Qass— Book_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT . :J NO. 5. iflSTORlCAL ClaHc RmDINCS The TVlississippi Y)alleT; John Gilmary Shea. With Introduction. NEW YORK: Effingham Matnabd & Co., Publishers, 771 Bboadwat ahp 07 <$; 09 Nxhtb Stbbbt. KELLOGG'S EDITIONS. SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS. Bacb plafi in One IDolumc. Text Carefully Espiirgated for Use in Mixed Classes. With Portraity Hfotes^ Introdttction to Shakespeare's Grammar^ Examination Papers^ and Plan of Study, (SEI^EOTED.) By BRAINEKD KELLOGG, A.M., Professor of the English Language and Literature in the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and author of a *' Text-Book on Rhetoric,'''' a " Text-Book on English Literature,''* and one of the authors of Reed <& Kellogg^s *' Lessons in English." The notes have been especially prepared and selected, to meet the requirements of School and College Students, from editions by emi- nent English scholars. We are confident that teachers who examine these editions will pro- nounce them better adapted to the wants of the class-room than any others published. These are tlie only American Editions of these Plays that have been carefully expurgated for use in mixed classes. Printed from large type, attractively bound in cloth, and sold at nearly one half the price of other School Editions of Shakespeare. The following Plays, each in one wlume, are now ready : MERCHANT OF VENICE. JULIUS CESAR. MACBETH. TEMPEST. HAMLET. KING HENRY V. KING LEAR. KING HENRY IV., Part I. KING HENRY VIIL AS YOU LIKE IT. KING RICHARD III. A MIDSUMMER-NIGHT'S DREAM. A WINTER'S TALE, Mailing price, 30 cents per copy. Special Triee to Teaehera, Full Descriptive Catalogue sent on application. mSTOlUVAL CLASSIC liEADINOS-No. 5. Discovery and Exploration OF THE Mississippi Valley. BY JOHN GILMARY SHEA. NEW YOKK: Effingham Maynard & Co., Publishers, 771 Bkoadway and 67 & 69 Nintu Stuebt. 1890. Historical Classic Readings. With Introductio7ts a?id Explanatory Notes. For Classes in History, Reading, and Literature. From 40 to 64 pages each. Price, \'l cents per copy ; $1.20 per dozen ; $9.00 per hundred ; $80.00 per tlionsaud. The following Numbers, uniform in style and size with this volume, are now ready : 1. Discovery of America. Washington Irving. 3. Settlement of Virjjinia. Capt. John Smith. 3. History of Plymouth Plantation. Gov. William Brad- ford. 4. King: Philip's War, and Witchcraft in New England. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson. 5. Discovery and Exploration of the Mis^issii pi Valley. John Gilmary Shea. 6. Champlain and His Associates. Francis Parkman, 7. Braddock's Defeat. Francis Parkman. 8. First Battles of the Kevolution. Edward Everett. 9. Colonial Pioneers. James Pakton. 10. Heroes of the Revolution. James Parton. Other Numbers in Preparation. EFFINGHAM MAYNARD & CO., Publishers, 771 Broadway and 67 & 69 Ninth Street, NEW YORK. Coi'VKiGHi', 1890, by Eki'Ingmam Maynakd & Co. Introduction. John Gilmary Shea was born in New York City, July 22, 1824. His father, James Shea, having lost liis means by a finan- cial failure, opened a school, and in 1829 transported his pupils to Columbia Grammar School, and became one of its principals, lie married in 1820 a descendant of Nicholas Upsall, who came over with Gov. John Winthrop in 1630, and settled in Boston. Nicho- las Upsall figures as one of the chai-acters in Longfellow's " New England Tragedies," and his grave-stone is still to be seen on Copp's Hill. John Gilmary Shea in 1838, being then fourteen, made his first venture in the field of literature, and wrote an article on Cardinal Albornoz for the Young People's Magazine. The first-fruits of his studies and of the valuable unpublished material he had gathered from all available sources, and as a mem- ber of the New York Historical Society having access to its well- stored library, was a volume devoted to the " Discovery and Ex- ploration of the Mississippi Valley " (New York, 1853). This was well i-eceivcd both here and in England. The West- minster Revieiu called it "a most valuable and interesting vol- ume," and the London Athenceuni said that the author wrote " clearly, graphically, and with considerable eloquence." Recog- nized as one of the historical fccholars of the country he, was made an honorary member of the Wisconsin Historical Society, corre- sponding member of the Massachusetts and Maryland Historical Societies,and in time of nearly every historical society in the United States, Canada, and of similar organizations abroad; vice-presi- dent for New Jersey of the New England Historic CJencalogical Society; and in 1883 was made an honorary member of the Koyal 3 4 IXTRODUCTION. Academy of History, Madrid, being the only American who has ever received this honor. Having a natural taste for linguistics, and finding as he pur- sued his studies some knowledge of the Indian languages requisite he began investigating their structure, relationship, grammar, and vocabulary. His researches having brought together a num- ber of manuscripts, chiefly by early missionaries, and regretting tlie general indifference among American scholars for such studies, he published in 18G0 the first of a series in fifteen volumes of grammars and dictionaries of Indian languages, entitled *^ Library of American Linguistics," several of which he edited and pre- pared. No individual or society has ever yet done so much to save from oblivion the languages spoken by the aboriginal inhabi- tants of this country. The articles on Indian tribes in " Apple- ton's Cyclopaedia " are all from the pen of Dr. Shea. In 1857 he printed the first of a series, twenty-six little vol- umes, from early manuscripts, chiefly reh^ting to the missions. In these he adopted the type, initial letters, head-lines, and orna- ments used by Cramoisy, King's printer at Paris, who published the "Jesuit Relations." These volumes went mostly to amateurs here and in Europe, and are highly prized. The most important of iiis works on American History are: " History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States " (1854; German translation, Wiirzburg, 1856) ; *' Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi" (Albany, 1862); '^ Novum Belgium : an Account of New Netherland in 1643-4" (New York, 1862); "The Operations of the French Fleet under Count de Grasse" (1864); and translations of Charlevoix's "His. tory and General Description of New France," with extensive notes (6 vols. 8vo, 1866-72); "Washington's Private Diary" (1861); Colden's "History of the Five Indian Nations," edition of 1727 (1866); Alsop's "Maryland" (1869); ^aiennepin's Description of Louisiana" (1880); "Le Clercq's Establishment" (1881); "Pefia- losa's Expedition" (1882); "Catholic Church in Colonial Days" (1887); "Life and Times of Archbishop Carroll" (1888); "His- tory of Georgetown University" (1890). He is the author of INTRODUCTION. ^ some important chapters iu Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History " (18SG). Beginning in 1858, he edited for eight years tlie Hi.storic(d Magazine, and has contributed largely to periodi- cals and publications of historical societies. Other notices may be found in "A Cyclopaedia of American Literature/' by E. A. and G. Duyckinck (New York, 18G5, Vol. II); Appleton's "New American Cyclopaedia, (Vol. XV., New York, 187G); and in '' A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and Amer- ican Authors," by S. Austin AUibone, Philadelphia (Vol. II.). 9^ Lon?it»ilc Wo3f 89 from GreonivTch 85 Maik^uette's Route Hennepin's. La Salle's Discovery ai^d ExPLOPtATiojs^ OF THE Mtssisstppi Valley. CHAPTER I. Ponce de Leon— pon' -thd da Id-oan'. Gri^o.l'^Q.—gree-luihl'-vdh. Rimini— bee -mee-nee. Alvarez de Tineia.—a7U-ixih' -reth da Pascua TloTiisL—pa/i -scoo-ah floree'- pee-mV -dah. dah. Espiritu — d-spee-ree' -tu. On" glancing at a map of America we are at once struck by the mighty river Mississippi, which, witli its countless branches, gathers the waters of an immense valley, and rolls its accumu- lated floods to the Gulf of Mexico. It affords a line of uninter- rupted communication for thousands of miles, which lias in our day peopled its banks with flourishing towns and cities. 80 large a stream, so important a means of entering the heart of the continent, could not, it would be supposed, long remain un- known, or, known, remain unappreciated ; yet so, in fact, it was. Columbus himself entered the Gulf of Mexico, and ex- plored the southern line of coast till he reached the Isthmus of Panama, as Bastidas had done; but the discoverer of the "N'ew AVorld turned back ere-long, and Nombre de Dios remained the limit of discovery in that direction. Our southern coast-lino was as yet unknown. But in 1512 John Ponce de Leon obtained from the Spanish king power to discover and settle an island known only by rumor, 7 8 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. and called Bimini. Delayed for a year by the hostility of officials, Ponce de Leon embarked in 1513 and steered for the Bahamas, refitting his vessels at Guanahani, the first land discovered by Columbus. Then keeping on, as the great Genoese neglected to do, he reached the coast of the mainland on Easter Sunday, May 27th, and named the country Florida, from the Spanish name for the festival, Pascua Florida. From his landfall he steered south, named Cape Corrientes and the chain of islands called the Martyrs, turned the Cape of Florida, and entered the Gulf of Mexico, opening the way for the exploration of its northern shore. Meanwhile Grijalva and Cortes ' laid open the western shore of the Gulf, leaving only a comparatively small line of coast unexplored. In 1519 Francis de Garay, Governor of Jamaica, was induced by the great pilot Alaminos to undertake the task of exploration and colonization, which had brought to so many only disappointment and loss. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, sent out by Garay with four caravels, doubled the Cape of Florida and surveyed the whole northern coast of the gulf till it turned southward, and kept on till he reached the Mexican river Panuco, which still bears the name he gave it. Meeting Cortes with his expedition here, in possession of the land he sailed back, and before long, scanning the coast with care, came to a river of very great volume, to which he gave the name of Rio del Espiritu Santo, or River of the Holy Ghost, 1 Hernan Cortes, by his conquest of Mexico, fouiuled the great Spanish power in America. He was born at Medellin, Spain, in 1485. He came to America in 1504, and rose to com- mand. In November, 1518, he was sent with a fleet to explore. He dis- covered and conquered the rich native kingdom of Mexico. He was made Captain-general, and in time Viceroy. In Spain he w\is at first received with great honor, but was at times treated very coldly. Once he forced his way through the. country to the king's carriage. The monarch asked who he was. Cortes replied: "1 am a man who has gained you more provinces than your father left you towns." Till': MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 9 which seems to indicate Wliitsuiiday ' as tliedayoi* its discovery. He found a large Indian town near the mouth, and remained there forty days, trading with the natives and careening liis vessels. It is even said that he ascended tlie river for some distance, finding Indian liamlets clustering on either sliore. Naming the country Amichel, Pineda returned to Cuba with much real in- formation, and many a wild story of fabulous wealth in the interior, wliich he picked up from the natives. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda stands thus as the discoverer of the Mississippi River. He remains in a dim twilight as the first white man known to have stood on the banks of the great river or to have stemmed its rapid current. It is gratifying, too, to think that his discovery was unsullied by any act of cruelty or injustice. Whitsunday in the year 1520 is thus apparently the day of the discovery of the Mississippi by European exploi-ers. This great river at once took its place on Spanish maps, although little was known of its course or magnitude. A map drawn up in 1520 to fix the limits of Garay's province, between it and Ponce de Leon's Florida on the east and separating his Amichel from the gi-ant to Vehizquez on the west, shows the Espiritu Santo or Mississippi traversing the land of Garay. The river appears on Maiollo's map in 1527, and the great map by Ribeiro two years later. French maps soon noted the mouth of the great river; and misled by its many mouths, some charts soon gave it a strange course, where a twofold river unites and divides in a most extraordinary fashion. ^ Whitsunday, an ecclesiastical hoi- I memorate the descent of the Holy iday lifty days after Easter, to com- | Ghost on the Apostles. 10 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLiJY. CHAPTER 11. Cabeza de Vaca — kah-hd'-mh da will- Cacique— /.a/i-sdeA;'. kali. Quigata — kee-gah' -tah. Cibola — see -ho lah. Coligoa — ko-lee' -gica. SeveHal expeditions were soon fitted out to explore and re- duce the realms of Florida. Brilliant, dai-ing, and adventurous attempts they were, and give the time that hue of chivalry which almost makes us forget the crimes characterizing it — crimes magnified and distorted indeed by foreign writers, but still, coolly and dispassionately examined, crimes that we must con- demn. Ponce de Leon, Cordova, and Ayllon had successively found death on the shores of Florida; but the spirit of the age was not damped. In 1538 Pampbilus de Narvaez undertook to con- quer and colonize the western coast of the gulf. He was driven on the Florida coast, and, after long and fruitless marches, endeavored, in wretched boats, to reach Tampico. Almost all his men perished : storms, disease, and famine swept them away, and the coast was whitened with their bleaching bones. A large number were lost at the mouth of the Mississippi, unable to stem or cross in their frail boats the mighty current as it poured into the gulf. A few with Cabeza de Vaca ^ were thrown on an island on the coast of Texas. After four years slavery, Cabeza de Vaca escaped, and struck inland with four companions. Taken for supernatural beings, they became the medicine-men of the tribes through which they passed, and, with as little difilculty as the Indian jugglers, established their reputation. With lives thus guarded by superstitious awe, they rambled onward to the Gulf of California, crossing the bison-plains and descrying, it maybe, the adobe towns of the half-civilized natives ' Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was a Spaniard of noble family. After his wonderful escape and journey, he explored the ^reat River La Plata, in South America, in 1540. Tlli: MISSISSIITI VALLEY 11 of New Mexico, perched on thcdr rocky heights. C'iibeza cle ViiCca is the first known to liiive tniversed our teri'itoiy from sea to sea. lie must have passed the mouth of the Mississippi; but we in vain examine his narrative for any distinctive marks to distinguish it from any other large river that he met, exce^^t its great vohime. AVhen he and his companions suddenly appeared amid their countrymen in Mexico, their strange accounts, and an air of mysterious secrecy which they affected, gave a new impulse to the adventurous spirit of the age. In the spring of 1539 two attempts were made to reach the realm in the interior which Cabeza de Vaca had protested to be " the richest country in the world. ^' One of these exj^cditions started from the Pacific, the other from the Atlantic. The former was led by the Franciscan friar Mark, a native of Nice in Italy, who, burning with a desire of conquering for Christ the many tribes within, set out from Culiacan with a negro compan- ion of Cabeza de Vaca, and crossing the desert wastes, reached the Colorado; but after gazing from a commanding height on the embattled towers of Cibola, with its houses rising story above story, and its gateways so well glazed that they seemed masses of turquoise, he returned with baffled hopes, for the natives had refused him entrance, and actually cut off his negro guide and a large party of friendly Indians. Friar Mark, on his return, raised the hopes of the Spanish authorities still higher, and his statements, apparently true in themselves, were so understood by the excited imaginations of all as to leave impressions far from the reality. An ideal kingdom rose into existence, and a new expedition was projected. This reached the valley of tlie Missis- sippi; but before we trace its course we must go back to the Atlantic expedition of 1539. It was commanded by the successful Ferdinand de Soto,* ' Ferdinand de Soto was born at Jeres, Simin, about loOO. In 1538 lie explored Guatemala and Yucatan, served under Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, and captured Cusco. He was notorious for his harsh and cruel treatment of the Indians. j[2 THJi: 3IISSISSIFPI VALLEY. who had risen by the conquest of Pern to rank and wealth, and was now governor of the rich island of Cuba. With a force far superior to any that had yet landed on the continent, he entered Florida and with his gallant array struck into the unknown interior. The Mississippi, under its name of Espiritu Santo, was not unknown to him, but it was only after months of weary marching, of unspeakable hardships, of stubborn battles with fierce tribes, that he really came to the long-sought Rio del Espiritu Santo. It was the Mississippi. Here all doubt vanishes. Listen to the characteristic descrip- tion of the most detailed narrative: ^'The river,'' says the un- known Portuguese, "was almost half a league broad; if a man stood still on the other side, it could not be discerned whether he was a man or no. The river was of great depth, and of a strong current ; the water was always muddy ; there came down the river continually many trees and timber, which the force of the water and stream brought down." And the inhabitants were not unworthy of the great river. " The cacique came with two hundred canoes full of Indians with their bows and arrows, painted, with great plumes of white and many-colored feathers, with shields in their hands, wherewith they defended the rowers on both sides, and the men of war stood from the head to the stern with their bows and arrows in their hands. '* The canoe wherein the cacique sat had a canopy over the stern, and he sat beneath it; and so were the other canoes of the principal Indians. And from under the canopy where the chief man sat, he commanded and governed the other people.'' From the frequent mention of the river in Biedma's narrative we may infer that allusion to it was suppressed, or, at most, mysteriously made by Cabeza de Vaca, and that it was supposed to be the key to his land of gold. Certain it is, that the hopes of the Spaniards seem liere to brighten; they built boats, the first European craft constructed to traverse the river, and crossed to the western side some twenty or thirty miles, as modern investi- gators tell us, below the mouth of the Arkansas. The country reached by the Spaniards at this time was one of THtJ MlSSlSSirri VALLEY. 13 large aud populous towns, well defended by palisades and towers, pierced with regular loop-iioles, and surrounded by well-made ditches. De Soto ascended the river, and, striking on a higher, drier, and more champaign country than lie had yet seen, pro- ceeded onward to Pacaha, a place it would not be easy now to locate. The Mississippi was thus explored for a considerable distance; but far other than commercial or colonial projects filled the mind of De Soto; he stood by what we know an outlet to the sea, a great artery of the continent, but his splendid array had dwindled away, and the rich realm of Cabeza de Vaca had not yet re- warded his many trials. Nerved by despair, he marched north- east till he found himself among the wandering Indians of the plains, with their portable cabins. This was his highest point, and could not have been far from the Missouri. He then turned southwest again to the Arkansas, at the large town of Quigata, to. seek guides to lead the remnant of his array to the southern sea. But Coligoa, beyond the mountains, tempted him to the northwest again; yet Coligoa ill-i-epaid the toil: it was poorer than the well-built towns he had left behind. CHAPTER in. '!^dLm(io— tall-nee' -ko. Tampico — tahm pee'-ko. Vicanque — vee-hihn' -ke. J/Lnscossi—vioos-ko -so. Guachoya — gwali-clio' -yah. Coronado — ko-ro-nah' -do. Aminaya — ah-mee-iMh'-yah. Ta.diU.a.—2}ah-de€i -yah. Striking west and southwest again, Soto seemed to have once more reached the Arkansas at Cayas, and ascended it to the town Tanico, with its lake of hot water and saline marshes. Turning then to the south and east he again reached Vicanque, also on the Arkansas, and, wintering there, descended its current in the spring of 1542, to die on the banks of the Mississippi. ]\[uscoso, who took command of the expedition, after wundeiing about for 14 THE 3nSSmSIPFI VALLEY. some time, disheartened at the prospect before him, returned to the Mississippi, and ascending above Guachoya, where De Soto had died, halted at Aminaya. Here the Spaniards, working np all their chains and iron into nails, began to build vessels to navi- gate the great river. The place where these first brigantines were built has not been clearly settled; its Indian name, Aminaya, has left no trace. Here ^^ seven brigantines were constructed, well made, save that the planks were thin, because the nails were short, and were not pitched, nor had they any decks to keep the water from coming in. " Instead of decks they laid planks whereon the mariners might run to trim their sails, and the people might refresh themselves above and below." They were finished in June, and '' it pleased God that the flood came up to the town to seek the brigantines, from whence they carried them by water to the river." Thus three hundred and twenty-two Spaniards sailed from Aminaya on the 2d of July, 1543, and, passing Guachoya, were attacked by the people of Quigalta, who pursued them for many days, and did considerable harm to the little fleet. At last, however, on the eighteenth day they reached the Gulf of Mexico, after having sailed, as they computed, two hundred and fifty leagues down the river. Hence, after many dangers and hardships, the survivors, coasting along, gained Tampico, '^whereat the viceroy and all the inhabitants of Mexico won- dered," says the chronicle. Such is, in brief, the history of the Mississippi, as explored by De Soto and his successor, Muscoso, the first who sailed " Down the great river to the opening gulf." The account they gave received additional confirmation from the contemporaneous expedition which set out from the shores of the Pacific. This was a striking contrast to that of De Soto. While the march of the latter was marked with disaster, slaughter, and ruin, Coronado's well-handled force explored a vast extent of territory without a single misfortune, and almost without coming into collision with a native, tribe. Guided by the adventurous THE MlSSISSTrn VALLEY. I5 Fcitlicr ]\Iiirk, Coronado reached and took Cibola, our modern Zufii, which proved of little importance. Ascending the Col- orado, the commander left its valley and crossed the liio Grande in search of Quivira. A faithless guide promised him gold in all abundance, and others as faithless then led him up and down the prairies watered by the upper branches of the Arkansas and Platte, till lie in all probability reached the Missouri. He could not have been far from that river when Muscoso heard of him by a runaway slave ; but neither trusted the ac- counts which he received, and Coronado's well-appointed expedi- tion never met the starved remnant of 8oto's chivalry, although the two expeditions, one from the Atlantic, the other from the Pacific, thus nearly met in the heart of our nothern continent. At Tiguex, before he reached the Rio Grande, Coronado had found a Florida Indian whose description of the Mississippi tallies very well with that of the gentleman of Elvas who chron- icles Soto's march. " This river in his country,"' he said, "was two leagues wide, and that they found fish in it as large as horses, and that they had on it canoes which could hold twenty rowers on each side, and that the lords sat at the stern under a canopy." At the Rio Grande too Coronado heard, from the roving Indians of the plains, "that, marching toward the rising sun, he should meet a very great river, the banks of which he could follow for ninety days without leaving inhabited countrj^ They added that the first village was called Ilaxa, and that the river was more than a league wide, and that a great number of canoes were con- stantly seen on its waters." Coronado actually pushed on till he reached the district called Quivira by the natives, and which was somewhere between the Missouri and the Mississippi, lie found it only a land of un- civilized Indians, without gold or other wealth. Yet two mis- sionaries, who accompanied his expedition, when he turned back towards New Mexico, resolved to remain, in the hope of convert- ing the natives to faith in ('lirist. But the hope was vain. Father John de Padilla and his associate soon fell victims to the cruelty which prevaih^l among the benightiul Indian tribes. 16 THE MISS IBS irri VALLEY. Thus from east and west the Spaniards gained information of a great river running from north to south through the northern continent of America. CHAPTER IV. Espejo— as-pa/-7io. "RodixigViQz—ro-dree'-gTies. Juan de Onate — hwan da on-yali'-teh. Vmsinsi—oo-mahn' -yah. Tviehlo—pwu' -Mo. BensividLes—bd-nah-vee'-des. Leiva Bonilla — Id-ee'-vah ho-neeV-yah. Such clear accounts of a great river which Soto had found navigable for at least a tliousand miles, and which formed a natural frontier for any colony, ought naturally to have drawn the attention of the Spanish Government to it, and shown its importance ; but we find no notice of Spanish vessels entering the Mississippi to explore its course, study the resources of the country, or even to open trade for bison-skins and slaves. Acci- dent occasionally brought some Spanish vessel to its banks, but these visits are few and brief, and led to no result. The Missis- sippi was soon forgotten, and although it had been explored for at least a thousand miles, known to have at least two branches equal in size to the finest rivers of Spain, to be nearly a league wide and perfectly navigable, it is laid down on maps as an in- significant stream, often not even distinguished by its name of Espiritu Santo, or worked into an absurd network of rivers. Sometimes, indeed, we are left to conjecture what petty line was intended for the great river of the West. Yet fresh data were constantly added. Thus in 1553 a rich argosy from Vera Cruz, after stopping at Havana, was wrecked on the Florida coast, and a few survivors reached Tampico by land, escaping from the constant and terri- ble attacks of tlie natives. In consequence of this and other dis- asters, the King of Spain ordered the reduction of Florida and the establishment of a settlement which might be a place of THE M ISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 17 refuge for his ships and for his subjects who miglit be driven on that dangerous and inhospitable shore. Every precaution was taken to insure success. After the country had been explored and a site for the settlement selected, an army of 1500 men was fitted cut under Don Tristan de Luna, who sailed in 1559, carrying with him every known survivor of any expedition to Florida or wreck on its shores. De Luna reached Pensacola harbor in safety, and liad sent back two vessels to announce his arrival in Florida, when a sudden cyclone dashed all the rest of his fleet to pieces. Left in as sore a plight as any shipwrecked party had been, Tristan de Luna applied to Mexico for aid, and, undismayed, advanced to the Indian town of Nanipacna, which the natives had restored after its destruction by De Soto. Lured by flattering accounts of the rich country of Coosa, the Spanish commander dispatched a party of two hun- dred under his sergeant-major, accompanied by two Dominican priests. The detachment reached Coosa in safety, entered into an alliance offensive and defensive with the cacique, who was then at war with the Napochies (probably the Natchez), a tribe on the Ochechiton, or Great \Yater, which the Spaniards took to be the sea. An expedition was soon set on foot against the Natchez, and the cacique went at the head as never chief of Coosa went before, on a gallant Arabian steed, with a negro groom at his horse's head. Defeating the enemy, the allies reached the Ochechiton, which proved to be a mighty river, the Eio del Espiritu Santo — in other words, the Mississippi, thus once more visited by Spanish adventurers and missionaries. Revolts had meanwhile arisen in De Luna's camp, his projected settlement failed, and vessels came to bear away the remnant of his ill- conducted plan of settlement. The Mississippi and its advan- tages were once more ignored by Spain. Yet the river was soon reached again from the West. It 1580 Brother Augustine Ruiz, a humble Franciscan friar, resolved to penetrate to civilized tribes on the upixM- Rio Graiule, of whom he had heard. A brave man of the time, Francis Sanchez Cha- muscado, offered with a few others to escort the inissioiuiries, 18 THE 3IISSISSTPPI VALLEY. and actually conducted them to New Mexico, as Friar Augustine named the district. Here Ohamuscado left his name on Inscription Rock, where it remains to this day/aud, seeing the missionaries well received by the Pueblo Indians, returned. The Christian envoys, however, soon became victims to savage cruelty. When this became known, Antonio de Espejo led an expedition to the country, only to es- tablish the fact of the assassination of Friar Augustine and his two priestly companions. Espejo explored the country, and on his return sought per- mission to reduce and colonize it. He did not, however, possess sufficient influence in the court circles of Mexico or Spain. The task and honor were assigned to Don Juan de Onate, who could boast of kinship with Cortes and Montezuma. Even he met with many difficulties and contradictions, so that it was not till 1598 that he reached the first Pueblo town, on the Rio Grande. Meanwhile other expeditious had set out for New Mexico in defiance of the orders issued by the Viceroy of New Spain. One of these was commanded by Captain Leiva Bonilla, who reaching New Mexico, pushed on across the bison plains towards the rising sun. While Onate was encamped near Puaray, a Pueblo town in which Brother Rodriguez had been slain, an In- dian from Bonilla's party reached his expedition. This man reported that Bonilla, the commander of the part}^, had been killed by Umana, one of his force, and that he had left this new leader on the banks of a river six hundred good miles from Onate's camp, a river of such width and volume tliat it was a full league across. Bonilla had reached the Mississippi or Mis- souri. His tragic fate — slain by one of his own command on the banks of the great river in 1598 — strangely preludes and presages that of La Salle nearly a century afterward. As late as 1G30 a writer in New Mexico tells of one Vincent Gonzales who sailed up a large river between Apalache and Tam- pico and approached very near the land of Quivira. Benavides, who states this, believed the river to be the Espiritu Santo or Mississippi. THE MlSSISSUTl VALLKY. 19 Yet only a few years after this Spanish writer's work ap- peared, the French, who liad penetrated from tlieir petty settle- ment at Quebec to the greatest of the Upper Lakes, began to liear from Indian tribes, whose friendsliip they had won, about a lai-ge and beautiful river, tlie Ohio of the Huron tribes, tlie Mississippi of the Algonquins. As early as 1G39 the adventurous and noble- hearted Sieur Nicolet, the interpreter of the French colony, had struck west of the Ilurons and, reaching the last limit of Algonquin speech, found himself among the Ouinipegon (Win- nebagoes), "a people called so because they came from a distant sea, but whom some French erroneously called Puants," says this early account. Like the Nadowessis, they spoke a language distinct from the Huron and Algonquin. With these Nicolet entered into friendly relations, and, ex- ploring Green Bay, ascended Fox Kiver to its portage and em- barked on a river flowing west ; and says Father Vimont, " the Sieur Nicolet, who had penetrated farthest into those distant coun- tries, avers that had he sailed three days more on a great river which flows from that lake (Green Bay), he would have found the sea/' This shows that Nicolet, like De Luna's lieutenant, mistook for the sea the Indian term Great Water applied to the Mississippi. It is certain, then, that to Nicolet is due the credit of having been the first to reach a northern tributary of the Mississippi. The hope of reaching the Pacific soon aroused the courage of the mis- sionaries. Some fathers invited })y the Algonquins were to be sent to ^' those men of the other sea;" but adds Vimont, prophetically, " Perhaps this voyage will be reserved for one of us who have some little knowledge of the Algonquin." 20 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. CHAPTER V. Garreau — gar'-ro. Ilimouek — il-liim! -oo-ek. Winnipegouek — win-rSi. peg'-ooeTc. Nadouessiouek— ?^,^^rfc>c»-ei•'-6•^-6>6»- Pope's Essay on Criticism. 2 7 Spenser's FaerieOueene. (Cantos I. and II.) 28 Cowper's Task. (Book I.) 29 Milton's Com us. 30 Tennyson's Enoch Arden, The I^ntus Enters, Ulysses, and Tlthonus. 31 Irving's Sketch Book. (Selec- tions.) 32 Dickens's Christmas Carol. (Condensed.) 3.3 Carlylo's Hero as a Prophet. 34 Macaulay's Warren Hastings. (Condensed.) 35 Goldsmith's Vicar of Wake- field. (Condensed ) 36 Tennyson's The Two Voices, and a Dream of Fair Women. 37 Memory Ouotations. 38 Cavalier Poets. 39 Dryden's Alexander's Feast, and MacFlecknoe. 40 Keats' The Eve of St. Agnes. 41 Irving's Legeud of Sleepy Hol- low. 42 Lamb's Tales from Shake- speare. 43 Le Row's How to Teach Read- ing. 44 Webster's Bunker Hill Ora- tions. 45 The Academy OrthoKpist. A Manual of Pronunciation. 46 Milton's Eycidas, and Hymn on the Nativity. 47 Bryant's Thana'topsis, and other' Poems. 48 Ruskin's Modem Painters. (Selections.) 49 The Shakespeare Speaker. 50 ThMckeray's Roundabout Pa- pers. 51 Webster's Oration on Adams and .Jefferson. 62 Brown's Rab and His Friends. 53 Morris's Life and Death of Jason. 54 Burke's Speech on American Taxation. 5.'? Pope's Rape of the Lock. 56 Tennyson's Elaine. 67 Tennyson's In Memorlam. 58 Church's Story of the /Eneid. 59 Chtirch's Story of the Iliad. 60 Swift's Gulliver's Voyage to IJlliput. 61 Macaulay's Essay on Lord Ba- con. (Condensed.) 62 The Alcestis of Euripides. Eng-- lish Version by Rev. K. Potter,M.A. {Additional numbers on next page.) English Classic Series, For. Classes in English Literature, Reading, Grammar, etc. EDITED BY EMINENT ENGLISH AND AMERICAN SCHOLARS. Each Volume contains a Sketch of the Author's Life, Prefatory and Explanatui-y Notes, etc., etc. 1 Byron's Prophecy of Dante. (Cantos I. and II.) 2 Milton's Li'Allegro, and II Pen- seroso. 3 Liord Bacon's Essays, Civil and ]>Ioral. (Selected.) 4 Byron's Prisoner of Chillon, 6 Moore's Fire Worshippers. (Lalla Rookh. Selected.) 6 Goldsmith's Deserted Village. 7 Scott's Marmion. (Selections from Canto VI.) 8 Scott's liay of the Last Minstrel. (Introduction and Canto I.) 9 Burns'sCotter'sSaturday Night, and other Poems. 10 Crabbe's The Village. 11 Campbell's Pleasures of Hope. (Abridgment of Part I.) 13 Macaulay's Essay on Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. 13 Macaulay's Armada, and other Poems. 14 Shakespeare's Merchant of Ve- nice. 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(Condensed ) 36 Tennyson's The Two Voices, and a Dream of Fair AVomeu. 37 Memory Quotations. 38 Cavalier Poets. 39 Dryden's Alexander's Feast, and MacFlecknoe. 40 Keats' The Eve of St. Agnes. 41 Irving's Legend of Sleepy Hol» low. 42 Lamb's Tales from Shake- speare. 43 Le Row's How to Teach Bead- ing. 44 Webster's Bunker Hill Ora- tions. 45 The Academy Orthoiipist. A Manual of Pronunciation. 46 Milton's Lycidas, and Hymn on the Nativity. 47 Bryant's Thana'topsis, and other Poems. 48 Buskin's Modem Painters. (Selections.) 49 The Shakespeare Speaker. 50 Thackeray's Roundabout Pa- pers. 61 Webster's Oration on Adams and Jefferson. 52 Brown's Rab and His Friends. 53 Morris's Life and Death of Jason. 54 Burke's Speech on American Taxation. 5a Pope's Rape of the Lock. 56 Tennyson's Elaine. 57 Tennyson's In Memoriam. 58 Church's Story of the ;i!:neid. 59 Chnrch's Story of the Iliad. 60 Swift's Gulliver's Voyage to Lilliput. 61 Macaulay's Essay on Lord Ba- con. (Condenser!.) 62 The Alcestis of Euripides. Eng- lish Version by Rev. R, Potter,M. A. (Additional numbers on next page.) English Classic Series— continued. 63 The Antigone of Sophocles. English Version by Thos. Franck- lin, D.D. 64 Elizabeth Barrett Browning. (Selected Poenas.) 65 Robert Browning. (Selected Paems.) 66 Addison, The Spectator. (Sel'ns.) 67 Scenes firom George ISllot's Adam Bede. 68 Matthew Arnold's Culture and Anarchy. 69 BeQuincey's Joan of Arc. 70 Carlyle's Essay on Bums. 71 Byron's Childe Harold's Pil- grimage. 72 Poe's Raven, and other Poems. 73 & 74 Macaulay's liord CUve. (Double Number.) 76 Webster's Keply to Hayne. 76 & 77 Macaulay's liays of An- cient Borne. (Double Number.) 78 American Patriotic Selections : Beclaration of Independence, Wasliington's Farewell Ad- dress, Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech, etc, 79 & SO Scott's I.ady of the I.ake. 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