HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES, poa SCHOOLS Al^D ACADEMIES. \J JOSEPH T. DERRY, PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES IN WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE, MACON, GEORGIA. NEW EDITION. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. ^^T^^ir**^^ PHILADELPH J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. Copyright, 1879, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. Copyright, 1885, by J. B. Lippincott Company. k PEEFACE. While this work is intended for schools, and is within easy comprehension of any child old enough to take up the study of history, it is also well-suited to the general reader who desires a handy work of reference. This new edition will be found to contain many improvements on former ones, and, it is hoped, will gain additional favor from those who have before honored us with their approbation. The authorities consulted in the preparation of this work are Stephens's " History of the United States," " Memoirs of the War {of the Revolution) in the Southern Department of the United States," by General Henry Lee, John Esten Cooke's "Life of E. E. Lee," McCabe's "Life of Lee," "Johnston's Narrative," " Sherman's Narrative," Greeley's " American Con- flict," Draper's "History of the Civil War," Taylor's "Four Years with General Lee," " Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government," by Jefferson Davis, and the school histories of Swinton, Barnes, and Quackenbos. The full-page cut of the Battle of Kenesaw Mountain was obtained from Joseph M. Brown, Esq., the general freight and passenger agent of the Western and Atlantic Railroad of Georgia. The full page cut of the first Battle of Cold Harbor, was pre- pared especially for this work by Mr. Frank Henry, of Macon, Georgia. JOSEPH T. DERRY. COI^TENTS. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. CHAPTER I. PAGE Discovery of America 13 CHAPTER II. Explorations of the Spaniards and French ...... 19 CHAPTER III. English Explorations. — Settlement of Virginia 23 CHAPTER IV. Settlement of New York by the Dutch. — It becomes a British Colony . 32 CHAPTER V. The Colony of Massachusetts 34 CHAPTER VI. Settlement of New Hampshire and Connecticut . . . . . 38 CHAPTERVII. Settlement of Rhode Island 40 CHAPTER VIII. The War with the Pequods. — New England Confederation . . .42 CHAPTER IX. Settlement of Maryland 45 7 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. Settlement of New Jersey and Delaware 47 CHAPTER XL Settlement of Pennsylvania 50 CHAPTER XII. Settlement of North Carolina 52 CHAPTER XIII. Settlement of South Carolina 55 CHAPTER XIV. Affairs in Several Colonies 57 CHAPTER XV. Settlement of Georgia g5 CHAPTER XVI. The French Wars in America . ........ 72 Topical Review of Part First 91 FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. CHAPTER I. Disputes with the Mother-Country 98 CHAPTER II. Commencement of the War of the Revolution 104 CHAPTER III. Campaigns of 1776. — Declaration of Independence .... 110 CONTENTS. 9 PAGE CHAPTER IV. Campaigns of 1777 120 CHAPTER V. The Alliance with France and other Events of 1778 . . . .128 CHAPTER VI. Events of 1779 132 CHAPTER VII. Events of 1780 139 CHAPTER VIII. Events of 1781 146 CHAPTER IX. The Formation of the Feder.al Constitution. — The Election of Washing- ton as President 167 Topical Review of Part Second 163 FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION TO THE CLOSE OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. CHAPTER I. Administration of Washington 166 CHAPTER II. Administration of John Adams 175 CHAPTER III. Administration of Thomas Jefferson 178 A* 10 CONTENTS. PAOK CHAPTER IV, Administration of James Madison. — Second War with Great Britain . 183 CHAPTER V. Madison's Administration (Continued). — War with Great Britain (Con- tinued).— Campaign of 1813 189 CHAPTER VI. Madison's Administration (Concluded). — End of the War with Great Britain 193 CHAPTER VII, Administration of James Monroe 200 CHAPTER VIII. Administration of John Quincy Adams 206 CHAPTER IX. Administration of Andrew Jackson 208 CHAPTER X. Administration of Martin Van Buren 214 CHAPTER XI. Administrations of Harrison and Tyler 217 CHAPTER XII. Administration of James K. Polk. — War with Mexico .... 223 CHAPTER XIII. Administrations of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore . . . 233 CHAPTER XIV. Administration of Franklin Pierce .... . . 238 CHAPTER XV. The Slavery Quarrel 241 Tqpical Review of Part Third 244 CONTENTS. 11 FROM THE BEGIKNING OF BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION TO THE PRESENT TIME. CHAPTER I. PAGE Administration of James Buchanan 249 CHAPTER II. Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. — Beginning of the War between the States 258 CHAPTER III. Lincoln's Administration (Continued). — Second Year of the War between the States 272 CHAPTER IV. Lincoln's Administration (Continued). — Third Year of the War between the States 290 CHAPTER V. Lincoln's Administration (Continued). — Fourth Year of the War between the States 305 CHAPTER VL End of the War. — Close of Lincoln's Administration .... 324 CHAPTER VI L Administration of Andrew Johnson 330 CHAPTER VII L Administration of Ulysses S. Grant 334 CHAPTER IX. A.dministrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur ...... 341 CHAPTER X. Administration of Grover Cleveland . 345 Topical Review of Part Fourth 348 Declaration of Independence of the United States . . . 355 Constitution of the United States of America .... 359 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 1. Previous to the year of our Lord 1492 what is now known as the Western Continent was unknown to the people of Europe. It is true that towards the close of the tenth century some Ice- landers and Norwegians had discovered Greenland and the neigh- boring coasts of North America, and are supposed by some to have sailed along the coast as far south as Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The Norsemen, as these bold navigators were called, gave to the lands which they visited the name of Vinland. Their discoveries were, however, known to but few, and were soon forgotten, so that before the discovery of America by Columbus even the learned men of Europe had no knowledge of any such land. 2. The fifteenth century was distinguished by great maritime enterprises, for then the practical application of the mariner's 1. What of the Western Continent previous to 1492 ? What did some Ice- landers and Norwegians do towards the close of the tenth century ? What is said of their discoveries ? 2. By what was the fifteenth century distinguished ? What was the chief 2 13 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. compass first led to distant sea-voyages. The chief purpose of these voyages was to find the shortest route to the East Indies. Prince Henry, of Portugal, took the lead in these enterprises, and especially directed his attention to the discovery of a passage to India around the southern extremity of Africa. After his death, his grand-nephew, King John, continued the efforts to discover the passage to India. 3. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy, together with other learned men of Europe, had come to the conclusion that the earth was round, and that India could be most speedily reached by sailing due west. Fully imbued with this idea, he applied to the government of Genoa, his native city, for aid in the prosecution of his enterprise ; but the authorities did not look with favor upon his scheme, and refused the necessary assist- ance. He next applied to King John, of Portugal, but meeting with no better success, he sent his brother to Henry VII., King of England, to solicit aid. Here he was again disappointed. 4. Columbus now resolved to apply to Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain. The kingdom of Spain was just be- ginning to take a high stand among the nations of Europe. Fer- dinand and Isabella were engaged in the campaign which wrested from the Moors their last stronghold in Spain, when Columbus appeared before them asking their aid in his grand enterprise, which, he assured them, would make their nation the greatest kingdom in Europe. Queen Isabella especially was favorably impressed with his plan, and on the plain of Granada, three days after the surrender of this last Moorish stronghold, the formal purpose of the voyages made then ? Who took the lead in these enterprises ? To what did he especially direct his attention ? Who continued these efforts after Prince Henry's death ? 3. What conclusion had Columbus and other learned men of Europe reached? Give an account of his efforts to get aid. 4. To whom did Columbus next apply ? In what were Ferdinand and Is- abella engaged at this time? How was Queen Isabella impressed with his plan? Where was the final arrangement made between Columbus and the sovereigns of Spain ? DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 15 arrangement was made between Columbus and the sovereigns of Spain. 5. Columbus was furnished with three vessels, the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. These vessels were manned by ninety mariners, and were supplied with provisions for twelve months. The cost of the expedition was about twenty thousand dollars. On Friday, the 3d of August, 1492, the little fleet set sail from the port of Palos. Columbus himself sailed in the THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS. Santa Maria, which was the largest of his three ships. On the 6th of August they reached the Canary Islands, where they were detained several weeks on account of injuries received by the Pinta. On the 6th of September the fleet again set sail, and for more than a month sailed westward before signs of land appeared. The sailors became alarmed and threatened to turn back ; but 5. With what was Columbus furnished by the King and Queen of Spain ? What were their names? How were they manned and supplied? What was the cost of the expedition ? When did the fleet set sail from Palos ? In what vessel did Columbus himself sail? What land did they reach on the 6th of 16 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Columbus endeavored to allaj their fears, and prevailed on them to press forward. On the morning of the 12th of October the weary sailors were gladdened by the cry of " Land ! land !" uttered by the watchman on the deck of the Pinta. 6. The land thus discovered was one of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Gu-an-a-han-i, but Columbus named it San Salvador, which means Holy Saviour. On this same voyage Co- lumbus discovered the island of Cuba, which he thought was Japan, and the island of Hayti, which he named Hispaniola, or Little Spain. 7. On his return to Spain Columbus was received with the greatest honors. He now found no trouble in fitting out a second expedition, and was soon sailing across the ocean again. On his second voyage he discovered Dominica, Porto Rico, and other islands. On a third voyage he reached the island of Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco River, in South America. The size of this river indicated that he had reached a continent, which he supposed to be Asia. In fact, Columbus never knew that he had discovered a new world. 8. Although Columbus had by his discoveries conferred such glory on the sovereigns of Spain, and had added vast possessions to their dominion, he was, in the latter years of his life, treated with injustice and cruel neglect. In the year 1500, after having spent two years in the government of the Spanish settlements in the West Indies, he was arrested and sent home in chains. True, he August? What caused delay ? When did the fleet leave the Canaries? How long was it before signs of land appeared? When was land discovered? 6. What was the land thus discovered ? What was it called by the natives? What did Columbus call it? What does San Salvador mean? What other islands did Columbus discover on this voyage ? 7. How was Columbus received on his return to Spain ? What islands did he discover on his second voyage? What island and what river did he reach on his third voyage? Where is the Orinoco River? What did the size of this river indicate ? What did he suppose this continent to be? Did Colum- bus ever know that he had discovered a new world ? 8. How was Columbus treated in the latter years of his life ? What hap- pened to him in the year 1500? What happened when he reached Spain? 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was released on reaching Spain, by order of the king and queen, but he was never restored, to his former honors and dignities. He died in obscurity and poverty at Valladolid, on the 20th of May, 1506. 9. America, which should have been called after Columbus, received its name from Americus Vcspucius, a Florentine navi- gator, who visited the New World, and in 1499 published a map of the coast, and gave some very interesting descriptions of the lands which he had visited. 10. To the inhabitants of the islands which he visited Co- lumbus gave the name of Indians. His reason for this was, that he supposed those islands to be parts of India. Hence they were called West Indies, and their inhabitants Indians. Of the origin of the Indians nothing is known with certainty. The most civilized Indian nations were found in Mexico, in Central America, and in the countries of Peru and Chili, in South America. Those who lived in the present limits of the United States were savages, whose chief employment was hunting and fishing. Was he ever restored to his former honors and dignities? How, where, and when did he die ? 9. After whom was America called ? 10. What name did Columbus give to the inhabitants of the islands which he visited? What was the reason for this ? What is known of the origin of the Indians? In what countries were the most civilized Indian nations found ? What is said of those who lived in the present limits of the United States? SPANISH EXPLORATIONS AND CONQUESTS. 19 CHAPTEK II. EXPLORATIONS OF THE SPANIARDS AND FRENCH. Spanish Explorations and Conquests. 1. Immediately after the discovery of America the Spaniards began to make conquests and settlements. Their first colony was that of St. Domingo, founded by Bartholomew Columbus, in 1496. The hope of gold stimulated explorations, and grandees, warriors, and adventurers of every class flocked to the New World. Ponce de Leon, who had, in 1508, made the conquest of Porto Rico, when deprived of his government, in 1512, sailed to seek the won- derful " Fountain of Youth," of which he had been told. He reached the coast opposite the Bahamas, and named the country Florida, either on account of the abundance of its flowers, or be- cause he had landed on Palm-Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida. After sailing along the coast and landing here and there, he was obliged to give up the search for the Youth-be- stowing Fountain, and return to his home to die like other mortals. 2. In 1513, Balboa, another bold adventurer, crossed the Isth- mus of Darien, and from the summit of the Andes beheld spread out before his enraptured gaze the wide-extended waters of the mighty Pacific. This discovery first proved that America was a separate continent from Asia. Filled with enthusiasm, Balboa waded into the water, and, holding in one hand his naked sword and in the other the flag of his country, he solemnly proclaimed that this ocean and all shores laved by it belonged forever to the crown of Spain. 1. What of the Spaniards immediately after the discovery of America? What was their first colony, by whom founded, and when? Give an account of the adventures of Ponce de Leon. 2. What of Balboa's explorations? 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. /j|f' 3. De Narvaez attempted, in 1528, the conquest of Florida, but his expedition was a total failure. He perished, together with his followers, with the exception of four, who, six years afterwards, reached the Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast. Ferdinand De Soto, undeterred by these failures, undertook the conquest of Florida. With six hundred chosen men he traversed Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, searching everywhere for gold. In 1541 they reached the Mississippi River, and on its banks, in 1542, De Soto died, and was buried by his followers in its turbid waters. Melendez, another Spaniard, in 1565, laid the foundation of a colony at St. Augustine, in Florida. This is the oldest town in the United States. w4. Fernando Cortcz, another Spanish soldier, of noble birth, and endowed with great talents and courage, in three brilliant campaigns, from 1519 to 1521, subjected the empire of the Montezumas and all Mexico to the Spanish crown. In 1529, Pizarro and Almagro overthrew the empire of the Incas and added Peru and its dependencies to the dominions of Spain. In the sixteenth century all the region to the northwest of Mexico was called California, a name which is said to have origi- nated from a romance concerning a certain queen of the Amazons, whose name was California. The first voyage along the Pacific coast was made by Cabrillo, who sailed as far north as Oregon, in 1542. New Mexico was explored and named by Espejo, who, in 1582, founded Santa Fe, the second oldest town in the United States. Before the close of the sixteenth century Spain had pos- session of the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and Florida, in North America, and of a large part of South America. Spanish explorers had traversed the greater part of the present Southern 3. What of the attempt of De Narvaez, in 1528, to conquer Florida? Who next undertook the conquest of Florida? Describe his wanderings. What did Melendez do in 1565? What can you say of St. Augustine? 4. Tell what is said of the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. What did Pizarro and Almagro do in 1529? Tell what is said of California. Who made the first voyage on the Pacific coast? By whom was New Mexico explored and named? What town did he found ? What of this town ? Name all the coun- r FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 21 States of the American Union, and the Pacific coast, and there- fore Spain claimed all this vast territory by right of discovery. French Explorations and Settlements. j,|^'//'5. In 1524, John Verazzani (ve-rat-sah-ne), a Florentine, in the service of Francis I., King of France, sailed along the coasts of North Carolina, passed the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, entered the harbor of New York, and coasted along New England and Nova Scotia. Ten years later Jacques Cartier began his explora- tions in the New World. He ascended the river St. Lawrence to the Indian village of Hochelaga (ho-she-la-ga), situated at the foot of a lofty hill, which he named Mont Real, or Regal Moun- tain. He took possession of the country for France, and then sailed home. Four years later he attempted a settlement, but failed utterly, and it was fifty years before the French crown made another attempt at colonization. 6. Religious zeal prompted Admiral Coligny (Co-leen-ye) to take up the task abandoned by the kings of France. He ob- tained leave to found in America a refuge for French Protestants. John Ribault (re-bo) commanded the immigrants. He planted a colony at Port Royal Harbor, in South Carolina, in 1562, and built a fort, which he named Fort Carolina, in honor of Charles IX., King of France. Ribault sailed back to France, and the settlement was abandoned in his absence. Two years later Lau- donniere (Lo-don-yare) established a settlement on the river St. John, in Florida, and built a second Fort Carolina. The Spaniards, however, claimed the country, and in 1565, Melendez, who had tries possessed and explored by Spain in North and South America before the close of the sixteenth century. What did Spain claim ? 5. In whose service was John Verazzani ? What did he do in 1524 ? What Frenchman began explorations ten years later? Give an account of his ex- plorations. How many years was it before the French made another attempt at colonization ? 6. Give an account of the colony of Coligny and Ribault. Of that of Laudonniere. What did Melendez do in 1565? 22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. just founded the settlement of St. Augustine, captured Fort Caro- lina and butchered the settlers, saying that he treated them thus " not as Frenchmen, but as Huguenots." 7. This atrocity was avenged, in 1568, by Dominic de Gourgues (goorg), a Frenchman, of the province of Gascony, who took two Spanish forts and retook Fort Carolina. He hanged his prisoners, " not as Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers, and mur- derers." 8. French colonization in America was resumed in 159G, under a commission from Henry IV. to the Marquis de la Roche (rosh). The attempt of La Roche was a failure. Samuel Champlain (sham-plane), in 1603, in the employ of some merchants of Rouen (roo-ong), crossed the Atlantic in two small vessels. De Monts (mong), a Huguenot, received a grant of all the territory between the present sites of Philadelphia and Montreal. All this territory was named Acadia. In company with Champlain he made the first permanent French settlement in America at Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, in 1605. In 1608, Champlain established a trading-post at Quebec, and this was the first permanent French settlement in Canada. In fifty years after the death of Cham- plain, the Jesuit missionaries — among whom the most distin- guished were Marquette (mar-k^t) and La Salle — had penetrated the wilderness to the west, discovered the great lakes, and descend- ing the Mississippi to its mouth, had acquired for France the vast territory of Louisiana. 7. How was this atrocity avenged? 8. When was French colonization in America resumed ? By whom ? What of the attempt of De la Roche? When and where did Champlain and De Monts establish the first permanent French settlement in America? When did Champlain establish a trading-post at Quebec ? What can you say of it ? What had the French Jesuit missionaries done in fifty years after the death of Champlain ? ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 23 CHAPTER III. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS.— SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 1. England claimed the exclusive right to plant colonies in North America, on the ground that John Cabot, a Venetian in the service of Henry VII., King of England, discovered the mainland of North America in 1497, fourteen months before Columbus landed on the mainland of South America. During the greater part of the sixteenth century this claim was neg- lected, and Spain and France had each secured a strong foothold before England planted her first colony. The Dutch and Swedes also attempted settlements, and the rival claims of all these vari- ous European nations led to frequent wars. The most trouble- some competitors of the English were the Spaniards and French. Of these two nations the French were the more formidable, and, as we shall see hereafter, their wars with the English were long and bloody. 1. On what ground did England claim the exclusive right to plant colonies in North America? What of this claim during the greater part of the six- teenth century ? Who had secured strongholds in America before England planted her first colony ? What of the Dutch and Swedes ? To what did the rival claims of these various European nations lead? Who were the most troublesome competitors of the English ? \n 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Elizabeth had been nearly twenty years upon the throne of England before any serious effort was made to make good the English claim to North America. Then Martin Frobisher sailed in search of a northwest passage to India in 1576, and in two ^ther voyages attempted to find gold and also to plant an English colony, but succeeded in neither attempt. 3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert made efforts to plant colonies, but failed, losing his own life at sea. His half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, being high in the favor of Queen Elizabeth, obtained from her the grant to an extensive country between the parallels of 33° and 45° north latitude. To this large tract of country, extend- ing from Maine to the southern coast of North Carolina, was given the name of Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony was on Roanoke Island, in 1585; but after suffering many hardships the settlers were taken on board an English ship by Sir Francis Drake, who happened to stop there on one of his exploring tours. Sir Francis Drake was a great navigator, and was the first Englishman who sailed a ship on the Pacific Ocean. The settlers thus carried home by Drake had been long enough among the Indians to learn the use of tobacco, and had also noticed the culture by the Indians of Indian corn and potatoes. 4. After the departure of the settlers Sir Richard Grenville, who had first conducted them to Roanoke Island, came back, and left fifteen men to retain possession of the soil. These perished ; in what manner is not known. In 1587, Raleigh made another attempt, and on the northern shore of Roanoke Island was com- 2. How long had Elizabeth been on the throne before any attempt was made to make good the English claim ? What of Martin Frobisher ? 3. What of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's efforts to plant colonies? To what did Sir Walter Raleigh obtain a grant ? What name was given to the country ? Where did Raleigh first attempt to plant a colony ? What of this colony ? 4. After the departure of the settlers what did Sir Richard Grenvillo do? Where did Raleigh make another attempt in 15S7? What city was com- menced? What did Lane, the governor, do ? Whom did he leave at the new settlement ? What did he find when he returned to America ? SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 25 menced the city of Raleigh. Provisions were scarce and the Indians unfriendly. Lane, the governor, went to England for supplies and reinforcements, leaving behind eighty-nine men, seventeen women, and eleven children, including his granddaugh- ter, Virginia Dare, ten days old, the first English child born in America. Lane on returning to England found the attention of the country too much absorbed by the threatened invasion of the Spanish Armada to give him the needed assistance. When, three years later, he returned to America the colony and city of Raleigh were no more. 5. Raleigh transferred his patent to a company, but on the accession of James I., in 1603, it reverted to the crown. The new sovereign granted the territory of Virginia, as it was called, to two companies, — the London and the Plymouth. The At- lantic coast between 34° and 45° north latitude was divided be- tween these two companies. The territory of the London Com- pany was called South Virginia, that of the Plymouth Company, North Virginia. Both were under the control of the " Council of Virginia." All the members of this council were appointed by the king, and resided in England. 6. In 1607 one hundred and five emigrants, all unmarried men, were sent out by the London Company, under the direction of Captain Newport. On the James River, in the present State of Virginia, they commenced a settlement, which they named Jamestown. This was the first permanent English settlement in America. 7. The officers of the colony were seven members of council. 5. To whom did Raleigh transfer his patent ? What happened on the ac- cession of James I. in 1603? To whom did the king grant the territory of Virginia? What was divided between these two companies? What was the territory of the London Company called ? What was that of the Plymouth Company called ? Under whose control were both ? By whom were the mem- bers of this council appointed? 6. AVhat happened in 1607? Where did they commence a settlement? What did they call their settlement? What can you say of this settlement? 7. Who were the officers of the colony ? Who was made governor or pres- B 3 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. They were Bartholomew Gosnold, Captain John Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliff, and George Ken- dall. Edward Wingfield was made president or governor of the colony. The season after their arrival proved very unhealthy, and more than half their number died before winter. Among those who died was Bartholomew Gosnold, one of the ablest members of the council. 8. Captain Newport, the commander of the vessels which had brought the settlers over, after staying a short while, sailed for England, leaving the colonists in a very destitute condition. The Indians in the neighborhood of Jamestown were numerous, and sometimes hostile. In addition to their other troubles the settlers quarrelled among themselves. They excluded Captain Smith from the council, deposed Mr. Wingfield, and put Mr. Ratcliff in his place. As their condition continued to grow worse, they finally gav^e the management of affairs to Captain Smith, who, by his skill and courage, soon restored order and placed the colony on the road to prosperity. 9. Captain John Smith was a man who had met with many adventures. lie had .served in the armies of Holland and Aus- tria, had been a pri.soner among the Turks, and had travelled through most of the principal countries of Europe. After all his travels he returned to England — his native country — just in time to join the companies which were forming for the settlement of Virginia. One of his first steps after taking charge of the affairs of the colony was to make treaties with the Indians, and thus quiet the fears of the settlers. As soon as the colony became tranquil he went with a party of men on an exploration up the Chickahominy, a branch of the James. When they had pro- ident ? What of the season after their arrival? How many died before win- ter? Which one of the members of council died? 8. Give an account of the troubles of the settlers. To whom did they finally give the management of affairs? What did Smith do ? 9. Mention the adventures of Captain John Smith. What did he do after all these travels ? What was one of his first steps after taking charge of the SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 27 ceeded about thirty miles above the junction of these rivers they were attacked by Indians ; Smith's companions were slain, and he was himself captured and carried before Powhatan, the In- dian king, who determined to put him to death. Smith's arms were tied behind his back, his head was placed upon a log, and Powhatan, seizing his club, was about to slay the prisoner him- self, when his daughter Pocahontas, a girl of about twelve years, sprang forward and, throwing her arms around the prisoner's neck, begged her father to spare his life. Powhatan, moved by his daughter's tears and entreaties, spared his prisoner's life. He also made a treaty with Smith, and allowed him to return to his friends at Jamestown, which place Smith reached after an absence of about seven weeks. 10. Soon after this, Powhatan again became angry with the whites, and laid a plot to destroy them, but, through information given by Pocahontas, the plot was discovered and the colony saved. Through the influence of Captain Smith peace was once more made. 11. In the year 1609 a new charter was obtained by the Lon- don Company, and Virginia was declared to extend from the At- lantic to the Pacific, and to embrace all the islands within one hundred miles of either shore. The authority was vested in a governor instead of a local council. Lord Delaware was elected governor. On the 2d of June, 1609, nine vessels sailed from Plymouth with five hundred emigrants on board. One of the vessels was sunk in a storm, another was stranded on the Ber- mudas. The other seven arrived at Jamestown with a loss of most of their supplies. During this same year Smith was seri- affairs of the colony ? Give an account of hia explorations up the Chicka- hominy. Relate his adventure with Powhatan. How long was Smith absent from Jamestown ? 10. What did Powhatan do soon after this ? How was the plot made known to the whites ? Through whose influence was peace once more made ? 11. What were declared to be the limits of Virginia by the charter obtained in 1609 ? In whom was the authority vested ? Who was made governor ? What happened in 1609 ? How many vessels reached Jamestown ? During L . 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ously injured by the explosion of a bag of powder, and was obliged to return to England for medical aid. He never again returned to Jamestown. In the year 1G14 he explored and made a map of the coast from Penobscot Bay to Cape Cod. He called the country thus explored by him New England, by which name it has been called ever since. Captain Smith died in London, in the year 1631, at the age of fifty-two. 12. After Smith's departure from Jamestown the Indians became hostile, provisions were scarce, and many died of starva- tion. In six months they were reduced from four hundred and ninety to sixty. This was known as the starving-time. In the midst of their despair a vessel with crew and passengers, who had wintered in the West Indies, appeared at Jamestown. The set- tlers went on board with the determination of abandoning the settlement, and had actually set sail, when the arrival of Lord Delaware with a supply of provisions and more immigrants caused them to change their purpose and return to Jamestown. 13. Under Delaware's administration the colony began to flour- ish ; but his health gave way, and he returned to England. He died at sea, when returning to Virginia, in 1617, near the bay which now bears his name. In May, 1611, Sir Thomas Dale ras appointed governor, and in September of the same year Sir Thomas Gates came out as governor. He brought over with him six ships, three hundred immigrants, a large amount of provisions, the same year, what happened to Smith ? What was he obliged to do ? Did he ever return to Jamestown ? What did he do in 1614 ? What did he call the country thus explored by him ? Where and when did Captain Smith die ? At what age ? 12. What of the Indians after Smith's departure from Jamestown ? Give an account of the starving-time. What happened in the midst of their de- spair? What did the settlers do? What caused them to change their pur- pose? 13. What of the colony under Delaware's administration? Why did he return to England ? When and where did Lord Delaware die ? Who was appointed governor in May, 1611? Who became governor in September? Mention all that he brought with him. What was done by the charter of 1612? SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 29 and a number of cows, goats, and swine, tlie first introduced into the New World. In 1612 a third charter was granted the colony, by which the council in London was abolished, and the stock- holders were given power to regulate aflfairs themselves. 14. In 1613, Pocahontas was stolen by a party of white men led by Captain Argall, and a large sum was demanded for her ran- som. This Powhatan refused to pay, and the colony was threat- ened with an Indian war. But hostilities were prevented by a marriage. A young Englishman by the name of Rolfe fell in love with Pocahontas and proposed to marry her. Powhatan consented. She embraced the Christian religion, was baptized, and soon after married. She accompanied her husband on a visit to England, where she died at the age of twenty -two, leaving one son, named Thomas. 15. In 1614, Sir Thomas Dale was again appointed governor, and continued in office for two years. In the same year that Dale was appointed Tobacco began to be extensively planted by the colonists. We have seen that Sir Walter Raleigh and his companions had first carried the knowledge of this plant to Eng- land. Long before him, however, Columbus had noticed its use among the natives of Cuba. The plant is said to have received its name from the island of Tobago, one of the West Indies. The Virginia colonists found its cultivation very profitable, and began to raise great quantities of it. King James, of England, opposed its use ; but, in spite of his opposition, it soon became a regular article of commerce. 16. In 1616, Mr. George Yeardley became governor, but at the end of a year was succeeded by Captain Argall, whose rule was so oppressive that the colonists requested his removal. This was 14. What happened in 1613 ? Would Powhatan pay the ransom demanded ? How was war prevented? Who married Pocahontas? What else can you tell of Pocahontas ? 15. Who was appointed governor in 1614? Relate what is said about tobacco. 16. What is said of Yeardley and Argall ? What did Yeardley do June 28, 1619 ? What can you say of this assembly and the laws enacted by them ? 3» 30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the same Captain Argall who had stolen Pocahontas from her father, and who destroyed the French settlemants in Nova Scotia, by way of asserting the English claim to the whole of North America. The request of the colonists for his removal from the office of governor was granted, and Yeardley was appointed his successor. He believed that the colonists ought to have a hand in their own government, and accordingly, June 28, 1619, he called a colonial assembly to meet at Jamestown. This was the first legislative body composed of deputies elected by the people that ever assembled in America. These deputies were called Burgesses, and were chosen from the various plantations or boroughs. The laws enacted by them had to receive the sanction of the company in England, but in turn the orders from London had to be ratified by the assembly before they were binding on the colonists. These privileges were in 1621 embodied in a written constitution. 17. During Yeardley's administration the colony prospered greatly. Both banks of the James River were lined with settle- ments for one hundred and forty miles. For the sake of forming dom'estic ties young women of good character were sent over by the London Company as wives for the settlers. Each man, how- ever, had to pay for his wife the price of her passage, which was at first one hundred pounds of tobacco, but afterwards went up to one hundred and fifty pounds. The colonists having family ties now became attached to their homes, and began to take pride in the name of Virginian. 18. In the year 1620 some Dutch traders brought twenty negroes to Jamestown and sold them to the colonists. As their labor was found profitable more were brought over, and thus negro slavery was first introduced into America. The population of the colony was now upwards of two thousand. 17. What of the colony during Yeardley's administration ? Give an account of the forming of domestic ties. 18. When was negro slavery first introduced into America? By whom? What was the population of Virginia at this time? SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 31 19. In 1621, Sir Francis Wyatt became governor. There were now in Virginia about eighty settlements, and the colony was flourishing greatly, when a sudden and unexpected disaster befell the settlers. In 1622 the Indians, incited by their chief 0-pe-chan-can-ough, the brother and successor of Powhatan, treacherously fell upon the whites, and slew three hundred of them in a single hour. It was their design to exterminate the colony, but the plot was revealed to the English by a friendly Indian, and a majority of the settlers were enabled to find refuge in James- town. The whites now lost all confidence in the Indians, and almost exterminated the tribe in the neighborhood of Jamestown. 20. In 1626, Sir George Yeardley again became governor, but died the following year, and the council elected Francis West gov- ernor in his place. He was soon succeeded by Sir John Harvey, who, although exceedingly unpopular, was continued in office by the king until 1642, when Sir William Berkeley was appointed in his place. In 164:-4 the Indians, who had partly recovered from their overthrow after the great massacre of 1622, again fell upon the frontier settlements, and killed about three hundred of the inhabitants before they were repulsed. After a war of about two years their power was completely broken. Their aged chief Opechancanough was taken prisoner and died in captivity. The Indians were compelled to give up their lands and retire farther into the wilderness. After the restoration of peace the colony " flourished greatly, its trade increased, and more than thirty ships found employment in exporting its products." By 1648 the population of Virginia was twenty thousand. 19. Who became governor of Virginia in 1621? Give an account of the Indian war of 1622. 20. Give an account of changes in the office of governor. Tell about the Indian war of 1644. What became of Opechancanough their chief? What were the Indians compelled to do ? What of the condition of the colony after the restoration of peace ? 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER IV. SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK BY THE DUTCH.— IT BECOMES A BRITISH COLONY. SEAL OF NEW YORK. 1. In the year 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, who was in the service of the Dutch East India Coni])any, discovered and ascended the river which now bears his name. In consequence of his discoveries the Dutch hiid claim to the country, and in 1610 erected a fort near where the city of Albany now stands. They also built a few huts on Manhattan Island, between 1610 and 1613, and some time afterwards called the town thus commenced New Amsterdam. To the country which they claimed they gave the name of New Netherlands. 2. The English also claimed this region as a part of North Virginia, partly on the ground of the discovery of North America by Cabot, and also for the reason that Hudson was himself an Englishman. Accordingly, in 1613 they sent against the Dutch an expedition under Captain Argall, who subdued New Amster- 1. What did Henry Hudson do in 1609? In consequence of his discoveries what did the Dutch do? Where did they erect a fort in 1610? AVhat did they do between 1610 and 161.3 ? What diil they call the country ? 2. Why did the English claim this region ? What did they do in 1613 ? What happened soon after ? SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 33 dam and made the Dutch governor promise to pay tribute. The governor, however, threw off the English yoke the next year, and the Dutch remained undisturbed by the English for the next fifty years. 3. The progress of the Dutch was not rapid, but their settle- ments were gradually extended from the Connecticut River to the Delaware. They had frequent disputes with their English neigh- bors, but sometimes received assistance from them in their con- tests with the Indians. 4. Along the Delaware they had to contend against the claims of both the Swedes and the English. In 1651, Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, subdued the Swedish settlers on the Delaware and took possession of their settlements. 5. In 1664, Robert Nichols, the deputy of the Duke of York, to whom the territory lying between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers had been granted by his brother, Charles II., took possession of New Amsterdam and the Dutch province of New Netherlands in the name of the Duke of York, afterwards James II., of Eng- land. The English gave to the country the name of New York, which name they also gave to New Amsterdam. 3. What can you say of the progress of the Dutch ? 4. Against what did they have to contend along the Delaware ? What did the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, do in 1651 ? 5. What did Robert Nichols do in 1664? What name did the English give to the country and city ? B* 34 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER V. THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. 1. The first atteinpt at settlement in the territory granted to the Plymouth Company was in the year 1607, near the mouth of the Kennebec River, in IMaine, by forty-five persons, but re- sulted in complete fiiilure, as did other attempts that were made after the publication of Captain John Smith's Map of New Eng- land, as he styled that part of North Virginia which he explored in 1614. 2. The first colony successfully planted in New England was by the permission rather than by the active assistance of the Plymouth Company. This was in 1G20, at Plymouth, in the limits of the present State of Massachusetts, b}' a religious sect 1. When was the first attempt made to settle in the territory grantea to the Plymouth Company, and with what result ? 2. When and where was the first colony planted in Massachusetts? By whom ? Why was this name given to them ? Why were they also called Pilgrims ? What did they seek on the bleak coast of New England ? THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 35 styled Puritans. This name was given to them in derision, on account of their rigid observance at all times of the forms of their religion. They were also called Pilgrims, because of the fact that the}'^ had so often been obliged by religious persecu- tion to change tneir homes. They sought on the wild, bleak coast of New England what they prized above all things else, — freedom to worship Grod according to the dictates of their own conscience. 3. They procured two vessels, the Speedwell and Mayflower, and set sail on the 22d of July, 1620, but the Speedwell was soon found not to be seaworthy, and they were obliged to put back for repairs. On the 5th of August they again set sail, but a second time were compelled to return to land. Finally, on the Gth of September, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth with one hundred and one persons on board. Their destination was the mouth of the Hudson, but the captain of their vessel, whether ignorantly or on purpose, conducted them to a much colder and more dreary region north of that river. After a voyage of sixty- three days they came in sight of land ofi" Cape Cod, and on the 10th of November they cast anchor. Before landing they drew up in writing a purely democratic form of government, and elected John Carver governor for one year. Several days were spent in searching for a suitable place to land. At last, on the 22d of December, they all came ashore amid a storm of snow and sleet. The rock on which they first stepped ashore has been ever since called " Forefathers' Rock." They named their settlement Plymouth, in honor of the place from which they had set sail. 3. How many vessels did they procure ? Give an account of their efforts to set sail. From what place did they sail on the 6th of September, 1620 ? With how many persons ? AVhat was their destination ? Where did the cap- tain of their vessel conduct them ? How long was their voyage ? Where did they come in sight of land? AVhat did they do before landing? How were several days spent ? When did they go ashore ? What has the rock on which they first stepped ashore been ever since called ? What did they name their settlement? 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. The Puritans were industrious and spent no time in idle- ness. They immediately went to work felling trees, and on the third day they began to build. The winter was very severe and their sufferings were great. They were smitten down by disease, and by the 1st of April all but forty-six of the devoted band were dead. Among the dead were Governor Carver, his wife and son. Still they had no thought of abandoning their settlement. Religious freedom on that desolate shore was dearer to them than luxury in England without that freedom. 5. It was well that in their feeble condition they were unmo- lested by the Indians. The tribe formerly inhabiting the place where they had landed had been destroyed by a pestilence. Early in the spring, a short time before the death of Governor Carver, they were startled by the appearance in their midst of a solitary Indian, who saluted them in broken English with, " Welcome, Englishmen !" This Indian was Samoset, one of the leading men of the Wam-pan-o-ags, the nearest tribe to the Puritan settle- ment. He had somewhere previously met with the English, and had learned their language. On a subsequent visit he was accom- panied by Mas-sa-soit, his chief, who made a treaty of friendship with the English, which lasted for more than fifty years. Massa- soit taught the settlers how to cultivate maize or Indian corn, the first of which was planted in the month of May. 6. After the death of Carver, William Bradford was elected governor, and gave such great satisfoction that he was continued in the office during the greater part of forty years. In Novem- ber, 1621, a ship arrived with thirty-five immigrants. During 4. What was the character of the Puritans ? What is said of the winter ? To what number were they reduced by the 1st of April? What prominent persons were among the dead ? Did they have any desire to abandon their settlement? AVhat was dearer to them than everything else ? 5. What is said of the Indian tribe formerly inhabiting the place where they had settled ? By what were they startled one day early in the spring ? Who was this Indian ? By whom was he accompanied on a subsequent visit? Relate what is said of Massasoit. 6. Who was elected governor after the death of Carver ? What can you say THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 37 this year other Indian chiefs followed the example of Massasoit. and made friends with the English, but Ca-non-i-cus, the chief of the Narragansets, sent as a declaration of war a bundle of arrows tied in the skin of a snake. Governor Bradford, in reply, sent the skin filled with powder and ball, and Canonicus concluded that he had better be quiet. 7. In 1623 the Puritans became involved in an Indian war through the conduct of another small English colony which' had been established at Weymouth, near Boston Harbor, and who had treated the Indians with so much harshness that a plot was formed for the extermination of the whites. The plot was re- vealed to the English by Massasoit the friendly chief, and Cap- tain Standish, taking with him eight men, fell upon the Indians unexpectedly and slew the principal instigators of the plot. The settlement at Weymouth was soon after abandoned. 8. In 1624 other immigrants arrived, bringing with them cattle, swine, poultry, and provisions. The progress of the Plymouth Colony was slow. At the end of ten years the number of the settlers was only three hundred. 9. In the year 1628, John Endicott with about one hundred colonists settled at Salem, and in the following year a charter was granted for the colony of Massachusetts. Soon after three hun- dred settlers embarked for the new colony, and new settlements were made at Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, Lynn, Rox- bury, and Boston. John Winthrop was elected the first governor of Massachusetts, and the government was at first a pure de- mocracy. The colony of Massachusetts was separate and distinct of him ? What happened in November, 1621 ? What did other Indian chiefs do during this year? What of Canonicus, chief of the Narragansets? 7. Give an account of Indian troubles. 8. What did the immigrants who came over in 1624 bring with them ? What of the progress of the Plymouth Colony? What was the number of the set- tlers at the end of ten years ? 9. Give an account of other settlements. Who was first governor of Massa- chusetts? What was the government at first? Was it many years before Plymouth and Massachusetts became one colony ? 4 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. from that of Plymouth, and it was several years before the two colonies became one, under the name of Massachusetts. SEAL OF MASSACHUSETTS. CHAPTER VI. SETTLEMENT OP NEW IIAMFSIIIRE AND CONNECTICUT. SEAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. Though it is claimed that New Hampshire was founded in 1622, yet the first permanent settlements were made in November, 1629, one of them near the site of Portsmouth, and the other at the present town of Dover. After the death of Captain John Mason, the founder of New Hampshire, the colony languished, but in 1638 a new settlement was made at Exeter, by John 1. When is it claimed that New Hampshire was founded? When were the first permanent settlements made ? Where ? What of the colony after the SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 39 Wheelwright and some followers from Massachusetts, and in 1640 another settlement was made at Hampton. 2. Connecticut was first settled in 1633, near Hartford, by the Dutch, who laid claim to the Connecticut Valley. Shoitly after, John Holmes and some traders from Plymouth sailed up the Connecticut River past Hartford, where the Dutch had planted some cannon and threatened to fire on them. The English, how- ever, defied them, and keeping boldly on, established a post at Windsor. In 1635, John Winthrop, the son of the governor of Massachusetts, erected a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut and called it Saybrook. The Dutch now yielded all claim to any part of Connecticut. SEAL OF CONNECTICUT. 3. About one hundred emigrants came from Massachusetts into Connecticut in 1636. Some settled at Hartford, some founded Springfield, and others formed a settlement at Weathersfield. In 1638 the colony and city of New Haven were founded by The- ophilus Eaton, who was elected governor, and continued in oflSce for more than twenty years. death of Captain John Mason, the founder? Where was a new settlement made in 16.38 ? By whom ? What happened in 1640 ? 2. When, where, and by whom was Connecticut first settled? What did John Holmes and some traders do? AVhat did John AVinthrop do in 1635? What did the Dutch now do ? 3. What happened in 1636? What places did they settle? When were the colony and city of New Haven founded ? By whom ? How long did Eaton continue in oflBce.'' 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. There were at this time in the territory now known as the State of Connecticut three separate political communities. These were Saybrook, the Connecticut Colony, and the colony of New Haven. CHAPTER VII. SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. .tii^ SEAL OF HHODE ISLAND. 1. The colony of Rhode Island was founded in 1636, by Roger Williams, a native of Wales, and a minister of the Baptist denom- ination. When he first came to America he settled at Salem, in Massachusetts, but on account of his religious opinions he was banished by the Puritans, who had themselves come to America that they might enjoy freedom of conscience. Their reason for not wanting people of different views from their own to live among them was, that they feared there could be no peace in the colony unless all the settlers were of the same religious belief. This fear rendered them as intolerant as their bitterest persecutors in old England. 4. How many political communities were there at this time in the territory now known as the State of Connecticut ? Name them. 1. When and by whom was the colony of Rhode Island founded? Who was Roger Williams ? Where did he settle when he first came to America ? Why was he banished from Salem ? Why did not the Puritans wish p !ople SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 41 2. For fourteen weeks did Roger Williams roam about in the wilderness seeking a suitable place for a settlement, receiving shelter and protection from the Indians, who loved him because he had taken pains to learn their language, customs, and manners, so that he might be the better able to preach to them the gospel of Christ. At last Williams selected a place for a settlement on the Pawtucket River, now called the Seekonk. This place lay within the territory of Ou-sam-e-quin, an Indian chief, who readily granted Williams permission to settle there. He imme- diately went to work and built him a house with his own hands. Here also a few friends joined him. But even here they were not allowed to rest in peace. They were ordered away by Gov- ernor Winslow, of the Plymouth Colony, and again set out in search of a resting-place. 3. The resting-place was at last found in the territory of Ca- nonicus, the Narraganset chief, who through kindness and good will alone made to Williams a grant of land for a settlement near the mouth of the Moshassuck River. They were not again molested, and to his new settlement Williams gave the name of Providence, in gratitude for God's merciful providence over him in his distress. 4. The population of the settlement was soon increased by emigrants from Massachusetts and from England. In 1638 some persons who had been banished from Massachusetts on account of their religious opinions obtained from the Indians, through the influence of Roger Williams, permission to settle at Newport, on the island of Rhode Island. of different religious views from their own to live among them ? What did this fear render them? 2. Why did the Indians love Williams ? What can you tell of his first settlement ? 3. Where did AVilliams at last find a resting-place ? What prompted the chief to give Williams a grant of land for a settlement? What did Williams name his new settlement? 4. How was the population soon increased? What happened in 1638? 4* 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. In 1643, Williams went to England, and obtained a charter setting forth the boundaries of Rhode Island as they in the main still exist. On his return the people met, elected their officers, and in 1047 agreed on a set of laws granting perfect religious freedom to everybody, " the first legal declaration of liberty of conscience ever adopted in Europe or America." In 1663, Wil- liams obtained a charter from Charles II. for all the settlements within the limits of Rhode Island, under the name of " The English Colony of Rhode Lsland and Providence Plantations in New England." This charter remained the foundation of the government of Rhode Island for nearly two hundred years. CHAPTER VIII. THE WAR WITH THE PEQUODS.— NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERA- TION. 1. In 1637 the colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts became involved in a war with the Pequods, a very powerful tribe of Indians. Cassacus, the sachem or chief of this tribe, formed the design of exterminating the English, and endeavored to secure the alliance of the chiefs of the Mohegan and Narra- ganset Indians. Roger Williams hearing of this, and forgetting all his wrongs, went in his canoe on a stormy night to see Canoni- cus, and though the messengers of Cassacus were present, he suc- ceeded in persuading the Narraganset chief to remain quiet. 5. What did Williams do in 164.3 ? What did the people do on his return ? On what did they agree in 1647? What can you say of these laws? What didAVilliams do in 1663? How long did this government remain the founda- tion of the government of Rhode Island ? 1. In what war did the Colonies of Massachusetts become involved in 1637? Give an account of the plot of Cassacus. What did Roger Williams do? How did the Pequods commence hostilities? THE WAR WITH THE PEQUODS. 43 The Pequods were thus compelled to fight alone. They com- menced hostilities by murdering about thirty colonists. 2. The united forces of Massachusetts and Connecticut, num. bering between eighty and ninety English, and about seventy Mohegans under their chief Uncas, were placed under the com- mand of Captain Mason, of Connecticut. They were also joined by some of the Narraganset Indians. On the 20th of May, 1637, the English and their Indian allies attacked the Pequods in their stronghold on the IMystic River, and after a desperate battle utterly defeated them, destroying their fort and burning their wigwams. Seven hundred of the Pequods were slain, and two hundred were captured. The captives were women and children. The loss of the English was only two killed and six- teen wounded. The captives were sold into slavery. Thus was the tribe of the Pequods exterminated, and their lands were divided among the conquerors. Cassacus, their chief, fled to the Mo- hawks, and was assassinated either by them or by one of his own men. 3. The first American slave-ship was built at Marblehead, in Massachusetts, in 1636, and named the Desire. This ship brought the first cargo of slaves into Massachusetts in May, 1638. During the same year a college was founded at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, which now bears the name of Harvard University. 4. In 1643 a confederation was formed between the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, under the title of " The United Colonies of New England." Rhode Island was excluded on account of its relii>ion. 2. Under whose command were the united forces of Massachusetts and Connecticut placed? Give an account of the fight at the Pequod fort. AVhat was done with the Pequods and their lands ? 3. Where and when was the first American slave-ship built, and when did it bring its first cargo? What college was founded at Cambridge, in Massa- chusetts, during the same year? 4. W hat confederation was formed in 1643? Why was Rhode Island ex- cluded ? 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. Under the articles of confederation the management of Indian affairs was given to a board of commissioners ; and it was not long before a very important duty devolved upon them. Uncas, the chief of the Mohegans, became involved in a war with Mi-an-to-no-mah, a chief of the Narragansets, and nephew of Oanonieus. Miantonomah was defeated and taken prisoner, and his fate was referred to the commissioners. They decided that Uncas could do with his prisoner as he pleased, provided he did not torture him. Just as soon as Uncas had his victim beyond the border he struck a tomahawk into his head, and before life was entirely gone he tore a piece of flesh from the shoulder of his prostrate foe and ate it, " declaring that it made his heart strong, and was the sweetest morsel he ever ate." 6. In 1G62 the colonies of New Haven and Connecticut were united, under the name of Connecticut. The entire population of the New England Confederation was at this time something more than one hundred thousand. 5. To whom was the management of Indian affairs given under the Con- federation ? Give an account of the quarrel between Uncas and Miantono- mah. What did the commissioners decide ? What did Uncas do with his prisoner? 6. What happened in 1662? What was the entire population of the New England Confederation at this time? SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 45 CHAPTER IX. SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. SEAL OF MARYLAND. 1. Trading-posts were first establislied in the limits of Mary- land, in 1621, by Virginia settlers. William Clayborne, the agent of a company formed in England, tried to monopolize this trade, and obtained a license, under which for many years afterwards he claimed rights. 2. In 1628, Sir George Calvert, whose title was Lord Baltimore, visited Virginia with the design of founding a colony somewhere within its limits ; but he abandoned this project, because he found that the government of A'^irginia was intolerant towards the religion of the Roman Catholic Church, of which he was a member. In 1629 he explored the country along the Chesapeake Bay, and afterwards went to England and applied for a charter, which was finally obtained. He was, however, prevented from carrying out his purpose by death. 1. When and by whom were trading-posts first established in the limits of Maryland? Who tried to monopolize this trade? 2. Who visited Virginia in 1628 with the design of establishing a colony' somewhere in its limits? Why did he abandon the project? What did he do in 1629 ? What did he do afterwards? How was he prevented from carrying out his purpose? 46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. His son and heir, Cecil Calvert, whose title was also Lord Baltimore, carried out the purpose for which the charter was ob- tained. The charter of Maryland was the most liberal of all the original grants by the crown to the founders of settlements in America. It secured to the colonists all the essential rights of self-government, and contained a guarantee against taxation by England. One of the leading objects of Lord Baltimore in es- tablishing this colony was to furnish an asylum for the persecuted of all Christian churches. He called his colony Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I., King of Eng- land. 4. In November, 1633, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, came over with about two hundred immigrants, consisting mostly of Roman Catholic gentlemen and their servants. They called their settlement St. Mary's. Towards the natives the settlers pur- sued a kind and liberal course, supplying them with clothes, hoes, axes, and kniv^es. The Indian women taught the wives of the settlers how to make corn bread, and the warriors taught the men the forest sports. 5. In 1635, AVilliam Clay borne, whose license to trade with the Indians had been made void by Lord Baltimore's charter, raised a rebellion. Clayborne was defeated and his men captured, but he himself managed to escape to Virginia. In 1642 he re- turned to Maryland and endeavored to incite the Indians to hos- tilities, but this trouble was soon suppressed. The next year he succeeded in raising a more formidable rebellion, which kept the 3. Who carried out the purpose for which the charter was obtained ? Tell all that is said of the charter of Maryland. What was one of the leading ob- jects of Lord Baltimore in establishing this colony ? What did he name the country ? In whose honor ? 4. How many immigrants came over with Leonard Calvert in 1633 ? Who were they ? What did they call their settlement? What course did they pursue towards the natives? What did the Indian women teach the wives of the settlers ? 5. Give an account of the troubles with Clayborne. What was the governor of Maryland forced to do ? What became of the public records ? When was SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 47 colony in a state of confusion for three years. The governor was forced to flee to Virginia for protection, and the public records were either lost or destroyed. In 1646 the lawful government was restored. An act of amnesty was passed, and all offenders were freely pardoned. In 1649 the Assembly of Maryland passed a Toleration Act, securing to all Christians the liberty of worshipping God according to the dictates of their own con- science. CHAPTER X. SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE SEAL OF NEW JERSEY. 1. New Jersey was first settled by the Danes in 1622, along the Delaware River, and also at Bergen. The next year the Dutch built a fort on the east side of the Delaware, to which they gave the name of N;issau. In 1640 the English attempted colo- nization, but they were opposed by both the Swedes and the Dutch, and their settlement was broken up. 2. In 1664, Charles II., King of England, acquired the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, and made a grant of it to his brother, the lawful government restored ? What act was passed? What can you say of the Toleration Act ? 1. Give an account of early attempts to settle New Jersey. 2. When Charles II., King of England, acquired the Dutch colony of New 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the Duke of York. This grant embraced all the country lying between the Connecticut River and the Delaware. That part of it which now constitutes the State of New Jersey was jrranted by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It was called New Jersey as a compliment to Sir George Carteret, who had bravely defended the island of Jersey during the civil war in England. Settlements had already been made at Elizabeth and one or two other places, under licenses from the governor of New York. The fiist governor was Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, and he was succeeded, in 1G72, by a son of Sir George Carteret. 3. In 1673 the Dutch recovered New York and New Jersey, but soon after restored them to the English. The Duke of York then had both provinces united into one, and appointed as governor Sir Edmund Andros, who was hated by the people as a tyrant. In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge, an English Quaker, who transferred his claim to William Penn, between whom and Carteret New Jersey was divided, under the names of West Jersey and East Jersey. Burlington was set,- tled in 1G77, by four hundred English Quakers. In 1702 East and West Jersey were reunited and placed under one government with New York. New Jersey did not become a separate colony again until 1738, when Lewis IMorris was appointed governor. In 1746 Princeton College was founded. 4. Delaware derived its name from the river and bay which form its eastern boundary, and these, as has been before men- tioned, were named in honor of Lord Delaware, one of the early Netherlands in 1664, what did he do with it? What did this grant embrace? To whom was that part granted which now constitutes the State of New Jersey? Why called New Jersey? Where had settlements already been made? Who w.as the first governor? By whom was he succeeded in 1672? 3. What of the Dutch ? AVhat did the Duke of York do? Who was ap- pointed governor? What of him? Relate events from 1674 to 1702. What happened in 1702? When did New Jersey become a separate colony again? Who was ajipointed governor? What college was founded in 1746? 4. From what did Delaware derive its name? After whom were Delaware SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 49 aovernors of Virginia.* The Dutch made the first attempt to settle this section of country in 1632, near where Lewistown now stands, but a quarrel arose between the settlers and the Indians, and the little colony was exterminated. The first permanent Eu- ropean settlement in Delaware was made by the Swedes and Finns in 1638, at a place near the present city of Wilmington » SEAL OF DELAWARE. which they named Christiana, in honor of the infant queen of Sweden. To the colony itself they gave the name of New Sweden. In 1655 New Sweden fell under the dominion of the Dutch, and in 1664 it was seized by the English when they took possession of New Netherlands. In 1682 it was granted to Wil- liam Penn, who called it " The Lower Counties of Delaware." These Swedish settlements remained a part of Pennsylvania until 1690, when the delegates from these "Lower Counties" to the Legislature of Pennsylvania formed a separate legislature for themselves, and Delaware, with the approval of William Penn, became a separate colony. * See Chapter III., thirteenth paragraph. River and Bay named ? What of the first attempt to settle this region of country ? By whom was the first permanent colony in Delaware made ? What name did the Swedes give to the colony? Under whose dominion did New Sweden fall in 1655 ? By whom was it seized in 1664 ? To whom was it granted in 1682 ? What happened in 1690 ? 50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XL SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. SEAL OF PENNSVLVANIA. 1. The first European settlements in Pennsylvania were made along the Upper Delaware, by the Swedes and Finns, in 1638. These settlements fell under the dominion of the Dutch in 1655, and were seized by the English Duke of York in 1664. In the year 1681, Charles II., King of England, made a grant of all the country now known as Pennsylvania to William Penn. This grant was made to pay a debt which the English government had owed to Penn's father, who was an admiral in the British navy. Penn proposed to call the coiintry thus granted to him " Sylva- nia," but the king called it Pennsylvania, which means Penn's Woodland. 2. William Penn belonged to a sect of Christians styled by themselves Friends, but called by the world Quakers. This sect 1. Where, by whom, and when were the first European settlements made in Pennsylvania ? Under whose dominion did they fall in 1655 ? By whom were they seized in 1664? What did Charles II. do in 1681? For what purpose was this grant made? What did Penn propose to call the country ? What did the king call it? 2. To what sect of Christians did William Penn belong ? To what was this sect subject in England? What was Penn's desire? When did the first im- SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 was subject to many annoyances and petty persecutions in Eng- land, and it was Penn's desire to found in America a place of refuge for his brethren. The first immigrants arrived in 1681, and Penn himself came over in 1682. Soon after his arrival he made a treaty with the Indians, and promised to treat them kindly. He kept his word, and as long as Quaker rule continued in Pennsylvania, which was seventy years, the peace was unbroken between the whites and Indians. Penn was dearly loved by the red men, who called him " Onas," and thought that the best com- pliment they could pay a white man was to say that he was like Onas. 3. In ^he latter part of 1682, Penn began to build a city on a tract of land lying between the Schuylkill and the Delaware Rivers. This place he called Philadelphia, or the City of Broth- erly Love. It grew very rapidly, and in three years had more than six hundred houses, while the colony had a population of eight or nine thousand. After Penn's death, in 1718, his sons ruled the colony through deputy-governors. This proprietary government lasted down to the Revolution, when the Common- wealth bought the claims of Penn's sons for $580,000. 4. A dispute arose between Pennsylvania and Maryland con- cerning their boundaries. This dispute grew out of the royal grants to Lord Baltimore, the Duke of York, and William Penn. It was settled in 1763 by two distinguished English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. The boundary-line marked by them has ever since been famous as Mason and Dixon's Line. migrants arrive? AVhen did Pldii himself come over? What did he do soon after his arrival ? How long did Quaker rule continue in Pennsylvania ? What of the peace between the whites and Indians during that time? 3. AVhat did Penn begin to do in the latter part of 1682? AVhat did he call his city ? What of the progress of the colony ? What of the proprietary government ? 4. AVhat dispute arose ? How was it settled ? What is said of this bound- ary-line ? 52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XII. SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. SEAL OF NORTH CAROLINA. 1. The coast of the Carolinas was first explored by the Frentli in 1563. They called the country Carolina, in honor of Charles IX., King of France. There is very little resemblance in sound between Charles and Carolina ; but Carolus is the Latin name for Charles, and it is from Carolus that Carolina is derived. The French settlements in Carolina were soon abandoned. 2. We have already seen that Sir Walter Raleigh made an at- tempt to found a colony near the mouth of the Roanoke River in 1585 ; but this first attempt of the English to settle within the present limits of the United States was a failure, and it was many years before another attempt was made to colonize this region. 3. Between the years 1()40 and 1643 numbers of persons from Virginia settled the neighboring portions of North Carolina. 1. By whom and when was the coast of the Carolinas first explored? What did they call the country? What of the French settlements in Carolina? 2. What can you say of Sir Walter Raleigh's attempt to make a settlement near the mouth of the Roanoke River in 1585? 3. What happened between the years 1640 and 164.3? Who claimed juris- diction over the settlements? Whom did he appoint governor ? What did he call the colony ? SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 53 Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, claimed jurisdiction over these settlements, and appointed William Drummond governor. He called the colony Albemarle, in honor of the Duke of Albemarle. 4. In 1663, Charles II., King of England, conveyed the whole country between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth degrees of north latitude to eight noblemen, who were joint proprietors, with power to settle and govern. Under this charter a colony was planted near the mouth of the Cape Fear River, to which the name of Clarendon was given, and Sir John Yeamans was ap- pointed governor. There were thus established in the limits of SETTLERS FLEEING FROM THE INDIANS. North Carolina two separate colonies, Albemarle and Clarendon, each having its own governor. This arrangement occasioned trouble, and the two colonies were, in 1670, united under one government, with the name of North Carolina. 5. From 1670 to 1695 the progress of the colony was slow, 4. What did King Charles II., of England, do in 1663 ? What was done under this charter? When were the two colonies united, and under what name? 5. What of the state of affairs between 1670 and 1695 ? When John Arch- 5* 54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. owing to bad government and frequent revolts. In 1695, John Archdale, a Quaker, became governor, and succeeded in restoring comparative quiet. In 1705, Thomas Carey was appointed gov- ernor, but soon after Edward Hyde was appointed in his place, whereupon Carey incited a rebellion, which was not entirely sup- pressed until 1711. 6. In 1712 the Tuscarora and Coree Indians, having formed a conspiracy to destroy the whites, took the settlers by surprise, and killed a great number of men, women, and children. The militia of the country assembled as soon as possible, and kept the In- dians in check until assistance could be obtained from South Carolina, when the savages were completely defeated. 7. The progress of North Carolina was so slow that for forty- one years the increase in population amounted to only six hun- dred. At length, the advantages of the soil and climate having become known, immigrants from other countries rapidly poured in, and by 1775 the population of the colony was one hundred and eighty-five thousand. dale was appointed governor, in 1695, what did he succeed in doing? AVho was appointed governor in 1705 ? When Edward Hyde was appointed in his place, what did Carey do ? 6. Give an account of the Indian war. 7. Describe the progress of North Carolina. SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 55 CHAPTER XIII. SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. SEAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. The first English settlement in South Carolina was made at Port Royal, in 1670, but the next year the settlers removed to the western bank of the Ashley River, and commenced building a town. Finding that the site was not well chosen they removed to Oyster Point, formed by the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and there laid the foundations of the city of Charleston. This was in 1680. 2. The first governor of South Carolina was William Sayle, who came over with the first settlers in 1670, but died soon after his arrival, and was succeeded by Joseph West. Negro slavery was introduced into South Carolina by Sir John Yeamans, who came, in 1671, from Barbadoes with fifty families and nearly two hun- dred slaves. Soon after his arrival he succeeded Joseph West, and continued to act as governor until 1674, when Joseph West again became governor, and held the ofiice for eight years. It 1. Mention the first English settlements in South Carolina. When were the foundations of the city of Charleston laid? 2. Who were the first governors? By whom was negro slavery introduced into South Carolina? During whose administration was Charleston founded? 56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was during West's second term as governor that the city of Charleston was founded. 3. Between the years 1682 and 1686 there were no less than five governors over South Carolina. In 1686 the Spaniards laid waste the settlements of Port Royal. Joseph Martin, who was at that time governor, determined to retaliate by attacking the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, in Florida, but was prevented from carrying out his plan by the proprietors, who, under the grant from Charles II., had control of both North and South Carolina. During the year 1686 large numbers of Protestant refugees from France settled in South Carolina. 4. Between 1686 and 1695 the government of South Carolina was subject to frequent change, and for a part of the time the colony was in a very disturbed state. In 1695, John Archdale, a Quaker, was appointed governor. He was at the same time governor of North Carolina. The following year he was succeeded by Joseph Blake. 5. In 1702 war broke out between England and Spain, and the English settlers of Carolina became involved in hostilities with the Spaniards of Florida. James Moore, who was then governor of South Carolina, fitted out an expedition of twelve hundred colonists and friendly Indians, and sailed against St. Augustine, but was unable to take the fort at that place, and was obliged to raise the siege. In 1705, Governor Moore made an expedition against the Appalachee Indians beyond the Savannah, burned their towns and villages, killed several hundred of them, and obliged the others to submit to the English government. The next year a fleet of French and Spanish vessels appeared before Charleston, but they were easily repulsed. 3. How many governors were there between 1682 and 1686 ? Give an ac- count of troubles with Spain. AVho settled in South Carolina in 1686? 4. What can you say of the condition of things between 1686 and 1695? Who became governor in 1695? Who succeeded him ? 5. What war broke out in 1702? Give an account of Governor Moore's expedition against the Spaniards in Florida. Give an account of his expedi- AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 57 6. In 1712 South Carolina became involved in a war with the Tuscarora and Coree Indians, who, as was mentioned in the last chapter, had made an attack upon the settlers of North Carolina. Charles Craven, at that time governor of South Carolina, sent to the assistance of the North Carolinians a force of six hundred militia and nearly four hundred friendly Indians, under the com- mand of Colonel Barnwell. After a fatiguing march of two hun- dred miles through the wilderness Barnwells command came up with the Indians, and inflicted upon them a bloody defeat, driving them to their breastworks, where the Indians were again defeated with great slaughter. The loss of the Tuscaroras was estimated at nearly one thousand, while the loss in Barnwell's command was five white men killed and several wounded, besides thirty-six friendly Indians killed and between sixty and seventy wounded. The Tuscaroras were forced to submit for a while, but soon after renewed the war. They were again terribly defeated bv Colonel James Moore, after which the survivors abandoned their country, andj going to the North, joined the confederacy of the Five Nations. CHAPTER XIV. AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIEB. Virginia. 1. During the whole period of the civil war which broke out in England in 1642, between the king, Charles I., and the Parlia- ment, Virginia sided with the king, and after the execution of Charles, in 1649, the Virginians acknowledged his young son as tion against the Appalachee Indians. What was the result of an attack oa Charleston by the French and Spanish fleets ? 6. What war broke out in 1712? Give an account of Barnwell's expedition. What else of the Tuscaroras? 1. During the civil war in England between King Charles I. and his Par- C* 58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. their sovereign. Commissioners were sent by the Parliament to reduce the colony to submission. Governor Berkeley proposed resistance, but was not sustained by his council. The colony sub- mitted to the government of Cromwell on the condition that the Virginians should enjoy such " freedoms and privileges as belong to the free-born people of England." The commissioners, Bennet, Clayborne, and Curtis, in concert with the House of Burgesses, or Virginia Assembly, organized a provisional government for the colony. Bennet, a Puritan merchant, was elected governor. The right of election to all offices was declared to be in the House of Burgesses, and after the death of Cromwell they exercised this right by replacing Sir William Berkeley as governor in IGGO. Charles, who was then in exile, was invited to come over and be king of Virginia. From this incident in her history Virginia received the name of " The Old Dominion." Soon after this Charles II. was restored to the throne of England. 2. In 1660 certain laws called " Navigation Acts" were passed by the English Parliament. The object of these laws was to give England complete control of the trade of the colonies. The colonies were not allowed to send their products anywhere but to England, or buy goods anywhere but in England, or transport any merchandise in anything but English vessels. By way of com- pensation for these severe restrictions the colonies were allowed the exclusive privilege of supplying England with tobacco, but this privilege did not compensate for the burdens imposed by the liamcnt, which broke out in 1642, what did the Virginians do ? What did they do after the execution of the king? What was done by the Parliament ? On what condition did the colony submit ? What did the commissioners do in con- cert with the House of Burgesses? Who was elected governor? Where was the right of election to all offices declared to be ? IIow did the House of Burgesses exercise this right after the death of Cromwell ? What invitation was extended to Charles II. ? What name did Virginia receive on account of her loyalty ? 2. What laws were passed by the English Parliament in 1660? What was the object of these laws? Give a full account of these laws. Was Virginia's petition for relief granted ? AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 59 Navigation Acts, and the discontent of the people was general. Virginia petitioned for relief, but in vain. 3. The discontent was increased by grants of land made by the king to his favorites, which infringed on the rights of the Vir- ginians. A war which broke out with the Susquehanna Indians in 1675 added to the distress and increased the discontent of the people. Sir William Berkeley, the governor, who had hitherto been quite popular with all classes, was accused of " wanting honesty to resist the aggression of the mother-country, and cour- age to repel the Indians." These charges were chiefly made by Nathaniel Bacon, an intelligent and ambitious young lawyer, who had emigrated to Virginia in 1673. Bacon was chosen their leader by the people, who, in a tumultuous assembly, elected him general. Bacon therefore applied to the governor for a commis- sion, and being refused, raised a rebellion, during the course of which Jamestown was burned, and many depredations were com- mitted. The governor's forces were defeated or dispersed, and troops were sent out from England to his assistance. But the rebellion was suddenly ended by the death of Bacon. Most of his followers were captured, and twenty were executed. Berkeley was denounced for his severity, and returned to England to an- swer charges against him. He died soon after his arrival without seeing the king. " The old fool," said the king, " has taken away more lives in that naked country than I for the murder of my father." 4. During the reign of William and Mary in England Virginia prospered greatly. Under the administration of Francis Nicholson a college was founded, which was named the College of William and Mary. Nicholson transferred the seat of government to Williamsburg, which he laid out in the shape of the letter W. 3. How was the discontent increased ? What .added to the distress ? Of what was Sir William Berkeley accused ? Give an account of Bacon's rebel- lion. How many of his followers were executed ? What of Berkeley in Eng- land? What did the king say of him ? 4. What of affairs in Virginia during the reign of William and Mary? 60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. In 1714, under the leadership of Governor Spottswood, the mountains of Virginia W(!re crossed, and the beautiful valleys beyond were made known. On his return. Governor Spottswood presented each of the companions of his journey with a golden horseshoe as a memento of the expedition. Mari/Iand. 6. At the close of the civil war in England, which has a/ready been mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter, discord reigned in Maryland on account of the contests between the Puritans and Catholics. These were brought about in the fol- lowing manner : Bennet and Clayborne. as commissioners of the Parliament, altered the government, and intrusted it to a board of ten. Many Puritans had immigrated to the province, and when, in 1654, they got control of the new Assembly, they dis- franchised the Catholics. This led to civil war, which lasted until 1658, when a compromise was eifected, and Fendall. the proprietary governor, was acknowledged. After the death of Cromwell the representatives of Maryland asserted the supreme authority of the people and the allegiance of their colony to King Charles II. On the re-establishment of royal authority in Eng- land the rights of Lord Baltimore were confirmed. In 1662 Charles Calvert was sent out as governor by his fiither, and under his wise rule the colony flourished. 7. Maryland was made a royal province in 1691, during the reign of William and Mary, and the rights of Lord Baltimore 5. Give an account of Governor Spottswood's expedition in 1714. What did he do on his return ? 6. What cau.sed discord in Maryland just after the close of the civil war in England? How were these brought about? How long did the civil war in Maryland la.«t? What did the representatives of Maryland do after the death of Cromwell ? What happened on the re-establishment of the royal authority in England? What of the rule of Charles Calvert? 7. When was Maryland made a royal province? When was the proprietary government restored ? How long did it continue? AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 61 were annulled. These rights were restored to the fourth Lord Baltimore in 1715, and the proprietary government continued until the Revolution. Hew England Colonies and New York. 8. In 1675 the New England colonies became involved in a war with the Indians. This war is known as King Philip's War. Philip was son and successor of Massasoit, who had been the life- long friend of the English, but Philip did not share his father's friendly feelings. He was jealous of the increasing power of the whites, and was also actuated by a desire to avenge the death of his brother and others of his tribe, who had been executed by the English for the murder of a Christian Indian who had told the colonists that Philip was conspiring against them. 9. Philip succeeded in uniting the Narragansets and the Nim- pucks with his own tribe, the Wampanoags, in a conspiracy for the extermination of all the New England settlements. The war began by an attack upon Swanzey, in Plymouth. Many of the towns were surprised and burned and their inhabitants slaughtered. The town of Hadley, surprised while the inhabitants were at church, was saved by the sudden appearance of a venerable stranger, who rallied the whites and led them to victory. Imme- diately after the fight he disappeared. At first the people thought he was an angel who had been sent for their deliverance, but it was afterwards ascertained that he was General GofFe, one of the judges who had condemned Charles I., and had fled from Eng- land on the restoration of his son, Charles II., to the throne. 10. After spreading terror through the towns and villages of New England, Philip was defeated in a furious attack on Hatfield, 8. In what war did the New England colonies become involved in 1675? Who was Philip ? What was the cause of his hostility to the whites ? 9. What tribes did Philip succeed in uniting against the whites ? How did the war begin? Give an account of the attack on the town of Hadley and of the stranger who came to its rescue. 10. What did Philip do after his defeat at Hatfield ? Give an account of 6 62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and fled into Rhode Island to the Narragansets, who gave him shelter. In December, 1675, fifteen hundred men invaded the territory of the Narragansets. The Indians had a fort in an al- most inaccessible swamp, and had collected there three thousand warriors. Here the whites attacked them, and after a desperate battle the Indians were utterly defeated, with the loss of one thou- sand men. This was a crushing blow to the Indians, for in addi- tion to the great number slain, all their wigwams and their winter's supply of provisions were destroyed. Canonchet, the chief of the Narragansets, was captured, and soon after put to death because he refused to make peace. Philip, however, escaped, and in the spring the war was renewed by him, and desolation carried to within twenty miles of Boston. 11. But all Philip's desperate efforts were of no avail. At last, defeated and hunted from place to place, he fled to his old haunts, near Mount Hope, in Rhode Island. To add to his dis- tress, his wife and son were captured. A few days after (August, 1676), he was surprised by his enemies in a swamp, to which he had fled for refuge, and was shot by a faithless follower who had deserted to the whites. His head was cut off" and sent to Plymouth, and there exposed on a gibbet. Philip's son, wli ) was only nine years of age, was taken to Boston, where he was condemned by the authorities to be sold as a slave in the Bermudas. This w:is an act of great barbarity, and was an exhibition of the grossest ingratitude ; for though Philip liad done the colonists much harm, yet Massasoit, the grandfather of the boy, had befriended and sheltered the settlers at Plymouth when they were few and feeble. 12. During this war six hundred of the inhabitants had been tho battle at the Indian fort. Wh.it can you say of this blow? What can you say of Canonchet? What of Philip ? 11. To what place did Philip flee after several defe.ats? What added to his distress? Give an account of his death. What was done with Philip's son? What do you think of thi,« act ? 12. Mention the loss to life and property during King Philip's War. What of the New England Indians? How long did peace last? AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 63 slain, twelve or thirteen towns had been destroyed, a heavy debt had been contracted, and the wealth of New England had been greatly diminished. But the New England Indians were completely subdued. From the close of King Philip's War in 1676 until 1688 the New England colonies enjoyed repose. In 1688 began the first of a series of wars between England and France, in which their respective colonies in America became involved. But we will treat of these wars in a subsequent chapter. 13. In 1684, Colonel Dongan, governor of New York, in con- junction with Lord Effingham, governor of Virginia, made a treaty with the powerful Indian confederacy known as the Five Nations. This treaty embraced all the English settlements and all the In- dian tribes in alliance with the Five Nations. It was long and faithfully adhered to, and was of great advantage to the English, for the friendship of the Five Nations and their allies proved a barrier against the encroachments of the French. 14. In 1684 the New England Confederation, which had been formed in 1643, ceased to exist, for Charles II. annulled the charters of all the New England colonies. James II., who came to the throne of England in 1685, appointed Joseph Dudley to take charge of the government of Massachusetts, Maine, Ply- mouth, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. He was superseded in 1686 by Sir Edmund Andros, and New York and New Jersey were added to the jurisdiction of the New England colonies. Andros was an infamous tyrant and was universally detested. He broke up the governments of the various New England colonies, beginning with Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 15. In 1687, he went to Hartford, where the Assembly was 13. What happened in New York in 1684? What did this treaty embrace? How was it of advantage to the English? 14. What of the New England Confederation in 1684? Who was appointed by James II., in 1685, to take charge of the government of Massachusetts, Maine, Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Connecticut? What happened in 1686? What of Andros? What governments did he break up ? 15. Give an account of the preservation of the charter of Connecticut. When were their charters restored to the New England colonies ? 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in session, and demanded the charter of Connecticut. Tlie de- mand was evaded until night. After the candles were lighted, the charter was brought in and laid upon the table. Before Andros could take it up the lights were suddenly put out, and when the candles were relighted the charter was gone. One of the patriots had carried it off. It was concealed for a time in the hollow of an oak, which for more than a century was pointed out as the Charter Oak. After the expulsion of James II. from the throne of England and the accession of William and Mary Andros was removed from power, and their charters were restored to the New England colonies. 16. By a new charter granted in 1691 the colonies of Ply- mouth and Massachusetts were made one, under the name of Massachusetts. The district of Maine was at the same time added to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 17. In 1692 there broke out in Salem, Massachusetts, a won- derful delusion called the Salem Witchcraft. After much innocent blood had been shed the people awoke to reason, and many who were under sentence were liberated. South Carolina. 18. In 1715 South Carolina became involved in a war with the Yemassees, a strong and warlike tribe on the southwestern border of the colony, next to the Savannah River. They were jealous of the whites, and determined to destroy them. They succeeded in uniting with them in this purpose all the tribes of Indians from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Florida. 19. Hostilities commenced by an attack upon Pocotaligo, in which ninety persons were killed. The people of Port Royal 16. When were the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts united? What district was added to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts? 17. Give an account of the Salem Witchcraft delusion. 18. In what war did South Carolina become involved in 1715? What reason prompted the Yemassees to begin the war? What did they succeed in doing? 19. How did hostilities commence? How did the people of Port Royal AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 65 were warned in time, and made their escape to Charleston by means of a vessel that liappened to be in the harbor. Several persons living in the country who were not in time to embark were either killed or captured. The war was waged even towards the borders of North Carolin?, and fears were entertained for the safety of Charleston itself Grovernor Craven ordered out every man under arms, and even armed some of the most trusty of the slaves. Craven himself marched directly against the enemy, at the head of two hundred and forty men, and ordered Colonel Mackey to raise as large a force as possible and proceed by water to meet him at Yemassee town. The intended junction of forces did not take place, but the governor encountered the enemy, numbering five hundred, on the Combahee River, and defeated them, while Mackey captured an Indian town and also a fort, and inflicted much damage on the savages. 20. Though the Indians were checked in these two battles, they met with some successes on the northern borders of the colony. They succeeded in leading Captain Thomas Barker, at the head of ninety men, into an ambush, where he and several of his men were slain. They also attacked a force of seventy white men and forty negroes, who had thrown up a breastwork on one of the plantations and resolved to defend themselves. After failing in several assaults on this small field-work, the savages pretended to treat for peace, and when the garrison were thus thrown off their guard, made a sudden and unexpected attack, captured the breast- work, and put most of its defenders to death. Shortly after. Cap- tain Chicken, of the Groose Creek militia, attacked the Indians, and in a desperate fight, in which he proved himself to be true*' •» game, defeated and drove them back, thus making the province secure on the north. escape ? What became of several persons living in the country ? What was the extent of the war? What did Governor Craven do? What of the battle between his forces and the enemy ? What did Colonel Mackey accomplish ? 20. Where did the Indians meet with some success? Give an account of the attack on Captain Barker, and on the party who had thrown up fortifica- tions on one of the plantations. What did Captain Chicken do shortly after? 6* 66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2f . Meanwhile, the whole country was deserted to within twenty miles of Charleston, and many feared the destruction of the province, for the enemy numbered between eight and ten thou- sand warriors, while South Carolina was able to bring into the field only about twelve hundred men capable of bearing arms. In this emergency Governor Craven sent an agent to New England to purchase arms, and applied to Virginia for aid. At the same time he invaded the enemy's country. Lieutenant-General James Moore and Colonels John Barnwell and Alexander Mackey were chosen to lead the Carolina troops. At length the Indians were completely defeated and driven beyond the Savannah River. The Yemassees after their complete defeat took up their abode in Florida, and never again attempted to renew the war. South Carolina now enjoyed a long interval of repose. CHAPTER XV. SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. SEAL OF GEORGIA. 1. A CHARTER for the establishment of the colony of Georgia was obtained from George II., King of England, in June, 1732. At first it embraced a territory between the Savannah and the 21. What of the whole country in the mean while? Why did many fear the destruction of the province? What did Governor Craven do in this emer- gency ? Who were chosen to lead the Carolina troops? What was the result of the war ? What did the Yemassees do after their defeat? SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 6T Altamaha Rivers, but after the cession of the Spanish possessions of East and West Florida to England by the treaty of 1763, the boundaries of Georgia were extended to the Mississippi River on the west, and on the south to latitude 31° and the St. Mary's River, thus embracing not only the present State of Georgia, but also most of what now constitutes the States of Alabama and Mississippi. The Georgia of Oglethorpe's time was the district between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. 2. The object of the founders of Georgia was to establish a barrier against the hostile encroachments of the Spaniards on the province of South Carolina, and at the same time to provide a home for the poor of Great Rritain, and a place of refuge for the Salzburgers and other persecuted sects of the Continent of Europe. 3. James Edward Oglethorpe, a man of great talent and be- nevolence, and of considerable military experience, was selected by the trustees to take charge of the affairs of the new colony, and in November, 1*732, he set sail from England with one hun- dred and sixteen emigrants. In January, 1733, after a voyage of nearly two months, they arrived in the harbor of Charleston, where they were received with the greatest kindness by the Caro- linians and their governor, Robert Johnson. The Carolinians furnished them with provisions and stock, and also with vessels to convey additional supplies to the Savannah River. They also sent along a company of soldiers to protect them against the In- dians until they could build houses and fortifications. 4. After leaving Charleston the new settlers went to Beaufort, 1. When was a charter obtained from George II. for the establishment of the colony of Georgia? What did it embrace at first? How were the boun- daries of Georgia afterwards extended ? What was the Georgia of Ogle- thorpe's time ? 2. State in full the object of the founders of Georgia. 3. Who was selected to take charge of the affairs of the new colony ? When did he set sail from England ? Who accompanied him ? When did they reach Charleston ? How were they received ? With what did the Carolinians fur- nish them ? What did they send along with them? 4. Where did the new settlers go after leaving Charleston ? What did Ogle- 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in South Carolina. Here Oglethorpe left the party and ascended the Savannah until he came to Yamacraw Bluff, which spot he selected for his settlement. On the 12th of February the colonists arrived, and the first house was commenced on the 20th. Ogle- thorpe called the new town " Savannah," from the name of the river on whose banks it was situated. 5. Tomoehichi, chief of the Yamacraws, a tribe of Indians who lived near by, immediately sought an alliance with Oglethorpe, who made a treaty with him. The chief presented Oglethorpe with a buffalo robe, on the inside of which were painted the head and feathers of an eagle, and said, " The feathers of the eagle are soft and signify love; the buffalo skin is warm and is the emblem of protection. Therefore love and protect our little families." Oglethorpe also made treaties with the Creeks, the Muscogees, and even with the Cherokees of the mountains and the Choctaws on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. 6. In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the arrival of seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germany, who had been driven from their homes by the most terrible persecutions. They settled in a portion of Georgia now known as Effingham County, at a place which they called Ebenezer, or the " Stone of Help," ex- pressing by this name their gratitude to God for their final deliver- ance from all their enemies. 7. Oglethorpe also established settlements in other portions of Georgia. A company of Scotch Highlanders was located at Darien, a company of immigrants was settled at Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, and trading-posts were established at Augusta. In Feb- ruary, 1736, two hundred immigrants came over to Georgia, among thorpe do here ? When did the colonists arrive at Yainacraw Bluff? What did Oglethorpe call his new town ? 5. Relate the interview between Tomoehichi and Oglethorpe. AVith what other Indians did Oglethorpe make treaties? 6. How was the colony strengthened in March, 17;^4? Where did these Salzburgers settle? Why did they call their settlement Ebenezer? 7. In what other portions of Georgia did Oglethorpe establish settlements? What happened in February, 1736? For what did the two Wesleys come? SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 69 whom were the celebrated founders of Methodism, John and Charles Wesley, who came to preach the gospel to the Indians and also to the settlers. In 1738 there came to Greorgia another emi- nent minister, afterwards celebrated in the great Methodist move- ment, the Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony several years, and during his stay founded the Orphan House at Bethesda, a few miles from Savannah. 8. The Spaniards, who had established their first permanent settlement in Florida, in 1565, at St. Augustine, claimed the territory of Georgia as their own, and regarded its colonization by the English as an intrusion upon their rights. They therefore resolved to expel the English from Georgia. In 1737, Oglethorpe, anticipating a war with Spain, went to England, where he raised a regiment of six hundred men for the defence of the colony. He was now appointed commander-in-chief of all the militia forces of South Carolina and Georgia. 9. On the breaking out of the war in 1739, Oglethorpe invaded Florida at the head of two thousand men, consisting of his own regiment and the rest Carolinians and friendly Indians. Ogle- thorpe, however, found the Spanish fortifications at St. Augustine too strong for his small army, and returned to Georgia without accomplishing anything. In 1742 the Spaniards invaded Georgia with a land and naval force of three thousand men. In this emergency Oglethorpe was obliged to rely upon his own resources, for the Carolinians, provoked at his former failure, would give him no assistance. Accordingly, he prepared to make the best possi- ble defence with the forces at his command, numbering barely eight hundred men. 10. No general engagement occurred, however, though a force Who came over in 1738? What did Whitefield do during his stay in the colony ? 8. What can you say of the Spaniards? What of Oglethorpe? 9. What of Oglethorpe's expedition in 1739? What did the Spaniards do in 1742? What was Oglethorpe obliged to do? How large was the force under his command? 10. Give an account of the battle of Bloody Marsh? How was Oglethorpe's 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of three hundred Spaniards was defeated on St. Simon's Island by a far inferior force of English troops. In this afiPair, known as the battle of the Bloody Marsh, the Spaniards lost two-thirds of the number engaged. Oglethorpe now resolved to attack the Spaniards at night, but his plan was thwarted by a French soldier of his party, who, when they had come near the Spanish camp, fired off his musket and ran into the enemy's lines. Oglethorpe knew that this deserter would make known to the Spaniards the weakness of his force. He therefore resorted to a stratagem to deceive the enemy. He wrote a letter to the deserter asking him to urge the Spaniards to make an immediate attack upon Frederica, and if they would not do that, to persuade them to remain where they were three days longer, as he expected within that time six British men-of-war, with two thousand troops, from South Caro- lina. This letter was intrusted to a Spanish prisoner, who promised to deliver it to the deserter, but the prisoner delivered it, as Oglethorpe hoped he would, to the Spanish commander, who put the deserter in irons, considering him a spy. While the Spanish general was deliberating what was best to be done three vessels did appear in sight, which were sent, with troops on board, to the assistance of Oglethorpe by the governor of South Caro- lina. The Spaniards being fully convinced now that the letter was no stratagem, and that this was the very force mentioned in the letter, became panic-stricken, and, burning their fort, fled in such haste that they left behind their military stores and some of their artillery. 11. In 1743, Oglethorpe returned to England, and a civil gov- ernment was substituted for the military government which had previously prevailed. In 1747 the laws against the introduction of negroes into Georgia were repealed. plan for attacking the Spanish thwarted ? Rehite Oglethorpe's stratagem for deceiving the enemy. When the Spanish commander got hold of Oglethorpe's letter, what did he do with the deserter? What convinced the Spaniards that the letter was no stratagem ? What did they then do ? 11. After Oglethorpe returned to England in 1743, what happened? When was slavery introduced into Georgia ? SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 71 12. In the lattter part of 1747 the colony was threatened with a great danger. A man named Bosomworth, who had been a chaplain in Oglethorpe's regiment, had married an Indian squaw named Mary, who claimed to be queen of the Creeks. Bosom- worth, who was an unscrupulous man, set up a claim in behalf of his wife to all the islands and lands reserved by the Indians in their first treaty with Oglethorpe. In support of this claim Bosomworth and Mary marched at the head of a large Indian force upon Savannah, and threatened to exterminate the colonists unless their demands were complied with. But the firmness of the authorities saved the colony, and the Indians, after being de- prived of their leaders, were forced into submission. 13. In 1752 the trustees to whom the charter for the estab- lishment of the colony of Georgia had been granted surrendered their rights under it to the crown, and Georgia became a royal province. In 1754, Captain John Reynolds, of the Royal Navy, was appointed governor. The government of the colony was conferred on a legislature, in conjunction with the governor and his council. The legislature consisted of delegates elected by the people, but the governor and his council were appointed by the king. Under the royal government, which thus supplanted that of the trustees, Georgia began to flourish and to increase rapidly in population and importance. 12. Give an account of the troubles with the Creeks led by Bosomworth and Mary. 13. What did the trustees do in 1752 ? Who was appointed governor in 1754? On whom was the government of the colony conferred? Of what did the legislature consist ? By whom were the governor and his council ap pointed? Whai else can you say of Georgia? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XVI. THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. King Williani's War. 1. The rival claims of the French and English in America were the cause of a series of wars, the first of which took place long before the events recorded in the last chapter. The first of these wars broke out in 1689, and was called King William's War. 2. The war began in Europe between England and France, and extended to their respective colonies in America. The white population of all the French possessions in America at this time was only twelve thousand, not more than one-twentieth of that of the English settlements, but the French had a great number of Indian allies. The English settlers would have suffered far more from the attacks of the Indians than they did, if it had not been for the friendship of the powerful Indian confederacy known as the Five Nations, which was secured by^the treaty made with them in New York in 1684. The same year that this treaty was made with the English, De La Barre, the French gov- ernor of Canada, invaded the territory of the Five Nations with seventeen hundred men, but his expedition was a complete failure. His successor, De Nouville, led a still larger army against the 1. To what did the rival claims of the French and English in America lead ? When did the fir.st of these wars break out, and what was it called ? 2. Where did the war begin? Give the comparative population of the French and English possessions in America at this time. What was a great assistance to the English during these wars ? What can you say of the expe- dition of De la Barre against the Five Nations? What of De Nouville, his successor? How did the Indians retaliate? What did Count Frontcnac, the successor of De Nouville, do? What did he succeed in getting the Five Na- tions to do ? THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 73 rive Nations, but was drawn into an ambuscade, and defeated with heavy loss. The Indians attacked the French settlements in Canada, and inflicted great damage on them. Count Frontenac, a skilful French officer, who succeeded De Nouville, pursi^ed a very different policy towards the Five Nations, and did all that he could to gain their good will ; and though he could not persuade them to break their treaty with the English and become his allies, he did succeed in getting them to promise to remain neutral in the war which broke out in 1G89 between the French and Eng- lish in America. 3. The war in America was begun by the Eastern Indians, who were allies of the French. Their first attacks were on the Eng- lish settlements in New Hampshire and Maine. They destroyed Dover, in New Hampshire, and carried off many of the inhab- itants to Canada as prisoners of war. They also captured Fort Pemaquid, and massacred most of the inhabitants living along Salmon Fa;lls River and Casco Bay, in Maine. The settlements in New York were next attacked. On the night of the 8th of February, 1690, a large party of French and Indians from Mon- treal surprised the village of Schenectady ; sixty persons were massacred, twenty-seven were captured, some escaped, and, half- clad, made their way through a blinding snow-storm to Albany, sixteen miles distant, while many others who attempted to do the same thing perished on the way. A party of young men and Mohawk Indians set out from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, and succeeded in killing and capturing twenty-five of them. 4. An army was raised in New York and Connecticut for the purpose of avenging these and other atrocities, and marched, under the command of General Winthrop, against Montreal, while a fleet and army from Boston, commanded by Sir William Phipps, moved against Quebec. Both expeditions failed to accomplish .3. How did the war in America begin? Where were their first attacks? What did they do in New Hampshire and Maine? Describe the attack on Schenectady, in New York. 4. What two expeditions were raised? What of these expeditions? What D 7 74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. their object, though the force under Phipps did capture Port Royal, in Acadia. Near the close of 1691, Major Schuyler, who had great influence among the Indians of the Five Nations, per- suaded them to join him in an attack on the French settlements. lie accordingly set out with a large body of colonial and Indian forces, but, after inflicting considerable damage on the French, was compelled to retreat. The colonies of New England and New York continued to suiFer from the attacks of the French and Indians until 1697. 5. In 1697 the French and their Indian allies attacked Haver- hill, in Massachusetts, and killed or captured forty persons. One thrilling incident connected with the attack on Haverhill should not be omitted. A Mr. Dustin was at work in his field, and learn- ing of the approach of the Indians, ran to his house and told his seven little children to tun. His wife, who was sick in bed, urged him to save the children and leave her, as she could not possibly go with him. He did so; and by riding behind the children, who ran ahead, he succeeded in keeping the Indians in check with his gun until they reached a place of safety. The Indians went to the house, forced Mrs. Dustin to rise from her sick-bed, with an in- fant in her arms, and accompany them. Finding that she could not keep up, they seized the infant and murdered it before the mother's eyes. Mrs. Dustin and the nurse, who had been cap- tured with her, were forced along until they reached an island in the Merrimac, a few miles above Concord. Mrs. Dustin learning that she was to be taken many miles farther, resolved to make her escape. So one night when the Indians were asleep she woke the nurse and a white boy, who was also a prisoner, and each taking a tomahawk from one of the sleeping savages, with their own hands they slew ten stalwart warriors, and, seizing on the canoe that had brought them thither, descended the Merrimac, place did the expedition under Phipps capture? Give an account of Major Schuyler's expedition. 5. What happened in 1697 at Haverhill, in Massachusetts? Relate the adventures of the Dustin family. THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 75 and were soon safe among the friends who had mourned them as lost. A granite monument erected on the spot in Boscawen, New Hampshire, commemorates this daring deed of the heroic Hannah Dustin. 6. King William's War was ended in 1697 by the peace signed at Ryswick, in Holland. By this treaty it was agreed that each side should have the same territory as before the war. Queen Annes War. 7. In 1702 the peace of Ryswick was broken by a war between England on the one side and France and Spain on the other. The war soon involved the colonies in America, where it was known as Queen Anne's War. The brunt of this war was borne by the colonies of New England. New York was for the most part spared, because the French had made a treaty with the Iroquois, or Five Nations, and refrained from invading their territory. In New Hampshire and Massachusetts the war was characterized by the usual Indian barbarities. War was also carried on between the English of South Carolina and the Spaniards of Florida. 8. In the first year of the war, as has already been mentioned in the chapter on South Carolina, Governor Moore led an unsuc- cessful expedition against St. Augustine, in Florida. He after- wards attacked and subdued the Indian allies of Spain living near Appalachee Bay. In 1706 an attack on Charleston by the French and Spanish fleets was repulsed. The real horrors of war were confined almost entirely to the New England colonies. In Feb- ruary, 1704, Deerfield, in Massachusetts, was surprised just before dawn, after the sentinels had retired from their posts. The mas- 6. When was King William's war ended ? AVhat was agreed by the treaty ? 7. What happened in 1702? What was this war called in America? By whom was the brunt of the war borne? Why did New York for the most part escape? How was the war in New Hampshire and Massachusetts charac- terized? Between whom was the war carried on in the South ? 8. What of Moore's expeditions? What happened in 1706 ? Where were the real horrors of the war confined? Describe the attack on Deerfield. 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. sacre was very much like tliat at Schenectady, New York, which occurred during King William's War. At the latter place the gate of the palisade surrounding the town was accidentally left open, and the Indians entered in that way. At Deerfield the savages got into the palisades by climbing up the snow-drifts, which reached to their tops, and before the alarm could be given were murdering and scalping men, women, and children. All that escaped immediate death were carried as captives to Canada. 9. In 1707 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire fitted out an expedition against Port Royal, in Acadia. This ex- pedition was a failure, but in 1710 another attempt was crowned with success. Port Royal was taken, and a large part of Acadia became a British province, under the name of Nova Scotia, which means New Scotland. An attempt against Montreal and Quebec in 1711 resulted in failure. Queen Anne's War was ended in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. The only gain to England was the conquest of Acadia, or Nova Scotia. 10. Queen Anne's War had interrupted French progress in the West, but during the peace which followed French colonization was revived. In 1718 the city of New Orleans was founded and made the capital of all Louisiana, as the vast French possessions west of the Mississippi were called. Mobile, now the chief city of Alabama, had been founded in 1702, and was the capital of Louisiana until the founding of New Orleans. French progress in the valley of the Mississippi was slow. But in the Northwest the French were firmly establishing their power. They built Fort Niagara in 1728, Crown Point in 1731, and soon after established a post at Vincennes. By the middle of the century they had control of all the water-routes from the Great Lakes to the Gulf 9. What of the expedition against Port Royal? What happened in 1710? How did the attempt in 1711 against Montreal and Quebec result? When and how was Queen Anne's AVar ended ? What was the only gain to England ? 10. AVhat had Queen Anne's War interruj)ted ? What happened in 1718? What city had previously been the c:ipital of Louisiana? What of French progress in the valley of the Mississippi ? How were they establishing their THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 77 of Mexico. They had more than sixty military stations from Lake Ontario down the Illinois, Wabash, and Maumee Rivers to the Mississippi, and then down that river to New Orleans. The grand design of France was to found a mighty empire in the country watered by the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi. King George s War. 11. The progress of the French was interrupted by the out- break of King George's War in 1744. This war, like both the others, began between the English and French in Europe, and extended to their colonies in America. The most important event of this war was the capture of Louishurg, on Cape Breton Is- land. It was captured June 17, 1745, by thirty -two hundred New Englanders, led by General Pepperell, a native of Maine, assisted by a British fleet, commanded by Admiral Warren. The French made two attempts to reconquer Cape Breton, but failed. King George's War was closed in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle (aks-la-sha-pel). It was agreed that each party should restore all places taken. Accordingly, Louisburg and Cape Breton were restored to France. The French and Indian War. 12. The peace which followed was of short duration, as might have been expected, for the boundaries of the French and Eng- lish in America had never been definitely settled, and besides, each nation aimed at the absolute dominion of all North America. The three previous wars grew out of disputes that originated in Eu- rope, but the last and greatest of the wars between France and power in the Northwest ? Of what had they control by the middle of the century? What of their military stations? What was the grand design of France? 11. What war broke out in 1744 ? Relate the leading events of this war. 12. Why was the treaty which followed of short duration ? Out of what had the three previous wars grown ? Where did the last and greatest of the wars on this continent between France and England originate? What did 7* 78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. England on this continent originated in America. The French claimed all the magnificent territory west of the AUeghauies, and for the purpose of confining the P^nglish to the country east of those mountains they had, as we have already seen, erected a chain of forts from Nova Scotia along the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. France based her claim on the ground of discovery and settlement, while England claimed all North America on the ground of its discovery by Cabot. 13. The English made no attempt to settle west of the Alle- ghanies previous to 1752. In that year a company of English merchants and Virginia land speculators styled the Ohio Com- pany, who had, in 1749, obtained from the King of England a grant of a large tract of land on the east side of the Ohio River, sent agents, who established a trading-post at Redstone, now Brownsville, on the Monongahela, and commenced surveying the lands. These agents were seized by a party of French and In- dians and carried as prisoners to a French fort. Some Indians who were friendly to the English resented this treatment of their allies by seizing several French traders and sending them to Pennsylvania. Soon after the French began to build forts south of Lake Erie, against which Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, remonstrated, because this territory was within the original charter limits of Virginia. Governor Dinwiddle selected George Wash- ington, then only twenty-one years of age, to be the bearer of a letter to the French commander. 14. Georare Washington, who afterwards led the armies of his France claim ? What did they do for the purpose of confining the English to the country east of the Allcghanies? On what did France base her cly.im ? Why did England claim all North America? 1.3. AVhat of the English previous to 1752? AVhat happened in 1752? What was done to the agents of the Ohio Company? What did some Indians friendly to the English do? What did the French begin to do soon after? Why did Governor Dinwiddic, of Virginia, remonstrate against this? Whom did he select as the bearer of a letter to the French commander? 14. Where and when was George Washington born? What is said of him as a lad ? What else is said of him ? THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. "79 country in the war for independence, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the banks of the Potomac, on the 22d of February, 1732. Even as a hxd he was distinguished for his truthfuhiess and manly spirit. He was a surveyor at sixteen, and at nineteen was appointed adjutant of a military district with the rank of major. This rank he held when he was appointed by Governor Dinwiddle to be the bearer of the letter to the French commander. 15. It was on the 31st of October, 1753, that Washington set out from Williamsburg on his journey of five hundred miles, most of it through a wilderness full of dangers. He reached the French commander in safety, and was kindly received by him ; but the letter which was given him to bear back to Governor Dinwiddle contained a positive refusal to withdraw the French troops from the disputed territory. The French commander declared that he was acting under the orders of the governor of Canada, whom alone he was bound to obey. Washington, on his return, was ex- posed to great dangers. He was thrown from his raft by the drifting ice while crossing the Alleghany River, and narrowly escaped being drowned, and was once fired at by a treacherous Indian guide at a distance of fifteen paces ; but his life was pre- served by a kind Providence, and he reached Governor Dinwiddle in safety with the French commandant's letter, and with valuable information about the French forces and posts on the Mississippi. 16. Governor Dinwiddle immediately sent a party of men to erect a fort at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, where Pittsburg now stands. The French drove ofi" this party, finished the fort themselves, and called it Fort Du Quesne (du kane). A regiment under Colonel Frye, with Washington as 15. What can you say of Washington's journey ? How was he received by the French commander? What of the French commander's reply to Governor Dinwiddie? What did the French commander declare? Describe the perils encountered by Washington on his homeward journey. 16. When Governor Dinwiddie received the letter of the French commander, what did he do ? What did the French do ? What was sent into the disputed territory ? Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows. What fort 80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. second in command, was marched into the disputed territory, when news reached tliem of this conduct of the French. Washington hastened forward with an advanced party, and coming up with a party of French under Joumonville, at a place called the Great Meadows, utterly defeated them, killing or capturing almost the entire party. At this place Washington erected a fort, which he named Fort Necessity. While waiting here for reinforcements Colonel Frye died, and Washington was now chief commander. He was soon joined by additional troops from New York and Carolina. His whole force now amounted to about four hundred men. Here, on the 4th of July, 1754, he was attacked by fifteen hundred French and Indians under De Villiers, and after a gallant fight, found it necessary to accept the honorable terms of capitu- lation which were oiFered by the French. With drums beating and colors flying the English marched out of Fort Necessity, leaving all the country west of the AUeghanies in the hands of the French. 17. It was now evident that a mighty struggle was at hand, that bitter, desperate strife for the mastery of a continent, known as the French and Indian War. At this time the English colonies contained more than one million five hundred thousand inhab- itants, while the French settlements contained scarcely one hun- dred thousand. This estimate is, of course, exclusive of Indians. 18. The British government advised the colonies to unite them- selves together for the common defence. Accordingly a congress, consisting of delegates from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Mary- did Washington erect? What occurred while they were waiting for reinforce- ments? By what was he soon joined ? What happened on the 4th of July, 1754 ? What was left in the hands of the French ? 17. What mighty struggle now began ? What was the comparative white population of the English and French colonies in America at this time? 18. What did the British government advise the colonies ? What States sent delegates to a congress of the colonies? Where did the congress meet? Who drew up and presented a plan of union? What of this plan? Why was it re- jected by the colonial Assemblies? Why rejected by the British government ? THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 81 land, was held at Albany, in New York. A plan of union was drawn up and presented by Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania. This plan was adopted by the congress on the 4th of July, 1754, the delegates from Connecticut alone objecting. The plan of union was, however, rejected by the colonial assemblies, on the ground that too much power was given to the president-general of the confederation, and by the British government, because it was thought that too much power was assumed on the part of the re- spective colonial governments. It was resolved to carry on the war with British troops, aided by such forces as the colonies might sepa- rately furnish. The congress also made a treaty which secured the alliance of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, as they were now called, the Tuscaroras having been received into their confederacy. 19. All this time England and France professed to be at peace with each other, but kept sending over troops to the assistance of their colonies. In the spring of 1755 the British government sent over two regiments of regulars with General Braddock, who was to be commander-in-chief of all the forces in America. General Braddock had a meeting with the colonial governors at Alexandria, in Virginia, and arranged a plan of campaign. Three expeditions were planned, one under Braddock himself against Fort Du Quesne, another under General Shirley, against Fort Niagara, and a third under Sir William Johnson, against Crown Point, How was it resolved to carry on the war? With what Indian confederacy did the congress make a treaty ? 19. What did England and France profess all this time ? But what did they do ? What did the British government do in the spring of 1755 ? What did General Braddock do ? How many expeditions were planned, and what were they? What did most of the colonies do ? D* GHNKRAL liliADDOCK. 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. on Lake Champlain. Most of the colonies raised troops, and voted money and supplies for these expeditions. 20. While preparations were going on, it was determined to send an expedition against that portion of Acadia lying between Nova Scotia and Maine, and now known as New Brunswick. In this country the French had erected three small forts. A land and naval force sent out from Boston in May, 1755, made an easy capture of these forts. The French inhabitants of the country, the peaceful Acadians, were now cruelly torn from their homes, forced on board of British vessels, — in many instances husbands and wives, parents and children, separated from each other, — and distributed among the different colonies, to lead out miserable existence in exile or to die in despair. Neither Britain nor her colonies gained any honor by this act of cruelty. The sufferings of these Acadians have been commemorated in Long- fellow's beautiful poem, Evangeline. 21. After some delay General Braddock's column of two thou- sand five hundred troops started from Alexandria. Washington went with the expedition as aide-de-camp to Braddock. Brad- dock was not accustomed to the Indian mode of fighting, and would not take the advice of Washington. On the 9tli of July, when Braddock, with the advanced division, had reached a place about seven miles from Fort Du Qitesnc, the sudden war-whoop of the Indians and the whistle of bullets told the English that they had fallen into an ambuscade. The result was a disastrous defeat to the English. Braddock was among the slain. Wash- ington with a body of Virginia troops covered the retreat and saved the army from total destruction. The expedition was a failure, and the whole force retreated to Philadelphia. 20. AVhile preparations were going on, what was it determined to do ? What had the French done in this country? What of the expedition against the Acadians? How have the sufferings of these Acadians been commemorated? 21. What of General Braddock's column ? Who was aide-de-camp to Brad- dock? What of Braddock's experience in Indian warfare? Give the account of Braddock's defeat by the French and Indians. Who covered the retreat and saved the army ? THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 83 22. General Shirley's expedition against Niagara accomplished nothing but the erection of two small forts on the east side of the river, in which garrisons were left. 23. Sir William Johnson's column of six thousand men, whose destination was Crown Point, assembled at the head of boat navi- gation on the Hudson. After erecting at this place Fort Edward and leaving a garrison in it, Johnson moved forward to the south- ern end of Lake George. Baron Dieskau (dee-es-ko) moved out from Crown Point with nearly four thousand French, and en- countered Colonel Williams, who, with one thousand men, had been sent to watch the French. Williams's force was defeated and himself slain, as was also Colonel Hendricks, in command of the Indian allies. Dieskau pursued the fugitives, and came up with Johnson's main body. The French were now outnumbered in turn, and after a desperate fight, known as the Battle of Lake George^ were completely routed. The English, in the pursuit, came upon Baron Dieskau, who was wounded, and leaning against a tree. He put his hand to his pocket, feeling for his watch, for the purpose of surrendering it, when a British soldier, thinking that he was searching for his pistol, fired at and mortally wounded him. Though Johnson had defeated the enemy, he did not feel strong enough to attack Crown Point. He therefore built a fort on the battle-ground, which he called Fort William Henry. Leaving a garrison at this fort and one at Fort Edward, he returned to Albany and disbanded the remainder of the army. 24. Up to this time war had not been formally declared between France and England, but in May, 1756, a formal declaration was made. The Marquis Montcalm was sent over to command the 22. What of General Shirley's expedition against Niagara ? 23. Describe the movements of Sir William Johnson's column. Give an account of the battle of Lake George. Why did not Johnson attack Crown Point ? What did he build ? After leaving a garrison at this fort, what did he do? 24. When was war formally declared between France and England ? Who was sent over to command the French armies ? Who to command the English forces ? 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. French armies in America, and Lord Loudon was sent over to command the English forces. 25. In August, Marquis Montcahn, with about six thousand French and Indians and thirty cannon, crossed Lake Ontario and besieged Fort Ontarw, on the Oswego River. The garrison, which numbered about fourteen hundred men, retired to an eld fort on the west side of the river, but on the l-4th of August they were compelled to surrender. The French could boast as their spoils a large amount of military stores of all sorts, about one hundred and thirty-five cannon, and several vessels. This was a severe blow to the English, and broke up the whole plan of campaign for the year. Duiing the same month Colonel John Armstrong, with about three hundred men, marched against the Indian allies of the French living near the Alleghany River, and inflicted con- siderable damage on them. 2G. The campaign of 1757 was a disastrous one to the English. The skilful and intrepid Montcalm, with ten thousand French and Indians, marched to Fort WllUam Ilenry^ in which was a garrison of twenty-five hundred men, and besieged it. At Fort Edward, fifteen miles distant, was an army of four thousand men under General Webb ; but Webb was afraid to risk an attempt to relieve Fort William Henry, and, after a gallant fight, the gar- rison capitulated, on the promise of a safe escort to Fort Edward. No sooner had the evacuation of the fort commenced than the Indians began plundering the English, and slaying them if they resisted. In vain did the French officers attempt to restrain the Indians. The retreat of the English was turned into a flight, and the greater part of them were massacred. During the same summer Lord Loudon with a force of ten thousand men, con- 25. Give an .lecount of Montcalm's victory at Fort Ontario. What effect had this blow on the Englii^h plan of eaniimign? What did Colonel John Armstrong do during the same month? 20. Give an account of the capture of Fort William Henry and the massacre which followed. What did Lord Loudon do during the same summer? To what conclusion did he come? What had he done? THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 85 sisting of British regulars and colonial troops, assisted h^ a fleet, went against Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, but got no farther than Halifax, in Nova Scotia. There Lord Loudon concluded that he could not accomplish the object of his expedition, and returned without firing a shot. He had done nothing but prove his own unfitness for command, and had made himself the laugh- ing-stock of the colonies. 27. In the summer of 1757 the great statesman, William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, became prime minister of England. Under his lead affairs soon wore a brighter aspect. He removed Loudon from the command, and appointed General Abcrcrombie in his place, and prepared to carry on the war with great vigor. Twelve thousand additional troops were sent over from England, and the colonies were to furnish twenty thousand. When Abcr- crombie succeeded Loudon he found himself in command of fifty thousand men, twenty-two thousand of them British regulars and twenty-eight thousand colonial troops. Three expeditions were planned : one against Louisburg, another against Crown Point and Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, and the third against Fort Du Quesne. 28. In June, 1758, a large fleet under Admiral Boscawen, with twelve thousand troops brought from England, appeared before Louisburg. The troops were under General Amherst, and the brave young General Wolfe was second in command. After making the best resistance in their power, the French garrison of six thousand men surrendered. Cape Breton, with a large amount of munitions of war, and Prince Edward Island fell into the hands of the English. 29. While the English were successful at Louisburg, they met 27. Who became prime minister of England in the summer of 1757 ? What was done under his lead? How many men did Abercrombie find himself in command of? What expeditions were planned ? 28. What happened in June, 1758 ? Under whose command were the troops ? Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. 29. Give an account of the expedition against Ticonderoga. What of Geo- 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. with a severe repulse at Ticonderoga. On the 5th of July, Gen- eral Abeix-rombie crossed Lake George with an array of fifteen thousand men to attack Fort Ticonderoga. This fort was held by the Marquis Montcalm with only four thousand men, but the gallant Marquis was a host in himself. He sallied forth, and skirmished with the English and delayed them as much as possi- ble. In this skirmishing the noble young Lord Howe, in whom the troops had great confidence, was slain. On the 8th of July, Abercrombie made a vigorous assault on Fort Ticonderoga, but was repulsed with the loss of two thousand men, and fell back to the head of Lake George. From thence General Bradstreet, with three thousand colonial troops, was sent against Fort Frontenac (now Kingston), at the outlet of Lake Ontario. This fort was captured, and nine armed vessels, over fifty cannon, and a large quantity of stores and ammunition fell into the hands of the English. 30. The expedition against Fort Du Quesne, consisting of nine thousand men under General Forbes, set out from Philadelphia in July. The French force at this point had been very much weak- ened, and when Colonel Washington, who was in advance with a brigade of Virginians, reached the fort, he found it abandoned and in ruins, having been set on fire by the French just before their retreat. Ere long a new fortress was erected on the spot and named Fort Pitt, in honor of the English prime minister. At that point now stands the flourishing city of Pittsburg. 31. In 1759, General Amherst was appointed to command the English forces in America. The plan of campaign for this year was as follows : General Wolfe was to attack Quebec ; General Amherst was to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and unite eral Bradstreet's expedition against Fort Frontenac ? What fell into the hands of the English ? .30. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. What was erected on the ruins of the French fort? What city now stands there? 31. Who was appointed to cominaml the English forces in America in 1759 ? Give the plan of campaign for the year. AVhat did Wolfe do ? What THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 87 his forces with General Wolfe ; and General Prideaux, with a third army, was to take Niagara and then march against Mon- treal. With a fleet of forty armed vessels, carrying eight thou- sand British regulars, Wolfe sailed up the St. Lawrence, and on the 27th of June landed at Orleans Island, a few miles below Quebec. His whole force, including the seamen on the ships, probably numbered ten thousand men. The French garrison of Quebec has been variously estimated at between ten and thirteen thousand men, but only two thousand of these were regular troops. The rest were untried Canadian militia. 32. The formidable movement against Quebec had caused Montcalm to weaken the garrisons at other points. The result was that General Amherst captured Ticonderoga in July and Crown Point the 1st of August. Fort Niagara was captured in July after a brief siege by Sir William Johnson, the successor of General Prideaux, who was accidentally killed during the siege. While the siege was going on a body of French and Indians at- tempted to relieve the place, but were routed with great slaughter, and the fort soon after surrendered. 33. Meanwhile, General Wolfe was prosecuting the siege of Quebec. After being a month before the town he had accom- plished nothing. Chafing under the delay, he made an assault on the French lines between the St. Charles and the Montmorenci Rivers, but was repulsed with the loss of between five and six hundred men. Wolfe was now discouraged. No vulnerable point had yet been discovered, and no news was received of the approach of Amherst. In fact, that general, after the capture of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, had gone into winter-quarters. did his whole force, including seamen, number? How has the French garri- son been estimated? How many of them were regular troops? 32. What was the result of weakening the garrisons at other points? What of Fort Niagara? 33. AVhat was General Wolfe doing in the mean while? After being a month before the town and accomplishing nothing, what did Wolfe do? With what result? What discouraged Wolfe? Why did not Amherst appear? What happened one day as Wolfe was making a close examination of the 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. At last one day, while making a close examination of the cliff above the town, the quick eye of Wolfe detected a narrow path leading up from a sheltered bay, since called Wolfe's Cove. He immediately formed the plan of leading his army up that path by night, surprising the weak guard, and gaining a position which would place his whole force on the heights above the town. Could he accomplish this he felt that success was certain. But was it possible to do this ? He resolved to try. On the night of the 12th of September the British army floated noiselessly down the river in boats, landed, and, ascending the rugged path, dispersed with a few shots the Canadian picket, and at dawn were drawn up in battle array on the Heights of Abraham. Mont- calm, though astounded at the news, did not lose the courage which characterized him. He led forth his army to meet the English. He had superior numbers on his side, but fir the greater part of his troops were untrained Canadian militia, and were no match for British regulars. The battle was a desperate one. At last after hours of fighting the French were routed and driven into the city. General Wolfe was wounded early in the action, but continued to lead on his troops until he received a third and mortal wound. While in the agonies of death he heard a shout, " They run ! they run !" " Who run ?" he asked. " The French !" was the reply. " Now God be praised ! I die happy !" were the last words of the expiring hero. The brave Montcalm, who had been the prop and stay of the French cause in America, was also mortally wounded. He was carried into the city. When told that he must die, he replied, " So much the better, for then I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Five days af- terwards the city surrendered, leaving Montreal the only place of importance in Canada in the possession of the French. On the cliff above the town? What plan did he form ? What was done on the night of the 12th of September? What d d Montcalm do? AVhat of Montcalm's forces ? What was the result of the battle ? Give an account of the death of Wolfe. What of Montcalm? What happened five days afterwards? What was now the only place of importance in Canada possessed by the French ? THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 89 square before the Castle of Saint Louis at Quebec there was erected many years after these events a monument to the joint memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. 34. In the spring of 1760 the French attempted to retake Quebec, but failed. In September of the same year three large English armies were concentrated before Montreal. Resistance was not to be thought of, and the French governor at once sur- rendered not only the city, but all Canada. As far as the fight- ing in America was concerned the war was ended ; but the war went on elsewhere between England on the one side and on the other France, assisted by Spain, which nation had rashly allowed herself to be drawn into the struggle. In September, 1760, war broke out in the Southern colonies with the Cherokees, who had been up to that time the faithful allies of the English. The war was caused by the ill-treatment of some of their chiefs by Gov- ernor Lyttleton, of South Carolina. In this war Moultrie and Marion, afterwards so celebrated in the Revolutionary War, took quite a prominent part. After the Cherokees had been defeated in several b3,ttles and their country ravaged, they sued for peace and obtained it (1761). 35. In August, 1762, Havana, the capital of Cuba, was con- quered from Spain. The French islands in the West Indies had already been taken by a British fleet. In 1763 peace was made. According to the terms of the treaty, France gave up to Eng- land all her possessions in North America east of the Mississippi, except the city of New Orleans. At the same time France ceded 34. What happened in the spring of 1760? What in September of the same year? What did the French governor do? Did the close of the contest in America end the war? What nation assisted France ? How was the war caused which broke out with the Cherokees in 1760 ? Who are men- tioned as taking a prominent part in this war ? What did the Cherokees do after several defeats ? 35. What city was captured from Spain in August, 1762? What of the French West India islands ? When was peace made ? What did France give up to England ? What did France cede to Spain ? Why ? AVhat did Spain cede to England ? How were the limits of Georgia extended at this time ? 8* 90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. to her ally, Spain, New Orleans and all her possessions west of the Mississippi, as an indemnification for the losses which Spain had suffered during the war. In exchange for the captured Havana, Spain ceded to England her possessions of East and West Florida. It was at this time that England extended the limits of the colony of Georgia to the Mississippi River on the west, and on the south to latitude 31° and the St. Mary's River. Pontiacs War. 3G. The Indians of the Northwest regretting the departure of their old allies, the French, and jealous at the rapidity with which the fertile valleys beyond the Alleghanies were being filled with emigrants from the older settlements, under the leadership of Pontiac, a crafty and talented chief of the Ottawas, formed a plan for the extermination of the new settlers. Treacherous attacks were made on all the western border, and all the English posts in that quarter, except Fort Pitt, Fort Niagara, and Detroit, fell into the hands of the savages. Pontiac, failing to surprise Detroit, besieged it vigorously, showing remarkable skill and tact. Detroit held out until relief came from the East. In the summer of 1764 most of the tribes becoming alarmed at the preparations of the English withdrew from the confederacy and made peace. Pontiac fled to the Illinois. While at a council urging the forma- tion of a new confederacy, he was stabbed by a chief of the Peo- rian Indians, who had been bribed with a barrel of rum to commit this crime. 37. At the close of the lung series of French and Indian wars everything seemed to promise a period of long-continued peace and prosperity, for the colonics were now relieved from all fear of French invasion in the North or Spanish interference in the South. 36. What was the cause of Pontiac's War? Describe it. What did most of the tribes do in the summer of 1764? What became of Pontiac ? 37. What was the prospect now? TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 91 Topical Review of Part First. Discoveries. 1. On the 12th of October, 1492, Columbus discovered the island of Gu-an-a-han-i, or St. Salvador, one of the Bahamas. On the same voyage he discovered Cuba, which he supposed to be Japan, and Hayti, which he named Hispaniola, or Little Spain. 2. On his second voyage he discovered Dominica, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 3. On his third voyage Columbus discovered the main land of South America, which he supposed to be Asia. 4. America received its name from Americus Vespucius, a Florentine navigator. Explorations and Settlements of the Spaniards. 5. Immediately after the discovery of America the Spaniards began to make conquests and settlements. In 1512, Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. In 1513, Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien, or Panama, and discovered the Pacific Ocean, and proved America to be a separate continent. From 1519 to 1521, Cortez achieved the conquest of Mexico. In 1528, De Narvaez attempted the conquest of Florida, but failed. In 1529, Pizarro and Almagro, in South America, conquered the vast empire of Peru. In 1539, Ferdinand De Soto landed in Florida and began his adventurous march, which terminated on the Mississipni in 1541. In the waters of that river he was buried. The first voyage along the Pacific coast was made by Cabrillo, who sailed as far north as Oregon in 1542. In 1565, Melendez laid the foundations of St. Atigustine, in Florida, the oldest town in the United States. In 1582, Espejo explored New Mexico and founded Santa Fe^ the second oldest town in the United States. 92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Before the close of the sixteenth century Spain had possession of the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and Florida, and a large part of South America. Spain also claimed by right of discovery the greater part of the present Southern States of the American Union, and the Pacific coast by right of discovery. French Explorations and Settlements. 6. In 1524, John Verazzani, a Florentine, in the service of the King of France, sailed along the coasts of North America from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. In 15H4, Jacques Cartier explored and named the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. In 1562, John Ribault attempted a settlement at Port Royal, in South Carolina, but his attempt was a failure. In 1564, Laudonniere attempted a settlement on the river St. John, in Florida. This settlement was broken up in 1565 by the Spaniard Melendez. The first permanent French settlement in America was made by De Monts and Chaniplain at Port Royal, in Nova Scotia or Acadia, as it was then called, in 1605. In 1608, Champlain established at Quebec the first permanent French settlement in Canada. In fif^^y years after his death Jesuit missionaries had penetrated the wilderness of the West, discovered the Great Lakes, and, sailing down the Mississippi to its mouth, had acquired for France the vast territory of Louisiana. English Explorations and Settlements. 7. England claimed the exclusive right to plant colonies in North America, on the ground of Cabot's discovery of the. con- tinent in 1497. In 1576, Martin Frobisher sailed in search of a northwest pas- sage to India, but did not succeed. In 1579, Sir Francis Drake explored the coasts of California, and discovered San Francisco Bay. From 1584 to 1587, Sir TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 93 Walter Raleigh attempted settlements on the coast of North Caro- lina, but failed. The first 2iermanent English settlement in North America was made in 1607, at Jamestown, in Virginia, by immigrants under the direction of Sir Christopher Newport. 8. In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hudson River. Between 1610 and 1613 the Dutch began settlements at Albany and New York. The Swedes also made settlements in Delaware, which they called New Sweden. Confi/icting Claims. 9. Thus we see five European nations made explorations and discoveries in the region now known as the United States. The Spaniards claimed the greater part of the present South- ern States, under the name of Florida, and all the Pacific coast, under the name of New Mexico. The French claimed a large part of the Atlantic coast, all Acadia and Canada, and the whole Mississippi Valley, including all the region west of the Alleghanies. They called all this vast territory New France. /tT^ ,^ ^^r r r£ The English claimed nearly the whole Atlantic coast, under the name of North Virginia and South Virginia. They also claimed that their boundaries extended west to the Pacific Ocean. The Dutch claimed the Atlantic coast from the Connecticut River to the Delaware, under the name of New Netherlands. The Swedish claim was soon yielded to the Dutch. These rival claims of the Spaniards, French, English, and Dutch led to frequent disputes and to several wars, which were frequently waged with a bitter and unrelenting spirit. Founding of the Colonies. 10. The first settlement in Virginia was in 1607, at Jamestown, by English immigrants. 94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. New York was first settled by the Dutch, who established trading-posts at the present cities of Albany and New York, between 1610 and 1613. It became a British colony in 1664. The first settlement in Massachusetts was at Plymouth, in 1620, by English Puritans. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established in 1628, also by English Puritans. In 1691 the two colonies became one under the name of Massachusetts. New Hampshire was founded in 1622, and the first permanent settlements were made in 1629, at Portsmouth and Dover. The settlers were from England and Massachusetts. Connecticut was first settled by the Dutch, in 1633, near Hart- ford. In 1635 the English seized it, and established the Connec- ticut Colony. In 1636 Saybrooke Colony was established, and in 1638 New Haven Colony. These three colonies were united, under the name of Connecticut, in 1662. Connecticut was set- tled by emigrants from other parts of New England. Rhode Island was founded in 1636, by Roger Williams, and settled by persecuted New Englanders. Maryland was founded in 1633, by persecuted Catholics from England. New Jersey was first settled by Danes, in 1 622 ; soon after fell under the sway of the Dutch, and in 1664 fell under the dominion of England. Delaware was first settled by Swedes and Finns, in 1638, near the present city of Wilmington. In 1655 it fell under the dominion of the Dutch, and in 1664 was seized by the English. In 1682 it was granted to William Penn, and in 1690 became a separate colony. Pennsylvania was first settled by Swedes and Finns, in 1638. It fell under the sway of the Dutch in 1655, and in 1664 was seized by England. It was granted to William Penn, who founded the colony of Pennsylvania, in 1682. It was settled by perse- cuted English Quakers. North Carolina was first settled between 1640 and 1643, by persons from Virginia. In 1663 the colonies of Albemarle TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST 95 and Clarendon were founded. In 1670 they were united into one. South Carolina was first settled by the English, in 1670, at Port Royal, and in 1680 Charleston was founded. It was settled by English immigrants and French Huguenots. Georgia was founded in 1733, by James Edward Oglethorpe. The first settlement was at Savannah, by English colonists ; after- wards peopled by Scotch, Swiss, and persecuted Protestants from Germany. 11. All the colonies had more or less trouble with the Indians at various times, but their wars with the red men always ended to the advantage of the settlers. Wars ivith the French. 12. There were four of these wars. The first was King Wil- liam's War, which began in 1689 ; the second was Queen Anne's War, and began in 1702 ; the third, King George's War, which broke out in 1744 ; the fourth and greatest of them all was the French and Indian War, which commenced in 1754. 13. The chief events of King William's War were the sur- prise and massacre by the French and Indians of the inhabitants of Dover, in New Hampshire, Fort Pemaquid, in Maine, Sche- nectady, in New York, and Haverhill, in Massachusetts, the failure of two English expeditions, one against Montreal, the other against Quebec, and the capture by the English of Port Royal, in Acadia. King William's War was ended by the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. It had lasted eight years. All conquests made by either party were restored. 14. Queen Anne's War began five years afterwards. Spain was an ally of France in this war. The chief events were an unsuccessful invasion of Florida by Governor Moore, of South Carolina, a subsequent successful attack made by the same gov- ernor on the Indian allies of Spain, the massacre of the inhab- itants of Deerfield, in Massachusetts, by the Indian allies of France, the failure of an English expedition against Port Royal, 96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in Acadia, in 1*707, the success of a second attempt in 1710, when a great part of Acadia was conquered, and the failure of an attempt, in 1711, against Quebec and Montreal. The treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, ended Queen Anne's War. The only gain to England was the conquest of a large part of Acadia, henceforth called Nova Scotia. 15. The chief events of King George's War, which broke out in 1744, were the capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, by about three thousand New Englandens, led by General Pep- perell, aided by a British fleet under Admiral Warren, and the failure of two attempts made by the French to recapture it. This war was closed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. Louis- burg and Cape Breton were restored to the French. 16. The French and Indian War began in 1754. The leading events of the campaign of 1754 were Washington's victory over the French under Jumonvillc, at Great Meadows, and his own defeat by a superior force of French and Indians at Fort Necessity. The chief events of 1755 were the conquest of New Bruns- wick by the English, the defeat of Braddock near Fort Du Quesne by the French and Indians, and Johnson's victory over the French under Dieskau, at Lake George. The only important event of 1756 was the capture by Mont- calm of Fort Ontario, near Oswego, with a vast amount of sup- plies, together with the garrison of about fourteen hundred men under General Mercer. The campaign of 1757 was disastrous to the English. Mont- calm captured Fort William Henry and its garrison of twenty- five hundred men, commanded by Monroe. Lord Loudon's ex- pedition against the French fortress of Louisburg amounted to nothing. The campaign of 1758 was more fortunate for the English. Louisburg was captured by an English army under General Am- lierst, assisted by a fleet under Admiral Boscawen. Abercrombie, the commander-in-chief of the English, was repulsed in an assault on Ticonderoga, but General Bradstreet, one of his subordinates, TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 97 captured Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, on Lake Ontario). Fort Du Quesne was captured by General Forbes, the French retiring on his approach. The campaign of 1*759 was glorious for England and her colo- nies. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by General Amherst, the French retiring before him ; Fort Niagara was cap- tured after a brief siege by Sir William Johnson, and Quebec was captured by the English under General Wolfe, who died in the arms of victory. In 1760 the French were defeated in an attempt to recapture Quebec, and in the fell Montreal and all Canada were surrendered to the English. The French and Indian War was terminated in 1763 by the treaty of Paris. France gave up to England all her possessions in North America east of the Mississippi, except the city of New Orleans ; to SjJain, who had been her ally during the war, she gave New Orleans and all her possessions west of the Mississippi. Spain gave xip to England her possessions of East and West Florida. Pontiacs War. 17. The Indians of the N^orthivest under Pontiac, regretting the departure of the French, made war upon the western English settlements in 1763, but after inflicting great damage were sub- dued in 1764. The supremacy of England on the North American Continent was now established, and the colonies looked forward to a long period of peace and prosperity. :P-A.I^T SIECOlsTID. FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO THE BEQINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. CHAPTER I. DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-COUNTRY. 1. At the close of the French and Indian War the feeling throughout the colonies was one of devoted attachment to Eng- land, the mother-country. The remembrance of their contests against a common foe, when British regulars and colonial troops marched side by side to battle and to final triumph, filled their hearts with pride, and they gloried in being British subjects and in sharing the liberties of English freemen. Little did they dream that their next straggle would be with England, which, as the mother-country, they regarded with filial love and loyalty. 2. Had the British Parliament acted towards the colonies in a proper spirit, this feeling would have grown and strengthened. But Parliament soon adopted a policy which wrought a change in the feelings of the Americans. The French and Indian War had added largely to the alread}'^ heavy debt of England, and Parlia- ment asserted that the colonies ought to bear their share of this debt, and claimed the right to tax them. This right the colonies denied, because they claimed that taxation and representation 1. What was the feeling throughout the colonies at the close of the French and Indian War? 2. What policy did the British Parliament soon adopt? What did Parlia- ment assert about the debt contracted during the late war? Why did the colo nies deny the right of Parliament to ta.\ them ? DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-CO C/NTRF. 99 ought to go t(So;etherj-a»d deemed it unjust for a Parliament in which they had no voice to levy a tax upon them. 3. In 17G5 au act was passed by the British Parliament known as the Stamp Act, requiring all contracts, notes, bonds, deeds, writs, and public documeivts to be on government stamped paper. When the news of the passage of this act reached America it caused great excitement, • 4. Virginia was. the first to speak her condemnation. The Legisla- ture wasin session when the news came. Patrick Henry introduced PATRICK HENRY BEFORE THE LEGISLATURE. a series' of resolutions claiming for Virginians all the rights of born Br'itish subjects, and asserting that the General Assembly of 3. Whut act was passed by Parliament in 1765? What did it require? What dici^' the news of the passage of this act cause in America ? 4. Giv'e an account of what happened in the Legislature of Virginia. 100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Virginia alone had the right to lay taxes on the people of that colony. He supported the resolutions by a speech burning with fiery eloquence. He closed with the words, " Tarquin and Cfesar had each his Brutus ; Charles I. his Cromwell ; and George III. — " " Treason ! Treason !" cried the Speaker of the House and several members, springing to their feet, but amid the wildest excitement the undaunted Henry finished his sentence — "may profit by their example." The resolutions were adopted by c^ne majority, and had a wonderful effect on the country. 5. The Legislature of Massachusetts proposed that there should be a convention of delegates from all the colonies to meet in New York in October, the month before the Stamp Act was to go into effect. This proposal of Massachusetts met with opposition until it was adopted by South Carolina, after which it grew in fivor. In September the Legislature of Pennsylvania passed resolutions denouncing the Stamp Act. New York was outspoken, and the papers of that colony discussed the question boldly,. Tliroughout all the colonies the people met and protested agaibst the Stamp Act Societies, styled Sons of Liberty, were formed everywhere, whose purpose was to resist the tyranny of th(e government. Stamp officers were frightened by them and comp^jlled to resign. When the stamps came, they were either unpacked or seized and destroyed. The merchants of Philadelphia, Bostdn, New York, and other places agreed to buy no more goods from Mn^gland until the Stamp Act was repealed. ^ G. The First Colonial Congress met in the (aty of wew York, on the 'Tth of October, 1765. Nine colonies were represented. It agreed upon a declaration of principles, and asserted Uhe right of the colonies to be exempted from all taxes not im-posed by their own consent. The Congress also adopted a petitic<»n to the 5. What can you say of the proposal of the Legislature of Massaf'-chusetts ? What of the Legislature of Pennsylvania ? What of New York ? What did the people do throughout all the colonies ? What of the stamp officer's ? What was done with the stamps? What did the merchants of Philadelplhia, New York, Boston, and other places do ? ' 6. Where and when did the first Colonial Congress meet? IIow mfiiny coIo- DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER- COUNTRY. 101 king and Parliament. When November 1 came, the day ap- pointed for the Stamp Act to go into eflFect, not a stamp was to be seen. All the stamp officers had resigned. 7. British merchants injured by the loss of American trade petitioned Parliament to repeal the act. William Pitt, the Earl of Chatham, Burke, and Lord Camden earnestly plead the cause of the colonies. In March, 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed, but it was at the same time declared that Parliament had a right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. 8. The news of this repeal was received in America with great rejoicing. The old kindly feeling began to revive, and trade was resumed. 9. The scheme of taxation was revived June 29, 17G7, when an act was passed imposing a tax on all glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea imported into the colonies. Another thing which caused the most intense excitement was the passage of an act for- bidding the Legislature of New York to pass any act whatever until supplies should be furnished the royal troops at the expense of the colony. 10. On the 1st of October, 1768, seven hundred British troops arrived in Boston, sent for the purpose of overawing the citizens. In February, 1769, Parliament passed a resolution approving the employment of force against the colonies, and requested the king to have the traitors (as they styled the leading patriots) carried to England for trial. The colonial Assemblies reasserted their rights, and denied the right of the king to take offenders out of nies were represented ? What did the Congress do ? What petition was adopted ? What happened when the 1st of November came ? 7. What did British merchants do? Who plead the cause of the colonies? What was done in March, 1766 ? 8. How was the news of the repeal received in America ? 9. When and how was the scheme of taxation revived ? What else caused great excitement? 10. What happened on the 1st of October, 1768 ? What resolution did Par- liament pass in February, 1769 ? What did the colonial Assemblies do ? What of Virginia and North Carolina ? 9* 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the country for trial. The Assemblies of Virginia and North Carolina made such earnest protestations that they were dissolved by the royal governors. 11. On the 17th of January, 1770, a riot occurred in New York, because the soldiers provoked the " Sons of Liberty" by cutting, down their liberty -pole. One citizen was killed and sev- eral wounded. In Boston, a dispute having arisen between some soldiers and citizens, the citizens were fired upon ; three were killed and several wounded. This affair occurred on the 5th of March, and is known as the Boston massacre. The soldiers were tried for murder ; two were convicted of manslaughter, the rest were acquitted. 12. In April, 1770, a bill was passed by Parliament repealing all the duties except that on tea. This exception was made merely for the purpose of asserting the principle that Parliament had a right to tax the colonies. But it was the principle that the colonies were opposed to ; so they resolved to import no more tea. 13. In New York and Philadelphia the vessels containing the tea were not allowed to enter. At Charleston, South Carolina, it was landed and stored away in damp cellars and left to rot. In Boston a party of men, disguised as Mohawk Indians, went on board the tea-ships, broke open all the chests, and threw the tea into the sea. 14. In 1774, to punish the city of Boston, Parliament passed the Boston port bill, closing that city as a port and removing the custom-house to Salem. The charter of Ma.ssachusetts was re- voked, and Gage was appointed military governor, and was author- ized to send criminals to England or to another colony for trial. 11. What occurred on the 17th of January, 1770? Give an account of the Boston massacre. 12. What bill was passed by Parliament in April, 1770 ? Why was the exception made on tea? What did the colonies resolve? 13. What was done at New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Boston ? 14. What did Parliament do in 1774 to punish Boston and Massachusetts? DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-COUNTRY. 103 15. When the Virginia LegisLature heard of this action of Par- liament they protested against it, expressed sympathy for the people of Boston, and appointed the 1st day of June as a day of " fasting, humiliation, and prayer." Dunmore, the royal gov- ernor, immediately dissolved the Assembly, whereupon they ad- journed to a tavern, and there passed a resolution that " an at- tack on one colony was an attack on all." The cry now went throughout the colonies, " The cause of Boston is the cause of us all." The Legislature of Virginia advised that a general congress of all the colonies should be held at Philadelphia. 16. This CongTess met on the 5th of September, 1774. All the colonies were represented except Georgia. That colony was so much at the mercy of the Indians on its northern and western borders, and was in such danger from the king's ships and sol- diers under Governor Wright, that the people had to act with cau- tion, though at the first opportunity they acted promptly. The Congress made a declaration of the rights of the colonies, drew up a petition to the king, and issued addresses to the British people, to the colonies, and to the province of Quebec. 17. Early in 1775, Lord Chatham introduced a bill in Parlia- ment which he hoped would bring about a reconciliation, but he failed ; for the Parliament would listen to nothing but the absolute submission of the colonies. 15. Whiit did the Virginia Legislature do when they heard of this ? What did the royal governor do? What cry went throughout the colonies? What did the Legislature of Virginia advise? 16. When did this Congress meet ? Who were represented ? What were the people of Georgia obliged to do on account of the exposed condition of the colony ? What did the Congress do? 17. What did Lord Chatham do early in 1775 ? Why did he fail ? 104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER II. COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 1. Br the 1st of April, 1775, three thousand British troops were assembled in Boston, under the command of General Gage, the military governor, who had quartered his soldiers in the State House, because the people had refused to furnish them with quarters. 2. General Gage having heard that the patriots had collected some military stores at Concord, about sixteen miles from Boston, secretly sent eight hundred men on the night of the 18th of April to destroy these stores. 3. The British troops, who were under the command of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, expected to reach Concord and do the work assigned them before they could be molested by the bands of Minute-men who were scattered all over the country. But at five o'clock on the morning of the 19th of April, at Lexmgton, they encountered about seventy militia commanded by Captain Parker. Major Pitcairn rode up to the militia and ordered them to disperse. On their failure to do so, he fired his pistol at them and ordered his men to fire. They did so ; several of the militia were killed and the rest dispersed. The British troops then went on to Concord and commenced destroying the stores. Mean- while, the militia from all the country near Lexington and Con- cord had assembled, and soon their numbers were so large that they felt bold enough to make a spirited attack at Concord Bridge, 1. How many British soldiers were in Boston by the 1st of April, 1775? 2. What did General Gage do on the night of the 18th of April ? 3. Who commanded the British troops? What happened on the morning of the 19th of April ? On the refusal of the militia to disperse, what did Major Pitcairn do? AVhat was the result? What did the British troops then do? What happened in the mean while? Give an account of the retreat of WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 105 soon after whicli the British began to retreat. But they found this no easy task. The American militia pressed close behind them, and the sturdy New England ftirmers hastening to the scene of conflict, under no organized command, but each man for himself, from every wood and fence and thicket poured in de- structive volleys from their old flint-locks, thinning the ranks of the foe and striking terror into their hearts, until the retreat be- came a rout. The whole British force would probably have sur- rendered had they not been met at Lexington by Lord Percy with nine hundred men. Under cover of these reinforcements they made their way back to Boston. Tlie loss of the British in this aff"air, which is known as the battle of Lexington, was two hundred and seventy-three men, of whom sixty-five were killed. The loss of the Americans was about ninety men. 4. The news of the battle spread like wildfire through all the surrounding country, and the militia from every quarter hastened to Boston. By the night of the 19th thousands were assembled around that city. Israel Putnam, a man noted for his valor during the late French war, was ploughing in his field when he heard the news. Leaving his yoked cattle in the field, he has- tened to the camp at Cambridge. The militia of Connecticut and Rhode Island hurried to the help of their brethren. The New Hampshire militia, under Stark, also came to their assistance. In less than a month twenty thousand men were encamped in the vicinity of Boston. A line of fortifications was run from Box- bury to the Mystic Biver, and the British were confined to the Boston peninsula. 5. The excitement was not confined to the New England colo- nies. From Massachusetts to Georgia the people were thoroughly the British from Concord. AVhat was the loss of each side in the battle of Lexington ? 4. AVhat effect had the news of this battle? Relate the anecdote of Israel Putnam. AVhat of the militia? What happened in less than a month ? What of the British? 5. Was the excitement confined to New England? AVhat happcneJ at E* 106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. aroused. At Savannah, Georgia, on the night of the 11th of May, a party of patriots broke open the powder-magazine, took out the powder, sent part of it to Beaufort, in South Carolina, and concealed the remainder in their garrets and cellars. Sir James Wright, the royal governor, offered a reward for the apprehension of the men who had done this, but the secret was kept by the Americans until they had use for the powder in defending their rights and property. 6. At Charlotte, Afecklenburg County, North Carolina, represen- tatives of the people met, and on the 20th of May made the First Declaration of Independence. But the other colonies were not at this time in favor of independence. They were only fighting for their rights as British subjects. 7. Early in the spring the authorities of Connecticut fitted out an expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The com- mand was given to Colonel Ethan Allen, who lived in the south- ern part of Vermont, which was not at that time a separate colony. but was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York. Col- onels Allen and Benedict Arnold set out on their important ex- pedition with the Connecticut militia and the " (Jreen Mountain Boys." The British commander at Ticonderoga was completely taken by surprise. The first intimation of the approach of a foe was the noise made by Allen and his men as they rushed into the fort. To the request of the astounded Briton to know what this meant, Allen replied by demanding the surrender of the fort " in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." As resistance was hopeless, the fort was surrendered. This was on the 10th of May, 1775. Two days later Crown Point was taken. Benedict Arnold was equally successful at Skenesborough, Savannah, Georgia, the night of the 11th of May? What did the royal gov- ernor do ? How long was the secret kept? 6. What was done at Charlotte, North Carolina? Why did not the other colonies favor independence at this time ? 7. What did the authorities of Connecticut do? Give an account of the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by Ethan Allen. What did Benedict Arnold do ? What did the Americans secure by these captures ? WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 107 now known as Whitehall, in New York. The Americans secured by these captures more than one hundred cannon and other valu- able military stores. 8. On the 10th of May, 1775, the Second Continental Con- gress met at Philadelphia. There were delegates present from twelve colonies. Those from Georgia did not arrive until some time afterwards. One of the first things that this Congress did was to proclaim the reasons which prompted the colonies to take up arms. In stating these reasons they declared that they had " no wish to separate from their mother-country, but only to main- tain their chartered rights." They also voted an army of twenty thousand men and the issue of bills of credit to the amount of three million dollars. The forces in front of Boston were adopted as the Continental army. On the 15th of June, at the suggestion of the Massachusetts delegation, George Washington, at that time a delegate from Virginia, was appointed commander- in-chief, and was commissioned in the name of the United Colonies. John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was president of this Congress. The Congress also adopted a petition to the king, which he refused to receive. 9. Meanwhile, important events were transpiring near Boston. On the 25th of May reinforcements for the British arrived in the harbor of Boston, under the command of Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. The whole British force now numbered more than ten thousand men. 10. On the 12th of June, General Gage issued a proclamation declaring those in arms to be rebels and traitors, and offering par- 8. When and where did the Second Continental Congress meet? What of the delegates from Georgia? In stating the reasons of the Americans for taking up arms what did the Congress say? What did they vote ? Who was appointed commander-in-chief? In whose name was he commissioned Who was president of this Congress? What did the Congress adopt? How did the king treat the petition ? 9. AVhat arrived in Boston on the 25th of May? What did the whole British force now number ? 10. What did General Gage do on the 12th of June ? 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. don to all who would lay down their arms, except Samuel Adams and John Hancock. 11. In order to prevent the British from advancing into the country, the officers of the colonial forces determined to fortify Bunker Hill., an eminence commanding the neck of the peninsula of Charlestown. Either by mistake, or because it suited their purpose better, the detachment under Colonel Prescott fortified Breed's Hill, an eminence nearer Boston. All night of the 16th of June the Americans toiled, and at dawn of the 17th the British generals were astonished to see a breastwork about six feet high frowning down upon them from the opposite height. General Gage sent over in boats twenty-five hundred British regulars, under General Howe, to storm the intrenchment, behind which lay about fifteen hundred Americans under Prescott and Putnam. As the British advanced they burned the village of Charlestown. Every point in Boston, from which a view of the conflict could be had, was filled with anxious spectators, eagerly waiting to see how their farmer soldiers would stand the assaults of British regulars. According to the advice of Prescott and Putnam, the Americans waited in silence the approach of the British until they could see the whites of their eyes. Then they poured in such a volley that the advancing column broke and fled. Again the British formed and moved forward to the assault, but only to be driven back by the same withering fire. The Ameri- cans had, however, exhausted their ammunition, and when Gen- eral Clinton arrived with reinforcements, and the third assault was made, the British succeeded in entering the works. The colonial troops retired across Charlestown neck. Their retreat was covered by General Stark and his New Hampshire Boys, who disputed every step of the way. When the Americans reached Prospect Hill they fortified it. The British fortified Bunker Hill. No active operations were carried on by either army for 11. What did the oflBcers of the colonial forces determine to do ? What did General Gage do? Give an account of the advance and the battle. What was the effect of this battle ? WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 109 some time after this. In this battle, known as the battle of Bun- ker Hill, the British lost one thousand and fifty-four men, and the Americans about four hundred and fifty, among whom was Gen- eral Joseph Warren, whom General Howe declared to be worth five hundred common rebels. The effect of this battle was to greatly encourage the Americans, for though they had been com- pelled to retire and yield the victory to the enemy, they had proven that their untrained militia would bravely stand the as- saults of British regulars. 12. On the 2d of July, 1775, Washington reached the head- quarters of the American army, and on the next day took com- mand. He found collected there a body of undisciplined militia, without tents, ammunition, or necessary supplies. He imme- diately went to work to discipline the militia, and ere long had moulded it into an efficient army, with which he kept General Howe, who had succeeded to the command of the British forces, hemmed in and confined within the limits of Boston. 13. Meanwhile, the people in the other colonies were not idle. Preparations for the mighty struggle with England were going on everywhere. In July a British vessel which arrived at Ti/bee Island, below Savannah, Georgia, with thirteen thousand pounds of powder for the use of the British troops, was seized by thirty volunteers under the lead of Commodore Bowen and Colonel Joseph Habersham. The powder was carried to Savannah and secured in a magazine. Five thousand pounds of it were sent to the Continental army at Boston. 14. During the latter part of 1775, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, having been driven from the colony, raised a regiment of negroes, to whom he offered their freedom, and attacked the Virginians near Norfolk, but was defeated. Some 12. When Washington took command at Cambridge, what did he find? What did he immediately do? 1.3. Meanwhile, what were going on everywhere? What happened at Sa- vannah, Georgia, in July ? What was done with the powder? 14. What happened in Virginia during the latter part of 1775? 10 110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. time after this he returned with a British man-of-war and grati- fied his revenge by bombarding and burning a large part of the town. 15. In September a body of troops from New York and New England, under the command of General Montgomery, invaded Canada. They captured Fort St. John, in Canada, also Fort Chambly, and one month later the town of Montreal. By the 1st of December, Montgomery reached Quebec, and there found Gen- eral Arnold, who, with a body of troops, had marched across Maine into Canada, and had been some time in front of Quebec, waiting Montgomery's arrival. On the 31st of December they made an attack on Quebec, but were repulsed, Montgomery being killed and Arnold severely wounded. In the spring the Ameri- cans abandoned the attempt on Quebec and retreated from Canada. CHAPTER III. CAMPAIGNS OF 1776.— DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 1. In March, 1776, the Americans were cheered by a great success. Washington, who, with his army, still beleaguered Howe's forces in Boston, suddenly seized and fortified Dorchester Heights, which commanded the city on the south. Howe seeing that he could not dislodge the Americans, agreed to surrender the city uninjured on condition of being allowed to depart with his army; and the Americans entered in triumph March 17. The British fieet conveyed Howe and his troops to Halifax, in Nova 15. Give an account of the invasion of Canada. What happened at Quebec on the 31st of December? What did the Americans do in the spring? 1. How were the British compelled to evacuate Boston? Where did the British fleet convey Howe and his troops? AVho else went off from Boston in the British fleet? CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. Hi Scotia. Fifteen hundred loyalists were carried off from Boston in the British fleet. 2. During the same month in which Boston was evacuated an event occurred near Savannah, Georgia, which showed the spirit actuating the people of the youngest of the colonies, and the one which was at that time the most exposed to the dangers of Indian warfare. The Continental Congress had passed an act forbidding all communication between the colonies and the British domin- ions. Now it must be mentioned here that in all the colonies there were persons who sided with the king and Parliament. These persons were sometimes designated as Loyalists and some- times as Tories. Some wealthy loyalist planters had freighted eleven merchant vessels with rice in the Savannah River and pre- pared for a sea-voyage. To help them in this, some British war- ships at the mouth of the river moved up and threatened Savan- nah. The militia of Georgia, under Colonel INIcIntosh, assisted by the Carolinians, under Colonel Bull, dislodged the enemy, burned three of the merchant vessels and dismantled six. The other two escaped. On this occasion there was some fear that the town might fall into the hands of the enemy. The Sons of Liberty, among whom were the wealthiest inhabitants of Savan- nah, whose all consisted in houses and lots, adopted a resolution to burn the town to the ground rather than let it fall into the hands of the British. 3. The first offensive operations of the British in 1776 were directed against Charleston, South Carolina. On the 4th of June a British fleet under Sir Peter Parker and a land force of twenty- five hundred men under General Clinton appeared off Charleston. 2. "Who were the Tories or Loyalists? What did some loyalist planters do near Savannah ? What was done to help them in this ? What did the militia of Carolina and Georgia do ? When it was feared that Savannah might fall into the hands of the enemy, what resolution did the Sons of Lib- erty adopt? 3. Where were the first offensive movements of the British directed in 1 776 ? When did the British fleet appear before Charleston ? How was the entrance 112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The entrance of the harbor was defended by Fort Moultrie, built of sand and palmetto logs, and garrisoned by four hundred men commanded by Colonel William Moultrie. On the 2Sth of June the British attacked this fort by sea and land, but after ten hours' fighting were repulsed with the loss of more than two hundred men. The loss of the Carolinians was thirty-two, ten of whom were killed. There were many instances of personal daring during this fight, but the most conspicuous was that of Sergeant Ja.sper, who, when the flag-staff was cut in two by a cannon-ball, and the flag had follen upon the beach outside the fort, leaped over the parapet, and amid a perfect shower of balls picked up the flag, fastened it to a stafi", and set it up in its proper place. For this heroic deed a lieutenant's commission was off"ered to Jasper by Governor Rutledge, who at the same time presented him with a sword. Jasper accepted the sword but declined the commission, for the reason that he could neither read nor write. Soon after their repulse the British fleet, with Clinton's army on board, sailed northward. 4. Soon after the British sailed from Boston, Washington moved the bulk of his army to New York, supposing this would be the next point of attack. He reached New York about the mi"ddle of April, and soon had collected there an army of seven- teen thousand men ; but many of them were unarmed, his supply of artillery was small, and the line which he had to hold was fifteen miles long. 5. Meanwhile. Great Britain had been making extensive prep- arations for the subjugation of the colonies. A large fleet had been ordered to America, with twenty-five thousand British sol- to the harbor defended ? What happened on the 28th of June ? Relate the exploit of Sergeant Jasper. What was offered Jasper ? Why did he refuse the commission ? What did the British fleet do suon after their repulse ? 4. What did Washington do soon after the British sailed from Boston ? What was the condition of Washington's army? 5. Meanwhile, what had Great Britain been doing ? What of the fleet and soldiers ? What were the German soldiers called ? CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 113 diers and seventeen thousand German troops, who were hired by the British government at thirty-six dollars per head, to be paid to their respective princes. Most of these German mercenaries came from Hesse-Cassel, and were known in America as Hessians. 6. When the people of the colonies saw that England was determined to force them to submit, and had even gone so far as to hire foreign soldiers to fight them, they ceased thinking of con- tending for their rights as British subjects and began to think seriously of independence. As we have already seen, a portion of the people of North Carolina had, as early as May, 1775, ex- pressed themselves as in favor of independence, and had actually gone so far as to declare that North Carolina no longer owed alle- giance to the British crown. But the idea did not meet with much favor in the other colonies at that time. 7. In January, 1776, Massachusetts instructed her delegates in Congress to vote for independence. South Carolina did the same in March ; and Georgia and North Carolina in April. Vir- ginia took the same step in May; New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Maryland followed the example of the others early in June. New York and Pennsylvania delayed action, still hoping for some settlement of the controversy with the mother-country. 8. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, ofi"ered a resolution in Congress that " These United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent States." He also proposed that " a plan of confederation be prepared and trans- mitted to the several colonies for their consideration and approba- tion." The resolution was adopted on the 11th of June. Two committees were appointed, one to prepare a declaration of inde- 6. When the people of the colonies saw the vast preparations that were being made for their subjugation, what did they do? What has already been said about the people of North Carolina ? 7. What did Massachusetts do in January, 1776? What State did the same thing in March ? Which ones in April? Which in May? Which in June ? Why did Pennsylvania and New York delay action? 8. What did Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, do on the 7th of June? What did he also propose? What two committees were appointed ? Who were the 10* 114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. pendence, and the other to prepare articles of confederation. The committee on the Declaration of Independence were Thomas JeflPerson, of Virginia ; John Adams, of INIassachusetts ; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania ; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut ; and Robert R. Livingston, of New York. The document was drawn up by JeflPerson, the chairman, and received a few verbal altera- tions from Adams and Franklin. 9. The committee on the Declaration of Indcpendeuce reported on the 28th of June ; but action was delayed until the delegates ^'*^;liril INDEPENDENCE HALL. from New York and Pennsylvania should receive their "instruc- tions to vote for it. At last the needed instructions came, and on the 4th day of July, with the unanimous consent not only of all the colonies, but also of all the delegates. Congress declared the thirteen colonies to be free and independent States. The an- nouncement of this declaration was received everywhere with committee on the Declaration ? By whom was the Declaration of Independ- ence drawn up ? 9. AVhen did the committee on independence report? Why was action de- layed? AVhen did Congress declare the colonies to be free and independent States? Was it unanimous? How was the announcement of this declaration received? What ha})pened in New York City ? CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 115 great rejoicing, and in many places the people showed their joy by the ringing of bells and the kindling of bonfires. When the news of the declaration was received in New York City, a large number of the people, rushing to one of the squares, in which stood a leaden statue of King George III., tied a rope around its neck and dragged it down from its pedestal. It was afterwards moulded into bullets to fight the king's soldiers with. 10. On the 12th day of July, eight days after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, a plan of union was laid before Congress. The plan of union was styled "A^iides of Confeder- ation and Perpetual Union between the States.'' According to this plan, the States conferred certain powers upon the United States in Congress assembled, and reserved others to themselves. Most of the States accepted the Articles of Confederation as early as 1*777, but it was not until 1781 that Maryland gave her full assent to them. 11. Henceforth we will speak not of the colonies, but of the United States, whose independence dates from the 4th of July, 1776, the day on which the grand Declaration was issued to the world. At this time the aggregate population of the thirteen States was, according to the most reliable returns, two million eight hundred thousand, of whom five hundred thousand were negro slaves, scattered throughout all the States. 12. On the 8th of July, General Howe landed about nine thousand men on Staten Island, near New York City. A few days afterwards his brother. Admiral Howe, arrived with rein- forcements from England. General Clinton soon after arrived 10. When was the plan of union laid before Congress ? What was it styled? According to this plan, what did the States do? When were the Articles of Confederation accepted by most of the States? When did Maryland accept them? 11. From what time does the independence of the United Slates date? What was the aggregate population of the thirteen States at this time ? 12. What did General Howe do on the 8th of July ? Who came a few days afterwards? Who else arrived at the same place? What did the whole Brit- ish force now number ? AVhat had Washington to oppose them with ? 116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. with the force which had been repulsed at Charleston. The whole British force now numbered about thirty thousand men, well supplied with everything needed to make an efficient army. To oppose this force Washington had a poorly-equipped army of hardly half their number, and was obliged to hold a line fifteen miles in length. 13. Lord Howe had been instructed to bring about a reconcil- iation, and accordingly he oiFered pardon to all who would swear allegiance to the king. Congress had his proclamation published in the newspapers of the country, so that the people might see what kind of submission was required of them. Howe also ad- dressed a letter to Washington directed to George AVashington Esq. Washington refused to receive it, for the reason that he would not notice any letter from the British general not directed to him as commander of the armies of the United States. 14. Between the 22d and 25th of August Howe landed about fifteen thousand men, under General Clinton, on the southwest point of Long Lsland. The Americans had about nine thousand men, under Generals Sullivan and Sterling. General Greene, who had been in command of this force, was sick, and accordingly General Putnam was sent over to tase command. On the 27th of August occurred the battle of Long Island. The Americans were attacked, and after a brave resistance were disastrously de- feated, with the loss of nearly two thousand men, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. Among the captured were Generals Sullivan and Sterling. The loss of the British was less than four hundred. The Americans retired to Fort Putnam near Brooklyn. Howe, thinking his prey secure, did not attack, but waited for his fleet to intercept them and cut ofi^ their retreat ; but Wash- 13. What had Lord Heme been instructed to do? What did he offer? What did Congress do ? Why did Washington refuse to receive Howe's letter? 14. What did Howe do between the 22d and 25th of August? IIow many men had the Americans on Long Island? Who was sent over to take com- mand ? Give an account of the battle of Long Island. Where did the Americans retire? What did Howe do? What did AVashington do on the night of the 29th ? CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 117 ington skilfully withdrew his army to New York on the night of the 29th. 15. He could not remain in the city, however, and he there- fore retired to the northern part of the island. Howe again made overtures, this time to Congress, but was again unsuccess- ful ; so, on the 15th of September, his army crossed over to Man- hattan Island, three miles above what was then the city. The rear-guard of the American army, under Putnam, narrowly escaped being cut off and captured. 16. On the 16th of September a skirmish at Harlem resulted to the advantage of the Americans. An attempt of Howe to outflank the Americans caused Washington to extend his lines northward to White Plains. Here, on the 28th of October, a battle occurred' between portions of the two armies, and the Amer- icans were obliged to fall back. The main body was so strongly jiosted that Howe deemed it best not to attack. Washington withdrew to North Castle, and becoming apprehensive that Howe was intending to attack Philadelphia, he left General Charles Lee with four thousand men at North Castle, while he crossed the Hudson and fixed his headquarters at Fort Lee, in New Jersey. 1*7. On the 17th of November, General Howe attacked Fort Washington, in which Congress had ordered a garrison to be left, in opposition to the judgment and advice of the commander-in- chief. After a fierce assault, in which the British lost one thou- sand men, the works were carried and the garrison of nearly three thousand men was forced to surrender. This was a terrible and disheartening blow to the Americans. 18. On the 19th of November the British crossed the Hudson, 15. To what place did Washington retire? After Howe had made over- tures to Congress and had again met with failure, what was done? What of the rear-guard of the American army ? 16. What was the result of a skirmish at Harlem on the 16th of Septem- ber? AVhat of the battle of White Plains? What did Washington do after this? 17. Give an account of the capture of Fort Washington. 118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and Washington was obliged to retreat across New Jersey, hard pressed by the victorious foe. On the retreat the Americans suffered terribly. Many of the soldiers were poorly clad and barefoot, and the frozen ground was tracked with their blood. At last they reached the Delaware, and crossed over into Penn- sylvania. WASHINGTON CUOSSING THE DELAWARE. 19. These were dark days. The Americans felt gloomy and disheartened ; desertions in the army were frequent, and Wash- ington's force was reduced to about three thousand men. Many thought that the cause was lost. The British boasted that the war would soon be ended. Philadelphia was in danger, and Con- gress removed to Baltimoi'e. 20. General Charles Lee, who had been ordered to join Wash- ington, was captured by carelessly exposing himself. General Sullivan, who had been exchanged, took command of Lee's forces 18. Give an account of the retreat of Washington's army across New Jersey into Penn.«ylvania. 19. "What was now the state of affairs ? What did the British boast ? What did Congress do ? 20. What of General Charles Leo? What did General Sullivan do ? What was now the size of Washington's army ? CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 119 and united them with those of Washington. These and some re- cruits from Pennsylvania brought Washington's force up to some- where between five and seven tliousand men. 21. Washington now resolved to strike a sudden blow and re- trieve, if possible, the disasters of the fall campaign. He felt that something must be done, or the cause of freedom would be ruined. The British had detached posts at New Brunswick, Trenton, Princeton, and other places in New Jersey, and were in fincied security. One of their officers had remarked that he could keep the peace in New Jersey with a corporal's guard. 22. At Trenton was encamped a force of fifteen hundred, mostly Hessians. Washington resolved to cross the Delaware on BATTLE OF TitENTON. Christmas evening and surprise and, if possible, capture the whole force. He therefore took the greater part of his army and em- 21. What (lid Washington now resolve to do? Where did the British have detached posts? What had one of their officers remarked? 22. What was encamped at Trenton ? Give an account of tlie crossing of the Delaware and the surprise and capture of the Hessians at Trenton. What 120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. barked them on boats to cross the river. Washington, with Greene, SulHvan, Sterling, and Mercer, and twenty-four hundred men, got safely across. Two other divisions of his army were unable to get over on account of the wind and ice. Washington's success was thorough and complete. At dawn of the 2Gth the Hessians were taken entirely by surprise. Colonel Hahl, their commander, was slain while trying to rally his men, and one thousand laid down their arms and were made j^risoners of war. Washington's total loss in the brilliant victory at Trenton was two men killed, two frozen to death, and a few wounded. That same night, with his prisoners and spoils, he recrossed the Dela- ware. 23. The effect of this victory was wonderful. The ftiint- hearted plucked up courage anew. Many, whose term of service had expired, re-enlisted, and fresh recruits came in. Washing- ton resolved to return to New Jersey. Accordingly, on the 1st of January, 1777, he again crossed the Delaware, and took post at Trenton with five thousand men. CHAPTER IV. CAMPAIGNS OF 1777. 1. On the 2d of January, Lord Cornwallis appeared before Washington's position at Trenton with a much larger force than Washington's. The Americans successfully resisted until night the attempts of the enemy to cross a creek which separated the two armies. That nidit Washington withdrew from Cornwallis's was Washington's total loss in the brilliant victory at Trenton ? What did Washington do that night? 23. AVhat was the effect of this victory ? What did Washington do on the 1st of January, 1777 ? 1. Oive an account of the movements of Washington and the battle of CAMPAIGNS OF 1777. 121 front, leaving his camp-fires burning;. Next morning (January 3) the British general was surprised to find the Americans gone. While wondering where they could be, he heard guns in the direction of Princeton. Washington had attacked the British at that post, and before Cornwallis could reach the scene had gained another brilliant victory. The loss of the British at Princeton was four hundred men, that of the Americans one hundred, among them General Mercer. Washington now marched to Morristown, where he established his headquarters, and from thence continued to send out expeditions, until he had recovered the greater part of New Jersey from the British. 2. The principal events of 1777 were the campaign of Wash- ington in New Jersey and Pennsylvania and the campaign of Burgoyne in New York. Before treating of these events we will mention some affairs of minor importance. In April, General Tryon, with a large British force, made a raid into Connecticut, burned the town of Banbury, destroyed the supplies collected there, and committed many depredations. On their return they were attacked by the militia, and lost nearly three hundred men. Soon after this. Colonel Meigs, with some Connecticut militia, destroyed twelve British vessels and a large quantity of supplies at Sag Harbor, on Long Island. He also took ninety prisoners. The militia lost none. In July, Major Barton, of Providence, with forty men, captured the British General Prescott, and car- ried him off as a prisoner. For this exploit Congress presented Major Barton with a sword and a colonel's commission. General Prescott was afterwards exchanged for General Charles Lee. 3. During the summer of 1777 the Congress adopted a flag for Princeton. AVhere did AVashington now establish his headquarters ? What did he then do ? 2. Give an account of Tryon's raid. AVhat did Colonel Meigs with the Connecticut militia do soon after this ? What did Major Barton, of Providence, do soon after this? AVhat did Congress do on account of this ? For whom was Prescott afterwards exchanged ? ?>. Describe the flag adopted by Congress in the summer of 1777. Who first gave the new flag to the breeze ? V 11 122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the United States. This was a flag having thirteen alternate stripes of red and \A'hite, and having thirteen white stars on a blue field, each star representing a sovereign, independent State. Commo- dore Paul Jones, who commanded a vessel named the Ranger, was the first to give the new flag to the breeze. 4. During this year several distinguished foreigners came over to America to aid the struggling patriots. These were the Mar- quis de La Fayette and the Baron de Kalb from France, Baron Steuben from Prussia, and General Kosciusko and Count Pulaski, two Polish noblemen. All these did good service for the Ameri- can cause. Washington s Campaign. 5. Washington, after taking up his winter-quarters at Morris- town, spent the rest of the winter in recruiting his army. By May, 1777, he had a force of ten thousand men. The British, at New Brunswick, New Jersey, had thirty thousand men. The main object of Howe was to get possession of Philadelphia, but Washington had so impressed him with his skilful generalship, that Howe did not consider it safe to go by land, leaving Wash- ington's army in his rear. So, by the end of June, the British evacuated New Jersey, and assembled their forces on Staten Island. One month later, Howe, leaving twelve thousand men under Clinton to hold New York, embarked eighteen thousand on transports and sailed to the head of Chesapeake Bay, and dis- embarked his troops at Elkton. in Maryland. G. As soon as Washington knew that the British general was moving upon Philadelphia from the south, he put his army in motion to encounter the enemy. At Philadelphia he was joined 4. AVhat distinguished foreigners came over to assist the patriots this year? 6. What did Washington's army number by May, 17W? How many had the British at New Brunswick, New Jersey ? What was Howe's purpose ? How many men did Howe leave to hold New York ? With how many men did he sail to the head of the Chesapeake ? 6. What did Washington do when be discovered the movements of the WASHINGTON'S CAMPAIGN. 123 by La Fayette, a young French nobleman, then only twenty years of age. Leaving Philadelphia, he pushed forward with his army, eleven thousand strong, and met the British on the 11th of Sep- tember at Chadd's Ford, on the Brandywine Creek. Here a desperate battle occurred. The Americans, after making a gallant resistance, were compelled to give way before the superior num- bers of the British. Count Pulaski and La Fayette both distin- guished themselves in this battle. The latter was wounded, but not seriously. Washington now knew that he could not hold Philadelphia. Congress moved to Lancaster, and afterwards to York. The American army took position at Pottsgrove, on the Schuylkill, about eight miles above Philadelphia. Howe occu- pied the city on the 2Gth of September. 7. On the 4th of October, Washington made an attack on the British at Gennantown, but after a severe conflict, which at first promised success, he was repulsed, with the loss of about twelve hundred men. Soon after this a British force under General Donop made an attack on a part of Washington's army at Red Bank, but was defeated with great loss, General Donop himself being among the slain. In the latter part of October the British captured Foi-fs Mifflin and Mercer^ which commanded the navi- gation of the Delaware, but the garrisons escaped. 8. Washington now took post at Whitemarsh. Early in De- cember General Howe advanced with the design of attacking the Americans, but finding them strongly posted, he returned to Phila- delphia without a battle. During the winter the British took up their quarters in Phila- delphia, where they were supplied with every luxury. The enemy ? By whom was he joined at Philadelphia? Give an account of the battle of Chadd's Ford or Brandywine and its consequences. Where did Con- gress go? When did Howe occupy Philadelphia? 7. Give an account of the battle of Germantown. Of Red Bank. What forts did the British capture in October ? What of the garrisons? 8. What happened early in December? Where did the British spend tho winter? AVhere did the Americans encamp ? 124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Americans encamped at Valley Forge, sheltered only by rude huts and suflFering the greatest hardships. Burgoyne' s Campaign. 9. The other grand campaign of 1777 was the invasion from Canada, supported by a movement up the Hudson from New York. The design of the British was to hold the line of the Hudson, and thus separate the New England from the Middle States. In the spring Burgoyne had landed in Canada with an army of seven thousand British regulars. This force he increased to ten thousand men by recruiting in Canada, and then advanced into New York State by way of Lake Champlain. The Ameri- cans, under Generals Schuyler and St. Clair, were obliged to retire before him. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured, and the Americans were forced back to the Mohawk River, near where it empties into the Hudson. 10. Burgoyne's advance from Ticonderoga to Fort Edward was very slow, because General Schuyler before retreating had felled trees and destroyed bridges along the roads by which the British had to advance. They did not reach Fort Edward until the 30th of July. 11. Burgoyne found it very difficult to haul supplies from Ticonderoga to Fort Edward. Hearing that there was a large quantity of stores at Bennington, in Vermont, he sent Colonel Baum with a large body of Hessians to seize them. Colonel John Stark with a force of •' Green Mountain Boys" and New Hampshire militia immediately moved to meet this force. As the British came in sight Stark said to his men, " There are the red-coats ; we must beat them to-day or Molly Stark's a widow !" 9. What was the other grand campaign of 1777 ? What was the design of the British ? With how large a force f Stillwatir. Morgan and his riflemen and Arnold especially ilistinguishod theujsclves on the side of the Americans. The battle was indecisive. On the 7th of October the second battle of Stillnatvr was fought, and the British were defeated with great loss. Among the slain was General Frazer, a brave and skilful ofiicer. On the American side Arnold per- fornn>d prodigies of valor, and towards its close fell, severely wounded. It is a pity that Arnold had !iot died on Bcmis Heights, for then his name would have been one of the most glorious in the annals of the Revolution. 14. Burgoyne now attempted to retreat to Fort Edward ; but the Americans advanced so rapidly that they cut off his retreat. Hemmed in on every side by an army of thirteen thousand men, his own force reduced to less than six thousand, many of them unable to fight, and with his camp filled with the wounded and dying, no alti-rnative was left but surrender. The terms of sur- render had been agreiMl upon, when Burgoyne received news that General Clinton had taken Forts Montgomery and Clinton and was atlvancing up the river. Burgoyne now felt like reconsider- ing, but Gates, with his victorious army in battle array, demanded an immediate answer, and Burgoyne had to yield. Accordingly, 13. Whnt was the effoot of these successes ? How was the American army nierensed ? Under whom Wiis the army piaced in August? What did Gates do? What took place at Bomis Heights on the lOth of September? Who especially distinguished themselves on the side of the Americans? What was the result ? Describe the second battle of Stillwater. 14. What prevented Burgoyne's retreat to Fort Edward? How large now was the American army ? To what was Burgoyne's force reduced ? What news reached Burgoyne just after terms of surrender had been agreed upon ? How did Burgoyne now feel ? What forced him to yield ? How large was the army which he surrendered ? Where and when did this occur? BURGOVNE'S CAMPAIGN. 127 ho .surrendered his army of five thousand seven hundred and ninety-one men. This was near Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777. 15. The news of this great victory was hailed everywhere in tlu! States with transports of joy. The forts that had been cap- turcfl by Sir Henry Clinton were immediately abandoned, and that officer returned to New York. Ticonderoga and all the other posts on the northern frontier were again occupied by the Ameri- cans. A n(!W impetus was given to enlistments, and Washington's thinned ranks began to fill up. IG. We will now return to Washington, whom we left in camp at Valley Forge. This was to the army under his immediate com- mand the gloomiest period of the war. They were sheltered by rude huts, were poorly clad, ill fed, and unpaid. They were, moreover, discouraged by their defeats. A plot was gotten up in Congress to remove Washington from the chief command and put Gates in his place. This plot has been called the Conu-ai/ cabal. But these eiForts to injure Washington utterly failed, and met with the contempt which they deserved. Congress and the country knew that AVashiiigton's failure to defeat the enemy was due to the fact that he as commander-in-chief had left many of his best officers and troops in New York to oppose Burgoyne ; for it was far more essential to the cause of freedom that Burgoyne's ex- pedition should be defeated tlian that Philadelphia should be saved. 17. While in the camp at Valley Forge, Baron Steuben, a Prussian officer, who had distinguished himself in the wars of Frederick the Great, rendered great service by helping Washing- ton to reorganize the army and by introducing a uniform system of drill and tactics. 15. What of the news of this victory ? What were its effects ? 16. What was the condition of Washington's army at Valley Forge? Give an account of the Conway cabal. What of these efforts to injure Wash- ington ? 17. What of Baron Steuben ? 128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER V. THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE AND OTHER EVENTS OP 1778. 1. The most important event which resulted from the capture of Burgoyne was the French alliance. Ever since the conquest of Canada by England France had cherished feelings of revenge. In 1776, Silas Deane was sent to France to urge an alliance. But France was not then prepared to act openly, though she did secretly furnish arms and supplies. After the Declaration of Independence Congress sent Benjamin Franklin as minister to France. When the news of Burgoyne's surrender reached France the king, Louis XVI., hesitated no longer. On the 6th of February, 1778, the French government acknowledged the in- dependence of the United States, and formed a treaty of alliance with them. This treaty was signed on the part of the United States by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. The treaty was ratified by Congress on the 4th of 3Iay following. 2. Alarmed by the surrender of Burgoyne and the danger of a French alliance, the British government had sent commissioners to America, who were authorized to oifer all that the Americans had asked if they would only return to their allegiance to the British crown. But Congress rejected the proposal. The people of the United States would now be satisfied with nothing less than absolute independence. Soon after the rejection of this proposal Congress received news of the consummation of the alliance with France. 1. What was the most important result of the capture of Burgoyne? What of Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin ? What was the effect of the news of Burgoyne's surrender? What did the French government now do? What else can you say of the treaty ? 2. What did the British government now do ? Why did Congress reject the proposal ? EVENTS OF 1778. 129 3. As the spring drew near the condition of Washington's army was much improved. It had been reinforced by four thousand troops of the victorious army which had captured Burgoyne, and Washington was now able to take the field with forces about equal to those of his adversary. In April France sent out a fleet, under D'Estaing, to blockade the British fleet in the Delaware, while Washington intended to operate against the enemy by land. 4. Sir Henry Clinton was now commander-in-chief of the British forces in Philadelphia, Sir William Howe having resigned. Fear- ing lest his army might be captured if he waited until the French fleet should arrive in the Delaware, he prepared to evacuate Phil- adelphia. Accordingly, the Briti.sh fleet in the Delaware sailed for New York, carrying the greater part of the baggage and stores. General Clinton then abandoned Philadelphia, and re- treated across New Jersey with his army, numbering twelve thousand men. Washington started in pursuit with a force about equal in number. 5. Washington overtook the retreating enemy at Monmouth on the 28th of June, 1778. General Charles Lee, commanding the van of the American army, was ordered to make an imme- diate attack. He did so, but being pressed by the British regu- lars, ordered a retreat. La Fayette, who looked upon Lee's conduct with suspicion, sent a messenger to Washington, urging him to hurry up. Washington hastened to the scene of action with the main body, reproved Lee sharply, restored order, and drove the British back. The battle then lasted until night. The advantage was rather on the side of the Americans, their loss being two hundred and thirty, and that of the British five hun- dred. Washington intended to renew the battle in the morning. 3. What was the condition of Washington's army as the spring drew near? How had it been reinforced? AVhat did France do in April ? 4. Why did Clinton prepare to evacuate Philadelphia? What did theBiit- ish fleet do ? What did Clinton and Washington do ? 5. Describe the movements of the Americans and the buttle of Monmouth. Why did not Washington renew the battle ? Where did the British army 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. but Clinton did not feel like risking another engagement, and re- treated during the night. The British army proceeded to Sandy Hook, and from thence sailed to New York. General Charles Lee was court-martialed for his conduct in this battle, and also for an insolent letter which he wrote to Washington the day after the fight. He was sentenced to be suspended from his command for one year. He never returned to the army afterwards. A note- worthy incident of the battle of Monmouth was the conduct of Molly Pitcher, the wife of one of the American cannoneers. During the thickest of the fight she busied herself in carrying water to the soldiers. Seeing her husband fall dead at his gun, she sprang to the piece, and served it so well that the next day she was appointed sergeant. She ever afterwards was called by the soldiers Captain Molly. 6. When Washington found that the British had retreated he pressed on in pursuit, but was not able to overtake them. After the return of the enemy to New York the American army took position at White Plains until they went into winter-quarters at Middlebrook, in New Jersey. 7. Early in July the French fleet arrived with four thousand troops on board. An attack was now planned upon the British garrison at Newport, in Rhode Island. D'Estaing was to attack by sea with the French fleet, and General Sullivan, assisted by Generals Greene and La Fayette, with an army of ten thousand men, took charge of the movement by land. Soon after the siege commenced a British fleet approached, and D'Estaing sailed out to meet them, but a severe storm arose, and separated the com- batants. Soon after, the French fleet was obliged to go to Boston for repairs. Sullivan then raised the siege and retired. The go? What is said of General Charles Lee? Relate the incident of Molly Pitcher. 6. What did Washington and the American army do ? 7. What happened early in July ? What attack was now planned ? What caused the siege to fail ? What was the French fleet obliged to do? What of the affair at Quaker Hill? EVENTS OF 1778. 181 British followed, and attacked him near Quaker Hill, but were repulsed. 8. In July a party of Tories and Indians, led by Colonel John Butler, came into the Valley of Wyoming^ in Pennsylvania, de- feated the small force opposed to them, captured Fort Wyoming, slaughtered the garrison after its surrender, and massacred men, women, and children. 9. In November Cherry Valley, in New York, suffered like atrocities at the hands of a body of Tories and Indians led by Brant, a noted Mohawk chief. 10. The French fleet, after refitting at Boston, sailed for the West Indies. The British fleet, in order to protect British pos- sessions in that quarter, followed soon after. Clinton now resolved to transfer the war to the South, where the army would be nearer the fleet. 11. In November Clinton sent two thousand men, under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Campbell, and a fleet, under Admiral Hyde Parker, against Savannah, in Georgia. Savannah was defended by nine hundred American troops, commanded by General Robert Howe. On the 29th of December the British advanced to the attack. The Americans fought bravely, but were overpowered by the superior numbers of the enemy, and after suffering a loss of nearly two-thirds of their number they abandoned Savannah and crossed over into South Carolina. 12. During this same year General George Rogers Clarke, of Virginia, crossed the Ohio River and marched against the Indians. Defeating them and their British allies, he made a conqtiest of the Northwest, which was annexed to Virginia as the county of Illinois. 8. Give the account of the massacre of Wyoming. 9. Relate what happened in Cherry Valley. 10. Describe the movements of the French and British flaets. What did Clinton now resolve to do ? 11. AVhat did Clinton do in November? What was the result of the attack ? 12. Describe the conquest of the Northwest. 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER VI. EVENTS OF 1779. 1. Early in January, 1779, General Prevost, advancing from Florida, with nearly two thousand men, took the fort at Sunbury, and marching thence to Savannah, took command of the British forces. The lower part of Georgia was now completely overrun by the British and Tories. 2. The strength of the British force in the South was now be- tween three and four thousand effective men, under the command of General Prevost. The American army was inferior in number to the British, and consisted almost entirely of militia. It was commanded by General Lincoln, a brave officer, who had won distinction in the Northern campaigns. 3. While General Lincoln was reorganizing his army and try- ing to get it ready for an active campaign, General Prevost sent Colonel Campbell against Augusta, which town he occupied on the 1st of February, 1770. Another expedition was sent to take possession of Port Rt)yal Island, in South Carolina, but the British were defeated by General Moultrie with considerabl . loss. 4. The British expected to be joined by large numbers of South em Tories. A body of Tories eight hundred strong did rise, and, under Colonel Boyd, set out to join the British force at Augusta, pillaging and plundering the property of the patriots on their way. 1. What happened early in January', 1779 ? 2. What was now the strength of the British force in the South ? What can j'ou say about the American army ? By whom was it commanded ? .3. While General Lincoln was reorganizing his army, what did General Prevost do? AVhat was the result of an expedition to take possession of I'o't Royal Island ? 4. What did the British expect? What did a body of Tories do ? Give an EVENTS OF 1779. 133 At Kettle Creek, in Wilkes County, Georgia, on the 14th of Febru- ary, being attacked by four hundred Carolina and Georgia militia, led by Colonels Andrew Pickens, John Dooly, and Elijah Clarke, they were totally defeated, with the loss of one hundred and fifty men. The loss of the Americans was thirty-two killed and wounded. Soon after this Colonel Campbell was ordered by General Prevost to retire from Augusta. The British retreated to Hudson's Ferry, about fifty miles above Savannah. 5. Encouraged by these successes, General Lincoln sent Gen- eral Ashe to take position at Brier Creeks near where it empties into the Savannah. Ashe had two thousand men under his im- mediate command, and two thousand more within supporting dis- tance. General Ashe proved himself to be incompetent. On the 3d of March he was surprised by General Prevost and defeated, with the loss of three hundred and forty killed, wounded, and prisoners, while the loss of the enemy was small. By this defeat the plans of Lincoln were frustrated, and the British conquest of that portion of Georgia lying below Augusta was made complete for the time. 6. General Lincoln did not give up hope of driving the British out of Georgia. By the middle of April his army numbered five thousand men. On the 23d of April he set out at the head of four thousand men, intending to enter Georgia at Augusta, and left one thousand under General Moultrie, to watch the movements of the enemy. As soon as General Prevost heard of Lincoln's advance he moved upon Charleston, in South Carolina, by rapid marches, forcing Moultrie to retreat before him. Lin- coln was compelled by this movement to abandon his enterprise account of the defeat of the Tories at Kettle Creek. What happened soon after this battle? To what point did the British retreat? 5. On account of these successes, what did General Lincoln do? What was the strength of the force under Ashe? Give the account of Ashe's defeat on the 3d of March. Wliat was the effect of the defeat at Brier Creek ? 6. What was the strength of Lincoln's army by the middle of April ? What did he do on the 2.3d of April? AVhat did Prevost then do? What did this 12 134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and hasten to the defence of Charleston. On Lincoln's approach Prevost withdrew. A body of Carolina troops made an attack on the British at Stono Ferry on the 20th of June, but were re- pulsed with considerable loss. Shortly afterwards the British established a post at Beaufort, in South Carolina, but the main body of their army returned to Savannah. The weather now being very hot and the season unhealthy, both armies refrained from active operations until September. 7. Meanwhile, at the North several operations of secondary importance were carried on by both the American and British armies. In February, General Tryon, the last royal governor of Connecticut, destroyed the salt-works at Horse Neck, in Con- necticut, and plundered the town. It was at this place that Gen- eral Putnam performed a remarkable feat. He was on the point of being captured, when, seeing no other means of escape, he rode down a precipitous descent called the Stone Steps, over which the British dared not follow him. 8. In May the enemy made raids into Virginia, and destroyed much property, both public and private, in Norfolk, Portsmouth, and the neighboring country. In New York State during this same month General Clinton himself conducted an expedition up the Hudson. On the 31st of iMay he captured Stony Point, and on the 1st of June Vcrplanck's Point, taking their garrisons prisoners of war. He left British garrisons in both forts, and re- turned to New York. In July, General Tryon led a second plun- dering expedition into Connecticut, and burned East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, plundered New Haven, and ravaged the coasts of the State generally. y. On the 15th of July occurred one of the most brilliant force Lincoln to do ? What did Prevost do on Lincoln's approach? What happened at Stono Ferry ? What did the British do shortly afterwards? 7. What happened at Horse Neck? 8. What happened in Virginia in May ? What happened in New York during the same month? What places did General Clinton capture? What did General Tryon do in Connecticut in July ? EVENTS OF 1779. 135 exploits of the war. This was the recapture of Stony Point by the Americans. This point was considered by Washington to be of considerable importance. He therefore sent General Anthony Wayne to recover it. Wayne made a night attack, and carried the fort at the point of the bayonet. The American loss was nearly one hundred men, that of the British, six hundred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans destroyed the works and returned to their camp. 10. On the 19th of July a body of Americans led by Major Henry Lee surprised a British garrison at Paulus Hook^ killing thirty and capturing one hundred and sixty. 11. In July a land and naval expedition went from Boston against a British force posted at Fort Castine on the Penobscot, but the expedition was a total failure. 12. In the same month Brant, with some Indians and Tories, committed many depredations and burned the village of Minisink, in New York. At one place they rushed into a school-house, killed the school-teacher, and, though they spared the girls, killed several of the boys. Several other atrocities were committed by them. 13. To put a stop to the atrocities of the Indians, General Sul- livan was sent against them at the head of five thousand men. He attacked the Indians under Brant, Johnson, and Butler on the site of the present city of Elmira, and completely routed them, after which he laid waste the Indian country as far as the Genesee River, which empties into Lake Ontario. The efi'ect of these defeats on the Indians was such that they gave up all thoughts of further war. 14. We will now return to operations in the South. On the 9th of September, Count D'Estaing appeared near Savannah with 9. Give an account of the recapture of Stony Point by the Americans. 10. Give an account of the American success at Paulus Hook. 11. What of the expedition from Boston in July? 12. What happened at Minisink, New York, during the same month ? 13. Give an account of Sullivan's victory over the Indians and its effect. 14. What happened on the 9th of September? After Lincoln had effected 136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. a French fleet having on board six thousand troops. Lincoln moved up and effected a junction with the French, and by the middle of the month laid siege to Savannah. While the allied forces were in front of Savannah, Captain John AVhite, of the Georgia line, with but a few followers, captured by a skilful strat- PULASKI MONUMENT, SAVANNAH. agem five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stand of arms, and one hundred and eleven British soldiers. The British could not have stood a long siege in Savannah, but D'Estaing became impatient and insisted upon an immediate assault. On the 9th a junction with the French, what did the allied forces do ? Relate the ex- ploit of Captain John White, Could the British have stood a long siege? Why, then, was an assault made? What was the result of the assault made EVENTS OF 1779. 137 of October the assault was gallantly made by the allied armies, but they were repulsed with the loss of nearly eleven hundred men. Among the slain were Count Pulaski, the noble Pole, and the gallant Sergeant Jasper. In Monterey Square, in the city of Sa- vannah, there stands an elegant monument erected in honor of Count Pulaski. Though no monument has ever been reared to Jasper, one of the squares in Savannah bears his name, and about two miles from the city is the Jasper Spring, so called to com- memorate one of his daring exploits. Here on one occasion, as- sisted by Newton, another gallant sergeant, Jasper rescued from a British guard an American prisoner who was being carried to Savannah for execution. After the disastrous repulse of the allied armies, as Jasper lay dying, he said to Major Horry, who called to see him (referring to his exploit at the spring), " Should you ever see Jones, his wife, and son, tell them that Jasper is gone, but that the remembrance of that battle which he fought for them brought a secret joy into his heart when it was about to stop its motion forever." 15. After the repulse at Savannah the allied armies raised the siege, the French sailed to the West Indies, and the disappointed Lincoln returned with his army to Charleston. 16. During the summer of 1779 the American commissioners at Paris fitted out a small squadron and placed it under the com- mand of Commodore Paul Jones, a Scotch-American and a man of great daring. In September, while cruising olF the coast of Scotland in his ship, the Bon Homme Richard, he fell in with the British ship Serapis, and after one of the most desperate sea- fights on record, captured her. His own vessel was so badly damaged that he transferred his men to his prize, and scarcely had he done so, when the Bon Homme Richard went down. on the 9th of October? Who were among the slain? How has Pulaski's memory been honored ? Tell what is said of Jasper and his exploits. 15. What did the allied armies do after the failure of the assault, and where did they go ? 16. What was done by the American commissioners at Paris during the summer of 1779 ? Relate Paul Jones's fight with the British ship of war. 12* 138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 17. The year 1779 closed in gloom. The hopes founded on the French alliance had not been realized. The several schemes of co-operation had failed. The American troops were poorly provided for and suffered greatly. The finances of the country were in a bad condition. Congress had been obliged to resort to bills of credit, issued from time to time in denominations of from one to twenty dollars, on pledge of the public faith for their H^Jl^iSf^fi^l'i SPECIMENS OF CONTINENTAL BILLS. redemption in gold or silver. This currency at first passed for its face value, but as its issue increased with enormous rapidity, with little or no prospect of its ever being paid, it finally depre- ciated so that at last it became absolutely worthless. On the other hand, Britain seemed greater than ever. Though Spain had joined her enemies, she resolved on putting forth still 17. How did the year 1779 close? What of the hopes founded on the French alliance? What of the American soldiers? What of the finances? What nation had joined the enemies of Britain ? What did Parliament de- termine to do for the next year ? EVENTS OF 1780. 139 greater efforts. Parliament determined for the next year to enlist eighty-five thousand seamen and thirty-five thousand land troops in addition to those already in service. CHAPTER VII. EVENTS OF 1780. 1. As soon as Sir Henry Clinton heard that the French fleet had left the American coast, he resolved to lead an expedition himself for the reduction of South Carolina. He accordingly withdrew the British garrison from Newport, thus leaving Rhode Island free of the enemy, and after leaving a strong force to hold New York City, he embarked five thousand of his best troops, and on the 26th of December set sail for the South, under the conyoy of Admiral Arbuthnot. 2. On the 11th of February, 1780, he landed on John's Island, near Charleston. The condition of South Carolina at this time was exceedingly unfavorable. The State was poorly provided with the means of defence ; the Tories and Indians harassed the inhabitants of the border counties, and the army under Lincoln was too small to offer an effective resistance. When Lincoln heard of the advance of the British upon Charleston, his first impulse was to abandon the city, but the inhabitants so earnestly implored him to remain that he did so, trusting to the arrival of reinforcements which had been promised him. The reinforcements never came, and Lin- coln's army was hemmed in and besieged in Charleston by Clinton, 1. What did Clinton do when he heard that the French fleet had left the American coast ? With how many men did he sail for the South ? 2. Where did he land February 11, 1780? State the condition of South Carolina at this time. What of the army under Lincoln ? Why did Lincoln remain in Charleston ? Did the expected reinforcements come ? How was Clinton's army increased ? 140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. whose army was soon increased to eight thousand by the arrival of three thousand additional troops from New York under Corn- wallis. 3. The siege of Charleston lasted eight weeks. A force which had been assembled under General Huger for the relief of the city was surprised and defeated at Monk's Corner by fourteen hundred British troops under Webster, Tarleton, and Ferguson. There being no hope of relief Fort Moultrie surrendered on the 6th of May, and on the 12th Lincoln was forced to surrender Charleston, and with it his army, numbering nearly two thousand regular troops and between two and three thousand militia. •4. In order to secure his conquests Clinton sent out three de- tachments into the interior, one under Cornwallis, which occupied Camden ; a second, under Colonel Cruger, to Ninety-Six ; and a third, under Colonel Browne, to Augusta.* Clinton also pro- claimed a truce, and offered pardon to all who would take British protection. Great numbers of South Carolinians and Georgians, seeing their States completely overrun by the British, and de- spairing of assistance from the States north of them, accepted the terms on condition of not being compelled to take up arms against their countrymen. The patriot leaders in Carolina and Georgia fled with the small bands, which followed them, into North Car- olina, and waited for a favorable opportunity to return into their respective States. 5. Clinton thinking his conquest complete, and congratulating himself on having reannexed two provinces to the British crown, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis in command. Cornwal- lis left Lord Rawdon in command at Camden and took up his * One of Browne's scouting parties murdered Colonel John Dooly, a leading Georgia patriot, in the presence of his family. 3. Give an account of the siege and surrender of Charleston. 4. To what places did Clinton send detachments? What else did Clinton do? What of the patriot leaders in Carolina and Georgia? 5. AVhat did Clinton do now? Where did Cornwallis take up his head- quarters? llow were the people treated by the British commander? EVENTS OF 1780. 141 headquarters at Charleston. The British commander broke faith with those who had surrendered, imprisoned some of the best citizens of Charleston, and seized their property. He allowed British troopers to traverse the country burning houses, destroy- ing crops, and insulting the inhabitants. He endeavored to force those who had taken protection to enlist in the British service and bear arms against their countrymen. 6. By such treatment the people were roused to resistance, and flocked to the standards of such leaders as Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, of South Carolina, and Clarke, of Georgia. 7. All these leaders in Carolina and Georgia kept up a constant warfare upon the posts of the enemy, and broke up the bands of the Tories wherever they appeared. Colonel Henry Lee, in his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department, says of them : " Their combats were, like those of the Parthians, sudden and fierce." Never despairing of the cause of their country, they at no time relaxed their efforts until the final great triumph of the American arms. 8. In July the struggling patriots were encouraged by the news that Gates, the victor of Saratoga, was advancing to their assist- ance. Lord Eawdon, the British commander at Camden, per- ceiving his danger, with Gates advancing in front and with Sumter threatening him on his left and Marion on his right, called in his outposts, brought reinforcements from Ninety-Six, and notified Cornwallis of his danger. That general hastened up from Charles- ton, united his forces with Lord Rawdon, and took command. 9. General Gates, confidently looking forward to victory, pushed on, contrary to the advice of his officers, with the intention of sur- prising the enemy at Camden. Lord Cornwallis was himself medi- 6. What was the result of such treatment? 7. What did all these leaders do ? What docs Colonel Henry Lee say of them? 8. How were the struggling patriots encouraged in July ? What did Lord Eawdon, the British commander at Camden, do ? What did Cornwallis do ? 9. With what intention did Gates hasten forward ? What was Cornwallis 142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tating a surprise of Gates's army, and set out from Camden for that purpose on the night of August 15. The armies stumbled on each other at Sander s Creek after midnight, and at dawn of the IGth the battle began. The Americans were utterly defeated, with the loss of more than a thousand men, besides all their artil- lery, ammunition, and supplies. Among the slain was the brave Baron De Kalb. Gates, with the fugitives, escaped to Hills- borough, North Carolina. The loss of the British was something over three hundred. 10. To add to the misfortunes of the patriots, Sumter, with his force of eight hundred men, was surprised two days afterwards at Fishing Creek by Colonel Tarleton, utterly defeated, and his men dispersed, losing their artillery and stores, and also the spoils and prisoners which had been taken from the enemy by Sumter a few days before the battle of Camden. Marion and his men, issuing at times from the swamps of the Pedee, alone maintained hostili- ties in South Carolina. 11. Soon after his victory at Camden, Cornwallis sent Lieu- tenant-Colonel Tarleton to operate east of the Catawba, and Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson to assemble the Tories among the mountains of North and South Carolina. 12. While Ferguson was on his way. Colonel Elijah Clarke, the bold Georgia partisan, with seven hundred men, laid siege to Augusta, which was held by a British garrison under Colonel Thomas Browne. Clarke pushed the siege vigorously, and was on the point of capturing the garrison, when a fresh body of the enemy under Colonel Cruger came up, and he was obliged to re- tire. Ferguson was ordered by Cornwallis to intercept Clarke's himself meditating ? Give an account of the battle of Sander's Creek, near Camden. 10. What added to the miffortunes of the patriots? Who alone maintained hostilities in South Carolina? 11. What two detachments did Cornwallis send out soon after his victory at Camden ? 12. While Ferguson was on his way, what did Colonel Elijah Clarke do? Describe Clarke's attack on the British garrison at Augusta. What did EVENTS OF 1780. 143 command, if possible. He therefore drew near to the moun- tains, intending to fall upon Clarke as soon as he reached his vicinity. Here he heard that a new enemy was approaching him for the purpose of proceeding on the same enterprise in which Clarke had just failed. This new foe was a large band of rifle- men, about three thousand strong, gathered mostly from Ken- tucky (at that time a western district of Virginia) and North Carolina, under Colonels Campbell, Cleveland, Williams, Sevier, and Shelby. Hearing of Clarke's repulse and Ferguson's expe- dition, they abandoned their enterprise against Browne at Augusta, and turned on Ferguson. 13. Realizing his danger, Ferguson selected a strong position on Kings Mountain, and awaited the advance of the Americans. For fear that Ferguson would escape, about sixteen hundred of the bold riflemen mounted their swiftest horses, and hurried for- ward to meet the enemy. On the 7th of October they came up with Ferguson. Dismounting from their horses, they formed in three divisions, and ascended the mountain in different directions. A desperate battle ensued. Ferguson was slain, and three hun- dred of his men killed and wounded. The remaining eight hun- dred, consisting of British regulars and Tories, surrendered. The American loss was but twenty, among these Colonel Williams, of South Carolina, who, with his adherents, had joined the expedi- tion just before the battle. Fifteen hundred stand of arms fell into the hands of the victors. Although Clarke had failed to re- duce Augusta, his expedition had led to the destruction of Fergu- son's force. 14. Cornwallis, meanwhile, had occupied Charlotte after a gal- Cornwallis order Ferguson to do ? While Ferguson was trying to do this, what did he hear ? What was this new foe ? 13. Realizing his danger, what did Ferguson do ? For fear that Ferguson would escape, what did the militia do? When did they come up with the enemy? Describe the battle of King's Mountain. What was the American loss? What fell into the hands of the victors ? 14. What of Cornwallis meanwhile? What reasons prompted him to fall 144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lant but vain resistance by Colonel Davie and his North Caro- linians, and was preparing to advance still farther when he heard of the defeat of Ferguson at King's Mountain. Being thus de- prived of one-fourth of his army, and with his communications threatened by the activity of Sumter, Marion, and Pickens in South Carolina, he judged it best to retreat, and fell back to (Camden, in South Carolina. Thus the effect of the battle of King's Mountain had been to compel Cornwallis to abandon his projected conquest of North Carolina. Another effect of this battle was to break up an invasion of Virginia by a British force of three thou- sand, under General Leslie, which depended for success upon the co-operation of Cornwallis. 15. Sumter had not remained idle afler his defeat at Fishing Creek. By his energy and activity he soon collected his scattered followers and returned to his old work of harassing the enemy. On the 12th of November he was attacked at Fishdam Ferry, on Broad River, by JMajor Wemys ; but the British were defeated and Wemys himself captured. On the 20th he was again at- tacked, by Colonel Tarleton, at Blacksfocks, in Chester District. Fortune once more favored Sumter, and the British were repulsed. IG. In the North during this year no military event of impor- tance occurred. About midsummer a French fleet, under Ad- miral de Ternay, arrived, having on board six thousand French troops, under Count de Rochambeau (rosh-awm-bo). This force had been sent out through the influence of La Fayette. They en- tered Newport, Rhode Island ; but soon after a superior British fleet arrived and blockaded the French in Narraganset Bay. So nothing was accomplished by this force during 1780. back to Camden, in South Carolina? What was one of the eflFects of the battle of King's Mountain ? What was another efFcct? 15. Meanwhile, what of Sumter? Describe Sumter's victory at Fishdam Ferry. When, by whom, and where was he again attacked ? With what re- sult ? 16. What of affairs in the North? What happened about midsummer? Through whose influence had this fleet been sent out? What prevented the fleet from accomplishing anything ? EVENTS OF 1780. 145 17. In September a disgraceful plot was discovered. General Arnold, who had been one of the bravest of the American oflScers, had formed a plan to betray West Point, on the Hudson, into the hands of the British. The motive which prompted Arnold thus to injure his country and cover his own name with infamy was a desire for revenge. While in command of Philadelphia, in 1778, be had acted badly, and had been court-martialed for his conduct, Dut was forgiven by Washington. In August, 1780, he was placed by Washington in command of the important post of West Point. Filled with the desire of revenge, he opened a corre- spondence with Clinton, in New York, and promised to deliver up the fortress in return for ten thousand pounds and a general's commission. Major Andre, a young British officer, who was sent by Clinton to arrange the plan with Arnold, was captured on his return journey by three New York militia-men, and in his boots were found papers containing proofs of Arnold's treachery. The American commander, to whom Andre was carried, incautiously allowed him to write to Arnold. Arnold fled to a British vessel and went down the river to Clinton, at New York. He received the promised reward. Andre was hung as a spy. To each of his captors, John Paulding, Isaac Van Wert, and David Williams, Congress voted a medal and a pension for life. 18. On the 20th of December of this year England declared war against Holland, because the Hollanders had given protection to American privateers, and had actually begun to negotiate a treaty with Congress. 17. What disgraceful plot was discovered in September ? What motive prompted Arnold thus to disgrace himself? Why did he seek revenge? Of what post was he placed in command? Give an account of Arnold's treason. What befell Andr6 ? When Arnold heard that Andre was captured, what lid he do? What became of Andre ? What did Congress do for each of his 3aptors ? 18. When did England declare war against Holland? What had the Dutch lone? G 13 146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER VIII. EVENTS OF 1781. Campaign of Greene in the Carolinas. — Tfie Final Campaign in Virginia. — Peace. 1. The leading events of 1781 were the campaign in the Caro- linas and the final campaign in Virginia. Before treating of these we will notice the condition of Washington's army in the winter of 1780 and 1781. The wirtter was severe, the soldiers were half clad and unpaid. On the 1st day of January, 1781, thirteen hundred troops of the Pennsylvania line left camp with the intention of marching to Philadelphia and demanding relief of Congress. At Princeton they were met by a committee from Congress, who satisfied their demands, whereupon they returned to their duty. Two British emissaries, who were sent to tamper with the discontented troops, were seized by them and delivered up to General Wayne, by whose order they were hung as spies. Soon after this some of the New Jersey troops mutinied, but the outbreak was forcibly suppressed by Wa.shington. Congress now realized that something must be done. Taxes were levied, and money and supplies were purchased in Europe. Robert Morris, a wealthy merchant and banker of Philadelphia, was appointed financial agent of the government, and freely used his own money and credit to furnish supplies. 2. We will now speak of the campaign in the Carolinas. After the disastrous defeat of Grates at Camden, that general had 1. What was the condition of Washington's army in the winter of 1780 and 1781? (live an account of the mutiny in Washington's army. What was done with two British emissaries? What of some of the New Jersey troops? What was now done by Congress? What of Robert Morris? 2. What had General Gates done after his disastrous defeat near Camden? EVENTS OF 1781. 147 retreated to Hillsborough, North Carolina, where he labored with unceasing zeal and diligence to repair the damage caused by his former rashness. The remains of his shattered army were col- lected, some recruits from Virginia arrived, and some companies of artillery were added to his force. The State authorities of North Carolina summoned to the field a division of militia under Generals Sumner and Davidson, to which was united a volunteer corps under Colonel Davie. The headquarters of the army were afterwards transferred to Charlotte. 3. On the 3d of December, 1780, General Nathaniel Greene arrived at Charlotte and took command. General Greene, who was a native of Rhode Island, had distinguished himself in all the campaigns of Washington's army, and when Congress deter- mined to remove Gates from command of the army in the South, he was nominated by Washington as the most suitable person to be intrusted with the task of recovering South Carolina and Georgia from the British. Well did Greene prove that he merited the confidence reposed in him by the commander-in-chief. 4. Soon after Greene took command. Colonel William Wash- ington, while on a scouting expedition with the cavalry, discovered that a body of Tories under Colonel Rudgley was stationed at a farm about twelve miles from Camden. Colonel Washington hastened forward to surprise them, but found that they had taken refuge in a barn surrounded by abatis, and safe from any attempt made by cavalry. The American officer then resorted to strata- gem. He had the trunk of a tree shaped into the form of a cannon, and bringing it up in true military style, pretended to be getting ready to cannonade the barn. This was too much for What was done to get his force ready for the field ? What did the State au- thorities of North Carolina do ? To what place were the headquarters of the army transferred ? 3. Who took command of the army at Charlotte on the 3d of December, 1780 ? What can you say of Greene ? 4. Relate the stratagem by which Colonel William Washington captured a party of Tories. 148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the Tories, and the whole party, one hundred in number, sur- rendered at discretion. 5. Though Greene's army was only aLout two thousand strong, yet he sent General Morgan in the direction of Ninety-Six, while he himself advanced, and took post at Cheraw. This placed Corn- wallis between the two divisions of Greene's army. As he was about to march into North Carolina, and did not like to leave Morgan in his rear, he sent Colonel Tarleton after that officer, with instructions to push him. Morgan retreated to a place called the Cowpens, in Spartanburg District. Here, being joined by a large body of Carolina and Georgia militia under General Pickens, he resolved to await Tarleton's attack. On the 17th of January, Tarleton rushed to the attack, confident of victory. But instead of victory he met with a stunning defeat. Nearly three hundred of his men were killed and wounded, and five hundred were taken prisoners. The loss of the Americans was seventy, of whom only twelve were killed. All the enemy's artillery, eight hundred muskets, two standards, thirty-five baggage-wagons, and one hundred dragoon horses fell into the hands of the Americans. Tarleton himself barely escaped capture by Colonel Washington, who pursued him with the cavalry and wounded him slightly in the hand with his sword. Some time after this battle Colonel Tarleton was in the company of some Carolina ladies, and remarked to one of them, "I have been told that Colonel Washington is very illiterate, and can scarcely write his name." " Ah, colonel," re- plied the lady, " at least he can make his mark.'' Tarleton replied that he would like very much to see Colonel Washington. The sister of the lady who had just spoken instantly replied, " Had you looked behind you at the battle of Cowpens, colonel, you might have had that pleasure." 6. After Tarleton's defeat at Cowpens, Cornwallis advanced 5. What distribution did Greene make of his forces ? How did this place Cornwallis? Give an account of the movements of Morgan and Tarleton. Describe the battle of the Cowpens. What of Tarleton himself? Relate the anecdote of Tarleton and the South Carolina ladies. EVENTS OF 1781. 149 against Morgan with a large force, hoping to intercept that officer and defeat him before he could cross the Catawba. Greneral Greene being aware of Cornwallis's intention, hastened to join Morgan, and sent word to Colonel Henry Lee, who, with his legion, had been assisting Marion in an expedition against George- town, to rejoin the main army with all haste. Two hours after Morgan crossed the Catawba, Cornwallis appeared on the opposite bank ; but as it was night, he encamped, not doubting that he would be able to overtake Morgan in the morning. But during the night heavy rains fell and raised the river so that the British could not cross for two days. Meanwhile, Morgan continued his retreat in safety. On the 31st of January, Greene, escorted by a few dragoons, joined him and took the command. At the cross- ing of the Yadkin, Greene was closely pressed by the British, and again a sudden rise of the river checked the pursuit. It seemed as though Providence had specially interposed to save the Amer- ican army. On the 7th of February, at Guilford Court-House, Greene met the main body of his army, which had marched by a different route ; but feeling too weak to encounter Cornwallis, he continued his retreat across the Dan into Virginia. Cornwallis then gave up the pursuit, and took position at Hillsborough. 7. Greene remained in Virginia but a short while. Having received reinforcements, so that his army numbered nearly five thousand men, he returned into North Carolina and advanced to meet Cornwallis. Colonel Henry Lee, styled by the soldiers " Light-Horse Harry," in advance with a body of cavalry, fell in with a body of three hundred and fifty loyalists, and killed or captured the whole. 6. What did Cornwallis do after Tarleton's defeat? What did General Greene do? What prevented Cornwallis from intercepting Morgan at the crossing of the Catawba? When did Greene catch up with Morgan's force and take command ? What happened at the crossing of the Yadkin ? Where did Greene meet the main body of his army ? Where did Greene retreat ? What did Cornwallis then do ? 7. When Greene's army had been increased by reinforcements to nearly five thousand men, what did he do ? What did Colonel Henry Lee do ? 13* 150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. On the 15th of March the armies of Greene and Cornwallis met at Guilford Court-House, and a bloody battle was fought. Cornwallis remained in possession of the field, and hence claimed the victory. Greene retired in order, and encamped several miles from the scene of action. The American loss was nearly four hundred ; that of the British more than five hundred. 9. The possession of the battle-field wtis all that the British general gained by his victory. He was in a hostile country, had lost a great many men in battle and many from sickness, while the American army was growing stronger every day, and might soon be expected to make another attack. Three days after the battle, he began to retire towards Wilmington. When Greene heard of this retreat, he pursued Cornwallis as far as Deep River, and then discontinued the pursuit and marched into South Carolina. 10. Greene advanced near Camden, and took up a position at Hobkirk's Hill. Here he was attacked on the 25th of April by Lord Rawdon. At first it seemed that the Americans would gain the victory, but some of the troops misunderstanding an order of their officer, became confused, and Greene was finally compelled to yield the field to his adversary. 11. Rawdon was unable to derive any benefit from his victory, and was soon obliged to retreat to Eutaw Springs. His retreat was caused by the fact that General Marion, with the Carolina militia, assisted by Colonel Lcc, with a body of troops from Greene's army, had captured Fort Watson, and that Forts Motte, Granby, and Orangeburg would probably soon fall. Lord Rawdon, when he began his retreat, hoped to succor Fort Motte, but Lee and Marion were too quick for him. In connection with the 8. Give an aQcount of the battle of Guilford Court-House, stating the result and the losses on both sides. 9. What was Cornwallis's condition after the battle? What did he do at the end of three days ? AVhen Greene heard of this, what did he do ? 10. Where did Greene take up a position after his return into South Caro- lina? Give an account of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill. 11. What of Rawdon after the battle? How was Rawdon's retreat caused? What did Lord Rawdon hope when he began his retreat? Give an account EVENTS OF 1781. 151 capture of Fort Motte an event occurred, which was only one of many , showing the noble and unselfish patriotism of the ladies of Carolina. A large new mansion, belonging to Mrs. Rebecca Motte, stood in the centre of the British fortifications. It was necessary that no time should be lost, for Rawdon was hourly expected to come to the relief of the fort, and the burning of that house would force a surrender. Colonel Lee, with consider- able hesitation, made known the state of aff"airs to Mrs. Motte, who was living in a little cot near by, and had been very kind to the American ofiicers. Seeing the agitation of Colonel Lee in making this statement, the noble lady instantly replied that she was delighted to be able to do such a service to her country. She then presented to Colonel Lee a bow and arrows with missive combustible matter, which she assured him would be the best thing to use for the purpose. With these the house was fired, and the British garrison forced to surrender. 12. After the retreat of Rawdon, General Greene advanced upon Ninety-Six with his main army, and sent Colonel Lee with his legion to operate against Augusta. When Lee reached Augusta he found that General Pickens and Colonel Clarke, with a considerable force of Carolina and Georgia militia, had already commenced a siege of the place. He united his force with theirs, and on the 5th of June the British garrison under Colonel Browne was forced to surrender. 13. Greene did not meet with like success at Ninety- Six, because Rawdon, having been reinforced, advanced to the relief of the besieged, and the Americans after failing in an assault re- tired. But a few days after, on account of the exposed position of the capture of Fort Motte by Marion and Lee and the noble conduct of Mrs. Rebecca Motte. 12. What did General Greene do after the retreat of Rawdon? Whom did he send against Augusta? Give an account of the movements of the Amer- ican leaders and the capture of the British garrison at Augusta. 13. What of Greene at Ninety-Six? Why was Cruger ordered to abandon the post? What was the effect? 152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of Ninety-Six, Rawdon ordered Colonel Cruger to abandon the post and retire southward. All the upper portions of Georgia and South Carolina were now recovered from the British. 14. Rawdon now took position at Orangeburg, and Greene re- tired beyond the Santee to pass the sickly season in a healthier region. 15. Early in September, Greene resumed operations against the enemy, at that time commanded by Colonel Stewart. At Eutaw Springs, on the morning of the 8th of September, Greene com- menced the attack. A severe battle was fought, in which both sides claimed the victory ; the Americans, because they had driven the British from the battle-field back to their camp, and the Brit- ish, because the Americans had been repulsed from the British camp and had retired to the place where the battle commenced. When we consider the effect of the battle we may safely class it as an American victory, for by it the British were forced to aban- don all the up-country. They retreated during the night of the 9th, and from that time they held no places in Carolina or Georgia except Charleston and Savannah, and to these they were strictly confined. Shortly before this battle an event occurred which greatly exas- perated the Americans. At the fall of Charleston, in May, 1780, Isaac Hayne had taken British protection with the understanding that he would not be required to take up arms against his country- men. Being now ordered to join the British army, he made his escape and joined the Carolina forces. He soon afterwards fell into the hands of the enemy and was hung by the orders of Rawdon. 16. The campaign in Virginia began in May, when Cornwallis reached Petersburg. It will be remembered that after the battle at Guilford Court-House Cornwallis retired to Wilmington, North 14. What did Rawdon and Greeno now do? 15. Describe the battle of Eutaw Springs and its efiFects. What is said of Isaac Hayne ? 16. Describe the movements of Cornwallis after the battle of Guilford. AVhat bad happened previous to his arrival? How had their depredations been somewhat checked ? EVENTS OF 1781. 153 Carolina. On the 25th of April he set out from Wilmington in- tending to conquer Virginia. When he reached Petersburg he found a British force under General Phillips stationed there. Pre- vious to the arrival of Cornwallis the coasts of Virginia had been ravaged, first by the traitor Arnold in January, and by General Phillips in March. Their depredations had been somewhat checked by General La Fayette, but his force was too weak to oppose the enemy after the arrival of Cornwallis. 17. Soon after Cornwallis reached Petersburg he sent out de- tachments, which overran the country and destroyed much property. One of these detachments penetrated as far as Charlottesville, captured several members of the Virginia Legislature, and came near capturing the governor, Thomas JeiFerson. 18. In June, Sir Henry Clinton became uneasy about an attack which he thought Washington was contemplating against New York, and sent orders to Cornwallis to take post near the sea, so that he might, if necessary, go to the assistance of the British army at that place. 19. Cornwallis accordingly proceeded to Yorktown, and began to construct fortifications. Gloucester Point, on the opposite side of the river, was held by Colonel Tarleton with a small body of British troops. 20. Washington had indeed intended, in concert with the French fleet, to attack Sir Henry Clinton in New York, but con- cluding that his chances for success would be better if he attacked Cornwallis, he abandoned his first intention, and resolved to march into Virginia. He manoeuvred so as to lead Clinton to suppose that he still designed to attack New York, and that general did not find out his mistake until Washington had actually crossed the Delaware on his southward march. 21. As soon as Clinton discovered Washington's intention he 17. What was done by detachments from the army of Cornwallis? 18. What orders did Clinton send to Cornwallis? 19. Describe the movements of Cornwallis. 20. What had Washington intended? What did he conclude? How did he manoeuvre? When did Clinton find out Washington's design? G* 154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. immediately sent an expedition into Conn^.oticut, under the traitor Arnold, lioping thereby to recall the American commander from his expedition against Cornwallis. Arnold acted with great bar- barity in Connecticut. He burned New London, and his Hessians captured Fort Trumbull, which was abandoned on their approach, and carried Fort Griswold by storm, putting the greater part of the garrison to the sword. 22. These atrocities did not recall Washington from his pur- pose. He hastened his march southward, and by the 30th of September the combined armies of France and the United States had invested Yorktown and cut oflF all escape by land. The French fleet under the Count de Grasse blockaded the James and York Rivers, and cut off from Cornwallis all hope of escape by sea. The allied armies numbered sixteen thousand men, of whom seven thousand were French. The British army numbered about eight thousand men. 23. On the evening of the 9th of October, Washington opened his batteries on the British fortifications, on the 14th two redoubts were carried by assault, and on the 16th nearly one hundred pieces of artillery opened on their works, with such telling effect as to batter down the walls and silence nearly every cannon. On the night of the 16th, Cornwallis attempted to cross the York River with all his force, cut his way through the small force on the op- posite side, and thus escape ; but his plan totally failed. Nothing was now left him but surrender. The terms were arranged at Moore s house, near the American lines on York River, and on the 19th of October over seven thousand men laid down their arms. The British shipping in the harbor was surrendered to 21. What did Clinton do as soon as he discovered Washington's design? Give an account of Arnold's conduct in Connecticut. 22. Meanwhile, what did Washington do ? What had happened by the 30th of September? What did the French fleet do? What did the allied armies number? What did the British army number? 23. Give an account of the progress of the siege. What happened on the night of the 16th of October? What was now left him? Where were the terms arranged ? When did the surrender take place? How many men sur- EVENTS OF 1781. 155 the French naval commander, the Count de Grasse. A larjije crowd from the surrounding country had gathered at Yorktown to witness the surrender, but Cornwallis, chagrined and mortified, feigned sickness, and sent his sword by Greneral O'Hara. Wash- ington directed that it should be delivered to General Lincoln, who eighteen months before had surrendered at Charleston. Five days after the surrender Sir Henry Clinton arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay with seven thousand troops to re- inforce Cornwallis, but finding that he was too late, returned im- mediately to New York. 24. The news of this glorious victory spread rapidly through- out the country, and excited everywhere the wildest joy. All felt that the British power in America was broken, and that peace was near at hand. Congress appointed the 13th day of Decem- ber as a day of thanksgiving. 25. After the surrender of Cornwallis the British troops were confined to the cities of New York, Charleston, and Savannah. George III., King of England, was obstinate, and was in favor of raising larger armies and continuing the war, but the people of England were determined that it should end. In March, 1782, the House of Commons passed a resolution that all should be considered as public enemies who should advise a continuance of the war. Lord North, the Prime Minister, was obliged to resign, and one was appointed who favored peace. Sir Henry Clinton was removed from command, and Sir Guy Carleton was appointed in his place, with instructions not to renew hostilities. 26. Negotiations for peace were now entered into. Five corn- rendered ? To whom was the British shipping surrendered ? Describe the surrender. What happened five days after the surrender ? 24. What is said of the news of this victory? How did all feel? What did Congress do? 25. To what points were the British confined after this ? What of George III., King of England ? What of the people of England ? What did the House of Commons do in March, 1782 ? AVhat of Lord North ? Who was appointed to command in America ? AVith what instructions ? 156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. missioners were appointed on the part of tlie United States and five on the part of Great Britain. The American commissioners were John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jef ferson, and Henry Laurens. Jefferson was unable to serve. The commissioners met at Paris, and on the 30th of November, 1782, a provisional treaty of peace was signed. The final treaty was signed on the 3d of September, 1783. The first article of the treaty began as follows : " His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz.. New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sover- eign, and independent States." The Mississippi was fixed as the boundary of the United States on the west and the Great Lakes as the boundary on the north. At the same time England made peace with France, Spain, and Holland, and ceded back to Spain her possessions of East and West Florida. 27. The last post in the United States held by the British was New York. This city was evacuated on the 25th of November, 1783. Savannah and Charleston had been abandoned the pre- vious year. 26. How many commissioners were appointed to draw up a treaty of peace? Who were the American commissioners ? What of Jefferson ? Where and when did the commissioners meet, and what did they do? When was the final treaty signed? How does the first article of the treaty begin? What were fixed as the boundaries ? AVith what other powers did England make peace? What did she cede back to Spain ? 27. What was the last post in the United States held by the British? When was this city evacuated ? When had Charleston and Savannah been evac- uated ? THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 157 CHAPTER IX. THE FORMATION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.— THE ELECTION OF A7ASH1NGT0N AS PRESIDENT. 1. Independence was now achieved, and there was through- out the whole country a feeling of unbounded joy and enthusiasm at the glorious termination of the war. The people, however, did not realize at once all the blessings which they had hoped would follow the achievement of their independence. New troubles arose, which filled the minds of the most hopeful with gloomy forebodings for the future. 2. Some of the causes of these troubles were the state of the army and the destitute condition of the treasury and of the coun- try at large. The States failed to pay the assessments laid upon them by Congress, and hence there was no money with which to pay the army. At length threats of violence arose in the ranks of the army at Newburgh, and it required all Washington's influ- ence to prevent not only the men, but some of the ofiicers, from resorting to violent means to obtain what was due them. Wash- ington's address to the soldiers on this occasion was full of senti- ments of the most exalted patriotism. Congress did all that it could to provide for the pressing wants of the army, which was kept together until after the evacuation of New York. 3. At the end of November the army was disbanded, and on the 4th of December Washington bade an afi'ectionate farewell to 1. Did the people at once realize all the blessings which they had antici- pated ? What arose ? 2. What were some of the causes of these troubles ? Why did Congress have no money to pay the army with ? What of the army at Newburgh ? What of Washington's address to the soldiers on this occasion ? What did Congress do? 3. What happened at the end of November ? What did Washington do on 14 158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. his officers. He then went to AnnapoUs, Maryland, where Con- gress was sitting, and on the 23d of December, when peace and quiet reigned througliout the land, resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. 4. A great source of trouble, and one which was felt every- where, was the great public debt which had been contracted dur- ing the war. Some of this was due to citizens of the United States, and a large amount to Holland and France. In order to meet the interest on this debt heavy taxation was required, and this bore most heavily upon the laboring classes. In Massachu- setts there resulted from this heavy taxation a rebellion styled from the name of the leader in it Shays's Rebellion. This was suppressed by the firmness of Governor Bowdoin and the activity of General Lincoln. No one was punished for participation in it. 5. In 178G the Legislature of Virginia recommended a conven- tion of the States to regulate commerce. Only five States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia, re- sponded to this call. The convention met at Annapolis, in Mary- land, on the 11th of September, 1786, but did nothing except to recommend a general convention of all the States to assemble at Philadelphia in May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Ar- ticles of Confederation. On the 21st of February, 1787, Congress recommended the assembling of the proposed convention. It was evident that unless the Articles of Confederation could be amended in some way the Union could not be preserved. 6. To this call for a convention all the States responded except Rhode Island. On the 14th of May, 1787, the convention met the 4th of December ? What did he do at Annapolis, Maryland, on the 2.3d of December ? 4. What was a great source of trouble? To whom was this debt due? What resulted in Massachusetts from the heavy taxation ? How was it sup- pressed ? 5. What did the Virginia Legislature recommend in 1786? How many States responded? Where and when did the convention meet? What did it recommend? AVhat did Congress do ? What was evident ? 6. What States responded to this call ? When and where did the conven- THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 159 in the city of Philadelphia. It consisted of some of the ablest statesmen that ever assembled in America. George Washington was elected president of the convention. 7. The great evil under the Articles of Confederation was that many of the laws of the Union ap- plied only to States, and did not act directly upon the people. When Con- gress enacted that certain amounts of money should be raised by the States respectively, the collection of the amounts depended upon the subse- quent action of the State Legisla- tures. In fact, the United States consisted of thirteen independent republics, bound together by a loose bond of union. They were, as Wash- ington expressed it, " One nation to- day and thirteen to-morrow." 8. As a remedy for this state of affairs Thomas Jefferson, at that time minister to France, proposed, in a letter to Madison, that the laws of the Union should within cer- tain prescribed limits act directly upon individuals. He also pro- posed that the powers conferred upon the Federal government should be divided into three departments, viz. : Legislative, Execu- tive, and Judiciary. Jefferson's advice was adopted. The conven- tion was in session four months, during which time several plans were discussed. Several times serious differences of opinion arose which threatened to defeat the object for which the convention WASHINGTON. tion meet ? Of what did it consist ? AVho was elected president of the con- vention ? 7. What was the great evil under the Articles of Confederation ? On what did the collection of amounts enacted by Congress depend ? Of what did the United States consist ? What did Washington say they were? 8. What did Thomas Jeiferson propose ? What else did he propose? Was his advice adopted? How long was the convention in session ? What of dif- 160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. had been called. It was on one of these occasions that Dr. Frank- lin, a delegate from Pennsylvania, recommended that the daily sessions be opened with prayer. " If," said he, " a sparrow can- not fall to the ground without God's notice, is it possible that an empire can rise without his aid?" 9. The result of the four months' labors of the convention was the formation of the Constitution of the United States. Accord- ing to this instrument the legislative or law-making power of the United States is vested in a Congress, which consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Representatives are apportioned among the several States according to their popu- lation, and are elected by the people directly. Each State has two Senators elected by the Legislature. The Executive of the United States is styled President. Before a bill can become a law it must be passed by both the Senate and the House of Repre- sentatives, and receive the sanction of the President. If the President vetoes or refuses to approve the bill, it cannot become a law unless passed again by a two-thirds majority of both houses. The judicial power of the United States is vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 10. Such powers were delegated by the States as would allow to the Federal government the right to control in matters pertain- ing to the general interests of all the States. The States reserved to themselves the right to manage their domestic affairs in their own way, with the proviso that no law of a State should be in conflict with the Constitution of the United States. fercnces of opinion ? AVhat did Dr. Franklin recommend? What did he say about it ? 9. What was the result of the four months' labors of the convention? Ac- cording to the Constitution, in what is the law-making power vested ? How are Representatives apportioned? What of Senators? What is the Executive styled ? What is necessary before a bill can become a law ? What, if the President vetoes it ? In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 10. AVhat powers were delegated by the States ? What did the States re- serve to themselves ? THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 161 11. Amendments to the Constitution can be adopted by the consent of three-fourths of the States, whereas under the original Articles of Union they could only be adopted by the consent of all the States. This change was made with the proviso that no amendment could ever be made which would deprive any State of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 12. As the Constitution was different in several important re- spects from the Articles of Confederation, it was agreed that when nine of the thirteen States should ratify the Constitution it should be established between those nine States. This was equivalent to breaking up the old Union and forming a new one. 13. When the Constitution adopted by the convention was submitted by Congress to the several States, it did not meet with immediate approval, but encountered considerable opposition in several of them. Before the close of the year 1*788 it was rati- fied by all the States except North Cai'olina and Rhode Island. Virginia accompanied her ratification with the assertion of the right of the people to resume the powers granted under the Constitution, whenever the same should be used for their injury or oppression. 14. According to the terms of the Constitution, the new govern- ment was to go into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. The necessary elections were held in all the ratifying States except New York. George Washington, of Virginia, received every electoral vote cast for the office of President, and John Adams, of Massa- chusetts, was elected Vice-President by a majority of the votes cast. 15. Washington, being duly notified of his election, set out from his home at Mount Vernon, in Virginia, intendino; to travel 11. How can amendments to the Constitution be adopted? How was it under the original Articles of Union ? With what proviso was this change uvide ? 12. What was further agreed? What was this equivalent to ? 1.3. How many States had ratified before the close of 1788? How did Virginia accompany her ratification ? 14. When was the new government to go into operation ? Where were elections held ? Who were elected President and Vice-President ? 14* 162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. privately, without attracting public attention, to New York, at that time the seat of government. But it was impossible to re- strain the enthusiasm of the people. Everywhere on his journey he was received with public manifestations of love and esteem. At Trenton a magnificent display was made. A triumphal arch surmounted by appropriate inscriptions spanned the way on which he was to pass, and the road was strewn with flowers by little girls dressed in white, who sang songs of welcome to him whom all regarded as the father of his country. 10. His reception, in New York was grand beyond anything ever before witnessed in that city. The inauguration took place on the 30th of April, 1789, in the presence of an immense mul- titude, who had assembled to witness the imposing ceremonies. The oath of office was administered by Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of the State. 17. The first session of Congress under the new Constitution continued nearly six months. Early in 1790, at the second ses- sion of the new Congress, Washington announced the gratifying fact that North Carolina had acceded to the Constitution of 1787, and on the 1st of June of the same year he announced, by special message, the like accession of the State of Rhode Island. On this occasion Washington congratulated the Congress, then in ses- sion, on the happy event which " united under the General Gov- ernment all the States which were originally confederated." The United States, forming the most perfect model of a " Con- federated Republic" (as Washington styled it) ever devised by the wisdom of man, now entered upon a prosperous and brilliant career. 15. AVhat did Washington do when notified of his election ? How was he everywhere received ? Describe his reception at Trenton. 16. What of his reception in New York ? What of the inauguration? By whom was the oath of office administered ? 17. IIow long did the first session of Congress under the new Constitution continue? At the second session of the new Congress, early in 1790, what did AVashington announce ? What did he announce on the 1st of June of the same year? What did Washington do on this occasion ? On what did the United States now enter? 3oo- 00° Lou^ihxde 05" i 75° AN ACCURATE MAP ^UNITED S TATE S AMERICA. arcardj'nff to the Tr e aty of Peac e , 1783. 4.5° 4.0° LornHarv • ZRLippbicoit <& CrxTfdla. I i TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART SECOND. 163 Topical Review of Part Second. 1. Soon after the close of the French and Indian War disputes began between the colonies and the mother-country. The quarrel was caused by the determination of Parliament to tax the colo- nies and the determination of the people not to submit, for the reason that they had no representation in the British Parliament, and thought taxation without representation unjust. The dispute finally led to open war, which broke out on the 19th of April, 1775, at Lexington, Massachusetts. 2. Principal Events of 1775. — Battle of Lexington, April 19; American victory. In May Americans capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point. George Washington appointed commander- in-chief, June 15. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 ; British success, but under such circumstances as greatly to encourage the Americans. On the 5th of July the Americans capture a British vessel near Savannah, Georgia, with thirteen thousand pounds of powder, five thousand of which they send to Boston. Lord Dun- more defeated in Virginia towards the end of the year. In Sep- tember Americans invade Canada ; take two forts and Montreal, but fail at Quebec, losing their commander. General Montgomery, after which they retire from Canada. 3. Princijyal Events of 1776. — British evacuate Boston and Americans occupy it on the 17th of March. British defeated at Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, on .the 28th of June. Declara- tion of Independence, July 4, 1776. Defeat of the Americans at Long Island, August 27, which leads to British occupation of New York City. Americans defeated at White Plains, October' 28. British capture Fort Washington and garrison, November 17. Washington retreats soon after across New Jersey into Pennsyl- vania. On Christmas night Washington recrosses the Delaware, and on the next morning gains the battle of Trenton. 4. Principal Events of 1777. — American victory at Princeton, January 3, followed by the recovery of most of New Jersey. 164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Defeat of the Americans on the Brandy wine, September 11. British occupy Philadelphia, September 26. Americans repulsed at Germantown, October 4. British repulsed soon after at Red Bank. In latter part of October Forts Mifflin and Mercer cap- tured by the British. During the same time a campaign was going on in New York State, of which the principal events were : British capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point, July 6, and soon after Fort Edward. American victory at Bennington, August 10. British raise the siege of Fort Schuyler, August 22. Indecisive battle at Stillwater,. September 19. American victory at Still- water, October 7. Burgoyne surrenders a British army of six thousand men at Saratoga, October 17. 5. Principal Events of 1778. — France recognizes the inde- pendence of the United States and forms an alliance with the Americans, February 6. British evacuate Philadelphia, June 18. American advantage at Monmouth, June 28. In July the French and Americans carry on an unsuccessful siege of New- port, Rhode Island. During the same month massacre of Wy- oming. In November massacre in Cherry Valley. British capture Savannah, Georgia, December 29. 6. Principal Events of 1779. — American victory at Kettle Creek, Georgia, February 14. American defeat at Brier Creek, Georgia, March 3. In February occurred Tryon's raid in Con- necticut. British capture Stony Point, May 31, and Verplanck's Point, June 1. On the 15th of July Americans recapture Stony Point. Americans capture Paulus Hook, July 19. The Americans, under Sullivan, utterly defeat the Indian allies of the British during the summer. Americans and French repulsed at Savannah, October 9. During the year Spain declared war against England. 7. Principal Events of 1780. — British capture Charleston, South Carolina, May 12. Defeat of the Americans near Cam- den, August 16. In September, Arnold's treason is discovered. About the middle of the same month the Americans fail to re- take Augusta, Georgia. American victory at King's Mountain, TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART SECOND. 165 October 7. Some smaller successes were gained during the year in the Carolina.s and Greorgia by Marion, Sumter, and Clarke. In December Holland was added to the enemies of England. 8. Principal Events of 1781. — Mutinies in the American camp. Ratification of the Articles of Confederation. Arnold's raid in Virginia. American victory at the Cowpens, in South Carolina, January 17. Retreat of Greene through North Caro- lina into Virginia. Return of Greene into North Carolina and battle of Guilford Court-House, March 15 ; British successful, but unable to profit by it. Americans defeated at Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. Americans soon after capture Forts Watson, Motte, Granby, and Orangeburg. Americans capture Augusta, June 5, but are repulsed soon after at Ninety-Six. American success at Eutaw Springs, September 8. Washington begins the siege of Yorktown, Virginia, September 12. On the 19th of October, Cornwallis surrenders his army, numbering seven thousand British troops. 9. Principal Events of 1782. — The British government now gave up all hope of conquering the United States. The British evacuated Savannah on the 11th of July, 1782. On the 30th of November a provisional treaty of peace was signed at Paris. On the 14th of December the British evacuated Charleston. 10. Principal Events of 1783. — The final treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 3, 1783. The British evacuated New York, November 25. Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief, December 23. 11. On the 14th of May, 1787, a convention of delegates from all the States except Rhode Island assembled in Philadelphia. This convention framed the Constitution of the United States. By the close of 1788 all the States except North Carolina and Rhode Island had ratified that instrument. On the 30th of April, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as President, and the government under the Constitution began. At the close of 1789 North Carolina ratified the Constitution, and in June, 1790, Rhode Island also ratified it. FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION TO THE CLOSE OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. CHAPTER I. ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 1. As has already been mentioned, the first session of the First (Congress under the new Constitution histed nearly six months. Among the first things that engaged the attention of Congress were certain amendments to the Constitution which had been in- sisted on by most of the States at the time of their ratification of that instrument. In seven of the States, IMassachusetts and Vir- ginia taking the lead in the matter, the ratification of the Consti- tution had been secured by the assurance that these amendments 1. What were among the first things that demanded the attention of Con- gress ? How many amendments were adopted ? IGG ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 167 would soon be incorporated in it. Accordingly, ten important amendments were agreed to by Congress, and being sent back to the States for their approval, were soon adopted by them. 2. One of these amendments was, that " the powers not dele- gated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Mr. Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, before the adop- tion of the Constitution, said of this amendment, " It is consonant with the second article in the present Confederation, that each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled." 3. The Federal judiciary was also organized by this Congress. The following judges of the Supreme Court were nominated by Washington and confirmed by the Senate : John Jay, of New York, Chief Justice ; and John Rutledge, of South Carolina, James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, Robert H. Harrison, of Mary- land, and John Blair, of Virginia, Associate Judges. 4. Congress also established the subordinate executive offices of Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, and Attorney-General. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was nom- inated by Washington, and confirmed by the Senate, as Secretary of State. In like manner Colonel Alexander Hamilton, of New York, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury ; General Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, Secretary of War; and Edmund Ran- dolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General. These ofiicers constituted the President's Cabinet. Congress has since created two other departments, the Navy and the Interior, and the heads of these, together with the Postmaster-General, have seats in the Cabinet. 2. What was one of these amendments ? What did Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, say of it ? 3. Who was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? Who Asso- ciate Judges ? 4. What subordinate executive offices were established? What do these constitute ? 168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. Congress provided a revenue for the support of the govern- ment by laying duties on all imported goods. Such duties are called a tariff. 6. Under the wise management of Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, the war debt of the general government and of the several States, amounting in all to about seventy-four millions of dollars, was funded, and afterwards paid. In 1791 the Bank of the United States was established. There now began a season of great prosperity. The people had confidence in their government, and business interests of all kinds revived. 7. At the second session of the First Congress, in February, 1790, a petition was presented to that body, headed by Dr. Ben- jamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, urging the Federal authorities to adopt measures looking to the ultimate abolition of /Vfrican slavery throughout the Union ; but Congress passed a resolution to the effect that it had no authority to interfere in the eman- cipation of slaves, and that settled the question for the time. Before the War of the Revolution slavery existed in all the colo- nies. After that war some of the States, where the institution was not profitable, abolished .slavery, and others introduced gradual emancipation. The people of the different Southern States re- tained slavery because slave labor was profitable, and because there were so many negroes in their States that they deemed it dangerous to free them in their midst. 8. At this same session of Congress an act was passed fixing the seat of government at Philadelphia for ten years after 1790, and declaring that after the first Monday in December, 1800, it should be permanently established within a district of territory not exceeding ten miles scjuare, situated on the eastern bank of the Potomac. To the territory afterwards ceded and accepted for 5. For what did Congress provide? 6. What happened under the wise management of Secretary Hamilton ? 7. Who presented a petition for the abolition of slavery ? What did Con- gress do ? 8. What act was passed by Congress in regard to the seat of government ? ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 169 this purpose was given the name of the District of Columbia. The site of the capital city was chosen by Washington himself, and was named in his honor. 9. The tirst census of the United States was taken in 1790, and showed the total population to be 3,929,000. 10. Indian troubles began during this same year to manifest themselves among the Creeks in Georgia, and also among the tribes west of the Ohio. The chiefs of the Creeks were induced to visit New York, where a treaty was made with them by Wash- ington, but the troubles in the Northwest were not so amicably settled. 11. By the Northwestern Territory is meant that portion of country lying between the Ohio River and the Mississippi, which latter river at that time constituted the western boundary of the United States. At the close of the war of independence several of the States (Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and Virginia) had claims to this region, though by for the larger portion was within the limits of Virginia. In 178G these States had given up their claims to their western territory to the general govern- ment. Virginia coupled the surrender of her claims with the stipulation that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, except as a punishment for crime, and when, in 1787, Congress organized the Northwest Territory that stipulation was placed in the act of organization. 12. This Northwest Territory was rapidly filling up with set- tlers, who were annoyed by the frequent incursions of the In- dians. At length it became necessary to send an expedition against the Indians. In the fall of 1790 General Harmer, with What name was given to the district ceded for the purpose ? What name to the capital ? 9. What did the first census show the population of the United States to be ? 10. How were troubles with the Creek Indians settled? 11. What is meant by the Northwestern Territory ? What States had claims to it? Which one had the largest claim? What did the States do in 1786? With what stipulation did "Virginia couple the surrender of her claim ? 12. How were settlers in the Northwest Territory annoyed? Give an ac- H 15 170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. about fifteen hundred men, marched against them. He burned several Indian towns, but in October he was defeated in two bat- tles, and was then removed from command. The next year Gen- eral St. Clair, who had been appointed to succeed him, was sur- prised in the wilderness of the Wabash by Little Turtle, the Miami chief, on the 4th of November, and his army routed, with the loss of their artillery and baggage. Soon after this, however, most of the tribes abandoned the league. The Miamis refused to make peace until General Wayne was sent against them. This general, called by his soldiers " Mad Anthony," on account of his daring courage, utterly defeated the Miamis in a bloody battle near the rapids of the Maumee on the 4th of November, 1794, after which he laid waste their country. Next year peace was made at Fort Greencville. 13. In October, 1791, Congress passed an act providing for the organization and discipline of the militia of the several States. At the same session an act was passed imposing an excise on dis- tilled spirits. In the western part of Pennsylvania the people openly resisted the collection of this tax. In May, 1792, Congress passed an act authorizing the President to call out the militia. Washington issued a proclamation urging the people to refrain from violence. The trouble did not cease until 1794, when Washington called out fifteen thousand militia under General Henry Lee (the famous Light-Horse Harry), when the insurgents becoming alarmed dispersed, and the " Whiskey Insurrection" was at an end. 14. In the fall of 1792 occurred the second Presidential elec- tion. General Washington was unanimously re-elected to the office of President, and John Adams was re-elected Vice-President. 15. The French Revolution and the wars growing out of it had count of Harracr's expedition. AVhat of St. Clair's expedition? What of General Wayne's expedition ? 13. What acts were passed by Congress in October, 1791 ? Where was the tax on distilled spirits resisted ? Give an account of the Whiskey Insurrection. 14. What was the result of the Presidential election of 1792 ? ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 171 at this time an important bearing on the politics of the United States. The French had overthrown their ancient government, and in 1793 they executed their king, Louis XVI. England, Spain, and Holland declared war against France. The sympathy of a majority of the people of the United States was with the French, and this sympathy produced a strong desire to aid France in the conflict. Washington knew, however, that it was the part of wisdom to remain neutral. 16. G-enet, minister of the French Republic to the United States, arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, in April, 1793. He endeavored to incite the people to hostile acts against Great Britain, in consequence of which Washington demanded his re- call. The French government complied with Washington's de- mand, and sent Fauchet in his place. 17. In 1794 the feeling in the United States was very bitter towards England, and many prominent men wished to declare war against that country. The reason for this was that British troops continued to hold the forts on Lake Erie and vicinity, in disregard of the treaty of peace of 1783, and American merchant vessels on their way to French ports were seized, and their seamen violently taken from them. 18. In order to avert war at this critical period, John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States, was sent as a special envoy to England. He succeeded in negotiating a treaty by which war was averted and the honor of the United States maintained. The provisions of the treaty met the approval of Washington, and it was ratified on the 14th of August, 1795. In many quarters, however, there was bitter opposition to this treaty. 15. What of the French Revolution and the wars growing out of it ? What had the French done ? Who declared war against them ? With whom did the majority of the people in the United States sympathize? 16. Whatof the conduct of Genet? AVhat did Washington demand? What did the French government do ? 17. What caused bitter feelings towards England ? 18. Who was sent as special envoy to England ? What did he succeed in doing? Who approved it? How was the treaty received in many quarters? 172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 19. A treaty with Spain was made during the same year, by which the boundaries between the Spanish possessions of Louisi- ana and Florida and the United States were definitely settled. Spain also granted to the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi, and the privilege of using New Orleans as a place of deposit for ten years. 20. About the same time a treaty was made with Algiers, a Barbary poAver, on the northern coast of Africa, by which was accomplished the release of captive citizens of the United States who were held by that country. 21. In 1795, Monsieur Adet came to the United States as French minister. He behaved worse than Genet had ever done. He accused the Federal administration of acting in bad faith to the French, the former allies of the United States. His efforts, however, availed nothing, for the people had the greatest confi- dence in Washington. 22. The third Presidential election was held in the fall of 1796. The people desired Washington to become President for the third time, but he refused, and John Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected to succeed him. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was elected Vice-President. On Washington's retirement he issued his famous farewell address, which abounded in sentiments of the most exalted patriotism. 23. The eight years of Washington's administration had been a season of great prosperity to the United States. The finances of the country were no longer embarrassed, and new life had been infused into every department of industry. The exports of the country had increased from nineteen million to more than fifly- 19. What treaty was made with Spain ? What did Spain grant? 20. What was accomplished by the treaty with Algiers ? 21. Describe Adct's conduct in America. AVhat of his efforts? 22. Who was elected President in 1796 ? Why was not Washington elected ? Who was elected Vice-President? 23. What of the condition of the country during Washington's adminis- tration ? ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 173 six million dollars, and imports had increased in about the same proportion. 24. The discovery of coal, in 1791, by a hunter on the Mauch Chunk (mawk chunk) Mountain, in Pennsylvania, led to the rapid development of the great coal region of that State. 25. The invention of the cotton-gin, in 1792, by Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, who vs^as at the time living in Georgia, produced wonderful results. It gave a new impetus to the cultivation of cotton, and made it the staple production of the Southern States. 26. Three new States were admitted to the Union during Washington's administration. These were Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Vermoyit had been originally claimed by both New York and New Hampshire. The first settlement was at Brattleborough, in SEAL OF VERMONT. 1724. In 1777, during the War of the Revolution, the inhab- itants declared the " New Hampshire grants" an independent State. In 1791 New York relinquished her claim on the pay- ment of thirty thousand dollars, and on the 4th of March of that year Vermont was admitted into the Union as the fourteenth State. The name signifies Green Mountains. Kentucky, the fifteenth State, was admitted to the Union on the 2d of June, 1792. The name means " Dark and Bloody 24. What important discovery in 1791 ? To what did it lead ? 25. What important invention in 1792? To what did it give anew impetus? 26. What new States were admitted during Washington's administration ? Tell what is said of Vermont. Of Kentucky. Of Tennessee. 15* 174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Ground," and it was so called on account of the fierce conflicts between the whites and Indians. Daniel Boone, the first settler, SLAL OF KENTICKY. roamed through the forests of this region for two years, and after many adventures with the Indians, built a fort at Boonesborough, and there established the first permanent white settlement. In June, 1775, he brought his family there. Kentucky was at that time a part of Virginia. When Virginia ceded her western lands, Kentucky was not included in the Northwest Territory', and, as the inhabitants so desired, was admitted into the Union with a constitution which allowed African slavery Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was admitted to the Union June 1, 1796. It derives its name from the river Tennessee, which is ^^^i^^m^o/^Mt?^^'' SEAL OF TENNESSEE. an Indian word meaning " the river with the great bend." This region was originally a part of North Carolina. The first perma- nent settlement was in 1756, at Fort Loudon, thirty miles from the present site of Knoxville. In 1789 North Carolina gave up her claim to this region. It was then joined to Kentucky, and ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 175 was afterwards organized as a separate territory. The first rep- resentative of Tennessee in Congress was Andrew Jackson, des- tined afterwards to exert a wonderful influence on the history of his country. The constitution of Tennessee also permitted the institution of African slavery. CHAPTEK II. ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 1. John Adams was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1797, at Philadelphia, in the presence of both Houses of Congress and a large concourse of people. 2. The difficulties existing between France and the United States first occupied the attention of the new administration. For the purpose of bringing about a friendly settlement of these difficulties three special envoys were sent to France. These en- voys were Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, El- bridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, and John Marshall, of Virginia. 3. The French Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Talleyrand, refused to receive them in their official capacity, but through other parties intimated to the envoys that the payment of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars would secure their official rec- ognition and a settlement of all matters in dispute. " Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute," was the spirited reply of Mr. Pinckney to this proposition, and it found an echo in every patriot heart throughout the United States. 1. When was John Adams inaugurated? 2. What was done in order to bring about a friendly settlement with France ? Who were the envoys ? 3. What did the French minister demand? What was Mr. Pinckney's reply ? 176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. Mr. Pinckney and Mr. Marshall were soon afterwards or- dered by the French government to quit France. They obeyed the order. Mr. Gerry being invited to remain did so, but eifected nothing. 5. Congress passed a resolution declaring all treaties with France to be abrogated, and suspending all commercial intercourse with that country. In anticipation of war, George Washington was again called from retirement and made commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. Congress also passed acts for the protection of navigation, for the defence of the sea-coast, for increasing the land and naval forces, and also what are known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. 0. The Alien Act authorized the President to order any for- eigner, whom he might believe to be dangerous to the United States, to depart from the country, under a heavy penalty for re- fusing to obey the order. The Sedition Act made it a crime, with a heavy penalty, to write, print, or utter anything scandal- ous against the Congress or President of the United States. These acts, and the arbitrary manner in which they were en- forced, created great discontent and indignation, and made Mr. Adams's administration exceedingly unpopular. 7. War between the United States and France was never ac- tually declared, but a state of war did exist for a time, and several engagements occurred between their armed ships. 8. In April, 1798, Decatur, in command of the Delaware, cap- tured a French privateer, which was added to the United States navy, and called the Retaliation ; but it was soon afterwards re- taken by the French. On the 9th of February, 1799, Commodore 4. What was accomplished by the embassy to France ? 5. What resolution did Congress pass ? AVho was called to command tht; armies of the United States ? What acts did Congress pass ? 6. What of the Alien Act ? AVhat of the Sedition Act ? What did these acts create ? 7. Was war ever actually declared against France? What did exist for a time ? 8. What did Decatur do in April, 1798 ? What did Commodore Truxton ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 177 Truxton, in command of the United States frigate Constellation, captured the French frigate L'Insurgente, and on the 1st of Feb- ruary of the next year worsted the French frigate La Vengeance. Fifty French merchant vessels became the prizes of American privateers before the termination of hostilities. In 1800, Napo- leon Bonaparte became First Consul of the French Republic. With him a satisfactory peace was negotiated in October, 1801. 9. Before the conclusion of peace the whole country was filled with mourning, on account of the death of Washington, the illus- trious '' Father of his Country." This sad event occurred at Mount Vernon, his home, on the 14th of December, 1799. When the news reached Congress both Houses adjourned. Gen- eral Henry Lee, of Virginia, in pronouncing the eulogy upon his character, said of him, that he was '• first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 10. Another Presidential election occurred in the fall of 1800. The people of the United States had now become divided into two great political parties, — the Federalists, who favored a strong central government, and the Republicans or Democrats, who in- sisted on a strict construction of the Constitution, and believed in guarding carefully all the reserved rights of the States. At the head of the Federalists stood John Adams, the President, while Thomas Jefferson, the Vice-President, was the leader of the Re- publicans or Democrats. The Federalists had become exceedingly unpopular, and accordingly Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the candidates of the Republicans or Democrats, received the largest number of votes ; but since each of the successful candi- do ? How many French merchant vessels were captured ? With whom and when was peace negotiated? 9. What happened before the conclusion of peace? What did General Henry Lee say of Washington ? 10. What occurred in the fall of 1800 ? Into what had the people of the United States become divided? What of the Federalists? What of the Democrats ? Who was the leader of the Federalists ? AVho of the Demo- crats ? What was the result of the election ? What did the House of Rep- resentatives do ? H* 178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. dates received an equal number of votes, as the Constitution then stood the election devolved upon the House of Representatives. That body elected Thomas Jefferson as President and Aaron Burr as Vice-President. CHAPTER III. ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. 1. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1801. The ceremony took place at Washington, which had been made the seat of government in the summer of 1800. 2. One of the first objects to which Mr. Jefferson directed his attention was the securing from Spain of the free navigation of the Mississippi River. In 1802 he received information of the fact that Spain had, by a secret treaty in 1800, ceded Louisiana to France. Upon receiving this information he sent Mr. Monroe as a special minister to France to treat upon the subject in concert with Mr. Livingston, the resident minister of the United States at Paris. 3. The negotiations succeeded beyond expectation. Bonaparte was willing to treat not only for the free navigation of the Mis- sissippi, but also for the cession of the entire Louisiana territory. 4. The cession of Louisiana was consummated by a treaty made with Napoleon Bonaparte on the 30th of April, 1803. Louis- iana at that time embraced the vast region lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, the northern portion extending to the Pacific Ocean. From this territory have been 1. When was Thomas Jefferson inaugurated? Where? 2. What was one of the first objects to which Mr. Jefferson directed his at- tention ? What information did he receive in 1802? AVhom did he send as minister to France? 3. What was Bonaparte willing to do? 4. How was the cession of Louisiana consummated ? What did Louisiana ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. 179 formed the States of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska, part of Minnesota, part of Colorado, and vari- ous Territories. For all this extensive cession the United States paid only fifteen million dollars. When the treaty was concluded Napoleon said, " This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States, and I have just given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." 5. The acquisition of Louisiana added to the territory of the United States more than a million square miles, and more than doubled their original limits. The vast increase of power and im- portance thus given to the United States added greatly to the popularity of JefiFerson's administration, which had already won the favor of the people by the repeal of all the obnoxious meas- ures of the preceding administration. 6. In 1803 Georgia ceded to the control of the general gov- ernment her western lands, embracing nearly one hundred thou- sand square miles of territory between the Chattahoochee and Mississippi Rivers, out of which were subsequently formed the States of Mississippi and Alabama. SEAL OF OHIO. 7. Ohio, the seventeenth State, was admitted to the Union November 29, 1802. The first permanent settlement in Ohio was embrace ? What have been formed from this territory? What did the United States pay for this vast region ? What did Napoleon say of the treaty ? 5. What did the acquisition of Louisiana add to the United States? What of Jeffei son's popularity? 6. What did Georgia do in 1803 ? What States were afterwards formed out of the Georgia cession ? 7. When was Ohio admitted to the Union? Tell what is said about Ohio. 180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. made at Marietta, in 1788. It was the first State formed out of tlie great Nortliwest Territory. The State was called after the river of the same name, signifying " Beautiful River." 8. In 1803 the United States became involved in a war with the Barbary Powers, which are situated in the northern part of Africa, along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The war was caused by depredations committed on American commerce. 9. Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean in com- mand of an American squadron. He brought the Emperor of Morocco to terms, and began to act against Tripoli, which had declared war against the United States two years previously. While the American squadron was before Tripoli the frigate Philadelphia, commanded by Captain Bainbridge, while pursuing one of the enemy's vessels, got aground in the harbor and was captured by the Tripolitans, who made slaves of the crew. Soon after Lieutenant Decatur recaptured the Philadelphia, and, as she could not be got oiF, burned her to the water's edge. Tripoli was five times bombarded by Commodore Preble, but without result. 10. In 1805, Commodore Barron, who had succeeded Preble, in concert with a land force under Captain Eaton, captured Dernc and compelled the Bashaw to make peace. The safety of Ameri- can commerce and the restoration to liberty of American citizens held as .slaves by the Tripolitan pirates were accomplished by this treaty, which was signed on the 4th of June, 1805. 11. In the fall of 18U4, Mr. Jefferson was elected President for a second term, and George Clinton, of New York, was elected Vice-President. Their majority was very large over the candi- dates of the Federalists, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, and Bufus King, then of New York. 8. In what war were the United States involved in 1803 ? 9. What did Commodore Preble do ? Describe Decatur's gallant exploit at Tripoli. 10. What was accomplished in 1805 by Commodore Barron and Captain Eaton? 11. What happened in the fall of 1804? What of their majority? ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. 181 12. Colonel Aaron Burr, who was Vice-President during Mr. Jefferson's first term, in July, 1804, killed Colonel Hamilton in a duel, and the circumstances under which the duel was fought were such as to bring great odium upon Burr. He was never again honored by the people with any office of profit or trust. 13. In 1806, Burr, who was a man of great talent, was en- gaged in planning a military expedition of some sort, and as his designs were suspected of being against the peace of the United States, he was tried for treason. He was acquitted, but was from that time a ruined man. 14. Soon after his second inauguration, Mr. Jefferson's attention was called to the injuries to American commerce growing out of the war between England and France. The English government issued " Orders in Council" authorizing the seizure of vessels bound for any French port, while the government of France issued " Decrees" confiscating all ships with their cargoes that should trade at British ports. Many American ships attempting to trade at these various ports were captured by either the English or French. American merchants protested loudly, but it was of no avail. 15. Hostility to England was increased by the claim of that country that her ships had a right to search American vessels and take from them any seamen of English birth. This pretended right the Americans indignantly denied. But England persisted in it, and several times forced American seamen into the British navy under the pretence that they were deserters. 16. In June, 1807, the British man-of-war Leopard, while off the coast of the United States, fired into the United States frigate 12. What did Colonel Burr do in July, 1804 ? What effect had this upon Burr ? 13. What of Burr's expedition in 1806? What of Burr after this? U. What of the English "Orders in Council" ? What of the French "De- crees" ? What effect had these " orders" and " decrees" on American com- merce ? 15. How was hostility to England increased? 16. Relate the affair of the Leopard and the Chesapeake. What was the 16 182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Chesapeake and killed three of her men, wounding eighteen more. The Chesapeake being totally unprepared for action imme- diately struck her colors. The pretence for this outrage was that four British seamen were asserted to be on the American ship. The President immediately issued a proclamation requiring British ships to leave American waters, and demanding repara- tion of the British government. That government promptly dis- avowed the act of the officer commanding the Leopard, and also declared that the " right of search'" did not extend to armed ves- sels. This allayed the excitement for a while and prevented an immediate declaration of war. 17. The year 1807 is especially remarkable for the first suc- cessful application of steam to the propulsion of vessels. Robert Fulton, of New York, was the inventor, and his boat, the Cler- mont, started on her first trip up the Hudson to Albany amid the cheers of admiring spectators who gathered on the banks of that noble stream to witness the novel spectacle. 18. An Embargo Act was passed by Congress in December, 1807, by which American trading-vessels were forbidden to leave their ports. This act created great dissatisfiction in the New England States, and Mr. Jefferson received information, which he deemed reliable, that some of them would withdraw from the Union unless the act was repealed. At his suggestion it was repealed by Congress. 19. The abolition of the African slave-trade is one of the mem- orable events of 1808. The importation of negro slaves into the United States after that date was made a crime with a heavy penalty. 20. Another Presidential election occurred in November, 1808. pretence for this outrage ? What did the President do? What did the Brit- ish government do ? 17. For what is the year 1807 remarkable? Who was the inventor? 18. What of the Embargo Act? What did this act create? What infor^ mation did Mr. Jefferson receive ? AVhat was done at his suggestion ? 19. What is one of the memorable events of 1808 ? What of the importa- tion of nogro shives after this date ? ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. 183 James Madison, of Virginia, was elected President, and George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President. This was another triumph over the Federalists, whose candidates were the same as at the last election. CHAPTER IV. ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. — SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. \. James Madison, the fourth President, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1809. His administration was made memorable by a second war with England. 2. A Non-Intercourse Act had been passed just before Mr. Jefferson's retirement. This act declared that United States shipping should be free to trade with all countries except England and France. This prohibition was to cease as to England when- ever the British government should repeal the " Orders in Council," and in the case of France, whenever the " Decrees" should be repealed. 3. Soon after Mr. Madison became President, Mr. Erskine, the British minister at Washington, gave assurance that the " Orders in Council" would be annulled, whereupon the President issued a proclamation suspending the Non-Intercourse Act, so far as it related to England. Soon after, the British government informed Mr. Madison that Mr. Erskine had acted without authority. Accordingly, the Non-Intercourse Act was again declared to be in force. 20. What was the result of the election of 1808? 1. When was James Madison inaugurated ? 2. What can you say of the Non-Intercourse Act ? 3. What did Mr. Erskine do soon after Madison's inauguration? What did the British government inform Mr. Madison ? What was then declared ? 184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. In 1810 the United States minister at Paris received official information that the '' Decrees" of the Frencli government woukl cease to have effect after the 1st of November of that year. The Non-Intercourse Act was therefore repealed, as far as France was concerned, but continued as to Great Britain. 5. On the KJth of May, 1811, an event occurred which in- flamed still more the war feelinj^. This was an engagement between the United States frigate President and the British sloop- of-war Little Belt. The circumstances of the engagement were as follows : Commodore Rogers, commanding the President, late in the evening met a vessel which he hailed, but was answered by a shot which struck his main-mast. He answered this with several broadsides, which soon disabled his adversary, and killed and wounded thirty-two of the British seamen. On hailing again, he was informed that it was the British sloop-of-war Little Belt. The American government made reparation for this affair; but the people thought that the British ship was served right, and that the British were properly chastised for their overbearing insolence. The popular cry throughout the Union at this time was " Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." 6. Indian depredations in the Northwest, which were attributed to the instigation of British agents, increased the feeling of hos- tility to England. General William Henry Harrison, at that time governor of the Territory of Indiana, marched against the Indians who had been aroused against the whites by the crafty and eloquent Shawnee chief, Tecumseh. 7. On the Tippecanoe River lay the chief town of the hostile Indians, under the government of Tecumseh's brother, styled 4. What information did the United States minister at Paris receive in 1810? What was then done in regard to the Non-Intercourse Act? 5. (live an account of the atfair of the President and the Little Belt. What did the American government do ? AVhat did the people think ? 6. What of the Indian depredations ? Who marched against the Indians ? By whom had the Indians been incited ? 7. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. What did most of the tribes do after this ? ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. 185 " the Prophet." Near this town Harrison was met by some of the principal chiefs, who promised submission ; but having no faith in their promises, he ordered his men to sleep that night on their arms and in order of battle. It was well that he did so, for before daylight, on the 7th of November, 1811, the Indians made a furious assault on the camp. The conflict which followed was severe, and the issue was long doubtful, but at length Harri- son won a complete victory, after which the Prophet's town was burned, the surrounding country laid waste, and most of the tribes sued for peace. 8. British aggressions still continued, and, in anticipation of war. Congress voted to increase the regular army to thirty-five thousand men, and to give the President authority to accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers. Congress also provided for a large increase of the navy, and authorized a loan of eleven mil- lion dollars. SEAL OF LOUISIANA. 9. Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was admitted into the Union on the 8th of April, 1812. This was the first State formed out of the territory purchased from France. All the rest of that vast region was soon after formed into a Territory styled Missouri, with the capital at St. Louis. 10. On the 20tli of April, Gleorge Clinton, the Vice-President, died, and his place was filled by Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia. 8. What did Congress do on account of British aggressions ? 9. AVhen was Louisiana admitted? What was done with the rest of the Louisiana Territory ? 10. What happened in April? 16* 186 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 11. The dispute with England still continued. On the 1st of June iMr. Madison recommended to Congress a declaration of war against England. This was soon after adopted, and received the President's approval on the 18th of the same month. On the 19th of June, 1812, the Proclamation of War against England was published. There was violent opposition to the war in some quarters, but the large majority of the American people were heartily in favor of it. 12. The population of the United States at this time was up- wards of seven millions, or more than double the population of the States at the commencement of the War of the Revolution. The people of the United States thought it would be an easy mat- ter to bring England to terms by invading Canada ; but they did not expect to accomplish much by the navy, for the reason that they well knew that the navy of England was far more powerful. 13. General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was appointed commander-in-chief of the American armies, and was especially intrusted with the conduct of operations between Lake Erie and Lake Champlain. General Dearborn was to take charge himself of the eastern end of this line. General Stephen Van Rensselaer was to command the army of the centre, while the army of the west was to be assigned to General William Hull, at that time governor of Michigan. All these forces were to co-operate with a view to Montreal as the ultimate point of attack. 14. In July, General Hull, with about twenty-five hundred men, crossed over into Canada from Detroit, and took possession of Sandwich. Here he issued a high-sounding proclamation, and remained until the 8th of August, when, learning that the British 11. What did Mr. Madison do on the 1st of June ? When was the procla- mation of war published ? 12. What was the population of the United States at this time? What did the people think ? 13. Who was appointed commander of the American armies? What was the plan of campaign ? 14. Give an account of Hull's movements. What sentence was pronounced on Hull ? Why was it not carried out ? J WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 187 had captured the important post of Mackinaw, he hastily retreated to Detroit. Here he was attacked on the 16th of August by General Brock, the governor of Upper Canada, with a force of seven hundred British and Canadians and six hundred Indians. To the great chagrin of his soldiers, Hull surrendered his whole army, and with it Detroit and all Michigan. On account of this surrender Hull was court-martialed and sentenced to be shot, but the President pardoned him on account of former gallant services during the War of the Revolution. 15. The whole Northwest was now exposed to the invasion of the British and the depredations of the Indians. Ten thousand volunteers offered their services to the government for its defence. They were accepted, and placed under the command of General William Henry Harrison. 16. Fort Dearborn, on the site of the present city of Chicago, was captured by the enemy on the 15th of August, and the greater part of the garrison were massacred by the Indian allies of the British. 17. The Niagara frontier was the scene of the next conflict. On the 13th of October General Van Rensselaer sent about one thousand men across the Niagara River to attack the British post at Queenstown. The troops were led to the assault by Colonel Christie and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott, and gallantly did they carry Queenstown Heights. General Brock coming up with a British reinforcement of six hundred men, was slain in an attempt to retake the post, and his men were repulsed with great slaughter. General Van Rensselaer, who was now at Queenstown, returned to the American side to carry over reinforcements, but the troops, who were militia, refused to cross, on the ground that 15. To what was the whole Northwest now exposed? Who was put in com- mand of all the troops in that quarter ? 16. What of Fort Dearborn ? 17. What happened on the 1.3th of October ? Give an account of all that happened at Queenstown. What did Van Rensselaer do ? Who succeeded him ? Did he do anything ? 188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the government had no right to order them across the frontier. Meanwhile, the British general SheafFe (shefe) came up with re- inforcements from Fort George, and the Americans at Queens- town, after a gallant but vain resistance to twice their number, were forced to surrender. General Van Rensselaer immediately resigned. He was succeeded by General Alexander Smythe, who was soon at the head of an army of forty-five hundred men ; but he accomplished nothing, and was soon removed from command. 18. The brilliant victories of the navy compensated for these disasters on land. On the 13th of August the frigate Essex, commanded by Captain David Porter, captured the sloop-of-war Alert. On the 19th of the same month the American frigate Con- stitution (or " Old Ironsides" as she was popularly called) captured the British frigate Guerriere (garre-yare). Captain Isaac Hull, a nephew of General Hull, was the commander of the Constitution. The engagement occurred on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On the 18th of October the sloop-of-war Wasp, commanded by Captain Jones, captured the British brig Frolic off the coast of North Carolina. When the Frolic sur- rendered the only sailor on board who was unharmed was the man at the helm. On the 25th of October the frigate United States, commanded by Captain (after- wards Commodore) Decatur, while cruising south of the Azores captured the IMacedonian. On the 29th of December the Con- stitution, commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, captured off Brazil the British frijiate Java. CAPTAIN DECATUR. 18. What compensated for these disasters? What naval victory was won on the 13th of August ? What on the 19th ? Who commanded the Constitu- tion ? Relate the combat between the Wasp and the Frolic. What naval victory on the 25th of October? AVhat one on the 29th of December ? WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 189 19. American privateers also swarmed the seas and distressed the enemy's commerce, capturing about five hundred British merchantmen and taking three thousand prisoners. 20. At the Presidential election held in November, 1812, Mr. Madison was re-elected President, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massa- chusetts, was elected Vice-President. The candidates of the party opposed to the administration were De Witt Clinton, of New York, for President, and Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President, but the administration was sustained by a large majority. 21. In September, Admiral Warren, of the British navy, had been authorized to open negotiations for a settlement of difficul- ties, but the terms proposed were not satisfactory and the war went on. CHAPTER V. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION (Coxtinued).— WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN (Continued).— CAMPAIGN OF 1813. 1. The military operations of 1813 were mainly along the northern frontier of the United States. The American forces were divided into three armies. The Army of the West, under General Harrison, was stationed at the head of Lake Erie ; the Army of the Centre was under General Dearborn, on the Niagara frontier ; the Army of the North, at the east end of the line, was on the shore of Lake Champlain, and under the command of General Wade Hampton. 19. AVhat did American privateers do? 20. What of the Presidential election of 1812 ? AVho were the candidates of the other party ? 21. What of peace negotiations in September? 1. Where were the military operations of 1813 ? How were the American forces divided ? 190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. The Armies of the Centre and the North did not accomplish much. On the 25tli of April, General Dearborn sent seventeen hundred picked men under General Pike across Lake Ontario to attack York, now the city of Toronto. The Americans landed, attacked the British, carried two batteries, and pressed forward to enter the fort. This the enemy abandoned, applying a slow-match to their magazine, which blew up just as the Americans were entering. The eiFect was terrific. Nearly three hundred of the Americans were killed and wounded by the explosion. General Pike was among the mortally wounded. General Dearborn also captured Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara River, on the 29th of May, and on the same day the British under General Prevost were repulsed in an attack on Sackett's Harbor. General Wilkinson, who succeeded General Dearborn in com- mand of the Army of the Centre, was to act in concert with Gen- eral Hampton in an expedition against Montreal, but on account of disagreements between the two generals, nothing was accom- plished. 3. The Army of the West, under General Harrison, had for its object the recovery of Detroit and Michigan from the Eng- lish. The first movement by this army began in January. Gen- eral Winchester, commanding the advance, defeated a force of the enemy at Frenchtown, on the river Eaisin, but was in turn attacked by a superior force of British and Indians under Colonel Proctor, and forced to surrender. The Indians massacred the greater portion of the captives. Proctor was either unable or unwilling to stop the massacre. " Remember the River Raisin" was henceforth the watchword of Harrison's army. General Harrison now built Fort Meii>;s. Here he was attacked on the 2. Describe the battle of York. What did General Dearborn capture? What was accomplished by (Jenerals Wilkinson and Hampton ? 3. Whnt was the first object of the Army of the West ? What happened at the river Raisin ? What at Fort Meigs ? What at Fort Stephenson ? Where did Proctor go ? WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 191 1st of May by Proctor, but repulsed all the eiForts of the enemy. During the same month Proctor attacked Fort Stephenson, at Sandusky, which was garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men under Major Croghan, a young man only twenty-one years old. Being repulsed, Proctor retreated to Maiden. 4. Perry s victory on Lake Erie gave a new aspect to the cam- paign. During the summer a fleet of nine vessels, carrying fifty- four guns, was equipped and placed under Commodore Perry. The English had on Lake Erie a fleet of six vessels, carrying sixty-three guns, under Commodore Barclay. On the 10th of September the two squadrons encountered each other in the west- ern part of Lake Erie. At the end of two hours Perry's flag- ship, the Lawrence, became disabled, but the gallant commodore leaped into a boat and bore his flag to the Niagara, nearly half a mile away, and though he passed within pistol-shot of the enemy, who turned every gun upon him, he escaped uninjured. Mount- ing the deck of the Niagara, he broke through the enemy's line, firing right and left, and in fifteen minutes the victory was won. Perry at once wrote to General Harrison, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours, — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and a sloop." 5. General Harrison now embarked his troops on Perry's ves- sels and crossed the lake into Canada. On the 5th of October he encountered the enemy at the river Thames and gained a com- plete victory. Tecumseh, the Indian ally of the British, was slain. Proctor escaped. By the victories of Perry and Harrison Detroit and Michigan were recovered from the British, and the war was ended in that quarter. 6. Meanwhile, the Creek Indians in Alabama and Georgia, who had been previously influenced by Tecumseh, formed a league 4. What of Perry's victory ? When was his fleet fitted out ? Describe the battle of Lake Erie. What was Perry's message to General Harrison ? 5. What did General Harrison now do ? Give an account of the battle of the Thames. What were recovered ? 6. Meanwhile, what did the Creek Indians in Georgia and Alabama do ? 192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. against the whites. On the 30th of August they surprised Fort Minis, on the Chattahoochee River, and massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children. The militia of Georgia and Tennessee were called out to oppose them, the Georgians under General John Floyd, and the Tennesseans under General Coffee. The whole force was placed under the command of Gen- eral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. The Georgians under Floyd defeated the Indians at CalUhee and Autossee, and burned their town of Aiitossee. The Tennessee troops under General Coffee defeated the Indians again at Tallushatchee on the 3d of Novem- ber. On the 8th of November, General Jackson defeated the In- dians at Talladega, and soon after gained another victory at Emuckfau. Jackson's crowning victory over the Creeks was won on the 2*7th of March of the next year, at Tohopcka, or the " Horse-shoe Bend," on the Tallapoosa Kiver. The Creeks ob- tained peace by a large cession of territory. 7. At sea the Americans and British each gained victories during the year 1813. Captain Lawrence, in command of the Hornet, captured the British brig Peacock on the 24th of Feb- ruary. On the 1st of June the same officer, in command of the Chesapeake, attacked the British frigate Shannon off the harbor of Boston. In the midst of the fight Lawrence was mortally wounded. The last order of the dying hero was, " Dont give up the ship .'" and though the ship had to be surrendered, yet the last command of Lawrence was often afterwards the rallying-cry of the American sailors. On the 14th of August the British brig Pelican captured the American brig Argus, which had pre- viously captured more than twenty of the enemy's merchant ships. In September the American brig Enterprise captured the Who were called out to oppose them ? What did the Georgians under Floyd do ? What did the Tennessee troops under Coffee do ? Give an account of Jackson's victories. What did the Creeks do soon after ? 7. What of the war on the sea ? What did Captain Lawrence do on the 24th of February ? Describe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. What success had the British on the 14th of August? Relate the encounter between the Enterprise and the Boxer. AV^hat did Porter do the same year? WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 193 British brig Boxer on the coast of Maine. The commanders of both vessels were killed, and were buried beside each other with military honors in the city of Portland. During the same year Commodore Porter, of the frigate Essex, captured many British merchantmen in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 8. During the spring and summer a British fleet under Admi- ral George Cockburn entered Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. They destroyed all merchant vessels within their reach, and burned the towns of Frenchtown, Georgetown, Havre de Grace, and Fredericktown. They also made an attack on Norfolk, but were repulsed with heavy loss. CHAPTER VI. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION (Concluded).— END OF THE AVAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 1. There were two important campaigns of 1814, a northern and southern. The northern campaign was begun by an advance of the Americans into Canada led by General Wilkinson, but Wil- kinson was defeated at La Cole Mill on the 31st of March, and resigned his command. General Jacob Brown, a gallant officer, succeeded him, and he was ably seconded by General Winfield Scott and General Ripley. ' 2. On the 3d of July the Americans crossed the Niagara River and took Fort Erie. They then advanced, and at Chijypewa, on the 5th of July, defeated the enemy under General Riall. The enemy retired towards Lake Ontario, where General Drummond, who had come with fresh forces, took command. The British 8. What did the British fleet do during the spring and summer ? 1. What two campaigns of 1814 ? How was the Northern campaign begun ? What happened at La Cole Mill ? Who succeeded Wilkinson ? By whom was he ably seconded ? 2. What happened on July 3 ? Give an account of the battle of Chippewa. I 17 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. now advanced to meet the Americans, who were also advancing. The two armies met near sunset on the 25th of July at Lundys Lane or Bridgewater, opposite Niagara Falls. There now oc- curred one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in which the thunder of artillery mingled with the roar of the mighty cataract. The capture of a British battery posted on a hill was essential to the success of the Americans. This was gallantly carried and held against three determined efforts to recapture it by Captain Miller, whose reply, " I'll try, sir," when asked if he could take it, has passed into a proverb. At mid- night the British yielded the field OKNEKAL SCOTT. ° . *' to the Americans. Generals Brown and Scott were so badly wounded that they had to be removed to the American side. Soon after the Americans retired to Fort Erie. Here they were besieged by the British, who had been again reinforced. On the 15th of August General Drummond made an assault, but was repulsed with the loss of one thousand men, and on the 17th of September General Brown made a sortie and gave the enemy so heavy a blow that they abandoned the siege and retreated to Chippewa. The Americans remained at Fort Erie two months more, and then of their own accord blew up the fort and abandoned Canada. 3. At Plattshnrg^ on Lake Champlain, was gained the great- est victory won by the Americans during the year 1814. This was a joint land and naval action. During the summer the British had concentrated near the northern end of Lake Cham- plain a force of fourteen thousand men, under Sir George Prevost. Battle of Lundy's Lane. Give an account of events at Fort Erie. How long did the Americans remain at Fort Erie ? What did they then do ? 3. AVhat happened at Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain ? Give an account WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 195 Ascertaining that most of the American force had been withdrawn to the Niagara frontier, General Prevost marched upon Platts- burg. Here General Macomb (ma-koom), the American com- mander, had only two thousand efl&cient troops, but he was rein- forced by some militia from Vermont and New York, and taking a position on the south side of the Saranac River, he held the enemy in check for four days. On the 11th of Septem- ber, Commodore Downie, in command of the British fleet, bore down in order of battle to assist the British land force. Commo- dore McDonough, the commander of the American fleet, though inferior to the enemy in the number of vessels, guns, and men, boldly joined battle, after having first, on the deck of his vessel, invoked the blessing of God upon the American arms. After two hours of terrible fighting McDonough gained a victory as brilliant as that of Perry on Lake Erie the previous year. Com- modore Downie was killed in the fight, and his entire squadron surrendered. When Prevost, who had attacked the American works, saw the destruction of the fleet, he retreated, leaving his sick and wounded and large quantities of military stores. The loss of the enemy was about twenty-five hundred men. 4. Along the Atlantic coast the British fleets kept up a vigor- ous blockade. Several towns in Maine were captured, and Stoning- ton, Connecticut, was bombarded. A British fleet of fifty or sixty vessels, under Admirals Cockburn and Cochrane, ascended the Chesapeake. Five thousand men, under General Ross, were landed, and marched upon Washington, the capital of the United States. General Winder, with about four thousand men, mostly militia, met the enemy at Bladensburg, but his force was routed. The President and Cabinet were obliged to flee. Ross entered the city on the 24th of August. After burning the Capitol and other public buildings the British retreated to their shipping. of the double battle at Plattsburg and Lake Champlain. When Prevost saw that the British fleet was defeated, what did he do ? 4. What did the British fleets do along the Atlantic coast? Give an ac- count of the capture of Washington. 196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. Baltimore was the next point of attack, but the British failed to carry the American works, and Fort McHenry repulsed VIEW OF BALTntORE. the British fleet. General Ross was killed while advancing on the American intrenchments. The attempt on Baltimore was then abandoned. 6. During the attack on Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key, an American, who had been detained on board one of the British ships, composed the celebrated national air, " The Star-Spangled Banner." 7. The sea-fights during this year were sometimes favorable to the Americans and sometimes to the British. In March the Essex, commanded by Commodore Porter, was captured by two British vessels, and in April the Frolic was captured by a British ship. The United States vessel Peacock captured a British brig, and the Wasp captured another. Early the next year the Presi- 5. What of the attack on Baltimore? AVho was killed? 6. What song was composed during the attack on Fort McHenry ? 1. What of sea-fights during the year? What of the Essex ? The Frolic? The Peacock? The Wasp? The President? The Constitution ? The Hornet? WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 19*7 dent, under Commodore Decatur, was captured by an English squadron. The Constitution, commanded by Commodore Stewart, captured two British sliips, and the Hornet took a British brig. 8. During the summer and fall of 1814 the New England States became very much dissatisfied with the management of the war. In December, 1814, a convention was held at Hart- ford, Connecticut, consisting of delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut. The real designs of the leaders of this convention have never been clearly ascertained, but they were accused of an intention to with- draw their States from the Union. The grievances of which the New England States complained were, however, removed by the cessation of hostilities. 9. As early as March, 1813, the Emperor of Russia had offered to act as mediator between the United States and Great Britain, with a view to bringing about a peace between them. President Madison accepted his offer, but the British government declined it, so that nothing came of this attempt to stop the war. In January, 1814, England intimated her readiness to treat directly for peace, and the President at once appointed commissioners, among whom was Henry Clay, of Kentucky, often called " the mill-boy of the Slashes," from a district of Virginia in which he was born. Though peace commissioners were appointed thus early in 1814, the war continued during all that year. At Ghent, in Belgium, on the 24th of December, 1814, a treaty of peace was signed. 10. But before the news of peace reached America another great battle was fought. This was the battle of New Orleans. In September a British force had attacked the fort at the entrance 8. What of the New England States during the summer and fall ? Tell all about the Hartford Convention. How were the grievances removed ? 9. When had the Emperor of Russia offered to act as mediator ? Did any- thing come of it? AVhat did England intimate in January, 1814? What did the President do ? Where and when was the treaty of peace signed ? 10. What happened before the news reached America ? What happened at 17* 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of Mobile Bay, but met with a repulse. As they had been al- lowed to fit out their expedition in Pensacola, then a Spanish town, General Andrew Jackson, with some mounted Tennesseans, entered Florida, and took possession of Pensacola. From thence he hurried to New Orleans, which was threatened with an attack by the British army from the Chesapeake, which had been heavily EQUESTRIAN STATUE OK A.NDKEW JACKSON AT NEW ORLEANS. reinforced from Europe. General Jackson took the most ener- getic measures. Though he had but six thousand men, mostly Tennessee and Kentucky militia, yet he did not hesitate to strike the enemy a sudden blow on the night of the 2!kl of December, and on the 28th repulsed a fierce attack made by a portion of the enemy's force. On the 8th of January the real struggle com- menced. Twelve thousand British veterans who had fought under Wellington, led by Sir Edward Packenham, moved for- ward, and made a desperate and gallant assault on the Americans, who were protected by fortifications. The assailants were re- pulsed, with the loss of twenty-five hundred men killed, wounded, Mobile Bay? What place did Jackson seize? How was New Orleans threat- ened ? What did Jackson do on the 23d of December ? AVhat on the 28th ? When did the great battle of New Orleans occur ? Give an account of it. WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 199 and captured, General Packenham himself being among the killed. The American loss was very small, being less than thirty in killed and wounded. The news of this brilliant victory electrified the country. 11. JVeivs of the treaty of -peace reached America a few days after the battle, and though no concessions had been made by England on the impressment question, yet the treaty was ratified by the Senate on the 18th of February. The war had lasted a little more than two years and a half. 12. During the war with Great Britain, the Dey of Algiers had violated the treaty of 1795. Accordingly, after the ratifica- tion of the treaty with England, Commodore Decatur was sent against Algiers, with three frigates and seven smaller vessels. He captured two Algerine ships of war, and compelled the Dey of Algiers to make a peace highly advantageous to the United States. Decatur also visited Tunis and Tripoli, and compelled them to make reparation for allowing British vessels to capture American merchantmen in their harbors during the late war with Great Britain. 13. On the 11th of December, 1816, Indiana, the nineteenth SEAL OF INDIANA. State, was admitted into the Union. This was the second State formed out of the Northwest Territory. 11. When did the news of peace reach America? How long had the war lasted ? 12. As soon as peace was made with England, where was Commodore De- catur sent? What did he do at Algiers ? What at Tunis and Tripoli ? 13. When was Indiana admitted ? What of Indiana ? 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 14. The Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress during the same year. The charter was to continue twenty years. 15. In the fall of 1816 another Presidential election took place. The candidates of the Democratic or Republican party were James Monroe, of Virginia, for President, and Daniel D. Tomp- kins, of New York, for Vice-President. The Federal party nomi- nated for the same offices Rufus King, of New York, and John Howard, of Maryland. The election resulted in an overwhelming Democratic triumph. CHAPTER VII. ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE, 1. James Monroe, the fifth President, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817. His inaugural address gave great satis- faction to all parties. For a time party lines were almost extinct, and there dawned upon the country a short period which has since been known as the " Era of good feeling." SEAL OF MlSSlSSiri 2. Mississippi, the twentieth State, was admitted into the Union 14. When was the Bank of the United Statrs chartered? IIow long was the charter to continue? 15. What was the result of the election of 181G ? Who were the candidates of the Federal party ? 1. When was Monroe inaugurated ? What of his inaugural address? What of party lines? AVhat dawned upon the country ? 2. When was Mississippi admitted? What is said of Mississippi? ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. ' 201 on the 10th day of December, 1817. This State was formed out of the territory ceded to the control of the general govern- ment by Georgia, in 1803. Its name, derived from the great river, means " Father of Waters." 3. ^4 tear with the Seminole Indians broke out in the latter part of 1817. General Andrew Jackson was sent against them in 1818, at the head of one thousand men. As the Spanish authorities in Florida were suspected of giving help to the In- dians, Jackson invaded Florida, seized St. Marks and Pensacola, and sent the Spanish governor and his troops to Havana, in Cuba, He also seized two English traders, who had been inciting the Indians to hostility, and had them executed. Jackson's con- duct was made a subject of inquiry by both Houses of Congress, but, after investigation, his course was approved by large majori- ties in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Spanish minister at Washington protested against these proceed- ings, but the matter was not pressed because negotiations were at that time pending for the cession of Florida to the United States. 4. Illinois, the twenty-first State, was admitted into the Union on the 3d of December, 1818. Its name is derived from its 3. What war broke out in 1817 ? Who was sent against them ? Of what were the Spanish authorities suspected? AVhat places did General Jackson seize ? What did he do with two English traders ? V/'hat of Jackson's con- duct ? What did the Spanish minister at AVashington do ? Why was not the matter pressed ? 4. When was Illinois admitted? What is said of that State ? I* 202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. principal river, and means " River of Men." It was the third State admitted from the Northwest Territory. 5. One of the most memorable events of the year 1819 is the passage of the first steamship across the Atlantic. This steam- ship, called the Savannah, though built in New York, was owned in Savannah, Georgia, and sailed from the last-named port in May, bound for Liverpool, England. The steamer made a suc- cessful voyage to Liverpool, and afterwards to St. Petersburg, in Russia, and was everywhere an object of great curiosity. 6. Alabama, the twenty-second State, was admitted into the SEAL OP ALABAMA. Union on the 14th of December, 1819. It was originally a part of Georgia. Its name, which is of Indian origin, signifies " Here we rest." 7. The application of Missouri, in February, 1819, for admis- sion into the Union as a State brought about the agitation of the question whether the Federal government had any right to inter- fere with negro slavery in the Territories. A large number of the members of Congress from the non-slaveholding States op- posed the admission of Missouri, because the constitution of the proposed new State recognized property in slaves. Other States 5. When did the first steamship cross the Atlantic ? Tell all that is said about it. 6. When was Alabama admitted to the Union ? What else is said about that State ? 7. What brought about the slavery agitation ? What did members from the non-slaveholding States do? Had other slaveholding States been admitted? How was the question settled ? ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 203 had been admitted whose constitutions recognized this kind of property, but a large party in the North were in favor of admitting no more such States. The whole country was agitated by the dispute on this question, and the friends of the Union were everywhere alarmed. At last the dispute was settled for a time by an agreement, known as the " Missouri Compromise,''' that slavery should be excluded from all the remainder of the Louisi- ana Territory north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes ; but Missouri was kept out for some time longer yet. SEAL OF MAINE. 8. Meanwhile Maine, the twenty-third State, was admitted into the Union. This was on the 15th of March, 1820. Maine had been originally a part of Massachusetts. SEAL OF MISSOUKI. 9. Missouri, the twenty-fourth State, was admitted to the Union on the 10th day of August, 1821, after much violent op- 8. When was Maine admitted ? Of what was Maine originally a part ? 9. When was Missouri admitted ? What more can you say of Missouri ? 204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. position. The name of the State is derived from its principal river, and means '' Muddy Water." It was the second State formed out of the Louisiana Territory purchased from France in 1803. 10. Mr. Monroe was re-elected President in 1820, and Mr. Tompkins was also re-elected Vice-President. 11. On the 22d of February, 1821, the President issued a proclamation announcing the cession to the United States by Spain of East and West Florida, together with all Spanish claims to any portion of Oregon. The United States paid for this ces- sion five million dollars. The Territory of Florida was organized, and General Andrew Jackson was appointed its first governor. 12. The year 1824 was signalized by the visit of La Fayette to the United States. He travelled through all the States, and was everywhere received with every demonstration of esteem and affection. Congress, in order to express the gratitude of the country to La Fayette for his great services during the war for in- dependence, voted him two hundred thousand dollars and twenty- three thousand acres of land in Florida. At the time of this visit La Fayette was nearly seventy years old. 13. It was during Monroe's administration that the South American Republics gained their independence of Spain, and were recognized as independent nations by the government of the United States. It was at this time that Mr. IMonroe declared the " American continents are henceforth not to be considered as sub- jects for future colonization by any European power." This declaration has since been known as the " Monroe Doctrine." 10. AVhat of the election of 1820 ? 11. What proclamatiou did the President issue on the 22d of Februarj', 1821? What did the United States pay for this cession? Who was first governor of the Florida Territory ? 12. How was 1824 signalized ? How was La Fayette received? How did Congress express the gratitude of the country ? How old was La Fayette at this time? 13. AVhat of the South American Republics ? What is meant by the Mon- roe Doctrine ? ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 205 14. The policy of encouraging home manufactures by & pro- tective tariff and of carrying on internal improvements by the Federal government, a policy known at the time as the " Amer- ican System," and whose authorship is attributed to Mr. Clay, was soon the occasion of a permanent split in the Republican or Democratic party. 15. During Monroe's administration the country prospered greatly. Manufactures, commerce, and agriculture flourished wonderfully. Appropriations were made by Congress for con- structing several military roads and especially a great national high- way over the AUeghanies. The individual States also engaged in enterprises for their own internal improvement. New York took the lead in works of this kind. Through the efforts of De Witt Clinton, for many years governor of that State, the construction of the great Erie Canal, which connects the Great Lakes at Buf- falo with the Hudson River at Albany, was undertaken by the State. The Erie Canal is three hundred and sixty-three miles in length and cost nearly eight million dollars. The passage of the first boat over it was hailed with great rejoicings through- out New York, for every one felt that it was the dawn of an era of great commercial prosperity for the State. This great work was begun and completed in the same years with Monroe's administration. 16. At the end of Monroe's second term he declined a re-elec- tion. There were four candidates for the Presidency, William H. Crawford, of Georgia, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Andrew Jack- son, of Tennessee, and John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. As none of the candidates received a majority of the votes cast 14. What occasioned a permanent split in the Republican or Democratic party ? 15. What of the country during Monroe's administration ? What appro- priations were made by Congress ? What did individual States do ? Relate what is said about the Erie Canal. 16. How many candidates for the Presidency at the election of 1824 ? Who were they? On whom did the election of President devolve? Whom did that body choose ? Who became Vice-President ? How was he elected? 18 206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in the electoral colleges the election of a President devolved upon the House of Representatives, and that body elected John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, who had received a large majority of the votes cast in the Electoral College, was declared Vice-President. CHAPTEE VIII. ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 1. John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. He was the son of John Adams, the second President. 2. Soon after Mr. Adams's accession to office a controversy arose between him and the State of Georgia with reference to certain Indian lands within the limits of that State. During the controversy the President threatened force. Governor Troup declared that if the Georgians could get their rights in no other way they would oppose force to force. The Federal government made no further effort to interfere with Governor Troup, and the lands were surveyed and occupied. 3. The 4th of July, 1826, was memorable from the fact of its being the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of the United States, and was rendered still more memorable by the death on that day of two of the most illustrious among the signers of the declaration of independence. These were John Adams, of Mas- sachusetts, and Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 1. When was John Quincy Adams inaugurated? Whose son was he? 2. Give an account of the controversy between the President and the State of Georgia. 3. For what was the 4th of July, 1826, memorable ? What two distin- guished men died on that day ? ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCV ADAMS. 207 4. The protective tariff, passed by Congress in 1828, was the occasion of violent political disputes. This was an act laying a tax on foreign goods imported into the United States so that American manufactures might be able to compete with the manu- factures of Europe. The Eastern States favored this policy, but the Southern statesmen opposed it because they thought it uncon- stitutional as well as unjust and damaging to the agricultural in- terests of the South. 5. Another Presidential election took place during the excite- ment caused by the passage of the Tariff Act. The friends of the administration nominated Mr. Adams for President, and Richard Rush for Vice-President. The opponents of the administration supported Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, for President, and John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, for Vice-President. The election resulted in the triumph of the opponents of the admin- istration. Mr. Adams was a man of great intellect and unblem- ished character, but he had offended the South by fworing a high tariff. He had also given some offence to the New England States by asserting that in 1803 and 1804 those States had favored a dis- solution of the Union, and that the Hartford Convention of 1814 had entertained the same design. The New England States, how- ever, favored his tariff policy and gave him a warm support in the Presidential election. 6. During Mr. Adams's term the growth of the country was rapid. It was a period of great prosperity. The first railroad in the United States was built in 1826, and was used in carrying 4. What of the tariff of 1828? What was this? Who favored it? Who opposed it ? 5. Whom did the friends of the administration nominate for President in 1828? Whom for Vice-President? Whom did the opponents of the admin- istration support for the same offices? What was the result of the election ? What of Mr. Adams's character ? How had he offended the New England States? How had he displeased the South ? 6. What of the growth of the country ? When was the first railroad built? When was the first locomotive imported from England? Who first made the locomotive a success? Where was the first American locomotive built? 208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. granite from the quarries of Quincy, Massachusetts ; the first loco- motive was imported from England, in 1829. George Stephenson, an English engineer, was the man who first made the locomotive a practical success. The first successful American locomotive was built at Baltimore, in 1830, and was used for transporting pas- sengers on what is now the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. CHAPTER IX. ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 1. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1829. He was one of the most remarkable men of his day. He was born in 1767, in the Waxhaw settlement, near the line that divides North and South Carolina. At the age of twenty-one he removed to Nashville, Tennessee, and soon rose to distinction. We have already seen what great services to his country were performed by him at different times. 2. At the session of Congress which commenced December 7, 1829, and ended May 31, 1830, an act was passed providing for the removal of the Indian tribes that lived east of the Missis- sippi to a territory lying west of that river. This removal was not fully accomplished until several years later. During this same session of Congress occurred the celebrated debate between Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina, and Daniel Webster, of Massachu- setts, on the powers and rights of the General Government and of the several States. 1. What is said about Andrew Jackson ? 2. Tell about the removal of the Indian tribes. What celebrated debate is here spoken of? ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 209 3. On the 4th of July, 1831, ex-President James Monroe died in the seventy-fourth year of his age, in New York, at the resi- dence of his daughter, Mrs. Samuel L. Gouverneur. 4. In 1832 a bill was passed by Congress for the re-charter of the United States Bank. This the President vetoed, which made him unpopular with some of his former party friends. This same year another tariff act was passed, which increased the opposi- tion to the protective policy. 5. The Black Hawk War broke out in the Northwest Territory in 1832. Black Hawk was chief of the Sacs and Foxes, who refused to leave their lands on the Mississippi, though they had been bought by the United States some years before. General Scott commanded the United States forces who were sent against them. The war was soon terminated by the capture of Black Hawk and several other chiefs of less note. In this war Abraham Lincoln was captain of a company of Illinois volunteers, and Jef- ferson Davis was a lieutenant of United States regulars. 6. During the fall of 1832 occurred another Presidential elec- tion. The original Democratic or Republican party had now been divided into two parties, one of which was styled Democratic and the other National Republican. The party styled National Republican favored the policy of internal improvements by the government, the protective tariff, and the re-chartering of the United States Bank, all of which the Democratic party opposed. The candidates of the National Republicans were Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for President, and John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. The candidates of the Democratic party for 3. What distinguished man died July 4, 1831 ? Where did he die? 4. What bill passed Congress in 1832 ? What did the President do? What of a tariff? 6. What war broke out in 1832? Who was Black Hawk? Who was sent against them? How was the war terminated? What two men are men- tioned as oflBcers in that war ? 6. What occurred in the fall of 1832 ? How had the original Democratic or Republican party become divided ? Who were the candidates of the Re- publicans ? Who of the Democrats ? Who were elected ? 18* 210 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. the same offices were Andrew Jackson, for President, and Martin Van Buren, of New York, for Vice-President. The opposition to Jackson was very bitter, but he and Van Buren were elected by an overwhelming majority. 7. Meanwhile, a sovereign convention of the people of South Carolina had assembled and adopted what was known as the Nul- lification Ordinance, the leading features of which were : 1st, a declaration that the tariff act of 1832 was unconstitutional, and therefore null and void ; 2d, a provision for testing its constitu- tionality before the courts of the State ; and, 3d, a declaration that, if the measures thus adopted were resisted by the Federal government, the State of South Carolina would withdraw from the Union. This measure was to take effect on the 12th of Feb- ruary, 1833, if the protective policy should not be abandoned by Congress before that time. 8. At the session of Congress in December, 1832, the President recommended a reduction of the tariff. A few days afterwards he issued a proclamation against Nullification, in which he urged the people of South Carolina not to persist in the enforcement of their ordinance, as it would bring on a conflict between the Fed- eral government and the people of South Carolina. Many re- garded this proclamation as amounting to the denial of the right of a State to secede from the Union for any cause whatever. The President afterwards maintained that an erroneous construction had been placed upon the proclamation, and declared his adhe- rence to the views of Mr. Jefferson, as set forth in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 and 1799. 9. Soon afler Jackson's proclamation against Nullification was 7. What had the South Carolina Convention done? What were the lead- ing features of the Nullification Ordinance ? When was this measure to take effect ? 8. What did the President recommend in December, 1832? What procla- mation did he issue? How did many regard this proclamation? What did the President afterwards maintain ? 9. What did Mr. Verplanck, of New York, introduce ? AVhat did the Legis- lature of Virginia do ? Did South Carolina consent ? ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 211 issued, Mr. Verplanck, of New York, introduced a bill for the further reduction of the tariiF. The Legislature of Virginia sent Benjamin Watkins Leigh, a peace commissioner, to South Caro- lina, to urge the authorities of that State to suspend the execution of the ordinance of Nullification, at least until the 4th of March. South Carolina acceded to this request. 10. Meanwhile, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, introduced a com- promise into Congress, which was satisfactory to all parties. It passed both Houses of Congress, and received the approval of the President on the 2d of March, 1833. The convention of South Carolina then reassembled, and repealed the ordinance of Nulli- fication. Henry Clay's action in ofiering the compromise alienated many of the' tariff" men. When warned that it would cut him off" from all chance of ever being President, his noble reply was, " I would rather be right than be President." 11. In the spring of 1833, President Jackson made a tour through New York and the New England States, and was every- where received with every demonstration of esteem and honor. 12. Soon after the President's return to Washington, he ordered all the public money to be removed from the banks of the United States and to be placed in certain State banks. William J. Duane, the Secretary of the Treasury, refused to obey the order of the President, and Roger B. Taney was appointed Secretary in his place. This action of the President produced great excitement throughout the country. It was the cause of an open war between the President and the Senate, in which, for the first time in their lives. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster were cordially united in their opposition to the President. In defence of the President stood 10. What of Clay's compromise? AVhat of the Carolina convention? When Clay was told that his action in this matter would cut him off from all chance of being President, what was his reply ? 11. What happened in the spring of 1833 ? How was Jackson received ? 12. What did the President do soon after his return to Washington ? What did his conduct produce ? What did it cause ? AVhat statesmen opposed the President ? Who stood in his defence ? What name was now assumed by 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, and John Forsyth, of Georgia. All the opponents of the President's policy now assumed the party name of Whig. The Senate adopted a resolution censuring the President and declaring his conduct unconstitutional. To this the President replied by a paper, known as " The Protest," which was one of the ablest documents ever produced by him. The final result of the contest was the complete triumph of Presi- dent Jackson. The resolution of censure was finally expunged from the journal of the Senate, by its own order to have black lines drawn around it. 13, A great fire in the city of New York occurred on the night of the 16th of December, 1835, which resulted in the destruction of over seventeen million dollars' worth of property. 14. ^ ivar with the Seminole Indians of Florida broke out on the 28th of the same month. The cause of the war was the attempt by the United States government to remove these In- dians to the west of the Mississippi. It commenced by the mur- der of Honorable Wiley Thompson, United States agent to the tribe, and by the massacre of Major Dade and his command of one hundred men. On the next day an indecisive battle was fought between the Americans under Greneral Clinch and the Indians under Osceola. The Indians then ravaged all the country south of St. Augustine. On the 7th of February, 183G, General Scott assumed the command. On the 29th of the same month, General Gaines, while hastening to the relief of General Clinch, who was besieged in Fort Drane, was attacked by the Indians, but re- pulsed them. The war with the Seminoles was very vexatious. The Indians, by lurking in the swamps and everglades, managed to keep up the struggle for seven years. In 1837, Osceola came all the opponents of the President ? What did the Senate do ? How did the President reply? What was the final result? What became of the resolu- tion of censure? 13. What occurred in New York on the night of the 16th of December? 14. What war broke out the same month ? What was the cause of the war? How did it commence ? What happened next day ? Give an account ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 213 to the American camp under a flag of truce, but was seized by Greneral Jessup and imprisoned in Fort Moultrie, where he died in 1838. In December, 1837, Colonel Zachary Taylor defeated the Indians at Lake Okechobee, after which the savages retired to the swamps, and kept up an intermittent war till 1842, when peace was made, and the Seminoles were removed to the country west of the Mississippi, known as Indian Territory. 15. The Creeks had aided the Seminoles. They had com- menced hostilities by terrible massacres along the Chattahoochee, in Georgia and Alabama. General Scott brought them to terms in 1836, and they also were removed to Indian Territory. 16. The Cherokees, who lived in Upper Georgia, were also in- duced to go to the same Territory in 1837 by the payment of five million dollars, and by the firmness of General Scott, who was charn'n(/.'<, with two thousand prison- ers, and destroyed Grant's depot of supplies, thus forcing General Grant to retreat. General Sherman, who was to co-operate with Grant, encountered the Confederates under Peniberton at Chickc- saw Bayou, on the 29th of December, and was repulsed with the loss of two thousand men, while the total Confederate loss was only two hundred and seven. 30. The last great battle of the year 1862 was fought between the armies of Bragg and Rosecrans (who had succeeded Buell), near Murfreeshoro\ Tennessee, the attack being made by Bragg. Rosecrans had set out from Nashville with forty-seven thousand men, expecting to crush Bragg's army, numbering thirty-five thousand, but Bragg anticipated him, and on the 31st of Decem- ber began the attack, driving back the Federal right wing in con- fusion, capturing four thousand prisoners and thirty-one cannon, but foiled to carry the position occupied by the left wing of the Federal army. On the 2d of January the fight was renewed, but without decisive results. On the 3d of January. Bragg ascer- tained that Rosecrans was being reinforced. Accordingly, he moved his army back in the direction of Tullahoma and Shelby- ville, carrying ofi" all the spoil which lie had captured. In this 29. What did the Federals attempt in Mississippi towards the close of the year ? How was Grant forced to retreat ? Where was Sherman defeated ? .30. Where and between whom was the last great battle of the year fought ? Give an account of the first day's battle. AVhen was the battle renewed, and with what result? What did Bragg do on the night of January 3? What were the losses in this battle ? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 289 battle of Murfreesboro', or Stone River, the Federal loss was fourteen thousand, the Confederate ten thousand. 31. On the coast the Federals gained some successes the first part of the year, but these have already been noted. On the 16th of June, General H. Gr. Wright led a force of six thousand men against the Confederate works at SecessionviUe, on James' Island, but was repulsed with great loss. On the 22d of October a Federal army was defeated at Pocotaligo, in South Carolina, while attempting to seize the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. 32. During this year the small navy, particularly the two war- vessels, the Florida and the Alabama, did immense damage to the Federal commerce. 33. In the early part of 1862 the Federals had gained many brilliant victories, and had overrun and occupied large portions of the territory of the Confederates ; but at the close of the year, though the Confederates had recovered but little of their lost ground, yet their troops were triumphant on almost every field, and the Federals were everywhere held in check. Each side counted up its successes, and hoped for better results for the next year. SEAL OP WEST VIRGINIA. 34. At the close of this year forty-eight counties of Western and Northern Virginia, the people of which had sided with the 31. Give an account of the battle of SecessionviUe. 32. What was accomplished by the Confederate navy during this year? 33. What was the state of affairs in the early part of 1862 ? What at the close of the year ? AVhat did each side do ? 34. What happened in Western and Northern Virginia at the close of this N 25 290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Federal government, formed a provisional government and ap- plied for admission into the Union. The application was granted by the United States Congress, and West Virginia was recognized as a State in the following spring (April 20, 1863), and fully admitted exactly two months later. CHAPTER IV. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION (Continued).— THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1. On the 1st of January, 1863. President Lincoln issued a proclamation emancipating the slaves in all the States that had seceded from the Union. Although this measure was not in ac- cordance with the Constitution, yet it was justified by the friends of the administration on the plea of military necessity. By this proclamation it was expected to weaken the power of the Con- federacy by holding out to the negroes the promise of freedom, and thus causing them to become the enemies of their masters. 2. At the beginning of 1863 the Federal armies were larger than in the previous year, and the Confederate armies were smaller. The efforts of the Federals were chiefly directed to the capture of Vicksburg, in Mississippi, and llichmoud, in Virginia. Along the coast also both parties were quite active. 3. We will first treat of operations on the coast in the first year? When was West Virginia recognized as a State by the United States Congress ? When was it fully admitted? 1. What did President Lincoln do on the 1st of January, 1863 ? On what plea was this measure justified? What was expected to be accomplished by this proclamation ? 2. What can you say of the respective armies at the beginning of this year? To what were the efforts of the Federals chiefly directed ? What of both par- ties along the coast ? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 291 months of the year. On the 1st of January, 18G3, General John B. Magruder, by a night attack on the Federal fleet and garrison, recaptured Galveston, Texas, destroyed the Federal ship West- field, captured another vessel, the Harriet Lane, drove off the rest of the Federal fleet, and raised the blockade on that part of the coast. On the afternoon of January 11 the Confederate war- steamer Alabama, commanded by Commodore Semmes, attacked and captured the Federal war-steamer Ilatteras and her crew of one hundred and eighteen men. In ten minutes after her cap- ture the Hatteras sank, and was thus lost to her captors. On the 21st of the same month, at Sabine Pass, Major 0. M. Watkins, with two Confederate gunboats, chased out to sea and captured a Federal gunboat and a schooner, with thirteen cannon, one hun- dred and twenty-nine prisoners, and one million dollars' worth of stores. On the 31st of January the Confederate naval force in the harbor of Cliarhston, South Carolina, commanded by Cap- tain D. N. Ingraham, attacked the Federal blockading fleet, and for the time dispersed and drove them entirely out of sight. On the 27th of February, near Savannah, Georgia, four Federal iron-clad gunboats, under Commodore Worden, attacked the Confederate steamer Nashville, that had got aground near Fort McAllister, and succeeded in setting her on fire and destroying her. On March 3 four Federal iron-clad gunboats and three mortar -schooners, commanded by Commodore Dupont, attacked Fort McAllister, but were repulsed. On the 6th of April a strong Federal fleet, consisting of nine iron-clads and five other gunboats, commanded by Commodore Dupont, assailed Fort Sum- ter, in Charleston harbor. The fleet was repulsed, after having several vessels damaged and one of them (the Keokuk) sunk. 3. What victory did the Confederates gain on the 1st of January, 1863? What on the afternoon of January 11 ? What happened at Sabine Pass on the 21st of the same month ? What in Charleston harbor January 31 ? AVhat did a Federal fleet do near Savannah, Georgia, on the 27th of February ? What happened at Fort McAllister on March 3 ? What at Fort Sumter April 6 ? 292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. The campaign in Virginia began on the 29th and 30th of April, when General Joseph Hooker, who had superseded General Burnside, crossed the Rappahan- nock with one hundred and thirty- two thousand men. Lee had only fifty thousand men with which to meet this force, as Longstreet was absent with the greater part of his corps in Southeastern Virginia. When Hooker crossed the Rap- pahannock he exultingly declared tliat Lee would be obliged either to fly or fight a battle in which his army would certainly be de- stroyed. But instead of retreat- ing Lee resolved to make the attack himself Taking advantage of the dense woods to conceal his movements, he detached Stonewall Jackson with his corps to move around to the Federal rear, while he himself kept up a show of fight in front. On the afternoon of the 2d of May, Jackson, having gained the Federal rear by a circuit of more than fifteen miles, burst upon their right flank and routed it. On the next day Hooker's main force was attacked by Lee and driven back at Chancellor Hville. On the 4th, General Sedgwick, who was advan- cing to attack Lee's army in the rear, was overwhelmed at Salem Church and driven back in confusion. On the night of the 5th, Hooker retreated across the Rappahannock, leaving behind seven- teen thousand men, — killed, wounded, and prisoners, — fourteen GENKItAL HOOKER. 4. When did the campaign in Virginia begin ? How many men had Lee with which to meet this force ? What did Hooker declare when he crossed the Rappahannock ? Instead of retreating, what did Lee do ? AVhom did he send against the Federal rear? What happened on the 2d of May/ AVhat on the next day? What on the 4th ? What did Hooker do on the night of the 5th ? What was his loss ? AVhat the Confederate loss? What great general did the Confederates lose? AVhat is this three days' conflict called ? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 293 cannon, and thirty thousand stand of small arms. The Confed- erate loss was ten thousand men. Among these was one espe- cially whom they could ill afford to lose, the famous Stonewall Jackson, whose skill and courage had so often won victory and renown for the Confederate arms. This terrible three days' con- flict is known as the battle of Chancellor sville. Both armies re- mained quiet after this battle until the first part of June. 5. Meanwhile, the Federals hi the West were making vigorous effbrts to capture Vicksburg and Port Hudson, which commanded the navigation of the Mississippi. The army operating against Vicks- burg was commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant. After the fail- ure of Grant and Sher- man to capture Vicks- burg, in December, 1862, General John Mc- Clernand, with thirty thousand men, a large part of them from Sher- man's army, assisted by Admiral Porter's fleet, after a five hours' des- perate conflict, captured Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River, and its garrison of five thousand men, commanded by General T. J. Churchill, besides seventeen cannon, three thousand stand of small arms, and a great quantity of munitions and commissary NAVIGATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI BAYOUS. 5. Meanwhile, what were the Federals in the West doing ? Who com- manded the army operating against Vicksburg ? What post did General Mc- Clernand capture on the 11th of January ? What did General Grant do 25* 294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. stores. This was on the 11th of January. During the months of February and March General Grant made many attempts to approach Vicksburg, — first by Williams's Canal, next by Lake Providence, then by Yazoo Pass, then by Steele's Bayou, then by Milliken's Bend and New Carthage Cut-off. In all these efforts he filled. But he was not a man to be discouraged by failures. He adopted the bold plan of sending his army down the west bank of the Mississippi to Grand Gulf, and running his transports past the Vicksburg batteries down to the same point. Then he intended to cross the Mississippi at Grand Gulf, and, moving up from that point, attack Vicksburg in the rear. In this he completely succeeded. From Grand Gulf he began his march upon Vicksburg, defeating the forces of Pemberton at Raymond on the 12th of May; at Baker s Creek, or Champion Hill, on the 16th of May; and at the Big Black on the 17th. The Confederate army of nearly thirty thousand men now re- tired into Vicksburg, where they were closely besieged by the Federal army. They had lost in the series of battles just named six thousand men killed, wounded, and prisoners, besides thirty- three cannon and a large number of small arms. The entire Federal force, both on land and water, now besieging Vicksburg numbered considerably more than one hundred thousand men. On the 19th and 22d of May two grand assaults were made on the Confederate fortifications, but were repulsed, with a loss to the Federals of four thousand men. Grant now determined to keep Pemberton's army shut up in Vicksburg until it should be starved into a surrender. 6. Mea' rt'hile, General Banks had advanced from New Orleans with ab*^ ut fifteen thousand men, and was closely besieging Port during February and March? With what result ? What bold plan did he adopt? Did ho succeed? AVhat victories did ho now gain? What had the Confederates lost in this series of battles? What was the size of the Federal army besieging Vicksburg ? What was the result of assaults made on the 19th and 22d of May.' What did Grant now determine to do? 6. Meanwhile, what had General Banks done ? What was the result of an WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 295 VIEW OF NEW ORLEANS — LAKE I'ONTOH AltTRAIN IN THE DISTANCE. Hudson, which was defended by six tliousand Confederates under Greneral Gardner. On the 27th of May he assaulted the Con- federate works, but was repulsed with the loss of two thousand men, while the Confederates did not lose three hundred in all. On the 10th and 14th of June he again assaulted and was again repulsed. 7. On the 22d of June, General Dick Taylor, hoping to make a diversion in favor of Port Hudson, captured Brashear City, Louisiana, with one thousand prisoners, a strong fort, ten large cannon, and supplies valued at nearly six million dollars. 8. Efforts were now made by the Confederate government to assemble an army for the relief of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, by sending a large portion of General Bragg's army to Mississippi under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston. The eflPect of this transfer of troops from Tennessee to Mississippi was that Bragg's position in Tennessee was weakened, while the force sent assault made on the 27th of May ? What of the assaults made on the 10th and 14th of June? 7. What happened at Brashear City on the 22d of June ? 8. What efforts were now made by the Confederate government? What was the effect of this transfer of troops ? 296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. to Mississippi was not strong enough to accomplish the purpose for which it was designed. 9. The Confederate government now resolved on an invasion of Pennsylvania^ with the double design of freeing Virginia from the presence of hostile troops, and also of breaking up the entire Federal plan of campaign for the summer, both in the East and in the West. Accordingly, on the 3d of June, General Lee, at the head of an enthusiastic army of eighty thousand men of all arms, an army which had never yet acknowledged defeat, com- menced his forward march. On the 9th of June, after the Federals on the north of the Rappahannock had discovered that Lee's army was making a movement of some sort, a large force of their cavalry under Generals Gregg and Buford, strongly sup- ported by infantry, crossed the Rappahannock and attacked Gen- eral Stuart at Fleetwood, near Brandy Station, but after a severe engagement the Union troops were driven back across the river. General Lee flanking Hooker's army, moved northward with con- fidence. On the 14th of June, General Early, of Ewell's corps, stormed and carried the Federal works at Winchester, while Gen- eral Rodes, on the same day, captured Martinshurg. The fruits of these two victories were more than four thousand prisoners, twenty-nine cannon, two hundred and seventy wagons and ambu- lances, with four hundred horses, besides a large amount of mili- tary stores. On the 23d of June, General Ewell, with the advance of Lee's army, crossed the Potomac, and on the 27th of June the Confederate army entered Chamber sbtirg, Pennsylvania. Some divisions entered York and Carlisle, and were advancing on Harrisburg, when they received orders to join the main army 9. On what did the Confederate government now resolve? With what de- sign? What did General Lee do on the 3d of June? Describe the cavalry battle of the 9th of June at Fleetwood, near Brandy Station. What two vic- tories did the Confederates win on the 14th of June? What were the fruits of these two victories ? When did the advance of Lee's army cross the Poto- mac? When did they enter Chambersburg, Pennsylvania? AVhat did some other divisions do ? AVhat orders did they receive ? What had these move- WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 297 near Gettysburg. These movements of Lee's army had forced the Federal Army of the Potomac to abandon Virginia and hasten to the defence of Pennsylvania. While on the march General Hooker, at his own request, was relieved of the command, and General George G. Meade was appointed in his place. With one hundred thousand men Meade hastened forward to check the advance of Lee. 10. At Getfyshurg^ on the 1st of July, the Confederate ad- vance corps under Generals Hill and Ewell encountered the advance corps of the Federals led by Generals Reynolds and How- ard, and after a spirited battle drove them through Gettysburg, inflicting upon them the loss of five thousand in killed and wounded, besides capturing five thousand prisoners and several cannon. General Reynolds was among the slain. The first day's battle was thus a brilliant success for the Southern arms. Had the advantage gained been pushed that evening, no doubt their triumph would have been complete. During the night of the first the whole Federal army came up, and was concentrated on a high range of hills south and east of the town, and opposite the position carried and held by the Con- federates. So strong was the Federal position that Lee hesitated about attacking it, but when he looked upon his gallant army, so full of spirit and eager for the fray, he hesitated no longer. The order to advance was given, and Longstreet's corps on Lee's right, GENEISAL MEADE. ments of Lee's army forced the Federals to do ? Who succeeded Hooker in command of the Federal army ? With how many men did he advance against Lee? 10. Where and when did the advance corps of the two armies encounter each other? Give an account of the first day's battle. What happened during N* 298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. after a bloody fight, succeeded in piercing the Federal lines and retaining its position within them, while General Ewell also suc- ceeded in carrying some of the strong positions which he assailed. The Confederates now hoped, and with reason, that on the next day one more vigorous effort would give them the crowning vic- tory of the campaign. The morning of the 3d was spent by both sides in busy preparation. In the afternoon, after a furious bombardment, Pickett's and Heath's divisions, under Pettigrew, advanced, and succeeded in entering the Federal works and get- ting possession of some of their batteries, but after a gallant strug- gle were forced to fall back with severe loss to the position from which they had made the a.ssault. The Confederate army had suffered too severely to renew the assault, but was well able to meet any attack that might be made ; white the Federal army, which had but barely held its own, was not able to assault Lee's position. Had the battle of Gettysburg occurred in Virginia, it would have been considered indecisive, but occurring where it did, it was a decisive Federal victory. 11. Lee could not remain longer in Pennsylvania, because he could not procure supplies, and there was danger that a force might be sent which would interrupt his communications and perhaps cut off his army from the fords of the Potomac. He remained at Gettysburg during the 4th, waiting to see if the Federals would attack his position, and feeling perfectly able to repulse any assault. As the Federals did not attack, the Confed- erates busied themselves all that day in burying their dead and in moving such of their wounded as were in a condition to be moved. The Confederate army began to retire on the night of the 4th, but the rear of the column did not leave its position near Gettysburg until after daylight on the 5th. They retired the night of the 1st? Describe the fecond day's fight. Describe the battle of the 3d. What was now the condition of the two armies ? 11. Why could not Lee remain longer in Pennsylvania? How long did he remain at Gettysburg? How did the Confederates busy themselves during the 4th ? When did they begin to retire ? Were they molested ? Had they lost WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 299 without molestation by the Federals. Their defeat had happened in such a way that they had not lost one bit of their confidence in themselves or their leader. At WilUamsport, on the 6th of July, the Confederate wagon and ambulance train, which had been sent ahead of the army, under the escort of General Imbo- den, was attacked by the Federal cavalry, but the Federals were repulsed, and were soon after themselves attacked by General Stuart and pursued for several miles. On the 7th of July the Confederate army reached the Potomac, and finding the river so much swollen by the rains that the trains with the wounded and prisoners could not be got across, Lee took up a position extend- ing from Williamsport to Falling Waters, and waited for the sub- siding of the river and the construction of bridges. On the 12th of July, General Meade appeared before Lee's position, but, in- stead of attacking, began to fortify his own position. On the night of the 13th Lee withdrew his army across the Potomac into Virginia without being interrupted by the Federals. 12. The losses in the Pennsylvania campaign were very heavy. The Confederates lost eighteen thousand in killed and wounded and about ten thousand unwounded prisoners, the greater part of this loss being inflicted upon them in the battles around Gettys- burg. The Federal losses during the campaign were about equal to those of the Confederates, amounting to more than twenty -three thousand at Gettysburg, and more than five thousand at Win- chester and Martinsburg. Of this number ten thousand were unwounded prisoners, nearly six thousand being captured at Get- tysburg, and more than four thousand at Winchester and Mar- tinsburg. In artillery, the Federals lost three cannon at Fleet- any confidence in themselves or their leader 1 What occurred at Williamsport on the 6th of July ? What did Lee do when he reached the Potomac? When did Meade appear before Lee's position ? Did Meade attack ? What did he do ? What did Lee do on the night of the 13th ? 12. AVhat was the Confederate loss in the Pennsylvania campaign.' What the Federal ? How many unwounded prisoners on both sides included in this loss ? What were the losses in artillery ? 300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. wood, twenty-nine at Winchester and Martinsburg, and siiiteen at Gettysburg, wliile the Confederates lost but three cannon in the whole campaign. 13. Meanwhile, p-eat disasters had befallen the Confederate arms in the West. Vicksburg, after a long and gallant defence, was surrendered to General Grant on the 4th of July, with two hundred cannon and twenty-seven thousand prisoners. On the 9th, Port Hudson, which had been bravely defended to the last, surrendered to General Banks, with seventy-three cannon and six thousand prisoners. 14. We will now notice operations in Kentucky^ Tennessee^ and Georgia. While Bragg and Rosecrans confronted each other before Tullahoma, in Middle Tennessee, many expeditions and partial actions took place. On the 5th of March, General Van Dorn, with a large cavalry force, attacked the Federals under Colonel Coburn at Spring IliU, in Middle Tennessee, and captured the whole force. On the 8th of May, Colonel Streight, who had been sent with nearly two thousand Federal cavalry to destroy the machine-shops of Rome and Atlanta, was defeated by General Forrest near Rome, in Georgia, and compelled to surrender his entire command. During the month of July, General John H. Morgan, with about two thousand men, crossed the Ohio River below Louisville and pushed across the southern portions of Ohio and Indiana, doing great damage to the Federals and causing general consternation among the inhabitants; but his command was at last attacked by superior numbers and the greater portion of it captured (July 26), Morgan himself being among the prisoners, but he afterwards escaped. In June, Rosecrans began to advance on Bragg, whose army had been very much weakened by the transfer of troops to Mis- 13. Meanwhik-, what great disastcr.s had befallen the Confederate arms in the West ? 14. What will we now notice? What happened at Spring Hill, in Middle Tennessee, on the 5th of Mareh ? What on the Sth of May, near Rome, Geor- gia? Give an account of Morgan's raid in July. What did Rosecrans do in WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 301 sissippi. Bragg was obliged to retire to Chattanooga. Before he could be reinforced he found that he must either abandon Chat- tanooga or run the risk of being shut up and besieged as Pember- ton had been at Vicksburg. Accordingly, on the 8th of Septem- ber he evacuated Chattanooga, which was occupied by the Federals. On the same day Cumberland Gap surrendered to General Burn- side, who advanced and occupied Knoxville. 15. Soon after leaving Chattanooga, Bragg was reinforced by part of Longstreet's corps from Lee's army, and with his force now increased to fifty thousand men he advanced to encounter Rosecrans's army of fifty-five thousand. The two armies met at Chickamauga Creek, on the extreme northei'n border of Georgia. In the battle which occurred here on the 19th and 20th of Sep- tember the Federals were utterly defeated, with the loss of twenty thousand men, of whom eight thousand were prisoners, besides fifty-one cannon and fifteen thousand stand of small arms. The loss of the Confederates was about fifteen thousand. The Federal army was pursued to Chattanooga, and there besieged by Bragg. 16. While Bragg was in front of Chattanooga, Longstreet was ordered with his corps to proceed against General Burnside in East Tennessee. He accordingly advanced to the northward, defeated Colonel Wolford at PhiladeJplna Station on the 20th of October, and on the 6th of November defeated the main army under Burnside at CamphelVs Station, forcing the Union troops back to their fortifications at Knoxville, which he proceeded to invest. 17. Bragg was now investing Chattanooga and cutting ofi" the June? What was Bragg obliged to do ? Before he could be reinforced what did he find? When did he abandon Chattanooga? What happened at Cum- berland Gap on the same day ? 15. How was Bragg reinforced soon after leaving Chattanooga? What did he now do? Where did the two armies meet? Describe the battle of Chick- amauga. 16. While Bragg was before Chattanooga what was Longstreet ordered to do ? What two victories did Longstreet gain ? 26 302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. supplies of the Federal army. But relief came to the besieged, for the two corps of Hooker and Howard were sent to them from Meade's army in Virginia. In November the Federals were still further reinforced by Sherman's army from Mississippi. Gen- eral Grant took command of the Federal armies around Chatta- nooga, which now numbered not less than eighty thousand men. Bragg's army, numbering much less than forty thousand men after its losses at Chickamauga and the departure of Long-street's corps, was encamped on Missionary Ridge. On the 24th of November, Hooker's corps of the Federal army carried the works on Lookout Mountain, which, through some bad management, was defended by a single brigade only. On the 25th occurred the battle of Missionary Ridge. The left wing of the Confederates, which was their weakest point, was routed and driven from the field, but the right, under Hardee, held its ground firmly, and, after the left had given way, retired in order, and by its firm bearing saved the Confederate army from destruction. The Confederate loss in this disastrous fight was nine thousand men (of whom six thou- sand were prisoners) and forty cannon. The Federal army lost nearly seven thousand men. General Hooker was sent in pursuit of the retreating Confedei'ates, but at a gap in Taylor's Ridge, near the village of Ringgold, General Cleburne halted his division and inflicted a repulse upon the Federals which cost them nearly a thousand men. The Confederate loss in the battle of Ringgold was less than two hundred. The pursuit was pressed no farther. Grant drew back his forces to Chattanooga, and sent Sherman to the assistance of Burnside at KaoxviUe. Here Longstreet was 17. What was Bragg doing at Chattanooga? How did relief come to the besieged? How were the Federals still further reinforced in November? Who now took command of the Federal armies around Chattanooga ? What did the Federal army now number? What did Bragg's army number? What did Hooker's corps do the 24th of November? Describe the battle of Missionary Ridge. What were the losses of the two armies ? Where was the pursuit checked? How ? AVhat was the Confederate loss in the battle of Ringgold? What did Grant do ? What hapjiened at Knoxville on the 30th of Novem- ber ? What at Strawberry Plains ? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 303 repulsed, in an assault on the 30th of November, with heavy loss, after which, hearing of Sherman's approach, he abandoned the siege and retired towards Virginia. At Strawberry Plains he defeated a Federal force which attempted to pursue him. 18. The armies in Virginia were not idle all this time. Early in October Lee set out from his camp on the Rappahannock, with the intention of placing his army on the line of Meade's commu- nications. When Meade became aware of these movements he retreated rapidly as far as Centreville, near Washington. Lee then returned to his former position on the Rappahannock, after destroying the railroad which Meade had used for the transporta- tion of his supplies, and having inflicted on the Federals a loss of three thousand men, mostly prisoners, while his own loss was not half so many. After Meade had returned to his former position on the Rappahannock, General Russell, commanding a division in his army, captured some Confederate works at Rappahannock Sfafion, taking four cannon and sixteen hundred prisoners. In the latter part of November Meade crossed the Rapidan and advanced to attack Lee, but the Confederates were ready and waiting for him at 3Ime Run, and on the night of December 1 the Federal army retired to its position north of the Rapidan. 19. During the summer and fall operations on the coast con- tinued active. Land and naval forces attacked the defences of Charleston, but without success. On the 18th of July, General Strong led an assault on Fort Wagner^ on Morris Island, but was repulsed with a lo.ss of fifteen hundred men, while the Confederate loss was less than one hundred. By means of heavy guns the Federals battered Fort Sumter into a heap of ruins, but the Con- federate garrison still held the work and repulsed an attempt to storm it. Gillmore vhrew shells into Charleston, but all his efforts 18. What happened in October ? What did Meade do? What did Lee ac- complish by this movement to the rear of Meade's army ? What success had the Federals at Rappahannock Station ? Relate the affair of Mine Run. 19. What of operations on the coast during the summer and fall? Give ai) account of the Federal repulse at Fort Wagner on the 18th of July. What is 304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. accomplished nothing. At Sabine Pass, on the coast of Texas, on the 8th of September, a small Confederate fort, manned by two hundred and fifty men under the command of Captain Odium,* repulsed a Federal force consisting of an army of four thousand men and a fleet of four gunboats. The Federal loss was two gun- boats, which were captured by the Confederates, together with fifteen heavy rifled cannon, besides fifty killed and wounded and two hundred prisoners. Through the bad management of the Federal commander, General Franklin, his four thousand men were of no more assistance to the fleet than if they had been a thousand miles away. In this affair the Confederates did not lose a single man. 20. At the close of 18G3 the Federal government had recov- ered control of the Mississippi River, had overrun the State of Tennessee, had regained almost all of Arkansas and pt«rtions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida. Hence the people of the North were ready to continue the war. On the other hand, the Confederates had gained some brilliant victories, and were equally determined to fight it out to the end, whatever that might be. * Captain F. H. Odium, the commander of the garrison, was absent and did not reach the fort in time to share in the battle. Lieutenant R. W. Dowling commanded during the fight. said of Fort Sumter? Did Gillmore accomplish anything? Describe the Confederate victory at Sabine Pass on the 8th of September. What was the Federal loss? To what was their defeat owing? What was the Confederate loss ? 20. What was the state of aflairs at the close of 1863? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 305 CHAPTER V LINCOLN'S ADxMINISTRATION (Continued).— FOURTH YEAR 01-' THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1. At the beginning of 1864 the Federal armies numbered fully a million men, while the Confederate armies numbered not more than two hundred and fifty thousand. 2. Active operations commenced in February by the invasion of Florida by an army of six thousand Federals, led by General Seymour. At Olustee, or Ocean Pond, on the 20th of February, they were met by five thousand Confederates under Generals Col- quitt and Finnegan. Colquitt led the attack on the Federals and completely defeated them. This defeat compelled the Union forces to abandon the invasion of Florida. 3. On the 3d of February, General William T. Sherman set out from Vicksburg, Mississippi, to clear that State of the Confeder- ates. He was to be supported by a cavalry raid from Tennessee. As he advanced with fifty thousand men, General Polk, whose force was too small for any effective resistance, retired before him, and Sherman advanced as far as Meridian, and even contemplated an assault on Mobile from the rear. His plans were frustrated by General Forrest, who, on the 22d of February, with a body of Confederate cavalry, defeated a large force of Federal cavalry, which was to co-operate with Sherman, at Okalona. Forrest drove the Federals, who were commanded by General Grierson, 1. What was the size of the armies at the beginning of 1864? 2. Where did active operations begin? Describe the battle of Olustee. What did this defeat compel the Federals to do? 3. What did General Sherman do on the 3d of February? How was he to be supported ? How were Sherman's plans frustrated ? What happened at Okalona on the 22d of February ? What did Sherman do in consequence of this battle ? Describe Forrest's movements. 26* 306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in complete rout back to Memphis, capturing many prisoners and ten cannon. In consequence of this battle Sherman returned to Vicksburg. Forrest continued active movements in Tennessee and. Kentucky, and on the 12th of April captured Fort Pillow by assault. 4. On the west of the Mississippi, in Louisiana and Arkansas, the Confederates gained still more brilliant successes. AVhen Sher- man returned to Vicksburg a large part of his army was united with that of General Banks, in Louisiana, swelling his force to forty thousand men. In co-operation with General Steele, from Arkansas, with seven thousand more men. Banks intended to drive the Confederates entirely out of Louisiana and Arkansas, and complete their overthrow in Texas. He therefore moved northward from New Orleans, while Steele moved southward from Little Rock. The Confederate array under General Dick Taylor attacked the Federals at Mansfield, or Sabine Cross-Roads, on the 8th of April, and again at Pleasant Hill on the 9th, forcing Gen- eral Banks to retreat to New Orleans. When Steele heard of the defeat of Banks he retreated, closely pursued by General Kirby Smith. Instead of succeeding in their plans the Federals had been defeated, with a total loss of fourteen thousand men, — killed, wounded, and prisoners, — thirty-five cannon, eleven hundred wagons, one gunboat, and three transports. The Confederates, whose whole strength was only about twenty-five thousand, re- covered nearly all of Louisiana and Arkansas, and lost less than five thousand in killed, wounded, and missing. Thus ended the Red River expedition. 5. On the North Carolina coast, on the 20th of April, General 4. What was done with a large part of Sherman's army after his return to Vicksburg? What did Banks expect to do in co-operation with General Steele ? What did the Confederate army under Dick Taylor do ? When Steele heard of the defeat of Banks, what did he do? AVhat was the loss; of the Federals on the Red River expedition ? AVhat had the Confederates done? 5. What victory did the Confederates win on the North Carolina coast on the 20th of April? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 307 Hoke, with about six thousand men, assisted by the iron-clad gun- boat Albemarle, captured Pli/moufh, with its garrison, with much artillery and stores. 6. Early in March there occurred in Virginia the great cavalry raid of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren, whose object was to surprise Richmond, enter the city, then release the Federal prisoners there confined, and leave them to burn the city and kill the Confederate President and Cabinet. They completely failed, and Dahlgren was killed on his retreat. On his person were found the papers which revealed the whole plot. 7. In March General Ulysses S. Grant was made lieutenant- general in command of all the forces of the United States. Two grand campaigns were now planned, — one against Richmond, in Virginia, under Grant himself; the other against Atlanta, in Georgia, under the leadership of General William Tecumseh Sherman. Both campaigns began on the same day. On the 4th of May, while the Army of the Potomac was crossing the Rapi- dan, Grant, seated on a log by the side of the road, wrote a tele- gram to Sherman bidding him to start. 8. We will first treat of the Viiyima campaign of the spring and early part of the summer. The Federal plan was that Grant's army, one hundred and forty thousand strong, should ad- vance from the north upon Richmond ; Generals Crook and Sigel were to capture Staunton and Lynchburg and come down upon the Confederate rear ; while General Butler, with thirty thousand men, was to move up the James River, take Petersburg, and ap- proach Richmond from the south. 9. It was in this campaign especially that General Lee exhib- ited talents which entitle him to rank among the great generals 6. Give an account of tbe raids of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren in Virginia. 7. Who was appointed in March to command all the United States forces ? What two grand campaigns were now formed ? When did both campaigns begin ? 8. What was the plan of the Federal campaign in Virginia? 9. What did Lee exhibit in this campaign ? With how many men did he 308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of the world. With sixty-four thousand men he moved forward promptly to meet Grant's large army, and in the Wilderness^ not far from the old battle-field of Chancellorsville, he fell upon the Federal lines. During the 5th and Gth of May the battle raged with great fury. Longstreet was wounded as he was pressing back the Federal lines, and was unable to resume his command for several months. At the close of the second day's battle Grant found himself completely checked. He had lost twenty thousand men, and Lee eight thousand. 10. On the night of the 7th Grant attempted by a flank march to Lee's right to seize Spottst/lvaiiia Court- House and get between the Confederate army and E,ichmond, but when he reached that point he found the Southern army barring his way. He had been foiled by the skill with which the great Confederate leader had penetrated his design. There now occurred several days of skir- mishing and desperate fighting. At early dawn on the 12th of May General Hancock, leading some of Grant's best troops, sur- prised and captured an exposed part of the Confederate works, taking three thousand men of the old Stonewall Division and thirty cannon, and was on the point of breaking through Lee's lines when General John B. Gordon with two brigades, ru.shing into the breach, checked the advancing Federals. The Confeder- ates made repeated efforts to retake the captured salient, but failed, though they recovered twelve of the captured guns. On the other hand the Federal eff"orts to dislodge Lee's army all foiled, and the day ended in a Confederate success. After this repulse Grant remained quiet several days waiting for reinforcements. Al'ter these were received, finding that he could not move Lee move to meet Grant ? AVhere did he encounter him ? Describe the battle of the Wilderness. 10. What did Grant attempt on the night of the 7th ? What did he find in his way ? AVhat now occurred ? What did General Hancock do at early dawn of the 12th of May? Who checked the Federal advance? Describe the fight that then occurred. What did Grant do after receiving reinforce- ments? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 309 from his position, lie drew off and again attempted to get between Lee and Richmond. 11. Again he was foiled, for he found Lee at the North Anna (May 23) ready to dispute his advance. After some severe fighting, in which he accompHshed nothing, Grant made still another attempt, and found the Confederate army drawn up at Cold Harbor, still barring the way to Richmond. During the movements from Spottsylvania Court-House to Cold Harbor Gen- eral Stuart, the commander of Lee's cavalry, was defeated and mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern (May 11) by the Federal cavalry under General Philip Sheridan. General Wade Hampton succeeded Stuart in command of the cavalry. 12. On the 3d of June, Grant's army assaulted Lee's position at Cold Harbor^ but after an action which lasted only twenty minutes, the Federals were repulsed with the loss of ten thousand men. while the Confederate loss was not much over one thousand. When Grant ordered his army to renew the assault, the soldiers refused to obey the command. The campaign of one month had cost the Federals sixty thousand men. The Confederate losses during the same time were eighteen thousand men. 13. The other Federal generals who were, to co-operate with Grant succeeded no better. On the 6th of May, while Lee and Grant were fighting in the Wilderness, Butler began his advance with thirty thousand men, but Beauregard hastened up from Charleston, South Carolina, with all the forces that could be spared, and reached Petersburg about the time that Butler landed at Bermuda Hundreds, between Petersburg and Richmond. On 11. How was he again foiled? When he made another attempt, where did he find the Confederate army drawn up ? What happened at Yellow Tavern on the 11th of May ? Who succeeded Stuart in command of Lee's cavalry? 12. What happened on the 3d of June ? Describe the battle of Cold Harbor. What had the campaign of one month cost the Federals ? What was the Confederate loss? 13. Did the Federal generals who were to co-operate with Grant succeed any better ? What did Butler do on the 6th of May ? Who hastened to the 310 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the IGth of May, Beauregard, with fifteen thousand men, totally defeated Butler near Drewrys Bluff, and drove the Federals back to Bermuda Hundreds, with the loss to them of five thou- sand men. He then shut them up in their fortifications so closely that they could be of no assistance to Grant. The conjoint movement of Crook and Sigcl was arrested by General Breckinridge, who, with a greatly inferior force, assisted by the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute, routed Sigel at New Marlcet, in the valley, on the 15th of May. 14. After Grant's repulse at Cold Harbor, on the 3d of June, he found it necessary to abandon his attempt upon Richmond from the north. He now resolved to cross the James River and seize Peten^harg before Lee should be aware of his purpose. But he foiled in this also ; for his advance was held in check at Peters- burg by some local troops, and when his main army arrived, there stood Lee's veterans before him. On the 17th and 18th of June Grant assaulted, but was again repulsed, with the loss of ten thousand men, while the Confederate loss was small. 15. While Grant was preparing to cross the James, he ordered General Sheridan with his cavalry to seize Gordonsville and Charlottesville, destroy the railroads at those places, and unite with General Hunter in a movement from the valley. But Sheridan did not succeed, for he was met at Trevillian s Station on the 12th of June by General Wade Hampton and defeated. Hunter succeeded no better. He was met at Li/nchbnrg by Early and Breckinridge, and forced to retire on the 18th of June. Early followed him so closely that his retreat became a disorderly fliiiht. defence of Petersburg ? AVhat did Beauregard do on the 16th of May? How was the conjoint movement of Crook and Sigel arrested? 14. What did Grant now find it necessary to do? What did he resolve to do ? Why did he fail in this ? What was the result of assaults made on the 17th and 18th of June? 15. While Grant was preparing to cross the James what did he order Sheri- dan to do ? Why did not Sheridan succeed? What of Hunter? Tell what WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 311 While Grant was fighting at Petersburg, a force of eight thou- sand cavalry under Wilson and Kautz was sent to destroy the Confederate communications with the South and West, but were totally defeated, losing many in killed and wounded, more than one thousand men captured, thirteen cannon, and thirty wagons. After the failure of Grant's assaults on Petersburg, the remainder of June and the greater part of July were spent by the two armies in strengthening their respective positions. 16. We will now notice operations in Georgia. The campaign in that State began on the same day with the campaign in Vir- ginia (May 4), when General Sher- man, with one hundred thousand men, began to advance upon the Confederate position at Dalton, by General with forty- Sherman's of numbers enabled the Confederate which was defended Joseph E. Johnston three thousand men. superiority him to en^aire GENERAL JOE JOHNSTON. army with a force larger than their own, and at the same time send a large force to threaten their com- munications. His plan throughout the whole campaign was to bring Johnston to battle on such terms as would insure his decisive defeat, and then advance and occupy Atlanta. Johnston's plan was to avoid a general engagement, except where the advantage of position was on the side of the Confederates, and at the same time to delay Sherman's march as much as possible. If no opportunity presented itself of defeating is said of the cavalry raid of Wilson and Kautz ? How was the remainder of June and the greater part of July spent by the two armies? 16. When did the campaign in Georgia begin? With how many men did Sherman advance? How many had Johnston ? What did Sherman's supe- riority of numbers enable him to do ? What was his plan throughout the campaign ? What was Johnston's plan ? If no opportunity was presented of defeating Sherman, what did he intend to do ? 312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Sherman, he intended to fall back to his lines near Atlanta, where his position would be as strong as Lee's before Richmond and Petersburg, and there, with the advantage on his side, he expected to defeat the Federal army. 17. On the 8th and Uth of May there was fighting at Dalton, in which the Confederates had the advantage, but Sherman was able to swing his right so far around Johnston's left that the Confederate army was obliged to fall back to Resaca. Here, on the 14th and 15th of May, there was fought a considerable battle between portions of the two armies, which was in the main to the ad- vantage of the Confederates, but Sherman made another flankins: move, and Johnston withdrew across the Oostenaula, and took up a position near Cassville, where he hoped to have a favorable opportu- nity of fighting a battle. Being disappointed in this, he crossed the p]tuwah on the morning of the 20th. Here his army rested for three days. On the 24th of May, General Wheeler, commanding the Confederate cavalry, gained a brilliant success near Cassville. 18. Johnston having ascertained that Sherman's forces had crossed the Etowah far to the Confederate left, marched promptly to meet them, and took up a position extending from Dallas to the railroad. There now occurred a series of partial engage- ments, which Johnston and Sherman in their respective narra- tives of this campaign agree in calling the battle of New Hope GENEKAL SHEIIMAN. 17. What happened at Dalton on the 8th and 9th of May ? Why was the Confederate army obliged to fall back ? What happened at Resaca on the I4th and l.'ith of May? When did Johnston withdraw across the Etowah? What happened on the 24th of May at Cassville? 18. Where did Johnston next take up a position? What now occurred? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 313 Chiirch. The first of these was on the 25th of May, between Hooker's corps and Stewart's division of Hood's corps. In this the Federals were repulsed, with the loss of at least two thousand men, while the Confederate loss was only four hundred. The second was on the 27th, between the Fourth Corps of the Federal army and Cleburne's division of Hardee's corps, near Little Pumpkin Vine Creek. The Federals were again repulsed, and the respective losses were nearly the same as in the affi\ir of the 25th. The next day, at Dallas, General Bate, with two brigades, made an assault, but was repulsed, with the loss of three hundred men, while the Federal loss was trifling. For several weeks there was constant skirmishing between the two armies. All this time the Federals kept shifting position, first in one direction and then in another, in the eiFort to turn the flanks of the Confederates, all of which movements were skilfully met by General Johnston. In one of these skirmishes, on the 14th of June, General Leonidas Polk, one of Johnston's corps commanders, was killed. 19. Soon after this Johnston took up a strong position at Kene- saio Mountain. Heavy skirmishing continued, in which partial attacks were made by both sides, invariably resulting in the re- pulse of the attacking party. On the 27th of June General Sherman made a general attack on the Confederate lines on Kene- saw Mountain, and was repulsed, with a loss of between three and five thousand men, while the loss in Johnston's army was only five hundred and twenty-two. 20. While all this fighting was going on in Georgia, General Give an account of the battle of the 25fh of May. Of the 27th. What hap- pened next day at Dallas, on the extreme Confederate left ? What was now the state of affairs for several weeks ? Who was killed in one of these skirmishes '! 19. Where did Johnston next take up a position ? Give an account of Sherman's repulse at Kenesaw on the 27th of June. 20. While all this fighting was going on in Georgia, what did General For- rest do in Mississippi ? What was the Federal loss in men and stores ? o 27 314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Forrest, in Mississippi, attacked the Federal General Sturgis (June 10) at Tishainingo Creek, near Guntown, and completely overwhelmed him. Out of twelve thousand men the Federals lost five thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners. They also lost their entire train of wagons and all their artillery (twenty cannon). 21. On the 2d of July, five days after the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Johnston ascertained that Sherman was about to get between his position and Atlanta. He therefore retired to a new line near the Chattahoochee, and afterwards crossed that river and placed his army in the lines near Atlanta. Johnston now resolved to hold Atlanta with the Georgia State troops, and with his whole army fill upon the Federal flank and rear. After Sher- man had crossed the Chattahoochee, Johnston, while preparing to carry out his plan, was superseded by General John B. Hood, a brave and gallant officer, but one who lacked the necessary skill and experience. The army turned over to Hood numbered fifty- one thousand men, its losse;^ having been more than counterbal- anced by the reinforcements received. Its losses during the cam- paign were ten thousand in killed and wounded and about four thousand from other causes, most of the latter being soldiers absent on account of sickness. The Federal loss during the same time was about twenty thousand in all, but this loss had been repaired by reinforcements. 22. There now occurred a series of battles known as the Battles of Atlanta. On the 20th of July, Hood attacked the Federals on Peach Tree Creek, but was repulsed. On the 22d of July, General Hood, leaving a force to hold Atlanta, marched with his 21. What did Johnston ascertain five days after the battle of Kenesaw Mountain? What did he do? What did Johnston resolve to do? By whom was Johnston succeeded before he could carry out his plan ? What did the army turned over to Hood number? What were its losses during the cam- paign ? What were the Federal losses during the same time ? 22. What nov occurred? Give an account of the battle of July 20. Of July 22. Who claimed the victory on tuat day ? What did Sherman do on i WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 315 main army around to Decatur, and fell upon the Federal left and rear, driving them from their works and capturing twenty-two cannon, eighteen stand of colors, and fifteen hundred prisoners ; but Sherman bringing forward fresh troops checked the Confed- erates in their victorious onset and recovered nine of his captured guns. Both generals claimed the victory ; but Sherman made no other attempt to flank Atlanta on that side. Two gallant officers lost their lives on this day. General Walker on the Confederate, and General McPherson on the Federal, side. On the 27th of July, Sherman began his attempt to flank Atlanta on the left. On the 28th, General Hood assaulted the Federal right, but was repulsed. On the 5th of August, General Schofield's corps of the Federal army made an assault on the portion of the Confed- erate line held by General Bate, at Utoy Creek, and met with a bloody repulse. The losses in this series of battles were about ten thousand on the Confederate and seven thousand on the Fed- eral side. 23. While these battles were going on at Atlanta, General Sherman sent out two cavalry columns, one five thousand strong, under General Stoneman, and the other four thousand, under Gen- eral McCook, with orders to meet at Lovejoy Station, on the Ma- eon Road, and destroy the Confederate communications. This expedition proved a failure, for McCook was attacked at Neivnan and defeated, while Stoneman, who went as far as Macon, was defeated there by General Cobb, and pursued so closely by General Iverson that he and one thousand of his men were captured and the rest of his force dispersed. This expedition cost Sherman three thousand of his best cavalry. Soon after, General Wheeler made a raid on the Federal communications, doing much damage. the 27th ? What of Hood's assault on {h& 28th ? What happened on the 5th of August at Utoj' Creek ? What were the losses around Atlanta? 23. While these battles were going on at Atlanta, what did General Sher- man do? What of this expedition? What can j'ou say of McCook's force? What of Stoneman ? What did this expedition cost Sherman ? AYhat did Wheeler do ? 316 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. RICHMOND. 24. We left the armies in Virginia facing each other in tlieir works before Petersburg. General Lee feeling strong enough to hold his lines at Petersburg and Richmond, sent Early and Breck- inridge through the valley to threaten Washington and Balti- more. Early moved rapidly down the valley with about thirteen thousand men, entered Maryland, and caused great alarm for the safety of Washington and Baltimore. At Monoauy Bridge^ on the 9th of July, he encountered the foe, and Gordon's division routed the Federals under General Lew AVallace. Early then ad- vanced rapidly upon Washington, hoping to reach the city and cap- ture it before the garrison could be reinforced. But Washington was saved by the arrival of two full corps from Grant's army, where- upon Early retired and camped near AVinchester. Supposing that Early was returning to Richmond, Grant ordered the two corps that had saved Washington back to Petersburg, intending to strike Lee a blow before the arrival of Early. But instead of retiring 24. How did we leave the armies in Virginia? What did Lee send Early and Breckinridge to do ? What did Early do? What happened at Monocncy Bridge? What did Early then do ? IIow was Washington City saved ? Why did Grant now order these two corps back to Petersburg ? What did Early WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 317 to Richmond Early advanced to Martinsburff, where he defeated General Crook (on the 24th of July), and drove his force across the Potomac, with the loss of twelve hundred men, including Gen- eral Mulligan, who was killed. Early then sent a cavalry expedi- tion under General McCausland, which routed a small Federal force at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, and having captured the town of Chamhershvrg in that State, burned the greater part of it (July 30). The Confederates justified the burning of this town on the plea of retaliation for the partial burning of Lexington, and for the many depredations of Hunter and other Federal officers in the valley. These movements of Early excited the greatest alarm in Pennsylvania, and the two corps that had started for Petersburg were sent back to keep Early in check. On the same day that Chambersburg was burned (July 30) Grant suffered a bloody defeat at Petersburg, in an affair known as the 3Iine Ex- plosion. A fort on the Confederate front was mined and blown up, but when the Federal troops moved forward to the assault they were met by such a withering fire that they were driven back in utter confusion, and in a few minutes suffered a loss of more than four thousand men. The Confederate loss in this affair was about three hundred men. 25. Between the 13th and 20th of August, General Hancock was defeated in an attack on the Confederate lines north of the James. On the 19th and 20th of August there was desperate fighting on the Weldon Railroad between Mahone and the Fed- erals under Warren, but neither side gained any decisive advan- tage. On this occasion the Confederates captured twenty-five hundred prisoners, including General Hays. On the 25th of do at Martinsburg ? What did McCausIand's cavalry expedition do ? How did the Confederates justify the burning of this town? AVhat did these movements of Early cause? Describe the affair of the Mine Explosion at Petersburg. 25. What happened north of the James between the 13th and 20th of Au- gust ? What happened on the 19th and 20th of August on the Weldon Road? What at Ream's Station on the 25th of August? 27* 318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. August, General A. P. Hill defeated Hancock's corps of Grant's army at Reams Station, inflicting on them very heavy loss, and capturing many prisoners, nine cannon, and three thousand small arms. 26. It was now near the end of summer, and no decisive ad- vantage had been gained by the Federal arms either in Virginia or Georgia. Many in the Northern States thought that the war was a failure, and that success was impossible. But the fortune of war soon after began to change. The Confederates had fought gallantly, but their losses were heavy, and they had no way of repairing them. They had brought out their last man, and had none to take the place of those killed. On the other hand, the ederal losses were constantly repaired by fresh troops, and their [•mies were growing stronger every day. 27. On the 25th of August, while the Confederates in Virginia were winning the battle of Ream's Station, General Sherman, in Georgia, began a movement which resulted in placing his army near Jonesborough along the Macon Road, in rear of x\tlanta. When Hood detected this movement, he ordered Hardee with his own corps and that of S. D. Lee to assault the Federal position (August 31). Failing to dislodge the Federals, he returned to Atlanta with the corps of S. D. Lee and prepared to evacuate that city. Next day (September 1 ) Hardee's corps was attacked at Joneshoroiigli by six corps of the Federal army, and, although his line was pierced and some of his best troops, with eight of his cannon, captured, yet by hard fighting he succeeded in holding his ground until night closed the struggle. That night he with- drew to Lovejoy Station, where, on the morning of the next day, he was joined by the main army under Hood, who had abandoned 26. What did many at the North think at this time ? What change soon came about? What can you say about Confederate losses? What about Federal losses ? 27. On the very day that the Confederates in Virginia were winning the battle of Ream's Station, what did General Sherman do? What did Hood order Hardee to do on the 31st of August? What happened on the 1st of Sep- WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 319 Atlanta to the Federals on the night of September 1. Sherman advanced to Lovejoy Station, and a portion of his army made an assault on the Confederate lines, which was easily repulsed, where- upon Sherman withdrew to Atlanta, where his troops could enjoy a rest after their long and hard-fought campaign. The capture of Atlanta was the first decisive victory won by the Federal armies in 1864. The losses in the battles around Jonesborough and Lovejoy were about thirty-five hundred on the Confederate side and two thousand on the Federal. 28. The next Federal successes were in the Valley of Virginia. General Sheridan was put in command of all the Federal troops in this region, amounting to thirty thousand infantry and ten thousand cavalry. The Confederate army in the valley numbere thirteen thousand, of which only two thousand were cavalr and was commanded by General Jubal A. Early. On the 19t of September, Sheridan attacked the Confederates near Win- chester, and though bravely resisted, at last succeeded in driving them from the field with heavy loss. On the 22d of September, Sheridan routed Early at Fisher s Hill, and compelled him to abandon the valley. General Sheridan then marched through the valley, spreading ruin and desolation over that beautiful region. About the middle of October, after Early's losses had been repaired by reinforcements from Lee's army, he again advanced down the valley, and camped near Fisher's Hill. He now formed the bold plan of surprising Sheridan's army in their camp at Cedar Creeh. Just at dawn on the 19th of October, tember? What did Hardee do that night? What happened at Lovejoy? What can you say of the capture of Atlanta? What were the losses in the battles around Jonesborough and Lovejoy ? 28. Where were the next Federal successes? How large a force did Sheri- dan command? How large was the Confederate army in the valley? What happened on the 19th of September ? What at Fisher's Hill on the 22d of September? What did Sheridan then do? How had Early's losses been re- paired by the middle of October ? What bold plan did Early form ? Describe the assault on Sheridan's camp. Did the Confederates improve their victory ? 320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. GEMillAL GORDON. G-eneral Gordon, leading three divisions of Early's army, fell upon the Federal left and rear, while General Kershaw led two divisions against their right and front, com- pletely routing two corps of the Federals and forcing the third one to abandon the field, capturing fifteen hundred prisoners and twenty-four cannon. The victory, however, was not improved, for instead of pressing the pursuit, the Confederates halted and began to plunder the captured camp. When the Federals found that they were no longer pursued, they rallied and reformed their lines. They were greatly encouraged by the arrival of Sheridan at ten o'clock, who had been absent at Winchester when the battle com- menced. Sheridan resolved to retake his captured camp. He advanced for this purpose at three o'clock in the afternoon, at- tacked and routed the Confederates, who lost fifteen hundred prisoners and twenty-three cannon, beside the twenty-four which they had captured in the morning. In one month's campaign Sheridan had lost seventeen thousand men ; but he liad killed, wounded, or captured more than half of Early's army, and had taken forty-four cannon. Towards the close of the fall the greater part of the remains of Early's army Avas placed under the com- mand of General Gordon and ordered back to Petersburg. 29. In the latter part of October Grant made two attempts to push forward his lines, one on the north and the other on the south side of the James, but was foiled at both points. When the Federals found they were not pursued, what did they do ? How were they encouraged? What did Sheridan resolve to do ? Describe his at- tack on the Confederates. What had Sheridan lost in his campaign of one month ? What had he accomplished ? What was done with the remnant of Early's army ? 29. What is said of Grant's attempts to push forward his lines WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 321 30. In the months of September and October General Price advanced with a small Confederate army into Missouri and pene- trated far into the interior of the State, but on the 23d of October he was attacked by General Rosecrans on the Big Blue, defeated with great loss and driven back into Arkansas. 31. In September, Hood projected a campaign into Tennessee, with the purpose of forcing General Sherman to retire from Georgia. On the 28th of September, Hood began to move to- wards the Chattahoochee. After crossing this river he sent Gen- eral French to capture Allatoona, October 5, where there had been accumulated a vast amount of supplies for Sherman's army. This post was defended by General Corse with a small force, but the position was a strong one, and the Confederates were repulsed with considerable loss. Hood then moved northward to Resaea, destroying the railroad for twenty miles ; then captured Dalton, with its garrison, and destroyed the railroad to Tunnel Hill. Sherman left one corps to hold Atlanta while with the rest of his army he marched northward to bring Hood to battle. Failing in this, he sent General Thomas into Tennessee with a force suffi- cient to oppose Hood, while he himself returned to Atlanta. He then destroyed the railroad from Dalton to Atlanta, burned the foundries and mills in Rome and other places, and destroyed the city of Atlanta. Then, on the 13th of November, he set out to march through Georgia. On the 19th of the same month. Hood entered Tennessee with about forty-five thousand men. At Franklin, on the 1st of December, he attacked the Federals under General Schofield, numbering twenty thousand men. After a desperate battle Hood succeeded in entering the Federal works, 30. Give an account of Price's Missouri campaign. 31. What did Hood do in September? When did Hood begin to move towards the Chattahoochee ? Tell what is said about the battle of Allatoona. What did Hood do after this ? What did Sherman do ? Failing to bring Hood to battle, what did he do ? After returning to Atlanta, what did he do ? AVhen did he set out on his march through Georgia? When did Hood enter Ten- nessee? Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Where did the decisive 0* 322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and Schofield retreated towards Nashville. Hood's loss in this affair was at least five thousand men, that of Schofield twenty- three hundred, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. The decisive battle of the campaign occurred at Nashville on the 15th and IGth of December, when General George II. Thomas, with at least sixty thousand men, attacked Hood's army, which, with its cavalry absent, numbered not more than thirty thousand. Hood's army was routed, with a loss of more than twelve thou- sand men and fifty-throe cannon, besides a vast amount of small arms and military supplies of all kinds. The pursuit of the scat- tered remnants was checked by the swollen rivers and the un- daunted courage of the rear guard, consisting of four thousand infantry under General Walthall and a part of Forrest's cavalry, which succeeded in joining Hood at Columbia. Hood at length recrossed the Tennessee, having lost more than half his army. 32. Meanwhile, Sherman was on his march through Georgia with an army of sixty-five thousand men, and, as there was no army in the State to oppose him, he appeared near Savannah on the loth of December. On the 13th, Hazen's division, nearly four thousand strong, captured Fort McAllister., which was stoutly defended by Major George W. Anderson, with one hundred and fifty men. On the 2Uth, Sherman occupied Savannah, which had been abandoned by the Confederates. 33. While Sherman was on his march through Georgia the Federal General Hatch was defeated at Honey Hill, on the line of the Charleston and Savannah Railroad, with the loss of seven hundred and fifty men. battle of the cainjiaign occur? Give an account of the battle of Nashville. How was the jniisuit checked? When Hood recrossed the Tennessee, what had he lost? 32. Meanwhile, what was Sherman doing? When did he appear near Savannah ? Relate the storming of Fort McAllister. When did Sherman occupy Savannah ? ,3,3. What happened at Honey Hill, South Carolina, while Sherman was on his march ? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 323 34. We will now see what had been done on the coast. In July, 1864, an expedition, consisting of a powerful fleet of twenty- eight ships under Admiral Farragut, and a land force under G-en- eral Granger, was sent against Mobile. During the month of August this powerful force assailed the forts and four vessels which defended Mobile Bay, captured the Confederate iron-clad Tennessee on the 5th (on which day Fort Powell was blown up by its garrison), took possession of Fort Gaines on the Yth, and on the 23d captured Fort Morgan, with its garrison of fourteen hun- dred men. In all these forts one hundred and four cannon were taken. But Mobile still held out, though the Confederates could no longer use it as a port. A)i expedition against Fort Fisher, at the entrance of Cape Fear River, consisting of a land force under General Butler, and a fleet of seventy vessels under Com- modore Porter, was repulsed on the 24th and 25th of December. 35. Meanwhile, a rigid blockade was kept up, and the Confeder- ate cruisers on the ocean had met with disaster. After inflicting great damage on the commerce of the Northern States, the Ala- bama was sunk by the Kearsarge on the 19th of June, and the Florida was captured by the Wachusett on the 7th of October. 36. In the fall of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-elected President and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President. Their op- ponents were General George B. McClellan, of the Federal army, for President, and Hon. George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, for Vice- President. 37. Nevada., the thirty-sixth State, was admitted to the Union 34. Turning now to the eo.ist, what wns sent against Mobile in July ? Re- late the operations of the fleet during the month of August. Was Mobile captured at this time? What was the result of an expedition against Fort Fisher towards the last of December ? 35. What is said of the blockade? What became of the Confederate steamers Alabama and Florida ? 36. What happened in the fall of 1864? AVho were their opponents? 37. When was Nevada admitted to the Union? What more can you say of Nevada? 324 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SEAL OF NF.VADA. on the 31st of October, 1864. The name is Spanish, and signi- fies " Snowy Range." It was carved out of the territory acquired by the Mexican War. CHAPTER VI. END OF THE WAR.— CLOSE OF LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. At the beginning of 1865 the Federal forces numbered more than one million men, and the Confederates barely one hun- dred and fifty thousand. 2. A second attack on Fort Fisher by the fleet under Commo- dore Porter, and a land force under General Terry, was successful, taking the fort, with the garrison of two thousand men and one hundred and .';ixty-nine heavy guns (January 15). 3. Early in February, Alexander H. Stephens, the Confederate Vice-President, John A. Campbell, and R. M. T. Hunter went to Fortress Monroe as commissioners to meet President Lincoln and make an attempt to end the war by negotiation. But nothing came of the Peace Commission, and the war went on. 1. What was the size of the armies at the beginning of 1865? 2. What was the result of a second ntfaek on Fort Fisher? 3. Give an account of the Peace Commission. WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. '621 FORTRESS MONROE. 4. On the 6th of February, Grant received a bloody check at Hatcher's Run while attempting to turn Lee's right. 5. In the first part of the same month Sherman commenced his march through the CaroUnas with sixty thousand men. On his march through South Carolina he sent a cavalry force under Kilpatrick against Augusta, but Kilpatrick was defeated at Aihen, on the 11th of February, by General Wheeler, and Augusta was saved. On the 17th of February, Sherman occupied Columbia. The small force under Beauregard was obliged to retreat. Dur- ing the stay of the Federals in Columbia the greater part of the 4. What happened at Hatcher's Run on the 6th of February ? 6. When did Sherman begin his march through the Carolinas ? What did he send against Augusta? With what result? AVhat happened at Columbia during the stay of the Federals? What did Hardee do when Columbia was 28 326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. city was burned to the ground. In consequence of the capture of Columbia, General Hardee evacuated Charleston and marched to join his forces to those of General Beauregard. In this last extremity General Joseph E. Johnston was ordered to take com- mand of the forces in front of Sherman and make one more effort to restore the falling fortunes of the Confederacy. The remnant of the Army of Tennessee was ordered from the West to join Johnston in Carolina. The forces of General Bragg, which had been withdrawn from Wilmington, were also ordered to report to him. On the 8th of March, General Bragg gained a victory at Kinston, North Carolina. On the 16th, General Hardee fought a bloody but indecisive battle against a part of Sherman's army at Averyshoro\ and on the 19th and 20th the whole Con- federate force of fifteen thousand men gained a partial succcess at Benfonville, but they were unable to check the advance of Sher- man's large army. 6. On the 25th of March, General John B. Gordon, command- ing a corps of Lee's army, attacked Grant's lines and captured Fo7't Steadman, with many prisoners and guns, but not being properly supported, was forced to retreat with heavy loss. Lee, with only thirty-three thousand muskets to man his trenches ex- tending a distance of thirty-five miles, was closely pressed by a vast host of more than one hundred and fifty thousand men. On the 31st of March, Sheridan, who had come down from the valley and joined Grant, was defeated at Diniciddie Court-House, but on the next day, with an overwhelming force, he defeated Pickett's division at Five Forks. On the 2d of April, Grant succeeded in making a breach in Lee's lines at Petersburg, and forcing the captured? AVho was now called to command the Confederate army in the CaroHnas ? What was the remnant of the Army of Tennessee ordered to do? What of Bragg's forces? Where did Bragg gain a victory ? What happened at Averysboro' ? What at Bentonville? 6. What happened near Peter.^burg on the 25th of March? What was now Lee's condition ? AVhat happened at Dinwiddie Court-House on the 31st of March ? What at Five Forks the next day ? What did Grant do on the 2d of April ? Describe the defence of Fort Gregg. What did Lee do on the WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 327 Confederates into their inner lines close to the city. On this oc- casion, when the Confederates were driven from their outer line, the obstinate defence of Fort Gregg! enabled them to rally in their last line of works. This fort was defended by two hundred and fifty men, who repulsed three assaults made by Gibbon's di- vision, and when at last the fort was captured all but thirty of its brave defenders were killed or wounded, while five hundred Fed- erals lay stretched upon the ground. That night, the 2d of April, Lee, with only twenty-five thousand men of all arms, began his retreat from the lines of Petersburg and Richmond, which he had held so long and skilfully. On the 3d the Federals occupied Richmond, which they found in flames, and it was with difficulty that the fire was subdued. 7. Grant pressed his pursuit after Lee. and on the 9th of April succeeded in surrounding the gallant remnant of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court- House. Of that proud army, which had dealt the Union forces so many staggering blows, but a mere wreck remained. Their sufferings had been so great that only eight thousand infantry were able to stand up in line of battle, and Lee's whole effective force was less than ten thou- sand men, and these were shut in on every side by the mighty hosts of Grant and Sheridan. Lee saw that nothing now re- mained but surrender. The terms given him were liberal and generous, and reflected great honor upon Grant, the victorious general. After stacking their arms and colors, the officers and men, having given an obligation not to bear arms until exchanged, were permitted to return to their homes safe from any molesta- tion by the Federal authorities, the officers being allowed to re- tain their side-arms, and officers and men to retain such horses as were their own private property. night of the 2d of April ? When did the Federals occupy Richmond ? In ■what condition did they find the city? 7. Where did Grant succeed in surrounding Lee's army ? What was the condition of the Confederates? What did Lee see? What is said of the terms accorded by Grant? What were the terms? 328 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. A further prosecution of the war was now hopeless. Presi- dent Davis, his Cabinet, and other officials left Richmond on the same night that Lee began his retreat. After an interview with Generals Johnston and Beauregard at Greensboro', North Carolina, Davis authorized General Johnston to make whatever terms he could for the termination of the war. On the 18th of April, Johnston and Sherman met at the house of a Mr. Bennett, near Durham s Station, in North Carolina. The terms then agreed upon were, that " the troops were to march to their re- spective States and deposit their arms in the State arsenals, each officer and man pledging himself to cease from acts of war and abide the action of State and Federal authority ; the President of the United States to recognize the several State governments on their officers and Legislatures taking the oath of allegiance to the United States, and all persons to be secured in person, prop- erty, and political rights." This agreement was designed to im- mediately restore the Union and end the war. Sherman thought that these terms agreed with the views expressed by Mr. Lincoln. 9. But Lincoln had been assassinated at Ford's Theatre, in Washington City, on the night of the 14th of April. This ter- rible crime was perpetrated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor of considerable note. Booth was pursued for several days, finally overtaken, and shot. 10. Andrew Johnson now became President, and he refused to ratify the treaty between Sherman and Johnston. 11. On the 26th of April, Sherman and Johnston had a sec- ond meeting, when terms of capitulation were agreed upon simi- 8. Whrn did President Davis and his Cabinet leave Richmond? What did Davis authorize Johnston to do? Where did Johnston and Sherman meet? What were the terms agreed upon ? What was this agreement designed to do? What did Sherman think ? 9. What terrible thing had happened on the 14th of April ? By whom was this crime perpetrated? What became of Booth? 10. Who now became President ? What did he do ? 11. When were terms of capitulation agreed upon between Sherman and Johnston? What was each separate body of troops permitted to do? WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 329 lar to those granted to Lee. Each brigade or separate body of troops was permitted to retain a number of arms equal to one- seventh of its effective strength, which, when the troops reached the capitals of their respective States, were to be disposed of as the general commanding the department might direct. 12. Between the surrender of Lee and the final capitulation of Johnston, Mobile yielded to a combined attack by land and water, and General Wilson, with a cavalry expedition from Nashville, captured the cities of Selma, Montgomery, Columbus, and Macon. When Wilson heard the news of Johnston's capitulation, he marched his command back to Tennessee. 13. The surrender of Johnston was followed by that of all the Confederate armies. The last surrender was that of General E. Kirby Smith, in Texas, on the 2Gth of May. 14. The last actual collision of hostile forces occurred at Pal- metto Ranche, on the Rio Grande, in Texas, on the 13th of May. In this affair a Federal cavalry force under Colonel Barrett was defeated by some Confederate cavalry led by General J. E. Slaughter and chased for fifteen miles. 15. Some of the civil officers of the Confederacy left the coun- try. Mr. Davis, the President, was captured and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe ; and Mr. Stephens, the Vice-President, was imprisoned in Fort Warren. Mr. Stephens was soon released, but Mr. Davis remained a prisoner for nearly two years, and was then released without a trial. 12. Mention events that occurred between the surrender of Lee and the capitulation of Johnston. 13. By what was the surrender of Johnston followed? 14. What can you say of the last hostile collision? 15. What did some of the civil officers of the Confederacy do ? What of Mr. Davis and Mr. Stephens? 28« 330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER VII. ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 1. Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United States, was inaugurated on the day of Mr. Lincoln's death, April 15, 1865. As we have already seen, the war of secession came to an end early in Johnson's administration. On the 29th of May, President Johnson issued an amnesty jivoclamation to all who had been engaged in the late war on the Southern side, ex- cept certain specified classes. 2. The question of greatest importance was the reconstruction of the Southern States, or the settlement of the terms on which the seceded States should be restored to their places in the Union. The President appointed "provisional governors" for these States, who were instructed to call conventions of the people in their several States for the purpose of re-establishing relations between them and the Federal government. These conventions were re- quired to annul their ordinances of secession, renew their obliga- tions to the Federal Union, make new State constitutions, and adopt the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This amendment provided for the prohibition gf slavery forever in all the States of the Union. 3. The seceded States complied with the required terms, and elected Senators and Representatives to Congress. But when Congress assembled in December, the Radicals, or most violent 1. When was Andrew Johnson inaugurated? What did he do on the 29*h of May? 2. What was the question of greatest importance? What did the President appoint? What were these provisional governors instructed to do ? What were the conventions required to do ? 3. Did the seceded States comply with these terms ? What happened when Congress met ? ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 331 wing of the Republican party, were in the ascendency, and they refused to admit the seceded States to their former rights in the Union until they should ratify the fourteenth amendment, which made citizens of the negroes, and at the same time fixed political disabilities on every man in the Southern States who had ever before the war held any office of honor or trust, either State or Federal, and had afterwards sided with the Southern cause. 4. The opposition of the President to these measures of Con- gress led to a violent quarrel between him and the Congress. 5. When the seceded States refused to ratify the fourteenth amendment, the Republican majority in Congress declared that the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were in a state of rebellion, and divided them into five military districts, each governed by an officer of the Federal army. Ten- nessee was not included among these States, because that State had been reconstructed just before the close of the war. 6. When the President vetoed these measures of Congress they were passed over his veto. This was nearly two years after the close of the war. 7. President Johnson had a quarrel with Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War, who continued to hold his office in defiance of the order of the President dismissing him therefrom. This led to the impeachment of the President by the House on the 22d of February, 1868. The President was tried by the Senate, Chief-Justice Chase presiding, and was acquitted on the 26th of May by one vote. 8. Under the reconstruction measures of Congress new conven- 4. To what did the opposition of the President lead? 5. When the seceded States refused to ratify the fourteenth amendment, what did Congress declare ? Why was not Tennessee included among these States ? 6. When the President vetoed these measures, what happened? 7. To what did a quarrel between the President and Mr. Stanton lead ? What was the result of the impeachment trial ? 8. What was done under the reconstruction measures of Congress ? What 332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tions were called in the ten Southern States. The worst feature of these measures was the disfranchisement of thousands of the white race in each of the ten Southern States, and the conferring of unUmited suffrage on the negro race. The State governments established under these measures adopted the fourteenth amend- ment, and in this way was obtained the consent of the requisite number of States to make that amendment a part of the Federal Constitution. Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North and South Carolina were admitted to representation June 24, 1868. Georgia's representatives were soon after excluded until that State should ratify the fifteenth amendment. 9. In the fall of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, and Schuy- ler Colfax, of Indiana, the candidates of the Republicans for President and Vice-President, were triumphantly elected over their Democratic competitors, Horatio Seymour, of New York, and General Francis P. Blair, of Missouri. 10. Other important events of Johnson's administration were the admission of Nebraska as a State, the purchase of Alaska from Russia, and a treaty with Denmark for the purchase of the islands of St. Thomas and St. John. 11. Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State, was admitted to the Union on the 1st of March, 1867. The name signifies " Water Valley." Nebraska was the eighth State carved out of the Louisiana purchase. 12. Alaska, or Russian America, was purchased during tlie summer of the same year. was the worst feature of these measures ? What did the State governments thus established do? AVhat States were admitted to representation June 24, 1868? What of Georgia's representatives soon after? 9. What was the result of the Presidential election of 1868? 10. What other important events of Johnson's administration are men- tioned ? 11. When was Nebraska admitted to the Union? What else is said of Nebraska ? 12. When was Alaska purchased? ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 333 SEAL OP NEBRASKA. 13. The treaty with Denmark for the purchase of the islands of St. Thomas and St. John was rejected by the Senate. 14. While the United States were engaged in the civil war Napoleon III., Emperor of France, seized the opportunity to secure a foothold in America. By the aid of French troops he made Max- imilian, Archduke of Austria, Emperor of Mexico. When the war between the States was ended the United States government demanded the recall of the French troops. Maximilian being deprived of foreign aid was defeated by the Mexican liberals, and shot on the 19th of June, 1867. 15. The Atlantic cable, which was laid in 1858, soon became useless, and everybody except Mr. Field, the originator of the pro- ject, thought it a failure. Mr. Field persevered in his efforts, and in 1866 his perseverance was rewarded with triumphant suc- cess. 16. On the 1st of June, 1868, ex-President Buchanan died at his home in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 17. On Christmas-day^ 1868, President Johnson issued a proclamation extending unconditional pardon to all who had sided with the Confederacy during the war of secession. 13. What is said of the treaty with Denmark ? 14. What did Napoleon III. do while the United States were engaged in the civil war? At the end of the war what did the United States government do? 15. What of the Atlantic cable of 1858? When was it made a success? 16. What distinguished man died on the 1st of June, 1868? 17. What did President Johnson do on Christmas-day of 1868 ? 334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTEK VIII. ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 1. Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1869. 2. The beginning of his admin- istration was signaUzed by the com- pletion of the Pacific Railroad, con- necting St. Louis, in Missouri, with San Francisco, in California. 3. Reconstruction was completed in 1870 by the full restoration of all the seceded States to the Union. The last thus fully restored was Georgia. The Southern people immediately after the war went to wt)rk with great energy to restore their wasted fortunes. Those States in which the white popula- tion largely predominated were the first to recover their pros- perity, because their State governments remained in the hands of the same people who had ruled them before the war. This was the case with Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Texas, and North Carolina. 4. One of the most important measures of Grant's adminis- tration was the adoption of the fifteenth amendment to the Con- ULYSSES S. GRANT. 1. When was President Grant inaugurated? 2. By what was the beginning of his administration signalized? 3. When was reconstruction completed? Which was the last State fully restored ? Which States first recovered their prosperity ? Why ? 4. What was one of the most important measures of Grant's administration ? How was it carried through ? ADMINISTRATION OF ULFSSES S. GRANT. 335 stitution, declaring that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This amendment was carried through in the same manner as the fourteenth. 5. On the 12th of October, 1870, occurred the death of Gen- eral Robert E. Lee, the illustrious commander of the Southern Army of Virginia during the great Secession War. This event spread great sorrow throughout the South. Appropriate honors were paid to his memory in every part of the country, even in many places in the Northern States. At the time of his death he resided at Lexington, Virginia, and was President of the Washington College, which has since been named the Washing- ton-Lee University. Lee was one of the noblest men of this or any age, and is by many considered the ablest general that America ever produced. 6. The Alahama Claims, which grew out of the injuries to the commerce of the United States inflicted during the war by Confederate armed vessels that had been fitted out in British waters, at one time threatened war with Great Britain, but this question was settled by arbitration in 1871, as was also a dispute about the Northwest boundary. The Geneva tribunal, to which the Alabama claims were referred, adjudged that fifteen million five hundred thousand dollars should be paid to the United States. The Emperor of Germany acted as arbitrator on the Northwest boundary question, and it was settled agreeably to the views of the United States. 7. In 1871 occurred the great Chicago fire, by which a large portion of that great city was destroyed. A similar disaster be- fell Boston in 1872. 5. What great man died on the 12th of October, 1870 ? Tell what is said of him. Where was Lee living at this time ? What else is said of him ? 6. What were the Alabama Claims ? How were they settled ? Who acted as arbitrator on the Northwestern boundary question ? 7. What great fire occurred in 1871 ? What one in 1872 ? 336 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. In the fall of 1872 there was another Presidential election. General Grant was nominated for a second term by the Republi- can party, and Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, was their candi- date for Vice-President. Horace Greeley, a prominent New York journalist, was the nominee of the combined Democrats and Liberal Republicans for President, and B. Gratz Brown, of Mis- souri, for Vice-President. Grant and Wilson were overwhelm- ingly elected. Soon after the election Mr. Greeley died. 9. The Credit Mohilier, a stock-company which had a great deal to do with the Pacific Railroad, was the subject of investiga- tion by Congress during the session of 1872-73. The House of Representatives censured two of its members for corrupt prac- tices, and one of the United States Senators barely escaped expulsion. 10. Early in Grant's second term broke out the Mcdoc War. The Modocs, who lived near the southern boundary of Oregon, refused to stand by an old treaty which they had made consent- ing to surrender their lands and go on a reservation. Fleeing to inaccessible " lava-beds," they defied the government. Peace commissioners sent to treat with them in April, 1873, were treacherously fired upon by the Indians, and two of them slain. One of the slain was General Canby. An active campaign was carried on against the Modocs until the whole of the hostile band were captured. The assassins of the commissioners were put to death, and the rest removed to the reservation. 11. In 1873 two returning hoards in Louisiana, each claiming to be the legal one, reported two different governors as elected, — one Republican, the other a Democrat. The Republican gov- ernor, Kellogg, was recognized by the administration as the rights 8. Who were the candidates of the respective parties in the Presidential election of 1872? What was the result? Who died soon after? 9. Tell what is said of the Credit Mobilier. 10. Give an account of the Modoc War. 11. What happened in Louisiana in 1873? What in 1874? What occurred the following January ? How was the question settled ? ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 33Y ful incumbent, but the Democratic party of Louisiana never re- garded him as anything else than a usurper. In the fall of 1874 there was an uprising of the citizens at New Orleans, twenty-six persons lost their lives in a street encounter, and Governor Kel- logg had to flee for safety to the custom-house, under the pro- tection of the Federal flag. The President again interposed in Kellogg's favor. The following January another outbreak oc- curred, on account of efforts of the returning board to deprive Democratic jnembers of the seats to which they were entitled in the Legislature. A committee of the House of Representatives, in which the Republicans had a majority, went to New Orleans and settled the question in favor of the Democratic members. 12. Great financial distress came upon the country in 1873, and prostrated the iudustries of the people for several succeeding years. 13. The Congressional elections of 1874 resulted in a great Democratic triumph, which was hailed with intense joy through- out the South. SEAL OF COLORADO. 14. Colorado, the thirty-eighth State, was admitted to the Union March 3, 1875. A large part of this State was embraced in the Louisiana purchase, and a considerable part in the territory acquired from Mexico. 12. What is said of financial distress ? 13. How did the Congressional elections of 1874 result? 14. When was Colorado admitted? What else is said of Colorado? P 29 338 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 15. In January, 1876, there occurred in the House of Repre- sentatives an exciting debate on the LTuiversal Amnesty Bill pro- posed by Mr. Samuel J. Randall, of Pennsylvania. In this debate Benjamin H. Hill, of Georgia, took the most prominent part among those favoring the measure, and James G. Blaine, of Maine, among those opposing it. 16. The deaths of several prominent men occurred during Grant's administration, viz. : Willium H. Seward, Secretary of State during Lincoln's administration (1872) ; Professor Morse, the inventor of the magnetic telegraph, in the same year ; Chief- Justice Chase, in 1873 ; Charles Sumner, United States Senator from Massachusetts, in 1874; and Vice-President Wilson, in 1875. MEMORIAL HALL, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 16. Wbat e.xciting debate occurred in the House January, 1876 ? Who took the most prominent part in the debate? 16. What prominent men died during Grant's administration? ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 339 17. The Centennial of American Independence, occurring on the 4th of July, 1876, was appropriately celebrated in every part of the Union, especially in Philadelphia. In the great Centennial buildings at Philadelphia was held the greatest world's fair ever seen. One notable feature of the celebration in that city was the parade of the Centennial Legion, consisting of military organiza- tions from each of the original thirteen States, in which the sol- diers of the North and the South, who had fought each other so valiantly, now marched side by side under distinguished Union and Confederate officers. 18. In 1876 a war broke out with the Sioux (soo) Indians in Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. In June, General Custer with part of his regiment came upon the hostile camp, numbering twenty-five hundred warriors, under " Sitting Bull," near the Little Big Horn River, and, without waiting for support, charged upon them. The result was a terrible defeat, Custer himself being slain after performing prodigies of valor. The United States soldiers, reinforced afterwards, pursued the Indians and compelled many of them to surrender, though Sitting Bull with many of his warriors escaped into the British provinces. 19. The Presidential election of 1876 was one of the most ex- citing on record. The candidates of the Republicans were Ruther- ford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for President, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The Democratic can- didates received a large majority of the popular vote, and but for 17. What is said of the Centennial of American Independence? What was held in Philadelphia? Mention one notable feature of the celebration in Philadelphia. 18. What war broke out in 1876 ? Give an account of Custer's battle. What did the United States soldiers afterwards do ? 19. What of the Presidential election of 1876? AVho were the candidates of the Republicans.? Who of the Democrats ? What did the Democratic candidates receive? What prevented their receiving the majority of the elec- toral vote? Relate what happened in Louisiana and Florida. What hap- 340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the action of the returning boards of Louisiana and Florida -would have received the majority of the electoral vote. The returning boards of those two States, being entirely in the hands of the Republicans, on the plea of intimidation threw out enough Demo- cratic ballots to give the electoral vote of their States to Hayes and Wheeler. The Democrats protested against this action, and claimed that the electoral votes of those States should be counted for Tilden and Hendricks. In Oregon the Democratic authorities, by a mere technicality, gave one of the electoral votes of that State to their party candidates, although the State had gone Republican. Both parties also claimed South Carolina. The real issue of the contest hung on the votes of Louisiana and Florida. Congress to settle the dispute passed an act that all dis- puted electoral certificates should be referred to an Electoral Com- mission, consisting of five Senators, five Representatives, and five Judges of the Supreme Court. On this commission the Repub- licans had a majority, and on the plea that they could not go behind the ofiicial returns from a State they declared that Hayes and Wheeler were elected by one majority of the electoral vote. The Democrats, though considering the decision unjust, acquiesced in it, and the Presidential contest was ended. 20. In Louisiana the returning board again decided in favor of the Republican candidate for governor, although the Democratic candidate had been clearly elected. In South Carolina a similar state of affairs existed. United States troops were stationed at the capitals of these States, under the plea of keeping the peace. Such was the condition of affairs at the close of Grant's adminis- tration. pened in Oregon ? What of South Carolina ? On what did the real issue of the contest hang ? What did Congress do to settle the question ? Wha* was the decision of the Electoral Commission ? What of the Democrats ? 20. What happened in Louisiana ? What in South Carolina ? On what plea were United States troops stationed at the capitals of these States ? () ki.^ ^o i fVO T E ASIA s r B B s^ --Wf" • CIHCLR aV' ^ r. ALASKA SCALE OF MILES JSLippincoU &Co.Phila. ADMINISTRATION OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 341 CHAPTER IX. ADMINISTRATIONS OF HAYES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR. 1. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, the nineteenth Presi- dent of the United States, was inaugurated March 5, 1877. He adopted a conciliatory policy^ and withdrew the troops from the capitals of Louisiana and South CaroUna, whereupon the Demo- cratic State governments were peacefully established in both those States. These were the last of the Southern States to be restored to the control of the more intelligent class of the population. There now began to prevail a hetter feeling between the people of the North and those of the South. 2. In the summer of 1877 a Railroad Strike was inaugurated by workmen on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, on account of the reduction of wages by the railroad managers. The strike ex- tended to most of the principal railroads in the Northern States. Riots occurred in Baltimore, Pittsburg, Reading, Chicago, Louis- ville, and other places, which at last, after the loss of many lives, were quelled by the regular troops, assisted by the militia. 3. In 1873, during Grant's administration, Congress had de- monetized silver, making gold the sole standard of our currency. But in 1878 the passage of the Bland Silver Bill restored silver as a legal tender in payment of debts. 4. A commission, which met at Halifax, Nova Scotia (1878), for the settlement of diflSculties which had arisen between the United States and Great Britain concerning the fisheries of 1. What can you say of the policy of Mr. Hayes ? What followed the with- drawal of the troops? What now began to prevail? 2. Give an account of the railroad strike and the riots of 1877. 3. What can you say of the Bland Silver Bill ? 4. What was done by the Commission appointed to settle the fishery dis- pute? 29* 342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the Northeastern Coast, awarded to Great Britain the sum of $5,500,000. 5. In 1879 the Ute Indians at the White River Agency, pro- voked by the aggressions of miners and the failure of the gov- ernment to fulfil certain promises, massacred tlie white men in the agency. Major Thornburgh, who was marching with a small force to subdue the revolt, was defeated and slain. Troops were hurried forward and the Indians were soon forced to yield. The white women and children of the agency had not been massacred, having been saved through the influence of a friendly chief 6. At the Presidential election of 1880, the candidates of the Republicans fur the offices of President and Vice-President were James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York. The Democratic candidates were General Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, for President, and William H. Eng- lish, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The Ilepublican candidates were successful. 7. General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, the twentieth Presi- dent, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1881, in the presence of a large concourse of people from all parts of the Union. The people of all sections of the Union felt kindly towards the new President and hoped much from his administration. But Gen- eral Garfield enjoyed for only a short while the high honors which he had won. 8. On the 2d of July, as the President, in company with Mr. Blaine, the Secretary of State, was about to take the cars for Baltimore, he was shot by a desperado named Charles Guiteau. The assassin was seized and carried to prison, while the wounded President was borne to the White House. Tlie news of this ter- rible crime was everywhere received with mingled feelings of grief h. Give an account of the trouble at the White River Agency. 6. Whnt was the result of the PrcsidcntiaJ election of 1880 ? 7. What is said of Garfield's inauguration ? 8. Give an account of the assassination of President Garfield. How was the news received? HAVES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR. 343 and horror. Messages of condolence were sent to Mrs. Garfield from every part of the Union and from every quarter of the civil- ized world. Nowhere was more earnest sympathy exhibited than among the people of the Southern States. 9. The President died on the 19th of September at Long Branch, where he had been carried in the vain hope of improving his chances for recovery. His body was embalmed and carried to Washington, where it lay in state for several days. On the 26th of September the murdered President was buried near Cleveland, Ohio, amid the universal sorrow of all the people, North and South. 10. On the night of President Garfield's death, Chester A. Arthur, the Vice-President, was notified of the sad event, and on the next morning (September 20), in the presence of Judges Brady and Donohue, he took the oath of office as the twenty-first President of the United States. On the 22d the oath of office was again administered to him in the Capitol at Washington by Chief- Justice Waite, in the presence of the Cabinet, the justices of the Supreme Court, and a few members of the Senate and House of Representatives. 11. Guiteau, the assassin, after a protracted trial, was convicted and hung. 12. Some of the leading events of Arthur's administration are : the enactment of a law restricting Chinese immigration into the United States ; the reduction of letter postage from three cents to two cents ; and the passage of a law regulating the civil service of the United States. 13. A very important measure was the passage of a bill (in 1884) fixing the order of the Presidential succession in case of the death, resignation, or disability of the President and Vice- President. In that event the office is to be vested in the members 9. What is said of the President's death ? 10. What is said of Mr. Arthur? 11. What of Guiteau? 12. What are some of the leading events of Arthur's administration ? 13. What very important bill was passed in 1884? 344 niSTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. of the Cabinet in the following order of succession : the Secreta- ries of State, Treasury, and War, the Attorney-General, the Post- master-General, and the Secretaries of the Navy and Interior ; the oflSce to be thus filled until other provisions can be made. 14. In the fall of 1882 occurred one of the most remarkable elections ever held in any of the States. This was in the State of New York, where elections are always hotly contested. The Republicans nominated for governor Charles J. Folger, of New York City, while the Democrats put forward Grover Cleveland, of Buffalo. The Democratic candidate was elected by nearly two hundred thousand majority, although his opponent was personally a very popular man. This remarkable result was caused by the fact that thousands of the Republican voters were so displeased at the manner in which Mr. Folger had been nominated, that they either stayed away from the polls or voted with the Democrats. 15. Mr. Cleveland's wonderful success in New York gave him a national reputation and caused him to be nominated by the Democrats for President of the United States in the election of 1834, Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, was the nominee of the same party for the oflSce of Vice-President. The candidates of the Republicans were James G. Blaine, of Maine, for Presi- dent, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, for Vice-President. The Democrats were successful, securing a large majority of both the popular and electoral vote. 14. Give an account of the remarkable State election in New York in 18S2. What caused the large Democratic majority? 15. Who were the candidates of the two great parties in the Presidential election of 1884? What was the result of the election? ADMINISTRATION OF G ROVER CLEVELAND. 345 CHAPTER X. ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND. 1. Grover Cleveland, the twenty-second President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1885. The following cabinet was appointed : Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, Secretary of State ; Daniel Manning, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury ; William C. Endicott, of Massachusetts, Secretary of War ; William C. Whitney, of New York, Secretary of the Navy ; L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi, Secretary of the Interior ; William F. Vilas, of Wisconsin, Postmaster-General ; A. H. Garland, of Arkansas, Attorney-General. 2. On the 23d of July occurred the death of Ex-Prcsident Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful of the Union generals dur- ing the war of secession, and for the last year of that war com- mander-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. He died after months of great suffering, borne with that heroic fortitude which was such a marked trait in his character. 3. Toward the close of the year the country was again called upon to mourn the loss of a great man, Thomas A. Hendricks, the Vice-President, who died suddenly on the 25th of November. In the early part of 1886 two other celebrated men died: General Winfield S. Hancock, who during the war between the States was a gallant Union officer ; and Robert Toombs, of Georgia, who for many years represented his State with distinguished ability in the United States Senate. 1. When was Grover Cleveland inaugurated? Name his cabinet. 2. What distinguished man died on the 23d of July, 1885 ? What is said of him ? 3. What other distinguished man died November 25, 1885 ? What other two celebrated men died in the early part of 1886 ? P* 346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. In the spring of 1886 great labor strikes occurred in several of the large cities of the West. In Chicago a great number of lawless persons, mostly refugees from European nations, having no connection with the labor associations, became so riotous that the police were called out to suppress them. These Anarchists there- upon threw bombs among the police, killing and wounding about fifty of them. Though taken completely by surprise, the brave policemen, with the steadiness of veteran soldiers, charged upon the mob, finally dispersing the Anarchists and capturing some of the most prominent of their leaders. 5. On the first day of June occurred the first marriage of a President in the White House* On that day Mr. Cleveland was married to Miss Frances Folsom, of New York, 6. On the night of -August 31, 1886, severe earthquake shocks were felt over all the eastern half of the United States. The only point at which serious damage occurred was the city of Charleston, in South Carolina. In that city many lives were lost, and im- mense damage was done to property. Many buildings were de- stroyed, and more than half the houses in the city were so injured as to be unsafe until rebuilt. Concluding Remarks. 7. We have now followed the history of the United States from their first settlement to the present time. When, on the 4th of July, 1776, the delegates from the original thirteen colo- nies put forth to the world the Declaration of Independence, the jwpulation numbered barely three viillions. Within the bounds of the Great Republic there are now about fi/t// millions. The area of the United States, which in 1783 was about 800,000 square miles, embraces now more than three millions of square miles. * President Tyler was married while in office, but the ceremony was per- formed in New York City. 4. What of labor strikes? Give an account of the Chicago riot. 5. What is said of the marriage of the President ? 6. Describe the great earthquake of August 31, 18S6. CONCLUDING REMARKS. 347 8. The material progress of our country for the past hundred years is without a parallel. In agriculture, manufactures, and commerce the United States rank among the leading nations of the world. In minerals no other country is so rich. God has indeed given us a goodly heritage. 9. The inventive genius of Americans is seen in the cotton- gin, the steamboat, the electro-magnetic telegraph, the laying of the submarine Atlantic cable, the telephone, the sewing-machine, the reaper, the steam-plough, etc., etc. 10. Although railroads are an English invention, Americans have been the leaders in their construction. There are at this time nearly fifty thousand miles of railroad in the United States. In six days one can travel from New York to San Francisco, a distance of three thousand six hundred miles. 11. Universities, colleges, academies, and public schools supply the people with the means of intellectual culture; many thou- sands of churches minister to the people in spiritual things ; be- nevolent institutions of every kind are scattered throughout the length and breadth of the land. The annals of our country are enriched with the names of distinguished historians, novelists, and poets, of illustrious statesmen, of talented and devoted min- isters of the gospel. 12. The bitter feelings engendered by the long sectional quarrel, by the War of Secession and by the dark days of Reconstruction, are dying out. The recovery of the South from the desolation made by the war has been rapid and wonderful. The noble gifts to the cause of Southern education by Northern men such as Peabody, the Vanderbilts and George I. Seney ; the friendly inter- course between those once arrayed against each other, and the sympathy shown by all sections for whatever concerns the welfare of any part of the Union, give bright hopes for the future of our country. 348 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Topical Review of Part Fourth. 1. Events of Buclianans Administration. — James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, the fifteenth President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1857. The Vice-President with him was John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. Tlie trouble with the Mormons was settled without bloodshed. The troubles in Kansas also came to an end in 1857. The Presidential elec- tion of 1860 resulted in the choice of Lincoln and Hamlin, the Republican candidates. South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860; Mississippi, January 9, 1861 ; Florida, January 10; Ala- bama, January 11 ; Georgia, January 19 ; Louisiana, January 26 ; and Texas, February 1, 1861. On the 4th of February, 1861, the Confederate Congress met at Montgomery, Alabama, organ^ ized the government of the Confederate States, and elected Jef- ferson Davis, of Mississippi, for President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, for Vice-President. Confederate commis- sioners went to Washington, but were not received in their oflS- cial capacity. Virginia's effort to preserve peace by the " Peace Congress" failed. 2. Administration of Abraham Lincoln. — Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, the sixteenth President of the United States, was in- augurated March 4, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin, of Main'^ was Vice- President with him. Their election was a triumph oi the Re- publicans. The leading event of Lincoln's administration was the war between the States, or the war of secession. Events of 1861.* Bombardment of Fort Sumter begins, April 12. Fort sur- renders to Confederates, April 13. Virginia pa.ssed an ordinance of secession, April 17 ; Arkansas, May 6 ; North Carolina, May 20 ; and Tennessee on the 8th of June. These now joined the * Important battles are in Italic. TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 349 Confederacy. In Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri secession was so strongly opposed that those States remained in the Union. July 4 the United States Congress met in extra ses- sion and provided for raising a large army and navy. On the 24th of May, Colonel Ellsworth was killed at Alexandria, in Virginia. The Confederate victories in 1861 were as follows : In Vir- ginia: Big Bethel, June 10, Scary Creek, July 17, Manassas, or Bull Run, July 21, Cross Lanes, August 26, Greenbrier Biver, October 3, BalFs Bluff, near Leesburg, October 21. In Mis- souri : Carthage, July 5, Oak Hill, or Wihons Creek, August 10, Lexington, September 20, Belmont, November 7. The Federal victories in 1861 were as follows: In Virginia: Grafton, May 29, Philippi, June 3, Rich Mountain, July 11, Carrick's Ford, July 14, Dranesville, December 20. On the coast : Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, August 29 ; capture of Port Royal and Hilton Head, August 11. The indecisive battle was Carnifax Ferry, September 10. Towards the close of the year occurred the Trent affair, which came near involving the United States in a war with Great Britain. Events of 1862. Federal Victories. — In the West : Fishing Creeh, or Mill Spring, January 19, Fort Henry, February 6, Fort Donclson, February 16, Elk Horn, or Pea Ridge, March 7 and 8, Island No. 10, April 8, New Orleans, April 28, Fort Pillow, June 4, Memphis, June 6, luka, September 19, Corinth, October 4. In the East : Naval fight between the Monitor and the Vir- ginia, March 9; occupation of Norfolk, May 11, Kernstown, March 23 ; battle of South Mountain, September 14. On the coast : Roanoke Island, February 8, Fort Pulaski, April 11, and Fort Macon, April 26. Confederate Victories. — In the West : Valverde, New Mexico, March 21 ; in the summer and fall, successful cavalry raids of 30 350 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Morgan and Forrest ; Richmond, Kentucky, August 30, Mum- fordsviUe, Kentucky, September 17, Holly Springs, December 19, Chickasaw Bayou, December 29. In the East: Naval battle in Hamilton Roads, March 8, Drewry's Bluif, May 15, McDoicell, May 8, Front Royal, ]\Iay 23, Winchester, May 25, Cross Keys, June 8, Port Republic, June 9, Seven Days Battles, including skirmishes, from June 25 to July 2, Battle of Cedar llun, August 9, Second Manassas, August 29 and 30, Chantilly, or Ox Hill, September 1, Harper's Ferry, September 15, Shepherdstown, September 20, Stuart's raid around McClellan's army, in October, Fredericksburg, De- cember 13. On the coast: Battle of Secession ville, June IG, and Pocota- ligo, October 22. In the first part of the year the Federals drove the Confederates out of Missouri and Kentucky, and over- ran Western and Middle Tennessee and a part of East Tennessee.. In the summer and fall the Confederates recovered East Tennes- see and a large part of Middle and West Tennessee. Indecisive battles of the year : Shiloh, April 6 and 7, Wil- liamsburg, May 5, Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, Antie- tam, or Sharpsburg, September 17, Perryville, October 8, Mur- freesboro\ or Stone River, December 31 to January 2, 1863. Events of 1863. Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln, Jan- uary 1. Confederate Victories. — On the coast : Capture of Galveston, Texas, January 1 ; capture of the Hatteras, January 11 ; of a gunboat and schooner, near Sabine Pass, January 21 ; naval victory in Charleston harbor, January 31, Fort McAllister, March 3 ; repulse of Federals at Fort Sumter, April 6 ; battle of Fort Wagner, South Carolina, July 18; battle of Sabine Pass, Texas, September 8. In the West: Failure of Grant's attempts on Vicksburg in TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 351 February and March ; assaults on Vicksburg, May 19 and 22, Port Hudson, May 27, and June 10 and 14, Brashear City, June 22, Spring Hill, Tennessee, March 5 ; capture of Colonel Streight's command, May 8 ; Chichamauga., September 19 and 20, Philadelphia Station, October 20, Campbell's Station, Novem- ber 6, Ringgold, November 26. In the East : Chancellorsville, May 2 and 4 ; cavalry battle at Fleetwood, or Brandy Station, June 9 ; battles of Winchester and Martinsburg, June 14, Williamsport, July G ; Lee's flank march around Meade in October. Federal Victories. — On the coast : Destruction of steamer Nashville, February 27. In the West : Capture of Arkansas Post, January 1 1 ; battle at Raymond, May 12, at Baker s Creek, May 16, at the Big Black, May 17 ; capture of Vicksburg, July 4, and Port Hudson, July 9 ; Morgan's raid in July ; occupation of Chattanooga, Sep- tember 8 ; capture of Lookout Mountain, November 24 ; battle of 3Iissionary Ridge, November 25 ; Confederate assault on Knoxviile, November 30. In the East : Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3 (in which victory inclined to the Confederates the first two days, but de- clared decisively for the Federals on the 3d), Rappahannock Station in November. During this year the Federals obtained entire control of the Mississippi River, overran all Tennessee, the greater part of Arkansas, and portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida. Events of 1864. Confederate Victories. — In the East : At Olustee, or Ocean Pond, Florida, February 20 ; defeat of Federal cavalry raid near Richmond in March ; battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, Spottsylvania Court-House, May 12, Cold Harbor, June 3, Drewry's Bluff, or Bermuda Hundreds, May 16, Neio Market, May 15; Grant's assaults on Petersburg, June 17 and 18; cav- alry battle of Trevillian's Station, June 12 ; defeat of raiding 352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. party to Lee's rear in June ; battle of Monocacy Bridge, July 9 ; defeat of Federals at Martinsburg in July; capture of Cham- bersburg, Pennsylvania, July 30 ; Mine Explosion at Peters- burg, July 30 ; battle at Reams Station, August 25 ; Grant twice repulsed at Petersburg in October. In the West : At Okalona, in Mississippi, February 22 ; defeat of Banks's Red River Expedition at Sabine Cross-Roads and Pleasant Hill, May 8 and 1), Tishamingo Creek, June 10, Ken- esaw Mountain, June 27 ; defeat of Stonemans and McCook's raids in Georgia, in July ; Federal repulse at Utoy Creek, near Atlanta, August 5. On the coast : Capture of Plymouth, North Carolina, April 20 ; battle at Honey Hill, South Carolina, in December ; repulse of all attacks on Charleston ; Federal repulse at Fort Fisher, Decem- ber 24 and 25. Federal Victories. — In the East: Yellow Tavern, May 11, Winchester, September 19, Fisher s Hill, September 22, Cedar Creek, October 19. In the West : Peach Tree Creek, near Atlanta, July 20 ; Hood's assault repulsed, July 28 ; battles at Joneshorongh, August 31 and September 1 ; capture of Atlanta, September 2 ; Price's de- feat in Missouri, at the Big Blue, October 23 ; Hood's repulse at Allatoona, October 5 ; Sherman's march through Georgia, No- vember and December ; Hood's defeat at Nashville, December 15 and 16. On the coast : Capture of forts in Mobile harbor, August 5 and 23 ; capture of Fort McAllister, December 13 ; occupation of Sa- vannah, December 20. On the sea : Destruction of Confederate steamer Alabama, June 19, and of Confederate steamer Florida, October 7. Indecisive Battles. — Resaca, May 14 and 15, Neio Hope Chvrch, May 25, 27, and 28, Fair Grounds, near Atlanta, July 22, Franklin, Tennessee, December 1. Residts of the Years Fighting. — The Federals had almost anni- hilated the Confederate power in the West. Lee still held the TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 353 mighty hosts of Grant at bay before Richmond and Petersburg, but was liard pressed by overwhelming numbers. In the fall of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-elected President, and Andrew John- son, of Tennessee, Vice-President. Close of the War, 1865. An attempt at peace negotiations, in February, failed, and the war went on. Confederate Successes in 1865. — Grant's repulse at Hatcher's Run, February 6 ; defeat of Federal cavalry at Aiken, February 11 ; battle of Kinston, North Carolina, March 8; Federal repulse at Dinwiddle Court-House, March 31 ; cavalry fight at Palmetto Ranche, in Texas, May 13. The indecisive battles were Averysboro\ March 16, and Ben- tonvUle, March 19 and 20. Federal Victories. — Capture of Fort Fisher, January 15 ; cap- ture of Columbia, South Carolina, February 17, of Charleston, February 18; battle of Fort Steadman, March 25 ; Five Forks, April 1 ; assault at Petersburg, April 2, followed by occupation of Richmond and Petersburg ; surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court-House, April 9 ; capture of Mobile, April 12 ; Wilson's cavalry raid in March and April. Lee's surrender was followed by the surrender of Johnston at Durham's Station, North Caro- lina, April 26 ; surrender of all the Confederate armies east of the Mississippi, May 4 ; surrender of the trans-Mississippi army. May 26. The last fight of the war was the Confederate cavalry victory at Palmetto Ranche, in Texas, May 13. The assassination of President Lincoln occurred April 14. 3. Administration of Andrew Johnson. — Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, the seventeenth President of the United States, was inaugurated April 15, 1865. The principal event of his ad- ministration was the quarrel between him and Congress about the reconstruction of the Southern States. The States were finally 30* 354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. reconstructed on the Congressional plan. The thirteenth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution \A'ere adopted during his administration. Alaska was purchased during this adminis- tration. 4. Administration of Ulysses S. Grant. — Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President, was inaugurated March 4, 1869. He served two terms. For his first term, Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was elected Vice-President, and Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for his second term. The Pacific Railroad is completed in 1869. In 1870, Reconstruction is completed, and the Fifteenth Amend- ment adopted. Alabama Claims settled in 1871. Modoc War in 1873. In 1876, War with the Sioux Indians, and Centennial Celebration of American Independence. 5. Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes. — Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, the nineteenth President, was inaugurated March 5, 1877. In oflSce one term. William H. Wheeler, of New York, Vice-President. A conciliatory policy is adopted towards the South. 6. Administrations of Garfield and Arthur. — James A. Gar- field, of Ohio, inaugurated as twentieth President March 4, 1881. Is shot July 2, and dies September 19. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, becomes the twenty-first President. 7. On the 4th of March, 1885, Grover Cleveland, of New York, was inaugurated as President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, became Vice-President. States Admitted during the Fourth Period. During Buchanan's administration, Minnesota, admitted May 11, 1858; Kan.sas, January 29, 1861. During Lincoln's administration. West Virginia, June 20, 1863; Nevada, October 31, 1864. During Johnson's administration, Nebraska, March 1, 1867. During Grant's administration, Colorado, March 3, 1875. ,lFlippi>„„ft AO^Ffiiln. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES. PASSED JULY 4, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re- quires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalien- able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such princi- ples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suf- ferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism,, it is their right, it is their duty, to 355 356 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colo- nies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- tions, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and rais- ing the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their oflSces, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new ofl3ces, and sent hither swarms of oflScers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 357 He has aflfected to render the military independent of, and superior 10, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instru- ment for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- tection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coast, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civil- ized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- tion of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 358 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con- nections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, frke and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm re- liance on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more per- fect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and es- tablish this Constitution for the United States of America. AETICLE I. Section I. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section II. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States ; and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall have been elected. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States, which may be included within this Union, according to the respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of j'ears, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and 359 360 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Caro- lina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker, and other oflBicers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section III. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years, and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second class, at the expira- tion of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year. And if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legis- lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of th» Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concur- rence of two-thirds of the members present. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3G1 Judgment, in case of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indict- ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Section IV. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed by each State, by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing Senators. Congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section V. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may ad- journ from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attend- ance of the absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judg- ment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than to that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section VI. The Senators and Eepresentatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of Q 31 362 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section VII. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Eepresentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- sideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives maj^ be necessary (except on the question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two- thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of bills. Section VIII. Congress shall have power : To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 363 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post-offices and post-roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective -writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer period than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrection and repel invasion ; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- vice of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of officers, and the authority of training the militia ac- cording to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of par- ticular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States ; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the authority of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Section IX. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 364 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless, when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No mone}^ shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, with- out the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, olfice, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. Section X. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or.law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutelj' necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws .shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section I. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his oflUce during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 365 may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot, for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose .the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the per- son having the greatest number of the votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President. Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligi- ble to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen j'ears a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what 31* 366 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accord- ingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section II. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senate present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, other public ministers, and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- vided for, and which shall be established by law. But Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section III. He shall, from time to time, give to Congress infor- mation of the state of the Union, and redbmmend to their considera- tion such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive embassadors and other public ministers ; he CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 367 shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Section IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. AETICLE III. Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good be- havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a com- pensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section II. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting embassadors, or other public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and con- suls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as Con- gress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as Congress may by law have directed. Section III. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treasonun- less on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 368 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- feiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section I. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each State, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section II. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section III. New States may be admitted bj' Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the juris- diction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. Section IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or on the appli- cation of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 369 jail a Convention for proposing amendments, which in either case shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress : Provided, That no amendment which may be made prior to the year eighteen hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. AKTICLE VI. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- withstanding. The Senators and Kepresentatives before mentioned, and the mem- bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial oflacers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any oflSce of public trust under the United States. AKTICLE VI L The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution, between the States so rati- fying the same. Done in the Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and Deputy frwtn Virginia- {Signed by Deputies from all the States except Rhode Island.) 370 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. The Constitution was adopted by the Convention, September 17, 1787, and was ratified by Conventions of the several States at the fol- lowing dates, viz. : Delaware, December 7, 1787. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. New Jersey, December 18, 1787. Virginia, June 26, 1788. Georgia, January 2, 1788. New York, July 26, 1788. Connecticut, January 9, 1788. North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789. Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. Khode Island, May 29, 1790. Maryland, April 28, 1788. AMENDMENTS. The following articles proposed by Congress, in addition to and amendments of the Constitution of the United States, having been ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States, are become a part of the Constitution : Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting the establish- ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the se- curity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in the manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 371 or property, without due process of law, nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsorj^ process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in contro- versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others, retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power ol the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each ; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the Presi- dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed. And if no 872 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President ; but in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice ; and if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of a choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the A'ice-Presi- dent shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other con- stitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest num- bers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the otfice of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Article XIII. Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary ser- vitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. Section I. All p<^rsons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- tection of the laws. Section II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding' Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for electors of President and Vice-President, or for United States Representatives in Congress, executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislature CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 373 thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole num- ber of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con- stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment of pen- sions and bounties for service in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned, but neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insur- rection or rebellion against the United States, or claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro- priate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section I. Therightof citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. IISTDEX. A. Abercrouibie, (ieneral, 85, 86. Abolition of slavery in District of Columbia, 215, 216. Abolitionists, 216, 253, 261. Acadia, 22, 74, 76, 82. Acquia Creek, 282. Adams, Charles Francis, 232. Adams, John, 156, 161, 170, 172, 175- 178, 206. Adams, John Quincy, 205, 206-208, 215, 232. Adams, Samuel, 108, 167. Adet, Monsieur, 172. Africa, 14, 180. African slavery, 168, 174, 175. African slave-trade, 182, 241, 242. Aiken, S. C, 325. Aix-la-Chapelle, 77. Alabama, 20, 67, 179, 202, 255. Alabama claims, 335. Alabama (Confederate privateer), 291, 323. Alamo, 220. Alaska, 332. Albany, N. Y., 32, 73. Albemarle (Colony), 53. Albemarle, Duke of, 53. Algiers, 172, 199. Alien Act, 176. AUatoona, Ga., 321. Alleghanies, 78, 80. Alleghany River, 79. Alleghany Summit, 268. Allen, Ethan, 106. Alliance w-th France, 128. Almagro, 20. Almonte, General, 224. Altamaha River, 67. Amazons, 20. America, 13, 19, 20. America, Central, 18, 20. America, North, 13, 20, 23. America, South, 16, 18, 20, 23. American party, 240, 254. American privateers, 189. Amherst, General, 85-87. Amnesty proclamation, 330. Ampudia, General, 226, 227. Anarchists, 346. Anderson, George W. (major in Con- federate army), 322. Anderson, Robert (major U. S. army), 259. Andes, 19. Andre, Major, 145. Andros, Sir Edmund, 48, 63, 64. Annapolis, Md., 158. Antietam, 284. Appalache Indians, 75. Appomattox Court-House, 327. Arbitration, 335. Arbuthnot, Admiral, 139. Archdale, John, 54, 56. Argall, Captain, 29, 30, 32. Arizona, 238. Arkansas, 179, 213, 260, 261, Arkansas Post, 293. Armada, Spanish, 25. Arnold, Benedict, General, 106, 110, 125, 126, 145, 153, 154. Arthur, Chester A., 342, 343. Articles of Confederation, 115, 158, 159, 161. Ashburton Treaty, 216. Ashe, General, 133. Ashley River, 55. Asia, 16, 20. Assembly, First, in America, 30. Atherton's resolutions, 216. Atlanta, Ga., 311, 314, 315, 318, 319, 321. Atlantic cable, 252, 333. Atlantic Ocean, 25, 26. Augusta, Ga., 68, 132, 133, 140, 142. 143, 151, 325. Austin, Moses, 219. 375 376 INDEX. Austin, Stephen, 219, 220. Austria, 238. Autossee, 192. B. Bacon, Nathaniel, 59. Bahama Islands, 16. Bainbridge, Commodore, 180. Baker, General, 267. Baker's Creek, 294. Balboa, 19. Ball's Bluff, 267. Baltimore (city), 196. Baltimore, Lord, 45, 46, 60, 61. Baltimore riot, 260. Bank of United States, 168, 200, 209. Banks, N. P., General, 279, 280, 294, 300, 306. Barbadoes, 55. Barbary Powers, 180. Barclay, Commodore, 191. Barker, Thomas, 65. Bainwell, Colonel, 57, 66. Barrett, Colonel, 329. Barron, Commodore, 180. Barton, Major, 121. Bartow, Francis, General, 266. Bate, General, 313, 315. Bath, 272. Baum, Colonel, 124, 125. Bayard, Thomas F., 344. Beaufort, S. C, 67, 134. Beauregard, General, 230, 259, 265, 273, 275, 276, 309, 310, 325, 326, 328. Bee, (ieneral, 266. Bell, John, 254. Belmont, 269. Bemis Heights, 126. Bennet, 58, 60. Bonnet's House, 328. Bennington, 124, 125. Benton, Thomas Hart, 212, 215. Bentonville, 326. Bergen, 47. Berkeley, Lord, 48. Berkeley, Sir William. 31, 5.3, 57-59. Bermuda Hundreds, 310. Bermudas, 27. Bethesda Orphans' Home, 69. Big Bethel, 264. Big Black, 294. Big Blue, 321. Big Horn, 339. Black Hawk War, 209. Blackstocks, 144. Bladensburg, 195. Blaine, James G., 337, 343, 344. Blair, Francis P., 332. Blair, John, 167. Blake, Joseph, 56. Bland Silver Bill, 341. Bloody Marsh, 70. Bonaparte, Napoleon, 177-179. Bon Homme Richard, 137. Boone, Daniel, 174. Boonesborough, Ky., 174. Boonsboro' Gap, 283. Booth, John Wilkes, 328. Border Slave States, 260. Boseawen, Admiral, 85. Bosomworth, 71. Boston, ;S7, 73, 107. Boston fire, 335, Boston massacre, 102. Bowdoin, Governor, 158. Bowen, Commodore, 109. Boyd, Colonel, 132. Braddock, General, SI, 82, Bradford, William, 36, 37. Bradstreet, Governor, 81. Brady, Justice, 342. Bragg, Braxton, General, 229, 276, 285-287, 288, 296, 300, 301, 326. Brandy Station, 296. Brandy wine Creek, 122, 12.3. Brant (Mohawk chief), 131, 135. Brashear City, 295. Brattleborough, Vt., 173. Breckinridge, John C, 240, 249, 254, 255, 310. 316. Breed's Hill, 108. Brier Breek, 133. Broad River, 144. Brock, General, 187. Brown, B. Gratz, 336. Brown, John, 252, 255. Brown, Jacob, General, 193. Brown, Major, 226. Browne, Thomas, Colonel, 140, 142, 151. Buchanan, James, 240, 249, 257, 333. Buell, General, 274, 275, 286. Buena Vista, 228, 229. Buford, 296. Bull Run, 265. Bunker Hill, 108. Burgesses, House of, 30, 68. Burgoyne, John, General, 121-129. Burleson, Edward, General, 220. Burlington, N, J., 48. INDEX. 377 Burnett, David G., 224. Burnside, General, 272, 287, 292, 301. Burr, Aaron, 177, 178, 180, 181. Butler, Benjamin F., General, 264, 269, 276, 307, 309, 310, 323. Butler, John, Colonel, 131, 135. Butler, William 0., 232. Byllinge, Edward, 48. Cabot, John, 23, 32. Cabrillo, 20. Calhoun, John C, 206, 207, 211, 215, 234. California, 20, 227, 228, 231, 236, 236. Callibee, 192. Calvert, Cecil, 46. Calvert, Charles, 60. Calvert, Sir George, 45. Calvert, Leonard, 46. Cambridge, 43. Camden, 140-142, 144-147. Campbell, Lieutenant-Colonel, 131- 133, 144. Campbell, John A., 258, 259, 324. Campbell Station, 301. Canada, 22, 72, 75, 86-90, 110. Canary Islands, 15. Canby, General, 336. Canonchet, 62. Canonicus, 37, 41, 42. Cape Breton, 85. Ci.pe Cod, 28, 35. Caj)e Fear, 53, 65. Carey, Thomas, 54. Carleton, Sir Guy, 155. Carlisle, 296, 317. gai^nifax Ferry, 268. Carolina, North,' 21, 24, 52-54, 106, 113, 162, 174, 261, 269, 272, 307, 326. Carolina, South, 21, 55-57, 64-66, 111, 112, 1.33, 134, 139-144, 147- 152, 207, 210, 255, 289, 291, 303, 322, 325, 326. Carrick's Ford, 264. Carteret, S'l- George, 48. Carteret, Philip, 48. Carthage, 269. Cartier, Jacques, 21. Carver, John, 35, 36. Casco Bay, 73. Cass, Lewis, 232. Cassacus, 42. Cassville, Ga., 312. Catawba, 142, 143. Catholics, 45, 46, 60. Cedar Creek, 319, 320. Cedar Run, 282. Centennial, 338, 339. Centreville, Va., 303. Cerro Gordo, 229. Chadd's Ford, 123. Chambersburg, Pa., 285, 296, 317. Champion Hill, 294. Champlain, 22. Champlain, Lake, 195. Chancellorsville, 292, 293. Chantilly, 283. Chapultepec, 230. Charles I. (King of England), 57. Charles II. (King of England), 47, 50, 53, 66, 58, 60, 63. Charles IX. (King of France), 21, 62. Charleston, S. C, 66, 67, 75, 111, 112, 133, 134, 139-141, 152, 155, 156, 171,269, 260, 291,303, 326. Charkstown, Mo., 37. Charlotte, N. C, 100, 143, 147. Charlottesville, Va., 310. Charter Oak, 64. Chase, S. P., 331, 338. Chatham, Earl of, 85, 103. Cbattahooche River, 179, 314. Chattanooga, 301. Cheat Mountain, 264, 268. Cheraw, 148. Cherokees, 68, 89, 213. Cherry Valley, 131. Cherubusco, 230. Chesapeake Bay, 21, 46. Chicago, 336. Chickahominy, 26, 281. Chickamaugo, 301. Chickasaw Bayou, 288. Chicken, Captain, 66. Chihuahua, 288. Chippewa, 193. Choctaws, 68. Christie, Colonel, 187. Churchill, T. J., General, 293. Clarendon, 53. Clarke, Elijah, Colonel, 133, 141-143, 161. Clarke, George Rogers, General, 131. Clay, Henry, 197, 205, 209, 211, 216, 216, 221, 236, 236. Clayborne, Williaxn, 45, 46, 58, 60. Cleburne, Patrick, General, 302, 313. Clermont, 182. 32* 378 INDEX. Cleveland, Colonel, 143. Cleveliuul, Grover, 344-346. Clinch, General, 212. Clinton, De Witt, 189, 205. Clinton, George, 180, 185. Clinton, Sir Henry, General, 108, 111. 115, 12(5, 127, 131, 134, 145, 155. Coal, discovery of, 173. Cobb, Howell, General, 283. Coburn, Colonel, 300. Cochrane, Admiral, 195. Cookburn, Admiral, 193, 195 Coffee, General, 192. Cold Harbor, 281, 309. Colfax, Schuyler, 332. Coligny, 21. Collingsworth, 220. Colonial Congress, First, 100. Colorado, 179,337. Colquit, Alfred H., General, 305. Columbia, S. C, 325, 326. Columbia, Tenn., 322. Columbus, Bartholomew, 19. Columbus, Christopher, 13, 14, 16,23. Columbus, Ga., 329. Combahee River, 65. Comet of 1858, 252. Committee on Declaration of InJe- peudence, 114. Compromise of 1850, 235, 239, 211, 243. Concord, 104. Confederate States, 255-257, 263. Confederation, 167. Conflicting claims, 93. Congress, 121, 128, 157, 168, 168, 170, 176, 179, 182. Congressional election of 1874, 337. Connecticut, 39, 40, 42-44. Connecticut River, 33, 39, 48, Continental Congress, 111. Continental currency, 138. Contreras, 230. Conversion of negroes to Christian- ity, 242. Cooper River, 55. Coree Indians, 54, 57. Corinth, 275, 276, 286. Cornwallis, Lord, 120, 121, 140, 141, 143, 144, 14«-155. Corpus Christi, 225. Corse, General, 321. Cortez, Hernando, 20. Cos, General, 220. Cotton-gin, 173. Cowpens, 148. Crampton's Gap, 283. Craven, Charles, 57, 65, 66. Crawford, Martin J.. 258. Crawford, William H., 185, 205. Credit Mobilier, 336. Creeks, 68, 71, 169, 191, 192. Croghan, Major, 191. Cromwell, Oliver, 58, 60. Crook, General, 307, 310, 317. Cross Keys, 280. Cross Lanes, 267. Crown Point, 76, 81, 83, 85, 86, 106. Cruger, Colonel, 140, 142. 152. Cuba, 16, 29. Cumberland Gap, 287, 301. Cumniing, Alexander, 260. Curtis (Commissioner), 58. Curtis, General, 274. Custer, George A., General, 339. Dade, Major, 212. Dahlgren, Ulric, Colonel, 307. Dale, Sir Thomas, 28, 29. Dallas, George M., 221. Dallas, Ga., 313. Dalton, Ga., 311, 312, 321. Dan River, 149. Danbury, Conn., 121. Danes, 47. Dare, Virginia, 25. Darien, Ga., 68. Darien, Isthmus of, 19. Davidson, General, 147. Davie, Colonel, 144. 147. Davis, Jefferson, 2U9, 229, 255, 328, 329. Dayton, William L., 240. Dcane, Silas, 128, Dearborn, Henry, General, 186, 189, 190. Decatur, Commodore, 176, 180, 188, 197, 199. Declaration of Independence, 106. Decrees, French, 181, 183, 184. Deep River, 150. Deerfield, Mass., 75, 76. De Grasse, 154, 165. De Kalb, Baron, 122, 142. De La Barre, 72. Delaware Bay, 28. Delaware, Lord, 27, 28, 48. Delaware River, 33, 47, 51, 118-120, 123. Delaware State, 48, 49, 261. INDEX. 379 De Monfs, 22. Deimiark (treaty with), 332, 333. De Nouville, 72, 73. Derne, 180. Desire (tirst American slave-sliip), 43. De Soto, Ferdinand, 20. D'Estaing, 130, 135, 136. Detroit, 1S6, 187, 191. De Villiers, 80. Dieskau, Baron, 83. Dinwiddie, Governor, 78, 79. Dinwiddie Court-House, 326. Disfranchisement of whites, 332. District of Columbia, 169, 215. Dominica, 16. Donelson, Andrew J., 240. Dongan, Colonel, 63. Doniphan, Colonel, 228, Donohue (Justice), 343. Donop, General, 123. Dorchester, Mass., 37. Dorchester Heights, 110. Dorr Rebellion, 218, 219. Dover, N. H., 38, 73. Downie, Commodore, 195. Drake, Sir Francis, 24. Dranesville, 267. Dred Scott, 251. Drummond, William, 53. Drummond. General, 19.3, 194. Drury's BlufiF, 278, 310. Duane, William J., 211. Dudley, Joseph, 63. Dunmore, Lord (Governor of Vir- ginia), 103, 109. Dupont, Commodore, 270, 291. Durham's Station, 328. Dustin, 74, 75. Dutch, 23, 30, 32, 33, 39, 47-50. E. Early, Jubal A., General, 296, 310, 316, 317, 319, 320. East River, 134. East Tennessee, 286, 287. Eaton, Captain, 180. Eaton, Theophilus, 39. Ebenezer, Ga , 68. Effingham County, 68. Effingham, Lord, 63. Electoral Commission, 340. Electric telegraph, 222. Elizabeth (Queen of England), 24. Elkhorn, 274, Elkton, 122. Ellsworth, Commissioner of Patents, 222. Ellsworth, Colonel, 263. Elmira, 135. Emancipation Proclamation, 290. Embargo Act, 132. Emuckfau, 192. Endicott, John, 37. Endicott, William C, 345. .Enfranchisement of negroes, 332. England, 23, 171, 179-181. English, William H., 342. Era of good feeling, 200. Erie Canal, 205. Erie, Lake (battle of), 191. Erskine, 183. Espejo, 20. Europe, 13, 14. Eutaw Springs, 150, 152. Evangeline, 82. Evans, Nathan G., General, 267. Everett, Edward, 264. Ewell, R. S., General, 280, 296, 297. E.\eter, 38. Fairfield, 134. Fair Oaks, 278. Fannin, Colonel, 220. Farragut, David G., 275, .323. Fauchet, 171. Federalist, 177, 183. Fendall, 60. Ferdinand (King of Spain), 14. Ferguson, General, 142-144. Fernandina, 272. Field, Cyrus W., 333. Fifteenth Amendment, 332, 334, 335. Fillmore, Millard, 232, 235, 240. Finnegan, General, 305. Finns. 49. Fiscal Bank of United States, 218. Fishdam Ferry, 144. Fishery Commission, 341. Fisher's Hill, 319. Fishing Creek, Ky., 273. Fishing Creek, S. C, 142, 144. Five Nations, 57, 62, 72-75. Fleetwood, 296. Florida, 19-21, 69, 75, 90, 172, 222, 305. Florida cession, 204. Florida (Confederate war steamer), 323. Floyd, John, General, 192. 380 INDEX. Floyd, John B., Genernl, 267, 268. Folger, Charles J., 344. Foot cavalry, 281. Foote, A. H., Commodore, 273. Forbes, General, 86. Forefathers' Rock, 35. Forrest, Bedford, General, 285, 30(1, 305, 306, 314, 322. Forsyth, John, of Alabama, 258. Forsyth, John, of Georgia, 212. Fort Brown, 226. Fort Carolina, 21, 22. Fort Castine, 135. Fort Dearborn, 187. Fort Donelson, 273. Fort Du Quesne, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86. Fort Edward, 83, 84, 124. Fort Erie, 193, 194. Fort Fisher, 322, 324. Fort Frontenac, 86. Fort Gaines, 323. Fort George, 188, 190. Fort Gran by, 150. Fort Greenevilie, 170. Fort Gregg, 327. Fort Griswold, 154. Fort Henry, 373. Fort Jackson, 275. J'ort Loudon, 174. Fort McAllister, 291, 322. Fort McUcnry, 196. Fort Macon, 272. Fort Meigs, 190, Fort Mims, 192. Fort Monroe, 264, 277, .324. Fort Morgan, 323. Fort Mott, 150, 151. Fort Moultrie, 112, 140. Fort Necessity, 80. Fort Niagara, 76, 81, 87. Fort Ontario, 84. Fort Orangeburg, 150, 152. Fort Peinaquid, 73. Fort Pickens, 257, 259. Fort Pillow, 276, 306. Fort Powell, 323. Fort Pulaski, 272. Fort Putnam, 116. Fort Saint Philip, 275. Fort Schuyler, 125. Fort Steadman, 326. Fort Sumter, 257-260, 291, 303. Fort Trumbull, 154. Fort Wagner, 303. Fort Warren, 329. Fort Washington, 117. Fort Watson, 150. Fort William Henry, S3, 84. Founding of colonies (dates), 9.3-95. Fountain of Youth, 19. Fourteenth Amendment, 331, 332. France, 128, 170, 175, 176, 178, 181. Francis I. (King of France), 21. Frankfort, Kv., 2.'; 6. Franklin, battle of, 321,322. Franklin, Benjamin, 81, 128, 156, 160, 168. Franklin, General, 304. Frazer, General, 126. Frazer's Farm. 281. Frederica, Ga., 68. Frederick, Md., 283. Fredericksburg, Va . 287, 288. Free-Soilers, 232, 237, 250, 253. Free-trade, 184. Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 221. Fremont, John C, 228, 240, 279, 280. French alliance, 128. French and Indian War, 77-90. French Depredation Bill, 225. French, General, 321. French privateers, 176. French lic]iublic, 171, 177. French Revolution. 170. Frobishcr, Martin, 24. Frontenac, Count, 73. Front Royal, Va., 280. Frye, Colonel, 79, 80. Fugitive Slave Law, 234, 235, 244, 251. Fulton, Robert, 182. G. Gadsden Purchase, 238. Gage, General, 104, 107, 109. Gaines's Mill, Ya., 281. Galveston, Te.vas, 291. Ganley River, 268. Gardner, General, 295. Garfield, James A., 342, 343. Garland, A. II., 345. (Jarnett, Robert, General, 264. Gates, Horatio, General, 126, 127, 1 11, 142, 146, 147. Gates, Sir Thomas, 28. Genesee River, 135. Genet, 171, 172. Geneva Tribunal, 335. Genoa, 14. George II. of England, 66. George III. of England, 155. INDEX. 381 Georgetown, S. C, 149. Georgia, 20, 66-71, 90, 131-133, 135- 137, 143, 300-302, 311-315. Georgia cession, 179. Georgia controversy about Indian lands, 206. Germantown, 123. Gerry, Elbridge, 189. Gettysburg, 297-300. Ghent, 197. Gibbon, General, 327. Gila River. 238. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 24. Gillmore, General, 303. Gloucester Point, 154. Goffe, General, 61. Golden horseshoe, 60. Goldsborough, Commodore, 272. Goliad, 220. Gonzales, 220. Goose Creek, 65. Gordon, John B., General, 308, 320, 326. Gordonsville, 310. Gosnold, Bartholomew, 26. Gourgues, Dominic de, 22. Grafton, 264. Graham, William H., 237. Granada, 14. Granger, General, 323. Grant, U. S., General, 269, 273-275, 288, 293, 300, 302, 307-310, 320, 325, 332, 334-340, 342, 345. Great Lakes, 76, 77. Great Meadows, 80. Greeley, Horace, 336. Green Mountains, 170. Greenbrier River, 264, 268. Greene, Nathaniel, General, 120, 130, 147-152. Greenland, 13. Greensboro', N. C, 328. Gregg, General, 296. Grenville, Sir Richard, 24. Grierson, General, 305. Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 231. Guanahani, 16. Guilford Court-House, 149, 150, 152. Guiteau, Charles J., 342, 343. H. Habersham, Joseph, Colonel, 109. Hadley, 61. Hale. John P., 237. Halifa.x, N. S., 85, 110. Hamilton, Alexander, 167, 168, 181. Hamlin, Hannibal, 253. Hampton, N. H., 39. Hampton Roads, 277. Hampton, Wade (General in War of 1812), 189, 190. Hampton, Wade (Confederate gen- eral), 309, 310. Hancock, John, 107, 108. Hancock, WinBeld Scott, General, 308, 317, 342, 345. Hardee, William J., General, 302, 313, 318, 326. Harlem, 117. Harmer, General, 169. Harper's Ferry, 252, 283-285. Harriet Lane (Federal war-ship), 291. Harrisburg, Pa., 296. Harrison, Robert H., 167. Harrison, William Henry, General, 184, 185, 187. Harrison's Landing, 282. Hartford, 39. Harvard University, 43. Harvey, Sir John, 32. Hatch, General, 322. Hatcher's Run, 325. Hatfield, 61. Hatteras (Federal war-ship), 291. Hatteras Inlet, 269. Havana, 89. Haverhill, 74. Hayes, Rutherford B., 339-342. Hayne, Isaac, Colonel, 152. Hayne, Robert Y., 208. Hays, General, 317. Hayti, 16. Hazen, General, 322. Heights of Abraham, 88. Hendricks, Colonel, 83. Hendricks, Thomas A., 339, 340, 344, 345. Henry, Patrick, 99, 100. Henry (Prince of Portugal), 14. Henry IV. (King of France), 22. Henry VII. (King of England), 14, 23. Herkimer, General, 125. Hessians, 113, 119, 120, 124. Hill, A. P., General, 284, 297, 318. Hill, Benjamin H., 337. Hill, D. H., General. 264, 283. Hillsborough, 147, 149. Hilton Head, 270. Hispaniola, 16. 382 INDEX. Hobkirk's Hill, 150. Hochelaga, 21. Hoke, (jcneral, 307. Holland, 145, 170. Holly Springs, 288. Holmes, John, 39. Honey Hill, 322. Hood, John B., General, 313, 314, 318, 321, 322. Hooker, Joseph, General, 292, 296, 297, 302, 313. Horry, Major, 137. Horse Neck, 134. Houston, Sam, General, 220, 221, 224. Howard, John, 200. Howard, General, 297, 302. Howe, Robert (American general), 131. Howe, Admiral (British), 115. Howe, Sir William (British general), 10',», 116, 122, 123, 129. Iluamiuitlii, 230. Hudson, Henry, 332. Hudson River, 35, 134. Hudson's Ferry, 133. Huger, General, 145. Huguenots, 22. Hull. Isaac, Captain, 188. Hull, William, General, 186. Hunter, General, 310. Hunter, R. M. T., 324. Hyde, Edward, 54. I. Icelanders, 13. Illinois, 201. Illinois River, 77. Imboden, General, 299. Immortal Trio, 237. Impeachment of Johnson, 331. Inca, 20. India, 14, 18, 24. Indian corn, 24. Indians, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 169, 174. 184, 199. Indians, removal of, 208. Indies, East, 14. Indies, West, 16, 18. 20, 28, 89. Ingersoll, Jared, 189. Ingraham, D. N., Captain, 291. Internal improvements, 205, 209. Iowa. 179. 222, 233. Isabella. Queen of Spain, 14. Island No. 10, 276. luka, 286. Jackson, Andrew, 175, 192, 198, 201, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211. Jackson, Henry R., 264, 268. Jackson, J. W., 263. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stone- wall), 266, 272, 279, 281-284, 292, 293. Jackson ^Governor of Missouri), 268, 269. James I. (King of England), 26, 29. James II. (King of England), 33, 63. James River, 26, 26, 30, 154, 278. Jamestown, 25, 27, 28, 31, 59. Japan, 16, 2.S8. .lasper, Sergeant, 112, 137. Jay, John, 156, 167, 171. Jefferson, Thomas, 153, 166, 158, 159, 167, 172, 177-182, 206. Jessup, General, 213. Jesuit, 22. John (King of Portugal), 14. .John's Island, 139. Johnson, Andrew, 323, 328, 330-333. Johnson, Edward, Colonel, afterwards General, 268. John.-^on, Herschel V., 253. Johnson, Richard M., 214. Johnson, Robert, 67. Johnson, Sir William, 81, 83, 87. Johnson (Tory leader). 135. Johnston, Albert Sidney, General, 250, 273, 275. Johnston, Joseph E., General, 265, 276, 279, 296, 311-314, 326, 328, 329. Joint occupation of Oregon, 225. Jones, Anson, 224. Jones, Captain, 188, Jones, John, Paul, Commodore, 122, 137. Jonesborough, Ga., 318. Julian, George W., 237. Kansas, 179, 249, 250, 257. Kansas and Nebraska Bill, 238, 239. Kansas War, 239, 260, 251. Kautz, General, 311. Kearney, Philip, General, 227, 283. Kearsage, 323. Kellogg, W. P., 336, 339. Kendall, 26. Keuosaw Mountain, 313. Kennebec River, 34. INDEX. 383 Kentucky, 173, 174, 261, 262, 269, 325-327, 355. Keokuk (Federal war-vessel), 291. Kernstown, 279. Kershaw, General, 220, Key, Francis S., 196. Key West, 257. Kilpatrick, General, 307, 325. King, Rufus, 180, 200. King, William R., 237. King George's War, 77. King Philip's War, 61-63. King William's War, 72. King's Mountain, 143, 144. Kinston, N. C, 326. Knox, Henry, 167. Knoxville, 174, 301, 302. Know-Nothings, 240. L. Labor strikes, 346. La Cole Mill, 193. La Fayette (Marquis), 122, 123, 129, 130, 144, 163, 204. Lake Erie, 171. Lake George, 83. Lamar, L. Q. C, 345. Lamar, Mirabeau B., General, 224. Lane, Governor, 25. Lane, General, 230. Lane, Joseph, 253. i^a Roche, 22. La Salle, 22. Laudonniere, 21. Laurel Hill, 264. Laurens, Henry, 156. La Vega, 226. Lawton, General, 281. Lecompton Constitution, 250. Lee, Arthur, 128. Lee, Charles, General, 117, 118, 121, 129, 130. Lee, Henry (also call-oxl " Light Horse Harry," first a Major, then Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and then General), 135, 141, 149-151, 170, 177. Lee, Richard Henry, 113. Lee, Robert E., General, 230, 252, 268, 269, 279, 281-285, 287, 288, 292, 29.3, 296-299, 303, 307-310, 316, 325-327, 335. Lee, S. D., General, 318. Leesburg, 267. Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, 211. Leslie, General, 144. Lewistown, Del., 49. Lexington, Ky., 286. Lexington, Mass., 104, 105. Lexington, Mo., 269. Lincoln, Abraham, 209, 253, 254, 258, 260, 323, 324, 328. Lincoln, Benjamin, General, 132-134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 155, 158. Little Pumpkin Vine Creek, 313. Livingston, Robert R., 162, 178. Locomotive (first in the United States). 208. Logan, John A., 344. London, 25, 28. London Company, 25. Longstreet, James, General, 265, 283, 292, 297, 301-303, 308. Lookout Mountain, 302 Loudon, Lord, 84, 85. Louis XVI. (King of France), 128, 171. Louisbourg (Cape Breton), 77, 85. Louisiana, 22, 172, 178, 179, 185, 203, 213, 232, 255, 336, 340. Louisiana cession, 178, 179. Lovejoy Station, 315, 318. Lundy's Lane, 194. Lynchburg, 310. Lynn, 37. Lyon, General, 268, 269. Lyttleton, Governor of South Caro- lina, 89. M. Mackey, Colonel, 65, 66. Mackinaw, 187. Macomb, General, 195. Macon, Ga., 315, 329. Madison, James, 159, lS.3-200. Magruder, J. B., General, 278, 291. Mahone, General, 317. Maine, 24, 34, 64, 203. Malvern Hill, 282. Manassas, 265, 267, 277, 282. Manhattan Island, 32. Manning, Daniel, 345. Mansfield, 306. Marietta, Ohio, 180. Marion, Francis, General, 89, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 151. Marquette, 22. Marshall, John, 175, 176. Martin, Joseph, 56. Martinsburg, Va., 296, 317. Mary, Queen of England, 59, 60, 64. 384 INDEX. Mary, Queen of the Creeks, 71. Maryland, 45-47, 60-61, 261. Mason and Dixon's Line, 51. Mason, Ca})tain, 4;i. Mason, James xM., 271. Mason, John, 38. Massachusetts, 13, 34, 37, 38-43, 112, 167. Massasoit, 36, 37, 61, 62. Mataraoras, 225-227. Mauch Chunk, I 73. Mauiuee River, 77, 170. Maximilian, 333. May, Captain, 226. Mayflower, 35. McCaushmd, General, 317. McClellan, George B., General, 230, 264, 266, 276, 282-284, 287, 323. McClernand, General, 293. McCook, General, 315. McCulloch, General, 269, 274. McDonough, Commodore, 195. .McDowell, battle of, 280. McDowell, General, 265, 279, 280. McPherson, General, 315. Meade, George G., General, 297-2'J'J, 302, 303. Mechanicsville, 281. Meigs, Colonel, 121. Melondez, 20, 21. Memphis, 276. Mercer, General, 120, 121. Meridian, Miss., 305. Merrimac (or Virginia), 277. Methodism, 69. Mexico, 18, 20, 219, 223-232, 333. Mexico, Gulf of, 68, 77. Miantunomah, 44. Michigan. 214. Milam, Ben. R., 220. Military districts, 331. Mill Spring, 273. Milroy, General, 268, 280. Mine explosion, 317. Mine Run, 303. Minisink, N. Y., 135. Minnesota, 179, 251. Missionary Ridge, 302. Mississippi, 20, 200. Mississippi River, 20, 22, 67, 77, 178, 179. Missouri, 174, 185, 202, 213, 261, 262, 268, 269. Missouri Compromise, 202, 203, 239, 243. Mobile, 76, 305, 323, 329. Mobile Bay, 198, 323. Modoc War, 336. Mohawks, 43, 73. Mohawk Valley, 125. Mohegan, 42, 43. Molino del Rey, 230. Monitor, 277. Monk's Corner, 140. Monmouth, 129, 130. Monocacy, 316. Monongahela River, 78. Monroe, James, 178, 200-206. Monroe Doctrine, 204. Montcalm, Marquis, 83, 84, 86-89. Monterey, Mexico, 227. Monterey, Va., 264. Montezuma, 20, 110. Montgomery, General, 110. Montgomery, Ala., 255, 329. Montreal, 21, 22, 73, 76, 86, 87-89, 110. Moore, James, 56, 57, 66, 75. Moore, John H., Colonel, 220. Moore's house, 154. Moors, 14. Morgan, Daniel, General, 126, 148, 149. Morgan, John, General, 285, 300. Mormons, 249, 250. Morocco, 180. Morris, Lewis, 48. Morris, Robert, 146. Morse, Samuel B., 222, 338. Moshassuck River, 41. Motte, Mrs. Rebecca, 151. Moultrie, William, General, 89, 112, 132, 133. Mount Hope, 62. Mount Vernon, 162, 177. Mulligan, General, 317. Mumfordsville, 286. Murfreesboro', 288. Muscogecs, 68. Mystic River, 43. N. Napoleon, 111, 333. Narragansett Bay, 144. Narragansetts, 37, 42, 61, 62. Narvaez, 20. Nashville (Confederate war-ship), 270, 291. Nashville, Tenn., 273, 332. Navigation Acts, 58, 59. Nebraska, 179, 332. INDEX. 385 Negro slavery, 30, 55, 70, 202, 231, 233, 238, 241-244, 330. Nevada, 323, 324. New Amsterdam, 32, 33. Newberne, N. C, 272. New Brunswick, 82. Newburgh, N. Y., 157. New England, 21, 28, 34, 61-63, 110, 124. New England Confederation, 43, 44, 63. New France, 93. New Hampslire, 38, 173. New Haven, 39, 40, 44. New Hope Church, 312, 313. New Jersey, 47, 48, 121, 122, 129. New London, 155. New Market, 310. New Mexico, 20, 231. Newnan, Ga., 315. New Netherlands, 32, 33, 47, 49. New Orleans, 76, 77, 90, 172, 198, 275, 276. Newport, Captain, 25, 26. Newport, R. I., 41, 130, 144. New Sweden, 49. Newton, Sergeant, 137. New World, 16, 18, 19. New York, 21, 32, 33, 48, 63, 110, 134, 155-157, 162, 169, 173, 212, 259. Niagara, 187. Nichols, Robert, 33. Nicholson, Francis, 59. Nimpucks, 61. Niua, 15. Ninety-Six, 140, 141, 148, 151. Non- intercourse Act, 183, 184. Norfolk, 134, 259, 278. Norsemen, 13. North, Lord, 155. Northwest Boundary Dispute, 223, 224, .335. Northwest Passage, 24. Northwest Territory, 169, 199, 202, 216, 2.33. Norwegians, 13. Nova Scotia, 22, 30. Nueces River, 225. Nullification, 210, 211. Ocean Pond, 305. Ocean telegraph, 252, 333. Odium, Captain, 304. K 33 Oglethorpe, James Edward, 67-71. O'Hara, General, 155. Ohio, 179. Ohio Company, 78. Okalona, Miss., 305. Okechobee, 213. Old Dominion, 58. Old Ironsides, 188. Olustee, 305. Ontario, Lake, 77. Opechancanough, 31. Orders in Council, 181, 183. Oregon, 20, 179, 223, 252. Orinoco, 16. Osceola, 212, 213. Oswego, 125. Ousamequin, 41. Ox Hill, 283. Oyster Point, 55. Pacific Ocean, 19-21, 24, 27, Pacific Railroad, 334. Packenham, Edward, General, 198, 199. Palmetto Ranche, 329. Palo Alto, 226. Palos, 15. Paris, 1 78. Parker, Hyde, Admiral, 131. Parker, Sir Peter, 111. Parliament, 98, 99, 101. Paulding, John, 145. Paulus Hook, 135. Prwtucket River, 41. Peace Commission, 324. Peace Congress, 256. Pea Ridge, 274. Pedee River, 142. Pegram, Robert, 270. Pemberton, J. C, General, 288, 294. Pendleton, George H., 323. Peninsular campaign, 278, 280-282. Pennsylvania, 50, 51, 121, 170, 296- 300, 317. Pennsylvania campaign, 296-300. Penobscot Bay, 28. Penobscot River, 135. Pensacola, 198, 201. Pequods, 42, 43. Percy, Lord, 105. Perry, Oliver H., 191. Perryville, 287. Peru, 20. 386 INDEX. Petersburg, 162, 153, 310, 326, 327. Philadelphia, 51, 129, 158, 169, 168, 175. Philadelphia Station, Tenn., 301. Philippi, 264. Philips, General, 152, 153. Pickens, Andrew, General, 133, 141, 144, 148, 151. Pickens, Governor, 259. Pickett, General, 298, 326. Pierce, Franklin, 237, 238. Pike, General, 190. Pillow, General, 269. Pinckney, Charles Coteswortb, 176, 180. Pinta, 15, 16. Pitcairn, Major, 104. Pitcher, Molly, 130. Pittsburg Landing, 274. Pizarro, 20. Plan of Union, 115. Plattsburg, 194, 195. Pleasant Hill, 306. Plymouth, England, 27, 28. Plymouth Conij)any, 25, 34. Plymouth, Mass., 34, 35, 37-40. Plymouth, N. C, 307. Pocahontas, 27, 29. Pocotaligo, 289. Point Isabel, 226. Polk, James K., 221-223. Polk, Lconidas, General, 305, 313. Ponce de Leon, 19. Pope, John, General, 275, 282, 283. Porter, David, 185, 193, 196. Porter, David D., 293, 323, 324. Porter, Fitz-John, (Jeneral, 284. Port Hudson, 293-295, 300. Port Republic, 280. Port Royal. N. S., 22, 74, 76. Port Royal, S. C, 21, 132, 270. Porto Rico, 16, 19. Portsmouth, N. H., 38. Portsmouth, Va., 134. Portugal, 14. Potatoes, 24. Potomac River, 168, 280, 283. Powhatan, 27, 29. Preble, Comuiodore, 180. Prescott, Colonel (American), 108. Preseott, General ( British), 121. Presidential succession, 343. Prevost, General, in War of Revolu- tion, 132-134. Prevost, General, in War of 1812, 190, 194, 195. Price, Sterling, General, 269, 274, 286, 287, 321. Princeton, battle of, 121. Princeton College, N. J., 48. Privateers, 269. Proctor, General, 190, 191. Prospect Hill, 108. Protective Tariff, 205, 207, 209, 210, 218, 225. Protest, 212. Protestants, 21. Providence, 41. Providence Plantations, 42. Puebla, 229. Pulaski, Count, 122, 123, 137. Puritans (or Pilgrims), 25, 36, 37, 40, 60. Putnam, Israel, General, 105, 134. Q. Quaker Hill, 131. Quakers, 48, 50. Quebec, 22, 73, 70, 80-89, 110. Queen Anne's War, 75-77. Queenstown, 187. B. Radicals, 33C, 331. Rahl, Colonel, 120. Railroad (first in the United States), 207. Railroad strikes, 341. Raisin River, 190. Raleigh, city of, 25. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 24, 25, 52. RandoIi)h, Edmund, 167. Ranger (American ship), 122. Rapidan, 276, 303. Rappahannock, 292, 303. Ratcliffe, 26. Rawdon, Lord, 141, 150-152. Raymond, Miss., 294. Ream's Station, 318. Reconstruction, 330-334. Red Bank, 12.3. Red River Expedition, 306. Redstone, 78. Religious Toleration, first Act of, 42. Second Act of, 47. Republican party, 240, 254. Resaca de la Palma, 226. Resaca, Ga., 312. Returning Boards, 336, 339, 340. Reynolds, John, Captain, 71. INDEX. 387 Reynolds, General, 268, 297. Rhode Island, 13, 40-42, 162. Riall, General, 19.3. Ribault, John, 21. Richmond, Ky., 286. Richmond, Va., 261, 290, 327, .■'.28. Rich Mountain, 264. Ringgold, battle of, 302. Ringgold, Major, 226. Rio Grande, 225, 227. Riot at New Orleans, 337. Ripley, General, 193. Roanoke Island, 29, 272. Roanoke River, 52. Rochambeau, Count, 144. Rodes, General, 296. Roger?, Commodore, 184. Rolfe, John, 29. Roman, Andrew B., 258. Rome, Ga., 300. Romney, Va., 272. Rosecrans, W. S., General, 264, 268, 288, 300, 301. Ross, General, 195, 196. Roxbury, Ma/s , 37. Rudgley, Colonel, 147. Russell, General, 303. Rutledge, John, 167. Ryswick, 75. S. Sabine Cross-Roads, 306. Sabine Pass, 291, 304. Sackett's Harbor, 190. Saint Augustine, 20, 22, 56, 69, 75, 272. Saint Clair, General, 124, 170. Saint Domingo, 19. Saint John Island, 332, 333. Saint John's River, 21. Saint Lawrence, 21, 77. Saint Leger, General, 125. Saint Louis. 268. Saint Mark's, Fla., 201. Saint Mary's, Md., 46. Saint Mary's River, Ga., 67. Saint Paul, 251. Saint Simon's Island, 68, 70. Saint Thomas Island, 332, 333 Salem Church, Va., 292. Salem, Mass., 37, 40. Salem witchcraft, 64. Salmon River Falls, 73. Saltillo, 228. Salzburgers, 67, 68. Samoset, 36. San Antonio de Bexar, 220. Sandusky, 190. San Jacinto, 220, 221. San Salvador, 16. Sander's Creek, 142. Sandy Hook, 130. Santa Anna, General, 219-221, 228- 230. Santa Fe, 28. Santa Maria, 15. Santee, 152. Saratoga, 127, 141. Savage Station, 281. Savannah (city), 68, 69, 106, 134-137, 152, 155, 156, 272, 291, 322. Savannah River, 64, 66, 67. Savannah (steamship), 202. Saybrook, 39, 40. Sayle, William, 55. Scary Creek, 264. Schenectad}', 73. Schofield, John M., General, 315. Schuyler, Major, 74. Schuyler, Philip, General, 124, 125. Schuylkill River, 51. Scott, Winfield, General, 187, 19.3, 194, 209, 213, 228-230, 237, 266. Secession, 235, 254, 255. Secessionville, 289. Sedgwick, General, 292. Sedition Act, 176. Seekonk, 41. Selma, 329. Seminoles, 201, 212, 213. Semmes, Raphael, 270, 291. Serapis, 137. Sergeant, John, 209. Seven Days' Battles, 281. Seven Pines, 278. Sevier, Colonel, 143. Seward, William H., 258, 259, 338. Seymour, General, 305. Seymour, Horatio, 332. Sharpsburg, 284. Shay's Rebellion, 158. Sheaffe, General, 188. Shelby, Colonel, 143. Sbelbyville, 288. Shenandoah Valley, 279, 280, 319, 320. Shepherdstown, 284. Sheridan, Philip, General, 309, 310, 319, .320, .326, 327. Sherman, Roger, 235. Sherman, T. W., General, 270. 388 INDEX. Sherman, W. T., General, 229, 288, 293, 305, 306, 307, 311-315, 318, 319, 321, 322, 325, 326, 328, 329. Shields, General, 279, 280. Shiloh, 275. Shirley, General, 81, 83. Sigel, General, 307, 310. Sioux War, 339. Sitting Bull, 339. Six Nations, 81. Slaughter, J. E., General, 329, Slidell, 271. Sloat, Commodore, 228. Smith, John, Captain, 26-28, 34. Smith, Kirby, General, 286, 329. Smithson, James, 21fi. Smithsonian Institute, 216, 225. Smythe, Alexander, General, 188. Sons of Liberty, 111. South Mountain, 283. Spain, 14-16, 18-21, 23, 66, 69, 89, 90, 138, 156, 204. Spaniards, 19, 21-23, 56, 69, 70. Speedwell, 35. Spottswood, Governor, 60. Spottsylvania C. H., 30S. Springfield, Mass., 39. Spring Hill, 300. Stamp Act, 99, 101. Standish, Miles, Captain, 37. Stanton, Edwin .M., Secretary of War under Lincoln, 331. Stark, John, Colonel, 105, 124. Star-Spangled Banner (song), 196. Starving time, 25. States' rights, 255. Steele, General, 306. Stephens, Alexander H., 236, 255, 256, 324, 329. Stephenson, George, 208. Sterling, General, 120, Steuben, Baron, 127. Stevens, General, 283. Stewa-t, Commodore, 197, Stewart, General, 313. Stewart, Colonel, 152. Stillwater, 126. Stockton, Commodore, 228. Stoneman, General, 315. Stone Steps, 134. Stono Ferry, 134. Stony Point, 134, 135. Straight, Colonel, 300. Strawberry Plains, 303. Strength of combatants in the Civil War, 262, 263, Stringham, Commodore, 269. Stuart, J. E. B., General, 281, 288, 296, 309. Stuyvesant, Peter, 33. Sub-Treasury System, 215, 216, 225. Sullivan, John, General, 118, 120, 130, 135. Sumner, Charles, 338. Sumner, General, 147. Sumter, Thomas, General, 141, 142, 144. Sumter, Fort. (See Fort Sumter.) Sumter (ship), 270. Sunbury, 132. Supreme Court, 167. Sui^quehanna Indians, 59. Swanzev, 61. Swedes," 23, 33, 47, 49, 50. Talladega, 192. Tallevrand, 175. Tallushatchee, 102. Tanev, Koger B., 211. Tarleton, Colonel, 140, 142, 144, 148, 153. Taylor, Richard, General, 295, 306. Taylor, Zachary, General, 213, 225- 229, 231-235. Teeumseh, 184, 191. Tennessee. H.VirS, 261. Terry, General, 324. Texas, 219-221, 223-226, Thames River. 191. Thirteenth Amendment, 330. Thomas, George H.. General, 273, 321, 322. Thompson, Wiley, 212. Thornburgh. Major, 342. Thornton, Captain, 226. Ticonderoga, 85-87. 127, Tilden, Samuel J., 339, 340. Tippecanoe, 184. Tishamingo Creek, 314, Tobacco, 24, 29. Tohopeka, 194. Tomochichi, 68. Tomjikins, Daniel D., 200, 203. Toombs. Robert. 345. Trent atiiiir, 271. Trenton, 119. 120, 162. Trevillian's Station, 310. Trinidad, 16. Tripoli, 180, 199. Troup, George M., 206. INDEX. 389 Truxton, Commodore, 177. Tryon, Governor, 121, 134. Tullahoma, 288. Tunis, 199. Tupelo, Miss., 276. Tuscaroras, 54, 57. Tybee Island, 109. Tyler, John, 217, 218, 256. Tyler, General, 265. Tyler, Colonel, 267. Uncas, 43, 44. Union Constitutional party, 254. Union, first, of colonies, 80, 81. United colonies of New England, 43. Urrea, General, 220. Utah, 249. Ute Indians, 342. Utoy Creek, Ga., 315. V. Valladolid, 18. Valley Forge, 124, 127. Valverde, 274. Van Buren, Martin, 210, 214, 216, 232, 300. Van Dorn, General, 274, 286, 288. Van Rensselaer, General, 186-188. Van Wert, 145. Vera Cruz, 229. Verazzani, 21. Vermont, 173. Verplanck's Point, 134. Vespucius, Americus, 18. Vicksburg, Miss., 288, 290, 293-295, 300, ?.05, 306. Vilas, William F., 345. Vincennes, 76. Vinland, 13. Virginia, 24-31, 57-60, 99, .00, 103, 134, 166, 169, 174, 256, 261, 262, 276, 287, 292, 293, 296, 303, 316- 318. Virginia, iron-clad, 277, 278. W. Wabash River, 71, 170. Wachusett (ship), 323. Waite, Chief Justice, 343. Walker, Robert, 250. Walker, William H. T., General, 315. Wallace, Lew, General, 316. Walthall, General, 322. Wampanoags, 36, 61. Warner, Colonel, 125. Warren, Admiral, 77. Warren, Joseph, General, 109. Warren, General (in War of Seces- sion), 317. Washington, George, 78-80, 82, 86, 109, 112, 116-118, 120, 121, 12.3, 127, 129, 135, 145-147, 153-157, 157-162, 166-175, 177. Washington City, 195, 265, 282-284, 316. Washington, William, Colonel, 147, 148. Watertown, 37. Wayne, Anthony, General, 135, 146, 170. Weathersfield, 39. Webster, Colonel, 140. Webster, Daniel, 211, 215, 218, 235- 237. AVeldon Railroad, 317. Wemys, Major, 144. Wesley, Charles, 69. Wesley, John, 69. West, Francis, 31. West Indies, 137. West, Joseph, 55, 56. West Point, 145. West Virginia, 289, 290. Westfield (ship), 291. Weymouth, 87. Wheeler, Joseph, General, 315, 325. Wheeler, MMlliam A., 339, 340. Wheelwright, John, 39. Whig, 212. Whiskey Insurrection, 170. White, John, Captain, 136. White Oak Swamp, 281. White Plains, 117, 130. Whitefield, George, 69. Whiting, General, 281. Whitney, Eli, 173. Whitney, William C, 345. AVilderness, 308. Wilkes, Captain, 271. Wilkinson, General, 190, 193. William (King of England), 59, 60, 64. Williams, David, 145. Williams, Roger, 40-42. Williamsburg, Va., 59, 79, 278. Williamsport, 285, 299. Wilmington, Del., 49. Wilmington, N. C, 150, 152, 33* 390 INDEX. Wilson, General, 311, 329. Wilson, Henry, 336, 338. Wilson, Jame.<, 167. Wilson's Creek, 269. Winchester, General, 190. Winche^^ter, Va., 266, 280, 285, 296, 319, 320. 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