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 ENGRAVED AND PRINTED FOR THE 
 
 SORORITY HAND BOOK 
 BY THE SUFFOLK ENG. AND ELECTRO. CO. BOSTO^ 
 
THE SORORITY HANDBOOK 
 
 BY 
 
 IDA SHAW MARTIN, A. B. 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 19 7 
 
UeSARY of CONGRESS 
 Two Cooies Received 
 
 OCT 15 dOr 
 
 j-Copyngrfii entry 
 
 CLA6S 4 Xac,. Ne: 
 COPY 5. i 
 
 
 A 
 
 C?^/ 
 
 Copyrighted 1905 and 1907 
 By IDA SHAW MARTIN. 
 
 'Clje Pequa l^refiss 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The hearty reception accorded to the first edition and 
 the many assurances of continued support and interest on 
 the part of sorority leaders have encouraged the author 
 to issue this second edition, although less than six months 
 have elapsed since the former came from the press. 
 
 The frontispiece is the same as was used in the first edi- 
 tion, but the plate of fraternity badges is a nev/ addition, 
 inserted at the request of a number of sorority leaders 
 and made possible by the courtesy of the fraternity grand 
 presidents. No one will regret more than the author the 
 absence of the badges of several large fraternities, espe- 
 pecially in view of the fact that a number of permissions 
 cam.e after the plate was made. The time elapsing between 
 the decision to issue a second edition and the expiration 
 of the publisher's contract with the printer was only six 
 v/eeks and it was practically impossible owing to the vaca- 
 tion season to get in touch with all grand presidents. 
 
 Another new feature, also inserted by request, one which 
 it is thought will prove invaluable for reference and one 
 which it is hoped will lead to a more extensive knowledge 
 on the part of sorority women concerning the extent and 
 activity of the general fraternity movement, is the list 
 
of men's fraternities with dates of founding and chapter 
 rolls alphabetically arranged. The classification and 
 general plan of the sororities will be found the same as 
 in the first edition, with the exception of the chapter 
 rolls which are listed alphabetically instead of chron- 
 ologically. 
 
 It is hardly to be expected that such an issue as this 
 can be sent out entirely free from errors or omissions, for 
 fraternities and sororities make history even during the 
 summer vacation, especially when conventions are held. 
 A conscientious attempt, however, has been made to 
 have everything accurate and up-to-date at the time of 
 publication. Since going to press word has been received 
 that the honorary society of Phi Beta Kappa will consider 
 the application of ten colleges at its convention of Sep- 
 tember I2th and that in all probability the ten charter 
 grants will be made. 
 
 Anyone noting an error will confer a great favor upon 
 the author by calling attention to it. Suggestions, too, 
 vv^ill be gladly received and will be embodied in the next 
 edition. 
 
 Ida Shaw Martin 
 (Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin). 
 
 "Iveagh Park," Bay State Road, 
 Canton, Massachusetts. 
 September 7, 1907. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Higher Education of Women. 
 
 To the popular mind the higher education of women 
 is synonymous with a college education. Strictly speak- 
 ing the term covers a wider field and includes professional 
 training as well as collegiate. The college girl is probably 
 quite familiar with the four types of institutions at which 
 the alumnae of secondary schools may continue their edu- 
 cation, viz., the coeducational college, the independent col- 
 lege, the affiliated college and the coordinate college. 
 
 Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of 
 college education in the United States. About seventy per 
 cent of the five hundred colleges in the country are co- 
 educational, while there are only twelve independnt col- 
 leges of the first rank, five affiliated colleges and about the 
 same number of coordinate colleges. To understand the 
 reasons for this characteristic feature as a well-defined pol- 
 icy in our system of education, we must turn back the 
 pages of our country's history. 
 
2 The Higher Education. 
 
 The close of the revolution found the American States 
 independent, but not united. The country was without 
 a head and Congress without power. There was distress 
 and discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill 
 and the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A 
 fortunate circumstance at this critical period was the com- 
 mon interest that seven of the thirteen states had in the 
 Great Northwest Territory. The people v^ere buoyed up 
 by the hope that these states would release their claims 
 and by transferring their interests to the national govern- 
 ment would furnish Congress with the means to pay off 
 the war debt. This generosity was of far-reaching sig- 
 nificance in its influence upon education in the Western 
 States. The thirteen original colonies had copied closely 
 the educational systems of the Old World, particularly 
 those of England. The great Northwest Territory was 
 sparsely settled and education was at best embryonic. An 
 ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental Congress pro- 
 vided for the government of this vast section and specified 
 that there should be a reservation in every township for 
 the maintenance of public schools. This was later inter- 
 preted as providing also for the reservation of lands for 
 university endowment. In this way the future of the 
 state university was assured. At the time this ordinance 
 was passed, however, there was no thought in the minds 
 of the legislators that a strong impulse was given to the 
 higher education of women. The daughters of colonial 
 homes were busy with baking and brewing, with spinning 
 
The Higher Education. 3 
 
 and weaving, with the manifold household duties for 
 which noi labor-saving devices had yet been invented. 
 Even the daughters of the well-to-do had little time or in- 
 terest for any education save such superficial knowledge 
 as miglit be acquired at the fashionable finishing school. 
 
 The half century following the Revolution was note- 
 worthy for the establishment of district schools and acad- 
 emies, and for the awakening of new ideas concerning the 
 education of girls. The year 1830, when the first locomo- 
 tive was built, is an epoch-marking date in the history of 
 the United States and no less so in the history of the 
 higher education for women. The building of railroads 
 and the consequent growth of cities was followed by a 
 great revival in educational interests, resulting in state 
 supervision and the opening of high and normal schools 
 for girls. The years immediately following witnessed the 
 transfer of many industries from the home to the factory 
 and deprived women of their usual occupations, leaving 
 them a large measure of leisure. 
 
 It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with 
 her gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must 
 look for the beginning of college education for women. 
 Oberlin College, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate 
 Institute, but not chartered as a college until 1850, was the 
 first institution to offer advanced courses to women as well 
 as men. In 1836 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the 
 Massachusetts Legislature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, 
 which though it did not pretend to offer collegiate courses 
 
4 The Higher Education. 
 
 yet stood firm for serious work and high standards. Wes- 
 leyan College, incorporated by the Legislature of Georgia 
 and opened in 1839, was the first women's college to re- 
 ceive a charter from any state. In 1853 Antioch College 
 in Ohio was opened under the presidency of Horace Mann 
 and admitted men and women on equal terms. Elmira 
 College established in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, 
 was the first woman's college in the north to receive a 
 charter. The state universities of Utah and Iowa, opened 
 respectively in 1850 and 1856, admitted women from the 
 first. A few institutions under religious control in the 
 Middle West, bearing the name of college, but doing work 
 little higher than the first class secondary schools of the 
 present time, were induced to admit women as the result 
 of these experiments. Except, however, in the districts 
 where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, 
 little marked progress was made. Women were still the 
 slaves of tradition. 
 
 Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we 
 must look for the complete emancipation of women in 
 matters educational. The continuous fighting during the 
 four years of the war and the consequent drafts upon the 
 Northern states for soldiers drained this section of its men 
 and resulted in women entering the secondary schools as 
 teachers. This arrangement, at first considered only 
 temporary, proved to be permanent, and thinking men 
 soon realized that the much debated question of higher 
 education for women had become a matter of expediency. 
 
The Higher Education. 5 
 
 In this time of immediate need what was more natural 
 than that the people should demand that existing colleges 
 hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women? 
 The well-endowed universities made a strong stand 
 against what they considered an intrusion. They claimed 
 that they did this from a sense of duty to the past, to the 
 founders and givers of endowments. The state univer- 
 sities, however, could make no such plea. Their endow- 
 ments came from state or federal government without re- 
 striction as to sex, and the people failed to see the need 
 of establishing separate colleges for women when the state 
 universities were already in existence. Before long these 
 doors, willingly or unwillingly, swung open to maid as 
 well as mian, Kansas and Minnesota in 1866, Indiana in 
 1868, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois and California in 1870, 
 Nebraska in 1871, Ohio in 1873, Wisconsin in 1874. The 
 opening of the University of Michigan to women was in 
 direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon demand 
 from the state legislature and is interesting as showing 
 the sentiment of the people. All state universities organ- 
 ized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. 
 
 Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard 
 v/ere very different. There were no state universities and 
 the famous colleges already established refused to admit 
 women. Certain concessions to be sure have been made 
 after prolonged agitation, as in the case of Radcliife, open- 
 ed as Harvard Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for 
 women in 1894 and granting its own degrees, where the in- 
 
6 The Higher Education. 
 
 struction is given by members of the Harvard faculty and 
 the diplomas countersigned by the President of Harvard 
 University as a guarantee that the degrees are equivalent 
 to the corresponding degrees given by the university; 
 again in the case of Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorpo- 
 ated in 1900 as an undergraduate woman's college of Co- 
 lumbia University, where the instruction is given entirely 
 by professors appointed by Columbia University trustees 
 and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A. B. de- 
 gree is granted by the university and women who have 
 taken their first degree are admitted to the university on 
 the same terms as men, and lastly, in the case of the 
 Woman's College of Brown University, established as a 
 regular department in 1897, though women were admitted 
 informally as early as 1892. These concessions grudgingly 
 given turned many promising young women, who resented 
 this attitude of what they considered selfish monopoly, to 
 the independent colleges for women and resulted in the 
 marked and vigorous growth of these institutions in the 
 East. Of these there are ten, Elmira, Vassar, Wells, Wei- 
 lesley and Smith, chartered within the third quarter of the 
 nineteenth century, the last four within a period of ten 
 years, and Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Woman's Col- 
 lege of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon Woman's College and 
 Trinity, established within the last twenty years. Rock- 
 ford College in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, 
 chartered as a college in 1892, and still retaining a prepar- 
 
The Higher Education. 7 
 
 atory department, and Mills College in California, opened 
 as a seminary in 1871, chartered as a college in 1885, and 
 still countenancing a seminary, are examples of the only 
 independent colleges for women in the vast section de- 
 voted to coeducation and by their smallness bear eloquent 
 testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. 
 
 ' Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in t886 
 and affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct 
 as regards its location and faculty, is an example of the 
 old-time Southern prejudice. The abandonment of coedu- 
 cation at Western Reserve University in 1888 after a trial 
 of sixteen years, and the establishment of a coordinate col- 
 lege for women under the university charter resulted from 
 a decision of the trustees to call the college back to its 
 original purpose, to educate men only, a decision which 
 seemed the wisest solution of the difficulties growing out 
 of an attempt to engraft coeducation upon an institution 
 modelled after New England ideas. The decision of the 
 trustees of Wesleyan University to limit the number of 
 women admitted in any one year to twenty per cent of 
 the whole number of students enrolled in the preceding 
 year is another instance of the futility of the attempt to 
 introduce coeducation into a New England college. The 
 segregation policy of Chicago University, adopted by the 
 trustees in October, 1902, whereby separate instruction is 
 provided as far as possible for men and women during the 
 freshmen and sophomore years was explained by Presi- 
 
8 The Higher Education. 
 
 dent Harper as due in a large measure to the proximity of 
 the university to a great metropolis and the increasing en- 
 rolment of young women students. The decision of the 
 trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr., University to limit the 
 number of women students to five hundred at any time is, 
 according to President Jordan, in harmony with the found- 
 er's purpose. 
 
 The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in 
 establishing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty 
 years of coeducation and the complete separation of the 
 two in the required work of the first two years is said to 
 be due to a desire to make suitable and adequate provision 
 for the culture and intellectual training of young women, 
 to enable them to enjoy a more distinct social life while 
 in college and to provide for them an independent system 
 of honors and prizes. The College for Women opened at 
 Bucknell University in 1905, though at present only a hall 
 of residence, since very little instruction is given separate- 
 ly, is nevertheless the beginning of a definite plan for 
 separation. The system of coordination in vogue at Colby 
 for the past ten years and the very recent decision of the 
 trustees to introduce separation in chapel exercises and to 
 establish, as soon as funds will warrant, an affiliated col- 
 lege for women seems to be the accepted solution of the 
 vexatious problem of providing collegiate instruction for 
 women in connection with well-established colleges for 
 men along the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. 
 
 The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as 
 witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the 
 union of thirteen colonies, — ^ union that was to stand 
 preeminently for the brotherhood of man, saw also the 
 foundations laid for another union, another brotherhood, 
 that, like its prototype, \vas destined to grow into a 
 mighty power. On the fifth of December, the Phi Beta 
 Kappa Society was founded at William and Mary College, 
 Williamsburg, Va. This was the first of the secret Greek- 
 Letter Societies and therefore the parent of the modern 
 fraternity system, which has become so large a factor in 
 the college life of the United States. 
 
 The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provis- 
 ion for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a 
 century passed before its roll numbered five chapters and 
 before another Greek-Letter society was founded. Col- 
 leges were few and scattered, the country in the throes of 
 a great war. The colleges established prior to the Revolu- 
 tion were but nine in number. Harvard (1636), William 
 and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), King's, 
 now Columbia (1754), Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers 
 
10 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 (1763), Brown (1764) and Dartmouth (1770). No small 
 proportion of their endowment had come from the mother 
 country, but the Declaration of Independence naturally 
 put an end to donations from England and crippled the re- 
 sources of existing colleges. The period of business de- 
 pression immediately following the close of the war, the 
 general instability of the government, the continued diffi- 
 culties with England resulting in the War of 1812, were 
 not conducive to ease of mind or educational progress. 
 
 The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the 
 country in a flourishing condition. The United States had 
 demonstrated on land and sea its right to be considered a 
 world power. Its credit was good, its people prosperous. 
 The tremendous impulse given to trade and immigration 
 by the use of steam as a motive power, the rapid develop- 
 ment of the country owing to the construction of state 
 roads and artificial waterways, the mighty stumulus afford- 
 ed public thought by the daily appearance of the penny 
 newspaper, the great awakening of interest in popular ed- 
 ucation as a result of the heroic labors of Horace Mann in 
 Massachusetts and of Henry Barnard in New York, had 
 produced a nation that was alert and enterprising. It was 
 but natural that these same years of peace, prosperity and 
 progress should witness the establishment of many new 
 colleges as well as a great increase in matriculation at 
 the older institutions. While a college is small it is pos- 
 sible for every student to know intimately all the others 
 and to be in close touch with the different members of the 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. n 
 
 faculty, but as the numbers increase the personal relation 
 between professor and student is eliminated more and 
 more, and the undergraduates are forced to find sympathic 
 companionship in a small group of classmates. So long 
 as the boy in conscious of sympathy and interest on the 
 part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, his am- 
 bitions, he will seek no further, but the moment he has lost 
 faith in those of his own household he vv^ill go elsewhere 
 in search of the perfect understanding that his nature 
 craves. The American professor is a boy at heart, he un- 
 derstands young men, but the pressure of work is severe 
 both in and out of the classroom and there is a limit to 
 human possibilities, to human endurance. The crowded 
 classroom, the ascetic dormitory, the cheerless boarding 
 house gave birth to the fraternity. They have given birth 
 to worse impulses, but to no better. That the fraternity 
 became a college society instead of a more limited organ- 
 ization, that it eventually included members from all un- 
 dergraduate classes instead of being restricted to those of 
 one particular year is a tribute to the democratic spirit 
 and magnanimity of the American college student. 
 
 The need and attractiveness of these organizations is 
 attested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities 
 were founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter 
 century, — Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 
 1827, all three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, 
 Psi Upsilon, Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, 
 Beta Theta Pi, Miamxi, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta 
 
12 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, 
 Zeta Psi, New York University, 1847, P^i Gamma Delta, 
 Jefferson, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848, Theta Delta 
 Chi, Union, 1848. The period from 1850 to the Civil war 
 was an era of instability, yet six new fraternities came into 
 existence, four in the North and two in the South, — Phi 
 Kappa Sigma, Pennsylvania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jeffer- 
 son, 1852, Chi Phi, Princeton, 1854, Sigma Chi, Miami, 
 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama, 1856, Delta Tau 
 Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years immediately follow- 
 ing the close of the Civil War are remarkable as giving 
 birth to five fraternities and those all founded in Virginia, 
 — Alpha Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute, 1865, 
 Kappa Alpha (Southern Order), Washington and Lee, 
 1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Virginia, 1868, Kappa 
 Sigma, University of Virginia, 1869, Sigma Nu, Virginia 
 Military Institute, 1869. These twenty-five fraternities, 
 together with one other, Phi Sigma Kappa, founded at the 
 Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873, had the field 
 practically to themselves for more than thirty years, but 
 the twentieth century is giving evidence of renewed acti- 
 vity in founding fraternities, for the year 1901 alone gave 
 birth to three new societies that have made a place for 
 themselves already, — Omega Pi Alpha and Delta Sigma 
 Fhi founded at the College of the City of New York and 
 Sigma Phi Epsilon established at Richmond. Alpha Chi 
 Rho, founded at Trinity College, also came into promi- 
 nence about this same time. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 13 
 
 When opportunities for collegiate training became a 
 possibility for women it was but natural, especially in the 
 coeducational institutions, that college girls should be 
 anxious fo enjoy the manifest advantages that member- 
 ship in these secret organizations secured. It was not sur- 
 prising, then, to find that one-third of the existing sorori- 
 ties were founded at coeducational colleges within three 
 years after the admission of women. The first secret soci- 
 ety for women, so far as is known, was the Adelphean, 
 founded at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., in 185 1, which 
 chan^d "rts~hafhe to the Alpha Delta Phi Sorority in 1905. 
 A similar club was the Philomathean, which was organized 
 in 1852, and which became Phi Mu in 1904. Both were sus- 
 pended for a few years during the Civil War owing to the 
 closing of the institution. The oldest secret organization 
 to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to the present day 
 was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira College in 1856. 
 This was followed ten years later by Phi Mu at the same 
 college. Neither of these societies began life with Greek 
 names, but the change was made very early in their his- 
 tory. The first national organization, or sorority, was the 
 I. C. Sorosis, founded at Monmouth College in 1867 and 
 known since 1888 as Phi Beta Phi. The first sorority to 
 bear a Greek name was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded at 
 De Pauw University in 1870. The establishment of Kap- 
 pa Kappa Gamma in this same year at Monmouth College, 
 of Alpha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of Delta 
 Gamma at Louis Institute, — a boarding school for girls 
 
14 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State University, in Janu- 
 ary, 1874, of Gamman Phi Beta at Syracuse University 
 and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November of that 
 sam.e year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at Wellesley in 
 1876, show how simultaneous and spontaneous was the de- 
 velopment of the fraternity idea among college women in 
 different sections of the countr\'. There is no doubt that 
 numerous similar organizations existed in other colleges, 
 for sorority records show a number of instances where 
 such societies applied for charters and became enrolled as 
 chapters of the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal 
 growth of the latter and the rise of the more recent soror- 
 ities can be readily accounted for by the rapid increase in 
 matriculation. 
 
 Of the twelve Greek-Letter societies established prior 
 to 1880 and in existence today, all but three, Kappa Sigma 
 and Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have 
 established chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kap- 
 pa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma 
 were anything more than local organizations at that date. 
 Alpha Phi established its second chapter at Northwestern 
 in 1881, Gamma Phi Beta, its second at the University of 
 Michigan in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at 
 Wesleyan University in 1893, but this became extinct after 
 an existence of ten years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly 
 thirty years before granting its first charter to petitioners 
 at Boston University in 1904. Alpha Delta Phi remained 
 a local for almost fifty-four years. The fact that barely 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 15 
 
 twenty chapters established between 1870 and 1880 have 
 had an unbroken existence is a striking proof of the gener- 
 al disfavor with which the higher education of women was 
 regarded in its experimental stage. The establishment of 
 sixty-three vigorous chapters during the next decade 
 shows conclusively that the experiment was a success and 
 that the sorority idea was becoming firmly entrenched. 
 The granting of sixty charters to college petitioners be- 
 tween 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the growing pop- 
 ularity of collegiate training for women. The fact that 
 sixty-six college chapters have been established within the 
 last half decade and that many new sororities have come 
 into prominence within that same period would indicate 
 tha't the twentieth century is extending the heartiest kind 
 of welcome to the sorority as well as to the college girl. 
 
 One interesting phase in the evolution of the system 
 has been the organization of special sororities by musical 
 and medical students. Though by no means affecting 
 such large numbers of matriculates, they are solving the 
 same problems that confront the literary sororities, es- 
 pecially along the line of providing opportunities for the 
 growth of congenial friendships. The simple social life 
 that these organizations make a possibility is a great boon 
 to those who are in a measure shut out from active parti- 
 cipation in tke general college life that centres about the 
 academic departments of the large universities. 
 
i6 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 Of the eighteen sororities having one or more chap- 
 ters in colleges of the highest rank, two, Pi Beta Phi and 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma, have over thirty chapters. These 
 and three others, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Delta Delta 
 and Chi Omega, each with more than twenty chapters, 
 are found in all sections of the countrv^ Delta Gamma, 
 though by birth a Southern sorority, has now no chapter 
 south of Mason and Dixon's line. Alpha Delta Phi has 
 confined itself to the South for more than half a century. 
 In addition to this there are three sororities that are at 
 present essentially Southern, Kappa Delta, Sigma Sigma 
 Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, all organized at the Virginia 
 State Normal School. Virginia has always been noted as 
 a fraternity stronghold and w^as the birthplace of seven 
 fraternities. Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Tau Omega, Southern 
 Kappa Alpha, Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Nu 
 and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Until 1893, when Randolph-Ma- 
 con Woman's College was opened, no provision had been 
 made by Virginia for the higher education of her daugh- 
 ters. Indeed until the Normal School was opened in 1884 
 there was not a scientific laboratory in the entire state ac- 
 cessible to women. Presenting, then, for nine years, the 
 only opportunity for advanced work it is not strange that 
 this school attracted a superior class of students, many of 
 them daughters of professors in the colleges of the state 
 and consequently in touch with the fraternity idea since 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 17 
 
 -early childhood. Therefore the establishment of these 
 three secret societies was in no wise a peculiar circum- 
 stance, but simply a natural outcome of the wide-spread 
 -activity of the fraternities among the men of Virginia. 
 Owing to the fact that coeducation is not so popular in 
 the South as in the Middle West, which has always been 
 the sorority stronghold, opportunities for extension were 
 naturally limited and some of the earlier charter grants 
 were made to institutions below collegiate rank. It is 
 generally understood, however, that this is only a tempor- 
 ary arrangement and that these chapters will be retained 
 ■only until such time as the sororities are strong enough to 
 dispense with them. Zeta Tau Alpha, at its convention in 
 June, 1906, was the first to raise its standards by dropping 
 from its roll all chapters not located at colleges. A fourth 
 society founded at the Virginia State Normal School, Al- 
 pha Sigma Alpha, has as yet placed no chapters above the 
 seminary rank, but it is doubtless only a question of time 
 when all these essentially Southern orders will have chap- 
 i;er rolls that will compare favorably with those of the 
 -older sororities. Alpha Omicron Pi, founded in the North, 
 "has strangely enough half of its chapters in the South. Al- 
 pha Xi Delta, founded in Illinois, and Sigma Kappa, 
 founded in Maine, have both called attention to them- 
 selves by the rapidity with which they have recently 
 -placed branches at considerable distance from the parent 
 chapter. No student of the sorority system could fail to 
 notice the remarkable similarity in the case of Alpha Phi 
 
1 8 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 and Gamma Phi Beta as regards birthplace, age, mono- 
 gram badge and chapter roll. 
 
 EXTENSION. 
 
 Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled 
 in the colleges of the United States is twice that of the 
 women. Exclusive of professional societies, which have 
 no real bearing on the case in point, the fraternities are 
 twice as numerous as the sororities. When, however, it 
 comes to a question of the relative number of chapters, 
 statistics show that there are four fraternity chapters to 
 every sorority chapter, even when local societies at the 
 women's colleges that are unfriendly to the national soror- 
 ity idea are counted in the total number. The natural in- 
 ference would be that the sorority is not so popular with 
 college women as the fraternity is with college men. Any- 
 one, however, who knows how many local societies have 
 petitions before the sororities is aware how very far from 
 true such an inference would be. A certain proportion of 
 these petitions, to be sure, has come from colleges which 
 have not reached the standards set by the leading univer- 
 sities of the country and which, therefore, will fail to meet 
 the first requirements of the largest and most popular 
 sororities, but, even when these applications are omitted 
 from the list, enough remain so that it would not be a 
 very difficult matter for the sororities to double their chap- 
 ter rolls by accession from colleges that have been ad- 
 mitted by common consent to be eligible to consideration. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 19 
 
 Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus 
 of a national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere 
 from two to ten years for recognition from some well- 
 known sorority. They reason that while they stand alone 
 they have only themselves to consider, whereas if they 
 w^ere to place chapters of their own organization in other 
 colleges, they would lose the local prestige that comes 
 from having a petition before a famous sorority and would 
 have to meet their rivals as a chapter of a weak society. 
 Confident of securing the coveted charter by patience and 
 persistency and of acquiring, thereby, the reputation that 
 would come to them as a branch of some famous order, 
 they continue to keep their petition before the sorority 
 of their choice, even after they have been assured repeated- 
 ly of the impossibility of a charter grant and have been 
 advised to apply elsewhere. Deference to the wishes of 
 their alumnae and consideration for their own immediate 
 welfare in the matter of rushing determine to a large 
 degree their attitude in this matter. 
 
 There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, 
 at some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous 
 independent colleges for women. The high standards, the 
 large enrolment, two things that mean plenty of good 
 sorority material, have always proved very attractive to 
 organizations that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to 
 have their chapter rolls stand for the best in education. 
 Two independent colleges for women, Baltimore and Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, and several affiliated colleges, Newcomb, 
 
20 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 Barnard, Middlebury and Brown admit national sororities,.- 
 but up to the present time the big colleges, Vassar, Wel- 
 lesley, Smith, Bryn Mawr and Mt. Holyoke, and severat 
 smaller ones, 'as well as one affiliated. Western Reserve, 
 are closed to these organizations, though a number have 
 local secret societies. This condition of affairs is in part 
 due to faculty decision and in part to student indifference. 
 When local secret societies are fostered, there is a feeling 
 perhaps on the part of the administration that this particu- 
 lar kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates 
 an esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. 
 There is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by de- 
 manding allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines 
 and holding conventions, may weaken the interest in the 
 alma mater. This is a fallacy. The sororities always do- 
 arouse interest in other colleges and in the whole move- 
 ment for the higher education of women, in the problems 
 that confront college girls, problems that faculties have 
 not solved and are not solving, that college girls alone can 
 solve, but they do not weaken any student's interest in 
 her own college. When she meets her sisters from other 
 universities, be it at convention or in the alumnae associ- 
 ation, in public or in private, she knows she is always 
 looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is m.ore 
 than anxious by conversation and deportment to show her 
 college in a creditable light. From various sources she 
 learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, 
 what new inspirations have come to do better and broader 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 21 
 
 work, and she returns to her own chapter, to her own col- 
 lege, to praise where praise is due and where censure or 
 improvement is needed, to seek through her own chapter 
 and rival chapters to effect the necessary reforms. To be- 
 lieve there is only one college in the world, that this col- 
 lege is above reproach and incapable of improvement, is 
 snobbishness. To see weaknesses in one's alma mater, to 
 strengthen it by every means within one's power, to guard 
 its interests jealously, this is loyalty. No one is so genu- 
 inely or so generously interested in her college as the so- 
 rority girl, no one has the opportunities that the sorority 
 girl has to compare her own college with others. There 
 may be a fcAv colleges, having chapters of the national so- 
 rorities, that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close in- 
 vestigation will show that this lack is not due to the pres- 
 ence of the fraternities, but to other causes. 
 
 A university located in the heart of a large city finds 
 it very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit 
 that is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college 
 situated in a village. The city university draws its stud- 
 ents to a large extent from the towns within a radius of 
 twenty-five miles. The marked improvements recently 
 made in the matter of cheap and quick transit render it 
 possible for m^any of the students to live at home during 
 their entire college course. The hurried entrance upon the 
 work of the day, the hasty exit after recitations in order to 
 catch a train, the absence of dormitories, the lack of suit- 
 able boarding places in the congested districts of a large 
 
22 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 metropolis for the few who are forced to find temporary 
 lodgm.ent, the distractions and fascinations of a large city, 
 the general indiii'erence of the greater part of the citizens, 
 are all potent agencies that work constantly against any 
 very strong growth of college spirit. These same ele- 
 ments make it exceedingly difficult for the city university 
 to have a satisfactory social life, always a great help in 
 the development of a strong esprit de corps. Sorority life 
 under these conditions is not without its drawbacks. Even- 
 ing chapter meetings are entirely out of the question and 
 those in the afternoon can seldom be arranged so as not 
 to interfere with train schedules or the convenience of 
 those micmbers whose recitations are all in the morning. 
 
 The college or university in the small town, on the 
 other hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, 
 property owners and tradesmen and there is a marked 
 local pride taken in everything that interests the students. 
 They are people of importance in the village because of 
 their association with the college, and since everybody 
 thinks there is but one college in the whole world, they be- 
 gin to think so too and develop immediately a very proper 
 and lasting interest in the alma mater. With domito- 
 ries, halls of residence, fraternity and sorority houses on or 
 near the campus, with boarding places and faculty houses 
 within easy reach, it is possible for such a college to have 
 a very delightful social life and to foster all sorts of student 
 enterprises. Under such conditions fraternity and soror- 
 ity life comes very near to being ideal, an interest that is 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 23 
 
 second only to that felt for the college itself. 
 
 Those who have studied deeply into fraternity condi- 
 tions understand how very difficult it is to build up strong 
 chapters in colleges that have no dormitory system or that 
 have an enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the 
 home of Radclifife and Harvard, will furnish illustration for 
 both of these points. Radcliffe, with very little domitory 
 accommodation, draws its students largely from nearby 
 cities and towns, and so much time is consumed in transit 
 between the home and the college there is practically none 
 left for the fostering of the life-long friendships that are 
 such a valuable product of community life. Harvard, on 
 the other hand, with its hundreds of students, its numer- 
 ous dormitories, its almost inexhaustible supply of board- 
 ing houses, has never been found favorable ground for the 
 planting of fraternity chapters. A very few to exist, but 
 they are hampered by many difficulties. In the first place 
 the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and the college itself 
 offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity finds few op- 
 portunities to fill spare moments with interest. Again, 
 with the large entering classes and the elective syhiem 
 governing studies, there is but slight class cohesion and 
 very little chance for upper class people to become well 
 acquainted with the freshmen. Similar conditions exist 
 at Yale with very similar results. 
 
 It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large 
 colleges for women would present the same problems as 
 Harvard and Yale. The life of these institutions is al- 
 
24 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 ready very complex. Every minute of a girl's spare time, 
 every cent of her allowance, is spoken for many times over. 
 The freshman class, moreover, by reason of its large en- 
 rolment would present innumerable difficulties in any at- 
 tempt to become acquainted with the individual members 
 or to study them with a view to discovering their pos- 
 sibilities as good sorority material. Elections would neces- 
 sarily have to be postponed and as a result the chapter 
 would tend to become a class society as did Alpha Delta 
 Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi at 
 Yale, and toward which condition the local societies at 
 Wellesley, Smith and Mt. Holyoke are surely tending. 
 It remains for the future to show whether the great num- 
 bers at present unprovided for by these local clubs will 
 establish similar organizations or appeal to the sororities 
 for charters. New local societies, to be sure, would lack 
 the prestige that the older ones have and which the sor- 
 oritis could furnish. The all important question, of course, 
 with the sororities will be whether the large class soci- 
 ety would be favorable to the best development of the 
 sorority idea and ideal. The sorority idea means close 
 friendship fostered by long association in common inter- 
 ests. The sorority ideal is the symmetrically developed 
 v/oman, the result of close confidence and lasting friend- 
 ships with a few congenial spirits. 
 
 A generation ago the sororities would have been glad 
 to enter these colleges and succeeding years would have 
 seen the number of chapters keeping pace with the m- 
 
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. 25 
 
 crease in matriculation. Today any well-known sorority 
 would think twice before entering, even though assured 
 of a hearty welcome on the part of the administration. 
 
 STANDARDS. 
 
 The Inter- Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a na- 
 tional sorority as one having at least five chapters, all 
 of them at institutions of collegiate rank. No definition 
 of ''collegiate rank" was attempted by the Conference and 
 indeed there is no organization whose decision could be 
 taken as official and final. Inasmuch as the United States 
 exercises no federal control over the schools of the coun- 
 try, there is no national system of education and no 
 national board of education to determine what particular 
 kind or amount of work shall constitute a college or uni- 
 versity. In the Annual Reports of the Department of the 
 Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education 
 puts all universities, colleges and technological schools, 
 with the exception of those admitting women only, in one 
 group without any attempt at classification. There is 
 much interesting information to be gleaned from these re- 
 ports concerning the valuation of the real estate and ap- 
 paratus of the different colleges and concerning the regis- 
 tration and faculty, but little to show that some of the five 
 hundred are doing higher grade work than others. It is 
 left to the student of college data to make his own deduc- 
 tions and the most natural inference is that a large endow- 
 ment, a large corps of professors, a large registration, 
 
26 The Evolution of the Sorority system. 
 
 mean high standards, but conclusions from these premises 
 alone are not necessarily correct. As has been already 
 stated, conditions in the case of the colleges for women 
 are somewhat different. Here the Commissioner has made 
 two groups. Just what is the basis of decision is not 
 stated, but Baltimore, Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Elmira, Mills, 
 Mt. Holyoke, Newcomb, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, 
 Rockford, Smith, Trinity, Vassar, VVellesley and Wells 
 are put in the A class, while the colleges for women con- 
 nected with Brown and Western Reserve are included in 
 the reports of coeducational colleges, though they are 
 quite distinct organizations. 
 
 Thirty-five years ago when sororities were in their in- 
 fancy the problem of extensions was a serious one and a 
 number of charters were granted to institutions but little 
 higher in grade than the modern seminary. The last 
 quarter century, however, has witnessed great advances 
 in the movement for the higher education of women. In 
 order that the standards of the different sororities may be 
 of the highest, it is imperative that great care should be 
 taken tc place new chapters only at such colleges and 
 uPxiversities as are known to be of high grade. To this 
 end the Inter-Sorority Conference has decided not to re- 
 cognize any order until its chapter roll meets certain re- 
 quirements. 
 
 One organization that has done much to determine 
 what the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Associa- 
 tion of Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 27 
 
 in November, 1881, by seventeen college women, repre- 
 senting twelve colleges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae 
 of different institutions for practical educational work. 
 Later by reason of the limitations placed upon admission, 
 it came to be recognized as standing for the maintenance 
 of high standards of education. No college applying for 
 membership in the body corporate is examined unless it 
 has fifty women graduates and an endowment of $500,000. 
 A preparatory department under the government or in- 
 struction of the college faculty is also a bar. Great stress 
 is laid upon the educational qualifications of the corps of 
 instruction, the average available income and the value of 
 the equipment of the institution for the work it under- 
 takes. The colleges now on the list number twenty-four, 
 seventeen coeducational, Boston, California, Chicago, 
 Cornell, Illinois, Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. In- 
 stitute of Technology, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
 Nebraska, Northwestern, Oberlin, Syracuse, Wesleyan, 
 Wisconsin, four independent, Bryn Mawr, Smith, Vassar, 
 Wellesley and three affiliated, Barnard, Radcliffe, Wes- 
 tern Reserve. 
 
 A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., 
 in 1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, 
 which was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in 
 Northern colleges. Its object is "to unite college women 
 in the South for the promotion of higher education for 
 women ; to raise the standard of education for women : to 
 develop preparatory schools, and to define the line of 
 
28 The Evolution of the Sorority system. 
 
 demarcation between preparatory schools and colleges." 
 The corporate members are all colleges recognized by the 
 Association of Collegiate Alumnae and by the Southern 
 Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools, and fur- 
 thermore any other college that the Association considers 
 to be of the same rank as the aforesaid. The association 
 hopes eventually to do work very similar to that done by 
 its Northern prototype, but at present it feels that it 
 should devote m^ost of its thought to educational problems 
 of the South. 
 
 Another agency that is making for uniform standards 
 is the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta 
 Kappa means that the institution receiving it has met the 
 requirements as to organization, equipment, financial 
 standing, faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance ex- 
 aminations demanded by a body of men who are well qual- 
 ified by training and experience to decide what the word 
 college should mean. It does not always follow that a 
 college is below grade because it has no chapter of Phi 
 Beta Kappa. It is only recently that this honorary soci- 
 ety began to become really representative and some well- 
 known colleges have not awakened to the need or mean- 
 ing of a charter grant. Notable examples of this are Bryn 
 Alawr and Illinois on the list of the Association of Col- 
 legiate Alumnae and Illinois and Indiana on the roll of 
 Sigma Xi. 
 
 It is interesting to note that of the two hundred and 
 sixty-two chapters accredited to the eighteen literary 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 29 
 
 sororities, one hundred and fifty-three, or sixty per cent are 
 in colleges honored by Phi Beta Kappa or Phi Kappa Phi. 
 Of the 109 chapters located at other institutions, 17 belong 
 to Pi Beta Phi, 12 to Kappa Kappa Gamma, 10 to Kappa 
 Delta, 9 to Chi Omega, 8 to Sigma Sigma Sigma, Alpha 
 Xi Delta and Kappa Alpha Theta, 7 to Delta Delta Delta, 
 6 to Alpha Delta Phi, Delta Gamma, and Zeta Tau Alpha, 
 4 to Alpha Chi Omega, 3 to Alpha Omicron Pi and Sig- 
 ma Kappa, 2 to Gamma Phi Beta, i to Alpha Phi. A care- 
 ful study of these figures will show that the higher num- 
 bers belong to the oldest and largest societies or else to 
 the youngest. There can be no question that another 
 decade will show a marked improvement in this particular, 
 for many colleges at present on the sorority rolls and with- 
 out honorary societies will receive charter grants. Their 
 standards even now will meet the requirements. In many 
 cases it is only a question of petitioning Phi Beta Kappa 
 six months before the national convention. 
 
 Among other forces at work to secure a unification of 
 standards in the college entrance examinations may be 
 mentioned the New England Association of Colleges and 
 Preparatory Schools, the Association of Colleges and Pre- 
 paratory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland, the 
 Association of the Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the 
 Southern States and the North Central Association of 
 Colleges and Secondary Schools. 
 
30 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The supreme governing body of the sororities is the- 
 National Convention which meets annuallly or biennially, 
 but in order that important questions requiring immediate 
 decision may receive attention during the interim, it is 
 customary for the sororities to place a certain amount of 
 legislative, judicial and executive power in the hands of a 
 tew members who are responsible to the succeeding, 
 convention for their acts and who constitute what is 
 known as the Grand Council, the Executive Committee, 
 or the Grand Lodge, as the case may be. The number of 
 members elected for this purpose differs somewhat in the 
 different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a 
 Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, 
 an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in 
 seven cases. Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Gamma 
 Phi Beta, Kappa Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Sigma Kappa 
 and Alpha Delta Phi, the Editor is not ranked as a member 
 of the executive staff. These five officers are usually suf- 
 ficient for a small sorority, but where the chapter roll 
 numbers more than twenty, the task of welding so many 
 separate units into a harmonious whole becomes a serious 
 problem. Hence it has come to pass that the older and 
 larger sororities have found it necessary to create new of- 
 fices in order that no member of the executive staff may 
 have more work than she can accomplish satisfactorily 
 and in order that every phase of fraternity development 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 31 
 
 may receive its due share of attention. The sororities are 
 tending more and more toward retaining for longer periods 
 than the usual interim of two years between conventions 
 those officers who show special ability along certain lines. 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, 
 historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. 
 Gamma Phi Beta has a well-defined policy of advancing 
 her officers each year. The governing board consists of 
 one member from each alumnae chapter and as each presi- 
 dent retires, the chapter that she has represented elects 
 some one who takes her place at the foot of the line and 
 works up through the various offices. Delta Gamma's 
 method is to elect its executive staff for a term of four 
 years, the election of the president and treasurer alternat- 
 ing with that of the vice-president and secretary. Each 
 convention designates the chapters from which the new 
 officers are to come and these chapters elect the officers 
 for the ensuing term. The editor is frequently re-elected 
 several times. Alpha Phi's plan of choosing officers, first 
 from one section of the country and then from another, 
 has much to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi has paid 
 its four founders a great tribute in making them life mem- 
 bers of the Grand Council. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, 
 those that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued 
 for members only. To the first class belong the magazines. 
 
32 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 the catalogues or directories, the song books, the his- 
 tories and the calendars. Among the secret issues are the- 
 constitutions, convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 
 
 The magazines are usually quarterlies and devotc 
 most of their space to reports from chapters and person- 
 als about alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each 
 editor endeavors to keep her subscribers informed of all 
 that is passing in the fraternity world. The years be- 
 tween 1870 and 1880 are noteworthy as marking the period 
 during which a great impulse was given to fraternity 
 journalism by the publication of magazines by many of 
 the men's orders. The sororities were quick to see the 
 advantages that such issues had and the next decade 
 saw five in the field, — ''The Golden Key" of Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma in 1882, ''The Arrow" of Pi Beta Phi, "The Kap- 
 pa Alpha Theta" in 1885 and "The Alpha Phi Quarterly" 
 in 1888. Delta Delta Delta followed with "The Trident" 
 in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega with "The Lyre" in 1896 and 
 Chi Omega with "The Eleusis" in 1899. The last six 
 years have brought out "The Crescent" of Gamma Phi 
 Beta, "The Alpha Xi Delta," "Themis of Zeta Tau Al- 
 pha," "The Angelos" of Kappa Delta, "The Triangle" 
 of Sigma Sigma Sigma, " to Dragma" of Alpha Omicron 
 Pi, "Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book," "The Beta Sigma 
 Omicron," "The Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine," "The 
 Triangle of Sigma Kappa," and "The Adelphean" of Al- 
 pha Delta Phi. 
 
 Catalogues, or directories, have always been found 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 33 
 
 very useful and have been issued with more or less fre- 
 quency by all the sororities. The simple ones give merely 
 the names and adresses of the members, but it is usual 
 to find them well supplied with valuable historical data, 
 the location and time of founding of each active and al- 
 umnae chapter, lists of present and past grand officers, 
 chapter officers and statistical reports. The older and lar- 
 ger sororities find it a somewhat difficult task to compile 
 their directories, and three of them. Kappa Alpha Theta, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta have estab- 
 lished card catalogues. The cards are sent out periodically 
 with the request that the members return them to the 
 cataloguer after answering the printed questions. It is 
 possible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of ac- 
 cuurate information, much of which is of permanent value.. 
 
 Song books have been published by all the large so- 
 rorities and most of them are handsome volumes, filled 
 v^ith bright music and spirited poems, many of which 
 possess distinct literary merit. 
 
 All the sororities of prominence have established 
 archives and the majority of them have an officer whose 
 duty it is to collect and arrange historical data. When- 
 ever historical matter has been given to the public it has 
 usually appeared in some issue of the magazine, which is 
 known henceforth as The Historical Number. Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma issued a small pamphlet in 1903 for the use 
 of its members and for distribution among its friends. The 
 history of Delta Delta Delta, brought out in 1907, was the 
 
34 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 first and, up to the present time, the only elaborate at- 
 tempt in book form. 
 
 None of the sororities have authorized official calen- 
 dars, but a number of chapters and individuals have pub- 
 lished very attractive issues that in addition to serving as 
 appropriate souvenirs have possessed considerable his- 
 torical and literary value. 
 
 Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins 
 and Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of 
 any one who is not a member, so little is known of them 
 by outsiders. It is not unusual, however, for members 
 of different sororities, especially when friends or relatives, 
 to discuss the common problems that confront the differ- 
 ent organizations. In this way it is possible for those 
 who are deeply interested in. the advancement of the so- 
 rority idea to secure a very fair knowledge of the policies 
 and regulations of the various organizations as laid down 
 in the different constitutions. 
 
 Convention Reports are not guarded with any great 
 care and on many occasions very important decisions have 
 been made public through discussions in the magazines. 
 From the historical numbers one may glean information 
 concerning the successive steps in all the great move- 
 ments and changes of policies. The older and larger a 
 sorority becomes, the more likely it is to discuss freely 
 and publish widely much of what it actually has done, 
 what it is doing and what it expects to do. The system of 
 exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly in Boston 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 35 
 
 in 1891, practiced occasionally before that time by broad- 
 minded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the 
 present day, has done much to develop a marked similari- 
 ty in general policies. 
 
 Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by 
 many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the 
 amount of routine correspondence is appalling where any 
 attempt is made to secure marked intensive growth in a 
 long roll of chapters. Secret issues afford great relief to 
 overworked officials, place matter demanding immedi- 
 ate attention before all the chapters at the same time and 
 create a reference library that is of incalculable benefit to 
 the chapters themselves. To Chi Omega belongs the 
 honor of issuing the first secret sorority magazine. Its 
 Mystagogue appeared in 1905. Delta Delta Delta was a 
 close second with its Triton in 1906. The advantages of 
 such an organ, issued at definite and stated times, over 
 the occasional bulletin are too manifest to require a men- 
 tion. 
 
 ALUMNAE ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch 
 with the active work of the sorority and to provide con- 
 genial associations for them is one of the more recent 
 ideas that make for intensive growth. The prestige and 
 dignity given by a strong body of alumnae in addition to 
 the financial backing afforded will more than repay any 
 society for the labor expended in lookmg out for the in- 
 
36 The Evolution of the Sorority system. 
 
 terests of the excollegio members. Strange to say, these 
 numerous advantages were not recognized by the oldest 
 sororities very early in their careers. 
 
 Phi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing alumnae 
 associations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed 
 until 1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privi- 
 leges of active' chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 
 the Alumnae Association was organized under a consti- 
 tution of its own and had the right to hold conventions at 
 the same time and place as the active chapters. In 1901 
 a marked change in policy was made and the entire work 
 along this line was given over to the Grand Vice-Presi- 
 dent. Alumnae clubs may send representatives to the 
 convention if they choose and these delegates have a voice 
 but no vote. The Alumnae Association as a whole has 
 one delegate and when possible she is the Alumnae Editor 
 of "The Arrow." 
 
 Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea imme- 
 diately, probably because conditions were not favorable 
 to its dissemination. The magazine was in embyro, ex- 
 changes unknown. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by 
 the establishment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it 
 has never permitted any association to exist that is not 
 the direct outgrowth of an active chapter. Each is given 
 representation in the national convention. 
 
 Delta Gamma was the third sorority to organize 
 groups of alumnae and is unique in having two kinds, one 
 called alumnae chapters, the other alumnae associations. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 37 
 
 The former possess a charter, pay dues and have a vote in 
 convention. 
 
 Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at 
 its very inception for the organization of Alliances as it 
 terms its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a 
 special constitution for them and a special ritual called 
 The- Circle Degree, by taking which graduates become 
 eligible to membership in an Alliance. The first was 
 formed in August, 1892. For a number of years only 
 graduates were permitted to take the higher degree, but 
 the convention of 1900 modified this policy somewhat, so 
 that it is now possible occasionally for an ex-member to 
 become associated with an Alliance. Special provision is 
 made at the national convention for an Alliance session 
 and representation in the undergraduate section as well. 
 The Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer who 
 has charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desira- 
 bility of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated 
 the matter vgiorously in their magazine, but the idea re- 
 ceived no encouragement from the active membership. A 
 group of Chicago alumnae, who were in charge of the 
 sorority's exhibit at the World's Fair, petitioned the Con- 
 vention of 1892 for a charter. After prolonged and heated 
 discussion the vote was finally carried, but as the alumnae 
 found the requirements of a chapter burdensome they re- 
 turned their charter in 1896. A few other associations and 
 clubs were organized after this, but it was not until the 
 
38 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 Convention of 1902 that this sorority as a whole recogn- 
 ized the need or importance of providing for its alumnae. 
 At that time the work was put into the hands of the of- 
 ficers' deputies and the growth has been phenomenal. At 
 the Convention of 1906 a national organization of the 
 alumnae association was effected under the control of 
 three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and 
 treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations 
 at convention for the transaction of business of special in- 
 terest to alumnae. 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae 
 in December, 1892, and has always given the associations 
 all the privileges of the active chapters. 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for 
 alumnae associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but 
 in that year the Alpha Alumnae was organized at Green- 
 castle, Ind. The associations at present number fourteen 
 and are named alphabetically in ordef of founding regard- 
 less of location, so, except in the case of the first, the 
 names of the associations are different from the active 
 chapters with which they are allied, a method that seems 
 a trifle confusing when it is customary to name the groups 
 from the cities in which they are located or from the chap- 
 ters with which they are affiliated. 
 
 Chi Omega gives a vote to every alumna attending 
 convention. Charters are granted to alumnae chapters on 
 practically the same conditions as those to college petition- 
 ers and examinations are required of them as of the ac- 
 tive chapters. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority system. 39 
 
 CHAPTER HOUSES. 
 
 The chapter house movement among sororities is a 
 rather recent one, and has come about quite naturally, 
 because at many colleges the houses of the men's fraternit- 
 ies are a conspicuous feature of the student life. Many 
 faculties have fostered the development of the fraternity 
 house idea because it relieved them of the necessity of pro- 
 viding accommodations for a large number of students, 
 and, to a certain extent, of the supervision of the inmates, 
 but not all have been ready to accord the same privileges 
 to the sorority girls, and dormitory life or residence with 
 relatives is still insisted upon at certain universities. The 
 city university, drawing its material largely from the im- 
 mediate environs, offers but little or no opportunity for 
 the sorority house, though it is not unusual for chapters 
 at such colleges to have suites of rooms which provide 
 ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or 
 study, passing the night after some college function, or 
 offering informal entertainment to members or friends. 
 
 Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1889 when it erected 
 a chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters 
 were quick to see the advantages of such a course and 
 many now have hom^es which they ov/n wholly or in part. 
 
 PAN - HELLENISM. 
 
 The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time 
 when the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa 
 
40 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 Gamma secured permission from the convention as- 
 sembled at Bloomington, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the 
 other sororities to meet in convention at Boston. The 
 proposed work, as set forth in "The Key," was to be that 
 of recommendation only, the reports to be adopted or 
 rejected as each sorority should decide. An attempt, 
 however, was to be made, "To secure (i) uniformity of 
 inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) co-operation in purchasing 
 fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased 
 security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan 
 for the World's Fair, (4) uniformity in the dates of the 
 fraternity publications, (5) inter-chapter co-operation and 
 etiquette." 
 
 A careful reading of the report of that first inter- 
 sorority convention, which is given verbatim in practically 
 all sorority magazines of that time, will show how earnest 
 and enthusiastic were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how 
 much might have been accomplished had the work con- 
 tinued without interruption. The probable reason for the 
 failure of a movement so auspiciously begun may be 
 found in the fact that there was no city at which repre- 
 sentatives from all the sororities could meet convenient- 
 ly. Though the value of the work accomplished appealed 
 to all, the expense incidental to providing entertainment 
 for the official delegates during such a session probably 
 deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 41 
 
 THE CONGRESS OF FRATERNITIES. 
 
 Beginning in the Spring of 1892, representatives ap- 
 pointed by all the sororities and a large number of the 
 fraernities held monthly meetings in Chicago for the pur- 
 pose of securing space and arranging a fraternity exhibit 
 at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. All the 
 sororities were heartily in favor of the idea, but as only 
 half of the fraternities took any active interest in the mat- 
 ter, the unique and interesting plan of the Pan-Hellenic 
 Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity congress 
 was substituted with one-half day given to the fraternities, 
 another half day to the Greek Press and a third half day 
 to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves were 
 most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were 
 present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent 
 value was accomplished, though for some months after- 
 wards the different magazines gave considerable space to 
 the discussion of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The 
 time, however, was not yet ripe for any concerted action 
 and the matter languished after the first flush of enthusi- 
 asm had passed. { 
 
 THE INTER-SORORITY CONFERENCES. 
 
 It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, 
 '95-'97, Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900- '02, that the 
 inspiration came to reopen the agitation for a saner deal- 
 ing with the problem of rushing. As a result of her corres- 
 pondence with the president of six other leading sorori- 
 
42 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 ties, it was learned that the grand president of Kappa Kap- 
 pa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta had been conferring up- 
 on this very subject and that the Chicago Alumnae of Kap- 
 pa Alpha Theta had placed a petition before its grand coun- 
 cil asking that the sororities be invited to consider some 
 means of reform in rushing. With such a general senti- 
 ment in favor of correcting evils and securing hearty co- 
 operation along various lines of endeavor, Mrs. Whitney 
 was encouraged to call the first Inter- Sorority Conference, 
 which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, and which was the 
 beginning of annual meetings presided over by each soror- 
 ity in turn in the order of founding. All of the five con- 
 ferences have been more or less recommendatory, yet 
 each has had certain definite characteristics that dis- 
 tinguish it from the others. They may be classified as 
 tentative, suggestive, directive, legislative and authorita- 
 tive. 
 
 The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of dele- 
 gates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kap- 
 pa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta 
 and Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future 
 operations by submitting a set of motions of which it ap- 
 proved to the diflferent sororities represented in the Con- 
 ference. Although the meeting did not result in any inter- 
 sorority compact, since all the sororities were not un- 
 animously in favor of the recommendations submitted, yet 
 much advance was made in providing for annual confer- 
 ences. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 43 
 
 The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega 
 and Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hel- 
 lenic Associations at every college where two or more 
 national sororities existed and urged sorority girls to 
 take an active part in such college organizations as were 
 intended for the good of all. Of four recommendations 
 submitted to the sororities, two were unanimously ac- 
 cepted during the succeeding year and so the first definite 
 gain was made in an agreement not to pledge prior to 
 matriculation. 
 
 The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta and 
 decided upon the order of rotation in office. It also de- 
 fined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the 
 sororities to insist that these organizations should not 
 merely promote good feeling and social intercourse, but 
 that they should make earnest efforts to improve stand- 
 ards aftd remove evils. The conference also took up the 
 problem of social service, recommended the establishment 
 of Women's Leagues, made preparations to form a Bureau 
 of Comparative Legislation and raised the question of the 
 advisability of asking that Deans of Women be appointed 
 in all coeducational colleges. 
 
 The Conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi 
 and defined a national sorority as one having at least five 
 chapters, all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition 
 to the great advance made by the Conference in adopting 
 a constitution and thus determining its own powers, it 
 provided for the drafting of a model constitution for 
 Women's Leagues. 
 
44 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
 
 The Conference of 1906 admitted Sigma Kappa and 
 remodelled the constitution of 1905, which had failed to 
 pass two Grand Presidents. It showed renewed interest 
 and activity in furthering the social service work and a 
 desire to co-operate with Deans of Women in the 
 amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in 
 the Pan-Hellenic work of the colleges, a model consti- 
 tution for Pan-Hellenics was approved and ordered printed 
 for distribution and arrangements made to intensify the 
 interest through the efforts of the visiting delegates. High 
 school sororities were condemned and the conference put 
 itself on record as proposing to use all its influence to 
 have them discountenanced. An investigation of the laws 
 of each state concerning the marking and wearing of 
 badges by unauthorized persons was instituted. 
 
 There is practically no limit to the valua'ble results 
 that may be attained through these annual conferences. 
 The regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though 
 of the highest importance in its salutary effect upon gen- 
 eral sorority standards, is yet but a small part of the work 
 that may be done. To understand something of the pos- 
 sibilities of the Inter-Sorority Conference, one need only 
 realize that the ex-collegio members of the sororities num- 
 ber 30,000 and that the Conference literature reaches at 
 least one-third of these through the various sorority mag- 
 azines. The active membership of 4500 is even more 
 vitally affected, and each Fall 2000 new initiates are 
 brought into touch with every movement that receives 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 45 
 
 the sanction of the Conference. Except to a very limited 
 degree, the college woman has been unable to have any- 
 marked influence upon the college after graduation. Dur- 
 ing her student days she has been obliged to follow the 
 lines laid down for her brother, and if life's experience 
 has shown her that college courses should be adapted more 
 peculiarly to her own needs, she has had little or no op- 
 portunity to say so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed 
 except to a very few, have had little weight. The As- 
 sociation of Collegiate Alumnae, to be sure, has deter- 
 mined certain important facts relative to the higher edu- 
 cation of women, but its work has 'been hampered by the 
 small, restricted, scattered membership. It lacks, more- 
 over, the vivifying touch that comes only with actual co- 
 operation with the undergraduate body of college girls. 
 The Inter-Sorority Conference is the only organization 
 that can bridge the chasm between college theories and 
 life's realities. Thus far it has confined its efforts to im- 
 proving social conditions. The larger opportunity of mak- 
 ing the college course a more vital force in the lives of 
 college women is still before it. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE MISSION OF THE SORORITY. 
 
 To determine whether the existence of the sorority as 
 a factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary 
 to understand what combination of circumstances called 
 it into being, what it has to its credit in the line of ac- 
 complishment, and what it is doing at the present time to 
 warrant its continuance. Begun as an experirr.ent at 
 Elmira half a century ago, and copied at Wellesley and 
 Smith shortly after these institutions were opened, the 
 Greek-Letter Society at the independent colleges for 
 women seems to have been established with the full sanc- 
 tion of the faculty, in the hope that it might serve to unite 
 in a common interest the most prominent members of the 
 student body. In the days when the elective system was 
 unknown, the lines of demarcation between the different 
 classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions 
 were not always conducive to the development of a prop- 
 er college spirit. By forming a nucleus around which 
 should cluster some of the most precious associations of 
 college life, the administration hoped to foster a strong 
 esprit de corps. Except to a very few of the students this 
 raison d'etre would scarcely appeal. To the majority of 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 47 
 
 v/omen in college thirty years ago, when so much stress 
 was laid upon Latin, Greek and Mathematics, the soci- 
 eties, by copying the methods of the popular lyceum of- 
 fered a much-prized opportunity for the study of the mas- 
 terpieces of modern literature and for the discussion of 
 questions of permanent or passing interest. Since the 
 development of a strong college spirit was the desidera- 
 tum in the formation of the societies, the originators gave 
 little heed to the possibilities that these organizations af- 
 forded for the cementing of college friendships. It is 
 rare indeed to find among their members the close bond of 
 sympathy so characteristic of the national sororities, in 
 spite of the fact that the two are practically alike as far 
 as secrecy is concerned. 
 
 In those colleges, however, where the administration 
 has decided upon coeducation, and where the men stu- 
 dents were often openly hostile to the movement to admit 
 women, the Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even 
 when founded at faculty suggestion, not infrequently took 
 on the nature of a protective league through which the 
 members endeavored by united action to secure recogni- 
 tion for themselves as a vital part of college life. Misun- 
 derstood in the classroom, shut out from participation in 
 the literary and debating societies organized by the men, 
 unrecognized in the social life that crystallized around the 
 fraternities, the few who were courageous enough to brave 
 outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in need of the 
 moral support that the sorority could give. From the 
 
48 The Mission of the Sorority. 
 
 close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial 
 sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a 
 potent factor during the college course and which, at the 
 same time, should lay the foundation for life-long friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Just how much the sorority did for the first genera- 
 tion of college girls in making their position secure and in 
 demonstrating their right to educational privileges equal 
 to those enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be 
 found in records, but there can be no doubt that the Greek- 
 Letter Society rendered valuable service to the cause of 
 higher education by encouraging members to complete 
 their college course and by influencing them to interest 
 other girls in what was for years an experiment, nay more, 
 an experiment that met with slight favor and scanty sup- 
 port from the general public. That the sorority did ce- 
 m.ent friendships there is ample evidence to prove, for the 
 earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled with 
 the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the en- 
 richment of their lives through the wealth of sympathetic 
 interest such friendships had bestowed J Only those who 
 have been blessed with true friendships can understand 
 how very barren and spiritless life would be without the 
 stimulus and zest they give. To be trusted, to be ap- 
 preciated, to be loved, makes possible the practically im- 
 possible, renders the joy of success more keen, the sting 
 of sorrow less poignant. 
 
 It was not, however, in these two important particu- 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 49 
 
 lars alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered pecu- 
 liar and efficient service. If there v^as any element of 
 danger in the higher education of women in the early days, 
 it lay in the fact that the pioneers were inclined to take 
 themselves and their work too seriously, to see life in a 
 false perspective under the influence of unusual condi- 
 tions. From the peril of such erroneous ideas as might 
 have been engendered by the impress of new and peculiar 
 circumstances, many a girl was rescued by her sorority. 
 As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. Within 
 the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal con- 
 editions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on 
 parade. She could be what she was, an essentially femin- 
 ine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be 
 sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted 
 -upon regarding her. The simple wholesome social life 
 that the sorority made a possiibility was conducive to 
 naturalness, feminine charm and womanly dignity. For 
 the first generation of college girls the sorority was prima- 
 rily a humanizing agency. 
 
 Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the 
 sorority as a protective league is long since past, its im- 
 portance as a prominent factor in the college life of to- 
 day is even greater than ever, for it touches vitally the 
 lives of hundreds where once it touched a score. Indis- 
 pensible as it still is in fostering friendships during the 
 years when a college girl is peculiarly in need of the close 
 companionship of those who will treat her with a mixture 
 
50 The Mission of the Sorority. 
 
 of charity and frank critism, there are yet other impor- 
 tant services that the sorority renders its members. In 
 these days when it is no unusual thing for a girl to go to 
 college, the young matriculate is in no immediate danger 
 of considering herself a rara avis or of developing eccentri- 
 cities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it will' 
 certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, 
 of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced' 
 views. Rather will she be lost in the crowd. To-day in 
 the great throngs attending our popular colleges, amid 
 the complexity of academic life, there can not be the op- 
 portunity for the development of individuality, so marked 
 a feature of that earlier period when the personal rela- 
 tion between faculty and students was noticeably strong. 
 Personality is a tremendous force in the development of 
 personality, but modern exigencies and modern methods 
 have built up barriers between professor and student. 
 Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher educaion 
 of women has in a rheasure been satisfactorily solved, the 
 modern educator is no longer so interested in the annual 
 solution as it applies to individual cases. 
 
 There is, without doubt, another reason why the col- 
 lege has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of 
 justice, to GO more to develop that very essential quality^ 
 known as the creative faculty. No to be identical, but to^ 
 be individual, not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, 
 but to lead, betokens the master mind; yet all education^ 
 in its endeavors to make the individual conform to a de- 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 51 
 
 finite standard, tends to stifle originality, to put a check 
 upon independent thought. Up to a certain point this is 
 a very wise arrangement, for too much liberty will result 
 in license. In the case of the elementary education, which 
 trains the masses and prepares primarily for apprentice- 
 :ship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to demand sub- 
 jection to law, to insist upon the closest attention to detail, 
 for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's success 
 in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the case 
 of the secondary education, however, which trains the 
 classes and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, 
 sufficient latitude should be allowed for the expression of 
 individual taste and talent. In the case of the college edu- 
 cation, which trains only the elect and which should pre- 
 pare preeminently for leadership, the dominant thought 
 should be the development of individuality. The college 
 In preparing its students for intellectual and spiritual lead- 
 ership must furnish a broad, liberal education, and must 
 train specifically the intellect, the heart, the will, the taste, 
 the conscience. All this the college does, but more is 
 needed. Abstract studies, invaluable as they are for men- 
 tal training, lead to theorizing. Theory is not practice. 
 In great as in small things man learns by doing. If a man 
 is to be a great leader, he must lead first in small ventures, 
 then in sizable undertakings, finally in great enterprises. 
 He must serve his apprenticeship. 
 
 In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
 ;^reat student leagues of our famous universities, there is 
 
52 The Mission of the Sorority. 
 
 opportunity for only a very few to rise above their col- 
 lege mates. The many are submerged in the ocean of 
 mediocrity. To follow, not to lead, must be their portion. 
 It is just here that the sorority is in a position to supple- 
 ment the work of the college in its endeavors to prepare 
 for leadership by presenting opportunities for apprentice- 
 ship such as the college of itself is unable to give save in 
 limited degree. To understand the peculiar fitness of the- 
 sorority for this work it is necessary to consider the es- 
 sential qualities of a leader. Whether leadership is to be 
 in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime essentials- 
 are the same. Most important of all is self-confidence. 
 This fundamental requisite of success m any undertak- 
 ing must not be confounded with that most undesirable 
 attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity^ 
 Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies at the founda- 
 tion of self-respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm^ 
 enthusiasm to inspire. Self-confidence begets courage, 
 courage to dare. Self-confidence begets strength, strength 
 to fulfill. Without an enthusiastic interest in the things 
 to be accomplished, without the courage resulting from a. 
 consciousness of power, without an abiding faith in the 
 ability to carry any undertaking to completion, leadership 
 is impossible. By taking its members out of the crowd: 
 and making each a distinct unit in a small group, the sor- 
 ority is able to foster individuality. By providing every 
 initiate with innumerable opportunities for all sorts of 
 service and for all kinds of experience, first in the simple 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 53 
 
 work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the 
 national organization, the sorority is particularly well 
 qualified to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self- 
 confidence. 
 
 According to the popular idea self-confidence is the 
 only requisite for leadership, but he who would be master 
 over others, must first be master over himself. Self-con- 
 trol is likewise indispensible. Self-control implies perfect 
 insight, the ability to see the end from the beginning. 
 Self-control implies perfect adjustment to kindred forces. 
 Self-control implies perfect obedience to perfect law. Self- 
 confidence alone may of itself secure leadership, but it will 
 be the leadership of the demagogue. Without the pene- 
 tration that insures a grasp of the situation, without the 
 disposition to recognize the rights of others, without the 
 desire to obey the dictates of conscience, there can be no 
 useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever before its 
 members a very definite laim, by demanding of each indi- 
 vidual a due consideration for the rights of every other, 
 not only of her own chapter but of the entire organiza- 
 tion, by expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the 
 sorority exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues 
 well for the growth of self-control. 
 
 Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self- 
 confidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings 
 material rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. 
 Leadership that has both self-confidence and self-control 
 as basic principles will be lasting, will win rewards, will 
 
54 The Mission of the Sorority. 
 
 be productive of honor. Such leaders'hip means worldly 
 success and meets with popular approval. To understand, 
 however, whether such is the highest form of leadership, 
 we need only to turn to the life of the great Examplar. He 
 is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As the Son of God He 
 was conscious of His power. The miracles He performed 
 testify to His confidence in Himself. Though all power 
 was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He exercise 
 self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. Yet 
 this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily foi 
 the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self- 
 control. Christ's message to the world was the beauty of 
 service, the sacredness of leadership. There were many 
 tones in that harmonious Life, but the key-note was self- 
 sacrifice. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for responsi- 
 bility. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for patience. Self- 
 sacrifice recognizes the need for sympathy. By insisting 
 that every privilege brings with it a corresponding re- 
 sponsibility, by urging always the great importance or 
 patience in dealing with the problems in one's own life or 
 that of any other, by making love the mainspring in every 
 line of endeavor that the order undertakes, the sorority be- 
 comes one of life's great forces in teaching the beauty of 
 self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell of this great 
 power must be magnetic. Self-confidence then, is creative, 
 self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. Leader- 
 ship that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to bring 
 success with honor and peace. Suc'h is the education that 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 55 
 
 the college is pledged to give, but the college has its limi- 
 taiions. By emphasizing and developing all these re- 
 quisites for leadership, by providing innumerable opport- 
 unities for the practical application of the same, the sor- 
 ority is supplementing the work of the college and render- 
 ing a special service to society. In thus enhancing the 
 value of academic training, the sorority makes the college 
 a much more vital force in the life of the student than it 
 could otherwise be. The fine college spirit that is an out- 
 growth of this increased interest leads the sorority girl to 
 advocate college residence. This, though in no sense a 
 definite aim that the sorority has placed before itself, 
 means much for the cause of higher education. The bene- 
 fit that comes to the college from an increased matricula- 
 tion, from a student body fired with the torch of ideality, 
 from a roll of alumnae whose names are synonymous with 
 honorable accomplishment is, in no small part, a result of 
 the existence of the sorority. 
 
 Although the work done in preparation for leadership 
 is perhaps the most important within the scope of the 
 sorority, it is far from being the only benefit that the mem- 
 bers receive. Very valuable, indeed, is the business train- 
 ing that comes during association with the chapter in un- 
 dergraduate days or from service in the national organiza- 
 tion after the college course is ended. Some college women 
 have a natural aptitude for business, some, especially those 
 who v/ork their way through, understand the value of a 
 dollar, but the average college girl, whose every bill is 
 
56 The Mission of the Sororitv. 
 
 paid by an indulgent father, whose every whim is gratified 
 by an adoring mother, has very hazy ideas on the sub- 
 ject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a teacher, will 
 very likely expect to have her income supplemented by 
 generous checks from home, while, if she should preside 
 over a home of her own, she will expect, from past ex- 
 perience, to find credit unlimited. No woman who may be 
 thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may 
 not? — should enter upon the third decade of her life with- 
 out a pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of 
 transacting business. Yet, how very few women ever do 
 acquire this knowledge. To have a stated chapter income, 
 to decide just how it must be apportioned for rent or 
 taxes, for furnishing or repairs, for food, heat, light and 
 entertainment, is always valuable experience. To place 
 mortgages, to negotiate loans, to understand building 
 laws, to handle and invest large sums of money such as 
 the national sororities annually receive, is as important 
 a training for a woman as for a man. If wage-earner or 
 inheritrix she will have money to invest. As a wife and 
 mother she will handle funds in trust. 
 
 Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its 
 members because of their affiliation with a large organiza- 
 tion is the chance it gives them through correspondence, 
 fraternity publications and conventions to get a wide out- 
 look over the entire field of collegiate education. Though 
 one of a group small enough to admit of the growth of the 
 individual, each is also one of a mighty throng capable 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 57 
 
 of accomplishing much through concerted action. Provin- 
 cialism is thus made impossible even in the small college. 
 The inspiration that has come to many a small college 
 to broaden its student life has been the direct result of the 
 contact of its undergraduates with those of some large 
 university. The awakening of many a large university 
 to the need of deepening its student life has come through 
 the magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by 
 those of some small college. The important part that the 
 sorority is playing in developing a national type of cul- 
 tured womanhood is another phase of the work it is doing 
 for society and one for which it takes little credit to itself. 
 A cultured woman is always an honor to the land of her 
 birth, but a cultured woman with lofty ideals and noble 
 principles is a lustrous jewel in the nation's crown. Such 
 a one is the sorority girl. The badge she wears upon her 
 breast is a constant reminder to her that she has pledged 
 both heart and hand to honor and truth, that she has set 
 her face to the light, never to turn back. 
 
 Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities 
 are prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on 
 the ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of be- 
 ing an undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have 
 us believe, the clique, as established by the sorority, is a 
 most salutary arrangement for grouping college girls into 
 congenial coteries. Promiscuous friendships, though dem- 
 ocratic, are dangerous. A woman should have large ideals 
 and generous sympathies, but she should concentrate her 
 
58 The MiSSiON OF THE SORORITY. 
 
 affections upon a few. Her friendships should be not 
 numerous and shallow, but limited and deep. The har- 
 mony resulting from the union of a few with common in- 
 terests be'ars rich fruit later when college women in any 
 locality unite for effective work along any line. The so- 
 rority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty 
 aims, for conservation of force. 
 
 Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and 
 making her a permanent member of a small group, the 
 sorority is rendering her an inestimable service. It is 
 providing her during her college course with family af- 
 filiations and with the essential elements of a home, — 
 sympathetic interest, wise supervision, disinterested ad- 
 vice. Incidentally society itself is benefited. The corner 
 stone of the social structure is the family, and it is not al- 
 together wise that college girls, or college boys for that 
 matter, should cut loose from youth's anchorage and drift 
 far from home moorings during four long years. There is 
 a danger, and a very grave danger, that four years' resi- 
 dence in a dormitory will tend to destroy right ideals of 
 home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the free- 
 dom that comes from community living. It is in recogni- 
 tion of this fact that some of the large colleges for women 
 have adopted as far as possible the cottage system of hous- 
 ing students. Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing cul- 
 ture we cannot get too much of unless while acquiring it 
 we are weaned from home and friends, from ties of blood 
 and kindred. If there is a tendency of modern times more 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 59 
 
 to be deplored than any other, it is the disposition on the 
 part of the younger generation to shirk the duties and re- 
 sponsibilities of home life. Dangerous as this tendency 
 is, it will be doubly so, if college graduates are to be in- 
 oculated with the virus. To them as its most finished 
 product society looks for leadership. Yet an exceedingly 
 large number of students, while in pursuit of the very cul- 
 ture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest 
 home, are forced to forego the influences that experience 
 has proved most potent in the right adjustment of social 
 conditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for 
 the mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. 
 Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of 
 life and thought, perilous any that would substitute new 
 ideas for old ideals. The sorority through the chapter 
 house, emphasizes the advantage of home life over dor- 
 mitory residence. Through the chapter organization it 
 keeps ever before its members the imperative need of liv- 
 ing together in harmony, of assuming and sharing respon- 
 sibilities, of so ordering one's life that every act shall re- 
 flect only honor. The chapter, like the family, is a cor- 
 poration, which, though closely associated or affiliated 
 with many others, has still within itself a very distinct 
 and separate existence. The individual members of both 
 are united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely 
 and their position in society depends upon the individual 
 part that each member plays. Both lay many responsibil- 
 ities upon their members, but every responsibility has its 
 
60 The Mission of the Sorority. 
 
 attendant privilege. So closely indeed is the one pat- 
 terned after the other that it is not difficult to see that 
 the sorority is an expression of the college girl's belief in 
 the beauty and power of the home. The transition from 
 dormitory residence to home life must always be a critical 
 time for any girl. Herein lies the reason for much of the 
 restlessness on the part of those who have dwelt in dormi- 
 tories at boarding school or college. The new ideas do 
 not adjust themselves to old ideals. It is like patching 
 homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The sorority, by 
 demanding the same virtues as the family, makes the 
 break between home and college and later between col- 
 lege and home almost imperceptible. New ideals may be 
 made to take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones 
 may be substituted for paste in some rare old setting, or 
 as an artist may renew the colors in some old masterpiece. 
 Any organization that fosters love of home should be en- 
 couraged, for from the home as the central force in civil- 
 ization must emanate all the influences that make for 
 progress. 
 
 Whatever the line of service to which she may con- 
 secrate herself, the, sorority girl will always be a success. 
 She cannot fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. 
 She is, to be sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, 
 her college and her sorority, but none of these will ever 
 press for payment. They consider their investment safe 
 as long as her name is a synonym for honor. As a col- 
 lege woman she will adjust herself in time to any position 
 
The Mission of the Sorority. 6i 
 
 in which she finds herself, but as a sorority girl she will 
 adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, because, in addition 
 to the stores of knowledge acquired through years of 
 study and always available for pleasure or profit, she will 
 liave gained through the discipline of the chapter both 
 wisdom and understanding^ If called to be the presiding 
 genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a college 
 woman, to contribute of her w ealth of intellect to all those 
 agencies that are working for the betterment of social 
 conditions, but since she is a sorority girl her appreciation 
 of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her 
 judgment concerning means and methods to be employed 
 in dealing with human problems, saner and sounder. If 
 not needed in the home the college woman will find ample 
 opportunity out in the world for the exercise of her vari- 
 ous talents. Especially will there be an urgent call for 
 her to act as guide, philosopher and friend of aspiring 
 youth, but wiser will be her guidance, more practical her 
 philosophy, more potent her friendship if she is a sorority" 
 girl, for through association with the different members 
 of her chapter she has gained a knowledge of human na- 
 ture such as can come only from being in intimate touch 
 v/ith many lives and many minds. To sum up, in the 
 -case of the second generation of college girls the sorority 
 is essentially an individualizing and harmonizing agency. 
 
 With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the 
 past, with so much more to be done in the present, the 
 sorority may look forward to the future with courage, 
 
02 The Mission of the Sororitv. 
 
 confident that its existence in the college fills a want that 
 can be met in no other or better way. Ever present is the 
 freshman in need of kindly counsel, ever present the up- 
 per class woman in need of the humanizing and vitaliz- 
 ing touch the giving of disinterested advice can bestow. 
 Ever present, as a result of the high pressure demands of 
 scholastic work, is the need of a simple social life as a, 
 safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous dis- 
 tractions of university life, the need of a constant inspira- 
 tion to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need 
 of supplementing the college in its preparation for the- 
 serious work of life. 
 
 The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in 
 what it tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members 
 may be guilty occasionally of little mdiscretions, but lap- 
 ses of this kind will be fewer as the years go on, for the 
 Visiting Delegate, by demanding excellence in classroom 
 records, by insisting on indications of a proper college 
 spirit and a proper chapter pride, by expecting a fine re- 
 gard for the best social observances, by emphasizing the 
 importance of simplicity, sincerity and sympathy on the 
 part of the members in their relation to one another and 
 to other college women, calls the chapter's attention to 
 the high ideals that the order has placed before itself, and 
 incidentally paves the way for the sorority as a whole to 
 be highly respected by student body and faculty. The 
 sorority, as was most natural under complex conditions, 
 has given rise to some problems, but such as are at all 
 
THE Mission of the Sorority. 63 
 
 ■serious will soon no longer exist, for the Inter-Sorority 
 Conference has already demonstrated its ability to cope 
 with them. The sorority in the past has been the cause 
 of some needless anxiety on the part of faculties, but there 
 will be little occasion for uneasiness or apprehension in 
 the future, because faculties generally have awakened 
 to a realization of the fact that the organization can be 
 made a most invaluable assistant in all reforms, experi- 
 ments, or enterprises that the administration may wish 
 to undertake and which may depend for their ultimate 
 success upon the hearty co-operation of the student body. 
 The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, 
 its present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserv- 
 ing of a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter 
 a college or university, because its advent means that a 
 number of students have banded together and pledged 
 themselves to work unfalteringly and unflaggingly for 
 high ideals, for noble aims. The tiny ievv^el that sparkles 
 upon the breast of each member is an outward and visible 
 sign of an inward and spiritual erace that has enthroned 
 itself in the heart and v/ill be content with nothing short 
 of the good, the true and the beautiful. 
 
 k 
 
LITERARY SORORITIES. 
 
 CLASS A. 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega, 
 
 October 15, 1885. 
 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Mrs. Edward R. Loud, 504 E. Erie St., Albion^. 
 Mich. 
 
 Vice-President, Mrs. Robert P. Howell, 1613 S. Univer- 
 sity Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 Secretary, Imo Baker, 702 W. University Ave., Cham- 
 paign, 111. 
 
 Treasurer, Laura A. Howe, 912 North St., Logansport^ 
 Ind. 
 
 Historian, Mabel Siller, 716 Clark St., Evanston, 111. 
 
 Inspector, Mrs. Richard Tennant, 824 S. 5th St., Terre 
 Haute, Ind. 
 
 Editor, Mrs. William Wade, 2236 Ashland Ave., Indian- 
 apolis, Ind.. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 Albion, Alleghaney, DePauw, Illinois, Michigan, New Eng- 
 land Conservatory, Northwestern, Simpson, Southern: 
 California, Syracuse, Wisconsin. 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega has 11 college chapters and 2 al-~ 
 
Literary Sororities. 65 
 
 umnae associtions. The total membership is 1500, the 
 active membership 200, the average initiation 75. The 
 badge is a lyre with Alpha Chi Omega emblazoned in 
 gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is diamond-shaped, 
 of scarlet enamel, and displays a gold lyre. The sorority 
 has no national flag. 
 
 Colors-Scarlet and Olive. Flower-Scarlet Carnation 
 with Smilax. Jewel-None. Open Motto-"Ye Daughters 
 of Music, Come Up Higher." Insignia-Lyre. Patron-None. 
 Call-None. 
 
 Magazine-The Lyre- 1896. 
 
 Next Convention-Champaign, 111., Nov. 28-30, 1908. 
 
 ALPHA DELTA PHI. 
 
 May 15, 1851. 
 
 Supreme Executive Council. . 
 
 President, Elizabeth Moseley, Union Springs, Ala. 
 Secretary, Mrs. Lott Warren, 137 Lee St., Atlanta, Ga. 
 Reporter, Mrs. Dorothy B. Lamar, Georgia Ave., Atlanta, 
 
 Ga. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. J. H. White, U. S. M. Hospital, New 
 
 Orleans, La. 
 Inspector, Lillian Moore, 923 S. 17th St., Birmingham, 
 
 Ala. 
 Historian, Mrs. Edgar Ross, Vineville, Macon Ga. 
 Editor, Tatum Pope, Madison St., Macon, Ga. 
 
66 Literary Sororities. 
 
 I Chapter Roll. 
 
 Alabama, Mary Baldwin Seminary, Newcomb, Salem, 
 Southwestern, Texas, Weslevan College. 
 
 Alpha Delta Phi has 7 chapters and 6 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 1000, the active mem- 
 bership 150, the average initiation 50. The badge is dia- 
 mond-shaped, enameled in black and bearing two stars, 
 clasped hands and the Greek letters. The sorority has no 
 flag. 
 
 Colors-Pale Blue and White. Flower-Double Vio- 
 let. Jewel-None. Open Motto-We live for each other. 
 Insignia-Clasped Hands, Stars. Patron-None. Call- 
 None. 
 
 Magazine-The Adelphean-1907. 
 
 Next Convention-Time and place undecided. 
 
 ALPHA GAMMA DELTA. 
 
 May 30, 1904. 
 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Jennie C. Titus, Camillus, N. Y. 
 Secretary, Clara Lang, Providence, R. I. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. L. F. Miller, Madison, Wis. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Syracuse, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 
 Alpha Gamma Delta has 3 college chapters, but no 
 
Literary Sororities. 67 
 
 alumnae associations. The total membership is 116, the 
 active membership 54, the average initiation 25. The badge 
 is a monogram of the three letters. The flag is green and 
 buff with the letters in red. 
 
 Colors-Red, Buff and Green. Flower-Red and Buff 
 roses. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. 
 
 Magazine-To be published soon. 
 
 Next Convention-Madison, Wis., April, 1908. 
 
 ALPHA OMICRON PI. 
 
 - - . .-— -;-?«? 
 
 January 2, 1897. 
 Executive Committee. 
 
 President, Mrs. George V. Mullan, University Heights> 
 
 N. Y. C. 
 Vice-President, Edith B. Fettretch, 335 W. 88th St., N. 
 
 Y. C. 
 Rec. Secretary, Mrs. George H. Perry, 625 W. 138th St., 
 
 N. Y. C. 
 Cor. Secretary, Elizabeth I. Toms, 44 W. 128th St., N. 
 
 Y. C. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Frederick A. Ives, 257 Lenox Ave., N. 
 
 Y. C. 
 
 ;ji >j; ^ 
 
 Editor, Helen Arthur, 220 Broadway, N. Y. C. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 Barnard, California, Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, 
 Randolph-Macon, Tennessee. 
 

 68 Literary Sororities. 
 
 k Alpha Omicron Pi has 7 college chapters and i alum- 
 nae association. The total membership is 300, the active 
 membership 125, the average initiation 50. The badge 
 consists of three letters of the sorority's name superim- 
 posed one upon the other in sequence with a ruby or gar- 
 net at the apex of the Alpha, though the rest of the pin 
 may be jewelled in accordance with individual taste. The 
 pledge pin is a sheaf of gold with the initial of the chapter 
 engraved on the reverse side. The flag is a cardinal ban- 
 ner with the Greek letters in white. 
 
 Color- Cardinal. Flower- Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel- 
 Ruby. Open Motto- None. Patron-None. Call-None. 
 
 Magazine-To Dragma-1905. 
 
 Next Convention-New York, June 19-20, 1908. 
 
 ALPHA PHI. 
 
 October 20, 1872. 
 
 General Board. 
 President, Frances M. Staver, 310 East St., Monroe, Wis. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. Thomas Rockwell, 345 Davis St., 
 
 Evanston, 111. 
 Cor. Sec, Mrs. F. W. Roe, 2018 Madison St., Madison, 
 
 Wis. 
 Rec. Sec, Ono M. Imhoff, 819 Irving Place, Madison, 
 
 Wis. 
 Treasurer, Gertrude Sherman, 176 Mason St., Milwaukee. 
 
 Editor, Elizabeth S. Brown, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
Literary Sororities. 69 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Cornell, DePauw, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Stanford, 
 Syracuse, Toronto, Wisconsin. 
 
 Alpha Phi has 14 college chapters, and 7 alumnae 
 chapters. The total membership is 1600, the active mem- 
 bership 300, the average initiation 100. The badge is a 
 monogram of the two Greek letters. Alpha and Phi, which 
 give the society its name. The pledge pin is a small circu- 
 lar badge of bordeaux enamel with the open motto in Greek 
 between two bands of silver. The sorority has no national 
 flag. 
 
 Colors-Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers-Lilies-of-the 
 Valley and Forget-me-nots. Jewel-None. Open Motto- 
 Hand in Hand. Insignia-The Constellation of Ursa Major. 
 Patron-None. Call-None. 
 
 Magazine-The Alpha Phi Quarterly- 1888. 
 
 Next Convention-Madison, Wis., Oct. 29-Nov. 2, 1908. 
 
 ALPHA XI DELTA. 
 
 April 17, 1893. 
 Grand Officers. 
 
 President, Mrs. J. R. Leib, 1271 W. Was'hington Street, 
 Springfield, 111. 
 
 Vice-President and Historian, Florence L. Grange, Ver- 
 milion, S. D. 
 
70 Literary Sororities. 
 
 Secretary, Mary E. Kay, 75 S. Union Ave., Alliance, O. 
 Treasurer, Mary A. Power, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. 
 
 Editor, Bertha G. Cleveland, Sayville, L. I. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Bethany, Illinois, Iowa Wesleyan, Lombard, Minnesota, 
 Mt. Union, South Dakota, Syracuse, Tufts, Washington 
 State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg. 
 
 Alphia Xi Delta has 13 college chapters and 3 
 alumnae chapters. The total membership is 500, the ac- 
 tive membership 200, the average initiation 100. The 
 badge is a quill with the society's initials in raised and 
 burnished gold on the feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse 
 of black enamel with the edge of bevelled gold, the Greek 
 letters. Alpha Xi Delta, being in gold on the black back- 
 ground. The sorority has no national flag. 
 
 Colors-Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower-Pink 
 Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Quill. 
 Patron-None. Call-Secret. 
 
 Magazine-Alphta Xi Delta-1903. 
 
 Next Convention-Morgantown, W. Va., Oct. 31-Nov. 
 J, 1907. 
 
LITERARY Sororities. 71 
 
 CHI OMEGA. 
 
 April 5, 1895. 
 
 Supreme Governing Council. 
 
 S. H., Mrs. A. H. Purdue, FayetteviUe, Ark. 
 
 S. T. B., Jobelle Holcombe, FayetteviUe, Ark 
 
 S. K. A., Jessie A. Parker, Olathe. Kans. 
 
 S. N. v., Mairy G. Miller, 203 N Seventh St., Fort Smith, 
 
 Ark. 
 S. M., Mrs. H. F. Bain, 104 E. Green St., Champaign, 111. 
 Editor, Mattie H. Craig'hill, 610 Court St., Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Arkansas, Barnard, California, Colby, Colorado, Dickin- 
 son, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, 
 Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwest- 
 ern, Randolph-Macon, Southwestern Baptist, Tennessee, 
 Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 
 
 Chi Omega has 21 college chapters and 10 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 1200, the active 
 membership 350, the average initiation 150. The badge is 
 a monogram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and 
 an owl engraved upon its sides, w'hile the arch bears the 
 letters Rho, Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is 
 oblong, rounded at each end, enamelled in black, with the 
 
72 Literary Sororities. 
 
 letters Chi Omega in gold. The sorority has no national 
 flag. 
 
 Colors-Cardinal and Straw. Flower-White Carnation. 
 Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Skull, Cross- 
 Bones, Owl, Five, Laurel. Patron-Demeter. Call-A clear 
 high trill. 
 
 Magazine-Eleusis-1899. 
 
 Secret Publication-Mystagogue-1905. 
 
 Next Convention-Chicago, 111., June, 1908. 
 
 DELTA DELTA DELTA. 
 
 Thanksgiving Eve, 1888. 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Mrs. Egbert N. Parmelee, 755 Greenleaf Ave., 
 Rogers Park, 111. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Alonzo G. Howard, 1977 Centre St., 
 West Roxbury, Mass. Myra Powers, 1218 Lunt 
 Ave., Chicago. Mrs. J. E. Rhodes, 2508 Pleasant 
 Ave., Minneapolis. 
 
 Secretary, Marion E. P. Ball, 500 W. 121st St., N. Y. C. 
 
 Treasurer, Merle Pickford, Eau Claire, Wis. 
 
 Marshal, Mrs. Homer Hoeh, Marion, Kans. 
 
 Historian, Mrs. Frank E. Priddy, Adrian, Mich. 
 
 Alliance Officer, Katherine Ratterman, 510 York St., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Editor, R. Louise Fitch, Galva, 111. 
 
Literary Sororities. 73 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Adrian, Baker, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Cal- 
 ifornia, Cincinnati, Iowa, Knox, Minnesota, Mississippi, 
 Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, Simpsom, St. Lawrence, Syracuse, Vermont, 
 Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 
 
 Delta Delta Delta has 23 chapters and 16 alliances, as 
 the alumnae associations are called. The total membership 
 is 1900, the active membership 400, the average initiation 
 175. The badge is a cresent inclosing three stars and 
 bearing three Deltas. The pledge pin is a trident. Mem- 
 bers admitted to the alliances wear an equilateral triangle 
 of white enamel, supporting on its sides three Deltas of 
 gold and inscribed in a golden circle surrounded by six 
 spherical triangles in blue enamel. The national flag is 
 rectangular in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, 
 the first and tihird sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in 
 white and the other three stars in white, the middle bar 
 white with a green pine tree upon it. 
 
 Colors-Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower-Pansy. Jewel- 
 Pearl. Open Motto-Let Us Steadfastly Love One An- 
 other. Insignia-Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. 
 Patron- Poseidon. Call-Alala ! Alala ! Alala ! Ta Hiera 
 Poseidonia ! 
 
 Magazine-The Trident-1891. 
 
 Secret Publication-The Tnton-1906. 
 
 Next Convention-Lincoln, Neb., June, 1908. 
 
74 Literary Sororities. 
 
 DELTA GAMA. 
 
 January 2, 1874. 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Rose F. Smith, 2419 Grand Avenue, Los Ange- 
 les, Cal. 
 
 Vice-President, Mary Rosemond, State Library, Des 
 Moines, la. 
 
 Secretary, Rutih Rosholt, 1925 Penn Ave., South, Minnea- 
 polis, Minn. 
 
 Treasurer, Margaretha Sheppard, 225 Greenwood Boule- 
 vard, Evanston, 111. 
 
 Editor, Grace Abbott, 705 W. ist St., Grand Island, Neb. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Albion, Baltimore, Buchtel, California, Colorado, Cornell, 
 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Mt. Union, 
 Nebraska., Northwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Washing- 
 ton State, Wisconsin. 
 
 Delta Gamma has 18 college chapters, 5 alumnae chap- 
 ters and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 
 2200, the active membership 300, the average initiation 100. 
 The badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield 
 of white enamel with the letters Delta Gamma in gold. On 
 the stock, also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, 
 Delta and Eta in gold. The pledge pin is a shield of white 
 enamel similar to the one on the badge with the Greek 
 
Literary Sororities. 75 
 
 letters Pi Alpha in gold. The sorority flag is to be adopted 
 soon. 
 
 Colors-Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower-Cream-colored 
 Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-None. 
 Patron-None. Call-None. 
 
 Magazine-The Anchora-1884. 
 
 Net Convention-Ann Arbor, May, 1909. 
 
 DELTA SIGMA. 
 
 November 2, 1901. 
 
 Grand Lodge. 
 
 Names and addresses kept secret. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 Brown, Maine, Tufts. 
 
 Delta Sigma has 3 college chapters and 3 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 200, the active mem- 
 bership 50, the average initiation 20. The badge is a gold 
 circle set with four diamonds and eight pearls. From the 
 diamonds spring arcs of tangent circles which outline a 
 depressed field of black enamel bearing the letters Delta 
 Sigma in gold. The sorority has no pledge pin and no 
 flag. 
 
 Colors-Nile Green and White. Flower- Violet. 
 
 Time and place of convention kept secret. 
 
76 LITERARY SORORITIES. 
 
 GAMA PHI BETA. 
 November ii, 1874. 
 
 Executive Board. 
 
 President, Gertrude C. Ross, 230 26th St., Milwaukee. 
 
 Vice-President, Amy L. Phelan, 1128 Tenth St., Sacra- 
 mento, Cal. 
 
 Secretary, Mrs. Thomas L. Berry, 1019 Hinman Ave., 
 Evanston, 111. 
 
 Treasurer, Mabel C. Stone, 410 University Ave., Syracuse, 
 N. Y. 
 
 Advisory, Marion D. Dean, 489 Swain's Pond Ave., Mel- 
 rose, Mass. 
 
 Advisory, Una A. Winterburn, 105 Riverside Drive, New 
 York City. 
 
 ^ ^ >|: 
 
 Editor, Anna M. Dimmick, 26 N. Fourth St., Columbus, O. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Denver, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Northwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Washing- 
 ton State, Wisconsin. 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta has 12 college chapters and 6 alumnae 
 chapters. The total membership is 1400, the active mem- 
 bership 250, the average initiation 100. The badge is a 
 monogram of the tlhree letters of the society's name, in- 
 closed within a crescent of black enamel bearing in char- 
 
Literary Sororities. 77 
 
 acters of gold the Hebrew for "Four." The pledge pin 
 is a crescent-shaped stick pin of brown enamel. The so- 
 rority has no national flag. 
 
 Colors-Light and Dark Brown. Flower-Carnation. 
 Jewel-None. Open Motto-Founded On a Rock. Insig- 
 nia-Crescent. PatronrNone. Call-None. Whistle-None. 
 
 Magazine-The Crescent- 1 901. 
 
 Next Convention-Syracuse, N. Y., Nov. 12-15, 1907. 
 
 KAPPA ALPHA THETA. 
 
 January 2^, 1870. 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Anna Harrison, 1243 Western Ave., Topeka, 
 Kansas. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, Eva E. Capron, Central Park, Long Isl- 
 and, N. Y. Sarah E. Cotton, 1416 N. New Jersey 
 St., Indianapolis. Eva R. Hall, Wilmette, 111. Jessie 
 M. Macfarland, 2644 Portland St., Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Secretary, L. Pearle Green, Stanford University, Cal. 
 
 Treasurer, Edith D. Cockins, 1348 Neil Ave., Columbus, O. 
 
 Editor, Charlotte H. Walker, 1129 Washtenaw St., Ann 
 Arbor, Mich. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Adelphi, Albion, Allegheney, Baltimore, Barnard, Brown, 
 Butler, California, Cornell, DePauw, Illinois, Indiana, 
 
78 LITERARY SORORITIES. 
 
 Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
 Ohio State, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, To- 
 ronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, 
 Wooster. 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta has 28 college chapters and 13 
 alumnae associations. The total membership is 3700, the 
 active membership 400, the average initiation 150. The 
 badge is a shield, the outer edge gold, the inner portion, 
 which is slightly raised, of black enamel. In the middle on 
 a band of white are the society's initials in gold. Above 
 are two stars set with diamonds and below in Greek the 
 date of founding. There is no uniform pledge pin, an 
 enamelled pansy, or a gold monogram of the letters Kappa 
 Alpha Theta being used. The sorority has no national 
 flag. 
 
 Colors-Black and Gold. Flower-Black and Gold 
 Pansy. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Stars, 
 Keys, Scythe, Torch and Ermine. Patron-None. Call- 
 None. 
 
 Magazine-Kappa Alpha Theta-1885. 
 
 Next Convention-Place not decided, July, 1909. 
 
 KAPPA DELTA. 
 
 October 2y, 1897. 
 Grand Chapter. 
 Anna C. Paxton, Buena Vista, Va. 
 
Literary Sororities. 79 
 
 Mary S. Thomas, 1731 College St., Columbia, S. C. 
 Pauline Embree, Buena Vista, Va. 
 
 * * * 
 Editor, Katherine Lovejoy, Marietta, Ga. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Alabama, Columbia College (S. C), Fairmont Seminary, 
 Florida, Gunston Seminary, Hollins Institute, Judson Col- 
 lege, Randolph-Macon, St. Mary's School, Virginia Nor- 
 mal. 
 
 Kappa Delta "has 10 chapters, but no alumnae associ- 
 ations. The total membership is 400, the active member- 
 ship 160, the average initiation 80. The diamond-shaped 
 badge displays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the 
 letters A. O. T. in gold on a background of black enamel. 
 The pledge pin is an open equilateral triangle of gold su- 
 perimposed upon a dagger, straight lines connecting the 
 centre of the base with the centre of each side. The flag 
 is pennant shfaped, bearing the Greek letters Kappa Delta 
 in olive green on a background of white. 
 
 Colors-Olive Green and W'hite. Flower-White Rose. 
 Jewel-None. Open Motto-We Seek the Highest. Insig- 
 nia-Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Dagger, Snake. Patron- 
 None. Call-None. 
 
 Magazine- Angelos- 1 904. 
 
 Next Convention-Place undecided, 1908. 
 
8o LITERARY Sororities. 
 
 KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA. 
 
 October 13, 1870. 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Mrs. William W. Canby, Galice, Ore. 
 Secretary, George Challoner, 456 New York Ave., Osh- 
 
 kosh, Wis. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. George V. Lawry, Victoria, B. C. 
 Registrar, Edith Stoner, 1529 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, 
 
 Mo. 
 
 * * * 
 Editor, Mrs. Frederick W. Potter, 758 Tenth St., Oakland, 
 
 Cal. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Adelphi, Adrian, Allegheny, Barnard, Boston, Buchtel, 
 Butler, California, Colorado, Cornell, DePauw, Hillsdale, 
 Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mich- 
 igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, North- 
 western, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Stanford, Swarthmore, 
 Syracuse, Texas, Washington State, West Virginia, Wis- 
 consin, Wooster. 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma has 33 college chapters and 32 
 alumnae associations. The total membership is about 
 4900, the active membership about 500, the average initia- 
 tion 200. The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials 
 and the date of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a 
 
Literary Sororities. 8i 
 
 Delta of dark or light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in 
 flight or dark enamel. The sorority has no national flag. 
 
 Colors-Light and Dark Blue. Flower-Fleur de Lis. 
 Jewel-Sapphire. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Owl. Patron- 
 Athena. Call-Hai Korai Athenes. 
 
 Magazine-The Key- 1882. 
 
 Next Convention-Place not decided, Aug. 26, 1908. 
 
 PI BETA PHI. 
 
 April 28, 1867. 
 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Elizabeth Gamble, 565 Cass Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. May C. Reynolds, Fostoria, O. 
 Secretary, Elda L. Smith, 710 S. 6th St., Springfield, 111. 
 Treasurer, Martha N. Kimball, University Park, Denver. 
 -Editor, Florence P. Robinson, 543 Marshall St., Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, 
 Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Franklin, George Washing- 
 ton, Hillsdale, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa College, Iowa 
 Wesleyan, Kansas, Knox, Lombard, Michigan, Middle- 
 bury, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, North- 
 western, Ohio State, Ohio, Simpson, Stanford, Swarth- 
 
82 Literary Sororities. 
 
 more, Syracuse, Texas, Vermont, Washington State^ 
 Washington, Wisconsin. 
 
 Pi Beta Phi has 38 college chapters and 35 alumnae^ 
 organizations. The total membership is 4800, the active 
 membersihip 900, the average initiation 250. The badge is 
 an arrow about an inch in length, bearing upon the feath- 
 ers the Greek letters of the society's name. There is na 
 official pledge pin, the letters Pi Beta Phi or I. C. being 
 used for the purpose, the latter being the initial letters of 
 the Latin motto that gave the society its first name. The 
 flag is an oblong with lower edge indented. Connecting 
 the opposite corners are curved lines which divide the field 
 into three parts. The central portion is of silver blue bear- 
 ing in its upper part a monogram of the letters I and C 
 surrounded by a halo and below this a monogram of the. 
 letters Pi Beta Phi. The lower point is apparently pierced 
 by a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral sections of wine 
 red. 
 
 Colors-Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower-Dark Red 
 Carnation. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia- 
 Arrow. Patron-None. Call-Ring Ching Ching! Ho Hippl 
 Hi ! Ra Ro Arrow ! Pi Beta Phi ! 
 
 Magazine-The Arrow-1885. 
 
 Next Convention-New Orleans, Dec. 24-31, 1907. 
 
Literary Sororities. 83 
 
 SIGMA KAPPA. 
 
 November, 1874. 
 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Sarah B. Matthews, Vineyard Haven, Mass. 
 
 "Vice-President, Hila H. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somer- 
 ville, Mass. 
 
 Secretary, Alice M. Purington, Waterville, Me. 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. C. B. Kimball, 268 Washington St., Dor- 
 chester, Mass. 
 
 Ch. Ex. Com., Nina C. Howard, Appleton, N. Y. 
 
 lEditor, Grace A. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, 
 Mass. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Boston, Colby, George Washington, Illinois, Illinois Wes- 
 leyan, Syracuse. 
 
 Sigma Kappa has 6 college chapters, and 3 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 450, the active 
 members'hip 100, the average initiation 40. The badge is 
 an equilateral triangle of gold fretwork, surrounding a 
 raised triangle of maroon-colored enamel with the Greek 
 letters Sigma Kappa in gold. The pledge pin is a gold 
 monogram of the letters Sigma and Kappa. The sorority 
 has no national flag. 
 
84 Literary Sororities. 
 
 Colors-Maroon and Lavender. Flower- Violet. Jew- 
 el-None. Open Motto-One Heart, One Way. Insignia- 
 Dove and Serpent. Patron-None. 
 
 Magazine-Sigma Kappa Triangle- 1907. 
 
 Next Convention-Syracuse, N. Y., April, 1908. 
 
 SIGMA SIGMA SIGMA. 
 
 April 20, 1898. 
 
 Grand Chapter. 
 
 President, Rhea C. Scott, Ashland, Va. 
 V ice-President, Harriet Wysor, Pulaski, Va. 
 Rec. Secretary, Emma H. Moffet, Lebanon, Ky. 
 Cor. Secretary, Will L. Alexander, Searcy, Ark. 
 Treasurer, Harriet Hankins, Williamsburg, Va, 
 Editor, Lucy T. C. Stubbs, Williamsburg, Va. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Hollins Institute, Lewisburg Institute, Nashville, Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, Searcy Institute, Southwestern, Woman's 
 College (Frederick, Md.) Virginia Normal. 
 
 Sigma Sigma Sigma has 8 chapters and 2 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 300, the active 
 membership 100, the average initiation 50. The badge is 
 an equilateral triangle with indented sides, the raised inner 
 portion of black enamel having a Sigma in each corner and 
 
Literary Sororities. 85 
 
 a skull and cross-bones in the centre. The pledge pin is 
 the Greek letter Alpha. The sorority has no national flag. 
 
 Colors-Purple and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel- 
 None. Open Motto-Faithful Unto Death. Insignia-Skull, 
 Cross-Bones. Patron-None. 
 
 Magazine-The Triangle- 1905. 
 
 Next Convention-Norfolk, Aug. 29-31, 1907. 
 
 ZETA TAU ALPHA. 
 
 October 25, 1898. 
 Grand Chapter. 
 
 President, Mrs. Wm. Emrys Davis, Jellico, Tenn. 
 Vice-President, Mary C. Stuart, Cleveland, Tenn. 
 Secretary, May A. Hopkins, Austin, Tex. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. John T. Bradley, Jellico, Tenn. 
 Historian, Olive Hinman, 562 Walnut St., Columbia, Pa. 
 Editor, Grace Jordan, Forrest City, Ark. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Arkansas, Bethany, Judson College, Randolph-Macon, 
 Richmond, Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas. 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha has 8 college chapters and i alumnae 
 association. The total membership is 400, the active mem- 
 bership 150, the average initiation 75. The badge, an 
 artistically shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre. 
 
86 Literary Sororities. 
 
 flanked by the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the 
 word Themis. The pledge pin is a five-pointed crown with 
 the letters Z. T. A. raised or engraved. The sorority has 
 no national flag. 
 
 Colors-Turquoise and Gray. Flower-White Violet. 
 Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-I, Crown, Bal- 
 ance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive 
 Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Taper. Patron-Themis. 
 Call-None. 
 
 Magazine-Themis-1903. 
 
 Next Convention-Fayetteville, Ark., June 14-16, 1908. 
 
 CLASS B. 
 
 ALPHA KAPPA PSI. 
 
 March i, 1900. 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Fairmont School, St. Mary's School, Virginia Female In- 
 stitute, Wesleyan College. 
 
 Alpha Kappa Psi has 4 chapters, but no alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 100, the active 
 membership 50, the average initiation 25. The badge is 
 an equilateral triangle of black enamel, bearing in the 
 
Literary Sororities. Sy 
 
 angles the Greek letters. The pledge pin is a silver tri- 
 nant with the letters in wedgewood blue and gold. 
 
 Colors-Wedgewood Blue and Gold. Flower-Forget- 
 me-not. Insignia-Skull and Cross-Bones. 
 
 ALPHA SIGMA ALPHA. 
 
 November 15, 1902. 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Columbia (S. C.) College, Fairmont Seminary, Lewisburg 
 Female Institute, Mary Baldwin Seminary, Virginia 
 Normal, Ward's Seminary. 
 
 Alpha Sigma Alpha has 6 chapters and i alumnae 
 association. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
 bership 60, the average initiation 30. The badge is a 
 four-cornered shield with concave sides outlined with 
 pearls. The inner of black enamel is slightly raised and 
 bears the Greek letters of the society's name in gold across 
 one diagonal. Above the Sigma is a gold crown and 
 beneath it a gold star. The sorority has no pledge pin. 
 The flag is a pennant half of garnet and *half of gray, the 
 letters made up of two colors, the upper half gray against 
 the garnet background and the lower half garnet against 
 the gray. 
 
 Colors-Garnet and Gray. Flower-Carnation. Jewel- 
 
88 Literary Sororities. 
 
 Sapphire. Open Motto-To One Another Ever Faithful. 
 Inisgnia-Star, Crown. Patron-Minerva. 
 
 Magazine-Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine-1906. 
 
 BETA SIGMA OMICRON. 
 
 December 12, 1888. 
 
 Grand Council. 
 
 President, Mary L. Lackland, "Fairview," Mexico, Mo. 
 Vice-President, Marian Bigler, Clearfield, Pa. 
 Secretary, Bernice Stall, 11 E. Grace St., Richmond, Va. 
 Treasurer, Emma L. Newman, Abbeville, Ala. 
 Historian, Erna Watson, Fulton, Mo. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Belmont College, Fairmont Seminary, Hamilton College, 
 Hardin College, Mary Baldwin Seminary, Potter College, 
 Stephens College, Synodical College, Virginia College. 
 
 Beta Sigma Omicron has 9 (Chapters but no alumnae 
 asociations. The total membership is 450, the active mem- 
 bership 148, the average initiation 70. The badge is a 
 gold monogram of the three Greek letters, the Beta inside 
 the Omicron and the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon 
 the Omicron. The pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel 
 with a gold star in each corner and a Grecian lamp in the 
 centre. The flag is composed of three horizontal bars, the 
 
Literary Sororities. 89 
 
 centre one red and the two outside pink. The Greek letters 
 of the society's name are in red on the upper pink bar. 
 On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The oificial 
 banner is triangular, broadly banded with red and with a 
 pink centre. The sorority's letters lare in pink and are 
 placed in the corners. The date of founding, 1888 is in 
 red in the centre of the pink field. 
 
 Colors-Ruby and Pink. Flower-Red Carnation. Jew- 
 el-Ruby. Open Motto-"We Live to do Good." Insignia- 
 Stars, Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron-None. 
 
 Miagazine-The Beta Sigma Omicron-1905. 
 
 Next Convention-Nashville, Tenn., June, 1908. 
 
 GAMMA BETA SIGMA. 
 
 November 3, 1900. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Columbia Institute, Edgewood School, St. Mary's School. 
 
 Gamma Beta Sigma has 3 chapters but no alumnae 
 associations. The badge is a seven-pointed star inclosed 
 within a regular hectagon. The society has no pledge pin. 
 The flag is a pennant in the society's colors bearing a 
 facsimile of the badge. 
 
 Colors-Purple and Gold. Flower- Violet. Insignia- 
 Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Seven-pointed Star, Black 
 Cat. 
 
90 Literary Sororities. 
 
 PHI MU. 
 
 1852. 
 
 Grand Officers. 
 
 President, Louise Manning, Macon, Ga. 
 Vice-President, Lillian H. Farmer, Florence, S. C. 
 Secretary, Bonito L. Hinton, 1407 First St., New Orleans. 
 Editor, Mfaybelk G. Jones, Cartersville, Ga. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Belmont College, Chevy Chase School, Hardin College, 
 Hollins Institute, Newcomb, Salem College, St. Mary^s 
 School, Wesleyan College. 
 
 Phi Mu has 8 chapters, but no alumnae associations. 
 The total membership is 1000, the active membership 100, 
 the average initiation 40. The badge is an oddly shaped 
 shield of black enamel displaying in the centre a hand hold- 
 ing a heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorori- 
 ty's letters and below another bearing three stars. The 
 pledge pin is of the same shape, but is of plain gold and 
 displays only the letters. The flag is of old rose with 
 white lettering. 
 
 Colors-Old Rose and White. Flower-Pink and White 
 Carnation. Jewels-Ruby and Pearl. Open Motto-Les 
 Soeurs Fideles. Insignia-Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions. 
 
 Magazine-Phi Mu Aglaia-1907. 
 
 Nexl Convention-Macon, Ga., June, 1908. 
 
Literary Sororities. 91 
 
 PHI MU GAMMA. 
 October 17, 1898. 
 
 Grand Chapter. 
 
 President, Phoebe Hunter, Hollins, Va. 
 Secretary, Edith McFall, Charleston, S. C. 
 Treasurer, Telete Scott, Canton, Ga. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Brenau College, Hollins Institute, Judson College, Miss 
 Graham's School, The Veltin School. 
 
 Phi Mu Gamma has 5 chapters but no alumnae as- 
 sociation. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
 bership 60, the average initiation 25. The badge consists 
 of three graduated shields superimposed one above the 
 other. The largest is of gold and is set with pearls and 
 turquoise. Upon this rests a shield of black enamel and 
 upon the latter another of gold, bearing the Greek letters 
 of the society's name in black enamel. The pledge pin is 
 a bar of gold, either plain or jewelled, bearing the same 
 three letters in black enamel. The flag is an elongated 
 triangle of turquoise blue with black letters. 
 
 Colors-Turquoise Blue and Black. Flower-Forget- 
 me-not. Jewel-Pearl. Open Motto-Know Thyself. In- 
 signia-Shield, Skull, Cross-Bones. Patron-Diana. 
 
 Next Convention-New York, Easter- 1908. 
 
MUSICAL SORORITIES. 
 
 The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded 
 at DePauw University in 1885 under the special patronage 
 of Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean 
 Howe believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these 
 organizations that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establish- 
 ment of a second similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. 
 Alpha Chi Omega has always been most progressive and 
 has grown rapidly. In 1903 it made a striking change m 
 its policy, for instead of confining itself strictly to the 
 colleges of music affiliated with the institutions where 
 its chapters were located, it admitted such students from 
 the liberal arts departments as were taking courses in 
 music. By becoming Musical-Literary, as it is now called, 
 it competes with the academic sororities and in conse- 
 quence has been admitted to the Inter-Sorority Confer- 
 ence. 
 
 Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, es- 
 tablishing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its 
 badge was a harp with three strings across which ran a 
 ribbon of black enamel bearing the sorority*s initials in 
 gold. Its colors were lavender and white, its flower the 
 white rose. In 1906 it affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, 
 
Musical Sororities. 93 
 
 wihich was founded in 1903 at the Metropolitan College of 
 Music located at Cincinnati by Dean W. S. Sterling, Eliz- 
 abeth Mathias of the faculty and Calvin Vos, lawyer and 
 member of Sinfomia land Phi Delta Theta fraternities. 
 
 The musical sorority always labors under the disad- 
 vantage of drawing its material from a department where 
 the average student remains only two years. Its influence, 
 however, is very potent in holding its members to high 
 standards of work along their chosen line. 
 
 MU PHI EPSILON. 
 
 November 13, 1903. 
 Governing Council. 
 
 President, S. Elizabeth Mathias, Metropolitan College of 
 
 Music, Cincinnati. 
 Vice-President, Norma Aleck, Syracuse University. 
 Secretary, Mrs. Or^h A. Lamke, Kroeger School of Music, 
 
 St. Louis. 
 Treasurer, Elfrida Langlois, Wyandotte, Mich. 
 Historian, Nellie Brown, 715 Lawrence; Ave., Ann Arbor. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Chicago Conservatory, DePauw, Detroit Conservatory, 
 Metropolitan Colleges of Music (Cincinnati and Indianap- 
 
94 Musical Sororities. 
 
 olis), Michigan, New England Conservatory, St. Louis 
 Conservatory, Syracuse, Toledo Conservatory. 
 
 Mu Phi Epsilon has lo chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. 
 The total membership is 450, the active membership 125,.. 
 the average initiation 75. The badge consists of a jewelled 
 triangle bearing the Greek Letters in the angles and sup- 
 porting another of black enamel ornamented with a lyre iir 
 gold. The pledge pin and flag have not been adopted yet. 
 
 Colors-Royal Purple and White. Flower- Violet. 
 Jewel-Amethyst. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Lyre and 
 Triangle. Patron-None. 
 
 Magazine-Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book-1905. 
 
 Next Convention-Place Undecided, May, 1908. 
 
 SIGMA ALPHA IOTA. 
 
 June 12, 1903. 
 
 Grand Officers. 
 
 President, Edna O. Lowry, 237 S. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. Ida F. Norton, Detroit. 
 Secretary, Minnie Davis, 325 E. Liberty St., Ann Arbor. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 American Conservatory (Chicago), Detroit Conservatory, 
 Michigan, Northwestern. 
 
 Sigma Alpha Iota has 4 chapters and i alumnae club 
 The total membership is 100, the active membership 40, 
 
MEDICAL SORORITIES. 95 
 
 Uhe average initiation 20. The badge consists of seven 
 ^old Pan pipes surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing 
 the sorority's initials in gold on black enamel. The society 
 has no pledge pin and no flag. 
 
 Colors-Red and White. Flower-Red Rose. Jewel- 
 Pearl. Open Motto- Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Insignia- 
 Pan Pipes, Ellipse. Patron-None. 
 
 Next Convention-Evanston, 111., May, 1908. 
 
 MEDICAL SORORITIES. 
 
 The medical sororities are not numerous, for the num- 
 her of women students enrolled in the medical schools is 
 5till comparatively small. Opportunities for professional 
 training along this special line are not lacking, as may be 
 seen by a glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this 
 head, but it is the liberal education that seems to appeal 
 to the majority of girls who continue their studies beyond 
 the secondary school. 
 
 The first medical sorority was Alpha Epsilon Iota, 
 founded in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and 
 at present has only one, Zeta Phi, for Epsilon Tau is 
 confined to schools of homeopathy. 
 
 ALPHA EPSILON IOTA. 
 
 February 26, 1890. 
 
 Grand Chapter. 
 
 President, Dr. Romilda Paroni, West Philadelphia Hos- 
 
96 Musical Sororities. 
 
 pital for Women and Children. 
 Secretary, Luvia Willard, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 Treasurer, Dr. Grace F. Hagians, 71 E. 50th St., Chicago. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 California, Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Southern California, Women's Med. Col. of" 
 Penn. 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Iota has 9 chapters. The total member- 
 ship is 400, the active membership 100, the average initia- 
 tion 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of black enamel 
 with the letters of the society's name in the three lowest 
 angles. Above is sa serpent's head. 
 
 Colors-Black, White and Green. Flower-White Car- 
 nation. 
 
 Next Convention-Ann Arbor, Nov. 29-30, 1907. 
 
 EPSILON TAU. 
 
 November 4, 1898. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Boston, Chicago Hahnemann, New York Woman's. 
 
 Colors-Fern Green and White. Flower-White Car-- 
 nation. 
 
MEDICAL Sororities. 79 
 
 ZETA PHI. 
 
 May 29, 1900. 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Johns Hopis^ins, Syracuse, Women's Med. Coi. of Penn. 
 
 The total membership is 100, the active membership 
 25, the average initiation 10. The badge is a quatrefoil of 
 black enamel, bearing a cadeceus with wings and rod in 
 white and serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi 
 appear in white to left and right of the caduceus. 
 
 Colors-Black, White and Gold. Flower-Daisy. 
 
NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS. 
 PI BETA PHI. 
 
 Monmouth College 1867-84, DePauw University 1868- 
 68, South Iowa Normal School 1881-87, Carthage College 
 1882-88, York College 1884-88, Callanan College 1886-89. 
 Hastings College 1887-87. 
 
 KAPPA ALPHA THETA. 
 
 Moore's Hill College 1871-74, Illinois Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity 1875-95, Ohio University 1876-86, Simpson College 
 1879-91, Ohio Wesleyan University 1 881 -81, Hanover Col- 
 lege 1882-99, Wesleyan University 1883-87, Unievrsity of 
 Southern California 1887-95, University of the Pacific 1889- 
 90. 
 
 KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA. 
 
 Monmouth College 1870-84, St. Mary's School (Knox- 
 ville, 111.) 1871-74, Smithson College 1872-75, Rockford 
 Seminary 1874-76, Franklin College 1879-84, Simpson Col- 
 lege 1880-90, Ohio Wesleyan University 1880-84, St. Law- 
 rence University 1881-98, L'assell Seminary 1881-82, Uni- 
 versity of Cincinnati 1885-85. 
 
Necrology of Chapters 99 
 
 DELTA GAMMA. 
 
 Warren Female Institute* 1874-89, Water Valley Sem- 
 inary 1876-80, Peabody High School, Fairmount, Tenn., 
 1877-?, Bolivar College 1878-?, Franklin College 1878-?, 
 Hanover College 1881-?, Fulton, Mo. Synodical College 
 1882-?, St. Lawrence University 1883-86, Adelbert College 
 1883-88, University of Southern California 1887-97. 
 
 (Where dates are missing it indicates that the sorority's 
 records are incomplete on these points. All such chapters were short 
 lived, probably not more than two years or so.) 
 
 •Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford (Miss.) Female 
 Institute. 
 
 ALPHA CHI OMEGA. 
 
 Bucknell University, 1898-99. 
 
 DELTA DELTA DELTA. 
 
 University of Michigan, 1894-1900. 
 
 CHI OMEGA. 
 
 Jessamine Female Institute, 1898- 1902, Helhiruth 
 Woman's College, 1899-1900, Belmont College, 1899-1903. 
 
 ZETA TAU ALPHA. 
 
 Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906, Hannah Moore* 
 Academy, 1900-04, Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904-06. 
 
100 Necrology of Chapters 
 
 L -^i BETA SIGMA OMICRON. 
 
 * Christian College, 1888-94 Missouri Valley College, 
 1892-93, Sedalia, Mo., High School, 1898-1906, Pueblo, 
 Colo., High School, 1902-06. 
 
 This college is located at Columbia, Mo., and the chapter 
 roll iticluded some who were students at the University of 
 Missouri during these years. 
 
 ALPHA SIGMA ALPHA. 
 
 Fauquier Institute, i90g-o6. 
 
HONORARY SOCIETIES. 
 
 The national honorary Greek-Letter societies number 
 five, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta 
 Pi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was origin- 
 ally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like those 
 ©f the present time, but owing to force of circumstances, 
 its secrets became known and it gradually assumed a new 
 character. The three others, all founded within the last 
 twenty years, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa 
 with such changes as special needs demanded. 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as repre- 
 sented by the humanities, Sigma Xi Seeks to exalt 
 scientific studies to a place of honor among the humani- 
 ties. Phi Kappa Phi aims to recognize high rank in any 
 department of collegiate education, Tau Beta Pi, the only 
 honorary society to exclude women, is similar in character 
 to Sigma Xi and some steps have been taken to effect a 
 union of the two in the hopes that the advancement of 
 higher scientific education may receive an even greater 
 impulse than that given by both working independently. 
 Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. Its object is 
 high scholarship, honorably acquired and honestly em- 
 ployed. 
 
102 Honorary Societies. 
 
 PHI BETA KAPPA. 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the 
 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on 
 December 5, 1776. Its avowed purpose was "A happy 
 spirit and resolution of attaining the important ends of 
 society". With this aim in view much attention was given 
 to essays and debates with an occasional banquet as an 
 outlet for the youthful spirits of the members. The so- 
 ciety was essentially secret, had a most binding oath of 
 fidelity and a peculiar token of saluation. The original 
 records give no clue to the source from which came the 
 inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter society, but 
 the philosophical clubs then so common among the stu- 
 dents at French and German universities may have led 
 the founders to establish an organization that should 
 stand for good fellow^ship. Then, too, the stirring times 
 in which they lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patri- 
 ots, the very Declaration of Independence itself, doubtless 
 suggested the value of a united brotherhood. 
 
 Early provision was made for placing branches else- 
 where, for the organizers believed it was "Repugnant to 
 the liberal principles of Societies that they should be con- 
 fined to any particular place. Men or Description of Men, 
 but that they should be extended to the wise and virtu- 
 ous of every degree and of whatever country". There are 
 records to show that the Beta, Gamma and Delta charters 
 vvere granted, but none to indicate that such chapters 
 
Honorary Societies 103 
 
 ever existed. The War of the Revolution may have put 
 an end to them as it did to the parent chapter. On Janu- 
 ary third, 1781, the British fleet appeared off the coast 
 and three days later the last meeting was held. It is in- 
 teresting to learn from history that nearly all of the fifty 
 members enlisted in the Continental Afmy, that seventeen 
 served in the state legislature, that eight were members of 
 the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution, 
 that two became United States Senators and five Repre- 
 sentatives, that many of the others were famous men in 
 their day. 
 
 No attempt was made to revive the chapter at William 
 and Mary jintil 1849, t>ut the reorganized society had ex- 
 isted for scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War 
 broke out. Another attempt was made in 1895, and the 
 mother chapter is now in a vigorous condition and likely 
 to remain so for many a year. The suspension of meet- 
 ings in 1 781 would in all probability have rung the death- 
 knell of this most interesting organization had it not been 
 for the fact that a Northern man, Elisha Parmale, Harvard, 
 '79, went to Williamsburg for postgraduate work. Such 
 an idea seems strange today, but in Colonial times 
 William and Mary was the richest as well as the most 
 thoroughly English of the colleges. Its Chancellors were 
 the Bishops of London, its presidents their representatives. 
 As the most prosperous college in the colonies it doubtless 
 offered unusual opportunities along some lines. Mr. Par- 
 male was initiated on July 31, 1779, and being strongly 
 
104 HONORARY SOCrETIES. 
 
 impressed with the possibilities for future growth, he 
 asked for permission to establish branches at Harvard 
 and Yale. The charters were called the Alpha of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay and the Alpha of Connecticut. Six years 
 later these two chapters granted a chapter to Dartmouth 
 and for thirty years these colleges constituted the roll. 
 
 When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was 
 arousing all New England, John Quincy Adams, Judge 
 Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Har- 
 vard chapter to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was 
 sent to the Yale chapter to secure acquiescence. The 
 records say that **He touchingly set forth that the stu- 
 dents of Harvard had such conscientious scruples as to 
 keep them from taking the oath of secrecy and the society 
 life was thus endangered. There was stout opposition, 
 but the notion prevailed and the missionary returned to 
 gladden the tender conscience of the Harvard boys." 
 
 The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 
 1817 gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, 
 because it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 
 1825. The newer organizations with their charm of se- 
 crecy appealed strongly to the undergraduates, and little 
 by little, as greater emphasis was laid upon scholastic 
 records and honor men alone were elected to membership 
 in Phi Beta Kappa, it transpired that the mother of fra- 
 ternities lost many of its original characteristics and came 
 to stand, as it does today, for a brotherhood of scholars. 
 "For nearly half a century," wrote Edward Everett Hale 
 
HONORARY SOGIETIES. 105 
 
 in 1879, "it was the only society in America that could 
 pretend to be devoted to literature and philosophy. And 
 it happened, therefore, that in the infant literature of the 
 nation some noteworthy steps are marked by orations and 
 poems delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa." Among the 
 famous men whose names have appeared upon the pro- 
 grams of the great public gatherings of the society are 
 Adams, Everett, Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Phil- 
 lips, Webster, Choate, Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and 
 Longfellow. The hundredth anniversary was noteworthy 
 as suggesting the culmination of a movement that resulted 
 in the formation in April of 1877 of an alumni association 
 in New York City, known as the Phi Beta Kappa alumni. 
 For lildre than a century the custom prevailed of 
 requiriilg the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new 
 Alpha could be established in a new state, all subsequent 
 charter grants in that state being dependent upon the will 
 of the Alpha. This most unsatisfactory method of estab- 
 lishing new chapters, the impossibility of demanding uni- 
 form standards of scholarship, the entire lack of unity in 
 a movement that was without definite organization, the ab- 
 sence of any system of literary activity, were conditions 
 generally deplored, but no attempt was made to evolve a 
 national organization until the Harvard chapter celebrated 
 its centenary on June 30, 1881, At this time the idea of a 
 governing body was suggested and discussed, but no defi- 
 nite step taken. At a gathering, however, of delegates 
 from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, a 
 
io6 HONORARY Societies. 
 
 resolution was made to recommend a permanent and a 
 representative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, 
 September 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unan- 
 imously adopted a constitution which was eventually rati- 
 fied by all the chapters. The organization was known 
 henceforth as 'T'he United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa". 
 
 Under the present arrangement all applications for 
 charters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty 
 prominent members of national reputation, who hold their 
 office for six years. The charter grants depend to a large 
 extent upon the recommendations of these men, but the 
 final decision is made at the Triennial Convention, for no 
 charters are issued without the consent of delegations 
 representing a majority of chapters. Since the new consti- 
 tution went into effect, the society has given evidence of 
 greatly increased vigor. Eight triennial conventions have 
 been held and thirty-nine charter grants have been made. 
 Much has been done also to bring out the unification of 
 the chapters and to secure higher standards. Only such 
 institutions as grant the A. B. degree in regular course are 
 eligible to charters and no chapter is expected to elect to 
 membership more than one-fourth of the graduating class. 
 The recent movement to gather valuable historical data 
 and to publish periodical literature is a most important one. 
 
 Women were first admitted to membership about the 
 year 1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. 
 The Cornell chapter has never made any sex distinction 
 since its organization in 1882. The number of women on 
 
HONORARY Societies. 107 
 
 the rolls, however, was very small up to the year 1890, for 
 until that time few chapters existed at colleges open to 
 them. The decision of the past two conventions to grant 
 charters to independent colleges for women indicates 
 that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to becoming 
 truly representative of the highest scholarship in the 
 United States. 
 
 SIGMA XI. 
 
 The society of the Sigma Xi, as it is known officially, 
 was founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a 
 few earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing 
 to an unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the 
 exact date of organization is not known. 
 
 The aim of the society, as indicated in the motto, 
 Spoudon Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to 
 encourage original investigation in science, pure and ap- 
 plied, and to secure for scientific studies a place of honor 
 among the humanities of a liberal culture. 
 
 Chapters may be established at any institution offering 
 courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of 
 the society to promote, provided that these courses are 
 substantially equivalent to the usual four years college 
 course. The active membership is composed of resi- 
 dent professors, instructors, graduate students and sen- 
 iors. The last may never be more than one-fifth of the 
 class. No distinction on account of sex has ever been 
 made. 
 
io8 Honorary Societies. 
 
 Provision has also been made for alumni chapter^, 
 which may be established anywhere upon the application 
 of five members of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters 
 have the right of suffrage at the convention and may elect 
 to membership graduates of other institutions of learning 
 at which the society has no chapters. 
 
 PHI KAPPA PHI. 
 
 Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of 
 Maine, July 14, 1897. The motto means "The Love of 
 Learning Rules the World" and the aim of the incorpora- 
 tors was ''to provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity 
 and Democracy of Education and open to honor graduates 
 of all departments of American Universities and Colleges". 
 All candidates for a baccalaureate or higher degree, with- 
 out distinction as to sex, are eligible to membership in 
 their senior year, provided their scholarship entitles them 
 to rank in the first third of the class. 
 
 All applications for charters must be made to the 
 Board of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee 
 composed of the president general, the secretary general 
 and three others. These five men have the power to in- 
 vestigate all applications and to make all charter grants. 
 Active chapters may be estabHshed at universities and col- 
 leges ''of good standing". Alumni chapters have as many 
 votes in the convention as the active chapters, but have 
 never received the right to elect new members to the 
 fraternity. 
 
HONORARY SOCIETIES. 109 
 
 ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA. 
 
 Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical 
 School of the University of Illinois, August 25, 1902. 
 Chapters are limited to medical schools of the highest 
 standing, and the membership may at no time exceed one- 
 sixth of the graduating class. The constitution empowered 
 the fraternity from the first to admit women. The motto 
 means, "To be worthy to serve the suffering". 
 
 PHI BETA KAPPA. 
 
 December 5, 1776. 
 Officers. 
 
 President, Hon. John A. DeRemer, LL. D., Schenectady, 
 
 N. Y. 
 Vice-President, Rev. Eben B. Parsons, D. D., Williams- 
 town, Mass. 
 Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, High 
 
 Bridge, N. J. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Adelbert, Allegheney, Amherst, Baltimore, Boston, Bow- 
 doin. Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati,. 
 Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Hamilton, Har- 
 vard, Haverford, Hobart, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, 
 Kenyon, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Michigan, Middle- 
 
HONORARY Societies. no 
 
 bury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, New 
 York, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
 Princeton, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, St. Law- 
 rence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Tufts, Union, Van- 
 derbilt, Vassar, Vermont, Wabash, Wellesley, Wesleyan, 
 William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. 
 
 The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing 
 on one side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek 
 letters of the society's name. Early in the northern history 
 of the order the familiar watch key pattern of the present 
 day was adopted. On one side are the Greek letters, 
 which stand for the words Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, 
 Philosophy the Guide of Life, and a hand pointing to one 
 or more stars. The reverse bears the letters S. P. which 
 means Societas Philosophica, the owner's name, college 
 and class. The date of founding, December 5, 1776, ap- 
 pears on either side as taste dictates. Sometimes the S 
 and P are arranged in a monogram, again side by side 
 within a laurel wreath. There is no general rule governing 
 the number of stars. The original number was three. 
 Seven appeal to many chapters as the symbol of complete- 
 ness, but certain states prefer to have each new branch 
 add a star to the constellation. The number varies greatly 
 from the single star used by the chapter at the University 
 
HONORARY Societies. hi 
 
 of Colorado to the ten required by the one at Rutgers 
 College. 
 
 Original Colors-Green and Pink. 
 
 (Never formally adopted by the United Chapters.) 
 
 Next Convention-Williamsburg, Va., Sept. 12, 1907. 
 
 SIGMA XI. 
 
 November, 1886. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 President, Edward L. Nichols, Ph. D., Cornell University. 
 Vice-President, Thomas H. Macbride, Ph. D., Iowa State 
 
 University. 
 Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of 
 
 Nebraska. 
 Treasurer, Lucien M. Underwood, Ph. D., Columbia 
 
 University. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, 
 Cornell, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Min- 
 nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, 
 Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Union, 
 Washington State, Wisconsin, Yale. 
 
 The badge is a gold key bearing a monogram of the 
 Sigma and Xi in black enmael. The seal is a laurel 
 wreath surrounding ten stars and a lamp of research. 
 
ii2 HONORARY Societies. 
 
 Golors-Electric Blue and White. 
 
 Next Convention-Chicago, Dec. 27-31, 1907. 
 
 PHI KAPPA PHI. ^ 
 
 July 14, 1897. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 President, George E. Fellows, Ph. D., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
 Secretary, S. Francis Howard, M. S., Amherst, Mass. 
 Registrar, James S. Stevens, M. S., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
 Treasurer, Benjamin Gill, M. A., D. D., State College, Pa. 
 Board of Regents, Chas. W. Dabney, Ph. D., LL. D., 
 Cincinnati. George E. Stone, Amherst, Mass. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 
 Delaware, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, Pennsylvania Col- 
 lege, Tennessee. 
 
 The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or 
 medal, is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa 
 Phi and surrounded by the rays of the sun arranged in 
 eight groups. The seal is a facsimile of the badge sur- 
 rounded by a circle, above which is a row of stars to in- 
 dicate the number of chapters, and below the words, 
 "Founded 1897". The ribbon of the fraternity is white 
 bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and the walls 
 of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on the front 
 edge of the sleeves. 
 
HONORARY SODIETIES. II3 
 
 Colors-Black and White. 
 
 Next Convention-Place not decided, Sept., 1908. 
 
 ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA. 
 
 August 25, 1902. 
 Officers. 
 
 President, Winfield S. Hall, M. D., Northwestern Uni- 
 versity Medical School. 
 
 Vice-resident, Walter B. Cannon, M. D., Harvard 
 Medictal School. 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, M. D., Parker, 
 Ind. 
 
 Chapter Roll. 
 California, Chicago, Harvard, Illinois, Jefferson, Johns 
 Hopkins, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Washing- 
 ton, Western Reserve. 
 
 The badge is a watch key bearing the society's let- 
 4:ers and the year of founding. 
 
 Next Convention-Time and place undecided. 
 
THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE^ 
 
 November, 1881. 
 
 General Officers. 
 
 President, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, 3125 Lafayette Ave., St.- 
 
 Louis, Mo. 
 Secretary, Sophonisba P. Breckenbridge, University or 
 
 Chicago. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Elizabeth L. Clarke, Williamstown, Mass^. 
 
 Roll. 
 
 Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, California, Chicago, Cornells- 
 Illinois, Kansas, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota,. 
 Missouri, Nebraska Northwestern, Oberlin, Radcliffe,. 
 Smith, Stanford, Syracuse, Vassar, Wellesley, Wesleyan^ 
 Western Reserve, Wisconsin. 
 
 Branches. 
 
 Albany, Ann Arbor, Binghampton, Boston, Charlottes- 
 ville, Chicago, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Des Moines,.. 
 Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lincoln, 
 Milwaukee, New Haven, New York, Norfolk, Philadel- 
 phia, Pittsburg, Portland (Ore.), Providence, San Fran- 
 cisco, Seattle, St. Louis, St. Paul, Syracuse, Urbana (Ill.)>- 
 Washington. 
 
 Next Annual Meeting-Boston, November 7-9, 1907^ 
 
SOUTHERN ASOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN. 
 
 • July, 1903. 
 Officers. 
 
 ^President, Lillian W. Johnson, Western College for Wom- 
 an, Oxford, O. 
 
 A^ice-Presidents, Celeste S. Parrish, Normal School, 
 Athens, Ga. Emilie W. McVea, University of Cin- 
 cinnati. Imogene Stone, Newcomb College. 
 
 ■Secretary and Treasurer, Beall Martin, 36 East North 
 Ave., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Roll. 
 
 Alabama, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, 
 California, Chicago, Cornell, George Washington, Illinois, 
 Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Inst, Technology, 
 Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwest- 
 ern, Newcomb, Oberlin, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, 
 Smith, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Vanderbilt, Vassar, 
 Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Chapters. 
 
 ..Asheville, Atlanta, Birmingham, Knoxville, Lexington, 
 -Montgomery, Nashville, New Orleans, Oxford. 
 
 Annual Meeting-New Orleans, Dec. 28-31, 1907. 
 
STATISTICAL DATA. 
 
 Coeducational Colleges. 
 
 With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates- 
 College, which are opposed to fraternity life in any fornix., 
 and Ohio Wesleyan University and Colorado College,, 
 which admit fraternities but forbid even local societies- 
 among the women, there are practically no prominent 
 coeducational colleges closed to sororities. The sixty- 
 six institutions in the following list, to be sure, make 
 up only one-fifth of the entire number of coeducational 
 colleges mentioned by the United States Commissioner 
 of Education, but of the other four-fifths many are so far 
 from attaining the standards set by the best colleges that 
 the sororities are not ready to recognize them. Others 
 that are of high grade have such a limited enrolment o£ 
 women that sorority chapters seem unfeasible. 
 
 ADEPHI COLLEGE. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1896; Women admitted 1896; 
 Valuation* $750,000; Endowment $113,000; Faculty 30^ 
 Men 19, Women 11; Students 491, Men 69,, Women 422;:, 
 
Statistical Data. 117 
 
 Tuition $i8o; Expenses§ $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A., 
 B. S. 
 
 Motto-The truth shall make us free. Colors-Brown and Gold. 
 Sororities-1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta. 
 
 *Crrounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 
 
 gAverage annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 
 
 ADRIAN COLLEGE. 
 
 Adrian, Mich. 
 
 Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admit- 
 ted 1859; Valuation $225,000; Endowment $80,000; Fac- 
 ulty 15, Men 9, Women 6; Students 175, Men 90, Women 
 85; Tuition $15; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., 
 Ph. B., B. L., B. M., M. A., M. S., Ph. M. 
 
 Motto-Let the truth shine. Colors-Canary and Black. 
 
 Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta Delta 
 Delta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. 
 
 University, Ala. 
 
 State ; Opened 1831 ; Women admitted 1893 ; Valua- 
 tion $350,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 56; Stud- 
 ents 471, Men 431, Women 40; Tution Free; Expenses 
 $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., C. E., M. E., M. 
 
 D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and White. 
 
 Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1907, Alpha Delta Phi. 
 
ii8 Statistical Data. 
 
 ALBION COLLEGE. 
 
 Albion, Mich. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened as Seminary 1843; ^^ 
 College 1861 ; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $250,000: 
 Endowment $280,000; Faculty 26, Men 16, Women 10; 
 Students 450, Men 245, Women 205 ; Tution $30 ; Expenses 
 $250; Degree B. A. 
 
 Motto-Lux Fiat. Colors-Pink and Green. 
 
 Sororities- 1883, Delta Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta, Al- 
 pha Chi Omega. 
 
 ALLEGHENY COLLEGE. 
 
 Meadville, Pa. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 181 5; Women admitted 
 1872; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 
 17, Men 14, Women 3; Students 26S, Men 190, Women 78; 
 Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma; 1891, Alpha Chi Omega. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Fayetteville, Ark. 
 
 State ; Opened 1871 ; Women admitted in 1871 ; Valua- 
 tion $1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 62, Men 50, 
 
Statistical Data. 119 
 
 Women 12; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., C. E., M. S., 
 M. A., M. E., E. E., B. Mus. 
 Motto-None. Color-Cardinal 
 Sororities-1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 BAKER UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Baldwin, Kan. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1858 ; Women admitted 
 1858; Valuation $225,000; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 
 40, Men 25, Women 15; Students 1000, Men 530, Women 
 470; Tuition $40; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
 B. S., B. L., B. Pd., A. M. 
 
 Motto-Let him first be a man. Color-Cadmium. 
 Sorority-1895, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 BETHANY COLLEGE. 
 
 Bethany, W. Va. 
 
 Christian; Opened 1841 ; Women admitted 1881 ; Val- 
 uation $200,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 18, Men 
 14, Women 4; Students 256, Men 190, Women 66; Tuition 
 $36; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. S., B. L. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-White and Green. 
 
 Sororities-1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
120 Statistigal Data. 
 
 BOSTON UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 
 1873; Valuation $840,000; Endowment $1,131,586; Faculty 
 158, Men 1-54, Women 4; Students 1600, Men 11 19, Wom- 
 en 481; Tuition $125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., S. 
 B., S. T. B., S. T. D., LL. B., J. B., LL. M. J. M., J. D., 
 LL. D., M. D., M. B, Ch. B., A. M., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and White. 
 
 Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 
 1887, Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta 
 Phi; 1904, Sigma Kappa; 1898, Epsilon Tau (Med.) 
 
 BUCHTEL COLLEGE. 
 
 Akron, O. 
 
 Universalist ; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; 
 Valuation $200,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 17, 
 Men II, Women 6; Students 241, Men 115, Women 126; 
 Tuition $40; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B. 
 
 Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 
 Sororities-1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma. 
 
 BUTLER COLLEGE. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Val- 
 
Statistical Data. 121 
 
 uation $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 
 14, Women 3 ; Students 464, Men 236, Women 228 ; Tui- 
 tion $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities-1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Pi Beta Phi; 
 1906, Kappa Alpha Theta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
 tion $3,771,388.87; Endowment $3,568,835.42; Faculty 408, 
 Men 391, Women 17; Students 3003, Men 1869, Women 
 1134; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L., 
 B. S., M. A. M. S., M. L., Ph. D., M. C. E., M. E., Medi. 
 E., M. D., LL B., D. D. S., Pharm. B., Ph. C. 
 
 Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Blue and Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta; 1896, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta; 1900, Pi 
 Beta Phi; 1901, Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omi- 
 cron Pi, Delta Gamma; 1905, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 
 
 CINCINNATI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
 $3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, 
 
122 Statistical Data. 
 
 Women 20; Students 1242, Men 930, Women 312; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Alta Petit. Colors-Scarlet and Black. 
 Sorority-1892, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. 
 
 Boulder, Col. 
 
 State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valua- 
 tion $700,000; Endowment None; Faculty 112, Men 108, 
 Women 4; Students 850, Men 500, Women 350; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., Ph. 
 D., C. E., E. E., M. K, M. D., LL. B. 
 
 Motto-Let your light shine. Colors-Silver and Gold. 
 Sororities-1885, Delta Gamma; 1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, Kap- 
 pa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega. 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; 
 Valuation $5,000,000; Endowment $8,000,000; Faculty 517, 
 Men 510, Women 7; Students 3523, Men 3112, Women 
 411; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., LL. 
 B., M. D., D. V. M., C. E., M. E., M. C. E., M. M. E., 
 B. S. in Arch., M. S. in Ardh., B. S. in Agr., M. S. in Agr. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Carnelian and White. 
 
 Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa 
 
Statistical Data. 123 
 
 Gamma; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1903, Alpha Epsil- 
 on Iota (Med.) 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF DENVER. 
 
 University Park, Colo. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 
 1880; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $312,000; Faculty 
 177, Men 170, Women 7; Students 11 16, Men 554, Women 
 562; Tuition $36; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M., 
 M. S., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Red and Yellow. 
 
 Sororities-1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta. 
 
 DEPAUW UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Greencastle, Ind. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1837 ; Women admitted 
 1867; Valuation $475,000; Endowment $435,000; Faculty 
 42, Men 25, Women 17; Students 924, Men 470, Women 
 454; Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
 
 Motto-Decus Lumenque Reipublicae Collegium, Color-Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gam- 
 ma; 1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, Alpha Phi; 1905, Mu Phi 
 Epsilon, (Mus.) 
 
 DICKINSON COLLEGE. 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 Nonseotarian ; Opened 1783; Women admitted 1883; 
 
124 Statistical Data. 
 
 Valuation $850,000; Endowment $375,000; Faculty 32; 
 Students 522, Men 452, Women 70; Tuition $6.25; Ex- 
 penses $275 ; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M. 
 Motto-None. Colors-Red and White. 
 Sororities-1903, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Chi Omega. 
 
 FRANKLIN COLLEGE. 
 
 Ffaiiklih, Irid. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1^69; Valua^ 
 tion $110,000; Endowment $312,584; Faculty 11, Men 7, 
 Women 4; Students 291^ Men 141, Women 150; Tuition 
 $42; Expenses $120; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., M. B. 
 
 Motto-Christianity and Culture. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 
 
 Sorority-1888, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 182 1 ; Women admitted 1884; 
 Valuation $1,164,255.11; Endowment $284,329.67; Faculty 
 208; Students 1300, Men 1089, Women 211; Tuition $150; 
 Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. 
 D., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., Pharm. G., LL. B. 
 
 Motto-Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors-Continental Buff and Blue. 
 
 Sororities-1889 Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma 
 Kappa. 
 
Statistical Data. 125 
 
 HILLSDALE COLLEGE. 
 
 Hillsdale, Mich. 
 
 Free Baptist; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; 
 Valuation $120,098; Endowment $251,983 ; Faculty 23, 
 Men 16, Women 7; Students 313, Men 117, Women 196; 
 Tuition $23.50; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. 
 Pd. 
 
 Motto-Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors-UUramarine Blue. 
 
 Soronties-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Urbana, 111. 
 
 S^ate; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
 tion $3,500,000; Ehdo-vtment $645,000; Faculty 482, Men 
 442, Women 40; Students 4316, Men 3400, Women 916; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 M. S., ?h. D., B. L. S., LL. B., M. D., M. E., C. E., E. E., 
 M. Arch., M. Agr. 
 
 Motto-Learning and Labor. Colors-Orange and Blue. 
 
 Sororities-i8fc)5, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 
 1899, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Chi 
 Omega; 190S, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa, Delta Gamma; 
 1898, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 
 
126 Statistical Data. 
 
 ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Bloomington, 111. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted". 
 1877; Valuation $140,000; Endowment $118,161; Faculty 
 45, Men 30, Women 15; Students 970, Men 500, Women. 
 470; Tuition $51; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S.,. 
 A. M, Ph. D., LL. B., B. M. 
 
 Motto-Scientia et Sapientia. Colers-Green and White. 
 
 Sororities-1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA. 
 
 Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valua- 
 tion $600,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty y2, Men 6y, 
 Women 5; Students 1821, Men 1146, Women 675; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., M. D. 
 
 Motto-Liix Et Veritas. Colors-Cream and Crimson. 
 Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma. 
 
 IOWA STATE COLLEGE. 
 
 Ames. la. 
 
 State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valua- 
 tion $1,000,000; Endowment $683,708.53; Faculty 112, Men 
 
Statistical Data. 127 
 
 77, Women 35; Students 2138, Men 1912, Women 226; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. S., B. C. E., B. 
 M. E., B. D. S., D. V. M. 
 
 Motto-Science with Practice. Colors-Cardinal and Gold. 
 Sorority-1869, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. 
 
 Iowa City, la. 
 
 State; Opened i860; Women admitted i860; Valua- 
 tion $2,334,000; Endowment $235,000; Faculty 150, Men 
 143, Women 7; Students 2072, Men 1430, Women 642; 
 Tuition $20; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. Ph., B. S., 
 M. A., M. S., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., Ph. G., 
 Ph. C. 
 
 Motto-None. Color-Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 
 1887, Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 IOWA WESLEY AN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Mt. Pleasant, la. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 
 1844; Valuation $160,000; Endowment $60,000; Faculty 
 :28, Men 15, Women 13; Students 450, Men 230, Women 
 :22o; Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., 
 Ph. B., Litt. B. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities-1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
128 Statistical Data. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. 
 
 Lawrence, Kans. 
 
 State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valua- 
 tion $1,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 114, Men. 
 99, Women 15; Students 1786, Men 1176, Women 610; 
 Tuition $10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S.,. 
 M. A., Ph. D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., Ph. G., Mus. B. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 
 
 Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883,- 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1902, Chi Omega. 
 
 KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Christian; Opened 1799; Women admitted 1889; Val- 
 uation $452,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 64, Men 
 61, Women 3; Students 1109, Men 992, Women 117; Tui- 
 tion $30; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. 
 S., LL. B., LL. D., M. D. 
 
 Motto-In Lumine Illo Tradimus Lumen. Color-Crimson. 
 
 Sorority- 1903, Chi Omega. 
 
 KNOX COLLEGE. 
 
 Galesburg, 111. 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845; 
 
Statistical Data. 129 
 
 Valuation $273,918.71; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 31, 
 Men 18, Women 13 ; Students 607, Men 165, Women 442 ; 
 Tuition $60; Expenses $230; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 M.S. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Purple and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 LELAND STANFORD, JR., UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Palo Alto, Cal. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened _i89i ; Women admitted 1891 ; 
 Valuation $30,000,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 
 136, Men 130, Women 6; Students 1600, Men iioo, Women 
 500; Tuition $10; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M., 
 Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., E. E. 
 
 Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. 
 
 Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Delta Gamma; 1899, Alpha 
 Phi; 1905, Gamma Phi Beta. 
 
 LOMBARD UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Galesburg, 111. 
 
 Universalist ; Opened 1851 ; Women admitted 1851 ; 
 Valuation $160,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 22, 
 Men 15, Women 7; Students 181, Men 91, Women 90; 
 Tuition $60; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 M. S., B. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Olive. 
 
 Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
130 Statistical Data. 
 
 U^ i'*u ^^ UNIVERSITY OF MAINE. 
 
 Orono, Me. 
 
 State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valua- 
 tion $339,000; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 71, Men 66, 
 Women 5 ; Students 635, Men 570, Women 65 ; Tuition 
 $30; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., LL. B., Ph. C, 
 M. A., M. S., LL. M., C. E., M. E., E. E. 
 
 Motto-None. Color-Light Blue. 
 
 Sorority-1902, Delta Sigma. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
 tion $2,851,378; Endowment $1,172,946; Faculty 305, Men 
 296, Women 9; Students 4192, Men 3505, Women 687; 
 Tuition $20; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., 
 D. S., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Artes, Scientia, Veritas. Colors-Maise and Blue. 
 
 Sororities 1879, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 
 1885, Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gam- 
 ma; 1892, Alpha Phi; 1898, Alpha Chi Omega; 1906, Chi Omega; 
 •1890, Alpha Epsilon Iota, (Med.) 1903, Sigma Alpha Iota; (Mus.) 
 1904, Mu Phi Epsilon, (Mus.) 
 
 In addition to the national sororities there is a local society- 
 called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a 
 branch of New York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its 
 
Statistical Data. 131 
 
 aims and methods, however, are very similar to those of its ri- 
 vals. The total membership is 200, the average active member- 
 ship 20, the average annual initiation 6. The badge is a mono- 
 gram of an Old English S and a simple C jewelled. The pledge 
 pin is an oval of rose gold bearing a C linked to the upper part 
 of the S. The colors are yellow and white. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
 tion $3,700,000; Endowment $1,400,000; Faculty 239, Men 
 209, Women 30; Students 4126, Men 2876, Women 1250; 
 Tuition $20; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. 
 D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., D. D. S., P. C, B. 
 S., B. Ag., M. Ag., A. C. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Maroon and Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 
 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi; 
 1894, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi 
 Delta; 1901, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Oxford, Miss. 
 
 State; Opened 1848; Women admitted 1882; Valua- 
 tion $1,450,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 28, Men 2^, 
 Women i ; Students 344, Men 282, AVomen 62 ; Tuition 
 
132 Statistical Data. 
 
 Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S., B. E., M. A., 
 LL. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Red and Blue. 
 
 Sororities-1899, Chi Omega; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Columbia, Mo. 
 
 State; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
 tion $1,600,000; Endowment $1,240,000; Faculty 130, Men 
 121, Women 9; Students 2380, Men 1892, Women 488; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $225 ; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 Ph. D., LL. B., M. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 
 
 Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 MX. UNION COLLEGE. 
 
 Alliance, O. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 
 1846; Valuation $325,000; Endowment $122,000; Faculty 
 29, Men 18, Women 11; Students 524, Men 250, Women 
 274; Tuition $45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
 B. S., Litt. B., A. M., M. S., B. C. S., M. C. S., Mus. B. 
 
 Motto-Sit Lux. Color-Royal Purple. 
 
 Sororities-1882, Delta Gamma; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. : 
 
Statistical Data. 133 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875 ; Women admitted 1875 ; 
 Valuation $25o,9CX); Endowment $70,000; Faculty 41, Men 
 6, Women 35; Students 1031, Men 629, Women 404; Tui- 
 tion $15; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. L., M. 
 D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Garnet and Blue. 
 Sorority-1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 
 
 Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
 tion $1,500,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 168, Men 
 154, Women 14; Students 2728, Men 1506, Women 1222; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $225; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 Ph. D., LL, B., M. D. 
 
 Motto-None, Colors-Scarlet and Creanu 
 
 Sororities-i884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta; 1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1895, Pi 
 Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Al- 
 pha Phi. 
 
 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1831 ; Women admitted r886; 
 
134 Statistical Data. 
 
 Valuation $3,200,000; Endowment $1,085,000; Faculty 259, 
 Men 242, Women 17; Students 3501, Men 2851, Women 
 650; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., 
 B. C. S., M. A, M. S., Ph. D, Pd. M., Pd. D, LL. B., LL. 
 M, J. D., M. D., D. V. S, C. E. 
 
 *The undergraduate college proper is not open to women 
 
 Motto-Perstare Et Praestare. Color-Violet. 
 
 Sorority-1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Evanston, 111. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; opened 1855; Women admitted 
 1873; Valuation $3,565,928.18; Endowment $4,550,765.38; 
 Faculty 331, Men 303, Women 28; Students 3668, Men 
 2325, Women 1343; Tuition $80; Expenses $450; Degrees, 
 A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Quaecumque Sunt Vera. Color-Royal Purple. 
 
 Sororities-1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1882, Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma; 1888, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi 
 Beta; 1890, Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta. Phi; 1895, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1901, Chi Omega; 1904, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.); 
 1893, Zeta Phi Eta, (Oratory). 
 
 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Columbus, O. 
 State ; Opened 1872 ; Women admitted 1872 ; Valuation 
 
Statistical Data. 135 
 
 $4,010,000; Endowment $695,838.19; Faculty 160, Men 
 145, Women 15; Students 2057, Men 1645, Women 412; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 Ph. D, C. E., M. E, E. M., LL. B., LL M., D. V. M. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and Gray. 
 
 Sororities-1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 OHIO UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Athens, O. 
 
 State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
 tion $1,500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 53, Men 33, 
 Women 20; Students 1319, Men 566, Women 753; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ped. 
 
 Motto-Prae Omnibus Virtus. Colors-Olive Green and White. 
 
 Sorority-1889, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876;* 
 Valuation $12,941,459; Endowment $7,808,376, Faculty, 
 379; Students 3854, Men 3487, Women 367; Tuition $150; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., 
 C. E., M. E., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., V. M. D. 
 
 *A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. 
 
 Motto-Literae Sine Moribus Vanae. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. 
 
 Sororities-1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta 
 Delta. 
 
136 Statistical Data. 
 
 RICHMOND COLLEGE. 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1832; Women admitted 1898; Valua- 
 tion $7oo,0(X>; Endowment $375,000; Faculty 17; Stu- 
 dentsdents 271; Men 251; Women 20; Tuition $70; Ex- 
 penses $275 ; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., LL. B. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. 
 
 Sorority-igos, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 SIMPSON COLLEGE. 
 
 Indianola, la. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1867 ; Women admitted 
 1867; Valuation $133,000; Endowment $90,211; Faculty 
 46; Men 27, Women 19; Students 929, Men 458, Women 
 471; Tuition $41; Expenses $125; Degrees, A. B., B. S., 
 Ph. B., B. Mus, A. M, Ph. M., M. S. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Red and Old Gold. 
 Sororities-1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Vermilion, S. D. 
 
 State; Opened 1881 ; Women admitted 1881 ; Valua- 
 tion $250,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 47, Men 30, 
 Women 17; Students 458, Men 217, Women 241; Tuition 
 
Statistical Data. 137 
 
 Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., B. Mus., 
 LL. B., LL. M. 
 
 Motto- Veritas. Color- Vermilion. 
 Sorority-1903, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Methodist; Opened 1880; Women admitted 1880; 
 Valuation $250,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 181, 
 Men 157, Women 24; Students 850, Men 508, Women 342; 
 Tuition $70; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. Mus. 
 
 Motto-None, Colors-None. 
 
 Sorority-1895, Alpha Chi Omega. 
 
 SOUTHWESTERN BAPTIST UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Jackson, Tenn. 
 Baptist; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1890; Valua- 
 tion $125,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 20, Men 13, 
 Women 7; Students 300, Men 200, Women 100; Tuition 
 $60; Expenses, $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 
 Motto-None. Colors-Blue and Old Gold. 
 Sorority-1903, Chi Omega. 
 
 SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Georgetown, Tex. 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women 
 
138 Statistical Data. > 
 
 admitted 1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $100,000; 
 Fiaculty 28, Men 19, Women 9; Students 455, Men 219, 
 Women 236; Tuition $63; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., 
 B. S., A. M. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-None. 
 
 Soronties-1906, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 
 1907, Alpha Delta Phi. 
 
 ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Canton. N. Y. 
 
 Universalist ; Opened 1861 ; Women admitted 1861 ; 
 Valuation $200,000; Endowment $490,000; Faculty 26, 
 Men 25, Women i ; Students 455, Men 352, Women 103 ; 
 Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. A., B. S., B. D., 
 LL. B. 
 
 Motto-Fides Et Veritas. Colors-Scarlet and Brown. 
 Sorority-1891, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 SWARTHMORE COLLEGE. 
 
 Swarthmore, Pa. 
 
 Friends; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valu- 
 ation $850,000; Endowment $970,000; Faculty 32, Men 
 26, Women 6; Students 322, Men 157, Women 165; Tui- 
 
Statistical Data. 139 
 
 tion $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., 
 C. E., M. K, E. E. 
 
 Motto-None. Color-Garnet. 
 
 Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma. 
 
 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1871 ; Women admitted 
 1871 ; Valuation $1,976,147; Endowment $4,163,467; Fac- 
 ulty 218, Men 187, Women 31 ; Students 3005, Men 1450, 
 Women 1555; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. 
 B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ar., B. Mus., B. L., B. P., M. D., 
 LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E. 
 
 Motto-Suas Cultores Scientia Coronat. Color-Orange. 
 
 Sororit^s-1872, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta; 1883, Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Delta Delta Del- 
 ta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, Delta Gamma; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 
 1904; Alpha Gamma Delta; 1905, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Alpha Chi 
 Omega; 1900, Zeta Phi (Med.); 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.) 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valua- 
 tion $629,961.80; Endowment $425,000; Faculty 88, Men 84, 
 Women 4; Students 730, Men 594, Women 136; Tuition 
 
140 Statistical Data. 
 
 $60; Expenses $180; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., AI. S., 
 
 M. E., E. E., C. E., M. S. A., LL. B., LL. M, M. D., 
 
 D. D. S. 
 
 Motto-Veritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vas Liberabit. Color-Orange and White 
 Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. 
 
 Austin, Tex. 
 
 State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valua- 
 tion $800,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 120, Men 
 105, Women 15; Students 2273, ^^'^ I433j Women 840; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. E., 
 LL. B., M. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Orange and White. 
 
 Sororities-1902, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1904, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau 
 Alpha, Alpha Delta Phi. 
 
 TORONTO UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Toronto, Can. 
 
 Government; Opened 1843; Women admitted 1884; 
 Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 223, 
 Men 221, Women 2; Students 2333, Men 1792, Women 
 
 541; Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M, A., 
 
Statistical Data. 141 
 
 Ph. D, M. B., M. D., LL. B., LL M., C. E., E. E., M. E., 
 D. D. S., B. S. A. 
 
 Motto-Velut Arhor Aevo. Color s-Azuret Argent. 
 Sororities-1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1906, Alpha Phi. 
 
 TUFTS COLLEGE. 
 
 Tufts College, Mass. 
 
 Universalist ; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1893; 
 Valuation $2,000,000; Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 200, 
 Men 198, Women 2; Students iioo, Men 959, Women 141 ; 
 Tuition $125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 M. S., B. D., M. D., D. M. D. 
 
 Motto-Pax Et Lux. Colors-Brown and Blue. 
 Sororities-1901, Delta Sigma; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal South ; Opened 1875 J Women ad- 
 mitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; 
 Faculty 10; Students 884, Men 854, Women 30; Tuition 
 $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., 
 D. Sc, Ph. D., B. E., C. E., M. E., E. M., E. E. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Black. 
 
 Sorority- 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta. , \'.^ 
 
142 Statistical Data. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Burlington, Vt., 
 
 State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1871 ; Valua- 
 tion $1,038,500; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 38; Stu- 
 dents 354, Men 274, Women 80; Tuition $80; Expenses 
 $300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. P., M. S., C. E., 
 E. E., M. E., M. D. 
 
 Motto-Studiis Et Rebus Honestis. Colors-Green and Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 
 1898, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 
 State ; Opened 1861 ; Women admitted 1861 ; Valua- 
 tion $1,500,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 80, Men 
 yy, Women 3; Students 11 32, Men 623, Women 509; Tu- 
 ition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., LL. B., 
 B. S., M. E., C. E., M. E., Pharm. 
 Motto-Lux Sit. Colors-Purple and Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1903, Delta Gamma; 1903, Gamma Phi Beta; 1905, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma, 1907, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 
 
 St. Louis Mo. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1859; Women admitted 1870; 
 
Statistical Data. 143 
 
 Valuation $1,892,816.45; Endowment $4,659,497.48; Fac- 
 ulty 169; Students 751, Men 660, Women 91 ; Tuition $150; 
 Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., 
 M D., D. D. S., LL. B., C. E., M. E., E. E, Chem. E., 
 B. Arch. 
 
 Motto-Per Verstatem Vis. Colors-Myrtle and Maroon. 
 Sororities-1906, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1907, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Middletown, Conn. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1831; Women admitted 
 1872; Valuation $973,250; Endowment $1,572,485; Facul- 
 ulty 37, Men 36, Women i ; Students 328, Men 303, Wom- 
 en 25 ; Tuition $85 ; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
 B. S., M. A., M. S. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Cardinal and Black. 
 
 Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1906, Alpha Gamma 
 Delta. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Morgantown, W. Va. 
 
 State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valua- 
 tion, $769,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, 
 Women 12; Students 1257, Men 700, Women 557; Tui- 
 
144 Statistical Data. 
 
 tion $50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., C. E. 
 
 Motto-To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. Colors-Old Gold 
 and Navy Blue. 
 
 Sororities-1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Madison, Wis. 
 
 State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1867; Valua- 
 tion $2,313,332.21 ; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 263, Men 
 250, Women 13; Students 2745, Men 1968, Women yy'/; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., S. B., Ph. 
 B., A. M., S. M., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Numen Lumen. Color-Cardinal. 
 
 Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 
 1885, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta 
 Phi; 1896, Alpha Phi; 1899, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 
 1903, Alpha Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gam- 
 ma Delta. 
 
 WITTENBERG COLLEGE. 
 
 Springfield, O. 
 
 Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Val- 
 uation $150,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 21, Men 19, 
 
Statistical Data. 145 
 
 Women 2; Students 366, Men 244, Women 122; Tuition 
 $50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. D., M. A. 
 
 Motto-Having Light They Will Give to Others. Colors-Cardinal 
 .and Cream. 
 
 Sorority-1904, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 WOOSTER UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Wooster, O. 
 
 Presbyterian; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; 
 Valuation $700,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 73, 
 Men 56, Women 17; Students 834, Men 417, Women 417; 
 Tuition $45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
 M. S. 
 
 Motto-Ex Uno Fonte. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 
 
 Soronties-1875, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma. 
 
 INDEPENDENT COLLEGES FOR WOMEN. 
 
 Of the twelve independent colleges for women ranked 
 as "A" by the United States Commissioner of Education, 
 two. The Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph- 
 Macon Woman's college, admit sororities, six, Elmira, 
 Smith, Wellesley, Mills, Mt. Holyoke, and Rockford sanc- 
 tion local Greek letter societies and four, Vassar, Bryn 
 Mawr, Wells and Trinity are opposed to the fraternity 
 system in any form. It does not seem so remarkable a 
 
146 Statistical Data. 
 
 circumstance that Vassar and Wells, established before 
 sororities had gained any headway or any standing, are 
 opposed to their admission as that Elmira's first Presi- 
 dent and Wellesley's Founder made early provision for 
 similar societies which are today an essential part of the 
 life of these two colleges. The attitude of the Woman's 
 College of Baltimore and Randolph-Macon Woman's Col- 
 lege in admitting sororities is probably due to the fact 
 that they were not opened until the women's fraternities 
 had established themselves in the leading universities of 
 the country and had had oportunity to demonstrate their 
 usefulness as a factor in college life. This idea is borne 
 out by the fact that all the independent women's colleges- 
 started since 1885, with the exception of Bryn Mawr and 
 Trinity, sanction sororities in some form or other. Whether 
 the Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph-MacorL 
 Woman's College, which are under Methodist control^ 
 were influenced by the experience of other Methodist col- 
 leges, DePauw, Syracuse, Boston, and Northwestern,., 
 which have been known for years as strong fraternity cen- 
 tres it is not the province of this article to say, but the fact 
 is certainly noteworthy. 
 
 BRYN MAWR. 
 
 Bryn Mawr, Pa. 
 Nonstectarian ; Opened 1885; Valua/tion $1,784,000; 
 Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 47, Men 2'], Women 20:. 
 
Statistical Data. 147 
 
 Students 441; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. 
 -B, A. M, Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Veritatem Dilexi. Colors-Yellow and Whte. 
 
 ELMIRA COLLEGE. 
 
 Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Presbyterian; Opened 1885; Valuation $200,000; En- 
 dowment $72,000; Faculty 18, Men 7, Women 11; Stu- 
 dents 229; Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., 
 E. S., A. M. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Purple and Gold. 
 
 As early as the year 1856 a literary society, known as Cali- 
 sophia, was organized under the guidance of President Augustus 
 W. Coles, D. D. Union 1841, who for the period of thirty-five 
 years administered the affairs of the college and who still holds 
 an honored place on the faculty. Calisophia remained the only 
 society for ten years, but owing to differences some of its mem- 
 bers formed a new society, June 7, 1866, to which was given the 
 name of Philomathea. It was not long before the rivals took on 
 all the characteristics of fraternity life and the change to Greek- 
 Letter societies resulted quite naturally. Prior to 1903, member- 
 ship was limited only by the wish of the active members, but at 
 that time the administration decided that neiher should carry a 
 -chapter of more than twenty-five members. 
 
 Kappa Sigma was founded in 1856, and has a total member- 
 ship of 688. The badge is a m^onogram of the two letters inter- 
 twined and is frequently set with emeralds and pearls. The 
 •colors are green and white, and the pennant is green with a white 
 monogram like the badge. The open motto is "Per Aspera Ad 
 
148 Statistical Data. 
 
 Astra." The society has a handsomely furnished room in the 
 college building. 
 
 Phi Mu was founded June 7, 1866, and has about 600 mem- 
 bers. The badge is a monogram, usually set with fubies and 
 pearls, the Phi superimposed upon the Mu. The pledge pin is a 
 monogram stick pin of the same style, but much smaller. The 
 colors are red and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. 
 The pennant is of red satit with Phi Mu in gold letters. The 
 society has rooms with appropriate fittings. 
 
 The Fraternity of Thespis was founded in October, 1901^ 
 but is not a secret organization, its chief purpose being the 
 production of dramatic performances, based upon careful study 
 and work. Members of Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu are on its 
 roll. The badge is a skull and crossbones of oxydized silver with 
 emeralds in the eyes. The society has a room in the college 
 building and a hall on the campus known as Thespis Hall in 
 which is the club's theatre. 
 
 MILLS COLLEGE. 
 
 Mills College, Cal. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1871 ; Chartered 
 as a college 1885 ; Present departments, seminary, making 
 up the bulk of attendance, and college ; Valuation $450,000; 
 Endowment $300,000; Faculty 39, Men 8, Women 31; 
 College Students 65; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; De- 
 grees, A. B., B. L. 
 
 MottO'For Christ and the World. Colors-White and Gold. 
 Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as^ 
 a. society that should include all college students who wished to- 
 
Statistical Data. 149 
 
 join, but was changed in 1900 to a secret organization. The total 
 membership is 70. The badge is a gold Mu with the Sigmas 
 superimposed upon it. The Sigmas may be jewelled, but only- 
 pearls or diamonds are used, as the society's colors are white 
 and gold- The badge worn by pledge members is a monogram 
 stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon a Sigma. 
 
 Delta Theta Delta^was established in 1899 and was the first 
 secret society at Mills. The total membership is 60. The badge 
 is an oblong of black enamel with the letters of the society's 
 name in gold. The colors are green and black. 
 
 MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE. 
 
 South Hadley, Mass. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered 
 as a colege 1888; Preparatory department dropped 1893; 
 Valuation $869,961.19; Endowment $801,000; Faculty 97, 
 Men 8, Women 89; Students 720; Tuition $125; Expenses 
 $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
 
 Motto-Psalm CXLIV-XIL Color-Pale Blue. 
 
 Sigma Theta Chi was founded in 1887. The total member- 
 ship is 160, the average active membership 25. The badge is 
 composed of the three Greek letters, either plain or jewelled, 
 fastened to a gold bar three-quartrs of an inch long. 
 
 Xi Phi Delta was founded in 1891. The total membership 
 is 125, the average active membership 25. The badge is a dia- 
 mond-shaped shield supporting another of black enamel sur- 
 rounded by a twist of gold. The three letters are of gold and 
 are placed in order along the short diagonal. The colors are 
 purple and gold, the flower the pansy. 
 
 Psi Omega was founded in 1897. The total membership is 
 
150 Statistical Data. 
 
 100, the average active membership is 25. The badge is a 
 peculiarly-shaped shield of gold, supporting another of black 
 enamel surrounded by a fine gold beading. The second shiel'd 
 bears the Greek letters in gold, the Psi being placed above the 
 Omega. 
 
 Gamma Kappa was founded in 1898. The total membership 
 is 60, the average active membership is 20. The badge is a gold 
 monogram of the two Greek letters, the Gamma superim- 
 posed upon the Kappa and often jewelled with rubies. The color 
 is red, the flower the red rose. 
 
 Chi Delta Theta was founded in 1902. The total member- 
 ship is 50, the average active membership 20. The badge is an 
 equilateral triangle set with pearls and supporting an inner tri- 
 angle of black enamel with the gold letters of the society's name 
 in the angles. The color is old gold, the flower the yellow rose. 
 
 RANDOLPH - MiACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 Lynchburg, Va. 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1893; Valuation 
 $535,000; Endowment $218,000; Faculty 32, Men 13, Wo- 
 men 19; Students 358; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; De- 
 grees, A, B., A. M. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Lemon and Black. 
 
 Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Al- 
 pha Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 
 190S, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 ROCKFORD COLLEGE. 
 
 Rockford, 111. 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1849; Chartered 
 
Statistical Data. 151 
 
 as a college 1892; Present departments, preparatory and 
 college; Valuation $190,000; Endowment $154,754; Fac- 
 ulty 22, Men 2, Women 20; Tuition %'7^\ Expenses $275; 
 Degrees, B. A., B. S. 
 
 Motto-Decus Et Veritas. Colors-Purple and White. 
 
 Kappa Theta was originally a literary society, called Casta- 
 lian, but became a secret organization in September, 1900. Its 
 present name was adopted April 17, 1902. The total member- 
 ship is 66, the average active membership 16. The badge is a 
 gold shield with curiously fluted edges upon which is raised a 
 wedge bearing the letters of the society's name in black enamel, 
 the Kappa above the Theta. The colors are scarlet and gray, 
 the flower the scarlet carnation. 
 
 Chi Theta Psi was founded February 24, 1902. The total 
 membership is 92, the average active membership 20. The badge 
 is an oval of black enamel bearing the letters of the society's 
 name and surrounded by a band of gold or pearls. The colors 
 are black and gold, the flower the black pansy. 
 
 SMITH COLLEGE. 
 
 Northampton, Mass. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $675,500; En- 
 dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 93, Men 2y, Women 66; 
 Students 1387; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, 
 A. B., A. M. 
 
 Motto- Add to Your Virtue Knowledge. Color-White. 
 For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter so- 
 ciety at Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to 
 support two and when it seemed that competition would add 
 
152 Statistical Data. 
 
 strength and inspiration to the one already formed, it was de- 
 cided that five members should go out from the first and organize 
 a second on similar lines. These five were finally voluteers, as 
 the matter was too delicate a one to put to vote. As a reward 
 for their self-sacrifice they were permitted to retain their original 
 membership, but they were the only students who ever belonged 
 to both organizations. 
 
 Although these two Greek-letter societies are not regarded 
 by either students or faculty as secret sororities, the difference 
 between them and the local secret societies at other colleges is 
 very slight. The large membership precludes any very close 
 friendship such as the sororities seek to foster, and for this 
 reason they resemble the class societies in vogue at some of the 
 men's colleges. The letters of the Greek names have a special 
 significance for the initiated and neither meetings nor member- 
 ship are open. Rushing, however, has been eliminated by a 
 unique custom of allowing each society in turn first choice. One 
 year one society has the privilege of making the first draw- 
 ing, but the next year it goes to the other. If one society elects 
 three members, the other takes the same number the following 
 week, and so the drawings go on until the entire delegation is 
 selected. Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as 
 to the other, no one ever refuses an offer from one in the hopes 
 of receiving an invitation from the other. There are always sixty 
 members in each at the close of the year and this number is 
 invariably made up of twenty-five seniors, twenty juniors, and 
 fifteen sophomores, though sophomores are not admitted until 
 after the Christmas recess. The basis of membership is high 
 scholarship, special literary power or marked executive ability. 
 Meetings are held once in three weeks at the rooms that each 
 society has in the Students' Biulding. They are usually of a 
 literary character, followed by a social gathering, but quite often 
 a play is given. Once a year each has an open meeting when 
 some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. 
 
Statistical Data. 153 
 
 The Alpha Society was founded three years after the college 
 was opened. It aims to provide instruction and entertainment for 
 its members. The badge is of Roman gold and is a facsimile of 
 a primitive Greek Alpha. The club color is red. 
 
 Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to 
 encourage a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary 
 lines, and to bring into intimate relations those who have con- 
 genial interests. The badge consists of three equilateral triangles 
 of white enamel, each bearing one letter of the society's name in 
 gold and all meeting at a common centre under a single pearl. 
 Each one of the three equal spaces between the triangles is filled 
 with a gold fleur de lis. The club color is gold, the flower the 
 daffodil. 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $80,000; Endow- 
 ment $10,000; Faculty 25, Men 8, Women 17; Students 
 no; Tuition $100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B. 
 
 Motto-Unitas in Trinitate. Colors-Silver and White. 
 
 VASSAR COLLEGE. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,361,000; 
 Endowment $1,304,000; Faculty 94, Men 17, Women yy; 
 Students 1006; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, 
 A. B., A. M. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Rose and Gray. 
 
154 Statistical Data. 
 
 WELLESLEY COLLEGE. 
 Wellesley, Mass. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $1,760,525; 
 Endowment ^5^^06,000; Faculty 96, Men 12, Women 84; 
 Students 1096; Tuition $175; Expenses $300; Degrees B. 
 A., M. A., 
 
 Motto-Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. Color-Dark Blue. 
 
 In November, 1876, Mr. Henry F. Durant, founder of Wel- 
 lesley College, suggested to representative students that two soci- 
 eties devoted to social and literary ends should be organized. In 
 June, 1881, these were disbanded because of faculty opposition, 
 but were reorganized eight years later through the efforts of the 
 charter members. There is a general impression among sorority 
 women that Wellesley societies are not secret organizations, 
 since they publish their formal programs in the college papers. 
 It is true that only two. Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha, were secret 
 in the beginning, but since 1889 all claim that they are both secret 
 and select, and emphasize the fact that they do not tell outsiders 
 even their colors or their flowers. 
 
 In the early history of the societies freshmen were admitted, 
 but as years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of 
 all to postpone the elections to membership. This conservatism 
 culminated in an inter-society compact made in June, 1904, to ex- 
 tend to invitations to new members before the first day of Christ- 
 mas vacation of their sophomore year. With the increasing at- 
 tendance, it seems only a question of time when the societies 
 will restrict their membership to the junior and senior classes. 
 
 The society houses at Wellesley are unlike the fraternity 
 houses of other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their 
 members during the college course. They resemble the hand- 
 
Statistical Data. 155 
 
 somely furnished club house of city and town and contain a hall 
 for meetings, a library, a den, a kitchen and cloak rooms. 
 
 Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen char- 
 ter members. Its aim is to give "Additional literary training and 
 social intercourse, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship 
 and to unite the interests of the undergraduates". The society 
 was disbanded in 1881, but reestablished May 17, 1889. It is 
 the only Wellesley society that placed a chapter elsewhere, the 
 Beta chapter being located at Wesleyan University, Middletown, 
 Conn., from 1893-1903. The total membership of the Alpha 
 Chapter is 325, the average active membership 25. The badge is 
 a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek 
 letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome 
 house on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built 
 in 1900 and is a model of an Italian villa. 
 
 Zeta Alpha ^yas founded November 6, 1876, discontinued in 
 June 1881 and reestablished in the Fall of 1889. The society al- 
 ways has one open meeting during the year to show its guests 
 something representative of its work. Its annual colonial ball 
 has become quite a feature of the college life. The total 
 membership is 350, the average active membership 25. Its 
 badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of Wes- 
 tern Reserve University are identicle in size and shape, but the 
 pin of Zeta Alpha is all of gold with a facsmile of an old Roman 
 lamp across the centre. In the upper angle is a star set with a 
 turquoise and in the lower angles are the letters Zeta and Alpha 
 in blue enamel. The society's house is a handsome colonial 
 structure with the grounds laid out to represent an old colonial 
 garden. 
 
 The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim 
 is "The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of develop- 
 ment". It was at first an open club and many who belonged to 
 Phi Sigma or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among its members, but 
 when these two were reestablished in 1899 as secret societies, it 
 
156 Statistical Data. 
 
 was put upon the same basis. The total membership is 586, the 
 average active membership 40. The badge is a gold mask with a 
 silver quill through the left eye and above the mask the gold let- 
 ters, W. S., a facsimile of Shakespeare's autograph on his will 
 The society's house, erected in 1898 on Tree Day Green, is a copy 
 of Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford and is one of the pictures- 
 que sights of Wellesley. The annual play, presented out of doors 
 in Rhododendron Hollow, is always one of the memorable oc- 
 casions of the commencement season. 
 
 Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1899 as the "Art Society". 
 The name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, 
 viz. "To disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the 
 beautiful in creative art and nature on the one hand, on the 
 other to bring its members into closer fellowship with one anoth- 
 er". The total membership is 220, the active membership 40. 
 The badge is of gold and represents an ancient chariot wheel 
 with a wing fastened to the axle. On the felloe are the initials 
 of the society's name in violet enamel. The society house, con- 
 taining a hall, fashioned after the old English style with plastered 
 walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fire place and balcony is 
 one of the features of the Wellesley campus. The members give 
 two unique affairs each year, the Studio Reception and the Fall 
 Musical. 
 
 The Agora received its charter giving it a right to exist as 
 one of the six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time 
 it had been a political club founded bj'' a few freshmen in the 
 village who met to discuss political questions. Its aim is "To 
 create in its members an intelligent interest in the political ques- 
 tions of the day". The total membership is 150, the average ac- 
 tive membership 40. The badge represents the helmet of Athena 
 and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek characters of 
 Wellesley blue enamel. The society's house is beautifully situa- 
 ted near Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the style of a 
 
Statistical Data. 157 
 
 Greek temple. The Agora gives three prominent entertainments 
 during the year, a Reception on Washington's Birthday, a Mili- 
 tary Ball during the Spring and an Open Meeting at which the 
 society shows to about 600 guests what its work is. 
 
 Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as "the Clas- 
 sical Society". Its aim was "To further the interest in ancient 
 Greek and Roman drama, literature and art and their influence 
 on modern drama, literature and art". In 1897 the name was 
 changed and the society became a secret organization. The total 
 membership is 150, the average active membership 30. The badge 
 is a scroll of black enamel bearing the letters Alpha Kappa Chi 
 in gold. The society house, erected recently and not yet fin- 
 ished, is modelled after a private Roman house and is lighted en- 
 :tirely from above. 
 
 WELLS COLLEGE. 
 
 Aurora, N. Y. 
 
 Nonseetarian ; Opened 1868; Valuation $183,500; En- 
 dowment $263,000; Faculty 2.2, Men 7, Women 15; Stu- 
 dents 155; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., 
 M. A. 
 
 MoHo-Habere Et Dispertire. Color-Cardinal. 
 
 WOMAN'S COLLEGE OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1888; Valuation $775,- 
 000; Endowment $632,000; Faculty 24, Men 11, Women 
 13; Students 348; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
 
158 Statistical Data. ^ 
 
 Motto-I Thess. V. 2$. Colors-Dark Blue and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities-1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893 Gamma- 
 Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899^ 
 Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 In addition to these branches of the national organizations 
 there is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which; 
 was organized in 1892 and has a total membership of 150. The 
 society has no desire to affiliate with any sorority and though it 
 has a national charter it does not intend to establish other chap- 
 ters. The badge is an arch bearing the letters of the society's 
 name and a Sphinx head. The colors are old rose and white, the 
 flower the chrysanthemum. 
 
 AFFILIATED COLLEGES. 
 
 The word affiliated is used to designate such colleges 
 for women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the 
 admanistration of a college for men. The woman's college 
 may, or may not, have an individual name, but in every 
 case the separation is complete. 
 
 Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they 
 are, they show many marked differences in the methods 
 employed in furnishing the instruction to the women stu- 
 dents. In the case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879 by a cor- 
 poration under the name of "The Society for the Collegiate 
 Instruction of Women", but popukrly known as ''Harvard 
 Annex" until its incorporation as a college for women in 
 1894, the instruction is given by members of the Harvard 
 faculty. Though most of its courses are identical with 
 courses in Harvard and all are of the same grade as those 
 
Statistical Data. 159 
 
 rgiven by the University, yet many listed in the different 
 ■departments of the College of Arts and Sciences are not 
 open to students at RadcHffe. Newcomb College was 
 opened in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane University, 
 but it is located in a different section of New Orleans and 
 lias a faculty of its own. At Barnard, opened in 1889 
 and incorporated as an undergraduate woman's college 
 of Columbia, the courses are given by professors appointed 
 hy the trustees of the University. Barnard graduates re- 
 ceive their degrees from Columbia and may take up post- 
 graduate work at the University under the same condi- 
 tions as men. Brown University admitted women infor- 
 mally to certain privileges as early as 1892 and established 
 the Woman's College as a regular department in 1897. 
 Western Reserve University became coeducational in 1872, 
 l)ut made a change in policy in 1888. 
 
 RadcHffe is the only affiliated college where no form 
 of the Greek-Letter Society exists, but this is due to local 
 conditions rather than to any definite policy of opposition 
 on the part of the administration. In the case of the Wom- 
 an's College of Western Reserve the authorities feel 
 that the local societies are best for the women students, 
 though fraternities are countenanced among men. 
 
 BARNARD COLLEGE. 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1889; Valuation $561,700; En- 
 
i6o Statistical Data. 
 
 dowment $700,000; Faculty 67, Men 52, Women 15; Stu- 
 dents 624; Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree A. B. 
 
 Motto-Hepomene To Logismo. Colors-Pale Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities-1891, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Alpha Omicron 
 Pi; 1898, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Gamma Phi Beta; 1903, Al- 
 pha Phi; 1903, Delta Delta Delta; 1904, Pi Beta Phi; 1906, Chi 
 Omega. 
 
 BROWN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Providence, R, I. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
 man's College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endow- 
 ment $2,500,000; Faculty 46, Men 43, Women 3; Students 
 849, Men 649, Women 200; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; 
 Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., A. M., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Deo Speramus. Colors-Brown and White. 
 
 Sororities-1897, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Delta Sigma. 
 
 NEWCOMB COLLEGE. 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1886; Valuation $600,000; En- 
 dowment $400,000; Faculty 33, Men 9, Women 24; Stu- 
 dents 439; Tuition $100; Expenses $225; Degree, A. B. 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Light Blue and Bronze. 
 
 Sororities-1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, 
 Chi Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Phi Mu. 
 
Statistical Data. i6i 
 
 RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. 
 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1879; Valuation $871,000; En- 
 dowment $420,000; Faculty 102, Men 102, Women o; 
 Students 468; Tuition $200; Expenses $550; Degrees, A. 
 B, A. M., Ph. D. 
 
 Motto-Veritas. Colors-Crimson and White. 
 
 WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 ; Qeveland O. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1826 ; Women admitted 1872 ; 
 Woman's College created 1888; Valuation $1,552,790; 
 Endowment $1,593,082; Faculty 131, Men ir6, Women 
 15; Students 907, Men 578, Women 329; Tuition $100: 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., A. M., 
 
 Motto-None. Colors-Gold and White. 
 
 Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total member- 
 ship is 57. Its founders intended that only students of Greek 
 should be admitted, but this policy has been changed within the 
 last few years. The badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully 
 shaped, outlined with gold scroll work and bearing the Greek 
 letters in gold. The pledge pin is a circle of gold with a bar 
 across the centre. On the upper half of the circle are the words 
 Delta Phi Upsilon engraved in Greek characters. The colors are 
 dark blue and gold, the f]ower, the pansy. 
 
 Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total member- 
 
i5z Statistical Data. 
 
 ship is SI. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides out- 
 lined with a row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with 
 four concave sides bears the three Greek letters in gold. The 
 colors are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The pledge 
 pin is of black enamel, identical in shape ap4 siz§ with the inner 
 portion of the badge. 
 
 Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership 
 is 70. The badge is a five pointed star set with pearls along the 
 edges. An inner raised star of black enamel bearn the gold \eU 
 ters Phi Kappa Zeta. The colors are black and gold, the flower, 
 the daffodil. 
 
 Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total me^n^ership is 54. 
 The badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined 
 with pearls and the corners emphasized wiith emeralds. An in- 
 ner raised portion of black enamel beaFs the Greek letters of the 
 society^s name, the Sigma being placed above the Psi. The 
 pledge pin is a monogram of the two letters, the Sigma being 
 of gold at^d the F«i of green fiiiinel. The colors ^pe green and 
 gold, the flower the daflfodiL The flag is ?^ pennant with gold 
 letters on ^ green background. The open mQtto i§ "^Y§r faith- 
 ful". 
 
 COORDINATE COLLEGES. 
 
 The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes 
 of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational 
 institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward 
 the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segrega- 
 tion policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 
 1902 has been copied by a number of colleges especially 
 in the East and Middle West. All these institutions were 
 coeducational for a longer or shorter period and made the 
 
Statistical Data. 163 
 
 change for a variety of reasons, one because of the increas- 
 ing enrolment of women students, another because of the 
 decreasing attendance of men students, a third to enable 
 the women to enjoy a more distinct social life. At present 
 separation in chapel exercises and in the required work of 
 the college is as far as most of them have followed in the 
 lead of Chicago. Strangely enough the authorities in 
 charge of the women of this large university are opposed 
 to the admission of branches of the national §rorities, 
 while th^ smaller colleges welcome them heartily. 
 
 BUCKNELL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Lewisbur^, Pa. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Wo- 
 man's College created 1905; Valuation $400,000; Endow- 
 ment $700,000; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women i; Students 
 514, Men 373, Women 141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; 
 Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 
 -"' Motto-None. Cplors-Qrange and Blue, 
 
 Sorpritif§-ia84, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 CHICAGO UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
 man's Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; 
 
1 64 Statistical Data. 
 
 Endowment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; 
 students 4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition $120; 
 Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., A. M., Ph. 
 M., S. M., Ph. D., D. B., Ed. B., LL. D., J. D. 
 
 Motto-None. Color-Maroon. 
 
 Sorority-Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 
 
 The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total 
 membership is 51. The badge is a half inch square of gold, the 
 entire space being covered with the word Esoteric in green and 
 white enamel. The pledge pin is a square of green enamel dis- 
 playing the letter E in white enamel. The colors are green and 
 white, the flower the white rose. 
 
 The Mortar Board was organized November 10, 1894. The 
 total membership is 77. The badge is of dark blue enamel and 
 is designed to represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. 
 The pledge pin is a square with bevelled edges, bearing the let- 
 ters M B in gold on a field of blue enamel. 
 
 The Quadranglers was organized in January, 1895. The 
 total membership is 71, The badge is a square of black enamel 
 with gold edges, the lowest angle pierced with the letter Q, 
 which is set with ten pearls, the tail of the Q being of black 
 enamel. The colors are black and white. 
 
 The Wyvern was founded in October, 1898. The total mem- 
 bership is 35. The badge is a W set with either pearls or dia- 
 monds and entwined with a winged dragon or wyvern of gold. 
 The pledged member wears a silver ring encircled by a dragon. 
 The colors are gold and white, the flower the chrysanthemuu. 
 The flag shows a white dragon on a yellow field. 
 
 Phi Beta Delta was founded in December, 1899. The total 
 membership is 36. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of 
 rose gold, through which and around which twines a winged 
 dragon holding a sapphire in its mouth. The letters of the so- 
 
Statistical Data. 165 
 
 ciety's name appear in the angles of the triangle and like its 
 edges, are raised. The pledge pin is an open triangle of dark 
 blue enamel, three-eighths of an inch on a side. The colors are 
 dark blue and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The 
 jewel is the sapphire. 
 
 COLBY COLLEGE. 
 
 Waterville, Me. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871 ; Wo- 
 man's Division created 1890; Valuation $275,000; Endow- 
 ment $470,000; Faculty 17, Men 15, Women 2; Students 
 240, Men 124, Women 116; Tuition $90; Expenses $160; 
 Degrees, A. B., B. S. 
 
 Motto-Lux Mentis Scientia. Colors-Gray and Blue. 
 
 Sororities-1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, Chi Omega. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE. 
 
 Middlebury, Vt. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; 
 Woman's College created 1903; Valuation $500,000; En- 
 dowment $400,000; Faculty 13, Men 13, Women o; Stu- 
 dents 178, Men 108, Women 70; Tuition $80; Expenses 
 $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
 
 MottO'Scientia Et Virtus. Colors-Blue and White. 
 
 Sorority-1893, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
MEN'S FRATERNITIES. 
 
 ALPHA CHI RHO-1895-Brooklyn Pol. Inst., Columbia, 
 Dickinson, Lafeyette, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, Trinity, Virginia, 
 Yale — 9. 
 
 ALPHA DELTA PHI-1832-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, C C 
 N. Y., Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Har- 
 vard, Johns Hopkins, Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, 
 Rochester, Toronto, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, 
 Williams, Wisconsin, Yale— 24. 
 
 ALPHA TAU OMEGA-1865-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
 Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, Colorado, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hills- 
 dale, Illinois, Kansas, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Union, Muhlenburg, Nebras- 
 ka, North Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, 
 Pennsylvania College, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst,, Simpson, St. 
 Lawrence, Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Pres- 
 byterian, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tufts, Tulane, Uni- 
 versity of the South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington 
 State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western 
 Reserve, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Woostef, Worcester Pol. Inst. 
 -58. 
 
 BETA THETA PI-1839-Amherst, Beloit, Bethany, Boston 
 Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
 Colgate, Colorada, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Davidson, 
 Denison, Denver, DePauw, Dickinson, Hampden-Sydney, Han- 
 over, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, 
 
"^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Au?,/r 
 
 
 ENGRAVED AND PRINTED FOR THE 
 
 SORORITY HAND BOOK 
 BY THE SUFFOLK ENG. AND ELECTRO. CO. BOSTON. 
 
Men's Fraternities. 167 
 
 Johns Hopkins, Kansas Kenyon, Knox, Lehigh, Maine, Miami, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North- 
 western, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, 
 St. Lawrence, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Union, Vanderbilt, Vir- 
 ginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, 
 Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Wis- 
 consin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Yale — 70. 
 
 CHI PHI-1864-Amherst, California, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
 Emory, Franklin and Marshall, Hampden Sydney, Georgia, Ga. 
 Sch. Tech., Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, 
 Rensselaer, Rutgers, Sheffield, Stevens, Texas, Vandebilt, Wof- 
 ford— 20. 
 
 CHI PSI-1841-Amherst, Bowdoin, California, Chicago, Cor- 
 nell, Georgia, Hamilton, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Min- 
 nesota, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, Union, Wesleyan, Williams, 
 Wisconsin — 18. 
 
 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON-1844-Alabama, Amherst, Bow- 
 doin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, 
 Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Ham.ilton, Illi- 
 nois, Kenyon, Lafayette, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michi- 
 gan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Penn- 
 sylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, 
 Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wesleyan, Wes- 
 tern Reserve, Williams, Yale — 41. 
 
 DELTA PHI-1827-Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Plop- 
 kins, Lehigh, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, 
 Sheffield, Union — 11. 
 
 DELTA PSI-1847-Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mississippi^ 
 Pennsylvania, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams — 8. 
 
i68 Men's Fraternities. 
 
 DELTA SIGMA PHI-1901-C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, 
 New York, Mass. Inst. Tech. — 5. 
 
 DELTA TAU DELTA-1859-Albion, Allegheny, Amour Inst. 
 Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, George Washington,, Hills- 
 dale, Kenyon, Illinois, Indiana. Indianapolis, Iowa, Lafayette, Le- 
 high, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minne sola Missouri, Mississ- 
 ippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, 
 Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Stevens, Texas 
 Tulane, Tufts, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wa- 
 bash, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Wesleyan, 
 Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin — 50. 
 
 DELTA UPSILON-1834-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
 fornia, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, Depauw, 
 Hamilton, Harvard, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. 
 Inst. Tech., McGill, Middlebury, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, 
 New York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Rochester, 
 Rutgers, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Union 
 Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin — 37. 
 
 KAPPA ALPHA (Northern)-i825-Cornell, Hobart, Lehigh, 
 McGill, Toronto, Williams, Union — 7. 
 
 KAPPA ALPHA (Southern)-i86s-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
 Arkansas, Bethany, California, Central, Charleston, Davidson, 
 Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
 Georgetown (Ky), George Washington, Hampden-Sydney, Johns 
 Hopkins, Kentucky, Kentucky State, Kentucky Wesleyan, Louisi- 
 ana, Mercer, Millsaps, Mississippi, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, 
 North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Randolph-Macon, 
 Richmond, Southern, Southwestern, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, 
 Trinity (N. C), Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, 
 Virginia, Washington, Washington and Lee, Westminster, West 
 Virginia, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wofford — 49. 
 
Men's Fraternities. 169 
 
 KAPPA SIGMA-1869 Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, 
 ^aker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell^ California, Case, Chicago, 
 Colorado College, Col. Sch, Mines, Cornell, Cumberland, Dart- 
 mouth, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
 ■George Washington, Hampden-Sydney, Harvard, Idaho, Illinois, 
 Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, 
 Maine, Maryland, Mass. Ag. Col, Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, 
 Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, New York, New 
 Hampshire, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, Okla- 
 lioma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, Richmond, Southwestern, Southwestern Baptist, 
 "Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Ten- 
 nessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, 
 Virginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washington, Wash- 
 ington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
 William and Mary, William Jewell, Wisconsin, Wofford — 76. 
 
 OMEGA PI ALPHA-1901-C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, 
 Xehigh, Pennsylvania, Rutgers — 6. 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA-1848-Alabama, Ala. Pol Inst., Al- 
 legheny, Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
 Colby, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dick- 
 "inson, Emory, Franklin, Georgie, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Illi- 
 mois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, 
 Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Mich- 
 igan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, 
 Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, 
 Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph- 
 Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, 
 Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the South, Vandebilt, Ver- 
 mont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Wash- 
 ington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Westminster, Wil- 
 Hiams, Wisconsin — 71. 
 
170 MEN'S Fraternities 
 
 PHI GAMMA DELTA-1848-Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst,. 
 Bethel, Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Columbia, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Hanover, Illinois, Illinois 
 Wesleyan, Indiana, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, Le- 
 high, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, . 
 Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania,- 
 Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Richmond,. 
 Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity, Union, Virginia, 
 Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefiferson, Wash- 
 ington and Lee, Western Reserve, William Jewell, Wisconsin,. 
 Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester, Yale — 55. 
 
 PHI KAPPA PSI-1852-Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Brook- 
 lyn Pol. Inst., Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate Colum- 
 bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Mar- 
 shall, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Lafayette, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio 
 State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pur- 
 due, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Vanderbilt, Virgin- 
 ia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 43. 
 
 PHI KAPPA SI GMA-1850- Alabama, Armour, California, 
 Charleston, Columbia, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Ga. 
 Sch. Tech., Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst Tech., North- 
 western, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Randolph-Macon, 
 Richmond, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington and Jeffer- 
 son, W^ashington and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin-^24. 
 
 PHI SIGMA KAPPA-1873-Brown, C. C. N. Y., Columbia,. 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Washington,, 
 Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsyl- 
 vania, Pennsylvania College, Queens, Stevens, St. John's, St.. 
 Lav^rrence, Swarthmore, Union, Virginia, West Virginia, Wil 
 Hams, Yale— 23. 
 
 Pi KAPPA ALPHA-i868-Ala. Pol. Inst. Arkansas, Cen- 
 
Men's Fraternities 171 
 
 tenary, Cumberland, Davidson, Florida, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hampden- 
 Sydney, Kentucky, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Millsaps, North 
 Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Presbyterian, Richmond, 
 Roanoke, Southwestern Presbyterian, Tennessee, Trinity (N. C), 
 Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washing- 
 ton and Lee, West Virginia, William and Mary, Wofford-— 29. 
 
 PSI UPSlLON-1833-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
 Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Kenyon, Le- 
 high, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rochester, 
 Syracuse, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Yale — 22. 
 
 SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON-1856-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. 
 inst., Allegheny^ Arkansas, Bethel, Boston, Bucknell, California, 
 CasCj Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, 
 Em-ory, Franklin, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
 Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, 
 Kentucky State, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Union, Nebras- 
 ka, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
 Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
 Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Presbyterian, 
 Stanford, St. Stephen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, Uni- 
 versity of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washing- 
 ton State, Washington and Lee, Wisconsin, Wofford, Worcester 
 -69. 
 
 SIGMA CHI-1855-Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, Bucknell, But- 
 ler, California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado College, Columbia, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, George Wash- 
 ington, Hanover, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, 
 Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. 
 Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, 
 Montana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
 
172 Men's Fraternities 
 
 Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
 Southern California, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vander- 
 bilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington and 
 Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster — 56. 
 
 SIGMA NU 1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Arkansas, 
 Bethany, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
 Howard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, 
 Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, Louisiana, Mercer, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Montana, Mt. 
 Union, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, North- 
 western, Ohio State, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rose Pol. 
 Inst., Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vanderbilt, 
 Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington 
 and Lee, West Virginia, William Jewell, Wisconsin— 57. 
 
 SIGMA PHI-1827-Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, Lehigh, Michi- 
 gan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 9. 
 
 SIGMA PHI EPSILON-iQOi-Colorado, Delaware, Ga. Sch. 
 Tech., Illinois (Med. Col.), Jefferson Med. Col.. N. C. A. & M. 
 C, Ohio Northern, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Rich- 
 mond, Syracuse, Virginia, Washington and Lee, Western, West 
 Virginia, William and Mary — 17. 
 
 THETA CHI-1856-Mass. Inst. Tech., Norwich— 2. 
 
 THETA DELTA CHI-1848-Amherst, Boston, Bowdoin, 
 Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
 George Washington, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Lafayette, 
 Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Rochester, Stan- 
 ford, Tufts, William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin — 25. 
 
 ZETA PSI-1847-Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Colby, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Lafayette, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, New 
 York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rutgers, Stanford, Syra- 
 cuse, Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, Williiams, Yale — 22. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 The Higher Education of Women i 
 
 The Evolution of the Sorority System 9 
 
 Distribution of Chapters 16 
 
 Extension 18 
 
 Standards 25 
 
 Government 30 
 
 Publications 31 
 
 Alumnae Associations 35 
 
 Chapter Houses 39 
 
 Pan-Hellenism 39 
 
 The Congress of Fraternities 41 
 
 The Inter-Sorority Conferences 41 
 
 The Mission of the Sorority 46 
 
 Literary Sororities. Class A 64 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega 64 
 
 Alpha Delta Phi 65 
 
 Alpha Gamma Delta 66 
 
 Alpha Omicron Pi 67 
 
 Alpha Phi 68 
 
 Alpha Xi Delta 69 
 
 Chi Omega 71 
 
 Delta Delta Delta 72 
 
 Delta Gamma 74 
 
 Delta Sigma 75 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta ']^ 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta jj 
 
 Kappa Delta 78 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma 80 
 
 Pi Beta Phi 81 
 
 Sigma Kappa 83 
 
Index (continued.) 
 
 Sigma Sigma Sigma 
 
 84 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha 
 
 85 
 
 Literary Sororities. Class B 
 
 86 
 
 Alpha Kappa Psi 
 
 86 
 
 Alpha Sigma Alpha 
 
 87 
 
 Beta Sigma Omicron 
 
 88 
 
 Gamma Beta Sigma 
 
 89 
 
 Phi Mu 
 
 90 
 
 Phi Mu Gamma 
 
 91 
 
 Musical Sororities 
 
 92 
 
 Mu Phi Epsilon 
 
 93 
 
 Sigma Alpha Iota 
 
 94 
 
 Medical Sororities 
 
 95 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Iota 
 
 95 
 
 Epsilon Tau 
 
 96 
 
 Zeta Phi 
 
 97 
 
 Necrology of Chapters 
 
 98 
 
 Honorary Societies Admitting Women 
 
 lOI 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa 
 
 109 
 
 Sigma Xi d4--— ^ 
 
 III 
 
 Phi Kappa Phi n0 4r ^0) 
 
 Alpha Omega Alpha ^^ ^ ^ 3 ./ 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 The Association of Collegiate Alumnae V^^--^ 
 
 114 
 
 Southern Association of College Women 
 
 115 
 
 Statistical Data 
 
 116 
 
 Coeducational Colleges 
 
 116 
 
 Independent Colleges for Women 
 
 145 
 
 Affiliated Colleges 
 
 158 
 
 C Barnard, Brown, Newcomb, Radcliffe, Western Reserve) 
 
 
 Coordinate Colleges 
 
 162 
 
 CBucknell, Chicago, Colby, MiddleburyJ 
 
 
 Men's Fraternities 
 
 166 
 

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