Class j425^;^ Rook /^ ^- Copyright }^^_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSTR THE SEVENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN \\Pk>j0^o~>.--Cvc*-'->-/^ , ^JvJ-^^^.JON>-<.>-^~.''sO-IX-*^ A MEMORIAL OF THE SEVENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HELD IN COMMENCEMENT WEEK JUNE 23 TO JUNE 27 1912 ANN ARBOR PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1915 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN D. B. UPDIKE, THE MERRYMOUNT PRESS, BOSTON / ©CI,A411823 OCT -5 1915 PREFATORY NOTE At a Meeting of the Board of Regents, January 26, 1912, a?i editorial committee, consisting of Professors L. A. Strauss, T. E. Rankin, a?id F. N. Scott ( Chair- man), was appointed to prepai'e a coinmemorative vol- ume, hi the preparation of this memorial the committee has been assisted by other members of the Faculties, to whom general acknowledgjnent is here made. In par- ticular the committee is under obligation to Professor J. R. Brumm for the account of the celebration that appears on pages 171-191, and to Professor I. N. Demmon for valuable suggestions and corrections. CONTENTS BACCALAUREATE ADDRESS page THE RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES S. BURCH 3 COMMEMORATION EXERCISES COMMEMORATION ADDRESS THE HONORABLE LAWRENCE MAXWELL 27 CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES CHANCELLOR ELMER E. BROWN 48 PRESIDENT JOSEPH W. MAUCK 5 3 PRESIDENT WILLIAM O. THOMPSON 57 SPEECHES AT THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES B. ANGELL 63 THE HONORABLE ANDREW D. WHITE 64 MR. CHARLES F. BRUSH 74 PROFESSOR WILLIAM H. HOWELL 77 COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS PROFESSOR JEREMIAH W. JENKS 89 SPEECHES AT THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER SUPERINTENDENT LUTHER L. WRIGHT 117 PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES B. ANGELL 121 PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE 125 PRESIDENT ROBERT S.WOODWARD 130 PRESIDENT ETHELBERT D. WARFIELD 137 THE HONORABLE ANDREW D. WHITE 142 LIST OF DELEGATES 149 PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK 157 HONORARY DEGREES 163 [ vii ] CONTENTS AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION 171 BOARD OF REGENTS, AND MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIES 195 THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST BACCALAUREATE ADDRESS THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST BACCALAUREATE ADDRESS THE RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES SUMNER BURCH, D.D. [DEUVERED in university hall, SUNDAY, JUNE 23, 8 P.M.] JUST as from the beginnings of history men have been prone to charafterize the age in which they lived by a phrase expressive of the dominating spirit of their time, so we to-day are constantly at- tempting to differentiate our age from all previous epochs and to give our day its permanent setting in the world's history. We call it, according to our view- points, an Age of Democracy or an Age of the Ab- solutism of Wealth, an Age of Brotherhood or an Age of Selfishness, an Age of Thinking and Think- ers or the Age of the Headline, an Age of Reform or an Age of Moral Chaos, an Age of Opportunity or an Age of Shut Doors, a Materiahstic Age or an Age of Increasing Spiritual Apprehension and Aspiration. You will not gainsay the fa6l that each of these confli6fing views has its considerable following, and I am confident that you will all agree that we are living in an Age of Unrest, whatever other tendency may chara6lerize our time. In business, mighty proje6ls, such as men hardly dared dream of two decades ago, are set on foot, and we scarce have time to give them a moment's thought, so intent are we in our own struggles with the new, changing, and often unfriendly conditions of this lat- ter-day commercial life. In science, discovery treads on the heels of discov- ery, progress upon progress, and what was regarded C s ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN as knowledge yesterday becomes negligible or obso- lete to-day. In the political world, new and disturbing ques- tions are ever coming to the front, and out of the tumult of opposing opinions issue often greater un- rest and uneasiness in social, economic, industrial, and national affairs. Do6lrines and do6lrinaires that may well give us pause, new and strange and ill-ordered schemesand isms which menace society's well-being, all too frequently obtrude their unwelcome presence. Empires become republics in a day, republics turn their faces backward another day toward monarch- ism or despotism, while under the very shadow of our borders we hear much of revolution and revolution- ary proje6ls. In the sphere of religion, too, the troublous and unsettling waves of restlessness and unstableness ebb and flow, and ever and again weak, hesitating, bewildered souls are loosed from their moorings to become the subje6ls of out-and-out unfaith, of materialism or determinism, of naturalism, or of a paralyzing fatalism. And this prevailing spirit is not peculiar to, or con- fined within, the borders of any one nation or people. We find the temper of unrest — the drift toward upheaval — in China as well as in Mexico, among the great European peoples as well as in our own country, in India and Asia Minor as well as in South American republics. The humor of restlessness is universal. This is the bald outline of a picture that has made some men cowards, more timid, and all too many [ 4 ] THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST pessimists. They will not look at the reverse of the pi6lure, many refusing to believe that there is any other side, any bright reassuring side. On this Lord's Day and in this presence, speaking to you who are so soon to leave your Alma Mater for God-given tasks out in the world, I venture to challenge your attention to the reverse side of the pi6lure and to point and emphasize convi6lions on what I shall call The Optimism of Unrest. In the last analysis the problems confronting us are spiritual in their issues, though we have to deal largely with ma- terial fa6ls and conditions to determine these issues, as always, the material, or temporal, being merely the shell or covering under which lies the spiritual, the eternal truth. First, let us state the case of the pessimist even more frankly. The voice of the political, the social, the educational, the religious pessimist has been abroad these past few years and is still heard, in some quarters with more insistence than ever before, cry- ing corruption, retrogression, despair. The voice may be ringing in your ears to-night, telling you of de- moralization and chaos in the political world, of the deadly lowering of standards in business and social spheres,of a growing lack of reverence for the things your forefathers held sacred. The voice may be tell- ing you of the submergence of the individual con- science in corporate or pooled indifference to what is just and upright, of the appalling tendency of our vast amassments of capital and skill and energy to ignore legal statutes and the age-old discriminations set between " what is mine and what is thine ;" it may [ 5 : THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN be telling you of the worse than disregard shown by the capitalistic employer for the rights of the wage- earner or of the strange devotion of the wage-earner to a bondage of his own choosing, to self-imposed rules and restridlions pointing a slavery more gall- ing than any human slavery that has ever cursed the earth. The voice may be telling you of the manifest impossibility of reconciling and amalgamating the heterogeneous mass of foreigners flocking to our shores, the plain hopelessness of the attempt ever to develop out of these chaotic elements homogeneity or anything approaching a truer type of American citizenship. The voice may be telling you of the pass- ing of the old-time broad culture and solid scholar- ship in our colleges, of what a Baccalaureate orator a few days since called "our sleeping-car universi- ties which stand for athletics and perspiration instead of Matthew Arnold's high ideal of culture and inspi- ration." The voice may be telling you of a waning Christianity and a waxing materialism ; of the grow- ing indifference of the masses to religious teachings and influences and associations; of the widening chasm between the Church and the workingman, of the increasing army of men who live without God and without hope in the world. The voice may be pouring into your ears tales of industrial unrest and upheaval, as evidenced by the recent coal strikes in England and America, the growth of the social-de- mocratic party in Germany , the rise of the syndicalist movement in France and England and now in Amer- ica, the predicted attacks upon our judiciary system and even upon our constitution, a prophesied world- [63 THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST wide uprising engineered by leaders of the syndi- calists and their followers to secure impossible con- cessions to the labor cause. The voice may be inform- ing you that the advantages of limited competition no longer exist, that the trades and professions are over- crowded, and that you who are commencing your life in real earnest this week are at a disadvantage as compared with your fathers, who started out to win success a third of a century ago, when smaller capital, less skill, and less ability found a ready and promis- ing field of exercise at the very foot of the college steps. Although the pessimist has had, and still has, a measurably reasonable basis in fa6l for each of his plaints, and although the voice may be speaking much of truth while ringing the changes on the evils and lacks and forebodings noted, your speaker may be forgiven for the convi6f ion that the pessimist has had his day, for the conviftion that the period of unrest through which we are passing holds promise and com- pensation, and that we stand on this June day, in the year of our Lord 1912, on the good firm edge of a period in which there is ample justification for a large and intelligent optimism, the exercise of which will prove helpful and healthful in the body politic, in the social, ethical, educational, and industrial spheres, yes, in the broad fields of morals and religion as well. An apparent paradox stands at the base of all true human development — a reasonable contentment with inevitable conditions linked with a noble dissatisfac- tion, a persistent protest against all things which can c 7 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN be made better ; contentment as the key to self-know- ledge and power, dissatisfa6lion and unrest as the divine way to vital growth and achievement. Science has proved that dissatisfadlion is the primal human emotion. The babe is one persistent demand, and as the child life matures, demand multiplies, becoming the measure, in a large degree, of the quality of the life. The true measure of man's greatness is found in the simplicity and ready satisfa6lion of physical wants and the ever-increasing demands of his spiritual na- ture, the insatiable thirst and outreaching for truth, for the summum bonum." Divine discontent'' is more than a bit of happy phrase-making ; it is one of the most meaningful statements and its existence one of the surest evidences of the Image of God in man. To the mind of man, to his spiritual nature, has been given the capacity for almost infinite discontent, and by the same token the capacity for almost infinite development and power. Unfulfilled desires, aspira- tions, outreachings of the soul become the great dynamic of man's life in its higher aspefts. Perhaps Shakespeare put the case too strongly when he wrote : " Best state, contentless, . . . Worse than the worst, content." Browning strikes a truer note: "When the fight begins within himself, A man 's worth something. God stoops o'er his head, Satan looks up between his feet — both tug — He 's left, himself, i' the middle : the soul wakes And grows." A loftier note still is sounded by St. Paul, who, while asserting boldly that he has learned the secret of a C 8 ] THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST true contentment, yet insists that he must ever press forward tohigherunreached levels of spiritual power, thus touching the high conception of contentment and persistent aspiration as complementary phases of the same law of human development. From the dawn of history unrest and dissatisfac- tion with existing order — by no means always trust- worthy guides — have ever been the media by which wrong has been righted and progress attained, by which man opens the door to power and realization, and by which nations and peoples reach maturity and arrive at their proper post in the great march of the ages. It was the unrest of an oppressed people that ex- pelled the last of the Tarquins from his throne and paved the way for the first Roman Republic. It was a spirit of unrest measurably like that prevailing to- day before which the Republic and the Caesars fell, and following which a reactionary revolution brought in Caligula, the first of the line of "imperial mad- men." It was a world-unrest which, following the disso- lution of the Carolingian Empire, prepared the way for the torrent of barbarians sweeping down from the North, and led to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire. It was the unrest of Christendom which, aiming at corruption in Church and State, furnished fuel for the Reformation fires. It was unrest voicing itself through the barons at Runnymede that forced the great charter from King John, and it was the same temper of protest against injustice that brought the passage of the Corn Laws in the last century as C 9 ■] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN well as the laws restraining the premature exploita- tion of the child and the employment of women in hazardous and physically exhausting occupations. It was the discontent of the French masses, emphasized by the stimulations of an age which studied deeply social, economic, industrial, scientific, and philosophic problems, that found voice in the Oath of the Tennis Court and the Great Revolution. It was the unrest of a people whose longing for Hberty, justice, and the pursuit of happiness under conditions of equal oppor- tunity reached a purposeful intensity hardly realized in history before — it was this type of unrest, ordered by a supreme wisdom and foresight, which inspired the revolt of the American Colonies and the framing of a constitution than which no wiser document was ever constructed for the guidance of a self-govern- ing community of human beings. It was divine dis- content finding expression through the courage of such high souls as Lincoln and Phillips and Sumner, meeting the solemn judgment of all right-thinking men — this it was which removed the curse of slavery from our land. In short, the proposition lacks little of the axio- matic that every worthy reform wrought out by man in any sphere, in anyage, has been the result of unrest and discontent, with their attendant fury of debate, their illuminating probing and sifting, all leading in the end to maturer judgment and well-dire6led effort. Addison aptly put the whole argument in these lines : THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST "The gods in bounty work up storms about us, That give mankind occasion to exert Their hidden strength, and throw out into pradice Virtues which shun the day, and lie concealed In the smooth seasons and the calm of life." To-day the storms of unrest are rising all about the world and some men's hearts are failing them for fear; but, as ever before, out of these storms is emerging a sturdier manhood with its hidden strength, its new power, its more pragmatic virtues. With a faith born of the plain logic of history, of the same optimism, we may calmly look for new men, with new wisdom, new heroism, and finer judgments to meet every crisis that may confront organized human society. Undoubtedly our twentieth century Jeremiahs and their disquieting jeremiads have played a part, if too often it has been an unlovely part, in furthering the unmistakable movement of reform that has passed over our land these last few years, and but for them and their plaints we should not be reaping to-day all of the benefits that have issued from the notable advance movements, the quickened conscience of the individual, the sharp awakening of the social con- science, the manifest tendency of the great corpora- tions — with what has been termed their "dilution of compounded, composite, pooled morality" — to bend an ear to a bettered and impelling public opinion; we should not be opening our vision to-day to what is gradually but surely taking on the semblance of a corporate conscience, a steady drift toward higher standards of condu6l in the mass, at least as a con- THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN cession to the higher standards demanded of the individual. As a result of this recrudescence in morals, we find unquestioned testimony recently given to the almost complete passing of the iniquitous system of rail- way rebates. We find no less a thinker than Henry L. Higginson, in a suggestive paper on Justice to the Corporations, saying: "Let us begin anew, knowing that the corporations are to-day, as a rule, obeying the laws, and knowing also that the standards of honesty, honor, and fair dealing have been carefully studied and are vastly higher than in the last cen- tury." We find Professor Duncan in his book. The Chemistry of Commerce, saying: "The Federal laws, supplemented by the laws of the individual states, are formidable in what they stand for, and the attitude of the people is menacing in its determination that these laws shall be enforced, as much as practicable elim- inating the whole process of unethical business." On the other side we find the leading spirit of one of the largest combinations of capital for industrial opera- tions in the world declaring: "We desire above all else to obey every Federal and state law existing for the reasonable control of big business. We gladly leave the interpretation of these laws to the courts established to interpret them ; we acknowledge the necessity for such controlling laws in the matter of large combinations of capital, and, further, we stand for such control of the prices of industrial products as shall safeguard the public weal and bring about a more equitable distribution of the profits arising from the joint produ6fs of capital and labor." In a C 12 ] THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST word, business is not to-day quite the "science of selfishness" chara6lerized half a century ago by Ruskin as "the dehumanizing science that reduced man to a covetous machine fit to sit for the portrait of a lost soul." In government, unless we are lost in political pes- simism, we shall agree that never before has the great voice of the people been more insistent or better obeyed than to-day. Never before has the rule of the political despot or boss suffered such discredit and, in many parts of our land, such total eclipse. Hon- esty and efficiency in municipal, state, and national administration are no longer political issues ; they are popular demands. If you ask, Where are the high-souled reformers who a generation ago stood out in clear relief above their fellows ? I answer, We are a people of reform- ers to-day, the individual heart thrilling with the de- sire and the demand to participate in the great world effort for betterment, social, political, moral. The problem of socializing and democratizing the large aggregations of those widely differing peoples from over-seas who have come to us for homes, pre- sents many and grave difficulties. Released from the restraints of autocratic governments, from various restri6lions and exactions which they regard as of>- pression, they come to us as to a land of complete freedom in which all restraints may be cast aside, all subje6f ion to constituted authority. Too often they become, at the outset at least, unconsciously anar- chistic, impatient of, if not disobedient to, all govern- ance. The seriousness of the problem is clear. But is [ 13 : THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN there not good ground for optimism here when one considers how, through some divine alchemy, the years are gradually but surely working out the solu- tion? Think deeply, and ask yourselves if it is not one of the miracles of our national career that this taking into our life of millions upon millions of alien peoples, of widely divergent racial tendencies and prejudices, has not brought us to chaos and revolu- tion long before this day ? Has any other nation been put to or survived such a test? If God has destined this country of ours to be the melting-pot of the na- tions. He is also steadily working His purpose out, through the inculcation of the sense of responsibility in citizenship; through the development of the met- tle of patriotism, love for the new home which, pro- viding new privileges, also imposes new duties which are to be learned and fulfilled; through the satis- fa6f ion of the demand for unskilled labor here and skilled labor there ; through the happy absorption of hosts of these aliens into our agricultural life, mate- rially helping forward the hopeful Back-to-the-Land movement, and reducing the disproportion between industrial workers and agriculturists; through the gradual elimination of the labor of women and chil- dren in mills and mines and many hazardous under- takings. We have, too, no less an authority than Mich- igan's Commencement orator this year, Professor Jenks, for the statement that the new immigration is showing a steady improvement on the old, morally, physically, and mentally. Further, we are now told by undoubted authority that the immigrant has not been a fa6lor in lowering wages ; on the contrary, C 14 ]' THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST during even the period of our heaviest immigration wages have increased. When we fully realize the al- most unbelievable accomplishment of the past in the sphere of immigration, why should we timidly doubt whether wisdom to encounter this problem has died out of the nation, or question whether the Infinite has given us an impossible task? We reach the climax of our perplexing problems, a problem produ6tive of greater anxiety throughout the world than any other, when we face social dis- content as expressed in recent developments in the industrial world. Theories have been advanced, pro- pagandist efforts persisted in, and even aggressive movements inaugurated which are as far removed from what we would now term the conservative so- cialism of the passing generation as that socialism is differentiated from the unquestioned autocratic con- trol of capital over labor before the days of Marx and Morris. The leaders of the earlier crusades for social reform have been temporarily overshadowed by the latest produ6l of class-consciousness in its harshest phase, known in France and Germany since the days of La Salle and now appearing in our own land, proposing a revolutionary uprising which virtually spells war upon society, by first rendering all capi- talistic effort unprofitable and then by expropriation of the owners and their property by the workers. No argument is needed to prove the unsoundness, the absolute impra6licability as well as the utter dis- honesty, of the proposal. Because of the unsoundness, the impra6ticability, the essentially unmoral and un- humanitarian quality of the movement, it will prove C 15 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN — as it is already proving — a rea6lionary movement, a corre6live and balancing force tending steadily to eliminate the evils and extremes of the enterprise for a reshaping of our social system which will, through a wiser and increasingly intelligent leadership, ulti- mately reach the platform on which all right-think- ing workers and employers will stand — Distributive Justice. And this means the just distribution of the results of produ61ive effort among those who have contributed to the produ6fion, according to the worth of their contribution, whether it be physical, mental, or through the employment of capital. This new produ6f of class-consciousness, which ig- nores brotherhood as it sacrifices morality, has failed in France and Germany wherever it has been tried; it is losing its hold upon the young workers of Wales, where it first took such a strong grip; it is losing ground in America and, wherever it has been propa- gated, has brought deeper thinking and saner a6f ion on the part of intelligent wage-earners and their wiser leaders. And as society grows (as it surely is growing ) in realization and appreciation of essential truth and right, there will come increasingly into the consciousness of those to whom is entrusted the stew- ardship of wealth, the high call, if not the pra6lical need, of such readjustment of the scale of returns from inherited or acquired wealth as will bring us nearer to that juster social order toward which or- ganized society is steadily moving. Such a consummation will be reached through fuller understanding and sympathy between what we are pleased to call mass and class, through a grow- C 16 ] THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST ing sense of inter-dependence, of inherently neces- sary inter-relationship, the drift toward which spirit is unmistakable in many quarters. Society need not stand in terror before a class-consciousness, or a group-consciousness, which, while holding that the Cooperative Commonwealth is on the way to modify, if not to eradicate, the old tenacious pleasure in ex- clusive possession — to put the old property greed to shame by appeal to that notable joy in sharing which must supplant the joy of owning — also acknow- ledges that the desire for property, for accumulation, has been the chief force that has led man on from savagery to civilization, the incentive to progress, the base of the family tie, the bond of religion ; further declaring that it is only that property greed and centralization of wealth which works lack of equal opportunity which must be curbed. I repeat, society need not fear this type of class- consciousness any more than it need fear the class- consciousness of the employer who frankly acknow- ledges that there must be a readjustment of the basis of distribution of the returns of capital and skill and labor which shall bring society step by step nearer to a veritable social justice. A fairer distribution of wealth and better living conditions for the workers — these are no longer the shibboleth of one type of class-consciousness but of two types — the intelligent employing class and the intelligent working class. One of the most potent fa6lors working toward this ideal is the awakening of the race to the mean- ing of Service which looms larger and larger in the I 17 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Christian world, in the religious world, in the broad sphere of humanitarianism. It is becoming a key- word for the highest and best that this life offers. The primary and essential quality of any interpretation of life addressed to our generation is that it must be social. The sociological trend in modern culture is pronounced. Social service — the ministry to human- ity, the attempt to bring to wholeness those whose lives are fraftional — is more and more claiming the deepest and most truly altruistic thought and care of mankind everywhere. It is a promising movement — this movement for social betterment — helping in a most pra6lical way to bring society to a realization of brotherhood, to the ideal of oneness, which are at the very foundation of pure religion, the religion which alone can be the solvent for our pressing social and moral problems, the religion which has everything to do with morals and therefore with economics, as both are basal to civilization, the religion whose most fruitful issues are selflessness and surrender. All life fully hved is religious, and when we come in conta6l with our fellows, when we really come together for good, it is through a common ideal, which is not necessarily logical or scientific, but religious, spiritual, defying analysis on any other hypothesis than that it is the spirit of God a6ling through the soul of man. In the face of the splendid accomplishment of what we call Social Service, we must not forget that this great forward-reaching movement needs a soul, and on the quality of that soul depend the lasting results and life of the movement. Mr. Irving Babbitt has re- C 18 ] THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST cently pointed out very clearly in his Literature and the American College, the intelle6lual laxity that has resulted from the swayof humanitarianism in the two phases represented by Bacon and Rousseau — the ex- tension of knowledge and the extension of sympa- thy. With convincing logic, Babbitt shows how mere humanitarianism inevitably runs into sentimentality or into scientific accumulation, in neither of which are developed the power of selection and wisdom of judgment which form the basis of sound learning. The argument holds good in the sphere of service. Unless the flame of a spiritual religion is kept burn- ing at the heart of all our movements for social improvement, they will fail of that vitality and self- perpetuating quality needed to make them lasting forces for good. And here again do we find ground for optimism. In spite of the charge by men lacking in the sense of true perspe6live that religion is losing its hold upon the people, that the masses have drifted away from the Church, or the Church by its aloofness, its lack of vision, its lack of statesmanship, has drifted away from the masses, it is the firm belief of the religious optimist (while acknowledging that the cleavage is far too wide), that never before in the history of the race has vitalized and vitalizing reli- gion filled so large a place in the life and thought of mankind. It is a day of new religious significance and im- pulse, of forward movements, when the strongest and the wisest men have caught a firmer grasp of and a clearer insight into the heart of religion, its C 19 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN efficiency in moulding chara6ler and regenerating society through the corre6ling of its social malad- justments. It is a day when the foremost and most epoch- making book of our generation comes from a phi- losopher in France, who compels the world of think- ing men to listen while he renders unthinkable the scientific agnosticism of Spencer and Mill, repudiates the monism of Haeckel and the figment of sponta- neous generation of animated atoms. Henri Bergson, through his great work. Creative Evolution, has cen- tred the interest of the intelle6luals and philosophers of the world upon the College of France — France, which but a few years ago expunged the name of God from its text-books. Bergson is the implacable foe of the negative do6lrine of materialism, natural- ism, or mechanical determinism, and he finally suc- ceeds in substituting faith for doubt and in supplying a constru6live system and philosophy of life calcu- lated to dethrone French atheism. It is a day when the word Success is being reinter- preted, restated, and given new values, when grow- ing numbers of our youth fix their thoughts more on how to live than on how to make a living. With each passing day more men are coming to see that success measured by wealth is not success unless that wealth secured honestly is used ethically for the good of society; that success measured by power over men is not success unless that power is gained through clean methods and exercised for unselfish service; that success measured by the accumulation of know- ledge is not success unless in some way that know- C 20 ] THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST ledge is used to further the progress of mankind toward higher levels of thinking and living. It is a day when no public evil or social wrong is looked upon as necessary or ineradicable — none so fully entrenched but that strong men and determined women are quick to grapple with it, with God's hope in their eyes and God's strength in their souls, to further its destru6lion. The phrase "necessary evil'' is purged from the vocabulary of straight-thinking mankind. It is a day in the fullness of time, for the evolving of a super race, a race of supermen and superwomen. Not the unnatural sinister beings connoted by the Nietzschean philosophy, nor the vague imaginings of a hollow anthropomorphism, but men and women socially benignant and full-fashioned, rather than individually dominant. The past has concerned itself with things, with building cities and nations and in- stitutions, making over a world for men to live in. The supreme task for this and future generations is to work with men, moulding the plastic human clay into finer, truer, more spiritual forms. Science and religion have been collaborating in the shaping of the tools with which to work out this great task, and they have given us many new instruments to work with, among them Eugenics, the world-wide desire for social adjustment and the freshly stirred, God- given impulse toward the perfect development of the soul's life. Are not all these great gains and the legitimate subje61: for a reasonable, genuine optimism.? True, there is still, and there will be for long years to come, C 21 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN political corruption to fight; there still remain dis- honest men in business life and greedy lawless cor- porations to hold in check ; the social world still pre- sents its stubborn problems showing that the core of its inner life is far from complete regeneration ; the tremendous problems of immigration, of labor's re- lations to capital and capital's responsibility to labor, are by no means wholly solved; the phrase *'mass and class "still holds meaning and menace; the eman- cipation of the wage- worker from injustice without and within his ranks is still to be achieved ; undoubt- edly in education during the past decade or two the emphasis has been laid upon occupational or voca- tional preparation rather than upon the finer culture, the philosophic discipline and nurture of the old days of classical study, and the pendulum is still to swing backward to a happier balance. These and many other grave social, legislative, business, educational, and moral problems confront you, — the young men and women of to-day, — but is it not right here, in the heart of these problems, that your broad fields of opportunity lie? Firmly do I believe that never before in the history of our nation has richer opportunity beckoned to the trained, disciplined, forward-looking, worthily aspir- ing men and women from our colleges than to-day — to the average, well-rounded, determined charac- ters on whom the strength of a people rests, rather than upon those of exceptional genius. Do not be staggered by the colossal problems con- fronting you; do not be blinded by the splendor of your age's marvellous material accomplishment; do L 22 3 THE OPTIMISM OF UNREST not allow the individual "I" to be swallowed up in the great " We" of the mass. If society is to be puri- fied and regenerated, if political life is to be uplifted and ennobled, if the business world is to receive the impetus and lasting inspiration of higher standards, if true religion is to be furthered, it will be brought about through the outreaching of the individual con- science, through the exercise of the individual cour- age, through the power of the individual integrity, through the religious consciousness of the average man. Where are those to come from who shall develop and exemplify these higher nobler virtues, if not from our colleges and universities ? You have been taught the truth, and it is through your knowledge and the placing of that knowledge in efficient a6lion among your fellows out in the world that you shall be God's agents in helping to make men free. Be true optimists; cultivate restraint; strive for vision — for spiritual vision, without which men and nations perish ; be true to the traditions and teach- ings of this venerable institution in which it has been your high privilege to be trained; determine from this hour to pay the debt you owe the University of Michigan, and this Jubilee week shall indeed be the commencement of lives of ever-increasing, ever- widening influence for good in a friendly, inviting, God-inspired world. C 23 ] COMMEMORATION EXERCISES COMMEMORATION ADDRESS THE HONORABLE LAWRENCE MAXWELL, LL.D. [DEUVERED in the PAVIUON, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 26, 10 A.M.] IT is a common saying that our fathers builded better than they knew. It might be said with more reason that we have sometimes failed to appreciate their far-seeing wisdom. When they established the Republic they could not forecast the growth in popu- lation, the expansion of territory, the development of resources, the increase in wealth, and the change of conditions which one hundred and twenty-five years of progress have brought forth, but in declaring their purpose to establish justice and to secure the bless- ings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity they proceeded on fundamental principles which time could not change or circumstances alter. And so when they declared in the great Ordinance that religion, morality,andknowledge were necessary to good gov- ernment and to the happiness of mankind, and that schools and the means of education should be forever encouraged, they recognized an immutable truth, and, while they could not foresee the full extent of its beneficent operation, they did not build better than they knew. They laid a firm foundation for the structure which they and their children have placed upon it, and in these days when there is a disposition to deal lightly with the work of the fathers, it is fit- ting that we should recall their aims and purposes, and dedicate ourselves anew to the principles which they espoused. They were not the impulse of the mo- ment, but firm convi6lion born of the spirit of liberty C 27 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN and matured by the refle6lion and experience of men alive to its blessings and a6luated by patriotic devo- tion to the welfare of mankind. The record of what was done to carry out the wise and liberal policy of the fathers by the men to whom the destinies of the territory of Michigan and of the new State were committed in its early days is a famil- iar chapter. Let us briefly recall the principal steps. In 1 804 Congress, in pursuance of the assurance in the Ordinance of 1 787 that schools and the means of edu- cation should forever be encouraged, reserved a town- ship in what became shortly thereafter the territory of Michigan "for the use of a seminary of learning,"^ and in 1826 increased the grant, so that two entire townships, amounting to 46,080 acres, were reserved "for the use and support of a university within the territory aforesaid and for no other purpose whatso- ever." ^ These lands, except the portions disposed of in the meantime by the trustees appointed under the territorial a6ls of August 26, 181 7, and April 30, 1 82 1 , were granted and conveyed by Congress to the State of Michigan on her admission into the Union in 1837, "to be appropriated solely for the use and support of a university," and constituted the only support of the University, aside from students' fees, up to 1870, at which time it received its first financial assistance from the State. The constitution adopted in 1835 provided that the legislature of the new State should take meas- ures for the prote61ion, improvement, or other dis- position of these lands ; that the funds accruing from ' Act of March 26, 1804, Ch. 35, Sec. 5, 2 Stat. 277, 279. * Act of May 20, 1826, Ch. 109, 4 Stat. 180. c 28 : COMMEMORATION ADDRESS their rent or sale should be and remain a permanent fund for the support of the University, and that it should be the duty of the legislature, as soon as might be, to provide effe6lual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the Univer- sity. At its first session the legislature passed the a6l of March 18, 1837, "to provide for the organization and government of the University of Michigan," de- claring that its obje6l was " to provide the inhabitants of the State with the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, sci- ence, and the arts," and vesting the government in a Board of Regents, consisting of the governor, lieu- tenant-governor, the judges of the supreme court, and chancellor of the State as ex-officio members, and twelve members to be appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate. The institution was located at Ann Arbor, by an a6l passed two days later, March 20, 1837. We therefore date the founding of the University from the year 1837. It was opened in September, 1841, with two professors, George P. Williamsand Joseph Whit- ing, and seven students. The first commencement was held on August 6, 1845, with eleven graduates. The little company that assembled on that historic day in the old Presbyterian Church had not prophetic vision to foresee the concourse of this glad morning gathered from far and near to celebrate the anniver- sary of that small beginning grown to a university holding an acknowledged place among the institu- tions of the world, with 5582 students from every state and territory of the Union and twenty-four for- C 29 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN eign countries, a faculty of 486, and 30,000 alumni, increased each year by the accession of more than 1000 graduates. Only one university in the United States has more alumni, and it had two hundred years the start of us. In accounting for this remarkable growth we must take several facSlors into consideration, first and fore- most among which is the soundness of the funda- mental principle on which the University rests. That principle recognizes as matter of public policy that the education of the people is the proper function and duty of the state, since it is obvious that political institutions whose foundations rest on public opinion cannot be secure unless the people are educated, and that public opinion to be safe must be enlightened. This was the do6lrine preached by the early men of Michigan, who constantly urged the importance of giving to those who were to be the rulers of the state the means of fitting themselves for their duties. When Michigan was admitted into the Union the idea of a system of education under the control and at the expense of the state, so familiar now, was new ; public common schools were unknown in many parts of the country ; there were no public high schools in a majority of the states, and the colleges were pri- vate and se61:arian. What would have been the effe6l on the Republic if such conditions hadbeen allowed to remain, the great body of her children, especially in the undeveloped north and west, dependent for edu- cation on private charity and prepared for citizen- ship under the influence and direftion of private cor- porations and religious se6ls ^ Michigan was the first C 30 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS commonwealth to take effedlive steps to avert such a disaster by providing for a comprehensive system of education under the dire6tion and control of the State, embracing primary schools, high schools, and a university. Of this educational system Judge Cooley, who was w^ell qualified to speak, has said: "Its founders took position in advance of the thought of their day, and those who followed them have endeavored to give efFe6l in full measure to their views. No commonwealth in the world makes provision more broad, complete, or thorough for the general education of the people, and very few for that which is equal. It has been the settled convi6lion of the people for many years, that there can be no more worthy expenditure of public moneys than in the training of men and women in useful knowledge; and they have a6ledupon that convi6fion.The newer states of the Union in framing their educational sys- tems have been glad to follow the example of Michi- gan, and have had fruitful and satisfadtory success in proportion as they have adhered to it. And for all that has been accomplished, Michigan is indebted to the intelligence, the unselfishness, and the far-see- ing wisdom of some of its own eminent citizens, who, with the public confidence for their support, have not waited for older but more provincial states to point the way, but have trustfully moved on from step to step in the dire6f ion of an ideal excellence which was early in their minds, and has been steadily adhered to since. "^ ^ Thomas M. Cooley, Michigan, p. 328. [ 31 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN It is significant that when the people came to frame a new constitution in 1909, after seventy-two years of experience with this educational system and with their University, they incorporated as part of their fundamental law this ringing declaration of faith taken from the Ordinance of 1 787 :" Religion, moral- ity, and knowledge being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."^ The success of the University is largely due to effi- cient organization and management under wise pro- visions of law. This was not accomplished at once, but as the result of experience with defective plans. Under the constitution of 1835 the legislature had the entire control and management of the Univer- sity and the university funds, with power to appoint Regents and professors and to establish departments. The inherent difficulties of such an organization soon became apparent, and were brought to public atten- tion by the messages of governors, reports of Regents to the legislature, and by committees of the legisla- ture, the general consensus of opinion being that the University should be under the control of a perma- nent board responsible for its management, and not in the hands of a large and constantly changing legis- lative body chosen with reference to its qualifications for other duties. As the result of the discussion the constitutional convention of 1850 provided that "the general supervision of the University and the direc- tion and control of all expenditures from the uni- versity interest fund'' should be vested in a Board * Constitution of 1909, Art. XI, Sec. 1. [ 32 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS of Regents to be ele61ed by the people for terms of six years, one Regent to be chosen from each judicial circuit. The terms of all the members expired at the same time, which was a serious defe6l, involving the possibility of a complete change in the Board through the outgoing of all its members and the incoming of newly elected and inexperienced members. An- other defe6l was the ele6lion of Regents by judicial circuits and not by the State at large. In recognition of these defe6ls the constitution was amended in 1861 so as to provide for a board of eight Regents, to be chosen on a general ticket for terms of eight years so arranged that the terms of two members should expire every second year. This important change was designed to prote6l the University from dangers that might spring from popular excitements and pre- judices or from political convulsions, and has secured steadiness of plan and conservatism in management. The independent position of the Regents has had much to do with the growth and prosperity of the University, which dates from the time when the new se6lions began to take effe6l. They have had occa- sion more than once to deny the power of the legis- lature to interfere with their management and con- trol and to refuse obedience to a6ls of the legislature which they have deemed against the best interests of the University. The Supreme Court has sustained them in that position, and it is now well settled by the decisions of the highest court of the State that the constitution has placed the University " in the di- re6l and exclusive control of the people themselves through a constitutional body ele6led by them." Re- C 33 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ferring to the a6lion of the constitutional convention the Court said: "The result has proved their wisdom, for the Uni- versity, which was before pra6lically a failure, under the guidance of this constitutional body, known as the ' Board of Regents,' has grown to be one of the most successful, complete, and best known institutions of learning in the world." ^ To the Board of Regents, therefore, thus charged with the management and control of the institution, is due primarily the credit for its success. And it must be remembered in this connection not only that the determination of every question of policy rests finally with them, but that they have had the responsibility and are entitled to the credit for the sele6f ion of the presidents and faculties that have brought renown to the institution. No officers of the State deserve higher honor than the faithful men who have served her as Regents, without compensation other than the satis- fa6lion of having performed a public service. They have not been wanting when necessary in boldness and originality of policy, often involving changes in traditional college usages for which they were freely criticised at the time by those who afterward ap- proved and even adopted them. Their financial man- agement has constantly required the skilful adjust- ment of large budgets to limited income, and has been chara61:erized by prudence and economy. It was not until 1870 that the University began to receive financial assistance from the State. Prior to * Sterling vs. Regents of the University of Michigan, 1896, 110 Mich. 369, 68 N. W. 253. C 34 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS that time it was obliged to depend wholly on the in- terest of the fund derived from the sale of the lands granted by Congress in 1826, amounting to some- thing less than ^40,000 per annum, and on the fees of students, which were almost nominal. Until 1865 the matriculation fee was ten dollars and the annual fee five dollars. In 1866 the annual fee was raised to ten dollars and the matriculation fee for non-resi- dents to twenty-five dollars. The first money appro- priated by the State was received shortly before the commencement of President Angell's administration. In 1871 l75,ooowasvotedfor the ere6lion of Univer- sity Hall and later $25,000 for its completion. Special appropriations, generally for the ere6f ion of build- ings and sometimes in large amounts, have been made from time to time since then. In 1 873 the policy, fore- shadowed in a statute of 1867, which the Regents refused to accept because coupled with a proviso for the appointment of a professor of homoeopathy, was adopted, and has been continued until the present time, of levying an annual tax on all taxable prop- erty in the State for the support of the University, first at the rate of one-twentieth of a mill, then one-sixth of a mill, then one-fourth of a mill, and finally three- eighths of a mill, which rate yields now $850,000 per annum. To this must be added about $40,000 inter- est on the fund derived from the sale of the lands granted by Congress, and about $350,000 from stu- dents' fees, making a total annual income at the pres- ent time of nearly $1 ,250,000. The salary disburse- ments are slightly in excess of $800,000 per annum. The total money received by the University from [ 35 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN the State up to June 30, 1910, was ^6,910,070. 1 have sele6led that date for purpose of comparison with an inventory and appraisement taken by the Regents at that time, which shows that the real and personal property then on hand amounted to $4,152,289.71, which is within $2,757,780.29 of the total sum there- tofore received from the State; in other words, the net cost of the University to the State for a period of seventy-three years, after giving credit for the stock on hand, was less than $3,000,000, or about one hun- dred dollars per graduate, or a still smaller sum if we take into account those who enjoyed the privileges of the University without graduating. The record is a tribute to the skilful and economical management of the Regents. The total donations to the University from individ- uals amount to something over $1,000,000, which appears small in comparison with the gifts which col- leges condu6ted by private corporations havereceived duringthe same period. But this discrimination is likely to disappear as men and women seeking channels for their beneficence come to realize that they can en- trust their donations to the State of Michigan, under guaranties provided by her constitution and laws and by the constitution of the United States, with abso- lute confidence in the securityof principal and income and in its application under prudent and economical management to the uses for which it may be given. In 1 895 the legislature passed two important stat- utes on this subje6l.The first gave the Regents power to take by gift, devise, or bequest, and hold in per- petuity, any land or other property in trust for any C 36 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS purpose not inconsistent with the obje6ls and pur- poses of the University.^ The second provided that whenever any money or other property, of whatever nature and kind, with dire6lion or with power to con- vert the same into money, is or shall be given to the Regents of the University upon trust to expend the income thereof in furtherance of any of the objefts of the University, it shall be the duty of the Regents to pay such money to the State treasurer; that inter- est at the rate of four per cent per annum shall be paid thereon by the State treasurer to the treasurer of the University from and after the first day of the month next after the moneys have been received by the State treasurer, and that the interest so paid " shall be expended by the Regents in stri6l accord- ance with the terms of the trust upon which the money or other property was originally given, and in no other manner.""^ The constitution of 1909 provides, as did the con- stitution of 1850, that the proceeds of all landsorother property given by individuals for educational pur- poses "shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the specific obje6ls of the original gift, grant, or appro- priation/'^ This constitutional guaranty is in turn prote6led by the provision of the constitution of the United States that no state shall pass any law impair- ' Act of March 26, 1895, No. 36, Compiled Laws of 1897, Vol. I, Sec. 1809. 'Act of May 11, 1895, No. 140, Compiled Laws of 1897, Vol. I, Sees. 86, 87. ' Constitution of 1909, Art. XI, Sec. 1 1 . C 37 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ing the obligation of contra6ls. No more perfe6l or secure plan for receiving and executing trusts to edu- cational uses can be imagined. Seventy-five years ago the general government made the State trustee for the benefit of the Univer- sity of property which yields now an annual income of nearly |40 ,000. Not a penny of the interest or prin- cipal of that fund has been lost or misappropriated/ The State has faithfully observed its duty as trustee, and may be relied upon to execute with equal fidelity whatever trusts are confided to it by private donors. But constitutions and laws and corporate organiza- tion, however perfe6l, would be of little avail with- out the presidents and faculties who have made the University a living thing, and to them, therefore, we may justly give the largest share of credit for its success. As we call the roll, what precious memories crowd upon us of great and noble men, dead and living, who have devoted their lives to the highest service of mankind, builders of the University and makers of men. None is held in higher esteem than the distinguished scholar and public man who hon- ors the occasion by his presence, the Honorable An- drew D. White. He began his brilliant career here as professor of history and English literature, and will ever be remembered by the University for his ser- vices in the days when its destiny was being shaped. The constitution of 1850 contained a provision which deserves more than passing notice in view of the influence which it has had on the history of the University. Prior to that date there was no president. ' The fact is stated on the autliority of Thomas M. Cooler, Michigan, p. 321. C 38 J COMMEMORATION ADDRESS Suggestions to establish that office were met as late as 1848 with a response from the chairman of the board of visitors that it was unnecessary to the gov- ernment of American colleges, unsuited to demo- cratic simplicity, and likely to excite jealousies and prove a cumbrous clog in the operation of the Univer- sity. But the members of the constitutional conven- tion of 1850 took a different view, and put into the instrument which they drafted an explicit dire6lion to the Regents to ele6l at their first annual meeting, or as soon thereafter as might be, a president of the University, who should be ex-officio a member of their Board and "the principal executive officer of the University/' The creation of this constitutional office has turned out to be one of the most impor- tant features of a marvellously perfe6l scheme of organization. So great has been the influence of the presidents of the University on its destinies that we are accustomed to divide its history into periods measured by the administrations of the great men who have held the office. President Tappan, who. served from 1852 to 1863, a period of eleven years, has justly been spoken of as the founder of the Uni- versity, for he infused into it new life, and laid out the bold and comprehensive plans without which it might never have emerged from the obscurity of a provincial school. President Haven and Acting Presi- dent Frieze supplemented his work during compara- tively short administrations, until in 1871 dawned the auspicious day that brought to the University the President to whom more than to any other man or set of men is due the credit for its present pros- i S9 :i THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN perous condition. In very truth we celebrate to-day what President Angell achieved. When he came to the University it had iiio students; when he re- tired they numbered 5223. The annual income in- creased during his administration from ^104,096.44 to ^1 ,290,000, and the salary list from ^60,776.67 to ^706,647.78. Forty thousand persons studied at the University during his presidency, and from every cor- ner of the globe they send greetings to-day. Teacher, scholar, editor, college president, diplomat, orator, and Christian gentleman, few men, if any, in all the history of the Republic have served her better, or done more to mould her destiny. In his annual report of just twenty-five years ago President Angell, in announcing that the resignation of the Jay professor of law had been accepted to take effe6l on 0(5lober 1, 1887, said: "It is with regret that we lose from our corps of teachers Professor Hutchins, who has rendered very valuable service as a member of the law faculty, and in former years as a member of the literary faculty. The new law school of Cornell University is fortunate in securing him as one of its professors." We were glad to welcome him back in 1895 as dean of our law school, and now we rejoice to greet him as President of the University. It is easy to under- stand that a university with nearly six thousand stu- dents, six hundred teachers and officers, departments covering every field of human knowledge and re- search, and an annual budget of a million and a quar- ter is not only an institution of learning, but a com- plex organization which calls for soundness of judg- C 40 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS ment and extraordinary powers of administration on the part of its principal executive officer, as well as broad and sympathetic scholarship. The Regents have followed the traditions of the past in securing the man best suited to the requirements of the time. We pledge our support to President Hutchins, assured that his administration, so auspiciously begun, will not be less fruitful than those of his illustrious pre- decessors. The features of progress since the semi-centennial which challenge special attention are the increase in numbers, which has carried the students from 1572 to 5582, the faculties from 93 to 486, and the gradu- ating classes from 413 to 1047; the ere6fion of new buildings ; the growth of laboratories, apparatus, and libraries ; the increase of annual income from the State ; the steady growth of the Literary Department, which has risen from 459 students in 1887 to 2153 now, or 581 more than the total number of students in all departments of the University twenty-five years ago; the raising of standards and extension of courses in the professional schools; the establishment of a graduate school worthy of the name ; wider useful- ness by the opening of summer sessions; increased attention to art and especially to music, with the University School of Music, the choral concerts, and the May Music Festivals as important incidents ; the better organization of the alumni through local asso- ciations and an advisory council ; the gift of Alumni Memorial Hall by the alumni and of Arthur Hill Auditorium by the will of that loyal alumnus and staunch and generous friend of the University. c 41 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The raising of standards and the extension of courses in the professional schools has been part of a general movement in the interest of the public on the sound theory that they are entitled to demand that do6lors and lawyers shall be reasonably fit to exer- cise their vocations before entering upon them, since they are public callings which direftly affe6l the life, health, and property of the people. The effe6l on the professions themselves is not only to keep incompe- tents out, but to raise the moral tone. It enables the schools to increase their efficiency, and so serve the people better, by eliminating material that is a dead weight; and on the individual the effe6l is often to save him from a life wasted by undertaking a call- ing for which he is not qualified. In the Medical Department sixty hours of credit from the Literary Department embracing certain defi- nite work in physics, chemistry, biology, and mod- ern languages, are required for admission. This gives the medical student a broad basis upon which he can found his professional knowledge. Physics, chemis- try, and biology are regarded as foundation stones for the ere61:ion of the medical superstru6lure, while a reading knowledge of German and French, espe- cially of the former, is deemed essential to the med- ical man who would keep up with the times. A com- bined six years' course was evolved here and begun as an optional course in 1890. Twenty-five years ago the length of the course was three years of nine months each; now it is four years, with an additional hospital year recommended. The Medical Department from its foundation has C 42 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS been one of the strongest schools in the country in point of laboratory equipment. In the English report on medical education in the United States, known as the Mosely report, it is referred to as one of the four medical schools in the United States in which well- equipped clinical laboratories are a conspicuous fea- ture. The methods of the instru6lion given in the lab- oratories of ba6leriology and pathology are also com- plimented, as they are in the Carnegie report, which adds that the men in charge are productive scientists as well as competent teachers, and that there is a large library an da good museum and other necessary teach- ing aids. The development of the University Hospi- tal is also referred to in the Carnegie report as hav- ing been condu6led on fundamentally sound lines. It began in a remodelled dwelling-house capable of ac- commodating twenty patients, and from that modest beginning has grown into a teaching hospital of three hundred beds, with every patient available for pur- poses of instru6lion, in so far as his own welfare permits. The Medical Department has furnished from its graduates men of the greatest scientific and profes- sional attainments, many of whom have distinguished themselves both in pure science and in pra6fical med- icine, and the faculty has contributed largely to the advancement of knowledge, it being an unwritten law that no man can hold a chair who does not prove himself a produ6tive worker in the profession. Twenty-five years ago the Law Department had 336 students. Now they number 793, and with the summer school 100 more. The course in 1887 con- C 43 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN sisted of two years; it consists now of three years, with an additional well-organized course leading to the degree of master of laws. A summer session cover- ing a period often weeks has been added, and draws into the department some of its best students. In 1887 the faculty consisted of five professors and four special le6lurers; it now comprises sixteen men giving their entire time to the work of instru6fion, and in addition eight non-resident le6lurers who deal with special topics. In 1887 the department was still giving most of its instru61:ion by means of le6lures. Examinations were not severe. Now, most of the instru6lion is by means of free class-room discussion of legal principles as developed in reported cases. This method, while not unlike that in use in other schools, was gradually evolved here through the experience of its own pro- fessors. Discussion of cases is supplemented in a few courses by the study of texts, and in special topics by le6lures. The present methods are much more effec- tive than the old in developing the student's power to analyze cases, apply principles, and think legally. The examinations are severe, and cover a period of two weeks at the end of each semester. The courses have been closely correlated during the last twenty- five years, have been extended in scope and in the time given to them, and as a result much more thor- ough, intensive, and scientific work is being done. In 1887 admission could be obtained upon passing a satisfa6lory examination in arithmetic, geography, orthography , English composition , and the outlines of the history of the United States and England. Begin- C 44 ] COMMEMORATION ADDRESS ning with the present year only those who have suc- cessfully completed a year of work in an approved college or university may be admitted, and it is offi- cially announced that this will be increased to two years within a short time. In 1887 the library num- bered 9565 volumes; it now includes 32,000 vol- umes. Most influential in developing a high standard of scholarship have been the organization and publica- tion of the Michigan Law Review and several schol- arship societies, membership in which is based purely upon scholarship. The Michigan Law Review was founded in 1 902 and ten volumes have now been pub- lished. Its contributors have included distinguished scholars and lawyers of both England and America. It has a circulation throughout the country, and has been a great stimulus to scholarship both among members of the faculty and among the students. The graduates of the school in all parts of the nation, and especially in the Middle West, have occu- pied and continue to occupy positions of distinftion on the bench and at the bar, and have exerted a potent influence upon the judicial and political history of the country. The tremendous growth of the Engineering De- partment, which was separated from the Literary Department and made a separate school in 1895, is one of the most striking incidents of our history since the semi-centennial. In 1887 ninety-three were studying engineering; now there are 1292, and with the summer session 1357. Then the graduating class numbered seventeen; now 228. For a time the en- C 45 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN gineers threatened to crowd everything else ofFthe campus. In the founding of technical branches the Univer- sity was among the earliest institutions in the coun- try ; among the state universities it was the first. In the early days the technical courses in engineering were limited, which gave the students abundant op- portunity for cultural studies ; but as the science of en- gineering developed it became necessary to add more and more of technical subje61s to the curriculum to the exclusion of cultural subje6ls, so that the gradu- ate in engineering to-day has had little opportunity for anything more than the technical branches and con- sequently is not so broadly trained as the engineers of an earlier time. The trend, therefore, of modern engineering schools will probably be toward longer courses, for the engineer of the future must be a broadly educated man, if he is to discharge success- fully the fun6lions that are bringing him into closer relationship with advancing civilization and the prob- lems of the day. The aim of the department is to lay a foundation of sound theory, sufficiently broad and deep to enable its graduates to enter understandingly on the future in- vestigation of the several specialties of the engineer- ing profession, and at the same time to impart such knowledge of the usual professional pra6lice as will make its students useful upon graduation, in subor- dinate positions. The graduates have taken a promi- nent part during the past forty years in almost all the great engineering enterprises in the country, and in the vast improvements which have been carried out C 46 ■} COMMEMORATION ADDRESS or planned for our internal waterways, the Missis- sippi, Missouri, and the Great Lakes, as well as the Panama Canal. The University, although a State institution bound to avoid se(51:arian conn e6l ion, has always recognized as sound the enlightened public sentiment, expressed in the Ordinance of 1787 and in the constitution of the State, that religion and morality, as well as know- ledge, are essential to good government and the hap- piness of mankind, and has steadily encouraged every Christian endeavor for the development of high moral tone in the young men and women committed to its care, and for the maintenance of a liberal and enlight- ened Christianity in the general, highest, and best use of the term. Christian associations and churches have continued to lend their aid with ever-increasing success and interest. Four of the largest churches in Ann Arbor maintain assistant pastors in dire6l efforts to reach the students, especially during the critical period of their first weeks in college ; three guild halls have been established, and the Young Men's Chris- tian Association of the University, incorporated under the laws of the State, has grown to be the largest student association of its kind in the world, with an enrolment last year of 1395 men. In this wholesome atmosphere of helpful influence are the young men and women of the University prepared for life and citizenship. May they remember the teachings of the fathers, and their fostering mother, and may pros- perity and usefulness continue to be her portion. C 47 ] CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES I CHANCELLOR ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN, LL.D. OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY REPRESENTING THE ENDOWED UNIVERSITIES THIS is a new role for me. After getting what education I could master, all of it in state insti- tutions, and after doing my turn of teaching in the state universities of the West, I find that my one year in New York University entitles me to speak for the endowed institutions of the East. The term of my ex- perience in these two camps is almost as sixteen to one, but there is nothing of magic in that ratio. We shall have to look deeper for a reason why New York University has the honor of representing the East to-day at this celebration of the beginnings of the higher education in the old Northwest. New York University and the University of Michi- gan belong to the same decade. It was the educational ideas and aspirations of the eighteen-hundred-thir- ties that went into their making, and the finer spirit of that age was as a6live in the new institution of the East as it was in the newinstitutionof the West. What Judge Woodward and Father Pierce and Isaac E. Crary were feeling after here in Michigan was the ideal of Morgan Lewis and John Delafield and Al- bert Gallatin and Chancellor Mathews in the city of New York. They sought to establish universities which should serve the American public more per- fectly than any that were then in existence. An edu- cation which should be a higher education, indeed, [ 48 ] CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES but should also be a broader education ; an education such as Jefferson had proje61ed for the Common- wealth of Virginia; an education of the people and for the people, in which the people should have pride and confidence. That was the desired haven and that was the guiding star of these adventurers, both east and west. But the history of these two institutions has a still more intimate bond of conne6lion; for it was Henry P. Tappan, who for six years had been Professor of Moral Philosophy in New York University, that the Regents finally made the first President of the Uni- versity of Michigan. I am not the only Michigan man now at Wash- ington Square and University Heights. Lawrence McLouth of the class of '87 is head of our German department. Our staff of administration is made up principally of men from the smaller colleges of Mich- igan. Jeremiah Jenks of '78, Commencement Ora- tor of 1912, casts in his lot with us at the opening of the next academic year. And all of us together will do well if we shall make any adequate return to New York for what she gave to Michigan when she gave to this University her great first President. The difference between our state universities and universities privately endowed ought not to be ex- aggerated. But they are real differences, and are not to be ignored. The institutions of these different types have equally a work to do, a work which shall ref]e61a manifold lustre upon our common Fatherland. They are public institutions one and all. Those of the east- ern state and of the older type have served and are [ 49 H THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN to serve the Nation well. They have sent many jus- tices and senators and presidents to Washington. It is not at all unlikely that this year again one of the most venerable among them may furnish for the White House its tenant for a four-year term. Yale is willing, and her offering may not be refused. In that event there will be no moving day at the White House. Or if a Harvard man should be the chosen one, it will be no new experience to the college nor to the man. And if it should by any possibility be Princeton, why then, Princeton, too, will not forget that she has had her Madison there before, and that Cleveland was bound to her by peculiar ties. In other ways than providing candidates for the presidency, the great endowed universities have a public service to render. Their work, I cannot doubt, is a work which they and their kind alone can do. On the other hand, the great universities of the states have likewise a work which they and their kind alone can do. Not only that, but they have given a new trend and anew spirit to our higher instruftion, which are of incalculable significance. It is not too much to say that the most conspicuous fa6l of the past gen- eration in this field is the fa6l that the state univer- sities have found new ways in which universities may serve the state and have infused their new spirit into the whole university movement in America. In recent years the older institutions have been free to acknowledge their indebtedness to the new. On the day of President Lowell's inauguration at Cambridge, President James of Illinois delivered an address on the spirit and the achievements of the [ so ] CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES state universities. At its close, President Eliot said to the assembled Harvard alumni, " Men of Harvard, there is your competitor of the future." The national dinner of the University of Michigan in the city of New York a year ago gave an impres- sive demonstration of the leadership which this Uni- versity has exercised in the movement of the time. Even to those sons of Michigan to whom this demon- stration could not be altogether a surprise, it was an occasion for a great heart- warming. A wave of pride swept over us at the Grand Review of our own Alma Mater. I cannot speak simply for those institutions I am asked to represent to-day. I cannot speak as an out- sider at all. We men of the seventies and eighties know that we were students here when President Angell and his companion s-in-arms were fighting the last hard fight for the recognition of the state uni- versity idea and for the rightful influence of that idea in our American life. We saw them carry on their struggle with incomparable poise and patience, with all sweetness and enlightenment. The first place in our affection and admiration went unswervingly then as now to the one great leader who was for us the only Prexy in all the land. And those who were with him were a goodly company. Was there ever a gen- tler or a truer knight of any academic crusade than was Henry Simmons Frieze? And how many other names, beloved and honored, crowd upon thememory: Cooley, Prescott, Ford, Morris, Elisha Jones, Hins- dale, Pattengill, Walter! Except for the one great leader, I mention only a few of those who are gone, C 51 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN and none of those who are still with us, though fu- ture historians will count them all of that same high fellowship. If this is the time when words of congrat- ulation are to be spoken, we congratulate you, Mother of us all, that these have been the men through whom your words have been spoken, and that having lost men such as these, you are permitted still to go on from strength to strength, Mr. President, our loyalty and confidence are un- abated. You have followed the incomparable Prexy of our day, and the University goes on with never a break in its advance. You are doing new things, the value of which we gladly recognize. It is your high privilege to preside over an institution already recog- nized throughout the world as among the foremost in the sisterhood of American universities. In their diverse ways these institutions are all laboring for one great end. It is sometimes assumed and sometimes declared that the education of a democracy must be a low education. Our American universities are united in the belief that the education of a democracy must be a high education. How shall an education be both high and democratic.^ The answer to that question must be generations long. But the hope of our social order hinges upon that answer, and American uni- versities will work together unceasingly that a true answer may eventually be given. : 52 3 CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES II PRESIDENT JOSEPH WILLIAM MAUCK, LL.D. OF HILLSDALE COLLEGE REPRESENTING THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGES It was but yesterday, as the history of states is meas- ured, when a patriotic vision, a word of a legislature, and a trail of wild land were the sole evidences that the University of Michigan had begun to be. We who are here to-day may well marvel at the thought that in a brief three-quarters of a century has arisen from such crude and seemingly inadequate forces this mag- nificent institution, intended to be, as it a6lually is, the conservator of what is best in the life and resources of a commonwealth. A fitting occasion it is for felicita- tion from all who honor their land and their fellows. Not least among these are the friends of the colleges for which I have the honor now to extend genuine greetings, felicitation, and Godspeed. High above the platform in our University Hall, higher than the ideal sketchings of art and learning, we read this inscription from the historic Ordinance of 1 787, aptly and forcefully quoted by the orator of to-day: "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." Fitly would like prominence be given a part of the first amendment to the Federal constitution, submitted to the legislatures of the states in 1789: "Congress shall make no laws respe6ting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." C 53 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN These two comprehensive principles, declared al- most simultaneously by the same people, are con- sistent. The second, prohibiting a state church which might limit the freedom of the individual conscience in its most sensitive and sacred sphere, is so far from being opposed or indifferent to religion that it throws around it the guard of the fundamental law of the land, and reassures to religion the vital place in good government to which the Ordinance had exalted it. Unhappily, we are prone to think of church and religion as synonymous, and a state or institution that has no church is here and there viewed as having no religion. The state may not impose the forms and creeds of any one religion or church, but a state wholly stripped of religion, which is a taproot of the moral- ity that is vital to its very life, was most remote from the intent of the constitutional amendment quoted, and it is as remote from the mind of the most ardent defender of state education. Church colleges, the mothers of the higher educa- tion, were from the start special agencies of religion as represented by a church broken into se6ls, each in conscience bound to maintain its own concep- tions of religion. The state and its schools, in due time taking over a great part of the prodigious task of supplying an education suited to a great people in a complex state and national life, with demands hopelessly beyond the power of a divided church, have on the one side been charged with a deadening of religious faith, and on the other side have been pressed by those who identify religion with an or- ganized church and insist upon an effacement of all C 54 ] CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES religious a6iivities, now and then resorting to courts to this end. It is easy in this particular year of grace to talk about the recall of judges and their decisions, and one becomes bold to express the feeling that courts have in some cases failed to draw clearly the line between religion and a church, and have made decisions which deny to the schools the '*free exer- cise" of religion broadly defined. Such decisions are measurably the produ6l of an insistent public senti- ment at the time. When in our political evolution public sentiment may decree that the religious side of the people shall come within the range of public education of the whole man, along with the physi- cal and intellectual, — of course without ecclesiastic or se61arian bias, — the language of the decisions, open to diversity of interpretation as all language is, will receive an interpretation consonant with public sentiment as then expressed. The great subje6l of religion, which takes hold upon the profoundest and most universal aspirations of our being, will then have its just and avowed place in public education, no longer, as now, an incidental phase of philosophy. So much as a prediftion. The rise of state education has involved more than a mere entry into the field once reserved to the church schools. It has set for them new definitions of education, broader and of a cost almost prohibitive for them. A result has been that the church college has attempted an impossible competition — that of providing the sort and scope of curricula offered by universities which are supported by all the taxing power of the state, and adding the religious field [155 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN from which the university has been largely excluded by influences already indicated. It should have re- quired no inspired prophet to see that the field in which there was no competition would suffer by the process, and it is not toomuch to say that, while strain- ing their limited resources to keep the pace in mul- tiplying subje6ls, costly laboratories, professional and technical courses, the emphasis on religious training, which chiefly justifies the mission of church schools, has not commensurately advanced. It is not said or believed that they are a6lually less religious, but that the relative emphasis is less. In late years their tend- ency has been toward a return to a fuller discharge of their original fun6fions. A second predi6lion is that this tendency will mitigate the errors of competition, and a frank admission will be made that the state can and must do some things which the church cannot and should not attempt. Se6ts as such are less and less in evidence in their schools. They are still ardent for education under broadly religious influences, but are dire6fing their chief forces to non-se6larian lines and a citizenship of reverent faith. He who said in substance that religions are many but religion is one, put a vital truth into a fitting phrase. Certainly creeds are many in name, but the religious intuition, varied in expression by differing conditions of men, is in essence one. Universal and deep-rooted, with or without formulated creed, it faces us on every side. In the era of education upon which we but lately entered, a key-note of which is the sci- entific study of the soul of man as an individual and CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES social being, with all of his modes of thought, will, and emotion, his natural, inherited, and acquired as- pirations, predile6lions, and prejudices, this intuition cannot be evaded. Would it be a rash predi6lion that early in another seventy-five years the state through its university will bring into relief the nature and essentials of the religious life of its people, Jew and Gentile, Protestant and Romanist, liberal and con- servative, religionist and non-religionist, and with- out offence to either interpret the unity of religion, as it is attempting to prove the unity of science and philosophy ? It would be safely within the cherished do6lrine of separation of church and state, and in accord with the declaration upon the trinity of reli- gion, morality, and knowledge in good government and human happiness. Be the future what it may in this respe6f:, it is the high privilege and the duty of all of us to serve to- gether for the good of all the people; and accept- ing your courteous invitation to participate here and now, which we interpret as a token of your desire for continued goodwill and cooperation, we heartily re- ciprocate, and pause where we began, with an all-hail and Godspeed. Ill PRESIDENT WILLIAM OXLEY THOMPSON, D.D., LL.D. OF OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY REPRESENTING THE STATE UNIVERSITIES With full recognition of the honor of being per- mitted to speak for the state universities, I am also conscious of my inability to do them justice in pre- [ 51 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN senting their message upon this occasion, since there is such universal agreement as to the influence of the University of Michigan in the development of state university ideals for the country. There can be no doubt that each one, if permitted to speak for it- self, would point out some feature of the education here that has been both helpful and inspiring. While it is true that the rapid and substantial de- velopment of state universities through the Middle West has been since the great Civil War, it is not to be overlooked that from the very beginning the Uni- versity of Michigan has been founded upon princi- ples and praftices so thoroughly American and de- mocratic as well as sound educationally that it was the first to show the results of the state university policy. It was the first university to grasp the central fundamental ideas in state education and to develop its usefulness to the state by a close and cordial rela- tion with all the grades of public education. Here the public high school and the university have been intimately related from the beginning. In prafti- cally every state in the newer West the University of Michigan has been held as a model and a stand- ard of efficiency. During the last quarter of the nine- teenth century, when other universities were coming to their strength, this University and the State of Michigan were frequently cited as illustrating the normal and happy relation between the state and higher education. Here the ele6five principle and the principle that the state through the university should provide an education that fits men and women for all kinds of C 58 ] CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES public service and for the highest types of citizenship, found cordial support. The result has been that the graduates of this University have refle6led these principles in their citizenship. In other states they have been the a6live friends and supporters of public education. The state universities and public schools alike rejoice on this occasion to pay a tribute to the leadership and prestige of the University of Michi- gan. In these years of growth and progress the Uni- versity enjoyed the distindlion of having many men in the Faculty whose learning and chara6ler were a strong attra6tion to students in other states as well as in Michigan. Not the least fadlor in this career was the leadership of a president who for a genera- tion was both admired and beloved by all friends of higher education. This occasion is the more happy that the most beloved of all state university presi- dents, James Burrill Angell, is here to rejoice with us. In his leadership we all follow, and for his com- manding influence in American education we are profoundly grateful. On behalf of the state universities I am happy in bearing greetings and in extending congratulations upon seventy-five years of service in the cause of education. But I am not less pleased in the privilege of extending congratulations upon the fa6l that for pra6lically one-half of this period the University has enjoyed the advantage and distin6lion of having as its president the scholar, the Christian gentleman, and the student's friend who, as the years have come, has taken a place in our afFe61ions which entitles him to be called the Apostle John of all American presidents. : 59 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN In these seventy-five years, long to be remem- bered for the stress of a Civil War that tested the per- petuity of our institutions and of our government; for an unprecedented national development; for a marvellous growth in population and the rapid rise of great cities ; for the accumulation of fabulous fortunes and the unlimited discussion of political, social, and religious problems, the state university has been the most potent fa6lor in our intelleciUial life. In the crea- tion and development of these forces the University of Michigan has long been recognized as a safe and honored leader. And now, President Hutchins, I congratulate you upon the distinction that is yours in this happy hour. An appreciative and grateful people rejoice that you have been chosen in a line of honorable and distin- guished service. May your strength increase with the years, and may the University over which you pre- side, gathering inspiration from the splendid history that focuses upon this hour, meet the opportunities and duties of the coming years in the same loyalty to the truth, the same love of learning, the same devo- tion to the interests of the students, and the same spirit of service to the state that have given it a na- tional recognition as a beneficent force in American education and life. Again, on behalf of the state universities that I have the honor to represent, permit me to join in the felicitations of the occasion and express the hope that the honorable record of these seventy-five years may serve as an introdu6lion to a long record of not less distinguished service. C 60 ] SPEECHES AT THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON SPEECHES AT THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON [in the university library, WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE 26] I PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES BURRILL ANGELL, LL.D. MR. President and Delegates: Our students are habitually dire6led to this hall to find the treasures of learning. But when have so many such treasures been gathered here as are now brought by these learned representatives from the colleges and universities of our land ^ We beg to express our gratitude to you for manifesting by your visit to us the spirit of friendship and brotherhood which now binds together the institutions of higher learning. It has occurred to me that many who are here are not aware how different, even as late as my earlier years, were the relations of these institutions. They lived in a certain remoteness from each other. They did not send delegates to visit each other on festal occasions. Perhaps it would not be unjust to say that at least in New England there was a certain rivalry, in some cases jealousy, of each other. The number of students in each being small according to present standards of numbers, there was sometimes keen and a61:ive competition in securing the graduates of preparatory schools. The appointment of the grad- uate of one college to the faculty of another was almost unknown. Consequently there was in each col- lege a deleterious breeding in-and-in, and a certain narrowness in the life of many of the institutions. How great and how beneficent has been the C 63 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN change, I need hardly say. There is now a real friend- ship and intimacy between us. Instead of envying each other the numbers in attendance, we seek to learn of each other how to care for the numbers with which we are embarrassed. We study each other's methods of instru6lion and administration for our profit. We call bright young men from each other's body of graduates, to enrich ourselves with the spirit of their training. We rejoice in each other's prosper- ity, and delight to find opportunities to express our joy in festal occasions. We have all come to believe that any really good college or university helps and not harms any other really good ones, so we are all with glad hearts cooperating as best we can in doing our duty to the public and blessing the nation. II THE HONORABLE ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, LL.D. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Although I have never had the honor to sit on the benches of this institution as an undergraduate, I have been insisting for the last half-century that the best part of my edu- cation was given me by the University of Michigan. It is, in fa 61, just fifty-five years since I began to re- ceive instru6lion here, in a course which lasted six years, this course consisting of le6lures and other instruction in modern history, given by me to the Michigan undergraduates of that period, a course which benefited me quite as much as it profited them, and, very likely, more. The men whose work had especially attraCled me THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON hither were, at first, two: Henry Philip Tappan, Pres- ident, and Professor Henry Simmons Frieze, later A6ting President of the institution. To these were added, soon after my arrival here. Professors Cooley, Campbell, and others, association with whom I have always counted among the great blessings of my life. The members of the Faculty were by no means my only instructors. For a valuable part of my education was received from my students, in my own le(51ure rooms and elsewhere. Many of these students were fully of my own age, several were older, and they taught me well. It had been my fortune to receive instru6lion in my favorite subje6ts at sundry universities at home and abroad, and I came to Ann Arbor with an intense desire to bring the teachings of history to bear upon students, in view of the great crisis in our national history, which was then beginning to appear, and which four years later bloomed forth into the Civil War. I wished especially to awaken these men of the future to the duties of American citizenship, as taught by the examples of other nations which had gone through great troubles, trials, and ordeals, in their efforts to establish and maintain human liberty. But I soon found that in this awakening process my stu- dents were doing quite as much for me as I was doing for them. In a very real sense they were awak- ening and teaching me. I discovered that their ques- tions upon my le6lures and quizzes demanded learn- ing such as was given neither at New Haven, Berlin, nor Paris, and I worked hard to grapple with them. During our discussions my students constantly pro- 1 65 : THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN posed new questions and suggested new ideas. Many of these youths were soon to become judges, mem- bers of Congress, presidents and professors of univer- sities, and one, indeed, was ere long to be an honor and an ornament to the Senate of the United States. In all this work of mine I was led by faith, — faith in two things: first, in the future of the newly es- tablished state universities; and secondly, in a great work to be wrought in the nation by the states of the Middle West. Hence it was that I came to believe that working upon the students in a western state university, especially in one so vigorous as was this University even at that time, was the best means of working on the nation at large, in view of the strug- gle then impending. Both these articles of my faith turned out to be well based, — better based, indeed, than I had ever dreamed. Out of the fa6ls that I have thus far given many subje6ls might be drawn, but I shall confine myself at present to just one. This one thing is the debt due this nation and to each and every one of its states by the men whom it has educated, — debts as yet not fully paid. I am assured as a fa6l that this institution has more of its alumni on judicial benches and in Congress than has any other of all her sister universities in the whole Union. Now, this being the case, I ask, what have these graduates done, and what are they going to do in their positions of influence, in order to make some proper return to their respe6live states and to the nation ^ L 66 2 THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON As to what they have clone, I can answer for some graduates, and especially for those whom I saw go forth with the army which saved this Union, many of them to lay down their lives for their coun- try. As for what those now living are to do, I hope and believe that they are to render those services to the states and the nation which are now so greatly needed. As graduates of this University in former days were willing to die for their country, I hope that those of the present day will be willing to live for their country. All thinking men see that just now various great reforms are needed, and of these I will name three. [^Mr. White then spoke of reforms necessary in the administration of civil and criminal law, and in sun- dry matters of state legislation, and continued, as fol- lows: J Finally, let me call your attention to a third problem, which, though not a matter of life and death to our civilization, as are the two which I have just mentioned, is one of great and pressing importance. It concerns the fair fame of this Republic. It has to do with the relations of republicanism and democracy to sane opinion throughout the world. We are called upon to deal with it in view of that consideration to which Thomas Jefferson referred as a reason for presenting to the world the Declaration of Inde- pendence: namely, " a decent regard to the opinions of mankind." Pardon me for intruding upon you certain experi- ences of my own bearing upon this subje6l. Four times during my life I have been asked to repre- sent my neighbors at a national convention called C 67 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN to nominate a candidate for the presidency. The first of these conventions was that which renomi- nated Abraham Lincohi at Baltimore, in 1 864. It was held in a theatre or opera house of moderate size. The delegates and their alternates on the floor out- numbered the spectators in the galleries. Any dele- gate could be heard and the discussions which took place were not prompted and not interrupted by spec- tators. There was nothing in it in the nature of a cir- cus or show. It was discussion, — calm, deliberate, wise, and therefore fruitful in good results. It was di- re6led to the interest of the whole American people, and not to the desire for spe6lacular effefts by a mob crowded into the galleries. I repeat and accentuate this statement: that convention at Baltimore in 1864 was a deliberative body. The next convention of which I was a member assembled at Philadelphia in 1872, and renominated Ulysses S. Grant. This convention was also held in an opera house of suitable size. Its delegates and al- ternates outnumbered the spe6lators. It was there- fore a deliberative body. It was condu6led by calm and thoughtful men. It tolerated no interference from the galleries. It was impressive, but not spe6lacular, and its conclusions, like those of the previous con- vention just named, were approved by the American people. The third convention to which I was sent was at Chicago in 1884, and nominated Mr. Blaine. It was held in what was called in those days a " Wigwam," and in these a " Coliseum." The latter name seemed especially appropriate, for in it fundamental repub- C 68 ] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON lican and democratic principles were butchered to make an American holiday. For it was not a deliberative body. It was, in the lowest sense of the word, a "show." You doubtless remember Artemus Ward's answer when he was asked regarding his principles. " Principles.^" he an- swered, "I ain't got no principles. I'm in the show bizzness." The delegates on the floor of this con- vention at Chicago in 1884 were outnumbered more than ten to one by the speftators. For while there were about a thousand who had been sent there as members of the convention, there were over ten thousand in the galleries. The result was that it was not a deliberative body. Not more than two or three of the really important speeches were heard beyond the platform. As a rule the talk which was heard was by eminent "fog-horns," men of more lungs than brains. The newspapers spoke of the doings as "dra- matic." That was a slander against the drama in any decent form. The proceedings on the whole were farcical. There were acrobatic tricks, clownish tricks, ground and lofty political tumbling of various sorts, stimulated by the galleries. The galleries themselves assumed an important part, and at times a leading part. I myself saw elegantly dressed men and women yelling, screaming, whooping, hissing speakers on the floor, and at times in hysterics — jumping up and down hke peas on a hot shovel. I saw also vari- ous delegations trooping around the room, waving sticks and flags, making themselves and their coun- try ridiculous. The childish chara6ler of such per- c 69 : THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN formances has recently attra6led the attention of that eminent philosopher, Mr. Dooley. In describing the proceedings of both the recent republican and de- mocratic conventions to his friend, Mr. Hennessey, he remarked in regard to the trooping of delegates about the room in order to elicit the applause of the galleries, — "And then, Hinnessey, the honorable dilegates began a game of ring around the rosy." Mr. Dooley in saying this penetrated profoundly the whole subje6l. It had, indeed, become mere child's play. Distin- guished visitors from other countries also looked on, and it was only their politeness which concealed their contempt for these proceedings, which disgraced both republicanism and democracy. It was evident that the interests of the millions of voters outside the convention were not thought of — the main obje61: of interest was the galleries. Then, too, came the yelling at the mention of candidates, for half an hour at a time, and it appears that this has now been increased, under the fostering influence of the galleries, to very nearly, if not quite, an hour. One important result of all this was that most of the best speakers could not be heard. Another result was that instead of reports of the really important com- mittees and speeches by thoughtful delegates, on candidates, resolutions, lines of policy, and claims of different portions of the Union, the space in the newspaper reports was largely sacrificed to accounts, more or less comically embellished, of the doings of the galleries and the effe6ts of these doings on the convention generally. C 70 ] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON Do you call this democratic or republican rule ? I deny it. The ten thousand of the swell mob of Chi- cago and adjacent towns was a barrier between the convention and the people. This mob in the galleries evidently considered that their rights to "see the show" were paramount to the rights of the American people to be represented in a well-ordered deliber- ative convention. The gallery mob, indeed, alleged, as the papers at the time declared, that very many of them had paid well for their seats, some of them, in fa6l, according to the same authority, twenty, thirty, fifty, and even a hundred dollars. What they wanted, what they considered they had a right to, was a show, — in the nature of a circus, — and in this they insisted on taking part. The result was that the rights of ninety millions of thoughtful American people, outside the convention, were usurped by a mob largely from the purlieus of a great city, seeking a new form, and a very low form,of amusement. The evolution of this idea is clear. On the last night of the Chicago convention in 1884, when came the nomi- nation for Vice-President, a mob largely of roughs was allowed to take possession of galleries near the platform, seizing in many cases the seats reserved for the ticket-holders, and there this packed mob ap- plauded those who favored the Chicago local candi- date for the second place in the ticket, and hissed all those who did not. Only one delegate ventured to breast the storm. I mention his name, not at all as his supporter at present, but for the truth of history. That man was Theodore Roosevelt. The whole vast mob howled and hooted " Sit down ! Sit down ! " It had no L 71 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN more effe6lupon him than your December gales have on the big stone boulder which your Class of 1862 placed on the campus yonder. He stood calmly until he had tired out the yelling thousands, and then fin- ished his speech protesting against the mob which was attempting to confiscate the rights of the citizens of this whole Republic. Under such circumstances as these I have pre- sented, a political convention ceases to be a deliber- ative body, and this fa6l is in accordance with a very simple principle of physics and of psychology. It is a principle which leads to the fa61: that tonguey politi- cians in such a convention are obsessed and possessed by a great audience closely surrounding them, ris- ing above them, pressing down upon them, and thus shutting out the audience of ninety millions which lies outside and beyond. It is that fa6t, as simple in psy- chology as in physics, in accordance with which a blue- bottle fly on the window in your room on the Pincian Hill at Rome will obscure the vast dome of St. Peter's on the distant hill of the Vatican beyond. It is a know- ledge of this principle which leads managers of great trust and insurance companies to lay a ten dollar gold piece at the seat of each of its dire6lors, — men who perhaps have an interest of thousands of dollars in the matters discussed at the meeting, but who forget this distant interest and come hurrying down town from distant parts of the city, in order to be in time to pocket the gold piece. Of my fourth ele6lion as a delegate, about a fort- night since, I will not speak further than to say that I requested my alternate to attend last week at Chi- C 72 ] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON cago mainly for the reason that, remembering my past experiences, I felt that, if I cared to waste time in a mob assembled for amusement, I could attend a better circus at home. I felt that were these con- ventions deliberative bodies, as down to a recent period they were, they would be worth attending. As at present conducted, they are simply the most con- temptible of amateur shows. As to the conventions of this year in Chicago and Baltimore, the reports in the papers show that they are mainly of the old amateur circus sort. What the vast majorityof voters throughout the country wanted was reports of speeches from such men as Mr. Root and Judge Parker, and the minor speeches which were elicited, or which ought to have been elicited, by them from delegates on the floor. What the voters wished to know was what currents of thought were passing through the minds of their delegates with reference to the great questions which are now before the Ameri- can people. But of all this they got very little, in fa6l next to nothing. Accounts of the "show" crowded out from the newspapers many of the most impor- tant discussions. The whole was simply an example of Artemus Ward's "show bizzness," condu61;ed mainly for the benefit of a local mob. Do not think that I am alone in censuring this disgrace to both the great political parties. You can hardly have forgot- ten how, when one of the most eminent democrats in the Union returned from the Chicago convention of 1884, he poured forth, with an eloquence to which I can never pretend, his vexation and disgust at scenes of this kind in the convention of his own party, and [ 73 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN declared that they were a disgrace to American de- mocracy. I trust that you younger men now going forth from this great University, many of you hoping to enter pubHc hfe, will set yourselves against this whole cir- cus, fog-horn "show bizzness" — condu6led, as it is, mainly for the benefit of stockholders in " wigwams" and coliseums — and see that pains be taken in the future to preserve the rights of the whole American people. Thus alone can the newspaper organs of pub- lic opinion present the real utterances and vital dis- cussions of these conventions, unmixed with folly or farce. To secure this consummation I would go to great length, and, indeed, might possibly advocate a statute which would declare null and void all nomina- tions made by a convention, either state or national, in which the majority of the persons present was not composed of delegates and alternates. You may consider that the contempt of thinking lovers of liberty throughout the world for such pro- ceedings in nominating a Chief Magistrate of the United States is of little importance. Such was not the feeling of Thomas Jefferson. I again recall to you that utterance of his, in the most important document ever sent out by a convention to the world — "a de- cent regard to the opinions of mankind." Ill CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH, LL.D. I FIND it a great pleasure to return occasionally to my beloved Alma Mater and observe its steady growth, C 74 ] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON intelle6lual and material; the steadily increasing number of its splendid buildings with their fine equip- ment; the thousands of magnificent trees on the campus which were mere saplings when I was a stu- dent here. My own class tree is one of the finest of these, but our class stone, which seemed a mighty boulder when we brought it miles from the country with much labor and expense, looks smaller every time I see it. By contrast with its environment it has shrunken to insignificance in size, but the sentiment conne6led with it glows as brightly as ever. Our University is celebrating the seventy-fifth anniversary of its founding. Seventy-five years is a long period in the life of an individual, but it is youth in the life of a great university. Many Ameri- can institutions of learning are much older than ours. Harvard has nearly four times our age to her credit. Let us boast, then , not of our age, but of the accom- plishments of the wonderful period in which we have lived and grown great, and of our part in those ac- complishments. Seventy-five years ago the older colleges were confined to a very narrow range of instru6lion, con- sisting largely of Latin and Greek. Since that time the enlargement of the field of knowledge has been greater than in the preceding thousand years; and our courses of instru6lion have multiplied accord- ingly, so that now we offer to the student for selec- tion enough courses of study to occupy the best part of his lifetime if he were to take them all. I doubt if the graduate of that period could pass the entrance [ 75 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN examinations of to-day without first spending a year or two in a preparatory school. It is interesting to reflect that virtually all the great achievements of modern civilization are em- braced in the lifetime of our University. We have witnessed the growth from early infancy of the world's vast system of steam railways, the iron and steel industry, the great chemical industries, and the use of mineral fuel. We have witnessed both the birth and development of the mineral oil industry and the use of natural gas; of steam navigation and the giant steel ships of to-day ; of the great steel battleships with their steel armor and their monstrous steel guns ; of mighty steel bridges and steel buildings ; of the telegraph and the telephone ; of the ele6lric light; of the ele6lric railway, which has revolutionized city and country life; of ele6lric power transmission, mak- ing available the vast energy of our great water- falls; of the steam turbine, the gas engine, the flying- machine, the automobile, and many other things. We are now witnessing the passing of the horse, the nearly universal beast of burden and locomotion for thousands of years. In the realms of science the dis- coveries of the last few years are quite unprece- dented in a like period of any age. We are a6lually learning something of the structure of the atom at one end of the scale of magnitudes, and of the con- stitution of the universe at the other end of the scale. Engineering achievement and scientific discovery seem to be advancing in geometrical progression, or as some power of the time involved ; and the end in any dire^lion cannot be predicted. As the fron- i: 76] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON tiers of discovery are pushed forward, unlimited new fields for exploration come into view. While these great achievements have been in progress our University has grown from small be- ginnings to a conspicuous place in the very front rank of great American universities; and in the advance- ment of knowledge during this unparalleled period we have contributed our full share and more than held our place. Always and everywhere our graduates are to be found among the leaders in all the higher fields of human endeavor. Great as we have grown, however, a greater future awaits us. We shall harvest as we have sown, and must continue the sowing for a yet greater harvest. All honor and praise to the University of Michigan. IV PROFESSOR WILLIAM HENRY HOWELL, M.D., LL.D. It has been some twenty years since I had the pleas- ure and the privilege of being a member of the Faculty of this University. Although this conne6lion lasted but a brief three years, it formed an eventful period in my life, for I made here some friendships which I prize highly, and I acquired for the University a respe6l and an afFe6lion that have been intensified by every succeeding conta61:. My acquaintance with what I may call the best of the state universities converted me into a warm advocate of the system of state universities as contrasted with private foun- dations. It seemed to me then, as it does now, to be a fine thing that every citizen of a commonwealth : 77 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN should have the privilege of contributing through taxation to the support of a complete system of edu- cation extending from the primary schools to the university and its professional schools, and that every citizen who believes in this state-controlled educa- tion is at liberty to advocate openly by every legiti- mate means the continuation of generous appropria- tions on the part of the legislature. Such a method of obtaining the necessary funds for the maintenance and growth of an educational institution seems to me to be more dire6l and, if I may say so, more self- respe6ling than that of dependence upon the bounty of wealthy patrons, for a relation of this latter kind not infrequently forces the university and its officers into the unenviable position of a mendicant asking for alms. The history of the state universities has demonstrated beyond any doubt that our states are able and willing to promote the higher as well as the lower education, and the increasing liberality with which their institutions of the higher learning have been treated not only indicates that the people are entirely satisfied with the investment, but it also furnishes conclusive evidence that those who have been charged with the expenditure of these large funds have a6led with great wisdom and success. If we may judge from the growth in the number of students, the success of the state universities has been remarkable, so remarkable in fa6l as to sug- gest certain serious thoughts as to the future. When I was here twenty years ago I looked upon this in- stitution as a going concern of somewhat unwieldy size, but since that time it has been growing and c 78 : THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON spreading like a green bay tree, and one naturally inquires where the process will end. If you have now five or six thousand students in attendance, it is quite probable that in another decade or two this number will be doubled, and when we consider the growth in population and wealth which may be expe6led in a state like this, it does not seem impossible that there may come a time when, as in the universities of the Middle Ages, there may gather here twenty or thirty thousand students seeking that general edu- cation which we Americans believe that every citi- zen, man or woman, has a right to possess. Such a prospe6l or fancy is not altogether pleasant to con- template, for it may be asserted with some positive- ness that the difficulties of instru61:ion increase about as the square of the number to be taught. If any such growth takes place, the final solution of the difficulty, so far as I can see with my untrained vision, will be found in the plan ofestablishing different foci through- out the state to take care of the general fundamental education and reserving the state university for the higher special and professional training which con- stitutes the real fun6lionof a university. There is little danger that so-called graduate instru6lion or profes- sional or technical education will ever suffer from ex- cessive numbers of students, since in the nature of the case the demand for such training will be restri6f:ed to a certain small percentage established by the needs of the community, and there is little possibility that any one university will be called upon to supply the demand for any large area of the country. In medi- cal education, for example, I am happy to believe that C 79 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN no one institution is likely to monopolize the best of the teaching talent or a large proportion of the stu- dents. The tendency, on the contrary, is toward the establishment of many good schools in different parts of the country, eventually perhaps one for each state, which will so divide the number of students that each school will be kept of a manageable size. The subje6l of medical education, as you know, has been under very a6live discussion in this country for the last decade or two. There has been an almost unbe- lievable number of essays and le6lures upon the defe6ls of our present system, and any number of suggestions of plans to overcome these defe6ls and establish a satisfa6lory system of medical instru61:ion. While there still prevails a great diversity of ideals, the outcome of all of this discussion has been a gen- eral improvement in medical training, an advance all along the line, and in this advance no school has taken a more honorable part than the Medical De- partment of this University. When the methods of the experimental sciences began to penetrate into the field of medicine, some of the older and more influential schools failed to ad- just themselves to the new conditions and thereby lost gradually their prestige. The Medical Depart- ment of this University, on the contrary, was among the first to adopt the newer methods of instru6lion, and early enrolled itself among the progressive schools in this country. It adds much, I think, to the credit of the University that all of its good work in this dire6fion was done quietly and modestly with- out undue flourish of trumpets. Its behavior in this C 80 ] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON respe6l contrasts favorably with that of some of our eastern schools, which, when forced by the pressure ofcompetition to modernize their methods, have been quick to make a virtue of their necessity and have attempted to claim among their own clientele the advantages of leadership, when as a matter of fa6l all they have been entitled to has been a high privacy in the rear rank. The enlightened progressiveness shown by this school is attributable in the long run, I suppose, to the fa6lthat it is so closely associated with the academic side of the University. For when all is said, the advances in medical education which we talk so much about consist simply in the introduction into the medical course of university methods and ideals. Some of us beheve that there is much room for im- provement in this direction, for as a matter of fa6t these methods and ideals have penetrated fully only into the first two years of the course, and we hope that the time is nearly ripe for their extension into the clinical years as well. The logical dedu6lion from the past history and present tendencies in medical instru6lion would seem to be that some such modi- fication of clinical teaching will constitute the next notable improvement in medical education. But while the medical school at Ann Arbor has enjoyed the advantages of a close association with the University and has demonstrated the beneficial results of such an association, I am convinced that in an immediate way it owes much of its success and progressiveness to the determined spirit, clear vision, and devoted loyalty of him who for so many years has afted as its Dean. The best means of determin- C 81 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ing whether a school is thoroughly modern in spirit and awake to the needs of the time is found in the chara6ler of the appointments made to the profes- sorial staff. In any institution, I suppose, and partic- ularly in medical schools, on account of their connec- tion with the pra6lice of medicine, there exists some pressure to give the appointments to important chairs to men of local prominence and influence. Appoint- ments of this kind are usually very satisfa6lory to the community concerned, and I should imagine, al- though I speak herewith great hesitation, that in state schools this pressure might be greater than else- where owing to the influence such names might have upon the question of legislative assistance. Whether or not this condition of affairs has prevailed here to any extent is, of course, hidden from me, but what I and others must recognize very thankfully is that in this school for many years the appointments to im- portant chairs have gone to men who have been qual- ified in the best sense for the positions, that is to say, they have been men who have had the training of specialists, who have been able to teach their subje6ls according to the methods used in the best schools of the world, and who, moreover, have been quali- fied to advance their subjects by independent inves- tigations. For it seems to me that any school which aspires to be in the first rank must not only aim to make its instru6tion sound and modern, but it must also establish its claim as a source of new knowledge. This obligation is laid upon your school as it is upon other schools of similar influence by the principle of noblesse oblige. A first-class school cannot afford to [ 82 ] THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON be simply a disseminator or purveyor of knowledge gathered by others; it must give something in return; and this principle has been recognized and fully lived up to by this school. The record made by it for im- portant and scholarly contributions to medical science and medical pra6lice is equal, I believe, to that of any other medical school in this country. I hope, in accord- ance with the teaching of the parable of the talents, that the wise use which you have made of the treas- ures committed to your care will bring the reward of larger means and wider opportunities. As a former teacher and honorary alumnus of the school, I may perhaps take the liberty of indulging in one mild criticism, namely, that the school has been somewhat indifferent in the matter of allowing its teachers to be called elsewhere. My friends here will suspe6l that this is a criticism suggested by my own experi- ence. It is true that when I was called to another position I accepted, and severed my connexions here in an easy and friendly way. I have since come to recognize that, so far as I was concerned, this sep- aration was efFe6led without proper consideration, for I have not found elsewhere better opportunities for work nor any pleasanter or more stimulating en- vironment for living. The loss in this case was mine, not the University's; my place was filled promptly and more than satisfa6forily. I know, too, that a num- ber of your men have refused to accept what seemed to be most flattering and advantageous offers to go to other institutions, although in how far their stead- fastness was due to an effort on the part of the Uni- versity to retain them, rather than to their own feel- I 83 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ing of loyalty, is unknown to me. Still, I have heard the remark made from time to time that Ann Arbor lets its men go too easily, on the principle apparently that there are as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it. The adage is true, no doubt, but the sea is a wide, wide place, and even with so skilful and suc- cessful an angler as Dr. Vaughan, it is not certain that you can make just the catch you want at the time you want it. I know all the difficulties, financial and otherwise, conne6led with such matters, but on general principles it seems to me that a school should try to hold on to its good or even to its fair men; partly because of the uncertainties conne6led with the process of finding suitable substitutes and partly because of the impression produced thereby on its circle of friendly competitors. Exchange of professors and exchange of students are both good principles, but in the nature of the case the benefits, if they are to be distributed equally, must rest upon an exchange that takes place in both direftions and on equal terms. When the current sets more one way than the other, the advantages are with the terminus ad quem rather than with the terminus a quo. A school of the impor- tance of Michigan cannot afford to be regarded in any sense as a recruiting station for other institu- tions. I have no doubt that this criticism is applica- ble mainly to times that are past rather than to the present, but I have ventured to make it in the first place because I have heard it made by others outside, and in the second place because the remedy which suggests itself supports a favorite thesis of mine to the efie6l that our universities would do well to give I 84 3 THE PRESIDENT'S LUNCHEON some attention to the matter of making professor- ships attra6live outside the questions of salary and equipment. I forbear, however, from enlarging upon this point. To return briefly to a matter which I touched upon a moment ago: it seems to me that the Medical De- partment of this University has a special opportunity to make an important contribution to the subje6l of medical education in this country. Out of our present somewhat chaotic conditions there must be evolved a national system or type of medical instruction suit- able to our needs and of a chara6ler such that it will be adopted throughout the country. So far as I can see, this unification of medical instru6lion must be effe6led through one of our state institutions, for they only have sufficient control of all the underlying edu- cation to enable them to coordinate properly the pre- liminary and the professional training. Among the state medical schools, yours is the best known and has the widest reputation. It has an honorable history and an established position. It has the support of a great university and the resources of a rich state. In any plans that it may wish to carry out it can afford to be independent of considerations regarding the effe6l upon the number of entering students, that nightmare which has so often paralyzed the progressive aftivity of some of our institutions ere6led upon private foun- dations. In the competitive struggle now in progress to attain a system which will best suit the needs of our times, this school, it seems to me, holds the stra- tegic position, and I hope that the matter will meet with your serious consideration, that you will try out C 85 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN and perfe6l a plan of medical instru6lion founded upon an adequate general training, which will be adopted as a national system. Such a unification of our first diverse ideals is bound to come in the near future, and it would be a great triumph and a great service for this school to lead the way in this as it has in other vital questions pertaining to medical education. C 86 ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS THE COMING CITIZENSHIP COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS PROFESSOR JEREMIAH WHIPPLE JENKS, LL.D. [delivered in the PAVIUON, THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 10 A.M.] THE exercises of the morning are held prima- rily for the young men and young women who to-day first formally commence their tasks as mem- bers of the commonwealth. I am to speak in behalf of our loved Alma Mater, the great State University that holds it her prime duty to fit her sons and her daugh- ters for their responsibilities as citizens. I have there- fore thought it fitting to choose as the topic of the hour The Coming Citizenship, These days of political turmoil and strife are not only interesting, exciting. They are portentous or hopeful with issues that are vital. As citizens we should, if possible, avoid mistakes. If we would form sound judgments, we must look closely into funda- mental principles of society and of life, for politics is an outgrowth of deeper causes. To look ahead and judge the coming citizenship, we must note the signs of the times in various fields. I am not speaking only, or particularly, of the pres- ent political campaign. It would not be fitting on this auspicious day, when so many of you are to enter the path of your life's a6livity, to attempt to stir a momentary enthusiasm for any temporary candidate or any temporary cause. Rather is it fitting to point out the signs by which we may judge the dire6lion in which our State is moving, and indicate the princi- ples by which we may for a longer time wisely guide C 89 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN our a6ls as citizens, for an obligation that we must not ignore rests upon each of us to do his part as a member of the community. Our country as a pohtical body, the state, is simply all of us — the citizens. Our government is merely our grand committee to formulate and do our bidding in political matters in accordance with the rules laid down for guidance by ourselves and our fathers. And we as citizens are still men and women with ourvarious interests, our hopes, our fears, our desires, our purposes. But with all this variety each man's nature is one. Each man's life is a unit. Here and there, perchance, may be found a double charafter, a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; but such a being is ab- normal, a fit subje6l for the alienist. He is not a man. The chara6ler of man is the same, and ought to be the same, in all his various a6livities, — economic, social, religious, political. If we find, then, the trend of men's views in reli- gion, in morals, in education, in business, we may be sure that we can judge the drift of their political think- ing ; and we shall not be misled either by any chance outburst of the day's enthusiasm, or by any halting fear of a forward movement. What are some of these signs of the times .'^ Some two years ago a group of university seniors asked me to meet them for a Sunday evening talk. The subje6l was to be of my choosing. A61ing on the example of a fellow economist in another university, this suggestion was made as a basis for our talk : Each person present was to assume that he believed in the traditional, old-fashioned do6lrine of an immediate C 9° ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP formal judgment after death, which should deter- mine the future happiness or despair of human souls. Each was to imagine that he was St. Peter, the Judge. Then he was to consider how those coming before him for judgment could be asked two questions so all-searching, so ethically fundamental, that the an- swers would enable him to decide justly the fate of the soul newly freed from the fetters of the body. Each student present was given five minutes to formulate and put in writing his two questions. The papers were then gathered and classified. To my great surprise, out of some twenty-five students, — not goody-goody men, but the leading athletes, editors, managers, the prominent strong men in all fields of aftivity of the senior class, — all but three had in substance asked the same two questions. The three exceptions had apparently been influenced by some religious bias. They asked such questions as. Have you, in your earthly career, followed the teachings of the Bible ? or, Did you lead the life of a Christian ? But with these exceptions, all framed, in substance, these questions: ( 1 ) Were you in life absolutely square with others and with yourself.'* ( 2 ) Did you on earth live for yourself or for oth- ers, for the community.'* These questions, though not technically religious, in reality do sum up in cogent form the fundamental conceptions of Christianity, and it is a most hopeful indication of the trend of thought of the coming citi- zens that a group of young men of the most varied interests and tastes and habits should, without con- [ 91 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ference, within five minutes, have agreed on these fundamental principles: truthfulness, clear-sighted judgment of self, and unselfish regard for others and for the public, as the supreme tests of a good life. The unanimity and promptness of the replies show them to be formulated life principles in the student body of the upper class. You would doubtless find it so among yourselves. It is in the life of the time. These heart-searching thoughts to these students were religious in character, but are they not equally valuable as tests for citizenship.^ We too often look upon the Si6\ of voting as the primary right and duty of the citizen, but has not citizenship to do with practically all the fundamentals of life.^ When Miss Stone was captured by Bulgarian brigands in 1901, the government of the United States did not inquire whether Miss Stone was a voter; she was an Amer- ican citizen entitled to prote6lion. Every child born into American citizenship has its rights and its duties prescribed long before the passing years have given it the right and the duty of exercising a direft in- fluence upon government by voting. A few weeks ago one of America's best known multimillionaires waited calmly, heroically, to meet his fate on the sink- ing Titanic. The following week the papers discussed the legal rights of even his unborn child cared for by the laws of the state and nation. Citizenship is not a matter of light concern, touch- ing only an a6l or two a year. Citizenship has that "high seriousness" which Matthew Arnold says forms the substance of all of the best and noblest poetry. Citizenship touches the deep things of life, c 92 :i THE COMING CITIZENSHIP — religion, morals, and business, and finally politics as the refle6lion or the outgrowth of all these. The statesman is the man who foresees, uses, guides the forces upon which all these ideals and pra6lical a6liv- ities of life are based, in order to bring about through legislation and administration the welfare of the people ; and the people's belief in what really consti- tutes their welfare — religious, moral, economic — gives the statesman his power, and that belief is pri- marily the moving force in guiding the affairs of state. In the vegetable and animal kingdoms the survi- val of the species seems to be the blind aim which guides the instin6ls and habits and lives of the indi- viduals. In society, not only the survival of the tribe or of the state, but likewise the welfare of the members of society and of the citizens, are in the long run the goal toward which society and government are striv- ing, and the purpose toward the attainment of which statesmen bend their efforts. In all the great fields of human thought and a6lion, religion, morals, business, politics, the same chara6leristics of human thought manifest themselves in different countries, and obser- vation of the direction of human thought in these fields shows clearly the direction in which the state is driving. Thus can we judge the coming citizenship. Religion. In all great religions that have shaped on a large scale the welfare of humanity, the ideas of sin- cerity and of unselfish service for the salvation or betterment of humanity , and this through the a6ls of individuals, have been dominant. When, a few weeks ago. Yuan Shi Kai, the President of the new China, sent his greetings to a gathering of Christian mis- [ 93 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN sionaries expressing the goodwill of his government and of his people toward those who had striven unselfishly for the welfare of humanity and of his people, he was expressing the spirit of the great Con- fucius, whose teachings for five and twenty centuries have contributed so much politically as well as reli- giously to the welfareof the human race. "There were four things," say the Confucian Anale61s,*' which the Master taught: letters, ethics, devotion of soul, and truthfulness." "Tsze-Chang having asked how vir- tue was to be exalted and delusions to be discovered, the Master said: Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles and be moving continually to what is right. This is the way to exalt one's virtue." In Buddhism a like lesson is taught. Sakyamuni, the Buddha, son of the king, left his sleeping wife and babe, abandoned family and friends and wealth and power, to become a homeless wanderer, a penniless seeker after truth, in the same spirit of devotion to the welfare of others, in the same belief that only through the self-forgetful a6l of an individual could the way of rest and peace for suliering humanity be found. And when his search was ended and he believed that he had found the way, the teachings by which his many scores of millions of followers have been led to acquire merit for the peace of their souls, inculcated the same principles of truthfulness and unselfish sac- rifice to elevate humanity. The ancient Hebrew prophets taught in no less certain way the same fundamental principles as re- gards the spirit which must guide the a6ls of the true servant of Jehovah. c 94 ;] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP In Christianity, in addition to the purpose and the aim of religious teaching, Jesus gives us more clearly than any other of the founders of the great world re- ligions, the method hy which these principles, worked out in human character, tend to bring ahout the King- dom of God on earth, the true Republic of Freedom. The Founder of the Christian religion was a great Personality of marvellous independenceof Judgment, an iconoclast ready to assume the responsibility of breaking the letter of the law despite the prejudice and opposition of his fellows, in order that the spirit of the law might be upheld. The underlying princi- ples of his life and his teachings, summed up in words of thought and a6tion, seem to be substantially iden- tical with the fundamental principles of popular self- government, thus indicating again that the field of politics and that of religion, though different in their methods of cultivation, may often and ought always to produce like harvests. Last week in Chicago pro- gressives and conservatives in politics wrestled for the prize of leadership. This week a like contest is waging in Baltimore.^ Last week I saw a like pro- gressive versus conservative contest in a religious matter, the question of the interpretation of the Scrip- tures. Such questions, too, rouse passions not easily quieted. In times past they often led to murderous war. In the religious realm, weneverfind the Founder of Christianity hesitating to assume as an individual the responsibility for his own teachings and his own a6ls. Must not the citizen in the coming democracy be ready to stand alone, not di61:ated to by the leader 'June 27, 1912, tlie democratic nominating convention was in session. C 9.0 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN of his fa6lion but himself bearing the responsibility of his a6ls? In so doing, it is essential that he do his own independent thinking, and reach his own con- clusions after due deliberation. Such a citizen will, of course, render obedience to the laws made by him- self and his fellows with the purpose of promoting the welfare of his fellow men. A few weeks ago I was attending a dinner in one of the rooms of a great modern church. A man sit- ting by my side called my attention to the fa6l that throughout the winter months that room had been used for the playing of basket-ball by the young men and boys of the church in order that their physical welfare might be cared for in suitable surroundings. Everywhere in the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion buildings and in their a6livities, we find empha- sized the threefold nature of man. Building a man's body into health is closely related to developing his mental strength and to giving tone to his moral and religious fibre. Those of us who followed the news- papers during the winter and early spring and noted the a6livities of those who were guiding the Men and Religion Movement, could not have failed to see that the man's "job" promoted by the leaders of that remarkable movement was nothing less than the development of all round citizenship in the best sense of that word, the building up of men to promote the welfare of their fellow men in the community and in the state. This is the new a6livity in religion that points toward the coming citizenship. Morals. The morals of a people are only their cus- toms fixed in their minds as a6ls that are right as C96 3 THE COMING CITIZENSHIP distinguished from those that are wrong. A compar- ative study of the morals of different nations shows that the question of the right or wrong of a specific a6l has ultimately been settled for each tribe or people by their belief in its effe6l upon the public welfare. In earlier stages of society, property was generally common, so that theft was pra61:ically an impossi- bility. Polygamy was usual and right; under monog- amy the tribe would have perished. The methods of preparation and the use of food and drink, the kinds of clothing, of shelter, of manners, of communication, gradually grew up in different nations. Later they were fixed by the ruler, often under taboo, or as the commands of the gods; or else in some other way they were given a religious san6lion. As the centuries passed, the customs and the kinds of san61ion changed, until now the individual does not accept without question the di6lum of the ruler or the priest. He seeks his own enjoyment, his own welfare. Now, it is not necessarily the ruler who sets the fash- ion, though in monarchies he often does. Any one in our country is the leader who can make himself heard and can secure the acceptance of his views. Writers on our customs or habits of living or morals, includ- ing matters of marriage and divorce, of the treatment of the sick, of the modes of entertainment, as well as those on questions of clothes and manners, say now almost what they please. It may be that if they speak too contrary to custom, they will be looked at askance, but if they seem sincere, they will be listened to. Often their suggestions will be followed. What will be the outcome of the present trend toward individual think- C 97 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ing on morals and of the willingness of the individ- ual to accept the responsibility for his thoughts and a6ls, is not yet seen. But this is sure: it will be in each nation what most people think is best for all the people. Never before, perhaps, even in the days of the no- blest civilization of Greece or Rome, have there been so few preconceived views of the right and wrong of specific a6ls as established by tradition. We cannot forget the pathetic scene of the death of Socrates in the Crito of Plato. It was in the wonderful age of Pericles that the great moral philosopher was forced to drink the hemlock because he dared to think and to speak his thoughts ; and we cannot forget that in the days of the Caesars Christians were thrown to the wild beasts for religion's sake. Rarely if ever before has there been so great tol- erance of individual thinking on social questions as now ; seldom has each person been so free to seek his own happiness in the way that seems to him best so long as such search for individual happiness seems likewise to promote, or even only not to hinder, the happiness of all. Indeed, so long as the expression of individuality seems to be unselfish or public-spirited, it is easy for it to become fashionable and readily fol- lowed by all. To take the extreme example, note the moral attitude to-day as contrasted with only a score of years ago toward the question of the Social Evil, where the public is rapidly coming to put less blame upon the woman, but rather to note the causes, eco- nomic and social, that have led her away, the empha- sis being placed not upon sin or guilt and penitence, but upon possible changes in environment or law that C 98 ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP shall improve conditions. We are coming more and more in matters of morals to permit each to think and a6l for himself so long as his a6l is sincere and unself- ish. Although we have not yet reached that goal, the trend of modern thought and a6lion is so strong in that dire6lion that eventually, perhaps , each may think independently without condemnation so long as he takes the responsibility for his a6ls ; and so long as his motive is good and his a6ls are not contrary to the interest of all, he may live his own life, whatever it be, without public reproach. The bearing of this atti- tude, whether you consider it praiseworthy tolerance or blameworthy laxity, upon the political thought of our time cannot be ignored. Education. As society is made up of us all, and as in the modern democratic state each of us is playing a more important part than heretofore, it is natural that we should lay continually increasing emphasis upon education. We feel that we must train our rulers. But the progress of democracy has brought about a note- worthy change in the methods of education. In the great University of Cairo to-day, where the customs and religion of the Mohammedan despot still linger, though rapidly vanishing in the field of government, we may still see hundreds of students committing to memory the Koran by rote, with the teacher making little or no attempt to inculcate the meaning of the teachings of this Mohammedan Bible. Under the the- ory of despotic government in China in the earlier days, the teachers, with the profoundest respe6l and love for learning, taught the children in like manner merely to memorize first the sounds and afterward C 99 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN the thoughts of their great rehgious teachers. The commentaries on these teachings were not sugges- tions as to the way in which they should be applied in new and changed conditions, but rather a scholastic effort to see what those words might in themselves mean. A reverence for the views of the ancients rather than care for the welfare of the moderns was the key- note of interpretation and of teaching. But with us to- day our philosophers of teaching lay emphasis first upon the development of individual thinking power, and second upon the social purpose of the individ- ual. In consequence, we are creating in our schools a people of thinkers, it may be iconoclasts, persons ready to overthrow the old traditions, but neverthe- less people of power, and, far more important still, people who in the long run will have an unselfish social aim. Industry. Many of our magazine writers to-day seem to assume that the field of industry is quite distin6l from the field of morals or that of religion, and that the relation of industry to government is anything but moral or religious. Consider, however, whether these same principles that affe6l individual a6lion in the fields of religion or morals or educa- tion, do not play a like part in the realm of business. Since the growth of our great industrial combinations, many have feared that the personal initiative of busi- ness men will be crushed ; that almost all men will be merely hired servants, working under orders; that machines will replace men, and that where men work with machines they will be so controlled by machine conditions that their manhood will be dwarfed. It has I loo ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP seemed, also, to be common opinion that the aim of social betterment is seldom found in the businessman, but that economic selfishness alone is the dominant force in business. It is best, however, to probe these beliefs somewhat deeply. In part they are true. So far the evil must be fought relentlessly. Largely they are mistaken. Doubtless in industry, as in every field of endeavor, the leaders of first rank are few, but that has always been so. That will always be so. Men of really first quality are extremely rare, whether the test be weakness or ability, wickedness or goodness. We are most of us mediocre. Let us acknowledge it. But what are the chances to rise ? How often and how far.f* That is the prime consideration. Never has there been such an opportunity for a man of capacity as now. Never has there been so fierce competition among men of genius, and the success- ful man in business now attains rewards far beyond those ever possible before. The former village pa- triarch has now become a national chara6ler. The former small city merchant is now an international figure. The telephone, telegraph, railroads, the ocean liners have in the field of business annihilated dis- tance so that there is no limit to the range of a per- son's influence; his attainment is bounded only by his range of conception. Does that not stimulate indi- viduality ? Twenty years ago, when we first heard of one hundred million dollar corporations, it was often said that the limitations of the human intelle6l would set bounds to the growth of corporations; that no one man could well dire6l the work of so gigantic an en- THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN terprise. But the principles of business organization enable a man easily to grasp as a whole the great branches of his business, and details are readily dele- gated to subordinates. Corporations with a capital of $100,000,000 are already almost numerous; and the head of a thousand million dollar business has time, after his work is well and efficiently done, to be presi- dent of an automobile association and to preside at fun6lions of women's clubs. The range of individual action and influence has enormously increased with the improved methods of communication which are breaking barriers down. The fa6l is often overlooked, too, that the giant trusts are the normal outgrowth of the competition of individuals. Almost without exception it is fierce- ness of competition that has led to combination. Whenever separate companies combine into one, the best leader takes the headship, and his position is higher than any that existed before. But within the great establishment there are many subdivisions, each division has its head, and the independent judg- ment of the head of a department counts now for more in many cases than did in former years the judgment of the president of a separate establish- ment. The largest organizations offer the highest prizes for individual initiative on the part of their em- ployees. Competition among superintendents of dif- ferent establishments within a combination is both fiercer and more intelligent than that among inde- pendent establishments. For the records are kept so accurately that each man knows exa6lly where he fails and where he succeeds, and moreover each one C 102 J THE COMING CITIZENSHIP knows that upon his success depends his advance- ment. Individuality is not stifled by big business. It is often stimulated. Are the trusts, then, really un- democratic? Some few^ of the leaders are doubtless despotic in desire and even at times in intent and a6l. But the methods of business, the organized industry duly controlled as it may be, will give to the enter- prising young man and to the people alike, advan- tages not known before. Moreover, much of the most thoughtful care for workingmen,in spite of notable exceptions, is to-day shown by the largest establish- ments. At no period in the world's history before has there been such high efficiency in the management of business, and this saving of industrial energy, lead- ing to the creation of more wealth, means in the long run shorter hours, better wages, improved standards of living for the workingmen, progress in society as a whole. Whatever the present evils of the distri- bution of wealth may be, and they are many, though lessening, nothing can be more certain than that advance in general comfort must be and will be pre- ceded by greater produ6lion of wealth; and that will come through organization duly controlled. Among the workingmen the conditions, while not the same, are even more encouraging. The great labor organizations are looking, to be sure, for their own welfare as that of the wage-earning class, but the numbers of the wage-earners are so large that this struggle for their class is largely a struggle for others. The spirit is generally not that of individual selfishness, but of class self-interest promoted often C 103 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN by individual sacrifice. If Gompers and Mitchell and Morrison spend months in jail as the court decrees, no one who knows them will doubt that their sacrifice is an unselfish one, whether or not he approves their judgment regarding methods of aftion. Not yet have we discovered the means by which the most efficient skill of the individual can become the highest bless- ing for all; but the struggle for the improvement of the welfare of one's group is distin6lly in a nobler spirit than the struggle merely for one's own gain; and the trend is in the right dire6lion. The spirit of cooperation is dominant even though the class strug- gle remains. When the intelligent knowledge of all business conditions is widely enough extended, the spirit of cooperation will include all of society and we shall have the feeling of individual responsibility, of independent thinking andjudgment, of growing skill combined with the sentiment of social service in the industrial field as in the field of morals. Politics. How do all these conditions, industrial, moral, religious, affe6l politics.? What is the coming citizenship to be .?The state is society, all of us, organ- ized for the purpose of promoting the welfare of all, through the enforcement of rules made by all in the interest of all. The a6ls of government differ from the a6ts of other social organizations, those a6live in the fields of religion, of business, of education, in that government, if necessary, employs compulsion, force. The state is all of us a61:ive and compelling a61:ion for the interests of all. But the individual citi- zen in the field of government is the same man who is aftive in religion, in morals, in business. His nature I 104 ^ THE COMING CITIZENSHIP is not changed. Whatever chara6l eristics are found in the other fields will be found in the realm of poli- tics. The coming citizen — and he is already here in large and rapidly growing numbers — will be a per- sonality bearing responsibility readily and willingly, thinking independently, a man unafraid of the new, because, self-reliant, he has thought out the new, bas- ing his judgment on the experiences of the old. The coming citizen will demand the power to choose, and he will readily take the responsibility for his a6ls. We may count on the growth of the rule of the citi- zens. They will not be denied. He who stands in the way will be overthrown. But the coming citizen, also, in the fullness of time will vote and rule not selfishly, because the spirit of the times is becoming more and more unselfish in all ranks of society. He will vote and rule in the inter- ests of all. We may grant that many men are selfish, men in high office still abuse their powers. But this abuse is seen far less often than thirty years ago. The time has already long passed, in any English-speak- ing country at least, when corrupt or self-seeking a6ls of public officials can be done openly. No one recognizes any right to rule, except that granted by the people in their own interest. And they can give to any man or refuse to any man that privilege at their will. But clearly the average citizen will not be able to do everything himself. In many fields of endeavor he must choose an expert to do much of his work for him ; and he will hold him responsible for results. No sensible man to-day, untrained in the professions, c 105 :i THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN wishes to be his own lawyer, to a6l as his own phy- sician, to build his own bridges, to plan his own build- ings. It is the untrained, unthinking man who uses patent panaceas to cure his physical ills, or who en- ters upon important business contra6ls without con- sulting a lawyer. But the framing of laws that are to shape the welfare of society, the putting of them into effe6l, their interpretation, is work demanding a still higher degree of skill, inasmuch as they depend to a still greater extent upon the infinite variety of human motive and the variability of human feeling. How far can the citizens be trusted to a6l for them- selves .f* How far should they rely upon experts or representatives to guide their a6lions ^ Can this ques- tion be answered in a word for all states and circum- stances } Must this not depend entirely upon the lo- cality and the conditions existing therein, on the one hand, and on the other upon the nature of the ques- tion at issue .^ Self-government is often not so largely a matter of knowledge as a matter of chara6ler. The wise man fit for the modern citizenship, whose inter- ests are bound up with the welfare of society, which in itself is composed of innumerable citizens, with various and shifting views and confli6ling interests, must be a man of patience, with self-restraint, with wisdom, — a man ready to com promise with the views of others, so long as those views are honest; one who believes that others have rights equal to his own, and who is willing to tolerate opinions divergent from his. Many nations and many peoples have not yet attained this spirit needed for the right self-government. We must aim to get our people trained in all these vir- C 1°6 ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP tues; they are even more essential than knowledge. Nowhere else in the world, however, have people had so long or so successful experience in self-gov- ernment as in the United States and Great Britain and her English-speaking colonies. Our people in most parts of our country have attained these quali- ties to so great an extent that they can be trusted to settle many questions for themselves. But what type of question may or can the people settle without the aid of experts ? Many subje6ls from their nature are so complicated that the average busi- ness man, whose time must be chiefly given to his own personal affairs, cannot hope to settle them. He ought not even to venture an independent judgment upon them any more than upon a question of tech- nical law or of surgery. Questions of monetary pol- icy, of methods of taxation, of the regulation of cor- porations, are far more complicated than ordinary questions of business or of science. Such matters should be referred to experts, who should recom- mend and ultimately in effe61, through the people's representatives, make, interpret, and administer the laws. The people will judge the results and approve or condemn the lawmaker or administrator. And yet ele6lions are often settled and legislative decrees are issued by men not competent fully to under- stand the bearing of their a6ls. The people must take the consequences until they learn to choose aright. And though the consequences may be harmful for a time, they will not be ruinous or irreparable. The citi- zens in due time will learn. They know now whom they do trust. They will gradually learn who is worthy THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN of trust. If they are willing, it is better for them to choose an agent who knows, than to try to settle such technical questions themselves. But, on the far more importantquestions, the really fundamental questions of rights and duties, the people not merely ought themselves to decide; they alone can decide, for their wishes in themselves when de- liberate make their decisions right. The course of his- tory, too, shows that as civilization has developed, the voice of the people on such matters has proved to be right. Shall a country be slave or free? Shall a man's domicile be held free from invasion ^ In what way shall a people sele6l its rulers.^ What degree of power shall be placed in the ruler's hands .^ All these fundamental questions of governmental rights and governmental duties can be most wisely settled by the people themselves. Such questions are simple, direct, require no technical knowledge, no technical training. They require only honesty of purpose, tol- eration for the rights of one's neighbors, readiness when opinions conflift to compromise on what will most nearly meet the wishes of all, willingness to accept the judgment of the majority. On such ques- tions the people's rule should be dire6l. This test is a fair one to apply to the great ques- tions of the day. If our constitutions have been properly drawn, they have to do only with matters fundamental to government. The right of trial by jury, of habeas corpus, of property, of free assem- blage, of ele6lion of senators by the people, of a sin- gle term for president, of the appointment of judges, fundamental as they are, touch only simple questions [ 108 ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP suitable for citizens to vote upon dire6lly. Our forms of government are and should be what the people wish. The way in which the people shall change these forms of government to meet the changing conditions of the times is not a complex matter. These are all simple questions, though of the profoundest significance. The question whether life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness shall be guarded against despotic usurpation is simple. The common man can understand and answer it, though it is the most pro- found question of government. Regarding such ques- tions, whatever the people wish, when they really see the issue, is right. In all the fields of human action, as we have seen, the individual has been growing more independent in his judgment, has become continually more ready to bear responsibility, and fortunately also, in spite of special exceptions, is becoming more willing to recognize the rights of others and to care for the welfare of all. Whether we wish it or not, as now he chooses his religion, the coming citizen will deter- mine for himself what laws he will pass upon dire6lly, what ones he will leave to legislatures to formulate and to the courts to interpret. All of our constitutions at the present day provide methods for their own amendment. Such amendments are proposed by legislators, by constitutional conven- tions, by petition. Whatever the people themselves consider fundamental they put in the constitutions at their will. If they are not discriminating and place in the constitutions matters of temporary, changing interest, such as savings bank laws or forestry laws, C 109 J THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN the progress of society is likely to be blocked by the difficulty of amendment. That they will learn by ex- perience. If, on the other hand, they place in the con- stitutions only matters really fundamental that have to do only with the form of government or with the rights of citizens, much more can wisely be left to the legislatures and the courts. As, however, the people grow in intelligent know- ledge of social conditions, they may wisely take more into their own hands and leave less to the experts whom they choose. As the people themselves make their constitutions, it is for them to say how and when they shall be amended. If a legislature chosen by the people, a6ling in accord with the will of the people, passes a law that the courts declare unconstitutional, the people ultimately will surely decide whether or not they wish the constitution amended so as to carry out their will. The declaration of a court that an a6l is unconstitutional is not hostile to the people's rights. It merely refers the matter back to the people to de- cide whether on second thought they wish to insist upon their will as expressed in the law, or whether they will abide by their earlier judgment as expressed in the constitution. If they wish to move with the changing timesand insist upon their law, thus amend- ing the constitution, surely they are a6ling in the spirit of to-day, and that would be a recall of a judi- cial decision. As in the fields of religion and morals and busi- ness, so also in the field of politics we must expe6l more innovations as the people become better trained and more self-reliant. We must expe6l the progress C "o ] THE COMING CITIZENSHIP of the future to be more rapid than that of the past. We must urge changes in legal methods and in legal regulations to come morequickly with the more rapid changes in business methods and with the growing spirit of independence and tolerance in the fields of morals and religion. What, then, is our duty as citizens.'* What, then, is your duty, young men and women just entering upon the field of the citizen's a6live life.-^ The trend of the times demands a greater degree of individ- uality, of independence, but more and always more it demands an unselfish social aim. You, as the com- ing citizens, should so train yourselves that you will know better when to rely upon the judgment of ex- perts, when to rely upon your own individual judg- ment. If you see clearly the public welfare, if you are unselfish in your desires, you can do your duty. The better you are educated and the more wisely you can think, the more self-reliant you should be, and the more careful in your sele61ion of experts. Above all, on account of the high responsibility that goes with the privilege of the education that has come to you through the provisions made by this great State in this loved University, our Alma Mater, you should be unselfish and patriotic in your determination to serve, and, if need be, to sacrifice your personal interests and yourself for the public good. Sacrifice is the highest test of good citizenship. 1 1 1 SPEECHES AT THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER SPEECHES AT THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER [IN THE WATERMAN GYMNASIUM, THURSDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE 27] PRESIDENT HUTCHINS FELLOW Alumni of the University of Michigan : It is a great pleasure to me to be here to-day and to extend to you words of welcome and congrat- ulation. I have always been proud of the fa^t that I was graduated from the University of Michigan, but I never was prouder of it than I am at this moment. This is distin6lly an alumni celebration. You have come back to the halls of our Alma Mater in large numbers, and we are certainly grateful to you for the interest that your coming indicates. I am sure that I can safely predi6l that the enthusiasm of this occa- sion will have its influence in the future and will result in a continually increasing alumni attendance upon our Commencement festivities. There is much that I might say to you this after- noon. I might speak of what we are doing, of what we have been doing, and of what we hope to do. I might tell you of the movement that has resulted in the organization of local alumni associations all over the State of Michigan, of what we expe6l to accomplish through these centres of university influence. I might speak of the larger alumni movement that embraces the whole country. Some of you, perhaps, have no- ticed the maps that have hung in University Hall dur- ing the last few days that show the distribution of our thirty thousand alumni throughout the United States and foreign countries. If these have challenged your C 115 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN attention, you must have concluded that the show- ing is a most significant one. I might dwell upon this and upon the fa6t that wherever the graduates of the University of Michigan are found, they are doing things worth while. But it is no part of the programme that I should occupy your time with an address. I am here simply to call upon others to speak. Anything that I may say must be by way of brief introdu6tion. All of you know that the Univer- sity is very largely indebted to the State whose name it bears. What we receive annually from the State represents the income from a very large endowment. And I am glad to be able to say that the people are, in my judgment, behind the University. I am very sure that the general sentiment in the State is in favor of the University. There are indications on every side of a generous spirit toward the institution, and I be- lieve that that spirit is to continue and that the people of this Commonwealth will see to it that the funds necessary to keep the University in the first rank are forthcoming. I regret very much that His Excellency, the Gov- ernor, cannot be with us to-day. As many of you know, he is suflbring from an accident that confines him to his home. He desires to deliver to you a mes- sage of greeting and to express his regrets that he cannot take part in these festivities. You know how loyal a friend he has been to the University. He has sent his representative, and I take pleasure in present- ing the Honorable Luther L.Wright, State Superin- tendent of Public Instru61-ion, who is here to-day to speak for the State of Michigan. THE COMMENCEMENT DINNEI^ SUPERINTENDENT LUTHER L. WRIGHT, A.M. His Excellency, the Governor of Michigan, has di- re6lcd me to convey to you his regards and compli- ments and to read to you these personal words: The age of a university means nothing if taken only as a measurement of time. As indicating the early thought given to matters of higher education in a new country, and as an index to the character of Michigan pioneers, it is funda- mentally important. The event of which this is a commem- oration is the founding of the University at Ann Arbor. The germ of the University was implanted in 1807, and had its first tangible development in 1 8 1 7 . So to-day we will remem- ber with grateful appreciation the names of the Reverend Gabriel Richard and the Reverend John Monteith. We will put John D. Pierce in their company, and credit these three men enlisted in the higher service of mankind with laying the cornerstone of this prideful institution. I am not to go into details in this brief message of congrat- ulation and recognition which Mr. Wright has been gra- cious enough to convey to you in my behalf. As represent- ing all of the people of Michigan, I would testify to their love for the University and appreciation of it, and I would gather and sound their applause for all who have served the University unselfishly — and their names are multitude. No man, whether regent, president, dean, professor, or in- structor, has ever successfully attached himself to the Uni- versity in selfishness. Those who have builded this insti- tution so splendidly and have made it a monument to the finer and higher things of life, have done so for the very love of that learning and justice which fit men to best appreciate and serve their fellows. Throughout America, and especially in the western states, University of Michigan men have led the way in the founda- tion of higher conceptions of citizenship, practical responsi- C "17 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN bility, and devotion to society. Those alumni who have paid their indebtedness to the State for the education it gave them, have done so in the best manner through citizen service — and almost all have paid back something. The gathering forces of the years of endeavor, set in motion by clear direc- tion here, are doing their part in the betterment of the \vorld and in making conditions that permit a more real happiness of mankind. As the University grows greater and stronger, it is more and more consecrated to morals and brotherhood as compan- ions of higher truth. The broadening of the university spirit permits the display here of both truth and error. There is no better way to cure error than to expose it to view and discus- sion. There is no better way to impress and magnify truth than to give it living competition with error. Another thing has been achieved as the years are building their pyramid, and that is a finer democracy of education as contrasted with the old spirit of intellectual aristocracy and exclusiveness. After all, the great educator and moral- ist spoke in words of wisdom when he said that the most complete education is one that addresses the mind to higher purposes and fits the heart for mighty love. I do not wish to close this message without acknowledging the service, and spirit in which it is rendered, of the Board of Regents, your President, the President Emeritus, and all the Faculties. The University will progress as they will it; and it will have, and I may safely pledge it, the support of Michigan in its effort to lead the way, as it has always led the way, in the work of finished democratic education. Chase S. Osborn, Governor of Michigan. There is in this State among all the people an un- usual feeling of pride, affe6lion, veneration, and loy- alty for this University. This is in a measure personal, C 118 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER an expression of the veneration and affe6lion of our people for a man. He who would attack either is one who would lay profane hands on the ark of the cove- nant. The University is the crown of the state system of education, — the University, the High School, the Primary School. Each is a public servant devoted to service that is most precious, a family among whose members exist perfe6l accord and fostering care of the elder brother. Including all the money that has passed from the treasury of the State — including interest on the sale of lands — in the seventy-five years the State has paid over to the University nearly $12,000,000, about one-half of this being in interest and the rest in di- re6l appropriation. This year now closing the State has paid into the treasury of the University of Michi- gan nearly one-tenth of that amount, $1 ,157,000. But the State has paid for the support of common schools in primary school money nearly |68, 000,000. During the past year there has been paid from state funds and land and taxes for the support of the common schools of Michigan nearly $16,000,000. The value of the University plant is $4,000 ,000, the value of the common school plants in Michigan is $36,000,000. In 1 843, as has been indicated by the President, when the only income was interest on the sums received from the sale of lands, the receipts amounted to $742 5. The largest sum paid from that money previ- ous to 1 869 was $56,250, which was received in 1 862. Large sums are paid by the State for other educa- tional institutions which in many states are depart- ments of the University. L 119 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The fun6lion of any public institution is to serve the people by whom and for whom it was created and by whom its expenses are paid. It is important that any such institution should keep this constantly in mind, and it is important that the people shall feel that this is the purpose of the institution. With the University the field is limitless, its possibilities for service are without bounds. The function of the primary schools of the State, as I see it, is to serve the community, — to prepare its pupils for college; to train its pupils to make a living; to give them culture enough to enjoy that liv- ing; and to train for citizenship. Of the 800,000 children of school age in the State of Michigan nearly one-half who attend school go to the one-room country school. That is an educational problem deserving the study and consideration of the faculties of this and other universities. The fun61:ion of the country school should be to prepare for coun- try life. Now it seems to teach only the things which boys and girls like and need when they go to the city to live. The country schools do not have equal facili- ties with the city. The difficulty is that numbers and facilities are limited. The remedy is to provide town- ship high or union schools with sufficient equipment to satisfy and attra6t our boys and girls. As far as one man may represent the educational facilities of this State, I bring to this University the greetings, felicitations, and acknowledgments of the educational a6livities of the State and ask from the University considerate cooperation and reciprocity. In the name of the people of the State, in the name [ 120 ] THE COMMKNCKMKNT DINNKU of the Governor, aiul with the voice of the people, 1 say. Salve Unn>ers/l(is Michii^ancnsiuni. PRESIDKNl' HUrC'lIINS Foirrv-ONK years ago to-day, in yonder Methodist Church, the coniniencenient exercises of the Univer- sity of Michigan were celel)rated. On tliat occasion Dr. James B. Angell was inaugurated President, and the class ol'iSvi, of whicii I was a hunihle mem- ber, was turned loose u|)on the world. Dr. Angell's first oificial ac^t was to deliver to us our (lij)lomas. It was my great pleasure this morning to deliver to Dr. Angell the dij)loina that made him the youngest alumnus of the University. Kach year since 1871, Dr. Angell has been growing younger, so that to- day I am able to introduce him as the youngest alum- nus of us all. I present to you Dr. Angell. PRESIDENT EMERITUS JAMES BURRILL ANOKLL, LL.D. We have all heard a great deal of the fountain of youth. I never suspe6fed that the objec'l which the Regents of the University had was to open that foun- tain of youth to me. I have had many surprises at the hands of the Board of Regents during my pre- sidency, but I was not prepared for this; I desire to return my hearty thanks to them for enabling me to take my position on something like e(jual terms with the rest of you. I have had to maintain a quasi- official relation to you in years past which involved many perplexing situations. Now, it seems, I can sa- lute the gentlemen here as my brothers, and I do not know but I may venture to salute the ladies as my THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN sisters ; we all know that nothing is more flattering to a young man than to have a young woman tell him that she regards him as her brother. There are some other perplexing and curious rela- tions coming out of this thing, for I am made brother of my two sons. I have also been accustomed in de- livering baccalaureate addresses to give many exhor- tations to you in the last forty years as to the duties of graduates of the University to the State. I suppose you should say to me now, " Pra6lice what you have been preaching." I may say that you all appreciate that I began my duties as president very well by giv- ing the degrees to the class of 1871, among whom was the present President of the University. I have always been very proud of the fa6l that my first a6l was one so promising and useful to the University, and I wish to say a few words merely as to the fa6l that the result has been one of such marked benefit to the University by the accession of one of the mem- bers of that class to the presidency of this institution. I am here where I necessarily see a great deal of what is going on in the interior life of this University, and I wish to say to you what many of you know, that I was filled with great delight and satisfa6lion when the Regents chose my friend on the left as President of the University at the time of my resignation, and I have seen cause every day since to look upon that a6l with increasing satisfaction. I am glad to bear tes- timony to what you must see many proofs of around you, the great prosperity which has come upon the University during his incumbency of his office. But you cannot know like those who are here upon the C 122 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER ground all that we see and know for ourselves, the signs of internal prosperity and harmony and enthu- siasm which exist throughout the whole life of the University. And I would also like to endorse what he has said about that great enterprise which has really been due to him in such large measure, the organ- ization of the alumni associations through the State and the rest of the United States. No one except one who is here upon the ground can appreciate what an amount of labor it has called for at his hands ; and also the other multifarious duties which have come upon him, and which must come upon every president now from the largely expanding and more compli- cated life and organization of this great institution. It takes the whole force of a strong and wise man, you may well believe, to bear this burden and keep his health and strength and good spirits, and, I may add, his good temper. I wish to congratulate the Uni- versity and congratulateyou that as you come up here from year to year you will find it in such competent hands, and one cannot but dream often, if he is in my place, of what is to come here in the years that are before him. Old men dream dreams as well as young men. I am not going to describe our dreams, but simply say that we are allowed to have them, and are perplexed even to conjefture what is to be the outcome of the rapid growth of this institution in the next twenty-five years. Some of you will live to come up here and cele- brate the one hundredth anniversary. I could wish to be spared until then, but I don't suppose that any number of degrees will give me that privilege. One THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN cannot help looking forward with the greatest ex- pe6lation and greatest delight in imagining what this institution is to be and what it is to do for the State of Michigan and the country in twenty-five years of such rapidly increasing prosperity and usefulness as are coming upon it in these days of ours. I am delighted to be able to look you in the face once more. One is always tempted at my age to be- come garrulous, so I have to put brakes on myself when I refle6l that in this great Faculty of four hun- dred persons and more, there are on the grounds but two men who were here when I came, that is, Mr. Beman, now Professor of Mathematics, then In- stru6lor, and Professor D'Ooge. I am sorry to say that Dr. D'Ooge is going to leave us as the sun sets to-night, so that I can only figure hereafter as a sort of prehistoric President, contributing but little effec- tive work, yet giving myself always to your service and to your affe6lion. PRESIDENT HUTCIIINS When I entered the University of Michigan in the fall of 1 867, 1 found here a vigorous young assistant professor who was just entering upon what has proved to be a long and most effe6live academic career. As Dr. Angell has said. Professor D'Ooge, honored and beloved by all, closes his official conne6fion with the University of Michigan to-day. It has seemed to me to be eminently fitting that on this occasion I should ask him to say a word to the alumni, delegates, and friends that are here gathered. C 124 3 THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER PROFESSOR MARTIN LUTHER D'OOGE, LL.D. Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Regents, Fellow Alumni, Ladies and Gentlemen: A small com- pany of us celebrated last evening at my house in a reunion the fiftieth anniversary of the class of 1862. It is significant that the record of a class that is hold- ing its reunion should cover two-thirds of the entire period of the history of this University. Fifty years ago forty-nine of us were sent forth from the liter- ary department of our Alma Mater, then a blushing matron of twenty-five years, into the arena of life. Fourteen of the forty-nine remain, and seven came together last evening. Men die, but institutions live. We are witnesses to-day of the astonishing growth and development of our Alma Mater, who is still, when we compare her with the older universities of Europe, in the heyday of her youth. Many and great contrasts present themselves before us as we think of the fifty years that have passed since we bade adieu to these halls. Time does not permit me to point out these contrasts, nor is it necessary after the eloquent commemorative oration which we heard yesterday. This is a day of memo- ries, sacred and happy. First of all we recall the great President, the founder of our University, Henry P. Tappan. His majestic presence, his commanding elo- quence, his lofty chara6ter still rise visible before us, and we still can hear his voice addressing us: "Young Gentlemen," his favorite term. As one of my classmates said to me the other day, "When President Tappan said 'Young Gentlemen ' every fel- C 125 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN low grew an inch." Those of you who will be here next commencement will see placed upon the walls of our Alumni Memorial Hall, in honor of his mem- ory, a relief in bronze opposite the relief in bronze of the second great President of this University, whose benign presence here to-day adds so much interest and joy to this high festival. We recall that noble band of teachers, our professors. There was first of all our professor of mathematics and physics, good old Dr. Williams, wise, witty, and to our faults so wonderfully kind. Then there was our professor of Greek, Boise, accurate, exa6l, of whom it was said that he would die for an enclitic, a masterful teacher. Then there was Professor Frieze, the lover of the Muses, a man of the finest and most dehcately strong nature, aesthetic, who made us all wish to be the gentleman that he was. Then there was our pro- fessor of French, Fasquelle. He never could get the English emphasis, as he called it; teacher courteous and kind, of the old school. There was Professor Winchell, who talked eloquently of star dust and cosmogony and never could find out the culprit who was playing pranks in the class. Time is too limited to mention all of the others. There is one, however, and he not the least of all, our professor of history, Andrew D. White, whom we gladly salute here to- day. How much he did for us in our raw youth we cannot tell him; how he inspired us by his enthu- siasm for scholarship, how he humanized us by the touch of his personality. What lessons he drew for us from the history of the French Revolution and Guizot's History of Civilization, lessons which he is I 126 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER still, during all these years, teaching to this Common- wealth and to all the commonwealths of our great American Republic. We load him with our benedic- tions and utter the old prayer, Serus in ccelum redeas. When we were taking our diplomas from the hands of President Tappan it was not amid the peace- ful scenes of this June day, unbroken save for the tumults of the conventions in Chicago and Baltimore. The roar of the guns on southern battlefields was penetrating through many a northern home and smiting the heart of our Alma Mater with sorrow in the death of her noblest sons. The very day that we received our diplomas from the hands of President Tappan a train passed through Ann Arbor carrying the mortal remains of Albert Nye, the most brilliant member of our class, to his former home. Carpenter, Hurd, Jewett, Nelson, Nye, and others like them who gave their young lives to their country, need no eulogy at our hands. A united, prosperous, and happy nation speaks their praise. Of them it may be said as Simonides, the Greek lyric poet, said of those who fell at Thermopylae," Glorious is their fortune, noble is their lot; their graves are altars; praise instead of pity, grateful recolle6lion instead of tears are theirs ; neither rust nor all-subduing time shall cause to per- ish the memory of their valor." But I must not dwell longer upon those happy and sacred memories. This is also a day of vision as well as a day of memory. Fear has been expressed that possibly if this University should increase in the next few decades as it has in the past in the number of its students, it would be impossible to care for them on I 127 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN this campus, and that centres might have to be cre- ated in various parts of our State to provide facili- ties for the instru6lion of the multitudes who would flock to the University. How that may be I cannot say, and I for one frankly confess that I personally do not cherish this ambition that we may become so big. For, ladies and gentlemen and fellow alumni, what a university achieves for mankind is not meas- ured by size and numbers. The Academy at Athens had but one teacher and one student, but that teacher was Plato and that student was Aristotle, and Plato and Aristotle have done more for the progress of mankind than the University of Cairo with its thou- sands of students and with its hundreds of teachers. I venture to express the hope that the ambition and rivalry for numbers that is so dominant a force in the administration of some of our universities may not blind our Alma Mater to the supreme value of high ideals and noble impulses; ideals and impulses that shall shape and control the educational system of this State and of the Nation. My ambition for my Alma Mater is that she may maintain her leadership among our great state universities in the progress of sound educational reform , in the adaptation of edu- cation to the service and the best service of the State. The servant of the State .^ Yes, but not the creature of public opinion but the creator of public opinion, the educator of the public mind in matters of education. Progressive ? Yes, but not losing sight of the precious heritage of the past. Learning from the successes and failures of rival universities, but not treading slav- ishly in their footsteps. Self-contained, but not out of THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER sympathy with the spirit of the times. The Univer- sity, the leader, the moulder,the dire6tor,the inspirer of all noble effort for the service of the State and of the Nation. To this high mission may our Alma Mater ever remain faithful! The President has referred to the fa6l that, yield- ing to the relentless hand of time, I am about to lay down the a6live duties of my professorship. I wish to give a word of greeting and of Godspeed to all my old students, whether present or absent. In many ways I have learned more from them than they from me, and I am their debtor and they are my credit- ors. Fellow students, former students, loving friends, God bless you ! If I have any parting word to say to my Alma Mater as I leave her ranks, let it be this: may she ever cherish the great purpose to send out men and women of high ideals, who shall exalt learn- ing above lucre and service above self. May her Fac- ulties possess that catholicity of mind that shall recog- nize the just claims of all branches of learning, the interdependence of all forms of science, and the unity of all truth. May she do her full share in cherishing the spirit of research and in pushing out the limits of the known into the realm of the unknown, and raise up a band of explorers and discoverers who shall illu- mine the pathway of mankind in its march forward and upward. In the hands of the efficient President of this University our Alma Mater is safe. Crescat.Jio- reat, esto perpetua. PRESIDENT HUTCHINS During this Commencement the class of 1872 has C 129 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN been celebrating the fortieth anniversary of its grad- uation. I take the hberty of calling upon President Robert S. Woodward, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, to speak for the class of 1 872. PRESIDENT ROBERT SIMPSON WOODWARD, LL.D. Mr. President, Fellow Alumni, Friends of the Uni- versity : In bringing to the University of Michigan the congratulations and greetings of our class, I should like to pay my respects first to the numerous presi- dents of the University with whom it has been the good fortune of our class to be acquainted. We have known them all except Dr.Tappan. First, there was the gentle Haven, and after him the gentler Frieze, that man with an exquisitely sensitive soul; then there came the imperturbably serene Angell, who has w^on all our hearts ; and lastly comes Presi- dent Hutchins, who was a member of our contempo- rary class of 1 871 . Since September, forty- four years ago, I have had profound respe6l for him ; for during that month it became necessary for the classes of 1 8 7 1 and 1 872 to go into executive session for a short time over hereon thecampus south of University Hall, and it was my good fortune to measure strength with the now President of the University. The subsequent events entailed the services of a tailor. Further ex- planations along this line are not necessary. I only wish to emphasize the fa6l that since then I have had a profound respe6l for him, and I fully agree with all that has been said by my predecessors to-day con- cerning his abilities. C 130 '2 THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER Concerning another president, or a6ling president, I may be permitted, as a person who never studied Latin in the University, to say a few words. The class of 1872 was a remarkable class. We entered upon many investigations not set down in what Professor Olney called the "Synchronistic View," and we did many things which would not be considered entirely decorous in these calmer days. It happened in the sophomore year that some of those works we under- took resulted in the need of reparation to the Uni- versity, and that brought me as class president into intimate relations with that wonderfully delightful man, Dr. Frieze. I think it may be said without ex- aggeration that this led to a friendship and intimacy which enabled me to get far more from him than my fellow students who took Latin under him. The class of 1872, as has been explained here to- day, is remarkable among other things for having as members the first two women who have been gradu- ated from the University. And I am pleased to inform those who are not already aware of the fa 61, that these two women have celebrated with us on this for- tieth anniversary. Of the eighty-six who were gradu- ated with us forty years ago we mustered about forty yesterday, although more than one-third of the entire number have passed over to the majority. I may not mention to you the remarkable deeds of the men and women of 1 872 ; I should prefer, rather, being one of the older graduates, to indulge in what is permitted to them, namely, some degree of remi- niscence. I should like to speak especially, though briefly, of some of the remarkable men who have C 131 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN helped to make this University. As some of you are aware, since leaving this institution, or being cast by it on the waters like the proverbial bread, it has been my fortune to be associated with several academic in- stitutions and to have hadopportunities to measure the capacities of men great in other universities. I should like to say that comparing these men of other univer- sities with my teachers, and with the teachers of oth- ers who have been graduated from this University, we have a right to conclude that this University has been great and has prospered because there have al- ways been good and strong men conne6led with it. As most of you know, I was primarily conne6led as a student of engineering with what was then called the LiteraryDepartment,and I was thus thrown into in- timate association with a number of its men. Professor Olney was one of the first of these, — Olney of sacred memory, every se6lion of whose head was, as mathe- maticians would say, a conic se6lion. He couldn't help being a mathematician. Then there was the Nestor of teachers of engineering in America, De Volson Wood, a man who got more work out of his students than all the rest of the teachers in the University at that time. It was a great good fortune for me that I came into association with a man who was such a strong, energetic worker. It has been said of him that as a le61:urer he rarely got anything right himself, but he saw to it that his students got their work right. A noteworthy experience of the class of 1872 is that we were the last to receive instru6lion in phys- ics from Dr. Williams, one of the sweetest souls the world ever produced. Few of his pupils ever learned C 132 ^ THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER much physics from him, for he would never miss an opportunity to crack a joke at their expense; and yet he was a man from whom one quahfied to learn could learn much, especially by visits to his home. I look back with affe6lion upon that man. Another man from whom I learned a great deal was Professor Winchell. He was a very remarkable, perhaps most of you would say a remarkably peculiar, man. I learned more of Greek and Latin derivatives from him than I did from the formal study of those languages. With Pro- fessor Winchell things were never opposed, but they were antithetical ; and the waters of the earth about which he talked so much never soaked through the soil, but they percolated down through the interstices of the superincumbent strata. Those of you who are old enough will remember also that "there were no worms in the Potsdam Period" in his geology. He was austere and seemed lacking in a sense of humor; nevertheless, to those who penetrated into the inner circles of the man, he was not only remarkable for his scholarship but also for the noble quality of his ideas and his impressive sincerity. Another man with whom I came in conta6l by a happy accident was Dr. Cocker. Perhaps I should explain that in those good old days a student was permitted to browse about somewhat more than a student is now. As I understand, it would not now be permitted to a student primarily in engi- neering to stray into a le6lure room and hear a lec- ture from some one in another field of learning. I used to like to go in and hear Dr. Cocker talk about moral philosophy, nominally, but really about many other subje6ls as well, and he turned out to be one of the [ 133 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN best teachers of physics I ever had. It was by him that I was introduced for the first time to that master work on natural philosophy by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Tait, well known as The Principia of the Nine- teenth Century to students of mathematico-physical science. Strange as it may seem, I was induced to study this great work by Dr. Cocker. I used to stray rather frequently, also, into the law le6lure room. There were a number of notable men there. It was a source of inspiration to walk in the shadow of Professor Campbell. He seemed to be the noblest Roman of them all, a sort of glorified Marcus Aurelius.In this group there was the critical Walker, who when we were freshmen explained to us that, smart as we might think ourselves when we came up to the University, we should probably find here other fellows who were a good deal smarter. That was a most excellentcaution,and turned out to be true in my own case. Then there was the philosophic Kent. I have since had the pleasure of meeting him professionally and socially. He always in the old days seemed to typify the Sphinx. I imagine that if he had presented himself before the Sphinx, this solemn figure would have winked at him and said, *'You're another," as the Sphinx is said to have done in the case of Emer- son. Judge Cooley, also, was a most remarkable man, whom I came to know better when he went to Wash- ington as head of the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion. He seemed to me the most capable executive I had ever met. He could accomplish results by the mere turn of his hand. Over in the Medical Depart- ment there were also remarkable men. Some of you [ 134 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER will understand me when I say that after having had some experience in the business of exposition, and after having heard many of the leading expositors of America as well as of Europe, Ford was easily the best expositor I have met. Then there was Palmer, very effe61:ive in the combative controversy of his day, along with many others whom it was a source of delight to hear. There is one other man whom I should like to mention. I have reserved him to the last because he is more nearly in my own line. I refer to the facile Watson. Through Watson has descended in Amer- ica from the greater Briinnow the present generation of men who represent one of the two distin6lively American schools of astronomers. Perhaps most of you are not aware that in the science of astronomy, including all its branches, Americans have been the leaders for more than fifty years. Two schools have been founded in America, the first by Professor Ben- jamin Peirce of Harvard University and the second by Professor Briinnow of this University. It was Briinnow who introduced in America before i860 the methods of the illustrious Gauss and the incom- parable Bessel, the German astronomers who laid the foundations of modern spherical and observa- tional astronomy. From Briinnow are descended dire6lly some of the most distinguished American astronomers. Among his first students were Asaph Hall, the discoverer of the moons of Mars; C. A. Young, long professor of astronomy at Dartmouth and Princeton ; the veteran meteorologist, Cleveland Abbe; and De Volson Wood, already referred to. Of [ ^s5 ;] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN the men of the present generation who can trace their astronomical lineage dire6lly or indirectly to Wat- son are several dire6tors of observatories, namely, Snyder of the Philadelphia Observatory, Doolittle of the Flower Observatory, Comstock of the Washburn Observatory, Campbell of the Lick Observatory, and Hussey of the Detroit Observatory of this Univer- sity. Many others of Watson's pupils have won dis- tinction in astronomical theory or its pra6f ical appli- cations, especially in the government surveys. Among others in this line of work, if I were to go through the list, I might dare to include myself, if I had not recently degenerated from this high science to be- come a mere man of affairs. These are typical of the instructors we had in the good old days of forty years ago, and it is no exag- geration to say that there has been a long line of such men in this University, and that they have made the University what it is. Some of us are old enough, also, to remember the wonderful material and intellectual progress made during the last forty years, since the graduation of the class of 1872, and how favorable have been the circumstances for the great development of this Uni- versity, taking part as it has in the progress of the last half of the nineteenth century. It has been asserted that greater progress was made in that century by our race than in all previous history. But the greatest of all the influences behind the University is to be found in the great men among its Faculties. Judging, then, from the progress of the past, I think we may predict with great confidence that the State and the C 136 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER Regents and all favorable influences will continue to stand behind the University, and that our Alma Mater will go forward to still greater achievements in the future. PRESIDENT HUTCHINS It gives me pleasure to present as the next speaker the distinguished head of a sister institution of learn- ing, Dr. Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, the President of Lafayette College. PRESIDENT ETHELBERT DUDLEY WARFIELD, LL.D. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: One must needs feel himself at a great disadvantage this after- noon who does not speak as a graduate or former pro- fessor of the University of Michigan. I have greatly enjoyed the fellowship of this notable occasion, and have been profoundly impressed with the genius of the place as it has been unfolded. Though I have no title to any part in the fruitful past which has been so vividly recalled, and am only a looker-on in the University to-day, I have felt — I feel now — no stran- ger in your midst. Though in every respe6l repre- sentative of other institutions, I have the keenest ap- preciation of the unity of purpose and of feeling which binds American universities together. I like to recall that Lafayette College was founded by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians in a Pennsylvania German commu- nity and named for a Roman Catholic Frenchman. I may perhaps be pardoned on so informal an occasion as this if I make a more personal reference, and say that I by inheritance share in a peculiar degree that [ 137 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN pioneer chara6ler which is one of the chief marks and highest glories of your University. I am descended from a man who was called from the class-room of old William and Mary to a seat in the Virginia le- gislature at the crisis of the Revolution. He later on went to Kentucky, became a trustee of Transylvania Academy, which on January i , 1 800, became Tran- sylvania University, one of the first of that noble company which have brought the gathered know- ledge of all the ages to the service of the New W^est. You have heard of the man who had large pos- sessions in heaven — but all in the name of his wife. So when I turn to New England is it with me. But I am glad that my children claim descent from two men who in the old colony days subscribed, the one ten bushels of" Indian corn " and the other three, "to build the new brick college at Cambridge." It is a satisfaftion to me to feel that in the house- hold of the president of a Pennsylvania college so many strains meet together, and that each with the spirit of the pioneer brings a faith in the power of in- telle6lual and moral culture to elevate society and energize man. Most of all I rejoice to recall that the sacrifices made by those far-seeing patriots were not in vain. The gifts for the building of the new brick college at Cambridge were as much "seed-corn" as any planted in the fields of the old Bay State, and the fruitage has been surer, fuller, and more precious to the people. All of the men who opened up the way sowed in faith, and faith as well as wisdom is justi- fied of her children. The founders were apostles of liberty, and they [ 138 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER had set their trust in the behef that it is truth that makes us free. The liberty which they loved was in- separable from law, from order, from morals, and from religion. They delighted to trace its sources to many springs, and they trusted that its combined flood flowed on to a very wide ocean. I count myself happy on this occasion not only to be the guestof the University, but within the precin6ls of one who so fully represents the warmth and the beauty, the fascination and the power, of those ele- ments of learning which belong to classic antiquity. Himself a freeman of those mighty states which shaped the laws of thought and condu6l for us, Pro- fessor D'Ooge has made generation after generation of Michigan boys and girls feel the life that throbs to-day in the institutions and the principles of a world that is as much descended from Greece and Rome as we are from English and German forbears. The winds that moved the waters of the ^^gean still stir old memories for us, quite as much as those that rus- tled amid the reeds of Runnymede,the primeval pines of Plymouth, or the oaks of our western forests. This pride of ancestry may lay us open to the sus- picion of being aristocrats — a fearsome thing in view of all we hear to-day. I love the name of democrat, but I confess I praise the vocation of the aristocrat. In this as in all else we need to distinguish the good and the bad — even as with " Trusts." Not all demo- crats are equally admirable, nor yet all aristocrats enemies of the Republic. Our colleges certainly have aristocratic leanings. See how the boys and girls come flocking in, not that they may be brought to a com- THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN mon level, not that they may swell a numerical ma- jority, — and yet if the University of Michigan con- tinues to grow at the present pace, it will not be long before the one fixed majority in the State will be one of Michigan graduates. Go to the football field ; see how earnestly the players contend for the " M/' the coveted symbol — not of democracy, but of aris- tocracy. Come to the class-room, and mark the men who are sought out all the world over to train and teach the youth of to-day for the services of to-mor- row. Are they chosen as representatives of the long levels of life and learning, or of the soaring heights of knowledge or wisdom ? Who are the men whom a great nation still delights to hail as its representa- tives .f* Are they types of its majorities, or the happy exceptions from the limitations that press upon the masses of men.^* Are they not, one and all, the men who by the graceofchara6ler, of industry, of achieve- ment; by the consummate, synthetic grace of graces, the grace of God, are the aristocracy — "the best men".'* He is in my judgment the best democrat who sees clearly that the best fruit of democracy is a true aristocracy — an aristocracy not of ancestry, nor of privilege, nor of office, nor of wealth, but an aris- tocracy of chara6ler, of service, and of knowledge. Surely the glory of democracy is that it oflPers every incentive to each individual to become wiser, better, and more serviceable to self, society, and the state. I should like to pi6lure Democracy, unlike the old ideal of Justice with the bandaged eyes, as wide-eyed, with searching gaze, fearlessly facing every problem of life, social and scientific. Yet though I should wish [ 140 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER my Democracy to be unafraid to open its eyes in the face of all human things, I should like it to be un- ashamed to close them in the presence of Almighty God. Yes, though I would have Democracy proudly ere6l in the face of all men and all institutions, I would have the shoulders of Democracy ample enough and humble enough for any and all burdens. And, in this presence, let Democracy remain teachable. Shall we not after all represent our triumphant Democracy best with a book, a microscope, and a scientific bal- ance — learning; seeking truth rather than power.? At any rate,here they come, the boys and girls, the men and women of to-morrow, who, trained, as no generation before them ever was, in the great free universities of our land, are bent upon being and doing what is best for America and the world. Out of it all I dare hope for an aristocracy of condu6l,of wisdom, and of faith, controlling, dire6f ing, and in- spiring the progress of this beloved Republic. We sometimes say that those who gave their little gifts to found our College builded better than they knew. Let us do them more ample justice. Let us recognize that their wisdom and their faith is our greatest endowment. Had their faith been no bigger than their purses, this had been a poor land indeed. And in what joy the alumni return to these celebra- tions. It seems but yesterday since Lafayette had its seventy-fifth anniversary. I see again the old men comeback in all the vigor of an immortal youth — the springtime of the spirit of man. What trophies did they bring with them, honorable alike to their Alma Mater and themselves. How beautiful it was — how C 141 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN beautiful and how inspiring. Let us look forward to a yet higher reunion time, when all the college men and women shall come with trophies of service in their hands to that house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. Then, as now, shall we hear sweet tales of wise and gentle deeds, and the oft repeated " Well done, good and faithful servant/' PRESIDENT HUTCHINS As Professor D'Ooge has said to you, we have with us this afternoon one of the few surviving members of the Faculty that served under the first President of the University. I am sure you would not forgive me if I brought these exercises to a close without giv- ing you an opportunity to hear a few words from the Honorable Andrew D. White. THE HONORABLE ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, LL.D. When I yesterday again entered this campus, which is fraught to me with many of the most delightful mem- ories of my life, I felt, in spite of my eighty years, rather a young man. To-day that feeling is somewhat changed, for I seem to myself much like a student of ancient Memphis or Thebes who had lived long enough to blunder into an Athenian school of the time of Pericles. In my service here I antedate every one of you, including President Angell. My le61:ures in this University were delivered in the days when Dr. Tappan used once a year to visit the State Legisla- ture, and in his most eloquent speechesto demonstrate to that body that Michigan was a great State, not by virtue of her lakes or her copper mines, neither of C 142 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER which were created by her, but by virtue of this Uni- versity, which she had nominally created. And I remember his final address, which he ended with these words, — " Gentlemen of the Legislature, I now leave you; I shall never set foot in this capitol again. You have insultingly refused, as you have generally refused, to grant the University a dollar. I wait for a better time, which I distin611y foresee, a time when better men than you will occupy the seats which you now hold — better men who are now my boys at the University." Especially was it borne in upon my mind this morn- ing that I was not quite so young as I thought myself a day or two ago. For as I looked into the faces of those hundreds of splendid young men who came up to receive their degrees, I began making a calcula- tion, and to my surprise discovered that I had looked into the faces of student graduating classes on at least sixty similar occasions, and that on twenty of these occasions I myself had placed diplomas in the hands of ingenuous youth about to go forth into the battle of life. The sight of these young faces aroused in me a thought which had come to me more than once be- fore. It related to a very eminent and revered priest in the city of Rome, St. Filippo Neri, who in the days of Queen Elizabeth was wont, as an old man, to go and sit by the door of the missionary college at Rome, that he might see the students entering and depart- ing, and who, when some one asked him why it was that he lingered every day in that place, said, " I wish to feast my eyes on those martyrs yonder." "Those martyrs" were going forth to the Eng- THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN land of Queen Elizabeth, in the expe6lation of a cruel death for high treason, and everyone of them gloried in it. It was with a feeling akin to that which was in San Filippo's mind and heart that I looked into the faces of many who went forth from their graduation here in my day, fifty years ago, — at the Commencement of 1 862. They went forth into the Civil War to fight for their country, — many of them to lay down their lives for it. There were among them some of the noblest and most gifted youth I have ever known, and I recall here especially the names of Frederick Arn and Albert Nye, names which the University of Michigan should not willingly let die. They certainly ought to be inscribed in yonder beautiful Memorial Building, not, indeed, so much for their own glory as for the glory of the University. For they were in the truest sense martyrs, — martyrs to liberty and to the perpetuity of their country. But of those who are graduated in these days few, if any, I trust, go forth to become martyrs. My hope is that they go forth to become heroes, — heroes and vi6lors in the steady warfare against unreason which must be waged in our country at all times; against unreasoning conservatism and unreasoning radical- ism, and in favor of measures constru61:ive rather than destru61:ive, — evolution rather than revolution. I would speak to those going forth now and here in this wise: "Those predecessors of yours in the Civil War period went forth to die for their country. You graduates of these days should go forth to live for your country , determined to fight all those who at the C 144 ] THE COMMENCEMENT DINNER call of self-interest, or notoriety, or the lust of power, or the claims of faction, are really enemies of our country." There stands yonder on your University grounds a monument to one of the pupils of Thomas Arnold of Rugby, that renowned thinker and teacher, who, at Rugby school, prepared many of his scholars to take their places among the greatest statesmen and lead- ers of thought in Great Britain. I remember that when I first came upon this campus — the youngest mem- ber of the Faculty — this monument was an inspira- tion to me. It glorified this institution to me, and it gave me new hopes and new faith that the Univer- sity of Michigan had a great destiny and would be a centre from which would radiate powerful influences for the enrichment, the enlightenment, and the en- noblement of this country and of mankind. You young men and women of to-day go forth into a struggle as real and as vital as that of the Civil War. May you prove to be as patriotic, as valiant, and as self-sacrificing as your predecessors of that glorious period. As I have looked into your faces to-day there has come over me, as on various similar occasions before, a feeling of wonder and of awe. For you are to see things which we older men dream of, but shall never see. You are to know the outcome, for good or evil, of ideas, experiments, struggles, tendencies, which we shall never know. You are to acclaim great men whose names we shall never hear. We, about to pass into silence, salute you. May you be worthy of your Alma Mater and of your country. C 145 ] UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES PARTICIPATING IN THE CELEBRATION AND THEIR OFFICIAL DELEGATES UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES PARTICIPATING IN THE CELEBRATION AND THEIR OFFICIAL DELEGATES Harvard University: Melville Madison Bigelow, ph.d., ll.d. University of Pennsylvania: Josiah Harmar Penniman, PH.D., LL.D., Vice-Provost Princeton University: Professor Duane Reed Stuart, ph.d. Columbia University: Professor Calvin Thomas, a.m., ll.d. Rutgers College: Howard Elting, b.sc. Dartmouth College: Professor Frank Haigh Dixon, ph.d. Dickinson College: Merrill James Holdeman, ph.b. University of Pittsburgh : Chancellor Samuel Black McCormick, D.D., ll.d. University of Vermont: Professor Marbury Bladen Ogle, ph.d. Williams College: Reverend Henry Tatlock, d.d. Miami University: Professor Elmer Ellsworth Powell, ph.d. Colgate University: Professor Robert Webber Moore, ph.b. University of Virginia: Professor Albert Henry Tuttle, a.b., m.sc. Indiana University: Professor Charles McGuffey Hepburn, a.b., ll.b., ll.d. HoBART College: Dean William Pitt Durfee, ph.d. Kenyon College: Professor Jacob Streibert, ph.d. Western Reserve University: Professor Benjamin Parsons Bour- land, PH.D. University of Toronto: Professor James Playfair McMurrich, PH.D. New York University: Chancellor Elmer Ellsworth Brown, ph.d.. C 149 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Lafayette College: President Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, ll.d. Haverford College: Professor Joseph Lybrand Markley, ph.d., of the Univerfiity of Michigan Oberlin College: Professor Fred Eugene Leonard, a.m., m.d. Marietta College: Reverend Arthur Granville Beach, a.b., b.d. Mount Holyoke College: Professor Ellen Clarinda Hinsdale, PH.D. Knox College: President Thomas McClelland, d.d. De Pauw University: Assistant Professor Warren Washburn Flo- rer, ph.d., of the University of Michigan U>nvERSiTY OF Missouri: President Albert Ross Hill, ll.d.. Pro- fessor Earle Raymond Hedrick, ph.d., Guy Lincoln Noyes, m.d., Superintendent of the University Hospital Queen's University: Dean William Stewart Ellis, a.b., b.sc. University of Notre Dame: President John William Cavanaugh, c.s.c, d.d. Ohio Wesleyan University: Professor Richard Taylor Stevenson, PH.D., D.D. Beloit College: President Edward Dwight Eaton, d.d. Grinnell College: Professor Henry Carter Adams, ph.d., ll.d., of the University of Michigan Earlham College: Professor Arthur Matthew Charles, b.s., a.m. University of Iowa: Professor Albert Moore Barrett, m.d., of the University of Michigan University of Wisconsin : Professor George Cary Comstock, ll.b., ll.d., sc.d. University of Rochester: Professor Henry Fairfield Burton, a.m., LL.D. Butler College: President Thomas Carr Howe, ph.d. Northwestern University: Professor James Alton James, ph.d. LIST OF DELEGATES Tufts College: Dean Lee Sullivan McCoUester, d.d. Michigan State Normal College: Professor Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge, PH.D. Hillsdale College: President Joseph William Mauck, a.m., ll.d. Kalamazoo College: Professor Ernest Alanson Balch, ph.d. Michigan Agricultural College : President Jonathan Le Moyne Snyder, PH.D., ll.d. University of California: Professor Armin Otto Leuschner, PH.D., SC.D. Albion College: Professor Delos Fall, sc.d., ll.d. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Professor George Washington Patterson, ph.d., of the University of Michigan Vassar College: Miss Winnifred Josephine Robinson, b.pd., b.s., A.M. University of Washington: Professor Frank Marion Morrison, A.B. University of Maine: Professor Le Roy Han-is Harvey, b.s., PH.D., of the Western State Normal School Washburn College: Professor Willoughby Deuel Boughton, a.b. Lehigh University: President Henrj^ Sturgis Drinker, e.m., ll.d. University of Kansas: Dean Lucius Elmer Sayre, b.s., ph.m. University of Wooster: Dean Elias Compton, ph.d. West Virginia University: President Thomas Edward Hodges, D.sc, ll.d. Cornell University : Professor Jeremiah Whipple Jenks, ph.d., ll.d. University of Minnesota: President George Edgar Vincent, ph.d., LL.D. University of Nebraska : Professor Olenus Lee Sponsler, a.b. Purdue University: Professor Thomas Francis Moran, ph.d. C 151 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SwARTHMORE CoLLEGE: Profcssor Walter Dennison, ph.d. Ohio State University: President William Oxley Thompson, D.D., LL.D., Dean Joseph Villiers Denney, a.m., Professor George Wells Knight, ph.d. Vanderbilt University : Professor Campbell Bonner, ph.d., ©/"f/je University of Michigan Wellesley College: Professor Angie Clara Chapin, m.a. Johns Hopkins University: Ralph Van Deman Magoffin, ph.d,, Associate Lake Forest University: Professor Frederick Wiley Stevens, b.s. Radcliffe College : Miss Maiy Louisa Hinsdale, a.m. Rose Polytechnic Institute: Professor Frank Casper Wagner, A.M., B.s. University of North Dakota: David Lewis Dunlap, b.s., m.d.. Director of Athletics University of Texas: Frank Burr Marsh, ph.d. Michigan College of Mines : President Fred Walter McNair, b.s., d.sc. University of Wyoming: Professor Arthur Emmons Bellis, a.b., M.S. Alma College: Professor John Thomas Ewing, a.m. University of Nevada : Professor James Edward Church, Jr., ph.d. The Catholic University of America : Right Reverend Edward Dennis Kelly, d.d., Auxiliari/ Bishop of Detroit Leland Stanford Junior University : Professor Ephraim Doug- lass Adams, ph.d. College of the Pacific: Nathan William MacChesney, a.b., ll.b. University of Chicago: Dean James Rowland Angell, a.m., Pro- fessor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, a.m., ll.b. University of Montana: Miss M.nry Stewart, Dean of JTomen C 152 ] LIST OF DELEGATES Western State Normal School: Professor William McCracken, PH.D. University of Florida: Professor Edmund Charles Dickinson, j.d., Professor Herbert Govert Keppel, ph.d. Northern State Normal School: President James Hamilton Kay e, A.M. [ ^53 ] PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK INCLUDING SOME UNOFFICIAL EVENTS OF INTEREST SUNDAY, JUNE TWENTY-THIRD 8 P.M. Baccalaureate Exercises in University Hall. Prelude: Orgel Hymne Piutti Anthem: "Die Strain Uprahe SUmlfi/ Reading of Scripture and Prayer Solo : 'llic Lord is my f^hephcrd Lidddl MK. WII I.IAM IIOWLAND Baccalaureate Address, by the Right Reverend Ciiari.es SuMNKK liuKCH, D.i)., SuflVagan llisliop ol' New York Doxology Benediction Postlude: Hallelujah Chorus Handel MONDAY, JUNE TWENTY-FOURTH 2.30 P.M. Class Day Exercises of the Department of Law in University Hall. 4 P.M. Baseball Game. Pennsylvania versus Michigan at Ferry Field. 8 I'.M. The Alcestis of Eurij^ides presented in English by the WoMF.N OF THE Seniou Class in front of Alinnni Me- morial Hall, with music by Professor Albert Augustus Stanley. TUESDAY, JUNE TWENTY-FIFTH 10 A.M. Class Day Exercises of the Department of Litera- ture, Science, and the Arts at the Band Stand. Class Day Exercises of the Department of Engineering in the Engineering Court. c '.07 : THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 2.30 P.M. Undergraduate Celebration. Procession of Stu- dent Campus Organizations in Costume. 3.30 P.M. Entertainment tendered by the Undergraduates, under the Management of the Michigan Union, in the Pavilion. 7 P.M. Open-air Concert by the University Musical Clubs in the Band Stand. 8.30 P.M. Senior Reception and Ball in the Gymnasiums. Smoker in Honor of Delegates from other Institutions, tendered by the University Club, at their Quarters in Alumni Memorial Hall. WEDNESDAY, JUNE TWENTY-SIXTH COMMEMORATION DAY 8.15 A.M. Ceremony of Hoisting the Flag. 9 A.M. Academic Procession. 10 A.M. Commemoration Exercises, in Honor of the Sev- enty-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Univer- sity, in the Pavilion. Overture: Oberon von Weber Prayer, by the Right Reverend Charles Sumner Burch, D.D., Suffragan Bishop of New York The Commemoration Address, by the Honorable Law- rence Maxwell, ll.d. Congratulatory Addresses : Representing Endowed Universities: Chancellor Elmer Ellsworth Brown, ll.d.. New York University Representing Michigan State Colleges: President Joseph William Mauck, ll.d., Hillsdale College Representing State Universities: President William Ox- ley Thompson, d.d., ll.d., Ohio State University Music: Pilg'nms' Chorus Wagner L 158 ] PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK Benedidion, by the Reverend Arthur William Stalker, d.d. March: Tlie Fidors Elbel 1 P.M. Alumni Luncheon in Barbour Gymnasium. President's Luncheon in Honor of the Official Dele- gates, in the University Library. 2.30 P.M. Meeting of the University Alumni Association in Alumni Memorial Hall. 3.30 P.M. Procession of Alumni and Undergraduates to Ferry Field. 4 P.M. Baseball Game. Pennsylvania versus Michigan at Ferry Field. 6 P.M. Class Dinners. 8 P.M. Illumination of the Campus. Senior Promenade. Open-air Concert by the Band of the 26th Infantry, U.S.A. 9 P.M. Senate Reception in Alumni Memorial Hall. THURSDAY, JUNE TWENTY-SEVENTH COMMENCEMENT DAY 8.15 A.M. Ceremony of Hoisting the Flag. 9 A.M. Academic Procession. 10 A.M. Commencement Exercises in the Pavilion. Prayer, by the Right Reverend Edward Dennis Kelly, D.D., Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit The Commencement Address, by Professor Jeremiah Whipple Jenks, ll.d. Conferring of Degrees Music: The University Glee Club Benedi6tion, by the Reverend Henry Tatlock, D.D. 1 P.M. Commencement Dinner in Waterman Gymnasium. HONORARY i)1':(;rI':i:s HONORARY DEGREES VOTED BY THE BOARD OF REGENTS, APRIL 25 AND MAY 24, AND CONFERRED AT COMMENCEMENT, JUNE 27, 1912 BY vote of the Senate Council and the Board of Regents, the honorary degrees conferred this year were confined to graduates of the University and former members of the University Senate. I THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF LAWS as of designated classes Harry EIldridge King A member of the Ohio Bar, as of the class of 1883. Harry Compton Davis A member of the Michigan Bar, as of the class of 1877. The Honorable Clement McDonald Smith Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of Michigan, as of the class of 1867. II THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS AS OF designated CLASSES Lincoln MacMillan Financial Editor of the Chicago Record- Herald, as of the class of 1890. Frederick Hampden Bacon A member of the Missouri Bar, as of the class of 1871. Ill THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Doctor James Craven Wood Surgeon and author, and formerly a member of the Faculty of the Homoeopathic Medical College of the University of Michigan. [ 163 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Eugene Clarence Warriner Of the class of 1891, a man of recognized force and effedtiveness in the field of secondary education. James Hamilton Kaye Of the class of 1892, the efficient President of the Northern Michi- gan State Normal School. Doctor Herman Prinz Of the class of 1896, College of Dental Surgery, distinguished as dental scientist and author. Doctor Otto Landman Of the class of 1884, Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, and of the class of 1887, Department of Medicine and Sur- gery, known for his contributions to the science of ophthalmology. Doctor Harold Gifford Of the class of 1882, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pro- fessor of Ophthalmology in the University of Nebraska, and an original worker in the field of his specialty. Clarence Ashley Lightner Of the class of 1883, a member of the State Board of Law Exam- iners, who has rendered valuable service in the way of raising the standards of legal education. David Emil Heineman Of the class of 1887, a public-spirited citizen and loyal alumnus, who has done much to advance the interests of his Alma Mater. Robert Patterson Lamont Of the class of 1891, Department of Engineering, who has achieved marked success as an engineer and later as a leader in great com- mercial enterprises. Mrs. Madelon Stockwell Turner Of the class of 1872, the first woman to enter the University of Michigan, who by her poise and dignity and scholarship con- quered at once what by many were thought to be insurmountable obstacles. Professor Joseph Baker Davis Of the class of 1868, in service for forty years in the Faculty of C 164 J HONORARY DEGREES the University of Michigan, honored and loved by all who sat under him. IV THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF SCIENCE ELdward Allen Fay Of the class of 1862, educator, editor, one of the foremost Dante scholars in this country, and historian of American schools for the deaf. Doctor John Elmer Weeks Of the class of 1881, Department of Medicine and Surgery, now Professor of Ophthalmology in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, joint discoverer of the Koch- Weeks bacillus. Doctor John Jacob Abel Of the class of 1883, Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics in the Department of Medicine and Surgery of this Univer- sity from 1891 to 1893, now Professor of Pharmacology in Johns Hopkins University, distinguished for his researches and original contributions. Doctor Henry Sewall Professor of Physiology in this University from 1882 to 1889, now Professor of Physiology in the University of Colorado, whose re- search on immunization to the venom of the rattlesnake, done while a Professor in this University, laid the foundation for the discov- ery of diphtheria antitoxin. Bryant Walker Of the class of 1876, a man who, though a busy lawyer, has found the time to make himself well and favorably known for his pub- lished work on molluscs, a world authority on the group. Charles Francis Brush Of the class of 1869, Department of Engineering, the earliest pio- neer in the field of eledric lighting, inventor of modem arc eledlric lighting, honored many times at home and abroad for his scientific achievements. C 165 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN V THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING George Henry Benzenberg Of the class of 1867, Department of Engineering, Past President of the American Society of Civil Engineers, a noted authority on the construdlion of water works, distinguished civil engineer and citizen, Cornelius Donovan Of the class of 1872, Department of Engineering, a profound stu- dent of river hydraulics, a faithful servant of the United States GoveiTiment for thirty-eight years, and distinguished as the builder of the great jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. VI THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF LAWS Doctor William Henry Howell Of Johns Hopkins Universit)^ Professor of Histology and Physi- ology in the University of Michigan from 1890 to 1892, distin- guished teacher and investigator, a physiologist of the first rank. Right Reverend Charles Sumner Burch Of the class of 1875, Suffragan Bishop of New York, a man of liberal culture, wide experience, and broad sympathies, whose effec- tiveness as preacher, organizer, and administrator has received fre- quent and conspicuous recognition. Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin Of the class of 1882, for many years a member of the historical staff of his Alma Mater, now Professor and Head of the Depart- ment of History in the University of Chicago, a distinguished teacher, whose published contributions have placed him in the front rank of American historical scholars. Doctor James Playfair McMurrich For thirteen years Professor of Anatomy in the University of Michigan, now Professor of Anatomy in the University of Toronto, distinguished as a teacher and for learned contributions to the sciences of Biology and Anatomy. C l«6 ] HONORARY DEGREES Professor Floyd Russell Mechem For ten years Tappan Professor of Law in the University of Mich- igan, now a member of the Faculty of Law of the University of Chicago, a teacher of great originality and power and a produ6tive legal scholar, whose published works have received general and merited recognition. Henry Smith Carhart For o^'er twenty years Professor of Physics in the University of Michigan, now a worthy recipient of the honors of the Carnegie Foundation, distinguished as scholar and author and for his ser- vice in the cause of international eledrical units and standards of measurement. Melville Madison Bigelow A graduate of the University of Michigan in the class of 1866, dis- tinguished as a teacher of law and for his researches and published work, particularly in the fields of jurisprudence and legal history. Robert Simpson Woodward A graduate of the University of Michigan in the class of 1872, since 1905 the President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, engineer, astronomer, geographer, physicist, a renowned investi- gator of problems in the solution of which the whole world is in- terested. Doctor James Burrill Angell Scholar, journalist, diplomatist, orator, university president, a man whom we all love and honor, whose distinguished services to State and Nation, and particularly to this University during the many years when he so wisely shaped its policy and guarded its interests, call for the highest recognition that can be accorded. n 167 ] AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION AT a meeting of the Board of Regents on Septem- J^\^ ber 28, 1911, Regent Bulkley, having called attention to the fa61; that the year 1912 would mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the University, secured the adoption of the following resolution : JFhereaSy The year 1912 is the seventy-fifth anniversary of the foundation of the University of Michigan, therefore, be it Resolved: That the President of the University be requested to ask the University Senate, the Alumni Association, and the Michigan Union to cooperate with the Regents in devel- oping plans for a proper celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of the University. On 06lober 23,1911, the University Senate accepted the invitation of the Board of Regents to cooperate in the celebration, and authorized President Hutchins to appoint a committee of seven to take the matter under consideration and also to confer with the Regents. The Senate suggested that the celebration be held not earher than Commencement week of 1912, and, if possible, in conne6lion with the opening of the Hill Auditorium. Three days later the Board authorized the appointment of two Regents to constitute a com- mittee of conference, and the President subsequently named Regents Bulkley and Beal to serve as such a committee. The committee appointed to prepare plans for the celebration reported to the Board of Regents on Jan- uary 26, 1912, as follows: C '71 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN To the Honorable Board of Regents : The committee author- ized by your Board to co5perate with the Regents in devel- oping plans for a proper celebration of the Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the University, met January 5, 1912, with the following members present: President Hutchins, Re- gent Beal, Regent Bulkley, Dean Reed, Dean Cooley, Dr. Vaughan, Dean Bates, Dr. Hoff, Dr. Hinsdale ; also Judge Lane, and Mr. Shaw, representing the Alumni Association, and Professor Bursley and Mr. Wells, representing the Union. This committee appointed a sub-committee of five, consisting of the President, Regent Beal, Dean Vaughan, Dean Cooley, and Secretary Smith, to prepare and present a tentative plan for the celebration. This sub-committee met Saturday, January 6, and prepared a report which was pre- sented to the general committee at its next meeting, January 10, when it was adopted with certain modifications. The committee begs leave to present herewith to your honorable body this plan as finally approved by the general committee. The recommendations of the committee are as follows : {a) It is the sense of this committee that the celebration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the University of Mich- igan be confined to Commencement week, June 23 to 27, 1912, inclusive. {b) That there be three principal addresses, — one on Sunday of Commencement week in place of the Baccalau- reate sermon, one on Wednesday, and one on Commence- ment day, the last being the Commencement oration ; that the question of speakers be left to the committee on invita- tions with power. [c] That invitations be sent in accordance with the fol- lowing resolution : Resolved: That an invitation to send an official delegate be extended to all state universities of this country and all [ 172 ] AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION other universities and colleges of the first rank (in accord- ance with A Classification of Universities and Colleges as issued by the United States Bureau of Education in 1911), in the Western Hemisphere and United States ' possessions, and to all colleges in the State of Michigan. (d) That all Class Day exercises during Commencement week be confined to Monday and Tuesday, and that Wednes- day, June 26, be designated as Commemoration Day. The following programme for the day is recommended: 1. Procession on the Campus, starting at 9 o'clock a.m., and exercises in University Hall to be completed in time for luncheon. 2. A special reception and luncheon, provided for by the following resolutions : Resolved: That a special luncheon, to be called the Presi- dent's Reception and Luncheon, be provided on Wednes- day of Commemoration Day. Resolved: That for this reception and luncheon the com- mittee extend invitations to the official delegates, the spe- cially invited guests, the Governor of the State, the Presi- dent, the Regents, the Deans, and the ladies of their families. Resolved: That the delegates be received at the Presi- dent's Reception and Luncheon by the Governor, the Re- gents, the President, and the Administrative Officers of the University. 3. Alumni meeting in the early afternoon. 4. The latter part of the afternoon to be devoted to re- unions, a ball game, automobile trips, and the like. 5. Class dinners from 6 to 8 o'clock. 6. From 8 to 9 o'clock illumination of the campus, and an open-air concert, the Glee Club also to furnish music, if desired. In case of inclement weather the illumination to be omitted in part and the concert to be given in University Hall. 7. From 9 to 11 o'clock Senate Reception in Memorial Hall. C 173 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ('ngology in the Department of Medicine and Surgery Henry Foster Adams, ph.d., Instructor in Psychology James Elmer Harris, ph.d.. Instructor in General and Physical Chemistry Jesse Talbot Littleton, ph.d., Instructor in Physics Solomon Francis Gingerich, ph.d.. Instructor in English [ 210 ] REGENTS AND FACULTIES Berthold Bertrand Grunwald, dipl. inc., Instrudor in Chemi- cal Engineering George McDonald McConkey, Instrudor in Architedure Harold Ford French, b.s. (c.e.), Instrudor in Engineering Me- chanics WiNFiELD Scott Hubbard, ph.d,, Instrudlor in Pharmacy Whiting Alden, a.b,, m.s.f.. Instructor in Forestry Leigh Jarvis Young, a.b., m.s.f., Instrudor in Forestry Mitchell Bennett Garrett, ph.d., Instrudor in History Roy Kenneth McAlpine, a.b., Instrudor in Analytical Chemistry Walter Robert Rathke, a.b., Instrudor in French and Spanish Abraham Manuel Fox, c.e., Instrudor in Descriptive Geometry and Drawing John Fay Wilson, b.s., Instrudor in Eledrical Engineering Burton George Grim, a.b., Instrudor in Rhetoric D. R. Scott, a.b., b.s., Instrudor in Political Economy DEMONSTRATORS AND ASSISTANTS George Slocum, m.d.. Demonstrator in Ophthalmology in the De- partment of Medicine and Surgery Conrad Georg, Jr., a.b., m.d.. Demonstrator of Surgery in the Department of Medicine and Surgery Theophile Klingmann, ph.c, m.d.. Demonstrator of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System in the Department of Medicine and Surgery Albert E. Wilson, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Technical Dentistry James Fleming Breakey, m.d.. Assistant in Dermatology in the De- partment of Medicine and Surgery Frederick Rice Waldron, ph.b., m.d.. First Assistant in Surgery in the Department of Medicine and Surgery C 21, ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Frances Jewett Dunbar, a.b., Assistant in Zoology James Gordon Gumming, m.d.. Assistant in Hygiene, in Charge of the Pasteur Institute Robert Gordon MacKenzie, a,b., m.d.. Second Assistant in Sur- gery in the Department of Medicine and Surgery Clara Bell Dunn, a.m.. Assistant in Rhetoric George Milton Kline, m.d.. Assistant in Psychiatry Elizabeth Dorothy Wuist, m.s.. Assistant in Botany Harry Wolven Crane, a.m.. Assistant in Sociology Almus a. Hale, Assistant in the Roentgen Laboratory and Clini- cal Photographer Eva Rawlings, m.d., Pathologist in the State Psychopathic Hos- pital Gladys Edna Topping, Laboratory Assistant in the State Psycho- pathic Hospital Harry Hrand Migerdich Malejan, a.b.. Assistant in Baderiology George Morris Curtis, a.m.. Assistant in Zoology and Histology Cecil Heyward Williams, a.m.. Teaching Assistant in German Evelyn Thayer Derry, Assistant in the Barbour Gymnasium George Lawrence Keenan, a.b.. Assistant in Botany George Eves, a.b.. Assistant in Oratory Horace Burrington Baker, b.s.. Assistant in Zoology Joseph Ralston Hayden, a.m., Assistant in American History John Hibbard Pettis, a.b., m.d.. Chief of the Surgical Clinic in the Department of Medicine and Surgery Charles Lee Washburn, m.d.. Demonstrator of Orthopedics in the Department of Medicine and Surgerj^ James Howard Agnew, a.m., m.d.. First Assistant in Internal Medi- cine in the Department of Medicine and Surgery C 212 ] REGENTS AND FACULTIES Carleton Ira Wood, a.b., Laboratory Assistant in Clinical Medi- cine in the Department of Medicine and Surgery George Stanley Rutherford, b.s., Teaching Assistant in General and Physical Chemistry Arthur Floyd Schlichting, ph.c. Assistant in Pharmacy Leonard Waterman, b.s., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy Frank Caleb Gates, a.b.. Assistant in Botany Howard Bligh Kinyon, m.d.. Assistant in Gynecology and Obstet- rics Joseph George Black, a.b.. Assistant in Oratory Thomas Earl Howard Black, a.b., Assistant in Oratory James Owen Perrine, a.b., Assistant in Physics Edith Anne Taylor, a.b.. Assistant in Rhetoric Fannie Bernice Biggs, a.b.. Assistant in Rhetoric Emory Walter Sink, a.b.. Assistant in Zoology Charles Herbert Rogers, ph.b., ph.c. Assistant in Pharmacy Arthur Randolph Ernst, ph.g., m.d.. Assistant in Internal Medi- cine in the Homoeopathic Medical College Phil Lewis Marsh, a.b.. Assistant in Histology Roy Webster Pryer, ph.c, b.s.. Assistant in Hygiene Chester Albert Struby, ph.c. Assistant in Hvgiene Charles George Sinclair, b.s.. Assistant in the Pasteur Institute William Allder Perkins, Assistant in Baderiology Chester Arthur Doty, b.s., Assistant in Physiological Chemistry Henry Lee Wenner, Jr., a.b.. Assistant in Physiology Daniel Cecil Post, m.d.. Third Assistant in Surgery in the De- partment of Medicine and Surgery Charles Reuben Lowe, m.d.. Assistant in Psychiatry [ 213 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SoBEi Ide, M.D., Laboratory Assistant in the Psychopathic Hospital Wayne Alexander Cochrane, m.d., Assistant in Ophthalmology in the Department of Medicine and Surger\' Ferris Nicholas Smith, a.b., m.d.. Assistant in Otolaryngology in the Department of Medicine and Surgery Alfred Lynn Ferguson, a.m., Teaching Assistant in General and Physical Chemistry Laurence Crane Johnson, b.s.. Teaching Assistant in General and Physical Chemistry Samuel Horner Regester,a.m., Teaching Assistant in General and Physical Chemistry Mark Edson Putnam, m.s.. Teaching Assistant in Organic Chem- istry Robert Lee Jickling, b.s.. Assistant in Organic Chemistry Bert Edwin Quick, a.b.. Assistant in Botany George Newton Fuller, a.m.. Assistant in History Margaret Atwell Stone, a.b.. Assistant in History Harold Edward Wiluams, a.b.. Assistant in American History Frank Clyde Cole, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry Roy Hampton Purdy, d.d.s., Demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry Earl F. Randolph, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry Alfred Edwin Lussky, a.m., Teaching Assistant in German George Bradford Corless, a.b.. Assistant in Mineralogy Lucien Helm Greathouse, a.b., Teaching Assistant in Analytical Chemistry Lesue Ernest Butterfield, a.b.. Assistant in Orator}^ Chester Hume Forsyth, a.m.. Teaching Assistant in Mathematics Russell Claudius Hussey, a.b.. Assistant in Geology Elizabeth Lockwood Thompson, a.b.. Assistant in Zoology [ 214 ] REGENTS AND FACULTIES George Waddell Snedecor, b.s., Assistant in Physics Louis Kossuth Oppitz, a.m., Assistant in Physics Otto Werner Bauer, b.e.e.. Assistant in Engineering Mechanics Ernest William Klatte, b.s. (c.e.), Assistant in Civil Engineer- ing Heinrich Wilhelm Albert Reye, a.b.. Assistant in Physiology Roy Hinman Holmes, a.b.. Assistant in English Mervin Kaufman Baer, a.b., m.s.f.. Assistant in Mechanical Engi- neering Matthew Rhodes Blish, b.m.e.. Assistant in Mechanical Engineer- ing Theodore Wilson Fowle, a.b., Assistant in Chemical Engineering Edwin Griffin Pierce, ph.b., Assistant in Chemical Engineering Ray Holley Baldwin, a.b.. Assistant in History Reed Chambers, b.s.. Assistant in Baderiology Fay Goodcell Clark, a.b., Assistant in Forestry Leroy Melville Coffin, b.s.. Assistant in Mathematics CoRYDEN Patten Cronk, b.s.. Assistant in Forestry Lewis Ernest Daniels, b.s.. Assistant in Forestry Edward Shutts George, d.d.s.. Demonstrator of Clinical Den- tistry George Wellman Hess, a.m., Assistant in Mathematics Herbert Frederick Lindsay, b.s., Assistant in Forestry Frank Benjamin MacMullen, m.d.. Assistant in Ophthalmology in the Homoeopathic Medical College Norman William Scherer, b.s., Assistant in Botany George Lawrence Verplanke, m.d., Assistant in Surgery in the Homoeopathic Medical College Grace Schwendler Davis, a.b.. Assistant in Latin C 215 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN FELLOWS WITH DUTIES OF ASSISTANTS James Henry Baxter, a.b., Fellow in Mathematics Sarah Davina McKay, a.b., Fellow in Psychology Gilbert Hawthorne Taylor, a.b.. Fellow in Latin Lambert Thorpe, b.s.. Fellow in Chemistry Fred Burkhardt Wahr, a.b.. Fellow in German Clarence Jay West, b.s.. Fellow in Chemistry NON-RESIDENT LECTURERS ON SPECIAL TOPICS FOR 1911-1912 John Bertrand Clayberg, ll.b., Lefturer on Mining Law and on Irrigation Law Frank Fremont Reed, a.b., Ledurer on Copyright Law Albert Henry Walker, ll.b., Ledlurer on Patent Law and the Law of Trademarks Dallas Boudeman, m.s., Ledurer on Statute Law Milton Tate Watson, d.d.s., Ledurer on Orthodontia Edward Sidney Rogers, ll.b., Ledurer on Copp-ight Law Lawrence Maxwell, ll.d., Ledurer on Legal Ethics Oscar Russell Long, m.d., Ledurer on Mental Diseases (in the Homoeopathic Medical College) OssiAN Cole Simonds, c.e., Ledurer on Landscape Gardening Frank Leverett, b.s., Ledurer on Glacial Geology Roland Craten Allen, a.m., Ledurer on Geology Bert J. Denman, b.s. (c.e.), Ledurer on Eledrical Engineering Chalmers J. Lyons, d.d.s., Ledurer on Clinical Dentistry George Lewis Canfield, a.b., Ledurer on Admiralty Law C 216 3 REGENTS AND FACULTIES Herbert Hutchinson Harper, d.d.s., Ledurer on Clinical Den- tistry Clarence Ashley Lightner, a.b,, Ledurer on Medical Jurispru- dence NON-RESIDENT INSTRUCTORS IN SUMMER SESSION OF 191 1 John Leonard Conger, ph.d., Professor of History Fred Harvey Hall Calhoun, ph.d.. Professor of Geology John J. Findlay, ph.d.. Professor of Education Frank Smith, a.m., Associate Professor of Zoology Robert H. Baker, ph.d.. Assistant Professor of Astronomy Arthur C. Cole, ph.d., Instrudor in History LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 028 344 706 6