w. GcBl02£ Glass Book XrfZr Jq ewiBHli 2 -f — ? STATE OF WASHINGTON Department of Conservation and Development D. A. SCOTT Director DIVISION OF GEOLOGY S. SHEDD, Supervisor BULLETIN No. 26 (Geological Series) Underground Water Supply Of the Region About White Bluffs and Hanford By OLAF P. JENKINS OLYMPIA PRANK M. LAMBORN > PUBLIC PRINTER 1922 Moaoarr STATE OF WASHINGTON Department of Conservation and Development D. A. SCOTT Director DIVISION OF GEOLOGY, S. SHEDD, Supervisor BULLETIN No. 26 (Geological Series) Underground Water Supply Of the Region About White Bluffs and Hanford By OLAF P. JENKINS OLTMPIA FRANK M. LAMBORN aggg^la PUBLIC PRINTER 1922 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS RECEIVED JUN 301922 DOCUMENTS .. DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT I). A. SCOTT, Director Olympia FRED W. AGATZ, Assistant Director Olympia DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES MARVIN CHASE, Supervisor Olympia DIVISION OF RECLAMATION- DIVISION OF COLUMBIA BASIN" SURVEY IVAN E. GOODNER, Chief" Engineer DIVISION OF FORESTRY F. E. PAPE, Supervisor Olympia DIVISION OF GEOLOGY S. SJHEDD, Supervisor Pullman DIVISION OF COLUMBIA BASIN SURVEY FRED A. ADAMS, Supervisor Spokane LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Hon. D. A. Scott, Director, Department of Conservation and Development, Olympia, Washington: Sir: I am transmitting herewith the manuscript of a report on the Underground Water Supply of the Region About White Bluff's and Hanforcl. This work was done at your request in order to help determine the selection of tracts of land, for soldier settlement, where irrigation is possible. On account of the somewhat general character of this work and in the hope that it may be of value in helping to solve similar problems in other localities, I suggest that it be published as a Bulletin of the Division of Geology. Yours respectfully, S. Shedd, Supervisor of Qeology. College Station, Pullman, April 26, 1922. TABLK OF CONTEXTS. Page I NTRODUCTION 7 Purpose 7 Location 7 Conclusions 7 Conditions 8 Source of data 9 Explanation of the map 10 Geological Features 12 Description of the geological formations 12 Geological history 15 The Water Table 16 Tabulation of well data 16 Explanation and reliability of the data 16 Tabulated data of the wells about White Bluffs and Hanford. 18 Remarks 21 Example of replenishment 22 Log of well drilled at Ringold 22 Remarks 23 Log of first artesian well near Cold Creek 23 Remarks 24 Interpretation of data 26 Fluctuation of the water table 28 Floor of the ground water 28 Seepages and flowing springs on the bank of the Columbia River 30 Source of the Underground Water 32 Principal supply 32 Secondary supply 32 Local supply 32 Possible supply 32 Recoioiexdations 34 Location of water wells for irrigation 34 Up-keep of the wells 35 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate. Page I. Map of White Bluffs-Hanford District, showing features relat- ing to underground water supply In pocket II a. The Columbia River at China Bar, showing the kind of gravel into which much of the water of the river soaks 14 II b. Discharge of ground water into an arm of the river. One of the springs in Sec. 23, T. 13, R. 27 E 14 III a. An exposure of sand and gravel near Coyote Rapids. This is the sort of material through which the ground water of the region passes 25 III b. Water being pumped from well No. 60 by electric power 25 Figure. 1. Curves comparing consumption of irrigation water to rise of water in Columbia River, 1920 29 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE All investigation of the underground water supply of the region about White Bluffs and Hanford was made in order to ascertain the permanency and sufficiency of this supply for the lands of the district, relative to the Soldier Land Settlement Project. The results of the work are presented in this report and it is hoped that they will be of value in the future development of this region. Besides, the geological principles involved in this study may be applied to many other regions located in similar positions along the ancient flood plains of the Columbia River. LOCATION The towns of Hanford and White Bluffs are located on an ancient and extensive alluvial flood plain of the Columbia River on the inside of a sharp bend in this river 30 or 40 miles north in a straight line from Kenne- wick, in the northern corner of Benton County. Although these towns are generally reached by stage from Kenne- wick, a branch line of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad extends south from Beverly, which is on the main line, to Hanford. CONCLUSIONS From this study I have come to the following con- clusions : 1. That the principal source of the underground water of this region is the Columbia River. 2. That the alluvial gravels of the district are probably supplied with water principally during the time when the river is at its highest level. 3. That the river probably charges the alluvial gravels with water principally in the region west of White Bluffs and probably above Coyote Rapids. Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology 4. That sucli a source insures the sufficiency and permanency of the water supply desired by those who wish to secure water for irrigation purposes by means of pumping from wells. 5. That the water table will probably not be lowered materially by local pumping for irrigation. 6. That the migration or seepage of water through the sands and gravels of the district takes place fairly rapidly. 7. That the floor upon which the alluvial gravels rest is probably composed of clay or shale and fine sand similar to that material in the White Bluffs across the river, and in some places basalt, similar to that on Gable Mountain. 8. That the water table is at its highest mark when the irrigation need is greatest, and is at its lowest mark in winter time. 9. That the depth, to water, in a well in this region depends upon the height of the general water table at a given time and upon the elevation of the surface where the well is to be dug. 10. That the Hanford Irrigation Ditch affects only locally the height of the water table by raising it in regions where the ditch leaks. CONDITIONS According to the plan of the State Soldier Settlement Project, each tract of land should be 20 acres in size and should be provided with a well for irrigation purposes, with a pump adequate in size to deliver water from the well to meet the demands of the entire tract. These lands under consideration are shown on the accompany- ing map. The Consumers' Ditch Company reports that the amount of water they delivered per acre over the entire season of 1920 was 49.72 inches. The amount of water / r nderground Water Supply 9 needed, however, varies with each individual case 1 1 is said that 64 acre inches would be sufficient for any case The irrigation period is from April 1st to October 31st, but the great demand is during July and August, when the use would equal 96 to 126 acre inches if continued at that rate over the whole season. For a 20-acre tract, the use of a 4-inch pump has been recommended, designed for 325 gallons per minute, with a total head of 40 feet, and connected directly to a 5 horse-power motor. These data should give some idea of the supply of underground water necessary to meet the demands of the project. SOURCE OF DATA A large amount of working material was supplied the writer by Mr. D. S. Wilkinson of White Bluffs and Mr. Charles M. Sanford of Hanford. This consisted of well data, a detailed topographic map of the most important part of the region not covered by the maps of the U. S. Geological Survey, and statistical information regarding the fluctuation of the river level, and the varying amounts of water used by the Consumers' Ditch Company of that region. In addition to this material a considerable amount of miscellaneous data was secured with the help of these two gentlemen, who also assisted very materially in the measurement of the depth of the wells and the depth of the water level in each of the accessible wells of the region. We visited 180 wells, but 47 of these we were unable to sound. In only one or two cases are the recorded soundings not our own. The published material concerning the region under discussion consists of the following: Kocher and Strahorn: Soil Survey of Benton County, Wash. U. S. Dept. of Agric-ulture. 1919. Topographic Maps of the U. S. Geol. Survey: Coyote Rapids Quadrangle and Priest Rapids Quadrangle. 10 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology Merriam and Buwalda: Age of Strata Referred to the Ellensburg Formation in the White Bluffs of the Columbia River. Univ. of Calif. Publ., Bull, of the Dept. of Geol., Vol. 10, No. 15, pp. 255-266. 1917. Campbell, M. R. : Guidebook of the Western United States. Part A, The Northern Pacific Route. U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 611. 1915. Waring, Gerald A.: Geology and Water Resources of a Portion of South-Central Washington. U. S. Geol. Sur., Water-Supply Paper No. 316. 1913. Calkins, Frank C: Geology and Water Resources of a Portion of East- Central Washington. U. S. Geol. Sur., Water-Supply and Irr. Paper No. 118. 1905. Russell, I. C. : A Geological Reconnoissance in Central Washington. U. S. Geol. Sur., Bull. 108. 1893. EXPLANATION QF THE MAP The map which is included in this report has been compiled from several sources of information. The more detailed portion, the eastern half, was taken from a map prepared by the Hanford Irrigation Project, originally drawn for the purpose of showing soil classi- fication. The rest of the map was compiled from topo- graphic sheets of the United States Geological Survey (Coyote Rapids and Priest Rapids quadrangles) and the Soil Survey of Benton County, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. Other maps from which data were obtained were supplied also from the information gathered by the Hanford Irrigation and Power Co. The location of the wells was made by Mr. Charles M. Sanford, while the depths of the wells were sounded by Mr. Sanford and Mr. D. S. Wilkinson, work- ing together with the writer. The elevation of the sur- face of each well was obtained through rough computa- tion from the position of the well relative to the contours drawn on the original maps. The numbers of the wells have been taken arbitrarily for reference. All data con- cerning the elevation or depth of the water level in the wells, on the surface of the river, and on the surface of the seepages, were taken during the same interval of Underground Water Supply 11 time, namely, between October L9th and October 26th, so that a fair comparison is thus made in the interpreta- tion of the position of the water table in reference to river elevation. There is an inconsistency in the map in relation to contour intervals, owing to a different source of compiled data. In the western portion of this map '25-foot contours are recorded, whereas to the east, 10-foot contours have been drawn. It is thought that this information, though it does not tie properly across the map, is of value in the consideration of the problem as a whole. The locations on the map of the settlement lands under consideration were obtained during the time the field work was done, and it is probable they may be changed after further consideration of the project. Geological features, secured through field work, are also represented on the map. The formations are de- lineated by contact lines which are drawn on the map. The principal formations are : ( 1 ) the basalt which makes up the non-irrigable high hills of the dis- trict; (2) the lake bed formation which is exposed out- side of the particular area under consideration, but which probably underlies the gravels of the district; (3) the old river flood plain of sand and gravel material, upon which the lands under consideration are located and in which the wells are dug; and (4) the present river bed which is covered completely at high water level. The lines showing the axes of an anticline and a syncline in the basalt are of interest only in connection with the general structure of the basalt and the position of the artesian wells thus related. The anticline is a great arch in the basalt layer. The syncline is a struc- tural trough (not necessarily topographical) also in the basalt. GEOLOGICAL FEATUEES DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS A long ridge of basalt, running in an east and west direction, extends from the south side of the river at Priest Rapids towards Hanford. It is covered in its very lowest parts, or saddles, by this old flood plain of alluvium so that prominent peaks such as Gable Butte and the sharp ridge known as Gable Mountain stand out as great islands in this extensive desert-like area. The basalt layers which make up these ridges have been tilted from their original horizontal positions to various angles and now, in some places, stand nearly on end. The basalt rocks comprise the oldest formation exposed in the region. On the eastern side of the river are high bluffs of an evenly stratified sedimentary formation composed of clays, fine silts, and sand. The uppermost layers, those which comprise most of the bluff, are lying in a flat or horizontal position. Beneath them, exposed in a more limited area, are sedimentary beds somewhat similar to the horizontal layers in content, but which are tilted steeply and are overlain unconformably by the later flat- lying bedded formation. All these sediments represent deposition in lakes. The lower beds represent an older lake deposit whose age is probably the same as that of the basalt, having been thrown into folds similar to those of the basalt. The upper horizontally lying lake beds, whose white escarpment has suggested the name "White Bluffs", are much younger in age but are older than the gravels of the great river plain. In places near the foot of the bluffs, exposures give proof that these river gravels overlie the lake bed formation, thus proving the relative age of the formations. The great deltaic alluvial plain extends from the river on the east to the foot of the Rattlesnake Hills on the Underground Water Supply 13 west, along the line from China Bar at the north to a sharp bend in the Yakima River at the south, toward Richland. During the close of the glacial period the Columbia River must have carried a vast amount of water, together with an immense load of sand and gravel. It appears that the river entered this region after pass- ing through a narrow gorge (Saddle Mountain and Priest Rapids), and discharged or spread out over this wider district which had been formerly an old lake bed. The river, thus slackened in its speed at this position, deposited a large part of its tremendous load of gravel and sand. The various courses which the river took are evident over this area in the form of long channels, or depressed areas in the alluvium, running from west to east. One old channel of the Columbia River appears to have been on the western edge of this territory and evi- dently took the course which the Yakima River now takes from a point in its sharp bend at The Horn to the place where it now enters the present Columbia River. An- other old conspicuous channel occurs on the south and cast side of Gable Mountain. In its lowest point there is a spring which is said to flow during the time of the year when the river is higher than it was when this investiga- tion was made. The elevation of the position of this spring is 400 feet, which is a little higher than the water table was found to be at that time, and that fact probably accounts for the spring not issuing when the river is low. The present river gravel bars, over which the river flows at its highest point, represent the youngest portion of the more extensive and older flood plain. AH these gravels and sands are very coarse, and the interstices between the boulders are large. Thus the ground water may pass through this material readily. Although this underground water does not travel in open channels, there may be, however, certain areas in which coarser material occurs and through which the 14 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology Division of Geology Bulletin No. 26. Plate II. a. The Columbia River at China Bar, showing the kind of gravel into which much of the water of the river soaks. b. Discharge of ground water into an arm of the river. One of the springs in Sec. 23, T. 13, R. 27 E. Underground Water Supply L5 water would thus puss more rapidly. It is quite possible, therefore, for the ground water to be more abundant in certain places than in others. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY The extensive lake deposits of silt, clay and tint' sand, represented in the north bluffs of the river, were prob- ably formed before the glacial period. The older of the two lake bed formations, exposed in this escarpment, is known as the Ellensburg formation of Miocene age, while the younger flat-lying beds comprise the Ringold formation of late Pliocene or early Pleistocene age. The younger of the two lakes was formed probably by the damming of the former Columbia River by earth dis- turbances which caused east-west folds in the basalt series to be thrown across this drainage system. These folds are clearly exposed, such as that along the con- tinuation of the ridge of which Gable Mountain forms a segment, and the ridge known as the Rattlesnake Hills. The lake was undoubtedly drained and a new river course established, cutting through these sediments, before the great ice sheet to the north was formed. This ice sheet later caused the Columbia River to take a different course by way of the Grand Coulee and the channel now known as Crab Creek. After the ice melted, the Columbia River resumed its former position, approximately, and evi- dently was filled with a tremendous amount of water and sediment which caused the action in the formation of the deltaic flood plain. The gravel of the alluvial plain therefore overlies not only the basalt, as that which forms Gable Mountain, but it overlies the lake bed deposits. The floor of the gravel is thus a quite impervious material, composed largely of clay. This also serves as the floor of the ground water of this region. THE WATER TABLE TABULATION OP WELL DATA Explanation and reliability of the data. The numbers in the first column of the list which follows have been arbitrarily taken for reference to the wells. In the sec- ond column, the names refer to the owners of the wells or to the name of the property on which the well is located. The next three columns are grouped together as "well location" and are given together as an index to the finding of the well in reference to the map (section, township, and range). The next two columns are de- voted to the depth to the bottom of the well and the depth to the surface of the water in the well. Wherever both these figures are given this information was obtained by lowering a sounding line in the well itself and measuring the distance from the surface to the bottom and from the surface to the level of the water. These data were col- lected in the field during October 19 to October 26, 1921. Where the depth to water is not given the well was not sounded, excepting in one or two cases where authentic information was obtained. In the next three columns are given the elevation in feet above sea level. In the first of these the elevation of the surface of the ground at the location of the well has been computed from topographic maps. The figures in the second column of this series have been obtained by subtracting the depth to water level in the well from the elevation of the surface of the ground. The third column of this series refers to the elevation of the level of the river at a point nearest the location of the well. It has been computed from two elevations — one at Coyote Rapids and the other at Hanford Sub-station — taking into acount the general gradual fall of the river from the upper point to the lower. Thus, the elevation of the Underground Water Supply 17 water table given in the second column of this scries can be compared to the elevation of the nearesl point in the river. The next column, marked "Do. or [rr.," refers to the words domestic or irrigation. In the first case it is meant thai the well is used for domestic purposes, and in the second for irrigation, in the column entitled "Well Size" the figures refer to feet, excepting those which are indicated ("). Following this column is one marked "G'ls. Per Alin.," which means gallons per minute and refers to the amount of water which is generally pumped during the summer months from the well. The last column, entitled "Acrs.," shows the number of acres watered by the irrigation wells. The blank spaces which are left in this table have been left blank because no accurate data were procured. The most important feature of this table is that this information concerning the water within the wells has been obtained during a given time, and any further in- formation which may later be obtained concerning the water level cannot be included in this list without chang- ing its meaning. That is to say, the water table, or elevation of the water level within the wells, fluctuates from time to time so that an elevation of the water level in one well must be compared to that in another well during the same interval of time. Also, the elevation of the river must be compared to the elevation of the water table during the same interval. 18 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology TABULATED DATA OF WELLS ABOUT WHITE BLUFFS AND HANFORD No. NAME Well Location Depth to Approximate Elevation of Do. or Irr. Well Size G'ls. per Min. fi Sec. T. R. Bot. Wtr. Sur. Wtr. River 36? 46 62 2R0 23 4 5 P. E. Olleman 0. W. Johnston C. Snyder 6 7 8 L. T. Brooks P 10 J. Witte n J. Witte 4x4 4x4 6x6 6x6 4x5 12" 12" 34x34 3x4 6x6 44x54 5x5 4x5 4xR 12" 6x6 6x6 3x4 12" 8" 4x4 12" 4x4 3x4 12" 4x4 12" 3x4 i? H. Brown is 200 360 100 10 20 10 14 15 D. O. Buekholdt E. Grant 16 F. B. Hicks 17 IS C. Beeg SE 22 SE 22 19 C. Hart 90 21 22 23 24 W. R. Adamson J. F. Conkle R, W. McDonnell.... R. W. McDonnell H. E. Purington. . . . G: E. Burford L. H. Olark O. Daregio W. H. Wehmeier.... J. M. Olark SW 23 SW23 SW23 SW 23 SE 23 NE 23 SE 23 SE 21 NE26 NE 26 NW2W NE 26 NE 26 NE 26 SE 26 SE 26 SW25 SW25 NE 36 NE 36 NW36 NE 36 SW25 NW31 NW31 NW31 NW31 NW31 NW31 SW31 SW31 SW31 NE 6 NE 6 175 250 250 25 26 27 185 215 11 20 30 31 J. E. Evett 32 A. G. Evett N. P. Anglin 33 34 A. Simpson G. McConnachie A. McConnachie J. Macomber C. L. McGlanghlin. M. W. Gross 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 M. W. Gross J. O. Syflord G. T. Slavins John Blackler O. Rolph W. H. Rolph C. W. Sloan 4x4 8" 4x4 14" 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 12" 12" 8" 420 4? 43 44 45 46 47 B. O. Root O. G. Root 48 49 John Loson W. S. Webber O. E. Briggs 50 51 5? W. P. Morrison, .. Mark Whelan Mark Whelan 16" RxR 53 54 55 3!x34 12" 56 H. K. Boie SE 26 NE 20' NE 18 NE 20 SE 17 SE 17 NE 22 SW 9 SW 9 SW 9 57 A. H. Zane 325 58 C. Daregio A. W. Ely 51 6x6 8xS 400 1100 60 61 J. H. DeVeurve . . . J. H. DeVeurve 6? 20 41 19 204 15 16! 16 Rx5 30" 3x4 3x4 63 A. Grell 64 fin L. C. Krug Underground Water Supply L9 TABULATED DATA Ol WKI.LS Ai:< »UT WHITE BLUFFS ANN EIANFOR < lontiniied. No. NAME Well Location Depth to Approximate Elevation of Do. or Irr. Well Size G'ls. per Min. Sec. T. R. Bot. Wtr. Sur. Wtr. River 66 1> .1 Burch NE 7 NE 8 SE 5 NE .1 NK 5 N\V .1 NK. 8 N\V 6 NE 1 NE 1 SE 32 NE 32 NE 32 NE 32 KTW32 SW29 SW29 SW29 SW29 NE 29 NW29 N"W29 NW29 NW29 NW29 NW29 SW 20 SW2i> S \Y 2i SW 20 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 \i 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 27 27 27 •27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 31 23 34 Is 30 16 34 44 36 3U 28 22 12 25 20 22 38 28 32 29 30 28 37 30 304 ■36| 40 42 50 20 16 Hi 36 35 32 27 26 14 24 14 9 17 9 36 26 121 5 19 61 10 24 221 171 27 17 31 24 26 31J 35 36 371 420 410 403 4i i2 400 4111 39S 434 440 430 398 396 400? 3<>7y 395 394 399 412 410 400 400 405 404 410 410 410 410 410 410 410 106 386 389 391 393 389 4ii4 4(i4 386 391 3S1 391 389 388 382 383 378 387 379 386 384 379 375 374 373 361 360 31 11 362 363 363 361 364 364 364 363 362 363 363 M64 Mill 364 364 364 364 364 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 366 366 366 366 366 367 367 367 367 367 ..367 D I I D D D D I I I I I D I D D I I D D I D I I D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D D I D I 1 D I) I I I I I I I I I I I D D D D I I I 3x3 32" 3X4 10" 4x4 10" 4x4 6x6 6x6 6x6 3" 4" 4x4 5x5 67 K E Grant 200 68 69 J. F. Bleakley E. C. Coleman M Taylor .. 70 71 72 N. D. Showalter E. Anderson Hanfonl Ranch — Hanford Ranch .... C. Rackliff 73 74 75 76 77 750 450 250 250 40 38 7S 79 J. P. Weber Thos. Williams J. A. Johnson Chas. Whitney ... 80 81 82 4' rd. 4x4 3x3 2x3 3x4 2Jx3 5x6 5x5 4x4 83 84 R. W. Gruenhagen.. . C. C. Richard Chas. Whitney 85 86 S7 260 88 R. D. Barge 150 Rq J. B. Tromanhauser J. B. Tromanhauser C Eilertson 90 <>1 q? M. P. O'Brien G. W. Shaw <'■? 4x4 6x6 4x4 6x6 Pipe 4x4 :;.'\:;'. 3x3 2" 4x4 18" 94 J. Tromanhauser... J. Tromanhauser. . . 95 96 97 98 33 22 21 410 421 410 413 41.3 420 4H!I 410 41(i 410 415 410 432 432 415 416 415 417 415 420 419 409 426 3S9 388 393 399 99 C. C. Coleman .... P. D. Edwards NWld NE 19 SW 1!» SW19 SW 1!( SE 19 SE 19 NE 31 NE 31 NE 31 X\\:;ii NE 38 NE 36 NE 25 SW 24 NE 24 NE 25 SW :-!2 SW 9 SE 18 SE 18 SE 18 NE 18 NE 18 NE IS 8W18 SW1S 10(1 101 102 103 Wm. Gregory A. E. Hunt 1(14 105 32 20 25 52 36J 17 20 251 281 16 19 20 3.3 14 385 ::-■_' 394 396 390 399 401 396 394 387 389 389 392 3S5 366 366 364 364 364 364 364 365 365 365 366 367 368 366 363 368 359 367 367 368 368 368 368 368 368 368 6x6 6x6 10x10 4x4 4x4 4x4 106 107 Town Well No. 1.... Town Well No. 2.... W. P. Inv. Co , , Robt. Nitzsehe . . . Van Viet" . 108 109 110 111 IV 1 3x4 ns 114 J. E. Tedford -Joseph Kiser S. V. Fanning C. M. Johnson A. F. Peck 116 27 33J 44 35 35 42 9 44 36 46 42 50 42 23 44 26 21 211 33 30 20 34 4 37 4x6 v\* 6x6 6x6 5x5 6x6 6x6 4x6 8x8 8" 6" 4x4 6" 6x6 6x6 18" 117 118 1000 50 119 250 200 15 120 121 122 R. R. Woods F. J. Bonn 22 25 15 123 L. W. Belden L. E. Bishop H. E. Robinson E. N. Lov°land R. M. Williams E. Wade • r'4 15 125 126 39i 46* 17 38 181 1 ,7 7 1?8 405? 129 R. H. Van Akin. . 410 423 410 393 385 392 130 131 250 16 20 Bulletin No. 3h, Division of Geology TABULATED DATA OP WELLS ABOUT WHITE BLUFFS AND HANFORD — Concluded. No. NAME Well Location Depth to Approximate Elevation of Do. or Irr. Well S;ze G'ls. per Min. i See. T. R. Bot. Wtr. Sur. Wtr. Ltdver «\ 132 133 L. A. Codding G. N. Angle SW18 SW IS NE 18 SW 7 SW 7 SW 7 SE 12 SW12 SW12 NE14 NE14 NW14 NW14 NE 14 NE 6 NE 12 NW12 NE 11 NW 4 NW 4 SE 5 NE 12 NE 11 NE 14 SW10 SW26 NE25 NW36 SE 10 SE 23 SE 19 SW25 SW25 SE 19 NW 5 NE 4 NW18 SW12 SW12 NE 29 SW21 SE 9 N"\\'2:-i NW25 NW31 NE IS SW1S NE25 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 27 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 23 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 26 27 27 27 27 26 26 27 '27 25 26 25 25 27 27 27 27 27 28 2 l 27 26 40' 34 42 40 • 39 m ' 40 29 36* 27| S2 28 26 51 58 60 92 72 55 41J 35' 66 37 34 621 44 668 26 41 34 41 2U 22 36 £3 42; 146 97 941 41 14 29 28 31 . 34 40 37 22 27 181 20 22 41 511 37 33 59 t 32 59 40 19 35 £01 £2 £6 111 14 25 20 29 141 94 , 92 34 13 408 409 407? 405? 405? 405? 405? 405? 405? 410? 410? 440 440? 435' 440? 379 381 376? "371? 365? 36S? 383? 378? 392? 390? 418? 394 368 338 368 370 370 370 370 371 371 3731 373 377 377 373 384 385 £88 387 388 . 394 394 395 398 402 402 404 404 366 353 358 355 366 385 365 366 £63 394 •384 386 386 365 365 35? 356 354 352 361 368 366 I I I D D D D I I I I D I D D D D I D I I D I I I I I I D D D D I I D I I I I I D D D I D D D I I 6x6 3x3 4x6 4x4 4x4 31x31 3x3 6x6 6x6 8x8 6x6 7" 4x5 6x6 4" 4" 4" 5x6 4x4 ' 4x6 4x5 4x5 3x9 12" 4x4 4x4 51" 6x6 3" 4x4 4x6 4x4 SxS 8x8 6" 6x6 100 300 225 10 25 134 R. W. Judd 25 13n F. M. Wsil 136 137 138 M. S. Msets 139 Hall Bros 250 140 141 E. Cords 240 21 14'; ' Win. Moede 143 I. Wright 144 145 Wm. C'oulson R, J. Roberts S. Allard 146 147 Miller Ranch L, N. Fry.. . 452? 148 473? 149 462? 200 9 150 E. F. Remlinger, , Austin Bros Austin Bros I. Von Hsrberg O. H. Jeagsr A. R. Knaub 445? 420? 420? 430'? 426? 394? 383? 387? 371? 151 152 153 154 1400 800 240 240 100 45 155 156 425? 460? 423? 1020? 393? 401? 383? 157 A. Knoll 300 10O0 158 1M F. M. Hill 415 405 385 398 411 418 419 410 411 418? 537? 490? 488? 408 409 390 390? 415 393 440 410 415 396 370 3o5 366 375 407 405 3S5 391 389? 3.96? 396? 396? 374 396 373? 382 355 415 398 395 160 M. R. Slavons Whaley & Gregg.... M. B. Haynes W. H. Ksal 161 1fi.9; 163 164 Mikel 165 166 J. E. Coleman H. C. Henry Ed. Wagner R. D. Sapp 167 16S 169 170 171 172 Thos. Brown H. Eilertson P. N. Henslay S. Garce 173 174 36" 175 21 45 451 30 24 24 17 33 25" 12 20 176 30" 177 C. N. Larson 178 179 180' Hill t No Water. % Artesian. Underground Water Supply 21 Remarks. It was round thai in general these wells penet rated lirst a sandy or gravelly soil, then entered loose sand and gravel, without encountering any other material. In some eases a little clay was struck, hut nol often. In every case where information was obtained it was reported that the water in the well rose and Tell with the rise and fall of the Columbia River. Although the data regarding this feature are not very accurate, they are presented here for what they are worth. No. W( II Maximum Fluctuation No. Well Maximum Fluctuation 14 ■1: ■2.; in r < t 5 feet 4 feet 6 feet 35 41 56 60 9 feet In l> 1 16 feet 6 feet it is quite probable that the fluctuation is very nearly 10 feet in most cases. At least 79 of the 180 wells of the district have been used for irrigation. In pumping from these wells by power it seems that the water was lowered a foot or so and then it reached a constant level, remaining there as long as the pumping was continued. These data, also, are only fragmental and approximate at the best. 22 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology No. Well Lowering Caused by Pumping H. P. Size Pump (inches) 13 5 3 10 10 10> 3 5 3 14 15 4 inches 4 21 21 22 23 few inches 3 26 27 15 inches • 1 inch 4 to 10 inches about 2 feet 3 40' 60 70 40 5 15 10 5 7i 3 3 10 5 5 3 3 20 5 3 6 4 74 75 76 3 82 6 88 116 3 117 6 129 3 139 140 3 142 3 151 6 155 159 Example of replenishment. In the case of No. 60, I studied the action which took place in the well itself. A pump which drew from the well 1,100 gallons per minute lowered the water level nearly two feet, and then the water level remained constant. From the sides of the well the ground water was pouring in, replenishing it steadily. This is a good example of the way in which these wells are fed by the underground water supply. LOG OP WELL DRILLED AT RINGOLD Location. Ten miles southeast of Hanford, on north bank of Columbia River, near cross-roads by school- house, Sec. 25, T. 12 N., R. 28 E. Elevation. Drill hole, 430 feet above sea level. River, about 340 (Oct. 24, 1921). Purpose of Drilling. To obtain artesian water. Driller. N. C. Jannsen Drilling Company, 414 North- west Bank Building, Portland, Oregon. Underground Water Supply 23 MATERIAL Sand ( !°ment gravel Clay ; Clay and gravel Gravel Boulders and gi avel. . Black flay Blue clay Black clay Sand Black rock Black rock and shale Shale Black rock Basalt Clay ninl gravel Shale Rock Basalt Rock Shale Black shale Blue shale Basalt Porous basalt Basalt Blue shale Gray sandstone Basalt Thickni ss To in Feet 18 IS 67 B5 20 105 22 127 28 155 6 161 8 169 9 17s IS 196 9 205 1!) 234 6 240 17 257 151 408 63 471 16 487 9 496 39 535 2 537 2 539 10 549 3 552 12 564 103 667 10 677 15 692 19 711 9 720 35 755 It is reported that water stands within 19 feet of the surface. Remarks. Although this well is some ten miles from Hanford, it represents to a certain extent the materials which would be encountered if deep wells were sunk in the region of Hanford and White Bluffs. That is to say, sand and gravel of the old river flood plain are found to the depth of about 160 feet, Clay and sand, which repre- sent the old underlying lake silt represented in the White Bluffs on the eastern side of the Columbia River, are encountered beneath these sands and gravels for a further depth of at least 40 feet. Beneath this is en- countered basalt and a few thin lenses of interbedded local lake deposits. LOG OF FIRST ARTESIAN WELL NEAR COLD CREEK Location. 16 miles southwest of White Bluffs, near corner of road, NWVi-SWVi Sec. 26, T. 13 N., R, 24 E. Archie Brown, owner. 24 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology Elevation. Drill hole, 1,025 feet above sea level. Purpose of Drilling. To obtain artesian water. Driller. N. C. Jannsen Drilling Company, 414 North- west Bank Building, Portland, Oregon. October, 1918. MATERIAL Soil Gravel and boulders Hard basalt Water cavity (6 inches) Material (?) Sandstone Bine shale Sand Blue shale Brown shale Green shale Honeycomb and water-bearing rock Artesian water struck at depth of €68 feet. Plow of approxi- mately 2,003 gallons of water per minute, 40 pounds pressure. This well is being used to irrigate ia field of alfalfa. Remarks. This well is located in a syncline which plunges to the east. The well enters basalt at the depth of 180 feet and passes through shale and sandstone which represent an intercalated lake deposit, for basalt is again encountered at the depth of 598 feet. The artesian water issues from "honeycomb," or cellular basalt, and from the coarser material of this interbedded lake deposit. To the north of this location are extensive exposures of basalt layers, which have been thrown into a great fold or anticline. The basalt layers dip almost vertically into the Columbia River and are folded over so that the southern dips are more gentle. Several miles to the south of Cold Creek is another east-west anticline or fold. Thus the well is located in a syncline or structural trough which lies between the anticlines. The anticlines and the syncline plunge as a whole to the east. Surface waters have probably entered the basalt to the west, especially the cellular portion and the inter- bedded sands of a lake deposit, and have passed down- ward toward the east in this trough or syncline and have I nderground Water Supply '_'.) I n\ [SION OF ( rEI I] OOI I Iulletin No. 26. Plate 1 1 1 •i .V M . ■ \ V / ■Ml-. ,^. _#*- m % * "f, * '. c jfll a. An exposure of sand and gravel near Coyote Rapids. This is the sort of material through which the ground water of the region passes. b. Water being pumped from well No. 60 by electric power. 26 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology thus been trapped far beneath the surface, accumulating for thousands of years. Any well drilled in this par- ticular location, namely, in this syncline which enters the rock horizon in which the water is trapped and under pressure, will undoubtedly give artesian flow. Just how long such artesian water may last depends upon the source of supply, which has not yet been accurately de- termined; but which probably lies to the west and con- sists of meteoric waters, or that water which falls upon the surface of the ground and enters it, passing to a greater depth. The source of this water and the problem connected with this supply is an entirely different prob- lem from that in the region of White Bluffs and Hanf ord. In the fall of 1921 a second well was drilled by the same people one-half mile west of this first well and a similar flow of artesian water was obtained. INTERPRETATION OP DATA The elevation of the water in the wells at the time they were examined varied only within a narrow limit. The well in which the water was lowest in elevation (350 feet above sea level) is situated in the southern part of the area, near the river at its lowest point. The highest elevation of water in a well was 407 feet, and it is located in a place where there is undoubtedly a certain amount of leakage from the Hanford Irrigation Ditch. The average elevation of the level of the water in the wells measured was 381 feet. The water table is the top surface of the zone in which the sands and gravels are saturated with water. "Where this is reached in a well, the water will seep rapidly out of the surrounding gravel and fill up the well to the ground water level or the level of the water table. The elevation of the water table was higher than the river level at the time the data were collected, as may be seen by studying carefully the accompanying map. This Underground Water Supply 27 feature may be accounted for by considering thai the gravels were filled when the water in the river was high. Then the river fell rapidly and the ground water escaped more gradually through the alluvium. One particular point of discharge was in Section 23, Township 13, Range 27, where the water escaped as springs or seepages along the river bank and flowed back into the river. The surface of the ground is shown by the contour lines and their elevation. The water table does not con- form to the surface of the ground in detail over this area. The water table is independent of this feature and ap- pears to be a fairly level surface. Along the region bordering the Hanford Irrigation Ditch the water table was found to be higher than else- where, for the ditch leaked and its w r ater saturated the ground locally. This water had gradually soaked into the ground and had joined the water table, forming a part of it. If the ditch had been left dry for some time it is quite probable that the level of this local water table would have been lowered and would have finally con- formed to that of the rest of the area. In order that a well may contain water it should be deep enough to pass through the ground w T ater level, or water table. The wells of the area vary in depth — those on the higher points (topographically) are deeper to water than those on the lower points. Omitting the deeper wells (Nos. 169, 170, 171 and 158), the average depth to water, measured from the surface of the ground, was 28 feet for the wells sounded. In the case of Xos. 169, 170, and 171, where the depths to water were 141, 94, and 92 feet, respectively, the water elevation above sea level was 396 feet in each case, which was about the same as that in the other wells of the same district, and only 10 feet above river elevation taken at that time. In the data list included in this report, comparison has been made of the water elevation in each well and 28 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology the river elevation at a point in the river nearest the well. This shows the position of the water table in reference to the stream which parallels, in a general way, the direction of flow of the underground water. The source of the water in each particular well, however, may be at a point considerably higher up stream than that point from which this river elevation was taken. The amount of water in each well may be found by subtracting the depth to water from the depth to the bottom. The average depth of water was 7 feet in the wells sounded. FLUCTUATION OF THE WATER TABLE It is generally reported that the elevation of the water in the wells rises and lowers exactly with the rising and lowering of the river level, but not with as great a magni- tude. The total fluctuation of the river level is about 20 feet during the entire year, while the fluctuation of the level of the water in the wells appears to be about 10 feet, although this latter information is not as definitely re- corded as that of the river level. This indicates that the source of the underground water in the region of White Bluffs and Hanford is the Columbia River, which charges the gravels when it is high. As the river lowers, the gravels are drained and thus the water table is likewise lowered. The time of the rise of the water table is im- portant in relation to the use of the water for irrigation purposes. The following curves explain graphically this relation. The fluctuation of the river level is compared with the amount of water which has been used for irriga- tion purposes from the ditch, which shows the two prac- tically to coincide. FLOOR OF THE GROUND WATER From a study of the geological formations and their structure in this region, together with a study of the deep well at Eingold, general conclusions are thus 30 Bulletin No. 26, Division of Geology reached, relating to the nature of the material which underlies the alluvial plain. If deeper wells should be put down in the immediate vicinity of White Bluffs and Hanford, they would prob- ably pass through the sand and gravel of the old river flood plain at an elevation of approximately 300 feet above sea level. After passing through the gravel of this old flood plain, clay and fine sand would probably be encountered, and this might be expected to vary in thickness, but underlying it in turn would undoubtedly occur basalt at an elevation of about 200 feet above sea level. SEEPAGES AND FLOWING SPRINGS ON THE BANK OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER For a half mile along the bank of the Columbia River (Section 23, Township 13, Range 27), seepages and flow- ing springs were issuing water, during the time they were visited, from the low bluff at a point ten feet above the river level and at an elevation of 365 feet. This eleva- tion is only a little lower than the elevation of the water table in the vicinity of the seepages. The material from which they flowed consisted of clay, sand, and some gravel. Lying above this ground water discharge, were found 15 to 20 feet of alluvial material, such as sand, gravel, and soil. It may be noticed from a study of the map that the location of these seepages is only one-half mile below the point at which the proposed drain inter- sects the river bank. The proposed drain follows, in gen- eral, the surface swampy areas or seepage lands which lie parallel to the Hanford Irrigation Ditch. The drain as proposed is to carry off the surplus water which leaks from the irrigation ditch and forms local swamps along this area. The water discharge of the springs on the bank of the Columbia River appear to be greater in quantity than Underground Water Supply 31 the water in the ditch. It is reported by persons whose observations can no doubt be trusted, that the seepages occurred before the irrigation ditch was constructed. It appears, therefore, that they represent the run-off from the general water table of the area. They may be charged to a certain extent by the leakage waters of the irrigation ditch, but they cannot come entirely from that source. It is significant, therefore, that the Columbia River at this point at least, and probably along the bank for several miles, does not enter and does not charge these gravels at least during this particular time of the year. The elevation of these seepages, however, was lower by about 20 feet than the water level of the Columbia River in the region about Coyote Rapids. The level of the Columbia River at this time of the year is lower by nearly 20 feet than it was during the summer months. If the source of the water in the region is the Columbia River, the water must, therefore, enter the gravels at points upstream from the location of the seepage, and probably in the region above Coyote Rapids, where coarse alluvial gravels exist on the south bank such as in the region of China Bar. The intake area may also be below Coyote Rapids above the bend in the river. The source of the water in these springs is, there- fore, undoubtedly the same source as that of the under- ground water of this region. Since there is a 65 per cent loss by leakage and evaporation from the irrigation ditch, the supply may partly be affected by the leakage from the irrigation ditch and from additional seepage from the irrigation waters taken from the ditch and placed on the land where it soaks rapidly into the ground again. SOURCE OF THE UNDERGROUND WATER PRINCIPAL SUPPLY The principal supply of the underground water of this area is undoubtedly from the Columbia River. The evidences of this are: (1) That the ground water level or water table fluctuates with the river. (2) That the elevation of the water table corresponds with the eleva- tion of the river. (3) That the composition and structure of the materials of the alluvial plain would allow water from the river during its higher periods to enter the gravels. (4) That the gravels lie in the old channels of the ancient river, leaving natural underground seepage channels to exist. SECONDARY SUPPLY A secondary source of supply is that of the meteoric waters or that water which falls as rain or snow upon the surface of the ground. This source is quite small. LOCAL SUPPLY In addition to this supply the leakage water from the Hanford Irrigation Ditch undoubtedly adds to the ground water of the region. Material effect from this is principally in the zone immediately bordering the canal. It is recorded that 65 per cent of the water which goes into the ditch is lost by evaporation and leakage. All the water used for irrigation that is not lost through evaporation, enters the ground and adds to the ground water supply. POSSIBLE SUPPLY There is another possible source of the ground water. This is a possible ascending leakage from an artesian supply below. An artesian basin exists in the region of the syncline in basalt indicated on the map — near the present Underground Water Supply ■">."! flowing artesian well. Such trapped waters mighl pos- sibly enter into the upper ground water zone by upward penetration through openings in the rocks from pressure of the trapped artesian below. This, however, would not probably affect the region under consideration be- cause it lies north of Gable Mountain, which would serve as a barrier to such migration of waters. RECOMMENDATIONS LOCATION OF WATER WELLS FOR IRRIGATION Before wells are dug in the future, in the vicinity of White Bluffs and Hanford, the accompanying map, as well as this report, should be consulted, but unless cor- rect interpretation is made, this map can be of little use. In the first place, the depth of water, which should be encountered in a well, will vary according to the varying level of the water table of the district. The elevation of the water table as given in the present wells and shown on this map refer only to the position of the water table during the time interval in which the data were collected. Two elevations should be obtained before a new well is dug: (1) the elevation of the surface of the ground at the point at which the hole is to be drilled, and (2) the eleva- tion of the water level in the older wells of the neighbor- hood. The depth of the hole necessary to encounter water would have to be the difference between the surface eleva- tion of the ground and the elevation of the water level thus obtained. The depth of the water necessary in the well should be great enough to insure water during the entire year. This would mean that if water is obtained in the well when the water table is at its lowest level, there will be assurance of an abundant supply of water in the well, for purposes of irrigation, at the time when the water table is at its highest point. Before a well is drilled, therefore, the time of year and the height of the river should be considered in relation to the in- formation given in this report. There may be a few cases in this territory in which the wells will not prove satisfactory on account of local conditions. These local conditions might consist of local deposits of clay which might cut off or deviate to a cer- tain extent the migration of underground water. Before Underground Water Supply 35 poor wells are thus accounted for, however, exact in- formation regarding the proper elevation of the water table at that particular place should be obtained and a comparison made to the elevation of the depth of the poor well, so that there would be assurance that the well had penetrated the water table level. UP -KEEP OF THE WELLS In order to insure decent conditions over this entire area, the wells should be kept in good condition or sealed off entirely. In the first place, safety should he con- sidered vital. In a great many cases the present wells are very unsafe in that they are not properly covered, or the entrance is not properly guarded, so that children as well as stock may easily fall into them. Another important feature is that of sanitation. If one well is polluted, it is quite possible that other wells, especially those in the immediate vicinity, will be in- fected from this first well. The underground water passes through sands and gravels and is filtered to a great extent, but since it is known to pass rapidly through very large interstices between the boulders, it might readily carry bacteria and germs of various sorts. Although this feature has not been accurately examined, it should be taken into careful consideration, especially since further settlement of this territory is to be made by soldiers and their families. A number of the wells at the present time contain dead animals, such as jack rabbits, which give rise to conditions which are at least unsanitary. INDEX. Par/' Alluvium I -' Anticline 11, 21 Artesian well, basin of 29 First 23 Second 2G Basalt 12, 13, 15 Benton County 7 Bibliography 9, 10 Brown, Archie (Owner of artesian well) 23 China Bar 13, 31 ("old Creek, artesian wells of 23 Columbia River, during' the Glacial period 1 :: Rise and fall of 21 Relation to well water 27 Conclusions 2 Consumers' Ditch Company S Coyote Rapids 16, 31 Crab Creek 15 Deltaic alluvial plain 12 Deep wells 27 Depth of w^ells IS, 20 Discharge 30 Domestic wells 17, 18-20 Elevation (also see tabulation data) 18-20 Average of water in wells 20 Ellensburg formation 15 Explanation of data 16 Gable Butte 12 Gable Mountain 12 Geologic features, general discussion of 12 Represented on map 11 Geological formations, description of 12 Geological history 15 Glacial period 13 Grand Coulee 15 Gravel bars 13 Hamford irrigation ditch, leakage of 27, 30 Hanford, location of 7 Han ford Sub-station 16 Interpretation of well data 26 Irrigation, acreage of 18, 20 Amount required 8 Location of wells for 21 Wells of 18-20 Jannsen Drilling Co 22, 23 Kennewick 7 Bake beds 15 Location of area 7 Location of the wells 18-20,34 Log of well at Cold Creek 23 Well at Ringold 22 Map. explanation of 10 Non-irrigable hills 11 Pleistocene age 15 38 Index Page Pliocene age 15 Priest Rapids 13 Proposed drain 30 Published material 9,10 Pump, recommended 9 Purpose of the report 7 Rattlesnake Hills 12 Recommendations 34 Replenishment of well 22 Richland 13 Ringold formation 15 Ring-old, well of 22 Saddle Mountain 13 Sanitation 31 Sanf ord, Charles M 4 Sedimentary formation 12 Seepages 27, 30 Soldier Land Settlement Project, lands of 11 Plan of 8 Relative to 7 Source of underground water 32 Source of data 9 Springs 27-30 Supply of underground water — Local 32 Possible 32 Principal S? Secondary 32 Syncline 11, 24 Tabulation of well data 16-24 Up-keep of wells 35 Water table 16-30 Definition of 26 Elevation of 26 Floor of 2S Fluctuation of 28 Wells — Adamson, W. R., Well No. 21 li Agnew, U. S., Well No. 136 ' 19 Allard, S., Well No. 146 20 Anderson, E., Well No. 73 19 Angle, C. N., Well No. 133 20 Anglin, N. P., Well No. 33 18 Austin Bros., Well No. 151 20 Austin Bros., Well No. 152 20 Badger, F. I., Well No. 131 19 Barge, R. D., Well No. 88 19 Beeg, C, Well No. 18 18 Belden, L. W., Well No. 123 19 Bishop, L. E., Well No. 124 19 Blackler, John, Well No. 43 18 Bleakley, J. F., Well No. 69 19 Boie, H. K., Well No. 56 18 Bonn, F. J., Well No. 122 19 Brannick, M. S., Well No. 121 19 Brice, Well No. 96 19 Briggs, C. E., Well No. 51 18 Briscoe, S. M., Well No. 101 19 Index 39 Wells —Continued. Pag< Brooks. L. T., Well No. S 18 Brown. A.. Well No. 158 20 Brown, H.. Well No. 12 is Brown, Thos., Well No. 172 20 Buckholdt, D. C, Well No. 14 18 Burch, D. .1. Well No. 166 20 Burford, G. E., Well No. 26 18 Clark, J. M., Well No. 30 Is Clark, L. H.. Well No. 27 18 Codding'. L. A., Well No. 132 20 Coleman, C. C, Well No. 99 19 Coleman, E. C., Well No. 70 1 H Coleman, J. E., Well No. 166 20 Conkle. J. F.. Well No. 22 18 Cords. E., Well No. HI 20 Coulson. Wm., Well No. 144 20 Damyer, C, Well No. 137 20 Daregio, C, Well No. 28 18 Daregio, C, Well No. 58 is Daregio, C, Well No. 176 20 Daregio, Well No. 178 20 De Veurve, J. H., Well No. 60 IS De Veurve, J. H.. Well No. 61 IS Edwards, F. D.. Well No. 100 5 9 Eilertson. C, Well No. 91 19 Eilertson. H.. Well No. 173 20 Ely, A. W.. Well No. 59 IS Evett. A. G., Well No. 32 IS Evett, J. E., Well No. 31 IS Fanning, S. V.. Well. No. 117 1 9 Fitzgibbon. Well No. 130 19 Fry, L. N., Well No. 149 20 Garce, S., Well No. 175 20 Grant, E., Well No. 15 IS Grant, K. E.. Well No. 67 19 Greenfield, Well No. 140 20 Gregory, Wm., Well No. 103 19 Grell, A., Well No. 63 IS Gross, M. W.. Well No. 39 IS Gruenhayen, R. W.. Well No. S4 19 Hall Bros., Well No. 139 20 Hanford Ranch. Well No. 74 19 Han ford Ranch, Well No. 75 19 Hart. C, Well No. 19 18 Hawley, I., Well No. 87 19 Haynes. M. B.. Well No. 162 20 Heath, T. H.. W T ell No. 17 IS Henry, H. C, Well No. 167 20 Henslay. F. N., Well No. 174 20 Hicks, F. B., Well No. 16 IS Hill, F. M.. Well No. 159 20 Hill, Well No. ISO 20 Horman, A. E.. Well No. 110 19 Horman, A. E., Well No. Ill 19 Houck. M. E., Well No. 98 19 Hunt. A. E., Well No. 105 J 9 Jeager, O. H.. Well No. 154 20 Johnson, C. M„ Well No. 118 19 40 Index Wells — Continued. Page Johnson, J. A., Well No. 81 „ 19 Johnston, O. W.,' Well No. 5 IS Jourclan, J., Well No. 69 19 Judd, R. W., Well No. 133 19 Keal, W. H., Well No. 163 20 Kerr, Wm., Well No. 64 18 Kiser, Joseph, Well No. 116 19 Knaub, A. R., Well No. 156 20 Knoll, A., Well No. 157 20 Krug, L. C, Well No. 65 18 Larson, C. N., Well No. 177 20 Lewis, L. L., Well No. 104 19 Loson, John, Well No. 49 18 Loveland, E. N., Well No. 126 19 McConnachie, A., Well No. 36 IS McConnachie, G., Well No. 35 18 McDonnell, R. W., Well No. 23 IS McDonnell, R. W., Well No. 24 IS McPee, J., Well No. 91 19 McGlaughlin, C. L., Well No. 38 IS McKay, Wm., Well No. 78 19 McMurry, I., Well No. S3 19 Macomber, J., Well No. 37 18 Meeks, M. S., Well No. 13S 20 Mikel, Well No. 164 20 Miller, L. J., Well No. 147 ... 20 Miller Ranch, Well No. 148 20 Moede, Wm., Well No. 142 20 Moore, Well No. 170 20 Morrison, W. P., Well No. 52 IS Mowell, J. W., Well No. 106 19 Nichols, Rob., Well No. 20 18 Mitzsche, Robt., Well No. 112 19 O'Brien, M. F., Well No. 92 19 Olleman, P. E., Well No. 5 IS Paschen, H. F., Well No. 1 18 Peck, A. P., Well No. 119 , 19 Rackliff, C, Well No. 76 19 Rackliff, C, Well No. 71 19 Remlinger, E. P., Well No. 150 '. . . 20 Richard, C. C, Well No. 85 19 Richmond, J. P., Well No. 155 20 Rieg-le, A., Well No. 3 , IS Roberts, R. J., Well No. 145 20 Robertson, Well No. 171 20 Robinson, H. E., Well No. 125 19 Rolph, C, Well No. 44 1* Rolph, W. H., Well No. 45 18 Root, B. C, Well No. 47 IS Root, C. G., Well No. 48 18 Salvina, B., Well No. 4 IS Salvina, C, Well No. 102 19 Sapp, R. D., Well No. 169 20 School, Well No. 9 18 Shaw. G. W., Well No. 93 19 Showalter, N. D., Well No. 72 19 Simpson, A., "Well No. 34 18 Slavins, G. T., Well No. 42 IS Index 41 Wells—* Concluded. Pape Slavone, M. R., Well No. 160 20 SI.. an. c. \\\. Well No. I''. is Smith, Jay, Well No. 13 is Snyder, C, Well No. 7 LS Stephenson, A., Well No. 55 in Syfford, J. C, Well No. H is Taj lor, M.. Well No. 71 is Tedford, J. E., Well No. 114 i:i Town Well No. 1. Well No. 107 L9 Town Well No. 2. Well No. 108 19 Tromanhauser, J. B., Well No. 89 19 Tromanhauser, J. B., Well No. 90 19 Tromanhauser, J.. Well No. 94 19 Tromanhauser, J.. Well No. 95 19 Van Akin, R. H.. Well No. 129 19 Van Akin, Well No. 179 20 Von Herberg, I., Well No. 153 20 Van Vlete, Well No. 113 19 Wade, E.. Well No. 128 lit Wagner, Ed., Well No. 168 20 Weber. J. I'.. Well No. 79 19 Webber, W. S., Well No. 50 18 Wehmeier, W. H.. Well No. 29 is Weil, F. M., Well No. 135 20 Wenner. F.. Well No. 62 18 Whaley & Gregg", Well No. 161 20 Wheeler, A., Well No. 2 18 Whelan, Mark. Well No. 53 .- 18 Whelan, Mark. Well No. 54 IS Whitney. Chas., Well No. 82 19 Whitney. Chas., Well No. 86 19 Williams. R. M., Well No. 127 19 Williams. Thus.. Well No. SO 19 Wilson, Well No. 165 20 Witte, J.. Well No. in 18 Witte, J.. Well No. 11 IS Woods, R. R„ Well No. 12o 19 W. P. Inv. Co.. Well No. 109 19 Wright, I.. Well No. 143 20 Zane, A. H., Well No. 59 IS White Bluffs, location of 7 Escarpment of 12 Wilkinson, D. S 9 £* o §1 as go * rt o> O hJ WQ g 5 '* » ' ■ ■ n- i i mm ■ ...i n ■ I, ii i li,,,.„. 01 Q 019 953 644 8