^^ 
 
 A Brief History of 
 
 Cne s\ 
 
 Official Newspaper of 
 The American Expeditionary- 
 Forces in France 
 
 From February 8, 1918 
 
 to 
 
 June 13, 1919 
 
 Price 25 cents 
 
 nn 
 
 Columbia Publishing Company 
 Washington, D. C 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/briefhistoryofst01katz 
 
A Brief History of 
 
 Che Si 
 
 Official Newspaper of 
 
 The American Expeditionary 
 
 Forces in France 
 
 From February 8, 1918 
 
 to 
 
 June 13, 1919 
 
 Columbia Publishing Company 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
Copyright, 1921 
 
 BY 
 
 HARRY L. KATZ 
 
 C1A609402 
 
 FEB 18 192! 
 
 \> .Vs* 
 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 It has been remarked that The A. E. F. was one of the most sentimental outfits 
 in history. It might also be remarked that it was one of the most businesslike. 
 Besides putting an end to the Kaiser's hopes of victory in a manner that could not be 
 said to lack in decision and finality the A. E. F. has to its credit several other 
 accomplishments which deserve honorable mention, notable among which was THE 
 Stars and Stripes. 
 
 Born of the necessity of modern warfare THE STARS AND STRIPES, managed, 
 written, published and distributed entirely by members of The A. E. F., came into 
 existence unheralded and unadvertised, and when its work was done was quietly 
 mustered out. However, the paper, with its inspirations, its optimistic character, 
 and the role of companion to homesick hearts which it played in France will live 
 forever in the tender memories of the men who won the war while they read it. 
 
 The service it rendered the country in keeping at its high standard the morale 
 of our forces in France cannot be overestimated. Its effectiveness as a real weapon 
 of warfare was appreciated by all the Allies and realized fully by the enemy. The 
 attempts of the Germans to discredit THE STARS AND STRIPES among American 
 soldiers was an indication of its value. 
 
 The press of this country commented on THE STARS AND STRIPES editorially 
 on numerous occasions. The New York World called it "the most successful infant 
 phenomenon in newspaper history." 
 
 The Chicago Post said: "To establish a newspaper in a foreign land, carry it on 
 for sixteen months in war time and then wind up the business with a profit of $700,000 
 is — we submit — a world breaking record. There was no better, more useful, more 
 wisely directed enterprise of all the many things America did in France than THE 
 Stars and Strifes." 
 
 The Pittsburg Chronicle-Telegram said: "The triumph of THE STARS AND 
 STRIFES was the way in which it upheld the enlisted man's viewpoint, and as the 
 A. E. F. is getting home, there are few things of France that many men will miss more 
 than their official newspaper." 
 
 Therein lies the success of THE STARS AND STRIPES. Its editors were fear- 
 less, truthful, humorous, sympathetic, and in perfect accord with its readers, because 
 they were of the same class, and felt, lived and moved, in the same atmosphere and 
 under the same conditions. 
 
 To the men who helped produce the paper it became the one big thing in their 
 lives at that time. All of their efforts were bent on making it the great success which 
 it became and when it was finally folded away and passed into history as another great 
 achievement of America they still remembered it with kindness. The readers of THE 
 STARS AND STRIPES in France are still enthusiastic in their praise of the paper, 
 and refer to it as the "grand old paper," "the dear old sheet," and in other terms which 
 leave their unqualified endorsement and their undying appreciation of it in no doubt. 
 
 This little book is presented by one of the men who helped in the work of making 
 THE STARS AND STRIPES a success; who was vitally interested in it, and whose 
 interest is such that he feels that it should not be forgotten, folded and laid away 
 with other mementoes of the great struggle — and so blended with the general 
 impressions of the past that future generations will not recognize it except 
 as referred to by those historians who choose to go further into detail than their 
 more concise contemporaries. It is presented to the reader for his consideration, 
 and with the earnest hope that it will find a place among his treasures of wartime days. 
 
 3 
 
S. Officio. 
 
 PRESIDENT WILSON'S WAR ANNIVERSARY GREETINGS 
 TO THE A. E. E. 
 
 To The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 Please convey to the officers and men of our Expeditionary Force my 
 warmest greetings on this, the anniversary of the entrance of the United 
 States into this great war for Liberty, and say to them that we all not only 
 have greatly admired and been very proud of the way they have so far 
 accounted for themselves but have the utmost confidence that in every 
 test they will prove to be made of the finest mettle of free men. 
 
 (Signed) Woodrow Wilson. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Stars and Stripes was the name by 
 which the official news organ of The American 
 Expeditionary Force in France was known. 
 This paper, the purpose of which was to up- 
 build the morale of the American soldier, 
 righting in a foreign land thousands of miles 
 away from home, and to give him something 
 that made home seem nearer, was entirely free 
 of any propaganda. Its editorial staff, made 
 up of enlisted men of the Army, enjoyed a free 
 hand in framing the policy of the paper and 
 making it acceptable both to the enlisted men 
 and to the officials administering the affairs of 
 the United States in France. Its origination 
 was not due to any great idea with a high 
 ranking army officer but rather to the convic- 
 tion of a Second Lieutenant of Infantry who 
 saw the need for such a paper and who realized 
 the great possibilities in it. Its success was 
 due to the spirit in which it was written and the 
 enthusiastic support given it by the men for 
 whose benefit it was published. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes was published from 
 February 8, 1918 to June 18, 1919, appearing 
 every week on Friday. It was written, man- 
 aged, and distributed entirely by enlisted men. 
 and officers were in charge only of the finances 
 and in command of the men on detached ser- 
 vice with the paper. 
 
 The paper was in eight pages of seven col- 
 umns each. At its head appeared a distinctive 
 cut over a coat of arms and two American flags 
 with crossed masts. Its make-up was perfect 
 from a newspaper viewpoint, as all the men 
 engaged in its publication were experienced 
 newspapermen. It ran a regular sporting 
 page; an editorial page of unusual interest; 
 a column devoted to poetry born in the 
 A. E. F.; articles, humorous, learned, and 
 current by soldiers; cartoons drawn by its 
 readers, and by a regular staff of artists: 
 published serially the histories of all combat 
 divisions of the American Army; reproduced 
 anything of special soldier interest which 
 appeared in American newspapers, and in 
 general made its columns valuable and inter- 
 esting to the class of readers it served. AYhat 
 more can be said of any newspaper? 
 
 A history of The Stars and Stripes would 
 be dry and uninteresting if only statistics were 
 presented. In the history which follows it 
 has been the effort of the writer to present a 
 true historical account of the paper from the 
 
 time of its inception to the date of its last issue. 
 If anything has been omitted it has been for 
 the reason that in such a short story of the 
 greatest journalistic achievement of modern 
 times it has been impossible to find the space 
 for it. 
 
 The birthplace of The Stars and Stripes 
 is in no doubt whatever. Field press head- 
 quarters at Neufchateau, in the Vosges sector, 
 may claim this honor without fear of dispute. 
 Most of the men who at that time made up 
 the editorial staff were stationed in that sector, 
 and the first few issues were written there. 
 The cartoons were made somewhere around 
 Damblaine where the Fifth Marines were pre- 
 paring for their first argument with the shock 
 troops from the Fatherland, but before they 
 were used they found their way to Neuf- 
 chateau where they received the official 0. K. 
 of the editor. At that time field press head- 
 quarters at Neufchateau was in a converted 
 shop on Rue St. Jean, and to say the least 
 it was a very crude office. It may be said 
 that like great Americans whom we know, 
 The Stars and Stripes first saw the light of 
 day in a log cabin. 
 
 The first office of the paper in Paris was in a 
 small hall bedroom in the Hotel Sainte-Anne, 
 at 10 Rue Ste-Anne. The staff at that time 
 was composed of five men, Capt. Visniskki, 
 Lieut. Gushing, Lieut. Michael, Pvt. Hawley, 
 and Pvt. Wallgren. AYhile the members of 
 the editorial staff wrote their stories in the 
 bedroom office, the treasurer counted the few 
 francs that were coming in from the sale of the 
 first issues in the cafe downstairs, while Wall- 
 gren drew the cartoons on a beer table 
 nearby. 
 
 Issue Number Six of The Stars and 
 Stripes found the staff more comfortably 
 located in offices at 1 Rue des Italiens. The 
 paper had two floors of the building, with 
 office space sufficient for all the work necessary 
 at that time. Issue Number Forty-four 
 appeared from the office which was the final 
 home of The Stars and Stripes in France, 
 at 32 Rue Taitbout, over the offices of the 
 American Chamber of Commerce. These 
 quarters were the most commodious ever 
 occupied, and were made necessary by the 
 rapid growth of the paper. All of the space 
 was on one floor which made liaison between 
 the different departments easy. 
 
U. S. Official 
 
 "A MESSAGE FROM OUR CHIEF" 
 
 In this initial number of The Stars and Stripes published by the men of the Overseas 
 Command, The Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces extends his greet- 
 ings through the editing staff to the readers from the first line trenches to the base ports. 
 
 These readers are mainly the men who have been honored by being the first contingent of 
 Americans to fight on European soil for the honor of their country. It is an honor and 
 privilege which makes them fortunate above the millions of their fellow citizens at home. 
 Commensurate with their privilege in being here, is the duty which is laid before them, and 
 this duty will be performed by them as by Americans of the past, eager, determinate, and 
 unyielding to the last. 
 
 The paper, written by the men in the service, should speak the thoughts of the new 
 American Army and American people from whom the Army has been drawn. It is your paper. 
 Good luck to it. 
 
 (Signed) John J. Pershing, Commander-in-Chief, A. E. F. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 Second Looie Started It 
 
 The idea of publishing an official newspaper 
 for the American Expeditionary Force in 
 France was originated and sponsored by 
 Major Guy T. Visniskki, then a Second Lieu- 
 tenant of Infantry. His proposal was met 
 with opposition by his superior officers, and 
 by those who had charge of the affairs of the 
 A. E. F., mainly because of the fact that such 
 a project had been attempted by the British 
 and the French armies and had ended in 
 failure. This, principally, because of ob- 
 stacles encountered in delivering a newspaper 
 to armies scattered over a wide front, and 
 the conditions brought about by war. How- 
 ever, Major Visniskki finally prevailed upon 
 the officers who directed the destinies of the 
 A. E. F. to give him a chance and with a 
 hastily collected staff he went to work. 
 With what success he met, we are already 
 familiar. 
 
 The working capital of The Stars and 
 Stripes, at the time of its inauguration was 
 ■•25,000 francs, which was borrowed from The 
 General Staff. It was understood from the 
 beginning that the paper was to be made self- 
 supporting. To help towards this end the 
 price of the paper was fixed at 50 centimes, 
 about ten cents in value at that time. From 
 the first issue an intensive campaign for 
 advertising was put on, and after the first 
 few months the advertising averaged at least 
 40 per cent. The success of the paper as an 
 advertising medium Avas instantaneous. 
 
 The way the soldiers dug down into their 
 pockets for their 50 centimes for each issue 
 would have been gratifying to the heart of 
 many a circulation manager in the states. 
 Long before the anniversary issue of The 
 Stars and Stripes appeared the loan from 
 the General Staff had been repaid with in- 
 terest, and a substantial balance was shown 
 on the credit side of the paper's bank account. 
 
 The income was not limited alone to ad- 
 vertising and circulation receipts. At differ- 
 ent times the paper published three volumes; 
 "Yanks," a collection of the poetry published 
 in The Stars and Stripes; "Wally, His 
 Cartoons of the A. E. F., and "Henrys 
 Pal to Henry," a series of humorous letters 
 written by Sergeant Seth T. Bailey. 
 
 These three books enjoyed a tremendous 
 sale, and their popularity in the A. E. F. 
 was not equalled by any other book or books 
 sold in France. "Yanks" appeared in 
 November, 1918, "Henry's Pal to Henry" 
 early in the spring of 1919, and "Wally's 
 Cartoons," several weeks later. 
 
 The First Issue 
 
 The first issue of The Stars and Stripes 
 appeared on February 8, 1918. The paper 
 stock was supplied by La Societe Anonyme des 
 
 Papeteries Darblay and the mechanical work 
 and printing was done at the plant of the Con- 
 tinental edition of The London. Daily Mail, 
 at 30 Rue de Sentier, Paris. The composition 
 and makeup continued to be done at this 
 plant until the paper was suspended, but in 
 August 1918, the printing, which had by that 
 time run up to 170,000 copies became too 
 much for The Daily Mail and was from that 
 time on done at the plant of Le Journal, a 
 French daily newspaper, which owned one of 
 the largest and best equipped printing plants 
 in Europe. White newsprint paper, at all 
 times a scarce article in France became so 
 scarce after January, 1919, that it was neces- 
 sary to bring paper from the United States to 
 use for the printing of The Stars and Stripes. 
 At different times consignments of Canadian 
 paper were receiyed from England. 
 
 The composition was the work of American 
 soldiers. The engraving was done by French 
 workmen, and at different times both English 
 and French pressmen ran the editions off. 
 
 The first issue of The Stars and Stripes 
 was supposed to have had a total circulation 
 of 30,000. However, it was far short of this 
 total, perhaps not more than 60 per cent of 
 that number having been printed. The same 
 men who wrote the stories addressed the 
 copies and bundles for mailing, and carried 
 them to the post office. The perfect mailing 
 system of The Stars and Stripes was not 
 in existence at that time. The total number 
 of American soldiers to be supplied was only 
 about 300,000, and they were scattered 
 widely over France. There was not yet a 
 well organized distributing force at work, 
 and the delivery of the paper was greatly 
 handicapped. However, a copy managed 
 to reach nearly every soldier overseas at that 
 time, and was received joyfully by the men 
 who were glad to see something that reminded 
 them so forcefullv of home. 
 
 By Baldridge. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 The Editorial Room at 32 Rue Taitbout 
 
 The Editorial Department 
 
 The editorial staff of the paper, at the very 
 beginning was composed of only two writers 
 and an artist. The writers were Major 
 Visniskki, the originator of the paper, and 
 Hudson Hawley, a private from the 101st 
 Machine Gun Battalion, and before that of 
 the New York Sun. Hawley wrote nearly 
 all of the first few issues at Neufehateau. 
 His stories ran from editorials to such supreme 
 foolishness as "Bran Mash" and "Miss 
 Information." The artist was Abian A. 
 Wallgren, of the 5th Marines. 
 
 Sharing honors with these men in the pro- 
 duction of the first issue of The Staks and 
 Stripes were four soldier printers dispatched 
 to Paris from the Twenty-ninth Division a 
 week before the first issue appeared. They 
 were Sergeant Richard S. Claiborne, the oldest 
 man on the staff of the paper who saw service 
 dating from the Cuban campaign. Private 
 Sigurd U. Bergh, Private Herman J. Miller, 
 and Private Frank J. Hammer. These four 
 men remained until the paper suspended 
 publication. 
 
 At different times during the first year of 
 the paper's life additional help was acquired 
 in the editorial department. All of the men 
 who came to work on The Stars and Stripes 
 were men with years of experience behind 
 them and some of them not only became 
 famous throughout the A. E. F. for their 
 contributions to The Stars and Stripes 
 but achieved national prominence. 
 
 Private Harold W. Ross who came to the 
 paper from the 18th Engineers had, before 
 the war worked for The San Francisco Call, 
 
 and as one of the stories in The Stars and 
 Stripes put it, "on 78 other papers, at 
 different times." Private Ross became the 
 managing editor of The Stars and Stripes 
 shortly after becoming attached to the paper 
 and was with the paper until a short while 
 before it suspended publication. He con- 
 ceived the idea of a fund for French War 
 Orphans, which was one of the most com- 
 mendable of the paper's activities. 
 
 Sergeant Seth T. Bailey of The Sunset 
 Division was responsible for the letters of 
 "Henry's Pal to Henry," which were pub- 
 lished in book form by The Stars and 
 Stripes, and which were undoubtedly the 
 most humorous of the many attempts at 
 such a type of wit. 
 
 Sergeant Alexander Woollcott, who before 
 the war was dramatic critic for The Neiv 
 York Times, was picked up in Base Hospital 
 No. 8, and did wonderful work as the writer 
 of stories from the American front. 
 
 Tyler H. Bliss, became famous for his 
 weekly articles in "The Dizzy Sector." 
 
 Other men who did notable work as mem- 
 bers of the Editorial Council were John T. 
 Winterich, of the 96th Aero Squadron and 
 The Springfield Republican; Philip Von Blon, 
 of Base Hospital No. 4 and The Cleveland 
 Plain Dealer; Jack S. Connolly, of the 101st 
 Field Artillery and The Boston Herald; 
 Robert Snajdr. of the 3J)8th Ammunition 
 Train and The Cleveland Plain Dealer, and 
 John Black, of Base Hospital 15 and The 
 Brooklyn Eagle. 
 
 Despite the fact that there were always 
 commissioned officers in charge of the paper, 
 these enlisted men at all times had the direc- 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 9 
 
 tion of the paper's policy and wrote most 
 of the editorials and stories. There were 
 correspondents scattered all over the A. E. F. 
 and some of the editorial staff stationed at 
 Paris frequently took long trips from that 
 city for the purpose of keeping in touch with 
 the men who were fighting and to learn their 
 likes and desires. The editors were quick to 
 recognize anything which met the approval 
 of the American soldiers and to sense those 
 thing's of which they disapproved. There is 
 no question that The Stars and Stripes 
 in many instances had a great bearing on the 
 men who read it. 
 
 At one time, after the Armistice, when the 
 men absent without leave were causing great 
 concern in the A. E. F. an order was issued 
 which made the penalty for being A. W. O. L. 
 very heavy. The officer responsible for the 
 order was not greatly in favor of the publica- 
 tion of a news story concerning the order 
 but finally consented to a write up. The 
 article appeared in the next issue of The 
 Stars and Stripes under the caption, 
 "More Grease On The Skids for A. W. 0. 
 L's." In a few days more than 80 per cent 
 of the men absent without leave from their 
 organizations had reported for duty. 
 
 At another time, an officer in charge of a 
 certain office in Paris needed help from soldiers 
 with special qualifications. To call the 
 attention of the men who might be available 
 to the fact that he needed them he brought a 
 story of a column length to the office of The 
 Stars and Stripes and insisted that it be 
 published intact on the first page. He was 
 very angry when he found that his story had 
 been pruned down to two short paragraphs 
 
 and printed on an inside page. However, 
 several days after the appearance of the paper 
 a telephone call came from his office requesting 
 that The Stars and Stripes publish no 
 more stories stating that help was required 
 there because they had already been flooded 
 with replies from the short story which had 
 appeared. 
 
 These instances are recalled only for the 
 purpose of showing that the paper was read 
 thoroughly and that the men missed nothing 
 that the editorial staff thought worth while 
 printing. It may also be an indication of 
 the fact that the editors knew what to write 
 and how to write it so the men who read it 
 could understand. 
 
 The Editorials 
 
 As has been stated before the editorial policy 
 of The Stars and Stripes was almost entirely 
 in the hands of several enlisted men. They 
 not only dictated the editorial policy of the 
 paper, but they wrote the editorials in such a 
 style that they were interesting to the men and 
 grippingly, convincingly, understandable. 
 They condemned what they thought was 
 wrong and commended what they believed to 
 be right in unmistakable terms. The editor- 
 ials were written in a snappy style, which 
 came to be considered characteristic of The 
 Stars and Stripes. In the first issue, an 
 editorial announcing the beginning of The 
 Stars and Stripes ran as follows : 
 
 "With this issue The Stars and Stripes 
 reports for active service with the A. E. F. It 
 is your paper, and has but one axe to grind — 
 the axe which our Uncle Samuel is whetting on 
 
 Editorial Council— Left to right, T. H. "Tip" Bliss, Philip Von Blon, J. W. Rixey Smith, Robert 
 
 I. Snajdr, Hudson Hawley. 
 
10 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 the grindstone fur use upon the august necks 
 of the Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns." 
 
 The Stars and Stripes is unique in that 
 every soldier purchaser, every soldier sub- 
 scriber, is a stockholder and a member of the 
 board of directors. It isn't being run for any 
 individual's profit, and it serves no class but 
 the fighting men in France who wear the olive 
 drab and the forest green. Its profits go to 
 the company funds of the soldier subscribers, 
 and the staff of the paper isn't paid a sou. 
 
 If you don't find in this, your own weekly, 
 the things in which you are particularly inter - 
 ested, write to the editors, and if it is humanly 
 possible they will dig up the stuff you want. 
 There are so many of you over here now, and 
 so many different sorts of you, that it is more 
 than likely that some of your hobbies have 
 been overlooked in this our first number. Let 
 us know. 
 
 We want to hear from that artist in your 
 outfit, that ex-newspaper reporter, that short- 
 story writer, that company "funny man,'' and 
 that fellow who writes the verses. We want to 
 hear from all of you — for The Stars and 
 Stripes is your paper, first, last and all the 
 time ; for you and for those of your friends and 
 relatives to whom you will care to send it. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes is up at the top o' 
 the mast for the duration of the war. It will 
 try to reach every one of you, every week — 
 mud, shell-holes and fog notwithstanding. 
 It will yield rights of the roadway only to 
 troops and ambulances, food, ammunition and 
 guns, and the paymaster's car. It has a big 
 job ahead to prove worthy of its namesake, 
 but, with the help of all of you, it will, in good 
 old down east parlance, "do its gol-derndest " 
 to deliver the goods. So — For-ward! 
 MARCH! 
 
 The way the men themselves thought about 
 the eligibles who stayed at home and reaped a 
 harvest of dollars while they were earning a 
 dollar a day for living in mud anil sleeping in 
 the stable barns of France is very well ex- 
 pressed in the following editorial which ap- 
 peared in The Stars and Stripes soon after 
 Jack Dempsey had knocked out Fred Fulton 
 and was aspiring to a match with Jess Willard 
 for the heavyweight championship of the 
 world. It may be safely inferred that the 
 sentiment expressed in The Stars and Stripes 
 had a great deal to do with the many resolu- 
 tions by American Legion Posts after the war, 
 asking for an investigation into the war record 
 of some of the athletes who had stayed at 
 home. 
 
 "Here are two pictures of fighting men. 
 
 "The first picture carries a group of three 
 men — Jack Dempsey, aged 23, standing over 
 the prostrate form of Fred Fulton, aged 28, 
 the conqueror looking on beyond to the mas- 
 sive form of Jess Willard, aged 33, sulking in 
 his tent until a bigger purse is offered. 
 
 "They are all 'fighting men.' At least that 
 is the trademark they have proudly gripped. 
 
 "The second picture has a lone entry. It is 
 a picture of Scotty, aged 16, lying dead across 
 his beloved sho-sho with a bullet through his 
 brain, and out beyond him 30 German dead 
 who had fallen before his fire. 
 
 "We read where there were 'thousands who 
 acclaimed Dempsey 's victory.' There were 
 no thousands to acclaim Scotty's fall, for his 
 place was out in a French forest, where the 
 thousands around him were too busy fighting 
 themselves to speak through any voice save 
 the rifles. 
 
 "There are hundreds of loyal boxers from 
 home in the A. E. F. We know how these two 
 pictures must strike them. Just as we know 
 how all the intense anxiety among many back 
 home to crowd into a world's series and the 
 winner's end must strike all loyal ball players 
 serving under a greater flag than the pennant 
 over there." 
 
 The diplomacy of the editorial staff is 
 very evident in the following editorial which 
 deals with the profanity of the A. E. F. 
 Without offending the spirits of the soldiers 
 the editor wrote very convincingly of the 
 wrong way of cussing and defended, without 
 injuring the feeling of the most ardent advo- 
 cate of clean speech, the "cuss" words which 
 were generally employed to bolster up the 
 language of the doughboy. 
 
 "It is violating no confidence to state that 
 some soldiers cuss. It is equally true that 
 some cuss more than others. But it is not 
 to be forgotten that some soldiers don't 
 cuss at all. 
 
 "Soldiers are just like other folks, a thing 
 some people find extremely hard to under- 
 stand. Cussing isn't by any means a vice 
 peculiar to the military profession. 
 
 "It isn't our purpose to condone cussing, 
 or to advocate its free and unlimited coin- 
 age in the A. E. F. We merely wish to 
 point out that it is a habit which some peo- 
 ple bring into the Army with them, just as 
 they bring other habits, such as brushing 
 their teeth and parting their hair on the 
 side. Being a careless habit, born some- 
 times of years of careless speech and a 
 mistaken sense of emphasis, it doesn't at 
 all imply blasphemous thoughts or irrever- 
 ance towards the Deity on the part of the 
 doughboy. 
 
 "A soldier who cusses may not be what 
 the ladies call a 'nice' man, but it doesn't 
 follow that he's an irreverent, godless 
 wretch. He has seen too much of the 
 works and wonders of God, too much of 
 the divine in the actions of God's children 
 about him to be blasphemous at heart. So, 
 when some of the brethren, both here and 
 at home, are inclined to be captious, we 
 ask them to hold up a bit and reflect." 
 
1 Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 11 
 
 Hotel Ste. Anne, well known to many members of the A. F. F., who visited Faris. It was 
 here the offices of " The Stars and Stripes " were established when they were first moved 
 
 from Neufchateau. 
 
 Henry's Pal to Henry 
 
 Seth Bailey made many otherwise dull 
 moments for the doughboys bright by his 
 ridiculous letters supposedly written by the 
 pal of a mythical Henry, who had enlisted 
 in the Army early in the game and who in- 
 sisted on keeping Henry informed of his 
 personal adventures in a manner that brought 
 mirth whenever read. 
 
 One of Bailey's letters is reproduced below 
 in order that the quality of his writings may 
 
 be shown. They were all funny, and it is 
 not to be understood that great trouble has 
 been taken in reprinting this one to find the 
 funniest that was written: 
 
 . . "Franse, July 13th, 1918. 
 
 ''Dear Henry. Well Henry you ain't got 
 nothing on me much. I'm at the front ossie. 
 Of course I ain't quite as near as you are 
 maybe but I'm so close it ain't very healthy 
 to go out promonodding in no quiet country 
 lane with a madamoiselle on your arm like 
 I used to do down in the S. O. S. 
 
12 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 VJ&K6 EAfl£C> SON Of A 
 
 £a&T2.CvSE FDR DEV&LOPiNk "THE. Pulun6 MuSCuES 
 
 "Well they was a lot of mules coming up 
 here from down in the S. O. S. town where I 
 wrote to you from and it seems that they 
 needed some mule skinners right quick to 
 take them up. One morning the C. O. 
 come over to our company and wants to 
 know if there's any mule skinners in the 
 doughboys that wants to go the front. 
 
 "Now Henry what I don't know about nudes 
 would fill a fair sized ensiklopedia. I never 
 even hooked one up before, but it's almost 
 like hooking up a tame horse and I would of 
 done anything Henry to get to the front. So 
 I stepped out of line and pulled my hat over 
 on one side and kind of spit sideways to give 
 the old bird a good impression of the real 
 thing he wanted most right then. 
 
 "Well Henry I got to come alright. We 
 left the S. O. S. about ten days ago and we 
 just pulled in. All we had to do on the way 
 up was to carry watter for them pesky rabbits. 
 I can just bet you Henry that a mule can 
 drink twice as much water as a elephant any 
 old day. 
 
 "But the worst part of it now that I'm up 
 here is that I'm still a noncombatant and 
 am still a doughboy too. I enlisted to fight 
 Henry and about the first time I get a chance 
 I'm going right up in the front line thrensh 
 with the doughboys and take a crack at a 
 Hun. 
 
 "Good luck old Pal. 
 
 S. T. B." 
 
 "Dizzy Sector" 
 
 Among the humorists of the A. E. F. Tip 
 Bliss ranks high. His writings ranged from 
 advice to the lovelorn to the notes of an ex- 
 pert on the correct manner of military dress. 
 Written in typical American, his stories took 
 hold, and kept hold. Just a short time ago, a 
 
 By Wally. 
 
 veteran of the big scrap, writing about some 
 real or fancied wrong done him by a negligent 
 Government clerk, wrote, "as Tip Bliss would 
 say, 'what and the hell ?'" Bliss was a carefree 
 doughboy in the truest sense of the word, and 
 since his return to civilian life has continued to 
 write his stories for the edification of his 
 former soldier readers. He has a penchant for 
 trailing a disreputable looking dog after him 
 on his strolls, and the soldiers who have seen 
 him with the dog think it is funny — they think 
 so because they can't think of Bliss with any 
 other thought. 
 
 Divisional Histories 
 
 After the armistice The Stars and Stripes 
 ran complete histories of all the divisions 
 which had taken part in the fighting in France. 
 Many and fierce were the arguments engaged 
 in concerning the effectiveness of different 
 divisions when members of them got together, 
 and sometimes there threatened to be warfare 
 equalling in bloodshed the struggles in the 
 Argonne when two or more doughty warriors 
 wearing different insignias on their left 
 shouldeis got together in the friendly shelter 
 of a cafe to discuss the part they had played in 
 winning the war. The Stars and Stripes, 
 always foremost in promoting peace and con- 
 genial relations between the different units 
 of the A. E. F. recognized the need of publish- 
 ing the truth concerning every division, so 
 that he who could read might see and be con- 
 vinced. 
 
 The divisional histories were written by 
 Captain Joseph Mills Hanson, official historian 
 of The Stars and Stripes at G. H. Q. These 
 histories were not the first contributions of 
 Captain Hanson to The Stars and Stripes 
 as he had written poetry for the paper very 
 frequently before the histories were published. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 13 
 
 THE FIRST TO GO HOME 
 
 
 
 fly Baldridge. 
 
 The Art Department 
 
 Perhaps no other one man became so 
 generally known to the soldiers of the A. E. F. 
 as did Abian A. Wallgren, the cartoonist, 
 whose strip appeared in each issue of the paper 
 from the first to the last issues. Wallgren was 
 serving with the Fifth Marines around Dam- 
 blaine, where they were just getting ready for 
 their first sojourn in the trenches when The 
 Stars and Stripes was inaugurated. His 
 first strip was drawn there and sent to Neuf- 
 chateau. His cartoons have been styled "un- 
 doubtedly the funniest drawings of army life 
 
 ever conceived." He was not only one of the 
 soldiers but his sense of humor and his powers 
 of observation were so keen that he readily 
 grasped the things which the men considered 
 humorous. He constantly made trips to the 
 front during his service with the paper to 
 study conditions and to get material for his 
 cartoons. He made life miserable for the 
 members of the staff who were conspicuous 
 for some physical characteristic which made 
 them good models. Hudson Hawley, whose 
 dome was devoid of any hirsute adornment 
 was one of his favorite models, while George 
 W. B. Britt, Army Field Clerk, styled Alpha- 
 
14 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 Na9~NEveczsT£*>As«Eu. wivviua helmet. 
 
 NEVEH UNNECESSARILY STOP A DESCEvNDtKjSHEU- 
 
 \nitm -*xireTiN PEttGY - A VACANT £ieu>o? ABOUT 
 2oo ack&s is much Moae. efficient- oesvdes 
 
 IT VMIU, MOST LIKELY BEND OU CREASt. YOUC* 
 
 hat \wi-ucH will Put You cut of Luctr Forg. 
 
 INSPECTION AS THEY AR£ NOT BElNfe WORK THM<*W 
 
 No.lO NBtft JgUBI vhm youtc-Supe^ctc office r, 
 
 Y0UN6 Nan Co "You REALl-re ( 
 THAT 1 f^ANK' AS A. uEUTEnaW 
 
 D«a mb.4. 
 Nurcst-vaiu. 
 
 YOU AUCWhlE 
 To TIKE ~iCHI 
 
 Out tt> Dime. 
 
 <=>0>AE. NlfcHT? 
 
 T 
 
 THOV16HT 
 SHE VA4" 
 A UURit 
 
 —J — 
 
 CO"HCK< 
 
 fciw«cn 
 
 ■ffms is a. vEnir seruais offence. accorDih6 to 
 Au military R6j3u(.ataon^> — Some Nufi^s 
 
 IS LIEUTENk-NT4 A4"YOU ARE DOUBTLESS UKA-W6.a&- 
 
 and *urtrwk with cst-iceos is a Ttruzicn.6 'fcnEACH o* 1 
 
 ETIOuETTS-C£SlDES,ASWiN6 OFFICER OUT TO CMNN6A 
 v £> A *AUV PAS, AS THErr USUALLY ^crocm/ -rweirz out* 
 ^cad cacos and Ooht Kee£> "^e c*ts You wont use. 
 •lEsrEtuycv •— (_abyioe TD FEMALE C*FiC£R£ w wale) 
 
 No. 1 - DO NOT SNEE7.E \N YOUfS GAS MA&K. » 
 
 *? 
 
 (SONTT^RY TO THE VUEVALENT FALLACY SNEEZING 
 INTO THe GAS MASK IS "TO T5E. AVOlDEO j^a-thecs. 
 THAN PRACTISED,, "A VIOLENT SWE.EZE. NNHIL.E. 
 
 E.MCASED IN TWt TENACOUS Y/RVNK LES OF THE. 
 
 MASK IS VERY APT TO CAUSE INTERNAL COWiuSTlON 
 
 YATH SERIOUS EFFECTS TDTH& •SNE£ZE. t , COWR.I&W6- 
 
 A LOSS OF SELF CE<ieec-T AW WTU AL AN AvO TOTHEv ENEMf' 
 
 Lit Hit ^HtEZE l-> AtV.OLUtiu, UNAMOIOaBUL.LST <T <iE THOU THS C 
 «H PPEFCt. LrV-O., A-^ IrtLCAUS ~M<r NOT U>,Fr.fn Mr, ACr„.» ACtn. «.r7 o«. 
 
 Gtou£ 
 
 HOW TO 
 
 AVOID 
 
 Shell Suock. (^??^ 
 
 BURY YOUfZ HEAD UP TO YOUlZ A£>AMS 
 APPLE (as illuSttvtcd apove) - TVE. 
 
 OJTClCH HAS BEEN FOLLOW IN£ THIS 
 METVtoO t\M2 AEONS AK9 AS3HS AN!) AfcC^S/ 
 AND WHO EVER. V\EAat> OF AN CXTWCH 
 5UFFEI2.IN6 FROM SHELL SHOCK 7 TH£ft£ - 
 FOftE IT t^uST BE PBIFOCTLy PRACTICAL 
 
 /iv H'a//v. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 15 
 
 bet Britt, because of the numbers of letters in 
 his initials offered good material with his 300 
 or more pounds of avoirdupois. Wallgren 
 was known familiarly to all the soldiers of the 
 A. E. F. as Wally and the nickname persists 
 to this day. His popularity was proven by 
 the great demand for his cartoons when they 
 were published in book form by The Stars 
 and Stripes. 
 
 One of the great American dailies said, "If 
 The Stars and Stripes accomplished nothing 
 more it served to bring to the front a truly 
 great American artist in the person of C. Le- 
 Roy Baldridge. Baldridge was fighting the 
 Germans before America entered the war. but 
 as soon as he learned that the United States 
 had taken a hand he lost no time in getting 
 into the American Army. He became the 
 official artist for The Stars and Stripes soon 
 after its appearance and by the quality of his 
 work soon earned for himself a place among 
 the great artists of the day. One of his car- 
 toons, entitled "The First To Go Home," 
 which is reproduced here, was intended as a 
 silent rebuke to the men who were clamoring 
 to get home after the armistice. It gained 
 special mention at home, as did several others, 
 which were reproduced by newspapers and 
 magazines all over the world. It may be said 
 that Baldridge caught the spirit of the Ameri- 
 can fighter in a fuller sense than did any other 
 man who attempted to do so, and that he 
 drew stories, morals, and doctrines into his 
 
 cartoons which not even the most indifferent 
 could fail to see. 
 
 Soldier Verse 
 
 The poetry which appeared in The Stars 
 and Stripes came from everywhere and from 
 everybody in the A. E. F. Under the stress of 
 war the literature of a country receives an 
 impetus. The professional writers are in- 
 spired by heroic deeds and are fired with 
 patriotic zeal to the point where they excel 
 themselves in their work. However, the most 
 sentimental, the most graphic, and that which 
 most truly expresses the feelings of the men 
 engaged is that which they themselves write. 
 And it was the policy of The Stars and 
 Stripes to print the poetry that was received 
 if it had a semblance of worth. It mattered 
 not about the meter, or the feet if the words 
 meant something. A great many times the 
 poetry printed by The Stars and Stripes was 
 not highly creditable but it was without ex- 
 ception expressive. Not that all of the work 
 was done by amateurs — some of it was con- 
 tributed by members of the A. E. F. who had 
 gained considerable prestige as writers of 
 verse at home and some of it was contributed 
 anonymously by persons who evidently had 
 had a great deal of experience. In the first 
 issue of The Stars and Stripes was repro- 
 duced a poem which was found tacked on the 
 door of a billet by some unknown member of 
 a regiment which had just departed for the 
 
 Wally, well-known Scandinavian cartoonist and enemy of prohibition. 
 
 Abian A. Wallgren. 
 
 Real name — 
 
16 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 FOR SOME OF US THE WAR WILL NEVER END 
 
 
 ntC urz^BcL (<£*<-{<>* /*&■ 
 
 front. The poem, which is reproduced here 
 more truly expresses the spirit of the men who 
 enlisted from a sense of duty than all the lyrics 
 penned at. home throughout the war. It has 
 all through it that strain of happy-go-lucky 
 spirit which made the Yanks such wonderful 
 scrappers and which compelled the admiration 
 of our allies. The poem is as follows : 
 
 By the rifle on my back, 
 
 By my old and well-worn pack, 
 
 By the bayonets we sharpened in the billets 
 
 down below, 
 When we're holding to a sector, 
 By the howling jumping Hector, 
 Colonel, we'll be Gott-Strafed if the Blank- 
 
 teenth lets it go. 
 
 And the Bodies big and small. 
 
 Runty ones and Bodies tall. 
 
 Won't keep your boys a squatting in the 
 
 ditches very long : 
 For we'll soon be busting through, sir — 
 God help Fritzie when we do, sir — 
 Let's get going. Colonel Blank, because we're 
 
 feeling mighty strong. 
 
 This poem and the other poems reproduced 
 in these pages are reprinted here because they 
 give some idea of what the doughboys were 
 thinking of as they lay in the trenches, in 
 their billets, or were on leave for a while, 
 away from the commotion of war. They 
 may be said to express the heart of the A. 
 E. F. sentimentally, morally, and religiously. 
 as well as frivolously and humorouslv. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 17 
 
 As We Know Them 
 
 THE CAPTAIN 
 
 He's got the longest pair of legs that ever came to France, 
 And when he takes ns on a hike, it's sure a merry dance; 
 He's got the longest mem'ry, too; 'cause when we ask for leave 
 He always has a Something on onr records up his sleeve. 
 
 He likes to get up early and check up on reveille, 
 And if the turnout isn't prompt, there's nothing he can't say; 
 He blisters all the late ones, right before the whole command — 
 And say! That man can handle scorching language simply grand! 
 
 It's "Squads right!" after breakfast, with no let-up until noon: 
 The next thing, he'll be working us beneath the blasted moon. 
 It's "Squads left!" after mid-day chow — police, fatigue and such 
 Till everyone is eager for a stretcher or a crutch. 
 
 But up in front? The Skipper's There! He keeps us peppered up 
 By jollying and ragging us: bouquets what's made by Krupp 
 May fly around his dome all night and bust his snooze all day — 
 He goes his rounds, and quizzes guards, all cheerful-like and gay. 
 
 It's hell-for-leather all the time if you would follow him, 
 
 He's always three good jumps ahead, with punch and pep and vim: 
 
 But if I ever re-enlist, I think that I will try 
 
 To get into his outfit, for he's one real human guy! 
 
 Hudson Hawley 
 
 JOHN DOE— BUCK PRIVATE 
 
 Who was it. picked from civil life 
 And plunged in deadly, frenzied strife 
 Against a Devil's dreadful might? 
 
 Just plain "John Doe — Buck Private." 
 
 Who jumped the counter for the trench. 
 And left fair shores for all the stench 
 And mud, and death, and bloody drench? 
 Your simple, plain "Buck Private." 
 
 Who, when his nerves were on the hop, 
 With courage scaled the bloody top? 
 Who was it made the Hun swine stop? 
 "J. Doe (no stripes) Buck Private." 
 
 Who, underneath his training tan 
 Is, every single inch, a man! 
 And, best of all, American? 
 
 "John Doe, just plain Buck Private." 
 
 Who saw his job and did it well? 
 Who smiles so bland — yet fights like Hell? 
 Who rang again the Freedom bell? 
 'Twas only "Doe — Buck Private." 
 
 Who was it lunged and struck and tore 
 His bayonet deep into Hun gore? 
 Who was it helped to win the war? 
 
 "John Doe (no brains) Buck Private." 
 
 Who, heeding not the laurel pile 
 That scheming other men beguile. 
 Stands modestly aside the while? 
 
 "John Doe (God's kind) Buck Private." 
 Allan R. Thomson, 
 Sgt., Hq., Detch., 81st Div 
 
 A BATTLE PRAYER 
 
 Alone upon a hill I stand 
 
 O'erlooking trench and No Man's Land: 
 
 In night's black skies, like Northern Lights, 
 
 Pale flashes rise to mark the heights 
 
 Where Death's dark angels bear away 
 
 The soids of men who die today. 
 
 Jesus of Nazareth, from Thy cross 
 Look down and comfort those who toss 
 And scream in pain and anguish dread 
 In No Man's Land among the dead; 
 Have pity for the wounds they bear, 
 Jesus of Nazareth, hear my prayer. 
 
 On Calvary, as the hours dragged, 
 From cruel nails Thy body sagged, 
 Yet in that agony, Lord, 
 Thou didst give blessed comfort t'ward 
 One suffering soul who with Thee died : 
 He who for sin was crucified. 
 
 Out there lie men who die for right — 
 O Christ, be merciful tonight; 
 Wilt Thou who stilled the troubled seas 
 Stretch forth Thy hand their pain to ease, 
 Thy sons whose feet so bravely trod 
 Earth's battlefields, O Son of God? 
 
 Bhaixerd Taylor, Major. U.S.A. 
 
18 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 The French War Orphan Fund 
 
 The announcement that The Stars and 
 Stripes would work in conjunction with the 
 American Red Cross in taking care of the 
 French children made fatherless by the world 
 war appeared in the eighth issue of The Stars 
 and Stripes. The idea originated with 
 Harold Ross, who was made the managing 
 editor of The Stars and Stripes and the 
 details were worked out and put into operation 
 by him with the assistance of the other mem- 
 bers of the staff. 
 
 The procedure followed in adopting a French 
 War Orphan is best described in the following 
 article dipped from The Stars and Stripes. 
 
 How to Adopt a War Orphan 
 
 A company, detachment, or group of the 
 A. E. F. agrees to adopt a child for a year, con- 
 tributing 500 francs for its support. 
 
 The children will be either orphans, the 
 children of French soldiers so seriously crippled 
 that they cannot work, or homeless waifs from 
 the invaded districts. The adopting unit may 
 select its child from any of these classes and 
 specify its age and sex. 
 
 The money will be sent to The Stars and 
 Stripes to be turned over to a special connnit- 
 
 Marie-Louise Patriarche, the first French war 
 orphan adopted through "The Stars and Stripes" 
 
 tee of the American Red Cross for disburse- 
 ment. 
 
 At least two hundred and fifty francs will be 
 paid upon adoption and the remainder within 
 four months thereafter. 
 
 All of the money contributed will go to the 
 children. The expenses of administration will 
 be borne by the Red Cross. 
 
 A photograph and a history of each child will 
 be sent to its adopting unit, which will be ad- 
 vised of the child's whereabouts and hereafter 
 notified monthly of its progress. 
 
 The Red Cross committee will determine the 
 disposal of the child. It will either be sent to 
 a practical agricultural or trade school or 
 supported in a French family. 
 
 The Red Cross committee will regularly 
 visit the schools and homes of the children and 
 supervise the expenditures of the money upon 
 them. 
 
 No restrictions are placed upon the methods 
 by which the money may be raised. It may 
 be gathered by an equal assessment upon the 
 members of a unit, by passing the hat, by giv- 
 ing an entertainment — in any way the unit 
 sees fit. 
 
 The funds may be handled through the CO. 
 the top sergeant's office, or by any one in a 
 unit designated for the purpose. 
 
 Address all communications regarding these 
 children to War Orphans' Department, The 
 Stars and Stripes, G2, A. E. F., 1 Rue des 
 Italiens, Paris, France. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes by this plan made 
 possible the care, feeding, and education of 
 thousands of French children whose fathers 
 had gone to the war and who had not returned, 
 or who had returned in such a condition that 
 they could not support their families. 
 
 Companies, regiments, detachments, per- 
 manent units, every organization that could, 
 became the proud "parrain" of a fatherless 
 French child. The Stars and Stripes 
 adopted one of these children, by name Marie 
 Louise Patriarch, who lost both her natural 
 parents by direct cause of the war. Little 
 Marie was between six and seven years of age 
 when the journalistic doughboys took her 
 under their wings, and when they left France 
 they left enough money to take care of her 
 until she would be of an age to take care of 
 herself. Since their return to America the 
 members of the original staff of The Stars 
 and Stripes have sent enough money to 
 France to see little Marie safely through 
 school, and as other organizations took as 
 much interest in their adopted orphans it may 
 be safely supposed that many otherwise 
 friendless children have been well taken care 
 of through the generosity of the American 
 Expeditionary Forces. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 19 
 
 No. 1, Rue des Italiens. 
 
 "The Stars and Stripes" had offices on the fifth and sixth floors of this 
 building from April to December, 1918. 
 
 Soldiers' Service 
 
 The Soldiers' Service Department of The 
 Stars and Stripes was developed to a high 
 degree of efficiency. The men who had charge 
 of it were also newspaper men of experience, 
 and although they had a phase of newspaper 
 work to deal with different from any which 
 they had ever had before, they rose grandly to 
 the occasion, and succeeded in making the 
 columns of the paper so valuable through the 
 work of their department alone that it was 
 
 increased in value to its readers a hundred 
 fold. It was the duties of the men in charge of 
 this department to read all the multifarious 
 communications which arrived from the men 
 in the service asking for advice, information, 
 help, or for anything else that they couldn't 
 get anywhere else. A story published in The 
 Stars and Stripes said that the Service De- 
 partment answered questions ranging in im- 
 portance from the age of President Wilson to 
 whether or not Mary Pickford had died during 
 the epidemic of influenza in the States. There 
 
20 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 is no doubt that the Service Department con- 
 ducted by The Stars and Stripes was able 
 to render better service than the information 
 departments conducted by the welfare organi- 
 zations and others for the reason that the paper 
 served as the medium of intelligence between 
 those seeking information and those who could 
 give it and no letters were required except in 
 cases where the information sought was of a 
 confidential nature. The extent to which this 
 feature was used by the men is evidenced by 
 the fact that during the life of the paper the 
 service department answered more than 
 .500,000 inquiries by personal letters. 
 
 The Service Department was in charge of 
 George W. B. Britt, Army Field Clerk, who 
 was assisted by Sergeant William F. Germain, 
 of the 520th Machine Gun Battalion, and of 
 The Neie York World. The detail work was 
 done by a staff of about eight enlisted men, 
 whose work was directed by Britt and 
 Germain. 
 
 The Women's Page 
 
 The Stars and Stripes, being different in 
 all respects from its contemporaries in the 
 journalistic world coidd safely omit some of 
 the features, pages and articles without which 
 no other newspaper could appeal to all of its 
 readers and keep up the public interest. On<> 
 of the standard features of any self respecting 
 American journal is the Women's Page, with 
 its serial sob story, its Children's Bedtime 
 Tales, Fashion Hints, Beauty Suggestions, 
 Beatrice Fairfax Notes, Pastry Recipes, and 
 directions for varnishing the kitchen sink or 
 
 painting the barn. It is obvious that with a 
 list of subscribers who had been men ever 
 since they were born, it was not necessary for 
 The Stars and Stripes to run such a page. 
 However, to show the world that the editors 
 were capable of doing such a thing, they tried 
 it once — just once. That was enough to con- 
 vince everybody that it was not necessary. 
 The page, which appeared in the issue of 
 January 31, 1918, ran one installment, con- 
 cerning the adventure of Penelope Prune, by 
 Sergeant Bull, Hints For The Home, by 
 Dorothy Dobeis, Our Daily Bedside Story, and 
 Cootie Hints, By Beatrice Buckprivate. 
 
 Sport Page 
 
 No newspaper is complete without its 
 sport page, or section. So when The Stars 
 and Stripes was conceived, a sport page 
 was planned. George W. B. Britt, Army 
 Field Clerk, was selected to take care of the 
 office of Sports Editor. So when the initial 
 edition was delivered throughout the A. E. F. 
 the readers were greeted with news from the 
 athletic fields back home as well as with what 
 was going on in the realm of sports from the 
 S. O. S. to the advance deports and rest areas. 
 
 In connection with this, it might well be 
 said that the honor of having the first signed 
 story — and the only one by the way — goes to 
 Britt. It was his story on the Kid Johnson 
 vs. Judson C. Pewther fight "somewhere near 
 G. H. Q." 
 
 The sports page w T as well read and the 
 readers were pleased with it, until the War 
 Department back in the States issued the 
 
 The Soldier Service Department — Left to right — William F. Germain, Arthur R. Burchill, David 
 L. Phillips, A. F. C. Boucher, George W. B. Britt, A. V. Henrichsen, Logan M. Dayton. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripe* 
 
 21 
 
 famous "Work or Fight" order. The cables 
 then brought stories of famous athletes Tun- 
 ing to the shipyards or farms to escape going 
 to France. The editorial council took the 
 question in hand, and when the July 26, 
 1918, issue went to the readers, they were 
 surprised to read on the sporting page, a 
 notice saying: "That is the last Sporting 
 Page The Stars and Stripes will print until 
 an Allied Victory brings back peace." 
 
 The notice went on to tell about the 
 professional stars who were seeking refuge 
 behind soft jobs back home, and that there 
 was a possibility of headlines being handed 
 to The Stars and Stripes' readers something 
 like this, "Star Players dive for Shipyard? 
 or Farms to escape Work or Fight Order." 
 
 The A. E. F. readers agreed with the 
 Editorial Council and were contented to let 
 the news of slacker professionals go to the 
 waste basket. 
 
 After the Meuse-Argonne offensive and 
 the end of the fighting, hundreds of letters 
 were received daily from men scattered 
 throughout the A. E. F. "When are we 
 going to get our sport page back?" was the 
 gist of all. Peace negotiations were going 
 on. The editorial council remembered its 
 promise of July 26, and plans for the re- 
 sumption of the Sport Page were made. 
 Sgt. Nat. C. Worley of the editorial staff 
 was placed in charge. 
 
 It was decided to cover A. E. F. athletics 
 and sports in full and to touch but lightly 
 on the athletic activities in the United States. 
 So on December 27, 1918, the Sporting 
 Page was resumed. The large athletic pro- 
 gram mapped out for the entire A. E. F. 
 by the General Staff was being put into 
 action. There were Divisional Meets, in 
 boxing, wrestling, track and field events, 
 with the final culmination in the A. E. F. 
 Championships in all events. 
 
 For a while Worley tackled the job solo, 
 but after a few weeks Sgt. Felix Holt was 
 assigned to assist the sporting editor, and 
 he covered most of the A. E. F. sports events, 
 from Brest to the Rhine and from Monte 
 Carlo to Belgium. Other members of the 
 staff were assigned to special events such as 
 tennis and golf matches. 
 
 The Sporting Page was kept going through 
 the rest of the winter and until the Stars 
 and Stripes was discontinued. 
 
 The A. E. F. Amusement Page 
 
 There were thousands of amusements 
 staged by dramatists, actors of various degrees 
 of ability, musicians, elocutionists, acrobats, 
 singers, and vaudevillians for the benefit 
 of the soldiers of the A. E. F., but if there 
 had not been some way in which to let the 
 men know when and where the different 
 
 A N£W EXPfcQ\£N C&.> 
 
 By Wallv. 
 
 events were being staged there would not 
 have been much of an attendance at the 
 entertainments and the men would have 
 missed a great deal that was coming to them. 
 To help spread the good news The Stars 
 and Stripes ran a weekly A. E. F. Amust- 
 ment Section, which told its readers where 
 the entertainments for their benefit were 
 being staged. It was not necessary to run a 
 dramatic or musical department to give the 
 men reviews or press notices of the shows. 
 All they wanted to know was where and when 
 the big times were to come off and they'd 
 be there, regardless of what the bunch who 
 had seen the act before had said or thought 
 about it. Besides, the great majority of the 
 entertainers who appeared for the benefit of 
 the soldiers in France were people whose 
 reputations were already established, and 
 whose fame in the States had preceded them 
 to France. Perhaps the A. E. F. Amuse- 
 ment Section meant a great deal to the men 
 than a casual reader might believe. With 
 only thirty-three bucks a month in the great 
 majority of cases to cover all living expenses 
 and provide recreation the men were always 
 glad to have the opportunity of enjoying the 
 productions staged by the welfare and other 
 organizations, and if the announcement came 
 through The Stars and Stripes the only 
 thing that could keep them away was the 
 fact that they were on active duty or in the 
 hospital, or the added possibility that the 
 temporary playhouse was too far removed 
 from their sector. 
 
22 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 THAT LETTER FROM HOME 
 
 ■8 " » 1t 
 
 
 — which is still fresh at the forty-first reading. 
 
 By Baldridge. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes Mother's Day 
 
 Every newspaper, at some time in its career, 
 makes some effort to prove its influence upon 
 its readers by sponsoring some idea, and en- 
 deavoring to get their opinions concerning it. 
 There were very few movements endorsed or 
 plans inaugurated by The Stars and Stripes 
 
 which were not accorded support by the soldier 
 readers. An instance of the good influence of 
 the paper and the manner in which the men 
 responded to an appeal from its editorial staff 
 was the Mother's Day Letter, which was sug- 
 gested and carried out by The Stars and 
 Stripes. Every man in The A. E. F. was 
 urged on that day to write a letter to his 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 23 
 
 mother, not only because of the sentiment 
 attached to the day and to the women whom it 
 honored, but as a tribute to the part which the 
 women of America played in carrying on the 
 war successfully, and the bravery with which 
 they surrendered their loved ones to the ser- 
 vice of their country. 
 
 The success of The Mother's Day Letter 
 plan was the subject of a speech in The House 
 of Representatives by Mr. Lonergan of Con- 
 necticut in his speech on the bill making 
 appropriations for the support of the Army for 
 the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919. Mr. 
 Lonergan brought in The Stars and Stripes 
 in this way, beginning with his tribute to the 
 Army : 
 
 "These men, leaving all at the call of duty, 
 have carried with them not a little of the 
 idealism that makes this Nation an honored 
 one among the peoples of the world. Nothing 
 could have typified it more than did the action 
 of Pershing's troops in deciding to observe 
 Mother's Day, May 12, last, by writing home 
 to their mothers. 
 
 "The plan was suggested by the editors of 
 The Stars and Stripes. . . . This plan 
 was met with the immediate approval of Gen. 
 Pershing. . . . 
 
 "When this information was cabled here, I 
 suggested to Postmaster General Albert S. 
 Burleson that the mail of the soldiers posted 
 Mother's Day be expedited in transit. He 
 agreed and wired to the editors of The Stars 
 and Stripes, which is the official organ of our 
 troops abroad, that mail posted on Mother's 
 Day would, as far as possible, have the right of 
 way. 
 
 "Prompted by the whole-hearted way in 
 which the American soldiers abroad responded, 
 I suggested to the Secretary of War and to 
 the Secretary of the Navy, as well as to the 
 Commandant of the Marine Corps, that the 
 troops at cantonments and in our insular pos- 
 sessions, the men with the fleet abroad and 
 at home, and the Marines, wherever stationed, 
 be included." 
 
 There follows the reply of the Adjutant- 
 General to the Congressman's suggestion, stat- 
 ing that the Secretary of War had been pleased 
 to adopt it. 
 
 Continuing, Mr. Lonergan says: 
 
 "The fleet, I was informed, was notified by 
 wireless along the same lines on May 11. 
 
 "Thus, every man wearing the service uni- 
 form of the United States on May 12 last, 
 whether his duty was that of holding the front 
 trench in France, or of sweeping with his eye 
 the horizon of the North Sea for the telltale 
 periscope . . . of guarding our border . . . 
 of learning at our training camps the art of 
 war, used at least a few minutes of his day 
 in writing to the one friend whose heart is 
 always with him, his mother. 
 
 "The significance of this action can hardly 
 
 be overestimated. . . . It was with no little 
 pleasure, then, that I was informed by Mr. 
 Otto Praeger, Second Assistant Postmaster- 
 General, in charge of foreign mails, that on 
 May 31, 1918, there arrived at an Atlantic 
 port, a transport bringing 1,4"25,000 letters 
 written by our troops and by the men of the 
 fleet on Mother's Day, in addition to ^Oo^OO 
 letters received earlier the same week. 
 
 "This mail, I was further advised, began 
 to arrive at the post office of the port where 
 the ship landed, at 4.05 o'clock, and was 
 worked out and dispatched to its destination 
 on every available train during the night, and 
 every letter was out of the office before 11 
 o'clock of the morning of June 1; and orders 
 had been issued by postmasters everywhere to 
 give expeditious handling to this mail." 
 
 Father's Xmas Letters 
 
 It must be said, to the everlasting credit of 
 The Stars and Stripes editorial staff, that 
 although they paid a high tribute to the 
 mothers of America's soldiers when they sug- 
 gested a letter to every mother of every soldier 
 in France, and every sailor on the high seas, 
 they did not, in their turn, neglect the fathers 
 of America, who had just as bravely as the 
 mothers, given up their sons for their country. 
 
 Every soldier in The A. E. F. was urged, 
 through the columns of The Stars and 
 Stripes to write his father a Christmas 
 Victory letter on Christmas Day, 1918, telling 
 Dad, Pop, Father, Papa, the Governor, or The 
 Old Man, as the case might be, just how it was 
 done, who did it, and what part he had played 
 in it, and also to tell him that although he had 
 been, since the dawn of history, overlooked in 
 the lyrics of the poet, the sentimental back- 
 ward glancing of man in his declining years, 
 and to all outward appearances, the affection 
 of his children, he was remembered by Amer- 
 ica's crusaders fighting on foreign soil. He 
 was to be told that although he had not wept 
 on the shoulder of his son when he went away, 
 and that although his few letters had been 
 brief and to the point, that the soldier knew 
 who had furnished the money which had been 
 sent to him, and who had repeated with 
 pride the letters which Mother had received. 
 He was to be told that his son was writing to 
 him as one man to another; that his stoicism 
 at parting, his avoidance of sentimentality in 
 his letters, and his substantial evidence of good 
 faith and loyalty as expressed by the check 
 book was deeply appreciated. 
 
 So it came to pass that the hearts of many 
 men were made glad by receiving from "The 
 Boy," over there, a special letter marked 
 "Father's Xmas Letter," in the corner where 
 formerly was written, "Soldier's Mail," and 
 which was given expedite handling by the 
 Postal authorities so it would be sure to reach 
 him on Christmas Day. 
 
24 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars a?id Stripes 
 
 The Mother's Day Letter and The Father's 
 Christmas Letter uphold the statement that 
 The Stars and Stripes was more nearly a 
 pure American newspaper than any other 
 sheet that had ever been published. It over- 
 looked no one to whom credit was due, and 
 no opportunity to do service to its supporters; 
 it did not hesitate to endorse worthy cause nor 
 to give its support to any worthy movement. 
 The volume of letters sent from France for a 
 few weeks prior to Christmas, 1918, was only a 
 bit smaller than that sent home for Mother's 
 Day, and if those letters could be gathered 
 together and compiled what a wonderful story 
 of the World War they might tell. 
 
 The Ensign Started Something 
 
 The Stars and Stripes published in its 
 issue of October 25, 1918, a story from Ensign 
 Fred Anderson, of the Salvation Army, sta- 
 tioned in the Toul Sector during the big drive 
 there, as follows: 
 
 STEP UP, GENTS 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 I would like to find out through your paper, 
 if we made a record in hot cake making. Dur- 
 ing the big drive on the Toul sector, we started 
 in at 7:30 a. m., and continued one steady fry 
 until 3 o'clock the next morning, making hot 
 cakes on a plate four by four feet, making 12 
 large cakes at a time, three plates every five 
 minutes, or something like 8,000 cakes in one 
 stretch, without stopping. 
 
 I have talked to several cooks and they all 
 seem to think this is the record. If any one 
 place has beaten us, kindly let us know. 
 
 This is a Salvation Army flap-jack place, and 
 the originator and operator is Ensign Fred 
 Anderson of Tacoma, Wash. I shall be glad 
 to hear from any cook on this just for the 
 fun of it, and will be willing to run a race on 
 
 frying for a canteen, when and wherever it 
 can be arranged. 
 
 Ensign Fred Anderson, 
 Oct. 25, 1918. Salvation Army. 
 
 Although Ensign Anderson wrote this letter 
 in strict conformity to the truth and with the 
 most sincere intention of engaging in a hot 
 cake frying contest with any man in the A. E. 
 F. who thought he could do better, the letter 
 was received with some doubt as to the vera- 
 city of its contents and the claims of the writer, 
 and immediately there began pouring into the 
 offices of The Stars and Stripes letters 
 from other men who made themselves or their 
 favorite mess sergeants claimants for the 
 laurels of Mr. Anderson, although their letters 
 lacked the one essential of truth which made 
 Anderson's unbelievable. Many such letters 
 were received but the one which follows 
 won for the writer the award of the asbestos 
 griddle which was offered by the lovers of liars 
 in the American Expeditionary Forces. 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 I have read in the columns of your most 
 excellent paper the famous exploits of En- 
 sign Fred Anderson and J. Gorman Strasler 
 in the art of quantity hot cake baking. 
 
 My respects to these gentlemen whose fame 
 no doubt is high in the flapjack world and 
 probably, with but one exception, without a 
 peer. That one exception is a certain mess 
 sergeant in the Army of Occupation, doing 
 duty a while back somewhere between the 
 Argonne Forest and the Rhine. I am sorry 
 that for obvious reasons his name cannot be 
 mentioned, and it would be a breach of mili- 
 tary prudence should I mention the place 
 where this most modest mess sergeant did 
 some real flapjack baking. 
 
 A number of fighting divisions were en 
 route to the Rhine when a general order 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 25 
 
 comes flying through the columns of march- 
 ing troops that a rest of one week would be 
 granted, and a mess sergeant was wanted to 
 erect and direct the consolidation of the 
 many kitchens in the 2d Division and feed 
 the hungry, tired, footsore soldiers. 
 
 So, like a good patriot, the very modest 
 mess sergeant of whom I write volunteered his 
 services, and by the aid of a Spad was has- 
 tened to the head of the column, and at a 
 place selected beforehand set in at once. The 
 Spad made such good time that the sergeant 
 gained the rest camp two days ahead of the 
 first division. His staff of cooks and helpers 
 arrived by the same means soon after. He 
 wired the headquarters of the medical supply 
 department to forward a trainload of field 
 hospital ward tents, which came a few hours 
 later. 
 
 Fourteen hundred of these large tents were 
 put up end to end in a series of 14 rows, each 
 row consisting of 100 tents, which made a 
 mess hall under canvas 20 feet wide and 
 6,000 feet long, something over a mile in 
 length, the 14 rows making in all about 13 
 miles of mess hall space. Twenty-six miles 
 of tables were erected, and in front of the 
 14 rows 1,750 field kitchens were lined up 
 side by side so close they formed one long 
 range about a mile and a half in length. 
 
 Twenty miles of light railway was laid in 
 front and back of this range and through the 
 14 canvas mess halls, with a five-mile double- 
 track spur running to the ration dump. 
 
 While this was being done, which took 
 about ten minutes, the Q. M. erected a huge 
 sawmill nearby with a capacity of cutting 
 1,700 cords of firewood every hour, which 
 would be needed to keep the griddles hot. 
 The Engineers erected a series of 150 steam 
 trip-hammers to mash potatoes. A circular 
 ditch was dug having a circumference of 
 
 about half a mile, 20 feet wide and about 
 four feet deep, and this was lined on the 
 bottom and each side with steel, and a bat- 
 tery of four tanks was employed to grind the 
 20 carloads of coffee dumped therein for each 
 meal. 
 
 The stevedores in a pioneer regiment lined 
 up a battery of 500 concrete mixers to stir 
 the batter. The doughboys out of several 
 outfits dug a trench 1,000 feet wide and a 
 mile long in about 15 minutes to dump the 
 eggshells in, which were carried away from 
 the range by a series of 100 endless belts, 
 each 2,000 yards long and traveling at the 
 rate of 270 miles an hour. 
 
 Every ten minutes a 30-car trainload of 
 flour was unloaded into the mixers and a very 
 large river a few miles away was literally 
 taken out of its course and run through a 
 giant flume in order to supply a sufficient 
 quantity of water for the mixers and the 
 3,750 G. I. cans of coffee required each meal. 
 
 An airplane of the Handley-Page type, 
 traveling at the rate of 360 miles an hour, 
 would make regular half-minute trips over 
 the whole length of the range, dragging a 
 huge perforated drum containing, when full, 
 about 50,000 gallons of grease. 
 
 The batter was shot upon the griddles by 
 a battery of 3,000 machine guns of a special 
 type especially suited for this work, and they 
 were operated by the 7,140 cooks and helpers 
 employed in the kitchen. The cakes were 
 turned by a device resembling a hay-turning 
 machine, which was fastened on the rear of a 
 Ford and made to travel up and down the 
 range at full speed. 
 
 As the cakes were finished they were loaded 
 on flatcars and hauled by 16 light steam loco- 
 motives into the 14 great mess tents, where 
 a whole division on K. P. duty served them. 
 
 Syrup was supplied from a large tank sus- 
 
26 
 
 I Brief History of the Star* and Stripes 
 
 Major Mark S. Watson, who succeeded Major 
 
 Visniskki as officer in charge. Major Watson 
 
 was assisted by Capt. Stephen T. Early. 
 
 pended 60 feet in the air in the center of the 
 camp. Pipe lines leading into each of the 
 1,400 tents from this tank, which held when 
 full about 150,000 gallons of pure maple 
 syrup, gave every soldier ample sweetness for 
 his stack of hots. 
 
 Now you will agree with me that to direct 
 such a huge enterprise as this it required 
 brains, so the Signal Corps erected a tele- 
 phone exchange requiring 500 operators, and 
 by this system the entire feeding of a body 
 of soldiers equal to the population of Pitts- 
 burgh was intelligently directed by his most 
 modest mess sergeant while suspended in a 
 basket beneath an observation balloon some 
 thousand yards above the earth. 
 
 Everything was accomplished in a few 
 hours, and as many as 200,000 soldiers could 
 be fed every eight minutes and each receive 
 as many as 20 flapjacks, if wanted, which 
 was often done of a morning during their 
 week's rest. 
 
 I have omitted" many facts about this great 
 feeding camp, but will say no more for fear 
 of embarrassing the sergeant in charge. 
 Maybe he will accept an invitation to par- 
 ticipate in a flapjack baking contest, but 
 owing to his modesty I am afraid he may 
 decline, so with that I will close this little 
 citation. 
 
 Elmer K. Patterson, F. H., A. O. 
 
 Letters from Readers 
 
 In one of the stories written by the editorial 
 
 staff of The Stars and Stripes it was said 
 that when any newspaper began receiving 
 letters signed "Constant Reader," that it 
 was a sure sign that it was a newspaper. 
 The Stars and Stripes, before it had been 
 in existence for six months began receiving 
 such letters, and not only could it be deter- 
 mined that the writers were constant readers 
 because they signed their names that way, 
 but the contents of the letters betrayed the 
 fact even better. Thousands of letters were 
 received daily by the Service Department of 
 the paper, from soldiers who needed help. 
 The paper had not been in circulation long 
 before letters of approval, written mostly 
 by the men themselves, began coming in. 
 The Stars and Stripes filled a need in their 
 lives and they did not hesitate to express 
 their appreciation and thanks to the editors. 
 It will be noted that the signatures to the 
 letters which are reproduced below, telling 
 the editor what the men thought of the paper 
 are in nearly every case preceded by the 
 military abbreviation, "Pvt.," which means 
 that the men for whom the paper was in- 
 tended were reading the paper and that they 
 liked it. 
 
 The diplomatic skill of the editor may be 
 recognized in his reply to Question Xo. 
 4,170.502. The letter from Pomeroy Burton, 
 the Paris Administrator of the British War 
 Mission to the United States is only one of 
 many such commendatory notes received 
 by the paper. The few letters from the 
 States which space allows to be reproduced 
 here give some idea of the reception accorded 
 The Stars and Stripes at home. 
 
 YOU WIN 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 Cooties again. 
 
 They say a poet won a medal for writing 
 the following World's Shortest Poem: 
 Adam 
 Had em. 
 I wish to submit the following abbreviated 
 version : 
 
 dam 
 'em. 
 Pvt. Arthur Mann, 
 Btv. E, 12th F. A. 
 
 For. THE CENSOR. 
 
 By Wally 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 27 
 
 QUESTION NO. 4,176,502 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 I wish to take advantage of the knowledge 
 of the staff of your paper by having them 
 settle the question that is causing so many 
 arguments in the A. E. F. and elsewhere. 
 
 Which division did the best fighting on the 
 front? 
 
 Kindly publish in your paper at your earl- 
 iest opportunity the standing (0 the different 
 combat divisions. In doing this you will 
 please the men of the A. E. F. and the folks 
 back home. 
 
 Cpl. M. J. Donoghue. 
 
 [We have two men in the hospital now. 
 Can't stand any more casualties at present. 
 —Ed.] 
 
 FROM A BRITISH EDITOR 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 My hearty congratulations on the excellent 
 papers you are getting out. It is sure to be 
 a big and permanent success if you continue 
 to maintain the standards you have already 
 established. 
 
 Pomeroy Burton, 
 Paris Administrator, 
 British War Mission to the United States. 
 February 20, 1918. 
 
 WHERE'S THIS VIOLIN? 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 Some time ago, knowing that I couldn't 
 carry it much longer, I gave my violin to an 
 ambulance driver in the Chateau-Thierry dis- 
 trict. I told him to take it to a hospital for 
 whoever could use it. 
 
 As I am now in the hospital myself, I would 
 like to correspond with whoever has it, with 
 the idea of getting it again. 
 
 My old address is on the bottom of the case : 
 Pvt. Harold A. Kirk, Co. L, -- Inf. My 
 present address is: 
 
 Pvt. Harold A. Kirk. 
 Base Hospital 3, A. P. O. 705. 
 
 TO DECIDE A BET 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 To decide a bet I would like to have you 
 answer the following in your next issue: Can 
 a first lieutenant, who, we will say, is a 
 commander of a company, take two days' 
 pay out of a private's wages without either 
 a summary or general court martial? A says 
 no officer can touch a private's wages without 
 a court martial. B says it can be done. We 
 will suppose said private was AWOL for two 
 days. 
 
 Pvt. J. Mahon, A.A.A. 
 
 [Pay cannot be taken out without the hold- 
 ing of a summary court martial or by the 
 soldier's consent, in which case, as a disci- 
 plinary measure, his pay can be forfeited. — 
 Editor.] 
 
 To The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 I am glad to find in France a newspaper 
 written and edited by and for our soldiers. 
 Wisely managed, it can be a forum for their 
 ideas, a means for each part of the American 
 front to speak to all the others, a means for 
 drawing closer together all the soldiers of the 
 A. E. F. Good luck to The Stars and 
 Stripes! 
 
 (Signed) Newton D. Baker. 
 France, March 12. 
 
 FRENCH PAGE 
 
 It has been said that the entire Stars and 
 Stripes was written by American soldiers. 
 That is true save for one page in the issue of 
 January 17, 1919. On that occasion all pre- 
 cedent of the Stars and Stripes was broken, 
 for the complete page, excepting the advertising- 
 was written and made up by Poilus. 
 
 The staff of the trench paper of the 74th 
 French Division of Infantry, called Le Rire aux 
 Eclats which means "Explosions of Laughter," 
 or "Laughter amid the explosions," as you 
 prefer, sent the news matter and the form for 
 setting it up. The page was turned over to 
 the French contemporaries of the A. E. F. and 
 was dedicated "Aux Americains avec les 
 compliments de tous les Poilus." 
 
 That was the only deviation from the rule. 
 At no other time did that amount of space 
 ever go to any other but the American soldier. 
 There were times when short stories which 
 came fr<_ m the pen of Australian, Canadian or 
 English fighting men, were printed, but they 
 were never more than a column in length. 
 
28 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 BRITAIN'S PREMIER GREETS A. E. F. 
 
 I have read with the greatest interest the 
 first numbers of The Stars and Stripes which 
 you have so very kindly sent me, 
 
 It is an excellent thought to meet the needs 
 of the troops in this way. 
 
 I welcome the opportunity of sending greet- 
 ings to the brave soldiers of America, who are 
 now in line with their Allies in Erance, doing 
 battle for the great cause of human justice and 
 freedom. 
 
 Their presence, side by side with the 
 soldiers of Erance and Britain, is no fortuitous 
 alliance, formed merely for the purposes of 
 war. 
 
 It is, in truth, the expression of an abiding 
 
 instinct for the assertion of right against 
 
 might, and for the deliverance of civilization 
 
 from the servitude of autocratic militarism. 
 
 This instinct may have been obscured or overdaid in the past, but the revelation of the 
 
 sinister purpose of despotism has awakened it in all the progressive democracies of the world. 
 
 I believe that the sacrifices which the soldiers of America are now making for the common 
 
 cause are producing an unity of understanding and purpose with the allied peoples which 
 
 will knit them permanently together to the immeasurable good of the world even after the 
 
 victory for freedom has been obtained. 
 
 It is this acceptance of common duties and common sacrifices in the face of a common 
 danger which gave us the victory over those selfish and parochial aims which encouraged a 
 military autocracy to attempt to seize universal power. 
 
 (Signed) D. Lloyd George. 
 7th March, 1918. 
 
 
 £2t^ 
 
 
 ,. "'-lw 
 
 
 ^^^jgte, '*$£!$ 
 
 
 
 
 i i / 
 
 "HONOR TO THEIR VALOR" SAYS 
 FRANCES PREMIER OF AMERICANS 
 
 To The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 Last September, I said to several of your 
 magnificent soldiers whose guest I was: "You 
 are going to be called upon to make a great 
 effort and to fulfill it, perhaps, at a cost of 
 your life. We can feel only gratitude and 
 friendship for you who have come from afar to 
 help us." 
 
 Today we have seen them at their task. 
 Men who have served with impassioned zeal 
 the Democratic Ideal we want to save. 
 
 They are worthy of their great forbears. 
 Honor to their valor! 
 
 (Signed) Georges Clemenceau. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 29 
 
 MA.fcu-sTCWtfSCM- 
 
 32 Rue Taitbout, last home of "The Stars and Stripes." 
 
 The Funny Bone of the A. E. F. 
 
 The Kansas City Journal, in a review of the 
 first copy of The Stars and Stripes brought 
 to the attention of the editor wrote: 
 
 "There is a significant abundance of "funny 
 stuff," little jests and jingles, jokes and quips, 
 which might not sell to the American "funny" 
 magazines, but which testify eloquently to the 
 American soldier's lightheadedness, as well as 
 
 to the necessity of laughing at a time when 
 tears would be more natural. 
 
 "To laugh as one stands on the brink of hell 
 and gazes down into the pit of torture and 
 suffering does not betoken indifference, but 
 quite the reverse. The preservation of reason 
 and of the sublime purpose which animates the 
 men in khaki demand these laughs which mask 
 the righteous curses that are directed toward 
 the barbarous enemy." 
 
30 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 THE CURTAIN! QUICK!!! 
 
 Corporal : Say, Sarge, in what state would a 
 man be if he fell into the river Seine? 
 Sergeant: A wet state, I guess. 
 Corporal: No, insane. 
 (Corporal now a private). 
 
 THEY PUZZLE HIM 
 
 "These French streets," said Private Jones, 
 "sure are a puzzle. You never know where 
 you are on one of them and they change their 
 name every block or so. I was walking along 
 one named the Rue Marcher au paz the other 
 day, and I looked up and found its name 
 changed to Gardez votre droite, and two blocks 
 farther I'll be hanged if it didn't change again 
 to the Rue Defense d'Afficher." 
 
 ONE WAY TO LOOK AT IT 
 
 "He hasn't been paid in eight months." 
 "Gee, the luckv stiff!" 
 
 Should socks be worn inside the pants 
 Or out? There seems some doubt, 
 
 For though I find I wear mine in. 
 I alwavs wear them out. 
 
 HIGH FINANCE 
 
 Corporal Bilkins had arrived in France after 
 a few days in England. 
 
 "How much money have you got left?" 
 asked Corporal Wilkins. 
 
 "Well, I've got four shillings, a quid, two 
 farthings, nine pennies, a franc, half a pound, 
 four sous and 50 centimes, but I've only got 
 two dollars in cash." 
 
 WELL, CAN YOU? 
 
 To the Editor of The Stars and Stripes: 
 
 See if you can catch Capt. Cook kicking 
 cute cooties 'cross khaki cricket coats. 
 
 F. M. H. D., F. A. 
 
 PILLANTHROPY 
 
 Syl (at the hospital) : That little nurse kinda 
 likes me. 
 
 Bill (next bed): Why so? 
 
 Syl: She gave the others one calomel pill, 
 and she gave me a couple. 
 
 THE FRIENDLESS BONNET 
 
 Slim — Speaking of that overseas cap, do 
 you like it? 
 
 Hank — Not any more than my face, but 
 God gave me one, and the Government the 
 other. 
 
 "Say, feller, where's the field kitchen?" 
 "Over in that wood yonder." 
 "Well, whatnell is a field kitchen doin' in a 
 wood?" 
 
 OH .Jov I 
 
 By Wally. 
 
 HOW YOU FEEL 
 
 When You Unsling Your Pack at the End 
 of A Twentv-Mile Hike 
 
 FIFTY-FIFTY 
 
 Private: Say, Sarge. you know those shoes 
 you gave me? 
 
 Supply Sergeant: Well ,what about em? 
 
 Private: Well, one of 'em matches all 
 right, but the other doesn't. 
 
 ANOTHER TOP STORY 
 
 When the company was falling in in alpha- 
 betical order, the old top became somewhat 
 irritated at one private who seemed to be 
 wandering around loose. 
 
 "Hey, there, what's vour name?" 
 
 "Phillips." 
 
 "Well, get the hell up there with the F's 
 where von belong." 
 
 EASY TO IDENTIFY 
 
 "Say, a feller was around here lookin' for 
 
 you just now." 
 
 "Zasso? What'd he look like?" 
 
 "Lessee. Come to think of it, he had on 
 
 spiral leggins and a pair of O.D. pants." 
 
 Buck: Say, these here now kings of France 
 weren't much on rank, was they? 
 Corporal: How's that, buddie? 
 Buck: Why. they was most of them Louis's. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 31 
 
 
 f^f' M i sasssaasassasssBSBsa sa ss 
 
 ;^v] t hops -we ^eueos / 4^^ 
 
 |&ll Do*T NOTiCe THECV* UAfs// 
 
 CORP'RAL'S CHEVRONS 
 
 Oh. the General with his epaulets, leadin' a 
 
 parade, 
 The Colonel and the Adjutant a-sportin' of 
 
 their braid, 
 The Major and the Skipper — none of 'em 
 
 look so fine 
 As a newly minted corp'ral, comin' down the 
 
 line! 
 
 Oil, the Bishop in his mitre, pacin' up the 
 
 aisle, 
 The Governor, frock-coated, with a votes-for- 
 
 women smile, 
 The Congressman, the Mayor, aren't in it, I 
 
 opine, 
 With a newly minted corp'ral, comin' down 
 
 the line ! 
 
 AROUND THE POKER BUNK 
 
 Eirst Player: That guy that's doing all the 
 winning doesn't know the game at all. Every 
 time anyone says "I pass" he says "Lessee 
 em." 
 
 Second Player: Well, that's because he's 
 an M. P. when he ain't working. 
 
 TWENTY YEARS AFTER 
 
 Middle-aged male customer: Let me have 
 three suits of underwear. 
 
 Clerk: Size, please? 
 
 M.A.M.C.: Anything at all. I used to be in 
 the Army. 
 
 HEALTH HINTS 
 
 By Dr. C. C. Pill, M. C. 
 
 N. Y. D. — If you are unable to find a Army 
 dentist with enough equipment to dispose of 
 your dental difficulties, brush your teeth 
 violently with iodine every morning for three 
 days and then have them all pulled out. 
 
 F. E. A. — It can hardly be claimed that your 
 indigestion existed prior to enlistment, even if 
 the eggs you ate did. Try painting the cook 
 with iodine. 
 
 S. O. L. — This query will have to be ans- 
 wered by courier, as the censorship forbids all 
 reference to troop movements. In the mean- 
 time, paint yourself with iodine. 
 
 R. T. O. — Unfortunately, the itch cannot 
 justify us in recommending an S. C. D., as 
 we have to have somebody left in the Army. 
 However, you will probably be demobilized 
 before you are cured anyway, if that is any 
 comfort to you. As for iodine — ay, there's 
 the rub. 
 
 S. T. B. — Paint it with iodine. 
 
 M. P. — Your description of the top sergeant 
 suggests forcibly that he is suffering from de- 
 lusions — probably a case of manic depressive 
 insanity, brought on by worry. Most of 
 them are. Try spilling iodine on your service 
 record. 
 
 A. A. W., C. L. B., S. H. C— See answer to 
 S. T. B. 
 
 HAUNT HE EARNED IT ? 
 
 This happened at Scratch ville-by-the-Sea. 
 Lots of things happen there, but this is really 
 out of the ordinary. 
 
 The major was making his inspection, weav- 
 ing in and out among the "picked" men, when 
 a wag called out: 
 
 "Say, Doctor, don't you think I oughter get 
 a decoration?" 
 
 "I don't know," retorted the dignitary, 
 laughing: "why?" 
 
 "Well, it seems to me it's worth it. I just 
 captured a cootie with seven service stripes on 
 him!" 
 
 OLD AND NEW STYLE— NO. 1 
 
 In camp back home: Sir, I have the First 
 Sergeant's permission to speak to the Captain. 
 
 In billets over here: Sir, the Top told me I 
 could speak to you about this here. 
 
 In the trenches: Say, Captain — . 
 
32 
 
 .1 Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 Business Office at 32 Rue Taitbout. 
 
 The Financial Department 
 
 The Stars and Stripes was required by 
 General Headquarters of the A. E. F., to 
 render a strict accounting of all money 
 received, and to report minutely the expen- 
 diture of all income. The burden of the 
 work fell on the Finance Department, which 
 was in charge of a commissioned officer. 
 The first officer to assume the responsibility 
 of Treasurer was Lieut. Adolph S. Ochs, Jr., 
 of The New York and Chattanooga Times. 
 He had a most capable assistant in the person 
 of Regimental Sergeant Major David R. 
 Sterrett, of Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 The Financial Department received all 
 money remitted by field agents for cash sale 
 of the paper, and subscriptions, and pay- 
 ments from agencies which handled the 
 advertising for The Stars and Stripes. 
 In order to keep a strict accounting of all 
 receipts it was necessary to have a complete 
 system of books, and it required the services 
 of several other soldiers as assistants to do this 
 work properly. 
 
 When The Stars and Stripes suspended 
 publication more than $700,000 was on deposit 
 to the credit of the paper in a Paris bank. 
 This entire amount was turned over to The 
 General Headquarters of the A. E. F. by 
 Lieut. William C. Waltman. who had suc- 
 ceeded Lieut. Ochs as Treasurer, and was 
 finally transferred to The U. S. Treasury 
 Department, where it still remains. A bill 
 has been introduced in Congress to give 
 his money to the French War Orphans, but 
 o far no final action has been taken, and 
 he money earned by The Stars and Stripes 
 has never been spent. 
 
 The Advertising Department 
 
 The Advertising Department of The Stabs 
 and Stripes was organized before the appear- 
 ance of the first issue, and although but little 
 time was given the manager to collect a great 
 amount of copy, a very creditable showing 
 was made. The first advertising manager 
 was Lieut. William K. Michael, who remained 
 in that capacity until the summer of 1918, 
 when he was succeeded by Lieut. R. Fendrick. 
 who was assisted by Sergeant George E. 
 Mulvany, Sergeant Harold Sigmund and 
 Corporal Saul Goldberg, 
 
 The advertising representative for Great 
 Britain was the Dorland Agency, Ltd., 16 
 Regent St., London, SAY. 1, and for the 
 United States and Canada A. W. Erickson. 
 381 Fourth Ave., New York City. The nat- 
 ional advertisers in the United States found in 
 The Stars and Stripes an excellent medium 
 through which to introduce their products to a 
 great body of men who were to return to 
 America at the end of the war and who would 
 represent the great majority of America's 
 purchasing power for years to come. The 
 advertising carried in The Stars and Stripes 
 was of such an unimpeachable character that 
 it needed no recommendation or guarantee 
 from the staff. It may be said that the ad- 
 vertisers who used the paper were not actuated 
 wholly by a patriotic desire to help along such 
 a good project as The Stars and Stripes but 
 that they found the paper's huge circulation 
 list of 526,000, more than 70.000 of which was 
 in this country an excellent means to promote 
 the sale of their wares. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 33 
 
 Circulation Department 
 
 It has already been stated that the French 
 and British had attempted an official news- 
 paper for their armies but that the attempts 
 had failed mainly because of the difficulty 
 encounted in delivering the papers to the 
 soldiers, fighting on a long front and over 
 ground torn by war. The Americans, how- 
 ever, worked out a system by which they were 
 able to deliver the papers to the men for whom 
 it was intended on time and regularly. It 
 took no little time to work out such a system 
 and it took no little work to keep it in opera- 
 tion after it was inaugurated. 
 
 In the first place it was necessary to have 
 men engaged in distributing the paper who 
 knew their business. It was the policy of 
 The Stars and Stripes from the beginning 
 to accept no one for work with the paper if 
 he had not had newspaper experience in the 
 States. This made it possible for the paper 
 to have men at Paris who knew their business 
 and it was not a difficult task to select the 
 best from the many applicants. Any man 
 who did not make good at the work to which 
 he was assigned was given another job and if 
 he failed on that he was returned to his 
 outfit. 
 
 It was also necessary to have good men in 
 the field to distribute the paper to the different 
 divisions and units, some of which were 
 engaged in actual fighting at the time. A 
 large staff of field agents was organized who 
 were assigned to divisions, regiments, units, 
 areas or hospital centers. It was their duty 
 to solicit customers among the outfit to 
 which they were assigned and order the 
 
 number of copies they could dispose of, collect 
 payment for them, and forward the money, 
 together with all papers which they could not 
 sell to the Paris office. These agents had a 
 total 91 cars of their own which they used in 
 distributing the paper to their customers. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes was aided in 
 getting the paper to all the men in France by 
 Hatchette Cie., one of the largest newspaper 
 distributing concerns in France. All of the 
 bundles for the field agents were wrapped, 
 with the help of men from The Stars and 
 Stripes office, at the plant of this company, 
 and shipped from there by railway express 
 to the nearest railroad station to the agent 
 for whom they were intended. The agent, 
 knowing about when his papers were due, 
 came down to the railroad station in his 
 machine, waited for the train, and when it 
 came loaded his papers and left for the unit 
 to which he was to deliver the papers. This 
 was often quite a distance from the railroad 
 station and the roads were not always in the 
 pink of condition. Then he went to work 
 distributing the paper, and many times did 
 it under fire. There were many thrilling 
 tales to tell when these fellows got together, 
 of shells bursting all about their flivvers, and 
 tearing up the landscape within sight while 
 they were peacefully doing the newsboy act. 
 In some areas there were a number of agents 
 stationed. 
 
 Not too much can be said for the men who 
 were responsible for getting the paper to its 
 readers. That there were no casualties 
 among them was more a matter of good luck 
 than a shirking of dutv under any conditions 
 
 Addressograph and Mailing Departments. 
 
34 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 French officers, shortly after crossing the Rhine, reading "The Stars and Stripes." 
 
 or circumstances. On the very day on which 
 the Armistice was signed, Sgt. Joe Daly, 
 Q. M. C, the head of the Transportation 
 Department of The Stars and Stripes went 
 a little too far with the papers he was taking 
 to the men and was captured by the Germans. 
 It can be said of all men responsible for the 
 appearance and the distribution of The 
 Stars and Stripes that they were actuated 
 more by the love of their work than by the 
 hope of reward or the fear of punishment. 
 Theirs was the same spirit which inspired all 
 of America's soldiers in the war, and the bit 
 they did was as important as that of the most 
 widely heralded hero at the front. 
 
 Hatchette and Cie. distributed the paper 
 to out of the way places all over France, 
 and put it on sale in places where only a few 
 American troops were located, and where it 
 was not practicable to place a field agent. 
 The part which this company played in 
 giving The Stars and Stripes the general 
 distribution which it enjoyed was an important 
 factor in its popularity. 
 
 Captain Richard H. Waldo, formerly of 
 The New York Times came with The Stars 
 and Stripes in April, 1918. He was a news- 
 paper man of long experience, and immediately 
 set about devising plans for increasing circu- 
 lation. He was the originator of the coupon 
 system of cash sales which met with great 
 success. By this system, a sheet of coupons, 
 each of a value of 8 francs was sold to 
 soldiers by the field agents. This system had 
 several advantages. First, the cash received 
 in advance for copies of the paper enabled 
 the development of the work by bringing in 
 the receipts in a lump form. Second, when 
 
 a soldier bought one of the coupon sheets he 
 was sure of getting The Stars and Stripes 
 for weeks, even it' Lady Luck wasn't with 
 him on payday night. Third, it lightened 
 the burden of collecting by the field agents, 
 and made the work in the financial depart- 
 ment of the home office easier. When Captain 
 Waldo left the paper in the fall of 1918 he 
 was succeeded by Lieut. Milton J. Ayers, who 
 carried the work he had started to a successful 
 completion. Captain Waldo and Lieutenant 
 Ayers were both assisted, during the time they 
 headed the Circulation Department of The 
 Stars and Stripes, by Regimental Sergeant 
 Major Melvin Ryder, who had charge of all 
 the field agents at the front; Regimental 
 Sergeant Majors Richard S. Jones and 
 Stuart Carroll who had charge of the agents 
 in the S. O. S. and Base Ports. These men 
 were responsible for all the papers shipped 
 to the agents under their supervision. 
 
 The total number of paid in advance yearly 
 subscriptions carried by The Stars and 
 Stripes was, at its highest figure, about 
 70,000. Nearly all of these yearly subscrip- 
 tions were to people in the United States 
 and were sent by soldiers. The men them- 
 selves rarely subscribed by the year, as they 
 were never sure of being in any one place for 
 a great length of time. However, field 
 agents were authorized to accept yearly sub- 
 scriptions and it was through them that most 
 of the subscriptions sent home were made. 
 
 The Addressograph Department 
 
 A system for the purpose of addressing all 
 subscriptions going to the States was necessary 
 in order to eliminate all the extra work incident 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 35 
 
 'The Stars and Stripes" battery of linotype machines. 
 
 to addressing the wrappers on typewriters as 
 it was done in the beginning. The Addresso- 
 graph system was the only available addressing 
 system on the market in France and as soon as 
 the installation of a modern method was 
 approved, the Addressograph system was im- 
 mediately put in. The highly satisfactory 
 results obtained from the use of this system 
 justified the claims of its supporters. 
 
 The new system was put in charge of Ser- 
 geant Nestor J. Born, who was later succeeded 
 by Sergeant Thomas R. Healy, who stayed 
 with the company until it was disbanded at 
 Camp Mills. These two men, during the time 
 they had charge of this system of The Stars 
 and Stripes addressed weekly more than 
 70,000 single subscriptions to persons in the 
 United States. 
 
 Mailing Department 
 
 It is easily understood that in order to get 
 out the great number of papers that were sent 
 from Paris each week by The Stars and 
 Stripes it was necessary to have an efficient 
 mailing department. This department, early 
 in the spring of 1918 was put in charge of 
 Sergeant Earl E. Riley, of the 9th Inf., who 
 was an experienced mailer. Later Sgt. 
 Riley was transferred to The Criminal 
 Investigation Bureau, and Sergeant Harry 
 L. Katz, of Boston, Mass., who had seen 
 years of experience with weekly and daily 
 publications in the United States, took charge 
 of the work. The magnitude of the work will 
 be more fully realized when it is known that 
 each of the 70,000 subscriptions sent to the 
 United States had to be wrapped singly, and 
 
 that all the mailing of samples, books pub- 
 lished by The Stars and Stripes, all orders 
 for extra copies and back copies were taken care 
 of in this department. A force of from 10 to 
 15 enlisted men was kept busy in the mailing 
 department all of the time. A plan for 
 installing an up-to-date American system of 
 mailing was submitted by Sgt. Katz soon 
 after he became connected with this depart- 
 ment, but because of the difficulty encountered 
 in obtaining the necessary machinery and the 
 paper used for that purpose, the plan was 
 never put into working order. 
 
 The Transportation Department 
 
 All of the automobiles, ninety-one in 
 number, which were used by the field agents 
 in distributing the paper, by the correspond- 
 ents who travelled from point to point in the 
 A. E. F. and by members of the staff stationed 
 at the office in Paris, were directly in charge 
 of Sergeant Joseph G. Daly, who knew the 
 number of every car assigned to The Stars 
 and Stripes and was able to give the location 
 of every car at any time. He was responsible 
 for the proper care of the cars used and 
 ordered all repairs necessary to keep them in 
 good condition. 
 
 His work was highly important for the 
 reason that prompt delivery of the paper was 
 necessary to make it valuable to the men, and 
 it would have been impossible to get it out if 
 the cars were not in prime condition. It was 
 up to the field agents to keep their cars in 
 good shape and if they did not they were 
 pretty sure to hear from Sergeant Joe. 
 
36 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 In and Around the Office 
 
 Henry E. Lammers, known familiarly as 
 "Red," was the official mail orderly for The 
 Stars and Stripes from early in the summer 
 of 1918 until the paper suspended publication. 
 Mail received by The Stars and Stripes 
 and all mail dispatched through American 
 and French post offices was handled by 
 "Red." He was the connecting link between 
 home and the members of The Stars and 
 Stripes Staff in Paris. 
 
 Corporal George P. Wrench, who was the 
 official courier for The Stars and Stripes 
 probably made more trips across the English 
 Channel on tug boats and submarine chasers 
 than any other man in the A. E. F. He 
 made weekly trips from Paris to London, 
 carrying the papers which were sent to 
 American soldiers stationed in England. He 
 also carried all official documents to and 
 from Paris. 
 
 The Stahs and Stripes, published by 
 Americans in a country where the English 
 language was not spoken to any great extent, 
 found it necessary to employ the services 
 of an interpreter to make possible intelligent 
 communication with the French business 
 men, and any French citizens who called at 
 the office of the paper. Robert S. Dilly, a 
 disabled French soldier, rendered valuable ser- 
 vices, both as an interpreter and as a guide. 
 
 Saul Goldberg, one of the first field agents, with 
 
 his flivver which he used in distributing 
 
 "The Stars and Stripes." 
 
 Making up The Final Issue. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 37 
 
 Supply Department. 
 
 Supply Department and the Canteen 
 
 The Stars and Stripes Staff was sup- 
 plied with all equipment necessary by a 
 supply department which was in charge of 
 men assigned to duty with the paper, and a 
 canteen, carrying a full line of everything 
 that was for sale by American commissaries 
 in France was operated at the office, and the 
 men were given the opportunity of buying 
 cigarettes, cigars, candy, chocolate, jam, 
 sugar, coffee, and other articles which they 
 had considered necessities at home, but 
 which, without the cooperation of the War 
 Department would have been unobtainable 
 luxuries in France. The last man who had 
 charge of the canteen was Sergeant Jack 
 Weinstein, who came with the paper early in 
 1919 and supplied the soldier journalists all 
 the way through to Camp Mills, Long Island, 
 N. Y. 
 
 Censor and Press Company No. 1 
 
 The Censor and Press Company No. 1, 
 which was made up of the members of The 
 Stars and Stripes Staff in Paris was a differ- 
 ent organization from other military units in 
 more ways than one. As practically all 
 of the men drew commutation of quarters 
 and rations it was necessary to have a strict 
 accounting on all vouchers made out in pay- 
 ment of this commutation. This work was 
 
 handled by Regimental Sergeant Major Nich- 
 olas Beser. He worked under the direction 
 of Captain Harry L. Parker, the commanding 
 officer of the company. Sergeant Beser was 
 virtually Captain Parker's assistant. Lieu- 
 tenant Donald R. Brenton was second in 
 command of the company, and he was well 
 liked by the men in the command. 
 
 When the order suspending the publication 
 came from G. H. Q., preparations were made 
 at once to return the company to the States as 
 a unit. On June 15, 1919, two days after the 
 paper suspended publication, every man as- 
 signed to the company had reported to Cap- 
 tain Parker. 
 
 On June 17, they were assembled at 
 Clignancourt Barracks. After a night journey 
 on the French Victory Flier they reached 
 Brest, and on the first of July they saw the 
 shores of La Belle France fade from sight from 
 the decks of the U. S. Transport Pretoria. On 
 the 13th of July the company landed at Ho- 
 boken and went to Camp Mills. Camp Mills 
 was the last place where the entire staff was 
 assembled as a whole, the company being 
 broken up into Casual Companies there, and 
 sent to the camp nearest their homes for 
 discharge. 
 
 So passed an organization that had made 
 history of an everlasting quality and who had 
 materially aided its country in a time of need. 
 
38 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 The Final Issue 
 
 The final issue of The Stars and Stripes 
 appeared on June 13, 1919. It had been in 
 existence for more than sixteen months and 
 during that time had amassed a profit of more 
 than $700,000 and had reached a total circula- 
 tion of more than 526,000 copies, 70,000 of 
 which were paid subscriptions sent by soldiers 
 to persons in the United States, the remainder 
 being taken by soldiers of the A. E. F. 
 
 The serious shortage of white newsprint 
 paper all over the world was the direct cause 
 for the discontinuance of The Stars and 
 Stripes. White paper stock was at all times 
 during the life of the paper a hard thing to get, 
 but with the close of the war, and the resump- 
 tion of business on a larger scale in all the 
 countries engaged it became well nigh impos- 
 sible to get it at all. The size of the A. E. F. 
 had considerably dwindled by this time, and 
 the headquarters of the American Forces in 
 Germany had been established. These men, 
 who were to be the last to leave Europe were 
 already being supplied with news by their own 
 newspaper, The Amaroc Neivs, which had 
 shortly before begun publication, and the need 
 which had been the cause for the inception of 
 The Stars and Stripes was practically at an 
 end . 
 
 One of the members of The Stars and 
 Stripes editorial staff prepared a lengthy 
 farewell article, bidding good-bye to the men 
 whom the paper had served and reviewing at 
 some length its work and achievements. His 
 article was entitled "Bugler Walsh Sounds 
 Taps With This Issue." The story was a 
 fitting sequel to the editorial entitled "To The 
 Colors," which had appeared in the first issue 
 more than a year before. Their pledges in 
 that editorial fulfilled, the staff of The Stars 
 and Stripes emerged from the obscurity 
 which they had assumed and obtruded their 
 own views and the personalities of some of 
 their members on the readers of the paper. 
 The Editorial Staff solemnly pledged that the 
 paper, when folded away should remain a 
 memory of the past, their contribution to the 
 memory of the men who had read it and died 
 for liberty, as well as to those who had fought 
 well and returned home to enjoy the fruits of 
 their victory. 
 
 However, there was one man who was on 
 the original staff of The Stars and Stripes 
 who did not bind himself to this pledge, and 
 coming home before the last issue was pub- 
 lished overseas he began publishing an Amer- 
 ican edition of The Stars and Stripes in 
 Washington, D. C. This newspaper, still 
 called The Stars and Stripes is still in 
 existence. 
 
 First papers off the press starting for the men in hospitals. 
 
 American Red Cross. 
 
 These were distributed by the 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 39 
 
 Pictorial Supplement 
 
 The first, and of necessity the last pictorial 
 supplement published with The Stars and 
 Stripes appeared with the final issue. A 
 especial Baldridge cartoon entitled "The 
 Dawn," which showed American soldiers, their 
 task completed, with arms outstretched to- 
 ward the glorious West whence they had 
 come. The photographs depicted the changes 
 which came about from the time the first 
 American outfit arrived in France to the 
 departure of a transport from Brest with the 
 first contingent of Yanks homeward bound. 
 
 The arrangement of the cuts was the work 
 of Hal Burrows, an artist, whose Joan of Arc, 
 in one of the later issues had caused such 
 favorable comment. 
 
 The American Edition 
 
 Joseph L. Heffernan, who had been in charge 
 of the Coblenz office of The Stars and Stripes 
 returned home before the other members of 
 the staff and on June 14, 1919, the day after 
 The Stars and Stripes suspended publica- 
 tion in France he published the first issue of an 
 American edition in Washington, D. C. The 
 home edition of The Stars and Stripes, 
 which is the only independent newspaper de- 
 voted to the interests of the ex-service men, is 
 still being published in the Capital City. It 
 is edited by Richard Seel ye Jones, a prominent 
 newspaper man of Seattle, Washington, and 
 formerly assistant circulation manager of the 
 paper in France, assisted by Sid Houston, who 
 was State Commander of the American 
 
 Legion in Missouri before he resigned to take 
 up the work with the paper which he had 
 helped to make in France; by W. F. Germain, of 
 the Service Department in Paris, and by at 
 least thirty other men who were on the staff 
 overseas. Mel Ryder, also an assistant cir- 
 culation manager in Paris is the present 
 advertising manager of The Stars and 
 Stripes, while Ray Hunsehe, who had charge 
 of the sale of Wally's Cartoons in the Army 
 of Occupation, and was also one of the most 
 successful field agents, directs the sale of sub- 
 scriptions from a desk, while his heart is out 
 in the field with the sheet-writers. Harry L. 
 Katz, who had charge of the mailing depart- 
 ment overseas is the Superintendent of 
 Publishing. 
 
 Wally, the famous A. E. F. cartoonist draws 
 a weekly strip for The Stars and Stripes, and 
 his conceptions of the civilian life of the 
 doughboys is no less funny than his drawings 
 of their army life. Tip Bliss has deserted the 
 Dizzy Sector and now writes a weekly article 
 for the "new civilian" entitled "The Letters 
 of A Reformed Private." Hal Burrows sup- 
 plies weekly cartoons. They are causing 
 lively and favorable comment from the men 
 who read the paper. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes, since its revival in 
 the United States has enjoyed a remarkable 
 growth, and is now not only the best friend of 
 the returned soldier, but is the universal favor- 
 ite among the veterans. Its subscription list 
 of nearly 150,000 built up in a little over a year, 
 testifies to this fact. 
 
 IMPROVE. THE KV t $ 
 CONSIDERABLE 
 
 By Wall v. 
 
40 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 :? 
 
 The Stars and Stripes First "Newsy" 
 
 No history of The Stars and Stripes would 
 be complete unless it mentioned specifically 
 Daniel Sowers, familiarly known to the mem- 
 bers of the staff as "Li'l Dan'l", the 350- 
 pound infant who first saw the light of day 
 among the hills of West Virginia, and whose 
 love for his native haunts is so great that he 
 may be found there to this day. When the 
 war broke out Dan'l was safely ensconced in 
 a secretarial position with the government of 
 his native state but heeding the call of duty, 
 in a moment of reckless disregard for his life 
 or safety volunteered his services as a field 
 clerk. 
 
 The opening of our story finds him selling 
 copies of the first issue of The Stars and 
 Stripes to every mother's son he met at G. H. 
 Q., Chaumont, ranking from generals to acting 
 buck privates. If it had not been for The 
 Stars and Stripes it is possible that the world 
 would never have known nor "little recked" 
 of the ability of "Li'l Dan'l" to dispel the 
 gloom with his sunny smile or to separate 
 soldiers from their " frankies " for a newspaper. 
 The staff of The Stars and Stripes felt such 
 an everlasting gratitude to Dan for bringing 
 their publication so well into popular notice 
 that every time he visited Paris he was always 
 attached to the staff for rations and for safe 
 guidance and conduct among the perils of the 
 city, for be it known that although he weighed 
 little less than John Bunny at his best his 
 
 blooming innocence made him a shining mark 
 for every wild woman in "gay Paree." 
 
 Although Dan Sowers was never officially 
 attached to the staff of The Stars and 
 Stripes he had an important assignment in 
 connection with it, for he handled all corre- 
 spondence in reference to The Stars and 
 Stripes at G. H. Q., where he had a desk in 
 the same building with Pershing and other 
 shining lights of the A. E. F. 
 
 It might be said of Dan Sowers that no one 
 in the A. E. F. owned a bigger body or a bigger 
 heart than the one which beat beneath his 
 O. D. jacket. He was everybody's friend, 
 and after they had known him for five minutes 
 every man he met was Dan's friend for life. 
 Dan is back in civil life now and is still a 
 familiar figure at the office of The Stars and 
 Stripes when he periodically emerges from 
 the seclusion of the hills to greet his old A. E. 
 F. friends, and to swap reminiscences of the 
 days when he and Jimmy Britt represented 
 more avoirdupois than any six major generals 
 in the army. 
 
 HE'D SEEN THEM ALL 
 "I see," said Corporal Bilkins, looking over 
 
 the top of his newspaper, "that Secretary 
 
 Baker says there are more than 500,000 
 
 Americans in France." 
 
 "That's nothing new," said Private Wilkins. 
 
 "There's more M.P.'s than that." 
 
 -dbl 
 
 
 
 Bv Walh 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 41 
 
 den/ll. 
 
 GENERAL HEADQUARTERS 
 AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 
 
 Second Section, General Staff* 
 
 June 10, 1919. 
 
 TO THE MEMBERS OP "THE STARS AND STRIPES" STAFF: 
 
 The Issue of Juae -13th has been selected by the Commandor- in-Chief 
 ae the final issue of THE STARS AND STRIPES. 
 
 On that date, ar as soon thereafter as possible, your servioes 
 with the A. E. P. and its offloiai newspaper will terminate* It is my 
 pleasure and duty, therefore, to give you this farewell expression of grati- 
 tude and appreciation whioh I know to be very intensely felt by the whole 
 A. E. F. and to be inspired by the splendid publication your labors gave 
 it. 
 
 Individual thanks oannot be given each of you any more than they 
 can be given each of the 2,000,000 in the A. E. P« but this letter to you 
 all oolleotively will, I hope, assure you of the regard in whioh you are 
 held. 
 
 Certainly, no other newspaper was over born of a greater need 
 than was THE STARS AND STRIPES. Equally oertain is it that no other news- 
 paper ever aerved ita needs with j&are loyalty and 'ability . To bring oheer, 
 smilea 5 news from home, news from places of interest in the land they were 
 fighting in, to 2.000,000 raen thousands of miles from the United States 
 and, in addition, to enoourag© these mea to fight with smiles and confidence 
 was a fraotion of the needs your labors supplied. 
 
 How well you aacomplished this task is attested in tho reoords 
 of General Headquarters. It will be recorded for posterity in the war 
 histories to be written* It is already written, but unoffioially 9 in hundreds 
 of letters reoeived by this offioe — letters which, in their praise of your 
 work, might be stmrnarisod as proclaiming TK3 STARS AND STRIPES as the literary 
 landmark of the war, founded by and for the American soldier. It is my wish 
 to add this personal tribute to these on file and to make of official record 
 an appreciation of the distinguished services you have rendered,. 
 
 &\wrt 
 
 fryu 
 
 Official copy to:- f3~~yVTs% ^^^- ^ • * . 
 
 Sgt. Harry 1. Katz. /^a^*^ & *d *f~ "^ "" ^ 
 
42 
 
 A Brief Hi. story of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 Men Who Helped Make "The Stars and Stripes" 
 
 The men of the A. E. F. who, at one time or another, have worked on The Stars and Stripes 
 and contributed to its success are listed below in alphabetical order, with their home addresses. 
 
 These men were obtained for service on the paper after a canvass of the whole A. E. F., a process 
 in which the qualification cards filled out at replacement depots and reclassification camps played an 
 important part. Some were recommended by their C.O.'s for service with us and some applied. 
 
 These lists are printed to give due credit in future years to the men who helped make possible 
 one of the most interesting experiments in American journalism. 
 
 ACKERMAN, Henry H., Pvt. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 ADAMS, Franklin P., Capt. 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 ADAMS, Kenneth C, Sgt. Maj. 
 
 Sacramento, Calif. 
 AGEN, Meyer, Pvt. 1st CI, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 AYERS, Milton J., 1st Lt., Inf. 
 
 New York. 
 BABBITT, Donald G., 1st Lt., Inf. 
 
 Bellows Falls, Vt. 
 BAILEY, Seth T„ Sgt. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 BALABAN, Sydney, Pvt. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 BALDRIDGE, C. LeRoy, Pvt. 
 
 San Diego, Calif. 
 BARRY, Arthur W., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Whittier, Calif. 
 BARTON, Frank W.. Sgt. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 BASSETT, Horace Y., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Coatesville, Pa. 
 BACHELOR, Louis R., Cpl. 
 
 Goshen, Ind. 
 BAUKHAGE, Hilmar It., 2d Lt., F.A. 
 
 New York City. 
 BEATTY, Edgar, Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 BECKMAN, Edward L., Cpl. 
 
 Ottawa. Ohio. 
 BEDDOR, Frank, Pvt. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 BEER, Harold C, Sgt. 
 
 Clinton, Mass. 
 BERGH, Sigurd U., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 BERNARD, August L., Sgt. 
 
 Erie, Pa. 
 BESER, Nicholas, R.S.M. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 BLACK, John, Cpl. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 BLISS, D. L., Sgt. 
 
 Berkeley, Calif. 
 BLISS, Tyler H., Sgt. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 BOETJER, William G., Pvt. 
 
 Hannibal, Mo. 
 BONDY, Edward W., Pvt. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 BONNETT, Fred J., Cpl. 
 
 Hoboken, N. J. 
 BORCHERS, Harold, Pvt. 
 
 San Francisco, Calif. 
 BORN, Nestor J., Sgt. 
 
 Evansville, Ind. 
 BOTTORFF, Donald, Cpl. 
 
 Charlestown, Ind. 
 BRADY, Richard W., Cpl. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 BRENTON, Donald R., 2d Lt., Inf. 
 
 Chicago, III. 
 BRISTOL, Claude M., Sgt. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 BRYSON, George T., 2d Lt., A.S. 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 BUCHER, John M , A.F.C. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 BRITT, George W. B., A.F.C. 
 
 New Bedford, Mass. 
 BURCHILL, Arthur H„ Cpl. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 BURKE, Walter J., Pvt. 
 
 New York City. 
 BURROWS, Harold L., Sgt. 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 BURTON Edgar 11., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Americus, Ga. . . 
 BURNETT, Verne E., Sgt. 
 
 Homer, Mich. 
 BUSSIUS, Charles J., Sgt. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 BYRON, Daniel E., Cpl. 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 CALLIS, Richard M., Cpl. 
 
 Dundas, Va. 
 CANNON, Percy F., Pvt. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 CARROLL, Joseph W., Pvt. 
 
 San Francisco, Calif. 
 CARROLL, Leonard M., Sgt. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 CARROLL, Stuart H., Q.M. Sgt./S. G. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 CASHEN, John L., Sgt. 
 
 Cohoes, N. Y. 
 CHARMAN, Elbert B., Cpl. 
 
 Oregon City, Ore. 
 CLAIBORNE, "Richard S., Sgt. 
 
 Rusk, Tex. 
 CLARY, Thomas M., R.S. Maj. 
 
 New York City. 
 CLOWER, Clarence E., Pvt. 
 
 New York City. 
 COLEMAN, Nelson E., Cpl. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 CONKLIN, Clarence C, Cpl. 
 
 New York City. 
 CONLEE, C. S , Pvt. 
 
 Bryan, Tex. 
 CONNOLLY, Jack S., Cpl. 
 
 Newton Lower Falls, Mass. 
 CORCORAN, Paul B., Sgt. 
 
 New York City. 
 CRITCHLOW, Harrv B , 
 
 Sgt. 1st CI. 
 CUE, Merl K., Pvt. 
 
 Frankfort, Intl. 
 GUSHING, Charles R., 1st Lt. 
 
 New York City. 
 CUTHBERTSON, A. J., Pvt. 
 
 Denver, Colo. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 43 
 
 CUMMING, J. P., 2d Lt. 
 
 Florence, Ala. 
 DE GRANGE, Joseph, 2d Lt., F. A. 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 DALY, Joseph G., Sgt. 1st CI., Q.M.C. 
 
 New York City. 
 DALEY, Richard D., Cpl. 
 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 DARLING, Chester A., Cpl. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 DAVIES, L. L., Pvt. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 DAVIS, Harold L., 1st Sgt. 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 DAYTON, Logan M., Cpl. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 DEE, Joseph P., Cpl. 
 
 New York City. 
 DI CARLO, Charles, Pvt. 
 
 New York City. 
 DICKEY, Willis T., B.S.M. 
 
 Mulvane, Kan. 
 DILLY, Robert S., Pvt. 
 
 Flandrin, Paris. 
 DOLAN, Louis F., Pvt. 
 
 Dorchester. Mass. 
 DOSTAL, Eben J., Cpl. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 DO WD, Frank A., Cpl. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. \ . 
 DOYLE, Lloyd L., Cpl. 
 
 Utica. N.Y. 
 DUNN, Walter F., Cpl. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 EARLY, Stephen T., Capt., Inf. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 EASINGWOOD, A. H., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Clinton, N. Y. 
 EMMONS, Riley H., Cpl. 
 
 Hill City, Kan. 
 EPSTEIN, Emmanuel, Pvt. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 FEENEY, Joseph E., Cpl. 
 
 Portland, Me. 
 FEHRENBACH, A. J., Cpl. 
 
 Marshfield, Wis. 
 FENDRICK, R. S., 2d, Lt. A.S. 
 
 Mercersburg. Pa. 
 FITCH, Roy, Cpl. 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 FLOOD, Patrick J., Pvt., 1st. CI. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 FORBES, John P., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Huntingdon, Pa. 
 FOGSHAY, Stanley W., Pvt. 
 
 Paterson, N. J. 
 FRANTZ, John C, Sgt. 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 FROWNFELTER, E. L., Sgt. 
 
 Whittier, Cal. 
 FRUGONE, Louis F., Pvt. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 FULTON, Robert E., Cpl. 
 
 Dallas, Tex. 
 GALLAGHER, Lee F., Pvt. 
 
 Freeland, Pa. 
 GARDYNE, Robert E., Cpl. 
 
 Montgomery Center, Vt. 
 GAYLORD, Donald D., Cpl. 
 
 Branford, Conn. 
 GEESEY, Chester L., Sgt. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 CELL, W. C, Pvt. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 GERBER, Albinez T., Sgt. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 GERMAIN, William F., Sgt. 
 
 New York City. 
 GESCHARDT, George A., Cpl. 
 
 New York City. 
 GIAUQUE, James R., Sgt. 
 
 Yonkers, N. Y. 
 GIEGENGACK, Aug. E., R.S.M. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 GILBERT; Leland R., Sgt. 
 
 Albany, Ore. 
 GLENNY, James A. F., Cpl. 
 
 Chester, Pa. 
 GLENN, Edward H., Pvt. 
 GLICKMAN, Rudolph, Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 GOLDBERG, Saul, Cpl. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 GOLDEY, Louis, Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 New York City. 
 GOOD, Arthur J., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 GOULD, George D., Sgt. 
 
 New York City. 
 GOZA, Henslee D., 1st Sgt. 
 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 GREELEY, Edwin, Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 GREEN, George D., Sgt. 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 GREENHAW, DeW. T., Sgt. 
 
 Phoenix, Ariz. 
 GRINSTEAD, Hugh G., Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Kerrville, Tex. 
 HAGGERTY, John P., Sgt. 
 
 New York City. 
 HALE, William, Sgt. 
 
 Weiser, Ida. 
 HALL, Nelson R., Sgt. 
 
 Glenwood Springs, Colo. 
 HALL, Norman D., Cpl. 
 
 Newburgh, N. Y. 
 HAMMER, Frank J., Pvt. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 HANSON, Joseph M., Capt., F. A. 
 
 Yankton, S. D. 
 HARMON, Harold H., Sgt. 
 
 Clyde, Kan. 
 HANDBERG, C. L., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Viborg, Denmark. 
 HANLEY, William L., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 HARING, D. S., Sgt. 
 
 Jervis, N. Y. 
 HARRINGTON, G. L., Sgt. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 HAWLEY, Hudson, Sgt. 
 
 Bristol, Conn. 
 HEALY, Thomas R., Sgt. 
 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 HEFFERNAN, Joseph L., Sgt. 1st C 
 
 Youngstown, Ohio. 
 HELD, Rene F., Cpl. 
 
 Berkeley, Calif. 
 HELBIG, Louis W., Sgt. 
 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 HENDERSON, A. E., R.S.M. 
 
 Rockville Center, N. Y. 
 HENNING, L. A., Cpl. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 HENRICHSEN, A. V., Cpl. 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
44 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 HERITAGE, W. H., Cpl. 
 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 HERLIHY, John K., Cpl. 
 
 Everett, Mass. 
 HERSON, Edward J., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 HERTY, Howard A., B.S.M. 
 
 Clifton, N. J. 
 HIPP, Edward S.. Cpl. 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 HICKMAN, George W., Sgt. 
 
 Logan, Utah. 
 HIBBS, Russell E., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 HOLLENWEGER. F. W., Sgt. 
 
 Cincinnati. Ohio. 
 HOLT, Felix C, Sgt. 
 
 San Diego, Cal. 
 HOLWAY, Harvard E., Pvt. 
 
 La Crosse, Wis. 
 HOOKES, William L., B.S.M. 
 
 Brookl vn, N. Y. 
 HORN, Christopher J., Sgt. 
 
 Edgewood, R. I. 
 HO USER, Roy C, Sgt. 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 HOUSTON, Sid., Cpl. 
 
 Mexico, Mo. 
 HOWARD, Charles M., Cpl. 
 
 Waterloo, N. Y. 
 HOWARD, James G., Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Alameda, Calif. 
 HOWELL, Stanley A.. Pvt. 
 
 Long Island. N. Y. 
 HUCK, George C, Sgt. 
 
 Grand Forks, N. D. 
 HUFF, Norman D., Sgt. 
 
 Dayton, Ohio. 
 HUFSTEDLER, Stanley, Cpl. 
 
 Teague, Tex. 
 HUGGINS, Ernest W. ; Cpl. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 HUMPHREYS, James P., Sgt. 
 
 West Orange, N. J. 
 HUNSEHE, Raymond W., Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 HUNT, Dwight G., Sgt. 
 
 New York Citv. 
 ISACKSON, Louis O., Cpl. 
 
 Albert Lea, Minn. 
 ISEMINGER, Lester D., A. F. C. 
 
 Hageistown, Md. 
 JACOBS, Millard F., Sgt. 
 
 New York City. 
 JENTZEN, Herbert, Cpl. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 JENKINS, J. Edwin, A.F.C. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 JOHNSON,' Curtis O., Sgt. 
 
 Dallas, Tex. 
 JONES, Richard S., R.S.M. 
 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 KANE, Charles J., Sgt. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 KATZ, Harry L., Sgt. 
 
 Roxbury, Mass. 
 KAY, Kend'all K., Sgt. 
 
 Eureka, Calif. 
 KEENAN, William P., Cpl. 
 
 Westfield, Mas?. 
 KELLY, Edward M., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Vallejo, Cal. 
 KELLY, Frank J., Hosp. Sgt. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 KELLY. J. J., Cpl. 
 
 New York City. 
 KENYON, Alden H., Pvt. 
 
 Box GO, R.F.D., S. Westport, Mavs. 
 KETTERMAN, Harry A., Sgt. 
 
 Standard Oil Co., Portland, Ore. 
 KLEFBECK, Victor B., Sgt. 
 KLING, Robert E.. Cpl. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 KRACKENBERGER, H. W., 2d Lt. V. A. 
 
 W. Terre Haute, Ind. 
 KRAEBEL, Charles J., 2d Lt. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 KRAEMER, George D., Sgt. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 LAMM, Marvin A., Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Amarillo, Tex. 
 LAMMERS, Henry E., Sgt. 
 
 Sidney, Ohio. 
 LAMPMAN, Rex H . Pvt. 
 
 Fargo, N. D. 
 LA VINE, Harry, Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 LAWRENCE, Joseph J., Sgt. 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 LEE, Robeit E., Pvt. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C. 
 LEE, John F., Cpl. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 LEEFELDT, Leroy W., Sgt. 
 
 Oak Park, 111. 
 LEVINE, Max., Pvt. 
 
 New York Citv. 
 LEVY, Max, Sgt. 
 
 Bronx, N. Y. 
 LICHTENSTEIN, J. II. , Sgt. 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 LISTER, P. B., Sgt. 
 
 Greeley, Colo. 
 LONG, Don M., Sgt. 
 
 Denver, Colo. 
 LUCKETT, Jack G., Sgt. 
 
 Albuquerque, N. M. 
 McCOLLUM, W. I., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Springfield, S. D. 
 McCOSKRIE, Frank U., 1st Lt. 
 
 Spokane, Wash. 
 McDERMOTT, Hugh J., Cpl. 
 
 Butte, Mont. 
 
 McDonnell, John a., Cpl. 
 
 Manette, Wash. 
 MACK, Willard, Capt. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 MAC NICHOL, K. H., Sgt. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 MAGILL, W. F., Pvt. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 MAHONEY, William H., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 New York City. 
 MANSON, Emanuel, Cpl. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 MARSHALL, John L., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Rosedale, Kan. 
 M ARTEL, Alfred J., Pvt. 
 
 New York City. 
 MARTIN, James D., Cpl. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 MASON, Carman R., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 MATHIS, Frank H., Cpl. 
 
 Tuckerton, N. J. 
 MATTICE, Robert E., Sgt. 
 
 Schenectady, N. \. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 45 
 
 MATTURNA, Frank J., Pvt. 
 MEDCALFE. Willis T., Cpl. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 MERRILL, Frank C, Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Middletown, Conn. 
 MERRIMAN, Lloyd C, Sgt. 
 
 Kenton, Ohio. 
 MICHAEL, William K., 1st Lt., Inf. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 MILLER, Craig, Sgt. 
 
 Dyersburg, Tenn. 
 MILLER, Daniel L., Sgt. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 MILLER, Jacob E., Cpl. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 MILLER, Joseph A., Cpl. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 MILLER, Herman J., Pvt. 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa. 
 MILLER, Peter, Cpl. 
 
 Comstock, Minn. 
 MILLER, William T. A.F.C. 
 
 Forest Glen, Md. 
 MOFFITT, William C. Sgt. 
 
 Columbus, Ga. 
 MORAN, Bruce, Cpl. 
 
 N. Y. C. 
 MULVANEY, George E., Sgt. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 MURPHY, William C, Sgt. 
 
 Butte, Mont. 
 MUMFORD, Philip G., Maj., Q.M.C. 
 
 New York City. 
 MYERS, Alex. J., Sgt. 
 
 New York City. 
 NICOL, Lawrence, Cpl. 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 NICHOLS, A. Hayden, Cpl. 
 
 Macon, Mo. 
 NORRIS, Lewis M., Pvt. 
 
 Raymond, Kan. 
 OCHS, Adolph S., Jr., 1st Lt. 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 O'MALLEY, Neil R., Sgt. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 OMANSKY, Jacob, Sgt. 
 
 Akron, Ohio. 
 PAINTER, James W., Pvt. 
 
 Bristol, Tenn. 
 PAINTON, Frederick, Sgt. 
 
 Elmira, N. Y. 
 PALMER, Thomas W., Cpl. 
 
 Oakland, Calif. 
 PARKER, Harry L., Capt., A.S.C. 
 
 Spartanburg, S. C. 
 PARR, John E., Cpl. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 PARRY, Duke N., Cpl. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 PATREY, Harry B., Sgt. 
 
 Adrian, Mich. 
 PENDLAND, William E., Cpl. 
 
 Auburn, Ind. 
 PENNY, George A. Sgt. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 PFANNER, Robert R., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 PHILLIPS, David L., Cpl. 
 
 Yellow Springs, Ohio. 
 PIERSON, Jacob, Cpl. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 PLANT, Marlowe H., Clp. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 POST, Levi A. Sgt. 
 
 Stanfordville, N. Y. 
 PRENDERGAST, J. S., Cpl. 
 
 York, Pa. 
 PRINTZ, Arthur, Sgt. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 PROSSER, Alfred L., R.S.M. 
 
 Brooklvn, N. Y. 
 RAPPAPORT, Louis, A. S. C. 
 
 New York City. 
 RADDANT, George T., Sgt. 
 
 Shawano. Wis. 
 RHODES, Wallace W.. Sgt. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 RICE, Grantland. 1st Lt. 
 
 New York City. 
 RICHARD, Jesse L., Sgt. 
 
 Waco, Tex. 
 RIGNEY, FRANK P., Cpl. 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 RILEY, Earl E., Sgt. 
 
 Lincoln, Nebr. 
 RILEY, James F., Pvt. 
 ROCK, Dallas, Pvt. 
 
 Morrisonville, N. Y. 
 RODD, Harry C, Sgt. 
 ROGERS, Wilson, B.S.M. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 ROSS, Harold W.. Pvt. 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 ROWE, Walter S. R.S.M. 
 
 Hamilton, Ohio. 
 RUBLE, Lloyd J., 1st Sgt. 
 
 Amity, Ore. 
 RYAN, Patrick J.. Pvt. 
 
 New York City. 
 RYDER, Clayton M., Sgt. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 RYDER, Melvin, R.S.M. 
 
 Steubenville, Ohio. 
 SANGSTER, George M., Sgt. 
 
 Brooklvn, N. Y. 
 SCHENCK, Ferdinand. Sgt. 
 SCHIEBLE, Raymond M., Cpl. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 SCHNEIDER, Harry, Cpl. 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 SCHNEIDER, M. H., Pvt. 
 SCHWARTZ, Fred, Pvt., 1st CI 
 
 New York Citv. 
 
 Schwarzkopf; otto, Pvt. 
 
 Lvndhurst, Wis. 
 SHALLENBERGER, Geo., Sgt. 
 
 Miami, Fla. 
 SCOTT, J. John, Sgt. 
 
 Amsterdam, N. Y. 
 SHEPARD, Herbert , Cpl. 
 
 Wrentham, Mass. 
 SIGMUND, Harold, Sgt. 
 
 New York Citv. 
 SIGWALT, Harold P., Sgt. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 SLAGHT, Arthur J., Cpl. 
 
 Oakland, Cal. 
 SLATOR, William J., Sgt. 1st CI 
 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 SMALLEY, F J., Sgt 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 SMITH, Homer S., A.F.C. 
 
 Pawnee Citv, Nebr. 
 SMITH, J. W. Rixey, Sgt. 
 
 Basic Citv, Va. 
 SMITH. Leslie H., Cpl. 
 
4(i 
 
 A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 SMITH, Harley A., 2d Lt. 
 
 Hamilton, Ala. 
 SNAJDR, Robert I., Sgt. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 SNEVILY, Henry N., 1st Lt. 
 
 New York City. 
 SPAHR, Clarence E., Pvt. 
 
 San Diego, Cal. 
 SPIERO, Gerald B., Cpl. 
 
 New York City. 
 STACK. Robert M., Pvt, 
 STANLEY, Harold B., Sgt. 
 
 Rocky Ford, Colo. 
 STEPPE,' Joseph H., Cpl. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 STERRETT, David R., R.S.M. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 STONER, Harry, Pvt. 
 
 Gallen, Ohio. 
 STOUT, Thomas W., Cpl. 
 
 Springfield, 111. 
 STUARDI, Norman E., Sgt. 
 
 Mobile, Ala. 
 STURR, Thomas W., Pvt. 
 
 Springfield, Ohio. 
 SULLIVAN, David E., Cpl. 
 
 Worcesterd, Mass. 
 SUNDIN, Hjalmar, Pvt. 
 
 New Bedford, Mass. 
 SWEENEY, Arthur V., Sgt. 
 
 Providence. R, I. 
 THOMAS, A. R., Sgt. 
 TOSTEVIN, Earle H., Pvt. 1st CI. 
 
 Memdin, N. D. 
 TRUSLOW, Harold M., Sgt. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 TUCK, William, Cpl. 
 
 Waterbnry, Conn. 
 TYLER, S. L., 2d Lt. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. 
 VANCE, George K., Cpl. 
 
 Kokomo, Ind. 
 VAN HORN, Archie M., 2d Lt. 
 
 Aurora. 111. 
 VAN HOOSE, Hershell, Sgt. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 VIEAU, Erne, Sgt. 
 
 San Francisco, Calif. 
 VIEHMAN, Carl E., Cpl. 
 
 Garrick, Pa. 
 VISKNISKKI, Guy T., Ma]'., Inf. 
 
 Montclair, N. J. 
 VON BLON, Philip, R.S.M. 
 
 Upper Sandusky, Ohio. 
 VROOM, Clifford H., R.S.M. 
 
 Exeter, N. H. 
 WALDO, Richard H., Capt. 
 
 New York City. 
 WALKER, Raymond E., Pvt. 
 
 Fort Worth, Tex.. 
 WALLACE, H. H., Cpl. 
 
 Brockport, N. Y. 
 WALLGREN, Abian A., Pvt. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 WALSH, David J., Cpl. 
 
 Arlington, Mass. 
 WALSH, Peter C, Sgt. 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 
 WALTMAN, William C, 2nd Lt. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 WALTY, Francis J., R.S.M. 
 
 Dorranceton, Pa. 
 WARREN, Charles J., Cpl. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 WARLICK, Bernie C, Cpl. 
 
 Dallas, Tex. 
 WARNER, Clifford T., Sgt. 
 
 Danville, Ind. 
 WATSON, Joseph H., Cpl. 
 
 Lamar, S. C. 
 WATSON, Mark S., Maj., F.A. 
 
 Chicago, III. 
 WEESNER, Edward J., Sgt. 
 
 Clayton, Ind. 
 WEINSTEIN, Jacob, Sgt. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 WESSELLS, G. W., Jr., Sgt. 1st CI. 
 
 Jersey City, N. J. 
 WHITE, Egbert G., R.S.M. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa, 
 WHITE, Ernest F., Cpl. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 WHITTLE, William E., R.S.M. 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 WIENER, Robert, Cpl. 
 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 WILLIAMS, Oscar G., Sgt. 
 
 Temple, Tex. 
 WILLOUGHBY, Geoffrey, Pvt. 1st CI. 
 WILSON, Albert C., R.S.M. 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 WILSON, Howard M., 2d Lt,. Inf. 
 
 Waco, Tex. 
 WILSON, Leo M., Pvt. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 WINKEL, Raymond, Cpl. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 WINSTON, Leo A., Sgt. 
 
 Menomonec, Wis. 
 WINTERICH, John T., Pvt. 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 WOOLLCOTT, Alexander Sgt. 
 
 Phalanx, N. J. 
 WORLEY, Nathaniel T., Sgt. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 WRENCH, George P., Cpl. 
 
 Thomasville, Ga. 
 YOUNG, King D., Pvt, 1st CI. 
 
 Filer, Idaho. 
 ZIMMERMAN, Chas. W., Cpl. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 DECEASED 
 McINTOSH, Carl D., Pvt,, Suresnes Cemetery. 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 BAWDEN, David R., Sgt. 1st. CI. Suresnes 
 Cemetery. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 ROLAND, Homer G., Cpl., Suresnes Cemetery. 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa, 
 MILTENBERGER, W. F., 1st Lt., Suresnes 
 Cemetery. 
 
 New York City. 
 
A Brief History of the Stars and Stripes 
 
 17 
 
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