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Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1987 
 
 Suggested Minimum Performance 
 Specifications for Underground 
 Coal Mine Environmental 
 Monitoring Systems 
 
 By J. H. Welsh. A. F. Cohen, and J. E. Chilton 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
Information Circular 9157 
 
 u 
 
 Suggested Minimum Performance 
 Specifications for Underground 
 Coal Mine Environmental 
 Monitoring Systems 
 
 By J. H. Welsh, A. F. Cohen, and J. E. Chilton 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary 
 
 BUREAU OF MINES 
 
 David S. Brown, Acting Director 
 

 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: 
 
 Welsh, Jeffrey H. 
 
 Suggested minimum performance specifications for underground coal 
 mine environmental monitoring systems. 
 
 (Information circular / United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines ; 9157) 
 
 Bibliography: p. 27 — 28. 
 
 Supt. of Docs, no.: 128.27:9157. 
 
 1. Coal mines and mining- Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental monitoring. I. 
 Cohen, A. F. II. Chilton, J.E. III. Title. IV. Series: Information circular (United States. 
 Bureau of Mines); 9157. 
 
 TN295:U4- 
 
 [TN803] 
 
 622'.42 
 
 87-600230 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Abstract 1 
 
 Introduction 2 
 
 Description of mine monitoring systems 2 
 
 MSHA minewide monitoring system program 3 
 
 Current status of monitoring in the United States 5 
 
 Potential uses of environmental mine monitoring systems 7 
 
 System safety 7 
 
 Redundant hardware 8 
 
 Secure data 8 
 
 Reliable software 9 
 
 Accurate sensors 9 
 
 Other factors 10 
 
 Performance specifications 10 
 
 Central station 10 
 
 Telemetry system 10 
 
 Sensors and their placement 10 
 
 Methane 26 
 
 Carbon monoxide 26 
 
 Air velocity 26 
 
 Summary 26 
 
 References 27 
 
 Appendix A. — Sensing techniques of environmental sensors 29 
 
 Appendix B. — Manufacturers of monitoring systems evaluated under the MSHA mine- 
 wide monitoring system program 32 
 
 Appendix C. — Conditions for petitioning for modification of application of 
 
 30 CFR 75.326 34 
 
 Appendix D. — Potential locations for fixed-point sensors based on 30 CFR Part 
 
 75 requirements 36 
 
 Appendix E. — Carbon monoxide sensor spacing criteria as defined by Factory 
 
 Mutual Research Corp 38 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 1. Configuration of monitoring system components 4 
 
 A-l. Carbon monoxide transducer module 31 
 
 TABLES 
 
 1. MSHA letter classification for sensors and barriers 5 
 
 2. Central station design, installation, operation, and maintenance 11 
 
 3. Telemetry system design, installation, operation, and maintenance 13 
 
 4. Performance specifications for carbon monoxide transducer modules 16 
 
 5. Performance specifications for methane transducer modules 20 
 
 6. Performance specifications for air velocity sensors 23 
 
 D-l. Potential locations for fixed-point sensors 36 
 
 E-l. Typical conditions in a conveyor belt haulageway 38 
 
 E-2. Equivalency for fire detectors for beltway fires 38 
 
 E-3. Spacing criteria for carbon monoxide sensors for beltway fires 39 
 
 E-4. Spacing criteria for carbon monoxide sensors for coal wall fires 39 
 
 E-5. Spacing criteria for carbon monoxide sensors for wood wall fires 39 
 

 UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED 
 
 IN THIS REPORT 
 
 A 
 
 ampere 
 
 mg 
 
 milligram 
 
 °C 
 
 degree Celsius 
 
 mg/m 3 
 
 milligram per cubic meter 
 
 cf ra 
 
 cubic foot per minute 
 
 mH 
 
 millihenry 
 
 °F 
 
 degree Fahrenheit 
 
 yH 
 
 microhenry 
 
 f pm 
 
 foot per minute 
 
 min 
 
 minute 
 
 ft 
 
 foot 
 
 mph 
 
 mile per hour 
 
 g 
 
 gram 
 
 ppm 
 
 part per million 
 
 h 
 
 hour 
 
 psi 
 
 pound per square inch 
 
 Hz 
 
 hertz 
 
 s 
 
 second 
 
 in 
 
 inch 
 
 V 
 
 volt 
 
 in/h 
 
 inch per hour 
 
 vol % 
 
 volume percent 
 
 m 
 
 meter 
 
 wk 
 
 week 
 
 mF 
 
 millif arad 
 
 yr 
 
 year 
 
 yF 
 
 microfarad 
 
 
 
SUGGESTED MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 FOR UNDERGROUND COAL MINE ENVIRONMENTAL 
 
 MONITORING SYSTEMS 
 
 By J. H. Welsh, 1 A. E. Cohen, 2 and J. E. Chilton 3 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 This Bureau of Mines report presents guidelines to be considered in 
 the design, installation, and operation of environmental mine monitoring 
 systems in underground coal mines so as to enhance safety in the U.S. 
 mining industry. A review of the current status of mine monitoring in 
 the United States is also provided. 
 
 Supervisory physical scientist. 
 2 Physicist. 
 ■^Research chemist. 
 
 Pittsburgh Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Computerized mine monitoring had its 
 beginning in the United States in the 
 early 1970's. Since then, systems have 
 evolved and been improved to a point 
 where equipment is available commercially 
 that can monitor the environment and 
 equipment in underground mines. At the 
 same time, computerized monitoring has 
 become accepted by the mining industry as 
 a means for increasing safety and produc- 
 tion. Today, more than 50 U.S. under- 
 ground mines have monitoring systems in- 
 stalled, and interest has been generated 
 at many other operations. Many of the 
 mines that have installed monitoring sys- 
 tems depend on them to provide miner 
 safety. For example, a large number of 
 systems monitor for fire along the belt 
 conveyor entry with carbon monoxide sen- 
 sors so that the belt entry can be used 
 as an intake aircourse. 
 
 As more interest is generated in moni- 
 toring, and as mining operations become 
 more dependent on monitoring systems to 
 provide miner safety, there is an even 
 greater need to ensure that these systems 
 
 operate reliably and safely. In par- 
 ticular, several questions have been 
 raised: 
 
 1. What design guidelines should be 
 followed by system manufacturers to en- 
 sure software and hardware reliability? 
 
 2. Where should environmental sensors 
 be placed in the mine to accurately de- 
 pict the actual mine environment? 
 
 3. What maintenance procedures should 
 be followed to keep monitoring systems in 
 good operating condition? 
 
 This report addresses these questions 
 by providing performance specifications 
 and guidelines for environmental mine 
 monitoring systems. It also covers the 
 current status of mine monitoring in the 
 United States, potential uses of environ- 
 mental monitoring systems, and monitoring 
 system safety. Even though computerized 
 monitoring systems are capable of gather- 
 ing information from equipment as well as 
 from the environment, only environmental 
 monitoring is addressed in this report. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF MINE MONITORING SYSTEMS 
 
 Mine monitoring systems are electro- 
 mechanical systems that remotely sense 
 various environmental and operational 
 parameters in a mine and transmit the 
 data to a central location where they are 
 analyzed and displayed. On the basis of 
 this definition, a monitoring system can 
 be discussed in terms of three basic 
 functions: sensing, data transmission 
 (or telemetry), and data analysis and 
 display. In the case of monitoring and 
 control systems, such as systems that 
 automatically and remotely deenergize 
 face equipment when the methane content 
 at a specified location reaches a pre- 
 determined level, the control operation 
 represents a fourth function. 
 
 Sensing can be divided into two general 
 categories: environmental and production 
 sensing. Environmental sensors are de- 
 signed to measure various aspects of a 
 mine's environment to assist in maintain- 
 ing safe conditions for underground 
 personnel. The parameters that are of 
 
 concern are carbon monoxide, methane, and 
 air velocity. These sensors are used to 
 detect and locate potentially hazardous 
 conditions such as fires, methane build- 
 ups, and ventilation failures so that 
 appropriate measures can be taken. Pro- 
 duction sensors are used to monitor the 
 operating status of various pieces of 
 underground equipment to detect produc- 
 tion bottlenecks, equipment failures, and 
 maintenance requirements. Examples in- 
 clude conveyor belt, pump, and face 
 equipment operation. This report only 
 addresses environmental monitoring for 
 carbon monoxide, methane, and air 
 velocity. 
 
 The sensor output can be a simple 
 status indication, called a binary, con- 
 tact closure, or status output (high-low, 
 open-closed), or it can be a continuously 
 variable function of time, called analog 
 output (air velocity, methane concentra- 
 tion, etc.). While the continuously var- 
 iable data can provide significantly more 
 
information than the simple status data, 
 how much more depends on the accuracy of 
 the measurements. The sensing or mea- 
 surement techniques for carbon monoxide, 
 methane, and air velocity sensors are 
 discussed in appendix A. 
 
 Telemetry is the process of transmit- 
 ting data output from the sensors to the 
 central station on the surface. Since it 
 is generally not feasible to run a sepa- 
 rate conductor or conductor pair to each 
 sensor, telemetry systems typically use 
 several remote stations or "outstations ," 
 each accepting and encoding the output of 
 a number of sensors and transmitting the 
 encoded data along a common cable to the 
 central station. The two most common en- 
 coding techniques are (1) frequency do- 
 main multiplexing and (2) time domain 
 multiplexing. Frequency domain multi- 
 plexing has the advantage that data from 
 all monitoring points are received at all 
 times, although the number of monitoring 
 points is limited by the overall band- 
 width of the system. Time domain multi- 
 plexing can be expanded to accommodate as 
 many monitoring points as desired; how- 
 ever, each point is sampled only inter- 
 mittently since the system interrogates 
 the monitoring points sequentially. The 
 cycle time, or the time between succes- 
 sive samplings of the same point, is the 
 time the system requires to interrogate 
 all the monitoring points. 
 
 Time-multiplexed systems often transmit 
 data in digital format, i,e., a series of 
 
 high-low state indications is transmitted 
 that represents the monitoring point sta- 
 tus. A common technique to accomplish 
 this transmission is to use frequency 
 shift key (FSK) encoding. This encoding 
 process uses two different frequencies to 
 represent the high and low states, rather 
 than high- and low-level signals of the 
 same frequency. The FSK encoded data 
 are less affected by noise on the trans- 
 mission line than data in simple high-low 
 digital format. In addition, current 
 signal detection techniques make it very 
 easy to detect dual-frequency signals in 
 the presence of noise. 
 
 The third basic function of a monitor- 
 ing system is analysis and display of the 
 measured data. These operations are nor- 
 mally accomplished by a computer in an 
 aboveground central location. Most sys- 
 tems have the ability to trigger audio- 
 visual alarms if a sensor detects that 
 its predetermined threshold has been 
 exceeded. In addition, most systems 
 provide hard copy documentation of the 
 alarms and display the actual values de- 
 tected by the sensors on video display 
 terminals (VDT). Color graphics are usu- 
 ally available to enhance the interface 
 with the user. These computer-based sys- 
 tems can have the added capability of 
 data storage for trend analysis, record 
 keeping, and reporting. 
 
 MSHA MINEWTDE MONITORING SYSTEM PROGRAM 
 
 In June 1982, the Mine Safety and 
 Health Administration (MSHA) began ac- 
 cepting applications for minewide moni- 
 toring system (MWMS) evaluations, and 
 sensor and barrier classifications. This 
 established a means for manufacturers to 
 have their monitoring equipment evaluated 
 for use in both fresh and return air. 
 
 Before that time, it was not possible 
 to obtain general MSHA approval for oper- 
 ating a computerized mine monitoring sys- 
 tem underground in return air because 
 MSHA had no schedule under which it could 
 approve the systems. Systems installed 
 in U.S. underground coal mines before 
 
 1982 were installed on an individual ba- 
 sis with the approval of the MSHA dis- 
 trict manager, and only in fresh air up 
 to the last open crosscut. 
 
 The MWMS program evaluates mine moni- 
 toring systems for electrical and intrin- 
 sic safety; performance of the system 
 is not considered. Intrinsic-safety re- 
 quirements are only applied to equipment 
 interfacing with, and located in, gassy 
 areas. Equipment located in fresh air 
 must only meet general electrical safety 
 requirements. 
 
 Figure 1 shows possible configurations 
 of mine monitoring system components. 
 
480 
 Vac 
 
 L ^ \ center / ^HZ 
 
 / 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 KEY 
 
 Output limit circuit 
 Power circuit barrier 
 Shielded cable 
 MSHA classified sensors 
 MSHA classified barrier 
 
 Fresh 
 air 
 
 Return 
 air 
 
 [Sen son 
 
 <r 3 
 
 Blue 
 outstation 
 
 
 
 (Sensor) 
 
 UJUJUJ 
 
 v_y <nr\> 
 
 Gland 
 
 'Sensor 
 
 \ 
 
 r-Wsensorj 
 
 120 
 Vac 
 
 Explosion-proof 
 enclosure 
 
 FIGURE 1.— Configuration of monitoring system components. 
 
 Outstations must be located in fresh air, 
 since they are not considered intrinsi- 
 cally safe, and they must be either red 
 or blue in color. All sensor circuits 
 directly connected to red outstations 
 must be located in fresh air, while sen- 
 sor circuits connected to blue outsta- 
 tions may be located in gassy areas or 
 may be connected to high-voltage devices. 
 Barrier devices are used to isolate 
 power circuits and to provide instrinsi- 
 cally safe circuits. Two types of bar- 
 riers are included in the MWMS program — 
 power circuit barriers and letter class 
 barriers. Power circuit barriers allow 
 connection of a blue outstation to cir- 
 cuits whose voltage may exceed the maxi- 
 mum allowable input of the letter class 
 barriers. Letter class barriers allow 
 connection of a blue outstation to cir- 
 cuits located in gassy areas. Letter 
 class barriers are classified according 
 to their output voltage and current. 
 Both types of barriers are located in 
 blue outstations. 
 
 Sensors located in gassy areas must 
 also be classified by a letter classifi- 
 cation according to their effect on in- 
 trinsic safety, considering the maximum 
 barrier energy output with safety factors 
 applied. Intrinsic safety of sensors and 
 sensor cabling located in gassy areas 
 is assured when a sensor circuit is con- 
 nected to a barrier of the same class. 
 Table 1 (1_) 4 shows MSHA sensor and bar- 
 rier classifications. 
 
 MSHA-certif ied explosion-proof enclo- 
 sures must be used to include circuits 
 and components in the system that are not 
 intrinsically safe yet are located in 
 gassy areas. A letter class barrier, of 
 the same classification as the letter 
 class barrier at the blue outstation, 
 must be used to protect the wiring con- 
 necting the circuits within the enclo- 
 sure with the rest of the system. Letter 
 
 ^Underlined numbers in parentheses re- 
 fer to items in the list of references 
 preceding the appendixes. 
 
TABLE 1. - MSHA letter classification for sensors and barriers 
 
 
 Barrier 
 
 values 
 
 Sensor 
 
 values 
 
 Class 
 
 Nominal output 
 voltage, V 
 
 Maximum output 
 current, A 
 
 Maximum 
 capacitance 
 
 Maximum 
 inductance 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 20 
 20/10 
 25 
 30 
 18 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.25 
 
 .7 
 
 0.7/ .1 
 
 .3 
 
 .1 
 
 1.0 
 
 5 mF 
 
 5 mF 
 
 60 yF 
 
 60 yF 
 
 30 yF 
 
 30 yF 
 
 15 yF 
 
 7 yF 
 
 1 yF 
 
 3 yF 
 
 1 yF 
 
 10 yF 
 
 100 yH 
 1 mH 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 100 yH 
 1 mH 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 100 yH 
 
 F 
 
 1 mH 
 
 G 
 
 300 yH 
 
 H 
 
 1 mH 
 
 I 
 
 800 yH 
 
 J 
 
 10 mH 
 
 K 
 
 15 mH 
 
 L 
 
 1 mH 
 
 Z 1 
 
 
 Reserved for nonelectrically operated switch contacts, thermo- 
 couples, resistance temperature devices, etc., and may be connected 
 to any MSHA letter class barrier. 
 
 class barriers are also used to interface 
 with classified sensors located outside 
 the enclosure. A power circuit barrier 
 must be used when circuits within the 
 enclosure are monitored, controlled, or 
 used to supply power to the system. 
 
 Data transmission lines that connect 
 outstations and the central station are 
 not accepted by MSHA as intrinsically 
 safe and are considered a possible elec- 
 trical shock hazard. The normal operat- 
 ing voltage of data transmission lines 
 must not exceed 60 V per conductor to 
 ground. 
 
 If batteries are used underground to 
 provide continued system operation in the 
 event of loss of mine power, the battery 
 source must be disconnected and electri- 
 cally isolated upon loss of mine ventila- 
 tion. This can be done automatically by 
 ventilation sensing or manually from the 
 central station. 
 
 Manufacturers of monitoring systems 
 that have been evaluated under the MSHA 
 Minewide Monitoring System Program are 
 listed in appendix B. Foose (1_) gives 
 further information on the require- 
 ments of the Minewide Monitoring System 
 Program. 
 
 CURRENT STATUS OF MONITORING IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Mine monitoring systems installed in 
 the United States vary in their use and 
 in their capabilities. Some systems mon- 
 itor several points; others monitor and 
 control whole mine complexes involving 
 over 1,000 points. Likewise, the systems 
 vary from personal-computer based devices 
 with a monochrome video display terminal 
 (VDT), no data storage, and the ability 
 to support a limited number of outsta- 
 tions and sensors, to 16-bit computers 
 with sophisticated color graphics, long- 
 term data storage, analysis and trending, 
 
 and the ability to support many outsta- 
 tions and sensors. 
 
 The majority of the over 50 systems in- 
 stalled in U.S. underground mines moni- 
 tor at least 1 environmental parameter. 
 Environmental parameters being moni- 
 tored include carbon monoxide, methane, 
 air velocity, temperature, humidity, ab- 
 solute pressure, and smoke; carbon monox- 
 ide is the most common. A number of mine 
 operators have been granted a variance 
 from the Code of Federal Regulations 
 (CFR) ; manHat-nrv standard, 30 CFR (2), 
 
Part 75.326, Aircourses and Belt Haulage 
 Entries, resulting in widespread use of 
 carbon monoxide sensing. This was also a 
 major reason for the rapid growth of mine 
 monitoring in the 1980's. 
 
 The mandatory safety standard states 
 that the air coursed through belt haulage 
 entries must be limited to the amount 
 necessary to provide adequate oxygen and 
 to ensure the air contains less than 1% 
 methane; and that such air cannot be used 
 to ventilate active working places. Un- 
 der certain circumstances, on a case-by- 
 case basis, MSHA has allowed mine opera- 
 tors to use the belt haulage entry as 
 an intake aircourse to ventilate active 
 working places, with certain restric- 
 tions, provided carbon monoxide is moni- 
 tored continuously along the belt haulage 
 entry with a computerized monitoring sys- 
 tem to provide rapid fire detection. 
 Specific guidelines for the use of the 
 belt haulage entry for intake air are 
 listed in appendix C. As of mid-1986, 
 40 mines (3) had received a variance of 
 30 CFR 75.326 based on the use of a car- 
 bon monoxide mine monitoring system. 
 
 Besides carbon monoxide monitoring, the 
 use of other environmental sensors in the 
 United States has been limited because 
 mine operators have not been able to 
 receive a direct monetary benefit from 
 their installation, since in most cases 
 MSHA has not allowed a tradeoff for a re- 
 quirement in a mandatory standard. This 
 may change in the future depending on the 
 outcome of the current rewrite of 30 CFR 
 mandatory standards for the ventilation 
 area. (See the next section of this re- 
 port. ) A mine operator should, however, 
 benefit from environmental monitoring 
 through increased safety, provided the 
 system is maintained in an operational 
 condition. 
 
 Other variances of mandatory standards 
 based on the installation of a mine 
 monitoring system have been filed and 
 granted. A petition for a variance can 
 be considered if an alternative method of 
 achieving the result of the standard ex- 
 ists that will at all times guarantee no 
 less than the same measure of protection 
 
 afforded by the standard. Other regula- 
 tions besides 75.326, in which a petition 
 has been filed to use a mine monitoring 
 system, are listed below. 
 
 75.305 Weekly examination for hazard- 
 ous conditions . — This section requires 
 weekly inspections of at least one entry 
 of each intake and return aircourse in 
 its entirety, both for methane and for 
 compliance with the mandatory health 
 and safety standards. Typical petitions 
 state that because of poor roof condi- 
 tions it is not possible to travel the 
 aircourses in their entirety, and offer 
 checkpoint measurements as an alterna- 
 tive. Continuous methane measurements 
 (75.305) could be made with a monitoring 
 system at these checkpoints. Airflow 
 measurements required by 75.306 could 
 also be made with the same system. 
 
 75.312 Air passing through abandoned, 
 inaccessible, or robbed area . — This sec- 
 tion requires that air that has passed 
 through an abandoned area or an area that 
 is inaccessible or unsafe for inspection 
 not be used to ventilate any working 
 place in the mine. The petitioner pro- 
 poses to monitor the air passing through 
 these areas with an envitronmental moni- 
 toring system in order to use the air to 
 ventilate active working areas. 
 
 75.1103-4(a) Automatic fire sensor and 
 warning device systems; installation; 
 minimum requirements . — This section re- 
 quires that automatic fire sensor and 
 warning device systems provide identifi- 
 cation of fire within each belt flight. 
 A petition proposes to use a carbon mon- 
 oxide monitoring system for the fire de- 
 tection system. 
 
 75.1105 Housing of underground trans- 
 former stations, battery-charging sta- 
 tions, substations, compressor stations, 
 shops, and permanent pumps . — This section 
 requires that aircurrents used to venti- 
 late structures or areas enclosing elec- 
 trical installations be coursed directly 
 to the return. Petitions requested to 
 use the air ventilating transformer sta- 
 tions to ventilate active working areas. 
 They proposed monitoring for carbon mon- 
 oxide in order to do so. 
 
POTENTIAL USES. OF ENVIRONMENTAL MINE MONITORING SYSTEMS 
 
 A number of potential uses for environ- 
 mental mine monitoring systems may pro- 
 vide increased mine safety. Some of 
 these have been identified in a draft, 
 revised safety standard for ventilation 
 in underground coal mines that has been 
 circulated for public comment (4_)« They 
 include — 
 
 1. Monitoring mine ventilating pres- 
 sure for each surface mine fan. 
 
 2. Monitoring carbon monoxide at un- 
 derground electrical installations. 
 
 3. Monitoring carbon monoxide where 
 intake air is being heated by liquefied 
 fuel systems. 
 
 4. Monitoring carbon monoxide in belt 
 entries so those entries can be used as 
 intakes (75.326 variance). 
 
 5. Monitoring carbon monoxide and 
 methane in belt entries used as returns. 
 
 6. Monitoring carbon monoxide, meth- 
 ane, and air velocity in any mine in 
 which the methane concentration in air 
 in any given main or submain return air- 
 course exceeds 1%. 
 
 7. Monitoring methane during each 
 shift that coal is produced and at inter- 
 vals not to exceed 4 h at locations spec- 
 ified for the on-shift examination for 
 hazards. 
 
 8. Monitoring methane and air velocity 
 at locations specified for the weekly 
 examination. 
 
 9. Monitoring carbon monoxide, meth- 
 ane, and air velocity for evaluation of 
 return aircourses developed before 1970. 
 
 There are other mine scenarios in which 
 continuous environmental monitoring may 
 impact mine safety. One is for mines 
 that use two-entry longwall mining. 
 Under adverse geologic conditions, the 
 
 two-entry technique has reduced the 
 occurrence of pressure bumps, roof falls, 
 and other ground control problems dur- 
 ing mining operations. However, in emer- 
 gency situations, evacuation of miners is 
 limited, and substantial measures, such 
 as environmental monitoring, are needed. 
 Recommendations by the MSHA Task Force on 
 longwall mining (_5) for monitoring for 
 this scenario include — 
 
 1. Install an environmental monitoring 
 system in the intake escapeway of all 
 longwall developments and longwall panels 
 when both designated escapeways are ven- 
 tilated by one continuous split of air. 
 The sensing devices in this monitoring 
 system will be low-level carbon monoxide 
 monitors or sensors for another product 
 of combustion that are no less effective. 
 
 2. Install an environmental monitoring 
 system in the belt haulage entry whenever 
 belt air is used to ventilate active 
 working places or the belt entry is used 
 as a return aircourse. The system would 
 utilize low-level carbon monoxide moni- 
 tors or sensors for another product of 
 combustion that are no less effective. 
 When the belt entry is used as a return 
 aircourse, methane monitors would be 
 used. 
 
 3. Methane monitoring and automatic 
 deenergization of electric equipment 
 must be used when conditions exist where 
 methane gas could be backed up the in- 
 take entries to points beyond the normal 
 location of nonpermissible electrical 
 equipment. 
 
 In the future, as mines become deeper 
 and more complex, environmental monitor- 
 ing will be a necessity to provide a safe 
 and healthy workplace for miners. 
 
 SYSTEM SAFETY 
 
 The question of "How safe is safe?" has 
 perplexed people for many years. This 
 question must not be taken lightly since 
 a system must monitor methane, with the 
 
 possibility of an explosion if high con- 
 centrations are not detected, and must 
 detect a fire and alarm fast enough 
 to alert miners to evacuate a mine. For 
 
environmental mine monitoring systems to 
 provide mine safety, they must be de- 
 signed with reliability and safety in 
 mind and must be adequately tested and 
 properly installed, operated, and main- 
 tained. If there are shortcomings in any 
 of these areas, on the part of either the 
 manufacturer or the mine operator, the 
 potential exists for serious safety con- 
 sequences, especially when miner safety 
 depends on the monitoring system. 
 
 The Bureau of Mines has investigated 
 monitoring system safety through in-house 
 and contract research. Some of the find- 
 ings are presented here. 
 
 REDUNDANT HARDWARE 
 
 The reliable operation of mine monitor- 
 ing system hardware was investigated 
 through an interagency agreement with 
 Rome Air Development Center, Reliability 
 and Maintainability Engineering Section 
 (6^), and through a contract with West 
 Virginia University (WVU) (_7). Based on 
 this research, it was concluded that com- 
 plete duplication or even triplication of 
 the entire monitoring system should be 
 given serious consideration. Duplication 
 would have to be done with great care 
 when interconnecting the duplicates to 
 ensure that one failure does not cause 
 the entire system to fail. Duplication 
 would be expensive but would provide more 
 insurance that no alarms pass undetected 
 because of system hardware or software 
 parts failure. 
 
 The central processor unit (CPU) should 
 be at least duplicated with output com- 
 parators to detect system disagreements. 
 This increases the safety of the system 
 by not allowing hardware errors to go un- 
 detected. However, reliability is not 
 increased, and the system would probably 
 be out of service more than a single CPU 
 system. A fault-tolerant CPU system 
 would increase the reliability of the 
 monitoring system as well as provide the 
 system checks for operating safety. A 
 CPU such as this would actually be com- 
 posed of three CPU's with voting outputs. 
 If two of the three CPU's (each running 
 independent versions of the software) 
 provided a common output, that majority 
 output would be the command of record, 
 
 and the odd command would be flagged as 
 an error. 
 
 WVU also recommends that underground 
 sensors should be duplicated, if the loss 
 of data from one location could immedi- 
 ately kill people. The recommendation 
 for duplicate sensors, of course, depends 
 on the type of sensor, the spacing be- 
 tween sensors, and the velocity of air 
 movement. 
 
 The communication system should be du- 
 plicated. That is, independent cabling 
 for the dual sensors should be used, pre- 
 ferably in different paths. These paths 
 should \>e separated completely, even to 
 the point of running one underground and 
 the other on the surface. This would 
 prevent a complete communication failure 
 if one cable is damaged by accident, roof 
 fall, or fire. 
 
 SECURE DATA 
 
 Another problem is data security, the 
 error rate for information transmissions. 
 Most errors are caused by electromagnetic 
 noise, which is quite severe in a mining 
 environment. The problem is not so much 
 that an error is transmitted, but that an 
 error in transmission goes undetected be- 
 cause of the noise on the transmission 
 line. The sensitivity to erroneous data 
 transmission depends on factors such as 
 the cable used, local noise field, length 
 of cable run, and data formatting. Bu- 
 reau research indicates that the maximum 
 transmission distance for one undetected 
 random error per year ranges from 1.3 
 to 6.8 miles in an average noise field, 
 and from 0.1 to 0.6 mile in an estimated 
 maximum noise field. Since cable runs 
 are frequently several miles, one can ex- 
 pect occasional undetected transmission 
 errors. 
 
 Communication protocols should be such 
 that when a message is transmitted from 
 a CPU-based devise to a sensor, the sen- 
 sor should always echo what it received 
 (its address, data received, or command 
 received) in order for the transmitting 
 device to verify that the command was 
 received. This should not be a user- 
 implemented option, but should be auto- 
 matic. Techniques for detecting errone- 
 ous data transmission have been devised, 
 
principally by computer manufacturers. 
 IBM's 5 synchronous data link control 
 (SDLC) and Digital Equipment Corp. 's dig- 
 ital data communication message proto- 
 col (DDCMP) have been identified by the 
 University of Oklahoma (8) as promising 
 for mining environment use. The use of 
 shielded cable also provides increased 
 data security from electromagnetic noise. 
 
 RELIABLE SOFTWARE 
 
 Proper software design is difficult to 
 ensure. It is difficult to be certain 
 that all bugs have been detected and re- 
 moved from the software. Manufacturer 
 testing of software typically does not 
 test all possible scenarios that may be 
 encountered in the field. An example 
 would be how the software responds during 
 an emergency when multiple alarms are oc- 
 curring simultaneously. 
 
 Probably the best indication of whether 
 the bugs have been worked out of the 
 software is how long the manufacturer 
 has had Its software in the field. The 
 longer the software has been in use, the 
 greater the probability the bugs have 
 been worked out. 
 
 Optimally, to reduce the chance of 
 software errors, software should be de- 
 veloped by two independent programmers 
 who develop independent versions of soft- 
 ware to do the same job. A coal operator 
 would then purchase two processors, each 
 running a different version of the soft- 
 ware with comparison of results. 
 
 To meet the need for a method of test- 
 ing monitoring system software without 
 actual installation in an underground 
 coal mine, or to accelerate this testing, 
 a monitoring system-software test appara- 
 tus was developed by WVU under a Bureau 
 contract (9). The objective of this con- 
 tract was to develop a monitoring system 
 testing tool that would both test exist- 
 ing monitoring systems for use in under- 
 ground coal mines, and also be flexible 
 enough to test systems that will be 
 available in the future. 
 
 ^Reference to specific products does 
 not imply endorsement by the Bureau of 
 Mines. 
 
 The test apparatus provides the capa- 
 bility of performing evaluation of moni- 
 toring systems such as the communication 
 saturation point, which is extremely im- 
 portant especially during emergency con- 
 ditions, to evaluate delay time from 
 alarm condition to alarm annunciation. 
 All of the software in the monitoring 
 system can be exercised, including soft- 
 ware modules normally executed only 
 during emergency situations. The test 
 apparatus also provides for consistent 
 testing of different monitoring systems, 
 by allowing strict control of the test 
 procedure and mine parameters. 
 
 The MSHA Approval and Certification 
 Center has expressed interest in this 
 apparatus. 
 
 ACCURATE SENSORS 
 
 Sensors are a critical element in mine 
 monitoring systems since they provide the 
 input data. If the input data are not 
 correct or not representative of the re- 
 quired measurement, the entire monitoring 
 process is meaningless. One problem with 
 sensors is that their output represents 
 the response of the sensor to a number of 
 parameters, in addition to the one that 
 is to be measured. Examples are the re- 
 sponse of the sensor to changes in tem- 
 perature, the poisoning of sensors by 
 other gases in the mine, or the situation 
 when carbon monoxide sensors respond to 
 fire, blasting, and diesel emissions. 
 The critical problem relates to the abil- 
 ity of the sensor to actually measure the 
 parameter of interest. In particular, 
 ventilation monitoring systems use point 
 air velocity measurements to represent 
 the total airflow at a cross section in 
 the mine. The total airflow is deter- 
 mined either from an empirically derived 
 factor and the point measurement, or from 
 actual calibration of the cross section. 
 The problem is further complicated be- 
 cause the only safe location for the 
 sensor, to prevent damage from mining 
 operations, is on the rib or roof in the 
 low-flow boundary layer. It is possible 
 to have large changes in the overall air- 
 flow with little or no change in the 
 velocities in the boundary layer and, 
 consequently, in the sensor output. 
 
10 
 
 The Bureau has conducted sensor loca- 
 tion strategy experiments and has devel- 
 oped guidelines for sensor placement. 
 These are discussed in the section en- 
 titled "Sensors and Their Placement." 
 
 OTHER FACTORS 
 
 Other factors affecting system safety 
 are the manufacturer's quality con- 
 trol procedures; what are the inspection 
 and/or quality assurance policies? Also, 
 are the manufacturers aware of, and do 
 they use, components and assembly prac- 
 tices suitable for the mine environment, 
 such as MIL-SPEC electronic components, 
 NEMA 4 enclosures, conformal coating of 
 circuit boards, etc.? 
 
 A mine operator should only consider 
 reputable companies when choosing a 
 
 monitoring system supplier. Previous ex- 
 perience and references should be consid- 
 ered, and other mine operators who have a 
 system should be asked if they are satis- 
 fied with the system and service. Appen- 
 dix B lists monitoring system manufactur- 
 ers who have had their system evaluated 
 by MSHA under the MWMS Program. This 
 list is a good place to start when look- 
 ing for a system supplier. 
 
 If all the recommendations for system 
 safety discussed in this section were 
 followed, the resultant system would be 
 too costly. Therefore, a mine operator 
 must weigh the costs and benefits of the 
 various alternatives. Minimum perfor- 
 mance specifications and guidelines for 
 monitoring system implementation and 
 safety are listed below. 
 
 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 Minimum performance specifications and 
 guidelines for design, installation, and 
 operation of mine monitoring systems are 
 provided in this section to (1) help mine 
 operators in selecting a monitoring sys- 
 tem for their mine, (2) minimize the ap- 
 plication of poorly designed monitoring 
 systems in mines, and (3) provide assis- 
 tance in the installation and operation 
 of mine monitoring systems. 
 
 For this discussion, the components of 
 a mine monitoring system are divided into 
 three areas: central station, telemetry, 
 and sensor. Within each component area, 
 design, installation, and operation of 
 the equipment are discussed. The perfor- 
 mance specifications have been devel- 
 oped from Bureau field and laboratory 
 research. References 6-13 contain addi- 
 tional information. 
 
 CENTRAL STATION 
 
 The central station is typically lo- 
 cated on the surface and consists of a 
 computer(s) with software, video display 
 terminal(s) with keyboard, and print- 
 er (s). This equipment gathers data 
 from underground sensors, analyzes them, 
 and displays them to an operator. 
 Table 2 lists central station design, 
 
 installation, operation, and maintenance 
 specifications. 
 
 TELEMETRY SYSTEM 
 
 The telemetry system consists of the 
 cable connecting each outstation to the 
 central station, the other outstations, 
 and the communication protocol. The 
 majority of this equipment is located 
 in the mine and, therefore, should be 
 suited for the mine environment. Table 3 
 lists telemetry system design, installa- 
 tion, operation, and maintenance 
 specifications. 
 
 SENSORS AND THEIR PLACEMENT 
 
 Sensors are a critical element in mine 
 monitoring systems since they provide the 
 input data, while being physically lo- 
 cated in the harsh mine environment. For 
 environmental monitoring, three sensor 
 types are of main concern: carbon mon- 
 oxide, methane, and air velocity. In ta- 
 bles 4, 5, and 6, measurement require- 
 ments, environmental requirements, and 
 maintenance and other requirements for 
 the performance specifications of each of 
 the three sensor types are discussed. 
 
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26 
 
 For a monitoring system to be useful, 
 it must accurately represent environmen- 
 tal conditions in a mine. Not only must 
 the sensors function properly, but they 
 must also be placed at strategic loca- 
 tions. If a mine had an unlimited budget 
 for sensors, it could hang sensors every- 
 where, but this would then create mainte- 
 nance problems. A mine must, therefore, 
 optimize sensor placement for the partic- 
 ular intention of the application. Sen- 
 sor placement must be considered not only 
 on a minewide scale, but also on a local 
 scale, such as the location within a par- 
 ticular cross section. Below are some 
 general guidelines for sensor placement 
 developed from in-mine sensor location 
 strategy experiments ( 12-13 , 17) . 
 
 Methane 
 
 1. Placement of methane sensors should 
 follow CFR requirements for handheld in- 
 struments. Appendix D gives the loca- 
 tions of examinations in 30 CFR Part 75. 
 
 2. Because methane comes from the coal 
 itself, and because it is lighter than 
 air, the highest concentrations are ex- 
 pected near the roof. The detector part 
 of the sensor (catalytic bead) should be 
 no closer than 12 in from roof or rib, as 
 required in 30 CFR Part 75. 
 
 Carbon Monoxide 
 
 1. For carbon monoxide sensors used 
 tor early fire detection, horizontal 
 placement should be in the middle of the 
 airway. Vertical placement should be 
 close to but at least 4 in down from the 
 roof. 
 
 2. Maximum spacing between sensors 
 varies depending upon the application. 
 Factory Mutual Research Corp., under 
 
 Bureau contract (18) , has developed spac- 
 ing guidelines for three scenarios: 
 (1) beltway fire, (2) coal wall fire, and 
 (3) wood wall fire. The spacing criteria 
 also take into account ventilation rates, 
 hazard time, and safety factor. For ex- 
 ample, for a mine with a ventilation rate 
 of 50 fpm in a belt entry, an entry width 
 of 18 ft, a seam height of 6 ft, and a 
 safety factor of 0.5 (the safety factor 
 ranges between and 1, with the larger 
 the value, the more time available for 
 response to the fire after detection), 
 the recommended detector spacing would be 
 827 ft. Under the same conditions except 
 with a ventilation rate of 100 fpm, the 
 recommended spacing would be 1,462 ft. A 
 further description of the procedure for 
 determining carbon monoxide sensor spac- 
 ing is contained in appendix E. Recom- 
 mendations for carbon monoxide sensor 
 spacing along the beltway as required by 
 MSHA for a variance of 30 CFR 75.326 are 
 contained in appendix C. 
 
 Air Velocity 
 
 1. Placement of air velocity sensors 
 should follow CFR requirements for hand- 
 held instruments. Appendix D gives the 
 locations of examinations required in 30 
 CFR Part 75. 
 
 2. The geometric center of the airway 
 cross section is the best place, prefer- 
 ably hung by suspension (e.g., guy wire). 
 
 3. Sensor placements at abrupt changes 
 in the flow of air, such as at a bend, 
 intersection, or obstruction, can cause 
 sensors to indicate erroneous values. 
 The influence of these abrupt changes 
 in flow of air often extends 3 to 5 
 airway widths upstream and 10 or more 
 widths downstream. These regions should 
 be avoided. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 Computerized mine monitoring systems 
 can provide a safer and more productive 
 work environment for underground coal 
 mines. Many mines are currently using 
 them to provide miner safety, as evi- 
 denced by the number of mines that have 
 
 placed carbon monoxide sensors along belt 
 entries in order to use those entries as 
 intake airways. In the future, as mines 
 become deeper and more complex and as 
 mining rates increase, environmental mon- 
 itoring systems will play a greater role 
 
27 
 
 in providing mine safety. Even though 
 mine monitoring can increase safety, this 
 can only happen when both monitoring sys- 
 tem manufacturers and mine operators keep 
 safety in mind. Manufacturers must de- 
 sign systems for reliability and safety, 
 and make sure these systems are installed 
 properly and that the system operators 
 are adequately trained in their operation 
 before the manufacturer leaves the mine 
 site. On the other hand, the mine oper- 
 ator must dedicate time and labor to the 
 system in order to maintain it in good 
 
 operating condition and provide the nec- 
 essary people to operate it properly. 
 Any failure on the part of the manufac- 
 turer or the mine operator can lead to 
 serious consequences. 
 
 This report provides guidelines to the 
 mining industry for the design, installa- 
 tion, and operation of environmental mon- 
 itoring systems to provide miner safety. 
 By following these guidelines, the poten- 
 tial for monitoring system failure can be 
 reduced. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 1. Foose, H. E. System Evaluation and 
 Barrier and Sensor Classification Under 
 the Mine Safety and Health Administra- 
 tion Mine-Wide Monitoring System Program 
 (Pres. at 14th Ann. Int. Symp. of the 
 ISA, Mining and Metallurgy Division, Den- 
 ver, CO, Apr. 29-May 2, 1986). Instru- 
 mentation in the Mining and Metallurgy 
 Industry, v. 13, 1986, pp. 47-50. 
 
 2. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 
 Title 30 — Mineral Resources; Chapter I — 
 Mine Safety and Health Administration, 
 Department of Labor; Subchapters A-P, 
 Parts to 199. July 1, 1985, 732 pp. 
 
 3. Stricklin, K. G. Environmental 
 Monitoring in Coal Mines. Paper in Pro- 
 ceedings of the 17th Annual Institute on 
 Coal Mining Health, Safety, and Research 
 (Blacksburg, VA, Aug. 26-28, 1986). 
 1986, pp. 73-83. 
 
 4. U.S. Mine Safety and Health Admini- 
 stration. Preproposal Draft Rule To Re- 
 vise Existing Safety Standards for Venti- 
 lation in Underground Coal Mines, 30 CFR 
 Part 75. Nov. 1985; for further informa- 
 tion, contact Patricia W. Silvey, Direc- 
 tor, Office of Standards, Regulations, 
 and Variances, MSHA, Arlington, VA (703) 
 235-1910. 
 
 5. Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 
 Technical Recommendations on Two-Entry 
 Mining by MSHA Task Force on Longwall 
 Mining. Mine Safety and Health Reporter, 
 June 26, 1985, pp. 34-36. 
 
 6. Younglove, A., A. Pettinato, 
 P. Macdiarmid, and S. Stagnitta. Reli- 
 ability Analysis of U.S. Bureau of 
 Mines Mine Monitoring Systems (contract 
 
 H01 11838, Rome Air Development Center). 
 BuMines OFR 33-83, 1983, 49 pp. 
 
 7. Nutter, R. S. , N. S. Smith, W. R. 
 Voltz, P. Klinkhachorn, and D. F. 
 Tuthill. Methodology Development for 
 Mine Life Safety System Evaluation (con- 
 tract J0100057, WV Univ.). BuMines OFR 
 76-84, 1982, 428 pp.; NTIS PB 84-182765. 
 
 8. Bredeson, J. G. , H. Hashemi, and 
 K. Sneedhar. Data Security for In-Mine 
 Transmission (contract J0308024, Univ. 
 OK). BuMines OFR 88-84, 1982, 76 pp.; 
 NTIS PB 84-185081. 
 
 9. Nutter, R. S. , R. S. Chapman, 
 A. M. Kissel, C. A. Winkelmann, and W. R. 
 Voltz. Underground Mine Monitoring and 
 Control Testing Criteria (contract 
 J0113057, WV Univ.). BuMines OFR 51-85, 
 1984, 155 pp.; NTIS PB 85-228864. 
 
 10. Trelewicz, K. Environmental Test 
 Criteria for the Acceptability of Mine 
 Instrumentation (contract J0100040, Day- 
 ton T. Brown, Inc.). BuMines OFR 1-82, 
 1981, 137 pp.; NTIS PB 82-146335. 
 
 11. Fisher, T. J., and M. Uhler. Re- 
 search To Develop an Intrinsically Safe 
 Monitoring System for Coal Mines. Paper 
 in Proceedings of the Fifth WVU Con- 
 ference on Coal Mine Electrotechnology , 
 July 30, 31, August 1, 1980 (contract 
 J0100049, WV Univ.). BuMines OFR 82-81, 
 1980, pp. 20-1 to 20-10. 
 
 12. Cohen, A. F. Choosing Fixed-Point 
 Mine Monitoring Air Velocity Sensor Sites 
 (In-Mine Experiments) (Pres. at 14th 
 Ann. Int. Symp. of the ISA, Mining and 
 Metallurgy Division, Denver, CO, April 
 29-May 2, 1986). Instrumentation in the 
 
28 
 
 Mining and Metallurgy Industry, v. 13, 
 1986, pp. 19-36. 
 
 13. Cohen, A. F. , T. J. Fisher, R. A. 
 Watson, and J. L. Kohler. Location 
 Strategy for Methane, Air Velocity, and 
 Carbon Monoxide Fixed-Point Mine Moni- 
 toring Transducers. Paper in Proceedings 
 of the 7th WVU Mining Electrotechnology 
 Conference (Morgantown, WV, July 24-27, 
 1984). WV Univ., 1984, pp. 180-193. 
 
 14. Miller, E. J., P. M. Turcic, and 
 J. L. Banfield. Equivalency Tests of 
 Fire Detection Systems for Underground 
 Coal Mines Using Low Level Carbon Monox- 
 ide Monitors. Paper in Proceedings 2nd 
 International Mine Ventilation Congress 
 (Reno, NV, Nov. 4-8, 1979), AIME, 1980, 
 pp. 27-1 to 27-8. 
 
 15. American Society for Testing and 
 Materials. Standard Specifications for 
 Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere, D-ll 
 Committee, Sampling and Analysis of At- 
 mospheres. Philadelphia, PA, 1978, 4 pp. 
 
 16. National Fire Protection Associa- 
 tion. Intrinsically Safe Apparatus for 
 Use in Division 1 Hazardous Locations. 
 NFPA Bull. 493, 1978, 55 pp. 
 
 17. Litton, C. D. Guidelines for Sit- 
 ing Product-of-Combustion Fire Sensors 
 in Underground Mines. BuMines IC 8919, 
 
 1983, 13 pp. 
 
 18. Newman, J. S. , and M. M. Khan. 
 Standard Test Criteria for Evaluation of 
 Underground Fire Detection Systems — Final 
 Report (contract HOI 13017, Factory Mu- 
 tual Research Corp.). BuMines OFR 54-85, 
 
 1984, 217 pp.; NTIS PB 85-204170. 
 
29 
 
 APPENDIX A. — SENSING TECHNIQUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS 
 
 A number of commercially available en- 
 vironmental sensors are suitable for use 
 with computerized monitoring systems. 
 During the last 10 yr, improvements in 
 circuit design and construction have re- 
 sulted in sensors that can be used in the 
 mine environment. In selecting a sensor, 
 attention should be paid to its reliabil- 
 ity and the specificity and accuracy of 
 the reading. In this appendix, the mea- 
 surement techniques for carbon monoxide, 
 methane, and air velocity sensors are 
 discussed. 
 
 METHANE SENSORS 
 
 There are two primary techniques for 
 detecting and measuring methane concen- 
 tration that are suitable for mine moni- 
 toring use: Heat of combustion and in- 
 frared absorption. Heat-of-combustion or 
 catalytic combustion sensors are the most 
 common in the United States. These sen- 
 sors detect the presence and concentra- 
 tion of methane by measuring the temper- 
 ature rise of a catalytic element that 
 oxidizes the methane at very low temper- 
 atures without a flame. The temperature 
 rise in the catalyst is proportional to 
 the methane content of the air surround- 
 ing the sensor. 
 
 There is some difference in the tech- 
 nique by which the sensors expose the 
 catalyst to the gas mixture to be mea- 
 sured. Some devices rely on diffusion of 
 the gas mixture through a porous metal 
 flame arrestor screen. These are called 
 diffusion-head type sensors. Others use 
 mechanical pumps to draw air samples 
 across the catalyst. Another method al- 
 ternately draws the sample in and then 
 exhales prior to the next sample. While 
 the diffusion devices have a slower re- 
 sponse time, they are simpler and do not 
 rely on mechanical pumps that may be af- 
 fected by dust and moisture. Although 
 catalytic combustion sensors are rela- 
 tively rugged and simple in operation, 
 they have a disadvantage in terms of 
 specificity. The catalyst temperature 
 will rise in the presence of any combus- 
 tion gas, not just methane. This is 
 
 not always a problem, and can be reduced 
 by operating at a specified temper- 
 ature or selecting a catalyst that favors 
 a methane-oriented chemical reaction. 
 Another disadvantage is that catalytic 
 sensors are not generally suitable for 
 measuring methane concentrations above 
 5%. 
 
 The second methane-sensing technique is 
 based on the absorption by different 
 gases of different amounts of infrared 
 radiation. Typically, infrared energy is 
 passed through a sample cell that has 
 windows that do not absorb in the infra- 
 red band. The sensor is either equipped 
 with a reference cell or calibrated by 
 purging the sample cell with nitrogen 
 prior to making measurements. An infra- 
 red detector located on the opposite side 
 of the cell produces an electrical signal 
 proportional to the difference between 
 the reference and the sample, which is 
 proportional to the methane concentra- 
 tion. Infrared sensors can be used to 
 measure methane concentrations in the en- 
 tire range between 0% and 100%. While 
 infrared sensors are relatively sensitive 
 and specific, they are typically more 
 complex and expensive than catalytic 
 sensors. 
 
 AIR VELOCITY SENSORS 
 
 Two types of air velocity sensors are 
 applicable to underground mining, rotat- 
 ing-vane anemometers and acoustic vortex- 
 shedding anemometers. 
 
 Rotating-vane anemometers are mechani- 
 cal devices with vanes or impellars that 
 are rotated or turned by the air flowing 
 through the anemometer. The better in- 
 struments use ball bearings that reduce 
 the turning friction of the main shaft on 
 which the vanes are mounted to improve 
 the accuracy at low air velocities. 
 While this device is simple in operation, 
 its susceptibility to excessive dirt and 
 moisture is a disadvantage. 
 
 The second type of anemometer, acoustic 
 vortex shedding, measures air velocity 
 by sensing the frequency at which vor- 
 tices' are shed from a rod placed in the 
 
30 
 
 airstream. The vortices in the airstream 
 are sensed by the effect they have on an 
 acoustic (ultrasonic) pulse transmitted 
 through them. Since vortex-shedding ane- 
 mometers have no moving parts, they are 
 well suited for underground mines.' They 
 are also typically more expensive than 
 mechanical anemometers. 
 
 CARBON MONOXIDE SENSORS 
 
 Carbon monoxide is produced by the 
 thermal oxidation of materials containing 
 carbon. For wood or coal, carbon monox- 
 ide is the major gas evolved at 50° to 
 150° C. The presence of carbon monoxide 
 in the mine atmosphere can be used as a 
 warning of incipient fire. Since carbon 
 monoxide is also produced from diesel ex- 
 haust or explosive products (shot fir- 
 ing), if gases from these products come 
 in contact with carbon monoxide sensors, 
 the sensor also reacts. Therefore, the 
 warning system must be able to differen- 
 tiate the source of the carbon monoxide. 
 
 Most carbon monoxide sensors used in 
 this country are the electrochemical am- 
 perometric type, in which carbon monoxide 
 is electrocatalytically oxidized to form 
 carbon dioxide. From this oxidation pro- 
 cess a current is produced that is pro- 
 portional to the carbon monoxide concen- 
 tration. The air to be sampled either is 
 allowed to diffuse into the sensor or is 
 drawn in by a mechanical pump. This type 
 of s,ensor is stable, lasting up to 2 yr 
 in a mine environment, is inexpensive 
 (original cost of the sensor is under 
 $100), and is sensitive to low concen- 
 trations of carbon monoxide (~10 ppm). 
 Other gases that are electrochemically 
 oxidizable will also produce a current 
 at the electrode, acting as if they were 
 
 carbon monoxide. They include hydrogen, 
 acetylene, ethylene, nitric oxide, nitro- 
 gen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur 
 dioxide. Gas-interf erent filters may be 
 used with the sensor to remove the active 
 hydrocarbons, nitrogen, and sulfur gases, 
 but these filters must be replaced regu- 
 larly to be effective. 
 
 There are other techniques for measur- 
 ing carbon monoxide at the 10-ppm con- 
 centration at fixed locations. In one, 
 carbon monoxide is measured from the heat 
 produced by catalytic oxidation over a 
 Hopcalite catalyst. The resulting tem- 
 perature rise in the catalyst is propor- 
 tional to the gas concentration. Here, 
 the basic- technique is nonspecific, and 
 carbon monoxide-specific catalysts and 
 appropriate filament temperatures are re- 
 quired to reduce the interference of 
 other combustible gases. 
 
 Another technique is absorption of in- 
 frared energy. This is similar to that 
 described for methane detection. The 
 sensor is made selective for carbon mon- 
 oxide by modifying the methane receiver 
 transducer to detect changes in the in- 
 frared wavelengths that are absorbed by 
 carbon monoxide molecules. For nondis- 
 persive systems, the absorption filters 
 must be changed, and for dispersive sys- 
 tems, the refraction grating must be 
 changed. 
 
 Carbon monoxide may also be measured by 
 the conductivity change in metal-oxide 
 semiconductor sensors, such as tin oxide 
 and zinc oxide solid state sensors. 
 These solid state sensors are sensitive 
 to a large number of gases and are used 
 in British coal mines for monitoring to- 
 tal fire products. 
 
 Figure A-l is a diagram of the carbon 
 monoxide transducer module. 
 
31 
 
 0-50 or 0-25 
 ppm CO 
 
 CO 
 sensor 
 
 Battery 
 backup 
 
 Amplifier 
 
 To outstation or 
 surface computer 
 
 T 
 
 Power 
 
 Analog-to- 
 digital converter 
 telemetry link 
 
 or 
 
 4-to 20-mA 
 current loop 
 
 Data 
 
 Calibration 
 voltage signal 
 
 or 
 
 Automatic 
 calibration 
 
 Enclosure 
 
 FIGURE A-1.— Carbon monoxide transducer module. 
 
32 
 
 APPENDIX B. —MANUFACTURERS OF MONITORING SYSTEMS EVALUATED 
 UNDER THE MSHA MINEWIDE MONITORING SYSTEM PROGRAM 
 
 MSHA 
 evaluation 
 
 Date 
 
 Model 
 
 Company and address 
 
 
 11/24/82 
 
 
 Transmitton Inc. 
 1101 Parkway View Dr. 
 Pittsburgh, PA 15205 
 (412) 787-3383 
 
 
 MMS-2-0 
 
 03/02/83 
 
 2002 
 
 Giangarlo Scientific 
 2500 Baldwick Rd. 
 Pittsburgh, PA 15205 
 (412) 922-8850 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 07/22/83 
 
 
 Mundix Control Systems, Inc. 
 5495 Marion St. 
 Denver, CO 80216 
 (303) 296-1790 
 
 
 
 09/15/83 
 
 
 Conspec, Inc. 
 1701 McFarland Rd. 
 Pittsburgh, PA 15216 
 (412) 563-6060 
 
 
 
 10/03/83 
 
 DGS-1000/430 
 
 Appalachian Electronic Inst., 
 810 West Monroe Ave. 
 Ronceverte, WV 24970 
 (304) 647-5855 
 
 Inc. 
 
 
 01/26/84 
 
 
 Kidde Automated Systems, Inc. 
 725 G County Line Road 
 Deerfield, IL 60015 
 (312) 272-8012 
 
 
 MMS-7-0 
 
 03/13/84 
 
 DAN-6000 
 
 Mine Safety Appliances Co. 
 Instrument Div. 
 P.O. Box 427 
 Pittsburgh, PA 15230 
 (412) 776-8600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12/19/84 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 
APPENDIX B.— MANUFACTURERS OF MONITORING SYSTEMS EVALUATED 
 UNDER THE MSHA MINEWIDE MONITORING SYSTEM PROGRAM— Continued 
 
 33 
 
 MSHA 
 
 Date 
 
 Model 
 
 Company and address 
 
 evaluation 
 
 
 
 
 MMS-8-0 
 
 05/02/84 
 
 DYNALINK 
 
 Hawker-Siddeley Dynamics Engineering 
 Bridge Road East 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Welwyn Garden City 
 
 
 
 
 Hertfordshire England 
 
 
 
 
 AL7 1LR 
 
 
 
 
 Welwyn Garden (07073) 31299 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio Brass Co. 
 
 
 
 
 (U.S. representatives) 
 
 
 
 
 380 North Main St. 
 
 
 
 
 Mansfield, OH 44903 
 
 
 
 
 (419) 522-7111 
 
 
 09/06/84 
 
 
 Femco Div. , Gulton Industries 
 P.O. Box 33 
 2000 Bethel Dr. 
 High Point, NC 27261 
 (919) 887-2611 
 
 OR 
 National Mine Service 
 
 (sales) 
 600 North Bell Ave. 
 Bldg. 2, Suite 110 
 Carnegie, PA 15106 
 (412) 429-0800 
 
 MMS-9-1 
 
 12/03/84 
 
 845901 
 
 Femco Div. . Gulton Industries 
 
 
 
 (Address given above. ) 
 
 
 
 
 Rel Tek Corp. 
 616 Beatty Rd. 
 Monroeville, PA 15146 
 (412) 373-6700 
 
34 
 
 APPENDIX C. — CONDITIONS FOR PETITIONING FOR MODIFICATION 
 OF APPLICATION OF 30 CFR 75.326 
 
 This section contains conditions that 
 must be met by a mine operator consider- 
 ing a 101C petition of 30 CFR 75.326— 
 Aircourse and Belt Haulage Entries, to 
 use the belt haulage entry as an intake 
 aircourse. They have been set by MSHA, 
 but all variances are granted on a case- 
 by-case basis, and meeting the following 
 criteria does not automatically qualify 
 the use of the belt entry as an intake 
 aircourse. 
 
 1. A fire detection system shall be 
 installed as follows: 
 
 (a) Low-level CO monitoring devices 
 shall be installed in all belt entries 
 utilized as intake aircourses. 
 
 (b) The CO monitoring devices shall 
 be located so that the air is monitored 
 at each belt drive, tailpiece, and 
 other locations as may be required by 
 the MSHA District Manager to insure the 
 safety of miners. 
 
 (c) The CO monitoring devices shall 
 be capable of giving a warning automat- 
 ically when the level of CO of any lo- 
 cation specified above exceeds 5 ppm 
 above the ambient level of the mine. 
 
 (d) The CO monitoring devices shall 
 be capable of providing both visual and 
 audible alarm signals. 
 
 (e) The monitoring system shall 
 have the capability of identifying any 
 activated sensor within the belt haul- 
 age entry. This system shall also have 
 a map or schematic which will identify 
 all monitor and flight locations. 
 
 (f) The monitoring devices shall 
 initiate fire alarm signals at a manned 
 location on the surface where personnel 
 on duty have two-way communications 
 with all persons who may be endangered. 
 Such signals shall be activated when 
 the level of CO exceeds 10 ppm above 
 the ambient level of the mine. 
 
 (g) The person at the manned loca- 
 tion on the surface shall be trained in 
 the operation of the CO monitoring sys- 
 tem and in the proper procedures to 
 follow in the event of an emergency. 
 
 2. At any time the CO monitor has been 
 deenergized, for reasons such as power 
 outages or routine maintenance, the belt 
 conveyor may continue to operate. The 
 belt entry shall be continuously pa- 
 trolled and physically monitored by a 
 qualified person with CO detector tubes 
 or equivalent means until the monitor 
 returns to normal operation. 
 
 3. The CO monitor and sensor shall be 
 visually examined at least once every 24 
 hours to insure proper functioning. The 
 unit shall be inspected by a qualified 
 person for such work not less than every 
 7 days. The inspection shall insure the 
 monitor is operating properly and that 
 the required maintenance as recommended 
 by the manufacturer is performed. 
 
 The monitor shall be calibrated with 
 known quantities of CO and air mixtures 
 at least every 30 calendar days. An in- 
 spection record shall be maintained on 
 the surface and made available to all in- 
 terested persons. The inspection record 
 shall show the date and time of each 
 weekly inspection and calibration of the 
 monitor, and all maintenance performed, 
 whether at the time of the weekly inspec- 
 tion or otherwise. 
 
 4. The details for the fire detection 
 system including, but not limited to, 
 type of monitor, sensor location, alarm 
 system, maintenance, and calibration 
 schedule shall be included as a part of 
 the Ventilation System and Methane and 
 Dust Control Plan required by 30 CFR 
 75.316. The District Manager may require 
 additional CO monitors to be installed as 
 part of said plan to insure the safety of 
 the miners. 
 
35 
 
 5. The velocity of the air current in 
 the belt entry shall not exceed 300 fpm. 
 
 6. The concentrations of respirable 
 dust in the intake air passing over the 
 belt conveyor shall be within the re- 
 quirements of 30 CFR 70.100(b). 
 
 7. The petitioner must continue to 
 comply with all mandatory safety and 
 health standards at this mine except as 
 specifically modified by this Decision 
 and Order. 
 
 Other guidelines are taken from "Equiv- 
 alency Tests of Fire Detection Systems 
 
 for Underground Coal Mines Using Low Lev- 
 el Carbon Monoxide Monitors" (14) . They 
 include — 
 
 1. For contaminant travel velocities 
 200 fpm or less, the CO monitors should 
 not be spaced in excess of 2,000 ft, and 
 not in excess of 3,000 ft when contami- 
 nant travel velocities exceed 200 fpm. 
 
 2. In conveyor belt entries where the 
 air velocity is less than 50 fpm or the 
 air stream does not have a definite and 
 distinct direction, CO monitors may not 
 be appropriate. 
 
36 
 
 APPENDIX D. —POTENTIAL LOCATIONS FOR FIXED-POINT SENSORS 
 BASED ON 30 CFR PART 75 REQUIREMENTS 
 
 CFR Part 75 — Underground Coal Mine 
 Standards were reviewed to determine lo- 
 cations where manual examinations of the 
 mine environment are required to provide 
 a healthy and safe workplace. When a 
 mine installs a computerized monitoring 
 system to monitor the environment, the 
 locations required to be examined by 30 
 
 CFR for environmental hazards may also be 
 appropriate for fixed-point monitoring. 
 For the examinations currently required, 
 this section reviews the location, the 
 measurand, the regulation number, and the 
 frequency of examination as a possibility 
 for fixed-point monitoring. 
 
 TABLE D-l. - Potential locations for fixed-point sensors 
 
 Location 
 
 Measurand 1 
 
 Regulation 
 
 Frequency 
 
 
 Q 
 
 V 
 
 co 2 
 
 CH 4 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 75.300 
 
 Continuously. 
 
 All active 
 
 - 
 
 >60 
 
 <0.5 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 75.301 
 
 Periodic. 
 
 workings . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inby end of 
 
 >3,000 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 75.301, 
 
 s 
 
 brattice face. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75.307 
 
 Prior to ma- 
 
 Last open cross- 
 
 >9,000 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 75.301, 
 
 chine start- 
 
 cut face. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75.307 
 
 > up; every 20 
 min during 
 mining. 
 
 Intake end — pil- 
 
 >9,000 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 75.301, 
 
 
 lar line. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75.307 
 
 
 Intake end — 
 
 >9,000 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 75.301, 
 
 
 longwall face. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75.307 
 
 * 
 
 Auxiliary fans.. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 75.302 
 
 Continuously. 
 
 Working sections 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 75.303 
 
 Preshift. 
 
 Do 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 75.304 
 
 Onshift (1 
 per shift). 
 
 Each return 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 split at main 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 75.305 
 
 Weekly. 
 
 return. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Q = quantity of air, cfm. 
 V = velocity of air, fpm. 
 CO2 = carbon dioxide, vol %. 
 
 CH^ = methane, vol %. 
 
 CO = carbon monoxide, vol %. 
 
 - indicates the item is inapplicable. 
 
37 
 
 TABLE D-l. - Potential locations for fixed-point sensors — Continued 
 
 Location 
 
 Measurand 1 
 
 Regulation 
 
 Frequency 
 
 
 Q 
 
 V 
 
 C0 2 
 
 CH 4 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Pillar falls and 
 seals at main 
 return. 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 
 Yes 
 
 
 75.305 
 
 Weekly. 
 
 1 entry of each 
 intake and re- 
 turn aircourse, 
 in its 
 entirity. 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 
 Yes 
 
 
 75.305 
 
 Do. 
 
 Idle workings .... 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 75.305 
 
 Do. 
 
 Abandoned area... 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 
 If 
 entered 
 
 - 
 
 75.305, 
 75.314 
 
 Weekly, with- 
 in 3 h of 
 entry. 
 
 Main intakes and 
 returns. 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 75.306 
 
 Weekly. 
 
 Working sections. 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 75.306 
 
 Do. 
 
 Return air split 
 from working 
 section. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 <1 
 
 — 
 
 75.309 
 
 4-h interval 
 during 
 shift. 
 
 
 
 Neutral 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 Under 
 variance 
 
 75.326 
 
 Periodic. 
 
 Track entries.... 
 
 - 
 
 <250 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 75.327 
 
 Do. 
 
 In intake between 
 abandoned area 
 and working 
 place. 
 
 
 
 
 <0.25 if 
 used to 
 ventilate 
 
 
 75.311, 
 75.312 
 
 Preshif t. 
 
 1 Q = quantity of air, cfm. 
 V = velocity of air, fpm. 
 CO2 = carbon dioxide, vol % 
 
 CH^ = methane, vol %. 
 
 CO = carbon monoxide, vol %. 
 
 - indicates the item is inapplicable. 
 
38 
 
 APPENDIX E. — CARBON MONOXIDE SENSOR SPACING CRITERIA 
 AS DEFINED BY FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORP. 
 
 Fire sensor spacing criteria were de- 
 veloped by Factory Mutual Research Corp. 
 (FMRC) (18) based on a universal set of 
 detection criteria defined relative to 
 the application of fire detectors in un- 
 derground mines. This required a time 
 relationship to be established to detect 
 a fire; the time to effectively respond 
 after detecting a fire; and the time af- 
 ter the initiation of a fire to reach a 
 defined hazard, tn, the hazard time, such 
 as a fire that becomes seriously life 
 threatening. Three main fire scenarios 
 were considered by FMRC: (1) a coal fire 
 in a conveyor belt haulageway that served 
 as the ignition source for the belting, 
 (2) a coal wall fire, and (3) a wood wall 
 fire. 
 
 For the beltway fire (scenario 1), both 
 equivalent spacing prescribed by 30 CFR 
 and generalized spacing for fire detec- 
 tors were determined. Since equivalent 
 spacing is a function of the mine geome- 
 try and ambient conditions, a "typical" 
 beltway configuration was assumed as 
 given in table E-l. Table E-2 gives 
 
 TABLE E-l. - Typical conditions in a 
 conveyor belt haulageway 
 
 Ambient temperature °F.. 65 
 
 Ventilation rate ...cfm. . 4,000 
 
 Ceiling height ft. . 5 
 
 Entry width ft.. 16 
 
 Cross-sectional area ft 2 .. 80 
 
 Ambient velocity f pm. . 50 
 
 (1) detector type, (2) alarm and/or alert 
 level, (3) equivalent spacing, (4) safety 
 parameter, X, and (5) the corresponding 
 spacing for each detector at X > 0.50, 
 for each detector tested by FMRC. The 
 safety parameter, X, is the time avail- 
 able for response to the fire after de- 
 tection and is a fraction of the hazard 
 time. The larger the value of X, the 
 more time is available. Equivalent spac- 
 ing was assessed using X, such that the 
 spacing for a nonheat detector was deter- 
 mined at the minimum safety parameter 
 given by a mine-permissible heat detec- 
 tor, i.e., X = 0.45. The recommended 
 maximum spacing for each detector is 
 given for X > 0.50 and ranges from 10 ft 
 for the slowest heat detector to 1,000 ft 
 for the fastest product-of-combustion 
 detector. 
 
 Tables E-3, E-4, and E-5 give the gen- 
 eralized spacing criteria for each fire 
 scenario considered. In each table the 
 spacing criteria (S) are listed versus V 
 (the ventilation rate in 1,000 cfm) and X 
 (the safety parameter). The procedure 
 for determining the sensor spacing dis- 
 tance follows: 
 
 1. Select values of X and V. 
 
 2. Read the corresponding value of S 
 in the table for the scenario of 
 interest. 
 
 3. Calculate the spacing distance from 
 spacing distance (ft) = (V(S-43) )/60. 
 
 TABLE E-2. - Equivalency for fire detectors for beltway fires 
 
 Detector 
 
 Type 
 
 Alarm and/or alert level 
 
 Equivalent 
 spacing, ft 
 
 X 
 
 Recommended max 
 spacing, ft 
 
 Ideal 
 
 Heat 
 
 Heat 
 
 Heat 
 
 Heat 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 C0 2 
 
 Smoke 
 
 A 39° C 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 980 
 
 980 
 
 430 
 
 1,100 
 
 0.70 
 .70 
 .65 
 .45 
 .45 
 .45 
 .45 
 .45 
 
 180 
 
 
 A 35° C 
 
 180 
 
 MSA 
 
 A 39° C 
 
 150 
 
 MSA 
 
 A 37° C 
 
 10 
 
 
 870 
 
 
 870 
 
 
 
 310 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 Suggested levels. 
 
The value 43 in the equation is a typical 
 CO sensor response time (in seconds) as 
 determined through FMRC testing. 
 
 39 
 
 Further information on the FMRC work 
 can be obtained from the final report 
 (18). 
 
 TABLE E-3. - Spacing criteria (S) for carbon monoxide sensors 
 for beltway fires 1 
 
 Velocity, 
 
 
 Safety 
 
 factor 
 
 
 Velocity, 
 1,000 cfm 
 
 
 Safety 
 
 factor 
 
 
 1,000 cfm 
 
 X=0 
 
 X=0.25 
 
 X=0.50 
 
 X=0.7 5 
 
 X=0 
 
 X=0.25 
 
 X=0.50 
 
 X=0.7 5 
 
 
 
 2,700 
 
 2,030 
 
 1,350 
 
 680 
 
 7 
 
 2,350 
 
 1,670 
 
 1,000 
 
 330 
 
 1 
 
 2,570 
 
 1,890 
 
 1,220 
 
 550 
 
 8 
 
 2,320 
 
 1,650 
 
 970 
 
 300 
 
 2 
 
 2,510 
 
 1,840 
 
 1,160 
 
 490 
 
 9 
 
 2,200 
 
 1,620 
 
 950 
 
 280 
 
 3 
 
 2,470 
 
 1,790 
 
 1,120 
 
 450 
 
 10 
 
 2,280 
 
 1,600 
 
 930 
 
 260 
 
 4 
 
 2,430 
 
 1,760 
 
 1,080 
 
 410 
 
 11 
 
 2,260 
 
 1,580 
 
 910 
 
 240 
 
 5 
 
 2,400 
 
 1,730 
 
 1,050 
 
 380 
 
 12 
 
 2,240 
 
 1,560 
 
 890 
 
 220 
 
 6 
 
 2,370 
 
 1,700 
 
 1,020 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! t H = 2,700 s. 
 
 TABLE E-4. - Spacing criteria (S) for carbon 
 monoxide sensors for coal wall fires 
 
 Velocity , 
 
 tH, 
 S 
 
 
 Safety 
 
 factor 
 
 
 1,000 cfm 
 
 X=0 
 
 X=0.25 
 
 X=0.50 
 
 X=0.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,630 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,090 
 
 680 
 
 280 
 
 2 
 
 2,300 
 
 2,110 
 
 1,530 
 
 960 
 
 390 
 
 3 
 
 2,820 
 
 2,590 
 
 1,880 
 
 1,180 
 
 480 
 
 4 
 
 3,250 
 
 2,990 
 
 2,170 
 
 1,360 
 
 550 
 
 5 
 
 3,640 
 
 3,340 
 
 2,430 
 
 1,520 
 
 610 
 
 6 
 
 3,980 
 
 3,660 
 
 2,660 
 
 1,670 
 
 670 
 
 7 
 
 4,300 
 
 3,950 
 
 2,870 
 
 1,800 
 
 730 
 
 8 
 
 4,600 
 
 4,230 
 
 3,070 
 
 1,920 
 
 780 
 
 9 
 
 4,880 
 
 4,490 
 
 3,260 
 
 2,040 
 
 830 
 
 10 
 
 5,140 
 
 4,730 
 
 3,430 
 
 2,150 
 
 870 
 
 11 
 
 5,390 
 
 4,960 
 
 3,600 
 
 2,250 
 
 910 
 
 12 
 
 5,630 
 
 5,180 
 
 3,760 
 
 2,360 
 
 950 
 
 TABLE E-5. - Spacing criteria (S) for carbon 
 monoxide sensors for wood wall fires 
 
 Velocity, 
 
 tH, 
 S 
 
 
 Safety 
 
 factor 
 
 
 1,000 cfm 
 
 X=0 
 
 X=0.25 
 
 X=0.50 
 
 X=0.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 450 
 
 290 
 
 180 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 630 
 
 400 
 
 250 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 770 
 
 490 
 
 300 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 890 
 
 570 
 
 350 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1,000 
 
 640 
 
 390 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,090 
 
 700 
 
 430 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1,180 
 
 750 
 
 460 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1,260 
 
 810 
 
 490 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1,340 
 
 860 
 
 530 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1,420 
 
 900 
 
 550 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1,480 
 
 950 
 
 580 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1,540 
 
 990 
 
 610 
 
 230 
 
 
 
 4388 33 
 
 US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987 605-01 7'60 071 
 
 INT.-BU.OF MINES,PGH.,PA. 28569 
 
U.S. Department of the Interior 
 Bureau of Mines— Prod, and Distr. 
 Cochrans Mill Road 
 P.O. Box 18070 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15236 
 
 OFFICIAL BUSINESS 
 PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE. J300 
 
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 material, please remove 
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 correct as indicated* 
 
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