o Broadway and A street, and dedicated March 9, 1825. Mr. Hawes was dismissed April 18, 1S27, and on the 22d of November of the same year, Rev. Joy H. Fairchild was installed, and was dismissed at his own request. May 16, 1842. The place of worship being too small, a larger one was erected on the same location and dedi- cated May 4, 1836. The number of members in 1843 was 240. The house is built of wood, and has 104 pews on the lower floor, and will accommodate, including the gallery, about seven hundred persons. MINISTERS. Prince Hawes, installed April 28, 1824, left April 18, 1827. J. H. Fairchild, installed November 22, 1827, left May 16, 1842. W. W. Patton, installed January 18, 1843, left in 1845. John W. Alvord, installed November 4, 1846. [97] WOUKS OE APlT! J. K. IVIGOIM, :PE.I3SrTSEIL.IjEI?,:, 19 Tremont Street Boston, (opposite the museum) Has in Store, and is constantly receiving direct from the publishers, the best ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN ^X ^V^7 Sl jc^^r \'(^^ OF THE »£OST I»OI»¥JI.^I6 JPICTUKES, By Landseer, Turner, Ansdell, Wilkie, Herring, SchefFer, Vernet, Dela roche, Overbeck, Kaulbach, and other Modern Artists. ALSO, A RARE COLLECTION OP I^IISTE LinSTE Eisr<3-R,A.-vi3src3-s, After the celebrated works of the old Masters, by Edelinck, Raphael Morghen, Desnoyera, Garavaglia, Anderloni, Bervic, Longhi, Fr. Muller, Perfetti, Sharpe, Steinlo, Toschi, Martinet, and other celebrated Engravers. Together with Water Colors and Lithography. Collectors of rare Prints, and others interested in this department of art, may find in his portfolios some of the finest specimens of the graver, many of which are extremely rare and elegant. NEW BIRD AND CAGE STORE, No. 104: Court Street. The subscriber takes this method to inform the Ladies, and the public gener- ally, that he has removed from 54 to 104 COURT STREET, "Where they will find a select stock of Mocking Birds, Bulflnches, Larks, Thrushes, Goldfinches, and Canaries. Also. Fowls, Pigeons, Dogs, Rabbits, Parrots, Seeds, &c. No. 104 Court Street, Boston. A. D. CURRIER. J. C. EDWARDS. MASON & FRENCH, BLACK AND WHITE SMITHING, Keep on hand and manufacture to order, every description of For Cemeteries, Public and Private Buildings, Of which are new and of our own design ; also, Stools for Stores and other Places of Business, They have been adopted in many stores in this and other cities, with great satis- faction to all who have had occasion to use them. All orders solicited and promptly attended to. No. 179 Harrison Avenue, Boston. [98J ALL ARTICLES MADE OF THE BEST SE-A-S03SrEI5 STOCK! By experienced -workmen, -with the aid of new and improved machinery. Dv* Particular attention is given to furnishing School Houses and i Public Buildings with Desks, Chairs, Settees, Tables. Venetian Blinds, &c. . W. BOURGUIGNON, No. 231 WASHINGTON STREET, ( In the rear of Graphic Court.) IB @ ^ T © 0^ a Manufacturer of Canes, Cane Heads, Billiard Balls, &c. DT/^ Opera Glasses, Fans, Parasols, Sunshades, and all articles in this line that need repairing, will be punctually executed. CHURCH OF THE ADVENT. CKUBCBE OF THE ADVEliT, OKEEX STREET. This Society was incorporated in 1816, and worshipped formerly in a hall at the corner of Lowell and Causeway streets. In December, 1848, they removed to the Green Street Church. The seats in this Church are free, and supported by the free-will offering of the worshippers. The number of communicants is about 200. Rev. William Croswell, D. D. has had pastoral charge of the parish from its first organization. The Meeting-House in Green street was consecreted for Divine wor- ship, October 25, 1826. The religious society arose out of the labors of their pastor, Rev. William Jenks, D. D., who was installed over them on the day of the consecration of their house of worship, October 25, 1826. This building is plain but neat. It is surmounted by a square tower of a single story from a classic model. The seats can conveniently accommo- date about 750 persons. In 1848 this building was sold to the Episcopal denomination, and is now occupied by the Church of the Advent, being the eighth organized Protestant Episcopal Church in Boston. The Rev. W. Croswell, D. D., was appointed at the season of Advent, (December,) 1844 ; and the Rev. F. W. Pollard, called as assistant minis- ter in 1845. The Rev. Horatio Southgate settled in 1852, is now pastor. 17^ TWELFTH CONGREGATIONAI, CHURCH. TWELFTH COK^GREGATIOIVAL. CHURCH, CHAMBERS STREET. Early in the year 1823, several gentlemen resolved to attempt the forma- tion of a new Congregational society, and the erection of a meeting-house for their accommodation in the western part of the city. In a few weeks 102 persons subscribed the sum of $ 23,300 for the building. An Act of incorporation was granted by the legislature on the 14th of June, 1823, for the '•' Twelfth Congregational Society in the city of Boston." The corner- stone of the new house was laid May 10, 1824, and the building was dedi- cated on the 13th of October following, on which occasion the sermon was preached by the Rev. John G. Palfrey. The Church ia pleasantly located on Chambers street, between Allen and McLean streets, and cost (land included) $ 34,000. It has 152 pews, and will accommodate 1,000 persons. The Rev. Samuel Barrett, of the Cam- bridge Theological School, became the pastor, and on the 9lh of February, 1825, was ordained, and has since remained the pastor. The parish library was established in the year 1826, and the Sunday School in 1827. The Society comprises about 200 families, is free from debt, and expends annually for the support of public worship, about thirty- one hundred dollars. [99] STo. 38*7 'fFashlnstou Street, Boston. [100] LEXINGTON HOUS O. BIGEL.01¥, Proprietor. The above first-class Hotel, is situated within ten miles from Boston, and onoi beautiWl drives in the vicinity of the city, has been recently entirely refitted 'withl ern mprovements and conveniences— Gas, Water, &c. It is situated within a few rods of the spot so dear to lovers of American liberty jV edin the history of our country as " the first battle field of the Revolution." I place immortalized by the shedding of the blood of the first martyrs of the B< find the above House equal in all respects to any in New England. Col. Bigelow host, is always ready to dispense all the hospitality enjoyed at the most favored ., ted Hotels. Lexington, 1856. DC^^The cars leave the Fitchburg Depot four times each day . BOWDOIN STREET CHURCH. BOW COIN STREET CHURCH. The Bowdoin Street Congregational Society, or Church, was organized July 18, 1825, under the name of the Hanover Street Church, and the cor- ner-stone of the first Meeting-House was laid in Hanover Street, by the Rev. B. B. Wisner. It was dedicated to the worship of God on the 1st day of March, 1826, and burned down on the morning of the 1st of Feb- ruary, 1830. Soon after this bereavement, the church and congregation adopted measures to repair the loss, purchased a lot of land in Bowdoin Street, where the present house was built, and obtained a charter from the legislature of the State, as the " Bowdoin Street Congregational Society." Whole number of members in May, 1851, were 447. The edifice is a massive stone structure, 75 feet front by 98 feet in depth, built in the primitive Gothic style. The tower is 28 feet by 20, projecting 6 feet from the main wall. The house is in the centre of Bowdoin street. PASTORS. Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., inst. March 22, 1826, dis. Sept. 36, 1832. Rev. Hubbard Winslow, inst. Sept. 26, 1832, dismissed 1844. Rev. Tared B. WATERBURi', D. D., present Pastor, inst. Sept. 2, 1846. 102 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL'S CHURCH. ST. VINCENT DE PAUL'S CHURCH, ROMAN CATHOLIC, PURCHASE STREET. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid September 7, 1825, and the house was dedicated on Thursday, August 24, 1826, for the use of the Unitarian denomination. The building is constructed of rough hewn granite, and covers a space of 81 by 74 feet. It stands near Liverpool wharf, where the famous Tea vessels were moored during the memorable 16th of December, 1773. The pastors were Rev. George Ripley, ordained November 8, 1826, and Rev. James I. T. Coolidge, ordained February 9, 1842. Owing to the many changes that had occurred in that portion of the city, the Unitarian Society worshipping in this Church decided, in the year 1847, to erect a new building in a more central position, for the greater convenience and accommodation of the majority of the members. A lot was accordingly purchased during that year for this purpose. In May 1848, the Society removed to their New Church at the corner of Harrison avenue and Beach street. The Purchase Street Church has been owned by the Roman Catholics since that period, and is now known as St. , Vincent de Paul's. Rev. M. P. Galigher, Pastor, from May, 1848, and at j present officiating. [101] I DRS. CUMMINGS & PLAGG, 25 TREMONT STREET, (Up Stairs,) BosTOiir Deittisxey. It is a conceded point, that no city in the world excels Boston in the skill of its Dental Surgeons. The stranger who traverses the city will be struck with the high position they hold, but nowhere will he find this art in higher perfection, than if, arrested by a curious anatomical exhibitionof the progress of dentitioip. to be seen in an elegant show case at 25 TremontKow.opposite the Boston Museum, he ascends to the rooms of Dks. CuMMiNGS & Flaog. The Doctors are always ready to give the latest improve- ments in the best style, with betterments of their own. Their mode of setting teeth, single or in sets on the principle of atmospheric suction, without hooks or any dependence whatever in remaining teeth or stumps, is essentially their own and eminently successful. The power of any man to do things in the right ivay is always discovered by the public sooner or later, and accordingly the public has discovered Drs** Cummings & Flagg to be the first practical dentists of the city of dentists, and are carrying their work to every dinner table in Christendom. The Dental Akt and Who to Patronise. Our city is peculiarly fortu- nate in the possession of dentists of skill, reputation and personal worth. In no place in the country are they more so. This is well for the credit of the city, the art itself, and for the people who have occasion to become subjects of it. We take great pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the widely known and thoroughly tested skill of Dr. John A. Cximmings, at 25 Tremont Row. All who have placed themselves, or friends under his treatment need not be told that his I operations are skillful and scientific to the highest degree. In his hands, art replaces and restores the losses and deficiencies of nature. In a word, he is a complete dentist ; an honor which it requires more than is commonly supposed to honestly merit. Dr. Cummings, with a view to meet the increasing calls upon his establishmen t » has associated in partnership. Dr. G. H. R, Flagg, a skillful and experienced practitioner, whose services have often been called into requisition by our citi_ zens. The rooms of the establishment have been enlarged and improved, so that every department of operative and mechanical dentistry is carried on in the most systematic and eflfective manner. We make this brief reference to Drs Cummings & Flagg from a personal and accurate knowledge of their superior qualifications as dentists, no less from their agreeable manners and gentlemanly qualities generally, and accordingly can commend in all sincerity and with a ull conscience to the patronage of the public— which we do most cordially.— £ee. [103] EST ABLISHIIB 1821 NEWELL HARDING & CO., 12 COURT SCtUARE, BOSTON. Manufacturers of Warranted Silver Ware, consisting of Pitchers, Gob- lets, Tea Sets, Forks, Knives, Spoons, Napkin Rings, &c., and every article usually sold by Silversmiths. OILMAN SCRIPTURE, MANUFACTDRBR OP Lemon, Sarsaparilla and other Syrups, B O S T O 3Sr- HARVARD STREET BAPTIST CHURCH, 103 HARVARD STREET BAPTIST CHURCH. This Church was constituted March 27, 1839, consisting of 121 members, derived chiefly from the various Baptist Churches in the city. They now number 500. As they met at first in Boylston Hall, Ihey look the name of the Boylston Street Church, which has been changed to that of the Harvard Street Church, since their removal to the new place of worship. From Boylston Hall they moved to the Melodeon, and thence to the new Church. The comer-stone of the Church was laid in May, 1842. It is situated at the comer of Harvard street and Harrison avenue. It is a beautiful and commodious edifice, wiih a stone front. It will accommodate between 1,100 and 1,200 persons. The inside is distinguished for great neatness and convenience. Their first Pastor was the Rev. Robert Tumbull, who was installed August 25, 1839. Rev. Joseph Banvard, settled as minister in. 1846, and is the present Pastor. The Baptists were, as a Society, much persecuted in the seventeenth century, and prosecutions by the civil authorities were numerous against them in Boston, about the year 1665. In 1729, the leg- islature of Connecticut passed an act to exempt Baptists and Quakers from ministerial taxes. 18 104 PINE STEEET CHURCH. PIXE STREET CHUKCH. This Church consisting of 42 members, was organized Sept. 2, 1827' The corner-stone of the Church edifice was laid June 20, of the same year' and the house dedicated by the Congregational denomination, Dec. 25, 1827. The house has been extensively repaired and some material alter- ations made in the year 1851. It is 71 feet in width and SO in length, and contains 182 pews. The whole exterior is of a classic form, modelled after the Temple of Theseus at Athens. On the south side is a pleasant Green. The interior of the edifice was remodelled In 1842. In the base- ment is a Vestry, 46 by 40, and a Committee room, 27 feet by 20. The front gallery is furnished with a handsome clock. Present number of members is about 200. PASTORS. Rev. Thomas H. Skinner, D. D., inst. April 19, 1828, left Aug. 27, 1828 Rev. Jona Brown. D. D., inst. March 14, 1829, left Feb. 16, 1831. Rev. Amos A. Phelps, inst. Sept. 13, 1831, left March 26, 1834. Rev. Artemas Boies, inst. Dec. 10, 1834, left Nov. 9, 1840. Rev. Austin Phelps, inst. March 31, 1842, left May 1848. Rev. H. M. Dexter, present Pastor, ordained 1849. [103] TO THE FAMILY CIRCLE, PROPRIETORS OF HOTELS, AND KEEPERS OF SALOONS, THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. Your attention is called to the notico of CELEBRATED SHERRY WIl BITTERS, prepared entirely of roots and herbs, compounded ivith Sherry Wine. This invaluable tonic is peculiarly beneficial when any tonic impression is needed to give tone and action to the stomach, strength to the diges- tive organs, and reinstates in all cases of general debility and loss of ap- petite. It is highly recommended by the faculty, whose opinion of its merits is corroborated by facts which cannot be shaken or disputed. It may be taken without infringing by its use any conventional reforms, neither violating by its companionship the Statutes of the land, nor de- viating from the most fastidious observances of temperance, whilst en- joying its vivifying influences, makes the most appropriate and healthy tonic for the family circle, as well as Hotels, Steamhoats, and Saloons, and by partaking of it from a wine-glass, without any mixtures, its medi- cinal effects will be more highly appreciated. The proprietor wishes every man, woman, and child to try its tonic effects — but if they are in perfect health, nothing of the kind is needful. PREPARED ONLY BY Corner Custom House and Broad Streets, BOSTON, And for sale by the Druggists and Country Stores generally, throughout the country. [104] MANNING, BROWN & CO., DESIGNERS, ENGRAVERS, IJfltl AND f 156 WASHINGTON STREET, Have superior facilities for DESIGW^ING AND ENGRAVING BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS, PORTRAITS, DKAWINGS OF MACHINERY, In Common and Geometrical Perspective, Political and other Caricatures, I?, E usr ' s [108] 145 Hanover cor. of Union Street, Boston. PRESIDENT, SECRETARY AND TREASURER, BOARD OF INVESTMENT, The PRESIDENT, aud Messrs. CONVERSE, GUILD, PRINCE, and LOW. This SAVINGS BANK is open Every Day, from 9 till 1 o'clock, On SATURDAY AFTERNOON, from 3 till 5 o'clock. AND ON SATURDAY EVENING from 7 till 9 o'clock, For the express accommodation of all persons who receive their wages on Saturday night. IT WILL RECEIVE DEPOSITS FROM mil mnE w th mum, and pay on all sums of Three Dollars and upwards. Five Per Cent. Interest Per Annum. Payable semi-annually, on the first Wednesday of May and November, and in addition thereto, once in five years, DIVIDE ALL SUR- PLUS PROFITS equally among the depositors. mariners' church, MARINERS' CHURCH, PURCHASE STREET. This Church is under the charge of the Boston Seamen's Friend Society, formed in January, 1828. The Society previously worshipped in the hall on Central wharf. The comer-stone of this church edifice was laid August 11, 1829, and was dedicated January 1, 1830. A Church of 9 members was organized, for the special benefit of seamen and their families, January 20, 1830. The Mariners' Church is situated in Purchase street, on the easterly side of Fort Hill, fronting the harbor. Over it waves the Bethel Flag, in- viting the hardy seamen of Columbia to gather around the altar of their God, and each Sabbath day witnesses these gallant men, who never bent to a victor, on their knees before Him, in his house. PASTORS. Rev. Jonathan Greenleaf, chosen February 13, 1830, dismissed No- vember, 1833. Rev. Daniel M. Lord, installed Nov. 11, 1834, dismissed July 20, 1848. Rev. George W. Bourne, installed February 15, 1849, present Pastor. 108 seamen's church. SEAMEN'S CHURCH, OR BETHEL, NORTH SQUARE. The Bethel, in North Square, is owned by the Port Society for the city of Boston and vicinity, and cost $ 23,000. In the year 1828, several gentlemen of our city, of the Methodist Epis- copal persuasion, urged by an enlarged philanthropy, organized themselves into a society, for the moral and religious instruction of seamen, to be called " The Port Society of Boston and its vicinity." The Bethel was the first fruits of their design, and no one of our public charities has re- ceived a greater share of public eulogium. Another early act of the founders was to procure and settle a pastor over the Bethel, and their choice fell upon the Rev. Edward T. Taylor, who still continues to labor among his " children," as he affectionately terms the seamen, and his la- bors are attended v?ith eminent success, alike creditable to himself and the great cause he advocates. The edifice, of v?hich the above is a representation, is all built of brick, with the exception of the basement, which is of unhammered Quincy granite. It is 81 by 53 feet, and is capable of containing 1,500 persona. A part of the basement is used for a reading-room, for the benefit of those seamen who have leisure and inclination to visit it. GRACE rnuRCH. 109 GRACE CHURCH, TEMPLE STREET. This Society was formed in 1829, and continued to increase very gradu- ally until towards January, 1835, when it was incorporated under the title of " Grace Church in the City of Boston." The corner-stone of the Church edifice was laid June 30, 1835, and It W£is consecrated by the Right Reverend Bishop Griswold, June 14, 1836. The architecture of this Church is generally much admired, and it is a better specimen of the Gothic style than is ordinarily found in New Eng- land. The interior is beautifully painted by M. Bragaldi. The exterior of the building, including the towers (which are of the octagonal form), is 87 feet ; breadth 68 feet. The basement is divided into 2 large rooms for lectures, Sunday-schools, &c. The height from the main floor above the basement to the centre of the main arch, is 45 feet; an arch is thrown over each of the side galleries, which is intersected by arches opposite the three windows on each side, and resting on each side upon four cluster col- umns of 24 inches diameter. RECTORS. Rev. Thomas M. Clark, instituted November 13, 1836, left 1843. Rev. Clement N. Butler, D. D., instituted 1844, left 1847. Rev. Charles Mason, present Pastor, instituted 1848. 19 110 FOURTH UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. FOURTH UXIVERSALIST CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTON. This edifice ia situated at the corner of B street and Broadway. It was built, and is now occupied by the "Fourth Universalist Society," which was gathered in April, 1830, under the labors of Rev, Benjamin Whitte- more, who was installed April 10, 1833. Rev. Thomas D. Coolc, present minister, installed in 1844. From a small beginning the Society has grad- ually increased in numbers and prosperity. The Society was organized May 30, 1831, and incorporated April 19, 1837. Connected with the Society is a Church, numbering about 80 members. Also a Sabbath School with 280 scholars and 45 teachers. The Church edifice presents nothing very remarkable to the eye in point of architecture. It is built of wood, with a brick basement, which con- tains two stores and the Vestry. The furniture and interior ornaments are neat, and well adapted to the comfort and convenience of the speaker and auditory. The origin of the denomination of Universalists in Amer- ica, was in the year 1770. Mr. John Murray commenced preaching near New York ; visited Philadelphia and several parts of New Jersey ; came in 1773 to Newport, and thence to Boston, where he arrived on the 26th of October of that year. [109] P. H. WALKER, MANUFACTURER OP SCALES, WEIGHTS AND MEASEIS, WEIGHING APPARATUS, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, , AND DEALER IN PLATED AND CAST STEEL KNIVES, SOLD AT THE LOWEST CASH PRICES. No. 2 Faneuil Hall Square, Boston, UP STAIRS. All Scales purchased at this establishment warranted correct. Please call and examine before purchasing elsewhere. [110] MERRIMAC HOUSE Comer of Friend and Mcrritnac Streets. JAMES HANSON, Proprietor. Grateful to the Pul)lic for patronage while landlord of Hanson « Hotel, respect- fully solicits your patronage at my New Stand Havme newly repaired and furnished the above House, with all the modern improvements of a nis* class Hotel. This House is centrally located m the mimediate vicinity of Boston and Maine, Eastern, Lowell and Fitchburg Railroads, ftrangers visiting the city will always find this House conducted as a first class Hotel, with moderate prices. BOARD, $1.25 per day. CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. Ill CENTRAL. CONGREGATIONAL! CHURCH, WINTER STREET. This Church was organized May 11, 1835, consisting of 62 members, and commenced public worship al the Odeon, August 6, 1835, under the name of the Franklin Street Church. The corner-stone of the Church edifice was laid May 27, 1841, and the Church consecrated Dec. 31, 1841. The Central Congregational Society was organized Dec. 7, 1841, and the Franklin Street Church assumed the name of the Central Congregational Church, Dec. 24, 1841. The number of members in January 1, 1850, was 462. The front of this Church is of the Corinthian order ; the two fluted col- umns and beautiful capitals of Quincy granite sustaining the entablature, that, united, form an elevation of about 53 feet from the ground, and of 44 in width, present an imposing appearance. The interior arrangement of the house embraces all modern improvements in this department of archi- tecture. PASTORS. Rev. "William M. Rogers, installed August 6, 1835. Rev. George Richards, installed October 8, 1845. FIFTH UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. FlFlil t^lMlV is^RSALIST CHURCH, WARREN STREET. The Fifth Universalist Society was formed January, 1836. It wor- shipped in Boylston Hall three years, when it removed to the Meeting- House erected for its use in Warren, near Tremont street. The house was dedicated in February, 1839. The Meeting-House is built of brick, with a granite basement, and con- tains 162 pews, and will seat about 1,100 persons. It is furnished with a fine-toned organ. In the basement there is a large vestry and three school-rooms. The Church, which originally consisted of 85 members, was formed in 1837. It has now about 350 members. The communion is administered once a month. There are connected with the Society two Sabbath Schools, consisting of about 300 children, and 70 teachers. There are also two fe- male charitable associations connected with the Society. PASTORS. Rev. Otis A. Skinner, settled January, 1837, resigned April, 1846. Rev. J. S. Dennis, installed January, 1847, resigned June, 1848. Rev. Ons A. Skinner, reinstalled March, 1849. [Ill] JOHN POETER & CO., Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in PORTER'S PATENT BlIRll FLUID, eilFIMl MB iMQieL, No. 12 Broad, (near State) Street, Boston. J. POKTER. J- A. GOtJLD. W. B. LANG, C. M. WHEELER, D. B. SAFFORD. ¥. BAILEY LANG & CO., LOCOMOTIVE AND RAILWAY SUPPLIES, NEW YORK & BOSTON. SOLE AGENTS IN" AMEKICA TO THE mmw mm®m Em@m m®mwMmT« COMMERCIAL INSTITUTION, 259 Washington Street, Boston. TERMS OF TUITIoar : Writing, 30 Lessons, $5.00 - Arithmetic, 30 do 5.00 Navigation, one quarter, 22.00 French, one quarter, 10.00 German, " '' 10.00 Music, " " 15.00 Mechanical Drawing, one quarter, • 10.00 Hours from 9 to 12, A. M., from 2 to 5 P. M., 7 to 9 in the Evening. [113] m© ©©mmm/Airm\iS. R. L. TAY, OFFICE, 130 CROSS STREET, ii)©§ir®[ia WHOLESALE AND BETAIL iSsft