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 UNITED STATES OF AMEBIC A. 
 
A 
 
 SELECTION 
 
 FROM THE BEST 
 
 SPANISH PROSE WRITERS. 
 
 O^f-S 
 
 y. Compton, Printer, Middle Street, 
 Cloth Fair, London. 
 
J^ottcta ^electa 
 
 DE LOS MAS 
 
 EXCELENTES PROSISTAS ESPANOLES 
 
 CON UNA 
 
 TRADUCCION 
 
 ADAPTADA EN LO POSIBLE AL SENTIDO LITERAL, 
 
 PARA CONOCER AL GOLPE DE VISTA LOS MODOS DE EXPRESAR 
 
 CADA SENTENCIA EN 
 
 ©astellano h ISngleg : 
 
 PAR4 AMBAS NACIONES. 
 
 Sontiteg : 
 
 
 POR BOOSEY Y HIJOS, BROAD STREET, 
 ROYAL EXCHANGE. 
 
 1825. 
 
j^. C. -faXs. 
 
 / 
 
 •election 
 
 FROM THE BEST 
 
 SPANISH PROSE WRITERS ; 
 
 WITH A 
 
 TRANSLATION 
 
 AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE, 
 
 SO AS TO GIVE, IN ONE VIEW, THE MANNER OF EXPRESSING 
 
 THE SAME SENTENCE IN 
 
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\"\ 
 
 c,\ 
 
 SIENDO el titulo mismo del libro el prologo mas propio, 
 parece no deberia tenerle ; mas como la costumbre, de que todo libro 
 se present e prologado, se hizo como indispensable , para salir de la 
 imprenta, bastarcin sin duda cuatro palabras al intento. He pro- 
 cnrado hacer util esta obrita, en terminos que los maestros y disci- 
 pulos hallen cuanto les convenga. Mi principal esmero en estas 
 versiones ha sido dar el propio significado a las palabras ; pero, 
 Men convencido, deque la exactitud en este punto es incompatible con 
 la elegancia, y de que por ella se halla precisado el traductor a 
 f altar en hi propriedad de la diccion. 
 
 NO Book ever had less need of a Preface than this, as the 
 Title alone might well stand in the stead of one ; yet, in com- 
 pliance with the custom of never dismissing any work from the 
 press without this kind of decoration, I shall say, that I have 
 taken some pains to render it useful, and am pretty confident 
 that Teachers as well as Learners will find it convenient. Exact- 
 ness in rendering the meaning is what I have chiefly endea- 
 voured after, in the following versions; but let it be remem- 
 bered, that this sort of exactness often precludes elegance, and 
 forces sometimes a translator into petty improprieties of diction. 
 
 TRANSLATOR. 
 
A SELECTION, 
 
 CHISTES. 
 
 STORIES. 
 
 [Del Teatro Critico de Feyjoo]. [From Feyjoo' s Critical Theatre]. 
 
 EL deseo de agradar 
 en las conversaciones es 
 una golosina, casi comun 
 a todos los hombres ; y 
 est a golosina es la raiz 
 fecunda de inumerables 
 mentiras. Todo lo esqui- 
 sito es un cebo para los 
 oyentes ; y como lo esqui- 
 sito no se encuentra a cado 
 paso, a cado paso sefinge. 
 De aqui vienen tanta co- 
 pia de milagros, tantas 
 apariciones de difuntos, 
 tantas fantasmas y duen- 
 deSy tantos portentos de 
 la magica, tantas mara- 
 villas de la naturaleza. 
 En fin, todo lo estraordi- 
 nario se ha hecho ordina- 
 risimo en la creencia del 
 vulgo, por el hipo que 
 tienen los hombres de 
 haeerse admirar, vertien- 
 do en los corrillos cosas 
 prodigiosas. 
 
 Pero no solo viene la 
 produccion de infinitasfd- 
 
 B 
 
 THE wish to please 
 in conversation is an am- 
 bition common to almost 
 all men ; and this desire 
 is the fruitful source of 
 innumerable untruths. — 
 Whatever is curious is 
 food for listeners ; and as 
 we do not meet with it at 
 every step, at every step 
 it is invented : hence 
 springs that abundance 
 of miracles, apparitions 
 of the dead, phantoms or 
 hobgoblins, prodigies of 
 magic, and wonders of 
 nature. In short, what- 
 ever is extraordinary has 
 become common in the 
 belief of the vulgar, from 
 the desire which men have 
 to appear conspicuous by 
 publishing in private cir- 
 cles that which is marvel- 
 lous. 
 
 This vicious root 
 not only produces an in- 
 
bulas de esta raiz viciosa ; finite number of fables, 
 mas tambien la alter acion but likewise alters an in- 
 de injinitas verdades, ana- finite number of facts, add- 
 diendoles circunstancias ing fabulous circum- 
 fabulosas. La que mas stances to them ; but that 
 ordinariamente se prac- which is most commonly 
 tica es la translacion de practised, is transferring 
 dichos y hechos de una remarkable doings and 
 persona a otra, de una sayings from one person 
 region a otra, y de un to another, from one 
 tiempo a otro, Como los country to another, from 
 afectos humanos se inte- one time to another. Men 
 resan siempre algo en todo are generally affected in 
 lo que miran de cerca, y some degree by whatever 
 tanto mas, cuanto mas they see near at hand, and 
 de cerca lo miran, no es they are so much the more 
 tanto el deleyte que se affected as they view it 
 recibe, oyendo un dicho nearer. To hear a hu- 
 agudo, un suceso gracio- morous incident, a plea- 
 se, una novedad estrava- sant occurrence, an ex- 
 gante (pues tambien es- traordinary piece of news 
 tas son saynete gustoso de (although they are the 
 las conversacionesj , quan- most delightful ingre- 
 do se refieren, ii de otro dients of conversation) 
 siglo, u de otra region related of another age or 
 distante, como quando se of a distant country, does 
 atribuyen a nuestro tiem- not give us so great a 
 po y a nuestra patria; pleasure as when they 
 creciendo el placer , a pro- are told of the time or 
 porcion que el chiste se country in which we live ; 
 acerca mas a nosotros ; and this pleasure is in- 
 de modo, que sube al mas creased in proportion as 
 alto grado, quando se the circumstances nar- 
 atribuye a persona cono- rated approach nearer to 
 cida. De aqui nace el ourselves, so that it 
 alterarse frecuentemente reaches its highest pitch 
 en las conversaciones las when it alights upon the 
 circunstancias de tiempo, head of a known person : 
 lugar, y persona ; demo- hence times, places, and 
 
do, que lo que se leyo en 
 un libro, como sucedido 
 en un siglo H region dis- 
 tant e, se trae al siglo y 
 provincia propria, para 
 dar mas sal a la relation, 
 propondre de esto varios 
 exemplos, segun el orden 
 que me fueren ocurriendo 
 a la memoria. Con este 
 motivo hollar a el lector 
 algo de gracejo en este 
 Teatro, que es razon, 
 que como universal, tenga 
 algo de todo. 
 
 1. Vivia poco ha en 
 Espana un eclesidstico de 
 alto caracter, pero de 
 corto entendimiento, por 
 lo qual dio lugar a que el 
 vulgo creyese de el algu- 
 nas simplicidades nota- 
 bles. Habia estado en 
 Francia, y se le imputo, 
 que para ponder ar la 
 agudeza de los franceses, 
 decia aca, que estaba pas- 
 mado de ver que en aquel 
 reyno los ninos de tres 
 y quatro anos sabian ha- 
 blar la lengua francesa, 
 quando en Espana apenas 
 se encuentra alguno que 
 a los doce la sepa ! Rara 
 alucinacion! iQue han de 
 hablar los ninos en Fran- 
 
 persons, are frequently 
 changed in conversation, 
 so that what is read in a 
 book as having happened 
 in a distant age or coun- 
 try, is applied to our own 
 time and province, to give 
 more interest to the nar- 
 ration. I shall present 
 several examples of it, in 
 the order they occur to 
 my memory : by this 
 means, the reader will 
 find somewhat of the 
 droll in this Theatre ; for 
 as it is universal, it is pro- 
 per that it should contain 
 a little of every thing. 
 
 1. A short time ago 
 there lived in Spain an 
 Ecclesiastic of high rank, 
 but of very limited under- 
 standing, which gave 
 room for the vulgar to 
 believe some extraordi- 
 nary silly things of him. 
 As he had been in France, 
 he was accused of having 
 observed on his return, in 
 proof of the acuteness of 
 the French, that he had 
 been surprised to see that 
 in that kingdom children 
 of three or four years were 
 able to speak the French 
 language, when in Spain 
 one hardly meets with 
 one of twelve years old 
 who knows it. Rare 
 
cia sino la lengua nativa, blindness ! What are the 
 
 que es la francesa, como French children to speak, 
 
 los de Espaha la espa- unless it is their native 
 
 nola? Pero este chiste tongue, which is the 
 
 fut tornado del primer French, and those of 
 
 tomo de los cuentos del Spain but the Spanish \ 
 
 senor d'Ouville, y falsa- The story, however, was 
 
 mente atribuido al ecle- taken from the first vo- 
 
 siastico mencionado. El lume of the Tales of M. 
 
 senor d'Ouville, digo, d'Ouville, and falsely at- 
 
 pone este chiste en boca tributed to the above 
 
 de un criado tontisimo mentioned Ecclesiastic. 
 
 de wn caballero frames, M. d'Ouville, I say, puts 
 
 que de Paris pasaba a this saying in the mouth of 
 
 Roma ; y habiendo Mega- a very ignorant domestic 
 
 do al primer pueblo del belonging to a French 
 
 Piamonte, salio el criado gentleman, who went 
 
 a buscar algunas cosas, from Paris to Rome, and 
 
 que habia menester ; pero having reached the first 
 
 viendo que nadie le enten- Piedmontese town, the 
 
 dia (porque los del pais servant went out to pro- 
 
 hablan la lengua italia- cure some things he had 
 
 na), volvio sumamente ad- need of; but seeing that 
 
 mirado al amo, y le dixo : nobody understood him 
 
 Monsieur, no he visto en (for the people of that 
 
 mi vida gente igualmente country speak the Ita- 
 
 tonta que la de esta tier- lian language), he return- 
 
 ra. En Paris los ninos ed greatly surprised to 
 
 de tres y quatro aiios me his master, and said, — 
 
 entienden lo que les ha- Sir, I have never in my 
 
 bio ; y aqui (apenas lo life seen a people so stupid 
 
 creereis) hombres llenos as those of this country : 
 
 de barbas no me entien- in Paris, children of three 
 
 den mas que si fueran or four years of age un- 
 
 unas bestias. der stand what I say ; but 
 
 here {you will hardly cre- 
 dit it) bearded men under- 
 stand me no more than if 
 they were brutes. 
 
5 
 
 & Del mismo eclesids- 2. It is said of the 
 
 tico se refiere (a Jin de per- same Ecclesiastic (in or- 
 
 suadir su total ignorancia der to show his total ig- 
 
 de latinidad), que al norance of the Latin lan- 
 
 tiempo que estuvo en guage), that, at the time 
 
 Roma, habiendole ha- he was in Rome, some 
 
 blado no se quien en la- one, I do not know who, 
 
 tin,juzgo que le hablaba having spoken to him in 
 
 en idioma italiano ; y Latin, he thought he spoke 
 
 volvundose a los que le to him in Italian ; and 
 
 acompanaban dixo : co- turning to those who ac- 
 
 mo no se la lengua ita- companied him, he said, 
 
 liana, no puedo respon- As I do not understand 
 
 derle : que si me hablara the Italian language, I 
 
 en latin, le habia de con- cannot answer him ; but 
 
 fundir. Aun cuando su- if he had spoke to me in 
 
 cediese asi, no es prueba Latin, I had confounded 
 
 legitima de ignorancia en him. But had this even 
 
 latinidad de aquel per- happened, it is no legiti- 
 
 sonage, pues en la misma mate proof of this per- 
 
 equivocacion incurrio mu- son's ignorance of Latin, 
 
 cha tiempa ha otro, que for, a long time ago, a 
 
 sin duda era gran latino, man, who undoubtedly 
 
 Enrico Christiano Hen- was a good Latin scholar, 
 
 ninio refiere, que Scalige- fell into the same error. 
 
 rOy siendo cumplimentado Henry Christian Henninio 
 
 por un irlandes en latin, relates, that Scaliger 
 
 juzgo que le hablaba en el being complimented by 
 
 idioma irlandes, y le dixo, an Irishman in Latin, 
 
 como para prevenirle que thought he spoke to him 
 
 le habldse en latin: Do- in the Irish idiom, and 
 
 mine, non intelligo hiber- said, as if he wanted 
 
 nice. Esta equivocacion to hint to him that he 
 
 pende de que cada nacion should speak in Latin,— - 
 
 pronuncia el latin con Domine non intelligo Hi- 
 
 aquella misma articula- bernice. This mistake 
 
 don que el idioma patrio ; arises from each nation 
 
 y hay tanta diver sidad pronouncing the Latin 
 
 en la articulacion de unas with the same articulation 
 
 b2 
 
naciones & otras, que a as their native language ; 
 
 veces pronunciando tales and there is such a diver- 
 
 letras del alfabeto, re- sity in the articulation 
 
 presentan a los de otra of some countries from 
 
 nation pronunciar otras others, that sometimes, in 
 
 diferentes. Pongo por pronouncing certain let- 
 
 exemplo : los alemanes ters of the alphabet, they 
 
 pronuncian la v como seem to those of another 
 
 nosotros los espanoles la country to be pronouncing 
 
 f; la t, como nosotros la other letters: for exam- 
 
 d; lajota, como nosotros pie, — the Germans pro- 
 
 la g blanda ; la g,como no- nounce the v as we Spa- 
 
 sotrosla c; lab, como no- niards the f; the t as our 
 
 sotros lap; la u vocal, co- d; the j as our soft g; the 
 
 mo nosotros el ou ; el dip- g as our c ; the b as our p ; 
 
 tongo eu, como nosotros the vowel u as our ou ; the 
 
 el oi. En las demas na- diphthong eu as our oi. 
 
 clones hay a proportion In other countries there 
 
 la misma diversidad. De is in proportion the same 
 
 aqui es, que quando el de diversity : hence it is, 
 
 una nation pronuncia ri- that when an individual 
 
 gurosamente el latin se- of one nation rigorously 
 
 gun la afeccion del pro- pronounces theLatin with 
 
 pio idioma, y el de otra the accent of his own 
 
 no presta especial aten- idiom, a person of ano- 
 
 cion, o no estd prevenido ther nation, if he does not 
 
 de la diferencia espresada, pay particular attention, 
 
 esfdcil juzgar que le ha- or is not prepared for a 
 
 bla el idioma patrio. Eras- difference of expression, 
 
 mo en el didlogo de recta may easily fancy that 
 
 latini, graecique sermo- the individual speaks his 
 
 nis pronuntiatione, dice, mother tongue. Erasmus* 
 
 que se hallo en una a- in the Dialogue de recta 
 
 samblea en que el emba- Latini Grcecique Sermo- 
 
 jador de Francia arengo nis pronuntiatione, says, 
 
 al emperador Maximilia- that he was present at an 
 
 no ; y que, aunque el assembly in which the 
 
 latin era muy bueno, al- French Ambassador ha- 
 
 gunos doctos italianos, rangued the Emperor 
 
que asistian allijuzgaron Maximilian, and that, al- 
 
 que habia arengado en though his Latin was 
 
 frances. Pudo,pues,suce- very good, some learned 
 
 der a nuestro prelado es- Italians who were there 
 
 panol lo que se ha referi- thought he had harangued 
 
 do, sin que de aqui se deba in French. What has been 
 
 inferir, que ignoraba la related may therefore have 
 
 lengua latina; pero es happened to our Spanish 
 
 lo mas verosimil, que el Prelate, without inferring 
 
 suceso sea Jingido por al- from thence that he was 
 
 guno, que le habia leido ignorant of the Latin 
 
 en Scaligero, y malicio- language. The story has 
 
 samente> le atribuyo a es- probably been invented 
 
 totro. by some one who had 
 
 read it in Scaliger, and 
 maliciously fathered it on 
 the Spanish Clergyman. 
 
 3. De Don Francisco 3. It is related of Don 
 
 de Quevedo se cuenta, que Francisco de Quevedo, 
 
 motejdndosele en un cor- that, being joked in a cir- 
 
 rillo el exorbitante ta~ cle about the enormous 
 
 mano del pie, dixo, que size of his foot, he said 
 
 otro habia mayor que el there was another larger 
 
 en el corro. Mirdndose than it in the company. 
 
 los circunstantes los pies The by-standers looking 
 
 unos a otros, y viendo at one anothers feet, and 
 
 que todos eran menores seeing that all were small- 
 
 que el de Quevedo, le die- er than Quevedo's, taxed 
 
 ron en rostro con la him to his face with the 
 
 falsedad de lo que decia. falsehood of what he had 
 
 Lo dicho dicho, insistio el: said ; he repeated it again, 
 
 otro hay mayor en el corro. and again insisted that 
 
 Instdndole a que le sena- there was another larger 
 
 lose, saco el el otro pie, foot in the circle. Being 
 
 que tenia retirado, y en requested to point it out, 
 
 efecto era mayor, y mos- he drew forward his other 
 
 trdndole : vean vuesas foot, which he had kept 
 
 mercedes, les dixo, si este back, and which indeed 
 
8 
 
 no es mayor que el otro. was larger: Look, gentle- 
 El portugues Francisco men, he said to them, 
 Rodriguez Lobo en su (showing his foot), if this 
 Corte en la Aldta, did- is not larger than the 
 logo II,attribuyeeste pro- other. The Portuguese 
 prio gracejo a un estu- Francisco Rodrigues Lo- 
 diante; y don Antonio bo, in his Corte en la Ai- 
 de Solis en su romance : dea, the 2d Dialogue, at- 
 Hoy en un pielago entro tributes a similar joke to a 
 &c» dirigido d una dama. student; and DonAntonio 
 
 Solis to a lady, in his 
 romance Hoy en un pie- 
 lago entro. 
 4. Como cosa muy re- 4. I heard as a very re- 
 ciente oi, que uno muy cent thing, that a very 
 preciado de maton se llego noted bully went to a great 
 en Madrid a un gran se- personage in Madrid, of- 
 nor, ofrecitndose a ser- fering to serve him as his 
 virle, como valiente suyo, Hector, to slay to the 
 para matar a diestro y right and left as many as 
 siniestro a quantos se le he wished. This (fellow r ) 
 antojasen. Estehabiare- had received many wounds 
 cibido muchas heridas en in several affrays, and 
 algunaspendencias,ypre- showed his scars as an 
 sentaba por testimonio de evidence of his valour. 
 su valentia las cicatrices. The nobleman dismissed 
 El senor le despidio con him with derision, saying, 
 irrision, diciendole: tray- Bring me, Sir, for my bra- 
 game V. md. para va- vos those who gave you 
 fientes mios a los que le all those wounds, for I 
 dieron todos esos golpes, certainly may confide in 
 que a esos me atengo en them on all occasions. I 
 todo caso. En un anb- have read, in an anony- 
 nimofrances se lee el mis- mous French writer, the 
 mo dicho atribuido a Age- same saying attributed to 
 sUaOy rey de Lacedemo- Agesilaus, King of Lace- 
 ma, en ocasion que se le demonia, on an occasion 
 presentaron para servirle when four men with many 
 en la guerra, quatro horn- wounds presented them- 
 
bres muy cicatrizados, y selves to him, offering to 
 que por tanto obstentaban serve him in the wars, 
 mucho su valentia. and boasting much of their 
 
 valour on account of their 
 
 5. En la ciudad de 
 Santiago, se refiere,que un 
 Portugues, yendo a ver 
 nuestro gran monasterio 
 de san Martin, que hay 
 en aquella ciudad, y no- 
 tando la desproporcion de 
 la puerta principal, que 
 es muy pequena respecti- 
 vamente a la escalera in- 
 mediata, obramagestuosa, 
 de grande magnitud, y 
 hermosura, dixo con do- 
 nayre : Estos padres, co- 
 mo estiman tanto la es- 
 calera, y ella sin duda lo 
 merece, hicieron la puerta 
 tan pequena, por que no 
 se les escapase por ella. 
 Este dicho viene a ser el 
 mismo, aunque invertida 
 la materia, de Diogenes a 
 los mindianos, cuya ciu- 
 dad era pequena, pero 
 las puertas de ella muy 
 grandes. Advirtioles Dio- 
 genes que las cerrasen, 
 porque la ciudad no se 
 escapase por ellas. 
 
 6\ En el tomo iii, dis- 
 curso II, num. 39, tene- 
 mos escrito, que oyendo el 
 caballero Borri, que su 
 
 scars. 
 
 5. It is said in the city 
 of Saint Jago, that a Por- 
 tuguese going to see our 
 grand monastery of Saint 
 Martin, which is in that 
 city, and noticing the dis- 
 proportion of the princi- 
 pal door, which is very 
 small compared to the 
 flight of steps contiguous 
 to it, a stately work of 
 great magnitude and beau- 
 ty, said, jesting, These 
 fathers, as they value the ^^ 
 staircase so much (and^ 
 doubtless it merits their 
 esteem), have made the 
 door so small, that the 
 staircase might not escape 
 through it. This saying 
 turns out to be the same, 
 only the subject is invert- 
 ed, of Diogenes to the 
 Myndians, whose city was 
 very small, but the gates 
 
 of it very large: Diogenes 
 advised' that they should 
 shut them, lest the city 
 should escape through 
 them. 
 
 6. In the 3d volume, 
 Discourse II, No. 39, we 
 have written, that the Ca- 
 valier Borri hearing that 
 
10 
 
 * 
 
 estatua tal dia habia sido 
 quemada en Roma, y ha- 
 ciendo reflexion sobre que 
 el mismo dia habia hecho 
 transito por una montana 
 nevada, como desprecian- 
 do aquella ignominiosa ce- 
 remonia, que dexaba ilesa 
 su persona, dixo, que bien 
 lexos de sentir aquelfuego, 
 en toda su vida no habia 
 padeciofrio igual al de 
 aquel dia. En el mismo 
 lugar apuntamos, que este 
 mismo dicho se cuenta del 
 calvinista Enrico Stepha- 
 no, y del apostata Marco 
 Antonio de Dominis, los 
 quales, mucho antes que el 
 Borri, padecieron la mis- 
 ma afrenta de quemarles 
 las estatuas. Y aca en 
 Espana se atribuye el pro- 
 pio dicho a un espanol 
 fugitivo de Roma por cier- 
 tasdoctrinas legates, poco 
 conformes a las maximas 
 de aquella corte. 
 
 7. El siguiente chiste 
 se refirio en una tertulia, 
 donde me hallt, como su- 
 cedido estos anos pasados 
 en Zaragoza. Llego a 
 aquella ciudad un tu- 
 nante, publicando que sa- 
 bia raros arcanos de me- 
 dicina, entre otros el de 
 
 on a certain day he had 
 been burnt in effigy at 
 Rome, he observed, that 
 on that very day he had 
 passed over a mountain 
 covered with snow, as 
 it were in contempt of 
 that ignominious ceremo- 
 ny which left his person 
 uninjured ; and added, 
 that, far from feeling the 
 fire, he never in all his life 
 felt cold equal to the cold 
 of that day. We remark 
 at the same time that the 
 like observation is record- 
 ed of the Calvinist Hen- 
 ry Stephens, and of the 
 apostate Mark Anthony 
 de Dominis, who, long be- 
 fore Borri, suifered the 
 same ignominy of being 
 burnt in effigy. And even 
 here in Spain the same 
 saying is attributed to a 
 Spaniard, who fled from 
 Rome on account of cer- 
 tain legal doctrines little 
 conformable to the max- 
 ims of that court. 
 
 7. The following story 
 was told in a circle where 
 I was, as having happen- 
 ed a few years ago in Sar- 
 ragoza:— There arrived in 
 that city a quack, publish- 
 ing that he knew rare se- 
 crets in medicine, among 
 others that of renovating 
 
11 
 
 remozar las viejas. La old women. The puffing 
 
 prosa del bribon era tan of the vagrant was so per- 
 
 persuasiva, que las mas suasive, that most of the 
 
 del pueblo, le creyeron. people believed him. Ac- 
 
 Llegaron, pues, muchisi- cordingly a great many 
 
 mas a pedirle, que les hi- women came to request 
 
 ciese tan precioso benefi- that he would do them so 
 
 do. El les dixo, que cada valuable a service. He 
 
 una pusiese en una cedu- told them that every one 
 
 lilla su nombre y la edad must put upon a little bit 
 
 que tenia, como circun- of paper their name and 
 
 stancia precisa para la age, as very essential to- 
 
 execuciondelarcano. Ha- ward the performance of 
 
 bia entre ellas septuagena- the secret. There were 
 
 rias, octogenarias, nona- among them women of se- 
 
 genarias, fyc. Hicitronlo venty, eighty, and ninety 
 
 asipuntualmente, sin disi- years of age : they all 
 
 mular alguna niundia de noted their age punctual- 
 
 edad, por no perder la di- ly, without abating a sin- 
 
 cha de remozarse, y fue- gle day, that they might 
 
 ron citadas por el tunante not lose the happiness of 
 
 para venir a su posada el being renovated f and they 
 
 dia siguiente. Vinieron, y were told by the mounte- 
 
 U al verlas empezb a la- bank to come to -his lodg- 
 
 mentarse de que una bruja ing on the following day : 
 
 le habia robado todas las they came, and he began 
 
 cedulillas aquella noche, to lament, when he saw 
 
 envidiosa del Men que las them, that a witch, jealous 
 
 esperaba ; asi, que era of the good which await- 
 
 preciso volver a escribir ed them, had that night 
 
 cada una su nombre y stolen all the little tickets, 
 
 edad de nuevo ; y por no and thus it was essential 
 
 retardarles mas el cono- to return home, and for 
 
 cimiento, porque era pre- every one to write their 
 
 cisa aquella circunstan- name and age again ; and 
 
 cia, les declaro, que toda in order not to keep back 
 
 la operation se reducia a the knowledge of the se- 
 
 que a la que fuese mas cret (for that circumstance 
 
 vieja entre todas, habian was indispensable) he told 
 
12 
 
 de quemar viva, y toman- them that the whole ope- 
 do las demas por la boca ration was reduced to this, 
 una porcion de sus cent- that the oldest woman of 
 zas, todas se remozarian. all must be burnt alive, 
 Pasmaronse al oir esto and that all the others, 
 las viejas; pero crtdulas taking a certain portion 
 siempre zz la promesa, tra- of her ashes into their 
 tan de hacer nuevas ce- mouths, would become 
 dulas. Hicieronlas en young again. The elder 
 efecto, pero no con la le- ones upon hearing this 
 galidad que la vez pri- trembled, but, still confid- 
 mera, porque medrosa ca- ing in the quack's pro- 
 da una de que a ella por raises, they began to make 
 mas vieja le tocase ser sa- new tickets. They indeed 
 crificada a las llamas, nin- made them, but not with 
 guna hubo que no se qui- their former correctness ; 
 tase muchos anos. La que for as every one was afraid 
 tenia noventa, pongo por of being fixed upon as the 
 exemplo, seponia cincuen- oldest, and so sacrificed 
 ta : la que sesenta, trein- to the flames, there was 
 ta y cinco, fyc. Recibio not one who did not take 
 el picaron las nuevas ce- off many years of her age. 
 dulas, y sacando entonces She who was ninety, for 
 las que le habian dado el example, called herself 
 diaantecedente,yhechoel fifty; she who was six- 
 cotejo de unas con otras, ty, thirty-five, &c. The 
 les dixo : ahora bien, se- knave took the new tick- 
 noras mias, ya vuesas mer- ets, and afterwards, pro- 
 cedes lograron lo que les ducing those which had 
 prometi : ya todas se re- been given him the day 
 mozaron. V. md. tenia before, he compared their 
 ayer noventa anos ; ahora former declarations with 
 ya no tiene mas que cincu- the latter, and said to 
 enta. V. md. ayer sesen- them, Well, ladies, you 
 ta, hoy treinta y cinco ; have already obtained 
 y discurriendo asi por to- what I promised you ; all 
 das, lasdespacho tan cor- of you are already become 
 ridas, como se dexa cono- young again. You, who 
 cer. Digo que oi esta yesterday counted ninety 
 
13 
 
 graciosa aventura, como years of age, are now but 
 sucedida poco ha en Za- fifty ; you, who yesterday 
 ragoza ; pero ya antes la counted sixty, are to-day 
 habia leido en el padre thirty-five ; and thus, run- 
 Zahn, el qual (3 part, ning through all the tick- 
 MundiMirabilis,pag.75), ets, he sent them about 
 senala por teatro de ella their business, as they 
 a Hailbron, ciudad impe- deserved. I say that I 
 rial en el ducado de Wir- heard this droll adventure, 
 temberg. as having happened a 
 
 short time since in Sarra- 
 goza; I had, however, 
 read it before in Father 
 Zahn (3d part Mundi Mi- 
 rabilis, p. 75), who fixes 
 upon Hailbron, an impe- 
 rial city in the Duchy of 
 Wirtemberg, as the place 
 where it happened. 
 8. La vulgarizada ne- 8. Mr. La Brue, Direc- 
 cedad de un vizcaino, que tor of the French Senegal 
 admirado de los reglados Company, heard of a Ma- 
 movimientos con que un hometan Doctor exactly 
 mono imitaba las acciones the same story which is 
 humanas, dijo, que por related of the gross igno- 
 picardia suyano hablaba, ranee of a Biscayan. This 
 a Jin de que no le hiciesen man, admiring the regu- 
 trabajar, sin diferencia lar motion with which a 
 alguna se la oyo a un monkey imitated human 
 doctor mahometano el se- actions, said, that through 
 nor La Brue, director de craftiness he did not 
 la compania francesa speak, that he might not 
 del Senegal. En el Dis- be made to work. In 
 curso VIII de este toino, Discourse VIII of this 
 num. 65, referimos a otro volume, No. 65, we re- 
 proposito la estravagante late, on another occasion, 
 imaginacion de aquel ig- an extravagant fancy of 
 norantisimo doctor, this most ignorant Maho- 
 
 metan doctor, 
 c 
 
14 
 
 9. El senor d'Ouviile 9. M. d'Ouville intro- 
 
 trae entre sus cuentos el duces, in bis Tales, one of 
 
 que un hombre, que queria a man who wished to be 
 
 apartarse de su muger, con separated from his wife, 
 
 quien tenia poca paz, pare- with whom he had little 
 
 do a este Jin ante el provi- peace : he appeared for 
 
 sm\ Estrano este la pro- this purpose before a ma- 
 
 puesta, porque conocia la gistrate ; the latter refus- 
 
 muger, y era de buenas cua- ed the application, be- 
 
 lidades. j Por que quereis cause he knew the woman, 
 
 dejar a vuestra muger P le who had many good qua- 
 
 pregunto el provisor : gnoes lities. Why do you wish 
 
 virtuosa P Si senor, respon- to leave your wife? asked 
 
 dio el hombre. <* No es the magistrate: is she not 
 
 rica P Si senor. g No es virtuous ? Yes, Sir, an- 
 
 fecundaP Si senor. En Jin swered the man. — Is she 
 
 a todo loque se lepregunto, not rich? Yes, Sir. — Is 
 
 respondio en abono suyo. she not fruitful? Yes, Sir. 
 
 Por lo que le dijo el provi- In short, to all the parti- 
 
 sor : pues si vuestra muger culars upon which he was 
 
 tiene tantas cosas buenas, examined, he replied to 
 
 j por que quereis apartaros the praise of his wife. 
 
 de ella P A esto el hombre, Upon which the magis- 
 
 descalzando un zapato y pre- trate said, If your wife 
 
 gunto al provisor : g Senor, then possesses so many 
 
 este zapato no es nuevo P advantages, why do you 
 
 Si, respondio el provisor. wish to be separated from 
 
 Anadio: g No esta bien he- her? At these words, the 
 
 cho P Si, a lo que parece, man, taking off one of his 
 
 respondio el provisor . g No shoes, asked the magis- 
 
 es de buen cordoban, y bue- trate, Is not this a new 
 
 nn suela P Respondio del shoe, Sir ? Yes, answered 
 
 mismo modo, que si. Pues the magistrate. — Is it not 
 
 ve V.md.con todo eso, dijo well made? Yes, so it 
 
 el descontento marido, que appears to me, answered 
 
 yo quiero quiiarme este za- the magistrate. — Is it not 
 
 pato, y ponerme otro, porque of good leather, and good 
 
 yo se muy bien donde me soles? He answered in the 
 
 aprieta y manca, y V. md. same way, Yes.--But, look 
 
15 
 
 no h sabe. Este cuento es you Sir, said the discern* 
 traslado manifesto de lo que tented husband ; for all 
 Plutarco cuent a de nn ro- that I wish to be rid of 
 mano, y se puede ver en this shoe and get another, 
 nuestro Tomo IV, Disc.VI, because I know very well 
 num. 20. where it pinches me, and 
 
 wherein it is faulty, and 
 you do not. — This story 
 is evidently taken from 
 what Plutarch relates of a 
 Roman, and may be seen 
 in our 4th volume, 6th Dis- 
 course, Number 20. 
 10. Escribe el P. Ma- 10. Father Manuel Ber- 
 nuel Bernardez lusitano en nardez Lusitano, in his 
 su segundo tomo de apo- second volume of Apo- 
 tegmas, que habiendo ido thegms, writes that two 
 dos comisarios de cierta delegates from a certain 
 comunidad a pedir al rey community went to ask 
 Felipe II no se que mer- I do not know what fa- 
 ced, el mas antiguo, d quien vour of King Philip the 
 por tal tocaba hablar, y que Second : the oldest, whose 
 era un viejo inconsiderado business it was as such to 
 y molesto, estuvo sumamente speak, a very inconsider- 
 prolijo en la oracion. Ha- ate and tiresome old man, 
 biendo acabado, pregunto was extremely prolix in 
 el rey al otro, si tenia algo the oration. When he 
 que afiadir. Este, que es- had finished, the king 
 taba tan enfadado de la im- asked the other if he had 
 prudencia de su companero, any thing to add. The 
 como el rey cansado de su latter, who was as vexed 
 pesadez : Si, senor, res- at the imprudence of his 
 /xmdio: nuestra comunidad companion, as the king 
 nos ha encargado, que was weary of his prolixi- 
 si V. M. no nos concede ty, answered, Yes, Sire, 
 al punto loque le pedi- our community have empow- 
 mos,mi companero vuelva eredus to say, that if your 
 a repetir todo lo que ha Majesty does not grant us 
 dicho, desde la primera le- what we request, my compa- 
 
16 
 
 tra hasta la ultima. Gusto 
 el rey de la gratia, y sin 
 dilation did el despacho 
 que se le pedia. Tengo leido 
 (no puedo asegurar si jut en 
 la segunda parte de la Flo- 
 res ta espanola J que esto 
 mismo sucedio en la lega- 
 cia de dos dispudados de 
 una republica de Italia a 
 un papa muy anterior a 
 Felipe II. 
 
 11. El senor d'Ouville 
 cuenta, que transitando Luis 
 XIV por una pequena villa 
 de su reyno, y entrando en 
 ella a la hora de comer, fue- 
 ron d arengarle unos dipu- 
 tados de la villa. El rey 
 tenia mas gana de comer 
 que de oir arengar; mas al 
 fin se dejo veneer por los 
 senores de su comitiva, y 
 trato de oir d los disputados. 
 Empezo el mas antiguo de 
 este modo: Sire: Alejandro 
 el grande .... No bien lo 
 pronuncio quando le faltb la 
 memoria de todo lo que se 
 seguia, con que volvio a re- 
 petir segunda, y tercera vez : 
 Sire, Alejandro el grande. 
 Visto esto por el rey le dijo : 
 amigo, Alejandro el 
 grande habia comido, y 
 yo no. Vamos a comer, y 
 
 nion will begin to repeat) 
 from first to last, all that he 
 has said. The king, pleased 
 with the wit, without de- 
 lay granted their demand. 
 I have read (I am not cer- 
 tain whether it was in the 
 Second Part of the Flo- 
 resta Espanola) that the 
 same circumstance hap- 
 pened to two deputies 
 who were sent from an 
 Italian Republic to a Pope 
 long before Philip the 
 Second. 
 
 11. Mons. d'Ouville re- 
 lates, that Louis XIV, 
 passing through a small 
 town in his kingdom, and 
 entering it at dinner time, 
 some deputies from the 
 town came to address him. 
 The king had more de- 
 sire to eat than to hear 
 speeches ; he was, howe- 
 ver, prevailed upon by the 
 gentlemen of his suit, and 
 consented to hear the de- 
 puties. The oldest began 
 in this manner : Sire, Alex- 
 ander the Great. He had 
 hardly uttered this, when 
 his memory failed him ; 
 upon which he began to 
 repeat a second and a third 
 time, Sire, Alexander the 
 Great. The king seeing 
 this, said : Friend, Alexan- 
 der the Great had dined, 
 
17 
 
 guardese la arenga para and I have not: let us go to 
 otra ocasion. El autor de dinner, and keep the oration 
 frwobservaciones selectas for another occasion. — The 
 literarias coloca este suceso author of the Select Lite- 
 en el abuelo de Luis XIV, rary Observations relates 
 Emique el grande, en oca- this incident of the ances- 
 sion que querian arengarle tor of Louis XIV, Henry 
 unos disputados de Marsella, the Great: upon a time 
 y empezaba la oracion : <( Sa- when some deputies from 
 lido Annihal de Cartago." Marseilles wished to ad- 
 Enrique, ya porque era hora dress him, and began their 
 de comer, ya porque no gus- speech thus, " Hannibal 
 taba de arengones, corto al departing from Carthage," 
 arenguista, diciendo : Quan- as it was dinner time, and 
 do salio Annibal de Carta- as he did not relish ora- 
 go ya habia comido; yovoy tions, Henry cut the speak- 
 d liacerlo ahora. er short, saying, When 
 
 Hannibal left Carthage, 
 he had dined ; and I am 
 going to dine now. 
 
 Relacion de la Nave- An Account of John 
 
 gacion de Juan de de Grijalva's Na- 
 
 Grijalva. vigation. 
 
 [Sacada del libro primero de la hislo- [From Antonio de Solis's History, 
 
 ria dedon Antonio de So/j'.y.] Book the Jirsti] 
 
 Nombro pues Diego Ve- Diego Velazquez ap- 
 
 lazquez por cabo principal pointed John de Grijalva, 
 
 de la empresa d Juan de Gri- his relation, as chief of 
 
 jalva pariente suyo, y por that enterprise ; and Pe- 
 
 capitanes d Pedro de Alva- dro de Alvarado, Fran- 
 
 rado, Frayicisco Montejo, y cisco de Montejo, and 
 
 Alonso Ddvila, sugetos de Alonso Davila, to com- 
 
 calidad conocida, y mas co- mand under him ; men of 
 
 nocidos en aquellas islaspor eminent quality, and well 
 
 su valor y proceder, segun- distinguished in those 
 
 da y mayor nobleza de los islands for their valour 
 
 c2 
 
18 
 
 hombres. Pero, aunque and prudence, which are 
 sejuntaron con facilidad a second and most valu- 
 hasta doscientos y tin- able kind of nobility. 
 cuenta soldados,incluyen- But notwithstanding they 
 dose en este numero los easily assembled about 
 pilotos y mariner os, y two hundred and fifty sol- 
 aunque andaban todos so- diers, including in this 
 licitos contra la dilation, number the pilots and ma- 
 no se hicieron a la mar riners, all eagerly bent 
 hast a los ocho de abrildel upon such an expedition, 
 ano siguiente de mil qui- yet they did not put to sea 
 nientos diez y ocho, until the eighth of April of 
 
 the following year fifteen 
 hundred and eighteen. 
 Iban con animo de se- They set out with a 
 guir la misma derrota en design to follow the same 
 la Jornada antecedente ; course as in the former 
 pero decay endo algunos voyage ; but falling off 
 grados por el impulso de some degrees by the 
 las corrientes, dieron en la strength of the currents, 
 isla de Cozumel (primer they fell in with the isle 
 descubrimiento de este vi- of Cozumel (the first dis- 
 agree donde se separaron covery in this voyage), 
 sin contradiccion de los where they landed with- 
 naturales ; y volviendo a out any opposition from 
 su navegacion, cobraron the natives : then setting 
 el rumbo, y se hallaron en sail again, they regained 
 pocos dias a la vista de their course, and in a few 
 Yucatan, en cuya deman- days found themselves in 
 da doblaron la punta de sight of Yucatan, to reach 
 Catoche por lo mas orien- which they had doubled 
 tal de aquella provin- the point of Catoche, the 
 cia ; y dando las proas al most eastern part of that 
 poniente, y el costado iz- province ; and steering 
 quierdo a la tierra, lafue- westerly with the lar- 
 ron costeando hasta que board to the shore, they 
 arribaron al parage de coasted it until they ar- 
 Potonchan, 6 Champo- rived at Potonchan, or 
 ton, donde ful desbarata- Champoton, where Fran- 
 
19 
 
 do Francisco Fernandez cisco Fernandez of Cor- 
 de Cordova, cuya ven- dova had formerly beeri 
 ganza, aun mas que su routed; to revenge whose 
 necesidad, los obligd a sal- death, rather than out of 
 tar en tierra ; y dejando any necessity, they land- 
 vencidos y amedrentados ed; and having vanquish- 
 aquellos indios, determi- ed and terrified those In- 
 naron seguir su descubri- dians, they determined to 
 miento. go on with their disco- 
 very. 
 Navegaron de comun They stood westerly by 
 acuerdo la vuelta de po- common consent, without 
 niente, sin apartarse de keeping at a greater dist- 
 la tierra mas de lo que ance from the land than 
 hubieron menester para no was necessary for their 
 peligrar en ella, y fueron safety, and discovered on 
 descubriendo {en una costa a part of the coast (which 
 muy dilatada, y alparecer extended a great way, and 
 deliciosa) diferentes po- appeared very delightful) 
 blaciones, con edificios de several towns with build- 
 piedra, que hicieron nove- ings of stone, which sur- 
 dad , y que a vista del albo- prised them much ; and in 
 rozo con que se iban obser- the ecstasy of the joy 
 vando, parecian grandes that such an observation 
 ciudades. Sefialabanse con caused them, seemed to 
 la mano las torres y capi- be very large cities. They 
 teles que se Jingian con el pointed to each other 
 deseo, creciendo otra vez the turrets and pinnacles 
 los objetos en la distancia ; which their imaginations 
 y porque alguno de los created, as every object 
 soldados dijo entonces que was thought great that 
 aquella tierra era seme- was at a distance: and 
 jante d la de Espana, because one of the sol- 
 agrado tanto a los oyentes diers happened then to 
 esta comparacion, y quedo say that this country was 
 tan impresa en la memo- like Spain, the compari- 
 ng de todos, que no se halla son pleased the hearers so 
 otro principio de haber much, and made such an 
 quedado aquellas regiones impression upon their 
 
20 
 
 con el nomhre de Nueva-Es- 
 pana. Palabras dichas ca- 
 sualmente con fortuna de re- 
 petirlas, sin que se halle la 
 propiedad 6 la gracia de que 
 se valieron para cautivar la 
 tnemoria de los hombres. 
 
 Siguleron la costa nues- 
 tros bajeles hasta llegar al 
 parage donde se derrama 
 por dos bocas en el mar el 
 rio Tabasco, uno de los na- 
 vegables que dan el tributo 
 de sus aguas al golfo meji- 
 cano. Llamose desde aquel 
 descubrimiento rio de Gri- 
 jalva; pero dejo su nomhre 
 a la provincia que bana su 
 corriente, situada en el prin- 
 dpio de Nueva-Espana, en- 
 tre Yucatan y Guazacoalco. 
 JDescubrianse por aquellas 
 partes grandes arboledas, y 
 tantas poblaciones en las dos 
 riveras, que, no sin esperan- 
 za de algun progreso con- 
 siderable, resolvio Juan de 
 Grijalva (con aplauso de los 
 suyosj entrar por el rio d, 
 reconocer la tierra ; y ha- 
 llando, con la sonda en la 
 mano, que solo podia ser- 
 virse para este intento de los 
 
 minds, that we have no ac- 
 count of any other begin- 
 ning of the name of New 
 Spain, which has remain- 
 ed to that country. Those 
 words were accidentally 
 uttered, but so success- 
 fully repeated, that, with- 
 out any propriety or beau- 
 ty to recommend them, 
 they have fixed themselves 
 for ever on the memory of 
 men. 
 
 Our vessels followed the 
 coast till they came to the 
 place where the river of 
 Tobasco runs through two 
 mouths into the sea. It 
 is a navigable one that 
 carries the tribute of its 
 waters to the gulph of 
 Mexico. From the time 
 of this discovery it has 
 been called the river of 
 Grijalva; but the pro- 
 vince watered by it, situ- 
 ated on the frontiers of 
 New Spain between Yu- 
 catan and Guazacoalco, 
 retains the old name. In 
 these parts they discover- 
 ed spacious groves, and 
 so many habitations on 
 both sides of that stream, 
 that, with the hopes of 
 making a considerable 
 progress, John de Grijal- 
 va resolved (with the ap- 
 probation of his men) to 
 
21 
 
 dos navios menores, embar- go up the river to take a 
 co en ellos la gente de guer- view of the country ; and 
 ra, y dejo sobre las dncoras finding by careful sound- 
 cow parte de lamarineria los ings that he could only 
 otros dos bajeles. make use of the two lesser 
 
 vessels, he embarked all 
 his soldiers on board them, 
 and left the other two at 
 an anchor with part of the 
 sailors. 
 They had begun, not 
 jEmpezaban d veneer, no without some difficulty, to 
 sin dificultad, el impulso de overcome the strength of 
 la corriente, quando recono- the current, when they 
 tier on d poca distancia con- perceived at a little dis- 
 siderable numero de canoas, tance a considerable num- 
 guarnecidas de indios arma- ber of canoes filled with 
 dos, y en la tierra algunas armed Indians, and on the 
 cuadrillas inquietas, que al shore several small bodies 
 parecerintimabanlaguerra; of men in motion, that 
 y con las voces y los movi- seemed to prepare for an 
 mientos que ya se distin- engagement ; and who by 
 guian, daban d entender la their cries and gestures, 
 dificultad de la entrada : which were now distin- 
 ademanes que suele producir guishable, endeavoured to 
 el temor en los que desean make the Spaniards com- 
 apartar el peligro con la prehend that their landing 
 amenaza. Perolosnuestros, would prove difficult (a 
 ensefiados a, rnayores inten- stratagem used by men in 
 tos,sefueron acercando con fear, and yet desirous to 
 buen brden, hasta ponerse en keep off danger by me- 
 paragedeofenderyserofen- naces): but our people, 
 didos. accustomed to greater en- 
 
 terprises, went on ap- 
 proaching in good order, 
 until both parties were 
 within reach of each 
 other's weapons. 
 
22 
 
 Mando el general que 
 ninguno disparase, ni hi- 
 ciese demostracion que no 
 fuese pacifica ; y d ellos les 
 debio de ordenar lo mismo 
 su admiracion ; porque, es- 
 tranando la fabrica de las 
 naves y la diferencia de los 
 hombres y la de los trages, 
 quedaron sin movimiento, 
 impedidas violentamente las 
 manos en la suspension natu- 
 ral de los ojos, Sirviose 
 Juan de Grijalva de esta 
 oportuna y casual diversion 
 del enemigo para saltar en 
 tierra : siguiole parte de su 
 gente con mas diligencia que 
 peligro. Pusola en esqua- 
 dron; arbolose la vandera 
 real, y heehas aquellas or- 
 dinarias solemnidades, que 
 siendo poco mas que ceremo- 
 nias, se llamaban actos de 
 posesion, tratdde que enten- 
 diesen aquellos indios que 
 venia de paz, y sin dnimo de 
 ofenderlos. Uevaron este 
 mensage dos indios mucha- 
 dioSj que se hicieron prisio- 
 neros en la primer a entrada 
 de Yucatan, y tomaron en el 
 Imutismo los nombres de Ju- 
 lian, y Melchor. Entendi- 
 an aquella lengua de Ta- 
 basco por semejante d la de 
 supatria, y habian aprendido 
 la nuestra de manera, que 
 se daban a entender con al- 
 
 The general command- 
 ed that no one should tire, 
 or make any signal but of 
 peace. The admiration 
 of the Indians at the make 
 of the ships, and at the 
 difference of men and ha- 
 bits, seemed to have im- 
 posed the same orders up- 
 on them; for they stood 
 motionless, as if deprived 
 of the use of their hands 
 by the surprise of their 
 eyes. Grijalva made use 
 of that seasonable and ca- 
 sual inaction of the enemy 
 to leap on shore, follow- 
 ed by a part of his men, 
 with more expedition than 
 danger. He drew them 
 up, lifted high the royal 
 standard, and after having 
 performed the customary 
 solemnities, which though 
 little more than mere ce- 
 remonies, yet are called 
 acts of possession, he en- 
 deavoured to make the 
 Indians understand, that 
 he came peaceably, and 
 without any design to of- 
 fend them. This message 
 was carried by two Indian 
 lads, who had been made 
 prisoners on the first ex- 
 pedition to Yucatan, and 
 at their baptism had re- 
 ceived the names of Julian 
 and Melchor. They could 
 
23 
 
 guna dificultad ; pero donde make out the language of 
 se hablaba por senas, se te- Tobasco, as it was some- 
 ma por eloquencia su corta what like that of their own 
 esplicacion. country; and they had 
 
 learned enough of ours to 
 make themselves under- 
 stood with some difficulty : 
 yet, in a country where 
 people speak by signs, the 
 most indifferent interpre- 
 tation was considered as 
 eloquence. 
 Resulto de esta embajada The result of the mes- 
 el acercarse con recatada sage was, that about thirty 
 osadia hasta treinta indios Indians drew nearer with 
 en quatro canoas. Evan las cautious boldness in four 
 canoas unas embarcaciones of their canoes. A canoe 
 queformaban de los troncos is a boat made of the trunk 
 de sus drboles, labrando en of a tree, worked hollow 
 ellos el vaso con tal disposi- after such a manner, that 
 cion, que cada tronco era un each tree becomes fit for 
 bajel; y los habia capaces sailing; and there were 
 de quinze y de veinte horn- some that could contain 
 bres : tal es la corpulencia fifteen, or even twenty 
 de aquellos drboles, y tal la men; such is the large - 
 fecundidad de la tierra que ness of those trees, and 
 los produce. such the fertility of the 
 
 soil that produces them. 
 Saluddronse unos y otros They saluted each other 
 cortesmente, y Juan de Gri- courteously, and John de 
 jalva, despues de asegurarlos Grijalva, after having re- 
 con algunasdadiv as, leshizo moved their apprehen- 
 un breve razonamiento, dan- sions by some presents, 
 doles d entender por medio made them a short speech, 
 de sus intcrpretes, como el giving them to understand 
 y todos aquellos soldados by means of his interpre- 
 eran vasallos de un po- ters, that he, as well as all 
 deroso monarca, que te- his soldiers, were vassals to 
 nia su imperio donde sale a powerful monarch, who 
 
el sol, en cuyo nombre possessed an empire where 
 
 venia a ofrecerles la paz the sun rises, in whose name 
 
 y grandes felicidades, si he came to offer them peace 
 
 trataban de reducirse a su and great advantages, if 
 
 obediencia. Oyeron esta they would become his sub- 
 
 proposicion con senates de jects. The Indians list- 
 
 atencion desabrida ; y no es ened to such a proposal 
 
 de omitir la natural discre- with a sullen attention ; 
 
 cion de uno de aquellos bar- and we must not omit to 
 
 bar os, que poniendo silencio take notice of the natural 
 
 a los demas, respondio a Gri- good sense showed by one 
 
 jalva con entereza y resolu- of those barbarians, who, 
 
 cion : que no le parecia silencing the rest, - an- 
 
 buen genero de paz la que swered Grijalva in a sim- 
 
 se queria introducir en- pie and resolute tone, 
 
 vuelta en la sujecion y en that he did not look upon 
 
 el vasallage ; ni podia that to be a good peace, the 
 
 dejar de estraiiar como preliminaries of which were 
 
 cosa intempestiva, el ha- subjection and vassalage ; 
 
 blarles de un nuevo senor, and that he could not help 
 
 hasta saber si estaban considering as a very strange 
 
 descontentos con el que thing, that any one should 
 
 tenian ; pero que en el talk to them of a new mas- 
 
 punto de la paz 6 la guer- ter, before he knew whe- 
 
 ra (pues alii no tenian ther they were dissatisfied 
 
 otroen quedescurrir),ha- with him they already had. 
 
 blarian con sus mayores, But that as to the point of 
 
 y volverian con la res- peace or war (the only ques- 
 
 puesta. tion at present J, that they 
 
 would go to speak of it to 
 
 their superiors, and return 
 
 with an answer. 
 
 Despiditronse con esta With this resolution they 
 
 resolution, y quedaron los took their leave, and our 
 
 nuestros igualmente admi- people remained equally 
 
 rados que cuidadosos; mez- surprised and concerned. 
 
 cldndose el gusto de haber The satisfaction of having 
 
 hallado indios de mas ra- found Indians of greater 
 
 zon y mejor discurso, con la understanding and better 
 
25 
 
 imaginacion de que serian 
 mas dijjicultosos de veneer, 
 pues sabrian pelear los que 
 sablan discurrir ; o por lo 
 menos se debia temer otro 
 genero de valor en otro ge- 
 nero de entendimiento : sien- 
 do cierto, que en la guerra 
 pelea mas la cabeza que las 
 manos, Pero estas consi- 
 deraeiones del peligro (en 
 que discurrian variamente 
 los capitanes y los soldados) 
 pasaban como avisos de la 
 prudencia, que, 6 no tocaban, 
 6 tocaban poco, en la region 
 del animo. Desenganaronse 
 brevemente, por que volvieron 
 los mismos Indios con sena- 
 les de paz, dieiendo. Que 
 sus caciques la admitian, 
 no porque temiessen la 
 guerra, ni porque fuessen 
 tan faciles de veneer co- 
 mo los de Yucatan (cuyo 
 suceso habia llegado ya 
 a su noticia),sino porque, 
 dexando los nuestros en 
 su arbitrio la paz o la 
 guerra, se hallaban obli- 
 gados a elegir lo mejor. 
 Yen senas de la nueva amis- 
 tad que venian a establecer, 
 trajeron un regalo abun- 
 dante de bastimentos y feu- 
 tos de la tierra. 
 
 discourse than usual, was 
 allayed by the difficulties 
 they expected to meet 
 with in conquering them ; 
 for they concluded, that 
 those who knew how to 
 discourse well, would al- 
 so know how to fight well, 
 or that at least they had 
 reason to apprehend a 
 different kind of valour 
 from their different under- 
 standings; it being cer- 
 tain that in war the head 
 does more than the hands. 
 But these considerations 
 of danger (on which both 
 captains and soldiers va- 
 riously reasoned) passed 
 as prudent reflections, and 
 made but little, if any, im- 
 pression on their hearts. 
 They knew presently what 
 they had to think ; for the 
 same Indians returned 
 with signals of peace, say- 
 ing, that their caciques did 
 accept of it : not that they 
 feared war, or were so easily 
 to be overcome as the people 
 at Yucatan (whose defeat 
 they had already heard 
 of); but because our men 
 having left peace or war to 
 their choice, they thought 
 themselves obliged to choose 
 the best ; and in token of 
 the new friendship they 
 were going to establish 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 they brought a plentiful 
 regale of the provisions 
 and fruit that their coun- 
 try afforded. 
 Llegopoco despuesel ca- A little after came the 
 
 cique principal con modera- principal cacique with a 
 
 do acompanamiento degente slender attendance of un- 
 
 desarmada ; dando d en- armed men, giving thereby 
 
 tender la confianza que ha- to understand the confi- 
 
 cia de sus huespedes, y que dence he put in his 
 
 venia seguro en su propria guests, and that he came 
 
 sinceridad. Recibiole Gri- secure in his own sin- 
 
 jalva con demostraciones cerity. Grijalva receiv- 
 
 de agrado y cortesia ; y el ed him with demonstra- 
 
 correspondw con otro ge- tions of satisfaction and 
 
 nero de sumisiones a su with courtesy, and the 
 
 rnodo, en que no dejaba de cacique made a return 
 
 reconocerse alguna grave- in submissions after his 
 
 dad 9 qfectada 6 verdadera; own manner, accompa- 
 
 y, despues de los primeros nied with an air of gra- 
 
 cumplimientos, mando que vity, perhaps affected, 
 
 llegasen sus criados con perhaps real; and after 
 
 otro presente que traian de the first compliments or- 
 
 diversas alhajas de mas ar- dered his attendants to 
 
 tijicio que valor; plumages come up with another 
 
 de varios color es, ropas su- present of divers trifles of 
 
 tiles de algodon, y algunas more workmanship than 
 
 figuras de animates para su value : plumes of various 
 
 adorno, hechas de oro sen- colours ; robes of fine cot- 
 
 cillo y ligero, o formadas ton, with some figures of 
 
 de madera primorosamente 3 animals to adorn them, 
 
 con engastes y laminas de covered with a thin and 
 
 oro sobrepuesto. Y sin es- light gold, or curiously 
 
 perar el agradecimiento de wrought in wood setlike- 
 
 Grijalva, le did a entender el wise in gold, or overlaid 
 
 cacique por medio de los in- with it: and without stay- 
 
 terpretes, Que su fin era ing for the acknowledg- 
 
 la paz ; y el intento de ment of Grijalva, the ca- 
 
 aquel regalo despedir k cique gave him to under- 
 
L 
 
 27 
 
 los huespedes para poder stand, by means of the 
 mantenerla. interpreters, that his de- 
 
 sign was peace, and that 
 the intention of that pre- 
 sent was, friendly to dis- 
 miss his guests in order to 
 maintain it, 
 Respondiole Grijalva, Grijalva answered him, 
 que hacia toda estima- that he esteemed very much 
 cion de su liberalidad, y his liberality, and that his 
 que su animo era pasar purpose was to pass for- 
 adelante, sin detenerse ni wardswithout making any 
 hacerles disgusto ; reso~ stop, or giving them any 
 lucion a que ya se halla- uneasiness. A resolution 
 ba inclinado, parte por to which he inclined, 
 corresponder generosa- partly to make a generous 
 mente a la confianza y return to the open beha- 
 buen termino de aquella viour of those people, and 
 gente, y parte por la con- the confidence they had 
 veniencia de tener retira- placed in him ; and partly 
 da, y dexar amigos a las for the convenience of a 
 espaldas para cualquier retreat, and of leaving 
 accidente que se ofreci- friends at his back in case 
 ese ; y asi se dispidio, y of any sinistrous accident. 
 volvio a embarcar, rega- So he took his leave, and 
 lando primero al cacique re-embarked, after having 
 y a sus criados con algu- presented the cacique and 
 nas bujerias de Castilla, his retinue with some tri- 
 que, siendo de cortisimo fles from Castille, which, 
 valor, llevaban el precio though of little value, 
 en la novedad. Menos lo bore a price for their no- 
 estrandran hoy los Es- velty ; a thing that ought 
 panoles, hechos a com- not to seem strange to the 
 prar como diamantes los Spaniards, as now-a-days 
 vidrios estrangeros. they themselves buy fo- 
 
 reign glasses at excessive 
 rates. 
 Antonio de Herrera, y Antonio de Herrera, 
 los que le siguen, 6 los que and those who follow him, 
 
28 
 
 escribieron despues, qfir- or have written since, af- 
 
 man que este cacique pre- firm that the cacique pre- 
 
 sento a Grijalva unas ar- sented Grijalva with a 
 
 mas de oro fino, con todas suit of armour of fine 
 
 las piezas de que se com- gold, with all the pieces 
 
 pone un cumplido arnh : belonging to it ; that he 
 
 que le armo con ellas dies- armed him dexterously 
 
 tramente, y que le vinie- with it ; and that it fitted 
 
 ron tan bien, como si se him as well as if it had 
 
 hubieran hecho a su me- been made for him : which 
 
 dida : circunstancias no- circumstances are too re- 
 
 tables, para omitidas por markable to have been 
 
 las autores mas antiguos. omitted by more antient 
 
 Herrera piido tomarlo de writers. Herrera possi- 
 
 Francisco Lopez de Go- bly had this from Fran- 
 
 mara, a quien suele refu- cisco Lopez de Gomara, 
 
 tarenotrasnoticias: pero whose authority he uses 
 
 Bernal Diaz del Castillo, to reject upon other oc- 
 
 que se hallo presente, y casions : but Bernal Diaz 
 
 Gonzalo Fernandez de de Castillo, who was there 
 
 Oviedo, que escribid por present, and Gonzalo Fer- 
 
 aquel tiempo en la isla de nandez de Oviedo, who 
 
 Santo Domingo, no hacen wrote about that time in 
 
 mencion de est as armas, the island of St. Domin- 
 
 refiriendo menudamente go, make no mention of 
 
 todas las alhajas que se that suit of armour, though 
 
 traxeron de Tabasco, both give a minute ac- 
 
 Quede a discrecion del count of all the curiosi- 
 
 lector la fe que se debe a ties that were brought 
 
 estos autores, y sea nos from Tabasco. I leave 
 
 permitido el referirlo, sin the discreet reader to 
 
 hacer desvio a la razon judge what credit is to be 
 
 de dudarlo. given to those authors, 
 
 desiring only the liberty 
 to relate the story, with- 
 out blaming any one for 
 doubting the truth of it. 
 Prosiguieron su viage Grijalva and his com- 
 
 Grijalva y sus compane- panions pursued their 
 
29 
 
 rospor la misma derrota, 
 descubriendo nuevas tier- 
 rasy poblaciones, sin $u- 
 ceso memorable hastaque 
 llegaron a un rio, que lla- 
 maron de Vanderas, por- 
 que en su mar gen, y por 
 la costa vecina andaban 
 muchos Indios con vande- 
 ras blancas pendientes de 
 sus astas : y en el modo 
 de tremolarlas, acompa- 
 nados con las senas, voces, 
 y movimientos, que se dis- 
 tinguian, daban a enten- 
 der que estaban de paz, y 
 que llamaban al parecer, 
 mas que despedlan, a los 
 pasa.ger.os. 
 
 X)rdeno Grijalva que 
 >el capitan Francisco de 
 Montejo se adelantasse 
 am alguna genie , repar- 
 tida en dos bateles, para 
 reconocer la entrada del 
 rio, y exdminar el intento 
 de aquellos Indios: el 
 qual, hallando buen sur- 
 ffidero, y poco que recelar 
 en el modo de la gente, 
 aviso a los demas que po- 
 dian acer corse. Desem- 
 barcaron todos, yfueron 
 recibidos con grande ad- 
 
 D 
 
 voyage, standing the same 
 course, still discovering 
 new lands and habita- 
 tions, without meeting 
 with any memorable ac- 
 cident until they came to 
 a river, which they called 
 the river of Banners, be- 
 cause on the sides of it, 
 and along the neighbour- 
 ing coast, they saw a 
 great number of Indians 
 that bore white banners 
 hanging atop of their 
 spears, and who, by their 
 manner of waving them, 
 as well as by their sig- 
 nals, cries, and different 
 motions, plain enough to 
 be distinguished, made a 
 show of peace, and seem- 
 ed rather to invite pas- 
 sengers than to forbid 
 them an approach. 
 
 Grijalva ordered Fran- 
 cisco de Montejo to ad- 
 vance with some of the 
 men in two boats, to try 
 the entrance of the river, 
 and discover the inten- 
 tions of those Indians. 
 Montejo finding a good 
 anchoring place, and lit- 
 tle to apprehend from the 
 behaviour of those peo- 
 ple, gave notice to the rest 
 to come up. They all 
 landed, and were received 
 with great admiration 
 2 
 
30 
 
 miration y agasajo de los 
 Indios, entre cuyo nume- 
 roso concurso se adelan- 
 taron tres, que en el ador- 
 no parecian los princi- 
 pals de la tierra : y de- 
 teniendose lo que hubieron 
 menester, para observar 
 en el respeto de los otros 
 qual era el superior, se 
 fueron derechos a Grijal- 
 vq, haciendole grandes re~ 
 verencias, y el los recibio 
 con igual demostracion. 
 No entendian aquella len- 
 gua nuestros interpreter, y 
 asi se redujeron los com- 
 plimientos a sehas de ur- 
 banidad, ayudadas con 
 algunas palabras de mas 
 sonido que signification. 
 
 Ofreciose luego a la vista 
 un banquete que los Indios 
 tenian prevenido, de mu- 
 cha diferencia de manja- 
 res, puestos 6 arrojados 
 sobre algunas esteras de 
 palma, que ocupaban las 
 sombras de los arboles: 
 rustica y desalihada opu- 
 lencia,pero nada ingrata 
 al apetito de los soldados : 
 despues de cuyo refresco 
 mandaron los tres Indios 
 a su gente que manifestas- 
 
 and marks of joy by the 
 Indians ; from amongst 
 whom, assembled in great 
 numbers, three advanced, 
 who, by the ornaments 
 they had about them, 
 seemed the principal men 
 of the country ; and stop- 
 ping as long as it was 
 necessary to observe who 
 was the chief commander 
 by the respect that all the 
 rest paid him, they went 
 straight to Grijalva, whom 
 they accosted with great 
 reverence, and who re- 
 ceived them with equal 
 courtesy. Our interpre- 
 ters did not understand 
 their language; so that 
 their compliments con- 
 sisted in signs of urba- 
 nity, assisted by some 
 words of more sound than 
 signification. 
 
 After this, they saw a 
 banquet, which the In- 
 dians had provided of 
 different sorts of eatables, 
 placed, or rather thrown, 
 upon mats of palm, un- 
 der the shades of the 
 trees; a rustic and dis- 
 orderly plenty, yet not 
 unwelcome to the hungry 
 soldiers: after which re- 
 freshment the three In- 
 dians ordered their people 
 to show some pieces of 
 
31 
 
 sen algunas piezas de oro gold, which they had not 
 que tertian reservadas: y shown before; and by 
 en el modo de mostrarlas their manner of showing 
 y detenerlas, se conocio and holding them, it was 
 que no trataban de pre- understood that they did 
 sentarlas,sinodecomprar not mean to make pre- 
 cox ellas la mercaderia de sents of them, but to pur- 
 nuestr as naves, cuyafama chase with them the com- 
 habia llegado ya a su no- modities we brought in 
 ticia. our ships, the fame of 
 
 which had already reach- 
 ed their ears. 
 Pusieronse luego en fe~ A fair was presently 
 ria aquellas sartas de vi- opened for strings of 
 drio, peynes, cuchillos, y beads, combs, knives, 
 otros instruments dehier- and other things of iron 
 ro y de alquimia, que en and white copper, which 
 aquella tierra podian lla- in that country might be 
 marse joy as demucho pre- termed jewels of great 
 do, pues elenganocon que price, as the eagerness of 
 se codiciaban, era ya ver- the Indians after them, 
 dad en lo que valian. gave them a real value. 
 Fueronse trocando estas Those trifles were ex- 
 bugerias a diferentes al- changed for various trin- 
 hajas y preseas de oro, no kets and baubles of gold, 
 de muchos quilates, pero not of the greatest fine- 
 en tanta abundancia, que ness ; but in such abun- 
 en seis dias que se detuvie- dance, that, in the six days 
 ron aqui los Espanoles, the Spaniards stopt there, 
 importaron los rescates the ransoms amounted to 
 mas de quince mil pesos. the value of more than 
 
 fifteen thousand ducats. 
 No sabemos con que We do not know with 
 
 propriedad se did el nom- what propriety they gave 
 
 bre de rescates a este ge- the name of ransoms to 
 
 nero de permutaciones, ni this kind of trucking, nor 
 
 porque se llamo rescatado why they called ransomed 
 
 el oro, que en la verdad the gold, which in truth 
 
 pasaba a mayor cautive- was delivered over to a 
 
32 
 
 rio, y estaba con mas li- greater slavery, and had 
 bertad donde le estimaban more liberty where it was 
 menos ; pero usaremos de less esteemed. However, 
 este mismo termino pot we shall make use of this 
 hallarle introducido en expression, as we find it 
 nuestras historias, y pri- introduced into our his- 
 mero en las de la India tories, beginning from 
 Oriental, puesto que en those of the East In- 
 los modos de hablar con dies; it being agreed, that, 
 que se explican las cosas, with regard to the man- 
 no se debe buscar tanto la ner of explaining things, 
 razon como eluso, que, se- reason is not so much to 
 gun el sentir de Horacio, be sought after as cus- 
 es arbitro legilimo de los torn, which, according to 
 aciertos de la lengua, y the opinion of Horace, 
 pone o quita como qniere must point out the pro- 
 aquella congruencia que priety of words in a lan- 
 halla el oido entre las vo- guage, as it gives or 
 ceSy y lo que significan. takes away that congruity 
 
 which the ear finds be- 
 tween sounds and their 
 significations. 
 
 Viendo, pues, Juan de John de Grijalva find- 
 
 Grijalva que haban cesa- ing that the ransoms were 
 
 doyalosrescates,yquelas at an end, and the ships 
 
 naves estaban con algun in some danger by being 
 
 peligro descubiertas a la exposed to the north - 
 
 travesia de los nortes, se erly winds, took his leave 
 
 despidib de aquella gente, of those people, whom 
 
 dejandola gustosa y agra- he left pleased and in 
 
 decida, y tratb de volver good humour with him; 
 
 a su descubrimiento, lie- and resolved to pursue his 
 
 vando entendido a fuerza discovery, having com- 
 
 de preguntas y de senas, prehended by dint of ask- 
 
 que aquellos tres Indios ing, and of signs, that 
 
 principales eran subditos those three Indian chiefs 
 
 de un monarca que llama- were subjects to a mo- 
 
 ban Montezuma ; que las narch called Montezuma, 
 
 tierras en que dominaba, whose empire extended 
 
33 - 
 
 eran muchas y muy abun- over numerous Countries 
 
 dantes de oro y de otras abounding with gold and 
 
 riquezas, y que habian other riches; and that they 
 
 venido de orden suya a had come by his order to 
 
 exdminar pacijicamente el examine after a peaceable 
 
 intento de nuestra gente ; manner into the intentions 
 
 cuya vecindad le tenia al of our people, whose 
 
 parecer cuydadoso. A proximity in all appear- 
 
 otras noticias se alarga- ance kept him in some 
 
 ron los escritores; pero anxiety. Some writers 
 
 no parece possible que se have been more diffuse 
 
 -adquiriesen entonces; ni upon this point; yet it 
 
 ful poco percibir esto, does not seem possible 
 
 donde se hablaba con las that more knowledge 
 
 manos, y se entendia con could be had at that time ; 
 
 los ojos, que usurpaban nor was it a small matter 
 
 necesariamente el oficio to have got even that lit- 
 
 de la lengua y de los tie, where people spoke 
 
 oidos. with their hands, and un- 
 derstood with their eyes, 
 which necessarily usurp- 
 ed the office of the tongue 
 and the ears. 
 
 Prosiguieron su nave- They sailed on without 
 
 gacion sin perder la tierra losing sight of the main 
 
 de vista, y dexando atras land, and, passing by two 
 
 dos o tres islas de poco or three islands of small 
 
 nombre, hicieron pQ en note, landed in one they 
 
 una que llamaron de Sa- called the Island of Sa- 
 
 crificios,porque entrando crifices, because, going in 
 
 a reconocer unos edificios to view some edifices of 
 
 de cal y canto que sobre- lime and stone that over- 
 
 salian a los demas, halla- looked soine smaller ones, 
 
 ron en ellos di/erentes they found in them seve- 
 
 idolos de horrible Jfgura, ral idols of a horrible fi- 
 
 y mas horrible culto, pues gure, and still more hor- 
 
 cerca de las gradas donde rible worship; as along 
 
 estaban colocados, habia the steps on which those 
 
 seis o siete cadaveres de idols were placed there 
 
34 
 
 kombres recien sacrifica- were the carcasses of six 
 
 dos, hechos pedazos, y a- or seven men, newly sa* 
 
 bier t as las entranas: mi- crificed, cut to pieces, 
 
 serable espectaculo, que and their entrails laid 
 
 dejb a nuestra gente sus- open. A miserable sight, 
 
 pensa y atemorizada, va- that caused suspense and 
 
 cilando entre contrarios terror to our people, and 
 
 afectos; pues se compa- affected them with different 
 
 deca el corazon de lo sentiments, their hearts 
 
 que se irritaba el entendi- being filled with commi- 
 
 miento. seration, while their un- 
 derstandings flamed with 
 indignation. 
 
 Detuvieronse poco en They staid but little in 
 
 esta isla, porque los ha- this island, because, the 
 
 bitantes andaban ame- inhabitants being in a 
 
 drentados, con que no consternation, the ran- 
 
 rendlan consider able fruto soms were not considera- 
 
 los rescates ; y asi pasa- ble. They passed on to 
 
 ron a otra que estaba po- another that was not far 
 
 co apartada de la tierra from the main land, and 
 
 firms, y en tal disposition, so situated, that between 
 
 que entre ella y la costa se it and the coast there was 
 
 hallo parage capdz y obli- sufficient room and good 
 
 gado para la seguridad shelter for the ships. They 
 
 de las naves. Llamaronla called it the island of San 
 
 Isla de San Juan, por Juan, because they ar- 
 
 haber llegado a ella el dia rived there on the day of 
 
 del Bautista, y por tener the Baptist, and also be- 
 
 su nombre el general, en cause it was their gene- 
 
 queandarla la devotion, ral's name, thus mixing 
 
 mezclada con la lisonja ; devotion with flattery : 
 
 y porque un Indio, que, and because an Indian, 
 
 senalando con la mano who was pointing with 
 
 dcia la terra firme, y dan- his hand towards the main 
 
 do a entender que la nom- land, giving them to un- 
 
 braba, repetia mal pro- cbrstand that he named 
 
 nunziada la voz Culua, it, repeated several times 
 
 Culua, did la ocasion del with a bad pronunciation 
 
35 
 
 sobrenombre, Con que la the word Ciilna* Ciilua, 
 
 diferenciaron de San Juan this gave occasion to the 
 
 de Puerto Rico, Hainan- surname, by which they 
 
 dola San Juan de Ulua ; distinguished it from San 
 
 islapequeha,de mas arena Juan de Puerto Rico, 
 
 que terreno : cuya campa- calling it San Juan de 
 
 ha tenia sobrelasaguas tan Ulua: a little island of 
 
 moderada superioridad, more sand than soil ; and 
 
 que algunas vezes se de- that soil lay so low, that 
 
 jaba dominar de las inun- it was sometimes over- 
 
 daciones del mar ; perode flowed by the coming in 
 
 estos humildes principios of the sea: yet from these 
 
 pasb desputs a ser el humble beginnings it came 
 
 puerto mas frecuentado y to be the most frequented 
 
 mas insigne de la Nueva- and most celebrated port 
 
 Espaha, en todo lo que of New- Spain for all that 
 
 mira al mar del Norte. regards the North Sea. 
 
 Aqul se detuvieron al- Here they tarried some 
 
 gunos dias, porque los In- days, because the Indians 
 
 dios de la tierra cercana of the adjacent parts came 
 
 acudian con algunas pie- with pieces of gold, be- 
 
 zas de oro, creyendo que lieving that they over- 
 
 engahaban con trocarle a reached the Spaniards in 
 
 cuentasdevidrio. Yvien- exchangingthem for glass 
 
 do Juan de Grijalva que beads : and John de Gri- 
 
 su instruccion era limita- jalva finding that his in- 
 
 da para que solo descu- structions limited him to 
 
 briese y rescatasse sin discover and ransom with- 
 
 hacerpoblacion, (cuyo in- out making a settlement 
 
 tento se le prohibia espres- (which was expressly for- 
 
 samente) tratd de dar bidden him), resolved to 
 
 cuenta a Diego Velazquez inform Diego Velazquez 
 
 de las grandes tierras que of the large countries he 
 
 habia descubierto, para had discovered, that, in 
 
 que, en caso de resolver case he should determine 
 
 que se poblase en ellas, to have a colony there, 
 
 le enviase la or den, y le he might send him new 
 
 socorriese con alguna orders with a supply of 
 
 gente, y otros pertrechos forces, and the necessary 
 
36 
 
 de que necesitaba. Des- stores and provisions. 
 
 pacho con esta noticia al With this information he 
 
 capitan Pedro de Alva- dispatched captain Pedro 
 
 rado en uno de los quatro de Alvarado in one of the 
 
 navios, entregandole todo four ships, delivering up 
 
 el oro, y las demas alha- to him all the gold and 
 
 jas que hasta entonces se whatever else they had 
 
 habian adquirido, para got to that day, to the end 
 
 que con la muestra de, that the show of so much 
 
 aquellas riquezas fuesse wealth might give his em- 
 
 mejor recibida su embaja- bassy the more weight, 
 
 da, y sefacilitase la pro- and facilitate his proposal 
 
 posicion de poblar, a que of a settlement, to which 
 
 estuvo siempre inclinado, he was always so much 
 
 por mas que lo niegue the more inclined. Fran- 
 
 Francisco Lopez de Go- cisco Lopez de Gomara 
 
 mara, que le culpa en esto opposed it, charging him 
 
 de pusilanime. with pusillanimity on this 
 
 account. 
 Apenas tomb Pedro de Scarce had Pedro de Al- 
 Alvarado la vuelta de varado steered his course 
 Cuba, quando partieron for Cuba, when the rest 
 los demas navios de San of the ships sailed from 
 Juan de TJlua en segui- San Juan de Ulua in pur- 
 miento de su derrota; y suit of their voyage, and, 
 dejandose guiarde la tier- following the guidance of 
 ra, fueron volviendo con the coast, turned with it 
 ella acia la parte del sep- to the north, having in 
 tentrion, llevando en la view the two mountains of 
 vista las dos sierras de Tuspa and Tusta, which 
 Tuspa y de Tusta, que stretch a great way be- 
 corren largo trecJw entre tween the sea and the 
 el mar y la provincia de province of Tlascala. 
 Tlascala : despues de cuya Having passed it, they 
 travesia entraron en la came on the coast of Pa- 
 ribera de Panuco, ultima nuco, the furthermost pro- 
 ration de Nueva-Espana vince of New Spain on 
 por la parte que mira al the Gulph of Mexico, and 
 Golfo Mejicano, y sur- came to an anchor in the 
 
37 
 
 gieronenelRiodeCanoas, River of Canoes, which 
 
 que tomb entonces este then took this name, be- 
 
 nombre, porque apoco ra- cause, in the little time 
 
 to que se detuvieron en re- they stopped there to 
 
 conocerle, fueron asalta- take a view of it, they 
 
 dos de diez y sets canoas were assaulted by sixteen 
 
 armadas y guarnecidas de armed canoes filled with 
 
 indios guerreros, que ayu- warlike Indians, who, by 
 
 dados de la corriente em- the help of the current, 
 
 bistieron al navio que go- attacked the ship com- 
 
 vernaba Alonso Ddvila, manded by Alonso Davi- 
 
 y disparando sobre el la la, and after discharging 
 
 lluvia impetuosa de sus upon it a furious shower 
 
 flechas, intentaron llevdr- of arrows, attempted to 
 
 sele, y tuvieron cortada board it, and even cut one 
 
 una de las amarras ; bar- of the cables : a despe- 
 
 bara resolution, que si la rate resolution ; and such, 
 
 hubiera favorecido el su- as, had it been favoured 
 
 ceso pudiera merecer el with success, might have 
 
 nombrede hazana, Pero deserved the name of a 
 
 acudieron luego al socor- gallant action : but the 
 
 ro los otros dosnavios; y other two ships came im- 
 
 la genie se arrojo apresu- mediately up to her assis- 
 
 radamente en los bateles; tance, and the men, who 
 
 cargando.sobre las canoas jumped into the boats in 
 
 con tanto ardor, que, sin an instant, charged the 
 
 que se conociese el tiempo canoes with so much vi- 
 
 que liubo entre el embestir gour, that, without leav- 
 
 y el veneer, quedaron al- ing an interval between 
 
 gunas de ellas echadas a the attack and the victory, 
 
 pique, muertos muchos in- some of them were over- 
 
 dios,ypuestosenfugalos set, many Indians were 
 
 que fueron mas avisados killed, and those put to 
 
 en conocer el peligro, 6 flight who had sufficient 
 
 mas diligentes en apar- sagacity to perceive the 
 
 tarse de el. danger, or used more di- 
 ligence to get away. 
 
 No parecio conveniente It was not thought pro- 
 
 seguir esta victoria por el per to follow this victory, 
 
 E 
 
38 
 
 poco fruto que se podia for the small advantage 
 
 esperar de gente fugitiva that could be hoped 
 
 y escarmentada ; y asl from frightened fugitives: 
 
 levantaron las ancoras, y wherefore they weighed 
 
 prosiguieron su viage has- anchor, and continued 
 
 ta que llegaron a un pro- their voyage till they 
 
 montorio, 6 punta de tier- arrived at a promontory, 
 
 ra, introducida en laju- or point of land which 
 
 risdicion del mar, que al had much encroached on 
 
 parecer se enfurecia con the jurisdiction of the 
 
 ella sobre cobrar lo usur- sea, that seemed enraged 
 
 pado, y estaba en conti- at it, as if intending to 
 
 nua inquietud ; porfiando recover what had been 
 
 con la resistencia de los usurped, and was in an 
 
 pefiascos. incessant motion, waging 
 
 war against the resisting 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Grandes diligencias se Much pain was taken to 
 
 hicieron para doblar este double that cape; yet the 
 
 cabo ; pero siempre retro- ships gave way to the 
 
 cedian las naves al arbi- strength of the waves, 
 
 trio del agua, no sin peli- and not without danger of 
 
 gro de zozobrar, 6 embes- oversetting or running 
 
 tir con la tierra; cuyo ashore. This accident 
 
 accidente dio ocasion a los occasioned the pilots to 
 
 pilotos para que hiciesen protest against proceed - 
 
 sus protestas, y a la gente ing any further, in which 
 
 para que las prosiguiese they were backed by the 
 
 con repetidos clamores, general clamours of the 
 
 melancolica ya de tan pro- men, grown weary now of 
 
 lija navegacion, y mas dis- so tedious a navigation, 
 
 cursiva en la aprehension and more apprehensive 
 
 de los riesgos. Pero Juan of the dangers that might 
 
 de Grijalva, hombre en attend it. Upon which 
 
 quien se daban las manos Juan de Grijalva, a man 
 
 la prudencia y el valor, of equal prudence and 
 
 convoco a los pilotos y d courage, assembled both 
 
 los capitanes para que se the captains and pilots, 
 
 discurriese en lo que se to consult what was to 
 
 
39 
 
 debia obrar, segun el es- be done in their present 
 
 tado en que se hallaban. circumstances. In that 
 
 Considerose en esta junta council they weighed the 
 
 la dificuldad de pasar difficulty of passing for- 
 
 adelante, y laincertidum- wards, and the uncertainty 
 
 bre de la vuelta : que una of returning ; that one of 
 
 de las naves venia maltra- the ships had suffered, 
 
 tada, y necesitaba repa- and wanted to be refitted ; 
 
 rarse : que los bastimentos that their provisions be- 
 
 empezaban a padecer cor- gan to spoil ; that the men 
 
 rupcion : que la gente ve- were dissatisfied and fa- 
 
 nia desabrida y fatigada : tigued; that to make a 
 
 y que el intento depoblar settlement was contrary to 
 
 tenia contra si la instruc- the instructions of Diego 
 
 cion de Diego Velazquez, Velazquez ; and that they 
 
 y la poca seguridad de were not even in a condi- 
 
 poderlo conseguir sin el tion to do it with any se- 
 
 socorro que habian pedi- curity, but by the assis- 
 
 do: yultimamente se re- tance they had sent to 
 
 solvio sin controversial ask. At last they resolved 
 
 que se tomase la vuelta with one accord to sail 
 
 de Cuba para rehacerse de back for Cuba, in order to 
 
 los medios, con que se de- furnish themselves with 
 
 bia emprender tercera vez what was necessary for 
 
 aquella grande accion que undertaking a third time 
 
 dejaban imperfecta. this great enterprise, now 
 
 left unfinished. 
 Ejecutose luego esta re- This resolution was 
 solucion ; y volviendo las presently put into execu- 
 naves a desandar los rum- tion, and, the ships turn- 
 bos que habian traido, y ing back the way they 
 d, reconocer otros parages had gone, they took no- 
 de la misma costa, con po- tice of other parts of the 
 ca detencion y con alguna same coast without much 
 utilidad en los rescates, stopping, yet with some 
 arribaron ultimamente al profit by ransoms ; till at 
 puerto de Santiago de Cu- last they arrived at the 
 ba, en quince de Noviem- port of St. Jago in Cuba 
 
40 
 
 bre de mil quinientos diez 
 y ocho. 
 
 Habia llegado pocos 
 dias antes al mismo puerto 
 Pedro de Alvarado, yfue 
 muy Men ricibido del go- 
 bernador Diego Velaz- 
 quez, que celebrd con in- 
 creible alborozo la noticia 
 de aquellas grandes tier- 
 ras que se habian descu- 
 bierto ; y sobre todo los 
 quince mil pesos de oro 
 que apoyaban su relacion, 
 sin necesitar de su enca- 
 recimiento, 
 
 Mirdba el gobernador 
 aquellas riquezas, y no 
 acertando a creer a sus 
 ojos, volvia a socorrerse 
 de los oidos, preguntando 
 segunda y tercera vez a 
 Pedro de Alvarado lo que 
 le habia referido; y ha- 
 llando novedad en lo mis- 
 mo que acababa de oir, 
 como el musico que se de- 
 ley ta en las clausulas re- 
 petidas. No tardb mu- 
 cho este alborozo en des- 
 cubrir sus quilates, mez- 
 cldndose con el desabri- 
 miento : porque luego em- 
 pezb a sentir con impaci- 
 encia que Juan de Gri- 
 jalva no hubiese fundado 
 
 on the fifteenth of Novem- 
 ber fifteen hundred and 
 eighteen. 
 
 Some few days before, 
 Pedro de Alvarado had 
 put into the same har- 
 bour, and been very well 
 received by the governor, 
 Diego Velazquez, who 
 expressed an incredible 
 joy on hearing of the large 
 countries discovered,and, 
 above all, at the sight of 
 the fifteen thousand du- 
 cats of gold, which sup- 
 ported the account with- 
 out the assistance of ex- 
 aggeration. 
 
 The governor beheld 
 those riches ; and hardly 
 believing his eyes, called 
 in help his own ears, by 
 begging of Pedro de Al- 
 varado to repeat a second 
 and third time what he 
 had before related, finding 
 still something new in the 
 very thing he had just 
 heard; as a musician is 
 delighted with the repeti- 
 tion of his tune. Yet this 
 satisfaction was soon al- 
 layed, as it mixed with 
 disappointment : he soon 
 began to reflect with im- 
 patience, that Juan de 
 Grijalva had not made a 
 settlement in the country 
 
 
41 
 
 alguna poblacion en aque- where he had been so well 
 lias tierras, donde le hicieron received : and although 
 buena acogida; y aunque Pedro de Alvarado en- 
 Pedro de Alvarado inten- deavoured to excuse him, 
 taba disculparle, Jul de los yet he was one of those 
 que sintieron que se debia who had advised the ma- 
 poblar en el Rio de Vande- king of a settlement in the 
 ras; y siempre se dice flo- River of Banners; and a 
 jamente lo que se procura man speaks always faintly 
 esforzar contra el proprio whenever he enforces any 
 dictdmen. thing against his own 
 
 opinion. 
 
 Acusdbale Diego Velaz- Diego Velazquez ac- 
 
 quezde poco resuelto ; y cused Grijalva of want of 
 
 enojdndose de su election, resolution, and, angry at 
 
 confesaba la culpa de ha- his own choice, confessed 
 
 verle enviado, proponiendo that he was to blame for 
 
 encargar aquella faction a having sent him, and re- 
 
 persona de mayor actividad, solved to entrust that same 
 
 sinrepararen el desayre de undertaking to somebody 
 
 su pariente, a quien debia of more activity, without 
 
 aquella misma felicidad que considering how he wrong- 
 
 ponderaba; pero lo primero ed a relation to whom he 
 
 que hace la fortuna en los owed the very good that, 
 
 ambiciosos, es cautivar la he was finding fault with. 
 
 razon, para que no se pon- But the first effect that 
 
 ga de parte del agradeci- good fortune has on the 
 
 miento. Ya nada le hacia minds of the ambitious, is 
 
 fuerza, sino el conseguir a to enslave their reason that 
 
 priesa, y a qualquiera costa, itmay notexcite gratitude. 
 
 toda la prosperidad, que se He had nothing else in 
 
 prometia de aquel descubri- his thoughts, but a desire 
 
 miento; elevando a grandes to obtain quickly, and at 
 
 cosas la imagination, y lie- any rate, all the happi- 
 
 gando con las esperanzas, ness that he promised 
 
 adonde antes no llegaba con himself from such a dis- 
 
 hs deseos. covery, raising his imagi- 
 nation to mighty things, 
 and reaching with his 
 e2 
 
42 
 
 hopes where before he 
 did not even reach with 
 his wishes. 
 Tratd luego de prevenir He compassed presently 
 
 fos medios para esta con- the means of making this 
 
 quista, acreditdndola con el conquest, to which the 
 
 tmmbre de Nuem-Espana, name of New Spain gave 
 
 que daba grande recomen- a great reputation. He 
 
 dacion y sonido a la empre- communicated his reso- 
 
 sa. Comunico su resolution lution to the friars of 
 
 & hs religiosos de San Ge- St. Jerom that resided in 
 
 rdnimo, que residian en la the island of St. Domin- 
 
 isla de Santo Domingo, con go, but in such terms as 
 
 palabras que se inclinaban bespoke their approba- 
 
 mas a pedir aprobacion, que tion rather than their per- 
 
 licencia; y envio persona a mission; and sent a per- 
 
 la corte con larga relation son to court with a large 
 
 de h descubierto; y un me- account of the discovery, 
 
 mortal, en que no iban obs- together with a memorial, 
 
 curecidos por mal pondera- in which his own services 
 
 dos sus sermcios: por cuya w r ere set off in a very good 
 
 recompensa pedia algunas light; and as a rew r ard for 
 
 mercedes, y el titulo de ade- them, he requested seve- 
 
 lantado de las tierras que ral favours, together with 
 
 conquistase. the title of king's lieute- 
 nant of those countries 
 that he should conquer. 
 Ya tenia comprados al- He had already bought 
 
 gunos bajeles, y empezado some vessels, and begun 
 
 el apresto de nueva armada, the fitting out of a new 
 
 quando llegd Juan de Gri- fleet, when John de Gri- 
 
 jalva, y le halld tan irrita- jalva arrived, and found 
 
 do como pudiera esperarle him as much incensed as 
 
 agradecido. Reprehendiole he had reason to ex- 
 
 con aspereza y publicidad, pect him thankful. Ve- 
 
 y H desayudaba con su mo- lazquez reprimanded him 
 
 destia sus disculpas ; aim- sharply and publicly: the 
 
 que le puso delante de los other modestly forbore to 
 
 ojos su misma instruction, disculpate himself; yet he 
 
 
43 # 
 
 en que le ordenaba que no laid before him his own 
 se detuviesse & poblar ; pero instructions, which ex- 
 Velazquez estaba ya tan pressly ordered him not 
 fuera de los terminos razo- to stop to make a settle- 
 nables con la novedad de sus ment. Bat Velazquez's 
 pensamientos, que confesaba new designs transported 
 la orden, y trataba como him so far beyond the 
 delito la obediencia. bounds of reason, that he 
 
 owned the order, and yet 
 treated obedience to it as 
 a crime. 
 
 Capitulo segundo del The second Chapter of 
 
 Libro segundo de la the second Book of the 
 
 Historia del famoso History of Friar 
 
 PredicadorFRAY Ge- Gerund, a famous 
 
 rundio. Preacher. 
 
 Prosigue Fray Gerundio estudiando Friar Gerund goes on studying Phi- 
 six Filosofia sin entender palabra losophy without understanding a 
 de ella, &c. word of ft, #c. 
 
 La verdad sea dicha (por- Let us tell truth ; (and 
 
 que $• que provecho sacarti what advantage would it 
 
 el curioso lector de que yo in- be to the curious reader, 
 
 fierne mi almaPJ que quanto were I to damn my soul ?) 
 
 mas cuidado ponia el incom- but the more care the in- 
 
 parable tray Toribio en comparable Father Torri- 
 
 embutir d, sus discipulos en bio took to make these 
 
 estas inutiles sutilezas, me- subtleties clear to his pu- 
 
 nos entendia de ellas nuestro pils, the less our Friar Ge- 
 
 Fray Gerundio : no por que rund comprehended them : 
 
 le faltase bastante habili- not that he wanted parts 
 
 dad y viveza, sino por que, and liveliness, but be- 
 
 como el genio y la inclina- cause his genius and in- 
 
 cion le Uevaban hclcia el clination went towards 
 
 pulpito, que contemplaba the pulpit, which he fan- 
 
 carrera mas amena, mas cied to be a more pleas- 
 
 lucrosa } y mas d proposito ing and lucrative road, 
 
44 
 
 para conseguir nombre y and more conducive to 
 aplauso, le causaban tedio the obtaining of reputa- 
 las materias escoldsiicas, y tion and applause ; there- 
 no podia acabar consigo fore all scholastical mat- 
 el aplicarse a estudiarlas. ters proved tedious, and 
 Por eso era gusto oirle las he could not prevail upon 
 ideas confusas, embrolladas, himself to apply to them. 
 y ridicidas que el coneebia Thus it was delightful to 
 de losterminosfacultativos, hear what confused, en- 
 confbrme iban saliendo al tangled, and ridiculous 
 teatro en la explication del notions he annexed to 
 maestro, scientific words, as fast 
 
 as they were uttered by 
 his master. 
 Llego este ct explicar los The latter explaining 
 grados 7netafisieos de En- the metaphysical terms of 
 te, Sustancia, Criatura, Being, Substance, Crea- 
 Cuerpo, fyc. y por mas que ture, Body, &c. roared 
 se desgafiitaba en ensenar loud to teach, that what- 
 que todo lo que eooiste es ever exists is a Being; 
 ente; si se ve y se palpa es that, when seen and 
 ente real, fisico, y cor- touched, it is a real, phy- 
 poreo ; si no se puede ver sical, and corporeal be- 
 nt palpar porque no tiene ing ; that if it is neither to 
 cuerpo, fcomo el alma, y be touched nor seen, be- 
 todo quanto ella sola pro- cause bodiless (as for 
 duce) es ente verdadero y instance the soul and all 
 real, pero espiritual, im- its productions), it is a 
 material, e incorporeo : true and real being ; yet 
 si no tiene mas ser que el spiritual, immaterial, and 
 que le da la imagination y incorporeal; that if it has 
 el entendimiento, es ente no other existence* but 
 intelectual, ideal, e ima- what is given it by the 
 ginario. imagination and the in- 
 
 tellect, it is an intellectu- 
 al, ideal, and imaginary 
 being. 
 Siendo esta una cosa tan Though all this was 
 dara, para Fray Gerundio very clear, yet to Friar 
 
45 
 
 era una algaravia, porque, Gerund it proved all an 
 
 habiendo oido muchas veces arrant gibberish, because 
 
 en la religion, quando setra- having oftentimes heard, 
 
 taba de algun sugeto exoti- since he was in the order, 
 
 co y estrafalario, vaya que that odd and ridiculous 
 
 ese es ente, jamas pudo persons were called rare 
 
 entenderpor ente otra cosa, beings, never could he 
 
 que un hombre irregular 6 make out, that a being sig- 
 
 risible por algun camino. nified any other thing but 
 
 Y asl despues que oyo a su a man any way odd and 
 
 lector las propiedades del ridiculous. And thus, af- 
 
 ente contenidas en las le- ter having heard from his 
 
 tras inicicdes de aquella master, that the proprie- 
 
 palabra barbara R.E. U. ties of a being were con- 
 
 B.A.U, cuando veia d, al- tained in the letters of that 
 
 gunodegenio extravagante, barbarous word R.E.U. 
 
 decia, no sin vanidad de B.A.U, as soon as he saw 
 
 su comprension escolastica: any fellow somewhat odd, 
 
 "este es un Reubau, como he used to say, and not 
 
 h explicomi lector." without some little vanity 
 
 of his scholastical know- 
 ledge, " there goes a Reu- 
 bau, as my master ex- 
 plained it." 
 
 Por la palabra sustan- As for the word sub- 
 
 cia, en su vida no entendio stance, never in his life 
 
 otra cosa mas que caldo de could he understand any 
 
 gallina, por cuanto siem- thing else, but that it was 
 
 pre habia oido d, su madre hen broth; because he had 
 
 cuando habia enfermo en always heard his mother 
 
 casa, voy a darle una sus- say, when there was any 
 
 tancia: y asi se hallo el body ill in the house, 
 
 hombre mas confuso del I go to give him a substance, 
 
 mundo el ano que estudib la He was therefore much 
 
 fisica* Tocdndole arguir puzzled the year he stu- 
 
 a la cuestion que pregunta died philosophy : and as 
 
 si la sustancia es inme- he was once put to argue 
 
 diatamente operativa, su about the question whether 
 
46 
 
 lector defendia que no ; y the substance is immediately 
 
 Fray Gerundio perdia los operative, his master took 
 
 estrivos de la razon y de la the negative ; and Friar 
 
 paciencia, pareciendole que Gerund lost the stirrups 
 
 este era el mayor disparate both of his reason and his 
 
 que podia dejenderse; pues patience, seeming to him 
 
 era claramente contra la ex- that no greater error could 
 
 periencia, y a el se le habia be defended, as it was a 
 
 ofrecido un argumento d, su thing so evidently against 
 
 modo de entender demos- experience ; and an argu- 
 
 trativo, que convencia con- ment had started in his 
 
 cluyentemente lo contrario. mind, so absolutely clear, 
 
 in his opinion, that it 
 would effectually con- 
 vince any body of the 
 contrary. 
 Fuesepues,al general muy He went therefore in 
 
 armado de su argumento, y the disputing-hall, well 
 
 propusole de esta manera. armed with his argument, 
 
 El caldo de gallina es ver- and proposed it in this 
 
 dadera sustancia : sed sic manner : Hen-broth is a 
 
 est, que el caldo de gallina true substance: sed sic est, 
 
 es inmediatamente opera- that hen-broth operates im- 
 
 tivo: luego la sustancia mediately; therefore a sub- 
 
 esj inmediatamente ope- stance is immediately opera- 
 
 rativa. Negdronle la me- tive. The minor was de- 
 
 nor, y probolaasl. Aque- nied him; and he proved 
 
 Ho que administrado en it thus : That which, if 
 
 una ayuda hace obrar administered in a clyster, 
 
 inmediatamente, es in- does the business immedi- 
 
 mediatamente operativo. ately, is immediately opera- 
 
 Sed sic est, que el caldo tive: sed sic est, that hen- 
 
 de gallina administrado broth administered in a 
 
 en una ayuda hace obrar clyster does its business im~ 
 
 inmediatamente: luego el mediately: therefore hen- 
 
 caldo de gallina es in- broth is immediately opera- 
 
 mediatamente operativo. tive, 
 
 Ribse & carcajada tendi- The whole infantry in 
 
47 
 
 da toda la mosqueteria del the hall let a volley of 
 aula; y negdronle la menor laughter on him, and the 
 de este segundo silogismo. minor of this second syl- 
 t logism was denied him. 
 
 El, enfurecido, parte con The general laugh, and 
 la risa, y parte con que le the denying of a proposi- 
 hubiesen negado una pro- tion, which to him seem- 
 posicion que tenia por mas ed as clear as the sun that 
 clara que el sol que nos alum- enlightens us, put him in 
 bra, sale del general preci- such a fury, that he rush- 
 pitado y ciego, sin que na- ed precipitous and blind 
 die pudiese detenerle : sube out of the hall, without 
 d, la celda : llama al enfer- leaving it in the power of 
 mero, y dicele que luego any body to stop him, 
 luego le eche una ayuda went up to his cell, called 
 con caldo de gallina, si por the overseer of the infir- 
 dicha habia alguno preve- mary, and bade him to let 
 nido para los enfermos. him directly have a clys- 
 
 ter of hen -broth, if by 
 good luck he had any 
 ready for the sick. 
 El enfermero que le vid The overseer, who saw 
 tan turbado, tan inquieto, y him in such an agitation, 
 tan encendido, creyendo sin trouble, and heat, thought 
 dudaque le habia dado al- he had got a fit of the 
 gun accidentecolico,para el gripes, for which he had 
 qual habia oido decir que heard it said that chicken- 
 eran admirable especifico los broth was an admirable 
 caldos de polio, y juzgan- specific; and, fancying 
 do que lo mismo serian los that it would have the 
 de gallina, va volando cl su same effect as hen-broth, 
 cocinilla particular, dispo- he ran straight to his 
 nele la lavativa, y adminis- ownprivate kitchen, made 
 trasela. ready what he had been 
 
 bid, and administered it. 
 Race prontamente un pro- The effect was instan- 
 digioso efecto: llena una taneous and prodigious, 
 gran vasija de las que se so that one of those vases 
 
48 , 
 
 destinan para este ministe- was filled that are destin- 
 
 rio, y bajando al general ed to that affair : the friar 
 
 sin detenerse, dijo coUrico returned quickly down 
 
 al lector, al que sustentaba, to the disputing-hall, and 
 
 y & todos los circunstantes : said in an angry tone 
 
 "Los que quisieren ver to the master who had 
 
 si el caldodegallinahace opposed him, and to all 
 
 6 no hace obrar inmedia- the by-standers, " Those 
 
 tamente, vayan a mi eel- who wish to know whether 
 
 da, y alii encontraran la hen-broth is immediately 
 
 prueba ; y despues que se operative, or not, may go 
 
 vayan a defender que la up to my cell, where they 
 
 sustancia no es inmedia- will find proofs that it is: 
 
 tamente operativa." then let them still dejend 
 
 that a substance is not im- 
 mediately operative" 
 Este lance acabb de po- This adventure put him 
 nerle de muy mal humor con entirely out of humour 
 todo lo que se llamaba estu- with all that was called 
 dio escol&stico ; y aunque scholastic studies. And 
 algunos padres graves y though some of the grave 
 verdaderamente doctos que and really learned fathers, 
 le querian bien, procuraron who loved him much, en- 
 persuadirle que se dedicase deavoured to persuade 
 algo a este estudio ; ct lo him to apply himself a 
 menos al de aquellas mate- little to such studies, or 
 rias asl fisicas como meta- at least to those physical 
 jisicas, que no solo eran and metaphysical mat- 
 conducentes, sino casi nece- ters, which are not only 
 sarias para la inteligencia conducive, but almost 
 de las cuestiones mas im- necessary to the intelli- 
 portantes de la teologia en gence of the most impor- 
 todassus partes, escolastica, tant parts of divinity ; that 
 expositiva, dogmdtica, y is the scholastical, expo- 
 moral, sin cuya noticia era sitive, dogmatical, and 
 imposible saber hacer un moral, without the know- 
 sermon sin exponerse cl de- ledge of which it is im- 
 cir mil necedades, heregias, possible to attempt com- 
 
49 
 
 y dislates; no fuh posible 
 convencerlet m, aunque le 
 dieron algurtos panes y agua, 
 hasta llegar tambien ct me- 
 dia docena de despojos ; ni 
 por esas se pudo conseguir 
 que se apliease d, lo que no 
 le llevaba la inclination, y 
 mas habiendo en casa quien 
 le ayudaba & lo mismo. 
 
 Era el caso que por mal 
 de sus pecados se encontro 
 nuestro Fray Gerundio con 
 un predicador mayor del 
 convento, el qual era un 
 mozalvete poco mas 6 menos 
 de la edad de su lector ; pe- 
 ro de traza, gusto y carac- 
 ter muy diferente, 
 
 Hallabase el padre pre- 
 dicador mayor en lo masjlo - 
 rido de la edad : esto es, en 
 los treinta y tres anos caba- 
 les. Su estatura procerosa, 
 robusta y corpulenta ; miem- 
 bros bien repartidos, y asaz 
 simetricos y proporciona- 
 dos; muy derecho de anda- 
 dura ; algo salido depan- 
 za; cuellierguido ; su cer- 
 quillo copetudo y estudiosa- 
 
 posing a sermon, and not 
 to expose one's self to 
 say a thousand fooleries, 
 heresies, and absurdities; 
 it was not feasible to con- 
 vince him, though they 
 condemned him some- 
 times to a rigid fast, and 
 went even so far as to 
 have him flogged half a 
 dozen times. Nothing 
 could prevail upon him 
 to make him apply to 
 what was contrary to his 
 inclination, especially as 
 there was in the house 
 one, who countenanced 
 him in his refractoriness. 
 The case was, that, to 
 his great misfortune, our 
 Friar Gerund stumbled 
 upon the major preacher 
 of the convent, who. was 
 a fellow of about the same 
 age with his master, yet 
 of a look, taste, and cha- 
 racter totally different. 
 
 This father preacher 
 was in the very flower; 
 that is, just turned of 
 thirty- three ; of an advan- 
 tageous figure, Tobust, 
 and corpulent ; his limbs 
 well disposed, and sym- 
 metrically proportioned ; 
 his march erect; his bel- 
 ly somewhat prominent; 
 proud-looking; with a 
 thick crown studiously 
 
 F 
 
50 
 
 mente arremolinado ; habi- shorn ; his clothes always 
 
 tos siempre limpios, y muy clean and large-plaited; 
 
 prolijos depliegues ; zapato his shoes tight ; and, ab o ve 
 
 ajustado; y sobre todo su all, his knitted silk cap 
 
 solideo de seda hecho de very prettily chequered, 
 
 aguja, con muchas y muy with a surprisingly fine 
 
 graciosas labores, elevan- tuft on the top ; the whole 
 
 dose en el centro una bor- worked up by some de- 
 
 lita muy ayrosa, obra toda votees, that were mon- 
 
 de ciertas beatas que se des- strously fond of their dear 
 
 vivian por su padre predica- father preacher. 
 dor. 
 
 En conclusion, el era mo- In short, he was a 
 
 zo galan; y juntdndose d, sightly youth ; and add to 
 
 todo esto una voz clara y all this a clear and sono- 
 
 sonora, algo de ceceo, fjgra- rous voice, with some lit- 
 
 cia especial para contarun tie lisping (a special en- 
 
 cuentecilloj talento conocido dowment for the telling of 
 
 para remedar, despejo en a tale), an acknowledged 
 
 las acetones, popularidad en ability to mimic, a free- 
 
 los modales, boato en el es- dom in his motions, man- 
 
 tilo, y osadia en los pensa- ners popular, a roaring 
 
 mientos,sin olvidarse jamas style, and boldness in his 
 
 de sembrar sus sermones de thoughts; without ever for- 
 
 chistes, gracias, refranes, y getting to sew his sermons 
 
 frases de chimen^encaja- with witticisms, pretti- 
 
 das con grande donosura; nesses, proverbs, and vul- 
 
 no solo se arrastr aba hs con- gar sayings very grace- 
 
 cursos, sino que se llevaba fully put in; he was not 
 
 de calle bs estrados. only followed by crowds 
 
 of men, but was the great- 
 est favourite amongst the 
 women. 
 
 Era de aquellos cultisi- He was one of those 
 
 mos predicadores que jamas elegant preachers, who 
 
 citaban & los santos padres, never quote the fathers, 
 
 ni aun & los sagrados evan- nor the evangelists them- 
 
 gelistaspor sus propios nom- selves,by their own names, 
 
 bres, pareciendole que esta as he thought that a vul- 
 
51 
 
 es vulgaridad. A san Ma- 
 teo, le llamaba el Angel 
 Historiador ; a san Mar- 
 cos, el Evangelic o Toro ; 
 a san Lucas, el mas di- 
 vino Pincel ; a san Juan, 
 el Aguila de Pathmos ; & 
 san Geronimo, la Purpu- 
 ra de Belen; a san Am- 
 brosio, el Panal de los 
 Doctores ; y a san Gre- 
 gorio, la Alegorica Tiara. 
 Pensar que (al acabar 
 de proponer el tenia de 
 un sermon) para citar el 
 evangelio y el capitulo de 
 donde le tomabaj habia 
 de decir sencilla y natu- 
 ralmente, Joannes capite 
 decimo tertio, Matthaei 
 capite decimo quarto, eso 
 era cuento ! Y le pare- 
 cia que bastaria eso para 
 que le tuviesen por un 
 predicador sabatino : Ya 
 se sabia que siempre ha- 
 bia de decir. Ex Evange- 
 lica Lectione Matthaei, o 
 Joannis, capite tertio de- 
 cimo, o quarto decimo; 
 y otras vecespara que sa- 
 liese mas rumbosa la co- 
 locacion, quarto decimo 
 ex capite. 
 
 Pues que! Dejar de 
 meter los dos deditos de 
 la mano derecha con gar- 
 bosa pulidez entre el cue- 
 
 garity. St. Matthew he 
 termed the Historical An- 
 gel ; St. Mark, the Evan- 
 gelic Bull; St. Luke, the , 
 most divine Pencil; St. John, 
 the Eagle of Patmos ; St. 
 Jerom, the Purple of Beth- 
 lehem; St. Ambrose, the 
 Honey -comb of all Doctors; 
 and St. Gregory, the Alle- 
 gorical Triple- crown. 
 
 There was no such thing 
 (as he ended the •exposi- 
 tion of his theme, and 
 quoted the gospel and the 
 chapter from which he 
 took it) that he would 
 simply and naturally say, 
 Joannes Capite decimo ter- 
 tio, Matthcei Capite decimo 
 quarto ! This, he thought, 
 would make him to be 
 taken for a mere Satur- 
 day-preacher; and it was 
 a thing, of course, that he 
 was to say, Ex Evange- 
 lica Lectione Matthcei,, or 
 Joannis, Capite Tertio Deci- 
 mo, or Quarto Decimo; and 
 at other times, that the 
 collocation of his words 
 might prove more em- 
 phatic al, he pronounced 
 Quarto Decimo ex Capite. 
 
 And do you think he 
 would ever abstain from 
 putting with a flourish 
 two of his right-hand fin- 
 
>52 
 
 llo y el tapacuello de la gers betwixt his neck and 
 
 capilla, en ademan de the collar of his hood, by 
 
 quien desahoga elpescue- way of freeing his breath? 
 
 zo, haciendo un par de or from shaking twice the 
 
 movimientos dengosos con head in an affected man- 
 
 la cabeza mientras estaba ner while he was propos- 
 
 proponiendo el tenia ! Y ing the subject of his ser- 
 
 al acabar de proponerle mon? or that, after hav- 
 
 dar dos d tres brinquitos ing proposed it, he would 
 
 disimulados ; y como para forbear coughing as by 
 
 limpiar el pecho, hinchar stealth twice or thrice, by 
 
 los carillos, y mirando con way of disembarrassing 
 
 desden duna y otra parte his breast? or leave off 
 
 del auditorio, romper en swelling up his cheeks, 
 
 cierto ruido gutural entre looking at his audience 
 
 estornudo y relincho ! on the right and left with 
 
 a haughty air, and making 
 a guttural noise, some- 
 thing between sneezing 
 and neighing ? 
 Esto ; y afeytarse siem- To shave every time he 
 pre que habia de pre- was to preach; to shear 
 dicar ; igualar el cer- his crown and raise the 
 quillo y levantar el co- fore- tuft; to stand erect 
 pete ; y luego que, hecha in the pulpit as soon as 
 6 no hecha una breve or a- his short prayer or no 
 cion, seponia de pie en el prayer was over; to fetch, 
 pulpito, sacar con ayro- and with a comely motion 
 so ademan de la manga iz- of his hand, out of his 
 quierda un panuelo de se- left sleeve a handkerchief 
 da de a vara, y de color of silk a yard wide, and 
 vivo, tremolarle, sonarse of some remarkable co- 
 te narices con estrepito, lour; to unfold it loftily; 
 aunque no saliese de ellas to blow his nose with a 
 mas que ayre ; volverle a rattle, though nothing 
 meter en la manga a com- came out but air; to re- 
 pas y con harmonia ; mi- place it in the sleeve 
 tar a todo el concurso con slowly and with a kind of 
 despejo entre cenudo y harmony; to look again 
 
53 
 
 dtsdenoso ; y dar princi- at the whole audience 
 pio con aquello de sea with freedom and a con- 
 ante todas cosas ben- temptuous sort of frown; 
 dito, alabado, y glorifi- to begin first with the 
 cado, concluyendo con lo words blessed, praised, and 
 otro de en el primitivo glorified be above all things ; 
 instantaneo ser de su na- to conclude with those 
 tural animacion ; no deja- other in the primitive in- 
 ria de hacerlo el padre stantaneous point of her na- 
 predicador mayor en to- tural creation, were things 
 dos sus sermones, aunqne that our father preacher 
 el mismo san Pablo le pre- major would not have 
 dicara ; que todas ellas foregone in any of his 
 eran por lo menos otras sermons, though St. Paul 
 tantas evidencias de que himself had come to re- 
 alli no habia ni migaja de buke him for it: and these 
 juicio, ni asomo de sin- were all evident proofs, at 
 deresis, ni gota de ingenio, least, that there was not 
 ni sombra de meollo, ni in him the least mickle of 
 pizca de entendimiento. judgment, the least sen- 
 sibility, the least spark of 
 genius, the least tit of 
 substance, nor the least 
 shadow of intellects. 
 Si, andaos a persuadir- But who could persuade 
 selo cuando a ojos vistos him of it, when he plainly 
 estaba viendo que solo con saw, that, only with this 
 este preliminar aparato se preliminary apparatus, he 
 arrastraba los concursos, drew crowds together, 
 se llei^tba los aplausos, raised applause, capti- 
 coiiquistaba para si los vated all hearts, and set 
 corazones, y no habia es- every company and every 
 trado ni visit a donde no assembly a talking about 
 se hablase del ultimo ser- the last sermon he had 
 mon que habia predicado! preached ! 
 
 Ya era sabido, que siem- It was a thing univer- 
 
 pre habia de dar princi- sally known, that he was 
 
 pio a sus sermones, o con to begin every one of his 
 
 algun refran, d con algun sermons either with some 
 
 f2 
 
54 
 
 chiste, d con alguna frase proverb, or some witti- 
 de bodegon, b con alguna cism, or some vulgar say- 
 clausula enfatica o par- ing, or some well-cut and 
 tida, que a primera vista emphatic period that at 
 pareciese una blasfemia, first sight seemed to con- 
 una impiedad, o un desa- tain a blasphemy, an im- 
 cato ; hasta que despues piety, or something else 
 de tener suspenso al audi- very absurd : then, after 
 torio por un rato, acaba- keeping his audience in 
 ba la clausula, o salia con suspense a while, that he 
 
 would conclude it with an 
 unexpected explanation, 
 that turned it into a 
 most trifling impertinence. 
 Preaching once on the 
 
 una explicacion que venia 
 a quedar en una grandi- 
 simafriolera. Predican- 
 do un dia del misterio de 
 la Trinidad, did principio 
 
 a su sermon con este pe- mystery of the Trinity, 
 riodo : Niego que Dios he began the sermon with 
 
 sea uno en esencia y 
 trino en personas ; y pa- 
 rose un poco. Los oyen- 
 tes, claro esta, comenza- 
 ron a mirarse los unos a 
 los otros, b coma escanda- 
 lizados b como suspensos, 
 esperando en que habia de 
 parar aquella blasfemia 
 heretical. Y quando d 
 nuestro predicador le pa- 
 recib que ya los tenia co- 
 gidos, prosiguib con la in- 
 sulsez de anadir : Asi lo 
 dice el evionista, el mar- 
 cionista, el arriano, el 
 manicheo, el sociniano; 
 pero yo lo pruebo contra 
 ellos con la escritura, con 
 los concilios, y con los 
 padres. 
 
 En otro sermon de la 
 
 these words : / deny that 
 God be one in essence and 
 three in persons ; then 
 paused a moment. The 
 audience, as you may 
 think, began to look at 
 each other as scandalized 
 or doubtful, waiting to 
 see what he meant by 
 such an heretical blas- 
 phemy. But our preacher, 
 being now "sure he had 
 amazed them alL went 
 on, and insipidly added : 
 Thus says the Evionist, the 
 Marchionist, the Arian, the 
 Manichean, the Socinian : 
 but I prove the contrary 
 with the scriptures, with 
 the councils, and with the 
 fathers. 
 
 Another sermon on the 
 
55 • 
 
 Encarnacion comenzo de Incarnation he began 
 
 estamanera: A la salud thus: Your health, gentle- 
 
 de ustedes, cavalleros : y men ; and as all his hear- 
 
 como todo el auditorio se ers broke into a loud 
 
 riese a carcajada tendida laugh, because he said it 
 
 porque lo dijo con chula- in a jeering manner, he 
 
 da, el prosiguid diciendo : continued saying : There 
 
 No hay que reirse, porque is no cause here for laugh- 
 
 a la salud de ustedes, de ing, because, for the sake of 
 
 la mia y de la de todos, ba- procuring a spiritual health 
 
 jo del cielo Jesu-Christo to you, to me, and to all, 
 
 y encarno en las entranas Jesus Christ descendedfrom 
 
 de Maria. Es articulo heaven, and took flesh in the 
 
 de fe : pruebolo : Propter bosom of Mary. It is an 
 
 nos homines et propter article of our faith, and I 
 
 nostrara salutem descen- prove it : Propter nos ho- 
 
 dit de coelis etincarnatus mines, et propter nostram 
 
 est. Al oir esto, queda- salutem descendit de calis, 
 
 ron todos como suspensos et incarnatus est. On hear- 
 
 y embobados, mirandose ing this, they all remained 
 
 los unos a los otros, y' es- suspended and astonish- 
 
 cuchdndose una especie de ed, looking at each other ; 
 
 murmurio en toda la igle- and a strong whisper ran 
 
 sia, que faltb poco para round the church, that al- 
 
 que parase en publica most broke out into a ge- 
 
 aclamacion. neral acclamation. 
 
 Habia en el lugar un There lived in the town 
 
 zapatero, truhan de pro- a shoemaker, a banterer 
 
 fesion y eterno decidor, a by trade, and an eternal 
 
 qfiien llamaban en elpue- talker, who went amongst 
 
 bio el^ azote de los predi- them by the name of the 
 
 cadores, porque en mate- Flail of Preachers, be- 
 
 riadesermonessuvotoera cause, in point of ser- 
 
 el decisivo. En diciendo mons, his vote was a de- 
 
 del predicador, "gran pa- cisive one. Whenever he 
 
 jaro! pajaro de cuenta!" had said of a preacher, 
 
 Men podia el padre des- " Whatabird! Whatarare 
 
 barrar a tiros largos, por- bird!" the father might 
 
 que tendria seguros los have spoken the greatest 
 
56 
 
 mas principales sermones 
 de la villa, incluso el de la 
 fiesta de los Pastores y el 
 de san Roque, en que ha~ 
 bia novillos y un toro de 
 muerte. 
 
 Pero si el zapatero tor- 
 cia el hocico, y alacabar 
 del sermon decia, " pol- 
 luelo ! cachorillo ! Irase 
 haziendo !" mas que el 
 predicador fuese el mis- 
 misimo Vieyra en su mes- 
 ma mesmedad, no tenia 
 que esperar volver a pre- 
 dicar en el lugar, ni aun 
 el sermon de san Sebasti- 
 an, que solo valia una 
 rosea, una azumbre de hi- 
 pocrds, y dos quartas de 
 cerilla. 
 
 Este, pues, formidable 
 censor de los sermones, es- 
 taba tan pagado de los 
 del padre Fray Bias (esta 
 era la gracia del padre 
 predicador mayor) que no 
 encontraba voces para 
 ponderarlos. Llamdbale 
 pajaro de pajaros, el non 
 prus hurta de los pul- 
 pitos, y en fin, el orador 
 por Antonio Masia, que- 
 riendo decir, el orador por 
 Antonomasia. Ycomoel 
 tal zapatero llevaba en el 
 
 nonsense, and yet he w&s 
 always sure of obtaining 
 the most profitable ser- 
 mons, even that of the 
 Shepherd's Festival, and 
 that of St. Roc, on which 
 days bullocks were baited 
 in the square, and a bull 
 was to die. 
 
 But if the shoemaker 
 wrung the neck, and said 
 at the end of a sermon, 
 "A 'pretty chicken! A fine 
 whelp! In time he shall ! u 
 the preacher might have 
 been Vieyra himself, but 
 no hopes were left for him 
 to return to preach in the 
 place, not even the ser- 
 mon of St. Sebastian, for 
 which only a cake was 
 given, with a quart of 
 spiced wine, and a few 
 small wax candles. 
 
 This formidable censor 
 of sermons was so much 
 taken with Friar Bias's 
 (that was the name of the 
 major preacher), that he 
 had not words sufficient 
 to praise him. He called 
 him the bird of birds, the 
 non prus hurta of the pul- 
 pitSy and, in short, the ora- 
 tor by Antony Masia, mean- 
 ing the orator by Antono- 
 masia: and as the shoe- 
 maker, both in the town 
 and round the territory, 
 
57 
 
 lugar, y aun en todo aquel extolled for ever all his 
 
 contorno, la voz de los sermons, you cannotthink 
 
 sermones, no se puedepon- how his eulogies increas- 
 
 derar lo mucho que acre- ed Friar Bias's reputa- 
 
 dito con sus elogios a Fray tion, and what a share he 
 
 Bias, y la gran parte que had in rendering his folly, 
 
 tuvo en que se hiciese in- his vanity, and his stupid- 
 
 curable su locura, vani- ity, quite incurable. 
 dad y boberia. 
 
 Compadecido igualmente There was a grave, ho- 
 
 de la sandez del predica- ly, learned, and sensible 
 
 dor, que de la perjudicial father, who, after having 
 
 simpleza del zapatero, un been provincial of the 
 
 padre grave, religioso, order, had retired to that 
 
 docto y de gran juizio, convent. This father, 
 
 que despues de haber sido commiserating the folly 
 
 provincial de la orden se of the preacher, as well as 
 
 habiaretiradoaaquelcon- the pernicious simplicity 
 
 vento, emprendio curar a of the shoemaker, under- 
 
 los dos, si podia conse- took to cure them both, if 
 
 guirlo ; y como el dia des- there was still a possibi- 
 
 pues del famoso sermon lity ; and as the day after 
 
 de la anunciacion, lefuese the famous sermon of the 
 
 a calzar el zapatero (por- Annunciation the shoe* 
 
 que era el maestro de la maker went to him with 
 
 comunidad), y este con su a pair of shoes (being 
 
 acostumbrada bachilleria shoemaker to the con- 
 
 comenzase a ponderar el vent), and as the fellow, 
 
 sermon del dia antece- in his usual bantering 
 
 dente, pareciendole tarn- way, began to talk about 
 
 bien que en aquello lison- the sermon of the pre- 
 
 geaba al reverendisimo ceding day, thinking also 
 
 por ser frayle de su or- that by so doing he paid 
 
 den ; el buen padre ex- his court to the most re- 
 
 provincial quiso aprove- verend, as being of the 
 
 char aquella ocasion, y same order, the good fa- 
 
 sacando la caja, did un ther ex-provincial thought 
 
 polvo a Martin (que este of seizing that opportu- 
 
 era el nombre del zapa- nity ; and, pulling out his 
 
58 
 
 teroj: hizole sentar junto box, he gave a pinch to 
 a si, y encarandose con Martin (thus was the 
 el, le dijo con grandisima shoemaker named), made 
 
 . 
 
 bondad. 
 
 " Ven aca, Martin i que 
 entiendes tu de sermones ? 
 I Para qui hablas de lo que 
 no entiendes, ni eres capaz 
 
 him sit by his side ; then, 
 looking him in the face, 
 said to him, with the 
 greatest goodness : — 
 
 " Pr'ythee, friend Mar- 
 tin, " what do you know 
 about sermons ? Why 
 speak you of what you 
 
 de entender ? Si no sabes understand not, nor have 
 escribir, ni apenas sabes brains to understand ? If 
 
 deletrear, icomo has de 
 saber quien predica mal 
 a bien ? 
 
 "Dime, Martin: si yo 
 
 you cannot write, if you 
 can scarcely make shift 
 to read, how will you 
 know who preaches well 
 or ill? 
 
 " Do, tell me, Martin : 
 te dijera a ti que no sabi- If I was to say that you 
 as cortar, coser, desvirar, know nothing of cutting, 
 ni estaquillar, y que todo sewing, nor pegging, and 
 esto lo haria mejor fulano that such a one and such 
 o citano de tu misma pro- another of your same 
 fesion, no me dirias con profession do much better 
 razon: ' Padre, dejelo que than you, would you not 
 no lo entiende? Metase tell me, and with good 
 alia con sus libros, y deje reason, ' Speak not of it, 
 nos a los maestros de obra- father, because you know 
 prima con nuestra tijera, nothing of it ? Mind your 
 con nuestra lesna, y con books, Sir, and leave us 
 
 nuestro trincheteV 
 
 "Esto siendo asl, que 
 
 with our scissors, our 
 awl, and our knife, to be 
 judged by the great mas- 
 ters of the trade?' 
 
 And yet you know 
 
 a 
 
 saber cual zapato esta bien that to judge if a shoe is 
 h mal cosido, bien b mal well sewed, well or ill 
 cortado, es cosa que puede cut, is what can be done 
 
59 
 
 conocer cualquiera que 
 no sea ciego. Pues si un 
 maestro y un predicador 
 harian mal en censurar, 
 y mucho peor en dar re- 
 glas de cortar, ni de coser 
 dun zapatero; isera tole- 
 rable que un zapatero se 
 meta en dar reglas depre- 
 dicar a los predicadores, y 
 en censurar sus sermones ? 
 Mir a, Martin: lo mas 
 que tu puedes conocer, 
 y en que puedes dar tu 
 voto, es, en si un predica- 
 dor es alto b bajo, derecho 
 o corcobado, cur a bfrayle, 
 gordo d fiaco, de voz grue- 
 sa 6 delgada; si manotea 
 mucho o poco, y si tiene 
 miedo d no le tiene, por- 
 que para esto no es me- 
 nester mas que tener ojos 
 y oldos. Pero en saliendo 
 de aqui, no solo te expones 
 a decir cien disparates, 
 sino a elogiar mil here- 
 gias" 
 
 " Vitor, padre reveren- 
 disimo," dijo el truhan del 
 zapatero. " Y iporqueno 
 acaba su reverendisima 
 
 by any body that is not 
 blind. But if a man of 
 learning and a preacher 
 would do amiss by cen- 
 suring, and still worse by 
 giving rules about cutting 
 or sewing to a shoemaker, 
 do you think it a thing to 
 be borne that a shoe- 
 maker should set about 
 giving rules of preaching 
 to preachers, or rinding 
 fault with their sermons ? 
 Look you, Martin ; the ut- 
 most that you can know, 
 and speak your mind 
 about, is, whether the 
 preacher is tall or short, 
 straight or crooked, a 
 priest or a friar, fat or 
 lean, whether he has a 
 strong voice or a feeble 
 one, whether he gesticu r 
 lates much or little, and 
 whether he is timorous 
 or bold ; because, to judge 
 of such things, nothing 
 more is wanted than eyes 
 and ears. But if you go 
 beyond them, not only 
 you expose yourself to 
 the danger of saying a 
 hundred absurdities, but 
 also to praise a thousand 
 heresies." 
 
 "Bravo, my most re- 
 verend father," said the 
 roguish shoemaker. " And 
 why does not your reve- 
 
60 
 
 ton gracia y gloria para 
 que el sermoncillo tenga 
 su debido y legitimo final? 
 Segun eso tendra vuesa 
 reverendisima por heregia 
 aquella gallarda entra- 
 dilla con que el padre pre- 
 dicador mayor did prin- 
 cipio al sermon de la san- 
 tisima Trinidad : Niego 
 que Dios sea uno en esen- 
 cia, y trino en personas ?" 
 
 " Y de las mas escan- 
 dalosas que se pueden oir 
 en un pulpito catolico," 
 respondid el grave y docto 
 religioso. 
 
 ■ Pero si dentro de po- 
 co," replied Martin, " ana- 
 did el padre Fray Bias 
 que no lo negaba el, sino 
 el evanista, el marco- 
 nista, el marrano, el ma- 
 cabeo, y el sucio enano, 
 6 una cosa asl ; y si sabe- 
 mos que todos estosfueron 
 unos perros hereges, i que 
 heregia de mis pecados 
 dijo el buen padre predi- 
 cador, sino puramente re- 
 ferir la que estos turcos 
 y moros dijeron ?" 
 
 Sonridse el reverendo 
 ex-provincial, y sin mudar 
 de tono le replied blanda- 
 
 rence conclude with Deo 
 Gratias, or Gloria Patri, 
 that your pretty sermon 
 may have its due and le- 
 gitimate end ? According 
 to you, it was then an 
 heresy the very brisk sally 
 of the father preacher, by 
 which he began his ser- 
 mon on the most holy 
 Trinity, I deny that God be 
 one in essence, and three in 
 Persons?" 
 
 "And one of the most 
 scandalous that can be 
 heard from a catholic pul- 
 pit," answered the grave 
 and learned father. 
 
 " But since a moment 
 after," replied Martin, 
 "Father Bias added it 
 was not he himself who 
 denied that, but the Ebo- 
 nist, the Marconist, the 
 Murrain, the Machabee, 
 and the filthy Dwarf, or 
 something like that; and 
 since we all know that all 
 them fellows were but a 
 parcel of heretical dogs, 
 where the devil is the 
 heresy the good father 
 preacher said, when he 
 merely related what was 
 said by those Turks and 
 Moors?" 
 
 The reverend ex-pro- 
 vincial smiled, and, with- 
 out changing his tone, 
 
61 
 
 mente: "Digame, Mar- 
 tin. Si uno echa un vo- 
 to-a-Christo redondo, y 
 de alii a un rato anade 
 valillo, dejara de haber 
 echado un jur •anient o?" 
 
 " Claro es que no" re- 
 spondid elzapatero, "por- 
 que asi lo he oido cien ve- 
 ces a los Teatinos, cuando 
 vienen a misionarnos el 
 alma. Yafe que en esto 
 tienen razon; porque el 
 valillo que se sigue de- 
 spues yd, viene tarde ; y 
 es asi a la manera que di- 
 gamos de aquello que dice 
 el refran, romperle la ca- 
 beza, y despues lavarle 
 los cascos." 
 
 " Pues a la letra," re- 
 spuso el buen padre, " su- 
 cede lo mismo en esta pro- 
 posicion escandalosa y 
 otr as semej antes que pro- 
 fieren muchos predicadores 
 de mollerapor cocer, la he- 
 regia ; y el disparate sale 
 rotundo: y en todo caso 
 descalabran con U al au- 
 ditorio, y eso es lo que 
 ellospretenden, teniendolo 
 por gracia: despues en- 
 tran las hilas, los parche- 
 citos, y las vendas para 
 cur arle. De manera que 
 todo el chiste se reduce a 
 echar por delante una 
 
 mildly replied, "Pray, 
 tell me, Martin: should 
 any body say roundly, / 
 vow to God, then, after a 
 short pause, add zooks, 
 would you look upon him 
 as guilty of swearing ? 
 
 "Surely not," replied 
 the shoemaker, "as I have 
 been told a hundred times 
 by the Theatine Friars 
 whenever they came to 
 disturb our souls with 
 their missions. And, in 
 troth, they are right, pro- 
 vided the word zooks 
 comes not too late. That 
 word has the effect men- 
 tioned in the proverb: 
 break his pate; then wash 
 his skull. 3 ' 
 
 "This," answered the 
 good father, " is actually 
 the case with regard to 
 this scandalous proposi- 
 tion, and several other 
 such, that are uttered by 
 silly preachers, in order 
 to sew up the heresy, while 
 the wickedness of it comes 
 out plain. Be it as it 
 will, they first break the 
 hearer's head, which is 
 what they aim at, thinking 
 it a clever thing; then 
 they bring forth their lint, 
 their patches, and their 
 bands to cure it ; so that 
 the whole of the ingenuity 
 
62 
 
 proposition que escan- consists in throwing out a , 
 
 dalice, y quanto sea mas proposition that proves 
 
 disonante, mejor ; puts se scandalous, and the more 
 
 le da una explication con so the better ; then, by 
 
 la qualviene a quedaruna means of an explanation, 
 
 grandisima friolera. No to give it the turn of a 
 
 te parece, Martin, que laughable joke. Are not 
 
 aun cuando asl se salve you of opinion, Martin, 
 
 la heregia, a lo menos no though they save the he- 
 
 se puede salvar la insen- resy, that yet they cannot 
 
 satez y la locura ?" save their stupidity and 
 
 folly r 
 
 (( No entiendo de tulo- "I an't learned in theo- 
 
 glas," respondio el zapa- logy," answered the shoe- 
 
 fero: " lo que se es, que maker; "but what I know 
 
 por lo que toca a la en- of it is, that with regard 
 
 tradilla del sermon de to his pretty jump into 
 
 ayer, a la salud de uste- yesterday's sermon, toyour 
 
 des, cavalleros, ni vuesa health, gentlemen, neither 
 
 reverendisima, ni todo el your most reverend pa- 
 
 concilio trementino me ha- ternity, nor the whole tur- 
 
 ran creer que alii hubo pentine council, shall ever 
 
 heregia, porque la probd make me believe there 
 
 claramente con el credo, was any heresy, as he 
 
 proter nostra salute de- proved it clearly with the 
 
 scendit de caelos, y que creed, proter nostra salute 
 
 a todos nos dejo aturdi- descendit de ccelos ; so that 
 
 dos" he astonished us all." 
 
 " Es cierto," replied el " It is certain," replied 
 
 reverendisimo, " que en the most reverend, " that 
 
 eso no hubo heregia ; pero in that there was no he- 
 
 rto me dira Martin en que resy. Yet will Martin be 
 
 estuvo el chiste o la agu- so good as to tell me, 
 
 deza que d todos losatur- where was the wit or the 
 
 did?" acuteness that astonished 
 
 you all r 
 
 "Puesque" respondib "And how," answered 
 
 el maestro de obra prima, the thorough master, 
 
 " no es la mayor agudeza " wa'n't it the greatest 
 
\ 63 \ 
 
 del mundo comenzar un acuteness in the world to 
 
 sermon como quien vd begin a sermon like him 
 
 a echar un brindis? Y who drinks to you? And 
 
 quando todo el auditorio as the whole audience 
 
 se rid, juzgando que iba laughed, and expected he 
 
 a sacar un jarro de vino should produce a pitcher 
 
 para convidarnos, echar- of wine to invite us to 
 
 nos d todos un jarro de drink to him, throw upon 
 
 agua con un texto que us a bason of water with 
 
 vino, que ni pintado ?" a text, that fitted his 
 
 purpose so prodigious 
 
 well?' , 
 
 i( Oygase Martin," le "Hear me, Martin," 
 
 dijo con sosiego el reve- said the most reverend, 
 
 rendisimo: "Quando en with softness. "When, in 
 
 una taberna comienzaun a tippling-house, adrunk- 
 
 borracho a predicar, que ard begins to hold forth, 
 
 se suele decir de el!" what do you say of him ?" 
 
 "A esos," respondib "We brothers of the 
 
 Martin, "nosotros los pot," answered Martin, 
 
 confrades de la cuba, los " term them the drunkards 
 
 llamamos los borrachos incurable, as every one 
 
 desahuciados, porque sa- knows, that, when a 
 
 bida cosa es que borra- drunkard stumbles on 
 
 chera que entra por la any religious subject, no 
 
 mystica, o a la apostolica, means are left of making 
 
 es incurable." him sober." 
 
 " Pues ven aca buen " Come hither then, my 
 
 hombre" replied el ex-pro- good man," replied the 
 
 vincial: " Si la mayor ex-provincial. " If it is 
 
 borrachera de un borra- most shocking in a drunk- 
 
 cho es hablar en la ta- ard to hold forth in a 
 
 berna como hablan en el tippling-house as preach- 
 
 pulpito los predicadores, ers do in the pulpit, are 
 
 sera gracia, chiste, y agu- we to consider as a fine, 
 
 deza de un predicador witty, and keen genius the 
 
 usar en el pulpito las preacher who uses in the 
 
 frases que usan en la ta- pulpit the phrases of 
 
 berna los borrachos? Yd drunkards in tippling- 
 
64 
 
 estos predicadores alaba houses? And are these 
 
 Martin ? a estos aplaude? the preachers whom Mar- 
 
 Vaya, que tiene poca ra- tin praises ? whom he ap- 
 
 zon." plauds? Fie! he has 
 
 . no great reason for so 
 doing/' 
 
 "Padre maestro" re- "Father," answered the 
 
 spondio convencido y de- shoemaker, convinced and 
 
 spechadoelzapatero, (t yo fretful, "I never studied 
 
 no he estudiado logica, your logics nor your 
 
 ni garambaynas. Lo que grammatics. I can only 
 
 digo es, que lo que me say that what pleases me, 
 
 suena me suena. Vuestra pleases me. Your pa- 
 
 paternidad es de esa opi- ternity holds this opinion ; 
 
 nion, y otros son de otra ; other people hold another; 
 
 y son de la misma lana, yet each of them is not a 
 
 yen verdad que no son fool, and each, like you, goes 
 
 ranas. FA mundo estd dressed in wool. This world 
 
 lleno de embidia, y los is full of envy, and in 
 
 claustros no estan muy cloisters there is no want 
 
 vacios de ella. Viva mi of it. Long live my good 
 
 padre fray Bids, y vuestra father Bias, and please 
 
 paternidad deme su licen- your paternity to dismiss 
 
 da, que me voy a calzar me, as I must carry the 
 
 al padre refitolero," father caterer his shoes." 
 
 No habia bien salido Martin was scarcely 
 
 Martin de la celda del pa- out of the ex-pro vinciaFs 
 
 dre ex-provincial, cuando cell, when Father Bias 
 
 entrb en ella fray Bids d entered it. He was com- 
 
 despedirse de su reveren- ing to take leave of him, 
 
 disima, porque el dia si- as he was to go next da 
 
 guiente tenia que ir a una to a town four leagues 
 
 villa que distaba quatro distant, to preach upon 
 
 leguas, a predicar de la the occasion of placing a 
 
 colocacion de un retablo. Christmas-manger. 
 
 Como estaban frescas The ideas raised by his 
 
 las especies del zapatero, discourse with the shoe- 
 
 y el buen reverendisimo, maker were quite fresh in 
 
 ya por la honra de la re- the good reverend ; and 
 
65 
 
 Ugion, ya por la estima- he wanted to meet with an 
 
 cion del mismo padre pre- opportunity of setting the 
 
 dicador, a quien realmente father preacher right, both 
 
 queria bien, y sentia ver for the sake of religion, 
 
 malogradasunasprendas, and for the same father's 
 
 que, manejadas con juicio, sake, as he really loved 
 
 pbdian ser muy apreci- him, and was sorry to see 
 
 ables, deseaba lograr co- his abilities thrown away, 
 
 yuntura de desenganarle : which, properly managed, 
 
 y pareciendole que era might prove of great va- 
 
 muy oportuna la present e, lue. Thus judging the 
 
 le dijo luego que le vib : present occasion come 
 
 "padre Predicador, sien- most timely, he told the 
 
 to que no hubiese llegado friar as soon as he per- 
 
 vuestra merced un poco ceived him : " I am sorry, 
 
 antes, para que oyese una father preacher, you did 
 
 conversacion en que esta- not come a moment soon- 
 
 ba con Martin el zapa- er, as you might have 
 
 tero, y el me la cortb, heard a dialogue I have 
 
 quando yo deseaba pro- had with Martin the shoe- 
 
 seguirla. maker, who, however, cut 
 
 it short just at the time I 
 
 wanted most to go on with 
 
 it. 
 
 " Apuesto" respondib " I guess," answered 
 
 fray Bias, "que era acer- friar Bias, "that it was 
 
 cadesermones,porqueno about sermons, as the 
 
 habla de otra cosa; y en fellowcan talk of nothing 
 
 verdad que tiene voto." else; and really he knows 
 
 something of it." 
 
 " Podrale tener" replied "He may know," an- 
 
 el ex-provincial, "ensaber swered the ex-provincial, 
 
 donde aprieta el zapato ; " where the shoe pinches : 
 
 pero en saber dondeaprie- but as to sermons, how 
 
 t a el sermon, no se por que should he know any 
 
 ha de tenerle" thing ?" 
 
 " Porque para saber "Because to know who 
 
 quien predica bien o mal" preaches well or ill," said 
 
 respondib fray Bias, « no father Bias, " there is no 
 
 g2 
 
66 
 
 es menester mas que tener 
 ijjos y didos." 
 
 " Pues de esa manera" 
 replied el ex-provincial, " to- 
 dos fos que no sean ciegos 
 ni sordos tendrdn tanto volo 
 como el zapatero." 
 
 " Es que hay algunos," 
 respondio el padre fray Bias, 
 " que sin ser sordos ni cie- 
 gos, no tienen tan buenos 
 qjos, ni tan buenos oidos 
 como otros" 
 
 " Eso es decir" replied el 
 ex-provincial, " que para 
 calificar un sermon no es 
 menester mas que ver como 
 le acciona, y oir como lo 
 tiente el predicador." 
 
 " No, padre nuestro, no es 
 menester mas," 
 
 " Con que segun eso" ar- 
 guyd el ex-provincial, "pa- 
 ra ser burn predicador no es 
 menester mas que ser buen 
 representante." 
 
 "Concedo consequen- 
 tiam," dijo fray Bias muy 
 satisfecho. 
 
 " Y es posible que tenga 
 
 aliento para proferir seme- 
 
 jante proposicion un orador 
 
 Christiano, y un hijo de mi 
 
 padre San N P Que 
 
 viste $u habito P Ora bien, 
 
 need of any thing but 
 eyes and ears." 
 
 " If it is so," returned 
 the ex-provincial, t( who- 
 ever is neither blind nor 
 deaf, must be as good a 
 judge as the shoemaker." 
 " There are people," an- 
 swered father Bias, "who, 
 though they are neither 
 blind nor deaf, yet have 
 neither such good eyes 
 nor such good ears as 
 others have." 
 
 " It is as if you said," 
 replied the ex-provincial, 
 "that in order to judge 
 right of a sermon, it is 
 sufficient to mind the ges- 
 tures ; and as to the rest, 
 refer ourselves to the 
 preacher's intention." 
 
 " Quite right, my good 
 father: we want nothing 
 else." 
 
 "It follows then," said 
 the ex-provincial, "that 
 to be a good preacher it is 
 sufficient to be a good 
 pantomime." 
 
 f( Concedo consequentiam," 
 answered father Bias, with 
 an air of satisfaction. 
 
 "And is it possible that 
 a Christian orator can find 
 breath to utter such a 
 proposition? A. son of 
 our holy father St. N — ? 
 One who wears his ha- 
 
67 
 
 padre predicador mayor: bit? But, father preacher, 
 Qual es el fin que se debe which is the aim that a 
 proponer en todos sus ser- Christian orator ought to 
 mones un Christiano ora- have in all his sermons V 
 dorr 
 
 " Padre nuestro" respon- " My father," answered 
 did fray Bids no sin algun friar Bias, with a pretty 
 desenfado, " el fin que debe air of freedom, " the aim 
 tenertodo or ador Christiano, that any orator, whether 
 o no Christiano, es agradar al Christian or not Christian, » 
 auditorio, dar gusto d, todos, ought to have, is to please 
 y caerles en gracia : d, hs his audience, give satis- 
 doctos, por la abundancia faction to all, and get the 
 de la doctrina, por la multi- good will of all. The 
 tud de las citas, por la va- learned he must please 
 riedad y por lo selecto de la by displaying much sci- 
 erudicion: d, los discretos, ence, by a multitude of 
 por las agudezas, por los quotations, by a various 
 chistes, y por los equivocos : and well- chosen erudi- 
 d los cultos por el estilo pom- tion : The polite, by 
 poso, elevado, altisonante y y means of things ingeni- 
 de rumbo : b, los vulgares ous and prettily set off, 
 por la popularidadj por los together with some pretty 
 rejranes, y por hs cuente- quirk that looks two 
 cilbs encajados con oportu- ways : People of taste he 
 nidad y dichos con gracia ; may please by means of a 
 y en fin d, todos, por la pre- pompous, elevated, high- 
 sencia, por el despejo, por sounding, and brilliant 
 la voz, y por las acciones. style ; and the vulgar by 
 
 a mean diction, by pro- 
 verbs, by little stories 
 clapped in skilfully, and 
 told with a good grace. 
 In short, he must please 
 all by his figure, his coun- 
 tenance, his voice, and 
 his gesticulation. 
 n Yo a lo menos en mis " This at least is sure, 
 
sermones no tenga otro jin, 
 ni para conseguirle me valgo 
 de otros medios : y en ver- 
 dad que no me va mal, por- 
 que nuncafalta en mi celda 
 un polvo de buen tabaco, una 
 jicara de chocolate rico ; 
 hay un par de mudas de 
 ropa blanca ; estd, bien pro- 
 veida la frasquera ; y final- 
 mente no faltan en la na- 
 veta quatro dobhnes para 
 una necesidad; y nunca sal- 
 go predicar que no trayga 
 den misas para el convento, 
 y otras tantas para repar- 
 tirlas entre quatro amigos. 
 No hay sermon de rumba en 
 todo el contorno que no se 
 me encargue, y manana voy 
 a predicar a la cohcacion 
 del retablo de Cevico de la 
 Torre, cuyo mayordomo me 
 dijo que la limosna del ser- 
 mon era un doblon de a 
 echo." 
 
 Apenas pudo contener las 
 lagrimas el religioso y docto 
 ex-provincial quando oyb un 
 discurso tan necio, tan atur- 
 
 68 
 
 with regard to myself, 
 that I have no other aim, 
 nor make use of any other 
 means to hit it. Nor do 
 I quite miss it, to say the 
 truth, as in my cell there 
 is always a pinch of good 
 snuff, a dish of rich cho- 
 colate, clothes enough to 
 shift myself twice from 
 head to foot, a tolerable 
 number of bottles ; and, to 
 conclude, there are al- 
 ways in my drawer four 
 good doubloons to be 
 used in case of acci- 
 dent; nor do I ever go 
 out to preach, but I bring 
 home one hundred of 
 masses for the convent, 
 and another hundred to 
 be shared between four 
 friends. There is no ser- 
 mon of importance in 
 the environs, but what 
 comes to me; and to- 
 morrow I am going to 
 preach at Cevico de la 
 Torre upon occasion of 
 the placing the Christmas- 
 manger, the alms of which 
 is a golden doubloon, as 
 I was told by the church- 
 warden." 
 
 The learned and religi- 
 ous ex-provincial could 
 scarcely refrain from tears 
 upon hearing a discourse 
 
* 69 
 
 dido, y tan impio en la boca so foolish, so extrava- 
 de aquel pobre frayle, mas gant, and so impious, 
 lleno de presuncion y de ig- come out at the mouth of 
 norancia que de verdadera that silly friar, much fuller 
 sabiduria : y compadecido of ignorance and pre- 
 de verle tan enganado } en- sumption than of true 
 cendido en un santo xelo de la knowledge. He took pity 
 gloria de Dios, de la honra on him, and burning with 
 de la religion, y del bien de a holy zeal for the glory 
 las almas, en las qnales po- of God, the honour of re- 
 dia hacer gran fruto aquel ligion, and the good of 
 alucinado religioso si em- the souls, to which the 
 plectra mejor sus naturales blind friar might still be 
 talentos, quiso ver si podia useful by a right employ 
 convencerle y desenganarle. of his natural parts, he 
 
 resolved to see whether 
 it was possible to con- 
 vince and undeceive him. 
 Levantdse de la silla en He rose therefore from 
 que estaba sentado, cerro la the chair on which he sat, 
 puertade la celda, echo la shut the door, bolted it on 
 aldabilla por adentro para the inside, that nobody 
 que ninguno los interrum- might come in to inter- 
 piese, tomo de la mano al rupt them ; then took the 
 predicador mayor, metiole preacher major by the 
 en el estudio, Mzole sentar; hand, led him into his clo- 
 y sentandose el mismo junto set, made him sit down ; 
 a 61, con aquella autoridad then sitting by his side, 
 que le daban sus canas, su with that authority to 
 venerable ancianidad, su which he was entitled by 
 doctrina, su virtud, sus em- his white hair, by his ve- 
 pleos, su credilo, y su esti- nerable ancientness, his 
 macion en la or den, le hablo virtue, his learning, his 
 de esta manera. employments, his reputa- 
 
 tion, and the well-deserv- 
 ed esteem of the whole 
 order, he spoke to the friar 
 in the following manner : 
 t( Aturdido estoy, padre "I am so astonished, 
 
fray Bids, de lo que acabo 
 de olrle, tanto que aun aora 
 mismo estoy dudando si me 
 onganan mis oidos, o si 
 sueno lo que oygo. Bien 
 temia yo al olrle predicar, y 
 al observar cuidadosamente 
 todos sus movimientos antes 
 del pulpito, en el pulpito, y 
 despues del pulpito, que en 
 sus sermones no se proponia 
 otro Jin que el de la vanidad, 
 del aplauso, y del interes : 
 Pero este temor no pasaba 
 de ojrecimiento, y ni aun se 
 atrevia & ser sospecha; 
 porque no sefuese arriman- 
 do djuicio temerario. Mas 
 ya veo por lo que acabo de 
 olrle, que me propase de 
 piadoso. 
 
 (i Con que el Jin de un 
 orador Christiano, y no 
 Christiano, es agradar al 
 auditorio, captar aplausos, 
 grangear ci'edito, hazer bol- 
 sillo, y solicitar sus conve- 
 nienzuelas ! A vista de csto 
 yd no me admiro de que 
 el padre predicador se dis- 
 ponga para subir al pul- 
 pito como se dispone un co- 
 mediante para salir al tea- 
 tro, muy rasurado, muy 
 ajeytado, muy copetudo, el 
 mejor habito, la capa de 
 
 70 
 
 father Bias, at what you 
 have just said, that I 
 doubt this moment whe- 
 ther my ears deceive me, 
 or whether I am dream- 
 ing what I hear. Listen- 
 ing to you while preach- 
 ing, and marking atten- 
 tively all your motions 
 before you ascend the 
 pulpit, in the pulpit, and 
 after the pulpit, I feared 
 lest your only end should 
 be to feed your vanity, to 
 catch applause, and to 
 make money. My fear 
 however I did not dare to 
 turn into downright sus- 
 picion, that I might not 
 be guilty of a rash judg- 
 ment : but well do I see, 
 by what I have just heard, 
 that I have been over- 
 timorous. 
 
 "Then, according to 
 you, the aim of an orator, 
 Christian or no Christian, 
 must be to please his au- 
 dience, to force applause, 
 to augment in reputation, 
 to put money in his fob, 
 and to procure himself all 
 sorts of ease ! If so, I 
 must not wonder to see 
 you, when going to mount 
 the pulpit, do it after the 
 manner of a comedian 
 who is making ready for 
 the stage; your crown 
 
71 
 
 lustre, la saya plegada, za- 
 patos nuevos, ajustados, y 
 curiosos, panuelo de color 
 sobresaliente, otro bianco 
 cumplido, y de tela muy del- 
 gada, menos para limpiar 
 el sudor que para hacer os- 
 tentation de lo que debiera 
 correrse un religioso, que 
 profesa modestia, pobreza, 
 y humildad 
 
 sc Un predicador aposto- 
 lico que subiese & la cdtedra 
 del Espiriiu Santo con el 
 unicofin de enamorar a los 
 oyentes de la virtud, y mo- 
 verlos ejicazmente d un santo 
 aborrecimiento del pecado, 
 se avergonzdra de esos afec- 
 tados adomosy tan impropios 
 de su estado como de su mi- 
 nisterio; pero quien sube a 
 profanarla con fines tan in- 
 decentes, y aim estoy por de- 
 cir tan sacrilegos, ni puede 
 ni debe usar otros medios. 
 No quiero deck que el de- 
 saliho cuidadoso sea loable 
 en un predicador : solo pre- 
 tendo que la afectada curio- 
 sidad en el vestido, o en el 
 trage, es la cosa mas risible ; 
 y no hay hombre de juicio 
 que no tenga por loco al 
 
 well shorn, your chin well 
 shaved, a thick fore-tuft, 
 your best clothes on, the 
 cloak well brushed, fine 
 plaits round your waist, 
 new shoes quite tight and 
 well cleaned, one hand- 
 kerchief of a glaring co- 
 lour, and another white of 
 very fine linen, not so 
 much to wipe your face, 
 as to make ostentation of 
 what ought to be the 
 shame of a religious man 
 that professes modesty, 
 poverty, and humility. 
 
 " An apostolic preach- 
 er, who mounts the pul- 
 pit of the Holy Ghost 
 merely with a view to 
 make his hearers in love 
 with virtue, and move 
 them effectually to con- 
 ceive a salutary abhor- 
 rence to sin, would scorn 
 ail such affected orna- 
 ments, no less misbecom- 
 ing his condition than his 
 profession: but he who . 
 mounts it to profane it 
 with views so indecent, 
 and I am almost tempted 
 to say so sacrilegious, 
 cannot and ought not to 
 make use of other means. 
 I pretend not to say by 
 this, that to appear de- 
 signedly uncouth is a 
 laudable thing in a preach- 
 
 
72 
 
 religioso que pone mas cui- er: I mean only to say, 
 dado en componer el habito, that an over-care of one's 
 que en componer el sermon ; dress and good appear- 
 pareciendole que el afeyte de ance is greatly ridicu- 
 la persona puede suplir la lous ; and there is no man 
 tosca groseria del papel. of good sense, but will 
 
 think that religious man a 
 
 madman, who takes moTe 
 
 pains to make himself 
 
 fine than to make so his 
 
 sermon, as if the decking 
 
 of one's person was to 
 
 supply the defects of one's 
 
 compositions. 
 
 1 * En una palabra, padre " In one word, my dear 
 
 mio, el que se adorna de esa father, he who dresses so 
 
 manera para predicar, Men studiously when going to 
 
 da d, entender que no vol cl preach, makes people un- 
 
 ganar almas para Dios, sino derstand that he goes not 
 
 d conquistar corazones para to win souls over to God, 
 
 si. No sube & predicar, but hearts to himself; 
 
 sino ct galantear ; tiene mas that he goes not to preach, 
 
 de orate, que de verdadero but to play the fine fel- 
 
 orador. low ; so that he is rather 
 
 to be looked upon as a 
 man out of his senses, 
 than as a true orator. 
 '* El Jin de este, sea sa- " The end of an orator, 
 grado 9 sea profano, siempre whether sacred or pro- 
 debe ser convencer al enten- fane, must always be 
 dimiento y mover d, la volun- that of convincing the un- 
 tad, ya sea & abrazar al- derstanding, and moving 
 guna vei'dad de la religion, the will, that it may adopt 
 si el orador es sagrado, ya some religious truth, if 
 & tomar alguna determina- the orator is a sacred one, 
 cion honesta yjusta si fuere or that some honest and 
 profano el orador. No ha- just determination be ta- 
 bra leido, ni leerk jamas el ken, if the orator is a pro- 
 padre predicador, que un fane one. You, father, 
 
73 
 
 orador profano, por profano never have read, nor ever 
 que Juese, se haya jam&s will, that a profane ora- 
 propuestootrojin. Este es tor, profane as much as 
 el unico que se propusieron you please, ever proposed 
 en sus oraciones Demosthe- to himself any other end 
 nes, Ciceron, y Quintiliano, but that. It was the only 
 dirigiendolas todas d un one that actuated De- 
 fin honesto y laudable ; unas mosthenes, Tully, and 
 d, conservar la republica, Quintilian in their ora- 
 otras cl encender los animos tions, which were all di- 
 contra la tyrania ; estas d, rected to some honest and 
 defender ct la inocencia, laudable end ; some to the 
 aquellas d, reprimir la in- preservation of the com- 
 justicia ; muchas a implorar monwealth, some to rouse 
 la misericordia, y no pocas men up against tyranny, 
 a excitar toda la severidad some to screen innocence, 
 de las leyes contra los aire- some to repress injustice, 
 vimientos de la insolencia. many to implore mercy, 
 
 and not a few to excite 
 the utmost severity of the> 
 laws against daring inso- 
 lence. 
 " Si se hubiera olido que " If any of those cele- 
 alguno de aquellos famosos brated orators had been 
 oradores no tenian otro Jin found out to aim at no- 
 en sus declamaciones que thing else with their de- 
 hacerse oir con gusto, captar clamations but to make 
 el aura popular, ostentar el themselves be heard with 
 aseo 6 la majestad del vesti- pleasure, catch the po- 
 do, el ayre de la persona, el pular gale, and win ad- 
 garbo de las acciones, lo miration by means of the 
 sonoro de la voz, lo b'xen sen- neatness or pomp of their 
 tido de los afectos, la pom- dress, and the airiness of 
 posa ojarasca de las pala- their persons ; by means 
 bras, y Id agudeza, o jalsa of their pretty gesticula- 
 brillantez de los pensamien- tions and emphasis of 
 tos : Si se hubiera llegado their voices ; by their 
 a entender que sus arengas dexterity in handling the 
 no se dingian & otro fin que passions, by a redundant 
 
 H 
 
74 
 
 a solicitor aplausos, & 
 conquistar corazones, y a 
 ganar dinero, hubieran sido 
 el objeto de la risa, del des- 
 precio, y aun de la indig- 
 nation de todos. Y si al- 
 gunos concurriesen a oirlos, 
 no seria ciertamente para 
 dejarse persuadir de ellos, 
 como de oradores, sino para 
 divertirse con ellos como se 
 divertian con los histriones, 
 con los pantomimos, y con 
 los charlatanes ; porque, en 
 suma, mi padre predicador, 
 el orador no es mas que un 
 hombre, dedicado por su mi- 
 nisterio a instruir a los otros 
 hombres, haziendolos me- 
 jores de lo que son. 
 
 " Y digame : los hard 
 mejores de lo que son, el 
 que, desde que se presenta en 
 el pulpito, se muestra tan 
 dominado de las pasioncillas 
 humanas s como el que mas? 
 Hard humilde al vano y al 
 sobervio, el que en todassus 
 acciones y movimientos estci 
 respirando presuncion y va- 
 nidad P Corregird la pro- 
 fanidad de los adornos, y el 
 desordenado artificio de los 
 
 copiousness of words, or 
 by their acuteness and 
 false brilliancy of think- 
 ing : if people had come 
 to understand that their 
 speeches were directed to 
 no better end than to 
 court applause, captivate 
 benevolence, and get mo- 
 ney, they would have been 
 objects of the laughter, 
 the contempt, and even 
 the indignation of all: 
 and if any body had gone 
 to hear them, it would 
 not have been with an in- 
 tention to listen to per- 
 suasive orators, but to be 
 diverted by comedians, 
 pantomimes, and mounte- 
 banks ; because in short, 
 Sir, an orator is only a 
 man dedicated by profes- 
 sion to instruct other men, 
 and make them better 
 than they are. 
 
 "But pray, tell me: 
 shall he make them bet- 
 ter than thev are, who, 
 the moment he shows 
 himself in the pulpit, ap- 
 pears to be as much a 
 slave to all petty human 
 passions as any of them 
 all ? Shall he humble the 
 vain and the proud, who 
 in all his gestures and 
 motions breathes nothing 
 but vanity and presump- 
 
75 
 
 qfeytes, el que fuera de los tion? Shall he correc- 
 terminos & que puede esten- the profaneness of super 
 derse su estado y su pro- abundant finery, and the 
 fesion, sube at pulpito de indecent artfulness in set- 
 gala P Enmendara hs de- ting it off, who, instead of 
 sordenes de la codicia, el keeping within the bounds 
 que se sabe hacer trafico de of his condition and pro- 
 su ministerio, que predica fession, appears in the 
 porinteres, y que revuelve al pulpit in a studied dress? 
 mundopara que le encarguen Shall he stop the wander- 
 hs sermones que mas valen P ings of covetousness, who 
 Finalmente ; d, quien per- makes a trade of his duty, 
 suadird que d, solo Dios de- who preaches to collect 
 bemos agradar, el que con- money, who throws the 
 fiesa que en sus sermones no world topsy-turvy to ob- 
 tieneotro fin, que el agradar tain the most lucrative 
 d, los hombres P sermons ? In short, how 
 
 shall he persuade us that 
 we are to please nobody 
 but God, who owns the 
 only aim of his preaching 
 to be that of pleasing 
 men? 
 66 No me dird, el padre " Condescend to tell 
 predicador si los apostoles me, father : did the apos^ 
 se propusieron este bastardo ties propose to themselves 
 Jin en los sermones; con que such a spurious end in 
 doze hombres rusticos, gro- those sermons, by which 
 seros, y desalinados convir- twelve rustic, simple, 
 tieron d, todo el mundoP and uncouth men con- 
 Dim que Dios hacia la verted the whole world ? 
 costa. Y quien leha dicho You may say it was God 
 que no lahariatambienaho- who did all. And who 
 ra si se predicdra con el espi- has told you that God 
 ritu, con que predicaron los would not do the same, 
 apostoles P should we preach with the 
 
 same spirit that the apos- 
 tles preached ? 
 
76 
 
 " Replicard que aquellos 
 eran otros tiempos, y que 
 los nuestros son muy dife- 
 rentes de aquellos. Que 
 quiere decir con eso, padre 
 mioP Si quiere decir que 
 hs apostoles predicdron & 
 una gente idiota, barbara, 
 inculta, ignorante ; que se 
 convencia de qualquiera 
 cosa, y en qualquiera mane- 
 ra que se la propusiesen, 
 acreditard que estd, mas ver- 
 sado en leer libros de con- 
 ceptillos que llaman predica~ 
 bles, y que yo llamo intole- 
 rables y contemptibles 9 que 
 en la historia ecclesiastica y 
 prof ana. Sabe que nunca 
 estiivo el mundo mas culti- 
 vado que quando Dios emvio 
 sus apostoles cl el $ Ignora 
 que aun dumb an, y durdron 
 por algun tiempo, las pre- 
 ciosas reliquias del dorado 
 siglo de Jugusto, dentro del 
 qual nacio Christo, y en el 
 qual florecieron mas que en 
 otro alguno todas las artes 
 y ciencias, especialmente la 
 oratoria, la poesia, la fih- 
 sqfia, y la historia P 
 
 iC Nuestro sigh presume 
 con razon, b sin ella, de mas 
 cultivado que otro alguno; 
 
 <( 
 
 You may reply, that 
 those times had another 
 cast, and that ours are 
 very different. But what 
 pretend you to say by 
 saying so? Should you 
 mean that the apostles 
 preached to a race oi 
 stupid, barbarous, un- 
 couth, and ignorant men, 
 whom any thing, in what- 
 soever manner urged, 
 would convince, you 
 would but confirm the 
 opinion of your being 
 much more conversant 
 with that sort of books 
 that contain petty hints 
 to preachers, which I 
 consider as intolerable 
 and contemptible, than 
 versed in ecclesiastic and 
 profane history. Do not 
 you know that men never 
 were so learned as when 
 God sent his apostles to 
 them? Are you ignorant 
 that they came during the 
 precious remains of Au- 
 gustus's golden age, when 
 Christ was born, when 
 all sciences and arts flou- 
 rished more than ever, 
 especially oratory, poetry, 
 philosophy, and history? 
 " Our age presumes 
 with reason, or without, 
 to be more enlightened 
 
77 
 
 y no se puede negar que en than any other whatso- 
 algunas determinadasfacul- ever ; nor can it be denied 
 tades y artes, se han hecho but that, in some particu- 
 descubrimientos que ignora- lar sciences and arts, dis- 
 ron los que le precedieron : coveries have been made 
 con todo eso, en aquellas that our predecessors 
 que cultivaron los antiguos, knew nothing of. How* 
 no se ha decidido hasta ever, with regard to those 
 ahora entre los aiticos la the antients have culti- 
 famosa cuestion sobre la pre- vated, critics have not yet 
 ferencia de los modernos & decided the famous ques- 
 ellos : y sepa el padre pre- tion as to the preference 
 dicador, que, aunque las ra- of the modern over them : 
 zones que se alegan por unos and you must know, that 
 y por otros, son de mucho though the reasons recip- 
 peso; pero el numero de rocally produced are of 
 votos que est An por hs pri~ great weight, yet the num- 
 meros hace incomparables ber of votes in favour of 
 excesos, al que cuentan los the antients, preponde- 
 segundos. Vea ahora si eran rates greatly to that of 
 ignor antes, barbaros, e in- ours. See now, whether 
 cullos aquellos, & quienes those men were ignorant, 
 predicaron y convirtieron los barbarous, and uncouth, 
 apdstoles, quando se dispu- whom the apostlespreach- 
 t a con grandes fundamentos ed to, and converted, since 
 si 7ios excedieron en compre- it is a deep question whe- 
 hension, en ingenio, en buen ther they have, or not, 
 gusto, y en cultura, surpassed us in compre- 
 
 hension, genius, good 
 taste, and politeness. 
 " ResponderA, que aun "You may reply, that 
 por eso mismo los apdstoles just for this reason the 
 no convertian mas que d, la apostles only converted 
 gente popular, idiota, y del the low, the ignorant, and 
 vulgacho. Otro alucina- the vulgar : but this is a 
 cion, que nace del mismo new mistake which is de- 
 principio. No me hard mer- rived from the same prin- 
 ced el padre predicador de ciple. Will you please 
 decirme 3 si era idiota, popa- to tell me, whether Cor- 
 
 h2 
 
78 
 
 lar, y del vulgacho Comelio 
 el centurion P Si el eunuco 
 de la reyna Candace era 
 tambien del vulgacho y po- 
 pular? Si era idiota San 
 IHonysio AreopagitaP Si 
 era un pobre ignorante San 
 Justino Martyr P Si San 
 Clemente Alejandrino fue 
 idiota P Si era popular y 
 del vulgacho San Lino, y 
 sus padres Herculano y 
 Claudia, ambos de las fa- 
 milias mas ilustres de Tos- 
 canaP Si tantos reyes, 
 tantos principes,^ y tantos 
 magistrados como convirtie- 
 ron los apostoles en sus res- 
 pectivas provincias, eran del 
 vulgacho y populares P 
 
 " Un predicador, que, si- 
 quiera se tomase el corto y 
 necesario trabajo de leer 
 las vidas de los santos, de 
 quienes predica, no incurri- 
 ria en semejante pobreza: 
 pero como no se ha de incur- 
 rir en esta y mas crasas ig- 
 norancias, quando, muchas 
 vezes, quien tiene menos noti- 
 cia del santo a que se predi- 
 ca, es el mismo predicador ; 
 haciendo vanidad de tomar 
 asuntos tan abstraidos, que 
 un mismo sermon se pueda 
 predicar a san Liborio, d 
 San Roque, a San Cosme y 
 San Damian, a la Virgin de 
 
 nelius the centurion was 
 a low, ignorant, and vul- 
 gar man? Was queen 
 Candace's eunuch a low 
 and vulgar person ? Was 
 St. Denis the Areopagite 
 unlearned ? St. Justin the 
 martyr, a poor illiterate 
 being? St. Clement of 
 Alexandria the same ? 
 St. Linus, together with 
 his parents Herculanus 
 and Claudia, both issued 
 of the best blood in Tus- 
 cany, were they all mean 
 and vulgar ? Will you call 
 mean and vulgar the ma- 
 ny kings, princes, and 
 magistrates, converted by 
 the apostles in their re- 
 spective provinces? 
 
 " Should a preacher 
 take the short but neces- 
 sary trouble to peruse the 
 lives of the saints whom 
 he speaks of in his ser- 
 mons, he would never 
 say such absurd things. 
 But how is it possible 
 to avoid such and still 
 greater errors, when it 
 happens that he who 
 knows least of the saint 
 he preaches about, is often 
 the very preacher himself, 
 whose vanity makes him 
 pitch upon such strange 
 subjects, that the same 
 sermon may equally fit 
 
79 
 
 las Angustias, y en caso ne- St. Liborius, St. Roc, St* 
 
 cesario d, las benditas Ani- Cosmus and St. Damia- 
 
 mas del purgatorio P nus, our Lady of the Dif- 
 
 culties, and upon occa- 
 sion even the blessed 
 Souls in purgatory? 
 " Pero, si d,caso quiere "Were you to say, that 
 decir el padre predicador, those first times of the 
 queaquellos primeros tiem- church, though not less 
 pos de la iglesia, aunque no learned, were yet less 
 eran menos instruidos, eran corrupted than ours, that 
 menos estragados, que los it was a matter of less 
 nuestros, y consiguiente- difficulty to lead people 
 mente no era tan dificultoso to the truth of the gos- 
 reducirhs & la verdad del pel by means of clear, 
 evangelio con razones cla- naked, and artless rea- 
 ras, naturales, desnudas, y sons, you would say ano- 
 sencillas, dira otra necedad, ther unpardonable foolish 
 que en conciencia no se le thing, my good father. Do 
 puede perdonar. Con que you think that those times 
 eran menos estragados que were less corrupted, in 
 los nuestros unos tiempos, en which vices were worship- 
 que los vicios eran adorados ped as virtues, and virtues 
 comOvirtudes,y lasvirtudes abhorred as vices ? Those 
 aborrecidas como vicios P times in which inconti- 
 Unos tiempos, en que la in- nence received incense 
 continencia recibia inciensos in the person of Venus, 
 en Cytherea, la embriaguez intemperance got adora- 
 adoraciones en Baccho, el tions in Bacchus, and 
 latrocinio sacrificios en Mer- thieving had sacrifices in 
 curio P Unos tiempos, en Mercury ? Those times 
 que se adoraba a Jupiter in which an incestuous 
 estuprador, a Juno incestuo- Juno, Hercules an usur- 
 sa, & Hercules usurpador, y per, and Cacus a pick- 
 ed Caco ratero P Unos tiem- pocket, were adored? 
 pos, en que la vanidad se Those times in which var 
 Uamaba grandeza de cora- nity was called greatness 
 zon, el orgullo elevacion de of soul, arrogance eleva- 
 espiritUy la sobervia magna- tion of mind, pride mag- 
 
80 
 
 nimidad, la usurpation he- nanimity, usurpation he- 
 
 roismo; y, al contrario, la roism ; and on the other 
 
 modestia, el encogimiento, side, modesty, shame, 
 
 la moderation, y el retiro, moderation, and a love of 
 
 se trataban como bajeza de retiredness, were consi- 
 
 animo, y como apocamiento dered as meanness of 
 
 no solo inutil, sino pernicioso soul, and abjectness not 
 
 d la sotiedad? only of no use, but even 
 
 hurtful to society ? 
 "Mas no quiero estre- "However, I will not 
 charle tanto : no quiero ha- close too hard upon you. 
 cer cotejo de nuestro sigh I will not pursue the pa- 
 cow el primer siglo de la rallel between our century 
 iglesia: contentome conha- and the first century of 
 cer la comparation entre the church. Let me only 
 nuestros tiempos y aque- compare our times with 
 llos, en que Jlorecieron los those in which the Pa- 
 Paduas, los Ferreres, los duas, the Ferreros, and 
 Thomases de Villanueva. the Thomas of Villa- 
 Digame : hay mucha dife- nueva flourished. Pray, 
 rencia entre nuestras cos- tell me, is there any very 
 tumbres y las de aquellos material difference be- 
 tiempos P Si sabe algo de tween our customs and 
 historia, pretisamente res- the customs of those 
 pondera que, si hay alguna times ? If you know any 
 diversidad, es en los trages, thing of history, you will 
 en las modas, en la mayor positively answer, that, if 
 perfection de las lenguas, y there is any, it consists 
 en algunos usos puramente in habiliments and orna- 
 actidentales y exteriores ; ments, in a greater per- 
 que en lo demas reynaban fection of languages, and 
 entonces como aora las mis- in some usages merely 
 mas costumbres, las mismas accidental and exterior. 
 pasiones, las mismas inch- In the main, the same 
 naciones, los mismos vicios, customs prevailed then 
 los mismos desordenes : solo that prevail at present ; 
 que estos eran mas fre~ the same passions, the 
 cuentesy mas publicos, y same inclinations, the 
 mas escandalosos en aquellos same vices, the same dis- 
 
81 
 
 tiempos que en estos. Con orders. These last were 
 
 todo es&, que conversiones only more frequent, more 
 
 tan portentosas y tan public, and more scandal- 
 
 innumerables no hicieron ous in those times, than 
 
 aquellos santos en los they are in ours. Yet, 
 
 suyos ? Que sequito no who can tell the innumer- 
 
 tertian siempre que predi- able and portentous con- 
 
 caban; despoblandose las versions those saints made 
 
 ciudades y aun las pro- in their time ? Vast mul- 
 
 vincias enter as por oirlos? titudes followed them 
 
 Y se predicaban a si mis- wherever they went to 
 
 mos ? No se proponian preach ; they quitted their 
 
 otro fin en sus sermones towns, and even whole 
 
 quel el de captar aplau- provinces, to go to hear 
 
 sos, grangear admiracio- them. But did they preach 
 
 nes, ganar dinero, y me- up themselves ? Did they 
 
 ter ruido en el mundo? aim in their sermons at 
 
 Metianle y grande : pero courting applause, at 
 
 era esto lo que ellos inten- raising admiration, at get- 
 
 taban? Y conseguianlo ting money, and at making 
 
 por unos medios tan im- a noise in the world ? 
 
 propios, tan indecentes, They made a noise : that 
 
 tanindignos,y aun, estoy was their intention. But 
 
 por decir, tan sacrilegos ? did they make it by means 
 
 so improper, so indecent, 
 so unworthy, and I am 
 almost going to say so 
 sacrilegious? 
 " Pareceme que estoy " I think I hear you 
 
 ya oyendo lo que me dira saying inwardly, What I 
 
 interiormente el padre see is, that I succeed by 
 
 predicador: lo que veo es the means I make use of: 
 
 que yo lo consigo por los I also make some noise, 
 
 queuso: que yo tambien and people follow me, 
 
 meto ruido; que me si- applaud me, and admire 
 
 guen, que me aplauden, y me. 
 que me admiran. 
 
 Lindamente! Y de "Very well, father: but 
 
 {( 
 
82 
 
 akl que se infiere? Que what do you infer from 
 predha bien? Que sabe this? That you preach 
 siquiera lo que se predha? well? Ah, the wretched 
 O que mala consecuencia ! consequence ! You make 
 Meteruldo? Tambienle a noise? A band of co- 
 mete una farsa, cuando medians coming to a small 
 entra en un lugar. Si- town do the very same. 
 guenle ? Tambien se sigue You are followed ? And 
 a un charlatan, a un tru- so is a mountebank, a 
 han, a un tltiritero, a un buffoon, a juggler, and a 
 arlequin; cuando hacen harlequin, who show their 
 sus habilidades en un tricks in some village. 
 pueblo. Aplaudenle : pero You are applauded ; but 
 quienes ? Los que oyen bf whom ? By those who 
 como oraculo a un infeliz listen as to an oracle to a 
 zapatero, y los que cele- wretched shoemaker, and 
 bran a un predicador, co- by those who praise a 
 mo pudieran a un repre- preacher of what they 
 sentante. Admiranse al would praise in a come- 
 olrle: pero de qui? Los dian. They are struck 
 necios y los aturdidos de when they hear you : but 
 su osadla y de sus gesticu- by what ? The ignorant 
 laciones; los cuerdos y and the unthinking, by 
 los inteligentes de su sa~ your boldness and gesti- 
 tisfacion y de su falta de culation ; the wise and the 
 juicio. intelligent, by your satis- 
 fied looks and want of 
 judgment. 
 " Ora bien, padre pre- " But, my good father, 
 dicador: quien le ha dicho who has told you that the 
 que los aplausos y las ad- applause and admiration 
 miraciones de la muche- bestowed by the vulgar 
 dumbre son hijas de los are indications of merit? 
 aciertos ? Frecuentisima- Very often, if not always, 
 mente, por no decir las they are bestowed through 
 mas veces, son hijas de la ignorance. The vulgar 
 ignorancia. El vulgopor generally applaud what 
 lo comun aplaude lo que they do not understand ; 
 
83 
 
 no entiende; y sepa que and it is fit to tell you, 
 
 en todas las clases de la that in each class of the 
 
 republica hay mucho vul- commonwealth there is 
 
 go. Yd habra leldo, u vulgar enough. You must 
 
 oido lo de aquel famoso have read, or heard, the 
 
 orador, que arengando story of a famous orator, 
 
 en presencia de todo el who haranguing before 
 
 pueblo, y oyendo acia la a vast crowd, and hear- 
 
 mitad de la oracion una ing about the middle of 
 
 especie de alegre murrnurio his oration a kind of 
 
 de la multitud, que le sonb cheerful universal mur- 
 
 d aclamacion, se volvib a mur, which he took for 
 
 un : amigosuyo, queestaba applause, turned to a 
 
 cerca, y le preguntb sobre- friend who stood by, and 
 
 saltado : He dicho algun asked him : Have I said 
 
 disparate? Porque este some foolish thing? The 
 
 aplauso popular no puede general approbation of this 
 
 nacer de otro principio. rabble cannot proceed from 
 
 any other cause. 
 
 " Ann elmismo Ciceron, " Tully himself, though 
 
 que no escupia los aplaus- fax from hating applause, 
 
 os, desconfiaba de ellos, si mistrusted it when too fre- 
 
 eran muy frecuentes ; pa- quent; thinking that, as 
 
 reeiendole que no siendo he could not always de- 
 
 posible merecerlos siem- serve it, much of it was 
 
 pre, necesariamente habia the effect of flattery or 
 
 de tener en aquellos mucha of ignorance. I like not, 
 
 parte la adulacion d la when I am in the midst of 
 
 ignorancia: No gusto oir an oration, to hear people 
 
 muchas veces en mis ora- cry out at every turn, It is 
 
 ciones : Que cosa tan wonderful ! One cannot say 
 
 buena ! No se puede de- better ! Belti et pmclare 
 
 cirmejor! Belle etprae- nimium scepe nolo. 
 clare nimium saepe nolo. 
 
 " Aun mas equivocas "Admiration is even 
 
 son las admiraciones que more equivocal than 
 
 los elogios. Estos nunca praise. This ought never 
 
 debieran dirigirse sino d, to be bestowed, except 
 
84 
 
 lo bueno y d lo solido: 
 aquellas pueden sin salir 
 de su esfera Umitarse 
 precisamente a lo singu- 
 lar y a lo nuevo ; por- 
 que la admiracion no 
 tiene por objeto lo bueno, 
 sino lo raro. Y asi, dice 
 discretamente un Jesuita 
 Frances muy al caso en 
 que nos hallamos, que 
 puede suceder, y sucede 
 con frecuencia, una es- 
 pecie de paradoja en los 
 sermones : esta es, que el 
 auditorio tiene razon para 
 admirar ciertos trozos del 
 discurso, que se oponen 
 al juicio y a la razon ; y 
 de aqui nace que muy 
 frecuentemente se con- 
 dena poco despues lo 
 mismo, que, a primera 
 vista se habia admirado. 
 
 " Quantas veceslopudo 
 haber notado el padre 
 predicador ? Estan los 
 oyentes escuchando un 
 sermon con la boca abler- 
 ta, embelesados con la pre- 
 sencia del predicador, con 
 el garbo de las acetones, 
 con lo sonoro de la voz, 
 con la que llaman eleva- 
 tion del estilo, con el cor- 
 tadillo de las clausulas, 
 con la viveza de las ex- 
 presiones, con lo bien sen- 
 
 on what is good : but that 
 may, without going out 
 of its sphere, limit itself 
 precisely to whatever is 
 singular and new. The 
 object of admiration is 
 not what is good, but 
 what is rare: Thus a 
 French Jesuit says very 
 well to this purpose, that 
 in point of sermons we see 
 very often a kind of para- 
 dox ; that the auditors are 
 justified in their admiration 
 of some parts, though com- 
 posed without judgment or 
 rule : But thence it happens 
 most frequently, that the 
 same thing is soon condemn- 
 ed, which had been admired 
 a little before. 
 
 a 
 
 You, my father, must 
 have often made this ob- 
 servation. The hearers 
 are listening with open 
 mouths to a sermon, all 
 charmed by the noble 
 aspect of the preacher, 
 by the gracefulness of his 
 gesticulation, by the so- 
 norousness of his voice, 
 by what they call a gran- 
 deur of style, by his bom- 
 bast, by the liveliness of 
 his expressions, by his 
 
85 
 
 tido de los afectos, con la clean manner of treating 
 agudeza de los reparos, the passions, by the cle- 
 con el aparente desenredo verness of his expedi- 
 te las soluciones, con la ents, by the apparent 
 falsa brillantez de los facility of his explana- 
 pensamientos. Mientras tions, by the false brilli- 
 dura el sermon no se atre- ancy of his thoughts. 
 ven a escupir, ni aun While the sermon lasts, 
 apenas a respirar por no nobody dares to spit ; 
 perder ni una sylaba. they dare scarcely breathe, 
 Acabada la oration, todo for fear of losing a sylla- 
 es cabezadas, todo mur- ble : when the oration is 
 murlos, todo gestos y se- over, all shake their heads, 
 nas de admiraciones. Al all whisper ; every one 
 salir de la iglesia todo es gives some sign of his 
 corrillos, todo pelotones, approbation. As soon as 
 y en ellos todo elogio, to- out of the church, they all 
 do encarecimiento, todo join into knots and cir- 
 asombros. Hombre como cles ; all praise, all extol, 
 este! Pico mas bellof all say they are astonish. 
 Ingenio mas agudo ! ed. Such a man ! What 
 
 eloquence ! What a keen 
 
 genius ! 
 
 <e Pero que sucede? Al- "But what happens 
 
 gunos hombres inteligen- then? Some grave and: 
 
 tes, maduros, de buena intelligent persons, some 
 
 critica, y de juicio claro critics endowed with a 
 
 que oyeron el sermon, y clear judgment, who have 
 
 no se dejaron deslumbrar, heard the sermon, and 
 
 no pudiendo sufrir que se were not dazzled by it, 
 
 aplauda lo que debiera not being able to bear that 
 
 abominarse, sueltan ya the thing should be ap- 
 
 esta, yd aquella especie plauded which ought to 
 
 contra todas las partes de be detested, begin to raise 
 
 que se compuso, y hacen objections to this part and 
 
 ver con evidencia que todo that part of it, and evi- 
 
 el fue un tejido de impro- dently prove that the 
 
 piedades, de ignorancias, whole was but a heap of 
 
 de sandeces, de pobrezas, improprieties, of fooleries, 
 
 i 
 
86 
 
 y cuando menos, menos de 
 futilidades. 
 
 " Demuestran con toda 
 claridad que el estilo no 
 era elevado, sino hincha- 
 do, campanudo, ventoso, 
 y de pura ojarasca ; que 
 las clausulas cortadas y 
 cadenciosas son tan con- 
 tr arias a la buena prosa, 
 como las llenas y las nu- 
 merosas ; pero sin deter- 
 minada medida, lo son al 
 buen verso : que estegenero 
 de estilo causa risa, 6, por 
 mejor decir, asco a los que 
 saben hablar y escribir; 
 que las expresiones que 
 se llaman vivas, no eran 
 sino de ruldo y de boato; 
 que aquel modo de sentir 
 y de expresar los afectos 
 mas era comico y teatral 
 que oratorio, loable en las 
 tablas, pero insufrible en 
 elpiilpito; que los repa- 
 ros eran voluntarios, su 
 agudeza una frusleria, y 
 la solucion de ellos tan 
 arbitraria, como futil; 
 que los pensamientos se 
 reducian a unos dichicos 
 de conversacion juvenil, a 
 unos retruecanos djugue- 
 tes de palabras, a unos 
 conceptos poeticos sin 
 meollo nijugo, y sin soli- 
 dez ; que en todo el ser- 
 
 of blunders, of pettiness- 
 es, or at the very least of 
 trifles. 
 
 " They show it clearly 
 that the style was not sub- 
 lime, but swelling, pro- 
 tuberant, windy, and con- 
 fused : that the short and 
 harmonious clauses be- 
 come as little good prose, 
 as the long-winded and 
 numerous, if not confined 
 to certain determinate 
 measures, to good verse : 
 that such a kind of style 
 is ridiculous, or, to say 
 better, nauseous to those 
 who know any thing about 
 speaking and writing : 
 that the expressions which 
 some consider as lively, 
 were but noisy and roar- 
 ing ; that your manner of 
 feeling and expressing 
 sentiments, was rather 
 comical and theatrical 
 than orator-like : that it 
 may merit praise on the 
 stage, but is insufferable 
 in the pulpit: that your 
 doubts had been prepared 
 beforehand without skill 
 or dexterity, and that the 
 solution of them was no 
 less arbitrary than trifling ; 
 that your fine thoughts 
 were nothing more than 
 common sayings of boys 
 and girls; petty repeti- 
 
87 
 
 mon no se descubrid ni tions, and playings upon 
 pizca de sal oratorio, ; words; poetical conceits 
 pnes no habia en el, ni void of substance, with- 
 asomo de un discurso me- out sense, without soli- 
 todico y seguido ; nada dity: that throughout the 
 de enlace, nada de co- sermon nobody could 
 nexion, nada de racioci- rind the least particle of 
 nio, nada democion: en oratory salt, because there 
 jrn, una escoba desatada, was none ; no methodical 
 conceptillos esparcidos, and continued narration, 
 pensamentuelos esparra- no contrivance, no con- 
 mados por aqui y por alii, nexion, no reasoning, no- 
 yacabbse: con que, todo thing moving: in short, a 
 bien considerado, no ha- loose broom, small con- 
 bia que aplaudir ni que ceits scattered about, 
 admirar en nuestro predi- small thoughts thrown 
 cador, sino su vbz, su ma- here and there ; and that 
 noteo, su presuncion, y su was all : so that, every 
 reverendisimo Coramvobis. thing well considered, 
 Los qu§ oyen discurrir there was nothing worth 
 asi a estos hompres perspi- applauding in our preach- 
 caces, penetrativos, y bien er but his voice, his gesti- 
 actuados en la materia, culatiQn, his effrontery, 
 vuelven de su alucinacion, and the amplitude of his 
 conocen su engano, y el most reverend figure. 
 predicador, que por la They who hear those per- 
 manana era admirado, ya sons speak with so much 
 por la tarde es tenido por judgment, acuteness, and 
 pieza: los compasivos le knowledge of the matter 
 miran con lastima, y los in question, return to 
 duros con desprecio. their senses, own their 
 
 mistake ; and the preacher 
 who had been admired in 
 4;he morning, is held for a 
 buffoon at night. The 
 tender-hearted look upon 
 him with pity ; the hard- 
 hearted with contempt, 
 " No quiero mas prueba " Of this truth I require 
 
88 
 
 de esta verdad que los no better proof than your 
 sermones mismos del pa- very sermons. No praise, 
 dre predicador. Quanto no admiration was re- 
 se celebrd y quanto se ad- fused to the famous be- 
 mirb aquella famosa en- ginning of your sermon 
 tradilla del sermon de on the most Holy Trinity: 
 la Santisima Trinidad, I deny that God is one in 
 Niego que Dios sea uno essence, and three in sub- 
 en esencia y trino en per- stance. Praise and admi- 
 sonas ? Cuanto se admi- ration waited likewise on 
 rb, y quanto seponderb la that other in the sermon 
 otra del sermon de la En- on the Incarnation : To 
 carnacion, A la salud de your good health, gentle- 
 ustedes, cavalleros ? Que men. The ceremonies be- 
 elogios no se oyeron de ing over, every body talfc- 
 una y otra al acabarse las ed and said wonders of 
 funciones! Pero quanto both. But how long did 
 duraron estas admira- the acclamation and the 
 ciones y estos aplausos? applause last? Just as 
 El tiempo que tardb un much time as was suffici- 
 hombre zeloso, caritativo, ent for a zealous, charita- 
 y prudente en abrir los ble, and prudent man to 
 ojos a los oyentes, para open the eyes of the 
 que conociesen que la pri- hearers, and make them 
 mera proposicion habla comprehend, that the first 
 sido una grandisima he- proposition was a very 
 regia, y la segunda una great heresy ; the second 
 grandisima borrachera ;y a most drunkard-like say- 
 quando menos, anadida la ing : and that, after both 
 explicacion de la una y de were explained, both 
 la otra, ambas habian proved very insipid fool- 
 quedado en dos grandes ish things; as the first 
 insulseces ; porque la pri- apprised us, that many 
 mera se redujo a decir que heretics have denied the 
 muchos hereges habian ne- mystery of the Holy Tri- 
 gado el mysterio de la nity : see what a rare in- 
 Santisima Trinidad : mi- formation ! And the se- 
 ren que noticia tan es- cond told us nothing else 
 quisita ! Y la segunda, but that Christ, or the 
 
w 
 
 estrujada su substantia, 
 no vino a decir mas, que 
 Christo, d el Verbo Di- 
 vino, habia encarnado 
 por la salud de los hom- 
 bres: miren que pensa- 
 miento tan delicado ! 
 
 " Luego que sus oyentes 
 cayeron en la cuenta, 
 quedaron corridos de lo 
 mismo que habian admi- 
 rado poco antes ; y se muy 
 bien que en las mismas 
 tardes de la Trinidad y 
 de la Anunciacion se lo 
 dieron a entender al pa- 
 dre predicador, si el hu- 
 biera querido percibirlo ; 
 porque, yendo a visitar a 
 sus penitentes, como lo 
 acostumbra los dias que 
 predica, para recoger los 
 aplausos de los estrados, 
 cierta senorita le dijo el 
 dia de la Trinidad, Jesus, 
 padre predicador! Dios 
 se lo perdone a usted el 
 susto que me did con el 
 principio de su sermon, 
 porque, cierto, temi que el 
 comisario del santo offi- 
 cio le mandase callar, y 
 que desde el pulpito le 
 llevassen a la inquisicion ! 
 Y tambien s£ que otra le 
 dijo la tarde de la Anun- 
 ciacion, quando usted co- 
 rn enzo el sermon esta ma- 
 Sana, crei que estaba dor- 
 
 Word, came to incarnate 
 for the salvation of man- 
 kind : Behold what a fine 
 thought! 
 
 No sooner did your 
 hearers comprehend the 
 matter well, but they were 
 ashamed of what they had 
 admired a moment be- 
 fore ; and I am credibly 
 informed that on the same 
 evenings of the Trinity 
 and the Annunciation, 
 you had hints of it broad 
 enough, had you been 
 willing to take them ; be- 
 cause as you went to vi- 
 sit some of your female 
 penitents, according to 
 your practice on preach- 
 ing days, in order to col- 
 lect praises, a certain 
 pretty lady said to you on 
 Trinity-day, Mercy, father 
 preacher ! God forgive you 
 tho anxiety you caused me 
 with the beginning of your 
 sermon, as I feared lest the 
 commissary of the holy office 
 should send you order to 
 hold your tongue, and lest 
 you should be taken from the 
 pulpit strait to the inqui- 
 sition, I know, likewise, 
 that on the evening of An- 
 nunciation-day another 
 i2 
 
90 
 
 mida, y que sonaba que lady said to you, When 
 
 en lugar de llevarme a la your paternity began the ser~ 
 
 iglesia, me habian lleva- mon this morning, I thought 
 
 do a la taberna. Ambas I was asleep, and dreaming 
 
 fueron dos pullas muy de- that I had been taken to a 
 
 licadas y bien merecidas ; tavern instead of the church. 
 
 pero como el padre predi- Those were both very de- 
 
 cador todo lo convierte en licate and well deserved 
 
 substantia, tuvolas por taps : but as you turn any 
 
 chiste, y le entraron en thing into good nourish- 
 
 provecho. merit, you took them for 
 
 strokes of wit, and were 
 pleased with them. 
 
 " Estos son, padre mio, "Such, father, is the 
 
 los aplausos que logra, applause that you get 
 
 aun de aquellas personas even from those, who have 
 
 que no tienen mas luces no rule to judge by but 
 
 que las de un sinderesis their own plain common 
 
 natural bien puesto: bur- sense. They make a jest 
 
 lanse de el, y estimanle lo of you, and value you 
 
 que vale. Las que estan at what you are worth. 
 
 mas cultivadas, las que Those who are more en- 
 
 tienen alguna tintura de lightened, those who re- 
 
 buen gusto, y sobre todo lish what is good, and, 
 
 aquellas que no miran con above all, those who look 
 
 indiferencia un ministerio not with indifference on 
 
 tan serio y tan sagrado an office of so serious a 
 
 de la religion, no le nature, I cannot tell you 
 
 puedo ponderar el dolor the sorrow they feel in 
 
 que las causa verle tan perceiving it so much 
 
 profanado en su boca, y profaned by you, and the 
 
 la compasion, con que mi- compassion with which 
 
 ran tan infelizmente ma- they look on talents so un- 
 
 logrados unos talentos, happily misapplied, which 
 
 que, si los manejara como managed rightly, might 
 
 debe, serlan utilisimos pa- prove most useful towards 
 
 ra el bien de las almas, the salvation of souls, for- 
 
 para la gloria de Dios, ward the honour of God, 
 
 para mucha honra de be an honour to our sacred 
 
91 
 
 nuestra sagrada orden, y order, and procure your- 
 
 para mas solida y mas self a truer and more last- 
 
 verdadera estimation del ing reputation. 
 padre predicador, 
 
 " No puede usted du- " You cannot, my good 
 
 dar la especial inclination father, doubt my particu- 
 
 que siempre le he mani- lar good will to you, as I 
 
 festado desde quefue mi showed it you ever since 
 
 novicio; las pesadumbres you were under my care 
 
 de que le libre, quandoful during your noviciate : 
 
 prelado suyo, la estima- then, when I was your 
 
 cion que nice de suspren- superior, I made many of 
 
 das, siendo su provincial, your burdens lighter ; and 
 
 pues yo fui quien le colo- when I was afterwards 
 
 co en el candelero, encar- your provincial, I valued 
 
 gandole uno de los pid- your abilities so much, as 
 
 pitos mas apetecidos de la to call you forth into pub- 
 
 provincia. Yd se acorda- lie notice by appointing 
 
 rd de la carta paternal you to one of the pulpits 
 
 que con esta ocasion le most sought after in the 
 
 escribl, recomendandole province. You may re- 
 
 mucho que desempenase member the fatherly letter 
 
 mi confianza, que no diese I wrote to you upon that 
 
 ocasion, para que me in- occasion, recommending 
 
 sultasen los que censura- earnestly to you to make 
 
 ron esta election, sin duda good my confidence in 
 
 porque le conocian mejor you, that they who cen- 
 
 queyo; que predicase a sured my choice, certainly 
 
 Jesu-Christo crucificado, because they knew you 
 
 y no se predicase a si mis- better, might not have 
 
 mo; b alo menos, que pre- cause to upbraid me for it : 
 
 dicase con juicio y con I begged of you to preach 
 
 piedad ; yd que no tuviese the doctrine of our cruci- 
 
 espiritu para hacerlo con fied Saviour, not your 
 
 zelo y con fervor. own ; or at least to preach 
 
 like a sensible and pious 
 man, if you could not do 
 it like a zealous and fer- 
 vent Christian. 
 
92 
 
 " Protestole que uno de " I protest to you that 
 
 los may ores remordimien- the greatest remorse I feel 
 
 tos que tengo de los mu- for the several errors I 
 
 chos desaciertos que co- committed during my pro- 
 
 meti en mi prov'mcialato vincialship (yet, I call 
 
 (aunquepongo aDiospor God to witness, my in- 
 
 testigo que todos con Sue- tention was always good) 
 
 na intencionj es el de ha- is that one of having made 
 
 her hecho predicador al you a preacher, trusting 
 
 padre fray Blas.fiando la the conversion of souls to 
 
 conversion de las almas one, whose least thought 
 
 d, quien en nada me?iospi- is that of making any ; 
 
 ensa que en conventirlas, nay, to him who stands 
 
 y a quien muestra tener la in no small need of being 
 
 suya no poco necesitada himself converted. On 
 
 de conversion. Dile a co- seeing you too much 
 
 nocer, viendole en el mun- taken with the world, I 
 
 do, quanto estaria mejor hinted to you that there- 
 
 en el retiro del claustro, y tirement of the cloister 
 
 en la soledad del coro. and the solitude of the 
 
 Pusele en ocasion de que choir would become you 
 
 los aplausos de los necios better. I gave you to 
 
 le engreyesen, y la vani- understand that the ap- 
 
 dad le precipitase. Co- plause of fools would 
 
 nozcolo; llbrolo ; pero yd make you proud, and your 
 
 no lopuedo remediar , pues vanity be your ruin. This 
 
 veo con imponderable do- is now come to pass, and 
 
 lor mm, que, aun dentro I grieve for it : but can- 
 
 de la religion, no faltan not remedy it, as to my 
 
 fomentadores de su vani- extreme sorrow I find, 
 
 dad, elogiadores y pane- that even in the order 
 
 gyristas de sus locuras; there are not wanting fo- 
 
 unos, porque no alcan- menters of your pride, en- 
 
 zan mas; otros por adu- comiasts and panegyrists 
 
 lacion; algunos pocos por of your follies : some be- 
 
 interes, y la mayor parte cause they know no bet- 
 
 porque se dejan llevar ter; some through flat- 
 
 de la corriente, y no tery; a few through in- 
 
 tienen mas regla que el terest: but the greatest 
 
93 
 
 grito de la muchedum- number are hurried on by 
 
 bre. the current, as they have 
 
 no better rule than the 
 cry of the multitude. 
 
 " Entre esos ultimos " Among the last I in- 
 
 cuento a esa pobre juven- elude these poor young 
 
 tud, compuesta de colegi- students in philosophy 
 
 ales filosofos y teologos, and divinity who are edu- 
 
 que se cria en este con- cated in this convent, and 
 
 vento, y a quien es indeci- to whom it is unspeakable 
 
 bleel dario quehace consu the mischief you do with 
 
 mal ejemplo el padre pre- your bad example. They 
 
 dicador. Venleaplaudido, see you praised, applaud- 
 
 cetebrado, buscado, rega- ed, Sought after, regaled, 
 
 lado, y sobrado de religio- and overloaded with friar- 
 
 sas conveniencias : oyen ly conveniencies; they 
 
 al mismo padre predi- hear you childishly boast- 
 
 cador hacer ostentation ing of all this, and of the 
 
 pueril de ellas, alabarse harvest you reap from the 
 
 de lo mncho que lefructi- seed of God's word ; they 
 
 fica la semilla del Ver- listen when you enume- 
 
 bum Dei; ponderar la rate the advantages and 
 
 utilitad y la estimation honours that attend you 
 
 de su carrera, hatiendo in your career, and when 
 
 chunga y chacota de la you make a jest of the 
 
 de los lector es y maestros lecturers and teachers of 
 
 de la orden, a quienes the order, whom you call 
 
 trata dep clones, pobretes, scrubs, witlings, beggars, 
 
 mendigos, pordioseros, y alm-askers, and chameli- 
 
 camaleones, que se susten- ons, who feed on their ar- 
 
 tan del ayre de los ergos, gumentations, and whose 
 
 y que tienen las navetas drawers are as empty of 
 
 fan vacias de chocolate, chocolate, as their pates 
 
 como los cascos llenos de are full of impertinent 
 
 cuestiones impertinentes. questions. 
 
 "Que sucede? Que co- "What is the conse- 
 
 bran horror al estudio es- quence of this ? That 
 
 colastico, tan necesario they abhor all scholast- 
 
 para la intelligencia de ical studies, so necessa- 
 
94 
 
 los mysterios y los dog- 
 mas, y para no decirde 
 unos y de otros tantos 
 disparates ; como dice el 
 padre predicador: dedi- 
 canse a leer lihros de ser- 
 monarios inutiles y dispa- 
 r at ados, b a trasladar 
 sermones tan ridiculos, 
 tan insuhstanciales, y aun 
 tan perniciosos, como los 
 del padre fray Bias : to- 
 manle a el mismo por mo- 
 delo ; remedanSiole hasta 
 las acetones y los movi- 
 mientos, sin advertir que 
 los queparecen Men, quan- 
 do son naturales, se hacen 
 risihles y despreciables en 
 el remedo: crianse con 
 esta leche, y salen despues 
 a ser la diversion del vnl- 
 go, la admiracion de los 
 ignor antes, la risa de los 
 discretos, el dolor de los 
 piadosos, el descredito de 
 la or den y, tal vez, su 
 azote y su tormento. 
 
 " Viendolo estamos to- 
 dos en ese pobre, simple, 
 y atolondrado de fray 
 Gerundio. Su sencillez 
 por una parte, y el padre 
 predicador por otra, am- 
 bos concurren a echarle a 
 
 ry to the intelligence of 
 the mysteries and the 
 dogmas, and to guard 
 them against uttering so 
 many absurdities about 
 both, as are uttered by 
 yourself: they devote 
 themselves to the reading 
 of useless and extrava- 
 gant books of sermons, or 
 copy such as are as ri- 
 diculous as unsubstantial, 
 and even as pernicious as 
 those of father Bias him- 
 self. They take you for 
 their model, they mimic 
 your very motions and 
 gesticulations, without 
 minding that what is not 
 unsightly when it is na- 
 tural, becomes ridiculous 
 and contemptible when 
 mimicked : they feed upon 
 that milk, and go abroad 
 at last to be the pastime 
 of the rabble, the wonder 
 of the ignorant, the laugh- 
 ter of the wise, the sorrow 
 of the tender-hearted, the 
 dishonour of the order, 
 and sometimesthe scourge 
 and torment of it. 
 
 "We are all actual 
 witnesses of this in the 
 person of this poor, fool- 
 ish, and blundering friar 
 Gerund. His simplicity 
 on the one side, and you 
 on the other, are vying to 
 
95 
 
 perder a tiros largos, throw him headlong very 
 
 Aunque no le faltan ta- fast. Though he does not 
 
 lentos, para que, con el want parts to make him 
 
 tiempo saliese hombre de in time good for some- 
 
 provecho ; viendo estoy thing, yet I see that he is 
 
 que nos ha de sonrojar, y in the way of making us 
 
 quenos ha de darque pa- ashamed of him, and cut 
 
 decer. No hay forma de a sad figure : it is not 
 
 estudiar una conferencia, possible to make him 
 
 de dedicarse a entender hold a conference, or 
 
 una cuestion ; y mira con apply to understand a 
 
 horror al estudio escolds- question. He looks with 
 
 tico ; gastando el tiempo horror on scholastical 
 
 en leer sermones impresos, studies; loses his time in 
 
 y en trasladar los manu- reading printed sermons, 
 
 scritos del padre fray or copying the manu- 
 
 Bids. script ones of father Bias. 
 
 " Y esto por que ? Por " And why does he do 
 
 que me dicen que no sale so ? Because, as I am 
 
 de su celda; que tiene en told, he is for ever in your 
 
 ella letra abierta para cell, as he has full powers 
 
 desayunarse, para meren- there to eat at will both 
 
 dar, y para perder tiem- morning and afternoon, 
 
 po: que el padre predica- and to mispend his time. 
 
 dor le va imbuyendo en You infuse all your max- 
 
 todas su maximas, hasta ims into him, and make 
 
 pegarle tambien sus afec- him adopt your affections 
 
 tos y desafectos, no solo and disaffections, not only 
 
 con perjuicio de su buena to the great prejudice of 
 
 educacion, sino en grave his education, but in defi- 
 
 detrimento de la caridad ance of Christian charity, 
 
 y de la union fraternal y and to the greatest detri- 
 
 religiosa. ment of our fraternal and 
 
 religious union. 
 
 " Port anto, padre mio, "Therefore, my good 
 
 si el amor de nuestra ma- father, if you profess any 
 
 dre la religion le debe al- filial duty to your order ; 
 
 go; si tiene algun zelo if you have any zeal for 
 
 por la salvacion de las the salvation of souls, 
 
96 
 
 almas que Jesu-Christo 
 redimio con sii preciosa 
 sangre ; si su misma esti- 
 mation solida y verdade- 
 ra le merece algun carino, 
 ruegolepor la misma pre- 
 ciosisima sangre de Jesus, 
 que mude de conducta. 
 
 "Sea mas noble, mas 
 christiano, y mas religioso 
 el' fin de sus sermones, y 
 serct muy otra su disposi- 
 tion: predique a Christo 
 crucificado, y no se pre- 
 dique a si mismo ; y a 
 buen seguro que nopondra 
 tanto cuydado en el afec- 
 tado alino de su persona: 
 no busque otro interts que 
 el de las almas, da mihi 
 animas, caetera tolle tibf ; 
 y yo le fio que predicara 
 de otra manera : no soli- 
 cite aplausos, sino convert 
 siones, y tenga por cierto 
 que no solo lograra las 
 conversiones que desea, 
 sino los aplausos que no 
 solicita, y estos de orden 
 muy superior al aura po- 
 pular y vana, que aora le 
 arrebata tanto. Sobre 
 todo le encargo, le ruego, 
 le suplico, que quando no 
 haga caso de lo que le di- 
 go, y se obstine en seguir 
 el errado rumbo que ha 
 comenzado, a lo menos no 
 
 that Jesus Christ redeem- 
 ed with his most precious 
 blood; if you have at 
 heart your own solid and 
 true reputation, I in treat 
 you for the sake of that 
 same most precious blood 
 of Jesus, that you change 
 your conduct. 
 
 " Propose to yourself 
 in your sermons an end 
 more noble, more christi- 
 an, and more religious, 
 and your disposition will 
 prove quite another : 
 preach Jesus Christ upon 
 the cross; forbear to 
 preach up your own self ; 
 and I am sure you will 
 be less anxious about the 
 affected setting off of 
 your own figure : mind no 
 other interest but that of 
 souls, da mihi animas, 
 ccetera tolle tibi, and I 
 am confident that you 
 will preach much better : 
 do not solicit applause, 
 but conversions ; and you 
 will not only obtain what- 
 ever conversions you wish 
 for, but likewise the ap- 
 plause you solicit not, 
 and of a kind much su- 
 perior to that popular and 
 vain approbation, which 
 you run so greedily after. 
 Above all, I recommend 
 to you, I beg and intreat 
 
97 
 
 dogmatice, no haga escue- of you, in case you set at 
 la tan perniciosa, no quie- nought what I have now 
 ra imitar aquel dragon been saying, and, as you 
 que con la cola arrastro began, you continue ob- 
 tras de si la tercera parte stinately to go on in the 
 de las estrellas. wrong road, that at least 
 
 you dogmatize not; that 
 you open not so pernici- 
 ous a school; and that 
 you do not try to imitate 
 the dragon, which with 
 his tail drew after himself 
 the third part of the stars. 
 " Estremezcale aquel "Tremble at that frightful 
 vae ! tan espantoso contra vce! pronounced against 
 los que escandalizan a los those, who give scandal 
 pequenuelos, y no trate de to little minds ; and call 
 vejez, de impertinencia, de me not an old, imperti- 
 prolijidad, y de mala con- nent, prolix, and foolish 
 dicion de los muchos anos dotard for this paternal, 
 esta paternal, caritativa, charitable, and private 
 y reservada advertencia exhortation ; but look up- 
 que le hago ; sino mlrela on it as the greatest proof 
 como la mayor prueba I could give you of the 
 del verdadero amor que le true affection I have for 
 profeso." you." 
 
 Sin cespitar estuvo oyen- Friar Bias listened mo- 
 do fray Bids el sermon tionless to the sermon that 
 que le espetd el reverendo the reverend ex-provin- 
 padre ex-provincial, y a cial made him, and re- 
 piefirme sufrio la carga ceived in such a stock- 
 cerrada que le disparo con still attitude the terrible 
 una continencia tal, que volley discharged at him, 
 cualquiera se persuadiria that any body would have 
 que quedaba convencido, thought he was now 
 y trocado ya en otro horn- convinced, and already 
 bre. For que, dice la le- changed to another man. 
 yenda de la orden, que le The legend of the order 
 oyd con semblante sereno, says that he heard him 
 
 K 
 
98 
 
 con los ojos bajos, con las with a serene counte- 
 
 manos debajo del esca- nance, his eyes downcast, 
 
 pulario, con el cuerpo al- his hands under the sca- 
 
 go inclinado acta ade- pulary, his body some- 
 
 lante, en postura humilde, what leaning forwards, in 
 
 aplicando un poco el oldo an humble posture, the 
 
 izquierdo, como para no left ear a little turned as, 
 
 perder silaba, sin estor- if he had wanted not to 
 
 nudar, sin escupir, y aun lose a syllable, without 
 
 sin sacar la caja, ni tomar sneezing, without spitting, 
 
 'un polvo de tabaco en and even without once 
 
 todo el tiempo, que durb pulling out his box and 
 
 la mision, taking a pinch, during 
 
 the whole time that the 
 preaching lasted. 
 
 Ya el buen padre ex- Already the good father 
 
 provincial se aplaudia in- ex-provincial was inter- 
 
 teriormente a si mismo de nally applauding himself 
 
 aquella feliz conquista: for that happy conquest : 
 
 ya tenia por mil veces di- blessed already a thou- 
 
 chosa la hora, en que se sand times the hour, in 
 
 liabia determinado a ha- , which he had determined 
 
 Marie con tanta resolucion to speak to him with such 
 
 y claridad: ya estaba openness and resolution ; 
 
 para echarle los brazos al and was already on the 
 
 cuello, ddndole mil para- point to throw his arms 
 
 bienes de que Jinalmente ahout his neck, and con- 
 
 hubiese abierto los ojos ct gratulate him a thousand 
 
 la luz de la razon; quan- times on his having at last 
 
 do vib que el bueno del opened his eyes to the 
 
 predicador levantb los light of reason, when he 
 
 suyos, le mirb con sereni- saw that the friar raised 
 
 dad,sacb las manos debajo his face, looked at him 
 
 del escapulario, reclinb el serenely, took his hands 
 
 codo derecho sobre el bra- from under the scapulary, 
 
 zo de lasilla, refrtgose la leaned a little with his 
 
 harba ; echo despues ma- right elbow on the arm of 
 
 no a la manga, sacb la his chair, rubbed his chin; 
 
 cajjcil dib dos golpecitos then thrust his hand into 
 
99 
 
 pausados sobre la tapa; his sleeve^ pulled out the 
 abridla, tomo unpolvo; y box, gave two small taps 
 encarado al ex-provincial, on the lid of it, opened it, 
 le dijo muy reposado : and took a pinch. This 
 i( acabo y a vuestra pater- done, he looked the ex- 
 nidad?" " Si ; yd acabe." provincial full in the face, 
 ■" Pues, padre nuestro, and asked him, in a very 
 oygame vuestra paterni- soft tone, " Has your pa- 
 dad este cuento. ternity done?" "Yes, I 
 
 have." " Then, my good 
 father, let me tell your 
 paternity a story : 
 " Asistia un loco alser- " A madman was listen- 
 mon del juicio universal ing to a sermon on the last 
 que se predicaba en cierta judgment preached on 
 mision. Estuvo verdade- occasion of a certain mis- 
 ramente fervor oso y avos- sion. The missionary, 
 tolico el zeloso misionero, who was really lull ot 
 y dejo tan aturdido el au- zeal, and most apostoli- 
 ditorio, que aun despues cally warm, stunned his 
 de acabado el sermon por audience in such a man- 
 un rato ninguno se rebu- ner, that, even when he 
 Ilia. Aprovechose el loco had done, nobody for a 
 de aquel compungido silen- while stirred from their 
 cio, y levantando la voz places. The madman 
 descompasadamente, dijo : availed himself of that 
 Senores, todo eso que interval of silence and 
 nos acaba de predicar el compunction, and speak- 
 padre misionero de jui- ing very loud, said : Gen- 
 cio, juicio, y juicio, sin tlemen, all this that the 
 duda que debe de ser asi. father missionary has now 
 Pero nondum venit hora told us about the lastjudg- 
 mea, y yo llevo la contra- ment, must certainly be 
 ria con el doctissimo Bar- right : yet, nondum venit 
 radas." hora mea, and I am for 
 
 the contrary opinion along 
 with the most learned Bar- 
 radas." 
 
100 
 
 " Vea vnestra paterni- « See, reverend father, 
 dad si manda algo para Ce- if I can be of service at 
 mco de la Torre ; porque yo Cevico de las Torres, 
 parto manana:" y sin es- where I shall go to-mor- 
 perar a mas razones, se row-morning :" and with 
 levanto de la silla, tomb out waiting for any fur- 
 la puerta, y se fue a su ther reasons, he got up 
 ce lda, from his chair, opened 
 
 the door, and went away 
 
 to his cell. 
 
 *v#*^*^ 
 
 Descripcion de la A Description of the 
 
 espantable y jamas dreadful and never- 
 
 imaginadaAvENTURA before imagined Ad- 
 
 de los Molinos de vENTUREoftbeWiND- 
 
 VlENTO. MILLS. 
 
 [Sacada del Capitulo octavo de [Taken from the eighth Chapter of 
 
 Don Quijote de la Mancha.'] Bon Quixote de la Mancha.~\ 
 
 En esto descubrieron Thus discoursing, they 
 
 treinta d quarenta molinos perceived some thirty or 
 
 de viento que hay en aquel forty windmills that were 
 
 campo: y asi como Don thereabout; and as soon 
 
 Quijote los vio, dijo h su as Don Quixote espied 
 
 escudero: " La ventura vd them, he said to his squire, 
 
 guiando nuestras cosas me- " Fortune disposes our 
 
 jor de lo que acertdramos d, affairs much better than 
 
 desear. Porque, ves alii, we ourselves could have 
 
 amigo Sancho Panza, don- desired. Look yonder, 
 
 de se descubren treynta o friend Sancho Panza, 
 
 poco mas desaforados gi- where you may discover 
 
 gantes, con quien pienso somewhat more than thirty 
 
 haxer batalla, y quitarles ti monstrous giants, with 
 
 todos las 'Mas, con cuyos whom I intend to fight, 
 
 despqjos comenzaremos a en- and take away all their 
 
 riquecer, que esta es buena lives. By their spoils we 
 
 guerra, y es gran servicio de will begin to enrich our- 
 
101 
 
 Dios quitar tan mala si- selves ; for this is a law- 
 miente de sobre la faz de la ful war, and it is doing 
 tierra." God good service to take 
 
 away so wicked a gene- 
 ration from off the face 
 of the earth." 
 " Que gigantes $" dijo " What giants V said 
 Sancho Panza. Sancho Panza. 
 
 " Aquellos que alii ves" "Those that thou seest 
 respondid su amo, u de los yonder," answered his 
 brazos largos, quelossuelen master, "with those long 
 tener algunos de casi dos arms : some of them are 
 leguas" wont to have them of al- 
 
 most the length of two 
 leagues." 
 " Mire vuestra merced," " Have a care, Sir," an- 
 respondib Sancho, "que swered Sancho, "that 
 aquellos que alii se parecen those that appear yonder 
 no son gigantes, sino moli- are no giants, but wind- 
 nos de viento, y lo que en mills ; and what in them 
 ellos parecen brazos, son las look like arms, are the 
 aspas, que, volteadas del sails, which whirled about 
 viento, hazen andar la pie- by the wind, make the 
 dra del molino." millstone go." 
 
 " Bien parece," respon- " One may well see," 
 did Don Quijote, "que no answered Don Quixote, 
 estds cursado en esto de las " that thou art not versed 
 aventuras : estos son gi- in the business of adven- 
 gantes ysitienesmiedo,qui- tures. These are giants : 
 tate de ahi y ponte en ora- and if thou art afraid, get 
 cionenelespacio,queyovoy thyself aside, and keep 
 a entrar con ellos enfiera y praying whilst I engage 
 desigual batalla" with them in a fierce and 
 
 unequal combat." 
 I>iziendo esto, did de es- So saying, he clapped 
 puelas d su caballo Rozi- spurs to Rozinante, with- 
 nante, sin atender a las vo~ out minding the cries his 
 zes que su escudero Sancho le squire sent after him, as - 
 daba, advirtiendole que sin suring him still, that they 
 
 k2 
 
102 
 
 duda alguna eran molinos 
 de viento, y no gigantes 
 aquelhs que iba & acometer. 
 Pero el iba tan puesto en 
 que eran gigantes, que ni 
 oia las vozes de su escudero 
 Sancho, ni echaba de ver, 
 aunque estaba ya bien cerca, 
 lo que eran; antes iba di- 
 siendo en vozes alt as : (e Non 
 fuyades cobardes y vilescria- 
 turas, que un solo cavalleiv 
 es el que os acomete" 
 
 Levantose en esto un poco 
 de viento, y las grandes as- 
 pas comenzaron a moverse ; 
 h qual visto por Don Qui- 
 jote, dijo : " pues aunque 
 movais mas brazos que los 
 del gigante Briareo, me lo 
 habeys de pagarJ 
 
 » 
 
 En diziendo esto, y en- 
 comendandose de todo cora- 
 zon d, su senora Dulcinea, 
 pidiendole que en tal trance 
 le socorriese, bien cubierto 
 de su rodela, con la lanza en 
 el ristre, arremetid d todo el 
 galope de Rozinante, y em- 
 bistio con el primer molino 
 que estaba delante; y dan- 
 dole una lanzada en el aspa, 
 la bolvib el viento con tanta 
 furia, que hizo la lanza pe- 
 dazos, llevandose tras si al 
 cavallo y al cavallero, que 
 
 were windmills without 
 doubt, and not giants. 
 
 But he was so fully pos- 
 sessed they were giants, 
 that he neither heard the 
 cries of his squire San- 
 cho, nor yet discerned 
 what they were, though 
 already very near them : 
 he went on saying aloud, 
 " Fly not, ye cowards 
 and vile caitiffs, for it is a 
 single knight that assaults 
 you." 
 
 A little wind began now 
 to stir, and the huge sails 
 began to move ; which 
 Don Quixote perceiving, 
 he said, "Well, though 
 you should move more 
 arms than the giant Bria- 
 reus, you shall pay for 
 it." 
 
 So saying, and recom- 
 mending himself most de- 
 voutly to his lady Dulci- 
 nea, beseeching her to 
 succour him in so great a 
 danger, being well cover- 
 ed with his buckler, and 
 setting his lance in the 
 rest, he rushed on as fast 
 as Rozinante could gal- 
 lop, attacked the first mill 
 before him ; and, running 
 his lance into the sail, the 
 wind whirled it about with 
 so much violence, that it 
 
103 
 
 fue rodando muy mal trecho 
 por el campo. 
 
 Acudib Sancho Panza d, 
 socorrerle a todo el correr de 
 su asno; y quando llego, 
 hallo que no se podia me- 
 near, tal fue el golpe que did 
 con el Rozinante. 
 
 <( Vhlame Dios /" dijo 
 Sancho, (i no le dije yo d 
 vuestra merced que mirase 
 bien lo que hazia, que no 
 eran sino molinos deviento? 
 Y no lo podia ignorar, sino 
 quien llevase otros tales en 
 la cabeza." 
 
 " Calla, amigo Sancho,' 3 
 respondidDon Quijote, "que 
 las cosas de la guerra, mas 
 que otras, estdn sujetas d, 
 continua mudanza: quanto 
 mas que yo pienso, y es asi 
 verdad, que aquel sabio 
 Freston que me robd el apo- 
 sento, y los libros, ha vuelto 
 estos gigantes en molinos, 
 por quitarme la gloria de su 
 vencimiento; tal es la ene- 
 mistad que me tiene : mas al 
 caboy al cabo han de poder 
 
 broke the lance to shivers, 
 lifted up both the rider 
 and the horse, and tum- 
 bled them over and over 
 on the plain in a very evil 
 plight. 
 
 Sancho Panza hastened 
 to his assistance as fast 
 as his ass could carry 
 him; and when he came 
 up to him he found him 
 unable to stir ; so violent 
 was the blow that he and 
 Rozinante had received 
 in the tumble. 
 
 " God save me !" quoth 
 Sancho ; " did not I warn 
 you to mind what you 
 were doing, for that they 
 were nothing but wind- 
 mills? And nobody could 
 ever have mistaken them, 
 but one who had the like 
 in his head." 
 
 " Peace, friend Sancho," 
 answered Don Quixote ; 
 " for matters of war are, 
 of all others, most subject 
 to continual changes. 
 Now I verily believe, and 
 it is certainly so, that the 
 sage Freston, who stole 
 my books out of my apart- 
 ment, has metamorphosed 
 these giants into wind- 
 mills, on purpose to de- 
 prive me of the glory 
 of vanquishing them, so 
 
104 
 
 poco sus malas artes contra great is the enmity he 
 la bondad de mi espada." bears me. However, let 
 
 him do his worst, his wick- 
 ed arts will avail but little 
 against the goodness of 
 my sword/' 
 " Dios lo haga como "God grant it, as he 
 puede," respondid Sancho can," answered Sancho 
 Panza ; y ayudandole a le- Panza ; and helping him 
 vantar, torno d, subir sobre to rise, mounted him again 
 Rozinante, que medio des- on Rozinante, that was 
 paldado estaba: y hablando half shoulder-slipped ; and 
 en la pasada aventura, si- discoursing on the ad- 
 guieron el camino delpuerto venture, they kept the 
 Lapice, porque alii, dezia road that leads to the pass 
 Don Quijote, que no era of Lapice ; because there, 
 posible dejar de hallarse Don Quixote said, they 
 muchas y diversas aventu- could not fail to meet with 
 ras,por ser lugar muy pa- many and various ad ven- 
 sagero, sino que iba muy tures, it being a great 
 pesaroso por haberle faltado thoroughfare ; yet he went 
 la lanza; y diziendoselo cl on very melancholy for 
 su escudero, ledijo: want of his lance; and, 
 
 speaking of it to his 
 squire, he said : 
 " Yo me acuerdo haber " I remember to have 
 leido que un cavallero Espa- read, that a certain Spa- 
 nol, llamado Diego Perez nish knight, called Diego 
 de Vargas, habiendosele en Perez de Varga, having 
 una batalla roto la espada, broken his sword in fight* 
 desgajd de una enzina un tore off a huge branch or 
 pesado ramo o tronco, y con limb from an oak, and 
 el hizo tales cosas aquel dia, performed such wonders 
 ymachacotantosMoros,que with it that day, and 
 le quedb por sobrenombre knocked down so many 
 Machuca. Hete dicho esto, Moors, that he was 
 porque de la primera enzina ever after surnamed the 
 d roble que se me depare, Knocker. I tell thee this, 
 
105 
 
 pienso desgajar otro tronco, because, from the first 
 tal y tan bueno como aquel; oak we meet, I mean 
 que me imagino y pienso ha- to tear a large and good 
 zer con el tales hazanas, que limb ; and I think and 
 tu te tengas por bien afortu- resolve to perform such 
 nado dehabermerecidovenir feats with it, that thou 
 a verlas, y a ser testigo de shalt deem thyself most 
 cosas que apenas podran fortunate in meriting to 
 ser creidas." behold them, and to be 
 
 an eye-witness of things 
 
 that will scarcely ever be 
 
 believed." 
 
 " A la mano de Dios," " God bless me," said 
 
 dijo Sancho, <( yo lo creo Sancho; " I believe that 
 
 todo asi, como vuestra mer- all your worship says, 
 
 ved lo dize ; pero enderecese is as you say it. But, 
 
 un poco, que parece que va pray, set yourself upright 
 
 de medio lado, y debe ser del in your saddle, for you 
 
 molimiento de la calda." seem to lean too much on 
 
 one side, perhaps be- 
 cause of some hurt re- 
 ceived in the fall." 
 u Asi es la verdad," res- " True," answered Don 
 pondid Don Quijote; " y Quixote ; " and if I do 
 si no me quejo del dolor, es not complain of the pain, 
 porque no es dado a los ca- it is because knights er- 
 valleros andantes quejarse rant are not allowed to 
 de herida alguna, aunque se complain of any woun4 
 le salgan las tripas por ella." whatever, though their 
 
 guts came out at it." 
 <e Si eso es asi, no tengo " If this is the case, I 
 yo que replicar," respondio have nothing to say to it," 
 Sancho; "pero sabe Dios answered Sancho: "but 
 si yo me holgara que vuestra God knows I should be 
 merced se quejara cuando glad your worship would 
 alguna cosa le doliera. De complain when you feel 
 mi se dezir, que me he de any pain. As to myself, I 
 quejar del mas pequeno do- must say it, that I always 
 lor que tenga, si ya no se shall complain of the 
 
106 
 
 
 entiende tarnbien con los 
 escuderos de los cavalleros 
 andantes eso del no que- 
 jarsej' 
 
 No se dejb de reir Don 
 Quijote de la simplicidad 
 de su escudero, y asi le de- 
 claro que podia muy bien 
 quejarse como y cuando qui- 
 siese, sin gana o con ella, 
 que hasta entonces no habia 
 leldo cosa en contrario en la 
 orden de cavalleria. 
 
 Dijole Sancho, que mi- 
 rase que era hora de comer. 
 Respondible su amo, quepor 
 entonces no le hazia menes- 
 ter, que comiese el cuando 
 se le antojase. 
 
 Con esta licencia se aco- 
 modo Sancho lo mejor que 
 pudo sobre sujumento, y sa- 
 cando de las alforjas lo que 
 en ellas habia puesto, iba 
 caminando y comiendo de- 
 trds de su amo muy despa- 
 cio, y de cuando en cuando 
 empinaba la bota con tanto 
 gusto, que le pudiera envi- 
 diar el mas regalado bode- 
 gonero de Malaga : y en- 
 tanto que el iba de aquella 
 manera menudeando tragos, 
 no se le acordaba de ningu- 
 na promesa que su amo le 
 hubiese hecho, ni tenia por 
 
 smallest hurt I get, pro- 
 vided the laws of not 
 complaining do not reach 
 the squires as well as the 
 knights." 
 
 Don Quixote could not 
 help smiling at the sim- 
 plicity of his squire, and 
 gave him full power to 
 complain as much and as 
 often as he chose, and 
 whether he had cause or 
 no, for as yet he had read 
 nothing to the contrary in 
 the laws of chivalry. 
 
 Sancho observed that 
 it was dinner-time; but 
 his master said that for 
 the present he had no ap- 
 petite, but that he (San- 
 cho) might eat whenever 
 had a mind. 
 
 With this permission, 
 Sancho adjusted himself 
 the best he could upon 
 his ass, and, taking out 
 the provisions which he 
 had put in his leather bags, 
 he jogged on behind his 
 master, eating and lifting 
 up the bottle with such 
 relish, as would have 
 raised envy even in the 
 best fed victualler of Ma- 
 laga ; and going thus on, 
 repeatedly tasting the 
 wine, never troubled his 
 mind with any promise 
 made him by his master, 
 
107 
 
 ningun trabaio } sino por mu- 
 cho descanso, andar bus- 
 cando las aventuras, por 
 peligrosas que fuesen. 
 
 nor ever thought it a hard- 
 ship, but rather a recre- 
 ation, to go in quest of 
 adventures, though ever 
 so perilous. 
 
 +**■*■++ 
 
 ++*-***• 
 
 Discurso de la Pas- 
 tora Marcela. 
 
 [Sacado delLibro de Don Quijote.] 
 
 Queriendo Vivaldo leer 
 otro papel de los que habia 
 reservado del fuego, lo es- 
 torvb una maravillosa vision 
 (que tal parecia ellaj que 
 improvisamente se les oj're- 
 cid a los ojos : y Jue, 
 que por cima de la pena 
 donde se cavaba la sepul- 
 tura, parecid la pastora 
 Marcela tan hermosa, que 
 pasaba a su fama su her- 
 mosura. 
 
 Los que hasta entonces 
 no la habian visto, la mira- 
 ban con admiracion y silen- 
 cio; y los que estaban acos- 
 tumbrados cl verla, no que- 
 daron menos suspensos que 
 los que nunca la habian 
 visto. 
 
 Mas apenas la hubo 
 visto Ambrosio, cuando con 
 muestras de animo indig- 
 
 A Discourse made by 
 the Shepherdess 
 Marcela. 
 
 [From Don Quixote.'} 
 
 As Vivaldo was going 
 to read another of the pa- 
 pers that he had saved 
 from the fire, a wonderful 
 vision (for such it seemed) 
 interrupted him, which on 
 a sudden presented itself 
 to their eyes. This was, 
 that on the top of the 
 rock, near which they 
 were digging the grave, 
 appeared the shepherdess 
 Marcela, so very beauti- 
 ful, that her beauty sur- 
 passed the very fame of 
 it. 
 
 Those who had never 
 seen her before, beheld 
 her with silence and ad- 
 miration ; and those who 
 had been used to see her, 
 were no less struck than 
 those who had never seen 
 her. 
 
 But Ambrosio had 
 scarcely espied her, than, 
 flaming with indignation, 
 
108 
 
 nado la dijo, " vienes a ver he told her, " Comest thou 
 
 por ventura, ofiero basilisco hither, fierce basilisk of 
 
 deltas montanas, si con tu these mountains, to see if 
 
 presencia vierten sangre las the wounds of this un- 
 
 heridas de ste miserable, a happy youth, whom thy 
 
 quien tu crueldad quitd la cruelty has slain, will 
 
 vidaP O vienes a ufanarte bleed afresh at thy ap- 
 
 en las crueles hazanas de pearance? Or art thou 
 
 tu condition? Odverdesde come to rejoice in the 
 
 esa altura, como otro des- effects of thy barbarity ? 
 
 piadado Neron, el incendio Or from the top of that 
 
 de su abrasada Roma P O, rock, to behold, like ano- 
 
 d, pisar arrogante este desdi- ther Nero, the flames of 
 
 chado cadaver, como la in- his burning Rome? Or 
 
 grata hija dl de su padre arrogantly to trample up- 
 
 Tarquino P on this unhappy corse, as 
 
 did the ungrateful daugh- 
 ter upon that of her father 
 Tarquin ? 
 
 i( Dinos presto & lo que " Tell us quickly the 
 
 vienes, 6 que es aquello de cause of thy coming, and 
 
 que mas gustos, que por speak out thy pleasure, 
 
 saber yo que los pensamien- that I, who know how de- 
 
 tos de Grisbstomo jdmas de- voted was Chrysostom to 
 
 jaron de obedecerte en vida, thy will while alive, may, 
 
 hare que, aun el muerto, te now that he is gone, dis- 
 
 obedezcan los de todos aquel- pose these to obey thee, 
 
 los, que se llamaron sits ami- who called themselves his 
 
 gos." friends." 
 
 " No vengo, Ambrosio, a "I come for none of 
 
 ninguna cosa de las que has the purposes, Ambrosio, 
 
 dicho," respondio Marcela ; that thou hast mentioned," 
 
 " sino a bolver por mi mis- answered Marcela; "but 
 
 ma, y a dar & entender, only to vindicate my own 
 
 quan fuera de razon van character, and let those 
 
 todos aquellos, que de sus know how wrong they 
 
 penas y de la muerte de Gri- are, who charge me both 
 
 sostomo me culpan : y asi with their own grief, and 
 
 ruego d, todos los que aqu\ with Chrysostom's death, 
 
109 
 
 est&is, meesteisatentos, que I beg therefore of all pre- 
 no sera menester mucho sent, that you listen with 
 Uempo, ni gastar muchas attention, as I need not 
 palabras, para persuadir spend much time, and use 
 una verdad a los discretos. many words to convince 
 
 persons of sense of this 
 truth. 
 ie Hizome el cielo,segun "Heaven, as you say, 
 vosotros dezis, hermosa; y has made me handsome, 
 de tal manera, que, sin ser and to such a degree, as 
 poderosos a otra cosa, a que compels you to love me 
 me ameis, os mueve mi her- whether you will or no. 
 mosura. Y por el amor que From this you conclude, 
 me mostrais, dezis y aun and insist upon it, that it 
 quereis, que este yo obligada is my duty to return your 
 a amaros. love. 
 
 (i Yo conozco con el natu- " By the help of that 
 ral entendimiento que Dios natural sense which God 
 me ha dado, que todo lo her- has given me, I com- 
 moso esamable; mas no al- prehend that whatever is 
 canzo, que por razon de ser handsome, is of course 
 amado, este obligado lo que lovely: but I can by no 
 es amado por hermoso, a means conceive, that a 
 amar a quien lo ama: y person loved because 
 mas, que podria acontecer, beautiful, is under any 
 que el amador de lo her- obligation to return love 
 moso fuese j'eo : y siendo lo for love ; especially as it 
 feo digno de ser aborrecido, might chance, that the 
 cae muy mal el dezir : Quie- lover of the beautiful per- 
 rote por hermosa ; hasmede son might be ugly: and 
 amar ; aunqueseafeo. as ugliness deserves to be 
 
 loathed, it would sound 
 oddly to say, I love you 
 because you are hand- 
 some, and you must love 
 me, though I am ugly. 
 " Pero puesto caso que " Let us, however, sup- 
 corran igualmente las her- pose an equality of beau- 
 mosuras, no por eso han de ty, it does not follow that 
 
 L 
 
110 
 
 correr iguales los deseos, que the desires ought to be 
 
 no todas las hermosuras e- mutual ; because all kinds 
 
 namoran; que algunas ale- of beauty do not affect 
 
 gran la vista, y no rinden la equally ; as some only 
 
 voluntad. Que si todas las please the eye without 
 
 bellezas enamorasen, y rin- captivating the heart. 
 
 diesen, seria un andar las Should every beauty in- 
 
 voluntades confusas y des- flame and subdue us, there 
 
 caminadas, sin saber en qual would arise a strange per- 
 
 habian de parar : porque plexity and confusion of 
 
 siendo infinitos los sugetos desire: nor should we be 
 
 hermosos, infinitos habian able to fix upon any par- 
 
 de ser los deseos. Y,segun ticular object; for beauty 
 
 yo he oydo dezir, el verda- being infinitely diversi- 
 
 dero amor no se divide, y ha tied, desire would likewise 
 
 de ser voluntario, y no for- be infinitely divided ; and 
 
 zvso. I have heard, that true 
 
 love must not be divided, 
 but must be voluntary and 
 unforced. 
 
 11 Siendo esto asi, como "This being the case, 
 
 yo creo que lo es, porque as I believe it is, why 
 
 quereis que rinda mi volun- will you have me subject 
 
 tad por fuerza, obligada my will by force, and 
 
 solo por que dezis, que me for no other reason, but 
 
 quereis bienP Sino, dezidme: because you say that you 
 
 si como el cielo me hizo her- love me? But, pray, tell 
 
 vnosa me hiziera fea, fuera me ; if the same heaven 
 
 justo que me quejara de vo~ that has made me hand- 
 
 sotros porque no me amaba- some, had made me ugly, 
 
 des P should I be right in com- 
 plaining of your not loving 
 me? 
 
 " Cuanto mas, que habeis (i You must furthermore 
 
 de considerar, que yo no consider, that my beauty 
 
 escogi la hermosura que ten- was not my own choice ; 
 
 go, que tal qual es, el cielo and that, such as it is, 
 
 me la did de gratia, sin yo heaven bestowed it upon 
 
 pedzllq, ni escogella : y asi me freely, and without my 
 
Ill 
 
 como la vlvora no merece ser asking and desiring it : 
 
 culpada por la ponzona que and as the viper is not to 
 
 tiene, puesto que con ella be blamed for her sting, 
 
 mata, por habersela dado though she kills with it, 
 
 naturaleza; tampoco yome- because it is given her by 
 
 rezco ser repi'endida por ser nature ; so, little do I de - 
 
 hermosa, que la hermosura serve reprehension for be- 
 
 en la muger honesta es como ing handsome ; as beauty 
 
 el fuego apai'tado, o como in an honest woman is 
 
 la espada aguda, que ni el like a distant flame, or a 
 
 quema, ni ella corta & quien sharp sword. Neither does 
 
 a ellos no se acerca. La the one burn, nor the 
 
 honra y las virtudes son other wound, those who 
 
 adornos del alma, sin las come not too near them. 
 
 cuales el cuerpo, aunque lo Honour and virtue are the 
 
 sea, no debe parecer her- ornaments of the soul, 
 
 moso. Pues si la honesti- and without them the 
 
 dad es una de las virtudes body, though ever so 
 
 que al cuerpo y alma mas handsome, ought not to 
 
 adornan y hermosean, por- be considered as such. 
 
 que la ha de perder la que If chastity be one of the 
 
 es amada por hermosa, por virtues that chiefly adorn 
 
 corresponder a la intention and beautify both body 
 
 de aquel que por solo su and soul, why should she, 
 
 gusto, con todas susfuerzas that is beloved merely 
 
 e industrias procura que la because she is handsome, 
 
 pierda P lose that virtue, and yield 
 
 to him who loves her sel- 
 fishly, and endeavours 
 with all his might and 
 industry to rob her of it? 
 
 " Yo naci libre; y para "I was born free; and 
 
 poder vivir libre, escogl la to enjoy my freedom have 
 
 soledad de los campos. Los I chosen the loneliness of 
 
 arboles destas montanas son the fields. The trees of 
 
 mi compahia, las claras these mountains are my 
 
 aguas destos arroyos mis companions, and I have 
 
 espejos: con los arboles y no other mirror but the 
 
112 
 
 con las aguas comunlco mis bright water of these 
 pensamientos y hermosura. brooks. With the trees 
 Fuego soy apartado, y espa- and the streams I share 
 da puesta lejos. A los que my contemplations and 
 he enamorado con la vista, my beauty, and I am a 
 he desenganado con las pa- distant flame, and a sword 
 labras. Y si los deseos se afar off. Those whom 
 sustentan con esperanzas, no my face has captivated, 
 habiendo yo dado alguna ci my tongue has unde- 
 Grisbstomo, ni a otro algu- ceived ; and if hope is the 
 no, el fin de ninguno de food of desire, I neither 
 ellos,biensepuededezir,que gave any to Chrysostom, 
 antes le mato su porfia que nor to any other ; so that, 
 micrueldad. if any comes to an un- 
 
 timely end, their deaths 
 . must not be laid to the 
 door of my cruelty, but of 
 their obstinacy. 
 "Si me haze cargo que " If it be objected that 
 eran honestos sus pensa- his intention was honour- 
 mientos, y que por esto esta able, and that therefore I 
 ba obligada a corresponder ought to have complied 
 a ellos, digo, que cuando en with it ; I answer, that, 
 ese mismo lugar, donde aora when in this very place 
 se caba su sepoltura, me des- where you are now dig- 
 cubrid la bondad de su in- ging his grave, he disco - 
 tendon, le dije yo, que la vered to me the upright- 
 mia era vivir en perpetua ness of his intention, I 
 soledad, y de que sola la told him, that mine w r as 
 tierra gozase elfruto de mi to live for ever single, and 
 recogimiento, y los despojos that the earth alone should 
 de miheimosura. enjoy the fruit of my re- 
 
 served ness, and the spoils 
 of my beauty. 
 " Si el, con todo este de- " If he, notwithstanding 
 sengano,quisoporfiar contra my plain-dealing, chose 
 ta esperanza, y navegar con- to be stubborn against 
 Ira el viento, que mucho que hope, and sail against the 
 
113 
 
 se anegase en la mitad del 
 golfo de su desatino ? 
 
 "Si yo le entretiiviera, 
 
 fuera jalsa; si le conten- 
 
 tara, hiziera contra mi me- 
 
 jor intention y prempuesto. 
 
 Porjio desenganado : dese- 
 
 spero sin ser aborrecido. 
 
 " Mir ad aora si sera 
 razon que de su pena se me 
 de d mi la culpa ! Quejese 
 el engariado : desesperese 
 aquel d, quien lefaltdron las 
 prometidas esperanzas : con- 
 fiese el que yo llamare : 
 ufanese el queyo admitiere: 
 pero no me llame cruel ni 
 homicida aquel, a quien yo 
 no prometo, engano 9 llamo 3 
 ni admito. 
 
 (i El cielo, aun hasta 
 ahora s no ha querido que yo 
 ame por destino ; y el pen- 
 sar que tengo de amar por 
 election es escusado. 
 
 " Este general desengano 
 sirva d, cada uno de los que 
 me solicitan de su particidar 
 provecho ; y entiendase de 
 aqui adelante. que si alguno 
 por mi muriere, no muere de 
 
 wind, what wonder if he 
 drowned himself in the 
 gulph of his rashness ? 
 
 " Had I cajoled him, I 
 should have been wicked; 
 had I gratified him, I 
 should have acted against 
 my better reason and re- 
 solution. He persisted, 
 though undeceived; he 
 despaired without being 
 hated. 
 
 " Consider now whether 
 it be reasonable to charge 
 his misfortune upon me. 
 Let him whom I have de- 
 ceived, complain ; and let 
 him despair, to whom I 
 have broken my promise; 
 Let him presume, whom 
 I shall encourage; and 
 let him rejoice whom I 
 shall admit. But why will 
 he call me a cruel mur- 
 deress, whom I neither 
 promise, deceive, encou- 
 rage, nor admit? 
 
 "Heaven, at least to 
 this hour, has not ordained 
 that I should love by des- 
 tiny; and from loving by 
 choice I desire to be ex- 
 cused. 
 
 "Let this general de- 
 claration be of use to 
 every one of those who 
 are soliciting my favour 
 for their own sake; and 
 be it understood hence- 
 2 
 
114 
 
 zeloso ni de desdichado, por- 
 que quien d, nadie quiere, d, 
 ningano debe dar zelos, que 
 hs desenganos no se han de 
 tomar en cuenta de desdenes. 
 
 ti 
 
 El que me llama Jiera 
 y basilisco, dejeme como cosa 
 perjudizial y mala : el que 
 me llama ingrata, no me 
 sirva: el que desconocida, 
 no me conozca : quien cruel, 
 no me siga: que esta Jiera, 
 vste basilisco, esta ingrata, 
 esta cruel, y esta descono- 
 cida, ni los buscard, servird, 
 conocerd, ni seguird en nin- 
 
 guna manera. 
 
 (i Que si a Grisostomo 
 mato su impaciencia y arro- 
 jado deseo, porque se ha de 
 culpar mi honesto proceder 
 y recato P Si yo conservo 
 mi limpieza con la compania 
 de los arboles, porque ha de 
 querer que la pierda el que 
 quiere que la tenga con los 
 hombres P 
 
 {e Yo, como sabeis, tengo 
 riquezas propias, y no co- 
 dicio las agenas. Tengo 
 libre condition, y no gusto 
 de sugetarme. 
 
 forward, that whosoever 
 dies for me, perishes not 
 by jealousy, nor misfor- 
 tune; for she that loves 
 none, cannot give cause 
 for jealousy, nor is her 
 plain-dealing to be con- 
 strued into disdain. 
 
 " He that calls me 'a 
 savage and a basilisk, 
 may shun me as an evil 
 being ; he that terms me 
 ungrateful, not serve me ; 
 he who thinks me shy, 
 not know me ; who cruel, 
 not follow me: for this 
 savage, this basilisk, this 
 ungrateful, cruel, and shy 
 woman, will in nowise 
 either seek, serve, know, 
 or follow any. 
 
 "If Chrysostom's im- 
 patience and precipitate 
 desires have killed him, 
 why should any body in- 
 veigh against my honest 
 proceeding and behavi- 
 our? If I preserve my 
 purity unspotted among 
 these trees, why should 
 you wish me to live 
 amongst men, that I may 
 lose it? 
 
 "Ye all know that I 
 have riches enough of my 
 own, and I am not co- 
 vetous of other people's. 
 My condition is free, and 
 I have no mind to subject 
 myself. 
 
115 
 
 " Ni quiero, ni aborrezco 
 a nadie. No engano a este, 
 ni solicito aquel ; ni me burlo 
 con con el uno, ni me enire- 
 tengo con elotro. La con- 
 versation honest a de las za- 
 galas destas aldeas, y el 
 cuydado de mis cobras me 
 entretiene. Tienen mis de- 
 seos por termino estas mon- 
 tanas: y si de aqul salen, 
 es & contemplar la hermo- 
 sura del cielo; pasos, con 
 que camina el alma a su 
 morada primer a." 
 
 En diziendo esto, sin que- 
 rer oir respuesta alguna t 
 volvio Marcela las espaldas, 
 y se entrd por lo mas cerra- 
 dp de un monte que alii cerca 
 estaba ; dejando admirados 
 tanto de su discretion como 
 de su hermosura, d, todos los 
 que alii estaban. 
 
 " I neither love nor 
 hate any body ; neither do 
 I deceive this, nor allure 
 that: I neither toy with 
 one, nor converse with 
 another. A modest in- 
 tercourse with the shep- 
 herdesses of these vil- 
 lages, and the care of my 
 goats, are my pastime. 
 My desires are bounded 
 within these mountains; 
 and, if they venture be- 
 yond them, it is to con- 
 template the beauty of the 
 heavens, a step by which 
 the soul advances to its 
 original dwelling." 
 
 So saying, and without 
 waiting for any answer, 
 Marcela turned her back, 
 and entered into the most 
 inaccessible part of the 
 neighbouring mountain, 
 leaving all that were pre- 
 sent as much surprised 
 at her beauty as at her 
 good sense. 
 
 Consejos, que dio Don 
 Quijote a Sancho 
 Panza, antes que 
 fuese a governar la 
 Insula. 
 
 Instructions given by 
 Don Quixote to 
 Sancho Panza, on 
 his going to govern 
 the Island. 
 
 Sab i en do Don Quijote Don Quixote, being 
 la celeridad con que Sancho well apprised how soon 
 
116 
 
 se habia de partir d, su Sancho was to be gone to 
 
 gobierno, con licencia del his government, with the 
 
 duque, le tomb por la mano, duke's leave took him by 
 
 y sefueconel & suestancia, the hand, and retired to 
 
 con intention de aconsejarle his apartment, with a 
 
 como se habia de haber en mind to give him advice 
 
 su oficio. how to behave in his em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Entrados, pues, en su Being come into the 
 
 aposento, cerrb tras si la room, he shut, the door 
 
 puerta, e hizo casi porfuerza after him, and almost by 
 
 que Sancho se sentase junto force made Sancho sit 
 
 a el, y con reposada voz le down by him, and with a 
 
 dijo : composed voice said to 
 
 him: 
 
 e{ Infinitas gracias doy al " Infinite thanks I give 
 
 cieh, Sancho amigo, de que to heaven, friend Sancho, 
 
 antes y primero que yo hayas that, even before I have 
 
 encontrado con alguna buena met with any good luck 
 
 dicha, te haya salido d, tia myself, fortune has gone 
 
 recibir y ct encontrar la forth to meet and receive 
 
 buena ventura. Yo, que, en thee. I, who waited for 
 
 mi buena suerte te tenia li- better times to pay thee 
 
 brada la paga de tus servi- for past services, find my- 
 
 cios, te veo en los principles self still at the beginning of 
 
 de aventajarme; y tu antes my advancement, whilst 
 
 de tiempo y contra la ley de thou, before the due time, 
 
 razonable discurso, te ves and against all rule of 
 
 premiado de tus deseos. reasonable expectation, 
 
 art already in the full pos- 
 session of thy wishes. 
 
 (l Otros cohechan, impor- "Some people flatter, 
 
 tunan, solicitan, madrugan, importune, solicit, rise 
 
 ruegan, porfian, y no alcan- early, pray, persist ; and 
 
 zan lo que pretenden; y yet do not obtain what 
 
 llega otro, y sin sabei' como they aim at : and one 
 
 ni como no, se halla con el comes, who, without 
 
 cargo y oficio que otros mu- knowing how, or which 
 
 chos pretendieron : y aqui way, runs off with an em- 
 
117 
 
 entra y encaja bien el dezir, ployment or office against 
 que hay buena y mala for- all pretenders : and here 
 tuna en las pretensiones. the saying comes in well, 
 Tii, que para mi sin duda that there is a good and 
 alguna eres un porro, sin a bad luck attending our 
 madrugar ni trasnochar, y schemes. Thou, who with- 
 sin hazer diligencia alguna, out me wouldst have been 
 con solo el aliento que te ha a cully ; without rising 
 tocado de la andante cava- early, or sitting up late, 
 Ueria, sin mas ni mas te ves and without taking any 
 governador de una insula, pains at all, by the air 
 como quien no dize nada. alone of knight errantry 
 
 breathing on thee, seest 
 thyself, without more ado, 
 made governor of an 
 island , as if it was matter 
 of nothing. 
 " Todo esto digo, o San- " All this I say, O San- 
 c/jo, para que no atribuyas cho, that thou mayest not 
 a tus merecimientos la mer- think the favour conferred 
 ced recibida, sino que des on thy own merit; but 
 gracias al cielo, que dispone that thou give thanks, first 
 suavemente las cosas, y des- to heaven, which disposes 
 pues las dards a la grandeza things so sweetly ; and in 
 que en si encierra la pro- the next place to that 
 fesion de la cavalleria an- grandeur which is inherent 
 dante. in the profession of knight- 
 
 errantry. 
 (i Dispuesto pues el cora- "Disposing now thy 
 zon & creer lo que te he heart to believe what I 
 dicho, estd, o hijo, atento d, have been saying, listen, 
 este tu Caton 9 que quiere son, to me, thy Cato, who 
 aconsejarte, y ser norte y will be thy counsellor, 
 guia que te encamine y sa- thy north- star, and guide, 
 que a seguro puerto de este to lead and steer thee safe 
 mar proceloso, donde vas a into port out of that 
 cngolfarte, que los qficios y tempestuous sea, wherein 
 grandes cargos no son otra thou art going to be in- 
 
118 
 
 il Primeramente, o hijo, 
 has de temer dD'ios,porque 
 en el temerle estd la sabidu- 
 ria, y siendo sabio, no po~ 
 drdserrar en nada, 
 
 ({ Lo segundo, has de 
 poner los ojos en quien eres; 
 procurando conocerte a tl 
 mismo, que es el mas dificil 
 conocimiento que puede ima- 
 ginarse. Del conocerte sal- 
 drd el no hincharte como la 
 rana, que quiso igualarse 
 con el buey; que si esto ha- 
 zes, vendran a ser los feos 
 pies de la rueda de tu lo- 
 cum la consideracion de 
 haber guardado puercos en 
 tu tierra." 
 
 cc Asi es la verdad," res- 
 pondid Sancho; " pero fue 
 quando muchacho : pero des- 
 pues algo hombrecilio, gan- 
 sosfueron los que garde que 
 no puercos. Pero esto pa- 
 rtceme a mi que no haze al 
 caso, que no todos los que 
 gobiernan vienen de casta 
 de reyes.' 
 
 >> 
 
 li Asi es verdad," replied 
 
 gulphed; for offices and 
 great employments are 
 nothing else but a pro- 
 found gulph of confu- 
 sions. 
 
 "First, my son, thou 
 must fear God; for in the 
 fear of him there is wis- 
 dom; and, if thou art 
 wise, thou canst not err. 
 
 " Secondly, consider 
 who thou art, and endea- 
 vour to know thyself, 
 which is the most difficult 
 point of knowledge ima- 
 ginable. The knowledge 
 of thyself will keep thee 
 from puffing thyself up, 
 like the frog, who strove 
 to equal herself to the ox. 
 If thou shalt act like her, 
 the wheel of thy folly will 
 have ugly peacock-feet, 
 considering that thou hast 
 been a swine-herd in thy 
 village." 
 
 "This is true," answer- 
 ed Sancho; "yet it was 
 when T was a boy. But, 
 when I grew towards 
 man, geese were those 
 that I looked after, and 
 not swine. But this,me- 
 thinks, makes not at all to 
 the purpose; for all go- 
 vernors are not descended 
 from the loins of kings." 
 
 " Granted," replied Don 
 
119 
 
 Don Quijote, "por lo qual 
 los de principios no nobles 
 deben acompanar la gra- 
 vedad del cargo que ejer- 
 citan con una blanda sua- 
 vidad, que, gulada por la 
 prudencia, los libre de la 
 murmuracion maliciosa, 
 de que no hay estado que 
 se escape. 
 
 " Haz gala, Sancho, de 
 la humildad de tu linage, 
 y no te desprecies de de- 
 zlr, que vienes de labra- 
 dores, porque, viendo que 
 no te corres, ninguno 
 se pondra a correrte; y 
 predate mas de ser hu- 
 milde virtuoso, que peca- 
 dor sobervio. Inumera- 
 bles son aquellos que de 
 baja estirpe nacidos, han 
 subido a la suma dignidad 
 pontificia, e imperatoria ; 
 y de esta verdad te pudi- 
 era traer tantos ejemplos 
 que te cansaran. 
 
 " Mir a, Sancho, si to- 
 mas por medio a la virtud, 
 y te precias de hazer he- 
 chos virtuosos, no hay 
 para que tener envidia a 
 los que tienen principes y 
 senores ; porque la sangre 
 se hereda, y la virtud se 
 
 Quixote ; " and therefore 
 those who are not of no- 
 ble descent, ought to ac- 
 company the gravity of 
 the office they bear with a 
 kind of gentle sweetness, 
 which, guided by pru- 
 dence, may exempt them 
 from that ill-natured slan- 
 der, which no state of 
 life can well escape. 
 
 " Value thyself, San- 
 cho, upon the meanness 
 of thy family, and be not 
 ashamed to own that thou 
 art descended from pea- 
 sants; for when people 
 see thee not vexed at thy 
 low extraction, they will 
 not reproach thee with it. 
 Think it a greater merit to 
 be a virtuous, mean man, 
 than a proud sinner. In- 
 finite is the number of 
 those, who, born of low 
 extraction, have risen to 
 the high pontifical dig- 
 nity, and to the imperial; 
 of which truth I could 
 produce examples enough 
 to tire thee. 
 
 "Mind me, Sancho. 
 If thou takest virtue for a 
 means, and value thyself 
 upon doing virtuous 
 deeds, thou needest not 
 envy those who are kept 
 by lords and princes ; for 
 blood is inherited, and 
 
120 
 
 aquista ; y la virtud vale virtue acquired ; and vir- 
 
 por si sola, lo que la san- tue has an intrinsic worth, 
 
 gre no vale. which blood has not. 
 
 " Siendo esto asi, como " This being so, as it 
 
 lo es; si acaso viniere a really is, if it should 
 
 verte, quando estes en tu happen that one of thy 
 
 insula, alguno de tus pa- kindred come to see thee, 
 
 rientes, no le deseches, ni when thou art in thy 
 
 le afrentes ; antes le has island, do not shun or af- 
 
 de acoger, agasajar, y front him; but receive, 
 
 regalar, que con esto sa- cherish, and make much 
 
 tisfardsalcielo,quegusta, of him; for by so doing 
 
 que a nadie de los que el thou shalt please God, 
 
 hizo se desprecie y cor- who will have nobody 
 
 responderas a lo que de- despise his workmanship; 
 
 bes a la naturaleza Men and thou wilt act agree- 
 
 concertada. ably to nature well dis- 
 posed. 
 
 " Si trajeres a tu muger " If thou takest thy 
 
 contigo (porque no es bien wife along with thee (and 
 
 que los que asisten a go- it is not proper for those 
 
 viernos por mucho tiempo who govern to be long 
 
 esten sin las propiasj en- without), teach, instruct, 
 
 senala, doctrinala, y des- and polish her from her 
 
 bastala de su natural ru- natural rudeness; because 
 
 deza ; porque todo lo que all that a prudent gover- 
 
 suele adquirir un^gover- nor can acquire, is lost 
 
 nador discreto, suele der- or diminished by an ill- 
 
 ramar y perder una mu- bred and foolish woman. 
 ger rustica y tonta. 
 
 "Si acaso enviudares "If thou shouldst 
 
 (cosa que puede suceder) chance to become a wi- 
 
 y con el cargo mejorares dower (a thing that may 
 
 de consorte, no la tomes happen), and thy station 
 
 tal que te sirva de anzuelo entitle thee to a better 
 
 y de carta de pescar, y del match, seek not such a 
 
 no quiero de tu capilla ; one as may serve thee for 
 
 porque en verdad te digo, a hook and angling-rod, 
 
 que todo aquello que la ora friar's hood to receive 
 
121 
 
 muger del juez recibiere, 
 ha de dar cuenta el ma- 
 rido en la residencia uni- 
 versal; donde pagard con 
 el quatro tanto en la 
 muerte las partidas, de 
 que no se hubiere hecho 
 cargo en la vida. 
 
 " Nunca te gules por la 
 ley del encaje, que suele 
 tener mucha cdbida con 
 los ignorantes que presu- 
 men de agudos. 
 
 " Hallen en ti nias com- 
 pasion las lagrimas del 
 pobre ; pero no mas justi- 
 ciar que las informaciones 
 del rico. 
 
 " Procura descubrir la 
 verdad por entre las pro- 
 mesas y dadivas del rico, 
 como por entre los sollo- 
 zos e importunidades del 
 pobre. 
 
 " Quando pudiere y de- 
 bier e tener lugar la equi- 
 dad, no cargues todo el 
 rigor de la ley al delin- 
 cuente, que no es mejor la 
 fama del juez riguroso, 
 que la del compasivo. 
 
 " Si acaso doblares la 
 vara de lajusticia, no sea 
 con el peso de la dadiva, 
 sino con el de la miseri- 
 cordia. 
 
 " Cuando te sucediere 
 
 alms in : for, believe me, 
 whatever the judge's wife 
 receives, the husband 
 must account for on the 
 day of general judgment, 
 and he shall pay fourfold 
 after death for the conni- 
 vance at which he did not 
 scruple. 
 
 " Be not governed by 
 the law of thy own will, 
 as it is the case with the 
 ignorant who presume to 
 be discerning. 
 
 "Let the tears of the 
 poor find more compas- 
 sion, but not more justice 
 from thee, than the infor- 
 mations of the rich. 
 
 " Endeavour to sift out 
 the truth amidst the pre- 
 sents and promises of the 
 rich, as well as amongst 
 the sighs and importuni- 
 ties of the poor. 
 
 " Whenever equity can 
 and ought to take place, 
 lay not the whole rigour 
 of the law upon a crimi- 
 nal ; for the reputation of 
 the rigorous judge is not 
 better than that of the 
 merciful. 
 
 "If the rod of justice 
 was to be warped a little, 
 let it not be by the weight 
 of a gift, but by that of 
 mercy. 
 
 " If the cause of thine 
 
 M 
 
122 
 
 juzgar algun pleyto de al- 
 gun enemigo tuyo, aparta 
 las mientes de tu injuria, 
 y ponlas en la verdad del 
 caso. 
 
 "No te ciegue lapasion 
 propia en la causa agena ; 
 que los y err os que en ella 
 hizieres, las mas vezes se- 
 rdn sin rimedio ; y si le 
 tuvieren, sera a costa de 
 tu credito, y aim de tu 
 hazienda. 
 
 u Si alguna muger her- 
 mosa viniere a pedirte jus- 
 ticia, quita los ojos de sUs 
 lagrimas, y tus oidos de 
 sus gemidos, y considera 
 despacio la substancia de 
 lo que pide, si no quieres 
 que se anegue tu razon en 
 su llanto, y tu bondad en 
 sus suspiros. 
 
 " Al que has de castigar 
 con obras, no trates mat 
 con palabras ; pues le bas- 
 ta al desdichado la pena 
 del suplicio, sin la anadi- 
 dura de las malas razones. 
 
 e< Al culpado, que cay- 
 ere debajo de tu jurisdic- 
 cion, considerate hombre 
 miserable, sugeto a las 
 
 enemy comes before thee, 
 fix not thy mind on the 
 injury done thee, but upon 
 the mere merits of the 
 case. 
 
 " Let not private affec- 
 tion blind thee in another 
 man's cause ; for the er- 
 rors thou shalt commit 
 thereby, will often be with- 
 out remedy ; and if there 
 should be any, it will 
 often be at the expense 
 of thy reputation, and 
 even of thy fortune. 
 
 " Should any handsome 
 woman come to demand- 
 justice of thee, turn away 
 thine eyes from her tears, 
 and thine ears from her 
 sighs, and consider at 
 leisure the substance of 
 her request, unless thou 
 hast a mind that thy rea- 
 son be drowned in her 
 tears, and thy integrity in 
 her sighs. 
 
 " The man, whom thou 
 must punish with deeds, 
 treat not with contumeli- 
 ous words ; for the pain 
 of the punishment is 
 enough for a criminal, 
 without the addition of 
 abusive language. 
 
 " In the criminal who 
 falls under thy jurisdic- 
 tion, consider the misera- 
 ble man subject to the 
 
123 
 
 condiciones de la depra- 
 vada naturaleza nuestra ; 
 y en todo quanto fuere de 
 tu parte, sin hazer agra- 
 vio a la contraria, mues- 
 tratele piadoso y cle- 
 mente ; porque, aunque 
 los atributos de Dios to- 
 dos son iguales, mas res- 
 plandece y campea, a 
 nuestro ver, el de la mise- 
 ricordia, que el de la jus - 
 ticia. 
 
 , "Si estos preceptos y 
 
 estas reglas sigues, San 
 
 cho, seran luengos tus 
 
 dias, tu fama sera eterna, 
 
 tus premios colmados, tu 
 
 felicidad indezihle. Ca- 
 
 saras tus hijos como qui- 
 
 sieres ; titulos tendran 
 
 ellos, y tus nietos ; vivi- 
 
 rds en paz y beneplacito 
 
 de las gentes, y en los ulti- 
 
 mos pasos de la vida te al- 
 
 canzara el de la muerte 
 
 en vejez suave y madura ; 
 
 y cerraran tus ojos las 
 
 tiernas y delicadas manos 
 
 de tus terceros nietezue- 
 
 los." 
 
 condition of our depraved 
 nature ; and as much as 
 in thee lies, without in- 
 juring the contrary party, 
 show pity and clemency ; 
 for though the attributes 
 of God are all equal, yet, 
 according to our com- 
 prehension, that of his 
 mercy is more shining 
 and attractive than that 
 of his justice. 
 
 a 
 
 If thou observest these 
 precepts and these rules, 
 Sancho, thy days will be 
 long, and thy fame ever- 
 lasting; thy recompense 
 full, and thy happiness 
 unspeakable. Thou shalt 
 match thy children ac- 
 cording to thy wish ; they 
 and thy grand- children 
 shall inherit titles ; thou 
 shalt live peaceably and 
 in the favour of all men : 
 and at the end of thy life, 
 death shall find thee in a 
 sweet and mature old age, 
 and thy eyes shall be 
 closed by the tender and 
 pious hands of thy grand- 
 children's children." 
 
124 
 
 ©artag JWtarruecag* 
 
 Del Coronel D. Joseph 
 Cadahalso. 
 
 By Colonel D. Joseph 
 Cadahalso. 
 
 CARTA PRIMERA. 
 
 Aun no me hallo capaz 
 de acceder a las nuevas 
 instancias, que me haces 
 sobre que te remita las 
 observaciones que voy ha- 
 ciendo en la capital de 
 esta vasto monarquia. 
 I Sabes tu, quantas cosas 
 se necesilan, para fdrmar 
 una verdadera idea del 
 pais por donde se viaja ? 
 JBien es verdad que habieri- 
 do hecho varios viages 
 por Europa, me hallo mas 
 capaz, 6 por mejor decir, 
 con menos obstdculos que 
 otros Africanos; pero aun 
 asi, he hallado tanta dife- 
 rencia entre los Europeos, 
 que no basta el conoci- 
 miento de uno de los paises 
 de esta parte del mundo, 
 para juzgar de otros esta- 
 dosde la misma. Los Eu- 
 ropeos noparecen vecinos; 
 aunque la exterioridad los 
 hay a uniformado en me- 
 sas, teatros, paseos, exer- 
 cito y luxo: no obstante 
 las leyes, vicios, virtudes 
 y gobierno, son sumamente 
 diversos, y por const- 
 
 LETTER I. 
 
 I do not yet feel my- 
 self capable of obeying 
 the repeated request you 
 made me to communicate 
 to you the observations 
 I am making in the capi- 
 tal of this vast monarchy. 
 Do you know how many 
 things are required to 
 form a correct idea of 
 the country in which one 
 travels? It is very true 
 that having performed va- 
 rious journeys in Europe, 
 I find myself more capa- 
 ble, or rather I have few- 
 er obstacles to encounter, 
 than other Africans ; but 
 notwithstanding this, I 
 have found such differ- 
 ences in the various Eu- 
 ropean states, that the 
 knowledge of one of the 
 countries of this part of 
 the world, is not sufficient 
 to judge of the other 
 states of the same part. 
 The Europeans do not 
 appear neighhours, al- 
 though the exterior makes 
 them uniform in their 
 tables, theatres, walks, 
 
125 
 
 guiente las cost timbres pro- army, and luxury: yet 
 pias de cada nacion. their laws, virtues, vices, 
 
 and government, are ex- 
 tremely different, and so 
 are consequently the pe- 
 culiar customs of each 
 nation. 
 Aun dentro de la Es- Even within Spain there 
 panola hay variedad in- is an incredible variety in 
 creible en el cardcter de the character of its pro- 
 sus provincias. Un An- vinces. An Andalusian 
 daluz en nada se parece a is in no way similar to a 
 un Viscaino ; un Catalan Biscayan : a Catalonian 
 es totalmente distinto de is totally different from a 
 un Gallego; y lo mismo Gallician, and there is the 
 sucede entre un Valencia- same difference between 
 no y un montanes. Esta a Valentian and one of 
 Peninsula, dividida tan- the mountains. This Pe- 
 los siglos en diferentes ninsula, which for so many 
 reynos, ha tenido siempre ages was divided into dif- 
 variedad de trages, leyes, ferent kingdoms, has al- 
 idiomas, y monedas. De ways had a variety of cos- 
 esto inferiras lo que te tumes, laws, idioms, and 
 dige en mi ultima, sobre monies. From this you 
 la ligereza de los que, por will infer what I told you 
 cortas observaciones pro- in my last, about the levi- 
 pias, 6 tal vez, sin haber ty of those, who from their 
 hecho alguna, y solo por own brief observations, or 
 la relacion de viageros sometimes without having 
 especulativos,han hablado made any, have spoken 
 de Espana. of Spain merely from the 
 
 relations of speculative 
 travellers. 
 Dejame enterar b'ien de Suffer me to acquaint 
 su historia, leer sus au- myself well with its his- 
 tores politicos, hacer mu- tory, to read its political 
 chas preguntas, muchas re- authors, to make many in- 
 flexfones,dpuntarlas,repa- quiries, many reflections, 
 mrlas con madurez, tomar to put them in writing, to 
 
 m2 
 
126 
 
 tiempo para cerciorarme 
 en el juicio, que forme de 
 cada cosa ; y entoncespro- 
 meto complacerte. Mien- 
 tras tanto no te hablare 
 en mis cartas, sino de mi 
 salud, que te ofrezco, y de 
 la tuya, que te deseo com- 
 pleta,para ensehanza mia, 
 educacion de tus nietos, 
 gobierno de tu familia, y 
 bien de todos los que te 
 conozcan y traten. 
 
 re-examine them mature- 
 ly, to take time to assure 
 myself of the judgments 
 I form of every thing, and 
 then I promise to satisfy 
 you. In the mean time I 
 will only speak to you in 
 my letter of my health, 
 which I devote to you 
 and of your's, which I 
 sincerely wish to be per- 
 fect for my instruction, 
 the education of your 
 children, the management 
 ofyourfamily,andthewel* 
 fare of all who know you, 
 and associate with you. 
 
 ■ft *~r** 
 
 CARTA SEGUNDA. 
 
 En Marruecos no tene- 
 mos idea de lo que poracd 
 se llama nobleza heredita- 
 ria ; con que no me enten- 
 derias, si te dijera que eh 
 Espana no solo hay f ami- 
 lias nobles, sinoprovincias 
 que lo son por haberlo he- 
 redado. Yo mismo que lo 
 estoy presenciando no lo 
 compreliendo. Te pondre 
 un exemplo prdctico y lo 
 entenderds menos, como d 
 mi me sucede : y sino lee : — 
 Pocos dios hd pregunte, 
 si estaba el coche pronto, 
 pues mi amigo Nuno esta- 
 ba malo, y yo queria visi- 
 tarle. Me dijeron que no. 
 
 LETTER II. 
 
 In Morocco we have 
 no idea of what here is 
 called hereditary nobility, 
 so that you will not un- 
 derstand me, when I tell 
 you that, in Spain, there 
 are not only noble fami- 
 lies, but provinces which 
 are so by inheritance. I 
 who am on the spot, do 
 not understand it. I will 
 give you a practical ex- 
 ample, and you will un- 
 derstand it less, as it hap- 
 pened to me, but however 
 read: — A few days ago I 
 asked if my carriage was 
 ready, as my friend Nuno 
 was ill, and I wished to 
 
127 
 
 Al cabo de media hora 
 hice igual pregunta, y tuve 
 igual respuesta. Pasada 
 otra media hora pregunte, 
 me respondieron lopropio. 
 De alii a poco me dijeron, 
 que el coche estaba puesto, 
 pero que el cochero estaba 
 ocupado. Indague laocu- 
 pacion al bajar las esca- 
 leras, y elmismomedesen- 
 gano, saliendome al en- 
 cuentro, y diciendome : 
 " aunque soy cochero, soy 
 noble. Han venido unos 
 vasallos mios, y me han 
 querido besar la mano, 
 para llevar este contento 
 d sus casas; con que por 
 eso me he etenido, pero 
 ya despache." /A donde 
 vamos? y al decir esto 
 monto en la tnula y arri- 
 mb el coche. 
 
 visit him. They told me 
 no: at the expiration of 
 half an hour I made the 
 same inquiry, and received 
 the same answer. At the 
 end of another half hour 
 I asked again; they re- 
 plied in a similar way. 
 A little while after they 
 told me that the carriage 
 was ready, but that the 
 coachman was engaged. 
 I inquired about the oc- 
 cupation below stairs, and 
 he himself undeceived 
 me by coming to meet me, 
 and saying: "Although I 
 am a coachman, I am a 
 nobleman. Some of my 
 vassals came to pay me 
 their respects, wishing to 
 carry this satisfaction to 
 their houses : this circum- 
 stance detained me, but 
 now I have dispatched 
 them. — Where do you 
 want to go to ?" and say- 
 ing this, he mounted the 
 mule and attended the 
 coach. 
 
 ++■++■*-* 
 
 CARTA TERCERA. 
 
 Reflexionando sobre la 
 naturaleza del diccionario 
 que queria publicar mi 
 amigo Nuno, veo, que efec- 
 tivamente se han vuelto 
 muy obscuros y confusos 
 los ididmas Europeos. El 
 
 LETTER III. 
 
 Reflecting on the 
 nature of the Dictionary 
 which my friend NuSo 
 wished to publish, I see 
 that the European idioms 
 are become indeed very 
 obscure and confused. 
 
128 
 
 Espanol ya no es inteligi- The Spanish is no longer 
 
 ble. Lo mas extrano es, intelligible. The strangest 
 
 que los dos adjetivos bueno thing is that the adjectives 
 
 y malo, ya no se man : " good and bad" are 
 
 y en su lugar se han no longer used, and in 
 
 puesto otros, que, en vez de their place they have put 
 
 ser equivalentes, pueden others, which instead of 
 
 causar mucha confusion being equivalent, may 
 
 en el trato comun. cause much confusion in 
 
 common intercourse. 
 Pasaba yo un dia por I went one day in front 
 
 frente de un regimiento of a regiment drawn up in 
 
 formado en parada ; cuyo parade, which appeared 
 
 aspecto infundia terror, very terrific. Officers of 
 
 Oficiales de distincion y experience and distinc- 
 
 experiencia, soldados ve- tion ; veteran soldiers ; 
 
 teranos, armas bien aeon- arms in good condition ; 
 
 dicionadas, bander as que colours, which shewed 
 
 daban muestras de las ba- the marks of the bullets 
 
 las que habian recibido ; which they had received, 
 
 y todo lo restante del and every thing else of a 
 
 aparato, verdaderamente truly warlike aspect, gave 
 
 guerrerOjdabalaideamas the highest idea of the 
 
 altadelpoder,queleman- power by which it was 
 
 tenia. Admireme de la maintained. I admired 
 
 fuerza que manifestaba the strength which so fine 
 
 tan buen regimiento ; pero a regiment manifested ; 
 
 las gentes que pasaban le but the people who passed 
 
 aplaudian por otro ter- applauded it in other 
 
 mino! " Que oficiales tan terms. " What handsome 
 
 bonitos T decia una dama officers!" said a lady 
 
 desde el coche. " Hermoso from a coach. " A fine 
 
 regimiento!" dijo un ge- regiment!" said a general 
 
 neral, galopando por el galloping in front of the 
 
 frente de bander as! "Que colours. "What splen- 
 
 tropa tarn lucida !" decian did troops!" said some; 
 
 unos! Bella gente! de- "brave fellows!" said 
 
 cian otros. "Pero nin- others: but no one said 
 
 guno dijo .*" este regimiento this is a good regiment. 
 esta bueno. 
 
129 
 
 Me halle poco ha en una I was a short time ago 
 
 conciirrencia, en que se in company, where speak- 
 
 hablaba de un hombre que ing of a man who deiight- 
 
 se deleytaba en fomentar ed in stirring up discord 
 
 cizana en las familias ; in families, fomenting dis- 
 
 suscitar pleytos entre los putes among neighbours, 
 
 vecinosysorprehenderdon- deceiving simple girls, 
 
 cellas inocentes, y pro- and promoting every spe- 
 
 mover toda especie de vi- cies of vice, some said, 
 
 cios. Unos " decian fatal " he is a dangerous man," 
 
 es ese hombre." Otros: others said, " what a pity 
 
 1 que lastima que tenga he is addicted to such 
 
 esas cosas f* pero nadie things !" but no one said, 
 
 decia: ese es un hombre this is a bad man. 
 malo. 
 
 Ahora, Ben-Beley i que Well, Ben Beley, what 
 
 te parece de una lengua, do you think of a lau- 
 
 e?t que se han quitado las guage, in which they have 
 
 voces " bueno y malo t* rejected the words " good 
 
 I Que te parecera de unas and bad ?" What will you 
 
 costumbres, que han hecho think of customs, which 
 
 tal reforma en la lengua ? have made such a reform 
 
 in a language ? 
 
 CARTA CUARTA. LETTER IV. 
 
 La voz fortuna, y la The word fortune and 
 
 frase hacer fortuna me the phrase to make a for- 
 
 hangustado en el Died- tune pleased me very 
 
 onario de Nuno. Despues much in Nuno's Dictiona- 
 
 de explicarlas, ahade lo ry : after explaining them, 
 
 siguiente : El que aspire he adds, whoever aspires 
 
 a hacer fortuna por me- to make a fortune by 
 
 dios honrosos, no tiene mas honourable means, has 
 
 que unoy en que fundar su only one thing to found 
 
 esperanza ; d saber, el his hopes upon ; that is, 
 
 merito. El que sea menos merit. He who is less 
 
 escrupoloso tiene mayor scrupulous, has a larger 
 
 numero, en que escoger; d numbeT of means to 
 
ISO 
 
 saber, todos los vicios y 
 las apariencias de todas 
 las virtudes. Escoja segun 
 las circunstancias lo que 
 mas le convenga, 6 por 
 junto, 6 por menor, ocul- 
 tamente 6 a lasclaras,con 
 moderacion 6 sin ella. 
 
 choose from, that is to 
 say, all the vices, and the 
 appearances of every vir- 
 tue. He may choose ac- 
 cording to circumstances 
 that which suits him best, 
 either jointly or sepa- 
 rately, secretly or openly, 
 with or without modera- 
 tion. 
 
 ■++•+*■**■ 
 
 CARTA QUINTA. 
 
 En esta nacion hay un 
 libro muy aplaudido por 
 todas las demds. Le he lei- 
 do, y me ha gustado sin 
 duda ; pero no deja de 
 mortificarme la sospecha, 
 de que el sentido literal es 
 uno, y el verdadero es 
 otro muy diferente. Nin- 
 guna obra necesita mas 
 que esta del Diccionario 
 de Nuno. Lo que se lee 
 es una serie de extrava- 
 gancias de un loco, que 
 cree que hay gigantes, en- 
 cantadores, fyc. algunas 
 sentencias en boca de un 
 necio, y muchas escenas de 
 la vida bien criticadas; 
 pero lo que hay debajo de 
 esta apariencia, es en mi 
 concept o un con junto de 
 materias profundas e im- 
 portantes. 
 
 Creo que el cardcter 
 de algunos escritores Eu- 
 
 LETTER V. 
 
 In this country there is 
 a book very much praised 
 by all ; I have read it, 
 and without doubt it has 
 pleased me : but the sus- 
 picion that the literal 
 sense is one thing, and the 
 true sense another very 
 different, did not fail to 
 mortify me. No work 
 more than this requires 
 Nuno's Dictionary. The 
 book contains a series of 
 extravagances of a mad- 
 man, who believes there 
 are giants, enchanters, &c. 
 sentences in the mouth of 
 an ignorant fellow, and 
 many scenes of real life 
 ably criticised ; but there 
 lurks, in my opinion, under 
 this surface, a compound 
 of profound and impor- 
 tant matter. 
 
 I think the character of 
 the European writers (I 
 
131 
 
 ropeos (hablo de los eld - 
 sicos de cada nation) es el 
 siguiente. Los Espanoles 
 escriben la mitad de lo que 
 hnaginan: los Franceses 
 mas de lo que piensan, por 
 la calidad de su estilo: 
 losAlemanes lo dicen todo; 
 pero de manera que la 
 mitad no se les entiende : 
 los Ingleses escriben para 
 si solos. 
 
 speak of the classics of 
 each nation) is the follow- 
 ing : the Spaniards write 
 half of what they imagine; 
 the French more than 
 what they think, from the 
 nature of their style ; the 
 Germans say all, but in 
 such a manner, that half 
 of it is not understood ; 
 the English write only for 
 themselves.. 
 
 CARTA SEXTA. 
 
 A 
 
 Exam in a la hist or ia 
 de todos los pueblos, y 
 veras, que toda nation se 
 ha establecido por la au- 
 toridad de costumbres. 
 Con esta fuerza se han 
 aumentado, con este au- 
 mento han tenido abun- 
 dancia, la abundancia ha 
 producido el lujo, a este 
 lujo se ha seguido la afe- 
 minacion, de esta afemi- 
 ■nacion ha nacido la fla- 
 queza, de la ftaqueza ha 
 dimanado suruina. 
 
 Otros lo han dicho dates 
 que yo, y mejor que yo ; 
 pero no por eso deja de 
 ser verdad, y verdad kiil, 
 y las verdades utiles estdn 
 tan lejos de ser repetidas 
 con sobrada frecuencia, 
 que pocas veces llegand 
 repetirse con la suficiente. 
 
 LETTER VI. 
 
 Examine the history 
 of all people, and you 
 will see, that every na- 
 tion have established 
 themselves by the autho- 
 rity of customs. By dint 
 of this they have in- 
 creased, with this increase 
 they have had abundance, 
 abundance has produced 
 luxury, to luxury has suc- 
 ceeded effeminacy, from 
 effeminacy has sprung 
 weakness, from weakness 
 has proceeded its ruin. 
 
 Others have said it be- 
 fore and better than I; 
 notwithstanding this, it 
 does not cease to be true, 
 and useful truths cannot be 
 repeated too frequently, — 
 and it seldom happens 
 that they are sufficiently 
 repeated. 
 
132 
 
 CARTA SEPTIMA. 
 
 Die en los jovenes : est a 
 pesadezde los viejos es in- 
 sufrible. Dicen los viejos : 
 Este desenfreno de los jo- 
 venes cs inaguantablel 
 Unos y otros tienen ra- 
 zon, dice Nuno. La de- 
 masiada prudencia de los 
 ancianos hace imposibles 
 las cosas mas faciles; y 
 el sobrado ardor de los 
 jovenes finge faciles las 
 cosas imposibles. En este 
 caso no debe interesarse 
 el prudente, anade Nuno, 
 ni por uno, ni por otro 
 lado ; sino dejar A los unos 
 consucolera y a los otros 
 con su jlema. Tomar el 
 medio justo, y burlarse de 
 ambos extremos. 
 
 LETTER VII. 
 
 Young men say, the 
 peevishness of old men is 
 intolerable. This unruli- 
 ness of young men is un- 
 bearable, say the old men. 
 Both are right, says Nuno. 
 The over-prudence of the 
 aged renders the most 
 easy things impossibili- 
 ties ; the excessive ardour 
 of youth fancies impossi- 
 bilities easy. In this case, 
 adds Nufio, it is prudent 
 not to lean either to one 
 or the other side, but to 
 leave to the one their bile, 
 and to the other their 
 phlegm; to take a just 
 medium, and to laugh at 
 both extremes. 
 
 #***■** 
 
 CARTA OCTAVA. 
 
 No es facil saber como 
 ha de portarse un hom- 
 bre, para hacerse unme- 
 diano lugar en el mun- 
 do. Si uno aparenta ta- 
 lento ii instruction, se 
 adquiere el odio de las 
 gentes; por que le tienen 
 por soberbio, osado, y ca- 
 paz de cosas grandes. Si 
 al contrario, uno es hu- 
 milde y comedido, le des- 
 precian por inutily necio. 
 Si ven, que uno es algo 
 
 LETTER VIII. 
 
 It is not easy to know 
 how a man ought to con- 
 duct himself to hold a 
 middle station in the 
 world. If he display ta- 
 lents or instruction, he 
 brings upon himself the 
 hatred of men, for they 
 consider him as proud, 
 bold, and capable of great 
 things. If, on the contrary, 
 he is humble and civil, he 
 is despised as useless and 
 ignorant. If they see that 
 
133 
 
 cauto, prudente, y dete- a person is somewhat cau- 
 nido, le tienen por venga- tious, prudent, and parsi- 
 tivo y tray dor. Estas monious, they esteem him 
 consider aciones, pesadas revengeful and treache- 
 con madurez, y confirma- rous. These considera- 
 das con tantos exemplos, tions, maturely weighed 
 como abundan, le dan al and abundantly confirmed 
 hombre gana de retirarse by so many examples, 
 & lo mas desierto de nues- make a man desirous to 
 tra Africa, huir de sus se- retire to the most desert 
 mejantes, y escoger la mo- place of our Africa, to fly 
 rada de los monies y bos- from his fellow creatures, 
 ques, entrefieras y brutos. and to choose his dwell- 
 ing in the mountains and 
 woods among wild beasts 
 and savages. 
 
 +*++■■**■ 
 
 CARTA NONA. LETTER IX. 
 
 Ayer estabamos Nuno Yesterday Nuiio and I 
 y yo al balcon de miposa- were at the balcony of my 
 da,viendo dunnino jugar room, looking at a child 
 con una cana, adornada playing with a stick, orna- 
 te cintas y papel dorado, mented with ribbons and 
 l"Feliz edadT exclame gilt paper. "Happyage!" 
 yo, " en que aun no conoce I exclaimed, " in which 
 el corazon las verdaderas the heart does not know 
 penas yfalsos gustos de la the real pains and the false 
 vida! i Que le importan a pleasures of life. What 
 este nino los grandes nego- do the great affairs of this 
 cios del mundo ? i que world signify to this child ? 
 dano le pueden ocasionar what injury can the ill- dis- 
 los malvados ? i que im- posed do him ? what im- 
 presion pueden hacer las pression can the changes 
 mundanzas de la suerte of fortune, good or bad, 
 prbspera, b adversa en su make upon his tender 
 tierno corazon?" heart?" 
 
 " Te equivocas," me dijo " You deceive yourself," 
 
 N 
 
134 
 
 Nuno. " Sise le rompe esa said Nuno. "If the stick 
 
 cana con que juega ; si with which he is playing 
 
 otro companero se la should break, if a compa- 
 
 quita ; si su madre le re - nion should take it away 
 
 gana, porque se divierte from him, if his mother 
 
 con ella, le veras tan afli- should scold him for play- 
 
 gido, como un general con ing with it, you would see 
 
 la perdida de una batalla, him as afflicted as a gene- 
 
 6 un ministro con su caida. ral who has lost a battle, 
 
 Creeme, Gazel: la mise- or a minister at his down- 
 
 riahumanaseproporciona fal. Believe me, Gazel, 
 
 a la edad de los hombres. the miseries of human life 
 
 Va mudando de especie, are proportioned to the 
 
 conforme el cuerpo vapa- age of man : they vary in 
 
 sando por edades ; pero el kind according as the sub- 
 
 hombrees misero desdela jects pass through different 
 
 cuna al sepulcro." ages; but man is misera- 
 ble from the cradle to the 
 grave." 
 
 . 
 
 ■+*■+*■+*• 
 
 CARTA DECIMA. 
 
 .En mis viages por dis- 
 tintas provincias de Es- 
 pana, he lenido ocasion de 
 pasar repetidas veces por 
 un lugar, cuyo nombre no 
 tengo aliora presente. En 
 el observe, que un mismo 
 sugeto en mi primer viage 
 se llamaba Pedro Fernan- 
 dez ; en el segundo oi, que 
 sus vecinos le llamaban 
 Sehor Pedro Fernandez ; 
 en el tercero oi, que su 
 nombre era Senor Don 
 Pedro Fernandez. Can- 
 som,e novedad esta dife- 
 
 LETTER X. 
 
 In my travels through 
 different provinces of 
 Spain, I have had occa- 
 sion to pass several times 
 through a place, the name 
 of which I do not now re- 
 member : I there observed 
 that the same person in my 
 first journey was called 
 Pedro Fernandez ; in the 
 second I heard that his 
 neighbours called him 
 Senor Pedro Fernandez; 
 in the third I heard that 
 his name was Senor Don 
 Pedro Fernandez. The 
 
135 
 
 rencia de tratamiento en difference in addressing 
 
 un mismo hombre. the same person struck 
 
 me as novel. 
 
 "No importa," dijo "It does not signify/' 
 
 Nuno; " Pedro Fernan- said Nuno ; " Pedro Fer- 
 
 dez siempre sera Pedro nandez will always be 
 
 Fernandez." Pedro Fernandez." 
 
 CARTA UNDECIMA. LETTER XI. 
 
 Entre las voces que mi Among the words which 
 amigohace animo deponer my friend proposes to put 
 ensu Diccionario, la voz in his Dictionary, victory 
 victoria es una de las que is one of those which most 
 necesitan de mas explica- requires explanation, as 
 cion; segun se conjunde they confound it in the mo- 
 en las gazetas modernas. dern gazettes. "All the 
 "Toda la guerrapasada," late war," says Nuno, " I 
 dice Nufio, " estuve leyen- was reading gazettes and 
 do gazetas y mercurios y mercuries, and never could 
 nunca pude entender quien understand who gained 
 ganaba 6 perdia. Las or who lost. The same 
 mismas funciones, en que battles in which I had 
 me he hallado, me han pa- been engaged, appeared 
 recido suehos; segun las as dreams to me, accord- 
 relaciones impresas por su ing to the printed ac- 
 lectura: y no supe jamds counts which I saw, and 
 qudndo habiamos de can- I never knew when we 
 tar el ' Te Deum,' o el hadtosingthe'TeDeum/ 
 'Miserere.' Lo que su- or the ( Miserere.' It corn- 
 cede por lo regular es lo monly happens as fol- 
 siguiente : lows : 
 
 Dase una batalla san- A bloody battle takes 
 
 grienta entre dos exercitos place between two povv- 
 
 numerosos, y uno 6 ambos erful armies, and one or 
 
 quedan destruidos : pero both are destroyed ; both 
 
 dmbos generates la envian generals, however, send a 
 
 pomposamente referida d pompous despatch to their 
 
 sus cortes respectivas. El respective courts: he who 
 
136 
 
 que mas ventaja saco } por 
 pequena que sea, incluye en 
 su relation un estado de los 
 enemigos muertos, heridos y 
 prisioneros, canones, mor- 
 teros, banderas, estandartes, 
 timbales y carros tornados. 
 Se anuncia la victoria en su 
 corte con el Te Deum, cam- 
 panas,iluminationes, fyc. fyc. 
 El otro asegura que no jut 
 batalla, sino un pequeno 
 choque de poca 6 ninguna 
 importancia; que no ob- 
 stante la grande superiori- 
 dad del enemigo, no rehuso 
 la action; que las tropas 
 delrey hicieron maravillas, 
 que se acabo lafuncion con 
 el dia ; y que, no fiando su 
 exercito & la obscuridad de 
 la noche, se retiro metodica- 
 mente. Tambien se cant a 
 el Te Deum y se tiran co- 
 hetes en su corte, y todo 
 queda problematico, menos 
 la muerte de 20,000 hom- 
 bres, que ocasiona la de 
 otros tantos hijos huerfanos, 
 padres desconsolados, ma- 
 dres viudas, fyc. fyc. 
 
 obtained the most advan- 
 tage, however trifling it 
 may be, includes in his 
 account a detail of the 
 killed, wounded, and pri- 
 soners of the enemy, can- 
 nons, mortars, colours, 
 standards, drums, and 
 baggage-waggons taken. 
 The victory is announced 
 in his court with the 
 Te Deum, ringing of 
 bells, and illuminations, 
 &c. &c. The other main- 
 tains that there was no 
 battle, only a slight skirm- 
 ish of little or no import- 
 ance; that notwithstand- 
 ing the great superiority 
 of the enemy, he did not 
 hesitate to come to battle ; 
 that the king's troops per- 
 formed wonders ; that the 
 action terminated with the 
 day, and that not trusting 
 his army to the obscurity 
 of night, he retreated in 
 good order. Te Deum is 
 also sung and rockets 
 discharged at his court; 
 and all remains proble- 
 matical, except the death 
 of 20,000 men, which 
 occasions that of as many 
 other orphans, disconso- 
 late fathers, widowed mo- 
 thers, &c. &c. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 Page 
 CHISTES, del Teatro Critico de Feyjoo - - 1 
 
 Relation de la Navegacion de Juan de Grijalva sacada de la 
 
 Historia de Antonio de Solis - - - - - I 7 
 
 Capitulo seguudo del Libro segundo de la Historia del famoso 
 
 Predicador Fray Gernndio ------ 43 
 
 Description de la espantable y jamas imaginada Aventura de los 
 
 Molinos de Viento, tomada de la Historia de Don Qnijote 100 
 Discurso de la Pastora Marcela ; de la misma de la Historia de 
 
 Don Qnijote -------- 107 
 
 Consejos que dio Don Quijote a Sanclio Panza antes que fuese a 
 
 Governar la Insula --- -- - 115 
 
 Cartas Marruecas. Del Coronel D. Joseph Cadahalso «- 124 
 
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 Rrunmark's Swedish Grammar, a new edition, with prac- 
 tical Exercises aud Vocabulary, corrected by the Rev. 
 C. Wahlin, 12mo, boards, 5s. 6d. 
 
12 Books for the Use of Schools, fyc. 
 
 The following Publications by the late Dr. Wanostrocht. 
 
 A Grammar of the French Language, with Practical Exercises. 12mo. 
 4s. 6d.— Key to Ditto, 3s. 6d. 
 
 An Elementary Introduction to the Latin Tongue on the same principle. 
 12mo. 4s. 6d. — Kennedy's Key to the same, 12mo. 2s. (id. 
 
 A Classical Vocabulary, French and English, with Familiar and Commercial 
 . Letters, Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, &c. in both Languages, 
 12mo 3s. 
 
 Hecueil choisi de Traits Historiques et de Contes Moraux avec la Significa- 
 tion des mots Francois au bas de chaque page. New edition, 12mo. 3s. 
 
 Easy and Familiar Dialogues in French and English, containing Idioms and 
 Conversations on the Subjects best adapted for Schools. New edition, 
 greatly improved, 12mo. 2s. 
 
 Petite Encyclopedic des Jeunes Gens, ou Definitions abr^gees des Notions 
 relatives aux Arts et aux Sciences a l'Astronomie, au Blason, a la 
 Geographic, &c. avec fig. 12mo. (is. 
 
 Livre des Enfans, ou Syllabaire Francois, auquel ou a ajoute des Definitions 
 des choses dont les Enfans doivent etre instruits, 12mo. 2s. 
 
 La Liturgie, ou Formulaire des Prieres Fubliques, selon lusage de l'Englise 
 Anglicane. New edition, 24mo. 4s. 
 
 Mr. James Hamilton* s Publications. 
 
 French Gospel of St. John, 8vo. sewed, 4s. 
 
 Latin Gospel, 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Greek Gospel, 8vo. 7s. &d. 
 
 German Gospel, 8vo. sewed, 5s. 
 
 Italian Gospel, 8vo. sewed, 5s. 
 
 French Grammar, 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Latin Grammar, 12mo. sewed, Is, 6c?. 
 
 Italian Grammar, 8vo. 2s. 6rf. 
 
 L'Homond Epitome Historian Sacrae, 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Perrin's Fables, 12mo. 5s. 
 
 *** A large Assortment of Books, on various subjects, 
 may be seen in Boosey and Sons' School Catalogue; 
 and Grammars and Dictionaries in various Languages in 
 their Linguist's Guide. 
 
 E. JUSTINS and SON, Printers, 41, Brick L*ne, Spitalfields. 
 
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