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PEACE PRINCIPLES 
 
 IX THE 
 
 urn HISTORK OF PEIIIISnVlllllll, 
 
 BY 
 
 SAMUEL M. JANNEY, 
 
 AUTHOR or THE "LIFE OF WILLIAM TENN," "LIFE OF GF.OKGE FOX, 
 "history of FKIENDS," ETC., ETC, 
 
 Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children 
 
 of God.— Matt. v. [). 
 
 The work of righteousness shall bo peace ; and the effect of righteousness, 
 
 quietness and assurance forever. — Isaiah xxxii. 17. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 FRIENDS' BOOK ASSOCIATION, 
 
 706 Arch Street. 
 
 187 6. 
 
Entered according- to Act of Congress in the year 18T6, by the 
 
 Friends' Book Association of Philadelphia, 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C. 
 
 n^ 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 "yN this centennial year, when the repre- 
 sentatives of nearly all civilized nations 
 will meet in the city of Brotherly Love, 
 and engage in harmonious intercourse, it 
 seems to be an appropriate season to revive 
 the memory of the Founder of Pennsylva- 
 nia, and to illustrate the principles of 
 peace. 
 
 There is, in thoughtful minds through- 
 out Christendom, a growing disposition to 
 consider the best means of averting the 
 dreadful calamities of war, and the oppres- 
 
 3 
 
4 Preface. 
 
 sion that results from maintaining vast 
 armaments in time of peace. But we 
 must not expect the rulei's of nations to 
 reform these evils until the people shall 
 demand it, nor will the people demand it 
 until they are more generally enlightened 
 and imbued with Christian principles. 
 
 A good work is being done by the Peace 
 Societies in this country, and in Europe. 
 Their publications have thrown a flood 
 of light upon the enormous evils of Avar, 
 and" the means that may be used to secure 
 the blessings of peace. They have shown 
 that International arbitration has, in 
 many instances, succeeded in settling 
 disputes that endangered the peace of na- 
 tions, and that a code of International laws, 
 administered by a High Court of Nations, 
 would be the means of preserving peaceful 
 
Preface. 5 
 
 relations, and leading ' to a general dis- 
 armament throughout Christendom. 
 
 They have called in earnest language 
 upon the ministers and members of 
 Christian Churches to proclaim and to 
 practise the Law of Love as taught and 
 exemplified by the Author of our religion, 
 a law that is no less imperative upon 
 nations than upon individuals, which 
 would lead to the reign of universal peace 
 as foretold by the prophet, when "nation 
 shall not lift up sword against nation, 
 neither shall they learn war any more." 
 
 My design, in this work, is to give a 
 concise account of the only attempt that 
 has ever been made to govern a common- 
 wealth on the principles enunciated by 
 our Saviour, in His Sermon on the Mount, 
 and to show that the reign of "peace on 
 
6 Pkeface. 
 
 earth, and good will to men/' is not only 
 beautiful in theory, but feasible in 
 jjractice* 
 
 It will be observed that a portion of the 
 materials used in this essay are re- 
 produced from my work entitled " The 
 Life of William Penn, with Selections from 
 his Correspondence and Autobiography," 
 to which the reader is referred for further 
 particulars relating to the early history 
 of Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Samuel M. Janney. 
 
 Lincoln, Loudoun County, Virginia. 
 Third Month, First, 1876. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELAWARE. 
 
 1623-1G77. 
 Dutch settlement — Fort Nassau — Captain Mey — De Vrie's colony at 
 Ilooi-kills — Destroyed by Indians — Swedish colony and fort at Chris-* 
 tina — At Tinicum — Colonel John Printz — Warlike measures — The 
 Dutch build Fort Cassimer — The Swedes subdued — Dutch policy — The 
 English take possession for the Duke of York — Disastrous results of 
 military sway II 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BIRTH AND EDUCATION OF WILLIAM PENN — SETTLEMENT 
 OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1644-1678. 
 Peiin at Oxford— Religious impressions — Tour of Europe — Sent to Ire 
 land— Militai-y expedition — Preaching of Thomas Loe — Penn con- 
 vinced of Friends' principles — Displeasure of his father — Penn becomes 
 an author — Imprisoned in the Tower — Released — Arrested at a 
 Friends' meeting— Trial of Penn and Mead— Their imprisonment— 
 Penn pleads for liberty of conscience— Death of his father— Coloniza- 
 tion of New Jersey 25 
 
Table of Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 COLONIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 1G80-1G82. 
 William Peun iietitions Charles II. for territory on the Delaware — The 
 royal patent for Pennsylvania — Penn's letter to the inhabitants — His 
 care for the Indians — His letter to them — Arrival of colonists — Penn's 
 views on government — The first constitution — Grant of territory by 
 Duke of York — Penn's instructions to his children — His arrival at 
 New Castle — He reaches Philadelphia — Meets the Indians — Plan of 
 the city — Visits New York — Account of the great treaty at Shacka- 
 maxon 37 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LEGISLATION— AND INTEECOUPvSE WITH INDIANS. 
 1GS2-1C83. 
 First assembly — Code of laws — Assembly in Philadelphia — New Charter 
 — Purchase of Indian lands— The long walk— Trial for witchcraft and 
 acquittal — Rapid increase of population— Character of colonists — Indian 
 traits 65 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE BOUNDARY QUESTION — REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND 
 
 1G84-1G89. 
 Controversy with Lord Baltimore about boundaries — Penn's return to 
 England — The boundary question considered — Death of Charles II. — 
 Accession of James II. — Release of Friends from prison — Affairs of 
 Pennsylvania — Unpopularity of the king — His abdication — William 
 and Mary crowned — William Penn arrested — Cleared in open court — 
 Act of toleration — Blackwell appointed governor — His resignation — 
 Indian alarm 83 
 
Table of Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 TEOUBLES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 1689-1695. 
 War in Europe — Penn arrested and discharged — Funeral of George Fox 
 — Penn lives in seclusion — Affairs of Pennsylvania — Separation of 
 territories — George Keith's separation — AVilliam Penn deprived of his 
 government — He is cleared by the king — Penu's maxims — His essay 
 towards the present and future peace of Europe 98 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 COLONIAL AFFAIRS— PENN'S REMOVAL TO THE COLONY. 
 1693-1701. 
 Governor Fletcher's administration — Military services demanded — Per- 
 plexity of the assembly — Restoration of the government to Penn — 
 Markham deputy-governor — Prosperity of the colony — Penn's second 
 marriage — Death of his son — Travels as a minister — Embarks for Penn- 
 sylvania — Arrival— James Logan secretary— Penn's concern for the 
 blacks and Indians — Rise of testimony against slavery — Its progress — 
 Penn liberates his slaves — Pennsbury manor — Indian councils — The 
 king's requisition for money to build forts — Motion in Parliament to 
 annex pi'oprietary governments to the crown — Indian visitors — Assem- 
 bly meets — New constitution — Friends' public school — Penn and 
 family return to England 114 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 penn's PECUNIARY EMBARRASSMENTS. 
 
 1702-1709. 
 
 Death of King William and accession of Queen Anne — Penn in favor at 
 
 court — Affairs of Pennsylvania — Governor Hamilton — The church 
 
 party — Colonel Quan-y — Penn's pecuniary wants — He proposes to sell 
 
 his government to the crown — Governor Evans and William Penn, Jr., 
 
10 Table of Contents. 
 
 in Pennsylvania — Evans' proclamation for a militia — False alarm and 
 illegal exactions of Governor Evans— Removal of Evans and appoint- 
 ment of Governor Gookin — Penn's imprisonment for debt — His release. 135 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE LAST DAYS OF PENN. 
 1709-1718. 
 Dissensions between the council and assembly — Requisitions for military 
 purposes — Rejected by the assembly — Contest between David Lloyd 
 and James Logan — Logan goes to England and is acquitted — Reaction 
 in Pennsylvania in favor of the Proprietary — Harmony restored— Sub- 
 sidy granted to the queen — Act to prevent the importation of negroes 
 —Penn's proposed sale of his government — He is stricken with paraly- 
 sis—His death and character 152 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE PEACE-POLICY A SUCCESS. 
 
 Difficulties encountered by Penn — Wars of the other colonies — Feasibil- 
 ity of peace-principles — Political contests in all free governments — 
 Feudalism and democracy incompatible — Death penalty not inflicted 
 —Intercourse with Indians — Testimony of C. Sumner in favor of peace. 162 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELA- 
 WARE. 
 
 1623-1677. 
 
 THE colonization and early history of Penn- 
 sylvania, under the government of its illus- 
 trious founder, is a subject of deep interest to 
 reflecting minds, affording instructive evidence of 
 the blessings derived from religious liberty and 
 the practical observance of Christian principles. 
 
 The entire absence of military defences, the en- 
 joyment of uninterrupted peace, the freedom and 
 liberality of her institutions, the patriarchal sim- 
 plicity of manners united with moral refinement, 
 and the unexam])led rapidity of her growth, are 
 features that cannot be found so happily blended 
 in the history of any other people. 
 
 It is the purpose of this work to furnish a con- 
 densed statement of the government established 
 and the principles maintained by the colonists 
 who were engaged with William Penn in his 
 
 11 
 
12 Introduction. 
 
 noble enterprise, and as a preliminary to this de- 
 sign a brief notice of the earlier European settle- 
 ments on the banks of the Delaware is deemed 
 appropriate. 
 
 The first of those settlements was planted by 
 the Dutch in the year 1623, under the command 
 of Captain Cornelius Jacobson Mey, who sailed 
 up the Delaware to the vicinity of Gloucester 
 Point, and " on the eastern shore commenced the 
 erection of Fort Nassau, as well for security 
 against the Indians as for a trading-post with 
 them.'' * 
 
 The measures pursued by the Dutch in erecting 
 forts and exhibiting the implements of war, were 
 in striking contrast with the peaceable policy after- 
 wards pursued by Penn and his associates, and 
 the results that ensued furnish a cogent argument 
 in favor of peace principles. 
 
 The expedition under the command of Captain 
 Mey was sent out by the Dutch AVest India Com- 
 pany with a view to establishing a fur trade with 
 the natives. It appears that the enterprise was 
 not successful ; most of the colonists abandoned 
 the fort, and after a lapse of ten years it was 
 found in possession of the Indians. 
 
 In 1630, the Dutch West India Company sent 
 out two vessels under the command of De Yries, 
 
 * Hazard's "Annals of Pennsylvania," p. 13. 
 
Introduction. 13 
 
 who, in the following year, founded a colony near 
 Cape Henlopen, on Lewis's Creek, which he named 
 Hoorn-kill, probably from the place of his resi- 
 dence, Hoorn, a port in Holland. Here he built 
 a trading-house or fort, defended by a palisade. 
 After a short stay he returned to Holland, leaving 
 the colony, consisting of more than thirty persons, 
 under the command of Giles Osset. 
 
 During the absence of De Vries his lieutenant 
 quarrelled with the Indians. One of their chiefs 
 was killed in the affray, and the friends of the 
 murdered cliief attacked the fort and put all the 
 colonists to death. 
 
 On the return of De Vries with others the fol- 
 lowing year a melancholy spectacle was presented 
 to their view. ^^ They found their dwelling-house 
 and store had been burnt to the ground and their 
 fortification utterly destroyed. But the most 
 affecting scene presented itself when they came to 
 the place where their countrymen had been butch- 
 ered : the ground was bestrewed with heads and 
 bones of their murdered men." * 
 
 De Vries, being a prudent and humane man, 
 made no attempt to punish the Indians, but by 
 acts of kindness succeeded in opening a friendly 
 intercourse with them. He ascended the Delaware 
 as far as the site of Fort Nassau, and then pro- 
 
 * " Original Settlements on the Delaware," by B. Ferris. 
 
 2 
 
14 Introduction. 
 
 ceeded to New Amsterdam. He attributed the 
 failure of the Dutch settlements on the Delaware 
 to the unjust dealings and imperious conduct of 
 the colonists; and after an intimate acquaintance 
 of many years with the Indian character, has left 
 on record this testimony : '^ They will do no 
 harm, if no harm is done to them.'' 
 
 The next attempt to plant a colony on the 
 western bank of the Delaware was made by the 
 Swedes in the year 1638. Peter Minuit, who com- 
 manded the expedition, had been director-general 
 of the Dutch West India Company and governor 
 of the New Netherlands. Being dismissed from 
 that office, he determined to offer his services to 
 the crown of Sweden. The officers in the expedi- 
 tion were mostly military men ; they were pro- 
 vided with troops, arms and ammunition, brought 
 with the express purpose of establishing a military 
 post. 
 
 Although the Dutch had failed in their attempts 
 to establish colonies on the banks of the Dela- 
 ware, they still claimed the country for their gov- 
 ernment on the ground of discovery, which was 
 then deemed sufficient by the potentates of Chris- 
 tendom to give them a preference in the purchase 
 and settlement of lands inhabited by uncivilized 
 nations. When Kieft, the governor-general of the 
 New Netherlands, was informed of the hostile 
 
Introduction. 15 
 
 movement of the Swedes, he immediately issued a 
 protest against the encroachment, and declared his 
 intention to protect the rights of the Dutch to the 
 territory invaded.* 
 
 The Swedes arrived in the spring, and sailing 
 up Delaware Bay, they came to a promontory 
 since called Mispillion Point, where they landed, 
 and found the climate and the scenery so delight- 
 ful after their long voyage, that they named it 
 " Paradise Point.'^ Embarking again, they pro- 
 ceeded up the Delaware to the mouth of the Min- 
 quas Piver, which they subsequently named Chris- 
 tina, in honor of the young queen of Sweden. 
 Passing up the Minquas, they came to a point 
 called ^^The Pocks,'^ where a natural wharf of 
 stone seemed to invite their landing, and there 
 they disembarked and began to erect their fort. 
 
 The Dutch governor at New Amsterdam, not 
 being supplied with the means to support his 
 claim over the lands on the Delaware, made no 
 attempt to prevent by force of arms the Swedish 
 occupation, and for some years the colony they 
 founded remained in undisturbed tranquillity, re- 
 ceiving fresh accessions of Scandinavian settlers. 
 
 The Dutch valued the land only for purposes 
 of trade, and made few improvements ; the Swedes 
 were an agricultural people, and immediately 
 
 * " Original Settlements on the Delaware," by B. Ferris, p. 38. 
 
16 Introduction. 
 
 began to open farms and plant fruit trees. Being 
 mild and peaceable, their intercourse with the 
 natives was entirely friendly, and they found no 
 difficulty in procuring subsistence. 
 
 In the year 1642 the Swedish government sent 
 out, under the command of John Printz, two ships 
 of war, having on board arms, ammunition, troops, 
 a large number of emigrants, and a clergyman. 
 They landed a short distance above the spot where 
 Chester now stands, and at a place called Tinicum, 
 they built a fort and named it Ncav Gottanburg. 
 John Printz, lieutenant-colonel in the army, was 
 in his commission styled governor of New Sweden. 
 The instructions he received from his government 
 required him to cultivate a friendly intercourse 
 with the Dutch, "but positively to deny their 
 pretended right to any part of the land on the 
 west side of the Delaware River, purchased by the 
 Swedes from the Indians, and to prohibit Swedish 
 vessels passing their Fort Nassau ; and he was 
 authorized, if all friendly negotiation proved 
 fruitless, to 7'epel force by joreeP In these in- 
 structions we see the indication of a warlike 
 policy which gave rise to contention, and event- 
 ually brought on a war with the Dutch, that put 
 an end to the Swedish authority in America. 
 
 Printz was an energetic officer, bold, arbitrary 
 and persevering. He fortified both shores of the 
 
Introduction. 17 
 
 river, and when the Dutch had re-established their 
 authority at Fort Nassau, he exacted tolls from 
 their vessels passing up the river to visit their 
 settlements. 
 
 In the year 1647, Peter Stuyvesant succeeded 
 Kieft as governor of the New Netherlands, and 
 being an energetic officer, he took active measures 
 to counteract the aggressive movements of the 
 Swedes on the Delaware. He caused a fort to be 
 erected, in the year 1651, on the site now occu})ied 
 by the town of New Castle, which he named Fort 
 Cassimer. The Dutch forces on the Delaware 
 were continually augmented, and frequent quar- 
 rels ensued between them and the Swedes, until 
 the year 1654, when John Rysingh arrived, in a 
 ship of war, and was invested with the govern- 
 ment of the Swedish colony. He immediately 
 attacked the Dutch Fort Cassimer, and the garri- 
 son being unprepared for resistance surrendered 
 without a struggle. 
 
 Governor Stuyvesant, being informed of the 
 loss of his fort, determined to prepare for active 
 retaliation, but prudently concealed his purpose 
 until the summer of 1655, when he appeared in 
 the Delaware with a squadron of seven armed 
 ships and transports containing between six and 
 seven hundred men. The Swedish governor, 
 being surprised at the appearance of an armament 
 
18 iNTRODUCTlOJi". 
 
 greatly superior to his own forces, resorted to 
 negotiation, and protested against the evident 
 designs of the Dutch, but Stuyvesant was not to 
 be moved from his purpose; he demanded the 
 surrender of the forts, and claimed possession of 
 the territory occupied by the Swedes. Governor 
 Rysingh, seeing that resistance would be in vain, 
 capitulated, and the Dutch governor, after taking 
 possession, issued a proclamation, by which all 
 the Swedes who desired to remain in the country 
 were required to come forward and take the oath 
 of allegiance. 
 
 Thus terminated the Swedish dominion on the 
 banks of the Delaware. It took the sword and 
 perished with the sword. 
 
 It has been remarked by the historian of "The 
 Original Settlements on the Delaware'^ that " it 
 was, perhaps, one of the most fruitful sources of 
 unhappiness to the Swedish emigrants, that their 
 colonial rulers were always military characters, 
 relying more on coercive power than on the 
 omnipotent influence of justice, candor, benevo- 
 lence and truth. There are few instances in the 
 history of the human family where the disparity 
 between the character of a people and their rulers 
 was more apparent than in the case before us." * 
 
 The Swedish colonists were industrious and 
 
 * Ferris' "Original Settlements on the Delaware," p. 100. 
 
Introduction. 19 
 
 peaceable, with strong religions feelings, and warm 
 domestic attachments. They had lived in peace 
 with their Indian neighbors, and after their sub- 
 mission to the Dutch they manifested no disposi- 
 tion to revolt, but quietly pursued their industrial 
 avocations. The aggressive disposition of their 
 military rulers, so far from protecting them, had 
 been the source of their greatest troubles and 
 caused the downfall of the Swedish dominion in 
 America. 
 
 The main object of the Dutch West India Com- 
 pany, in extending their settlements, Avas to increase 
 their trade and secure to themselves the whole com- 
 merce of the territories on the Delaware. They 
 introduced a few more settlers, but they made 
 little progress in the improvement of the colony. 
 
 '^ Under the leaden sceptre of a Dutch trading 
 company everything beautiful, and fair, and good 
 languished. The people were discouraged and 
 indolent; the lands, by nature fruitful, were 
 neglected, and lay waste. The manners of the 
 people were rude and unpolished, education was 
 not promoted, the standard of morals was low, 
 and the population, which had gradually aug- 
 mented under the Swedish dominion, had increased 
 but little under that of the Dutch." * 
 
 During nine years after the conquest of the 
 
 * Ferris' "Original Settlements on the Delaware," p. 111. 
 
20 Introduction. 
 
 Swedish colony the Dutch retained possession of 
 the territory on the western bank of the Delaware, 
 and of the country on the shores of the Hudson, 
 then called the New Netherlands, of which New 
 Amsterdam was the capital. The English, at the 
 same time, occupied the rest of the North Ameri- 
 can coast from Maine to Carolina. In the year 
 1664, Charles II., being covetous to obtain the 
 control of the whole coast, sent a small squadron, 
 under the command of Colonel Nicholls and Sir 
 Robert Carr, with instructions to reduce the Dutch 
 forts and put the Duke of York in possession of 
 the New Netherlands. 
 
 The English and Dutch governments were then 
 at peace, and the governor of New Amsterdam, 
 when the English fleet appeared, remonstrated 
 against this unprovoked invasion, asserting that 
 the Dutch had bought the Indian title and planted 
 the colony fifty years before. Colonel Nicholls, 
 regardless of the governor's remonstrance, made 
 preparations to attack the fort, and Stuyvesant, 
 being conscious that he could not defend it, agreed 
 to articles of capitulation. New Amsterdam 
 liaving thus fallen into the hands of the British, 
 the rest of the New Netherlands soon submitted, 
 and the squadron, under the command of Sir 
 Robert Carr, proceeded to the Delaware. 
 
 On the arrival of Carr before Fort Cassimer, 
 
Introduction. 21 
 
 "the burgomasters, on behalf of themselves and 
 all the Dutch and Swedes,'^ submitted without 
 resistance, and the British authority was estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Colonel Nicholls, on the submission of the 
 Dutch, assumed the administration of the New 
 Netherlands as governor, under the Duke of 
 York, and the city, with the territory adjoining, 
 received the name of New York. 
 
 New Jersey had been granted by the Duke of 
 York to liord Berkeley and Sir George Cartaret, 
 and the territory on the west side of the Delaware 
 remained under the control of the Duke. 
 
 In the year 1667, Governor Nicholls was suc- 
 ceeded by Colonel Francis Lovelace, as Governor 
 of New York and its dependencies. His admin- 
 istration was arbitrary and unsatisfactory to the 
 colonists. 
 
 In 1673, the Dutch and English being at war, 
 a Dutch fleet, under the command of Admiral 
 Evertsen, recaptured New York and its depen- 
 dencies. Anthony Colve was appointed governor- 
 general, and Peter Alrich, his deputy, as com- 
 mandant over the territory on the Delaware. 
 The transfer of allegiance to the Dutch govern- 
 ment did not long continue, for a treaty was made 
 the following year, under wdiich the country w^as 
 restored to the English. In the autumn of 1674, 
 
22 Introduction. 
 
 Major Edward Andross arrived at New York and 
 assumed the government, by authority from the 
 Duke of York. All the functions of the execu- 
 tive and legislative departments w^ere vested in 
 him and his council, and their authority extended 
 not only over New York and its dependencies on 
 the Delaware, but also over New Jersey, although 
 a government had been established there by an 
 express grant from the Duke of York to the pro- 
 prietors.* Among the powers claimed by Andross 
 was that of imposing duties on exports and 
 imports, which were levied on all vessels navigat- 
 ing the Delaware, whether destined to the ports 
 of New Jersey or those on the west side of the 
 river. This unwarrantable exaction, and other 
 arbitrary acts of Governor Andross, gave much 
 dissatisfaction and retarded the growth of the 
 colonies under his control. 
 
 Let us now take a retrospective survey of the 
 results of military rule on the banks of the Dela- 
 ware. Fifty years had elapsed since the first 
 colony was planted by the Dutch and named Fort 
 Nassau. It languished a few years, and was, for 
 a time, abandoned. Their next attempt was a 
 fortified settlement near the mouth of Delaware 
 Bay, which was destroyed by the Indians. The 
 Swedes succeeded them and planted a colony, but 
 
 * Ferris' "Oi'iginal Settlements on the Delaware." 
 
Intboduction. 23 
 
 the aggressive policy of their military governor 
 brought on a war which resulted in their subjec- 
 tion to the Dutch. These, in turn, were conquered 
 by the English, and the country, under the despotic 
 sway of the governors Lovelace and Andross, made 
 but little progress in population or industrial pur- 
 suits. Agriculture was at a low ebb, education 
 neglected, and the moral condition of the people 
 by no means encouraging. 
 
 There was, however, a brighter day about to 
 dawn upon the shores of the Delaware. The 
 colony of New Jersey was already enjoying the 
 benefits of civil and religious liberty, the doctrine 
 of peace and good-will to men had been proclaimed 
 there by Penn and his associates, and the time was 
 drawing nigh when Pennsylvania would exhibit 
 to the world the nearest approach that has ever 
 been made to a government founded on Christian 
 principles. 
 
PEACE TRIKCIPLES EXEMPLIFIED 
 
 IN THE 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF PENi\SYLVANIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BIRTH AND EDUCATION OF WILLIAM PENN — 
 SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1644-1678. 
 
 THE steps by which William Penn was lead 
 to take an interest in American coloniza- 
 tion, and the preparation he received for his great 
 work as the founder of a commonwealth, are 
 worthy of note, as an instance of that providential 
 care by which the Most High directs the destinies 
 of his chosen instruments, and accomplishes his 
 own beneficent purposes. 
 
 He was born in London, in the year 1644, and 
 
 was the son of Sir William Penn, a distinguished 
 
 admiral in the English navy. He received at 
 
 Oxford a liberal education, and while there became 
 
 3 - 25 
 
26 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 deeply impressed with religious convictions under 
 the preaching of Thomas Loe, a minister in the 
 Society of Friends. On his return home his 
 father saw with grief the serious deportment of 
 his son, which he feared would blast the prospects 
 of w^orldly honor he had cherished for him. He 
 therefore sent him to France, in company with 
 some persons of rank who were about to make the 
 tour of Europe. During this tour he sought the 
 company of men distinguished for learning and 
 piety, and returned home enriched with knowl- 
 edge and polished in manners. Soon after his 
 return he became, at his father's suggestion, a 
 student at Lincoln^s Inn, in order to acquire a 
 knowledge of the laws of England. 
 
 In the spring of 1666, his father, having a large 
 estate in Ireland, sent iiim tliither, and procured 
 him an introduction to the Lord-Lieutenant, the 
 Duke of Ormond, who presided over a court of 
 gayety and splendor. While residing there, he 
 joined a military expedition sent to quell a 
 mutiny in the garrison of Carrickfergus, and 
 evinced so much valor and energy that the duke 
 wished to make him a captain of infantry. This 
 post he was desirous to obtain ; for the gay world 
 around him had in a great measure obliterated his 
 serious impressions, and imbued him with a love 
 of military glory. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 27 
 
 Happily for him, his father refused his consent, 
 and in thus frustrating the ambitious aspirations 
 of his son, he unwittingly reserved him for a 
 nobler field of service to which he was destined 
 by Divine Providence. 
 
 While residing in Ireland, he went to Cork on 
 business, where he heard that Thomas Loe was to 
 attend a Friends' meeting in that city, and his 
 affection for that eminent minister induced him to 
 attend. After an interval of silent worship, 
 Thomas Loe commenced his discourse with these 
 words : ^' There is a faith which overcomes the 
 world, and there is a faith which is overcome by 
 the world,'' On this theme he spoke so impres- 
 sively that the feelings of William Penn were 
 effectually reached, his religious convictions were 
 revived, and yielding to the operation of divine 
 grace, he resolved to renounce the glory of the 
 workl and devote himself to the service -of God. 
 
 Having become an attendant of the religious 
 meetings of Friends, he was soon subjected 
 to the opprobrium and persecution they every- 
 where endured. In the autumn of 16G7, he 
 was, with eighteen others, taken from a Friends' 
 meeting in Cork and committed to prison. From 
 thence he wrote a letter to the Earl of Orrerj', 
 Lord-President of IVIunster, in which he says, 
 " Religion, which is at once my crime and mine 
 
28 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 innocence, makes me a prisoner to a mayor's 
 malice, but mine own free man." In this letter 
 he pleads for liberty of conscience, a noble prin- 
 ciple, more fully developed in his subsequent 
 works. It was the beginning of that long series 
 of efforts in favor of universal toleration, which 
 after more than twenty years of arduous conflict, 
 were crowned with success. 
 
 His request, so far as related to himself, was 
 granted by the earl, who gave an order for his 
 immediate release. 
 
 The report that he had become a Quaker soon 
 reached his lather, who was induced to recall him, 
 an order which he promptly obeyed. The admiral, 
 seeing that his son firmly adhered to his religious 
 principles, and his unceremonious behavior, was 
 highly incensed, and finding remonstrance and 
 entreaty ineffectual, expelled him from his house. 
 
 His situation was painful and embarrassing^ 
 Being destitute of pecuniary resources and with- 
 out a trade or profession, he was for a time 
 dependent on the hospitality of his friends. At 
 length his father, softened, perhaps, by the en- 
 treaties of his wife, who was an excellent woman, 
 allowed him to obtain subsistence at home, though 
 he gave him no open countenance. 
 
 In the year 1668, he felt himself called to the 
 gospel ministry, and about the same date became 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 29 
 
 known as a writer of rdigious works. One of 
 his earliest publications, entitled the " Sandy 
 Foundation Shaken/' gave great offence to the 
 clergy and especially to the Bishop of London, 
 insomuch that an order was procured for Penn's 
 imprisonment in the tower, where he w-as confined 
 with great rigor, and his friends were denied 
 access to him. 
 
 During his imprisonment, Dr. Stillingfleet, 
 afterwards bishop of Worcester, came at the king's 
 request to endeavor to change his judgment; but 
 he told the doctor, who repeated the same to the 
 king, ^' That the Tower w-as the worst argument 
 in the world to convince him ; for whoever was in 
 the wrong, those who used force for religion never 
 could be in the right." 
 
 He remained a prisoner nearly nine months, 
 and his discharge from the Tower came from the 
 king, through the intercession of his brother, the 
 Duke of York, who afterwards took the title of 
 James II. This kindness on the part of the duke, 
 and his continued favor after he became king, 
 produced in the mind of Penn a sentiment of 
 gratitude, and a strong personal attachment, which 
 continued through life, and subjected him to 
 groundless suspicion and persecution, after the 
 fall of his royal patron. 
 
 In the year 1670, the Conventicle Act was 
 
30 Peace PpwIxciples Exemplified. 
 
 renewed, which was professedly against ^^ Seditious 
 conventicles/' but really intended to suppress all 
 religious meetings conducted ^'in any other man- 
 ner than according to the liturgy and practice of 
 the church of England." It was said to have 
 been enacted at the suggestion of some of the 
 bishops. 
 
 It was not long before Penn was made to feel 
 the force of this arbitrary law, for on going to the 
 meeting at Grace church street, he found the house 
 guarded by a band of soldiers. He and other 
 Friends, not being permitted to enter, gathered 
 about the doors, where, after standing some time 
 in silence, he felt it his duty to preach, but had 
 not proceeded far when he and William Mead 
 were arrested by the constables, who produced 
 warrants from Sir Samuel Starling, the mayor of 
 London. 
 
 The trial, as related in the published works of 
 Penn, is deeply interesting, and resulted in the 
 greater security and more firm establishment of 
 civil liberty in England. The indictment charged 
 that "they did unlawfully and tumultuously 
 assemble and congregate themselves together, to 
 the disturbance of the peace.'' The jury brought 
 in a verdict of not guilty, and after being menaced 
 and reviled by the court, they were fined forty 
 marks each, which tliey refused to pay, and were 
 committed to prison. 
 
Peace Prixctples Exemplified. 81 
 
 Penn and Mead were also fined, and imprisoned 
 in Newgate. The jury, through their counsel, 
 applied for redress to the court of common pleas; 
 that tribunal overruled the decision of the lower 
 court and set the prisoners free, which was regarded 
 by the advocates of civil and religious liberty as a 
 triumph of their cause. 
 
 Admiral Penn was drawing near the close of 
 life, he longed to see his son, and sent the money 
 privately to pay his fine and that of his companion 
 in bonds. The meeting between the father and 
 son was deeply moving to both, a complete recon- 
 ciliation took place, and the admiral, being at last 
 convinced of the noble character of his son, said to 
 him, just before he died: "Son William, if you 
 and your friends keep to your plain way of preach- 
 ing and to your plain way of living, you will 
 make an end of the priests to the end of the world. 
 Bury me by my mother. Live in love. Shun 
 all manner of evil, and I pray God to bless you 
 all, and he will bless you." 
 
 Within three months from the time of his 
 enlargement, Penn was again arrested, while 
 preaching at a Friends' meeting, and being 
 arraigned before Sir John Pobinson, lieutenant 
 of the Tower, he was sentenced to six months' 
 imprisonment in Newgate. While incarcerated 
 in this " loathsome abode of misery and crime,'' 
 
32 Peace Prixciples Exemplified. 
 
 the pure and active mind of Penn was engaged in 
 writing religious tracts, the most important of 
 which is entitled, " The Great Cause of Liberty 
 of Conscience once more briefly Debated and 
 Defended by the Authority of Reason, Scripture, 
 and Antiquity." 
 
 This able work, and others of a like character 
 by the same author, exerted a powerful influence 
 in preparing the public mind for that change of 
 policy in regard to toleration, which he afterwards 
 had the happiness to see adopted by the British 
 government. 
 
 The time was now drawing nigh when Penn 
 was to take an active and conspicuous part in the 
 affairs of the American continent, where he was 
 destined to carry into practice those Christian 
 principles for which he had been pleading and 
 suffering. 
 
 Lord Berkeley, in the year 1675, for the sura 
 of one thousand pounds, sold his half of the prov- 
 ince of New Jersey to John Fen wick, in trust for 
 Edward Byllinge and his assigns. Fenwick and 
 Byllinge, both members of the Society of Friends, 
 became involved in a dispute about the property, 
 and having confidence in the judgment of Penn, 
 they agreed to refer the matter to him for arbitra- 
 tion. The dispute being adjusted by the kind 
 offices of Penn, one-tenth of West New Jersey was 
 
Peace Pkixciples Exemplified. 33 
 
 retained by Fenwick, and the remaining nine- 
 tenths transferred, at the request of Byllinge, to 
 William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicholas Lu- 
 cas, trustees for the benefit of his creditors. 
 
 Fenwick, in the same year, embarked with his 
 family, and several other Friends, to take posses- 
 sion of the land assigned him. As the ship pro- 
 ceeded up the Delaware they were attracted by " a 
 pleasant rich spot,'' at which they landed, and 
 being pleased with the quietness and repose of the 
 scene, they gave to their settlement the name of 
 Salem. The Indians were then numerous in that 
 neighborhood, and soon after the arrival of Fen- 
 wick, he convened the chiefs, with whom he con- 
 tracted for the purchase of their right and title to 
 the lands now included in Salem and Cumberland 
 counties. 
 
 In the meantime the three trustees of Byl- 
 linge- — Penn, Lav/rie, and Lucas — sold and trans- 
 ferred shares in the province to a number of other 
 Friends, who thus became joint proprietors with 
 them. 
 
 In order to promote the settlement of West New 
 Jersey, a constitution was drawn up by Penn and 
 his associates, and signed by one hundred and fifty- 
 one persons interested in the colony. This paper, 
 dated 1676, is entitled, ^'Concessions and Agree- 
 ments of the Proprietors, Freeholders and Inhabi- 
 
34 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 tants of the Province of West New Jersey." In 
 a letter from the trustees to one of the colonists, 
 supposed to have been written by Penn, they say : 
 
 ^^ We have made concessions by ourselves, being 
 such as Friends here, and there (we question not) 
 will approve of, having sent a copy of them to 
 James Wasse ; there we lay a foundation for after 
 ages to understand their liberty as men and Chris- 
 tians, that they may not be brought in bondage, 
 but by their own consent ; for we jnit the power in 
 the people; that is to say, they to meet and choose 
 one honest man for each propriety who hath sub- 
 scribed the concessions ; all these men to meet as an 
 assembly, there to make and repeal laws, to choose 
 a governor, or a commissioner, and twelve assist- 
 ants to execute the laws during their pleasure ; so 
 every man is capable to choose or be chosen. No 
 man to be arrested, condemned, imprisoned, or 
 molested in his estate or liberty, but by twelve 
 men of the neighborhood ; no man to lie in prison 
 for debt ; but that his estate satisfy as far as it will 
 go, and be set at liberty to work ; no person to be 
 called in question or molested for his conscience, 
 or for worshipping according to his conscience; 
 with many other things mentioned in the said 
 concessions." 
 
 This Constitution was, doubtless, the most lib- 
 eral that had then been established in any Amer- 
 ':can colony. 
 
Peace Petnciples Exemplified. 35 
 
 In the years 1677 and 1678 five vessels sailed for 
 the province of West New Jersey with eight hun- 
 dred emigrants, most of whom were members of the 
 Society of Friends. Commissioners were sent out 
 by the proprietors, with power to buy land from 
 the natives, and to inspect the rights of such as 
 claimed property, to order lands laid out and to 
 administer tiie government. They selected for a 
 settlement a place called Chygoes Island ; and the 
 town they laid out was first called Beverly, after- 
 wards Bridlington, and finally Burlington. 
 
 The colonists made it their first care on landing 
 to establish meetings for Divine worship and 
 Christian discipline. At the place where Bur- 
 lington now stands, their first meetings were held 
 under a tent covered with sail cloth. Here they 
 were held regularly at stated times, until John 
 Woolton built his house, which was the first frame 
 house erected in Burlington. 
 
 Among the objects that first claimed the atten- 
 tion of their meetings for discipline, were the care 
 and support of the poor, the orderly conduct of 
 their members and the solemnization of marriages. 
 In these several respects, as well as in their efforts 
 to put an end to the traffic in ardent spirits with 
 the natives, they faithfully followed their convic- 
 tions of duty, and the colony was blessed with an 
 nnusual degree of prosperity and happiness under 
 
36 Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 
 
 the government of Penn and his associates. Col- 
 onists arrived in considerable numbers, good order 
 and liarmony prevailed, the country proved to be 
 productive, the air was salubrious, and the In- 
 dians, being treated kindly, and dealt with justly, 
 were found to be excellent neighbors. The Friends, 
 who had been persecuted with relentless severity 
 in their native land, found a peaceful and happy 
 asylum in the forests of the new world, among a 
 people who had hitherto been reputed as ruthless 
 savages. 
 
 In the same province, ten years before, the 
 " Concessions '^ of Cartaret and Berkeley required 
 each colonist to provide himself with a good 
 musket, powder and balls; but now, the Friends 
 came among their red brethren, armed only with 
 the weapons of the Christian's warfare — integrity, 
 benevolence, and truth ; they met them without 
 fear or suspicion ; trusting in that universal prin- 
 ciple of light and life which visits all minds, and 
 would, if not resisted, bind the whole human 
 family in one harmonious fraternity. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 COLONIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 1680-1682. 
 
 nnriE progress of mankind, to a higher level 
 -■- of civilization and moral refinement, than 
 was attained by the nations of antiquity, has been 
 justly attributed to the influence of Christianity, 
 although the holy principles of our religion have, 
 in general, been imperfectly appreciated, and still 
 more imperfectly carried out in practice. 
 
 In no respect has this dereliction from first prin- 
 ciples been more disastrous, than in continuing the 
 custom of war, which, though opposed to the doc- 
 trine and spirit of Christ, has, nevertheless, pre- 
 vailed' to an enormous extent among nations 
 professing the Christian religion. In order that 
 an example might be set up to the nations, to 
 show how war may be avoided and its dreadful 
 consequences averted, simply by following the pre- 
 cepts of Christ and trusting in Divine protection, 
 William Penu and his associates were made the 
 
 4 37 
 
38 Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 
 
 instruments of the Most High to extend the Re- 
 deemer's kingdom. 
 
 He inherited from his father, Admiral Penn, a 
 claim on the British government for money ad- 
 \7^anced and services rendered to the amount of 
 sixteen thousand pounds, and in the year 1680, 
 }3etitioned Charles II. to grant him in lieu of this 
 sum, a tract of country in America, lying north 
 of Maryland, "bounded on the east by the Dela- 
 ware riv^er, on the west limited as Maryland, and 
 northward to extend as far as plantable." * 
 
 The object of this enterprise was not only to 
 provide a peaceful home for the persecuted mem- 
 bers of his own Society, but to afford an asylum 
 for the good and oppressed of every nation, and 
 to found an empire where the pure and peaceable 
 principles of Christianity might be exemplified in 
 practice. 
 
 Penn's application being granted, a patent was 
 prepared for the king's signature, which was affixed 
 to it under date 4th of March, 1681. The name 
 of Pennsylvania was given by the king in, honor 
 of Admiral Penn. 
 
 The preamble of the royal charter declares that 
 William Penn's application for the territory arose 
 out of " a commendable desire to enlarge the Brit- 
 ish empire, and promote such useful commodities 
 
 * Hazard's "Annals," 475. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 39 
 
 as may be a benefit to the king and his dominions; 
 and also to reduce the savage nations, by just and 
 gentle manners, to the love of civil society and the 
 Christian religion." 
 
 By the terms of the charter, William Penn is 
 made absolute proprietary, saving to the king and 
 his successors the sovereignty of the country and 
 the allegiance of Penn, as well as all who shall be 
 tenants under him. He was to acknowledge his 
 fealty by paying to the king two beaver skins 
 annually, and also one-fifth part of all the gold 
 and silver ore which should be found in the prov- 
 ince. The proprietary, witb the assent and 
 approbation of the freemen of the colony, was 
 empowered to make all necessary laws not incon- 
 sistent with the laws of England. He was au- 
 thorized to appoint magistrates and judges, to 
 grant pardons, except for crimes of wilful murder 
 and treason, and in these cases to grant reprieves 
 until the king's pleasure should be known therein. 
 The laws of the province were to be transmitted 
 to the privy council for approbation. Penn and 
 his heirs were to enjoy such customs on imports 
 and exports in the province, as the people or their 
 representatives when assembled might reasonably 
 assess, " saving to the king and his successors such 
 impositions and customs as are, or by act of Par- 
 liament shall be, appointed." This last clause con- 
 
40 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 ceded to Parliament the power to tax the colony, 
 a claim which, being afterwards asserted in some 
 of the American provinces, led to momentous con- 
 sequences. 
 
 Within a month from the date of the charter, 
 the king issued a declaration stating the grant that 
 had been made to Penn, and requiring all persons 
 settled in the province to yield obedience to him 
 as absolute proprietor and governor. About the 
 same time Penn addressed the following letter to 
 the inhabitants of Pennsylvania : 
 
 "My Friends': — I wish you all happiness 
 here and hereafter. These are to let you know 
 that it hath pleased God in his providence, to cast 
 you within my lot and care. It is a business, that, 
 though I never undertook before, yet God hath 
 given me an understanding of my duty, and an 
 honest mind to do it uprightly. I hope you will 
 not be troubled at your change and the king's 
 choice, for you are now fixed at the mercy of no 
 governor that comes to make his fortune great ; 
 you shall be governed by laws of your own 
 making^ and live a free, and if you will, a sober 
 and industrious people. I shall not usurp the 
 right of any, or oppress his person. God has fur- 
 nished me with a better resolution, and has given 
 me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 41 
 
 and free men can reasonably desire for the security 
 and improvement of their own happiness, I shall 
 h<^artily comply with, and in five months resolve, 
 if it please God, to see you. In the meantime 
 pray submit to the commands of my deputy, so 
 far as they are consistent with the law, and pay 
 him those dues [that formerly you paid to the 
 order of the Governor of New^ York] for my use 
 and benefit; and so I wish God to direct you in the 
 way of righteousness, and therein prosper you and 
 your children after you. I am your true friend, 
 
 Wm. Penn. 
 
 London, 8th of the month called April, 1681. 
 
 "Such," says Bancroft, "were the pledges of 
 the Quaker sovereign on assuming the govern- 
 ment; it is the duty of history to state, that, 
 during his long reign, these pledges were redeemed. 
 He never refused the free men of Pennsylvania a 
 reasonable desire." 
 
 Penn's letter to the colonists and the king's 
 declaration were taken out to the province by 
 Captain William Markham, a cousin of the pro- 
 prietary, who was commissioned to act as his 
 deputy. 
 
 The concessions or conditions agreed upon in 
 England between the proprietary and those pur- 
 chasers who were to be engaged with him in the 
 
42 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 enterprise, evince an earnest desire that justice 
 should be done to the Indians, who were then the 
 principal owners of the soil. Goods sold to them or 
 exchanged for furs were to be exhibited in open 
 market, in order that imposition might be pre- 
 vented, or frauds detected ; no colonist was al- 
 lowed to affront or wrong an Indian, without 
 incurring the same penalty, as if committed against 
 his fellow-planter ; all differences between Indians 
 and colonists to be settled by a jury of twelve 
 men, six of whom should be Indians ; and the 
 natives were to have all the privileges of planting 
 their grounds and providing for their families 
 enjoyed by the colonists. 
 
 Penn, in a letter to one of his friends, stated 
 that in obtaining the charter for his province he 
 had relied upon God's favor. *^ I have," he says, 
 ^^so obtained it, and desire that I may not be un- 
 -vvorthy of his love, but do that which may answer 
 his kind providence and serve his truth and peo- 
 ple; that an example may be set up to the nations; 
 there may be room there, though not here, for 
 such an holy experiment'^ 
 
 In another letter he mentioned an offer he had 
 refused of six thousand pounds and an annual 
 revenue for the monopoly of the Indian trade be- 
 tween the Delaware and Susquehanna. " I will 
 not abuse the love of God," he WTote, ^' nor act 
 
Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 43 
 
 unworthy of his ])roviclence, and so defile wliat 
 came to me clean. 'No ; let the Lord guide me 
 by his wisdom and preserve me to honor his name, 
 and serve his truth and people, that an example 
 and standard may be set up to the nations ; there 
 may be room there, though not here." 
 
 In the autumn of 1681, three commissioners 
 were appointed by the proprietary, with instruc- 
 tions to proceed to the colony, make arrangements 
 for a settlement, lay out a town, and treat with the 
 Indians. 
 
 The following letter to the Indians was intrusted 
 to the commissioners : 
 
 " London, 18th of 8tli month, 1681. 
 
 " My Friends : — There is one great God and 
 power that hath made the world and all things 
 therein, to whom you and I, and all people, owe 
 their being and well-being, and to whom you and 
 I must one day give an account for all that we 
 have done in the world. 
 
 "This great God has written his laws in our 
 hearts, by which we are taught and commanded 
 to love and to help and to do good to one another. 
 Now, this great God hath been pleased to make 
 me concerned in your part of the world, and the 
 king of the country where I live hath given me a 
 great province therein, but I desire to enjoy it 
 
44 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 with your love and consent, that we may always 
 live together as neighbors and friends, else what 
 Avould the great God do to us who hath made us 
 (not to devour and destroy one another, but) to 
 live soberly and kindly together in the world? 
 Now, I would have you well observe that I am 
 very sensible of the unkindness and injustice 
 which have been too much exercised towards you 
 by the people of these parts of the world, who 
 have sought themselves to make great advantages 
 by you, rather than be examples of justice and 
 goodness unto you. This I hear hath been a mat- 
 ter of trouble to you, and caused great grudging 
 and animosities, sometimes to the shedding of 
 blood, which hath made the great God angry. 
 But I am not such a man, as is well known in 
 my own country. I have great love and regard 
 toward you, and desire to win and gain your love 
 and friendship by a kind, just and peaceable life, 
 and the people I send are of the same mind ; and 
 shall in all things behave themselves accordingly, 
 and if in anything any shall offend you or your peo- 
 ple, you shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for 
 the same by an equal number of just men on both 
 sides, that by no means you may have just occa- 
 sion of being offended against them. 
 
 " I shall shortly come to see you myself, at 
 which time we may more largely and freely con- 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 45 
 
 fer and discourse of these matters. In the mean 
 time I have sent my commissioners to treat with 
 you about land and a firm league of peace. Let 
 me desire you to be kind to them and to the peo- 
 ple, and receive the presents and tokens which I 
 have sent you as a testimony of my good-will to 
 you, and of my resolution to live justly, peaceably 
 and friendly with you. 
 
 " I am your loving friend, 
 
 "William Penn." 
 
 The commissioners, with other emigrants, sailed 
 in the autumn of 1681, and arrived at Upland 
 (now called Chester) in the winter. They were 
 well provided with stores, and the colonists al- 
 ready there treated them with hospitality. 
 
 The population of the province, exclusive of 
 Indians, was then about two thousand souls, con- 
 sisting mostly of Swedes and English, whose hab- 
 itations were scattered along the western bank of 
 the Delaware. 
 
 The first constitution or frame of government 
 agreed upon in England between the proprietary 
 and others concerned in the first settlement is dated 
 25th of April, 1682. It was published the follow- 
 ing month, accompanied by a preface explanatory 
 of the general principles of government. 
 
46 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 In this admirable paper he sliows that civil 
 government has been ordained by Divine Provi- 
 dence chiefly for two ends : " First, to terrify evil 
 doers ; secondly, to cherish those that do well/\ . . 
 " They weakly err/' he says, " who think there is 
 no other use of government than correction, which 
 is the coarsest part of it. Daily experience tells 
 us, that the care and regulation of many other 
 affairs, more soft and daily necessary, make up 
 much the greatest part of government, and Avhich 
 must have followed the peopling of the world, had 
 Adam never fallen, and will continue among men 
 on earth under the highest attainments they may 
 arrive at by the coming of the blessed second 
 Adam, the Lord from heaven." ..." I do not find 
 a model in the world, that time, place, and some 
 singular emergencies have not necessarily altered ; 
 nor is it easy to frame a civil government that 
 shall serve all places alike. I know what is said 
 by the several admirers of monarchy, aristocracy 
 and democracy, which are the rule of one, of a few, 
 and of many, and are the three common ideas of 
 government when men discourse on that subject. 
 But I choose to solve the controversy with this 
 small distinction, and it belongs to all three : any 
 government is free to the people under it, whatever 
 be the frame, where the laws rule and the people 
 are a party to those laws ; and more than this is 
 tyranny, oligarchy or confusion.'^ 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 47 
 
 "Governments rather depend upon men, than 
 men upon governments. Let men be good and 
 the government cannot be bad. If it be ill, they 
 will cure it. But if men be bad, let the govern- 
 ment be ever so good, they will endeavor to warp^ 
 and spoil it to their turn. I know some say : Let 
 us have good laws and no matter for the men that 
 execute them. But let them consider, that though 
 good laws do well, good men do better ; for good 
 laws may want good men, and be abolished or 
 evaded by evil men ; but good men will never 
 want good laws, nor suffer ill ones.'\ . . '^That 
 therefore which makes a^good constitution must 
 keep it, namely, men of wisdom and virtue, quali- 
 ties that, because they descend not with worldly 
 inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a 
 virtuous education of youth, for which after ages 
 will owe more to the care and prudence of founders 
 and the successive magistracy, than to their parents 
 for their private patrimonies.'' 
 
 " We have, with reverence to God and good 
 conscience to men, to the best of our skill contrived 
 and composed the frame and laws of this govewi- 
 ment to the great end of all government, viz., to 
 support power in reverence with the people, and 
 to secure the people from the abuse of power, that 
 they may be free by their just obedience, and the 
 magistrates honorable for their just administration ; 
 
48 Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 
 
 for liberty without obedience is confusion, and 
 obedience without liberty is slavery/^ 
 
 The constitution agreed upon in England, and 
 intended to be submitted for acceptance or modifi- 
 tcation, to the colonists in Pennsylvania, was liberal 
 beyond any frame of government then existing. 
 It placed the legislative and judicial departments 
 in the hands of the people, who were to elect by 
 ballot their representatives in tiie council and 
 general assembly. The executive alone was hered- 
 itary, in conformity with the provisions of the 
 royal charter. 
 
 The territory on Delaware Bay, which now con- 
 stitutes the State of Delaware, had been granted by 
 the king Charles II. to his brother James, Duke 
 of York. After much negotiation, Penn obtained 
 from the Duke two deeds of feoffment, by one of 
 which he conveyed the town of New Castle and 
 the country lying within a circle of twelve miles 
 around it, and by the other he conveyed all the 
 land on Delaware Bay from twelve miles south of 
 New Castle to Cape Henlopen. For the first he 
 was to pay the Duke the yearly rent of five shil- 
 lings, and for the second ^^one rose at the feast of 
 St. Michael the Archangel yearly, if demanded,'^ 
 together with a moiety of all rents and profits 
 thereof. 
 
 In the year 1681, Penn became interested in 
 
Peace Piuxciples Exemplified. 49 
 
 the property and government of East New Jersey, 
 of which Elizabethtown was the capital. Sir 
 George Cartaret, the former proprietary of this 
 province, having died, it was sold under his will 
 to pay his debts, and Penn became the purchaser 
 on behalf of himself and eleven other persons. 
 The twelve proprietaries soon after admitted 
 twelve others, and to these twenty-four proprietaries 
 the Duke of York made a fresh grant of East 
 'New Jersey in the year 1682. They instituted a 
 government called the Council of Proprietaries, 
 whose meetings were held twice in the year at 
 Perth-Amboy. 
 
 William Penn, having made all his arrange- 
 ments for a passage to Pennsylvania, embarked on 
 the ship Welcome of 300 tons burthen, Robert 
 Green way, master. On the eve of his departure, 
 he addressed a beautiful letter to his wife and 
 children, re[)lGte with instruction on their temporal 
 affairs and spiritual welfare. In relation to his 
 American possessions he says to his children : "As 
 for you who are likely to be concerned in the gov- 
 ernment of Pennsylvania and my parts of East 
 Jersey, especially the first, I do charge you before 
 the Lord God and his holy angels that you be 
 lowly, diligent and tender, fearing God, loving 
 the people and hating covetousness. Let justice 
 have its impartial course, and the laws five passage. 
 
50 Peace Pbinciples Exemplified. 
 
 Though to your loss, protect no man against it ; 
 for yon are not above the law, but the law above 
 you. Live, tlierefore, the lives yourselves you 
 would have the people live, and then you have 
 right and boldness to punish the transgressor. 
 Keep upon the square, for God sees you : therefore 
 do your duty, and be sure you see with your own 
 eyes, and hear with your own ears. Entertain no 
 lurchers, cherish no informers for gain or revenge ; 
 use no tricks ; fly to no devices to support or cover 
 injustice, but let your hearts be upright before the 
 Lord, trusting in him above the contrivances of 
 men, and none shall be able to hurt or supplant.'^ 
 
 On the 27th of October, 1682, the ship Welcome 
 arrived at New Castle, where William Penn and 
 his fellow-passengers were joyfully welcomed by 
 the inhabitants. On the 28th he met the people 
 at the court-house, when he made a speech to the 
 old magistrates, in which he explained to them the 
 design of his coming, tlie nature and end of gov- 
 ernment, and of that more particularly which he 
 came to establish. 
 
 The next day he was at Upland, accompanied 
 by a number of his fri^ids. Addressing his friend 
 Pearson, he said : ^' Providence has brought us 
 here safe. Thou hast l)een the companion of my 
 perils. What wilt thou that I should call this 
 place ? " Pearson said, " Chester '' in reuiembrance 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 61 
 
 of the city whence he came. Penn replied that it 
 should be called Chester, and that wlien he divided 
 the counties one of them should be called by the 
 same name. 
 
 Tradition relates that from Chester to Philadel- 
 phia he went with some of his friends in an open 
 boat or barge, and we can readily imagine how 
 delighted he must have been while passing up the 
 noble Delaware, beholding its banks shaded with 
 majestic forests clad in all the varied foliage of 
 autumn, its surface covered with wild fowl, and 
 everything around indicating a solitude and grand- 
 eur peculiar to the new world. After passing four 
 miles above the mouth of the Schuylkill, they 
 came to a place called Coaquannock, where there 
 was a high bold shore covered with lofty pines. 
 Here the site of the infant city of Philadelphia 
 had been established, and we may be assured his 
 approach was hailed with joy by the whole popu- 
 lation ; the old inhabitants, Swedes and Dutch, 
 eager to catch a glimpse of their future governor, 
 and the Friends who had gone before him anx- 
 iously waiting his arrival. 
 
 There is a tradition connected with his arrival 
 which is thus related by Watson : ^' The Indians 
 as well as the whites had severally prepared the 
 best entertainment the place and circumstances 
 could admit. William Penn made himself 
 
52 Peace Piiin:cii^i.es Exemplified. 
 
 endeared to tlie Iiullans by his marked conde- 
 scension and acquiescence in their wishes. He 
 walked w^ith them, sat with them on the ground, 
 and ate with them of their roasted acorns and 
 hominy. 
 
 At this they expressed their great delight and 
 soon began to show how they could hop and 
 jump; at which exhibition, William Penn, to cap 
 the climax, sprang up and beat them all. 
 
 We are not prepared to credit such light gayety 
 in a sage governor and religious chief; but we 
 have the positive assertion of a woman of truth, 
 who says she saw it. There may have been very 
 wise policy in the measure as an act of concilia- 
 tion, worth more than a regiment of sharp- 
 shooters. He was sufficiently young for any 
 agility, and we remember that one of the old 
 journalists among the Friends incidentally speaks 
 of him as having naturally an excess of levity of 
 spirit for a grave minister. 
 
 The site of Philadelphia had been determined 
 by the commissioners, in conformity w^ith the pro- 
 prietary's iiistruction, before his arrival, and some 
 progress had been made in laying out the streets 
 and building houses. Penn was well pleased with 
 the location. In describing it he wrote as fol- 
 lows; "The situation is a neck of land, and lieth 
 between two navigable rivere, Delaware and 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 53 
 
 Schuylkill, whereby it hath two fronts upon the 
 water, each a mile, and two from river to river. 
 DelaAvare is a glorious river ; hut the Schuylkill, 
 being an hundred miles boatable above the falls, 
 and its course northeast toward the fountain of 
 the Susquehannah (that tends to the heart of the 
 province and both sides our own), it is like to be 
 a great part of the settlement of this age." . . . 
 " This I will say for the good providence of God, 
 that of all the many places I have seen in the world, 
 I remember not one better seated ; so that it seems 
 to me to have been appointed for a town, whether 
 we regard the rivers or the conveniency of the 
 coves, docks and springs, the loftiness and sound- 
 ness of the land and the air, held by the people 
 of those parts to be very good." 
 
 Several changes were niade in the location and 
 names of the streets after Governor Penn's ar- 
 rival. Broad street, which is parallel with the 
 Delaware, and lies nearly midway between that 
 river and the Schuylkill, had not been located on 
 the highest ground, and the governor had it 
 changed to the top of the ridge, though nearer 
 the Schuylkill, so that the public buildings in- 
 tended to be placed tliere should overlook the 
 whole city. Many of the streets had been named 
 after prominent individuals among the colonists; 
 for instance, what is now Walnut was first called 
 
54 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 Pool street, ^[iilberrv was Holmes street, Cliestimt 
 \vas Union street, etc., which not being satisfac- 
 tory to the proprietary, he gave tiie name of 
 High street to the wide central avenue leading 
 from river to river, aiid the main streets parallel 
 with it he called after the names of forest trees 
 found tliere. The cross streets were named ac- 
 cording to their numbers, as Front, Second, Third, 
 etc., beginning at each river and counting to 
 Broad street.* He reserved in the middle of the 
 city, at the intersection of High and Broad streets, 
 a large square for public buildings, and for health 
 and recreation, and in each of the four divisions 
 of the city was a square for public walks. It 
 was his intention and original plan not to permit 
 buildings to be erected on the bank of the Del- 
 aware, but to have there a wide proinenade the 
 whole length of the city. This beautiful and 
 salutary arrangement was, in after years, allowed 
 to be infringed, and hence the crowded and irreg- 
 ular streets that deform the eastern front of the 
 city. 
 
 After a -brief sojourn in Philadelphia and at- 
 tending some meetings of Friends, Penn went to 
 New York "to pay his duty to the Duke of York 
 
 * Within a few years the names of the cross streets west of 
 Broad liave been clianged, so that the numbers from that 
 
 point are con?ecntiTe, to the SchTiylJdll.. 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 55 
 
 by visiting his province.'^ Returning through 
 East and West Jersey, he reached Pennsylvania 
 near the end of November, then the ninth month. 
 It is believed that about this time he held the 
 treaty of amity with the Indians which has been 
 so widely celebrated as the " Great Treaty under 
 the Elm tree at Kensington." 
 
 It is to be regretted that no circumstantial ac- 
 count of this treaty is found in any contemporary 
 record. An able memoir by Peter S. Du ponceau 
 and J. Francis Fisher, presented to the Historical 
 Society of Pennsylvania, and published in their 
 third volume, part IL, gives by far the best ac- 
 count of this transaction that is now extant. The 
 place of meeting has, with much unanimity, been 
 fixed at Shackamaxon, now called Kensington. 
 It appears by ancient records that the name of this 
 place was then written Sachamaxing, which signi- 
 fies the place of kings, being derived from Sakima, 
 which in the Delaware language means a king or 
 chief. At least three Indian tribes were present : 
 the Lenni Lenape, living near the banks of the 
 Delaware, the Miirgoes, a tribe sprung from the 
 Iroquois and settled at Conestogo, and the Shaw- 
 nese, a southern tribe that had removed to the 
 Susquehanna. There is reason to suppose that 
 Governor Penn would be accompanied, as usual, 
 by some members of his council as well as his 
 
56 Peace PmxcirLEs Exemplified. 
 
 secretary'" and surveyor. Tradition relates that 
 a number of prominent Friends were present, 
 among whom was an ancestor of Benjamin West, 
 whose portrait is introduced by the artist into his 
 celebrated painting of the treaty scene. We must 
 not take our idea of Penn's appearance from 
 West's picture, in which he is represented as a 
 corpulent old man, for at that time he was in the 
 prime of life, being only thirty-eight years of age, 
 robust and active, graceful in person and pleasing 
 in manners. 
 
 His favorite mode of travelling was by water. 
 He kept a barge furnished with a sail, and manned 
 by a boatswain, a cockswain and six oarsmen. 
 His mansion at Pennsbury Manor was then being 
 built ; it was near the Friends' settlenrent at the 
 Falls and opposite Bordentown. Keeping in view 
 these data, the scene may be imagined : Under 
 the wide branching elm the Indian tribes are as- 
 sembled, but all unarmed, for no warlike weapon 
 is allowed to disturb the scene. In front are the 
 chiefs, with their counsellors and aged men on 
 either hand. Behind them, in the form of a half 
 moon, sit the young men and some of the aged 
 matrons, while beyond, and disposed in still widen- 
 ing circles, are seen the youth of both sexes. 
 Among the assembled chiefs there is one who 
 holds a conspi(!Uous rank : the great Sachem Tarn- 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 57 
 
 inend, one of Nature's noblemen, revered for his 
 wisdom and beloved for his goodness. 
 
 Turning to the river, a barge is seen approach- 
 ing, bearing at its mast-head the broad pennant of 
 the governor. The oars are plied with measured 
 strokes, and near the helm sits William Penn, at- 
 tended by his council. Among them are Mark- 
 ham, his secretary. Holme, surveyor-general, Sim- 
 cox, Haigue, Taylor and Pearson. On the river 
 bank, waiting with others to join them, is Lacy 
 Cock, the hospitable Swede, whose dwelling is 
 near the treaty ground. 
 
 They pause when they approach the council 
 fire. Taminend puts on his cliaplet, surmounted 
 by a small horn, the emblem of kingly power ; 
 and then, through an interpreter, he announces to 
 William Penn that the nations are ready to hear 
 him. 
 
 Being thus called upon he begins his speech. 
 _" The Great Spirit," he says, " who made me and 
 you, who rules the heavens and the earth, and 
 who knows the innermost thoughts of men, knows 
 that I and my friends have a hearty desire to live 
 in peace and friendship with you, and to serve 
 you to the utmost of our power. It is not our 
 custom to use hostile weapons against our fellow- 
 creatures, for which reason we have come un- 
 armed. Our object is not to do injury, and thus 
 provoke the Groat Spirit, but to do good. 
 
58 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 ^' We are met on the broad pathway of good 
 faith and good will, so that no advantage is to 
 be taken on either side, but all to be openness, 
 brotherhood and love." Here the governor un- 
 rolls a parchment containing stipulations for trade 
 and promises of friendship which, by means of 
 an interpreter, he explains to them, article by 
 article, and placing it on the ground, he observes 
 tliat the ground shall be common to both people. 
 He then proceeds : " I will not do as the Mary- 
 landers did, that is, call you children or brothers 
 only, for parents are apt to whip their children 
 too severely and brothers sometimes will differ, 
 neither will I compare the friendship between us 
 to a chain, for the rain may rust it, or a tree may 
 fall and break it ; but I will consider you as the 
 same flesh and blood with the Christians, and the 
 same as if one man's body were to be divided 
 into two parts.'' 
 
 This speech being listened to by the Indians 
 in perfect silence and with much gravity, they 
 take some time to deliberate, and then the king 
 orders one of his chiefs to speak to William Penn. 
 The Indian orator advances, and in the king's 
 name salutes him; then, taking him by the hand, 
 he makes '^. speech pledging kindness and good 
 neighborhood, and that the Indians and English 
 must live in love as long as the sun and moon 
 shall endure. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 5^ 
 
 There is evidence to show that the stipulations 
 of this treaty or league of amity were committed 
 to writing, but the record has been sought without 
 success. We have, however, the principal items 
 or links of the chain as mentioned by Governor 
 Gordon in a speech he made to the same tribes in 
 the year 1728. He said : 
 
 "My friends and brethren, you are sensible 
 that the great William Penn, the father of this 
 country, when he first brought the people with 
 him over the broad sea, took all the Indians, the 
 okl inhabitants, by the hand, and because he 
 found them to be a sincere, honest people, he 
 took them to his heart and loved them as his 
 own. He then made a strong league and chain of 
 friendship with them, by which it was agreed 
 that the Indians and the English, with all Chris- 
 tians, should be as one people. Your friend and 
 father, William Penn, still retained a warm affec- 
 tion for all the Indians, and strictly commanded 
 those whom he sent to govern his people to treat 
 the Indians as his children, and continued in this 
 love for them until his death. . . . 
 
 " I am now to discourse with my brethren, the 
 Conestogoes, Delawares, Ganawese and Shawnese 
 Indians, upon the Susquehanna : 
 
 " My brethren : You have been faithful to 
 your leagues with us, your hearts have been clean. 
 
60 Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 
 
 and you have preserved the chain from spots or 
 rust, or if there were any, you have been careful 
 to wipe them away. Your leagues with your 
 father, William Penn, and with his governors, are 
 in writing on record, that our children and our 
 chihlren's children may have them in everlasting 
 remembrance. And we know that you preserve 
 the memory of those things among you by telling 
 them to your children, and they again to the next 
 generation, so that they remain stamped on your 
 minds never to be forgot. 
 
 "The chief heads or strongest links of the 
 chain I find are these nine, viz. : 
 
 *' 1. That all William Penn's people or Chris- 
 tians and all the Indians should be brethren, as 
 the children of one father, joined together with 
 one heart, one head and one body. 
 
 " 2. That all paths should be open and free to 
 both Christians and Indians. 
 
 " 3. That the doors of the Christians' houses 
 should be open to the Indians, and the houses of 
 the Indians open to the Christians, and that they 
 should make each other welcome as their friends. 
 
 " 4. That the Christians should not believe any 
 false rumors or reports of the Indians, nor the 
 Indians believe any such rumors or reports of 
 Christians, but should first come as brethren to 
 inquire of each other ; and that both Christians 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 61 
 
 and Indians, when they have any such false re- 
 ports of their brethren, they should bury them as 
 in a bottomless pit. 
 
 " 6. That if the Christians heard any ill news 
 that may be to the hurt of the Indians, or the In- 
 dians heard any such ill news that may be to tlie 
 injury of the Christians, they should acquaint each 
 other with it speedily as true friends and brethren. 
 
 ^' 6. That the Indians should do no manner 
 of harm to the Christians nor to their creatures, 
 nor the Christians *do any hurt to the Indians, 
 but each treat the other as brethren. 
 
 " 7. But as there are wricked people in all na- 
 tions, if either Indians or Christians should do 
 any harm to each other, complaint should be 
 made of it by the persons suffering, that right 
 may be done; and when satisfaction is made, the 
 injury or wrong should be forgot and be buried as 
 in a bottomless pit. 
 
 " 8. That the Indians should in all things as- 
 sist the Christians, and the Christians assist the 
 Indians against all wicked people that would dis- 
 turb them. 
 
 " 9. And lastly, that both Indians and Chris- 
 tians should acquaint their children with this 
 league and firm chain of friendship made between 
 them, and that it should always be made stronger 
 and stronger, and be kept bright and clean, with- 
 
62 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 out rust or spot, between our children and chil- 
 dren's children, while the creeks and rivers run, 
 and while the sun, moon and stars endure/' 
 
 It may be asked why this treaty should have 
 inspired so much interest as to make "its fame 
 co-extensive with the civilized world?" The 
 pre-eminent importance of the "great treaty" 
 consists in this: it was the first time William 
 Penn met the Indian chiefs in council, to make 
 with them the firm league of friendship, which 
 was never violated, and gave rise to a kindly in- 
 tercourse between the Friends and the aborigines 
 that continues to this day. It was like laying 
 the corner stone of a great edifice, whose enduring 
 strength and beautiful proportions have called 
 forth the admiration of succeeding: ao^es. 
 
 The whole conduct of Penn toward the Indians 
 was founded injustice and love; he not only paid 
 them for their lands, but he employed every 
 means in his power to promote their happiness 
 and moral improvement. The Indians, on their 
 part, treated the colonists in the most hospitable 
 manner, supplying them frequently with venison, 
 beans and maize, and refusing compensation. 
 For William Penn they felt and often expressed 
 the utmost confidence and esteem. So great was 
 the reverence inspired by his virtues, that his 
 name was embalmed in their affections and handed 
 down to succeeding generations. 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 63 
 
 At a treaty held at Easton, in Pennsylvania, 
 with the Indians, in 1756, in Governor Morris's 
 administration, Teedyuscung, the Delaware chief, 
 spoke as follows : *^ Brother Onas and the people 
 of Pennsylvania, we rejoice to hear from yon that 
 you are willing to renew the old good understand- 
 ing, and that you call to mind the first treaties of 
 friendship made by Onas, our great friend, de- 
 ceased, with our forefathers, when himself and 
 his people first came over here/^ 
 ♦ The name of Onas was given to William Penn 
 by the Iroquois, whom the proprietary, and gen- 
 erally the English, supported in their claim of 
 superiority over the other Indian tribes. It 
 seems that the Delawares adopted the name at 
 least in their public speeches. Among themselves 
 they called him, in their own language, Miquon. 
 Both these words signify a quill or pen. 
 
 It is certain that no other man ever attained so 
 great an influence over their minds; and the af- 
 fectionate intercourse between them and the in- 
 habitants of Pennsylvania, which continued as 
 long as the principles of the first colonists pre- 
 served their ascendency, is the most beautiful ex- 
 emplification afforded by history that the peace- 
 able doctrines of Christ are adapted to secure the 
 happiness of man. 
 
 In the other colonies the aborigines were con- 
 
64 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 sidered as dangerous neighbors, inured to cruelty 
 and delighting in blood. They had been ren- 
 dered suspicious by the repeated injuries of the 
 Avhites, and were undoubtedly brave and re- 
 vengeful. Penn and his associates, relying on 
 the purity of their motives and the protection of 
 Divine Providence, came among them unarmed, 
 professing the principle of non-resistance. The 
 justice of his measures and the kindness of his 
 deportment Avon their confidence and esteem ; the 
 blood-stained tomahawk was buried, the tokens 
 of peace were exchanged, and the ferocity of their 
 nature was subdued by the tender, cementing 
 influence of Christian love. 
 
CHAPTEE III. 
 
 LEGISLATION AND INTERCOURSE WITH INDIANS. 
 1682-1683. 
 
 IN conformity with a summons from Governor 
 Penn, a general assembly of representatives 
 from the several counties met at Chester, on the 
 4th of December, 1682. They chose Nicholas 
 Moore for their speaker, and proceeded to deliber- 
 ate on the constitution and laws agreed upon in 
 England, and submitted for their consideration. 
 
 A petition was presented from the inhabitants 
 of tlie three lower counties, which now constitute 
 the State of Delaware, ^' humbly desiring that they 
 may be favored with an act of union by the gover- 
 nor and assembly, for their incorporation with the 
 province of Pennsylvania, in order to tlie enjoy- 
 ment of all the rights and privileges of that prov- 
 ince." The petition was granted, and an act of 
 union passed which also provided for the naturali- 
 zation of foreigners already settled in the province 
 and territories. This act being approved by the 
 
 65 
 
6Q Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 governor, the Swedes deputed Lacy Cock to 
 acquaint him that they would love, serve and obey 
 him with all they had, declaring " it was the best 
 day they ever saw/' 
 
 An act of settlement was passed at the same time, 
 which states that owing to the " fewness of the 
 inhabitants, their inability in estate, and unskilful- 
 ness in matters of government, three persons out of 
 each of the six counties shall serve for a provincial 
 council, and nine from each county for members 
 of the assembly." 
 
 In the same act some other changes in the con- 
 stitution are provided for, but its main features 
 and essential principles, as agreed upon in Eng- 
 land, are preserved, and the humble acknowledg- 
 ments of the assembly are expressed for it, with a 
 promise that it shall be universally observed. 
 
 At this session was passed the "Great Law,'' or 
 code of laws, consisting of sixty-nine sections, 
 which long formed the basis of jurisprudence in 
 Pennsylvania. It embraces most of the laws 
 agreed upon in England and some others after- 
 wards suggested. Among the latter is a clause, 
 attributed to the proprietary, requiring the estates 
 of intestates to go to the wife and children, which, 
 by abrogating the English law of primogeniture, 
 was instrumental in promoting that general equal- 
 ity of condition and division of property deemed 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 67 
 
 so essential in a republican government. The 
 first section of this code, being a noble testimony 
 to reh'gious liberty, is here inserted entire : 
 
 "Almighty God being the only Lord of con- 
 science, Father of lights and spirits, and the 
 Author, as well as object, of all Divine knowledge, 
 faith and worship; who only can enlighten the 
 mind, and persuade and convince the understand- 
 ing of people in due reverence to his sovereignty 
 over the souls of mankind : It is enacted by the 
 authority aforesaid, that no person now, or at any 
 time hereafter, living in this province, who shall 
 confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be 
 the Creator, upholder and ruler of the world, and 
 that professeth him or herself obliged in con- 
 science to live peaceably and justly under the civil 
 government, shall in anywise be molested or preju- 
 diced for his or her conscientious persuasion or prac- 
 tice; nor shall he or she at any time be compelled 
 to frequent or maintain any religious worship, 
 place or ministry whatever, contrary to his or 
 her mind, but shall freely and fully enjoy his or 
 her Christian liberty in that respect without any 
 interruption or reflection ; and if any person shall 
 abuse or deride any other for his or her different 
 persuasion and practice in matter of religion, such 
 shall be looked upon as a disturber of the peace, 
 and be punished accordingly. 
 
68 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 "But to the end that looseness, irreligion and 
 atheism may not creep in under pretence of con- 
 science, in this province : Be it further enacted by 
 the authority aforesaid, that according to the good 
 example of the primitive Christians, and for the 
 ease of the creation, every first day of the week, 
 called the Lord's Day, people shall abstain from 
 their common toil and labor, that whether masters, 
 parents, children, or servants, they may the better 
 dispose themselves to read the Scriptures of truth, 
 at home, or to frequent such meetings of religious 
 worship abroad as may best suit their respective 
 persuasions.'' 
 
 After a session of four days, the assembly ad- 
 journed, affording an example of unanimity and 
 despatch almost unexampled. 
 
 According to the code of laws adopted by the 
 general assembly, every man liable to civil bur- 
 dens possessed the right of suffrage, and every 
 Christian was eligible to office. No judicial oaths 
 were required ; no tax or custom could be levied 
 without authority of law. Stage-plays, bull-baits 
 and cock-fights were prohibited. Murder was the 
 only crime punishable by death. Selling spiritu- 
 ous liquors to Indians to be punished by a fine of 
 five pounds for every offelice. All prisons to be 
 workhouses for persons convicted of crime. 
 
 The laws were to be published and to be one 
 of the books read in the schools. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 69 
 
 The penal code, enacted by the colonists of 
 Pennsylvania, was, in its humane provisions, far 
 in advance of tlie age. Although by the charter 
 the laws were subject to repeal when not consistent 
 with the laAYS of England, they ventured to abolish, 
 almost entirely, her sanguinary code, reserving 
 the penalty of death for wilful murder only. It 
 must be admitted, that even in this case, capital 
 punishment was contrary to the principles of 
 Friends, but perhaps the change they eflPected was 
 as great as their dependent condition would allow, 
 and, we have reason to believe, that the death- 
 penalty was not inflicted. " Penn looked upon 
 reformation as the great end of retributive justice.'^ 
 . . " In pursuance of this idea he exempted from 
 the infliction of death about two hundred offences 
 which were capitally punished by the English 
 law." * The sentiment expressed in his laws that 
 every prison should be a work-house, and the 
 humane regulations established for jails, gave rise 
 t6 a new mode of punitive justice, the peniten- 
 tiary system, in which Pennsylvania has taken 
 the lead. 
 
 A mild code of laws vigorously executed is the 
 true policy of nations ; for it is not the severity 
 but the certainty of punishment that deters from 
 
 * J. R. Tyson's address on the 200th anniversary of the 
 birth of Penn. 
 
70 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 the commission of crime. To provide the means 
 of a good education for every child, and to see that 
 all are taught some useful trade or profession, 
 would do more for the promotion of peace and 
 happiness than all the machinery of courts and 
 prisons. 
 
 When we take into view that Penn's con- 
 stitution was then unparalleled for its excel- 
 ence, and that he ever showed a willingness to 
 alter it in accordance with the wants and capacities 
 of the people, we shall find few if any other 
 legislators in ancient or modern times who so 
 richly merit the gratitude of posterity. 
 
 "In the early constitutions of Pennsylvania 
 are to be found the distinct annunciation of every 
 great principle ; the germ, if not the development, 
 of every valuable improvement in government or 
 legislation, which has been introduced into the 
 political systems of more modern epochs." * 
 
 On the 10th of the first month (March), 1683, 
 Penn met the provincial council at Philadelphia, 
 and the assembly two days afterward. The coun- 
 cil consisted of three members from each of the six 
 counties, and the assembly of nine members from 
 each county, agreeably to " the act of settlement," 
 passed at the first session ; but some doubts having 
 arisen about the constitutionality of this mode of 
 
 * J. I. Wharton, " Watson's Annals," I., 314. - 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 71 
 
 reducing the number of representatives, a mem- 
 ber of the assembly moved, " That the governor 
 may be desired that this alteration may not hinder 
 the people from the benefit of the charter/' The 
 governor answered that ^^ they might amend, alter 
 or add for the public good, and that he was ready 
 to settle such foundations as might be for their hap- 
 piness and the good of their posterity, according 
 to the powers vested in him." 
 
 On the 20th, the governor and council desired 
 a conference with the assembly about the charter, 
 and then the question being asked by the governor, 
 whether they would have the old charter or a new 
 one, they unanimously desired that there might be 
 a new one, with the amendment put into a law. 
 A joint committee of the two houses was appointed 
 to draft a new charter, which being done, it was 
 read in council, and after some debate it was 
 agreed to and signed by the governor, to whom 
 the old charter was returned, with ^Uhe hearty 
 thanks of the whole house." 
 
 The second charter embraced the same princi- 
 ples as the first, and much of it was in the same 
 language; the number of delegates from each 
 county was reduced to three for the council, and 
 six for the assembly, with the privilege of each 
 house being enlarged with the increase of inhabi- 
 tants. The governor's treble vote was abolished, 
 
72 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 but tlie privilege of originating bills was still con- 
 fined to the governor and council, who were 
 required to publish the proposed bills before the 
 meeting of the assembly. This feature was well 
 adapted to the circumstances of an infant colony, 
 as it saved much time in legislation, but it was 
 subsequently changed, with the consent of the pro- 
 prietary, by giving to the assembly, at their request, 
 power to originate all legislative measures. 
 
 By one of the acts passed at this time, provision 
 was made for the appointment, at every county 
 court, of three peace-makers, in the nature of com- 
 mon arbitrators, to hear and determine all differ- 
 ences between individuals. 
 
 In grateful acknowledgment of the governor's 
 services, and in consideration of his expenses in 
 establishing the colony, the assembly granted him 
 an impost upon certain imports and exports ; but 
 he, with a generosity which he had afterward 
 cause to repent, declined to avail himself of it for 
 the present. 
 
 After an harmonious session of twenty-one 
 days, the assembly adjourned, having in this brief 
 time not only amended the constitution and en- 
 acted many new laws, but revised and confirmed 
 the whole civil and criminal code. 
 
 In the year 1683 Penn negotiated with the In- 
 dians for the purchase of lands, and there are on 
 
Peace Peinciples Exempijfjed. 73 
 
 record two deeds of that date from Indian chiefs 
 for the confirmation of such sales. 
 
 In one of the purchases of land made from 
 the Indians it was stipulated that it should ex- 
 tend " as far back as a man could walk in three 
 days." Tradition relates that William Penn him- 
 self, with several of his friends and a number of 
 Indian chiefs, '^ began to walk out this land at 
 the mouth of the Xeshaminy, and walked up the 
 Delaware, that in one day and a half they got to 
 a spruce tree near the mouth of Baker's creek," 
 when Penn concluding this would include as much 
 land as he would want at present, a line w^as run 
 and marked from the spruce tree to Xeshaminy, 
 and the remainder left to be walked out when it 
 should be wanted for settlement. " It is said they 
 walked 1 M*surely, after the Indian manner, sitting 
 down sometimes to smoke their pipes, to eat bis- 
 cuit and cheese and drink a bottle of wine. It is 
 certain they arrived at the spruce tree in a day 
 and a half, the wiiole distance rather less than 
 thirty miles." 
 
 The remainder of the line was not run till the 
 20th of September, 1733, when the governor oi" 
 Pennsylvania employed three of the fastest walk- 
 ers that could be found, one of whom, Edward 
 Marshall, walked in a day and a half the aston- 
 ishing distance of eighty-six miles. The name 
 
74 Peace Pbinciples Exemplified. 
 
 of William Penn has by some persons been un- 
 justly coupled with this disgraceful transaction, 
 which did not take place till many years after his 
 death. The Indians felt themselves much ag- 
 grieved by this unfair admeasurement of their 
 lands ; it was the cause of the first dissatisfaction 
 between them and the people of Pennsylvania, 
 and it is remarkable that the first murder com- 
 mitted by them in the province, seventy-two 
 years after the landing of Penn, was on this very 
 ground which had been taken from them by 
 fraud. 
 
 During the year 1683 the provincial council 
 held its meetings in Philadelphia; it was con- 
 vened very frequently, and the minutes show that 
 William Penn always presided. 
 
 Among its judicial proceedings was a trial for 
 witchcraft, the only one on the records. This 
 appears to have originated among the Swedes, 
 who probably brought with them from their 
 native land some of the Scandinavian supersti- 
 tions. The persons accused were Margaret Matt- 
 son and Yeshro Hendrickson. Lacy Cock acted 
 as interpreter between them and the governor. 
 The following is a sample of the testimony : 
 Henry Drystreet, attested, saith, "he was told 
 twenty years ago, that the prisoner at the bar 
 was a witch, and that several cows were be- 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 75 
 
 witched by her/' Annaky Coolin, attested, saith, 
 ^^ that her husband took the heart of a calf, that 
 had died as they thought by witchcraft, and boiled 
 it, whereupon the prisoner at the bar came in 
 and asked them wliat they were doing ; they said 
 boiling of flesh ; she said they had better have 
 boiled the bones, with several other unseemly ex- 
 pressions." The governor gave the jury their 
 charge, of which, it is to be regretted, there is no 
 record. "The jury went forth, and upon their 
 return brought her in guilty of the common 
 fame of being a witch, but not guilty in manner 
 and form as she stands indicted." 
 
 This verdict probably gave a quietus to all 
 accusations of witchcraft, which in that day were 
 believed by many and in Massachusetts had led 
 to melancholy results. 
 
 In the year of Penn's arrival and during the 
 two years next succeeding, ships with emigrants 
 arrived from London^, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, 
 Cheshire, Lancashire, Holland and Germany to 
 the number of fifty sail. "The news spread 
 abroad," says Bancroft, "that William Penn, the 
 Quaker, had opened an asylum to the good and 
 the oppressed of every nation, and humanity 
 went through Europe gathering the children of 
 misfortune. . . . There is nothing in the history 
 of the human race like the confidence which the 
 
76 Peace Pkikciples Exemplified. 
 
 simple virtues and institutions of William Penn 
 inspired/' 
 
 The progress of the colony in population was 
 remarkably rapid, and the fruits of industry soon 
 became everywhere apparent. In three years 
 from its foundation Philadelphia gained more 
 than New York had done in half a century. ■ 
 
 The colonists, in their native land, had been 
 mostly husbandmen, tradesmen and mechanics. 
 Among them were some good scholars, but gener- 
 ally their education was limited, and their man- 
 ners were simple, hearty and unceremonious. 
 jMany of them had good estates, and were well 
 provided with all the comforts that could be had 
 in a new country. Some brought with them 
 frames of houses ready to be set up, others built 
 cabins of logs and covered them with clapboards. 
 Huts covered with bark and turf were made to 
 shelter them while building their houses, and 
 excavations made in the bank of the Delaware at 
 Philadelphia, called caves, served for temporary 
 dwellings of the poorer class. 
 
 A large proportion of the colonists being mem- 
 bers of the Society of Friends, their first care was 
 to establish meetings for worship and discipline. 
 In a letter from Friends in Pennsylvania to their 
 brethren in Great Britain, written in 1683, they 
 mention three meetings for worship in Bucks 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 77 
 
 county, two in Philadelphia county and four in 
 Chester county. They had three monthly meet- 
 ings for discipline, and expected soon to have a 
 yearly meeting. As to their temporal condition 
 they say, " Blessed be God, we are satisfied ; our 
 lot is fallen every way in a goodly place, and the 
 love of God is and growing among us, and we 
 are a family at peace among ourselves, and truly 
 great is our joy therefor." 
 
 Fowl, fish and venison were plenty. The wild 
 pigeons came in such numbers that the air was 
 sometimes darkened by their flight; and flying 
 low, tliose who had no other means to take them 
 sometimes supplied themselves by throwing at 
 them as they flew, and salted up what they could 
 not eat. 
 
 The Indians were remarkably kind to the colo- 
 nists, supplying them with such provisions as 
 they could spare, and were otherwise serviceable 
 in many respects. 
 
 ^*John Chapman, having settled in the woods 
 the farthest back of any English inhabitants, 
 found the Indians very kind to his family, as 
 well as to the other settlers that came after him, 
 often supplying them with corn and other pro- 
 visions. His twin sons, Abraham and Joseph 
 Chapman, then about nine or ten years old, going 
 out one evening to seek their cattle, met an Indian 
 
78 Peace Piunciples Exemplified. 
 
 in the woods, who told them to go back or they 
 would be lost. Soon after this they took his advice 
 and went back, but it was within night before 
 they got home, where they found the Indian, who 
 being careful lest they should lose themselves, 
 had repaired thither in the night to see. And 
 their parents about that time going to the yearly 
 meeting at Philadelphia and leaving a young fam- 
 ily at home, the Indians came e\ery day to see 
 whether there was anything amiss among them."* 
 
 In the spring or summer of 1683 William 
 Penn made a journey to the interior of his prov- 
 ince, during which he made himself more fully 
 acquainted with its surflxce, soil and natural pro- 
 ductions, and he visited the Indians in their wig- 
 wams, with whom he learned to converse in their 
 own languao-e. 
 
 The result of his observations was communi- 
 cated in a very interesting letter to the Free Soci- 
 ety of Traders, t 
 
 He found the climate, soil and natural produc- 
 tions very satisfactory. The fruits he found in 
 the woods were the white and black mulberry, 
 chestnut, walnut, plums, strawberries, cranber- 
 ries, hurtleberries and grapes of divers sorts. 
 
 "•^ " Smith's History of Pennsylvania," and " Proud's His- 
 tory of Pennsylvania." 
 t See the Letter in '* Janney's Life of William Penn." 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 79 
 
 " Peaches/^ he says, ^^ are in great quantities ; not 
 an Indian plantation without them ; but whether 
 naturally here at first I know not. The woods 
 are adorned with lovely flowers, for color, great- 
 ness, figure and variety." 
 
 His account of the Indians relates to their per- 
 sons, language, manners, religion and govern- 
 ment, with conjectures concerning their origin. 
 The limits of this work will only allow the selec- 
 tion of a few passages. 
 
 " For their persons, they are generally tall, 
 straight, well-built, and of singular proportion. 
 They tread strong and clever, and mostly walk 
 with a lofty chin." . . . " They grease themselves 
 with bear's fat clarified, and using no defence 
 against sun and weather their skins must needs 
 be swarthy." 
 
 " Their language is lofty, yet narrow, but like 
 the Hebrew in signification, full. Like short- 
 hand in writing, one word serveth in the place of 
 three, and the rest are supplied by the understand- 
 ing of the hearer. Imperfect in their tenses, 
 wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, con- 
 junctions, interjections. I have made it my busi- 
 ness to -understand it that I might not want an 
 interpreter on any occasion, and I must say that 
 I know not a language spoken in Europe that 
 hath words of more sweetness or greatness in 
 accent and emphasis than theirs." 
 
80 Peace Pkixciples Exemplified. 
 
 ^^ In liberality they excel. Nothing Is too good 
 for their friend. Give them a fine gun, coat or 
 other thing, it may pass twenty hands before 
 It sticks; light of heart, strong affections, but 
 soon spent; the most merry creatures that live. 
 They feast and dance perpetually ; they never 
 have much, nor want much. Wealth circulateth 
 like blood. All parts partake ; and though none 
 shall want what another hath, yet exact observers 
 of property. Some kings have sold, others pre- 
 sented me with several parcels of land. The 
 pay or presents I made them were not hoarded 
 by the particular owners, but the neighboring 
 kings and their clans being present when the 
 goods were brought out, the parties chiefly con- 
 cerned consulted what and to whom they should 
 give them. To every king then, by the hands of 
 a person for that work ap})ointed, is a proportion 
 sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravity 
 which is admirable. Then that king subdivided 
 it in like manner among his dependents, they 
 hardly leaving themselves an equal share with 
 one of their subjects ; and be it on such occa- 
 sions as festivals, or at their common meals, the 
 kings distribute, and to themselves last." 
 
 " They eat twice a da}^, morning and evening ; 
 their seats and table are the ground. Since the 
 Europeans came into these parts, they are grown 
 
Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 81 
 
 great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially, 
 and for it exchange the richest of their skins and 
 furs. If they are heated with liquor, they are 
 restless till they have enough to sleep. That is 
 their cry, ' Some more, and I will go to sleep ; ' 
 but when drunk, one of the most wretched spec- 
 tacles in the world'.'' 
 
 " These poor people are under a dark night in 
 things relating to religion ; to be sure the tradi- 
 tion of it, yet they believe a God and immortality 
 without the help of metaphysics; for they say 
 there is a great king that made them who dwells 
 in a glorious country to the sou tli ward of them, 
 and that the souls of the good shall go thither, 
 v/here they shall live again." 
 
 "Their government is by kings, which they call 
 sachama, and these by succession, but always on 
 the mother's side. For instance, the children of 
 him who is now king will not succeed, but his 
 brother by the mother, or the children of his sis- 
 ter, whose sons (and after them the children of her 
 daughters) will reign, for no woman inherits. 
 Every king hath his council, and that consists of 
 all the old and wise men of his nation, which per- 
 haps is two hundred people. Nothing of moment 
 is undertaken, be it war, peace, selling of land or 
 traffic, without advising with them, and, which is 
 more, with the young men too. It is admirable 
 
82 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 to consider how powerful the kings are, and yet 
 liow they move by the breath of the people. I 
 have had occasion to be in council with them 
 upon treaties for land, and to adjust the terms of 
 trade. '' 
 
 " They speak little, but fervently and Avith 
 elegance. I have never seen more natural saga- 
 city." ..." And he will deserve the name of 
 Avise who outwits them in any treaty about a 
 thing they understand. When the purchase was 
 agreed, great promises passed between us of kind- 
 ness and good-neighborhood, and that the English 
 and Indians must live in love as long as the sun 
 gave light, which done, another made a speech to 
 the Indians in the name of the sachamakers or 
 kings, first to tell them what was done, next to 
 charge and command them to love the Christians, 
 and particularly to live in peace with me and the 
 people under my government, that many govern- 
 ors had been in the river, but tliat no governor 
 had come himself to live and stay here before, 
 and having now such an one, who had treated 
 them well, they should never do him or his any 
 wrong ; at every sentence of which they shouted 
 and said ^Amen' in their wav.'' 
 
CHAPTEE lY. 
 
 THE BOUNDARY QUESTION — REVOLUTION IN 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 1684-1689. 
 
 ONE of the subjects that caused the greatest 
 solicitude in the mind of William Peun 
 during his first sojourn in his colony, was a con- 
 troversy with the proprietary of Maryland in 
 relation to boundaries. To obtain an amicable 
 adjustment of the matter in dispute, he had two 
 interviews with Lord Baltimore, who treated him 
 with courtesy and respect, but they could not 
 agree, and there appeared to be no alternative but 
 to refer the whole subject to the legal tribunals in 
 England. In the meantime Lord Baltimore sent 
 an agent to make a formal demand of all the 
 country south of the fortieth degree of north lati- 
 tude, both in the province of Pennsylvania and 
 the territories annexed ; and this not being acceded 
 to, a party from Maryland under the command of 
 Colonel George Talbottj in the spring of 1684, made 
 
 83 
 
84 Peace Principees Exempeified. 
 
 forcible entry on several plantations in the lower 
 counties. He came within five miles of New 
 Castle, and there erected a fort of the bodies of 
 trees, raised a breastwork and palisaded the same 
 and placed armed men therein. The mayor of 
 that town, to^^ether with the sheriff and mao:is- 
 trates, went to the fort and demanded of Colonel 
 Talbott the reason of his proceedings, being a 
 warlike invasion of the right of his majesty's sub- 
 jects never in his possession. He answered them, 
 after having bid them stand off (presenting guns 
 at their breasts), that he had the Lord Baltimore's 
 commission for what he did. 
 
 The governor and council at Philadelphia sent 
 a copy of Penn's answer to Lord Baltimore's 
 demand, showing the grounds of their refusal, and 
 at the same time took legal measures to reinstate 
 the persons who had been dispossessed, and if 
 necessary to have the invaders prosecuted accor- 
 ding to law. 
 
 ''Lord Baltimore claimed by his charter the 
 whole country as far as the fortieth degree. Penn 
 replied, just as the Dutch and the agents of the 
 Duke of York had always urged, that the charter 
 of Maryland included only lands that were still 
 unoccupied ; that the banks of the Delaware had 
 been purchased, appropriated and colonized before 
 that charter was written. For more than fifty 
 
Peace PrviNCiPLEs Exemplified. 85 
 
 years the country had been in the hands of the 
 Dutch and their successors, and during that whole 
 period the claim of Lord Baltimore had always 
 been resisted. The answer of Penu was true, and 
 conformed to English law as applied to the 
 colonies." * 
 
 The claim set up by Lord Baltimore, if success- 
 ful, would have taken all the lands on the western 
 side of the Delaware from the city of Philadelphia 
 to the capes ; it w^ould have given Maryland the 
 command of Delaware Bay; and would have 
 deprived Penn of several valuable seaports. The 
 peaceable course he pursued was in striking con- 
 trast with the warlike demonstration of Colonel 
 Talbott. 
 
 About the time these events occurred, William 
 Penn found it incumbent on him to return to 
 England. He received advice that the members 
 of his society in the mother country were suffering 
 under severe persecution on account of their 
 religion ; their meetings were broken up by 
 armed troops, and many hundreds of men and 
 women, separated from their families, were con- 
 fined in noisome prisons, where some had remained 
 for years and others were released only by death. 
 He had reason to believe that his personal 
 
 * "Bancroft's History of United States/' II., 388. See 
 " Janney's Life of Penn," for a full statement of the controversy. 
 
 8 
 
86 Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 
 
 influence and exertions might be instrumental to 
 mitigate their suiferings. 
 
 The controversy respecting the boundaries of 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland was soon to be 
 brought before ^' the Lords of the Committee of 
 Trade and Plantations.'' Lord Baltimore had 
 already gone over to urge his claim ; it was there- 
 fore highly important that Penn should be present 
 to protect his own interests and those of the 
 province. In addition to these considerations, 
 we may reasonably conclude, that his desire to 
 join his family, from which he had been separated 
 nearly two years, Avas not least among the motives 
 that determined him to return to England. 
 
 Having determined to embark in the Ketch 
 Endeavor, he commissioned the provincial council 
 to act in his stead, of which Thomas Lloyd was 
 president, to whom he intrusted the keeping of 
 the Great Seal. Nicholas Moore, Wm. Welch, 
 Wm. Wood, Robt. Turner, and John Eckley were 
 commissioned as provincial judges for two years; 
 his cousin. Colonel Markham, was secretary, and 
 James Harrison his steward, had charge of his 
 house and manor at Pennsbury. His arrange- 
 ments being completed, he embarked on the 12th 
 of the sixth month (August), 1684, greatly to the 
 regret of the whole country, for he had by his uni- 
 form justice and kindness endeared himself to all. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 87 
 
 After a passage of about seven weeks he landed 
 within sev^en miles of his own residence. Having 
 enjoyed some days of rest and refreshment at 
 home, he went to wait upon the king and duke, 
 who received him very graciously. He found that 
 the government was less favorably disposed to- 
 wards religious liberty than it had been before he 
 left the country — it was "sour and stern, and 
 resolved to hold the reins of power with a stiffer 
 hand than heretofore, especially over those who 
 were observed to be church or state dissenters.'' 
 He concluded, however, to take his old post as an 
 advocate of liberty of conscience, and was an in- 
 strument of great good in pleading the cause of 
 the oppressed. 
 
 The question relating to boundaries between the 
 colonies of Lord Baltimore and William Penn 
 was brought before the committee of trade and 
 plantations, and after both parties had been fully 
 heard, "it was decided that the tract of Delaware 
 did not constitute a part of Maryland." 
 
 By an order of council dated 13th of November, 
 1685, it was decided that the lands intended to be 
 granted by the Lord Baltimore's patent were only 
 cultivated and inhabited by savages, and that the 
 part then in dispute was inhabited and planted 
 by Christians, at and before the date of the Lord 
 Baltimore's patent, as it had been ever since to that 
 
88 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 time and continued as a distinct colony from that 
 of Maryland.'^ It was therefore ordered that 
 " for avoiding further difference/' the tract of land 
 between the river and bay of Delaware, and 
 Chesapeake Bay be divided into two equal parts. 
 
 The line designated by this order is the bound- 
 ary between the States of Delaware and Maryland, 
 but the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
 notwithstanding the many efforts made by Penn 
 for its adjustment, continued in dispute during the 
 reipainder of his life, and was not finally settled 
 until the year 1762, when it was run by "two 
 ingenious mathematicians,'' Charles Mason and 
 Jeremiah Dixon, who came from England for 
 that purpose; hence it is called Mason and 
 Dixon's line. 
 
 In the winter of 1684-5, King Charles II. died 
 of apoplexy, and his brother, James, Duke of 
 York, peaceably succeeded to the throne under the 
 title of James II. James, while Duke of York, 
 had for many years been the friend and patron 
 of William Penn, whom he admitted to terms 
 of familiar intercourse, not usual between a prince 
 and a subject. This partiality on the part of the 
 duke arose, in the first place, from his great regard 
 for Admiral Penn ; and was, doubtless, confirmed 
 and augmented by the agreeable manners and 
 excellent qualities of his son. After his accession 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 89 
 
 to the throne he continued to manifest the same 
 regard, which as it gave Penn ready access to the 
 royal closet, enabled him to use his influence for 
 the relief of many, both of his own and other re- 
 ligious persuasions, who were suffering for con- 
 science sake. 
 
 Soon after the accession of James II. the friends 
 petitioned for the release of upwards of 1400 of 
 their members of both sexes imprisoned in 
 England and Wales, only for worshipping God 
 according to their sense of duty and for con- 
 scientiously refusing to swear. Their liberation 
 did not take place for a year after their case was 
 brought before the king, and there is reason to 
 believe it was then done chiefly through the 
 personal influence and intercession of William 
 Penn. Some of these patient sufferers for the 
 cause of trutii had been twelve or fifteen years and 
 upwards in prison. 
 
 While Penn was engaged in obtaining an 
 adjustment of boundaries and pleading the cause 
 of religious liberty in England, his friends in 
 Pennsylvania were pushing forward their im- 
 provements in building and planting, and per- 
 forming their novitiate in legislation. The 
 increase of population continued to be rapid, the 
 colony was peaceful and prosperous ; but among 
 those concerned in the government there were 
 
90 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 some jealousies and dissensions, which being 
 reported to the proprietary, with much exaggera- 
 tion, called forth his paternal admonition. 
 
 The provincial council was too large a body to 
 perform with efficiency the executive functions 
 intrusted to them ; they neglected to comply with 
 the instructions of the proprietary, and he came 
 to the conclusion to change the form of the execu- 
 tive. He accordingly appointed in the 12th 
 month, 1686, five commissioners, any three of 
 whom w^ere authorized to act on his behalf. Their 
 names were Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas Moore, 
 James Claypole, Robert Turner and John Eckley. 
 Their appointment seems to have been attended 
 with a happy effect; their administration was 
 prudent, steady and efficient. Nothing further 
 of note occurs in the history of the province 
 in the succeeding two years, during which 
 the colonists enjoyed the blessings of domestic 
 tranquillity. 
 
 In the meantime Penn was frequently in attend- 
 ance on the king advising him to measures of 
 clemency, moderation and justice, which would 
 have established his throne, but the infatuated 
 monarch took counsel from bigoted priests and 
 venal courtiers, and was led to pursue an arbitrary 
 and oppressive course which alienated the affections 
 of his people. In addition to other unpopular 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 91 
 
 measures, his open profession of the Roman 
 Catholic religion and the favor he showed the 
 priests produced great dissatisfaction among his 
 Protestant subjects. 
 
 The king's son-in-law, William, Prince of 
 Orange, being a Protestant, and having the confi- 
 dence of the English people, was invited by many 
 of the nobility and gentry to come and assume the 
 reins of government. He came, and was joined 
 by persons of the highest rank — part of the king's 
 army deserted to his standard — and the popular 
 feeling was so strongly manifested in his favor 
 that the king, in the year 1688, abdicated his 
 throne and retired to France. 
 
 The convention having declared the throne 
 vacant, the Prince and Princess of Orange were 
 crowned in 1689, as joint sovereigns, under the 
 title of William and Mary. 
 
 Soon after the revolution in England, the situa- 
 tion of William Penn became critical in the 
 extreme; the influence he had possessed in the 
 late reign was now turned against him ; he was 
 regarded by many as being disaffected to the 
 government, a Jesuit in disguise, and an enemy 
 to the Protestant cause. To withdraw to Penn- 
 sylvania, where he knew his presence was needed, 
 would subject him to the imputation of having 
 fled to escape punishment, and thus give color to 
 
92 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 the aspersions of his enemies. To remain was 
 hazardous, but honorable, and therefore he deter- 
 mined to stay and pursue his usual avocations. 
 
 While walking in Whitehall, he was sent for by 
 the lords of the council then sitting. In reply to 
 their questions he assured them, " he had done 
 nothing but what he could answer before God and 
 all the princes in the world ; that he loved his 
 country and the Protestant religion above his life, 
 and never acted against either; that all he ever 
 aimed at in his public endeavors was no other 
 than what the prince himself had declared for; 
 that King James was always his friend, and his 
 father's friend, and in gratitude he was the king's, 
 and did, ever as much as in him lay, influence him 
 to his true interest." 
 
 Although nothing appeared against him, he 
 was required to give sureties for his appearance 
 the first day of the next term. At the next term 
 his case was continued to the Easter term follow- 
 ing, when nothing being laid to his charge he was 
 cleared in open court. 
 
 In the year 1689, the Act of Toleration was 
 passed by Parliament and approved by the king. 
 This act provided that none of the penal laws 
 should be construed to extend to those dissenters 
 who should take the oaths to the present govern- 
 ment, and a clause was inserted for the relief of 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 93 
 
 the Society of Friends, accepting from them, 
 instead of the oaths, a solemn promise to be faith- 
 ful to the king and queen. So great had been the 
 progress of public sentiment, that a bill abolishing 
 the tests, by which dissenters were excluded from 
 ])arliament, was, in conformity with the king's 
 wishes, passed by the House of Commons, but it 
 was rejected by the peers. There can be no 
 doubt that the sufferings of the Friends and other 
 dissenters were instrumental in preparing the 
 minds of the people for this salutary change in the 
 policy of the government ; but to Penn more 
 than to any other man must it be attributed. 
 His numerous publications in its favor had been 
 silently operating, while the liberal policy of his 
 own government, and the remarkable prosperity 
 of his province, must have exerted a considerable 
 influence on the public mind. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, Thomas Lloyd, a minister of 
 the Society of Friends and a man of excellent 
 character and abilities, had for some years been 
 performing the executive functions of the govern- 
 ment, first as president of the council and after- 
 wards as chairman of the commissioners ; but 
 becoming weary of public affairs he requested to 
 be released from the burden, to which William 
 Penn, by a letter written in 1687, reluctantly con- 
 sented. As no other Friend, pi'operly qualified, 
 
94 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 was found willing to accept- the office of deputy 
 governor, William Penn appointed to that station 
 Captain John Blackwell, who had formerly held 
 an important trust under the British government, 
 and was highly recommended for his virtue and 
 fidelity. In Penn's letter of instructions, dated 
 1688, he directs Governor Blackwell to send him 
 a copy of the laws, which he had often requested 
 before, but in vain ; to be careful that speedy and 
 impartial justice be done, to see that the widow, 
 the orphan and the absent be particularly regarded 
 in their rights; to have a special care that the 
 sheriffs and clerks of the peace impose not upon 
 the people, and finally, " to rule the meek meekly, 
 and those that will not be ruled, rule with au- 
 thority." 
 
 Governor Blackwell met the assembly in the 
 third month 1689, but by reason of some misun- 
 derstanding or dissension between him and some 
 of the council, the public affairs w^ere not transacted 
 in harmony, and but little business was done 
 during his administration, which lasted only until 
 the twelfth month, when, by the advice of Penn, 
 he resigned and returned to England. One cause 
 of disagreement was, the governor's attempt to 
 raise a militia, which being a warlike measure 
 inconsistent with the principles of the colonists, 
 was resisted by them. 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified." 95 
 
 The people of Pennsylvania and the neighboring 
 Indian tribes had lived on terms of the most 
 cordial friendship, and each had performed many 
 kind offices for the other; but in the year 1688, 
 the inhabitants of Philadelphia and places adja- 
 cent were alarmed with the report of an intended 
 insurrection of the Indians to cut off all the 
 English on a certain appointed day. This was 
 conimunicated by an Indian w^oman of West 
 New Jersey, to an old Dutch inhabitant near 
 Chester, and was soon after corroborated by 
 another rumor that three families about nine miles 
 from that place had actually been destroyed. It 
 w^as also said that five hundred Indians w^ere 
 collected in pursuance of their design to kill the 
 English. 
 
 When these alarming reports reached Philadel- 
 phia the council w^as in session, and Caleb Pusey, 
 one of its members, a Friend in high standing, 
 from Chester county, offered to go to the place 
 where the Indians were said to be assembled, 
 provided the council would appoint five others to 
 go with him unarmed. This being agreed to, 
 they immediately proceeded thither on horseback, 
 but instead of meeting five hundred warriors, as 
 was reported, they found the old king quietly 
 lying on his bed, the women at work in the fields 
 and the children at play. When they entered the 
 
96 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 wigwam, the king asked tlieni very mildly what 
 they all came for ? They told him the report which 
 the Indian woman had raised, and asked whether 
 the Indians had anything against the English ? 
 He appeared much displeased at the report and 
 said : " The woman ought to be burnt to death ; 
 and that they had nothing against the English ; '^ 
 adding: ^^'Tis true there are about fifteen pounds 
 yet behind of our pay for the land that William 
 Penn bought, but as you are still on it and im- 
 proving it to your own use, we are not in haste 
 for our pay ; but when the English come to settle 
 it, we expect to be paid/^ This the messengers 
 assured him should be done. One of the company 
 further expressed himself to this effect : ^'That as 
 the great God, who made the world and all things 
 therein, consequently made all mankind, both 
 Indians and English, so his love was extended to 
 all ; which was plainly shown by his causing the 
 rain and dew to fall on the ground of both Indians 
 and English alike, that it might equally produce 
 what each of them planted on it, for the sustenance 
 of life. And also, by his making the sun to shine 
 equally on all, both Indians and English, he 
 manifested his love to all, so they were mutually 
 bound to love one another." The king answered^ 
 " What you say is very true, and as God has given 
 you corn, I would advise you to get it in (it 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 97 
 
 being then harvest time) ; for we intend you no 
 harm." 
 
 The return of the messengers dispelled the fears 
 of the peo[)le, and the result evinced the wisdom 
 of the policy uniformly pursued by the friends of 
 William Penn. 
 9 
 
CHAPTER Y. 
 
 TROUBLES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 1689-95. 
 
 "TTTHILE the colonists of Pennsylvania were 
 ^ ^ peacefully pursuing their industrial occu- 
 pations, enjoying the blessings of civil and religious 
 liberty, and founding in the wilderness an asylum 
 for the oppressed of every land, the nations of 
 Europe professing the Christian name were 
 involved in a fierce conflict of arms, spreading 
 desolation and distress over populous countries. 
 AYars were waged on account of religion in which 
 all the principles of Christianity were set at 
 naught, and wars to maintain the balance of power 
 in Europe wasted the blood and treasure of the 
 English people, without any adequate returns. 
 
 William Penn writing to his friends in Penn- 
 sylvania, in the Tenth month, 1689, after exhorting 
 them to the exercise of Christian charity, thus 
 continues ; " For matters here ; as to myself I am 
 well and free ; and for the church of God liberty 
 98 
 
Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 99 
 
 continues. But in the nations of Europe, great wars 
 and rumors of wars, such as have not been almost 
 from the beginning, suns are turning into darkness 
 and moons into blood ; for the notable day is at 
 the door.''. . ." Sanctify therefore the Lord in your 
 hearts ; be satisfied in him, and in your lot, and 
 walk worthy of his daily mercy, and care over you." 
 
 In the year 1690, Penn was again brought 
 before the lords of the council upon an accusation of 
 holding a correspondence with the late King James; 
 and they requiring sureties for his appearance, he 
 appealed to King William himself, who after a 
 conference of nearly two hours, inclined to acquit 
 Iiim; but to please some of the council, he was 
 lield upon bail, for a while, and in Trinity-term 
 the same year was again discharged. 
 
 He was attacked a third time, and 'his name in- 
 serted in a proclamation wherein he, with eighteen 
 other persons, were charged with adhering to the 
 king's enemies, but no proofs of the charge being 
 found, he was again cleared by order of the court 
 of the Kings-bench, at Michaelmas-term, 1690. 
 
 Being now at liberty he proposed to go a 
 second time to Pennsylvania, and published pro- 
 posals, for a second settlement there, which 
 probably was designed to be on the Susquehanna. 
 His plans were again frustated by a fresh accusa- 
 tion against him founded on the oath of William 
 
100 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 Puller, who was afterwards declared by Parlia- 
 ment "a cheat and a notorious impostor." A 
 warrant being issued for Penn's apprehension, he 
 narrowly escaped being arrested at his return from 
 the funeral of George Fox, who was buried in 
 London on the 16th of the Eleventli month of 
 1690-91. In writing to the widow, on the 13th, 
 who was in Lancashire, he said : " I am to be the 
 teller to thee of sorrowful tidings, in some respect 
 which is this : that thy dear husband and my 
 beloved and dear friend, finished his glorious 
 testimony this night, about half an hour after nine, 
 being sensible to the last breath. Oh! he is gone, 
 and has left us in the storm that is over our heads, 
 surely in great mercy to him, but as an evidence 
 to us of sorrow to come.'^ 
 
 On being informed of this fresh accusation, 
 Penn thought it most prudent to postpone his 
 departure, for should he leave England while he 
 was under suspicion and subject to arrest, his 
 removal would be construed by his enemies as an 
 evidence of his guilt. He therefore took private 
 lodgings in London and lived in seclusion. Here 
 he devoted himself to study, to writing and reli- 
 gious meditations ; being also frequently visited by 
 his friends, among whom were John Locke and 
 others eminent for their worth. 
 
 While the proprietary of Pennsylvania was 
 compelled by false accusations to forego his 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 101 
 
 cherished purpose of returning thither, as his per- 
 manent home, the affairs of his colony were 
 suffering for want of his paternal care. The three 
 lower counties, called the territories, now consti- 
 tuting the State of Delaware, had at the request of 
 their inhabitants been united with the province 
 under one government, allowing to every county 
 an equal number of representatives. During the 
 absence of Penn some jealousies had crept in between 
 them ; the province was large, its population w./ s 
 rapidly increasing, and it must have been manifest 
 to all that the balance of power would soon pre- 
 ponderate in its favor. For this reason some of 
 the inhabitants of the territories began to think 
 they had distinct and even conflicting interests, 
 which led to a misunderstanding. 
 
 On Governor Blackwell's resignation, the 
 executive duties devolved on the council, and 
 Thomas Lloyd, not being willing to refuse his 
 assistance in this emergency, acted again as pres- 
 ident. In order to compose all differences, Penn 
 proposed three forms of executive power, and left 
 to the decision of the council which should be 
 adopted — either the council, five commissioners, 
 or a deputy-governor. The majorit}^ favored a 
 deputy-governor, and were satisfied with Thomas 
 Lloyd, but the council men from the territories 
 preferred the five commissioners, and finding 
 
102 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 themselves outnumbered, withdrew from tlie coun- 
 cil, and returned home. Thomas Lloyd sent a 
 deputation to New Castle to confer with them, but 
 his efforts to reconcile them were unavailing. 
 
 The proprietary, with much reluctance, submitted 
 to the separation, and commissioned Thomas Lloyd 
 as governor of" the province. William Markham, 
 who appears to have gone with the seceders, was 
 placed over the territories as their executive. 
 
 Although Penn had consented with great 
 reluctance to this arrangement, it answ^ered beyond 
 liis expectations in restoring harmony ; and as 
 both parties were sensible that he had been grieved 
 at their dissensions, they endeavored to relieve his 
 mind by a joint letter from the two deputy- 
 governors and the members of council, expressive 
 of their affection and of their earnest desire for his 
 return to the province. 
 
 About the time these political changes were 
 effected, dissensions of a far more painful tendency 
 arose in relation to the doctrines and discipline of 
 the Society of Friends. The dispute originated 
 Avith George Keith, a prominent minister and an 
 author of several religious works. Pie was a 
 Scotchman, had lived much in England, had 
 travelled with Penn on the continent, and was 
 employed for one year as the principal teacher in 
 the public school at Philadelphia, 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 103 
 
 He had been much respected, but now appeared 
 ambitious of greater distinction as a leader in the 
 society, proposing and urging new regulations in 
 its discipline, complaining that there was *^too 
 great a slackness therein,^' and accusing some of 
 the most valued ministers of preaching false 
 doctrines, although it was thought they preached 
 the same views he had formerly advocated in his 
 writings. Another objection urged by him against 
 some of the most influential members was the part 
 they took in the government of the province, 
 alleging that, by acting as magistrates and 
 executing the penal laws against malefactors, they 
 violated their principles. The last of these 
 charges had reference principally to the course 
 pursued in arresting a privateer, named Babbitt, 
 who took a sloop from the wharf at Philadelphia, 
 proceeded down the river and committed several 
 robberies. A warrant being issued for his appre- 
 hension, Peter Boss and some others pursued him 
 in a boat and took him and his crew without any 
 warlike weapon. 
 
 At length Keith having set up a separate 
 meeting in Philadelphia, and being in the practice 
 of defaming the characters of Friends, the meeting 
 of ministers disowned him, which act was con- 
 firmed by the yearly meetings of Burlington and 
 London, He and Thomas Budd were presented 
 
104 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 by the grand-jury of Philadelphia for defaoiiiig 
 Samuel Jennings, a provincial judge, and being 
 found guilty, were fined five pounds each. These 
 fines, however, were never exacted. The meetings 
 set up by Keith and his adherents threatened to 
 make a formidable schism in the society, but he 
 having gone to England, was ordained by the 
 Bishop of London, and returned to Pennsylvania 
 a clergyman in orders. This conduct so disgusted 
 his followers, that many of them returned to the 
 society, and the schism was finally healed. 
 
 The political and religious dissensions which for 
 a while disturbed the tranquillity of colonial life in 
 Pennsylvania, being communicated to William 
 Penn, increased the burden of his cares and 
 occasioned much solicitude, which he expressed 
 in affectionate letters to his friends in the colony. 
 
 In the autumn of 1692, a commission was 
 granted by the sovereigns, William and Mary, to 
 Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, 
 directing him to take under his jurisdiction the 
 province of Pennsylvania, and the territories 
 annexed. This step was urged by the enemies 
 of the proprietary as necessary for the safety of 
 the colony. It was said that the French and 
 Indians threatened the frontier settlements, that 
 no defence had been provided by the colonial 
 government, and that the province and the terri- 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 105 
 
 tories being at variance, no efficient administra- 
 tion of the laws could be expected. They did 
 not fail to adduce the religious dissensions among 
 the Friends as another reason why they were unfit 
 to govern, and the prosecution against Georgg 
 Keith, for defamation, being misrepresented by 
 his party, was triumphantly held up as an evidence 
 that the Quakers as well as others could persecute 
 for religion. 
 
 William Penn was sorely tried — his troubles 
 seemed to increase and press upon him with ac- 
 cumulated weip-ht. Cast down from a hio^h and 
 honored station in society, accused of being an 
 enemy to the government and to the Protestant 
 cause, impoverished by expenditures for his 
 province, and now that province, the object of 
 his hopes, withdrawn from under his government, 
 there was needed but one drop more to fill the 
 measure of his afflictions. That drop too was 
 added. His wife, one of the loveliest and best of 
 women, was visibly sinking in health, and her 
 decline was attributed to intense anxiety, induced 
 by her husband's calamities. 
 
 But although perplexed with care, and bur- 
 dened with grief, he was not forsaken ; having 
 the solace of an approving conscience, and an 
 abiding trust in the providence of God, who 
 often permits his servants to be tried in the fur- 
 
106 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 nace of affliction, in order to perfect their refine- 
 ment; who removes from them the attractions 
 of the world, in order to draw them nearer to 
 liimself, and when they have relinquished all 
 other dependence, manifests that the arm of his 
 power is sufficient to uphold them, and to cause 
 "all things to work togetlier for their good.'^ 
 
 In the latter part of the year 1693, through 
 the intercession of some noblemen, who had long 
 been his friends, the case of William Penn was 
 again brought before King William, who, being 
 satisfied of his innocence, signified his wish that 
 he should consider himself entirely at Hberty. 
 
 His wife, who had tenderly sympathized with 
 him in all his trials, was permitted to see him 
 again restored to liberty ; but in the following 
 month she was removed by death, and he was 
 again plunged into a depth of affliction, wdiich 
 could be alleviated only by the consolations of 
 religion and the lenient hand of time. 
 
 During Penn's seclusion from the world, which 
 continued nearly three years, his vigorous and 
 active mind was not unemployed. He wrote a 
 number of religious works, one of which is en- 
 titled, "Some Fruits of Solitude in Peflections, 
 and Maxims relating to the Conduct of Human 
 Life." This work embraces a compendium of 
 practical vvisdom that has seldom been equalled in 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 107 
 
 the same compass, being: the result of much ex- 
 perience in the affairs of life, and deep reflection 
 on its cares and vicissitudes. 
 
 In the preface he alludes, in the spirit of a true 
 Christian, to his seclusion from the world: 
 
 " Reader : — This enchiridion I present thee 
 with is the fruit of solitude, a school few care to 
 learn in, though none instructs us better. Some 
 parts of it are the results of serious reflection, 
 others the flashing of lucid intervals, written for 
 private satisfaction, and now published for an 
 help to human conduct. The autlior blesseth 
 God for his retirement, and kisses that gentle 
 liand which led him into it; for though it should 
 prove barren to the world, it can never do so to 
 him. He has now had some time he could call 
 his own — a property he was never so much 
 master of before — in which he has taken a view 
 of himself and the world, and observed wherein 
 he has hit or missed the mark; what might have 
 been done; what mended and what avoided in 
 human conduct; together with the omissions and 
 excesses of others, as well societies and govern- 
 ments as private families and persons.'^ 
 
 .William Penn produced at this time another 
 work of great value and importance, entitled. 
 
108 Peace Piunciples Exemplified. 
 
 "An Essay towards the Present and Future 
 Peace of Europe, by the Establishment of an 
 European Diet, Parliament, or Estates/' It was 
 written in the year 1695. In the first section he 
 refers to the bloody wars then being waged in 
 "Hungary, Germany, Flanders, Ireland, and at 
 sea: the mortality of sickly and languishing 
 camps and navies, and the mighty prey the 
 devouring winds and waves have made upon 
 ships and men since the year 1688." He draws 
 a contrast between the misery entailed by war, 
 and the blessings conferred by peace, and then 
 proceeds to show " the means of peace, which is 
 justice rather than war." "Government is an 
 expedient against confusion." It is instituted for 
 the prevention or cure of disorder and the punish- 
 ment of crime, in order that men may not be 
 judges of their own cause or avengers of their 
 own wrongs. As in civil society, individuals 
 and corporations submit their differences to the 
 decision of courts established and governed by 
 law ; so should the nations of Europe establish a 
 tribunal and enact laws for the settlement of in- 
 ternational disputes. The fourth section, contain- 
 ing the gist of the essay, is here subjoined : 
 
 " Of a general peace, or the peace of Europe 
 and the means of it. 
 
 "In my first section I showed the desirable- 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 109 
 
 ness of peace ; in my next the truest means of it, 
 viz., justice, and not war. And in my last, that 
 this justice was the fruit of government, as 
 government itself was the result of society, 
 which first came from a reasonable design of men 
 of peace. Now if the sovereign princes of Europe 
 who represent that society, or independent state 
 of men that was previous to the obligations of 
 society, would, for the same reason that engaged 
 men first in society, viz.. Love of Peace and 
 Order J agree to meet by their stated deputies in a 
 General Diet, Estates, or Parliament, and there 
 establish rules of justice for sovereign princes to 
 observe one to another ; and thus to meet yearly, 
 or once in two or three years at farthest, or as 
 they shall see cause, and to be styled. The Sover- 
 eign or Imperial Diet, Parliament, or State of 
 Europe ; before which sovereign assembly should 
 be brought all differences depending between one 
 sovereign and another that cannot be made up by 
 private embassies before the session begins, and 
 that if any of the sovereignties that constitute 
 these imperial states shall refuse to submit their 
 claim or pretension to them, or to abide and per- 
 form the judgment thereof and seek their remedy 
 by arms, or delay their compliance beyond the 
 time prefixed in their resolutions, all the other 
 sovereignties, united as one strength, shall compel 
 10 
 
110 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 the submission and performance of the sentence, 
 with damages to the suffering party, and charges 
 to the sovereignties that obliged their submission. 
 To be sure, Europe would quietly obtain the so 
 much desired and needed peace to her harassed 
 inhabitants ; no sovereignty in Europe having 
 the power, and, therefore, cannot show the will, 
 to dispute the conclusion, and consequently peace 
 would be procured and continued in Europe.'^ 
 
 The proposal embraced in this essay excited 
 much interest at the time of its publication, and 
 has since been frequently referred to by the ad- 
 vocates of universal peace. It contains sugges- 
 tions leading to a peace policy which has recently 
 been more fully developed by enlightened thinkers 
 in Europe and America, as expressed in the con- 
 ventions of the friends of peace at Paris, Brussels, 
 Frankfort, and The Hague. 
 
 Since the time of Penn, some progress has been 
 made: the principles of international law are 
 better understood, the power of public opinion in 
 controlling legislation has greatly increased, and 
 constitutional governments are more numerous. 
 
 The only objectionable feature in the plan pro- 
 posed by Penn is the coercive power to be exer- 
 cised in compeUlng the refractory sovereigns to 
 abide by the decisions of the General Diet. If 
 the compulsion should be exercised by force of 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. Ill 
 
 arms- — bombarding their cities, devastating their 
 country, and killing their people — it would be 
 such a departure from the principles of peace 
 and good-will to men, as would frustrate the 
 whole design. But if the compulsory measures 
 should be, to put the refractory government under 
 the ban of public opinion throughout the world, 
 to declare non-intercourse until a reconciliation 
 could be effected, or to withhold the advantages 
 of commercial reciprocity, there could be no 
 reasonable objection to such compulsory measures, 
 and they would probably be sufficient. 
 
 Public opinion has been called the queen of 
 the world ; its power in controlling legislation is 
 great and increasing. In order that it may exer- 
 cise a salutary influence, it must be enlightened 
 by general education and the inculcation of Chris- 
 tian principles. The admiration of military 
 glory must be discountenanced, the spirit of re- 
 taliation must be supplanted by the Christ-like 
 spirit of forgiveness, and the narrow sentiment 
 of patriotism should be merged in the nobler 
 sentiment of universal brotherhood. 
 
 The Christian church is responsible for the 
 continuance of the barbarous custom of war, 
 which is utterly repugnant to the precepts and 
 example of the Messiah. This sentiment is 
 forcibly expressed in the following passage from 
 
112 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 Sumner's eloquent "Oration on the True Grandeur 
 of Nations:'' 
 
 "It cannot be doubted that this strange and 
 unblessed conjunction of the Christian clergy 
 with war has had no little influence in blinding 
 the world to the truth now beginning to be recog- 
 nized, that Christianity forbids the ivhole custom 
 of war. 
 
 "Individual interests are mingled with pre- 
 vailing errors, and are so far concerned in main- 
 taining them, that it is not surprising how re- 
 luctantly military men yield to this truth. They 
 are naturally like lawyers, as described by Vol- 
 taire, ^the conservators of ancient barbarous 
 usages,' but that these usages — especially that the 
 impious Trial by Battle — should obtain counte- 
 nance in the Christian church, is one of those 
 anomalies which make us feel the weakness of 
 our nature and the elevation of Christian truth. 
 It is important to observe as the testimony of 
 history that for some time after the Apostles, 
 while the lamp of Christianity burnt pure and 
 bright, not only the Fathers of the church held 
 it unlawful for Christians to bear arras ; but those 
 who came within its pale abstained from their use, 
 although at the cost of life, thus renouncing not 
 only the umpirage of war, but even the right of 
 self-defence. Marcel 1 us, the Centurion, threw 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 113 
 
 down his military belt at the head of the legion, 
 and in the face of the standards declared, with a 
 loud voice, that he would no longer serve in the 
 army, for he had become a Christian ; others fol- 
 lowed his example. It was not until Christianity 
 became corrupted, that its followers became sol- 
 diers, and its priests learned to minister at the 
 altar of the God of Battles." 
 
CHAPTER YI. 
 
 COLONIAL AFFAIRS AND PENN's SECOND MAR- 
 RIAGE. 
 
 1693-1701. 
 
 COLONEL BENJAMIN FLETCHER, 
 governor of New York, was commissioned 
 by the king and queen as governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania, in the autumn of 1692, but did not receive 
 the commission until some months later. In the 
 spring of 1693, he notified Governor Lloyd, of 
 Pennsylvania, that he intended to assume the 
 reins of government, and accordingly he came to 
 Philadelphia, for that purpose, attended by a mili- 
 tary retinue. Notwithstanding the separation of 
 the territories from the province, he summoned 
 the representatives of both to meet him in Phila- 
 delphia. In this writ the charter and laws of 
 Pennsylvania were disregarded, the number of 
 delegates being diminished, and the time and form 
 of the election changed. 
 
 The first business proposed to the assembly, by 
 
 114 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 115 
 
 the governor, was a requisition from the queen for 
 aid, in men and money, to defend the frontiers of 
 New York against the incursions of the French 
 and Indians. The war then existing between 
 France and England, growing out of the accession 
 of William and Mary to the throne, had extended 
 its ravages to their colonies in North America, and 
 the French commanders in Canada had resorted to 
 the barbarous expedient of subsidizing the Indians 
 and inciting them to murder their English neigh- 
 bors. A predatory warfare ensued, in which the 
 colonies of New England and New York were 
 chiefly engaged in repelling the savages, who sur- 
 prised and destroyed Schenectady and some other 
 frontier settlements. The alliance of the Mengwe, 
 or Five Nations (Iroquois), was sought by both 
 parties, and finally secured by the English at great 
 expense, to defray which, in part, was the object 
 of the subsidy now demanded. 
 
 The assembly resolutely asserted its privileges, 
 but finally passed a bill imposing a tax of a penny 
 a pound on the clear value of real and personal 
 estate and a poll-tax of six shillings a head, which 
 they presented to the king and queen with a 
 request that " one-half thereof might be allowed to 
 the governor.'' Fletcher at first refused the bill 
 because nothing was granted for the defence of 
 New York, and he even threatened to annex Penn- 
 
116 Peacp: Principles Exemplified. 
 
 sylvania to that province; but finally he approved 
 this as well as other bills that were presented to 
 him, and confirmed the laws before existing in the 
 colony. He then dissolved the assembly by their 
 own advice, and, having appointed William Mark- 
 ham lieutenant-governor, departed for New York. 
 
 The following year, 1694, Governor Fletchei 
 made another requisition for aid to New York ; 
 but, having found by experience that it was in 
 vain to expect military supplies from men who 
 Avere conscientiously opposed to war, he requested 
 of them means to clothe and feed the Indians in 
 order to secure their continued friendship to the 
 provinces. The assembly laid a tax similar to 
 that imposed the previous year, which amounted 
 to seven hundred and sixty pounds; but they 
 stipulated for. the payment of two hundred pounds 
 each to Thomas Lloyd and William Markham for 
 their services while acting as deputies of the pro- 
 prietary, and the remainder to be appropriated to 
 the general expenses of the government. ^' Fletcher 
 rejected the bill, and the assembly, asserting their 
 right to appropriate their money at their pleasure, 
 was dissolved.'^ 
 
 Soon after this, the government was restored to 
 William Penn, by a patent from the king and 
 queen, dated August, 1694. Plis application to be 
 reinstated had been warmly seconded by some of 
 
Peace Phinciples Exempijfied. 117 
 
 liis friends among the nobility, who represented 
 to the king and council that the disorders charged 
 upon the province had been greatly exaggerated 
 by report, and even so far as true, had been occa- 
 sioned by the proprietary's absence. He was now 
 earnestly desirous of removhig to the province; 
 but the situation of his domestic affairs, and prob- 
 ably the state of his finances, obliged him to 
 defer it. 
 
 In the autumn of 1694, he appointed Captain 
 William Markham, his lieutenant-governor; 
 Thomas Lloyd, his former governor, having died 
 a few months previously. In the death of Thomas 
 Lloyd the colony lost one of its most beloved and 
 honored citizens. He was one of the few who, 
 being qualified by abilities and virtue for the 
 highest stations in society, yet through modesty or 
 humility decline them, until urged by the public 
 voice and called by a sense of duty to accept the 
 post of trust and honor. He was the only one 
 among the many deputies, employed by Penn, 
 whose administration gave satisfaction to both the 
 proprietary and the people. 
 
 Governor Markham, disregarding the laws of 
 Pennsylvania, pursued Fletcher's plan of calling 
 the assembly, and having, without their consent, 
 dissolved both the council and assembly, they, at 
 their next meeting in 1696, made a spirited remon- 
 
118 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 strance against his encroachments, and succeeded 
 in obtaining his consent to a ^' bill of settlement,'^ 
 whereby the jiower of the assembly was increased, 
 being authorized to originate bills, to adjourn and 
 reassemble at pleasure, and to be indissoluble during 
 the time for which they were elected. In return 
 for these concessions they passed a bill to raise three 
 hundred pounds for the support of government and 
 the relief of the distressed Indians in New York. 
 
 The appointment of Markham, as governor, was 
 in accordance with a promise Penn had made to 
 the committee of trade and plantations, that he 
 would "appoint the same person to be his deputy- 
 governor " who was then serving under Colonel 
 Fletcher, and to satisfy the colonists he appointed 
 two Friends, John Goodson and Samuel Carpenter, 
 assistants of Markham, in the administration. 
 
 From the time William Penn was reinstated In 
 his government, until his arrival in the province 
 in 1699, a period of five years, there are no inci- 
 dents of importance on record concerning the 
 colony. During this period, the paucity of mate- 
 rials for history may be considered an evidence of 
 domestic tranquillity, and there is reason to believe 
 that the colonists of Pennsylvania then enjoyed a 
 degree of prosperity and happiness that seldom 
 falls to the lot of humanity. 
 
 In the spring of 1696, William Penn was mar- 
 
Peace PmNCiPLES Exemplified. 119 
 
 ried to his second wife, who was Hannah, the 
 daughter of Thomas Callovvhill, and granddaugh- 
 ter of Dennis Hollister, both eminent merchants 
 of Bristol and members of the Society of Friends. 
 She proved to be a true help-meet for him, being 
 a woman of superior understanding and great 
 prudence. 
 
 About five weeks after this event, he experi- 
 enced another vicissitude from joy to grief, in tlie 
 death of his eldest son, Springett Penn, who died 
 of consumption in the 21st year of his age. He 
 was a young man of great promise, concerning 
 whom his father has left a touching memorial. 
 
 After Penn's restoration to his proprietary 
 rights, there was, in the public mind, a reaction in 
 his favor, and he rose higher than ever in the 
 estimation of his friends. He travelled as a min- 
 ister in England and Ireland, his meetings being 
 attended by large crowds to whom he preached 
 with acceptance the Gospel of Christ. 
 
 In the summer of 1699, he prepared to fulfil 
 his long-cherished purpose of removing with his 
 wife and daughter to Pennsylvania for a perma- 
 nent residence. On the 9th of the 7th month 
 (September, O. S.), 1699, he sailed in the ship 
 *' Canterbury " from Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, 
 having two days previously addressed, from on 
 board the ship, an epistle to the members of 
 
120 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 his own religious society, which concludes as 
 follows : 
 
 " I must leave you, but I never can forget you ; 
 for my love to you has been even as David's and 
 Jonathan's, above the love of women : and suffer 
 me to say that, to my power, I have from the 
 first endeavored to serve you (and my poor coun- 
 try), and that, at my own charges, with an upright 
 mind, however misunderstood and treated by some, 
 whom I heartily forgive. Accept you my services ; 
 and ever love and remember, my dear friends and 
 brethren, your old, true, and affectionate friend, 
 brother, and servant in Christ Jesus, 
 
 "William Penn." 
 
 Previous to his embarkation, the Friends in 
 England gave him three certificates addressed to 
 the meetings of Friends in Pennsylvania, which 
 may be seen in the first Book of Records of Phila- 
 delphia monthly meeting. These documents show 
 that he was in full unity with the meetings of his 
 own society, and greatly beloved among them. 
 The first certificate is from the " Meeting of Minis- 
 tering Friends '' in London ; which, after alluding 
 to his eminent services in the gospel ministry, his 
 successful efforts in pleading the cause of the 
 oppressed, his tribulations, arising from the malice 
 
Peace Piiinciples Exemplified. 121 
 
 of his enemies, and his meekness in forgiving them, 
 concludes by stating that he parted with their 
 meeting in great love, and was in true unity as an 
 approved minister of Christ. The second is from 
 the " Men's Meeting of Friends, in the city of 
 Bristol," and the third, from the monthly meeting 
 at Horsham, England, both of which express in 
 strong terms their unity Vv^ith him in the bonds of 
 Christian love. 
 
 After a tedious voyage of more than three 
 months, the ship arrived at Chester, on the 1st 
 day of the Tenth month (December, O. S.), 1699. 
 Having exchanged salutations with his friends in 
 Chester, Penn proceeded in the ship to Phila- 
 delphia, where he was greeted by the inhabitants 
 with joy and respect. The city had lately been 
 visited by the yellow fever, which carried oif many 
 of the inhabitants, and spread a general gloom over 
 the community. 
 
 Before the landing of Penn and his family the 
 fever had ceased, and nothing could have been 
 better adapted to dispel the gloom that remained 
 than the long-desired arrival of their beloved and 
 venerated governor. 
 
 Among the passengers who came over with 
 Penn, in the ship '^ Canterbury," was James Logan, 
 whom he had engaged to accompany him to Penn- 
 sylvania as his secretary. Logan wes a man of 
 11 
 
122 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 great abilities and learning. He acted a conspicu- 
 ous and useful part in the affairs of the colony, as 
 secretary of the province, commissioner of property, 
 for some time president of the council, and after- 
 wards chief-justice of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The governor and his family, with his secretary, 
 went, on their arrival, to lodge at Edward Ship- 
 pen's, where they remained about a month. Penn 
 then took a house, known as the slate-roof house, 
 on Second street, between Chestnut and AYalnut, 
 at the southeast corner of Norris's alley. Here 
 was born, about two months after their arrival, 
 his son John, the only one of his children born in 
 this country, and therefore called " the American.^^ 
 
 Soon after his arrival Penn met the assembly, 
 when the chief business transacted was the passage 
 of two laws for the suppression of piracy and illicit 
 trade. 
 
 In the First month of the year 1700 he attended 
 the monthly meeting of Friends in Philadelphia, 
 and laid before them his concern for the Avelfare 
 of the negroes and Indians, which, he said, had 
 long engaged the attention of his mind. He ex- 
 horted the members to the full discharge of their 
 duty towards these people ; but more especially in 
 regard to their spiritual improvement; that they 
 might have the advantage of attending religious 
 meetings, and the benefit of being duly instructed 
 
Peace Phinciples Exemplified. 123 
 
 in the Christian reh's^ion. Hence a meetincr was 
 appointed more especially for the negroes once 
 a month, and means were used to have more 
 frequent meetings with the Indians, Penn taking 
 part of the charge upon himself, particularly 
 the manner of holding it, and the procuring of 
 interpreters. 
 
 It appears on the colonial records that Governor 
 Penn, in the spring of 1700, brought before the 
 provincial council a law for regulating the mar- 
 riages of negroes, which was approved by that 
 body, but lost in the popular branch. It is stated 
 that ^* he mourned over the state of the slaves, but 
 his attempts to improve their condition by legal 
 enactments were defeated in the house of assem- 
 bly." The rise and progress of the testimony 
 against slavery in the Society of Friends is a sub- 
 ject of much interest, evincing in its gradual de- 
 velopment and ultimate triumph the certainty and 
 safety of Divine guidance. George Fox was one 
 of the earliest to call the attention of his brethren 
 to this subject. While in Barbadoes, in the year 
 1671, he advised those who held slaves '^to train 
 them up in the fear of God," to cause their over- 
 seers to deal mildly and gently with them, and 
 after certain years of servitude to set them free. 
 In the year 1688 the subject of slavery was brought 
 before the yearly meeting of Pennsylvania and 
 
124 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 I^ew Jersey, by some German Friends residing at 
 Germantown, among whom Francis Daniel Pas- 
 torius was the most prominent. It was at that 
 time not thought proper for the meeting to give a 
 positive judgment, but the subject was revived 
 frequently in after years, and the more it was 
 examined the greater appeared to be the evil of 
 slaveholding, until, after nearly a century of 
 patient labor, it was made a disownable oifence by 
 the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, in the year 1776. 
 The same year that the American Congress pro- 
 claimed the equal and inalienable rights of man 
 in the Declaration of Independence, the Society 
 of Friends in Pennsylvania and New Jersey gave 
 freedom to their skives, and even ])rovided some 
 remuneration for their unrequited toil. It is an 
 interesting fact that many of the Friends who 
 manumitted their slaves were not satisfied to send 
 them forth empty-handed from the house of 
 bondage, but made them such reparation as justice 
 recjuired. In some meetings committees were ap- 
 pointed to ascertain the amount that was equitably 
 due from the master to the slave. 
 
 William Penn at one time owned a few slaves, 
 whom he liberated, as appears by a will he made 
 in 1701, w^hich is still extant, and contains this 
 clause : " I give to my blacks their freedom, as is 
 under my hand already^ and to old Sam 100 acres, 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 125 
 
 to be his children's, after he and his wife are dead, 
 forever/'* 
 
 In the spring or summer of 1700 Governor 
 Penn, with his family, removed to Pennsbury 
 Manor, his favorite place of residence. This 
 beautiful estate was situated in Bucks county, four 
 miles above Bristol, on the river Delaware. It 
 comprised six thousand acres of fertile alluvial 
 soil, mostly covered with majestic forests, there 
 being at that time only ten acres under cultivation. 
 The mansion was commodious and well furnished; 
 it had on the first floor a large hall, used on pub- 
 lic occasions for the meeting of the council, and 
 the entertainment of strangers and the Indians. 
 
 Tradition relates that on one occasion, when he 
 made a feast for his red brethren, a long table was 
 spread for them in the avenue leading to the 
 house, which was shaded by poplars, and among 
 the viands provided were one hundred turkeys, 
 besides venison and other meats. 
 
 In the spring of 1701 a treaty was made by 
 Governor Penn, and some members of his council, 
 with the Susquehanna Indians, for the preserva- 
 tion of peace, and the confirmation of titles to 
 land conveyed in former treaties. It appears that 
 Penn, before he returned to England in 1684, had 
 taken measures to purchase the lands on the 
 
 * See " Janney's Life of Penn," chap. xxxi. 
 
126 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 Susquehanna from the Five Nations (Iroquois), 
 who claimed the right to them by conquest. These 
 Indians resided principally in New York, and the 
 purchase was effected through Tliomas Dungan, 
 governor of New York, who conveyed the same to 
 Penn by deed, dated January 13, 1696, in consider- 
 ation of £100 sterling. The Susquehanna Indians 
 did not recog^nize the rio-ht of the Five Nations to 
 make this sale, and in order to satisfy their de- 
 mands, Penn entered into a treaty with two of 
 their chiefe, whose deed, dated September 13, 
 1700, conveys the same lands, and confirms the 
 sale made to Governor Dungan. But it appears 
 there was still another chief claiming an interest 
 in those lands, viz., Connoodaghoh, king of the 
 Conostoga or Minquay Indians. To satisfy this 
 claim Governor Penn and his council entered into 
 a treaty of amity in Philadelphia, by Avhich the 
 sale of the lands on the Susquehanna was for the 
 third time confirmed. 
 
 The conciliatory course pursued in dealing with 
 these several tribes of Indians was eminently wise, 
 for even in an economical point of view the peace 
 policy of the Friends was more advantageous than 
 the war policy often pursued in the other colonies. 
 
 For the prevention of abuses that were too fre- 
 quently put upon the Indians, it was resolved in 
 council that no person should be allowed to trade 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 127 
 
 with them but such as Penn and his successors 
 should approve and furnish with a license under 
 his hand and seal. And, moreover, it was resolved 
 that a company be formed to take proper measures 
 to inspire the Indians with a true esteem of the 
 Christian religion by setting before them good 
 examples of probity and candor, both in commerce 
 and behavior; and that ^'care should be taken to 
 have them duly instructed in the fundamentals of 
 Christianity.'^ 
 
 At this time the people of the province and 
 territories were under apprehensions of depreda- 
 tions being committed by pirates, who were said 
 to be numerous on the coast ; and in order to 
 guard against them a watchman was stationed at 
 Cape Henlopen, in the county of Sussex, who was 
 to give notice to the feheriif of the county when 
 any suspected vessel entered the capes, and the 
 sheriffs of the several counties were to send the 
 information by express till it should reach the 
 governor at Philadelphia. 
 
 In the Sixth month, 1701, the governor con- 
 vened the assembly in order to lay before them a 
 letter from the king, requiring a contribution of 
 £350 sterling, toward erecting forts on tihe fron- 
 tiers of New York. He made them a short 
 speech expressive of his regret that he was obliged 
 to call them too;ether sooner than he intended. 
 
128 Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 
 
 ^' But," he says, " the king's commands, by his 
 letter to me now, have brought you hither at this 
 time, which I now lay before you, and recommend 
 to your serious consideration, since without it, it 
 will be impossible to answer them." This requi- 
 sition being for a warlike purpose, was extremely 
 repugnant to the feelings both of the governor 
 and assembly. He felt compelled by his fealty to 
 the king to lay the letter before them, but in ab- 
 staining from expressing his own views he en- 
 deavored to cast the responsibility on the repre- 
 sentatives of the people. They were thrown into 
 a state of painful embarrassment; for if they 
 refused the subsidy, they had reason to dread the 
 displeasure of the British government ; but most 
 of the members being opposed to war, and repre- 
 vsenting a constituency who were chiefly Friends, 
 they could not comply without a violation of their 
 religious principles. After some days spent in 
 deliberation they sent their answer in writing, de- 
 clining to comply with the king's requisition, 
 assigning; as a reason, the taxes already levied, 
 and the quit-rents due. They stated, moreover, 
 that the adjacent colonies had done nothing in the 
 matter, ^and therefore they postponed it to another 
 session, desiring that the proprietary would repre- 
 sent their condition to the king, and assure him 
 of their readiness to comply with his commands, 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 129 
 
 " as far as their religious persuasions would per- 
 mit/' The members for the territories made a 
 separate answer, alleging that the lower counties, 
 though most exposed, were in a defenceless con- 
 dition, being without arms or ammunition, and 
 having neither militia, nor officers appointed to 
 command them. They prayed, therefore, to be 
 excused froln "contributing to forts abroad while 
 they were unable to build any for their own de- 
 fence at home." This answer shows that the 
 members from the territories were " less imbued 
 with the principles of Friends in relation to war 
 than those of the province, and doubtless this was 
 one cause of their frequent disagreements, for the 
 pacific policy of Penn could only be carried into 
 practice by persons thoroughly convinced of its 
 feasibility. 
 
 The governor, having received the assembly's 
 answer to the king's letter, dismissed it; but little 
 more than two weeks elapsed before he received 
 information from England which made it neces- 
 sary to issue writs for the immediate election of 
 another. He learned from the letters of his 
 friends, that " strenuous endeavors were used by 
 several united interests to procure an act of Parlia- 
 ment for annexing to the crown the several pro- 
 prietary governments, for which purpose a bill 
 was then before the House of Lords, wdiich had 
 
130 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 been twice read^ and though not likely to pass that 
 session, there was no hope of staving it off longer 
 than the next, unless the proprietary would make 
 his appearance in person, and answer the charges 
 brought against his government by evil-minded 
 persons.'^ His friends in England urged the 
 necessity of his coming with as little delay as 
 possible; the welfare of the province, as well as 
 his own interest, seemed to require it, and he re- 
 luctantly consented to leave his adopted country 
 to appear once more at his old post near the 
 J3ritish court. 
 
 A new assembly having been elected, met in 
 Philadelphia the 15th of the Seventh month, 
 1701, when the governor addressed them in a 
 speech, expressing his regret that he was obliged 
 to call them together so frequently, and stating the 
 business which then required their attention on 
 the eve of his departure for England. After ex- 
 pressing his reluctance to leave the country where 
 he had promised himself a quiet home, and his 
 intention to return and settle his family there, he 
 thus continued : '^ Think, therefore, since all men 
 are mortal, of some suitable expedient and pro- 
 vision for your safety, as well in your privileges 
 as property, and you will find me ready to com- 
 ply with whatever may render us happy by a 
 nearer union of our interest. Review again your 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 131 
 
 laws, propose new ones that may better your cir- 
 cumstances ; and what you do, do it quickly, 
 remembering that the Parliament sits the end of 
 next month, and that the sooner I am there the 
 safer/^ 
 
 While the assembly was in session, and the 
 governor busily engaged in preparations for his 
 departure, he was visited in Philadelphia by the 
 sachems of the Susquehanna and Shawnese Indians, 
 who, with some of their people, had qome to take 
 leave of him. He received them with his wonted 
 cordiality, and informed them that " This was 
 like to be his last interview with them, at least 
 before his return ; that he had ever loved and 
 been kind to them, and ever should continue so to 
 be, not through interest or politic design, but out 
 of real affection ; and he desired them, in his ab- 
 sence, to cultivate friendship with those he should 
 leave behind in authority." He informed them 
 that the assembly was then enacting a law, accord- 
 ing to their desire, to prevent their being abused 
 by the selling of rum ; with which one of the 
 sachems, in the name of the rest, expressed great 
 satisfaction, and desired that the law might be 
 effectually executed. 
 
 In the assembly there was considerable alter- 
 cation between the members from the province 
 and those from the territories, and the governor 
 
132 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 being about to go to Pennsbury for a few days, 
 sent them the following characteristic letter: 
 
 "FriEiVDS: — Your union is what I desire, but 
 your peace and accommodation of one another is 
 what I must expect of you. The reputation of 
 it is something, the reality much more; and I 
 desire you to remember and observe what I say — 
 yield in circumstantials to preserve essentials, and 
 being safe in one another, you will always be so 
 in esteem with me. Make me not sad, now I am 
 going to leave you, since ^tis for you as well as for 
 " Your friend, proprietor, and governor, 
 
 "William Pexn." 
 
 On the governor's return from Pennsbury he 
 signed various laws passed by the assembly, as 
 well as the charter of privileges, which had been 
 read in that body, " and every part thereof ap- 
 proved, agreed to, and thankfully received. '^ This 
 constitution was the last granted to the province 
 and territories, and in some respects was even 
 more liberal than those which preceded it. The 
 principal change was in allowing the assembly to 
 originate bills, and to sit on its own adjournments. 
 It made no provision for the election of a council, 
 which was appointed by the governor, and pro- 
 hibited from taking cognizance of any complaint 
 relating to property, unless appeals should be pro- 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 133 
 
 vided by law. In regard to civil and religious 
 liberty, the new constitution was as comprehensive 
 as the old one. By a supplementary article, the 
 province and territories were allowed to dissolve 
 their union at any time within three years by 
 giving due notice. 
 
 The proprietary, by letters patent, appointed a 
 council of state, consisting of ten members, chiefly 
 Friends, who were to advise and assist him, or 
 his deputy, in the affairs of government, and in 
 case of the deputy's absence or death to exercise 
 the executive functions. In order to give entire 
 satisfaction to the assembly, Penn oliered to com- 
 mission a deputy, whom they should nominate. 
 This offer they took into consideration, but con- 
 cluded to decline. 
 
 At this time, " Friends' Public School," in 
 Philadelphia, which had been incorporated in 
 1697, received from the governor an amended 
 charter, confirming its privileges. In this excel- 
 lent institution the poor were taught gratuitously, 
 others paid a part of the expense incurred in their 
 children's education, and it was open on the same 
 terms to all religious persuasions. 
 
 Near the time of Penn's- departure, a large 
 
 assemblage of Indian guests met him at Penns- 
 
 bury, to take leave of him. A council was held 
 
 in the governor's mansion, where they renewed 
 
 12 
 
134 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 their former covenants with many expressions of 
 good-will, and promises of continued fidelity. 
 The Indians said " They never first broke cove- 
 nant with any people, for, as one of them said, 
 and smote his hand upon his head three times, 
 that they did not make them in their heads, but 
 smiting his hand three times on liis breast, said 
 they made them there, in their hearts." Presents 
 were made to them by the governor, who spoke 
 to them with much kindness; after which they 
 withdrew to an open space near the house, where 
 they kindled a fire, and around it performed their 
 cantico, or dance, accompanied with songs and 
 shouts of triumph. 
 
 The ship being ready to sail, Penn convened 
 the inhabitants of Philadelphia, to take leave of 
 them, on the 29th of October, 1701, when he 
 presented to them a charter or act of incorporation 
 for the city. On the 30th he appointed Andrew 
 Hamilton, formerly governor of East and West 
 Jersey, to be his lieutenant-governor, and James 
 Logan he made provincial secretary and clerk of 
 the council. 
 
 Soon after Penn arrived in England he wrote 
 to Logan, saying, "We had a swift passage, 26 days 
 from the Capes to soundings ; 30 to Portsmouth. 
 . . . Nothing yet done in my affairs, but my coming 
 I do more and more see necessary on divers accounts, 
 though a troublesome and costly journey." 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 1702-1709. 
 
 IN the spring of 1702, William III. died, after 
 having made preparations for another war 
 with France, which was declared and prosecuted 
 under his successor. He" was considered an able 
 statesman and general, but ambitious of military 
 glory, and so infatuated with the idea of preserv- 
 ing the balance of power in Europe, that he kept 
 England embroiled in expensive continental wars, 
 to the great increase of her debt, the loss of many 
 valuable lives, and the detriment of public morals. 
 He was a sincere friend of religious toleration, 
 and one of his last acts was to sign a bill in favor 
 of the Friends, allowing their solemn affirmation 
 to be accepted instead of an oath. 
 
 He was succeeded by Queen Anne, the daughter 
 of James II., and wife of Prince George of Den- 
 mark. This princess having, on her accession, 
 publicly declared her intention to maintain the 
 
 135 
 
136 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 act of toleration in favor of religious dissenters, 
 the yearly meeting of Friends in London adopted 
 an address expressive of their acknowledgments, 
 wliich was presented to her by William Penn, 
 accompanied by a deputation of Friends. 
 
 Soon after Penn's return to England, the bill 
 for converting the proprietary into royal govern- 
 ments, which was before the House of Lords, was 
 withdrawn or defeated ; but those who urged the 
 measure did not entirely abandon it; they in- 
 tended to introduce it into the House of Commons, 
 and all the vigilance and influence of the pro- 
 prietaries were required to avert the blow or 
 mitigate its force, by obtaining such privileges 
 and immunities as would secure them and the 
 people from the abuse of power. 
 
 In a letter to Logan, Penn writes : " The lords 
 of trade have promised me to receive no com- 
 plaints, without the party sending them give them 
 to the party they are sent against, upon the spot, 
 for their answers, in the n^iture of bill and answer 
 in chancery, that nobody may be murdered in the 
 dark. A great reformation relief, and for which 
 American o^overnments owe me their s^ood-will." 
 
 Although the queen w^as very favorably dis- 
 posed towards Penn, there was in Parliament a 
 strong party devoted to the established church 
 and opposed to the liberal government established 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 137 
 
 in Pennsylvania. They alleged that, "in time 
 of war, a province under Quaker rule would invite 
 invasion and conquest, and would furnish a re- 
 treat for privateers; that the solemnity of an oath 
 should be required in civil and criminal jurispru- 
 dence laniformly throughout all her majesty's do- 
 minions. These views were urged and so far 
 prevailed as to induce the parliament to pass an 
 act requiring that the appointment of deputy 
 governors should have the royal assent. Factious 
 opposition was made to the confirmation of 
 Governor Hamilton, it being alleged that he had 
 been engaged in illicit trade. The validity of 
 his acts until confirmed was also questioned. 
 Thus was a most harassing system of opposition 
 to the proprietor's government kept up, every 
 fault being exaggerated, and many mere reports 
 and rumors, void of any foundation in truth, 
 magnified before the eyes of the queen. The 
 appointment of Hamilton finally received the 
 royal confirmation ; but so persistent was the op- 
 position to the interests of the proprietor, that he 
 was obliged either to keep an agent or remain 
 himself near the court, to answer the hurtful 
 charges constantly brought against his province 
 and his rule." * 
 
 In Pennsylvania there was also a "church 
 
 * " Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania," Armor, p. IIG. 
 
138 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 party," not satisfied with the equality secured to 
 tliem by tlie laws of the province, who were 
 disaffected to the proprietary government, and 
 making use of every means in their power to 
 bring it into discredit with the British ministry. 
 
 The tolerant and liberal policy of Peitn had 
 attracted towards his colony adventurers of every 
 class. All enjoyed equal political privileges; but 
 in the first settlement, the Friends, being much 
 the most numerous, were generally chosen to the 
 legislature and other public stations. In a few 
 years the influx of emigrants, not of their per- 
 suasion, was so great that the Friends began to 
 lose their preponderance, and the frequent de- 
 mands of the British government for aid to mili- 
 tary purposes rendered them less willing to 
 serve in public stations. In 1702, the population 
 of the colony was nearly equally divided between 
 Friends and others. 
 
 The administration of Governor Hamilton was 
 of short duration, and embittered by dissensions 
 between the representatives of the province and 
 those of the territories, now composing the State 
 of Delaware. The people of the provinces de- 
 clined to elect representatives to the assembly, at 
 the time fixed by law, and writs beiuir subse- 
 quently issued by the governor for an election, 
 they chose delegates, who, when they arrived at 
 
Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 139 
 
 the seat of government, refused to unite with the 
 members from the province, claiming their privi- 
 lege under the charter of dissolving the union. 
 The governor having used every means in his 
 power to reconcile their differences, was at last 
 compelled to dismiss the assembly without the 
 transaction of any business. 
 
 Governor Hamilton died the 20th of Second 
 month, 1703; and the executive power devolved 
 on the council, of which Edward Shippen was 
 President. He made an attempt to preserve the 
 union, but the members from the province, who 
 before had been well affected toward it,, then re- 
 fused to unite with those from the territories, 
 whose refractory conduct, for many years, had 
 exhausted their forbearance. This separation 
 proved final ; the province and the territories, 
 thereafter, acted separately in a legislative capacity. 
 
 The council soon found themselves involved 
 in difficulty through the machinations of Colonel 
 Robert Quarry, a member of the Church of 
 England, and Judge of the Admiralty, a court 
 established by the British government in her 
 American colonies, for the adjudication of mari- 
 time cases. The official station of Colonel Quarry, 
 and that of John Moore, advocate in the same 
 court, rendered them independent of the proprie- 
 tary and of the colonial legislature, whose views 
 
140 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 and interests it was their sjudy to thwart in every 
 possible way, but especially by exaggerated re- 
 ports, transmitted to the Board of Trade, in 
 London. 
 
 Colonel Quarry obtained from the queen an 
 order that all the executive and judicial officers 
 of the province should take " the oath directed 
 by the law of England, or the affirmation allowed 
 by the said law to Quakers ;'^ "as also, all per- 
 sons Avho, in Eno'land, are oblifjed and willins: to 
 take an oath in any public or judicial proceeding, 
 be admitted so to do, by the proper officers and 
 judges in Pennsylvania.'' Many of the judges 
 and magistrates being Friends, were as scrupulous 
 about administering an oath as taking it them- 
 selves. The laws of Pennsylvania did not re- 
 quire it, and a simple affirmation had been suffi- 
 cient in all judicial proceedings. Now they were 
 required to administer oaths' to all who were will- 
 ing to take them, and rather than comply they 
 would resign their offices, which the church party, 
 under the direction of Quarry and Moore, would 
 gladly occupy. 
 
 When information of these proceedings reached 
 the proprietary, he wrote to the council not to 
 regard the demands of Quarry and his party. 
 "For why," he asks, "should you obey any order 
 obtained by the lords of trade, or otherwise, 
 
Peace pRrNciPLEs Exemplified. 141 
 
 which is not according to patent, nor law here, 
 nor the laws of your own county, which are to 
 govern you till repealed. I desire you to pluck 
 up that English and Christian courage, not to 
 suffer yourselves to be thus treated and put upon. 
 Let those factious fellows do their worst." 
 
 He afterwards succeeded in convincing the 
 board of trade that Quarry's proceedings were 
 unjustifiable and turbulent, which caused them to 
 send him a reprimand that silenced him. 
 
 The great expenditures incurred by Penn in 
 settling his colony, in defending it against the 
 claims of Lord .Baltimore, and in protecting his 
 proprietary rights against the motion in Parlia- 
 ment, together with his family expenses and those 
 of his son, had exhausted his income and loaded 
 him with debt. 
 
 His pecuniary wants, together with the em- 
 barrassment he experienced from the enemies of 
 proprietary governments in England, and the 
 disaffected among the colonists, induced him to 
 think of selling his government to the croAvn, 
 but retaining his landed estate in the colony, where 
 he still hoped to spend the evening of his days. 
 In a letter to Logan, in the Fourth'month, 1703, he 
 says, " I am actually in treaty with the ministers 
 for my government;'^ and again, in the Tenth 
 month, he writes, " Fear not my bargain with the 
 
142 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 crown, for it shall never be made without a secur- 
 ity to the inhabitants according to the constitu- 
 tion and laws of the country, though my supplies 
 to defend them come so costly and slowly to my 
 support/' 
 
 In the early part of the year 1704, John Evans, 
 who had been appointed by Penn, with the queen's 
 approbation, as deputy-governor of Pennsylvania, 
 arrived in Philadelphia. He was recommended, 
 in a letter from Penn to Logan, as " a young man, 
 not above six-and-twenty, but sober and sensible ; 
 ^ the son of an old friend who loved me not a lit- 
 tle.' " He was accompanied by William Penn, 
 Jr., the second and only surviving son of William 
 Penn by his first marriage. Evans was not a 
 Friend, nor even a man of exemplary morals, and 
 Penn must have been much deceived in regard to 
 his character. It is supposed that he was selected 
 through the influence of the party at court, who 
 believed that an efficient government could not be 
 administered upon peace principles, and who would 
 have opposed the confirmation of any deputy hold- 
 ing the views of the Society of Friends. 
 
 Soon after the arrival of Governor Evans, he 
 increased the number of members in the provin- 
 cial council by calling to the board Judge Mora- 
 pesson, William Trent, Richard Hill, James Logan, 
 and William Penn, Jr. The latter, in honor of 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 143 
 
 his father, was seated next to the governor, but he 
 seldom attended, being more intent upon pleasure 
 than business. Penn, in sending his son to Penn- 
 sylvania, placed great reliance on the prudence and 
 good example of James Logan, to whose care he 
 recommended him. The secretary, though a young 
 man himself, fulfilled his trust with wisdom and 
 fidelity, but unhappily this degenerate scion of a 
 noble stock was not to be reclaimed from habits 
 of dissipation into which he had fallen before he left 
 England. He remained but a few months in the 
 colony, and after his return to his home caused 
 his father great solicitude. 
 
 • Notwithstanding the steps that had been taken 
 to provide separate legislatures for the province 
 and the territories. Governor Evans summoned the 
 representatives of both to meet in Philadelphia, 
 and when they were assembled he made strenuous 
 efforts to unite them in one body, but without 
 success. The assembly of the province, by its 
 unwillingness to enter into the proposed union, 
 incurred the governor's displeasure, which, with the 
 disputes that soon after arose concerning their 
 .privileges, occasioned a hostile feeling that ob- 
 structed the business of legislation. 
 
 Governor Evans having no respect for the 
 peace principles of the proprietary and the Friends, 
 issued a public proclamation for raising a militia, 
 
144 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 commanding all persons in the colony 'Svhose 
 persuasion would, on any account, permit them to 
 take up arms in their own defence, that forthwith 
 they should provide themselves with a good fire- 
 lock and ammunition/' The reason assigned in 
 the proclamation for this requisition was, that the 
 queen and her allies were ^' engaged in a vigorous 
 war against France and Spain for maintaining 
 and preserving the liberty and balance of Europe." 
 
 It was one of the calamitous consequences of 
 subjection to the mother country, that the colonies 
 were involved in her quarrels with other European 
 powers, and especially with France and Spain, 
 whose American possessions, being contiguous 
 to those of Great Britain, brought them into hos- 
 tile collision. The barbarous policy of the French 
 in subsidizing the Indians and inciting them to 
 murder the frontier settlers, spread alarm and 
 distress, and sometimes resulted in much bloodshed. 
 The Indians of western New York, called the 
 Five Nations, were generally friendly to the Eng- 
 lish ; their authority extended to the Susquehanna ; 
 they were on excellent terms with William Penn, 
 and they used their influence Avith other tribes for 
 the preservation of peace. 
 
 The administration of Governor Evans was 
 disturbed throughout nearly its Avhole course by 
 the conflict of opposing interests and passions. As 
 
Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 145 
 
 in all free governments there are usually two or 
 more parties contending for power and watching 
 each other with jealous feelings, so in Pennsyl- 
 vania there was a party opposed to the proprietary 
 interests, led by David Lloyd, sometime speaker 
 of the assembly, and a party, of which James Logan 
 was the leader, who advocated the rights of Wil- 
 liam Penn and supported his policy. The first 
 assembly that met after the arrival of Governor 
 Evans had arrested the progress of legislation by 
 its extravagant pretensions, and when the people, 
 dissatisfied with their representatives, elected others 
 qualified and disposed to promote the public good, 
 the harmonious action that ensued was of short dura- 
 tion, for the lieutenant-governor, elated with the 
 triumph of his party, proceeded to acts of dissim- 
 ulation and oppression that resulted in his own 
 disgrace. He had a strong inclination for military 
 display, and the depredations of privateers and 
 pirates on the commerce of the province, together 
 with the incursions of the Indians in some of the 
 neighboring colonies, furnished him with cogent 
 arguments for enforcing the directions of the 
 British government to put the colony in a posture 
 of defence. 
 
 In the lower counties, called the territories, his 
 views met with the concurrence of the people, few 
 of whom were Friends ; but in the province, where 
 13 
 
146 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 that peace-loving people were numerous, he found 
 all his efforts to sustain a militia were ineffectual, 
 and only rendered him more unpopular. 
 
 Not being able to appreciate the motives of 
 the Friends, and perhaps doubting their sin- 
 cerity, he determined to put their principles to a 
 severe test, and for that purpose devised a scheme 
 as puerile as it was mischievous. 
 
 By an arrangement with an accomplice at New 
 Castle, he managed to have a messenger sent from 
 thence to Philadelphia in great haste and apparent 
 consternation, to notify the authorities and people 
 that a French fleet was coming up the Delaware, 
 and that the town of Lewes was burnt. The 
 militia were called out, and Governor Evans rode 
 about town with his sword drawn, forcing all that 
 could be induced to take arms, and causing powder 
 to be dealt out among the people. 
 
 It was the time of the annual fiir, and the sud- 
 den surprise caused a great commotion. Some of 
 the people threw their plate and other valuable 
 -effects into wells, others carried away what they 
 could, and the vessels and boats in the harbor were 
 taken up the river. The Friends, instead of being 
 driven to arms in this supposed emergency, evinced 
 by their calmness and self-possession the firmness 
 of their principles. It being the day of their mid- 
 week meeting for worship, they assembled at the 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 147 
 
 meeting-house as usual, and, regardless of the 
 general tumult, engaged in their accustomed de- 
 votion. 
 
 Soon after the alarm, the assembly was convened, 
 when Governor Evans stated to them his views on 
 the propriety of establishing a militia and erect- 
 ing fortifications ; but they replied that they had 
 levied a considerable tax last year for the suj)port 
 of government; that their cropvS having failed and 
 their trade decayed, they were unable to do more ; 
 and they earnestly desired of the governor, that 
 those who brought up the false reports by which 
 the alarm was caused might be brouglit "to con- 
 dign punishment." 
 
 The indignation of the inhabitants at the 
 governor's conduct was greatly increased by an 
 unwarrantable attempt he made to levy an impost 
 on their commerce. Having induced the as- 
 sembly of the territories to pass a law for the 
 erection of a fort at New Castle, the masters 
 of all vessels navigating the Delaware were 
 required to report themselves, and inward- 
 bound vessels were subjected to a duty of 
 half-a-pound of powder for every ton of their 
 capacity. 
 
 This illegal exaction was highly resented by the 
 merchants, being in contravention of the royal 
 charter which secured to them tlie free navigation 
 
148 Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 
 
 of the river. Richard Hill, Samuel Preston, and 
 AVilliam Fishborn, owners of a new sloop, called 
 the "Philadelphia,'^ then leaving on her first voy- 
 age to Barbadoes, determined to withstand the 
 exaction, and acquainting the governor with their 
 })urpose, went on board. 
 
 The governor hastened to New Castle and 
 ordered watch to be kept for the vessel. As she 
 approached, she anchored above the fort, where 
 Preston and Fishborn went ashore and informed 
 John French, the commandant of the fort, that she 
 was regularly cleared, and they demanded their 
 right to pass without interruption. This being 
 refused, Richard Hill, who had been bred to the 
 sea, took the helm and steered past the fort, with 
 no other injury than a shot through the main-sail. 
 French pursued in an armed boat, and coming 
 alongside, they cast him a rope by means of 
 which he boarded the vessel, when those on board 
 cut the rope, which caused the boat to fall astern, 
 and making him a prisoner without a blow, they 
 proceeded on their way. The governor, greatly 
 exasperated, pursued them in another boat to Salem, 
 where Richard Hill went ashore with his prisoner ; 
 and Lord Cornbury, governor of New Jersey, be- 
 ing there, who claimed to be vice-admiral of the 
 liver Delaware, they brought the matter before 
 him. He sharply reproved French for his conduct, 
 
PjiACE Principles Exemplified. 149 
 
 and to Governor Evans he expressed his disappro- 
 bation. 
 
 Hill and his associates were members of the 
 Society of Friends ; they stood high in the com- 
 munity, and their conduct was generally approved. 
 
 At the next meeting of the legislature, they 
 presented a petition on the subject, which occasioned 
 a remonstrance from that body to the governor on 
 his illegal proceedings. 
 
 The misconduct of Evans being communicated 
 to the proprietary by letters from Logan and by 
 a remonstrance from the assembly, liis removal 
 was deemed necessary, and Charles Gookin was 
 appointed deputy-governor, in the year 1709. 
 
 While Penn was struo^s^lino; with the difficulties 
 attendant on his station as proprietary, and bur- 
 dened with sorrow from the dereliction of his son, 
 he was subjected to the most galling pecuniary 
 embarrassments by the treachery of his steward. 
 Philip Ford was a man of respectable standing, a 
 member of the Society of Friends, and much 
 esteemed by Penn, who employed him in the 
 management of his estates, placing implicit confi- 
 dence in his integrity, and accepting his ac- 
 counts without scrutiny. It was this easy, con- 
 fiding temper, so amiable in itself, that led the 
 proprietary into many of the difficulties he 
 encountered. 
 
150 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 On tlie large sums of money that passed through 
 his hands for many years he charged exorbitant 
 commissions, and on his advances he calculated 
 compound interest every six months at eight per 
 cent., which was one-third more than the law 
 allowed, by which means, although he had received 
 seventeen thousand pounds and expended sixteen 
 thousand only, he brought the proprietary in 
 debt to the amount of ten thousand five hun- 
 dred pounds. Penn, from time to time, accepted 
 liis accounts without sufficient examination, 
 and finally, to secure the debt, gave him a lien 
 upon his province in the form of a deed of 
 conveyance. 
 
 After the death of Philip Ford, his widow and 
 son Philip brought suit, and Penn, not being 
 able to satisfy their demands, became a prisoner 
 for debt. He offered, for " peace sake," to pay 
 such a sum as disinterested men might award, but 
 the prosecutors were inexorable, and he continued 
 about nine months within the prison bounds. 
 During his imprisonment his friends exerted them- 
 selves for his relief, and the sum of seven thousand 
 six hundred pounds being raised, it was accepted 
 in liquidation of the claim, and he was again set 
 at liberty. 
 
 Throughout the whole of this vexatious and 
 humiliating business he evinced the fortitude of a 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 151 
 
 true Christian, whose affections were fixed, not on 
 earthly but on heavenly things ; and the beautiful 
 remark of his friend, Isaac Norris, seemed applica- 
 ble to him : ^^ God darkens this world to us, that 
 our eyes may behold the greater brightness of his 
 kingdom." 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE LAST DAYS OF PENN. 
 1709-1718. 
 
 WHEN Governor Gookin arrived in Phila- 
 delphia the assembly then in session pre- 
 sented him an address signed by David Lloyd, their 
 speaker, in which, unhappily, they not only alluded 
 to the conduct of his immediate predecessor, but re- 
 quested that he might be prosecuted and punished 
 for malversation in office, and they intimated that 
 he had been influenced by " evil Gounselj' to which 
 they attributed his obnoxious measures. The 
 governor prudently declined to comply with their 
 request, and an angry contest arose between the 
 council, charged with being accessory to the mis- 
 deeds of Evans, and the assembly, which was 
 urgent for the prosecution. 
 
 In obedience to an order from the queen, the 
 
 governor made a requisition upon the assembly for 
 
 assistance toward a military expedition against 
 
 Canada. The quota required from Pennsylvania 
 
 152 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 153 
 
 was one hundred and fifty men and a contribution 
 in money. The governor stated to the house, that 
 being aware of the scruples of many of the inhab- 
 itants against bearing arms, he would excuse them 
 from furnishing troops if they would raise a subsidy 
 of four thousand pounds. After much debate, the 
 assembly replied that they could not, for conscience 
 sake, comply with the requisition, but in gratitude 
 to the queen for her many favors, they had resolved 
 to raise and present her with five hundred pounds 
 as a testimony of their loyalty. This was by no 
 means satisfactory to the governor, who insisted 
 upon a larger sum, and the assembly subsequently 
 offered to add three hundred pounds for a present 
 to the Indians and other public charges, and two 
 hundred pounds for the governor's salary, expect- 
 ing in return his concurrence in redressing their 
 grievances. The governor resented this condition 
 as a want of confidence and courtesy, and the re- 
 mainder of the session was spent in fruitless debates 
 and messages. 
 
 On the last day'of the session, the assembly 
 adopted another remonstrance containing heavy 
 charges against Logan, intended, as he believed, 
 for political effect, as he was not then allowed 
 to answer it, and they had it publicly read in 
 the several counties on the day of election. 
 
 In the next assembly, which met in October, 
 
154 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 1709, tlie same party was predominant, and David 
 Lloyd was again chosen speaker. 
 
 Logan, who had hitherto stood on the defensive, 
 * now became the assailant, and preferred, through 
 the governor, charges against Lloyd for high mis- 
 demeanors. He at the same time demanded a 
 trial on the accusations made against himself, and 
 stated that he was about to embark for England. 
 The assembly, instead of attempting to prove their 
 charges, passed a resolution for his arrest and im- 
 prisonment, but the governor issued a supersedeas 
 to prevent the execution of the speaker's writ, and 
 Logan embarked for England. It appears that 
 after a full hearing there, he was triumphantly 
 acquitted, ^' both by Friends and the civil 
 authorities.^' 
 
 The confidence of William Penn in his secretary 
 never wavered ; and even in the province a reaction 
 took place soon after his departure. The friends of 
 the proprietary rallied ; the eyes of the people were 
 opened to the deceptions that had been practised 
 upon them, and Lloyd's party w^as completely 
 prostrated. 
 
 In the election of 1710, not a single member of 
 the last assembly was returned ; all were friends 
 of the proprietary ; they chose Richard Hill for 
 their speaker, and their proceedings were charac- 
 terized by order, decorum and despatch. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 155 
 
 Soon after the election, an expostulatory letter 
 was received from Penn, written before he had 
 heard of the reaction in favor of his government. 
 It is composed in a strain of serious admonition, 
 and its effect was most salutary; being a beautiful 
 exposition of his affectionate regard and paternal 
 care for the people of his province. 
 
 By the election of the new assembly, harmony 
 was restored to the government, and all its branches 
 were distinguished by sedulous and successful ap- 
 plication to business. The expenses of the State 
 were cheerfully supplied, and the judiciary was 
 established on a satisfactory basis. The voice of 
 complaint was hushed, wdiile the manifold bless- 
 ings enjoyed by the inhabitants were frankly 
 acknowledged. 
 
 In 1711, another requisition was made by the 
 British government for aid in prosecuting the war 
 against Canada, which being communicated by the 
 governor to the assembly, they, after some delay, 
 passed a law for " raising two thousand pounds to 
 the queen's use.'' 
 
 There is extant a letter of Isaac Norris in 
 reference to this law, in wdiich he says : '^ We did 
 not see it inconsistent with our principles to give 
 the queen money, notwithstanding any use she 
 might put it to, that not being our part, but hers." 
 
 In the year 1712, the ascendency of the Friends 
 
156 Peace Pkikciples Exemplified. 
 
 in the assembly is indicated by the passage of " an 
 act to prevent the importation of negroes and 
 Indians into the province.'' But this wise and 
 humane law was annulled by the crown, in pur- 
 suance of that nefarious policy ofthe British govern- 
 ment, which sought to enrich her merchants by 
 keeping open, in her colonies, a market for men. 
 
 It is pleasing to reflect, that during the last three 
 years of William Penn's participation in colonial 
 affairs, harmony prevailed in the government of 
 his province, and that an act so consonant with 
 his feelings and principles was then passed ; for 
 though at that time unsuccessful, it entitles Penn- 
 sylvania to the honorable distinction of having led 
 the way to a more humane system of legislation on 
 the subject of slavery. 
 
 For some years Penn had been negotiating with 
 the British cabinet for the sale of his government. 
 He was impelled to this step by two principal 
 motives ; the first arose from pecuniary embarrass- 
 ments — the province being still under a mortgage 
 to those friends who released him from his debt to 
 the Fords ; the second was the difficulty he found 
 in his administration, being on the one hand often 
 thwarted by a faction in the colony, and on the 
 other restrained, by his allegiance to the crown, 
 from the full development of his peaceable policy. 
 Perhaps a third motive may have been the unfit- 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 157 
 
 ness of his eldest son to succeed him as proprietary 
 and governor. 
 
 There were, however, other considerations which 
 inclined him to keep his government: the original 
 purpose of the enterprise was to found a " free 
 colony for all mankind," and to administer its 
 government on Christian principles. This favor- 
 ite idea had been more nearly realized than in any 
 other instance on record ; and he still indulged the 
 hope that if a peace were concluded in Europe, 
 and he settled with his flimily at Pennsbury, he 
 might yet see all his plans accomplished, and spend 
 the evening of his days in tranquillity. 
 
 Another strong motive for retaining the govern- 
 ment was to secure for the Friends in Pennsylva- 
 nia that religious liberty which had been one of 
 their main inducements to emigrate. This object, 
 together with political privileges for the people, he 
 kept constantly in view during his negotiations 
 with tlie cabinet, by which means the completion 
 of the contract was delayed for some years. 
 
 The advice of Logan and some of his best friends 
 was in favor of the sale, though they regretted the 
 necessity that seemed to require it. In the sum- 
 mer of 1712, the terms of the surrender were agreed 
 upon, the price being fixed at twelve thousand 
 pounds, payable in four years, but the conveyance 
 w'as not then executed. In the autumn of the same 
 14 
 
158 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 year he was attacked by paralysis, while writing 
 to James Logan. It came upon him so suddenly 
 that his hand was arrested in the beginning of a 
 sentence, which he never completed. 
 
 Pie was then at Bristol, and recovered sufficiently 
 to go to London, and thence to his residence at 
 Ruscombe. 
 
 During six years he lingered an invalid, gradu- 
 ally sinking to the grave. His memory was im- 
 paired, his noble intellect was clouded, but the 
 sweetness of his temper remained, and he was 
 favored to retain the highest and best of his endow- 
 ments — a sense of spiritual enjoyment, and a 
 heart overflowing with love to God and man. 
 
 He had received a thousand pounds in advance 
 on the sale of his government, but the deed not 
 being executed, the crown lawyers gave it as their 
 opinion that he was not capable of completing the 
 surrender. In this emergency the whole burden of 
 his public and private affairs devolved on his wife. 
 
 Hannah Penn was a woman of extraordinary 
 energy and fortitude; her arduous duties were 
 faithfully and successfully performed ; the return 
 of peace, in 1713, brought prosperity to the colony ; 
 the increasing value of property there enabled her, 
 after some years, to discharge the mortgage; and 
 during her husband's declining health, the voice 
 of complaint was seldom heard from the assembly 
 or people of Pennsylvania. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 159 
 
 On the 30th day of the Fifth month (July, O. S.), 
 1718, William Penn passed from the trials of time 
 to the rewards of eternity ; being in the 74th year 
 of his age. He was buried at Jordans, in Buck- 
 inghamshire, where his first wife and several of 
 his family had been before interred. 
 
 Hannah Penn received from "the General 
 Meeting" of Friends, in Philadelphia, an affec- 
 tionate letter of condolence ; and the Indians in 
 Pennsylvania, hearing of the death of their great 
 and good friend Onas, in order to testify their 
 regard for his memory, and their sympathy with 
 his widow, sent her an address of condolence, 
 accompanied by a present. It consisted of " mate- 
 rials for a garment of skins, suitable for travelling 
 through a thorny wilderness," intending to express 
 by this symbol the difficulties that lay in her path, 
 and their desire that she might pass through them 
 in safety. 
 
 In all the transactions of his eventful life, the 
 character of William Penn shines out in clearness 
 and purity. The lapse of more than one hundred 
 and fifty years has not dimmed its lustre, and 
 even his modern traducer admits that " his name 
 has become, throughout all civilized countries, a 
 synonym for probity and philanthropy."* 
 
 * For a refutation of Macaulay's charges against William 
 Penn, see W. E. Forster's "Preface to Clarkson's Life of 
 
160 Peace Pkinoiples Exemplified. 
 
 One of the most remarkable traits in his charac- 
 ter was his magnanimity. With singular disre- 
 gard for selfish or personal considerations, he de- 
 voted his life to the good of mankind. When we 
 consider the sacrifices he made for the benefit of 
 others, we cannot but lament that the evening of 
 his days was clouded by pecuniary embarrassments. 
 Had he been careful to husband the revenues of 
 his Irish estates, had he not generously declined 
 tlie imposts offered liim by the first colonial assem- 
 bly, had he been less charitable to the poor, and 
 less bountiful to the Indians, he might have lived 
 in affluence, and been saved the humiliation of 
 imprisonment for debt. But would his character 
 have been more dear to our hearts? Should we 
 not have missed some of the most instructive por- 
 tions of his history? As in prosperity he was not 
 vainly elated, so, in adversity, he was not unduly 
 depressed, but evinced in all his vicissitudes a 
 happy equanimity. In the counsels of infinite 
 wisdom, his afflictions were, doubtless, made instru- 
 mental to some high purpose; perhaps to purify 
 the immortal spirit for its blest abode, or to mani- 
 
 Penn ; " W. Hepvvorth Dixon's " Historical Biography of 
 Penn ; " S. M. Janney's " Life of Penn," chap, xxii., and appen- 
 dix to edition 4th, and subsequent editions: "An Inquiry into 
 tlie evidence relating to the charges brought by Lord Macau- 
 lay against William Penn," by John Paget, Esq., Barrister-at- 
 law, London, 1858. 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 161 
 
 fest to the world the power of religion to sustain 
 the soul under all the trials of life. 
 
 It is remarked by Bancroft, that " Penn never 
 gave counsel at variance with popular rights.^' . . . 
 ^^ England to-day confesses his sagacity, and is 
 doing honor to his genius." ^'After more than a 
 century, the laws which he re})roved began gradu- 
 ally to be repealed ; and the principle which he 
 developed, sure of immortality, is slowly, but firmly, 
 asserting its power over the legislation of Great 
 Britain," ...,'' Every charge of hypocrisy, of 
 selfishness, of vanity, of dissimulation, of credulous 
 confidence ; every form of reproach, from virulent 
 abuse to cold apology, every ill name, from tory 
 and Jesuit, to blasphemer and infidel, has been 
 used against Penn ; but the candor of his character 
 always triumphed over calumny. 
 
 ^'His name was safely cherished as a household 
 word in the cottages of Wales and Ireland, and 
 among the peasantry of Germany ; and not a ten- 
 ant of a wigwam, from the sea to the Susquehanna, 
 doubted his integrity. His fame is now wide as 
 the world ; he is one of the few who have gained 
 abiding glory." * 
 
 * " History of United States," II., 381-400. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE PEACE-POLICY 'A SUCCESS. 
 
 IT was the purpose of William Penn and h-is 
 associates to found and govern a common- 
 wealth, without arms or military defences, in ac- 
 cordance with the peace principles enunciated by 
 our Saviour in his sermon on the mount. 
 
 We can readily conceive that such an experiment, 
 if attempted on an island, previously uninhabited, 
 not subject to foreign control, and colonized by 
 men imbued with the principles of peace, would 
 probably succeed in securing a degree of harmony 
 and happiness not elsewhere to be found on earth. 
 But in Pennsylvania the case was widely different. 
 Owing allegiance to the British government, 
 whose policy was warlike and aggressive, vehe- 
 mently urged by the officers of the crown to join 
 the other colonies in their hostilities against the 
 French and Indians ; having a British court of 
 admiralty established in her midst* endeavoring to 
 exact the use of oaths; and worst of all, having in 
 162 
 
Peace Peinciples Exemplified. 163 
 
 her metropolis a band of adventurers, attracted 
 thither by her prosperity, abusing the liberty they 
 enjoyed and fomenting discord, in order to weaken 
 the proprietary government — that with all these 
 impediments, AYilliam Penn should have succeeded 
 in maintaining his authority without a compro- 
 mise of his principles, may be accounted truly 
 wonderful. 
 
 A government can be conducted on the princi- 
 ples of peace, by those only who have an abiding 
 faith in Divine protection, and forbear to provide 
 themselves with military defences. This position 
 is sustained by reference to the history of the other 
 American colonies. 
 
 " In Maryland, as well as in New England,'' 
 says Graham, in his '^Colonial History," "doubtless 
 the pacific endeavors of the colonists were coun- 
 teracted, not only by the natural ferocity of the 
 Indians, but by the hostilities of other Europeans, 
 by which that ferocity was, from time to time, 
 enkindled and developed. Yet the Quakers of 
 Pennsylvania, who were exposed to the same dis- 
 advantage, escaped its evil consequences, and were 
 never attacked by the Indians. 
 
 "Relying implicitly and exclusively on the pro- 
 tection of Heaven, they renounced every act or 
 indication of self-defence that could awaken the 
 contentiousness of human nature, or excite appre- 
 
164 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 hensive jealousy by ostentation of tlie power to 
 injure. But the Puritan and Catholic colonists of 
 New England and Maryland, while they professed 
 and exercised good-will to the Indians, adopted the 
 hostile precaution of demonstrating their readiness 
 and ability to repel violence. They displayed arras 
 and erected forts, and thus provoked the suspicion 
 they expressed, and invited the injury they antici- 
 pated." 
 
 It would not be difficult to point out a danger- 
 ous fallacy in the maxim so generally believed — 
 that in time of peace nations should prepare for 
 Avar. For as in the intercourse of individuals with 
 each other, it is found that those who habitually 
 carry arms are more liable than others to be in- 
 volved in deadly affrays, so in the intercourse of 
 nations, the hostile attitude assumed by their vast 
 armaments, and the numerous officers employed, 
 who are dependent for promotion and renown on 
 actual hostilities, are rather incentives to war than 
 sureties for peace. 
 
 The enterprise of Penn and his associates in the 
 colony of Pennsylvania, by demonstrating the 
 feasibility of peaceable principles, has served to 
 confirm the faith of the wavering, and to encourage 
 the true-hearted disciples of Christ. As an example 
 of Christian principles applied to the government 
 of a commonwealth, it stands without a parallel in 
 
Peace Pkinciples Exemplified. 165 
 
 the history of the world ; and will, doubtless, con- 
 tinue to be more admired and imitated as time 
 advances, until that happy period shall arrive when 
 " nation shall not lift up sword against nation, 
 neither shall they learn war any more." 
 
 The political contests which, at times, disturbed 
 the harmony of the colony, and caused much solici- 
 tude to the Founder, though considered at the time 
 portentous evils, were such as frequently are found 
 in all free governments. Tiie people were some- 
 times misled by designing demagogues, but when 
 their minds were disabused, and they were aroused 
 to action, a strong majority was found on the side 
 of order. " To freedom and justice a fair field was 
 given, and they were safe.'^ 
 
 There was, in the charter of Pennsylvania, a 
 defect which Penn could neither avoid nor remedy. 
 He was a feudal sovereign, acting as the executive 
 of a democracy, and these two elements were found 
 incompatible. While residing in the colony, his 
 sweetness of temper, and weight of character, en- 
 abled him to govern without encountering factious 
 opposition, but, in his absence, no deputy could be 
 found fully competent to supply his place. But 
 although the passions and frailties incident to 
 human nature gave rise, at times, to contention, 
 and obstructed the course of legislation, there was 
 no resort to arms, and all the dreadful calamities 
 of war were averted. 
 
166 Peace Principles Exemplified. 
 
 There is no evidence on the records that the 
 death-penalty for crime was inflicted — human life 
 was held sacred — and the reformation of offenders 
 was considered an important end in the adminis- 
 tration of punitive justice. 
 
 There were many settlements of Indians in 
 Bucks and Chester counties, which remained long 
 after the foundation of the colony. "Tradition 
 relates that they were kind neighbors, supplying 
 the white people with meat and sometimes with 
 beans and other vegetables, which they did in per- 
 fect charity, bringing presents to their houses and 
 refusing pay. Their children were sociable and 
 fond of play ; a harmony arose out of their mutual 
 intercourse and dependence, and native simplicity 
 reigned to its greatest extent." * 
 
 The efforts of the Friends to benefit the Indians 
 were not confined to endeavors to conciliate and 
 civilize them, but extended to their instruction in 
 spiritual knowledge, and the practice of a Christian 
 life. These efforts were not without success, for 
 although few of the natives embraced the Christian 
 profession, there is abundant evidence that many 
 among them evinced, by their deportment, some 
 of the noblest traits of the Christian character. 
 There is an account of " a portion of them in the 
 
 * Manuscript account by Dr. John Watson, in the archives 
 of the Historical Society, Pa. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 167 
 
 western part of Pennsylvania^ who^ from a self- 
 conviction of the injustice and irreligion of war, 
 United themselves into a community, with a resolu- 
 tion to war no more ; and asserting as their reason 
 that * when God made men, he did not intend they 
 should hurt or kill one another.' '' This account 
 is given by Anthony Benezet, and he attributes 
 the wonderful change in their deportment to the 
 immediate operation of the '^ light of Christ in 
 the soul.'' 
 
 The natives, on their part, did not fail to re- 
 ciprocate the benevolence of the colonists. Though 
 generally prompt to avenge an injury, they never 
 forgot a kindness, and were not surpassed by any 
 other people in the virtues of gratitude, honesty 
 and veracity. . 
 
 During the Avhole time the influence of the 
 Friends prevailed in the province, being a period 
 of more than seventy years, the Indians in Penn- 
 sylvania seldom committed an injury, and never 
 took the life of a white man. 
 
 "Of all the colonies that ever existed," says 
 Ebeling, " none was ever founded on so philan- 
 thropic a plan, none was so deeply impressed with 
 the character of its founder, none practised in a 
 greater degree the principles of toleration, liberty 
 and peace, and none rose and flourished more 
 rapidly than Pennsylvania. She was the youngest 
 
168 Peace Peinciples Exempi.ified. 
 
 of the Britisli colonies established before the 
 eighteenth century, but it was not h)ng before she 
 surpassed most of her elder sisters in population, 
 agriculture, and general prosperity." * 
 
 This sentiment is corroborated by the eloquent 
 language of Charles Sumner: '^To William Penn/' 
 he says, " belongs the distinction, destined to 
 brighten as men advance in virtue, of first in 
 human history establishing the Laic of Love as a 
 rule of conduct in intercourse of nations. He 
 declined the superfluous protection of arms against 
 foreign force, and ^ aimed to reduce the savage 
 nations by just and gentle manners to the love 
 of civil society and the Christian religion.' His 
 serene countenance, as he stands with his fol- 
 lowers, all unarmed, beneath the spreading elm, 
 forming the great treaty of friendship with the 
 untutored Indians — Avho fill with savage display 
 the surrounding forest as far as the eye can reach — 
 not to wrest their lands by violence, but to obtain 
 them by peaceful purchase, is to my mind the 
 proudest picture in the history of our country. 
 'The great God,' said the illustrious Quaker, 
 Mias written his law in our hearts by which we 
 are taught and commanded to love, and to helj), 
 and to do good to one another. It is not our 
 
 * " History of Pennsylvania," by Professor Ebeling, of Ham- 
 burg. " Hazard's Reg.," I., 340. 
 
Peace Principles Exemplified. 169 
 
 custom to use hostile weapons against our fellow- 
 creatures, for which reason we have come unarmed ; 
 our object is not to do injury, but to do good. We 
 have, then, met in the broad pathway of good 
 faith and good-will, so that no advantage can be 
 taken on either side, but all is to be openness, 
 brotherhood and love, while all are to be treated 
 as of the same flesh and blood.' These are words 
 of true greatness. The flowers of prosperity smile 
 in the blessed footprints of Yv^illiam Penn. His 
 people were unmolested and happy, while — sad 
 contrast — those of other colonies, acting upon the 
 policy of the world, building forts, and showing 
 themselves in arms, not after receiving provoca- 
 tion, but merely in anticipation, or from fear of 
 danger, were harassed by perpetual alarm, and 
 pierced by the sharp arrows of savage war. This 
 pattern of a Christian commonwealth never fails 
 to arrest the admiration of all who contemplate 
 its beauties." 
 15 
 
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