Class. 
 Book. 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 

 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 gXJXDjR ffiO 
 
 4* 
 
 OARY W. JONES. 
 
 HUME & PARKER, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, 104 MAIN STREET 
 
 1884. 
 
Important Special Notice ! 
 
 H, 0. H0DGD0N, President, J. C. SPENCER, Vice President, FRANK V. McEONALD, Secretary and Treasure^ 
 
 V. TAYLOR, Assistant Treasurer. 
 
 THE 
 
 Hodgdon and Spencer Company, 
 
 154 & 156 WATER STREET. 
 
 Factories in New York City, Atlantic City, and in 
 
 Lancashire, England. 
 Branch Connections in London, Liverpool, Paris, Marseilles, Hamburg, 
 
 and San Francisco. 
 
 oVorfollt, Va., January lOth, 1884,. 
 
 Dear Sib.— We beg- leave to inform you that on October 31st, 1883, the firm of Hodgdon, 
 
 Spencer & Co, was formally dissolved by the death shortly previous of the junior partner, Mr. 
 
 L. S. Spencer, and that the old business was merged in a Corporation under the laws of New 
 
 York, to be known as 
 
 THE HODG-DON AND SPENCER COMPANY, 
 
 The Capital Stock was raised to One Hundred Thousand Dollars and was at once sub 
 scribed for in full. It is held by six persons who represent individual Wealth of millions 
 of dollars None of the Stock is for sale. It will thus be seen that the Company is a business 
 bona fide. 
 
 All the Officers and Stockholders are men peculiarly fitted for the parts chosen by them, 
 and we feel confident in saying- that no firm is in a better position to transact every branch 
 of the fertilizing business than we. Our facilities are unsurpassed, and our experience is 
 thorough. AVe shall always keep two things clearly in view : To represent our goods as we 
 believe them to be, and to rest content with moderate profit such as obtains in New York and 
 other large cities. 
 
 Those who have had dealings with us will understand our methods, and from others we be- 
 speak only a trial. 
 
 For the season of 1881 we would especially call your attention to a remarkably choice cargo 
 of Peruvian Guano, which we purchased, on individual inspection with great difficulty, in 
 England. It is from the favorite Chincha Island deposit, and is, as experts admit, the richest 
 Guano seen in America for ten years. The official analyses, which may be seen at our offices, 
 or copies of which will be sent on application, are most convincing. We have also a special 
 cargo of superior Kainit now unloading. We are furthermore unusually well provided 
 with Blood and Fish in perfect mechanical condition and have a large stock of pure Agricul- 
 tural Chemicals, which we will be pleased to quote at lowest market rates. 
 
 We invite correspondence and shall be happy to give information on any matter relating 
 to our business. When you come to the city do not fail to give us a call. Even if no busi- 
 ness be transacted it is pleasant to hear from different parts of the country and to know the 
 varied experience of growers with fertilizers. 
 
 With thanks for your past favors and hopes of a continuance of our friendly relationships, 
 We Remain Yours Very Truly, 
 
 THE HODGDON ^VND SPENCEiR CO. 
 
 Note, April 1884.— We have just moved into the new and capacious building recently built 
 for our uses at our old stand, Nos. 154 and 156 Water Street, where we shall be pleased to wel- 
 come our visitors and where they will find us fully equipped for doing business thoroughly 
 and quickly. 
 
,u 
 
 CARY W. JONES, EDlTOR^wm^BBSCrSHER. 
 
 EDWARD POLLOCK, Editor, (fourth edition.) 
 
 C- HALL WINDSOR, BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER, COR. MAIN AND BANK STREETS. 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
Entered according' to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, 
 
 By CARY W. JONES, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 landmark Print, Norfolk, Va. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 From those who have experienced the numerous 
 difficulties which attend the compilation of a book 
 like this, we unhesitatingly claim fraternal sym- 
 pathy and indulgence. 
 
 To the uninitiated we would merely say that, 
 while candidly acknowledging our shortcomings 
 we have no apology to offer for them, inasmuch as 
 we have done our very best, according to our limited 
 opportunities, to render this volume a faithful 
 and comprehensive sketch of our City and its sur- 
 rounding territory, as well as a reliable exponent 
 of its commercial and manufacturing- interests. 
 
 Our best thanks are cordially extended to those 
 many friends who, by their wise counsel, kindly 
 encouragement and material support, have enabled 
 us to overcome the obstacles by which, from the 
 outset, we were confronted, and have made practi- 
 cable, if not easy, the task we had undertaken. 
 
1884. 
 
 j^E have endeavored in the three previous editions of this work to 
 supply our readers with such fragments of Norfolk's history as, in 
 our judgment, could not fail to excite public interest in the wel- 
 fare of her thrifty modern inhabitants, and we are pleased to believe that 
 our efforts have not proved unsuccessful. 
 
 In issuing the present volume it is not our purpose to indulge in those 
 " vain repetitions " which, by their very nature, impart to the narrative 
 that sterility and sense of weariness which proverbially belong to the 
 ''twice told tale"; but. on the other hand, it will be necessary to review 
 briefly the circumstances and events to which our City has been, from 
 time to time, indebted for her gradual developement and present condition 
 of prosperity — as well as those occasional shocks which have temporarily 
 checked and retarded her progress — in order that our story may be intel- 
 ligible and our sketch complete. 
 
 Our retrospect, however, need not extend back to those distant days 
 when the warlike aborigines were still the undisputed lords of the soil, and 
 indulged their savage instincts in the little village of " Chesapik," where 
 the adventurous followers of Sir Walter Kaleigh surprised them in 1584. 
 Nor is it necessary that we should here dwell upon the trials and privations 
 endured by those sturdy pioneers who planted the first English Colony 
 upon the shores of the Elizabeth Eiver, little dreaming, as they felled the 
 primeval forest to build their modest homes, that they were also preparing 
 the foundation for a populous City. 
 
 Suffice it to say that early in the seventeenth century a small but busy 
 and well organized community was already established upon the territory 
 now ruled by our City Councils, and that, as the succeeding years rolled by, 
 their passage was marked by a steadily increasing population — just as each 
 receding tide leaves behind it upon the sandy beach some shell or weed or 
 scrap of wood, to chronicle its visit and add its tribute to the accumulated 
 drift of ages. 
 
6 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 We are told that the name, Norfolk, was originally bestowed upon the 
 district, (afterwards County) "by one Col. Thorogood, one of the earliest 
 settlers, in honor of his native county in England "; and a similar senti- 
 ment of patriotism would appear to have suggested the designation of 
 other towns and localities in Virginia, which abounds in names borrowed 
 from the mother-country. 
 
 History has been singularly reticent as to the pursuits and achieve- 
 ments of these early colonists, and even tradition has been well-nigh dumb. 
 
 BIRD'S EYE VIEW FROM CUSTOM HOUSE. 
 
 But we have unmistakable evidence of their patient endurance, frugal 
 habits, persevering industry and courageous self-reliance, in the substantial 
 results, which, within a comparatively brief period, entitled the settlement 
 to nattering recognition at the hands of the General Assembly of the State, 
 which, in 1680, authorized the purchase of fifty acres of land for the 
 « Town " of Norfolk. 
 
 In pursuance of this authority, a tract which forms the north-western 
 portion of the present City was purchased, in 1682, for ten thousand 
 pounds of Tobacco, from Nicholas Wise, a carpenter, whose father had ac- 
 quired some reputation as a local ship-builder. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 From this time forward the town appears to have enjoyed a long period 
 of almost uninterrupted prosperity during which her population continued 
 to " increase and multiply " and her commercial influence to expand, for 
 in September, 1736, she was formally incorporated, by Eoyal charter, as a 
 Borough, with a Mayor, Recorder and eight Aldermen. 
 
 A PEEP THROUGH A NORFOLK GARDEN. 
 
 In 1775, however, the war-cloud of the Revolution burst over the un- 
 happy Country, and Norfolk was called upon to bear her share, or more 
 than her share, of its horrors. Her burgesses were especially exasperated 
 by the arbitrary conduct of Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Vir- 
 ginia, who appropriated her harbor for the use of his fleet, and abused his 
 power by many acts of tyranny. Having suffered defeat at the hands of 
 the Colonists, under Col. Woodford, two weeks previously, near Great 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 9 
 
 Bridge, Lord Dunmore proceeded, on New Year's day, 1776, to bombard 
 and burn Norfolk, which he did so effectually that nearly the whole town 
 was reduced to ashes and abandoned by her ruined people. During this 
 bombardment one of the cannon-balls from Lord Dunmore's fleet struck 
 the east end of St. Paul's Church and embedded itself in the wall, where 
 it remains, a cherished souvenir, to this day. 
 
 This wholesale destruction of property was, of course, a heavy and cruel 
 blow to the young Borough, but so richly had she been endowed by boun- 
 tiful Nature that, immediately after the cessation of active hostilities, num- 
 bers of merchants and speculators flocked in to avail themselves of her 
 conspicuous advantages, and it is from this point that the real importance 
 of NOKFOLK, AS A BUSINESS CENTRE, may be said to date. 
 
 NORFOLK AND WESTERN R.R. DEPOT. 
 
 Six years had scarcely elapsed since American Valor had firmly and 
 finally established American Independence, before the trade of Norfolk had 
 assumed such imposing proportions that some means of transportation, 
 other than the natural channels, were deemed necessary to its accommoda- 
 tion. After considerable discussion and delay, a charter was obtained by 
 the States of Virginia and North Carolina under which the Dismal 
 Swamp Canal was commenced in 1787 for the purpose of forming a more 
 direct highway between the inland navigable waters of the two States. 
 The magnitude of this enterprise may to some extent be estimated by the 
 fact that the Canal was not opened for navigation until 1828, having oc- 
 cupied more than forty years in its construction It has conferred incal- 
 culable benefit upon Norfolk as well as upon the section of country 
 which it traverses, and is now the property of a flourishing joint-stock 
 company, with headquarters in this city. It passes through one of the 
 
10 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 richest lumber regions in the world, and has found its principal traffic in 
 that essential commodity. 
 
 The next important event which helped to shape our City's destiny was* 
 the establishment on the south bank of the river (now known as the Ports- ( 
 mouth side) of the Gosport Navy Yard in the first year of the present] 
 century and almost simultaneously with the death of the greatest of patriots 
 and heroes — George Washington. The land Avas ceded by the Governor of 9 
 Virginia to the United States Government by authority of the General 
 Assembly. This gave a new and healthy impetus to Norfolk's growth and 
 was welcomed by her enterprising merchants as a veritable godsend 
 
 In 1804. during his tour of Canada and the United States, Norfolk wasi 
 visited by Erin's sweetest poet, Tom Moore, of melodious memory! At 
 this time, and during the few years that immediately followed, our Cityf 
 
 THE WHARVES OF NORFOLK, IN 1865. 
 
 seems to have made rapid strides in her ambitious path, and her possession's 
 were deemed worthy of special protection, for Craney Island, at the mouth 
 of the Eiver was strongly fortified and garrisoned. And it was fortunate 
 that this precaution had been so wisely taken, for in 1 812 America declared 
 Avar against Great Britain, and in June of the folloAving year the enemy's 
 fleet sailed proudly into Hampton Eoads for the avoAved purpose of blocfo 
 ading our port and capturing our shipping. The Admiral, hoAvever, hak 
 calculated Avithout his host, for no sooner had he hauled Avithin rangf 
 than the Craney Island batteries opened upon him with terrible effect ant 
 compelled him to retire in shame and confusion. Indeed, so warm wal 
 his reception on that occasion, that he sailed aAvay deeply, if not favorably 
 impressed Avith the substantial and self-sacrificing nature of that "Virgin 1 
 ian hospitality" Avhich Avas a Avell recognized characteristic of our peopli 
 even in those early days, and has since become '' familiar as household 
 words." 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 11 
 
 During the next few decades nothing of consequence occurred 
 to bring the Borough into unusually prominent notice, or disturb the 
 placid current which bore her along with ever increasing speed towards 
 that important commercial position which, ere long, she was destined to 
 occupy. Her shipping, however, had daily become more numerous, and 
 she had multiplied her docks and wharves for their accommodation. The 
 low, swampy ground which had formerly disfigured the town and gener- 
 ated malaria had in many places been filled in, and the streets widened 
 and improved. Bridges and causeways had opened convenient communica- 
 tion with the surrounding country and enhanced the value of suburban 
 
 MASONIC TEMPLE. 
 
 property. A steam ferry had been established between Norfolk and Ports- 
 mouth, and had brought into more intimate contact the dwellers on the 
 opposite shores of the broad Elizabeth. Frequent fires had destroyed 
 many of the ancient landmarks, and han dsome new s tructures had taken their 
 place. Births and marriages and deaths had left their customary footprints 
 upon the social sands, and the population still went on increasing ! La- 
 fayette, the earliest foreign friend of the American Republic, had paid 
 Norfolk a visit in 1824, and had been welcomed with open arms. In 1832 
 the State Legislature, which had hitherto appointed the Mayor of Norfolk, 
 granted to the "freeholders" the privilege of electing that official. The 
 
12 
 
 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CEISTTEE ; 
 
 year 1836 had been duly celebrated as the "Centennial" of Norfolk's in- 
 corporation as a Borough, and the following year bad been marked by a 
 brief visit from Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French. But the 
 
 crowning glory of all occurred on February 13th, 1845, when, by an Act 
 of the General Assembly, Norfolk's charter was amended, and she was 
 launched upon the world with all the honors, privileges and responsibili- 
 ties of a full-fledged City. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 13 
 
 With this important crisis for our starting point, we will now proceed 
 to review briefly the principal events which have marked the succeeding 
 years of our beloved City's career, having special regard, however, to those 
 influences which have mainly led to her developement into one of the most 
 prosperous sea-ports of our North Atlantic Coast. 
 
 For the information of those to whom Norfolk's geographical location is 
 not well known, we will here, with the indulgence of our resident readers, 
 digress for a few moments, in order to describe those natural advantages 
 which the intelligence and enterprise of her inhabitants have turned to 
 such profitable account. Situated in latitude 36°, 50 v , 50 r \ the subtle but 
 potent charm of her temperate climate hasnloubtless contributed no little 
 
 SEABOARD COTTON COMPRESS. 
 
 to the success of her original settlement and subsequent growth. The 
 harbor, which is both commodious and well protected, is unsurpassed 
 along this extended seaboard for depth, safety and capacity. Approached 
 by a channel twenty-eight feet deep, it is open to the largest vessels in the 
 mercantile service, while upon its broad, calm bosom might float, uncrowd- 
 ed, the navies of the world. Immediately opposite Norfolk, and about 
 a mile distant, lies her sister City, Portsmouth, while the point to the east-. 
 ward, formed by the confluence of the Eastern and Southern branches of the 
 Elizabeth River, is occupied by the busy village of Berkley. The lazy cur- 
 rent runs seaward in a north-westerly direction, until, at a distance of 
 eight miles from the city, it flows into Hampton Eoads, of which the fol- 
 lowing is the official description furnished by the United States Coast 
 Survey : 
 
14 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 " Hampton Boadstead is formed by the confluence of the James, Nan- 
 semond and Elizabeth rivers, and is bounded on the north by Old Point 
 Comfort and the Hampton shore to Newport's News; on the east by a line 
 drawn from Old Point Comfort Lighthouse to the Eip Eaps, and continued 
 to the west end of Willoughby bank ; on the south by Willoughby Bay 
 and Seawell's Point Spit; and on the southwest and west by a line drawn 
 from Seawell's Point to Newport's News Point. Between these limits the 
 Eoads are about four miles long, with a depth of from four to fifteen fathoms 
 and excellent holding ground. At the eastern boundary the anchorage is 
 three-quarters of a mile wide, and gradually widens towards the souhwest- 
 ward until abreast of the western end of Hampton Bar, where it is a mile 
 and three-eights wide, between the lines of three fathoms." We must re- 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL. 
 
 member that the above distances are given in nautical miles of 2,028 yards 
 — over 15 per cent, more than the statute mile. This noble harbor 
 empties its tide into Chesapeake Bay at Old Point Comfort, whence it 
 reaches the Ocean through the gateway formed by Cape Charles and Cape 
 Henry, known as "The Capes of Virginia," within one degree of which, 
 to the southeastward, flows the genial current of the famous Gulf Stream. 
 Of all the harbors on the North Atlantic Coast, that of Norfolk is, 
 without doubt, the most highly favored, being open to the ocean, from 
 which it is also abundantly sheltered ; of infinite capacity ; at a safe dis- 
 tance from the Northern region where ice-blockades periodically threaten 
 shipping and impede Commerce; unobstructed by those reefs and bars 
 which render the seaports of the South at all times dangerous and often 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 15 
 
 inaccessible; and having an enormous extent of agricultural country and 
 forest lands directly tributary to it as the natural distributing point for its 
 products, whether to the markets within the domains of the United States 
 or to those of transatlantic nations. 
 
 But we are not compelled to look only seaward in order to realize Nor- 
 folk's superior commercial situation, for we find by referring to the map 
 that, by actual measurement, the vast and fertile territory comprising the 
 States of Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and those lying 
 to the southward of them, is nearer Norfolk than New York, and must, 
 sooner or later, become tributary to the former as its enormous products 
 increase in volume, and demand new channels for cheap and rapid trans- 
 portation. 
 
 MARKET SQUARE- IN 1880. 
 
 But to resume our retrospect: — Norfolk, as we have shown, was raised 
 to the dignity of a City in 1845, from which date her trade appears to have 
 received a new and powerful stimulus and to have developed with almost 
 phenomenal rapidity. A spirit of enterprise also manifested itself among 
 her merchants as well as in her municipal Council Chambers, and resulted 
 in many public improvements, among which we may mention the building 
 of the present City Hall, the corner-stone of which was laid on August 
 23rd, 1847, with all the "pride, pomp and circumstance" of the Masonic 
 ceremonial. Wise measures pointing to the sanitary welfare of the City 
 were also adopted, including an excellent system of drainage and the re- 
 clamation of certain marshy hollows, whence emanated unwholesome 
 effluvia. Here and there the sky was pierced by a graceful church spire 
 
16 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 betokening the zealous piety of at least a portion of the community, and the 
 erection of public hospitals and other similar institutions bore evidence of 
 the charity and benevolence of all. 
 
 The year 1850 is a memorable one in our City's history, for it witnessed 
 the opening of her first railroad communication with the outer world. On 
 the 9th of November the Norfolk and Suffolk section of the Seaboard and 
 Eoanoke Eailroad was completed, and the occasion was celebrated by a 
 grand excursion which initiated a large number of our citizens into the 
 mysteries, pleasures and discomforts of the " Iron Koad." A year later 
 the line was extended as far as Welclon, N. C, and almost simultaneously a 
 
 PURCELL HOUSE. PHILLIP F. BROWN & BRO., Proprietors. 
 
 public meeting was called to consider the feasibility of building a railroad 
 to Petersburg, which resulted shortly afterwards in the formation of the 
 Norfolk and Petersburg Eailroad Company, to whose capital stock the 
 City of Norfolk subscribed $200,000 in December 1852. The wisdom of 
 this liberal measure has been amply vindicated, although at the time it 
 met with some opposition. In the following year the Company was form- 
 ally organized and the work begun, but. the road was not completed till 
 1859. At Petersburg it connected with the Southside Eoad, the western 
 terminus of which was at Lynchburg, where it joined the Virginia and 
 Tennessee Eailroad, thus forming a through line from Norfolk to Bristol, 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 17 
 
 a distance of 404 miles. These three corporations were subsequently con- 
 solidated and became the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio (now Norfolk and 
 Western) Railroad Company. 
 
 But we are anticipating and must "try back" to 1853, in which year 
 the Norfolk Agricultural Society gave its first exhibition, which proved in 
 
 HOSPITAL OF ST. VINCENT de PAUL.— Church and Wood Streets. 
 
 all respects a most successful enterprise. It may truly be said of this So- 
 ciety and its successors, that they conferred a permanent and incalculable 
 benefit upon the City and the surrounding country by fostering and en- 
 couraging agriculture in all its branches, and in developing the various 
 mechanical industries upon which the tillers of the soil depend for then- 
 very existence. 
 
18 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Pursuing our narrative with chronological arrangement, we now come 
 to the darkest and saddest page in the annals of our City. In the sum- 
 mer of 1855 an ocean steamer arrived in our waters having on board^a 
 sailor infected with Yellow Fever. He died and was buried, but the fell 
 disease was not to be satisfied with a single victim, and its pestilential 
 breath was carried by the once healthful breezes into the very heart of the 
 thriving communities on both sides of the harbor, spreading horror and 
 desolation such as had never before, (and, thank God, have never since) 
 
 MAIN STREET, LOOKING WEST FROM BANK STREET. 
 
 been/witnessed in Virginia or her neighboring States. For four months the 
 fearful plague continued its ghastly work of destruction, and thousands of 
 our people, regardless of color or class distinctions, perished helplessly un- 
 der the fatal scourge. If so dire a calamity can be said to have possessed 
 any one bright element, it was surely to be discerned in the tender sym- 
 pathy and noble self-sacrifice which it evoked from every section of the 
 country on behalf of the stricken and bereaved. 
 
 When at last the fury of the pestilence had been appeased, and its brood- 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTBIES AND TRADES. 
 
 19 
 
 ing venom had been dissipated by the frosty blasts of October, we 
 find the sorrowful but brave survivors returning to their gloomy homes 
 and resuming their former avocations, with saddened hearts, indeed, but 
 with a courage and determination for which we can find no adequate words 
 of praise. Many of Norfolk's most active and valued citizens were missing 
 when the roll was called, and many a familiar voice, that had been wont 
 to revive ambition and inspire confidence with its words of timely counsel 
 and cheering encouragement, was now silent forever. But the decimated 
 ranks were speedily rallied and the vacant places filled with new recruits, 
 and for a time the work of progress went bravely on. 
 
 Meantime Norfolk had not been unmindful of those interests which 
 were to attract to her markets the products of the surrounding back coun- 
 try by providing easy and direct channels for their transportation. The 
 Dismal Swamp Canal, to which Ave have already referred, had proved of 
 
 THE NORFOLK STORAGE COMPANY'S WAREHOUSE— Water Street. 
 
 immense value as an available highway communicating with portions of 
 North Carolina, and another kindred enterprise, the Albemarle and Chesa- 
 peake Canal, had been in progress for some time past, and was opened for 
 traffic in January, 1850, when the first boat load of produce was towed by 
 one of the Company's steamers through its locks and landed on our 
 wharves. 
 
 Several regular lines of steamers, plying between Norfolk and other At- 
 lantic seaports, had also been in active operation for several years, includ- 
 ing the New York Line and the Bay Line of Baltimore. To these were 
 added in January, 1860, the Boston Line which was established to run in 
 connection with the Norfolk and Petersburg Eailroad. 
 
 The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, in 1861, as President of the 
 United States, was immediately followed, "as everybody knows," by the 
 confederation of the Southern States and their secession from the Union. 
 It is entirely beyond our province to record the events of the cruel war 
 
 V 
 
20 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE , 
 
 that ensued, although their influence upon our City's commercial stand- 
 ing was great and permanent. We may state in general terms, however, 
 that during the whole disastrous strife, Norfolk, if only by reason of her 
 geographical situation, was necessarily a " warm corner," and produced 
 many as true heroes and heroines as ever drew sword or shed a tear for the 
 " Lost Cause." 
 
 After four seemingly interminable years of the most unnatural war in 
 which civilized people had ever engaged, " meek-eyed Peace " once more 
 shed her gentle influence over the blood-stained land, and in 1865, the 
 surviving remnant of Norfolk's brave contingent marched sorrowfully 
 
 BIRDS EYE VIEW OF HARBOR, LOOKING TOWARDS GOSPORT. 
 
 homeward. The City had experienced many vicissitudes under military 
 rule. Her gallant sons had defended her battlements while still a possi- 
 bility of success remained. After her evacuation she had submitted to 
 the gentle (?) and humane (?) government of the Federal General, Benja- 
 min F. Butler, surnamed " The Beast." She had gloried in the brilliant 
 achievements of her distant warriors, and had suffered agony too deep for 
 tears over the later tidings of disaster and defeat. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 21 
 
 But it was over at last, thank God, and the returned soldier gladly re- 
 sumed his former peaceful calling, determined to restore his home, with 
 all convenient speed, to its past condition of tranquility and comfort. 
 
 It was only too apparant, however, that many years of patient industry 
 must elapse before Norfolk could hope to recover from the shock she had 
 sustained. Her principal communications by land and water had been 
 rendered practically valueless, having suffered serious damage which she 
 had neither money nor credit to repair. Her commercial connections had 
 been scattered to the four winds, and her back country laid waste. But 
 it was not in the nature of her plucky citizens to be disheartened by such 
 trifles as these. The new system of ruinous taxation and the greatly in- 
 creased cost of living, combined with the hateful military rule under 
 which it had pleased the Conquerors to place her, were additional obsta- 
 cles, to be sure, but their undaunted courage was more than equal to the 
 
 ENTRANCE TO NORFOLK HARBOR, IN 1865. 
 
 emergency, and we find that several new enterprises were inaugurated al- 
 most immediately after the termination of the war. 
 
 In the fall of 1865 the Virginia and North Carolina Immigration and 
 Colonization Company was incorporated, and the Merchants' and Manu- 
 facturers' Exchange was reorganized, after having been closed for four 
 years. 
 
 Early in 1866 the Norfolk and Petersburg Eailroad was repaired and re- 
 opened, having been almost demolished during the war, and was consoli- 
 dated, in 1870, with the Southside and Virginia & Tennessee Eoads, as 
 we have already stated, under the name of the Atlantic, Mississippi and 
 Ohio Eailroad, with a charter that provided for its extension to connect 
 with the system of Kentucky Eoads, and authorized a loan of $15,000,000, 
 a large portion of which was negotiated in Europe. The line was imme- 
 diately placed in excellent condition and thoroughly equipped throughout 
 
22 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 its whole length. This consolidation brought us at once into direct com- 
 munication with the interior, as far west as Memphis, and bestowed upon 
 this city advantages to which she had hitherto been a stranger. Through 
 freights are delivered at this terminus from cities of the Far West, and 
 through bills of lading are given at points on the Mississippi for cotton 
 and other produce passing over this line to Liverpool and other foreign 
 ports. 
 
 A glance at the map will show that the Norfolk and Western (formerly 
 the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio) Kailroad, with its connections whose 
 name is Legion, traverses the States of Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Ala- 
 bama and Mississippi and is in several instances intersected by other trunk 
 lines leading to all the larger Western Cities. Among others we may men- 
 tion the Cincinnati Southern, the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, the 
 Nashville and St. Louis, the Alabama and Chattanooga and the Vicksbnrg 
 and Meridian Eoacls, which, with their respective ramifications, leave 
 scarcely a spot on this side of the Rocky Mountains beyond our reach. 
 
 When it is remembered that a considerable proportion of the enormous 
 grain and cotton yield of the prolific Western and Southwestern States 
 must seek ultimate shipment from the Atlantic Coast, it will readily be 
 seen that over the Norfolk and Western Kailroad, in connection with our 
 coastwise steam lines, immense freights are shipped daily between the 
 Northern Cities and all points South and West, via Norfolk. 
 
 But this is not all. Norfolk gives to this line exactly the outlet it needs 
 for the enormous traffic offered to it in coal, and we are glad to sea that 
 the Company fully appreciates the value of our situation in that respect. 
 The steamships which seek our port will naturally find it to their advan- 
 tage to take their supply of fuel from the place at which they receive or 
 discharge their cargoes, and knowing this to be the fact, the Norfolk and 
 Western Kailroad Company intend to exert every energy in order to make 
 Norfolk one of the largest coaling stations on the coast; and for this pur- 
 pose they will erect upon their new terminal property at Lambert's Point, 
 about ten miles below the City, several large coal piers with bins of capacity 
 sufficient to meet all requirements, and also to extend the trestles and piers 
 at their present depot for the accommodation of vessels of small tonnage. 
 The coal territory of the Southwest is being rapidly developed, and the 
 output of this mineral is increasing daily. New mines will shortly be 
 opened and this road will then be taxed to its utmost to move the immense 
 yield. 
 
 It is also the intention of this enterprising Company to build at Lam- 
 bert's Point a grain elevator of about 300,000 bushels capacity, which will 
 be so constructed as to admit of its being enlarged at small cost as occasion 
 recpiires, and we are very sanguine that Western shippers will, before long, 
 recognize the advantages offered by this port for the shipment of their 
 grain. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 asm 
 
 23 
 
24 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 The Seaboard and Roanoke Eailroad, between Portsmouth and Weldon, 
 had also suffered heavily during the Avar, but was repaired and put in good 
 running order shortly after the restoration of peace. This Road forms 
 a connecting link between Norfolk and the whole system of roads 
 throughout the Southern States and is consequently one of the main arter- 
 ies of our trade. At Weldon, N. C, it meets the Raleigh and Gaston Road 
 leading to Raleigh, the Capital City of North Carolina, where it joins the 
 Raleigh and Augusta Road leading to Hamlet, and there intersects the 
 Carolina Central Road from Wilmington to Charlotte, at which point 
 we find Roads running to Ashville, Columbia, Augusta, and other Cities 
 whence direct communication is maintained with New Orleans. 
 
 All these Roads, with one or two exceptions, give through bills of lading 
 to Norfolk, and constitute what is known as the " Seaboard Air Line Sys- 
 tem." The Seaboard and Roanoke Road also forms the connecting link 
 between Norfolk and the Roads composing " The Atlantic Coast Line." 
 This system, with its trunk roads, extends the whole distance from Ports- 
 mouth to Jacksonville, Florida, taking in the chief seaport cities, and is 
 moreover fed by numerous tributary Roads running up through the cen- 
 tral and western parts of the Carolinas and Georgia. 
 
 It will thus be seen that Norfolk is connected by numerous and abund- 
 ant avenues of transportation with all the Central and Southern States, 
 which are reached by various routes affording the amplest conveniences 
 for the carriage of their products to the best harbor on the Atlantic Coast. 
 The reader, with the map before him, will readily understand why our 
 City has attracted to herself so large a share of these products, and is al- 
 ready the third Cotton port of the United States. 
 
 The great increase of cotton receips in this city gives us the gratifying 
 assurance that the planters of a large portion of the South have fixed upon 
 Norfolk as their most profitable market and most convenient place for for- 
 eign shipment, and that the future will bring us still greater and more 
 abundant evidence of their confidence. 
 
 But it is not to Cotton alone that Norfolk owes her commercial emi- 
 nence. The products of our own State, from field and forest, pour into 
 our markets over the railroads and waterways with an ever increasing 
 stream. 
 
 The Peanut Crop of Virginia, grown principally in the Eastern Counties, 
 has increased from year to year until its culture has become one of our 
 most productive and profitable industries. 
 
 From South- West Virginia we receive large numbers of beeves for ship- 
 ment to England and the Continent of Europe, where they command high 
 prices. No section of the country produces finer cattle, and the export 
 trade promises to grow m magnitude in proportion to the increasing de- 
 mand in Europe for American beef. Stock farmers of the Old World, by 
 reason of their very limited grazing lands, cannot successfully compete 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 25 
 
 with those of America, and the day is even now at hand when the densely 
 populated European States will be largely dependent upon this country for 
 their meat supply. The magnificent and well watered grass lands in the 
 Southwestern portion of this State possess an element of wealth which 
 only needs developement in order to produce enormous returns ; and for 
 the cattle trade of South- West Virginia Norfolk must always he the most 
 advantageous shipping point to Europe. 
 
 But the Middle and Western Counties, through which the Norfolk and 
 Western Eailroad passes, in addition to their agricultural and grazing ad- 
 vantages which are already fully recognized, possess hoards of incalculable 
 wealth, deep buried beneath the soil, which are now being brought to light 
 by the hand of science and practical indus- 
 try, and which, in the near future will be ■"'"' "-■"'" 'C "''--• 
 found to equal, if they do not exceed, the 
 mineral riches of any section of this vast 
 Continent 
 
 In Tidewater Virginia the chief and 
 most valuable of our subterranean deposits 
 is Marl, which is found in great quantities 
 and variety convenient to railway and river 
 transportation. All along the line of the 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad from Farm- 
 ville to Bristol, zinc, iron and coal are 
 found in great abundance, while copper, 
 lead and even gold are occasionally met 
 with. The mineral wealth of Virginia has 
 attracted a great deal of attention during 
 the last few years, and several mines and 
 furnaces have been opened in the neighbor- 
 hood of Lynchburg, and beyond. The 
 proximity of the iron and coal deposits in 
 what is known as the " Great Appa- 
 lachian Coal Field," which is traversed by the Norfolk and Western 
 Road, in South- West Virginia, affords facilities for the smelting and man- 
 ufacture of iron which are unsurpassed in the world. The lead mines of 
 Wythe County have been in operation for many years and have yielded 
 about 35,000,000 pounds. For a considerable period during the Civil War 
 they furnished the principal supply of bullets used by the armies of the 
 Confederacy. The developement of the mineral resources of this region 
 will greatly increase their production, and they must eventually, either 
 in their crude or manufacLired state, come to this City for market or ship- 
 ment. 
 
 In addition to the three great Railroads already described, having their re- 
 spective termini at Norfolk and Portsmouth, which with their wide-reaching 
 
 EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK. 
 
26 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 connections have opened up to our trade the Southern and South-Western 
 States, there is still another gigantic railway system which has quite re- 
 cently established its Eastern terminus at Newport's News, within sight of 
 Norfolk, namely, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, through whose con- 
 nections our intercourse with the West and Ncrth-West will be materially 
 facilitated. This road traverses the richest coal and iron regions in the 
 whole country and penetrates the fine grazing and agricultural lands of 
 Kentucky, thus affording another avenue for the transportation of the 
 grain and other produce of the Central and Western States lo the Atlantic 
 seaboard. 
 
 The Norfolk Southern Eailroad had just been completed to Eden- 
 ton N. C, when our last edition was published in 1882, and had already 
 secured sufficient business, to and from the great Sound region of Carolina, 
 to almost overtax its capacity. Its northern terminus is at the Village of 
 
 Berkley, which is reached by the steam ferry 
 from Norfolk. The road is under excellent 
 management and has met with splendid and 
 well deserved success. When its contempla- 
 ted extensions are completed it will prove 
 yet another important feeder to the Norfolk 
 market, to which it even now carries cotton, 
 fish and vegetables in immense and always 
 increasing quantities. 
 
 Of the Railroads in which Norfolk is di- 
 rectly interested, there now remain only two 
 to be considered, and these two will, for the 
 present at least, contribute as much lo her 
 pleasure as her profit. The first and elder 
 of these is the Norfolk and Ocean View Rail- 
 road, running from this City about eight 
 miles to the property of the Ocean View Hotel Co., by whom the Railroad 
 is also owned. It has been very successful for the past four years as a quick 
 and inexpensive means of escape from the heat and dust of the city, during 
 the summer months, to the pure and bracing breezes fresh from the bosom 
 of the deep. 
 
 The other Road is the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad, which, 
 as its name indicates, has its terminal points in this city and on the ocean 
 beach of Virginia, respectively. The line is seventeen miles in length and 
 is easily travelled in an hour. It is a charming trip to the seaside, where 
 a handsome and commodious pavilion capable of accommodating several 
 "thousands of guests, and a dining room with seating capacity for eight hun- 
 dred, have been erected by the Company. The bathing at '< Virginia 
 Beach " is said to be the best along the coast, and this new enterprise prom- 
 
 HOME SAVINGS BANK. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 27 
 
 ises to rival in popularity any of the summer resorts from Maine to Florida, 
 overlooking the Atlantic. 
 
 Among the other Eailroads which, although not having their termini 
 at Norfolk, contribute nevertheless to her trade, is the Atlantic and Dan- 
 ville Eailroad which is already in operation from Claremont, on the 
 James River, to Waverly, a thriving village on the Norfolk and Western 
 Railroad, about fifty miles from this City. When completed it will run 
 through some of the most fertile peanut and tobacco regions of Virginia 
 to Danville, where it will connect with the Danville and New River Rail- 
 road and thus reach the extreme south-western limits of the State. A 
 large proportion of its freight will be brought here either by rail or river, 
 and the Tobacco element will probably enter shortly into Norfolk's com- 
 
 ' ■"-■■' v - 
 
 
 HOTEL AT ROANOKE.— At junction of Norfolk & Western and Shenandoah Valley Rds. 
 
 mercial negotiations. The great bulk of this crop has hitherto found its 
 best markets in Richmond, Petersburg and the Western Cities of Virginia, 
 where it is largely manufactured. There is at present no tobacco factory 
 in Norfolk, but we regard this industry as among the possibilities of the 
 near future. 
 
 There is still another railroad now in contemplation which, when built, 
 will exercise a powerful influence upon Norfolk's trade by bringing to this 
 port for rapid transmission to the North a large proportion of the early 
 truck grown in the eastern section of Carolina and now transported to the 
 Northern markets by coasting vessels. W T e refer to the Eastern Shore 
 Road which is designed to run from Delmar, in the State of Delaware, 
 where it will connect with the great Pennsylvania System, down through 
 
 \y 
 
28 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 the peninsula on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, to the town of 
 Cherrystone near Cape Charles, to and from which point trains will he 
 conveyed on board powerful steam barges to Lambert's Point and thence 
 to the terminus at our suburban village of Brambleton. Among the pro- 
 jectors of this important scheme are some of the ablest and most exper- 
 ienced railroad operators in this country and we have every confidence 
 that it will soon be carried into effect When this road is completed it 
 will afford the shortest route, by several hours, to New York and the North- 
 eastern States enabling travellers to leave Norfolk in the afternoon and 
 breakfast the following morning in the Metropolis. Our trucking and 
 
 MAIN STREET, LOOKING WEST FROM CHURCH STREET. 
 
 other interests will also be greatly benefitted by this quick transit of per- 
 ishable commodities. 
 
 It must be admitted, from the above showing, that in the matter of 
 Eailroad communications, Norfolk is preeminently blessed among Cities. 
 Nor is she second to any seaport in the world of her size and population, 
 as regards the number and capacity of the regular Steamboat Lines carry- 
 ing passengers and freight to and from her piers. While disclaiming all 
 intention to make "invidious distinctions," we shall refer to them in that 
 order suggested by their several influences upon Norfolk, as a Business 
 Centre, so far as the information at our command enables us to discrim- 
 inate. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 29 
 
 The line which perhaps occupies the most conspicuous place, by reason 
 of its connection with the various railroads having their termini in our 
 City, is the Old Dominion Steamship Company, which connects us with 
 the great commercial Metropolis of our country — New York — and which 
 for seventeen years, or more, has admirably met the demands of trade with 
 its fine fleet of coastwise steamers running to and from our port three times 
 a week, or oftener when occasion requires. A controlling interest in this 
 line was purchased in February, 1882, by the Norfolk & Western, Sea- 
 board & Koanoke and Chesapeake & Ohio Eailroads, as a measure of self- 
 protection and in the interest of Norfolk's trade. 
 
 The Bay Line gives us a daily passenger steamer between this port and 
 Baltimore, with additional boats exclusively for freight, and hospitably 
 maintains its reputation as, in more senses than one, a good feeder ! The 
 
 pcjrr/r/icooti 
 
 NORFOLK COLLEGE FOR YOUNG LADIES -GRANBY STREET. 
 
 "floating palaces " of this company are at all seasons well patronized by 
 the travelling public Avho have learned to fully appreciate the advantages 
 of speed and economy, especially when combined with substantial physi- 
 cal comfort. 
 
 The Clyde Lines carry immense quantities of cotton and other produce 
 to Philadelphia and the Nothern markets and return to us laden with 
 such manufactured articles as our necessities demand. 
 
 The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company affords us direct 
 access to Boston and the other great manufacturing Cities of New England, 
 whither a considerable portion of our cotton for foreign and domestic con- 
 sumption, finds its way annually. 
 
 Besides those above mentioned, we have two steam lines running to 
 Washington, and one to Eichmond, while multitudes of smaller craft ply 
 
30 NOREOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 continually to and from the numerous towns, villages and "landings" on 
 the rivers and sounds along the coast. 
 
 For many years past Norfolk has been one of the leading wood and lum- 
 ber markets on the Atlantic. The canals and rivers which penetrate the 
 great white-oak and pine forests of eastern Virginia and North Carolina 
 afford cheap water transportation for the wood grown and lumber manu- 
 factured upon their banks, and the number and capacity of the saw mills 
 tributary to this port are increasing every year Besides the enormous 
 quantities of timber and lumber passing through Norfolk for domestic 
 consumption, the trans- Atlantic trade in these commodities has of late 
 years assumed very respectable proportions, although it may still be re- 
 garded as in its infancy. With the persistent application of that " push " 
 which is one of the leading characteristics of our mercantile community, 
 there can be little doubt as to the possibility of building up the export 
 lumber trade until it becomes a source of magnificent revenue. 
 
 It is now, we presume, generally known that Virginia has become, with- 
 in the last decade, the largest Peanut producing State in the Union, and that 
 Norfolk is, par excellence, the peanut market of Virginia — -that is, of .the 
 world — except, perhaps, Marseilles, France. Our trade in that article now 
 exceeds a million and a half dollars annually, but has hitherto been con- 
 ducted almost exclusively with our own Northern and Western Cities. In- 
 deed, no systematic effort has yet been made to create a foreign market for 
 this valuable crop but when its cultivation becomes more general, the sur- 
 plus production will doubtless find a profitable sale abroad. 
 
 We feel a certain undefined delicacy, in which we trust our readers will 
 sympathize, in referring to that modest but powerful factor in our com- 
 mercial economy — the world-famous Norfolk Oyster. The whole of our 
 harbor, with the adjoining estuaries, may be described as a vast oyster-bed, 
 and the "crop" is simply inexhaustible. Epicures and gourmets have 
 agreed in pronouncing the Norfolk variety of this delicious bivalve to be 
 the very finest yet discovered, as to both flavor and substance. Who has 
 not experienced a sudden accession of appetite at the very mention of the 
 choicest fruit-garden of the ocean — Lynnhaven Bay — which lies at the 
 mouth of our river ? Nearly all the shallow tide- water inside the Capes 
 of Virginia abounds with these nutritious testacea, and the trade they 
 supply is very considerable. Many thousands of laborers find profitable 
 employment in gathering and preparing for shipment this rich harvest of 
 Nature's own sowing, and handsome fortunes have been realized in this 
 important branch of our commerce. Nearly two millions of bushels pass 
 through our market annually for distribution throughout the Old as well 
 as the New World, and there is still plenty of room for multiplying the 
 production almost ad infinitum. 
 
 Our shoal waters also teem with an infinite variety of delicious fish, 
 and the low lands of the eastern shore, watered by numerous rivers and 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 31 
 
 creeks, form the natural feeding-ground of countless ducks, geese, swans 
 and other wild fowl, with which our market is always abundantly sup- 
 plied. 
 
 The delightful climate of Norfolk is one of its chief attractions to the 
 sojourner within our borders Exempt alike from the extremes of heat in 
 Summer and of cold in Winter, its atmosphere is always temperate and 
 salubrious, being softened and purified by the "restless breath of Ocean." 
 For many winters past, invalids from the North and West have sought shel- 
 ter among us from the severity of their own climate, and many others who 
 have merely intended to rest here for a day, en route to Florida or some 
 other Sonthern sanitarium, have found in our genial latitude all that 
 
 S. A. STEVENS & CO'S— MAIN AND GRAN BY STREETS. 
 
 they sought, and have remained with us for awhile, to their great and last- 
 ing benefit. Snow and ice occasionally visit us about Christmas time as if 
 to remind us of the recurring season, but it is very rarely that we suffer 
 any inconvenience from the continuance of cold weather. While the 
 harbor of Baltimore is frozen up every year, such a thing has not hap- 
 ened in Norfolk since the memorable winter of 1856-57, which was the 
 severest season of this century. 
 
 But if the Winter be mild and genial, the Summer in this favored 
 locality is simply delicious, especially when compared with that of the 
 Northern and interior Cities. The ocean breezes seem never to grow 
 weary in fulfilling their merciful mission towards those who are unable to 
 
32 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 escape from the over-heated City, while the watering places of Chesapeake 
 Bay and the ocean beach are within an hour's run, by rail or water, to 
 those more fortunately situated. Another great source of health and com- 
 fort is the excellence of the surf bathing at these summer resorts, which is 
 nowhere surpassed for convenience and safety. There is splendid fishing, 
 moreover, which the disciple of the " gentle art " can enjoy to his heart's 
 content. Our seaside Hotels also compare most favorably with those of 
 the fashionable, and expensive resorts of the North, and the visitor will 
 find upon their tables all the delicacies of the land and the sea — fish, crabs, 
 oysters, vegetables and fruit — in great abundance and of the finest quality, 
 according to their seasons. 
 
 Our laboring classes enjoy exceptional advantages over those of almost 
 every other section, from the great variety of our leading industries, some 
 
 AMERICAN FERTILIZING CCS WAREHOUSE.-C. L. Upshur, Pres't.-Water Street. 
 
 of which are certain to be at all times in need of addi tional assistance to 
 meet the press of business. The whole region round about Norfolk is lit- 
 tle else than an immense garden in which are raised the early vegetables 
 and fruits for the Northern markets. From early in the Spring till late 
 in the Fall a constant succession of crops employ a large force of field 
 hands, and thousands of men, women and children are daily engaged in 
 gathering, packing and shipping the products of our "truck farms," at 
 wages that are always fairly remunerative and often liberal. We have 
 seen as many as fifteen hundred hands at a time on one farm picking 
 strawberries, at an average rate of $1.25 per day, including women and 
 children. 
 
 The enormous quantities of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Water-melons, Can- 
 taloupes, Kale, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Spinach, Lettuce, Eadishes, Turnips, 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 33 
 
 Tomatoes, Asparagus, Beans, Peas, Irish and Sweet Potatoes, Beets, On- 
 ions, Celery and other Fruits and Vegetables raised in this section would 
 seem almost fabulous to one who has not himself witnessed the vast scale 
 on which this business is conducted. The products of this industry alone 
 give ample employment, during the season, to the magnificent steam- 
 ships running between this City and New York, Boston, Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore and Washington, the capacity of which is sometimes taxed to its 
 
 BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS, N. & W. R. R.-View from Wild Cat Knob. 
 
 utmost limit to furnish the necsssary transportation ; the New York line 
 frequently dispatching two steamships per day, loaded with vegetables, and 
 we have known a single boat of this line to carry 12,000 barrels of potatoes, 
 besides other cargo, on one trip. 
 
 The natural fertility of our soil, maintained and enhanced by skillful 
 treatment, together with the mildness of the climate, enables many of our 
 " truckers " to produce two— and occasionally even ^ree— successive crops 
 from the same land during one season ; and it is a very general practice 
 among our farmers to reap a good crop of corn in the Fall from the soil 
 which in the Spring had yielded a rich harvest of early vegetables. 
 
 By a fortunate agreement of seasons, the truck crop is no sooner disposed 
 
34 2ST0EF0LK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 of than the Oyster business demands attention, and the same labor which 
 has gathered the fruit of the soil is now available for securing the treas- 
 ures of the sea. As we have stated, the Oysters and Fish of our waters 
 supply exhaustless products at the simple cost of gathering, and thousands 
 of our people earn a comfortable livelihood during the Fall and Winter 
 months in gathering, packing and shipping them to Northern and Foreign 
 markets. 
 
 Until within the last few years Baltimore almost monopolized the Oys- 
 ter trade, but the superior conveniences of our situation and climate have 
 given our packers an advantage which is now generally appreciated. This 
 branch of our trade, already large, as we have said, is capable of almost 
 infinite expansion. In addition to the Oyster, great quantities of Fresh 
 Fish and Crabs are shipped by the dealers to all parts of the North. 
 
 As the commercial centre of Eastern North Carolina and Tidewater 
 Virginia, Norfolk has always concentrated the Corn trade of these sections. 
 Prior to the war the rich bottom lands of the rivers which permeate the 
 coast of these two States were among the largest corn producing regions 
 in the country, and Norfolk became one of the most important Corn mar- 
 kets of the Union. In those days, however, the railroad system of the 
 country was but imperfectly developed, and there was little or no compe- 
 tition for the freights of the West. The cost of transporting corn to the 
 seabord was, consequently, almost prohibitive, and even since the war the 
 farmers of Iowa have found it more profitable to burn their corn for fuel 
 than to sbip it as produce. 
 
 The railroad competition, however, which has distinguished later years, 
 has removed this barrier to the agricultural industry of the West, and corn 
 from its over-flowing graneries is now pouring into the seaboard Cities at 
 remunerative prices. At the same time the farmers of Virginia and North 
 Carolina have recovered in a great degree the prosperity of ante-bellum 
 days, and are again bringing under cultivation their naturally fertile 
 lands. The result has been a very marked increase in our Corn receipts, 
 with every prospect of a still greater improvement. With our extended 
 railroad connections there is no reason why a large portion of the Western 
 Wheat crop should not also be attracted to our market. When it is re- 
 membered that Norfolk is situated 150 miles nearer the sea than Balti- 
 more, it would seem that the very logic of geography should secure to us 
 preference over that City as the point for shipment, provided we can offer 
 equal transportation facilities. And this we can now do through the ex- 
 panded connections of the Norfolk & Western, and the completion of the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to Newport's News. 
 
 And not only as a domestic market and point of export does Norfolk 
 offer peculiar advantages. She recognizes no superior in America as a 
 port of entry also. Directly connected with England by two steamship 
 lines and a numerous fleet of sailing vessels engaged in the cotton trade, 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 35 
 
 and also with all the chief cities of the North by regular steam lines in- 
 ferior to none in capacity and strength, Norfolk enjoys every facility 
 for the importation of foreign wares at the lowest freights, as well as for 
 the purchase of domestic manufactures at as favorable rates as can be ob- 
 tained elsewhere in this country. Our merchants buying from first hands 
 could thus duplicate all bills at Northern prices, giving their customers 
 the benefit of the difference in freight. 
 
 For Norfolk's future as a great Commercial Centre we now entertain no 
 fear. By slow degrees, and. in defiance of many adverse circumstances, 
 she has moved steadily along in the march of progress, until, at last, her 
 
 QUEEN STREET MARKET. 
 
 claims have been fully established and her great natural advantages recog- 
 nized, at home and abroad. Her trade in its various branches has contin- 
 ued to improve, and is now in a more prosperous condition than ever be- 
 fore. Her municipal affairs are unembarrassed and her external relations 
 on a most satisfactory footing. Her manufactures have increased in num- 
 ber and importance and the value of her real estate has advanced beyond 
 precedent. Cotton buyers from England and the Continent, representing 
 the largest dealers in the World, are to be met with on our streets during 
 the season, availing themselves of the unusual facilities afforded by our 
 market for the purchase and shipment of this great staple product of our 
 tributary soil. The depth and safety of our harbor offer unusual attrac- 
 
36 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 tions to ships of the largest class, while our port charges and wharfage 
 rents are more resonahle than those of other American sea-ports. And, 
 finally, the activity, liberality and enterprise of our merchants and manu- 
 facturers give ample assurance that the succeeding pages of our City's his- 
 tory will be adorned and brightened with the fulfilled hopes and redeemed 
 promises of to-day. 
 
 So much, then, in support of our volume's title — " Norfolk as a Business 
 Centre." Our sketch has been less in the nature of an argument than of 
 a simple narrative of such facts as would assist us in tracing accomplished 
 results to their legitimate, although sometimes remote, causes, and we 
 have endeavored throughout to avoid such undue depth of coloring as 
 would expose our picture to the suspicion of infidelity or exaggeration. 
 
 But before closing this preliminary chapter it will be well to enumerate 
 briefly some of those " Principal Industries and Trades" to which Norfolk 
 owes her. commercial importance and prosperity, premising, however, that 
 a separate and more detailed notice will be devoted to each, in its proper 
 place, in the later pages of this edition. 
 
 A Cotton Manufacturing Company was organized in 1880 by a number 
 of our citizens, assisted by a few Northern capitalists, and is now doing an 
 excellent trade. The success of this enterprise will no doubt provoke com- 
 petition, and we may expect to see other cotton factories at work here be- 
 fore long. With easy and direct access to the plantations which produce 
 the raw material, as well as to the great coal fields of Western Virginia, it 
 must be obvious chat our position is favorable as compared with the New 
 England States, and there is no reason that we know of why Norfolk 
 should not become a great cotton manufacturing City as well as a great 
 cotton market and sea-port. Distance and a severe climate are the natural 
 enemies to the manufacturing industries, and against these our rivals at 
 the North must always have to contend. 
 
 The consideration of the cotton question, in its various stages, and of 
 the great benefits which it has conferred and continues to confer upon our 
 City, suggests to us the advisability of manufacturing the bagging in 
 which it is baled, and thus again entering into competition with the North- 
 ern factories. At present the jute of which this bagging is made is imported 
 in it crude condition to New York where it is manufactured and sold at a 
 large profit to Southern consumers. Of the manufactured article some 
 4,000,000 yards pass through Norfolk annually, and it has occured to us 
 that this would be an admirable point for both its importation and manu- 
 facture. It could be carried here at small expense by cotton ships, which 
 seldom arrive with a full cargo, and the cheapness of labor in this 
 vicinity, combined with our excellent lines of transportation to the cotton 
 region, would enable us to compete successfully with those less favorably 
 circumstanced. We may mention that a very good quality of jute 
 has been grown in the Eastern Counties of Carolina, and we have no doubt 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 37 
 
 m^nd!0 l '% 
 
38 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 that extended experiments would result in its profitable and permanent 
 cultivation. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of Cotton, it will not be amiss to mention the 
 increasing demand for Oil Cake which is made of compressed cotton seed 
 and is shipped in large quantities to Great Britain and the Continent as a 
 condition-food for cattle. It is a lucrative and growing branch of trade 
 and we would suggest the advantage of conducting it in this neighborhood, 
 and thus securing for our people the additional benefit of manufacturing 
 this article at the shipping port. 
 
 COMMERCE STREET— BETWEEN WATER AND MAIN STREETS. 
 
 The manufacture of Fertilizers in our immediate vicinity has, of late 
 years, grown to be one of our most important industries, and there are now 
 several flourishing factories for this commodity within a very short dis- 
 tance of the City, which, between them, have almost monopolized the trade 
 of the Eastern sections of Virginia and the Carolinas. Baltimore and 
 Philadelphia still supply hundreds of thousands of bags in which these 
 Fertilizers are packed, but a bag factory has recently been established in 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 39 
 
 Petersburg, Va., and it is reasonable to expect that Norfolk, being such a 
 large consumer, will shortly follow the good example set by our sister 
 City. 
 
 Ship Building is another industry for which our port is admirably 
 adapted, but which has hitherto been sadly and unaccountably neglected. 
 
 Nowhere can be found a situation better suited by Nature and circum- 
 stances for carrying on this business than Norfolk Harbor, and yet it has 
 never been attempted here by private enterprise, on any considerable scale, 
 since the infancy of the first settlement, now more than two centuries ago. 
 We have " ample room and verge enough," together with a snfficent depth 
 of water, for building and launching the largest vessels, while an abund- 
 ance of wood and iron, of the best quality, is near at hand, and therefore 
 
40 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 comparatively cheap. Add to this the important consideration that in our 
 temperate climate active out-door work can be carried on, almost without 
 interruption, during the whole year, and the pertinent question, " Why is 
 not Norfolk one of the great ship-building stations of the world ?" will be 
 difficult to answer. But here, again, we are constrained to express our 
 firm conviction that some considerable portion of the enormous accumu- 
 lations of capital now lying almost idle in many parts of the country must, 
 ere long, seek just such investments as we have indicated above. " Some 
 day," too, we may reasonably expect some enterprising capitalists to con- 
 struct here a Sectional Dry Dock which is indispensable to the thorough 
 overhauling of ships in need of repairs. The want of such an institution 
 has already proved a serious drawback to our commercial progress, and if 
 
 DISCIPLES' CHURCH— FREEMASON STREET BET. BANK AND BREWER. 
 
 we desire the establishment of regular and permanent lines of foreign or 
 coastwise steamships, with Norfolk as one of their termini, we must make 
 such provision for their repair as accident or decay may render necessary, 
 instead of sending them off to other ports in search of suitable accommo- 
 dation. 
 
 But it affords us pleasure and encouragement to be able, in this connec- 
 tion to refer to a corporation whose services have already been extremely 
 valuable and promise to become still more so as its business and facilities 
 
 increase Ave mean the Baker Salvage Company of Norfolk, — the only 
 
 wrecking company operating on this coast, south of New York. Three 
 years have not yet elapsed since its incorporation, but it has saved pro- 
 perty of the aggregate value of several millions of dollars, and is at the 
 present time engaged on important salvage work at Washington, D. 0., in 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 41 
 
 Mexico and on the coast of South America. Several ocean steamers, with 
 valuable cargoes, and innumerable schooners and other small craft, which 
 would have become total losses but for their timely service, have been 
 floated, rescued and brought safely into port by expeditions sent out by 
 this enterprising company, which is composed and officered exclusively by 
 practical business men of this City. The company owns two steamers, 
 three sailing vessels and several pontoons, together with complete and 
 abundant wrecking apparatus, and can fit out and dispatch an expedition 
 at a moment's notice, to the relief of any vessel in distress ; and there are 
 several steamers and other craft now carrying valuable freights and earn- 
 
 MAIN STREET-LOOKING EAST FROM BANK STREET. 
 
 ing handsome profits for their owners which have been raised from the 
 bed of the ocean by the efficient crews in the employ of the Baker Salvage 
 Company, whose existence at this central point on the seaboard should alone 
 prove a strong argument with ships' captains in favor of seeking a cargo 
 to or from this port. 
 
 Of the lumber trade of this district we have already said sufficient to 
 indicate its magnitude and importance, which are still on the increase. 
 Year by year new saw-mills spring into existence and extensive additions 
 are made to the old ones. Huge piles of lumber are to be seen on our 
 wharves in every direction awaiting shipment, and the value of this one 
 
42 
 
 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 commodity manufactured and handled here annually may be reckoned by 
 millions of dollars. 
 
 We have also. several Peanut "factories," supplied with patented ma- 
 chinery for polishing and cleaning the hulls of these tuberous delicacies. 
 These factories employ several hundreds of hands, principally females, and 
 are therefore a great boon to the City. Norfolk handles about five-sixths 
 of the whole Virginia crop which is distributed from this point over the 
 North and West, 
 
 There are many other interests busily at work in our City which add 
 their welcome quota to the general welfare and furnish thousands of our 
 industrious people with the means of earning a sure and comfortable live- 
 lihood, and these will receive due attention under their appropriate heads. 
 
 BLUE BIDGE SPBINGS— VIEW FBOM THE LAKE. 
 
 But before closing our sketch and proceeding to the consideration of the 
 hard facts and figures upon which it is based, we will venture to tax the 
 patience of our indulgent reader for a few more minutes while we briefly 
 review some of the more superficially apparent characteristics of our thriv- 
 ing and progressive City. 
 
 To begin with, our streets present at all times a scene of active, healthy 
 and cheerful industry, such as would have met with the warm approval 
 of the Apostle who admonished the Eomans to be " not slothful in busi- 
 ness ;" and the observant visitor is at once impressed with the fact that the 
 community is fully alive to the value of time and opportunity. Most of 
 our resident families are of British descent, and the social traditions of 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 43 
 
 the mother country have not been entirely extinguished. Vulgarity 
 and snobbery, in all their forms, are as intolerable here as in the Capitals 
 of Europe, while there is a total absence from our society of that exclu- 
 siveness which would refuse to the stranger, just because he is a stranger, 
 a hearty and cordial welcome. 
 
 We have an excellent Street Railway service which already reduces dis- 
 tance, within the corporate limits of the City, to insignificance, and ex- 
 tensions are now contemplated which will connect the central business 
 thoroughfares with the most populous and important suburban points. 
 Our Hotel accommodations are almost perfect. Our system of Public 
 
 MAYER & CO.'S WAREHOUSE-WATER STREET AND MARKET SQUARE. 
 
 Schools is good, as far as it goes ; primary and grammer Schools are al- 
 ready provided, and the addition of a High School, which must soon be 
 established in response to the growing demand, will make it complete. 
 Our private Seminaries, both for girls and boys, are of a very superior or- 
 der, and take front rank among the many institutions in which our citi- 
 zens take just and honest pride. Norfolk's business men, moreover, have 
 taken the initiative, so far as Virginia is concerned, in providing a first- 
 class educational establishment on a strictly commercial basis, and the Nor- 
 folk College for Young Ladies, one of the most flourishing schools in the 
 South, is the property of a local joint stock company. 
 
44 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Churches, representing all religious denominations and every school of 
 architecture, are to be met with at frequent intervals ; and Asylums, Hos- 
 pitals, and other monuments to the divinely implanted benevolence of the 
 human heart, occupy some of the most conspicuous sites in the City. Our 
 Public Buildings also compare favorably with any in the country, while 
 our banks, stores and warehouses reflect the utmost credit upon the enter- 
 prise of our business men. 
 
 Norfolk probably supports more newspapers than any other City of her 
 size and population in the United States, if not in the world. There are 
 four dailies, the Landmarh and Virginian being published in the morn- 
 ing, and the Public Ledger and Evening News in the afternoon. Eesides 
 these, with their weekly editions, we have two excellent weekly papers, 
 the Sunday Gazette and the Weekly Herald, And these are not all, for our 
 Sister City across the river — our "other half," as we delight to regard her 
 — publishes the Portsmouth Enterprise and Portsmouth Times, daily; and 
 the Tidewater Times, Virginia Granger and Portsmouth Observer, weekly. 
 All of these journals enjoy a good circulation and a liberal advertising 
 patronage, and exercise a useful influence through the extensive territory 
 which they overspread. 
 
 As a corporation, our credit is high and our taxes low. We have excel- 
 lent banking facilities, together with a patriotic disposition on the part of 
 our financial institutions to promote legitimate business enterprise. Our 
 Fire Department and Water Supply are exceptionally good, and our sys- 
 tem of Drainage is perfect. Moreover we have recently adopted the Brush- 
 Swan Electric Light for our streets and public buildings, and the fall of 
 night upon the land is now but the signal for a brilliant illumination of 
 our thoroughfares. 
 
 In the matter of amusements Norfolk is by no means badly off. Van r 
 Wyck's Academy of Music is one of the handsomest and most perfectly 
 equipped Opera Houses in the whole country, and a week rarely passes, 
 during the Fall and Winter months, in the course of which its boards are 
 not occupied by the leading dramatic or operatic talent of the day. We 
 have also an excellent amateur musical association, of which Santa Cecilia 
 is the tutelary patroness. This Society has a numerous membership from 
 among our ''best people" — ladies and gentlemen — and gives frequent 
 public entertainments, assisted by professional artistes. Shooting and 
 fishing afford endless delight to the sportsman, for game and fish are 
 plentiful. Capital fox-hunting can always be had in our immediate neigh- 
 borhood in the Winter; while boating excursions and trips to the seaside, 
 riding and driving, surf bathing and yachting can here be indulged in to 
 the heart's content during the balmy months of Summer, which melt 
 away only too quickly, like the bright enchantment of a dream. And in 
 addition to these enjoyments which belong to our own vicinity and may be 
 had for little more than the mere trouble of accepting, our residents and 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 45 
 
 visitors can at any time board one of the splendid passenger boats and 
 take a coasting trip either North or South, or on the lovely land-locked 
 Bay of Chesapeake; or else they can with equal ease take the train, and 
 after a few hours' comfortable travel through exquisite scenery, reach 
 the grand and picturesque uplands of Western Virginia where many 
 marvels of Nature and art await their admiration ; as, for instance, the 
 Colossal Bridge, near Lexington, of the Supreme Engineer's own building; 
 the wonderful and fantastic caverns of Luray ; the health-restoring mineral 
 springs at Blue Bidge and elsewhere ; the boundless Forests, the noble streams 
 and leaping waterfalls, to say nothing 
 
 of the busy mines and furnaces, tunnels p 
 
 and viaducts, which bear witness to the 
 energy and ingenuity of industrious 
 man. 
 
 It is well known to those who have 
 honored the preceding volumes of 
 this series with their careful perusal, 
 that we have always been strongly in 
 favor not only of extending our City 
 Limits so as to include the outlying 
 villages of Atlantic City, Brambleton 
 and Berkley, with the intermediate land 
 now lying waste, but also of the much 
 grander scheme of consolidating with 
 us the City of Portsmouth and its sub- 
 urbs, thus forming one large and influ- 
 ential municipality of nearly sixty thou- 
 sand inhabitants, having one govern- 
 ment, one splendid harbor, one citizen- 
 ship, one name, one identity and one 
 common interest. Within the broad area 
 of the new City's boundaries there would 
 be plenty of room for everything except 
 those small jealousies which have heretofore been known to mar the ought- 
 to-be harmonious relations between the respective inhabitants of the 
 " Twin Cities.'' Such a measure as we have indicated would result in the 
 reduction of the public expenses, together with the greatly inhanced value of 
 real and personal property, and, above all, the consolidated corporation 
 would rejoice in that added self-respect which belongs of right to numeri- 
 cal greatness, and also in that strength Avhich proverbially attaches to 
 Union. 
 
 Once more Ave avail ourselves of the opportunity now afforded of urging 
 upon our readers and the public-spirited members of each community the 
 
 C. F. GREENWOOD & BRO., Jewelers. 
 
46 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 advisability, if not necessity, of bringing about this amalgamation of our 
 interests and our forces, in order that we may, with recruited energy and 
 redoubled power, assert our proper position among the great Cities of the 
 Nation. 
 
 We now lay aside our pencil, for our sketch is completed. It is but an 
 outline-drawing at the best; but it has been our honest desire to produce 
 a faithful portrait rather than a flattering picture, and we leave it to the 
 intelligent and impartial public to decide whether our work shall be 
 awarded the credit which Ave have striven to secure for it, or be consigned 
 as a failure to the pitiful doom of perpetual obscurity. We frankly admit 
 that the foregoing essay is sadly deficient in literary merit; but, as we have 
 claimed nothing for it on that score, the fear of adverse criticism has not 
 alloyed the gratefulness of our task. 
 
 Our object has been to direct the attention of the outside world to Norfolk's 
 natural and acquired advantages as a Great Commercial Centre, where capi- 
 tal can always find safe and profitable investment and where honest labor 
 can at all times command steady and lucrative employment; also, to 
 point out to her own people how these advantages might in some re- 
 spects be improved and developed. If this h>:s been accomplished we are 
 more than satisfied, 
 
 To those who have never visited our shores we extend a warm invitation 
 and promise a cordial welcome. To our fellow citizens of Norfolk and 
 Portsmouth we tender our hearty congratulations upon the continued and 
 marked improvement which their trade has shown in all its branches 
 since the publication of our third edition two years ago. From all we 
 would ask a patient perusal of this volume to its end, for it contains the 
 record of a busy, thriving and virtuous community. But be merciful to 
 the shortcomings of the humble historian who now craves your clemency, 
 and lenient in your verdict upon his work, remembering that 
 
 " In Faith and Hope the world will disagree, 
 But all mankind's concern is Charity." 
 
 * 4? 
 
TBADE NOTICES 
 
 And 
 
 AKNOITJSTCEMEOTS. 
 
48 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 OUR BUSINESS EXCHANGES. 
 
 THE MEECHANTS' AND MANUFACTURERS' EXCHANGE OF 
 NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 THIS important and influential organization, which takes the place 
 of a Board of Trade among the Merchants, Manufacturers and 
 Shippers of the " Twin Cities," was revived and reconstituted in 
 1883, and is now in active and useful operation. Its objects are to dissemi- 
 nate general commercial information, reconcile differences, adjust claims, 
 regulate freights, watch over and protect the mercantile interests of the 
 double sea-port and oppose all attempts, no matter where, when, or by 
 whom they may be made, to discriminate in any way to her disadvantage. 
 The membership of this Exchange is numerous and comprises the leading 
 business men and firms among the Bankers, Manufacturers, Merchants, 
 Shippers and Wholesale Dealers of both Cities. The following gentlemen 
 compose the present officers and managers of the Exchange, and their 
 names cannot fail to inspire the utmost confidence among those who main- 
 tain commercial relations with Norfolk and Portsmouth : President, Wm. 
 F. Allen ; First Vice President, M. L. T. Davis; Second Vice President, 
 Wm. C. DicSson ; Treasurer, E. T. Gwathmey ; Secretary, Washington 
 Taylor ; Assistant Secretary, C. R. Camp ; Board of Managers , Wm. F. 
 Allen, M. L. T. Davis, Wm. C. Dickson, E. T. Gwathmey, Washington 
 Taylor, R, Y. Zachary, Luther Sheldon, E. T. Powell, T. A. Williams, 
 Joseph H. Parker and C. A. Nash. The Merchants' and Manufacturers' 
 Exchange intends shortly to erect a handsome and commodious building, 
 with ample facilities for discharging its important functions, on a site 
 already purchased for that purpose on the corner of Commerce and Eliza- 
 beth Streets in this City, and it is perfectly safe to predict that the useful- 
 ness of this Association will increase in proportion to the demands made 
 upon it by our expanding trade. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 49 
 
 THE NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH COTTON EXCHANGE 
 
 was organized in 1874 and incorporated in 1877. Its officers are : Geo. L. 
 Arps, President ; W. H. Morris, Vice President ; W. D. Rountree, Treas- 
 urer ; Norman Bell, Superintendent and Secretary ; and the following 
 gentlemen form the Board of Directors, namely : E. Fachiri, E. C. Brooks, 
 M. L. Enre, W. H. Holmes and James Maybrick. It is almost impossible 
 to estimate the advantages which have accrued to our commercial interests 
 through the labors of this most useful organization, but that the results of 
 its supervision have been most beneficial may be gathered from the fact 
 that on August 31, 1883, the closing day of the last cotton season, the 
 Secretary was able to report to the President and Board of Directors that 
 " the receipts were the largest yet recorded and afford the most satisfactory 
 evidence of the favor into which our market has grown. Notwithstanding 
 the magnitude of the movement, there has occurred no damage or delay 
 from either fire or flood — the receipts being handled with ease and dis- 
 patch. The well established character of the capacity and facilities of our 
 port is daily commanding recognition in all leading commercial cen- 
 tres." The total receipts for the season of 1874-5. when the Cotton Ex- 
 change was first organized, were 393,672 bales, while those of 1882-3 were 
 800,133 — an increase in nine years of 406,461 bales. The membership list 
 of this Exchange bears the names of all the leading cotton factors, dealers 
 and brokers of both Cities, and its management has been excellent as is evi- 
 denced by the good it has accomplished. In fact it is not easy to under- 
 stand how our cotton trade prospered as it did before the Exchange was 
 organized, and it is still more difficult to imagine how it would now get 
 along at all without the assistance and guidance of this corporation. 
 
50 NDKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENT11E ; 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 N arriving in Norfolk for tlie first time, the stranger cannot fail to 
 be impressed most favorably with the superiority of our hotel ac- 
 commodations ; and this is admitted to be one of the best criterions 
 by which to gauge the general commercial prosperity — or otherwise — of 
 every city. It must be confessed that in this respect most of our Southern 
 provincial towns are sadly deficient, and the traveller is certain to be 
 agreeably surprised at the comfort and elegance with which he finds him- 
 self surrounded when he first accepts Norfolk's hospitality. But the ex- 
 planation of this fact is simple enough. As the terminus of many busy 
 Eailroads and the calling place of many lines of passenger steamboats, the 
 City receives and entertains many thousands of transient visitors during 
 the year, and first-class hotels have been for many years past, not only an 
 absolute necessity to the public but also a source of handsome revenue to 
 their proprietors, who vie with each other in supplying the wants and in- 
 creasing the comforts of their guests. 
 
 The buildings are all that the most fastidious could desire — lofty, com- 
 modious, well lighted and well ventilated, within easy distance of railroad 
 depots, steamboat wharves, churches, places of amusement, street railways, 
 banks, stores, &c, well furnished and provided with parlors, reception 
 rooms and elevators; cleanly, comfortable, well managed and absolutely de- 
 void of those trifling but numerous discomforts which usually render hotel 
 life so unattractive. 
 
 Our markets are acknowledged to be among the very best in the whole 
 country and abound in every variety of fish, game, fruits, vegetables and 
 all other luxuries for the table. As these are for the most part the pro- 
 ducts of the land and water in our own immediate neighborhood, the Hotel 
 charges at Norfolk are extremely moderate when compared with those of 
 other Cities. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 51 
 
 NORFOLK, V.A.. 
 
 Having assumed the management of this well-known and popular Hotel, 
 we beg to announce to our friends and the travelling public generally, that it is 
 located in the most central part of the business section of the city, convenient to 
 Steamboat "\\ harves and Railroad Depots. 
 
 The Dining Room, Reading Room, Reception Room, Parlors, Halls, Office and a 
 large number of the bed rooms are heated by steam, thus affording a pleasant temper- 
 ature in the coldest weather. 
 
 A special feature of the PURCELL, are a number of Sample Rooms on ground 
 floor, with tables for exhibiting Merchandise. 
 
 The Street Cars pass immediately by, offering a quick, cheap and comfortable 
 transit to nearly all parts of the city, also c'onnecting in summer season with Steam 
 Cars for Ocean View and Virginia Beach. 
 
 The Geographical location of Norfolk, with its magnificent harbor, salt water 
 breeze and proximity to the Gulf Stream makes it an admirable "Winter resort. 
 
 Wild game abounds in the fields and rivers near by, affording fine sport to those 
 fond of hunting. 
 
 It is our intention to provide every modern improvement that can possibly con- 
 tribute to the comfort of our patrons, and liberally furnish our table with the best 
 the market can afford. 
 
 We respectfully refer to our experience at the Markham House, Atlanta, Ga., in 
 1879, 1880, and 1881, the St. James, New Orleans, winter of 1882 and 1883, and for 
 the past eleven Summers at Blue Ridge Springs, Va., at which latter place we hope to 
 again welcome our many friends. Terms $2.50 per day. 
 
 Hydraulic Passenger Elevator. Electric Bells in Bed Rooms. The Bell Telephone 
 in Office. 
 
 PHIL. F. BROWN & BRO., Proprietors. 
 
 BUS AND BAGGAGE WAGON ATTEND ALL DEPOTS AND STEAMERS 
 
52 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 Mmwmwwwrf r 
 
 
 to* 
 
 Botetonrt County, Virginia, 
 
 Immediately on the line of the Norfolk and Western Railroad, 
 on Summit of Blue Ridge Mountains, 
 
 41 Miles West of Lynchburg, Ya. 
 
 OPEN FOR VISITORS 
 
 V 
 
 THE 
 
 f f 4 H # ltflf_^i ~ 
 
 PHILIP P. BROWN, 
 
 (of Purcell House, Norfolk, Va.,j 
 
 PROPRIETOR. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 53 
 
 The Natural Bridge Hotels, 
 
 rpHE New Hotels, FOREST INN and APPLEDORE have 
 been united under one management; have a capacity for 
 three hundred guests, and are two miles from Natural Bridge 
 Station on the Shenandoah Valley Railroad, where the transfer 
 is made in Tally-Ho Coaches over an excellent road. The 
 Guests have the freedom of the grounds. 
 
 The Natural Bridge Forest 
 
 Includes three square miles, in which rise three principal mountains 600 
 feet above the plain, two of which are connected " by the bridge, not made 
 with hands, which spans the river, carries a highway and makes two moun- 
 tains one." Every eifort has been made to restore this area to its original 
 state. The farm houses have been destroyed, fences removed and the fields 
 sown in grass. Ten miles of carriage roads and bridle paths have been 
 made which lead to the monntain tops, and a park is laid out with drives, 
 lawns, open forests and vistas. Six or seven clear streams, bursting from 
 caves, leap into Cedar Creek in cascades and waterfalls. The great Bridge, 
 which stands next to Niagara of the wonders of the Continent, is of im- 
 stratified blue limestone, 80 feet wide, 60 feet span and 216 feet high; its 
 mighty groined arch is as perfect as if cut with chisels, and shows no sign 
 of cleft or displacement, or of its cause. It forms the gateway to a beautiful 
 glen, where there are great trees, waterfalls and precipices, based and 
 broidered with ferns, flowers, mosses and lichens. Within a few rods of 
 this bridge and in the heart of this wonderful and beautiful forest, the 
 Hotels are located, 1,600 feet above the sea, " in the path of the winds." 
 They will be elegantly furnished, and have water, gas and all modern con- 
 veniences, 
 
 The Stable is supplied with trained saddle-horses, and the order of out- 
 door life includes tournaments and cavalcades. The management invite 
 the pleasure-seeker and health-seeker. ' Every effort will be made to make 
 the place home-like. Horses can be hired at special rates by the week and 
 month. Private horses will be kept at $12 per month. 
 
 Access : Without change of cars from Philadelphia and New York via 
 Shenandoah Valley Eailroad. From Baltimore via Western Maryland or 
 Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. From Cincinnati and the West via Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Eailroad. From Eichmond and the East via Eichmond 
 and Alleghany Eailroad, From Memphis and the South via Norfolk and 
 Western Eailroad. For terms, etc., address 
 
 E. H. FISHER, Superintendent, 
 
 NATURAL BRIDGE, VIRGINIA. 
 
54 
 
 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 NEW ATLANTIC HOTEL, 
 
 Cor. MAIN and GRANBY STREETS, NORFOLK, TA. 
 
 TERMS: $2.50 and $3.00 PER DAY, According to Location. 
 
 T&. S. I>OJ3SO:iV 9 Proprietor. 
 
 Enlarged, remodelled and refurnished, rendering it one of the handsomest struct- 
 ures in the South, possessing all the modern improvements, including first-class 
 passenger elevator, electric bells, suites of rooms with hot and cold baths. 
 
 The especial attention of Tourists and Invalids is called to the fine climate of 
 Norfolk and vicinity, and to the accommodations afforded by the Atlantic, where 
 nothing will be left undone to render them comfortable. 
 
 JgpLiberal arrangements made with families and parties by the month, 
 betters and Telegrams to E. S. DODSO.N, will receive prompt attention. 
 
 BANKS AND BANKERS. 
 
 OW are your banking facilities?" is a question which is very 
 likely to be put by a capitalist or merchant who is in search 
 of a good investment for his money or a lively market for his 
 wares, for even capital and mercantile astuteness themselves are not inde- 
 pendent of the Clearing House. Banks form the great medium of exchange 
 between countries and communities, and not only constitute the bulwarks 
 of trade but also offer very frequently the safest and most satisfactory in- 
 vestment for floating capital. The amount now invested in Norfolk's 
 Banks aggregates something over two and a half millions of dollars, a sum 
 fully equal to all the demands which our trade is likely to make upon it. 
 Indeed it is among the happy experiences of our business men that money 
 can at any time be obtained on good commercial paper at reasonable rates. 
 The increase in the shipment of money into the country by our banks is 
 shown by the fact that one of them sent to North Carolina $1,500,000 in 
 currency in one month. 
 
 Our Banks are all busy all the year round, but in the cotton season they 
 are at their busiest, when it is hard to understand how prompt and accurate 
 settlements could be made without the machinery of the Clearing House 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 55 
 
 which was established in 1871 and is composed of the Presidents and Cash- 
 iers of the following Banks, namely: Exchange National Bank, John B. 
 Whitehead, President, George M. Bain, Jr., Cashier; Citizens' Bank, 
 Wm. H. Peters, President, Walter H. Doyle, Cashier ; Bank of Commerce, 
 James E. Barry, President, W. S. Wilkinson, Cashier ; Marine Bank, Wal- 
 ter H. Taylor, President, Hugh 1ST. Page, Acting Cashier ; Bank of Ports- 
 month, L. K. Watts, President, E. A. Hatton, Cashier, and the Banking 
 House of Burruss, Son & Co. 
 
 The following figures for which we are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. 
 Walter H. Doyle, the manager, show the respective totals of the Clearing 
 House transactions during the month of November in each year beginning 
 with 
 
 1876. |1,252,675.40 I 1880 $2,024,200.02 
 
 1877 1,117,280.26 1881 2,626,233.68 
 
 1878 1,230,756.26 1882 2,648,818.91 
 
 1879 1,500,925.61 11883 3,082,345.79 
 
 The Savings Banks of Norfolk, of which there are several, are conducted 
 on conservative and judicious principles and greatly assist in promoting 
 the material welfare of large numbers of our people — clerks, machanics, 
 laborers — who rely entirely upon their daily earnings and are unable to 
 lay by money except in small amounts. Wild speculation and commer- 
 cial gambling are as yet unknown here, and it is safe to assume that the 
 Financial Institutions of Norfolk, under their present competent manage- 
 ment, constitute together the strongest pillar in the edifice of our healtby 
 and growing trade. 
 
 WM. H. PETERS, President. WM. W. CHAMBERLAINS, Vice-Pres't. 
 
 WALTER H. DOYLE, Cashier. 
 
 OF NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 INCORPORATED UNDER STATE LAWS IN 1867. 
 
 Capital $50,000. - Surplus $35,000. 
 
 DIRECTORS = 
 
 WM. H. PETERS. WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE. GEO. C. REID. 
 
 CHAS. H. ROWLAND. T. A. WILLIAMS. J. G. WOMBLE. 
 
 WALTER H. DOYLE. 
 
 Bank of Discount and Deposit. Discount Days, Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 Interest allowed on Savings Deposits. Exchange Issued 
 
 on all Principal Cities of Europe. 
 
 C@MiE(M0NJS JflflDE /IP PR6MPTLY WIWED. 
 
 NEW YORK CORRESPONDENTS: 
 
 Bank of New York — National Banking Association. 
 
56 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK, 
 
 no 1 s£>ib:p£&3^ m, 
 
 Designated Depository and Financial Agent of the United States. 
 
 Authorized Capital, 
 Paid-in Capital, - 
 
 Surplus and Undivided Profits, 
 
 Hon. J. B. WHITEHEAD, 
 President. 
 
 JAMES G. BAIN, 
 Vice-President. 
 
 GEORGE M. BAIN, Jr. 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 JAMES H. TOOMER, 
 Asst. Cashier. 
 
 $500,000 
 300,000 
 300,000 
 
 Hon. J. B. WHITEHEAD 
 R. T. K. BAIN. 
 JAMES G. BAIN. 
 T. M. K. BAIN. 
 
 r. h. Mcdonald. 
 chas. jenkins. 
 oklando windsob. 
 
 STATEMENT of the condition of the Exchange National Bank, of Norfolk, Va., 
 at the close of business, December 31st, 1883. 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and Discounts $£ 
 
 U. S. Bonds to secure circulation 
 
 U. S. Bonds to secure deposits 
 
 U. S. Bonds on hand 
 
 Other stocks, bonds & mortgages. 
 
 Due from approved reserve agts. 
 
 Due from other National Banks. . 
 
 Due from State Banks & Bankers 
 
 Real estate, furniture & fixtures. 
 
 Checks and other cash items 
 
 Exchanges for clearing-house. .. 
 
 Bills of other Banks 
 
 Fractional paper currency, nick- 
 els and pennies 
 
 Specie , 
 
 Legal tender notes 
 
 Redempt'n fund with U.S. Treas- 
 urer (5 per ct. of circulation) 
 
 Due from U. S. Treasurer, other 
 ihan 5 per ct. redemption fund. 
 
 Total |4 379,306 20 
 
 ,776,456 55 
 
 300,000 00 
 
 175,000 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 175,972 33 
 
 335,272 33 
 
 22,191 14 
 
 99,657 77 
 
 71,998 33 
 
 16,389 88 
 
 26 306 13 
 
 48,800 00 
 
 39 40 
 
 65,100 00 
 
 250,000 00 
 
 13,500 00 
 
 2,422 34 
 
 379,206 20 
 
 LIABILITIES- 
 
 Capital Stock paid in $ 300,000 00 
 
 Snr plus fund.... 150,000 00 
 
 Undivided profits 145,876 73 
 
 National Bank notes outstanding 270,000 00 
 
 Dividends unpaid 16,110 00 
 
 Individual deposits subject to 
 
 check 2,411,810 69 
 
 Demand certificates of deposit... 407,191 66 
 
 Certified checks 9,396 35 
 
 Cashier's checks outstanding.... 100 95 
 
 United States deposits 29,064 86 
 
 Deposits of U.S. disbursing offi- 
 cers 122.584 88 
 
 Due to other National Banks . . 241.792 74 
 
 Due to State Banks and Bankers . 275,277 34 
 
 Total $4,379,206 20 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 57 
 
 L/it\L 
 
 {Chartered under Slate Laws, 1st July, 1878). 
 
 CAPITAL, $50,000. 
 
 SURPLUS, $30,000. 
 
 DIRECTORS : 
 
 JAS. E. BARRY, J. J), GALE, JAS. REID, SAM7L MARSH, 
 
 J. VICKERY, B. T. BOCKOVER, R. W. SANTOS, 
 
 W. A. GRAVES, W. S. WILKINSON. 
 
 TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS. COLLECTIONS MADE 
 
 ON ALL POINTS AT CURRENT RATES. INTEREST ALLOWED 
 
 ON DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. 
 
 New York Correspondent : NATIONAL PARK BANK. 
 
 Philadelphia Correspondent: FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 Boston Correspondent: MERCHANTS' NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 rn 
 
 v 
 
 OF NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 CHARTERED BY THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 W. H. TAYLOR, HUGH N. PAGE, 
 
 President. Acting Cashier. 
 
 Collections remitted for on clay of payment. No charge for collections 
 payable with exchange. No extra charge for collections on Rich- 
 mond, Petersburg, Lynchburg and Suffolk, Va. 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 JAS. T. BORUM, of W. F. Allen & Co. 4 Wholesale Grocers. 
 M. L. T. DAVIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co., Wholesale Grocers. 
 C. B. DUFFIELD. Attorney at Law. 
 
 W- W. GWATHMEY, of Gwathmey & Co., Commission Merchants. 
 L. HARMANSON, of Harmanson & Heath, Attorneys at Law. 
 B. P. LOYALL, of Taylor & Loyall, Family Grocers. 
 WASHINGTON REED, of Peters & Reed, Commission Merchants. 
 CHAS. REID, of Chas. Reid & Son, Commission Merchants. 
 WASHINGTON TAYLOR, of Washington Taylor & Co., Whole- 
 sale Grocers. 
 
58 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE j 
 
 BURRUSS, SON & CO., 
 
 suk©rs aind Brok 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 r 
 
 'i 
 
 Tender their services as Bankers, having special facilities for the collection of 
 NOTES and DRAFTS, payable in this city, or at any accessible points in this State 
 or North Carolina. WILL REMIT PROMPTLY ON DAY OF PAYMENT AT 
 THE LOWEST RATE OF EXCHANGE on NEW YORK. 
 
 EXCHANGE ISSUED ON ALL THE CITIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 Bonds, Stocks, Mining Shares and Securities bought, sold and negotiated on Com- 
 mission. 
 
 Virginia State Coupons, receivable lor all State Taxes, Dues and Licenses, sold at 
 a liberal discount. 
 
 Uncurrent Bills Southern Bank Notes, Mutilated Currency bought. Loans Nego- 
 tiated on Real Estate. Business Paper and Claims Discounted. 
 
 BUSINESS ACCOUNTS INVITED and INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME 
 DEPOSITS. 
 
 Particular attention paid to the purchase and sale of City and State Securities on 
 ORDERS. 
 
 Holders of Norfolk City Bonds furnished with Quotations as to the value and 
 character of the same. 
 
 Coupons and Interest collected by sending Power of Attorney. 
 
 New York Correspondents : Ninth National Bank, J, B. Colgate 
 & Co., Knaiith, Nachod & Kuline. 
 
 GEO. E. BOWDEN, Pres't, 
 
 GEO. S. OLDFIELD, V .-Pres't. 
 
 H. C. PERCY, Cashier. 
 
 THE HOME SATIS BAM, 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 STATE INSTITUTION - CHARTERED 1S74. 
 
 Transact a Legitimate Banking Business 
 
 in all its Branches. Buy and sell exchange on 
 all Principal Cities of Europe. 
 
 Collections in Virginia and North Carolina. 
 
 entrusted to us will receive prompt and 
 
 careful attention. 
 
 Cash Capital Paid in ■ • $20,000.00 
 
 Surplus 3,000.00 
 
 INTEREST PAID ON ALL SAVINGS DEPOSITS. 
 
 DIRECTORS : 
 
 GEO. E. BOWDEN. H. B. NICHOLS. J. B. GILLETT. S. E. BICKFORD- 
 
 F. RICHARDSON. PETEB TURNEY. GEO. S. OLDFIELD. 
 
 WM. N. ARMSTRONG. H. C. PERCY. 
 
 Deposits may be sent by Mail or Express and Bank Book will be promptly sent. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 59 
 
 CALDWELL HARDY, B. A. MARSDEN, HORACE HARDY, 
 
 President. Cashier. Asst. Cashier. 
 
 mm iar 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 CAPITAL 
 Subscribed $100,000. Paid in 
 
 Surplus - $40,000. 
 
 50,000. 
 
 Represents Messrs. Brown, Bros. & Co., of New York, and Messrs. Broavn, 
 Shipley & Co , of London, in their circular letters of Credit. 
 
 TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS and SOLICITS CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 Collections made on Richmond, Pretersburg, Lynchburg, Alexandria, and Dan- 
 ville, Va ; Raleigh, Wilmington, Elizabeth City and Charlotte, 1ST. C, and all other 
 accessible points in both States. 
 
 Refers to National City Eank, Mercantile National Bank, H. C. Hardy & Sons, New 
 
 York ; Merchants National Bank, Baltimore, Md.; National Bank 
 
 of the Republic, Eoston, Mass. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 O nothing more than to the railroads terminating at this point, does 
 Norfolk owe her material advancement, and scarcely any seaport 
 along the middle Atlantic coast enjoys greater facilities of the kind. 
 The Norfolk & Western (formerly the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio) Kail- 
 road, with its connections, traversing the States of Virginia, Tennessee, 
 Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, and intersecting other trunk lines 
 throughout the West and Southwest, covering thereby an immense 
 "freight field," rich and varied in its wonderful natural resources; the 
 Seaboard & Eoanoke Eailroad, extending to Weldon, North Carolina, and 
 being the connecting link between Norfolk and the great "Atlantic Coast 
 
60 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Line," a system reaching as far south as Jacksonville, Florida, and travers-. 
 ing a large portion of the " Cotton Belt ;" the gigantic Chesapeake & Ohio 
 Railroad system, now terminating at Newport's News, but soon to reach 
 Norfolk directly by means of immense barges, transporting the loaded 
 freight cars, and thus giving unbroken communication with the Pacific 
 coast; the Norfolk Southern Railroad from Norfolk to Elizabeth City and 
 Edenton, North Carolina, a short line but one that furnishes a fair quota 
 of traffic — these lines, all under active and intelligent control, have sought 
 deep water at Norfolk, and, as a consequence, the city, both as a port of 
 foreign trade and as a local business centre, is, as proven by statistics, 
 making such cheering progress, as to confirm the hope that she may yet be- 
 come the leading seaport city between New York and New Orleans, and 
 cause even these two great marts of trade to look well to their laurels. 
 
 In addition to the above lines, there are others now under construction 
 which, when completed, will greatly stimulate the growth and traffic of the 
 city. The chief and most important of these is the Eastern Shore Railroad, 
 from Delmar, Delaware, to Cherrystone, near Cape Charles, Virginia, 
 whence trains will be transported on powerful steam barges to Lambert's 
 Point, ten miles below Norfolk, there to connect with the city by means of 
 ,/ the Norfolk Terminal Railway, an extension of the Norfolk & Western 
 road to its coal piers and wharves at Lambert's Point. The Eastern Shore 
 Road is being built under the auspices of the great Pennsylvania Railroad 
 system, and will furnish very rapid transportation for passengers and 
 freight between Norfolk and Northern points. 
 
 The Chicago & Norfolk Railroad, an air line route between these two 
 cities, is being considered by foreign capitalists, and surveys of a part of 
 the distance have been made. 
 
 Surveys, too, are being made for the proposed line from Norfolk to tap 
 the Richmond and Danville System at Goldsboro, North Carolina, a plan 
 which, if consummated, will prove of immense benefit to the city, and con- 
 nect us with over 4,000 miles of rail through a highly prosperous section. 
 
 Of roads that are purely local, Norfolk has two, the Virginia Beach 
 Railroad and the Ocean View Railroad, both short narrow-gauge lines, 
 connecting the city, as their names would indicate, with adjacent watering 
 places. These lines do a fine freight and passenger business, and have 
 opened up a good truck section. 
 
 From the above exhibit, it will be seen that Norfolk is pre-eminently 
 blessed in the matter of rail connection with all points of the United 
 States. 
 
 -i 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 61 
 
 Norfolk and Western R.R. 
 
 THE GREAT TRUNK LINE 
 
 —TO THE— 
 
 SOUTH and SOUTHWEST 
 
 — ^IA— 
 
 LYNCHBURG AND BRISTOL. 
 
 The Quickest and Most Direct Route to 
 
 CHATTANOOGA, ATLANTA, 
 
 DECATUR, BIRMINGHAM, 
 
 JACKSON, MOBILE, 
 
 MEMPHIS, MONTGOMERY, 
 
 NASHVILLE, NEW ORLEANS, 
 
 HOT SPRINGS, GALVESTON, 
 
 -AND- 
 
 All Texas and Trans-Mississippi Points ! 
 
 —VIA— 
 
 MEMPHIS AND TEXARKANA. 
 
 —OR VIA— 
 
 NEW ORLEANS AND HOUSTON. 
 
 PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPING CARS 
 
 Between Lynchburg and New Orleans, and between 
 
 Lynchburg- and Memphis 
 
 ^WITHOUT CHANGE I 
 
 Tickets on Sale at all Coupon Offices. 
 
 JOS. H. SANDS, Gen'l Supt. 
 
 W. T- WALKE, Ticket Agt. 
 
 Under Atlantic Hotel, Norfolk, Va 
 
 A. POPE, Geii'l Pas.: Agent. 
 
62 
 
 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 NORFOLK AND WESTERN 
 
 BAILIOAB. 
 
 THE ONLY ALL-RAIL ROUTE 
 
 -BETWEEN- 
 
 r n 
 
 j 
 
 ALWA^ ^S TAKE THIS LIIVE 
 
 Via ffcT£R&RVn&> 
 
 And avoid 20 Miles of Ferry Transfer inci- 
 dent to other Routes. 
 
 DOUBLE DftiUY TRAINS! 
 
 TIME. ONLY 3 HOURS AND 50 MINUTES. 
 
 Special Arrangements made for Transportation of 
 
 Theatrical, Military f Civic Organizations, 
 
 UPON APPLICATION TO THE UNDERSIGNED. 
 
 J. F. CECIL, 
 
 W. T. WALKE, 
 
 TICKET AGENT, 
 
 Under Atlantic Hotel, Norfolk, Va 
 
 Agent N. & W. R. R. 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 JOS. H. SANDS, 
 
 General Supt. 
 
 A. POPE, 
 
 Gen'l Pas. & Ticket Agt. 
 
ITS PKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 63 
 
 THE OLD RELIABL: 
 
 Virginia, Tennessee & Georgia Air Line 
 
 from: 
 
 Boston, Providence, New York, 
 Philadelphia,. @ Baltimore, 
 
 A.TSri> FROM 
 
 TO A.IL.L POINTS 
 
 SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST. 
 
 Through Rates Given And Quick Time Made. All Claims 
 for Losses, Damages or Overcharges promptly Adjusted. 
 
 THIS I^ITVE: I© COMPOSED OF 
 
 Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co. from Boston and Providence ; Old Tominion 
 
 S.S. Co., from New York ; Phila , "Wilmington & Balto. R.E. and Clyde Line 
 
 Steamers from Philadelphia; Baltimore Steam Packet Co., from 
 
 Baltimore ; Norfolk ahd Western (A. M. & 0.) R.R; EastTenn.. 
 
 Va. & Georgia R.R; Memphis & Charleston R.R. 
 
 Nashville, Chat. & St. Louis R.R.; Western & Atlantic R.R.; Selma, Rome & Dalton 
 
 R.R.; Alabama Central R.R.; Vicksburg & Meridian R.R.; Mobile & Ohio R.R. 
 
 Illinois Central R.R , and their connections. 
 
 Have Your Goods Marked ; VA..TENN. & G-A. AIR, LINE. 
 
 Agents : 
 
 C. P. GAITHER, - - 290 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON 
 
 E. H. ROCKWELL, - - - INDIA POINT, PROVIDENCE 
 
 THOMAS PINCKNEY, GEN'L EASTERN AGENT, 303 BROADWAY, N. Y. 
 
 JOHN S. WILSON - - 44 S. FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 W. P. CLYDE & CO., • - 12 SOUTH WHARVES, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 W.H.FITZGERALD, - - 157 W. BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE 
 
 W. T. PAYNE, Agent Claims ancl Expenses, Norfolk, Va. 
 
64 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Via PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 EXPRESS FREIGHT LINE 
 
 BETWEEN ALL POINTS 
 
 » 
 
 mm 
 
 I Iff fl*TTO^tf%/WE 
 
 Is SB m 
 
 ■'1 
 
 STEAMSHIPS TO POETSMOUTH, THKNCE IN THEOUGH 
 
 CAES VIA EALEIGH, HAMLET, CHARLOTTE, 
 
 ATLANTA, AND ALL POINTS SOUTH 
 
 AND SOUTH-WEST. 
 
 SHIP FROM THE NORTH 
 
 BY THE FOLLOWING LINES : 
 
 BOSTON— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, 
 PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore S. S, Co., 
 NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company, 
 PHILADELPHIA— Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
 
 Railroad, 
 PHILADELPHIA— Clyde Line. 
 BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Packet Company, 
 
 For further information apply to 
 
 F. W. CLARK, 
 
 General Agent. 
 
 SOL HAAS, 
 
 Traffic Manager 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 65 
 
 THE GBBAT 
 
 £ltfaifltic Coast (Line 
 
 Via PORTSMOUTH, VA., ^ 
 
 TO AND FROM 
 
 Boston, Providence, New York, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, NORFOLK, 
 
 AND ALL 
 
 STERN CITIES, 
 
 TO ALL POINTS 
 
 Observe the Following Excellent Schedule of Connections : 
 
 BOSTON — Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company. 
 
 PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamship Co. 
 NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA— Canton Inside Line yia P. W. & B. R.R. 
 BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 
 
 For Further Information Apyly to 
 
 SOL HAAS, 
 
 Traffic Manager. 
 
66 
 
 1ST0EF0LK AS A BUSINESS CENTBE 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 The only Seaside Resort near Norfolk is 
 
 •^VIRGINIA BEACH,* 
 
 Situated immediately on the Ocean, six miles South of Cape Henry. 
 
 jL J. 
 
 is now completed, and trains depart frequently during the day for that 
 The Company has erected a 
 
 MA©MIFICBMT PAVHIOK! 
 
 and the Cars run into it, affording shelter for several thousand persons. 
 
 An extensive dining room, capable of seating 800 persons at one time, 
 is now ready, and 100 rooms to accommodate those who may desire to re- 
 main over night. 
 
 Bath Houses are provided for those who desire 
 
 HOT OR COLD BATHS, 
 
 and the SURF cannot be excelled by any on the Atlantic Coast. 
 
 The Beach at low water offers an attractive drive, and LINK HORN 
 and LYNNHAVEN BAYS, so celebrated for oysters and fish, are so 
 near that parties may enjoy the sport of sailing and fishing at any time. 
 
 Lots for Hotels, Cottages and Clubs may be leased or purchased on rea- 
 sonable terms, on application to 
 
 MARSHALL PARKS, President, 
 Or H. W. PAGE, Secretary. NORFOLK, VA. 
 
" 9 j " J v ■ 
 
 ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 67 
 
 «m w W w h nn rS h« hi njnjiii ni wi w nn 
 
 THE QUICK AND RELIABLE DAILY EOUTE TO 
 
 IA§TEB¥ IOBTJI CABOMIA^ 
 FOR FREIGHT AND PASSENGERS, 
 
 ELIZABETH CITY. 
 
 With Old Dominion Steamship Company's Steamer Shenandoah, for Newberne, every Monday 
 and Thursday. With Clyde Steamer for Washing-ton and all points on Tar River. 
 
 Also with Company's Steamers MARY E. ROBERTS and MARTHA E. DICKERMAN, 
 which leave Elizabeth City every Wednesday and Saturday, for Columbia, SpruiU's Bridge, 
 Creswell, Fairfield, Gum Neck, and other Landings on the Pasquatank, Little Perquimans, 
 Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers. 
 
 EDENTON, 
 
 With Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamboat Company's U. S. Mail Steamer Plymouth, 
 for all landings on the Roanoke River, connecting at Jamesville with J. & W. R.R. for Wash- 
 ington, and at Williamston, with trains of Albemarle and Raleigh Railroad for Tarboro and 
 other Stations. 
 
 Connection is made with Steamer for Windsor and for points on the Chowan River. 
 
 Through rates to all points and close connection at Norfolk with Steam Lines to and from 
 Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, etc. . . 
 
 Through tickets on sale at Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York and at principal 
 Stations. 
 
 M. K. KING, H. C. HUDGINS, 
 
 General Manager. General Frt. and Pas. Agent. 
 
 OCEAH YIEW RAILROAD & HOTEL CO. 
 
 The Seaside Summer Resort of Virginia. 
 
 Trains Run at Short lnteryals Daily between Norfolk and Ocean View. 
 
 This delightful and unsurpassed Summer Resort will be open for the accommoda- 
 tion of Guests 
 
 ON MAY (ST OF EACH YEAR. 
 
 The location is the most desirable on the Middle Atlantic Seaboard, being in full 
 view of Capes Charles and Henry, the Kip-Raps, with unequalled surf bathing and 
 fishing within a stone's throw of the door. The fresh, invigorating breezes render 
 the days delightfully temperate, while the nights are cool and enjoyable. 
 
 The CUISINE includes every luxury of the season, while Guests receive every 
 attention and are provided with every possible comfort. 
 
 The Buildings have recently been enlarged and otherwise improved. As a Sum- 
 mer Resort it offers unexcelled advantages. 
 
 For further information, apply by telegraph or mail to 
 
 \orfolk and Oeean View Railroad and Hotel Company, 
 
 OCEAN VIEW, VA. 
 
NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 STEAMSHIP AND STEAMBOAT LINES. 
 
 ORFOLK'S magnificent harbor and her central position on the At- 
 lantic seaboard of the United States have combined to make her a 
 most important Sea-port City and the enormous quantities of pro- 
 duce which almost naturally find their way here for shipment led, even in 
 the earliest days of her commercial growth, to the establishment of regu- 
 lar lines of sailing vessels to carry away her accumulations of grain and 
 other mercantile commodities to distant American and Foreign markets. 
 In due course of time steam superceded canvas and the lines of sailing 
 vessels trading with Norfolk were replaced by the predecessors of the mag- 
 nificent lines of steamers which now make regular and frequent trips to 
 and from our City. When business was resumed after the close of the 
 civil war in 1865, a few steamers of indifferent construction and limited 
 capacity were put upon our waters, but as trade grew and the demand for 
 increased facilities became more imperative, larger, finer and greatly im- 
 proved vessels for passenger and freight traffic were added from time to 
 time and the old ones withdrawn. It is not our intention to give any 
 lengthy history of the various lines now carrying our trade, nor to enter 
 into detailed description of the magnificent steamships employed, for it 
 would require great space and greater skill to do justice to the subject, 
 but we are constrained to say that the management of these lines is in the 
 hands of most competent men who fully appreciate the requirements of our 
 trade and exercise great energy and ability in the conduct of our immense 
 transportation business, which has made our harbor famous among the 
 great sea-ports of the world. 
 
 The various railroads terminating at Norfolk form the inland connec- 
 tions of these steamship lines, and through bills of lading are issued be- 
 tween all points in the United States. . 
 
ITS PBINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 69 
 
 THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 
 
 Among the many great institutions which lend their aid in develop- 
 ing Norfolk's commercial importance and in establishing her claim 
 to be ranked among the leading seaports of the nation, the Old Do- 
 minion Steamship Company is undoubtedly entitled to the most promi- 
 nent mention. In 1867, when the echoes of the terrible Civil Strife had 
 hardly died away, and when Virginia lay crushed in spirit and bankrupt 
 in resources, this Company was established in succession to the old New 
 York and Virginia Steamship Company, and has since that date gradu- 
 ally increased in wealth and favor until it has become one of the most 
 substantial and influential corporations in the country. Its magnificent 
 fleet of ocean and river steamers ply between this port and New York, 
 City Point, Kichmond, Newberne and Washington. (North Carolina), and 
 many minor points on the sounds and rivers of the Old North State; and 
 also to Hampton, Old Point, Fortress Monroe, Smith field, Cherrystone, 
 Yorktown and Matthews. The fleet comprises about twenty-five iron and 
 wooden vessels aggregating over 20,000 tons burthen. 
 
 The distance between New York and Norfolk is 285 nautical miles, and 
 the steamers of this line generally make the trip in 25 hours, with great 
 regularity. 
 
 The passenger accommodations of the Old Dominion steamships are of 
 the most comfortable and luxurious character ; the saloons are substan- 
 tially and elegantly furnished, the tables well supplied, and in fact the 
 vessels are wanting in nothing calculated to make a trip upon them enjoy- 
 able in the extreme. During the Company's career of seventeen years 
 not a single life entrusted to its care has been lost. Through the worst 
 storms and series of marine disasters these steamships have always passed 
 in perfect safety. When the larger of them steam up the river they look 
 as though they were conscious of their beauty, and under the skillful man- 
 agement of their officers, glide quickly but majestically into their docks, 
 there to be relieved of their immense cargoes. 
 
 The parent offices of the Company are at 197 Greenwich Street, New 
 York. The principal officers are : Commodore N. L. McCready, Presi- 
 dent; W. H. Stanford, Secretary, and H. A. Bourne, Superintendent. In 
 Norfolk Messrs. Culpeper & Turner represent the Company's interests, 
 with their office on the extensive wharf property on Water Street, imme- 
 diately at the foot of Church Street. In every department of the Com- 
 pany's service, experience and efficiency are the stepping-stones to prefer- 
 ment. 
 
 The following is a list of the principal steamers owned by the Old Do- 
 minion Steamship Company : 
 
 The Roanoke, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 2,354, Geo. W. Couch, Master ; 
 New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The Guyandotte, iron propeller, passengers aud freight, 2,35 1 tons, J, A. Kelly, 
 Master : New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The Old Dominion, iron side-wheel steamship, passengers and freight, 2,222 tons, 
 G. M. Walker. Master; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The Wyanoke, iron side-wheel steamship, passengers and freight, 2,06S tons, J. G. 
 Hulphers, Master; New York Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The RicaMOND, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 1,436 tons, Richard Boaz, 
 Master , New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The Manhattan, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 1,400 tons, Frank Stevens, 
 Master ; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
70 .NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 The Breakwater, Jron propeller, paesengers and freight, 1,110 tons, N. H. Jenny, 
 Master ; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The Northampton, wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 400 tons, P. Mc- 
 Carrick, Master ; daily between Norfolk and Old Point, and tri-weekly between Norfolk, 
 Cherrystone, Mathews, Yorktown and Gloucester Point. 
 
 The Accomack, wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 434 tons, 0. G. Delk, 
 master; daily between Old Point and Hampton, and four times a week to Smithfield. 
 
 The Shenandoah, wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 330 tons, T. M. 
 Southgate, master ; Norfolk and the sounds of North Carolina. 
 
 The Ltjray ; wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 330 tons, George Schermer- 
 horn, master ; Norfolk and Newport's News. 
 
 The Newberne, iron propeller, passengers and freight , 400 tons ; W. T. Pritchett, 
 master; Norfolk and Washington, N. C, via the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. 
 
 The Pamlico, wooden propeller, passengers and freight, 252 tons, A. A. Blake man, 
 master; Norfolk and Washington, N. O, via the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. 
 
 A magnificent new iron propeller for passengers and freight, is now be- 
 ing built for the Company at John Eoache's celebrated yard at Chester, 
 Pa. She will be much larger that any of the other steamers of this fleet 
 and will have nearly one- third greater capacity. She will be ready to 
 put on the line about the 10th of next September, (1884). 
 
 THE BALTTMOEE STEAM PACKET COMPANY. 
 
 (OLD BAY LINE.) 
 
 This Company owns and operates the most magnificent passenger 
 steamers on the Atlantic coast. They are the palace steamers of Chesa- 
 peake Bay, being new, adapted to a high rate of speed, beautiful in form, 
 substantial in construction, and furnished most sumptuously. With trav- 
 ellers this line is regarded as one of the finest and best in the country, 
 forming a portion of the popular route between the North and South. 
 Under the able management of the president, Col. John M. Kobinson, as- 
 sisted by a corps of competent officers, the Company has become one of the 
 most thoroughly equipped in the country, and lias proved itself of great 
 service in advancing the best interests of Norfolk. 
 
 The Norfolk offices of the Company are at the Bay Line wharf, foot of 
 West Main street, and Mr. E. B. Cooke is the agent. In Portsmouth, the 
 Company's offices are at the depot of the Seaboard and Eoanoke Eailroad. 
 
 The steamers of the Bay Line make close connection at Portsmouth 
 with the regular passenger trains of the Seaboard and Eoanoke Eailroad, 
 for all points South and South-west, and at Baltimore with the Philadel- 
 phia, Wilmington and Baltimore Eailroad, for Philadelphia, New York 
 and all points North; with the Baltimore and Ohio, Northern Central 
 and Pennsylvania Bailroads for the North and North-west ; with the Allan, 
 Continental, West India & Pacific, and Hopper & Johnson steamship 
 Lines for Liverpool; with the Continental for London and North German 
 Lloyd's for Bremen. The steamers of the Bay Line are: 
 
 The Carolina, iron side- wheeler, 984 tons, built in 1877 ; 75 state-rooms, passenger 
 capacity 500, W. C. Whittle, master. 
 
 TheFLOBiDA, wooden side-wheeler, 1,280 tons, built in 1876; 75 state-rooms, passenger 
 capacity 500, A. K. Cralle, master. 
 
 The Virginia, iron side-wheeler, 1,300 tons, built in 1879; 80 state-rooms, passenger 
 capacity 500, J. D. Dawes, master. 
 
 The Seaboard, iron propeller, for freight, 662 tons, L. B. Eddens, master. 
 
 The PiOanoke, iron propeller, for freight, 531 tons, Carter, master. 
 
 The Transit, wooden propeller, 475 tons, North, master. 
 
 The Westover, iron propeller, tons, John S. Eldredge, master. 
 
 The Gaston, iron propeller, 846 tons, for freight, Bloodsworth, master. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 71 
 
 THE CANTON INSIDE LINE 
 
 is a daily fast freight line operated by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
 Baltimore Railroad Company in connection with the freight steamers of 
 the Bay Line, between Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia and all points 
 North, having the same connections here as the Baltimore Steam Packet 
 Company; and at Philadelphia with the American Steamship Company's 
 steamships for Liverpool and Antwerp. Over these lines through bills of 
 lading are issued. 
 
 THE CLYDE LINES. 
 
 Of the great steamship interests controlled by Messrs. W. P. Clyde & 
 Co., of Philadelphia and New York, it is not within onr province to treat 
 in this volume, except in so far as their influence has aided the de- 
 velopment of our City and State. Their New England lines and coast 
 lines to the other seaboard States, their lines to the West Indies and South 
 American ports have all, we believe, secured a profitable trade, but with 
 them we have no concern at present. The enterprising owners have, how- 
 ever, established two lines for carrying freight to and from Norfolk, and 
 these are under the able management of Captain James W. McCarrick, 
 General Southern agent, whose office is at the Company's wharves in this 
 City. 
 
 The following vessels compose Clyde's regular local fleet, but others are 
 always ready to lend their assistance when the exigencies of our large 
 trade require their services. 
 
 The Wyoming, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, James A. Smith, master; Philadelphia, 
 Norfolk and Richmond. 
 
 The Pioneer, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, S. C. Piatt, master; Philadelphia, Nor- 
 folk and Richmond. 
 
 The Ashland, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, J. S. Tunnsll, master; Philadelphia, 
 Norfolk and Richmond 
 
 The Goldsboro, wooden propeller, 1,000 tons, R.F.Jones, master; Baltimore, 
 Norfolk, Newberne and Washington, N. C. 
 
 The Experiment, wooden propeller, 400 tons, R. H. Cannon, master; Biltimore, 
 Norfolk, Newberne and Washington, N. C. 
 
 The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons, W. L. Pierce, master ; Baltimore, Norfolk, 
 Newberne and Washington, N. O. 
 
 The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, E. D. Poiner, master; Baltimore, Nor- 
 folk, Newberne and Washington, N. C. 
 
 THE DISMAL SWAMP CANAL STEAMERS. 
 
 These steamers ply regularly through the Dismal Swamp Canal and 
 their cargoes are generally very large each way. Captain Henry Roberts, 
 the able and energetic superintendent of the canal, is also superintendent 
 of the steamboat line, and his office is on Taylor's wharf, Water Street, one 
 door west of the Clyde Line wharf. The Dismal Swamp Canal will admit 
 sharp built vessels drawing five feet of water, and lighter built vessels four 
 feet. The locks will admit 96 feet length and 16J feet breadth of beam. 
 The steamers and their routes are as follows : 
 
 Wm. B. Rogers, wooden propeller, 70 tons ; Norfolk, Elizabeth City and all land- 
 ings on Dismal Swamp Canal. 
 
 Thomas Newtos, wooden propeller, 70 tons ; Norfolk, Elizabeth City and all 
 landings on the Dismal hwamp Canal 
 
 J. VV. Harring, wooden propeller, 40 tons; Norfolk, Suffolk, Whaleyville and all 
 landings on Nausemond River. 
 
 I. D. Coleman, wooden propeller ; Norfolk, Columbia, Spruill's Bridge and all 
 landings on Scuppernong River. 
 
72 KOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 THE MERCHANTS' AND MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COM- 
 PANY. 
 
 This Company is one of the most useful and enterprising corporations 
 having any direct interest in Norfolk's welfare, in which, of late years, it 
 has heen a consistent and prominent factor. By means of its magnificent 
 line of steamships, which compare favorably with those of any line trad- 
 ing along our extended seaboard, we are brought within a 48 hours' run of 
 Boston and 36 hours of Providence, R. I. Besides the steamers which 
 make their regular trips directly between these Northern Cities and Nor- 
 folk, there are others owned by the same Company which extend the 
 trips as far south as Charleston, S. C, and Savannah, Ga., calling at this 
 port when occasion requires. The spacious wharves at the west end of 
 Main Street owned by the Boston Wharf and Warehouse Company, are 
 occupied by the Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, of 
 which latter Corporation General V. D. Groner is the efficient general 
 agent, with his office at this port. The vessels owned by the Company 
 are as follows : 
 
 The Decatur H. Millar, 2,296 tons, Solomon Howes, Master ; Norfolk and 
 Boston. 
 
 The Berkshire, 2,011 tons, F. M. Howes, Master; Norfolk and Boston. 
 
 The Alleghany, 2,014 tons, Wm. A. Hallett, Master; r>orfolk and Boston. 
 
 The George Appold. 1.456 tons, H. D. Foster, Master; Norfolk and Providence. 
 
 Ihe Blackstjne, 1,147 tons, E. E. Kent. Master; Norfolk and Providence. 
 
 The William Kennedy, 974 tons. J. 0. Parker, Master; Norfolk and Providence. 
 
 The John Hopkins, 1,470 tons, J. S. Marsh, Jr., Master; Baltimore and Savan- 
 nah, Ga. 
 
 The William Crane, 1,416 tons, J. C. Taylor, Master ; Baltimore and Savannah, 
 Ga. 
 
 The "William Lawrence, 1,049 tons, T. A. Hooper, Master; Baltimore and Sa- 
 vannah, Ga. 
 
 The McClellan, 954 tons, G. W. Billups, Master ; Baltimore and Charleston, S. C 
 
 The Saragossa, 788 tons, E. R. Warren, Master ; Baltimore and Charleston. S. C. 
 
 The steamers of this Company connect here with the several Railroads 
 having their termini at Norfolk, in addition to which they call at New- 
 port's News and West Point where they make connection with the systems 
 of the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Richmond & Danville Railroads, re- 
 spectively. 
 
 ROANOKE, NORFOLK AND BALTIMORE STEAMBOAT COM- 
 PANY. 
 
 (BOANOKE BIVER LINE.) 
 
 This Company was organized in 1880, and has already given substantial 
 assistance in influencing the North Carolina produce trade to this market. 
 Its principal executive officers are residents of Williamston, North Caro- 
 olina, and its agent in this City is Captiain Wm. E. Hudgins, whose of- 
 fice is at the Company's warehouses on Hunter's (formerly Old Bay Line) 
 Wharf at the east end of Water Street. The Steamers of the Company 
 pass through the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal and run regularly be- 
 tween Baltimore, Norfolk and Roanoke River. They are as follows : 
 
 The Conoho, iron propeller, 3CG tons, Captain Knight. 
 
 The Meteor, iron propeller, 337 tons, Captain Latham. 
 
 The iron barge Astoria is towed, when necessary for freight purposes, by the 
 steamers of the line. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 73 
 
 These steamers, in addition to their Carolina freight business, take 
 freight between Norfolk and Baltimore, at which City Mr. A. M. Walker 
 is the agent and has his office at No. 4 Spear's Wharf. 
 
 TAYLOK'S ROANOKE LINE. 
 
 This line has proved of great value in carrying passengers and freight 
 between Norfolk and the various landings on the Roanoke River, North 
 Carolina,by the new iron steamer Lucy, Captain Vincent, with capacity for 
 400 bales of cotton, which leaves Higgins' Wharf, in this City every Tues- 
 day at 4 P. M. Mr. B. Taylor, whose office is at the east end of Water 
 Street, is agent and owner. 
 
 THE ALBEMAKLE & CHESAPEAKE CANAL. 
 
 The great Canal System of which this forms an important link in con- 
 nection with the Chesapeake & Delaware and Delaware & Earitan Canals, 
 provides direct and safe inland navigation for steamboats, sailing vessels, 
 rafts, &c, from New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore to Virginia, North 
 Carolina and the South, avoiding the dangers and delays attending the 
 ontside voyage and saving insurance. This system again connects with 
 the Erie Canal at New York and small steamers or vessels towed by tug 
 boats can thus pass from the sounds of North Carolina to Buffalo, N. Y., 
 without unloading, and thence by the great Lake routes to Chicago and 
 other Western and Northwestern points. 
 
 FOR BOSTON, PROVIDENCE 
 
 AND LIVERPOOL. 
 
 THE Op DIRECT Llf TO BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE! 
 
 ■ • 
 
 The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Co. 
 
 ARE NOW RUNNING THEIR NEW AND FIRST-CLASS STEAMSHIPS 
 
 FOR BOSTON 
 
 Leaving Norfolk every Tuesday and Friday. 
 
 FOR PROVIDEISTOE, 
 
 Leaving Norfolk every Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 for &j±-vj±isrisrji.tt :> 
 
 Leaving twice each week. 
 
 FOK CHARLESTON - , S. O., 
 
 Leaving every five days. 
 
 For LIVERPOOL, by the Cunard, Warren and Leland Lines, from 
 Boston each week. 
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION APPLY TO 
 
 Y. D. GRONER, Gen'l Agent, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
74 
 
 in 
 
 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 HA! 
 
 ] Mil 5TEMI COMPANY'S K 
 
 TO AND FROM 
 
 NEW YORK, 
 
 ROANOKE, RICHMOND, 
 
 G-UYANDOTTE, WYANOKE, 
 
 OLD DOMINION, BREAKWATER, 
 
 MANHATTAN. 
 
 PasseDger Steamer leaves NORFOLK for NEW YORK at 6 P.M., every Mon- 
 day, Wednesday and Saturday, and leaves NEW YORK for NORFOLK at 3 P.M. 
 every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. 
 
 FOR EICHMOND. — Steamers leave Norfolk every Sunday, Wednesday and 
 Friday Nights, arriving at Eichmond next morning. 
 
 Steamers NORTHAMPTON, LURAY and ACCOMACK, sailing daily, except 
 Sunday, run a regular morning and afternoon schedule between Norfolk, Old Point, 
 Hampton, Newport's News and Smitlifield. These Steamers connect at Newport's 
 News with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, East and West bound, and make tri. 
 weekly trips to Cherrystone, Mathews, and Ware Eiver. 
 
 Steamers leave Norfolk for Cherrystone, Monday, Wednesday and Friday A.M., 
 and for Mathews and Ware River, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday A.M. 
 
 For NEWBERNE, N. C, and points on NEUSE and TRENT Rivers, Steamer 
 SHENANDOAH leaves Elizabeth City, N. C. every Monday and Thursday, connect- 
 ing with trains of the Norfolk Southern Railroad. 
 
 For WASHINGTON, N. C. and points on TAR and PAMLICO Rivers,- Steamer 
 NEWBERNE leaves Norlolk (via Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal) every Monday 
 and Thursday Morning for Washington, N. C, direct. Freight received daily, except 
 Sunday. 
 For further information apply to 
 
 CULPEPER & TURNER, Agents. 
 
ITS PR CIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 75 
 
 SIM 
 
 ♦ £ * i? 't ? 
 
 BAY LINE. 
 
 i i i. 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 CAROLINA, 
 VIRGINIA, 
 GASTON 
 
 TRANSIT, 
 ROANOKE, 
 SEABOARD, 
 W WESTOVER, 
 
 Daily Passenger and Fast Freight Route, 
 
 BETWEEN BALTIMORE, OLD POINT, NORFOLK, PORTSMOUTH, AND 
 ALL POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST. 
 
 Passenger Steamers leave BALTIMORE daily except Sundays) from foot of Union Dock, at 
 7 P.M., and from Canton Wharf at 8:45 P.M., on arrival of Express Train, which leaves NEW 
 YORK at 3:20 P.M., and PHILADELPHIA at 5:30 P.M. 
 
 Passengers leave WASH INOTON at 5:30 P.M., connecting with Steamer at Canton Wharf. 
 Connect at PORTSMOUTH with Express train Seaboard & Roanoke R.R. for all points South. 
 
 Going NORTH leave PORTSMi H'TH 6 P.M., NORFOLK at (5:30 P M., and connect at Can- 
 ton Wharf, BALTIMORE, with Express Irain for PHILADELPHIA a' d NEW YORK, reach- 
 ing PHILADELPHIA at 11 A.M., and NEW YORK at 1 P M. BAY LINK also connects at 
 BALTIMORE for WASHINGTON CITY and all points WEST and NORTH-WEST. 
 
 THE BAY LINE DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE, 
 
 Connects BALTIMORE via the Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia Air Line at NORFOLK, with 
 all points in South Side and South-Western Virginia, Tennessee, Geo'gia, Alabama and Mis- 
 sissippi; and via the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line at PORTSMOUTH, with all 
 points in North and South Carolina. Georgia, and all points South and South-West. Connects 
 Norfolk and Portsmouth via Baltimore and Ohio Hailroad and Northern Central Railway; 
 with all points West, via " North German Lloyd's L'ne," with Bremi-n, "Allan," " Con- 
 tinental," "West India and Pacific," "Hooper and Johnston's" Steamship Lines for 
 Liverpool, "Continental" Line for London, Havre: -'Tully Line for London and New- 
 castle-on-Tyne— over all of which through Bih of Lading and rates are issued. 
 FREIGHT RECEIVED AND FORWARDED TWICE DAILY, EXCEPT SUNDAY. 
 
 R. B. COOKE, Agent. 
 
 \Kstm i 
 
 ONLY DABLY FREIGHT ROUTE BETWEEN 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 Connecting PHILADELPHIA at NORFOLK via the Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia Air 
 Line, and at Portsmouth with the Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line for all points 
 South and South-West. 
 
 To insure di>patch, mark and ship your goods via Canton Inside L,ine. Goods re- 
 ceived in Philadelphia at Depots of P. W. & B. R.R.; in Norfolk and Portsmouth at wharves 
 of BAY LINE. 
 
 TRUCK is received for Philadelphia on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays. 
 
 JSP~For particulars enquire of 
 
 R. B. COOKE, Agent. 
 
 JOHN S. WILSON, Gen'l Freight Agent, 
 
76 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 P 
 
 CLYDE'S 
 
 oastwise and West India 
 
 STEAM m^k LINES, 
 
 BETWEEN 
 New York and Charleston, S. C. 
 
 New York and Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 New York, Hayti & San Domingo. 
 Philadelphia, Richmond & Norfolk. 
 Philadelphia and New York. 
 
 Philadelphia and Charleston, S. C. 
 Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. 
 and Alexandria, Va. 
 
 Baltimore, Norfolk, Newberne, 
 
 and Washington, N. C. 
 
 Philadelphia, Richmond and Norfolk Line. 
 
 WM. P. CLYDE & CO., General Managers, 
 
 No. 35 Broadway, New York, - 12 South Wharves, Philada. 
 JAS. W. McCARRIOK, Gen'l Southern Agent, Norfolk, Ya. 
 
ITS PKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 77 
 
 Dismal Swamp Canal Company, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 (RE-ORGANIZED DECEMBER 1st, 1880.) 
 
 Connecting the Waters of Chesapeake Bay with 
 Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, N. C. 
 
 The recent extensive improvements by dredging and otherwise, securing a 
 
 uniform depth of water throughout recommend this route as a 
 
 desirable medium of transportation between the waters 
 
 of Virginia and North Carolina. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 Hon. JNO. B WHITEHEAD, President. 
 
 Capt. HENRY ROBERTS, Superintendent. 
 S. W. GA.RY, Collector. 
 
 H. C. WHITEHEAD, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 DIRECTORS : 
 
 W. H. C. ELLI-J, C. W. NEWTON, J-vMES Y. LE GH, 
 
 CICERO BURRUSS. 
 
 STEAMERS. 
 
 OFFICE, TAYLOR'S WHARF, one door West of Clyde's Line, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Steamers WM. B. ROGERS and THOS. NEWTON, 
 
 Leave for Elizabeth City and Landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal 
 
 SEMI-WEEKLY. 
 
 Steamer J. W. HARRING, 
 
 Leaves for Suffolk, Whaleyville and Landings on the Nansemond Eiver, 
 SEMI-WEEKLY. 
 
 Steamer I. D. COLEMAN, 
 
 Leaves for Columbia, Spruill's Bridge and all Landings on the Scupper- 
 
 nong Eiver, 
 
 EVERY THURSDAY. 
 
 g@T> Freights for all points received daily from 8 A.M. to 6 P. M. 
 Lowest Rates guaranteed. 
 
 HENRY ROBERTS, Superintendent 
 
78 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 INLAND NAVIGATION. 
 
 THE 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and Dela- 
 ware and Raritan Canal, 
 
 COMPLETE THE INLAND NAVIGATION FEOM 
 
 By 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA AND THE SOUTH. 
 
 Canals and Inland Navigation for steamboats, sailing vessels, rafts, &c. 
 avoiding the dangers of Hatteras and the Coast of North Carolina, 
 SAVING TIME AND INSUEANCE. 
 
 DIMEIVSIOJVS OF CAJYAXS A]VB> LOCKS 
 
 CANAL. 
 
 LOCKS. 
 
 Length. Width. Depth. 
 
 12 miles. 220 ft. 40 ft. 7 ft. 
 2 " unfinished. 
 5 " no locks. 
 
 1-t " 220 24 9 " 
 
 43 " 220 21 7 '• 
 
 345 " 110 18 7 " 
 
 Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, 
 New Berne and Beaufort Canal, - 
 Fairfield Canal, _--•-- 
 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, 
 Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
 Erie (New York) Canal - 
 
 JtST-Light draft Steamers for Charleston, Savannah, Florida and West 
 Indies take this route. 
 
 For rates of tolls, maps, charts, &c, apply to 
 
 MARSHALL PARKS, 
 
 President A. & O. Canal Co., and New Berne and Beaufort Canal Co. 
 Office, 55 Broadway, New York. NORFOLK, VA. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 79 
 
 Jno. D. Biggs, Pres't. Williamston, N.C. J. "W. Davenport, Sec'y. , Williamston, N.C 
 D. D. Simmons, Treasurer, "Williamston, N. C. 
 
 Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamboat Co. 
 
 Hunter's (formerly Old Bay Line) Wharf, - NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 Steamers METEOR and CONOHO, with Barge Astoria, are running 
 regularly, making a weekly line between 
 
 BALTIMORE, NORFOLK and the ROANOKE RIVER. 
 
 Steamer PLYMOUTH connects at Edenton with the Norfolk Southern 
 Railroad and at Williamston with the Albemarle & Raleigh Railroad for 
 Tarboro and intermediate Stations on the Road. Freight taken for the 
 Roanoke River or to Baltimore as low as by any other line. 
 
 Freight received daily (Sundays excepted) from 8 A.M. to Sunset. 
 
 For further information apply to 
 
 W. E. HUDGINS, Agent. 
 
 VA. 
 
 : ommission Merchant 
 
 HIGGINS' WHARF, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Special attention paid to the handling of Cotton , Staves, 
 Shingles , (Peanuts and all other Country (Products. 
 
 ALSO, GENEEAL AGENT FOR 
 
 TAYLOR'S ROANOKE LINE. 
 
 The New Iron Steamer LUCY 
 
 Will leave Higgins' Wharf every TUESDAY at 12 M., for all landings on the 
 Roanoke River as high up as Norfleet's Landing. Freight received daily at Higgins' 
 W harf, and will be carried as ?ow as by any other line. 
 
80 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE; 
 
 AGRICULTURE, TRUCKING- AND REAL 
 
 ESTATE. 
 
 THAT " Real Estate is the basis of all wealth " is a fact so well under- 
 stood that it requires no additional proof, and admits of no success- 
 ful contradition, and this volume would be incomplete unless it 
 touched briefly, at least, upon Norfolk's real estate and agricultural inter- 
 ests. It is not practical, however, within the limited space allotted to this 
 topic to enter into an exhaustive discussion of its merits. We shall there- 
 fore content ourselves with calling attention to a few of the more promi- 
 nent features of the subject. Three conditions are essential to the success 
 of the agriculturalist: first, he must have a fairly productive soil; second, 
 a favorable climate, and third, a good market. With these points in his 
 favor, his success is sure, provided he brings to bear a fair amount of 
 energy, capital and skill, in pursuing his calling We will now see how this 
 section compares with others as regards the three important conditions 
 above mentioned. The North has a fairly " productive soil," and a " good 
 market," but lacks the " favorable climate." The West has a good soil, 
 but is sadly deficient in both markets and climate. While this section of 
 the South has a fairly productive soil, a fine market and a favorable cli- 
 mate. Our soil with intelligent management, backed by our mild and moist 
 climate, can be easily and quickly made to produce as abundant crops as 
 the Western lands, while our better markets insure much more remuner- 
 ative returns. 
 
 Our field embraces properly a circuit, say of 80 miles round this city, 
 within which may be found several varieties of soil. These may be again 
 divided into two general classes or grades, viz : a light sandy loam, and a 
 darker clay loam, most of which is underlaid with a good substantial sub- 
 soil of a clayey nature. On these two varieties of soil may be success- 
 fully and profitably grown all the fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains of 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 81 
 
 the United States, with the exception of a few of the semi-tropi- 
 cal fruits. Tt might be well in this connection to state that our land in 
 this field ranges from ten to sixty feet above the level of the sea, at 
 mean high water, and is penetrated in hundreds of places by sounds or 
 arms of the sea which are not only well supplied with fish, and 
 in many instances with oysters, but also afford the means of floating 
 the produce of thousands of farms direct to the market or the consumers 
 — the cheapest transportation in the whole world. These arms of the sea 
 also afford thorough and efficient drainage. Marl, which is an excellent fer- 
 tilizer, underlies much of our soil and is used extensively by our farmers and 
 truckers. Our trucking interests are very large, although chiefly confined 
 to a radius of about fifteen or twenty miles round the City of Norfolk, from 
 which field is annually shipped nearly $3,000,000 worth of produce. Our 
 soil is well adapted to this business, and our shipping facilities are such 
 that the products are laid down in New York in about 22 hours after leav- 
 ing our wharves. Immense quantities of early fruit and vegetables are 
 shipped to Northern Cities by steamer, and to the principal Western Cities 
 in refrigerator cars. Our geographical location is such as to give us spec- 
 ial advantages in the shipping business and to insure us cheap freights — 
 a point worthy the attention of every one seeking a home. This trucking 
 business affords employment to thousands of men, women and children to 
 whom are paid large sums of money daily. This money finds its way to 
 the retail and wholesale dealers ; then to the importers and manufacturers 
 at the North, East and West from whom it returns to us in due course in 
 payment for the shipments of produce made to these points. Here it is 
 again distributed and gathered up as before ; thus adding very materially 
 to the business of our City, and keeping up a steady volume of trade 
 throughout the entire year. The profits of the trucking business vary, of 
 course, with the season, the soil and the farmer. Instances are frequent 
 of very large net cash returns — say $200 to $400 per acre. This is, how- 
 ever, exceptional, but within our own knowledge one man from 
 thirteen acres has fed, clothed and educated a family of seven chil- 
 dren, bought for one of his sons a farm for $5,000, for another a farm for 
 $3,000, has $2,500 lent but on security, and a sufficient bank deposit for the 
 " rainy day." The man who has accomplished these results can neither 
 read nor write, and land that he bought a few years ago for an insignifi- 
 cant price now commands $200 per acre and is rapidly advancing in value. 
 The tendency of real estate in price is steadily upward and will not halt 
 until our lands rate as well as those lying equally distant from New Y ork, 
 Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia. Our light soil will grow oats, corn, 
 rye, &c, and outside the trucking belt proper is found a heavier clay loam 
 which is excellent corn, grass and wheat land. The average price of our 
 wheat and corn land is about $15 per acre, and of our more valuable truck- 
 
82 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 ing land lying near the city, about S40 per acre. The average price of 
 wheat throughout the year is $1, corn 50 cents, oats 45 cents per bushel, 
 and hay $20 per ton. All these crops can be successfully and profitably 
 grown upon our soil and are in demand here in excess of the supply. A 
 fair average yield of corn is 25 bushels (shelled) to the acre, of oats 35 
 bushels, of wheat 15 bushels, and of hay 1J to 2 tons. These yields are 
 without fertilizers or manures of any kind. A thorough system of culture 
 with liberal use of manure and a rotation of crops will double the above 
 yields. Our soil is susceptible of the highest culture, is easily worked 
 summer and winter, is all productive when cleared of timber and has never 
 been exhausted as are the old cotton and tobacco lands of the interior. 
 There is practically no wasteland; even the great "Dismal Swamp " about 
 which so much has been said and written will one day be under cultiva- 
 tion. The soil is very rich and is elevated 26 feet above the level of the 
 sea (mean high water). It can all therefore be drained and reclaimed. Some 
 of the cultivated land lying within the margin of the Swamp yields 60 to 
 80 bushels of shelled corn to the acre, and hay in proportion. Our soil as 
 a rule is good, and the subsoil that has seldom been disturbed is rich in 
 plant food, and when properly handled and subsoiled, when more green crops 
 are plowed under and more manure employed, will, under the powerful and 
 beneficial effects of our climate, become the most productive soil in the 
 United States, not even excepting the Western prairies. 
 
 Our geographical position exempts us from the extremes of Northern 
 cold and Southern heat, and this favorable situation is supplemented by the 
 influence of the Gulf Stream which flows close to our shores. The tempera- 
 ture of this current being nearly uniform throughout the year, our thermo- 
 meters rarely register above 95° in Summer, or below 20° in "Winter. This 
 happy combination of circumstances gives us long growing seasons exempt 
 from frosts, the practical result to the agriculturalist being two crops dur- 
 ing the same year from the same land. Corn may be planted in April, 
 May and June, and it all reaches full maturity untouched by frosts, and 
 for this reason brings from 3 to 5 cents more per bushed in New 
 York than any raised where the growing season is just a little too short at 
 both ends. The mildness of the climate also allows stock to run out 
 nearly all Winter without extra feed or shelter. Thousands of people 
 visit this section each Winter to avoid the Northern cold, and many come 
 here, for the refreshing, invigorating sea breezes of Summer. 
 
 Besides having one of the finest and largest local markets to be found in 
 the whole country, we are called upon to supply New York, Boston, Prov- 
 idence, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and other Eastern Cities, 
 with early fruits and vegetables which we also transport largely to the 
 Western Cities, even as far as San Francisco, in refrigerator cars. Our sur- 
 plus is always in demand and prices are usually high. The truckers of 
 
ITS PKLNCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 83 
 
 the North have to contend against a more rigorous climate unaffected by 
 the mild influence of the Gulf Stream, while those further South have to 
 send their products North by longer water trips round " Stormy Hat- 
 teras " or a more expensive inland route by rail. By a short line of rail- 
 road soon to be completed we will be placed within 12 hours of New York 
 by a mixed rail and water route, and each year brings us a little nearer to 
 the World's best markets. 
 
 Our peanut crop, for which this port is especially noted, finds its way to 
 all Northern, Eastern and Western Cities. This trade is assuming mam- 
 moth proportions, not less than 2,000,000 bushels being annually handled 
 in this City alone. We enjoy many valuable means of transportation by 
 rail and water, by which immense amounts of produce find their way to 
 this market where they are quickly and cheaply transferred to steamers 
 waiting to receive them and are cheaply transported to and laid down in 
 Northern markets fresh and sweet. The steady tendency of real estate is 
 upward and there is no investment so sure of yielding a safe and profitable 
 return. 
 
 The banks may break, the State may repudiate its obligations, the mine 
 may explode or the vein meet a check, the timber may become exhausted 
 or the oil cease to flow, but real estate is stable and substantial. It under- 
 lies all else. It supports and sustains all other enterprises. The more 
 thoroughly it is worked the larger will be the returns received, the larger 
 the dividends it will pay. The agricultural development of a section con- 
 stitutes its only true growth, and while Norfolk as a '• Business Centre " 
 owes much, very much, to the development of the different interests, coal, 
 iron timber, &c, of the interior (as this is the seaport for a large portion of 
 the South), she yet perhaps owes still more to her agricultural interests 
 near at hand. We can now safely and fairly claim to be the " Garden of 
 the South." What we need now is more general farming, more oats, corn, 
 hay, wheat and rye ; more pigs, chickens, cattle and sheep. A little deeper 
 ploughing, a little higher cultivation, broader views, better stock and im- 
 plements and about a thousand good men with a fair amount of capital, 
 energy and skill, to develop some of our idle lands which may now be had 
 at very moderate prices, and which are infinitely more valuable than those 
 of the interior on account of their productiveness, their proximity to mar- 
 ket and the geniality of the climate which is unexcelled in the United 
 States. 
 
84 
 
 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 E. C. LINDSEY, 
 
 A. JEFFERS. 
 
 E. C. LINDSEY & CO., 
 
 124 Main Street, Norfolk, Va., 
 
 V® t 
 
 lrgmi 
 
 Estate 
 
 We are prepared to lay before our customers a list of hundreds of farms of all sizes and 
 prices varying in size from 4 acres to 20,000 acres, and in prices from $10 per acre to $200. 
 These lands, when due allowance is made for our many natural and acquired advantages, are 
 the' cheapest lands in the United States. Dollars and cents are not the only thing to be con- 
 sidered in selecting a home. There is such a thing as climate, and hundreds of thousands of 
 people at the North and West are just beginning to find it out. The cold and unfriendly 
 Northern winters are convincing thousands of the advisability of securing homes in a milder 
 climate. 
 
 Catarrh, asthma, consumption and other kindred diseases, incidental to the Northern 
 latitudes, are driving many South. This section offers a happy compromise between the 
 Southern extreme of heat, and the Northern extreme of cold— half way between Canada and 
 Florida. Our produce reaches New York in 22 hours by steamer, and in 12 hours by a com- 
 bined rail and steamboat route, without being exposed to the delays and dangers of 
 " Stormy Hatteras. " Our freights are cheap to all Northern points. Our roads are excellent, 
 our soil fairly productive, our markets the best in the United States. Our land in vicinity of 
 Norfolk is elevated from 10 to 30 feet above the sea level, is all underlaid with a good substan- 
 tial clay subsoil, and with fair ordinary care and skill can be made the most productive in the 
 United States. Our growing season is long, 8 months and sometimes 9 without frost suffi- 
 ciently heavy to do damage. Enclose stamp for circulars and further particulars, and come 
 and see before purchasing elsewhere. We make Seal Estate our specialty, keep three teams 
 constantly on the road, and take pleasure in showing our many advantages to parties, desiring 
 to invest, without any expense to them. We are just getting at considerable expense a map 
 of Norfolk and surrounding country, which we can furnish at 30 cents each in" postage 
 stamps. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 E. C. LINDSEY & CO. 
 
 P. S.— FARMING LANDS OUR SPECIALTY. 
 
IMOTifiW 
 
 BONDS, DRAFTS, 
 Dl PLOMAS, PLANS, 
 
 MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 BILL& LETTER HEADS, 
 
 CERTIFICATES OF STOCK, 
 
 BILLS OF LADING, 
 AUTO. CI RCULARS, 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE, 
 NOTE & CHECK BOOKS, 
 SHOW CARDS, LABELS, 
 
 PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ENVELOPES. CHROMOS, 
 BUSINESS, WEDDING & VISITING CARDS. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 85 
 
 H. L. F^GTE Ac OO., 
 
 Real Estate Agents, Auctioneers and Rental Agents 
 
 61 Commerce St. cor. Main (Tirginian Building), Norfolk, Ya. 
 
 OFFICE HOURS— 9 to 5. SATURDAYS 9 to 8. Property sold privately or by Auction. 
 Rents Collected, Tenants Secured, and Prompt Returns made every month. Taxt s and In- 
 surance on Property attended to. MONEY LOANED ON REAL ESTATE. Houses and 
 Lots for Sale or Rent in all parts of Norfolk and the surrounding country. 
 
 FERTILIZERS. 
 
 UEINGr Hie past few years the demand for this article has been far 
 in excess of the supply of natural guano and manure, and has led 
 to its manufacture on a very large scale. In the newly and sparsely 
 settled territories of the West where the land has been under cultivation 
 for a comparatively short period, the need of an artificial stimulus to the 
 soil has as yet been little felt. But in the East it has become indispensi- 
 ble. The ground has been tilled by succeeding generations until its nour- 
 ishing power is exhausted and requires periodical and systematic renew- 
 ing to render it once more feltile and productive. Especially is this the 
 case in the eastern portion of Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas where 
 the trucking business is so extensively carried on. The richest soil can only 
 supply a certain limited amount of nutrition to the vegetation it sustains, 
 and when that nutrition has been withdrawn by over cropping it must be 
 restored either by the slow process of natural recuperation or by such 
 artificial means as science may suggest and experience approve Taking 
 the natural Peruvian guano as the standard, and the character and quantity 
 of the crop as the test, it is most gratifying to be able here to assert, on the 
 testimony of scores, nay, hundreds of the practical farmers and horticul- 
 turalists of the Eastern and Southern States, that the Norfolk factories are 
 furnishing them with a perfect substitute for natural guano and at much 
 more acceptable prices than the latter can be procured at. Manufactured 
 phosphates are easy of adulteration, as the apparent virtues of the ingredi- 
 ents can be sustained by the intermingling of certain substances which, 
 
86 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 although making a good showing according to the analysis, are neverthe- 
 less utterly worthless as plant food. The agriculturalist, therefore, cannot 
 exercise too much caution in the purchase of this essential factor to his 
 success, and he should make his selection not only from his knowledge of 
 the manufacturer and the reputation of the brand, but also with a view to 
 the special requirements of his soil and the nature of the crop under which 
 it is to be used. The most experienced farmer need never regret the use 
 of a fertilizer if he will only be guided in its choice and application by 
 the experience of others and not place too much faith in the representa- 
 tions of irresponsible agents and dishonest manufacturers, who, like their 
 goods, have no reputation to lose and are satisfied to thrive for the mo- 
 ment by fleecing the unwary. The efficacy of first-class fertilizers is now 
 universally acknowledged and there are few who even try to dispense with 
 them. Like steam and gas and electricity, they were at first regarded with 
 suspicion and scepticism but have finally established themselves in the 
 public confidence. The application of certain chemicals in correct pro- 
 portions will force the growth of cotton and other crops just as surely as the 
 rays of the sun will ripen them. There are several large companies and firms 
 engaged in this business in and around Norfolk, and although their output is 
 enormous, it is, nevertheless, inadecpiate to the demand. Large additions are 
 contemplated and being made to some of the factories and it is expected 
 that next year their increased facilities will enable them the better to cope 
 with the necessities of the trade. It is also most encouraging to know 
 that while other cities find a market for their fertilizers in certain portions 
 of this and the adjoining States, the Norfolk brands have obtained a firm 
 foot-hold around and beyond them, and are held in high estimation wher- 
 ever they have become known, from the remote mountain passes to the 
 shore of the ocean, and the reason of this has been that our manufacturers 
 and dealers have had the honesty and good sense to put upon the market 
 only such goods as could not fail to give perfect satisfaction to the con- 
 sumers. During the year 1883 this branch of trade contributed to the 
 grand total of Norfolk's business the respectable sum of over $1,000,000. 
 
*[TS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 87 
 
 OF NORFOLK Co., VA. 
 
 Manufacturers of High Grade Fertilizers, 
 Suited to Every Crop. 
 
 AMONGST OTHERS THE WELL KNOWN AND POPULAR BRANDS OF 
 
 "BONE AND PERUVIAN," 
 
 Adapted especially to Cotton and Tobacco and certain varieties of Truck. 
 
 FISH AND POTASH, 
 
 A great favorite with Truckers. 
 
 Royal" Ammoniated Super-Phosphate, 
 
 For Cotton, Corn and Small Grain. 
 
 Importers of PERUVIAN GUANO, KAINIT, and all kinds of 
 
 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS. 
 
 The Officers and Directors of the Company are as follows : 
 
 WALTER F. IRVINE, President. 
 
 J. W. PERRY, Vice President. 
 
 FRANK E. WILCOX, Secretary. 
 
 BASSETT A. MARSDEN, Treasurer 
 
 s^ DIRECTORS : ^5 
 
 GEORGE M. BAIN, Jr. RICHARD A. DOBIE. 
 
 CALDWELL HARDY. GEORGE H. NEWTON. 
 
 J. W. PERRY. • H. L. DUDLEY. 
 
 Col. ALEX. SAVAGE, WM. S. WILKINSON. 
 
 0. E. MALTBY. 
 
 ANALYSIS AND PURITY OF ALL GOODS SOLD BY US 
 — - —— IS GUARANTEED 
 
 Address, 
 
 UPSHUR GUANO CO., 
 
 56 MAIN STREET. 
 Or any Commission Merchant in NORFOLK, VA. 
 
NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 H 
 
 v 
 
 v 
 
 W _L Jl-L 
 
 MANUFACTUBED BY 
 
 Freem/n Lloyd, Mjison & Dryd 
 
 RN 
 
 NORFOLK, VA., AND P0C0M0EE, MD. 
 
 In obedience to the pressing and ever-increasing demand for 
 & first-class but LOW-PRICED FERTILIZER we have pre- 
 pared with great care this NEW BRAND, which will be found 
 of Great Value under ALL CROPS and on every description 
 of soil. It contains all the Essential Properties of Plant 
 Food, and will be found to permanently enrich the land loherever 
 applied. We do not claim for FISH HAWK GUANO the 
 same excellence which distinguishes Pocomoke Super-Phos- 
 phate, hut ive do unhesitatingly claim for the former that for gen- 
 eral fertilizing purposes it is UNSURPASSED if not UN- 
 EQUALLED, by any brand on the market at the same price. 
 Farmers, planters and truckers will find it A Most Profitable 
 Investment, and if subjected to comparative tests, we feel as- 
 sured that FISH HAWK GUANO will not only hold its own, 
 but will defy successful competition in quality and price 
 
 Freeman, Lloyd, Maeon k Dryden. 
 

 SUPER-PHOSPHATE, 
 
 «*» Ply % 
 
 IU 
 
 <£© 
 
 ^ 
 
 $ 
 
 & 
 
 sfr 
 
 **< ^1 
 
 s# 
 
 E 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 Pronounced 
 
 all who have tried it 
 to be 
 
 THE BEST FERTILIZER IN USE 
 
 FOR 
 
 Cotton, Tobacco, Peanuts, Corn, Early Truck, &c. 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 Fipp, LLOYD, p^Ofl ^ D^DEW, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. # P0C0M0KE, MD. 
 
 Ejjjn|||onigIi^^ 
 
90 
 
 NOREOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Airici Fortiit Cull, »«•". of Noil. ft. 
 
 Importers of Guanos and Chemicals and Manufacturers of 
 High Grade and Standard Super-Phosphates. 
 
 No. 163 and 165 WATER STREET, - NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 C. L UPSHUR, President. 
 
 W. J. ROBINS, Secretary. 
 
 UPSHUR'S STANDARD 10 PER CENT. AMMONIA (JUANO. 
 
 This is one of the very highest grade guanos on the market, and will grow any 
 crop as quick and give as large a yield as any Peruvian guano no matter what grade 
 it is and claims to be second to nothing in the market. It is especially fine for top- 
 dressing, or used in any way Peruvian is used, and good on all crops. It is made of 
 the highest grade and finest materials. Analysis : 10 per cent, ammonia, 16 to 20 
 per cent, bone phosphate, 2 to 3 per cent, potash. 
 
 Upshur's Standard 7 per Cent. Ammonia Guano, 
 
 OR SPECIAL IRISH POTATO GUANO. 
 
 This Guano has excelled the Peruvian Guano whenever used in competition with 
 it, and is prepared especially for the Potato Crop. It matures the potatoes earlier, 
 produces more and a superior quality, costs $15 to $20 per ton less than Peruvian, 
 and permanently enriches the soil. In the finest mechanical condition, and is very 
 bulky. Analysis : 7 to 8 per cent ammonia, 16 to 20 per cent, bone phosphate, 2 to 3 
 per cent, potash, 
 
 Upshur's Peruvian Mixture, especially for Cotton, Tobacco, &c. 
 
 This is prepared from bone flour, fish and Peruvian Guano, and is one of the best 
 preparations for cotton on the market. Analysis 3 per cent ammonia, 15 to 20 per 
 cent, bone phosphate lime, 1 to 2 per cent potash. 
 
 We keep on hand the best Peruvian Guano, in its natural state, and guarantee it 
 perfectly pure and of the highest grade. We also offer for sale Lobos's Guano, Stand- 
 ard Analysis. Also, all kinds of Fertilizing Chemicals, such as Sulph. Ammonia, Nit. 
 Soda, Sulph. and Muriate Potash, Kainit, Bone Dust, Pure Fish Scrap, Fine Ground 
 Fish, South Carolina Acid Phosphate,. &c , &c. Our President is an experienced 
 manufacturer of guanos also a practical farmer, and employees of the Company are 
 practical and experienced fertilizer manufacturers and dealers. 
 
 AMERICAN FERTILIZING CO. 
 
 C. L. UPSHUR, President. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 91 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1844. 
 
 Ill A\ !M 
 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 Commission Merchants, 
 
 AND DFALERS IN 
 
 STAVES, TREENAILS, PERUVIAN GUANO, 
 
 STANDARD FERTILIZERS. 
 TVo- 1 PERUVIAN GUANO. 
 
 Our arrangements with the old agents of the Peruvian Government enab'e us to 
 furnish our many friends with reliable articles, both 10 per cent, and 6 per cent. 
 Standard, at lowest prices. 
 
 We manufacture Pure Raw and Dissolved Animal Bone from Slaughter-House 
 Stock. And the Standard Truckers' Guanos : FARMERS' CHALLENGE or "P. C." 
 GUANO in drill and as a top dresser for Irish Potatoes, Spinach, Cabbage, &c. is 
 preferred by many, having given better resu'ts at less cost than the best Peruvian 
 Guano. 
 
 ANALYSIS: — Available Phosphoric Acid 10 per cent, worth $20.00 
 
 Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 2 " not valued 
 
 Total Bone Phosphate 26 • ' 
 
 Potash 4 " worth 4 80 
 
 Nitrogen, equal a mmonia 5 " " 3150 
 
 Relative commercial value per ton . $56 30 
 
 PRICE, $4,0.00 PER, TON CASH. 
 
 "Farmers' Favorite" or "F. F." Guano for Peas, Fall Crops Melons, &c, where a 
 less stimulating Fertilizer is required. 
 
 ANALYSIS:— Availab'e Phosphoric Acid 10 per cent worih $20.00 
 
 Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 2 " not valued. 
 
 Total Bone Phosphate 26 '' 
 
 Potash 4 " worth 4 80 
 
 Nitrogen, equal Ammonia 5 " '' 22.50 
 
 Relative commercial value per ton . $47.30 
 
 PRICE, $3G.OO PER TOW CASH. 
 
 "Soluble Fine Ground Fish," prepared by a process peculiarly our own. Its 
 chemical and mechanical condition unequaled and estab'ish its superiority. Rela- 
 tive commercial value as given by Dr. W. J. Gascoyne, State Chemist, $56.29 per ton. 
 PRICE, $40.00 PER TOIV CASH. 
 
 SOLUBLE POTASH PHOSPHATE.— This has given most satisfactory results on 
 Clover, Grain, Grasses, &c, wherever used. High Grade "Floats" and Potash Salts 
 used in its preparation. 
 
 VIRGINIA LAND RENOVATOR, a Fertilizer of unequalled excellence and mer- 
 it for Peanuts. Sweet Potatoes. Orchards in the prevention of "'Blight" and '-Yellows" 
 —in compost or in expediting the decomposition of weeds or green crops plowed under. 
 
 Genuine Kainit and Fine Ground Land Plaster always on hand. 
 
 All goods sold as low as articles of equal purity can be in this market. 
 
 CHARLES REID SON, 
 Factory, Money Point. Office, 14 Nivison Street, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
92 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 Jmperiaf Gtuano Oo* 
 
 —OK— 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE CELZEBR ATEI> 
 
 Which, after several years' trial by the leading Truckers 
 about Norfolk, is now acknowledged to be 
 
 Superior in every respect to Peruvian Guano. 
 
 For all TRUCK CHOPS use the IMPERIAL. It is QUICKER 
 LIGHTER and CHEAPER than the PERUVIAN! 
 
 When used value against value with Peruvian, the IMPEKIAL is guar- 
 anteed to give, in every case, better, results. 
 
 Among the prominent truckers in the vicinity of Norfolk who are using 
 the Imperial in preference to the best Peruvian, we name a few to 
 whom we refer for information ; 
 
 McWhorter Bros. 
 
 B. F. V ilson. 
 
 Van Wyck & Whitehurst. 
 
 K. S. Cromwell. 
 
 W. H. Talbott. 
 
 Trios. K. Ballentine. 
 Geo. S. Bunting. 
 
 F. T. Cromwell. 
 Jno. S. Widgeon. 
 
 G. S. Cromwell. 
 
 A. J. Newton. 
 C. E. Powell. 
 Jno. G. Cromwell. 
 C. M. Bradbury. 
 H. F. Lambert. 
 
 We also manufacture Special Beands for the following crops, the 
 Foundation of which being the same as the IMPEKIAL, corresponding 
 results are obtained wherever such are used : Strawberries, Irish and Sweet 
 Potatoes, Corn, Cotton, Peanuts, etc. 
 
 IMPERIAL GUANO CO., 
 
 jyj 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 93 
 
 NORFOLK'S EXPORT TRADE. 
 
 THIS is a topic of such extent and involves such varied interests that 
 it is found almost impossible to do it full, justice within the some- 
 what circumscribed limits to which we are confined. The wonder- 
 ful and constantly growing export trade of Norfolk has been unprecedent- 
 ed in the commercial annals of any maritime community in America. 
 The many doubts, fears and anxieties which attended the establishment 
 of our export trade have long since disappeared, together with the numer- 
 ous vicissitudes which attended the early stages of its development, and it 
 has long since become a recognized and established factor in the commer- 
 'cial economy of this important Business Centre. 
 
 The accomplishment of this most satisfactory result is due entirely to 
 the energy and perseverence of our public -spirited merchants and bankers, 
 supported by the press of the City and State. The first cotton ever 
 shipped at Norfolk for a foreign port composed the cargo, valued at 
 $119,023, of the British steamer Ephesus which sailed for Liverpool in the 
 Spring of 1866, but was wrecked on Sable Island. The total exports for 
 that year in assorted cargoes was valued at $413,405 ; that of 1883 amount- 
 ed to nearly seventeen millions. Such a marvellous growth in less than 
 eighteen years discloses an almost incredible degree of vitality which re- 
 quires no comment in order to impress its meaning upon an intelligent 
 people. 
 
 We may mention incidently that on December 6th, 1882, the British 
 steamship " Tower Hill," 2,616 tons, J. J. Efford, master, sailed from this 
 port for Liverpool with a cargo consisting of 10,468 bales (5,063,765 lbs.) 
 cotton and 2,000 staves, the whole being valued at $509,680.00 She drew, 
 when loaded, over 26 feet of water, and was the largest -vessel, except the 
 Great Eastern, ever cleared from Norfolk. 
 
 The whole direct exports of cotton from Norfolk during the season end- 
 ing August 31st, 1883, amounted to 372,529 bales, valued at $17,869,682. 
 
94 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 This shows an excess of 40,000 bales, and upwards, over the exports of any 
 previous year ; and in addition to onr direct foreign shipments there were 
 shipped at Norfolk during the same season, on through bills of lading for 
 Great Britain and the Continent, via Baltimore, Boston, New York and 
 Philadelphia, 91,288 bales, for which this port cannot take credit, as they 
 were not cleared here. The largest number of bales ever previously 
 shipped here in the same manner during any one season was 42,749 show- 
 ing an increase of nearly 50,000 bales in favor of 1883. 
 
 Several large cotton compresses are kept bnsy night and day during the 
 season reducing the bales to convenient ^dimensions for stowing in the holds 
 of European steamers and our present wharves are altogether inadequate 
 to the necessities of this one article of foreign shipment. But there is 
 good reason for believing that this last deficiency will shortly be made 
 good by the completion of the improvements contemplated by some of the 
 Bailroad and Transportation Companies. The following tabular statement 
 respecting our cotton trade will be found of interest. 
 
 Beference to the tables of Direct Exports shown on the two following 
 pages will demonstrate the growth of the trade since January 1st, 1865. It 
 must be remembered that the cotton season begins on September 1st, of 
 each year and ends on August 31st following. While the exports of this 
 product for the year 1 883 would appear to record a decrease, when com- 
 pared with 1882, the impression thus given would be erroneous, for the 
 season of 1882-3 shows a large increase over any previous year, as stated 
 above, but as the heaviest receipts and shipments were made between Sep- 
 tember 1st and December 31st, 1882, that year takes the credit which is 
 properly due to the whole season ending August 31st, 1883. By the same 
 rule the shipments for the season 1883-4 cannot be determined until Au- 
 gust 31st of this year, (1884). 
 
 Exports of Cotton by bales for 18 years, from September 1st to August 31st, 
 
 each year : 
 
 SEASONS. BALES. I SEASONS. BALES 
 
 1865-'6 733!l874-'5 67,212 
 
 1866-'7 ..'. 14,168 1875-'6 108,683 
 
 1867-'8 8,279 1876-'7 116,855 
 
 1868-'9 .7,527 1877-'8 . 159,357 
 
 1869-'70 4,745 
 
 1870-'jL ,..,,...,., ... 5,142 
 
 1871-'2 ... .' 4,687 
 
 1872-'3 8,282 
 
 1878-'9 , 203,536 
 
 1879-'80 257,065 
 
 1880-'l 328,818 
 
 1881-'2 331,817 
 
 1873-'4 20,346 ! 1882-'3 372,529 
 
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 $938,223 
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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 97 
 
 Vice Consulates of Great Britian, 
 Netherlands, and 
 Brazil. 
 
 Agents for Lloyd's, Liverpool, 
 Glasgow, Italian, Dutch, 
 French, and Austrian 
 Underwriters. 
 
 MYERS & CO., 
 
 [ESTABLISHED 1786.] 
 
 eamship Agents and Ship Brokers 
 
 WORFCM 
 
 Cable Address, "Myers, Norfolk." 
 
 Vessels chartered to and from European and West India Ports, and 
 
 Merchandise Forwarded to all Points at Lowest Rates. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
 .EYNOLDS BROTHERS. 
 
 encra 
 
 AND SHIPPERS OF 
 
 Cotton, Grain and Naval Stores, 
 
 AND 
 
 Importers' of Liverpool Salt, 
 
 ALSO AGENTS OF 
 
 S 
 
 TO LIVERPOOL. 
 
98 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 COTTON AND COMMISSION. 
 
 •v 
 
 LTHOTJGTI Norfolk enjoys several distinct and separate claims as 
 :| - an important Business Centre, it is principally to Cotton that she 
 M) w owes her commercial reputation. Thanks to the intelligence, 
 prudence and enterprise of the business men who have turned to the best 
 account her great natural advantages, she has grown and prospered un- 
 til to-day she stands second on the list of cotton ports in the United States 
 as to her receipts, and third as to her direct foreign exports. In the sea- 
 son of 1858-9 Norfolk's receipts of cotton amounted to 6,174 bales, in 
 1865-6 they were 59,096 and in 1882-3 they reached 800,133 bales, the 
 largest number ever recorded, and 80,617 bales in excess of any previous 
 year. In addition to these, 91,288 bales were shipped at Norfolk for 
 Europe during the same season, on through bills of lading via Baltimore, 
 Boston, New York and Philadelphia, for which credit was taken at the 
 ports whence they finally cleared. The gross total actually shipped here 
 was therefore 891,421 bales, and, should the same rate of increase continue, 
 the shipment in 1884-5 will exceed one million bales. This simple state- 
 ment of facts requires no comment in order to prove that Norfolk's claims 
 to mercantile eminence are well founded and that she is justly entitled to 
 the pride she feels in the vigorous policy of those who have secured her 
 prosperity. Millions of dollars worth of the snowy staple passes through 
 our market every year, and some of the wealth which it represents stays 
 here in the form of commissions, cost of handling, freights, and so forth, 
 and the storage room necessary to accommodate this vast bulk has become 
 so scarce that the value of land and warehouse property adjoining the 
 wharves has become greatly enhanced. Our wharves are scarcely adequate 
 to supply berths to all the vessels that await their cargoes during the 
 height of the season. Heavy-draught iron steamers, principally British, 
 and sailing vessels of all nationalities are sometimes to be seen lying four 
 or five abreast till each in her turn is able to load and start upon her voy- 
 age. This scarcity of wharf accommodation, however, is gradually disap- 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AHD TRADES. 
 
 99 
 
 pearing before the march of improvement which has already begun along 
 the whole line of our immense water front. The Cotton Compress Com- 
 panies do much to relieve the delay in loading vessels, their business be- 
 ing to reduce the bulk of the cotton bales in their powerful steam presses 
 to one-third of their original size. When thus compressed the bales are 
 easy to handle and convenient to stow, and the stevedores see that no time 
 is lost in " speeding the parting guest." The following table exhibits the 
 receipts of cotton by bales at Norfolk during the past 25 seasons, begin- 
 ning with September 1st and ending with August 31st of each year: 
 
 Year. Bales. 
 
 1858-'9 ,'.. 6,174 
 
 1859-'60 17.777 
 
 1860-'l 33,193 
 
 [1861 to 1865— The Civil War.] 
 
 1865-'6 « 59,096 
 
 1866-'7 126,287 
 
 1867-'8 155,591 
 
 1868-'9 164,789 
 
 1869-70 178,352 
 
 1870-'l 302,930 
 
 1871-'2 258,730 
 
 Year. Bales. 
 
 I872-'3 405,412 
 
 1873-'4 472,446 
 
 1874-'5 393,672 
 
 1875-'6 469,998 
 
 1876-'7 509,612 
 
 1877-'8 430,557 
 
 1878-'9 443,285 
 
 1879-'80 597,086 
 
 1880-'l , 713,026 
 
 1881-'2 622,883 
 
 1882-'3 800,133 
 
 From this it will be seen that the growth of the market has been grad- 
 ual and steady, while it has been singularly free from fluctuations. 
 
 Subjoined is a statement of the receipts and shipments of cotton as re- 
 corded on the books of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange, for 
 access to which we are indebted to the courtesy of the Secretary, Mr. 
 Norman Bell : 
 
 Season 1874-'5— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1875 393,672 
 
 Shipments, coastwise 326,281 
 
 Exported Great Britain 63,629 
 
 Exported Continent 3,583 67,212 
 
 Total Shipments 393,493 
 
 Season l875-'6— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1876 469,968 
 
 Shipments coastwise 361,053 
 
 Exported Great Britain 103,869 
 
 Exported France 1,817 
 
 Exported Continent 3,007 108,693 
 
 Total shipments 469,746 
 
 SEASON 1876-'7— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1877 509,612 
 
 Shipments coastwise , 391,838 
 
 Exported Great Britain 112,245 
 
 Exported France 1,602 
 
 Exported Continent 3,008 116,855 
 
 Total shipments 508,693 
 
100 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Season 1877-'8— Eeceipts year ending 31st August, 1878 430,557 
 
 Shipments coastwise 271,144 
 
 Exported Great Britain 157,153 
 
 Exported France 2,204 159,357 
 
 Total shipments.. 430,501 
 
 Season 1878-'9 — Eeceipts year ending 31st August, 1879 443,285 
 
 Shipments coastwise 239,158 
 
 Exported Great Britain 199,815 
 
 Exported France 713 
 
 Exported Continent , 3,008 203,536 
 
 Total shipments 442,694 
 
 Season 1879-'80— Eeceipts year ending 31st August, 1880 ■ 597,086 
 
 Shipments coastwise 337,226 
 
 Exported Great Britain 246,674 
 
 Exported France 1,479 
 
 Exported Continent 8,912 257,065. 
 
 Total shipments 594,291 
 
 Season 1SS0 '1— Eeceipts year ending 31st August, 1881 713,026 
 
 Shipments coastwise 392,079- 
 
 Exported Great Britain 316,046 
 
 Exported France 2,850 
 
 Exported Continent 9,922 328,818 
 
 Total Shipments 720,897 
 
 Season l88I-'2— Eeceipts year ending 31st August 1882. 622,883 
 
 Shipments coastwise 289,032 
 
 Exported Great Britain 311,879 
 
 Exported France 2.580 
 
 Exported Continent , 17,358 331,817 
 
 Total shipments 620,849 
 
 Season l882-'3— Eeceipts year ending August 31st, 1883...... 800,133 
 
 Shipments coastwise 414,833 
 
 Exported Great Britain 341,983 
 
 Exported Continent 30,546 372,529 
 
 Total shipments 787,362 
 
 The Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange has proved a powerful 
 factor in building up our cotton trade. The Exchange Building is situated 
 on Water Street, near the centre of that business of which it is at once the 
 guide, protector and acknowledged head. The actual cash capital em- 
 ployed in the cotton commission business in the two Cities constituting 
 the port of Norfolk is roundly estimated at $2,500,000. 
 
 Besides the commission merchants who devote their attention exclusive- 
 ly to cotton, there are many who deal largely in general produce as well. 
 This branch of the business employs considerable capital, for it is often 
 necessary to supply the farmer and planter with provisions, implements, 
 fertilizers, and even seeds, on credit for several months before his crops are 
 marketable and he finds himself in a position to make a settlement 
 Great prudence is therefore required, and it is generally exercised, by our 
 commission merchants in the selection of their custom, but an occasional 
 failure gives evidence of mistaken judgment or misplaced confidence. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 101 
 
 J.W. PERRY & CO. 
 
 COTTON FACTORS 
 
 —AND— 
 
 General Commission Merchants, 
 
 Tunis' Warehouse and Wharf, 
 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 COHTSIGflTMElffTS SOLICITED. 
 
 The Sale of COTTON a Specialty. 
 Do EXCLUSIVELY a COMMISSION" BUSINESS. 
 
 [Suoocssors to NIEMEYER, ETEEREDGE & BROOES.J 
 
 107, 109, 111, 113 High, and 323, 325 & 327 Water Sts., 
 P0TOP0OTJI, Y^, 
 
 Cotton Factors and General Commission Merchants, 
 
 FOR THE SALE OF 
 
 Peanuts, Dried Fruit and all Southern Products; 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 BUILDERS' AND AGRICULTURAL LIME AND PLASTER, CEMENT AND HAY. 
 WJieitES^fcE DE^LEI^S IJVT CG^LS OF Jlkk KI]V[D£. 
 
 LIBERAL ADVANCES MADE ON 
 
102 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Richard A. Dobie. Merritt T. Cooke. A. Mason Cooke. 
 
 DOBIE & COOKE, 
 
 )and( 
 
 
 ersficuits 
 
 No. 64 WATER STREET, 
 
 9 
 
 Special attention paid to the sale of Cotton, Corn, Peanuts and 
 Country Produce generally. Liberal advances made upon Consignments 
 in hand, and the highest market prices guaranteed. 
 
 Prompt returns made unless otherwise instructed. Eefer to Exchange 
 National Bank, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 DOBIE & COOKE. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 10 
 
 THE NORFOLK 
 
 Knitting d Cotton Manufacturing Company 
 
 Ntmwi 
 
 VIM&INIA, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OP 
 
 GEHIS' MERIKO-FIHISH UHDERWEAR. 
 
 The only manufactory of these goods in the Southern 
 States. The production is sold direct from the Factory, Orders 
 from Jobbers and Dealers will receive prompt atten- 
 tion. New York freight rates guaranteed. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 BARTON MYERS, President. GEO. McBLAIR, Secretary. 
 
 CALDWELL HARDY, Treasurer. C. BROOKS JOHNSTON, Sup*. 
 
 P. S. ROYSTER, TArboro, N. C. 
 
 f # Jl oi jtjfifcL iS 
 
 E. STRUDWICK Hillsboro, N. C. 
 
 I IT 111 
 
 COTTON FACTORS, 
 
 Importers of and Wholesale Dealers in 
 
 ^5^«\ ^^^5^,'' wB5 
 
 
 WE MAKE SPECIALTIES OP 
 
 6EPINE 6EWN KJilfm, 
 
 AND 
 
 High Grade Acid Phosphate, 
 
 Stocks at all North Carolina and Virginia Ports. Write for circulars, 
 
 ? - — -prices, &c. 
 
104 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 L^ M .1.J M If^-^TL-.-.Jl 
 
 mmi uommmsiga Mesciiaais 
 
 AND DEALERS IN STAVES. 
 Highest prices paid for Staves and prompt Cash returns rendered 
 
 CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. 
 
 Gwathmey's Building, Town Point, - Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 O. A^. FIELD. IE. M. GOODEIDGE. 
 
 GOODRIDGE, FIELD & CO., 
 cejapsaejs me^cpwp? ^P brokers, 
 
 GRAIN ass FLOUR, 
 
 No. 22 ROANOKE DOCK, 
 
 Orders rilled with funds in hand or first-class reference. Quotations and Estimates 
 furnished on application. 
 
 T. JEZ. JEKJXIC^kJX, 
 
 COTTOI FACTOl, 
 
 IVo. 1 COMMERCE STREET, 
 
 NOBFCMLK, ¥A» 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1873. 
 
 C. D. JORDAN & CO., 
 COMMISSION MEECHAXTS. 
 
 For the Sale of 
 
 Cotton, Corn, Staves, &.C., and all kinds of Country Produce. 
 Roanoke Dock, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 T. R. COOKE. W. M. COOKE. 
 
 T. R. COOKE & CO., 
 
 DEALEKS IN 
 
 No. 22 Roanoke Dock. 
 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
» 
 
 ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 105 
 
 LUMBER AND STAVES. 
 
 Y reason partly of our extremely favorable geographical situa- 
 tion, in close proximity to the noble white oak and pine forests 
 of the eastern shore of Virginia and North Carolina, this trade 
 has always been one of the most important in which Norfolk's capi- 
 tal and enterprise have been engaged. We enjoy a central and convenient 
 position for the accumulation of logs which reach oar mills through the 
 rivers and canals having their estuaries on the branches of the Elizabeth, 
 and are here converted into the lumber and staves of commerce. The mag- 
 nitude of the lumber business done in Norfolk is not generally known even 
 among our own citizens, and it will therefore surprise many to learn that 
 in 1883 it reached nearly $2,000,000, of which amount about 1500,000 
 worth was exported to foreign markets. The white oak timber of this 
 section is highly esteemed for use in ship building on account of its 
 fine grain and toughness, and it has always been in special demand by the 
 Navy Department. The pine forests, in addition to the millions of feet of 
 lumber which they annually contribute to our trade, also furnish excellent 
 masts and spars for our shipping. The stave trade of Norfolk is conduct- 
 ed chiefly with the West Indies and the Mediterranean where they are 
 manufactured into barrels and casks for sugar, molasses, rum and wine. 
 Our white oak staves are much sought after by the grape growers of 
 Southern Europe, as they do not injure the delicate flavor of the wine as 
 other coarser woods are said to do. Our staves are carefully cut and af- 
 terwards approved by regular licensed inspectors before they are offered 
 for sale. The purchaser, therefore, runs no risk of having defective staves 
 left upon his hands, and is always certain of obtaining good value for his 
 money. 
 
 G. R. TRANT, VA. 
 
 W. T. BAKER, N. C. 
 
 TRANT & BAKER, 
 
 Chafers 
 
 6 
 
 utiWQr 
 
 AND 
 
 Commission Merchants 
 
 FOOT OF HIOH STREET, 
 
 PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 VHfcGMINTIA. 
 
106 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 WM. H. PETERS. WASHINGTON REED. 
 
 PETERS & REED, 
 
 SHIPPING AND GENERAL 
 
 C 
 
 U 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Staves, Timber & Lumber, 
 
 Main Street, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 A^D 
 
 Water Street, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 107 
 
 gurley & brother, 
 
 General CommissioiiMerchawts, 
 
 COTTON FACTORS 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Shingles and Lumber, 
 
 O F F I C ES t 
 
 Campbell's Wharf and Roper's Wharf, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Sawed and Hand-made Shingles of the Finest Quality. 
 
 LUMBER BILLS CUT TO ORDER. 
 
 We handle enormous quantities of Shingles which are made 
 specially for us in the famous Cypress Forests on the Roanoke 
 and Cashie Rivers in North Carolina. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Having excellent Warehouse accommodation adjoining our 
 
 Wharf, we are able to handle Cotton to the best advantage. 
 
 THE STEAMEKS OE THE 
 
 PEOPLE'S LINE, 
 
 Running to and from all points on the ROANOKE? RIVER, stop at. our Wharf. 
 
 for freight. 
 
 Orders and Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 GURLEY & BROTHER, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
108 
 
 NOBFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTBE ; 
 
 PEANUTS. 
 
 J^ITHIN the last ten years Tidewater Virginia has developed a won- 
 derful trade in this product and has outstripped all other States 
 in its cultivation. In the season of 1873-4 Virginia produced 
 only 225,000 bushels, while in 1883-4 her yield amounted to 1,250.000 
 bushels. The light, sandy soil seems to suit the crop exactly, and the pea- 
 nuts grown in this section command a higher price than those raised in 
 any other State. Norfolk stands pre-eminently above any other market in 
 America in this specialty, the importance of which, however, and its influ- 
 ence upon other branches of our trade is not as yet fully appreciated. The 
 three "factories" or cleaning establishments in the City give employment 
 to hundreds of hands, and make large daily shipments of assorted peanuts 
 to all points at the North and West, from Maine to Texas. The factories 
 are supplied with machinery for cleaning and polishing the hulls and as- 
 sorting the nuts according to size, thus saving a great deal of time and 
 trouble as compared with the old system of washing and distributing by 
 hand. The peanut is of African origin and was introduced to this coun- 
 try by some trading vessel — probably a " slaver." The African nut, how- 
 ever, is of inferior quality as an article of food, although it is extremely 
 valuable as a commercial commodity, for it produces a large proportion of 
 the so-called olive oil of French manufacture. Nearly the entire crop of 
 this State is grown within the limits of a few counties immediately con- 
 tiguous to Norfolk, namely, Sussex, Surry, Southampton, Isle of Wight, 
 Nansemond, Warwick and Princess Anne, and about four-fifths of the 
 whole yield is purchased by our dealers and distributed by them to the 
 various points of consumption. After Virginia, the States of Tennessee 
 and North Carolina produce the largest crops, and the following compara- 
 tive statement of each year's yield since 1873 will be found of interest to 
 those engaged in the trade. 
 
 Season. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1873-4 
 
 1874-5 
 
 1875-6 
 
 1876-7 
 
 1877-S 
 
 225,000 
 
 350.000 
 
 450,000 
 
 780,000 
 
 405,000 
 
 875,000 
 
 1,350,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 825,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 175,000 
 200,000 
 235,000 
 500,000 
 325,000 
 425,000 
 750,000 
 750,000 
 250,000 
 460,000 
 600,000 
 
 60,000 
 120,000 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 100,000 
 
 90,000 
 120,000 
 120,000 
 
 75,000 
 140,000 
 150,000 
 
 460,000 
 670,000 
 785,000 
 1,405.000 
 830,000 
 
 1878-9 
 
 1,390,000 
 
 1879-80 
 
 1880-1 
 
 2,220.000 
 2,370,000 
 
 1881-2 
 
 1882-3.. 
 
 1,150,000 
 1,850,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 1883-4 
 
 Other counties not enumerated above are beginning to cultivate the pea- 
 nut and it is expected that before long those of Prince George, York, Nor- 
 folk, Elizabeth City and Matthews will be able to contribute a fair amount 
 to the grand total. Notwithstanding the large increase in production, the 
 demand appears to be gaining upon it, and prices are well sustained. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 
 
 109 
 
 <c 
 
 THE: 
 
 ^zdc^ 
 
 The Largest Peanut Establishment 
 in the World. 
 
 t 
 
 s s> 
 
 | 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS I1V 
 
 Hand-Picked, Shelled and Screened 
 
 ii 
 
 U 
 
 ~-\ 
 
 I»ROF , RIETORS OK THE FOUOWING BRANDS : 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT," " SUN," " SQUIRREL," "SHIELD," 
 : < STRAIGHT VIRGINIA'S " a;id < 
 
 Peanuts taken on storage for Farmers and Dealers at lowest rates. 
 Weekly prices furnished on application. Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 FACTORIES : 
 
 Nos. 153, 155, 157, 159 and 161 Water St., 
 
 AKiD 
 
 COMMERCE STREET, SMITHFIELD, VA. 
 
110 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 IKON WORKS, FOUNDRIES AND MARINE 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 ONSPICUOITS among the necessities of a prosperous sea-port are 
 such establishments as are above enumerated, and we may assert 
 without fear of contradiction that they are very essential also to the 
 success of agricultural and manufacturing interests. In this respect Nor- 
 folk is very well off, having several flourishing establishments of each class. 
 The neighboring Cities of Richmond and Petersburg are also well sup- 
 plied in this line, and there is no fear of any emergency arising which 
 would compel ns to go beyond the boundaries of our own State in order to 
 supply onr necessities. At present our own works are busy enough to 
 furnish employment to every iron worker, boiler maker and ship carpenter 
 in the two cith s and it frequently happens that our ironmasters are obliged 
 to import labor. During every month of the year, but more noticably 
 while the busy winter season is upon us, the iron works and marine rail- 
 ways of Norfolk are taxed to their fullest capacity. The clang of the 
 mallet and hammer in the machine shops and the rattle of the chains as 
 some renovated vessel returns to her native element are familiar sounds to 
 our citizens by day and by night, and would be sadly missed were they to 
 cease. In times of financial depression, the trades to which we now al- 
 lude are among the first to exhibit signs of weakness, and the enforced 
 idleness of the laboring classes exercises a most injurious effect upon the 
 whole body commercial. But fortunately the reverse is no less true. 
 Money is largely kept in circulation by those who are paid off daily, 
 weekly or monthly, and when these are steadily employed at fair wages, 
 as is generally the case here with those to whom we now particularly 
 refer, the healthful influence is felt throughout the community. Boilers, 
 portable and stationary engines, agricultural machinery, locomotives, all of 
 the best material and most skillful workmanship, are among the products 
 of our iron works and foundries. They are manufactured chiefly for the 
 cotton and timber districts of the South, and have invariably given com- 
 plete satisfaction even when tested in competition with those bearing the 
 names of famous Northern establishments. Our marine railways are not 
 large enough for the demand sometimes made upon them, and it occasion- 
 ally happens that a vessel is delayed for some days before her repairs can 
 be attended to ; but this is a fault that will shortly be remedied, as we are 
 informed. On the whole we have good cause for pride and gratification at 
 the progress already made in these branches of industry in the City, and 
 there is every reason for believing that a prosperous future is before them. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. Ill 
 
 ELIZABETH IRON WORKS, 
 
 CHAS. W. PETTIT, 
 
 PROPRIETOR, 
 
 Nos. 280 to 286 Water Street, 
 
 
 Manufacturer of Steam Engines, Boilers, 
 
 SAW AND GRIST MILLS, 
 
 SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGERS, FORGINGS & CASTINGS. 
 
 Special attention given to the repair of STEAMBOATS and MACHIN- 
 ERY of all kinds. 
 
 *@r MACHINISTS AND BOILER MAKERS sent to any part of the 
 Country to repair work. 
 
 . W. DUVAL & CO., 
 
 Norfolk Iron Works, 
 
 Corner Water and Nebraska Sts., 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 IX o, 
 
 AND ALL KINDS OF 
 
 ^^imniMi §| n§ Mill Mf®i?il 14ft llli 8 
 
 7ILJS0 REP7IIR,I]V[6 TIT TflE. £P0KTE£T JVO¥ICE. 
 
 (^PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO STEAMBOAT WORK.^ 
 
 Duval's Patent Improved BOILER TUBE FERRULES are the only perfect 
 remedy for Leaky Boiler Tubes. They can be inserted in a few minutes by any 
 Engineer, and are guaranteed to stop the leaks. 
 
112 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 WM. H. TAPPEY. ALEX. STEEL. 
 
 IT ^ 
 
 =# 
 
 I 
 
 PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Engines; Tobacco, Cotton and Hay Presses; Saw, Grist and 
 Sumac Mills, and Mill gearing generally. 
 
 ELEVATORS FOR STORES AND FACTORIES. NEW AND SECOND- 
 HAND ENGINES FOR SALE. 
 
 We guarantee satisfaction as we have done for forty years. 
 
 TAPPEY & STEEL, 
 
 PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 
 
 113 
 
 316, 318, 320 & 322 THIRTEENTH ST. N.W. 
 
 if€MM WASHINGTON, D. C. -f fif 
 
 THOS. SOMERVILLE & SONS 
 
 IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN 
 
 And Manufacturers of all the various articles used in 
 
 Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fitting, 
 
 SPECIALTY-STEAM HEATING SUPPLIES. 
 
 Steam Pumps, Steam Gauges, Lubricators, &c., Cistern, Well 
 
 and Force Pumps. Lead, Cast Iron, Wrought 
 
 Iron and Terra Cotta Pipes. 
 
 
 A. J. KERMS, & 
 
 Agent for 
 
 Wheeler, Madden & Clemson 
 Manufacturing Co,'s 
 
 SAWS. 
 
 Send for Price List and Circular. 
 
 MADISON STREET, 
 
 NEAR CLYDE'S WHARF, 
 
 NORFOLK, - VA. 
 
114 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 £3DMOJVE>, 
 
 {Successor to ETTENGER & EDMOND.) 
 
 RICHMOND, - VIRGINIA. 
 
 "Works Established October, 1850. 
 
 Pi 
 
 IBTJJICDIEIl OF 
 
 STATIONARY AND PORTABLE 
 
 % £F%.. 
 
 r* 
 
 Saw Mills, Grist Mills, Mill Gearing, &c. 
 
 
 BOILERS OF ALL KINDS MADE TO ORDER OF IRON OR 
 STEEL. CALKING DONE WITH CONNERY'S PAT- 
 ENT CALKING TOOL, WHICH DOES 
 NOT GASH THE SHEET. 
 
 HYDRAULIC PRESSES, 
 
 and all kinds of Engines and Hydraulic Pumps for the manufacture 
 
 of Tobacco. 
 Particular attention called to our DOUBLE HYDKATJLIC PUMP 
 
 for setting presses. 
 FSEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 115 
 
 G. P. HAWES, 
 
 18 and 20 South 15th St., Richmond, Va. 
 
 Circular Saws Gummed, Hammered and Re-tempered. Patent and other Machinery 
 Manufactured and Repaired. Patterns and Models made to order. 
 
 Agent for the Taylor Manufacturing Co.'s Boilers and Engines, and 
 
 £i Moore County grit " Corn-Mills. 
 
 Manufacturer of and Dealer in Saws, Swages, Gummers, Saw Sets, Saw 
 
 Mills, Straw Cutter Bolts, Blades and Ledgers, Kubber and 
 
 Leather Belting, Tobacco, Sassafras, Planer, 
 
 Book Binder and other Knives. 
 
116 
 
 NORFLOK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 The Baker Salyage Co. 
 
 OF NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 INCORPORATED r88i. 
 
 JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, President. 
 
 GEORGE M. BAIN, Jr., Treasurer. 
 
 GEORGE McBLAIE, Secretary. 
 
 E. M. STODDARD, General Manager. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 JOSEPH BAKER, B. T. BOCKOVER, F. M. PEED. 
 
 V. D. GRONER, D. J. TURNER, 0. E. MALTBY. 
 
 The property already saved by this Company is worth in 
 the aggregate several millions of dollars. They own the fol- 
 lowing wrecking vessels which are fully equipped and ready 
 to start at a moment's notice for any point where their services 
 maybe required, namely : the Steamers " Victoria J. Peed " 
 and '• Resolute," and the schooners "B. & J. Baker," *'Annie 
 Collins" and "Scud," besides many wooden and iron Pon- 
 toons, Hydraulic Lifting Jacks, Spars, Large purchase Falls 
 and Blocks Steam Hoisting Engines, Diving apparatus and all 
 other necessary appliances. 
 
 This Company always has on hand for sale large quantities 
 of Chains, Anchors, Srjars, Sails, &c. 
 
 S OFFICES : g> 
 
 No. 2 Campbell's Wharf, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 — AJNU 
 
 The Baker Salvage Co.'s Wharf, Berkley ,Va. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 117 
 
 VMMSSL JL (WMW 
 
 — ) ive^w (- 
 
 Opposite Norfolk & Western Railroad Wharf, 
 
 All kinds of MARINE WORK Done with Prompt- 
 ness and at Reasonable Prices. 
 B@~0rders oy Telephone will receive Prompt Attention ,~©a 
 
 WM. A. UlAVffl 
 
 i ) 
 
 m 
 
 U 1 1 
 
 BWMm 
 
 L MARINE RAILWAY. 
 
 Lumber 
 Manufacturer, 
 
 Saw and Planing 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 SCROLL 
 SAWING, 
 
 ALL KfiNDS OF BRACKETS AND MOULDBNGS 
 
 FURNISHED ON SHORT NOTICE. 
 
 Nos. 209 to 223 Water Street, - NORFOLK. YA. 
 
 AND 
 
118 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 141 and 143 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Dealers in and Manufacturers of IRON FRONTS, DIGHTNING RODS, Wrought, Mallea- 
 ble, Wire and Cast IRON Ornamental and Plain RAILINGS, of all kinds, STEPS, FOUNTAINS, 
 VASES, Ornamental Architectural Castings of every description, &c. &c, and everything 
 ornamental made of iron. Catalogues will be sent to any address, and satisfaction guaran- 
 teed in every particular, especially in price, 
 
 SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 M T IS not our purpose to weary the reader by attempting to advance 
 if any original ideas upon the momentous question of Education, which 
 s^J is universally admitted to be one of paramount importance in every 
 civilized and progressive community, and has been worn almost threadbare 
 by the preachers and lecturers, commentators and statesmen, of all gener- 
 ations. Our present concern is merely with the facilities which are en- 
 joyed by our own people for securing this ''pearl without price," and the 
 statistics in this respect make a very handsome showing. We have an ex- 
 cellent system of Public Schools consisting of Primary and Grammar de- 
 partments. To these will doubtless be added at no distant date a High 
 School for which considerable demand is now made and which is alone 
 needed to make our public school system complete. Our private semina- 
 ries for boys and girls are of the very highest order and afford a first-class 
 education. The Norfolk College for Young Ladies is one of the leading 
 institutions of its kind in the whole country and is attended by students 
 from all sections. There are many parents who think it to their chil- 
 dren's advantage to become early independent of the limited and some- 
 times monotonous influences of the home circle and therefore prefer for 
 them a boarding school at not too, great a distance; and again, later on, 
 they desire that their sons shall enjoy the benefits of a Thrive sity training. 
 To these it is a source of great comfort that they are within such easy 
 reach of schools like the University School at Petersburg, and the seats of 
 more advanced learning such as the Medical College at Bichmond, the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia at Charlottesville, the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons at Baltimore, Salem Academy and other first-rate educational insti- 
 tutions which abound in this and the adjoining States. Norfolk is famous 
 for her accomplished ladies and talented professional men, and nearly all 
 of these have received their education within the boundaries of Virginia, 
 if not within the limits of this City. In fact there is no spot in the 
 United States which enjoys greater educational facilities than does Nor- 
 folk, and both cause and effect may be attributed to the same fact, namely, 
 that her people fully appreciate the advantages — social, professional, com- 
 mercial and political — of a sound and liberal education, and spare no effort 
 to secure it for their children. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 119 
 
 fic-trrc/tco, 
 
 TOK85 
 
 v^OJJ^ 
 
 ojvDiiaea wmm totoot mmis 
 
 idiJa^. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 JOHN L. ROPER, President. R. H. WYNNE, Secretary. 
 
 KADER BIGGS, Vice President. W. S. WILKINSON, Treasurer. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS : 
 
 KADER BIGGS, 
 E. T. POWELL, 
 
 S. A. STEVENS, 
 LUTHER SHELD3N, 
 
 GEORGE W. DEY, 
 THOMAS E. ELLIOTT, 
 W. S. WILKINSON, 
 L. HARMAN80N, 
 
 C. L. UPSHUR, 
 GEORGE M. BUN. 
 A. A. McCULLOUGH, 
 R. S. DODaON. 
 
 FACULTY- Session 1883'84. 
 
 Rev. R. M. SAUNDERS, Principal, 
 
 Professor of Mental and Moral Science. 
 
 Mrs. M. J. T. SAUNDERS, 
 
 Modern Languages. 
 
 Rev. THOMAS HUME, Jr., AM,, D.D. 
 
 Prof. English Language and English Literature. 
 
 NEWTON FITZ, 
 
 Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Rev. THOMAS HUME, Jr., 
 
 Professor of Ancient Languages. 
 
 Rev. R. H. WYNNE, 
 
 Assistant Professor of Latin. 
 
 Rev. R. M. SAUNDERS, 
 
 Professor of Physical Sciences. 
 
 Miss VIRGINIA W. HANKINS, ' 
 
 Rhetoric and Composition. 
 
 Miss VIRGINIA SCHOLEFIELD, 
 
 Elocution, Calisthenics and Penmanship . 
 
 NEWTON FITZ. 
 
 ANTON F. KOERNER, 
 
 Adjunct Professor of Instrumental Music 
 Miss EVI1LY STANKO WITCH, 
 
 (Graduate of Lelp6ic Conservatory.) 
 
 Vocal Music and Cultivation of the Voice 
 Miss EVIILY STANKo'wiTCH,' 
 
 (Graduate of Leipsic Conservatory. ) 
 
 Assistant in Instrumental Music. 
 
 Madame de FALETANS (Paris,) 
 
 Art Department, French and German Conversation 
 
 Miss VIRGINIA W. HANKINS, 
 
 Principal of Intermediate Department. 
 
 Miss BELLE BOYKIN, 
 
 Principal of the Primary Department. 
 
 Miss s. TOMMIE HALL, 
 
 Assistant in English. 
 Mrs. LUDIE BOWDOIN, 
 
 Matron. 
 
 Miss CATTIE V. BOUSH, 
 
 Domestic Department. 
 
 Professor of Music. Instrumental and Vocal. 
 
 New, elegant brick buildings, three stories high, thorough ventilation, abundance of light, 
 gas, water from the City Water Works, bath rooms, with hot and cold water, well heated by 
 steam radiators. Every possible convenience and comfort provided for hoarders. B;st modern 
 educational appliances Full Collegiate course of study. Course in English, in addition to 
 the usual preparatory studies, includes Anglo-Saxon, Philology, and Historical Grammar, as 
 well as Literature and Criticism, and in its methods of teaching is the work of an experienced 
 specialist. It is supplemented by a Post-Graduate Course of Headings and Lectures. Special 
 provision for best instruction in Calisthenics, Elocution, Natural Sciences, Music, Drawing 
 and Painting, Ancient and Modern Languages, conversation in French and German daily. 
 Under Protestant influences, but undenominational. Three hundred and thirteen pupils last 
 session. Charges very low alien .sup, rior adrantages are considered. 
 
 For Catalogue, containing full information, address K. H. Wynne, Secretary, or Rev. R. 
 M. Saunders, Principal, Norfolk, Va. 
 
120 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 The Session begins on the FIRST OF OCTOBER, and continues until the Thursday 
 before the Fourth day of July ensuing. 
 
 The Institution is organized in separate Schools on the Eclectic System, embracing 
 
 FULL COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, 
 
 and in the PROFESSIONS OF LAW, MEDICINE, 
 
 THE EXPENSES of the student (except such as enter the practical laboratories) 
 exclusive of the cost of text books, clothing and pocket money, are from $ 356 to if 391, 
 according to Schools selected; or, for those who economize by messing, these ex- 
 penses are from $266 to $300. No charge for tuition to candidates for the ministry 
 unable to meet the expense. 
 
 Apply for Catalogues to W. A. Winston, Secretary, University of Virginia. 
 
 JAMES F. HARRISON, M. D , 
 
 Chairman of the Faculty. 
 
 MEBiGAL GOUEfiE OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 PROFESSORS. 
 
 JAMES R McCAW, M. D., Practice of Medicine. 
 
 HO. T. COLEMAN, M. D, Obstetrics and Diseases of the Puerperal State. 
 
 JOHN S. WELLFORD, M. D., Diseases of Women and Children. 
 
 J. 8. DORSE V CCJLLEN, M. D., Surgery. 
 
 WM. H. TAYLOR. M. D., Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER TOMPKINS. M. D., General and Special Anatomy. 
 
 MARTIN Ij. JAMES, M. D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
 
 HENRY H. LEVY, M. D., Physiology and Pathology. 
 
 ADJUNCT FACULTY. 
 
 JOHN R. WHEAT, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. 
 
 CHARLES M. SHIELDS, M. D , Diseases of the Eye, Ear and Throat. 
 
 WM. AUGUSTUS LEE, M. D., Obstetrics and Diseases of the Puerperal State. 
 
 A. SPIERS GEORGE, M. D.. Surgery. 
 
 CHARLES H. CHALKLEY, M. D., Chemistry. 
 
 ARMISTEAD L. WELLFORD, M. D , Anatomy. 
 
 ROBERT H. COWAN, M. D.. Diseases of Women and Children. 
 
 GEORGE BENJAMIN JOHNSTON, M. D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
 
 JOHN N. UPSHUR, M. D , Practice of Medicine. 
 
 The Forty-Seventh Annual Session begins October 1st, 1884, and will continue until 
 April 1st. 
 For Catalogue, or further information, address 
 
 M. L. JAMES, M. D., 
 
 Dean of the Faculty. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 121 
 
 FOXJIVI>EI> : 1865. 
 
 THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL, 
 
 PETERSBURG. VA. 
 
 W. GORDON McCABE, (U. of Va.), Head Master. 
 
 Instructor in Ancient Languages, French, German and Early English. 
 
 Assistant Masters: 
 
 JAMES EOY MICOU, (U. of Va.), 
 
 Instructor in Mathematics. 
 
 BEENAED MANN, (U. of Va.), 
 
 Asst. Instructor in Ancient Languages and German. 
 
 WM. F. McEAE, (IT. of Va.), 
 
 Asst. Instructor in Mathematics and English. 
 
 J. CALVIN LESTEE, 
 
 Asst. Instructor in Mathematics, French and English. 
 
 Continuous Session from October 1st to June 30th. 
 
 The University School is mainly preparatory to the University 
 of Virginia, the Professors of which Institution endorse it most heartily. 
 (See Catalogue). During the past nineteen years it has also prepared and 
 sent up to Princeton, West Point, Annapolis, Boston Institute of 
 Technology and other Institutions of high grade, a great number of 
 pupils whose uniform success is the best guarantee of the thoroughness of 
 the instruction in the School. 
 
 For Board. Tuition, Washing, Fuel and Lights, per Session of 
 
 nine months, (payable half-yearly) - $350 00 
 
 The Head Master takes into his own family a limited number of boarders. As these places 
 are usually taken promptly, early application is advisable. 
 
 ^"No boarding pupils are received for less time than the whole session. 
 The health of Petersburg is excellent. 
 For Catalogues and detailed information, address 
 
 W. GORDON McCABE, Head Master. 
 
122 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 ^^COLLEGE OF^ 
 
 ililaffii art ®ut§§iiih 
 
 FACUJLTY OF PHYSIC* 
 
 THOMAS OPIE, M. D. 
 Prof, of Obstetrics and Puerperal Diseases. 
 
 JOHN S. LYNCH, M. D , 
 
 Prof, of Prin. and Practice of Medicine and 
 
 Clinical Prof, of Chest and Throat. 
 
 THOMAS S LATIMER, M. D., 
 
 Prof, of Physiology and Diseases of Children 
 
 A. F. ERICH, M. D., 
 
 Professor of Diseases of Women. 
 
 AARON FRIEDENWALD, M. D., 
 
 CHARLES P. BEVAN, M. D.. 
 
 Professor of Anatomy, Cenito- Urinary and 
 
 Orthopedic Surgery. 
 
 0SC4R J. COSKERY, M. D., 
 
 Professor of Surgery. 
 
 ABRAM B. ARNOLD, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Clinical Medicine and Diseases 
 
 of the Nervous System. 
 
 RICHARD GTJNDRY, M. D., 
 
 Professor of Materia Medica Therapeutics 
 
 and Mental Diseases. 
 
 WM. SIMON, M. D., Ph. D., 
 
 Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear 
 
 AUXILIARY PROFESSORS AND SPECIAL LECTURERS. 
 
 R. B. WINDER, M. D., D. D. S 
 
 GEORGE H.ROHE, M. D., 
 
 Prof, of Hygiene and Clin. Dermatology. 
 
 J. D. ARNOLD, M. D., 
 
 Lecturer on Diseases of the Heart. 
 
 N. G. KEIRLE, M. D., 
 
 Lecturer on Pathological Histology. 
 
 J. W. CHAMBERS, M. D., 
 
 Lecturer on Applied Anatomy of Ker.wus 
 
 System. 
 
 Professor of Prin and Prac Dental Sur- 
 gery as applied to Medicine. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY N. SMITH, 
 
 Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence from 
 a Legal Standpoint. 
 
 J. H. BRANHAM, M. D., 
 
 Lecturer on Regional Anatomy. 
 
 DEMONSTRATORS. 
 
 J. W. CHAMBERS, M. D., 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy, 
 
 J. H BRANHAM, M. D., 
 
 Assistant Demonstrator. 
 
 WM. D. BOOKER, M. D., 
 
 Demonstrator of Physiology. 
 
 GEO. H. STRAUSS, M. D., 
 Demonstrator of Chemistry. 
 
 The Sprinq Session will begin March 15, 1884, and end June .15, 1884. 
 
 The Regular Winter Session will begin October 1st, 1884, and end March 1st, 1885. 
 
 'I he Student of Medicine is given unsurpassed Clinical Facilities at this bcnooi. 
 The City Hospital situated in the centre of the business part of the city, receives a 
 large part of the accident cases which occur. The Maternite is full of obstetric cases 
 during the year, and furnishes for each student practical bedside instruction 
 and experience. The Maryland Woman's Hospital, connected by a covered way 
 with the Lecture Halls, enables the Professor of Gynecology to demonstrate practi- 
 cally the various diseases of women and to perform operations before the class. _ 
 
 The Physiological and Chemical Laboratories are fully equipped and in working 
 order. Attendance on the demonstrations is required of every student. 
 
 For the Annual Catalogue, giving full information as to Graduation, .bees, <&c. 
 
 address, 
 
 THOMAS OPIE, M. D., DEAN, 
 
 No. 179 N. Howard Street. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 12,3 
 
 I Hllfl 
 
 161 WEST LOMBARD STREET, 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 This Institution was inaugurated and has heen in successful operation 
 since 1874. Having heen liberally aided by the Legislature of Maryland, 
 no cost nor pains have heen spared, to make it as perfect as possible in all 
 its departments. 
 
 Large, neat and thoroughly ventilated PRIVATE ROOMS, furnished 
 with every modern appliance and convenience, can he secured at all times. 
 
 There are two Eesident Physicians always on hand, ready to afford as- 
 sistance and conduce to the comfort of the inmates. 
 
 The strictest privacy is assured. All communications confidential. 
 Address, 
 
 HOSPITAL COMMITTEE, 
 
 161 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, Md. 
 
124 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 BETHEL CLASSICAL AND MILITARY ACADEMY, 
 
 In a country noted for beauty and health. Course of Study, 10 branches, unequalled 
 in extent, surpassed in thoroughness by no Academy in the South. Medical and 
 Law Courses preparatory to the University of Va. Board, tuition, medical attend- 
 ance, half session, $95.00. No extras. Address 
 
 _ Maj. A. G. SMITH, Bethel Academy P, 0., Fauquier Co., Va. 
 
 GROCERIES. 
 
 j| |TS IS the case in all mercantile communities, the grocery trade here 
 \\~ , holds an important and influential position, for it is the trade of 
 M? %> all others which affects all classes in city and country and com- 
 mands universal attention. The business transacted in Norfolk during 
 the last year has involved the enormous sum of 18,000,000, including the 
 sales effected by the retail establishments. This is a great increase of 
 trade as compared with former years, and there is every reason to believe 
 that the improvement will continue, for the country merchants all over the 
 Eastern districts of Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia are 
 beginning to realize the important fact that they can buy as good articles 
 here as are to be met with in the Northern markets, while at the same 
 time they can save money in freights and transportation expenses by pur- 
 chasing them nearer home. 
 
 Failures in this branch of trade occur here with gratifying infrequency. 
 On the contrary, it is almost entirely in the hands of discreet and exper- 
 ienced firms whose financial strength is considerable and constantly on 
 the increase. 
 
 The stocks of groceries kept on hand are usually of a very extensive and 
 varied character and are augmented by such alien articles as powder, 
 shot, buckets, brooms, tubs, rope and other commodities in general use but 
 not strictly belonging to this category. These goods are shipped in great 
 quantities to all parts of the Southern seaboard as well as to the villages 
 and hamlets of the interior, and Norfolk is thus kept in intimate commu- 
 nication with her rural neighbors and customers who frequently visit our 
 wholesale establishments to renew their stocks, sometimes buying whole 
 car-loads and sometimes a single box or barrel, according to the season of 
 the year and the requirements of their agricultural constituencies. 
 
 Our excellent transportation facilities by land and water to and from 
 every great market of this Continent and Europe have enabled us already 
 to build up an immense grocery trade, but there is still plenty of room 
 for expansion, and we are among those who believe that Norfolk 
 will at some not distant day become the great central distributing point 
 for all the South-eastern States. To this end we must invite the direct 
 importation of coffee, fruits, and other foreign produce and discourage the 
 practice sometimes adopted by ships' captains of coming here in ballast. 
 
 The approximate amount gf capital invested in the grocery trade of Nor- 
 folk is $750,000. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 125 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1871. 
 
 E, T. POWELL. J. R. POWELL 
 
 K I. POWILL, SON I Lw, 
 
 (Successors to EASTHAM, POWELL & CO.,) 
 
 Wholesale Grocers, 
 
 90 Water St. and 41 Commerce St., 
 
 ■■i/if 
 
 LAEGE DEALERS IN 
 
 Flour, Meats, Sugars, Coffee, 
 
 Teas, Syrups, Salt, Lard, 
 
 Mackerel, Herring, 
 
 AND IN FACT ALL ARTICLES USUALLY KEPT IN A 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERY HOUSE. 
 
 Special inducements offered to Prompt Paying and Cash 
 customers. 
 
126 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1865. 
 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN ALL K'NDS OF 
 
 GROCERIES, PROVISIONS, 
 
 91 Water, corner Commerce St., 
 
 INCORPOKATED 1883. 
 
 1FDLE I 
 
 y t 
 
 H'OMFOiK, 
 
 THE IMPORTATION" OF ALL KINDS OF FOR- 
 EIGN" SALT A SPECIALTY. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 M. L. T. DAVIS, of M. L. T. Dayis & Co., President 
 
 W. C. DICKSON, of T. A. Williams & Dickson, Treasurer. 
 
 WASHINGTON TAYLOR, of Washington Taylor & Co. Sec'y. 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 M. L. T, DAVIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co., Norfolk. 
 
 T. A. WILLIAMS, of T A. Williams & Dickson, Norfolk. 
 JAS. T. BORUM, of W. F. Allen & Co,, Norfolk. 
 
 WASHINGTON TAYLOR, of Washington Taylor & Co., Norfolk. 
 B. D. THOMAS of M. L, T. Davis & Co., Norfolk. 
 
 W. C. DICKSON, of T. A. Williams & Dickson, Norfolk. 
 
 W. G. W. PARKER, of W. & J. Parker, Portsmouth, Va. 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 127 
 
 W. F. ALLEN. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1864. 
 
 J. T. BORUM. 
 
 W. F. ALLEN & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS 
 
 . 99 Water St, k 18, 22, 26 k 30 Rotlierys Lane, 
 
 9 
 
 i®* FLOUR AND MEATS A SPECIALTY. 
 Special attention given to CAR LOAD quantities of 
 
 MOLASSES, FLOUR, MEATS f SALT. 
 JOHN Z. LOWE, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 Fine Family Groceries, Ship Stores, Provisions, 
 
 FINE WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS, TOBACCO, &c. 
 
 13 and 15 Corner Market Sipiare and 1, 3, and 5 Union Street, 
 
 INTOSLFOXjK, -*7"-£fc,_ 
 Roasted Coffee and Fine Teas a Specialty. 
 
 P. A. ULACKBTJRN. 
 
 KENNON JONE3. 
 
 G. G. HOBSON. 
 
 BLACKBURN, JONES & CO. 
 
 Specialties : Syrups, Butter, Fish and Sugar Cured Meats. 
 Ho. 11 COIMEMCIAL ROW, - JfOBFOLK, VA. 
 
 EDWARD MAHONEY. 
 
 WM. DONOVAN. 
 
 MAHOSEY A BOTO¥A¥, 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS 
 
 Flour a Specialty. Butter, Cheese, Lard, Smoked. Meats, Fish, Soaps, &c. 
 S.-E. Corner of Roanoke Dock and Mahoney's Wharf, - NORFOLK, VA. 
 
128 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 IMC- X>X7C3r C3r^3LP<r, 
 SOAP MANTJFACTTJREJR 
 
 Loyall's Lane, bet. Union and W. Water Sts., 
 
 ONE SQUARE EROM THE MARKET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 BUYS AND SELLS TALLOW, GREASE, &c. 
 
 COAL, WOOD AND ICE DEALERS. 
 
 1ST addition to the immense amount of coal and wood necessarily con- 
 sumed by our own people during the year, a large business is done 
 in these commodities with the shipping in our port and also with 
 dealers in the surrounding country. The Norfolk & Western and Chesa- 
 peake & Ohio Eailroads supply the greater part of the demands of this 
 market, and the rest is brought from Pennsylvania and Maryland Except 
 for the purposes of steam, the trade becomes dull from the opening of 
 Spring till the time arrives for laying in the Winter's supply. A good trade 
 is carried on during the Winter months in what we might term retail 
 quantities with those who are unable to buy more than a ton or so of coal, 
 or a cord or two of wood, at a time. During the busy season our coal and 
 wood yards are severely taxed to supply their customers. But the princi- 
 pal trade is that which is shipped from this port in bulk, and the Norfolk 
 & Western Kailroad Company is now preparing to erect immense bins at 
 Lambert's Point and to make Norfolk the greatest coaling depot on the 
 coast. The finest steam coal in the world comes over its line from Western 
 Virginia and can be delivered here at comparatively low prices. This im- 
 provement is expected to attract numerous coastwise and ocean steamships 
 to our waters and to give a new impetus to our general commercial inter- 
 ests. 
 
 The wholesale and retail Ice business of the City, which in several in- 
 stances is conducted by those who deal in fuel, is also very considerable. 
 Large quantities are shipped to the fisheries of North Carolina as well as 
 to other points south of Norfolk, while the home consumption is by no 
 means small during the Summer months. The combined transactions in 
 these three commodities during the year 1883 amounted to within a frac- 
 tion of $650,000, upon a capital of less than a quarter of that sum. 
 
 G. "W^. TAYLOR. c*3 CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 
 
 ANTHRACITE } C A L { BITUMINOUS 
 
 STEAMBOAT COAL A SPECIALTY. 
 Office 47 Granby Street, Yard Liverpool Wharf. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 129 
 
 THOS. J. NOTTINGHAM. WM. A. WRENN. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM & WRENN, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 GENERAL OFFICES: 
 
 54 Main Street, under Atlantic Hotel 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 YARDS AND BRANCHES : 
 
 Nottingham & Wrenn's Wharf, - - Atlantic City. 
 Norfolk and Western Railroad Depot, - - Norfolk. 
 Nos. 6 and 7 Campbell's Wharf, - - - Norfolk. 
 
 LOCAL AGENTS FOE THE 
 
 CELEBRATED POCAHONTAS STEAM COAL 
 
 which we guarantee superior to any other in quality and preparation, 
 and offer it at LOW PRICES in any quantity desired. 
 
 Constantly in Stock Complete Assortment of 
 
 EGG, STOVE AND NUT COALS. 
 
 In our ICE BUSINESS our facilities are unsurpassed. We cut 
 our own ice in Maine, have large storage capacity and guarantee lowest 
 market prices by the cargo or in small quantities. 
 
 WOOD sawed, split and delivered. Also Bundled KINDLING 
 
 WOOD for Sale. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM & WRENN. 
 
130 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Rawlins, WMtelmrst & Co. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 KEEP CONSTANTLY ON HAND QUANTITIES SUCH AS 
 
 TO ENABLE US TO BE PREPARED AT ALL 
 
 TIMES TO FILL ORDERS BY 
 
 ^WIIDI^AHE AND TUBTAIL.**- 
 
 BRANCHES: 
 
 Elizabeth City, N. C., ICE and COAL, 
 
 Plymouth, N. C, ICE and COAL, 
 
 Hampton, Ya., ICE. 
 
 0RDE^ BY JSJiUi 6R DlgP/IWCfl RECEIVE 0UR 
 PR0PP¥ /IWEJSfflON. 
 
 We are prepared to furnish ICE by the cargo 
 DIRECT FROM MABNE. 
 
 POND OR RIVER ICE, 
 
 OF THE VERY BEST QUALITY. 
 
 ORDERS FOR CAR LOADS, BARRELS OR HOGSHEADS, 
 
 PROMPTLY FILLED. 
 
 All Enquiries receive our Immediate Attention. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 131 
 
 BUILDERS' MATERIALS. 
 
 I^f great has been the progress in this department of our trade that 
 many of the comparatively humble and cheap dwelling houses 
 built in the City during the past few years surpass in durability, 
 comfort and elegance the costlier mansions of former times. While the 
 character of these buildings has improved, the cost of building has consid- 
 erably decreased. The quality of the bricks manufactured in this neigh- 
 borhood is good, although the Norfolk yards are as yet only turning out 
 rough work, and the fine pressed bricks are still imported from Philadel- 
 phia and Baltimore. Our dealers in building material occupy extensive 
 warehouses and their stocks of Finishing Limes, Cement, Plaster, Laths, 
 Cornice, Paving and Building Bricks, &c, are large. Surrounded by saw 
 mills, Norfolk is an excellent market for Sash, Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, 
 Brackets, &c, and millions of feet of excellent building lumber of home 
 manufacture find ready sale here at low figures. Contractors find the 
 supply of regular goods abundant and there is every facility at the mills 
 in and around the City for the prompt and satisfactory execution of their 
 orders. 
 
 JOHN O. GAMAGE &130NS, 
 100 & 102 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 RECEIVERS AI\» SHIPPERS «r F AI/L HODS OF 
 
 BUILDING AND F1N1SHBNC LIMES, 
 
 SHELL LIMES, CEMENTS OF ALL KINDS, 
 Plaster, Laths, Pipe Clay, Bricks, Slates, Tar, &c., &c. 
 jg@="Special Kates in Freights and Prices for Wholesale Lots. 
 
 BOOKS AND STATIONERY. 
 
 quality and quantity of reading matter in circulation among the 
 people of any community will he found a very accurate test of their 
 intellectual capacity and refinement. Where there are well patron- 
 ized public or circulating libraries, many and flourishing hook stores car- 
 rying large and well selected assortments of standard literature, there will 
 also most certainly be found a large proportion of cultivated and well in- 
 formed readers. And this may justly be claimed by Norfolk and Ports- 
 mouth where the book business has been successfully conducted by men 
 whose own high education and mental culture eminently qualify them to 
 cater to the intellectual requirements of their neighbors. We have several 
 handsome and well stocked book and stationery stores where all commodi- 
 ties usually kept by first-class establishments of the kind are to be found 
 in great abundance and endless variety, including choice selections of 
 paintings, engravings and photographs, stereoscopes and a host of other 
 articles which may be grouped under the generic term, "fancy." These 
 stores are all doing an excellent business and are sources of much enjoy- 
 ment to our appreciative citizens as well as to the visitors with whom our 
 hotels are always filled. 
 
132 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE: 
 
 
 \jty> 
 
 _iL'' 
 
 ;tt tip |@aits§ JelpI mi 
 
 COUNTING-HOUSE AND SCHOOL 
 
 1 
 
 ^V VWWWWWN WWW \WW> ~ 
 
 Lithographing and Printing. Card and "Wedding Invitations Engraved 
 
 to order. Fancy goods of every description, in 
 
 Russia, Plush and Leather Goods. 
 
 BEST NOW MADE AT FACTORY PRICES. 
 
 * 
 
 Booksellers and Stationers, 
 
 Dealers in Fancy Goods, Pianos and Organs, 
 
 104 Main Street, - Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Special A-ttention to Jobbing-. 
 
n 
 
 u 
 
 ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 rt At i u/tMncnn 
 
 133 
 
 
 ? .Is 
 
 V ^1 
 
 Corner Main and Bank Streets, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 TOT 
 
 ttf. 
 
 IE 
 
 The Largest and Most Complete Assortment in the City. 
 
 Of Every Variety and of all sizes. Plain and Russia-bound 
 Pocket and Memorandum Books. 
 
 School and House Sizes and of the best makes. 
 
 All styles and qualities. 
 
 Agent for FOLEY'S GOLD PENS, BIBLES and SCHOOL 
 BOOKS, ARTISTS' MATERIALS, MATHEMAT- 
 ICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 The best quality of Goods for Ladies, Merchants, Bankers 
 
 and Students. 
 
 Miscellaneous Literature and New Music on hand and to order. 
 
 C. HALL WINDSOR, 
 
 Cor. Main and Bank Streets, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
134 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 SEEDSMEN. 
 
 ■Vi 
 
 TTREOUNDED as we are by an immense trucking area, it is not to 
 be wondered at that the seed trade has grown and prospered until 
 it has reached its present imposing proportions. Sales are not 
 made exclusively to truckers, however, for large quantities are consigned 
 to almost all parts of the United States where the soil is suited to the cul- 
 tivation of vegetables indigenous to this climate. The seedsmen of Nor- 
 folk are particularly careful to insure to the seed the highest condition of 
 vitality and make it their special aim to produce only such seed as will be 
 best adapted to the soil and climate in which they are intended to propagate. 
 The business has here been conducted upon such correct principles that 
 large orders from distant points keep our seedsmen constantly employed. 
 To build up and retain the trade of our own truckers from year to year re- 
 quires the utmost integrity and activity on the part of the dealer, for a sin- 
 gle failure would shake the confidence of a whole district in the purity and 
 reliability of his goods and would inflict almost irreparable injury upon his 
 business. He must also have a practical knowledge of planting, cultivat- 
 ing, gathering and handling, or success will be difficult, if not impossible, 
 of achievement. It is gratifying to know that all these qualifications are 
 possessed in a conspicuous degree by Norfolk's seedsmen. 
 
 mm tajt & sot 
 
 :T SQUARE, NOIlfOlK, V*. 
 
 Finest American, Canadian, English, French and 
 German Seeds of all kinds, suited for the South. 
 
 Catalogue and Price List mailed on application. 
 
 BAG-S AND BAGG-ING-. 
 
 2| T IS a matter of regret that in Norfolk there is as yet no manufactory 
 ||| for these goods which are so largely consumed by our cotton mer- 
 JD chants, fertilizing manufacturers and peanut dealers. It is true that 
 the machinery necessary to manufacture the cloth (burlaps) from the raw 
 jute would be very expensive and it would require a large capital and larger 
 experience to compete successfully with the factories at the North. But 
 no such objection can be raised against the manufacture of the bags from 
 the burlaps. Until lately our supply has been drawn from Northern 
 points, but recently our sister City Petersburg has come to the rescue andean 
 supply our consumers with the same material at Northern prices, thus sav- 
 ing them the item of freight — a small item when estimated, upon a single 
 bag, but a considerable saving upon a year's consumption. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 V I 1 
 
 ft A ■ 
 
 i*i±:tei£SBTt:e£0, ^ t j±. 
 
 135 
 
 CARTER R. BISHOP & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 BITKjLAIP m COTTOX 
 
 — ) FOR (— 
 
 Peanuts, Fertilisers, Grain, Flour, Meal, Sumac, &c. 
 
 PLAIN OR PRINTED. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR SACKS, BAGS, 
 AND BAG TWINE. 
 
 0UI1 FACTORY IS KUN BY STEAM AND, HAYING RECENT- 
 LY DOUBLED Oil II CAPACITY, WE ARE NOW PRE- 
 PARED TO EXECUTE ALL ORDERS WITH 
 
 NEATNESS AND DISPATCH. 
 
 OITE LAKGE AND RAPIDLY GROWING TRADE 
 
 DEMONSTRATES THAT OUR GOODS ARE AS WE REPRESENT 
 
 THEM AND OUR PRICES MODERATE. 
 
136 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 TOBACCO, CIGARS AND CIGARETTES. 
 
 LTHOUGH Norfolk has no important Tobacco factories of her 
 own, she is nevertheless so closely allied to the producing and 
 manufacturing districts and handles so much of this great staple 
 product of Virginia and the adjacent States, that her commercial interests 
 are very perceptibly influenced by the success or failure of the crop. De- 
 spite the bad name which its enemies have from the beginning endeavored 
 to fasten upon what they are pleased to term " the noxious weed," the cul- 
 tivation and manufactureof tobacco have become a power that is now uni- 
 versally recognized, and of all the States in this great tobacco growing 
 country, those of Virginia and North Carolina take front rank. Nearly 
 all the factories in these two States are represented by agents in Norfolk, 
 and large quantities are purchased by our cigar manufacturers and dealers. 
 In proportion to its population Norfolk consumes as much tobacco as any 
 City in the Union, and its wholesale and retail trade amounts to nearly 
 two millions of dollars annually. The manufacture of cigars has of late 
 years become an important industry in Norfolk, while the famous factories 
 at Eichmond, Petersburg and Durham. N. C, keep us well supplied in the 
 most popular varieties of smoking and chewing tobacco and cigarettes. 
 We have ven turecl to prophesy that Norfolk, by reason of her proximity to 
 the extensive tobacco growing districts of Virginia and North Carolina, 
 will become, ere long, a great tobacco market and manufacturing point, 
 and that her own factories will compete for the extensive foreign trade 
 which is now to a great extent supplied through, instead of from, this port. 
 
 TO CfCARETTETsiWid KERS. 
 
 The unequalled excellence in the quality of our Richmond Straight 
 Cut, No. 1 (brand) by which they have achieved a recognition as being 
 the finest cigarettes made in this country, and whereas the consequent 
 large demand has led base imitations of the brand to be put on the market, 
 we desire to caution the public against such. The original and genuine 
 brand of Richmond Straight Cut, No. 1 Cigarette, (Introduced by 
 us in 1875) bears our signature on each package. 
 
 ALLEN & GINTER, Manufacturers, 
 
 Richmond, Ya. 
 
 ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Our Liitle Beauties, 1 SQ Richmond Gem Curly Cut, ] 
 
 Opera Puffs, | h Richmond Straight Cut, i O g 
 
 Richmond Gem, | E- 1 Richmond Cavendish. No 1, I j5 o 
 
 Perfection, y S Imperial and Bird's Ete Cavendish, j- M <j 
 
 Ditbecs, I <j Turkish and Perique Mixture, 
 
 Pets, | c5 Lr> R IP Long Cut, 
 
 &c, &c , &c. Jo &c., &c, &c, 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 137 
 
 A WORLD FAMOUS ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 VALENTINE'S MEAT JUICE MANUFACTORY, RICHMOND, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 F ALL the great industries which have shed lustre upon the name 
 of Richmond as a great manufacturing centre, there is not one 
 which has secured the same world-wide reputation as the Meat 
 Juice Manufactory of Mr. Mann S. Valentine, and there is no article of 
 commerce which has proved of greater value or earned more favorable re- 
 cognition than the Meat Juice itself. In every country of the civilized 
 world this peerless extract has firmly established its claim to be regarded 
 as a public benefactor, and hundreds of thousands of grateful people at- 
 test and proclaim its virtues. 
 
 But in addition to the innumerable testimonials obtained by the Meat 
 Juice from private beneficiaries and individual members of the medical 
 and other scientific professions, well-deserved honors in the form of medals 
 and diplomas have been awarded to its enterprising proprietor at the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition (Philadelphia) in 1876 ; the Paris Exposition in 1878; 
 the Brighton (England) Domestic and Scientific Exposition held in 1881, 
 and the International Medical and Scientific Exposition, held in London 
 ' (England) in 1881. The value of the last named diploma is worthy of 
 special attention, as the committee which awarded it was composed exclu- 
 sively of eminent and representative medical men and sanitary scientists, 
 whose opinions on preparations of this nature are absolutely beyond appeal. 
 
 The Meat Juice is extracted from the flesh of only the healthiest and 
 finest beef cattle by means of specially adapted machinery, and the high- 
 est price is paid for the meat so utilized. For the purposes of this one 
 specialty, about fifteen thousand pounds of prime beef is killed daily, and 
 the choicest portions consumed in its manufacture. 
 
 The cattle from whose fibre this wholesome and health-restoring fluid is 
 expressed are of the famous Durham breed, raised on the succulent blue 
 grass of Western and South-western Virginia, and are specially selected 
 for their condition and weight, which averages 1,500 pounds. As illus- 
 trating the extreme care bestowed upon the manufacture of the Meat Juice, 
 it should be stated that when tested every bottle is found to contain the 
 same specific gravity. It is almost unnecessary to add that such results can 
 only be reached by scientific accuracy in the preparation and process em- 
 ployed. An intelligent estimate of the practical value of the Meat Juice 
 may be formed from the statement, based upon actual analyses, that a two- 
 ounce vial of it contains the equivalent of a pint and a half of liquid ani- 
 mal essence, which latter will sustain human life for forty -eight hours. 
 
138 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Valentine's Meat Juice has attained its present universal popularity 
 simply and solely by virtue of its acknowledged purity and intrinsic value, 
 and the experience of large numbers of persons thoroughly qualified to 
 form an intelligent and impartial opinion goes to prove that it is invalua- 
 ble as an easily digested article of food, containing as it does, the greatest 
 possible amount of nutriment in the smallest possible compass. It is 
 easily portable, and is therefore of great benefit to the traveller by land or 
 sea, and is absolutely unaffected by change of temperature or climate, as is 
 evidenced by the fact that wherever Valentine's Meat Juice is met with, 
 whether in Europe or Australia, in India or California, it fully maintains 
 the high reputation with which it first leaves the factory. 
 
 In order to meet the ever-increasing demand for this favorite essence, 
 Mr. Valentine has been compelled to provide new works with entirely new 
 machinery and greatly enlarged capacity. These works are now in process 
 of erection and will shortly be ready for occupation. 
 
 RAILROAD, STEAMBOAT AND MACHINIST 
 
 SUPPLIES. 
 
 BOM comparatively small beginnings this trade has grown to be one 
 of the most thriving in the City. Being conducted by pushing, 
 energetic, practical men who recognize its necessary influence upon 
 a seaport of Norfolk's importance, this branch of commerce has been 
 placed and maintained in the foremost rank, and, combined with hardware, 
 reached, in 1883, the handsome total of nearly one million dollars. Nor- 
 folk is naturally the central point of large railroad, steamboat, milling and 
 general manufacturing interests, and, as a result, controls a large 
 business in the line now under consideration. In the year 1868 one en- 
 terprising firm started out upon this hitherto unoccupied field ; now three 
 houses are kept busy in meeting the demand upon their joint resources. 
 The time was when a trifling accident to its machinery would necessitate 
 the stoppage of a mill or factory and impose great inconvenience and loss 
 upon its owner, but this state of things has been entirely done away with, 
 and any want can now be supplied or any defect repaired by skilled hands 
 without the expense and delay incidental to the old regime. Norfolk now 
 furnishes all kinds of mill supplies, not only to the almost innumerable 
 mills and factories of this immediate neighborhood, but also to those of the 
 adjoining States, and this branch of trade, while it is steadily improving 
 its own position, is at the same time performing its legitimate part in 
 building up the City and making it the great central depot of this section. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 139 
 
 JHjgll 
 
 Gum and Leather Beltin: 
 
 BAW MILL 
 
 ') 
 
 1CS 
 
 Sheet Gum, 
 Lard Oil, 
 Kerosene Oil, 
 Signal Oil, 
 Sperm Oil, 
 Cylinder Oil, 
 Fish Oil, 
 Jute Packing, 
 Cotton Packing, 
 Brass Tubing, 
 Safety Valves, 
 Water Gauges, 
 Steam Gauges, 
 Steam Whistles, 
 
 Bolts, Nuts and Washers, 
 Galvanized Boat Spikes, 
 Hand and Force Pumps, 
 Iron Valves and Coeks, 
 Brass Valves and Cocks, 
 Taps, Reamers and Drills, 
 Steam and Hand Pumps, 
 Expansion Joints, 
 Combination Columns, 
 Golden Machinery Oil, 
 Lubricators and Oil Cups, 
 Usidurian Packing, 
 Soap Stone Packing, 
 Asbestos Packing, 
 
 Tallow, 
 
 Waste, 
 
 Nails, 
 
 Files, 
 
 Lanterns, 
 
 Bellows, 
 
 Axes, • 
 
 Forges, 
 
 Anvils, 
 
 Sledges, 
 
 Chains, 
 
 Anchors, 
 
 Coil Heaters, 
 
 Tackle Blocks, 
 
 Steam Hose, 
 Water Hose, 
 Boat Spikes, 
 Lace Leather, 
 Swage Sets, 
 Emery Wheels, 
 Grind Stones, 
 Crowbars, 
 Cant Hooks, 
 Gauge Cocks, 
 Air Cocks, 
 Pipe Tongs, 
 Pipe Wrenches, 
 Pipe Vices, 
 
 Wickersham Packing, 
 Italian Hemp Packing, 
 American Hemp Packing, 
 Scotch Glass Tubes, 
 Boiler Tube Cleaners, 
 Stock and Dies, 
 Damper Regulators, 
 Heavy Pipe for Drive W r ells, 
 Inspirators or Boiler Feeders, 
 Manila Rope and Spun Yarn, 
 Cast Iron Water and Gas Pipes, 
 Straightway Valves and Hydrants, 
 Tucks Packing, Round & Square, 
 West Virginia Lubricating Oil, 
 
 Lap Welded Charcoal Iron Boiler Tubes, Cast Iron Fittings for Wrought 
 Iron Pipe, Wrought Iron Pipe for Steam, Water and Gas, Mallea- 
 ble Iron Fittings for Wrought Iron Pipe, Power and 
 Hand Machines for Cutting and Threading, 
 &c, &c, &c, &c. 
 
 4 and 6 W. MARKET SQUARE, and 118 WATER STREET, 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
140 NOBFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 WHOLESALE BOOTS AND SHOES. 
 
 ETAIL dealers in the small towns of the South and South-west, and 
 general store-keepers in the villages and hamlets of our tributary 
 back country, have begun to realize that they can make their pur- 
 chases of these essential commodities in Norfolk on more advantageous 
 terms than those offered on the same goods in other markets Incompre- 
 hensible as it may at first seem it is nevertheless a fact that our wholesale 
 dealers are able to supply the trade at factory prices, and sometimes even 
 below them. The explanation is simple enough. Having a sufficient 
 working capital they are able to visit the factories at a time when the mar- 
 ket is dull or depressed and to buy up the whole stock, or so much of it as is 
 suitable to their trade, and are thus enabled to offer their customers 
 better figures than they could obtain during the active season and 
 in smaller quantities, from the manufacturer The wholesale Boot and 
 Shoe business of Norfolk is in the hands of sterling business men who 
 are intimately acquainted with the. wants of the trade and thoroughly un- 
 derstand it in its most minute details. Their annual sales are heavy, 
 much of their business being secured by their travelling salesmen from 
 country merchants who seldom visit the City. The bulk of our trade in 
 this branch is still confined to Eastern Virginia and the Carolinas, but it 
 is spreading gradually and will doubtless some day overspread a much 
 more extended territory. 
 
 1_ 
 
 ous: 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 Boots and Shoes 
 
 pQ'Ri Water in Commmi^pm StrsetSj 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 SALESMEN: 
 
 JOHN W. OLD. T. M. SAUNDERS. THOMAS OLD. 
 
 JOHN T. MANSFIELD. FRED. FLETCHER. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 DRUGS, PAINTS AND OILS. 
 
 141 
 
 WilT HE showing in this trade is excellent, and although its details are 
 small the business continues to grow in volume. Both wholesale 
 and retail stores show all the appearances of prosperity and are 
 pushing trade vigorously. Last year's transactions represented half a mil- 
 lion dollars divided among three wholesale and about fifteen retail stores 
 having a working capital amounting to $125,000. The stocks are large 
 and the stores are handsome, the heavier goods being stored in large ware- 
 houses where convenience and safety from fire are matters of paramount 
 importance. Besides Drugs, Paints and Oils, all our wholesale houses 
 carry full lines of Window Glass, Perfumery, Spices, Wines and fancy ar- 
 ticles in great variety. Many of the most valuable roots and herbs used 
 in the manufacture of medicine are natives of this soil and large quan- 
 tities are gathered and prepared here for other markets. Our dealers 
 can supply as pure goods, and on as advantageous terms as can be had in 
 any city in the Union, and in many instances the prices are in favor of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1.11. hzJ I 
 
 1!» 
 
 
 Cor. Water St. & Roanoke Sqr., 
 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
142 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 THE YIRGIHIA HOG CHOLERA CURE. 
 
 THE MOST YALUABLE DISCOVERY OF THE AGE. 
 
 Indispensable to Farmers and all who raise Hogs. 
 
 IT IS A CERTAIN PREVENTIVE AS WELL AS CURE, 
 AND IS AN EXCELLENT CONDITION POWDER. 
 
 One pound will insure the safety of a dozen hogs. 
 
 THE MOST VIOLENT AND VIRULENT CA«ES OF " HOG CHOLERA " OR 
 "SWINE PLAGUE" YIELD READILY TO ITS CURATIVE POWER. 
 
 No disease can exist among Swine where it is used. 
 
 Out of the many hundreds of Testimonials we have received, we offer in 
 this space the following : 
 
 M. R. BUTLER. Windsor. N. C— I ha^e had no trouble among my hogs since Us use. I can 
 safely recommend the Virginia Hog Cholera Cure as a valuable and wise discovery. 
 
 THOS. W. FARISH, Ashland, N. C— After giving your medicine I saw no further indica- 
 tions of the disease and I never saw hogs fatten so rapidly. Your remedy is what we have 
 long needed. 
 
 W. C. THOMAS, Lockville, N. r.— i am sure your medicine does what you claim and is a 
 great success. My hogs began to improve afte rtaking the first dose, and all got well . 
 
 WM. P. FOCJSHEF, Probate Judge, Chatham Co , N. C.-I am sure your Virginia Hog Chol- 
 era Cure cured my hogs, and the experience of some of my neighbors also warrants me in 
 saying that it is eminently worthy of the confidence of all who raise hogs. 
 
 MILES HOFFMAN, Jugtown, N. C— Although my hogs wera very ill. the Virginia Hog 
 Cholera Cure cured them. I believe it a sure cure and preventive, will a' ways keep it at hand. 
 
 C. B. PRIDGEN, Kelly's P.O. Bladen Co., N. C— Your Virginia Log Chclera Cure I roved 
 a success. 
 
 S. S GREGORY. Indiantown, N. O— We have lost no hogs since we began using your rem- 
 edy. Send me one dozen packages and I will pay whatever your price is. 
 
 JOSH. K. SINGLETARY, Yorkville, N O— I am enthusiastic over the wonderful results 
 brought about by your Virginia Hog Cholera Cuie. Of all remedies I've used, yours proved 
 the only success. Two days was sufficient to cure the most violent cases, and hereafter I 
 shall never be without your preparation. 
 
 We will be glad to send, upon application, a pamphlet of testimonials from the 
 best farmers and hog raisers in Virginia and Carolina, or to quote prices and terms 
 to consumers or country merchants. Every country store should keep this wonder- 
 ful remedy, and we invite correspondence as to agencies. 
 
 The Virginia Hog Cholera Cure can be had of the principal Wholesale Drug- 
 gists thoroughout the country. 
 
 BUTLER, WINSTON & CO., Manufacturers. 
 
 P. O. Box 648. NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY COUNTY. 
 
ITS PKINCIPAL IJSTDUSTKIES AND TKADES. 143 
 
 FROST, SON & CO. 
 HftK AMD tBAIKMIA« PAIMTE1 
 
 155 MAIN STREET, and Newton's Lane, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 rOOUNTRY ORDERS SOLICITED. 
 
 FURNITURE, CARPETS AND PIANOS. 
 
 H 
 
 f HE trade in these articles has assumed very great importance of late 
 years, and there are very few Cities south of Philadelphia that can 
 boast of as handsome warerooms and as large assortments of stock 
 as can Norfolk. Every conceivable article of household furniture can be 
 purchased here at factory prices and the variety in design, material, qual- 
 ity and price, is simply endless. Every taste and every pocket can be 
 suited whether the article sought be intended for the parlor, drawing room, 
 chamber, office or school. There are several liberal and enterprising firms 
 engaged in this business in Norfolk, and they can afford to sell their goods 
 at reasonable figures for the reason that they make their purchases at the 
 manufactories and obtain the most favorable rates. 
 
 Carpets of every description from the ordinary floor-covering of domestic 
 make to the costly products of the European and Oriental looms are to be 
 seen here in rich profusion, together with mats, rugs, oilcloths, mattings 
 and other kindred wares. Curtains, window shades, mattresses, picture 
 frames, cords, tassels, baby carriages and a host of other commodities 
 which we have no space to enumerate are affiliated to this branch of trade 
 and are kept here in large quantities. 
 
 Pianos and organs from the most famous factories in the world find an 
 excellent market here, and the most absolute guarantee is given with each 
 instrument sold. The aggregate sales in Norfolk of furniture, carpets, 
 pianos and organs for the year 1883 exceeded $500,000. 
 
 North Carolina and Eastern Virginia find this a most advantageous 
 market at which to make their selections and each succeeding year brings 
 increased business to our dealers. There are still a few of our people who 
 refuse to acknowledge excellence unless they import it direct from some 
 distant market, but experience has taught the great majority of consumers 
 that it is more economical as well as infinitely more satisfactory to deal 
 with merchants whom they know personally and meet every day, reliable 
 and responsible business men whose reputations are without reproach and 
 who are always accessible when, through some accident or unsuspected de- 
 fect, a guarantee may have to be made good. 
 
144 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 A_ .A. dL Jl. A J. .A- dL A- A. i Aw A. A_ J. A .A. A. i .A A. A. A * * 
 
 Illli, CiFIill III ft 
 
 Cor. Main and Oranby Sts. 
 
 The Oldest Furniture House In Norfolk. 
 
 OP ANY HOBSE IN OCE BUSINESS IN VIBOINIA. 
 
 OUR FURNITURE DEPARTMENT 
 
 Is most complete, embracing every article wanted to furnish a house, from the 
 cheapest to the most elaborate and expensive quality. 
 
 OUJEL O^RJRET BRANCH 
 
 Is fully stocked with all grades of floor covering, from that wanted by the poor man 
 for his cottage, to the finest Velvet or Brussels Carpet for the mansion of the rich. 
 
 We call especial attention to our MUSIC DEPARTMENT. We keep constantly 
 a large assortment of the very best PIlNuS made in the World, comprising the cele- 
 brated instruments of CHICKERINU & SONS, STEINWAY & SONS, HENRY 
 F. MILLER and W. P. EMERSON. Every insrument sold at manufacturers' 
 prices and guaranteed for five years. 
 
 Our Prices are Guaranteed as Low as in New York or Baltimore. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTKIES AKD TRADES. 145 
 
 A. E. HALL. L. D. HOLT. 
 
 . Ik ffiiMA 
 
 
 1 S 1 & 1 S3 Masonic Temple, 
 
 FREEMASON STKEET, 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 
 H 
 
 URNITURE DEfiLERS. 
 
 A complete assortment of Metallic, Cloth Covered, Wal- 
 nut and other Caskets and Coffins. Also a full line of 
 
 Burial Robes, &o. 
 
 A new and elegant Hearse and every facility for conducting the 
 Undertaking business in first-class style and at reasonable rates. 
 All orders by Telegraph promptly attended to. 
 Having had along experience in the Undertaking business, we guaran- 
 
 tee satisfaction. 
 
 A. E. HALL. & CO. 
 
146 
 
 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 | 
 
 5fP pw 
 
 The most convenient, compact and elegant method ever invented, for 
 filing letters and documents. The papers are kept compressed, hut are 
 instantly unlocked and stand on end,. by which means, the paper wanted 
 can be selected in a moment. In opening, they suspend from the Cabinet 
 and do not require to be placed on tables or stands for examination. 
 
 IN" USE IN ALL THE 
 
 Government Departments in. Washington, 
 
 AND IN 
 
 Court Houses, Public Offices, and by Lawyers, Mer- 
 chants & Business Men throughout the country. 
 
 Fine Illustrated Catalogue and Price List sent on application. Write 
 for Catalogue. 
 
 M. J". WIHTE 
 
 v 
 
 No. 929 "F" STEEET, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. 0. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 147 
 
 pjnejpi office mrpfuwl 
 
 ■M.p'rr^^ ■ <■■" ; "■ - 
 
 
 No. 37. 
 
 COMBINED DRAWER AND FILES CABINET. 24 FILES. 
 8 DRAWERS. HEIGHT 7 FT. WIDTH 2 FT. II INCHES. 
 
 M. J. WINE, 
 
 No. 929 " F " Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
 
148 KOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 WATCHES, CLOCKS AND JEWELRY. 
 
 trade in these articles may be considered by the uninitiated as 
 one of minor importance, for the solitary reason that they are not 
 necessary to health or comfort. This, at any rate, is the view taken 
 of them by the State, which accordingly taxes them as "luxuries." But 
 for all that, a vast amount of money is invested annually in these commo- 
 dities and the trade statistics of Norfolk show that in 1883 nearly two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars were here converted into the attractive wares dis- 
 played in the show cases of onr handsome jewelry establishments, of which 
 there are several in the City. Provided the clocks and watches are of 
 good workmanship, the chains and brooches, spoons and forks, of genuine 
 metal, and the gems of true color and brilliancy, they can never be regard- 
 ed as a bad investment, as their intrinsic value is not materially prejudiced 
 by careful use; and it follows, therefore, that if your purchases be made 
 from an honest and experienced dealer, your money will always be safe 
 — subject, of course, to a trifling discount, which may be regarded as rent 
 paid for the use of your diamonds or plate. Among Norfolk's most sub- 
 stantial and respected tradesmen may safely be numbered her jewelers, who 
 are, for the most part, practical business men of sufficiently long residence 
 in the City to have established themselves in the confidence and esteem of 
 the public. As a natural and legitimate consequence, they do a large busi- 
 ness which is lucrative to themselves and satisfactory to their customers. 
 
 -y-~ 
 
 !K- 
 
 -a^S 
 
 anl 
 
 Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, Silverware, 
 
 -5^ 
 
 iOTD ©I^OTEPTm G00D£ ,^ 
 
 REPAIRING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 
 
 Fine Watches, Ship Chronometers and Compasses a specialty. 
 
 2061M1IN ST., NEAR COR. CHURCH ST. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 149 
 
 j 1 a% ik ewwwif 
 
 JEWELRY STORE, 
 
 
 & 
 
 d 
 
 
 We are constantly in receipt of new and desirable goods in the 
 
 iim t him© ii in ofinfluii iin* 
 
 and our unusual facilities enable us to offer first class goods from 5 per cent, 
 to 20 per cent, lower than the lowest. 
 Every department is now full and attractive. 
 
 G-DLE, SILVER, SILVER-PLATE, CLOCKS, SPECS, 
 CANES ANE FANCY GDDES, 
 
 Watches, Chronometers, Clocks, Jewelry, &c., repaired by the best workmen 
 in the State. 
 
 C. F. GREENWOOD & BRO. 
 
150 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1831. 
 
 ARTHUR C. FREEMAN, 
 
 Dealer in 
 
 ^Diamonds, Watches and Jewelry, Solid Silver and Plated Ware,-!* 
 
 ENGAGEMENT and WEDDING RINGS, 
 
 No. 1441 IM^klTW ©TTI&ESEiT., WOISIFOILJES:,, "V^„ 
 Watches and Jewelry Repaired. Hair Goods made to order. 
 
 WINES AND LIQUORS. 
 
 T NO period has the wholesale Wine and Liquor trade of Norfolk 
 seen more prosperous days than the present time. While a few 
 years ago only a limited business was done in a limited field, to- 
 day our dealers make consignments to the far South and Sonth-west; and 
 even in the Northern States many of the Norfolk brands of liquors are in 
 demand. Our principal markets are in Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia, 
 but our territory is rapidly widening as our enterprising dealers engage in 
 competition with those of other Cities. Last year's wholesale trade in wines 
 and liquors amounted to within a fraction of one million dollars divided 
 between houses employing an aggregate capital of only about 8 1 75,000. There 
 is also a large retail trade in the City, the annual sales reaching over $500,000. 
 These include lager beer, ale and other fomented beverages which have 
 come into very general use of late years. There are in the City many first- 
 class retail stores having large and varied stocks of goods of every clime, 
 quality and vintage, from which the thirsty or weary may select his refresh- 
 ment according to the dictates of his palate Ice is plentiful and our bar- 
 tenders are famed for their skill in '-manipulating" such light and re- 
 freshing drinks as lemonade which are in constant request during the 
 summer season and make a very important item in the retail dealer's ac- 
 counts. Light clarets and other pure Avines of domestic manufacture are 
 also becoming very popular, and the habits of our people so far as their 
 drinking is concerned are gradually conforming with those of our Teutonic 
 cousins, many of whom are among our most highly respected 1 elloAv-citi- 
 zens. 
 
 No. 28 MARKET SQUARE, 
 
 -°4^ 
 
 DEPOT OF ALL SORTS OF 
 
 IATIYI WIMJE^ 
 
 D 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 151 
 
 TPE BEPPI^ 4 EJIGEIi, 
 
 rawing ©©mpainy f 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 GEAND BEFKIGERATOK DEPOT for the STORING and DE- 
 LIVERY of LAGER BEER to the TRADE of Norfolk, Portsmouth and 
 
 Vicinity, also chief distributing point for Eastern Virginia and Eastern 
 and Central North Carolina. 
 
 Orders respectfully solicited and carefully and promptly executed, direct 
 from the Icehouse. 
 
 THE BERGNER AND ENGEL BREWIKG COM PAl^Y, 
 
 NG^FGIiK DEPOT MB 0EEICE : 
 
 Madison Street, near Clyde Line Wharves, 
 F. W. ADAMS, Man ager. 
 
 W. F. ALLENT 
 
 WHOLESALE . 
 
 JL'iy 4J- 
 
 / /AW 
 
 97 Water Street, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 Old Corn, Antler, Gaff's Star, Imperial Wedding, 
 Auroro and Gaff's WHISKIES, 
 
 RUM, GIN AND BRANDIES. 
 
 ORDERS SOLICITED. 
 
152 
 
 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE; 
 
 Orchestrion and Billiard Halls, 
 
 $iimmm 
 
 143 and 145 Church Street, nearly opp. Opera House. 
 
 BElpLiinch Rooms contain all kinds of American and German delicacies. .Jgfl 
 
 FSI^E OLD LBQU©RS, FRIS^E LACER BEER. 
 
 Orchestrion Concerts every night, and Instrumental Concerts at intervals through 
 the week. 
 
 The entire premises have just been renovated for the Spring and Summer seasons 
 and the Main and Billiard Halls beautifully frescoed. 
 
 71 EIW-CIiTIJSjS PLAICE IN EYEI^Y PTII^FICUIiW 
 
 HARRY SALE, 
 
 Ales, Wines and Liquors. Lunches and Meals. 
 •H-60 I^07IN0KE TIYEjVUE, ]V0RF0EK, Yft.A» 
 
 AN DREW J. DALTON, 
 
 IBS 3MA.HST STREET, NORFOLK, IF A, 
 
 WILL TAKE PLEASURE IN SUPPLYING YOU WITH EVERYTHING IN HIS LINE. 
 
 And Liquors of all kinds in large or small quantities. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1875. 
 
 Norfolk and Portsmouth 
 BAGGAGE EXPRESS, 
 
 SHIPP & CO., PKOPRIETOES. 
 W. T. WALKE & SONS, Agents. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 153 
 
 NORFOLK DAILY VIRGINIA 
 
 VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
 
 Cor. Main and Commerce Sts., Norfolk, Ya. 
 
 The Virginian is an unrivalled medium through which the public 
 of Eastern and Tide-water Virginia and North Carolina may he reached. 
 Its success has been without a parallel in the history of the Press of 
 Virginia. Its circulation exceeds that of any other paper published in 
 Eastern Virginia. 
 
 During the Six Months ending March 31st, 1884, one hundred and fifty- 
 five publication days, four hundred and thirteen thousand, six hundred and 
 ninety-seven copies of the Daily Virginian were printed, presenting an 
 average daily issue of twenty-six hundred and sixty-eight (2668) copies 
 The largest issue for any one month during the period, was eighty-one 
 thousand, six hundred and fifty-three, or an average for twenty-seven publi- 
 cation days, of three thousand and twenty-four (3024) copies. 
 
 -Mc 
 
 iN- 
 
 WEEKLY VIRGINIAN 
 
 THE CHEAPEST AND BEST NEWSPAPER IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 Its Summary of the News of each week, by Telegraph and Mail, will be 
 complete. 
 
 Its Market Eeports are accurate and compiled with great care. 
 
 Its Family Reading Matter will render it most acceptable and inter- 
 esting to all. 
 
 Its Political Opinions will be uttered without reserve, and oppression 
 from any quarter will be fearlessly resisted on all occasions. 
 
 All orders for subscription for both Daily and Weekly issues and adver- 
 tising promptly attended to. 
 
 M. GLENNAN, Owner. 
 
154 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 111 I III PS I! II PliPililEI 
 
 TIKCIMIAI' BUIILDIKG, 
 COR. MAIN & COMMERCE STS., NORFOLK, VS. 
 
 fHIS department of The Virginian's business is as extensive 
 and complete as any establishment in Eastern Virginia and North 
 Carolina, and its facilities for turning out work are unexcelled. We 
 are prepared to execute every description of job and letter press printing, 
 from a business card to a mammoth poster, with neatness, correctness and 
 dispatch. Fine and color printing is a specialty. Every attention will be 
 given to the printing of Books, Catalogues, Lawyers' Briefs, Letter and 
 Note Heads, Bill Heads, Shipping Tags, Business Cards, Livitations, Kail- 
 road and Steamboat Printing. Large experience in business, the employ- 
 ment of skilled workmen, and the addition of new designs for fancy 
 printing are among the resources of the establishment. Its specimens of 
 printing are always subjeet to inspection, and all who desire printing are 
 invited to come and judge for themselves. We are prepared to compete 
 with Northern publishing houses, and simply ask an examination and 
 trial. 
 
 The Virginian Bindery, Blank Book Manufactory 
 
 and Ruling Department 
 
 Besides its job printing establishment, The Vieginian has also an exten- 
 sive bindery and blank book manufactory and paper ruling department, by 
 which it is prepared to manufacture, in the best manner and at the shortest 
 notice, all kinds of blank books, such as ledgers, journals, cash and day 
 books, invoice and order books, check and note books, and bills of lading 
 books, in any manner that may be needed, and at figures that will compete 
 with the lowest Northern rates. This department is in the charge of ex- 
 perienced and competent workmen, and we guarantee our work to compete 
 in quality and style with any. Old books rebound, and pamplets, maga- 
 zines, music, newspapers, periodicals, bound in the best style. By the 
 addition of our ruling department we are able to fill all orders for letter 
 heads, bill heads, note heads, railroad and steamboat blanks, and all work 
 of this nature, at reduced rates. Orders solicited and promptly attended to. 
 
 M. GLENNAN, Owner. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 155 
 
 THE GREAT VIRGINIA NEWSPAPER! 
 
 UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS ! 
 
 THE PUBLIC LEDGER, 
 
 PUBLISHED DAILY, 
 
 By J. RICHARD LEWELLEN & CO., 
 
 is by reason of its large daily circulation, the best Advertising medium 
 
 outside of Richmond 
 
 It is an independent, out-spoken Democratic journal, and its rapidly in- 
 creasing circulation is the best evidence of its great popularity 
 with the reading public. 
 
 It is furnished by mail, postage paid, at $4.50 per annum; to city sub- 
 scribers at 10 cents per week. Address, 
 
 THE PUBLIC LEDGER, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 vmm 
 
 PUBLISHED AT 
 
 RICHMOND. VIRGINIA. 
 
 McDONALD & LEE, Editors & Publishers. 
 
 This journal has a large circulation and is devoted to the 
 development of the Mercantile, Manufacturing and Mining in- 
 dustries of the South. It has proved itself an important factor 
 in obliterating sectional differences and in attracting capital and 
 immigration to the Southern States. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION $2.00 PER YEAR. 
 
156 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 THE PORTSMOUTH ENTERPRISE, 
 
 IS PUBLISHED DAILY IN THE 
 ARCADE BUILDING, PORTSMOUTH, VIRGINIA. 
 
 By JOHN W. H. PORTER. 
 
 THE ENTERPRISE has a large daily circulation in Portsmouth and vicinity. Its circula- 
 tion has increased during- the past year, thereby proving- that it has the good opinion of our 
 community. It is a safe and reliable Advertising Medium, through which our merchants and 
 business men and others may communicate with the public. It will contain the latest news 
 both foreign and domestic, by telegraph and otherwise, condensed so as to give the most news 
 in the least possible space. Its Market Reports are corrected daily. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION RATES: -Daily Enterprise, one year, $5.00 ; six months, $3.00. Contracts 
 for advertisements may be made upon favorable terms in the office of the Enterprise. The 
 Enterprise is the official organ of the City of Portsmouth. 
 
 IggUEjS THE DIRECTORIES QE 
 
 Virginia State, $5.00. North Carolina State, $5.00. Chesapeake and 
 
 Ohio Railway, $5.00. Richmond, Virginia, $4.00. Norfolk, 
 
 Virginia, $3.00. Petersburg, Virginia, $3.00. 
 
 Alexandria, Virginia, $3.00. 
 
 All the principal directories of the United States on file and for sale. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OFFICE: 
 
 RICHMOND. YIROIKIA. 
 
 The Brush-Swan Electric Light Co. 
 
 OF NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Special attention is invited to our Arc Lamps, adapted to lighting Stores, Ware- 
 houses &c. Prices : 12 o'clock, $12 ; all night, $20 per month. Orders left at the 
 office, 128 Main fetreet, (over the Citizens' Bank) will receive prompt attention. 
 THEODORE 8. GARNET T, WM. W- CHAMBERLAINE, 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer. President. 
 
 ... HENRY E. CULPEPPER, ^ 
 
 C3r03aor^<l Contractor, 
 
 FOR 
 
 Pile Driving &. Dredging, Wharf &. Bridge Builder, Dealer in Cypress Piles, &c. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
ITS PEIKCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 157 
 
 THE DISMAL SWAMP LOTTERY CO., 
 
 FOR THE EXTENSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF 
 DISMAL SWAMP CANAL. 
 
 KOHFOIX; VIJKMWIA. 
 
 The franchise of this enterprise is based upon the charter granted by the Legisla- 
 ture of the State to the Dismal Swamp Canal Company, and its legality has been 
 fairly tested before the Courts. 
 
 The object in view is the '• improvement and extension " of the Canal, recognized 
 to be one of the most important works of internal improvement now claiming the 
 support of the business community. 
 
 With proper encouragement of this enterprise, lawfully inaugurated by the Com- 
 pany, it is believed that the Canal, connecting the waters of Virginia and North 
 Carolina, can be soon so enlarged in capacity and extended in reach, as to add vastly 
 to its great worth. 
 
 The Drawings of the Lottery will be made regularly, on the third Thursday of 
 each Month, before the public, and under the supervision and conduct of commission- 
 ers well known to the community. 
 
 The Tickets are fixed at the low price of $1, and a careful examination of the lib- 
 eral Scheme, presented through the newspapers of the day, is invited. 
 
 Information upon any subject relating to the enterprise will be promptly given 
 upon application to 
 
 J. P. HOEBACH, Manager. 
 
 207 Main Street, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Dixie Shirts, Acme Drawers, 
 
 We employ- the most experienced cutters and skilled 
 operators, and use the most improved steam machin- 
 ery in our factory. 
 
 Write for Printed Blanks for self-measurement. 
 Orders solicited. 
 
 \ in 
 
 IliBltll H 8ft 
 
 Cor. 9th & Main Sts., Richmond, Va. 
 
158 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 XVofesstouaf Cards* 
 
 RICH'D WALKE. WALKE & OLD WM. W. OLD. 
 
 ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS AT LAW, 
 
 Offices, 72 Main Street, opposite the Post Office, 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 REFERENCES : The Citizens 1 , Marine, Exchange National, and Farmers Banks of Norfolk 
 and Bain & Bro., Bankers, Portsmouth, Va. C. W. Grandy & Son, Norfolk, va. 
 
 EDWARD SPALDING; 
 
 ATTORNEY AT L AW, 
 
 OFFICE— COI^. P7II]V £TI^EET § ^0^]VOKE ^YE]VUE, 
 
 Over Home Savings Bank. 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 RICHARD H. BAKER. RICHARD H. BAKER, JR. 
 
 RICHARD H. BAKER & SON, 
 
 ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS AT LAW, 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 COURTS : Norfolk and Portsmouth, and the Neighboring Counties, and THE COURT 
 OF APPEALS AT RICHMOND. 
 
 wm. h. white. White & Garnett, ™°-&?J3$?$?: JB - 
 
 ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS AT LAW, 
 
 Rooms, 83 Main Street, JXox'follc, Va. 
 
 Practice in the State and Federal Courts in the Eastern District of Virginia. 
 
 REFERENCES : Exchange National Bank, Norfolk, Va. Marine Bank, Norfolk, Va Bur- 
 russ, Son & Co , Norfolk, Va. H. B. Clafflin, New York. 
 
 BORLAND & WILLCOX, 
 
 Will practice in the State and Federal Courts of Norfolk and the surrounding 
 Country, and in the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, in Richmond, Va. 
 
 T. R. BORLAND, T. H. WILLCOX, 
 
 Attorney for the Commonwealth. Late Deputy Clerk of the Circuit and 
 
 Corporation Courts of Norfolk City. 
 
 RICHARD H. GAINES, 
 -^Analytical and Consulting Chemist, ** 
 
 Special Attention Given to the Analysis of Fertilizers and Soils. 
 Campbell's Wharf, Norfolk, Va. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 159 
 
 JVttsceltaiteotis Cards* 
 
 R. F. HAMME. A. A. ALLEN. 
 
 HAMME & ALLEN, 
 
 '7 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 HATS, CAPS, STRAW & MILLINERY GOODS, UMBRELLAS, 
 
 WALKING CANES, <ScC, 
 
 No. 161 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 A. W^renn cfc Son, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 <-Fine Carriages, Buggies and Harness, > 
 
 AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 SADDLERY AND HARNESS, 
 
 Nos. 24 and 26 UNION STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 E. B. BLAMIRE, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 ^Foreign and Domestic Dry Goods,** 
 
 146 Main Street, head Market Square, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 BRANCH AGENCY EOR E. BUTTERICK & CO.'S CELEBRATED PATTERNS. 
 ESTABLISHED 1848. 
 
 JNO. D. COUPER'S 
 
 MARBLE WORKS, 
 
 pep. m n^n m b^k street. 
 
 Foreign and Domestic Marbles, Granite, Freestone. Blue Stone and Brown Stone, Slate and 
 Marble Mantels, &c Monuments, Head Stones, Tombs, Vaults, Cemetery Enclosures, Vases, 
 Urns, Statuary, Tazzas, &c. 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 Superior Hand-Cut Stencil Plates, Steel Stamps, Rubber Stamps, Seal Presses, 
 
 k, Proprietor of JAaUES' IMPROVED COTTON STENCIL, "The Best 
 
 in the World." Flour and Whiskey Stencils a Specialty. 
 
 Designs furnished when desired. 
 
 44i ROANOKE AVENUE, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 HANNAH & KELLY, 
 
 Sale and Commission Stables, 
 
 40, 42 and 44 Union Street, 
 and 64 Church Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, - - VIRGINIA. 
 
160 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 LEADING HOTELS, BANKS AND BUSINESS 
 
 HOUSES OF NORFOLK AND 
 
 PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 In this as in all other Business Centres are to be found firms and individuals who, 
 without any apparent advantage at the start, have outstripped other competitors in the 
 chase after commercial prominence and financial independence. Others, again, who 
 have embarked with the wind and tide of inherited fortune or an established trade in 
 their favor, have run aground and become total wrecks, through ignorance, mismanage- 
 ment or the want of a proper knowledge of the channels through which alone the 
 coveted haven could be attained. 
 
 We have no hesitation in saying that the most prosperous concerns in all mercantile 
 communities are those whose advertisements are most conspicuous in the leading 
 journals and other sterling mediums of announcing their business to the public. 
 
 Norfolk as a Business Centre was first launched in 1880 and has now reached its 
 Fourth Edition. It has earned the endorsement of the Select and Common Councils 
 of this City and of the Business Exchanges of Norfolk and Portsmouth, as well as of the 
 most prominent corporations and firms of both Cities, as a work of proved value to the 
 community at large. Among the following notices we should like to have numbered 
 all the substantial houses doing business here, but our limited space requires us to 
 draw the line somewhere, and we have therefore given just preference to those who 
 have not only appreciated our efforts to promote the common welfare, but have also 
 afforded us their moral and material support, by identifying themselves, through our 
 advertising pages, with our enterprise. To these are due our sincere thanks and those 
 of the whole community. 
 
 PTTKCELL HOUSE, 
 
 PHILIP F. BROWN & BRO., PROPRIETORS. 
 
 This fine Hotel, which in its early days was known as " The National," has always 
 been distinguished for its excellent accommodations and equally excellent fare. From 
 time to time it has undergone many changes and improvements and has recently been 
 renovated, beautified, refurnished and supplied with all modern conveniences. Under 
 the able management of its present experienced proprietors, Messrs. Philip F. and Ben- 
 jamin R Brown, the Parcell Hjuss has aivauced still further in popular favor. The 
 guests are afforded every possible comfort and the cuisine is in all respects first-class. 
 The Hotel is centrally situated, and the Street Railway Gars pass the door for all parts 
 of the City at intervals of a few minutes. The Purcell has accommodation for 250 
 guests, and is provided with a passenger elevator, electric bells and steam heating ap- 
 paratus throughout. A view of the house will be found on page 16. (See also adver- 
 tisement on page 51.) 
 
 ATLANTIC HOTEL, 
 
 R. S. DODSON, PROPRIETOR. 
 
 This magnificent structure is the pride of Norfolk and is, beyond comparison, the 
 Palace Hotel of Virginia, if not of the whole South. It fronts on Main and Granby 
 Streets, as shown on page 12, and occupies three sides of a spacious quadrangle, the 
 principal front on Granby Street being 208 feet long and the wings 215 and 140 feet, 
 respectively. The house accommodates 1,000 guests and is supplied with two elevators 
 besides wide and easy stairways in several parts of the building. Mr. Dodson has had 
 thirty years' experience in hotel management in various sections of the country and his 
 popularity is only limited by the very wide circle of his acquaintance. (See page 54.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 161 
 
 THE EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK 
 
 Was incorporated in 1865, and is to-day one of the most prosperous and substantial 
 banking institutions in the Southern States. Its authorized capital is $500,000, of 
 which $300,000 is paid in. Its surplus and undivided profits amounts to $300,000 which 
 fact sufficiently attests its excellent management This Bank is the designated deposi- 
 tory^ and financial agent in this City of the United States, and it controls an immense 
 amount of private business. Its officers are as follows : Hon. John B . Whitehead, 
 President ; James G. Bain, Vice President; George M. Bain, Jr., Cashier; James H. 
 Toomer, Assistant Cashier; and the Directors are : Hon. John B. Whitehead, R. T. K. 
 Bain, James G. Bain, T. McK. Bain, R. H. McDonald, Charles Jenkins and Orlando 
 Windsor. (See page 56.) 
 
 THE CITIZENS' BANK 
 
 Was incorporated in 1867, with a capital stock of $50,000, upon which it pays punctu- 
 ally a semi-annual dividend of 5 per cent. That it has been ably and judiciously man- 
 aged is shown by the fact that its surplus fund now reaches $35,000 and is increasing 
 regularly year by year. The following gentlemen are the Officers and Directors, 
 namely : President, Wm. H. Peters ; Vice President, Wm. W. Chamberlaine ; Cashier, 
 Walter H. Doyle. Directors, Wm. H. Peters, Wm. VV. Chamberlaine, George C. Beid, 
 Charles H. Rowland, T. A. Williams, J. G. Womble and Walter H. Doyle. (See 
 page 55.) 
 
 BANK OF COMMERCE. 
 
 This corporation was chartered in 187S, and has done a thriving business from the 
 first Its capital is $50,000, and its surpluss $30,000. It is a sound financial institution 
 and has taken its share in developing Norfolk's commercial interests. Its Board of Di- 
 rectors is composed as follows: James E. Barry (President), J. D. Gale, James Reid, 
 Samuel Marsh, J. Vickery, B. T. Bockover, R. W. Santos, W. A. Graves and W. S, 
 Wilkinson (Cashier). (See page 57,) 
 
 THE MARINE BANK 
 
 Was incorporated iu 1872, and began business at 146 Main Street. It afterwards moved 
 into its present building on the corner of Main and Bank Streets, shown in our illustra- 
 tion on page 18. This bank has built up a large business and has taken high rank 
 among financial institutions by reason of its good management. Col. W. H. Taylor is 
 its President, and Hugh N. Page, Acting Cashier. The Directors are as follows : James 
 T. Borum, M. L. T. Davis, C. B. Duffield, W. W. Gwathmey, L. Harmanson, B P. 
 Loyall, Washington Reed, Charles Reid and Washington Taylor. (See page 57.) 
 
 BURRUSS, SON & CO., 
 
 BANKERS AND BROKERS. 
 
 This is one of the oldest and most prosperous banking houses in the City. It re- 
 ceives deposits, buys and sells securities of every description and deals in all classes of 
 exchange. It possesses special facilities for the collection of notes and drafts in the 
 City and State, as well as in North Carolina, and allows interest on all time deposits. 
 Its extensive offices occupy the handsome brick building on the corner of Main and At- 
 lantic Streets. This firm is also a member of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Clearing 
 House. (See page 58.) 
 
 THE HOME SAVINGS BANK 
 
 Is a State Institution which was chartered in 1874. It transacts a legitimate Banking 
 business in all its branches and pays interest on all savings deposits. Since its organi- 
 zation it has been of great benefit to the poorer classes by enabling them to accumu- 
 late their smallest earnings, and its success is a matter of congratulation. Its cash 
 capital paid in is $20,000, to which is added a surplus of $3,000. Its officers are : 
 George E. Bowden, President; George S. Oldfield, Vice President, and H. C. Percy, 
 Cashier. Directors : George E. Bowden, S. E. Bickford, George S. Oldfield, H. B. 
 Nichols, F. Richardson, Wm. N. Armstrong, J. R. Gillett, Peter Turner and H. C. 
 Percy. (See page 58.) 
 
162 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 THE EAEMEES BANK. 
 
 This prosperous institution has a subscribed capital of $100,000 half of which is paid 
 in, and a surplus of $40,000. It represents the eminent houses of Brown Bros. & Co., of 
 New York, and Brown Shipley & Co., of London, in their circular letters of credit, and 
 refers to some of the leading bankers of New York, Baltimore and Boston. It transacts 
 a general banking business and solicits correspondence. Its officers are : Caldwell 
 Hardy, President; B. A. Marsden, Cashier, and Horace Hardy, Aeaistant Cashier. 
 It has recently moved into its handsome new offices on the corner of Main and Com- 
 merce Streets. (See page 59.) 
 
 E. C. LINDSEY & CO., 
 
 HEAL ESTATE. 
 
 This reliable and venerable firm, consisting of Col. E. C. Lindsey and Mr. A. Jeffers, has 
 for the past twenty years, or more, been among the foremost in bringing to the know- 
 ledge of the world the many and conspicuous advantages offered by Virginia — and espec- 
 ially the Eastern section — to immigrants of all classes— rich or poor, merchant or manu- 
 facturer, farmer or mechanic — provided only that they are willing to become honest, 
 industrious and peaceable citizens of the old Domiuion. The principal business in 
 which this enterprising firm is engaged is the sale of City real estate and farm lands of 
 which they have many most desirable tracts for sale on very favorable terms. They 
 are able to refer to many prosperous settlers for whom they originally found homes in 
 this vicinity. Their office is at 124 Main Street, next door to the Citizens' Bank. (See 
 page 84.) 
 
 H. L. PAGE & CO., 
 
 AUCTIONEERS AND REAL ESTATE AGENTS. 
 
 The office of this firm is on the main floor of the Virginian Building, corner of Main 
 and Commerce Streets, where an active business is carried on in the sale and rental of 
 City biiilding lots, houses and farm lands, besides the collection of rents and other 
 monetary transactions involving real property. Mr. Page is young, active and reliable 
 and has secured an excellent connection among the business men and property owners 
 of the City. (See page 85.) 
 
 THE HODGDON AND SPENCEE CO., 
 
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 This substantial and enterprising corporation was chartered in October, 1883, with a 
 fully subscribed capital stock of $100,000 which is all held by six individuals, whose 
 combined wea th amounts to several millions They are extensive importers of Peru- 
 vian Guano, for procuring which they emjoy special facilities. Their factories are at 
 New York, Atlantic City, Va., and in Lancashire, England, and they have branch con- 
 nections ia London, Liverpool, Paris, Marseilles, Hamburg and San Francisco. They 
 keep a large stock of pure agricultural chemicals and are prepared, as importers, deal- 
 ers and manufacturers, to guarantee satisfaction to all their customers. The company 
 has recently moved into its handsome new building, Nos. 154 and 156 Water Street. 
 (See front inside cover.) 
 
 THE UPSHTTE GUANO CO., 
 
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 Whose factory and wharves are at Berkley, opposite Norfolk, has recently been reorgan- 
 ized under the Presidency of Mr. Walter F. Irvine and $95,000 added to its capital 
 stock. Its officers and directors are all men of well recognized ability and experience, 
 and its various brands of fertilizers have been awarded several gold medals by the Agri- 
 cultural Associations of this and other States. The Company imports Kainit, Peruvian 
 Guano and Chemicals, and the officers are personally pledged that the high grade and 
 quality which has characterized their former manufactures shall bs fully maintained in 
 the future. The factory has recently been completely overhauled and Captain R. B. 
 Saunders, well known throughout Virginia and North Carolina, has charge of the manu- 
 facturing department. The Company's offices are at 56 Main Street, in the Atlantic 
 Hotel Building. (See page 87.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 163 
 
 FREEMAN, LLOYD, MASON AND DRYDKN, 
 
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 This firm began business in 1876 atPocornoke, Md., under the style of Freeman &Co. 
 In 1880 a branch office was established at Higgins' Wharf in this"City, and in the fol- 
 lowing year the firm erected on the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River about 3§ 
 miles from Norfolk, the largest fertilizer factory in the South, a view of which will be 
 found on page 23. The firm is widely known throughout Virginia, the Carolinas, 
 Georgia, Tennessee. Maryland and Delaware, as the manuf acturei s of the famous Poco- 
 moke Super-Phosphate, to which has recently been added another popular brand known 
 as "Fish Hawk Guano." For many years the goods produced by this firm have been 
 improving in quality and thousands of testimonials from leading planters and farmers 
 in the States above named attest the high estimation in which their brands are univer- 
 sally held. A view of the factory at Pocomoke, Md., is shown on page 37. The Nor- 
 folk business is personally conducted by the senior partner, Mr. E. B. Freeman, a gen- 
 leman of long practical experience in the business and of the most sterling personal 
 qualities. The firm owns two steamers and two sailing vessels which are constantly 
 employed in carrying materials to their factories and delivering the manufactured arti- 
 cle, for which they have a capacity of 150 tons per day. Their present offices and 
 warehouse are at Campbell's Wharf. (See pages 88 and 89.) 
 
 THE AMERICAN FERTILIZING CO., 
 
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 Of which Mr. 0. L. Upshur is President, are importers of guano and agricultural chemicals 
 and nianu f acturers of several popular brands of high-grade and standard Super-Phos- 
 phates. The Company owns and occupies the new, handsome and capacious building, 
 Nos. 163 and 165 Water Street a view of which appeals on page 32. Among the best known 
 brands of Fertilizers manufactured by this Company are " Upshur's Standard 10 per 
 cent. Ammonia Guano," 'Upshur's Standard 7 per cent. Ammonia Guano" and "Up- 
 shur's Peruvian Mixture." The President, whose name these brands bear, is an 
 experienced manufacturer of Guano as well as a practical farmer. The Company also 
 imports the purest grades of Peruvian Guano and keeps on hand an extensive stock 
 of Kainit, Bone Dust, Fish Scrap and all kinds of Fertilizing Chemicals. (See 
 page 90.) 
 
 CHARLES REID & SON, 
 
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 
 
 This prominent firm was established in 1844, and has secured a very large and still 
 growing trade in Staves, Treenails, Peruvian Guano, Standard Fertilizers, and other 
 commodities. Its offices are at No. 14 Nivison Street. The firm is composed of Mr. 
 Charles Reid and his son Mr. George C. Reid both of whom enjoy the confidence and 
 esteem of the community to the fullest extent, and have for many years been regarded 
 as among Norfolk's leading aud representative business men. In addition to the gen- 
 eral and commission trade above mentioned they manufacture several brands of Fertili- 
 zers among which may be named " The Farmers' Challenge," "The Farmers' Favor- 
 ite " and ' ' The Virginia Land Renovator." They are also importers of Peruvian Guano 
 and large dealers in Bone Dust, Fish Scrap, Phosphate and Fertilizing materials gener- 
 ally. Their Factory is at Money Point on the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River. 
 (See page 91.) 
 
 THE IMPERIAL GUANO CO., 
 
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 Of which Mr. J. R. Young, Jr., is President, was incorporated in 1882 and has already 
 established a very extensive trade in Virginia and the Carolinas. The office is at No. 
 43 Union Street, and the factory about four miles above the City on the Southern 
 Branch of the Elizabeth River. The ability and enterprise of the gentlemen governing 
 the affairs of the Company have secured for the " Imperial" a high rank among Stand- 
 ard Fertilizers and the capacity of the factory will shortly be greatly increased to enable 
 
164 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 the Company to fill its multiplying orders. The Company also manufactures special 
 brands peculiarly suited to the various crops. The " Imperial Guano " has been on 
 trial for seven years and has given the greatest satisfaction to farmers and truckers. 
 (See page 92.) 
 
 MYERS & CO., 
 
 STEAMBOAT AGENTS AND SHIP BROKERS. 
 
 This house is one of the oldest in Norfolk, having been established in 178G under the 
 name of Moses Myers & Sons. It has been continuously engaged in the shipping busi- 
 ness since that date and is now conducted by Mr. Barton Myers, who is also Vice Con- 
 sul of Great Britain, the Netherlands and Brazil Messrs. Myers & Co. charter vessels 
 to and from European and West India ports and forward merchandize to all points. 
 They are agents for Lloyd's and for Liverpool, Glasgow, Italian, Dutch French and 
 Austrian underwriters. Their offices are at No. 48 Main Street, Atlantic Hotel Building, 
 and at Hampton Roads, Va. (See page 97.) 
 
 REYNOLDS BROS., 
 
 GENERAL MERCHANTS AND SHIPPERS. 
 
 This is one of the most zealous and enterprising firms in the Southern States engaged 
 in the foreign trade and has been largely instrumental in developing it at this port. 
 The partners are William D. and Henry S Reynolds, and the firm was established in 
 1867 when our export trade was in its infancy. Messrs. Reynolds Brothers are exten- 
 sive shippers of cotton and importers of Liverpool fait. They are also agents for the 
 South Atlantic Steamship Line to Liverpool. Their wharves and offices are at Town 
 Point, west end of Water Street, in close proximity to the Cotton Exchange. (See 
 page 97.) 
 
 J. W. PERRY & CO., 
 
 COTTON FACTORS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 
 
 This firm is the successor to those of G. W. McGlauhon & Co., McGlauhon & Nor- 
 man, McGlauhon & Perry and Perry & Jernigan. They occupy an extensive ware- 
 house on Tunis' Wharf with a capacity for 1,000 bales of cotton. They are in close 
 proximity to rail and water transportation which greatly facilitates their large business. 
 They make a special feature of Cotton which they buy and sell wholly on commission. 
 (See page 101.) 
 
 ETHEREDGE & BROOKS, 
 
 COTTON FACTORS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
 The handsome new warehouse owned and occupied by this well-known firm is among 
 the most conspicuous buildings on High Street, and bears testimony to the enterprise as 
 well as the prosperity of the partners, Messrs. A. E. Etheredge and E. C. Brooks, both of 
 whom are veterans in the business, having been steadily engaged in it since the estab- 
 lishment of their house in 1839. They deal largely in cotton, besides selling on com- 
 mission peanuts, dried fruits and all Southern products. They also deal in lime, plaster, 
 cement, hay and all kinds of coal. (See page 101.) 
 
 DOBIE & COOKE, 
 
 GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 
 
 The partners in this firm, which was organized in 187S, are Messrs. Richard A. Dobie, 
 Merritt T. and A. Mason Cooke. The senior partner had been in a similar business for 
 fifteen years previously, with Gwathmey Brothers & Co , of New York, and W. W. 
 Gwathmey & Co., of this City. From 1873 to 1878 he was a member of the firm of 
 Gwathmey & Dobie. The present firm, whose warehouse is at No. 64 Water Street, is 
 a large receiver of cotton and grain. Its members are all young and active men, with 
 plenty of means to enable them to conduct their business with credit to themselves and 
 satisfaction of their customers. (See page 102.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 165 
 
 NORFOLK KNITTING AND COTTON MANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 This is the pioneer enterprise of its kind in Norfolk, and its success has become an 
 accomplished fact. The factory at Atlantic City was destroyed by fire in 1880 but was 
 shortly afterwards rebuilt and thoroughly equipped with improved machinery, and is 
 now doing an excellent trade, especially in gentlemen's merino-finish underwear which it 
 manufactures on a large scale for the wholesale trade. Mr. Barton Myers is the Pres- 
 ident of the Company and its office is at No. 48 Main Street, in the Atlantic Hotel Build- 
 ing. (See page 103.) 
 
 ROYSTER & STEUDWIOK, 
 
 COTTON FACTORS AND FEETILIZEE IMPORTERS. 
 
 Although of comparatively recent establishment in Norfolk, the members of this firm 
 are known and highly esteemed in North Carolina, in which State they have been ac- 
 tively engaged in business for a number cf years. Their transactions in cotton are 
 heavy and they import Fertilizers, making a specialty of German Kainit, in which they 
 are the largest dealers in the South. They are also general agents for " Farmers' Friend 
 Fertilizer " for North Carolina. (See page 103.) 
 
 W. H. SMITH & SON, 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS AND DEALERS IN STAVES. 
 
 This is among the oldest and most progressive mercantile houses in the City. Its of- 
 fices are in Gwathmey's Building, Town Point, and its yards for staves, in which com- 
 modities the firm does a very extensive trade, are at McCullough's "Wharf. (See page 
 104.) 
 
 GOODRIDGE, FIELD & CO., 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS AND BROKERS. 
 
 The members of this firm are C. A. Field and E. M. Goodridge who make a specialty 
 of grain and flour, while doing a general commission business in all kinds of produce. 
 (See page 104.) 
 
 T. R. JERNIGAN, 
 
 COTTON FACTOR. 
 
 This gentleman has been long known as a successful cotton factor and has secured a 
 remunerative business by his energy and capacity. He was formerly a member of the 
 firm of Perry & Jernigan. (See page 104.) 
 
 C. D. JORDAN & CO., 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 
 
 For the past eleven years this house has been successfully engaged in the sale of cot- 
 ton, corn, staves and general country produce, on commission, and have acquired a 
 thorough experience in their business. (See page 104.) 
 
 T. R. COOKE & CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN GRAIN, HA.Y AND PEAS. 
 
 Messrs. T. R. and W. M. Cooke, the members of this firm, are young, active and en- 
 terprising, and are building up a good business in the above named articles of produce 
 (See page 104.) 
 
 PETERS & REED, 
 SHIPPERS AND DEALERS IN LUMBER, STAVES, &C. 
 This house was established in 1855, and has an extensive trade in staves, timber and 
 lumber with the West Indies, Liverpool and many ports on the Mediterranean, besides 
 a considerable commission busine-s in the same articles with American markets. It 
 controls superior storage and shipping facilities at Portsmouth, owning extensive wharf 
 property and two slips capable of aocommodating large ocean steamers. The firm is re- 
 garded as one of the most experienced, progressive and reliable in the City. (See page 
 106) 
 
166 XOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 GITRLEY & BROTHER, 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS AND DEALERS IN SHINGLES AND LUMBER. 
 
 Sawed and hand-made shingles, of which they handle enormous quantities, are treat- 
 ed as a specialty by this firm, for whom they are especially made in the famous cypress 
 forests on the Roanoke and Cashie Rivers in North Carolina. They have large yards 
 at Campbell's and Roper's Wharves, and excellent warehouse accommodation, which 
 enables them to handle cotton to the best advantage. The steamers of the People's 
 Line running between Norfolk and Roanoke River call at their wharf for freight. (See 
 page 107.) 
 
 TRANT & BAKER, 
 
 LUMBER DEALERS, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
 The magnitude of the operations conducted by this firm may be to some extent esti- 
 mated by the fact that during the year 1883 they received over the Seaboard Air 
 Line alone over six million feet of lumber. They have on hand many important 
 contracts for supplying the timber for Government works, bridges, &c, and are among 
 the largest dealers and commission merchants in this section. The partners are Mr. G. 
 R. Trant, of Virginia, and Mr. W. T. Baker, of North Carolina, and their office is at the 
 foot of High Street, adjoining the Ferry dock, Portsmouth, Va. (See page 105.) 
 
 THE NORFOLK STORAGE COMPANY, 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN PEANUTS. 
 
 This Company was incorporated in 1882 and is the largest peanut handler in the 
 world The officers are: John T. Griffin, President ; McK. G. Bain, Secretary and 
 Treasurer, and P. D. Gwaltney, Superintendent. Their factories are at Nos 153 to 161 
 Water Street, Norfolk, and Commerce Street, Sniithfield, Va. The former is a magnifi- 
 cent four-story building, an illustration of which will be found on page 19. It employs 
 165 persons and handles 600,000 bushels of peanuts annually. The Smithfield branch 
 employs about 100 persons and handles about 350,000 bushels. Both factories are sup- 
 plied with all improved modern machinery for cleaning and polishing the peanuts 
 which are assorted and graded by hand. This Company's trade extends from Texas to 
 Maine and as far West as Denver, Colorado. The rapidly increasing area under culti- 
 vation will probably yield a crop in excess of home consumption, and it is among the 
 contemplated enterprises of this Company to establish a Europeon trade. (See page 
 109.) 
 
 ELIZABETH IRON WORKS, 
 
 CHARLES W. PETTIT, PROPRIETOR. 
 
 The business of these works was established in 1854 by William Pettit, father of the 
 present proprietor, at Gosport, and subsequently removed to their present site, Nos. 280 
 to 2S6 Water Street, Norfolk. The works cover a very large area bounded by Main and 
 Water Streets, North and South, and by Merchants' and Hutchinson's Lanes, East and 
 West, and give constant employment to about sixty men. They are thoroughly 
 equipped with every species of machinery and turn out only first-class work. The es- 
 tablishment has always enjoyed an excellent reputation and has secured an excellent 
 business in Virginia and North Carolina. (See page 111 .) 
 
 GEORGE W. DUVAL & CO- 
 NORFOLK IRON WORKS. 
 
 This well-known firm was organized in 1876, although the senior partner had estab- 
 lished himself in business in 1858. The partners are George W. Duval and W. H. 
 Ridgewell. Their works are at the northeastern corner of Water and Nebraska Streets, 
 where they manufacture all classes of Machinery, Engines, Boilers, Mills, &c, paying 
 especial attention to every description of steamboat work. The famous Duval Patent 
 Improved Boiler Tube Ferrules are manufactured by them. (See page 111.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 167 
 
 A. J. KEENS, 
 
 MANUFACTUKER AND REPAIRER OF SAWS. 
 
 This gentleman is the agent for the celebrated saws of the "Wheeler, Madden & Clem- 
 son Manufacturing Company, of which he sells a goodly number in the course of the year. 
 He is also a practical mechanic and is kept busy repairing and hammering into proper 
 shape the damaged saws of many of the saw mills in this vicinity. Being a good work- 
 man he finds plenty of employment. (See page 113.) 
 
 THE BAKER SALVAGE COMPANY, 
 
 OF NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 The importance of the work done by this Company since its incorporation in 1881, is 
 almost incalculable. It is the only wrecking company South of New York, and finds 
 constant employment for its steam and sailing vessels and a large force of picked men. 
 In August, 1881 the Company dispatched its first important expedition to rescue the 
 new steamship "'Pallas " which was aground at Corn Island on the coast of Guatamala. 
 She was valued at $90,000 and carried a cargo of equal value. The latter, consisting of 
 heavy Sugar-mill machinery, was saved by the company and the ship was ready to be 
 launched when a hurricane came up and broke her to pieces. In March 1882, the Brit- 
 ish steamer " Chilian " stranded near the mouth of Magdalen River, State of New 
 Granada, S A., loaded with railroad iron. The Baker Salvage Company sent an expe- 
 dition to her rescue and brought her safely to Norfolk after having discharged her cargo 
 and delivered it at Baranquila, 20 miles distant, by means of a line constructed with 
 the rails composing the vessels cargo. The steamship " Rio Grande," of the New York 
 & Texas S. S. Co.'s line, which had caught fire at the Delaware Breakwater, was also 
 saved by the Baker Salvage Co. by being filled with water, sunk and afterwards floated. 
 In January, 1883, the British steamship " Egypt," loaded with cotton, went ashore off 
 Cape Henry and was rescued by the Company, for which service the U. S. District 
 Court recently gave judgment in their favor for $51,000. The steamer " Excelsior " 
 and numerous other vessels of smaller tonnage aggregating in value several millions of 
 dollars, have also been saved by this enterprising Company, among whose more recent 
 expeditions were one to the relief of the brig ' ' Atlanta " ashore at Tonula, Mexico • an- 
 other to the rescue of the Spanish steamer ' ' Avandano " aground at the Bahama Is- 
 lands ; and a third to raise the U. S. Steamer " May Flower," sunk at the Washington 
 Navy Yard. (See page 116.) 
 
 CHARLES J. COLONNA'S 
 SECTIONAL MARINE RAILWAY. 
 
 This extensive and valuable property is situated opposite the wharves of the Norfolk 
 & Western Railroad and is well supplied with all necessary machinery of the most im- 
 proved kind. The greatest care is taken in repairing vessels and first-class work is 
 guaranteed. None but the best materials are used and none but skilled hands are em- 
 ployed, thus insuring complete satisfaction. All kinds of marine work is ably and 
 promptly executed and the charges are reasonable. (See page 117.) 
 
 WM. A. GRAVES, 
 
 STEAM SECTIONAL MARINE RAILWAY, S A. W AND PLANING MILLS. 
 
 This busy shipyard employs regularly about seventy-five hands, and presents one of 
 the most active scenes to be found in the City. The Railway can accommodate ships 
 of 900 tons register and the adjoining saw and planing mills are thoroughly equipped 
 and have a capacity of nearly 15,000 feet of boards per day. The business was estab- 
 lished in 1840. (See page 117.) 
 
 H. HODGES & CO., 
 ORNAMENTAL IRON RAIL WORKS. 
 
 All kinds of plain and ornamental iron railings, architectural castings and other orna- 
 mental articles made of wrought, malleable and cast iron are always kept at this estab- 
 lishment in great variety and can be manufactured to order. (See page 118.) 
 
168 NOBEOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTBE ; 
 
 NOBFOLK COLLEGE EOE YOUNG LADIES. 
 
 This College "was established for the purpose of providing the best possible advantages 
 for the thorough education of girls. The magnificent building, a view of which forms 
 the frontispiece of this volume, is fitted throughout with the most approved modern 
 appliances. There is a full faculty of whoni Rev. R. M. Saunders is principal. The 
 school is divided into three departments — Primary, Intermediate and Collegiate — and 
 each pupil, from the lowest to the highest class, receives a thorough course of instruc- 
 tion. The boarding department is elegantly furnished and arranged bo as to surround 
 the resident pupils with refining and elevating influences All the lady teachers board 
 in the College. This is one of the very best educational institutions in the whole coun- 
 try for young ladies, and the superior advantages it offers are receiving proper recogni- 
 tion as is shown by the fact that its roll of pupils last session numbered 313 names. 
 The officers are : John L. Roper, President: R. H. Wynne, Secretary : W. S. "Wilkin- 
 son, Tieasurer. (See page 119.) 
 
 E. T. POWELL, SON & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS. 
 
 This firm, which succeeded East-ham, Powell & Co., occupies a prominent position 
 among the leading mercantile houses of Norfolk. It is composed of Mr. E. T. Powell 
 and his son, Mr. J. R. Powell, the latter having been admitted to partnership in 1881. 
 Their large and handsome warehouse is situated on the north east corner of Water and 
 Commerce Streets, one of the m ist central sites in the City. They have an extensive 
 wholesale trade throughout this section in all articles usually kept in a wholesale gro- 
 cery house. (See page 125.) 
 
 M. L. T. DAVIS & CO., 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS. 
 
 Commenced business in 1865, on Roanoke Square, under the firm style of Davis & 
 Bro. After a few years their business had so much increased that more commodious 
 premises became necessary and their present warehouse, corner of Water and Com- 
 merce Streets, was built. In 1874, Mr. B. L. Thomas, a former clerk, was admitted to 
 partnership and the firm's name was changed. They carry a large and assorted stock 
 of all kinds of groceries and provisions and have built up an excellent trade. (See 
 page 120.) 
 
 NOEFOLK IMPOETLNG AND EXPOETING COMPANY. 
 
 Among the many new corporations which have sprung into existence of late yeprs to 
 mark the vitality of Norfolk's trade and the vigorous enterprise of her business men, 
 there are few which promise to bear better or more abundant fruit than this Company 
 which was chartered in 1883. It makes a specialty at present of the importation of all 
 kinds of foreign salt and has for its ulterior object the introduction through this market 
 of all kinds of foreign fruits, pre ducts and manufactured groceries. Its officers are: 
 M. L. T. Davis, President; W. C. Dickson, Treasurer; Washington Taylor, Secretary, 
 and upon its Board of Directors are several of the most influential and progressive 
 wholesale grocers in the City. (See page 126.) 
 
 W. F. ALLEN & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS. 
 
 This firm was established in 1864, and is now in the enjoyment of a large trade, 
 which every year increases. The partners are W. F. Allen and James T. Borum. and 
 no changes have occurred in the firm since its original organization. They make a 
 specialty of flour and meats and give special attention to car-load lots of molasses, flour, 
 meats and salt. (See page 127.) 
 
 JOHN Z. LOWE, 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL GROCER, 
 
 Occupies a roomy and well supplied store on the south-east corner of Market Square 
 and Union Street, where he carries a large stock of family groceries, ship stores, provi- 
 sions, wines, liquors, cigars, tobacco and all other articles in the same line. (See page 
 127.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 109 
 
 BLACKBUEN, JONES & CO., 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS. 
 
 The members of this firm are A. P. Blackburn, Kennon Jones and G. G. Hobson. 
 Their store is No. 11 Commercial Row, close to the Ferry Dock, and they make spec- 
 ialties of syrups, butter, fish and sugar-cured meats . (See page 127.) 
 
 MAHONEY & DONOVAN, 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS, 
 
 Occupy the southeast corner of Roanoke Dock and Mahoney's Wharf and enjoy special 
 facilities for shipping their goods to their distant customers. They pay special attention 
 to flour and are large dealers in butter, lard, smoked meats, fish, soap, &c. (See page 
 127.) 
 
 M. DUGGAN, 
 SOAP MANUFACTURER. 
 
 The faclory is situated on Loyall's Lane near Water Street and has recently under- 
 gone considerable alterations. Mr. Duggan also deals in tallow and grease. (See page 
 128.) 
 
 NOTTINGHAM & WEENN, 
 DEALERS IN COAL, ICE AND WOOD. 
 
 The general offices of this ffrm have recently been removed from A tlantic City to No . 
 54 Main Street, in the Atlantic Hotel Building. Their extensive yards and branches are 
 at Atlantic City, at the Norfolk & Western Railroad Depot, Norfolk, and at Nos. 6 and 
 7 Campbell's Wharf. The partners are Thomas T. Nottingham and William A. Wrenn, 
 and the business was established in 1876. Since that date it has steadily grown to its 
 present enormous dimensions which demand every inch of room afforded by their fine 
 water front and extensive yards. They are local agents for the celebrated Pocahontas 
 steam coal which has lately grown into the highest favor among those employing steam 
 power. They also keep a complete and assorted stock of egg, stove and nut coals al- 
 ways on hand. They cut their own ice in the State of Maine and enjoy unusual facili- 
 ties for its storage which enables them to sell at the lowest market prices. (See page 
 129.) 
 
 RAWLINS, WHITEHUEST & CO., 
 DEALERS IN EASTERN ICE. 
 
 Partners : Wm. Rawlins, C. H. Whitehurst. J. M. Haynes, H. A. DeWitt and Ira D. 
 Sturgis. In 1869 the firm of Rawlins, Baum & Co. was organized and was succeeded 
 by the present firm in 1874. The three last mentioned partners conduct the firm's 
 business in Maine where they cut and ship from 8 000 to 10.000 tons of ice annually. 
 They furnish the fisheries of North Carolina with large quantities during the season and 
 have branches at Elizabeth City and Plymouth in that State and at Hampton, Va. Their 
 City trade is also very large and their shipping facilities are excellent, their storehouse 
 being situated on Biggs' Wharf, Nivison Street, convenient to the different water and 
 jand transportation lines. (See page 130.) ■ 
 
 G. W. TAYLOE & CO., 
 
 COAL AND WOOD DEALERS. 
 
 Began business in 1879 and have recently built and now occupy the handsome offices 
 No. 47 Granby Street. The partners are George W. Taylor and Wickham Taylor. [See 
 page 128.] 
 
 JOHN O. GAMAGE & SONS, 
 BUILDERS' MATERIALS. 
 
 This business was founded in 1865 and has become a most successful and jmportant 
 one. The firm are large shippers of building and finishing limes, shell limes, cement, 
 plaster, bricks, slates and other building material, and carry at all times a large and 
 varied stock. Their warehouse is. at Nos. 100 and 102 Water Street. (See page 131.) 
 
170 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 HUME & PABKEK, 
 
 BOOKS AND STATIONERY, PIANOS AND ORGANS, 
 
 Succeeded Hume, Parker & Hodges, which firm began business in September, 1882, at 
 No. 104 Main Street in the handsome building built by them on a part of the site for- 
 merly occupied by the Bank of Commerce. They handle a select stock of books, 
 stationery, sheet and book music, paintings, engravings, stereoscopes, photographs and 
 a variety of fancy goods Also Decker Bros.' Pianos and Mason & Hamlin organs, 
 which they sell at factory prices. Mr. Hume is also a member of the firm of R. G. 
 Hume & Bro., of Portsmouth, and has been in business there for many years. Mr. E. 
 P. Parker is the resident partner and manager of the business in Norfolk. [See page 
 132.] 
 
 C. HALL WINDSOR, 
 
 BOOKS, STATIONERY, ETC. 
 
 This house was established more than sixty years ago and has been conducted suc- 
 cessively by the grandfather and father of the present proprietor, who keeps a large and 
 complete assortment of fiue stationery, blank books, artists' materials, mathematical in- 
 struments and all those other numerous articles usually to be found in a first-class book 
 and stationery establishment. The store is most eligibly situated on the corner of Main 
 and Bank Streets and the windows are rendered very attractive by the fine display of pic- 
 tures, engravings and fancy articles of all kinds. Mr. Windsor keeps a large stock of mis- 
 cellaneous literature and all the newest music. He is also agent for Foley's celebrated 
 gold pens. [Seepage 133.] 
 
 GEORGE TAIT & SON, 
 
 SEEDSMEN. 
 
 In the year 1869 Col. George Tait founded the business which he and his son now so 
 successfully conduct at No. 7 Market Square. All seede offered by this house are grown 
 and selected especially for it in England, Germany, France, Canada and parts of the 
 United States, all orders being given a year in advance of delivery. Purity and vitality 
 are the two chief merits claimed for Tait's seeds, and with 33 years' practical experience, 
 the means by which these two essential qualifications can be secured are thoroughly un- 
 derstood. [See page 134.] 
 
 MAYER A CO., 
 
 SAW MILL, STEAMBOAT AND RAILROAD SUPPLIES. 
 
 This house was established in January 1881. by E. L. Mayer in conjunction with the 
 firm of Taylor, Elliott & Watters, the largest hardware concern in the City. A commo- 
 dious warehouse, a view of which is shown on page 43, was erected by the firm and 
 still forms a portion of their extensive premises. After the death of Mr. James M. Butt, 
 who conducted a similar business at Nos. 4 and 6 Market Square, Mayer & Co. took over 
 his business and now occupy both stores. They do a very large business in all kinds of 
 saw mill, steamboat and railroad supplies, and in belting and hardware. For a partial 
 list of some of the more important articles in which this house deals, see page 139. 
 
 SMITH N. BRICKHOUSE & CO., 
 WHOLESALE BOOTS AND SHOES. 
 
 After 21 years of active participation in the wholesale trade of this City by the_ pres- 
 ent senior partner, the above firm began business in 1877 in the massive brick building, 
 corner of Water and Commerce Streets, shown on page 38. From the day of its founda- 
 tion to the present time the firm has drawn a large and valuable patronage from the 
 South. The entire stock is always obtained direct from the factories, and selected with 
 special reference to the wants of the Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia 
 and Tennessee trade, and offered at prices identical with those of the Northern Cities. 
 [See page 140.] 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 171 
 
 WALKE & WILLIAMS, 
 
 DEALERS IN DKTJGS, PAINTS AND OILS. 
 
 This firm, composed of Dr. F. A. Walke and Mr. J. N. Williams, succeeded in 1874 
 to the old established business of A. E. Wilson & Co., Roanoke Avenue and Water 
 Street. The house does a large wholesale trade in Virginia and North Carolina and car- 
 ries a large stock of the purest and best goods. [See page 141.] 
 
 BUTLEE, WINSTON & CO., 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE VIRGINIA HOG CHOLERA CURE. 
 
 It would seem that a sure and simple remedy has at last been discovered for this 
 terrible plague which has proved so disastrous to the farmers and those who raise 
 swine. The Virginia Hog Cholera Cure has been sent broadcast into the districts where 
 the disease was most prevalent, and hundreds of grateful farmers have written to the 
 manufacturers announcing the instantaneous relief afforded by the medicine. The firm 
 is composed of well-known and energetic business men, and their wonderful remedy has 
 found well deserved favor among the hog growers of the West and South. Messrs. 
 Walke & Williams, wholesale druggists, are the General Southern Agents. 
 
 FROST, SON & CO., 
 
 SIGN AND CARRIAGE PAINTERS. 
 
 Some of the most artistic signs and the neatest decorations in the City are the work 
 of this firm who also turn out handsomely painted carriages, wagona, &c. [ See page 
 143.] 
 
 S. A. STEVENS & CO., 
 
 FURNITURE, CARPETING AND PIANOS. 
 
 The building owned and occupied by this firm on the corner of Main and Granby 
 Streets, opposite the Atlantic Hotel, would be an ornament to a City of twice Norfolk's 
 size. It is three stories high with a frontage on Main Street of 50 feet and on Granby 
 Street of 130 feet, and contains '27,000 feet of flooring besides large cellars. A view of 
 the building is shown on page 31. The business was begun in 1865 at No. 8 Roanoke 
 Avenue which proved too small, and was removed in 1868 to the present building, which 
 is fully stocked with every variety of Furniture and Carpets and a large assortment of 
 Pianos by Chickering & Sons, Steinway & Sons, Henry F. Miller and W. P. Emerson. 
 [See page 144. J 
 
 A. E. HALL & CO., 
 
 UNDERTAKERS AND FURNITURE DEALERS. 
 
 On the completion of the Masonic Temple, Freemason Street, in 1876, this firm com- 
 menced business in one of the stores on the first floor, the whole of which they now 
 occupy. They have as con plete an assortment of undertakers' goods as can be found 
 in the State. The partners are A. E. Hall aud L. D- Holt, both of whom have had a 
 long experience in the business and give undivided attention, night or day, to all orders 
 entrusted to their care in the City or surrounding country. [See page 145.] 
 
 C. F. GEEENWOOD & BEO., 
 
 JEWELERS, 
 
 Are the proprietors of the handsome and attractive store, 158 Main Street, known as 
 " The Casket," where every imaginable variety of watches, clocks, diamonds, jewelry, 
 silver and plated ware, fancy ornaments and opticians' goods may be procured at prices 
 which defy competition. The Messrs. Greenwood are importers, and have lately ac- 
 quired an interest in The Casket Watch Co., of Geneva, Switzerland, whence they will 
 receive large and regular supplies of watches from the hands of the famous workmen of 
 that City. The firm was established in 1847 and its members are Messrs. C. F. and 
 Fred. Greenwood, both of whom are gentlemen of long experience in the business. [See 
 page 149. j 
 
172 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 L. WEED, 
 
 JEWELER. 
 
 This gentleman has enjoyed a life-long experience in the jewelry trade, and is there- 
 fore perfectly familiar with it in all its branches. About five years ago he removed to 
 this City from New York, and opened a store in the Academy of Music Building, whence 
 he moved, in 1882, to his present excellent location, No. 20(i Main Street, three doors 
 from Church Street, where he is doing a good business in watches, clocks, jewelry, silver 
 ware, fancy and ornamental goods of all kinds, and has succeeded in giving uniform sat- 
 isfaction to his customers. Mr. Weed keeps a large and varied stock of all articles us- 
 ually to be found in a first-class jewelry store, and is always well supplied with the lat- 
 est and best styles. [See page 148.] 
 
 AETHITE 0. FEEEMAN, 
 
 JEWELER. 
 
 Succeeded his father, J. M. Freeman, in 1871, and has conducted the business suc- 
 cessfully since that date. He has acquired large experience in the jewelry trade having 
 devoted his lifetime to it. [See page 150.] 
 
 E. VANCE, 
 
 WINE MERCHANT. 
 
 This gentleman, who is one of the oldest and largest wine and liquor dealers in the 
 City, has recently turned his attention more particularly to the delicious native wines 
 manufactured from the grapes grown in Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. These 
 afford many varieties — sherry and claret, port and champagne — and Mr. Vance, 
 whose place of business is at No. 2S Market Square, is general agent for several of the 
 best brands [See page 150.] 
 
 THE BEEGNEE & ENGEL BEEWING COMPANY, OE PHILA- 
 DELPHIA, PA., 
 
 F. W. ADAMS, MANAGER. 
 
 In 1881 this Company, one of the largest in the world, established a supply depot in 
 this City on Madison Street, near Clyde's wharves, where they erected an ice-house 
 with storage capacity for 500 barrels of beer besides a large supply cf ice. All the 
 Clyde Steamers carry ice boxes built expressly for transporting this Company's beer. 
 Norfolk is the supply point for Eastern Virginia and a large portion of the South-east- 
 ern States. The business of the Company is therefore very large, and is ably conduct- 
 ed by Mr. F. W. Adams, the well-known and energetic manager. [See page 151.] 
 
 W. F. ALLEN, 
 
 WHOLESALE LIQUOR MERCHANT. 
 
 The business of this house has steadily increased with the growth of the City and is 
 now the largest and most reliable engaged in the wine and liquor trade here. Mr. Allen 
 is also a member of the firm of W. F. Allen & Co.. wholesale grocers, and of Pearce, 
 Allen & Borum, Commission Merchants. His stock at No. 97 Water Street includes 
 wines, whiskey, brandy, gin, &c. of various makes and vintages. (See page 151.) 
 
 JOSEPH KLEPPEE, 
 RHINE WINE ROOMS AND SUMMER GARDEN. 
 
 This establishment is one of the most popular resorts in the City and covers an extensive 
 area, including a splendid billiard hall. The whole place has recently been renovated in 
 excellent taste and at great expense. In the main hall is a magnificent Orchestrion, one 
 of the finest in the South, which affords the guests delightful music during each even- 
 ing, unless the orchestra is in attendance, which happens at intervals during the week. 
 The lunch rooms are well supplied with delicacies and the liquors are of the best brands. 
 (See page 152.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 173 
 
 BANK SALOON, 
 
 HAREY SALE, PROPRIETOR. 
 
 Everybody knows this popular restaurateur, and everybody ought to know that he 
 has lately removed to the Bank Saloon, No. 60 Roanoke Avenue. (See page 152.) 
 
 ANDREW J. D ALTON, 
 
 125 MAIN STREET. 
 
 This first-class saloon is centrally situated and is well supplied with all kinds of choice 
 wines, liquors and cigars. (See page 152.) 
 
 NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH BAGGAGE EXPRESS, 
 
 SHIPP & CO., PROPRIETORS. 
 
 This is a most useful institution, as travellers arriving at or leaving the City have the 
 best reason for knowing. It is safe, rapid and reliable. W. T. Walk9 & Sons, Atlan- 
 tic Hotel Building, are agents. (See page 152 ) 
 
 THE BRUSH-SWAN ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., 
 
 OF NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 This company was chartered in June. 1883. Mr. Wm. W. Chamberlaine is Presi- 
 dent, and Mr. T. S. Garnett. Secretary and Treasurer. The works are on Williamson's 
 Lane, near the City Hall. On December 19, 1883, the City authorities awarded to this 
 Company the contract for lighting the stre ets and public buildings, and the result has 
 proved quite satisfactory. Many stores have also adopted the electric light in prefer- 
 ence to gas. (See page 156.) 
 
 HENRY E. CULPEPPER, 
 
 GENERAL CONTRACTOR, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
 This gentleman is a well-known wharf and Bridge builder. Among his many works 
 in this neighborhood are all the bridges on the Virginia Beach Railroad, the large 
 wharf of the Seaboard Railroad, now in course of construction, the wharf built at York- 
 town to land the monument, and others. He owns two powerful dredging machines, 
 besides pile drivers. (See page 156.) 
 
 THE DISMAL SWAMP LOTTERY COMPANY, 
 
 J. P. HORBACH, MANAGER. 
 
 This enterprise exists under a charter granted by the State Legislature, and is con- 
 ducted on the fairest principles. Its object is to raise money for the improvement and 
 extension of the Dismal Swamp Canal which is one of the most important channels of 
 internal navigation in the country, connecting as it does, the sounds and rivers of Vir- 
 ginia with those of North Carolina. The lottery drawings take place monthly in public 
 and are under the supervision of commissioners well known in Norfolk. (See page 157) 
 
 RICHARD H. GAINES, 
 
 ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTING CHEMIST. 
 
 This gentleman, whose laboratory is on Campbell's wharf, was until recently a stu- 
 dent and assistant in the laboratory of the eminent analytical chemists, Messrs. Ledoux 
 & Ricketts, New York. Mr. Gaines graduated in all the schools of chemistry at the 
 University of Virginia, and gives special attention to the analysis of fertilizers and soils. 
 A first-class analytical chemist has been much needed here, and Mr. Games' advent is 
 therefore most opportune. (See page 158.) 
 
 HAMME & ALLEN, 
 DEALERS IN HATS, CAPS, 4c. 
 
 This house does a large business in hats, caps, straw and millinery goods, umbrellas 
 and walking canes, &c. The partners are R. F. Hamme and A. A. Allen. Iheir store 
 is centrally situated, at 1G1 Main Street [See page 15'J.] 
 
174 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 A. WEENN & SON, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF CARRIAGES, BUGGIES AND HARNESS 
 
 Are also large wholesale dealers in saddlery and harness. Their extensive premises on 
 Union Street, are well stocked with the above mentioned commodities in several 
 varieties. [See page 159.] 
 
 E. B. BLAMIEE, 
 
 DEALER IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN DRY GOODS. 
 
 This gentleman keeps a full and varied stock of all goods in his line. He is also 
 agent for Butterick's celebrated patterns. [See page 159.] 
 
 J. D. COUPEE'S 
 
 MARBLE WORKS 
 
 Were established in 1848, and are situated at 111 aud 113 Bank Street. They turn out 
 all kinds of plain and carved marble and granite work, such as mantels, monuments, 
 vases, statuary, &c, in all styles. [See page 159] 
 
 WM. H. JAQUES, 
 
 STENCIL AND STAMP MANUFACTURER, 
 
 Has been engaged in this business for 14 years and settled here 5 years ago. He ships 
 stencils to all points in the South as far as New Orleans and does work for manufac- 
 turers and others in New York, Boston, Providence and other distant points. He is an 
 excellent workman, as his scrap book of samples will show. [See page 159.] 
 
 HANNAN & KELLY, 
 
 SALE AND COMMISSION STABLES. 
 
 This establishment, situated at Nos. 40, 42 and 44 Union Street and 64 Church 
 Street, is the largest in Eastern Virginia, and the proprietors, Wm. Hannan and John 
 Kelly, are recognized as leaders in their line of business. They make a specialty of 
 Northern and Western stock which they sell at private sale. Their large two-story f tables 
 accommodate 300 head of horses. [See page 159,] 
 
 OUR OUTSIDE ADVERTISERS. 
 
 BLUE EIDGE SPEINGS, 
 
 PHILIP F. BROWN, PROPRIETOR. 
 
 Among the many charming and fashionable summer resorts for which the magnifi- 
 cent upland region of Western Virginia has always been celebrated, there is not one 
 which has established itself more firmly in popular favor than bas Blue Ridge Springs, 
 which is situated immediately on the line of the Norfolk & Western Railroad, about 
 forty miles west of Lynchburg. The beauty of its scenery, the purity of its climate, 
 the superiority of its accommodations and the excellence of its management have 
 proved so attractive that frequent additions have been found necessary in order to 
 meet the ever increasing demand upon its capacity ; while its easy accessibility from 
 all points and the medicinal virtues of its mineral waters have rendered it famous 
 among the Sanitariums of the Sunny South. It stands at an elevation of 1800 feet 
 above the sea level and therefore enjoys a delightful temperature during the summer 
 season. (For views and advertisement see pages 33, 42 and 52.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 175 
 
 THE NATURAL BRIDGE HOTELS, 
 
 E. H. FISHER, SUPERINTENDENT. 
 
 In the heart of the picturesque and romantic scenery for which the spurs of the Alle- 
 ghany and Blue Ridge mountains are justly famous, stands that grandest of geological 
 phenomena — the Natural Bridge of Virginia. It appears to have been purposely 
 thrown across a deep precipitous glen dividing two fertile tracts of country, which 
 would be inaccessible to each other but for this elevated highway of Nature's own con- 
 struction. The surrounding country is beautiful in the extreme and would be well 
 worthy of a visit, even without this great central attraction. A very few years ago the 
 Bridge was almost regarded as a myth, so difficult was it of access ; but now it can be 
 reached from half a dozen different directions by as many Railroads, and there are few 
 travellers who have not availed themselves of these facilities to investigate this mar- 
 vellous arch. There are two excellent Hotels within a few rods of the Bridge — the 
 Forest Inn and Appledoke — which have recently been united under the able man- 
 agement of Mi\ E. H. Fisher, whose greatest delight it is to administer to the comfort 
 and happiness of his guests, of whom he can accommodate three hundred. ( See ad- 
 vertisement on page 53 ) 
 
 VIRGINIA BEACH. 
 
 At a point on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, six miles south of Cape Henry and 
 seventeen miles east of Norfolk, is the seaside terminus of the Norfolk & Virginia 
 Beach Railroad. It is a delightful watering place and can be reached in an hour by 
 the trains which run frequently during the day. The Hailroad Company, of which our 
 gallant and esteemed townsman, Commodore Marshall Parks, is President, has erected 
 a magnificent Pavilion at the terminus, embracing an extensive dining room with seat- 
 ing capacity for 800 guests, and a hundred chambers for the accommodation of those 
 who desire to remain over night. It is the intention of the Company to erect a mag- 
 nificent Hotel at this already popular seaside resort which will vie in general attractions 
 with any watering place on the coast. (See page 66 ) 
 
 OCEAN VIEW, 
 
 is the name of another charming watering place opposite Fortress Monroe and in full 
 view of Capes Henry and Charles. It is the property of the Ocean View Railroad 
 and Hotel Co. whose trains run to and from Norfolk at short intervals during the day. 
 The Hotel is opened for the accommodation of guests on May 1st of each year. It 
 has recently been enlarged and improved. Its situation is most desirable, affording 
 excellent surf-bathing and fishing, while the fresh sea breezes are most invigorating and 
 enjoyable by day and night. (See page 67.) 
 
 A. HOEN & CO., 
 
 LITHOGRAPHERS, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 This business was started eight years ago with a force of only four hands, which 
 were added to as orders multiplied, until the present time, when fifty eight are em- 
 ployed. The firm have recently erected a handsome five-story building on Bank street, 
 overlooking Capital Square, and have added the best and newest machinery for their 
 fine work. They are now prepared to turn out anything from a Visiting Card to a 
 Railroad Bond, or from a plain label to a chromo. (See inset between pages 84 and 85.) 
 
 THE KASIN FERTILIZER CO., 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 This Company, of which Mr. WinfieldS. Dunan is Secretary and Treasurer, and Mr. R. 
 W. L. Rasin the General Manager, is composed of a number of wealthy business men 
 of Baltimore, Charleston, Philadelphia, Chicago and New York. They are the Pro- 
 prietors of the famous Sea- Wall Guano Works, situated on the Patapsco River at Sea- 
 Wall, Anne Arundel Co., Md , which cover six acres of land, and are said to be the 
 most extensive and perfect Guano Works in the United States. They employ nearly 
 two hundred hands whose labor is directed by skilled chemists, and produce only 
 standard fertilizers and pure agricultural chemicals. Their brands of Guano have 
 earned an excellent reputation throughout the country. Their offices are at 20 and 
 22 South Street, Baltimore, Md. (See inset leaf opposite page 92.) 
 
176 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 WINEIELD S. DUNAN, 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 This gentleman enjoys an enviable distinction among Baltimore's most reputable 
 merchants, and has established a large import and export trade in gnano, agricultural 
 chemic lis, Kainit and such other articles of merchandize as compose the essential ingredi- 
 ents of first-class high-grade commercial fertilizers. He also deals largely in Fish Scrap, 
 Fish Pomage and Fish Oil, and makes a specialty of the importation of genuine Kainit, 
 and is the American representative of one of the most extensive shippers of this mineral 
 Salt in Hamburg. His house was established in 1870 and is now doing an annual trade 
 of over $2,000,000. The ofrbe is at 20 and 22 South Street, Baltimore, Md. (See inset 
 leaf opposite page 93.) 
 
 PETERSBURG IRON WORKS. 
 
 H. T. MORRISON & CO., PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 These extensive works, which were established in 1834, are the property of Messrs' 
 H. T. Morrison & Co., experienced manufacturers of steam engines, mill and factory 
 machinery, cotton presses, dredg3s, iron and brass castiugs, and all other machines and 
 implements in use on land and water ordinarily manufactured at a thoroughly 
 equipped foundry. This firm makes a specialty of steam dredges, dredging machinery 
 and tug biats, and has recently completed a powerful dredge for the City of Peters- 
 burg, and two others for the New York Steam Dredging Co , also a tug boat 18x20 in. 
 condensing engine for the same Company. All machinery and other work turned out 
 by this firm has given perfect satisfaction. Among their many specialties are pile 
 drivers and hoisting engines of various sizes, and locomotives for tram-roads. (See 
 back inside cover.) 
 
 TAPPEY &• STEEL, 
 
 IRON FOUNDERS, &c, PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 This firm, composed of Messrs. Wm. H. Tappey and Alexander Steel, is one of the 
 oldest and most responsible in the Staie of Virginia, and has been among the most 
 zealous in promoting her manufacturing interests. Their extensive works are situated 
 on Washington Street, immediately opposite Jarratt's Hotel and the terminus of the Pe- 
 tersburg & Weldon Railroad. They are large manufacturers of Engines, Tobacco 
 and Cotton Presses, Saw and Grist Mills, Mill-irons, Plows, Castings, &c, and are 
 widely known as thoroughly practical and reliable in all they undertake. (See page 112.) 
 
 H. P. EDMOND, 
 MANUFACTURER OF ENGINES, &c, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 This gentleman is the successor to the firm of Ettenger & Edmond, and is one of the 
 a rgest manufacturei-s in the South of stationary and portable steam engines, steam 
 fire-engines and tabacco machinery. His extensive works are situated on 19 th and 
 Franklin Streets, Richmond, Va., and occupy a three story brick building 155 feet 
 square. Several important improvements have been introduced and adopted by this 
 concern, which is thus enabled to compete successfully with any in the country. 
 
 Mr. Edmond fully maintains the high reputation earned by the late firm since the 
 establishment of their works in 1850. Their engines and other machinery embody all 
 the latest improvements. The greatest care is bestowed upon their construction, and 
 none but the finest iron and steel are used, particularly in the boilers, which are made 
 throughout of the best charcoal boiler plate and are strongly stayed in every part. Saw 
 mills, grist mills, tobacco machinery, hydraulic presses and all the numerous varieties 
 of machinery manufactured at these works have earned the unanimous praise of en- 
 gineers and others who have tested them. 
 
 Mr. Edmond supplies the principal factories in Richmond and Petersburg, many in 
 North Carolina and the Western States, besides several others in Europe and Australia. 
 (See page 114.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 177 
 
 G. P. HA WES, 
 
 SOUTHERN SAW WORKS, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 This large and well-known establishment, Nos. 18 and 20 South 15th Street, cor- 
 ner Cary Street, has recently been overhauled, arranged and fitted up with what ma- 
 chinery it needed to make it in all respects complete. Mr. Hawes employs a large num- 
 ber of skilled hands and is now ready to manufacture or repair patent and other ma- 
 chinery, saws, swages, glimmers, saw-sets, saw-mills, blades, belting, knives of all de- 
 scriptions and to supply all other articles pertaining to the above. Among his special- 
 ties are gumming, hammering and retempering circular saws. He is agent for the Tay- 
 lor Manufacturing Company's Boilers and Engines and for "Moore County" Corn 
 Mills. [See page 115.] 
 
 NATIONAL BEASS WORKS, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 This house, of which Messrs. Thomas Somerville & Sons are the energetic and ex- 
 perienced proprietors, was first established on Maine Avenue, in 1863, but success fol- 
 lowed so rapidly that in 18G7 the firm was obliged to build the capacious works which 
 they now occupy, Nos. 316, 318, 320 and 322 Thirteenth Street, N. W. Continued 
 prosperity again made it necessary io double their capacity and the works are to-day the 
 largest and most thoroughly equipped in the country. Their machinery is of the latest 
 and most improved kind and as they employ only competent mechanics they are enabled 
 to turn out strictly first-class goods. They manufacture and deal in all kinds of plum- 
 bers,' gas aud steam fitters' materials, wrought iron and lead pipe, terra cotta sewer 
 pipe, force and steam pumps and numerous other goods in the same hue. Their stock 
 is large and they fill all orders promptly. [See page 113] 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OP VIRGINIA. 
 
 It is generally admitted that this Institution ranks among the very first seats of ad- 
 vanced learning in the Country, and sends out as finished scholars in the various 
 branches of literature, science and the professions of law and medicine as any of the 
 Northern Universities. Special attention is given to instruction in the more piactical 
 Schools of Engineering and Agriculture, while no charge is made for the tuition of 
 those candidates for the ministry who are unable to meet the expense. The session 
 begins on October 1st and closes on the Thursday before July 4th of each year. (See 
 page 120.) 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 This Institution, now venerable by its years as well as by the usefulness of its career, 
 has an able Faculty comprising eight Professors, who, basides being men of great 
 learning in their profession, are all actively engaged in its practice. In addition to 
 these it has an able corps in its Adjunct Faculty, composed for the most part of active 
 young men who render valuable service to the Students in the thorough drilling of 
 their daily examinations and supplementary lectures. The eighty thousand inhabitants 
 of Richmond and Manchester afford an abundant supply of material for the illustra- 
 tion of disease in clinical lectures, and a large number of patients come from a dis- 
 tance, attracted by the eminence of Richmond's Medical Faculty. That these advan- 
 tages for acquiring a practical as well as theoretical knowledge of the healing art are 
 fully appreciated is shown by the large attendance of students, not only from Virginia, 
 but also from nearly all the States on the Atlantic Slope. (See page 120.) 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL, PETERSBURG, VA., 
 
 W. GORDON McCABE, HEAD-MASTER. 
 
 This famous school was founded in 18G5, and has been in successful operation for the 
 past 19 years. During this time it has prepared and sent up to the University of Vir- 
 ginia, to Princeton, West Point, Annapolis, Boston Institute of Technology, and other 
 institutions of high grade, a gieat number of students whose uniform success testifies 
 
178 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 to the excellence of the instruction given at this school, which is, however, mainly de- 
 signed as preparatory to the University of Virginia, from the faculty of which Mr. 
 McCabe has received the highest recommendations. The Head-master takes into his 
 family a limited number of boarders. His house and the adjoining Cottages built for 
 the pupils have all modern improvements. The School has each year steadly increased 
 the number of its pupils, beginning in 1S65 with only 17 and having upon its roll in 
 the current term (1883-84) one hundred and thirty three students, representing eleven 
 States from New York to Texas. The moral tone of the School is something unique. 
 For instance, the students themselves would allow no boy to remain who had been 
 found guilty of telhing a lie. I he morale of the School is controlled in great measure 
 by the elder pupils whom Mr. McCabe has drawn closely to him as Dr. Arnold, of 
 Rugby, did "the Sixth," and through their influence finds it easy to maintain a high 
 standard of truth and honor. (See page 121.) 
 
 COLLEGE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD., 
 
 Possesses in full measure every advantage for conferring a first-class medical 
 education. It has a numerous and eminent Faculty of Phys-ic, besides a large auxili- 
 ary corps of Professors and special Lecturers. The students enjoy unsurpassed 
 clinical facilities and are required to attend all demonstrations. The City Hospi- 
 tal, which is situated in the heart of the City, receives a large part of the accident 
 cases and the "Maternite" abounds in obstetric cases at all seasons. The College con- 
 tains fully equipped physiological and chemical laboratories. The spring session 
 commences on March 15th and ends on June 15th, while the regular Winter session 
 extends from October 1st to March 1st of the following year. The Dean of the Col- 
 lege is Dr. Thomas Opie, 179 North Howard Street, Baltimore, Md. [See page 122.] 
 
 BETHEL CLASSICAL AND MILITARY ACADEMY, 
 
 FAUQUIER COUNTY, VA., 
 
 Is celebrated for the beauty of its situation and healthiness of its climate, as well as 
 for the thoroughness of its instruction. It provides full medical and law courses 
 and is preparatory to the University of Virginia. [See page 124.] 
 
 BLACKWELL'S DUEHAM TOBACCO CO., 
 
 (SUCCESSORS TO W. T. BLACKWELL & CO) 
 
 Orange County, North Carolina, in which the town of Durham is situated, occu- 
 pies the Eastern portion of what is known as the " Golden Belt " or " bright " to- 
 bacco region of North Carolina, and is conceded to be the finest tobacco-growing 
 tract of country in the world. W. T. Blackwell & Co. commenced business in Dur- 
 ham in the year 1869 in a factory consisting of a small, roughly constructed frame 
 building. Here they manufactured on a small scale the brand which has since made 
 them famous, namely, the " Genuine Durham (Bull) Smoking Tobacco." Their pres- 
 ent factory is the largest of the kind in this or any other country. It is a lofty and 
 substantia] brick structure, four stories high with basement, having a frontage of 200 
 feet and two wings running back 160 feet each. Contracts have recently been given 
 for the erection of gigantic additions which the enormous business has rendered 
 necessary. For the past three years the firm has been manufacturing " Durham 
 Long Cut " and '" Durham Cigarettes " as well as the original brand, and these are 
 unsurpassed for excellence by any other manufacturers in the country. Their sales 
 for 1883 reached nearly six millions of pounds of smoking tobacco alone, besides 
 large quantities of cigarettes that have found their way, on their merits, to all the 
 markets of the world. In connection with the factory they have the largest printing 
 office in the State where they do all their own printing and a good deal more for 
 other firms in and out of North Carolina. Durham, in 1865, had scarcely 100 inhabi- 
 tants. To-day its population, including the immediate vicinity, is about 5,000. This 
 rapid growth is due entirely to the magnificent success of Black well's great tobacco 
 factory and since the conversion of the concern into a joint stock company, with 
 that experienced and progressive gentleman, Mr. Julian S. Carr, at its head, the pos- 
 sibilities of future development are almost boundless. [See back outside cover.] 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 179 
 
 ALLEN & GINTER, 
 
 TOBACCO AND CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 The ' ' Richmond Gem " and " Richmond Straight Cut " tobacco and cigarettes, 
 besides a host of other celebrated brands manufactured by this well known house are 
 smoked with delight all over the world, and are daily increasing in popularity. 
 Their export business in these brands is enormous and the demand far exceeds the 
 facilities for their manufacture, although the firm works 800 hands, and often on 
 extra time. But they will shortly be able to turn out a much larger quantity than 
 heretofore, having lately completed an additional capacious five-story factory, besides 
 extending their old building a hundred feet. [See page 136]. 
 
 CARTER R. BISHOP & CO., 
 
 BAG MANUFACTURERS, PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 This firm supplies a need which has long been felt in this section. By forming a 
 connection with the importers in New York they are enabled to purchase their bur- 
 laps at the most favorable figures and to manufacture and deliver the bags at any 
 point it the State at as low prices as are paid for the same goods in Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore, thus saving to the consumer the price of freight and handling. They 
 make and print all kinds of peanut, grain, flour and fertilizer bags of all qualities 
 and sizes, according to the purchaser's instructions. [See page 135 ] 
 
 NATIONAL OFFICE FURNITURE, 
 M. J. WINE, PROPRIETOR, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 In offices and counting rooms where it is necessary or customary to file away all 
 the letters and papers connected with the business of the concern, it is of the great- 
 est consequence that the system adopted should save space and insure convenience 
 in finding any document which may be required for reference. Both these desiderata 
 appear to be guaranteed by the use of the cabinets and files manufactured by Mr. 
 Wine at 929 F Street, N. W.. Washington, who claims that double the quantity of 
 papers can be contained in his files that could be placed in pigeon-holes covering the 
 same space. All the Government Departments in Washington have adopted his office 
 furniture, as have also many of the Court Houses, public offices, lawyers, merchants 
 and business houses throughout the country. [See pages 146 and 147.] 
 
 J. H. CHATAIGNE, 
 
 DIRECTORY PUBLISHER. 
 
 As sources of invaluable information and as excellent advertising mediums, 
 Chataigne's Directories are almost indispensable to the man of business. In addition 
 to the State Directories of Virginia and North Carolina, Mr. Chataigne publishes direc- 
 tories of the Cities of Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg and Alexandria, in Virginia, and 
 one covering the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. (See page 156 ) 
 
 H. T. MILLER & CO., 
 
 SHIRT MANUFACTURERS, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 This house is widely and favorably known throughout Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina and its famous " Dixie " shirts and " Acme " drawers are worn in every City 
 and town in these two States. The firm employ none but experienced cutters and 
 their machinery, which is of the most improved kind, is operated by thoroughly 
 skilled hands. Their retail establishment is on the corner of Main and 9th Streets, 
 Richmond, where a large stock of gentlemen's underwear, shirts, collars, cuffs, neck- 
 ties, &o, is always kept on hand. [See page 157.] 
 
INDEX. 
 
 TRADE NOTICES. 
 
 Page. 
 Agriculture, Trucking and Eeal Es- 
 tate 80 
 
 Bags and Bagging. 134 
 
 Banks and Bankers 54 
 
 Books and Stationery 131 
 
 Boots and Shoes 140 
 
 Builders' Materials 131 
 
 Coal, Wood and Ice 128 
 
 Cotton and Commission 98 
 
 Drugs, Paints an Oils 141 
 
 Fertilizers 85 
 
 Furniture, Carpets and Pianos 143 
 
 Groceries 124 
 
 Hotels 50 
 
 Iron Works, Foundries and Marine 
 
 Railways 110 
 
 Lumber and Staves 105 
 
 Norfolk's Export Trade 93 
 
 Our Business Exchanges 48 
 
 Peanuts 108 
 
 Railroads 59 
 
 Kailroad, Steamboat and Machinist 
 
 Supplies 138 
 
 Schools and Colleges 118 
 
 Seedsmen 134 
 
 Steamship and Steamboat Lines. ... 68 
 
 Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes 136 
 
 Watches, Clocks and Jewelry 148 
 
 Wines and Liquors 150 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page: 
 American Fertilizing Co.'s Ware- 
 house 32 
 
 Atlantic Hotel, The 12 
 
 Bird's Eye Views of Harbor 6, 20 
 
 Blue Ridge Springs 33,42 
 
 Commerce Street, between Water 
 
 and Main Streets 3S 
 
 Disciples' Church 40 
 
 Entrance to Harbor in 1865 21 
 
 Exchange National Bank 25 
 
 Freeman, Lloyd. Mason & Dryden's 
 
 Factories 23, 37 
 
 Greenwood, OF. & Bro.'s Store 45 
 
 Home Savings Bank, The 26 
 
 Hospital of St. Vincent de Paul 17 
 
 Luray, Inn at 39 
 
 Main Street (East from Bank Street) 41 
 Main Street (West from Bank Street) 18 
 
 Main Street (West from Church St.) 28 
 
 Market Square in 1880 15 
 
 Masonic Temple H 
 
 Mayer & Co.'s Warehouse 43 
 
 Naval Hospital 14 
 
 Norfolk & Western Eailroad Depot 9 
 
 Norfolk College for Young Ladies 29 
 
 and Frontispiece 
 
 Norfolk Storage Co.'s Warehouse 19 
 
 Peep through a Norfolk Garden 8 
 
 Purcell House, The 16 
 
 Queen Street Market 35 
 
 Roanoke, Hotel at 27 
 
 Seaboard Cotton Compress 13 
 
 Stevens. S. A. & Co.'s Store 31 
 
 Water Front fro m Harbor 7 
 
 Wharves of Norfolk in 1865 10 
 
 ANNOUNCEMENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Adams, F. W., Manager 151 
 
 Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, The 78 
 
 Allen & Ginter 136 
 
 Allen, W. F 151 
 
 Allen, W. F. & Co 127 
 
 American Fertilizing Co 90 
 
 Page. 
 
 Atlantic Coast Line, The Great 65 
 
 Atlantic Hotel, The 54 
 
 Baltimore Steam Packet Co. (Bay 
 
 Line) 75 
 
 Baker, Richard H. & Son 158 
 
 Baker Salvage Co., The 116 
 
Index. 
 
 181 
 
 Bank of Commerce 57 
 
 Bergner & Engel Brewing Co , 'I he... 151 
 Bethel Classical and Military Acad- 
 emy 1^4 
 
 Bishop, Carter K. & Co 135 
 
 Blackburn, Jones & Co 127 
 
 Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co.... 
 
 Back outside cover. 
 
 Blamire, E. B 159 
 
 Blue Ridge Springs 52 
 
 Borland & Wilcox 158 
 
 Brickhouse, Smith N. & Co 140 
 
 Brown, Philip F 52 
 
 Brown, Philip F. & Bro 51 
 
 Brush- -wan Electric Light Co 156 
 
 Burruss, Son & Co 58 
 
 Butler, Winston & Co 142 
 
 Canton Inside Line 75 
 
 Chataigne, J. H 156 
 
 Citizens' Bank 55 
 
 Clyde's Steam Lines 76 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 
 Baltimore 122 
 
 Colonna, Charles J 117 
 
 Cooke, K. B., Agent 75 
 
 Cooke, T K & Co 101 
 
 Couper, John D 159 
 
 Culpeper & Turner, Agents 74 
 
 Culpepper, Henry E 156 
 
 Dalton, Andrew J I 5 * 
 
 Davis, M. L. T., President 126 
 
 Davis, M. L. T. &Co 126 
 
 Dismal Swamp Canal Co 77 
 
 Dismal Swamp Canal Steamers 77 
 
 Dismal Swamp Lottery Co., The 157 
 
 Dobie& Cooke 1° 2 
 
 Dodaon, R. S 54 
 
 Duggan. M 128 
 
 Dunan, Winfield S Inset 
 
 Duval, George W. & Co Ill 
 
 Edmond, H. f n4 
 
 Elizabeth Iron Works Ill 
 
 Etheredge& brooks 101 
 
 Exchange National Bank 56 
 
 Farmers tank, The 59 
 
 Fisher E. H 53 
 
 Freeman, Arthur C 150 
 
 Freeman, Lloyd, Mason & Dryden 88, 89 
 
 Frost, Son & Co 143 
 
 Gaines, Richard H 158 
 
 Gamage, John O. & Sons 131 
 
 Glennan, M., Publisher 153, 154 
 
 Goodridge, Field & Co 104 
 
 Graves, Wm. A 117 
 
 Greenwood, C. F. & Bro 149 
 
 Groner, V D , General Agent 73 
 
 Guriey & Brother 107 
 
 Haas, Sol., Traffic Manager 64, 65 
 
 Hall, A.E.&Co 145 
 
 Hamme & Allen 159 
 
 Hannan & Kelly 159 
 
 Harrison, James F, M. D., Chair- 
 man of Faculty 120 
 
 Bawts, G. P ••••• 115 
 
 Hodgdon, H. C, President 
 
 Inside front cover 
 
 Hodgdon and Spencer Co., The 
 
 Inside front cover 
 
 Hodges, H. & Co 118 
 
 Hoen, A.& Co Inset 
 
 Home Savings Bank, The 58 
 
 Horbach, J. P. Manager 157 
 
 iiudgins, H. C , General F. & P. 
 
 Agent 67 
 
 Hudgins, W. E., Agent 79 
 
 Hume & Parker 132 
 
 Imperial Guano Co 92 
 
 Industrial South, The 155 
 
 Irvine, Walter F., President 87 
 
 James,M.L., M D., Dean of Faculty 120 
 
 Jaques, Wm. H 159 
 
 Jernigan, T. R 104 
 
 Jordan, C D. & Co 104 
 
 Kerns, A. J 113 
 
 Klepper, Joseph 152 
 
 Lewellen, J. Richard & Co., Pub- 
 lishers 155 
 
 Lindsey, E. C. & Co 84 
 
 Lowe. John Z 127 
 
 McCabe, W. Gordon, Head Master... 121 
 McCarrick, James W., Gen. So. Agt. 76 
 
 McDonald & Lee, Publishers. . , 155 
 
 Mahoney & Donovan 127 
 
 Marine Bank, The 57 
 
 Maryland Lying-in Asylum, The.... 123 
 
 Mayer & Co 139 
 
 Medical College of Virginia, The... . 120 
 Merchants' & Miners' Transporta- 
 tion Co., The 73; 
 
 Miller, H. T. & Co 157 
 
 Morrison, H. T.& Co. Inside back cover. 
 
 Myers & Co 97 
 
 Myers. Barton, President 103 
 
 National Brass Works, Washington, 
 
 D.C 113 
 
 National Office Furniture 146, 147 
 
 Natural Bridge Hotels, The 53 
 
 Norfolk & Ocean View R.R. & Hotel 
 
 Co 67 
 
 Norfolk & Portsmouth Baggage Ex- 
 press 452 
 
 Norfolk & Virginia Beach R.R 66 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad 61,62 
 
 Norfo.k College for Young Ladies. .. 119 
 Norfolk Importing & Exporting Co. 126 
 
 Norfolk Iron Works HI 
 
 Norfolk Knitting & Cotton Mfg., 
 
 Co., The 103 
 
 Norfolk Landmark, The Inset 
 
 Norfolk Southern R.R 67 
 
 Norfolk Storage Co , The 109 
 
 Norfolk Virginian, The 153 
 
 Nottingham & Wrenn 129 
 
 Old Dominion Steamship Co 74 
 
 Opie. Thomas, M. D , Dean of Fac- 
 ulty l23 
 
 Page, H. L. & Co 85 
 
 Parks, Marshall, President 66, 78 
 
182 
 
 Index. 
 
 Payne, W. T., Agent, Claims and Ex- 
 penses 63 
 
 People's Line, The 107 
 
 Perry. J. W. & Co 101 
 
 Peters & Reed 106 
 
 Petersburg Iron Works 
 
 Inside back cover. 
 
 Pettit, Charles W Ill 
 
 Pope, A, Gen. Pas. Agent 61, 62 
 
 Porter, John W. H., Publisher 156 
 
 Portsmouth Enterprise, The 156 
 
 Powell, E. T., Son & Co 125 
 
 Public Ledger, The 155 
 
 Purcell House. The. 51 
 
 Easin Fertilizer Co ,The Inset 
 
 Bawlins, Whitehurst & Co 130 
 
 Eeid, Charles & Son 91 
 
 Eeynolds Bros 97 
 
 Eoanoke, Norfolk & Baltimore 
 
 Steamboat Co 79 
 
 Eoberts, Henry. Superintendent 77 
 
 Eoyster & Strudwick 103 
 
 Sale, Harry 152 
 
 Saunders, Eev. E. M., Principal 119 
 
 Seaboard Air Line 64 
 
 Sea Wall Guano Works Inset 
 
 Shipp & Co 152 
 
 Smith, Major A. G., Principal 124 
 
 Smith, W. H. & Son 104 
 
 Somerville, Thomas & Sons 113 
 
 fc'outh Atlantic Steamship Line 97 
 
 Southern Saw Works 115 
 
 Spa'ding, Edward 158 
 
 Stevens. S. A. & Co 144 
 
 Stoddard, E. M., Gen. Manager 116 
 
 Tait, George & Son 134 
 
 Tappey & Steel - 112 
 
 Taylor. B 79 
 
 Taylor, G. W. & Co 128 
 
 Taylor's Eoanoke Line 79 
 
 Trant& Baker 105 
 
 University of Virginia 120 
 
 University School, The 121 
 
 Upshur, C. L., President 90 
 
 Upshur Guano Co , The 87 
 
 Valentine's Meat Juice Manufactory 137 
 
 Vance E 150 
 
 Virginia Bag Factory 135 
 
 Virginia Hog Cholera Cure 142 
 
 Virginian Book and Job Printing 
 
 Establishment, The 154 
 
 Virginia, Tennessee & Georgia Air 
 
 Line 63 
 
 Walke & Old 158 
 
 Walke & Williams 141 
 
 Weed, L 148 
 
 White & Garnett 158 
 
 Wilson, John S., Gen. Frt. Agt 75 
 
 Windsor, C. Ball 133 
 
 Wine, M. J 146, 147 
 
 Wrenn, A. & Son 159 
 
 Young, J. E., Jr., President 92 
 
MMMATA, 
 
 On pages 22 and 60 t7ie distance between JVbr/olk and the property 
 of the Norfolk d- Western 'Railroad Company, at JDamberfs 'Point 
 is erro?ieotisly stated to be TJZJV miles instead of 1^0 U1t, which latter 
 is the actual distance. 
 
Correspond with Us before Making Your Purchases. 
 
 •1 
 
 CO 
 
 And Produce Standard Fertilizers Only. ^ 
 
ESTABLISHED 1870. 
 
 IDiimaam 
 
 i> 
 
 MANUFACTURER," 
 
 IMPORTER, EXPORTER, AND JOBBER OF 
 
 Ammoniates, Airiciltiral Chemicals in Fertilizers, 
 
 MERCHANDISE BROKER, AND GENERAL AGENT FOR SALE OF 
 
 Animal Matter, Azotin, Dried Blood, Dissolyed Bone, Fish Scrap, 
 Sulphate Ammonia, Crude and Ground Navassa Phosphates, 
 Ground Bone, Muriate Potash, Bone and Meat Tankage, 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate Magnesia, Bone Black, Nitrate Soda. 
 
 Importation of the Genuine Kainit a Specialty. 
 
 The Publishers of the "INDUS- 
 TRIES OF BALTIMORE," say of 
 this House : 
 
 Winfield 8. Dunan, 
 
 Merchant, Manufacturers' Agent, 
 
 Importer, Exporter and 
 
 Jobber of 
 
 Guano, Amnion iates, and 
 Agricultural Chemicals. 
 
 " Mr. Dunan is the American rep- 
 resentative for one of the most ex- 
 tensive shippers of Kainit of Ham- 
 burg, and also represents the Na- 
 vassa Phosphate Company of New 
 York and several manufacturers of 
 Ammoniates West. Over .$-2,000,000 
 of trade is done annually, which 
 fact in itself speaks for the enor- 
 mous proportions of the house. A 
 specialty is made of Kainits and 
 other Potash Salts. Mr. Winfield 
 S. Dunan is one of the most repu- 
 table merchants of Baltimore, and 
 has shown a large interest in 
 everything pertaining to her wel- 
 fare There is no one in this line 
 of business more universally re- 
 spected than he whose name ap- 
 pears at the head of this article." 
 
 Correspondents can always rely upon receiving the most reliable information as to the condi- 
 tion of 'the markets. Samples furnished when requested, as no agents are employed. Corre- . 
 spondenceis respectfully solicited. * L 
 
-Hit h id :)£>«- 
 
 {DAILY AND WEEKLY) 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 The Norfolk Landmark Publishing Co., 
 
 PROPRIETORS. 
 
 JAMES BARRON HOPE, - - President and Editor. 
 S. S. NOTTINGHAM, Jr., Secretary and Business Manager. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION, by mail, daily, one year - - - $5.00 
 
 " " " six months - - 3.00 
 
 " " " one month - - .50 
 
 weekly one year - - 1.00 
 
 " six months - .75 
 
 The attention of all who may be in any way benefited by advertising 
 in a first-class, widely circulated paper, is called to the fact that the Nor- 
 folk Landmark is published in the seaport city of Virginia and represents 
 one of the richest and most flourishing sections in the South, embracing 
 the Eastern and Tide-water Counties and Towns of Virginia and North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Since the foundation of the Landmark by its present Editor, in 1873, 
 its influence and circulation have shown a steady and healthy growth, and 
 during the past year its circulation has increased 25 per cent, over any 
 previous year of its history. 
 
 TO ADVERTISERS : 
 
 The rates of advertising in the Landmark, enabling you to address this 
 large, wealthy and intelligent constituency, are reasonable. Sample copies 
 mailed free and terms of advertising furnished on application. 
 Address, 
 
 THE NORFOLK LANDMARK, 
 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
THE NORFOLK LANDMARK 
 
 4STEAM1N- 
 
 !Soo& a "d jo& Printing 
 
 m 
 
 JOHN W. BARCROFT, Superintendent. 
 
 Having lately purchased New Presses and Type, 
 with the purpose of making this department as com- 
 plete as any similar Book and Job Office in the 
 
 South, we desire to let our friends and the public generally 
 know that we are prepared to do any style of Printing, such as 
 
 WAY BILLS, 
 
 MANIFESTS, 
 
 BILLS LADING-, 
 BILL HEADS, 
 
 STATEMENTS, 
 CARDS, 
 
 ACCOUNT SALES, 
 &c, &c, &c, 
 
 and in fact any thing in our line from a Visiting Card to a Book, 
 in one or more colors. 
 
 OUR PRICES will be found as low as any first-class estab- 
 lishment in the country. Persons desiring Printing will find it to their 
 advantage to give us a trial before giving out their work. 
 
PETERSBURG IRON WORKS, 
 
 ESTABLISHED XS54. 
 
 H. T. MORRISON & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Steam Engines, Saw Mills, Grist Mills, Power and 
 Hand Cotton Presses, Tobacco and Cotton Fac- 
 tory Machinery, Iron and Brass Cast- 
 ings, Forcings, &c. 
 STEAM DREDGES AND DREDGING MACHINERY A SPECIALTY. 
 
 FORGINGS BY STEAM HAMMER. 
 
 Locomotives for tram-roads made to order at shortest notice. Estimates 
 and plans sent to any address on application to 
 
 H. T. MORRISON & CO., 
 PETERSBURG IRON WORKS, 
 
 PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
|SL 
 
 
 p. y Wl 
 
 W ¥ p p t ff O 1 t j ^ P * j ¥ p 'H 
 
 juii uj 
 s^ ~ ™ ™ ™' y 
 
 »<6 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE ONLY 
 
 mimn Durham smoeiig- tobacco. 
 
 Is the FINEST, PUREST, BEST, and most uniform 
 
 Brand of Smoking Tobacco ever put 
 
 upon the Market. 
 
 TRADE MARK 
 
 MANUFACTURED ONLY BY 
 
 W .T.BUlCKlfarLk & CO. 
 
 I DPRHflMJM.C. 
 
 FOR PLEASURE 
 COMFORT, HEALTH 
 
 SMOKE THE 
 
 ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Durham Long Cut and Durham Cigarettes. 
 
 These Goods We Offer Under An Absolute Gurantee 
 T T T.AT— 
 
 THEY ARE THE FINEST AND PUREST GOODS UPON THE MARKET. 
 
 THEY ARE FREE FROM DRUGS OR CHEMICALS OF ANY KIND. 
 
 THEY CONSIST OF THE FINEST TOBACCO, AND PUREST RICE 
 PAPER MADE. 
 
 SEND US YOUR ORDERS. 
 
 SATISFACTION EUAHANTEEE,